State-worthies, or, The states-men and favourites of England since the reformation their prudence and policies, successes and miscarriages, advancements and falls, during the reigns of King Henry VIII, King Edward VI, Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth, King James, King Charles I.

State-Worthies . OR , THE STATES-MEN And FAVOURITES OF ENGLAND Since the Reformation . Their PRUDENCE and POLICIES , SUCCESSES and MISCARRIAGES , ADVANCEMENTS and FALLS ; During the Reigns of King HENRY VIII King EDWARD VI Queen MARY . Queen ELIZABETH King ●AMES King CHARLES ● The Second Edition with Additions .

LONDON , Printed by Thomas M●lbour● for S●● Speed , in Thread-needle-street neer the Royal-Exchange , 1670.

TO The HOPE of ENGLAND , It s Young Gentry , Is most humbly Dedicated The HONONUR of it , It s ANCIENT STATESMEN : A Renowned Ancestry TO An Honourable Posterity .

Whitehall .

BY permission and License of the Right Honourable Mr. Secretary Morice ; This Book may be Printed and Published .

Jo: Cook .

TO THE READER . Courteous Reader ,

FOr bestowing some vacant hours ( by that excellent Personages direction , to whom I am equally obliged for my Employment and my Leasure ) in an attempt so agreeable to the Lord Verulam's judgment , which may be seen in the next page ; and so pursuant of Sir Robert Naunton's designe , which may be traced in the following Book ; Another person's abilities might have gained applause , and my weakness may deserve an excuse , notwithstanding my years , ( if yet any man be too young to read and observe ) or my profession ( if yet a Divine should not ( as times go ) be as well read in Men , as Books : ) Especially since I gratifie no man's fondness , writing not a Panegyrick , but an History : Nor pleasure any persons malice ; designing Observations , rather than Invectives : Nor tyre any man's patience ; setting down rather the remarkes of mens publick capacities , than the minute passages of their private lives : but innocently discourse the most choice instances our ENGLISH Histories afford for the three great Qualifications of men ( 1. Noblenesse in behaviour : 2. Dexterity in business ; and 3. Wisdome in Government ) among which are twenty eight Secretaries of State , eight Chancellours , eighteen Lord Treasurers , sixteen Chamberlains , who entertain Gentlemen with Observations becoming their Extraction , and their hopes , touching , 1. The rise of States-men . 2. The beginning of Families . 3. The method of Greatness . 4. The conduct of Courtiers . 5. The miscarriages of Favourites , and what-ever may make them either wise or wary .

The Chancellour of France had a Picture , that to a co●mon eye shewed many little heads , and they were his Ancestors● ; but to the more curious represented onely one great one , and that was his own .

It 's in●ended that this Book should to the vulgar Reader express several particulars , i. e. all this last Ages Heroes ; but to every Gentleman it should intimate onely one , and that is himself .

It 's easily imaginable how unconcerned I am in the fate of this Book , either in the History , or the Observation ; since I have been so faithful in the ●irst , that is not my own , but the Historians ; and so careful in the second , that they are not mine , but the Histories .

DAVID LLOYD .

The Lord Bacon's Iudgment of a Work of this nature .

HIstory , which may be called just and perfect History , is of three kinds , according to the object it propoundeth , or pretendeth to represent ; for it either representeth a Time , a Person , or an Action , The first we call Chronicles , the second Lives , and the third Narrations , or Relations .

Of these ; although the first be the most compleat and absolute kind of History , and hath most estimation and glory ; yet the second excelleth it in profit and use ; and the third in verity and sincerity . For history of Times representeth the magnitude of Actions , and the publick faces or deportments of persons , and passeth over in silence the smaller passages and motions of Men and Matters .

But such being the workmanship of God , as he doth hang the greatest weight upon the smallest wyars , Maxima è minimis suspendens ; it comes therefore to pass , that such Histories do rather set forth the pomp of business , than the true and inward resorts thereof . But Lives , if they be well written , propounding to themselves a person to represent , in whom actions both greater and smaller , publick and private , have a commixture , must of necessity contain a more true , native , and lively representation .

I do much admire that these times have so little esteemed the vertues of the Times , as that the writing of Lives should be no more frequent . For although there be not many Soveraign Princes , or absolute Commanders , and that States are most collected into Monarchies ; yet are there many worthy personages that deserve better than dispersed Report , or barren Elogies : For herein the invention of one of the late Poets is proper , and doth well inrich the ancient fiction . For he feigneth , that at the end of the thread or web of every mans Life , there was a little Medal containing the person's name ; and that Time waiteth upon the Sheers , and as soon as the Thread was cut , caught the Medials and carried them to the River Lethe ; and about the bank there were many Birds flying up and down , that would get the Medials , and carry them in their beak a little while , and then let them fall into the River . Onely there were a few Swans , which if they got a Name , would carry it to a Temple where it was consecrate .

THE TABLE . A Pag. SIr Thomas Audly 72 Fiz-Allan Earl of Arundel 415 Master Roger Ashcam 613 Arch-Bishop Abbot 746 Sir Edmund Anderson 803 Bishop Andrews 1024 Sir Walter Aston 932 Sir Robert Armstroder 951 Philip Earl of Arundel 953. B. CHarles Brandon , Duke of Suffolk 27 Sir Thomas Bollen 137 Edw. Stafford , D. of Bucks 159 Sir Anthony Brown 164 Sir David Brook 386 Sir John Russel , 1 E. of B. 442 Sir John Baker 460 Sir Will . Cecil , L. Burleigh 473 Arch-Bishop Bancroft 704 Sir Nich. Bacon 470 Thomas Lord Burge 591 Sir Thomas Bromley 609 Sir Richard Bingham 612 Tho. Sackvil , L. Buckhurst 677. Sir Fulke Grevil , L. Brook 727 Sir Thomas Bodley 805 John L. Digby E. of Bristol 838 G. V. Duke of Buckingh . 843 Sir Francis Bacon 828 Sir John Bramston 926 Lord Chief-Iustice Banks 960 C. ARch-Bishop Cranmer 35 T. Cromwel , Earl of Es●ex 57 Sir William Compton 145 Sir Thomas Cheyney 466 Sir John Cheek 191 Sir William Cordel 369 Sir Anthony Cook 373 Sir W. Cecil L. Burleigh 473 Sir Thomas Challoner 534 Sir James Crofts 569 Cliffords Earls of Cumberland 721 Sir R. Cecil E. of Salisbury 730 Sir George Calvert 750 Sir Arthur Chichester 753 L. Cranfield E. of Mid. 778 Sir Robert Cary 794 Doctor Richard Cosin 817 Lord Chief Justice Cook 820 Lord Cottington 906 Sir Dudly Carleton 910 Lord Conway 919 Sir Julius Caesar 934 Earl of Carnarvan 1014 The Cary's Lords Viscoun●s Faulklands 938 Lord Capel 1021 Sir John Culpepper 1042 Sir Georg● Crook 949 James Hay E. of Carlisle 774 Sir Thomas Coventry 978 Sir John Cook 944 L. Herbert of Cherbury 1017 D. SIr Thomas Darcy 130 T. Grey , Marquess of Dorset 152 Dudly D. of Northumberland 420 W. Devereux E. of Essex 486 Edward Earl of Derby 547 Sir William Drury 558 Doctor Dale 564 Sir James Dier 595 Secretary Davison 624 Sir G. Hume , E. of Dunb 740 Sir Robert Dudley 761 John L. Digby , E. of Bristol 838 The Digges 921 Earl of Danby . 9●8 E. THomas Cromwel , Earl of Essex 57 W. Howard , L. Effingh Sir Ralph Ewers 458 W. D. Earl of Essex 486 D. Devereux E. of Essex 634 Sir Thomas Edmonds 962 L. Chancellour Egerton 755 Sir Clement Edmonds 772 Sir T. Ereskin , E. of Kelly . 782 F. SIr Jeffery Fenton 626 , 661 Sir John Fineux 81 Doctor E. Fox , Secretary 86 Sir Edward Fines 408 Sir John Fortescue 556 Doctor Giles Fletcher 662 The Carys , Lords Viscounts Faulkland 938 Sir John Finch 971 G. THo. Grey , Marquess of Dorset 152 Ste. Gardiner Bish. of Winch. 451 John Grey of Pyrgo 569 Lord Grey of Wilton 571 Sir Henry Gates 569 Arthur Gray , Baron of Wilton 588 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 626 Sir Fulk Grevil , L. Brook 727 Oliver Saint-John Grandison 767 H. SIr William Herbert 457 D. Walter Haddon 627 Sir Tho. Howard 131 of Surrey & Norfolk . Sir Ed. Howard 141 of Surrey & Norfolk . Sir Th. Howard 142 of Surrey & Norfolk . Wil. Howard , L. Effingh 401 Sir G. Hume E. of Dunb . 740 James Hay , E. of Carlis●le 774 Henry Howard Earl of Northampton 780 Sir John Ramsey , Earl of Holderness 782 Sir Nicholas Hyde 931 Christopher Lord Hatton 521 Lord Hunsdon 526 Sir Richard Hutton 967 W. Marquess Hertford 969 Lord Howard Earls of Nottingham 735 Henry E. of Holland 987 Marquess Hamilton 1005 Sir Ralph Lord Hopton 1008 L. Herbert of Cherbury 1017 Arch-Bishop Heath . 526 I. Sir John Fitz-James 114 Sir William Fitz-James 123 Sir John Jefferies ●21 Sir Arthur Ingram 798 Arch-Bishop Juxon 1038 K. SIr William Kingston 462 Sir Henry Killigrew 584 The Knowls 617 Sir T. Ereskin E. of Kelley 782 L. SIr Anthony St. Lieger 89 Earl of Liecester 518 Sir Thomas Lake 777 & 788 Sir Ja. Ley , E. of Marlb . 943 Earl of Lindsey 975 Arch-Bishop Laud 991 Lord-Keeper Littleton 1003 M. SIr Thomas Moor 42 Sir Rich. Morison 102 Sir William Molineux 118 Sir Henry Marney 147 Sir John Mason 208 Sir Edward Mountague 404 Sir Thomas Mannors 458 Sir Walter Mildmay 554 ●ir Roger Manwood 576 Lord Mountjoy 664 L. Cranfield E. of M. 778 Bishop Mountague 800 Sir Henry Martin 925 Sir Ja. Ley E. of Marlb . 943. M. Earl of Manchester . 1027 N. DUdley D. of Northumberland 420 Duke of Norfolk 540 Lord North 564 The Norrices 617 H. Howard , E. of Northampton 780 Lord Howard , Earl of Nottingham 735 Sir Robert Naunton 795 Sir Francis Nethersole 795 W. Noy , Atturney-General 892 Sir Augustine Nichols 929 O. SIr Thomas Overbury 796 H. Vere Earl of Oxford 810 P. EEmund Plowden 573 Sir William Paget 99 Sir Ed. Poynings 248 The Parrs 187 Sir Clement Paston 202 Sir John Portman 397 Sir Amias Pawlet 568 Sir William Pelham 599 Sir Barn . Fitz-Patrick 412 Sir William Peter 430 Cardinal Pool 435 Sir John Perrot 510 Sir William Pickering 530 G. Earl of Pembrook 552 William Lord Pawlet 593 Sir John Puckering 607 Sir John Packington 616 L. Chief-Iustice Popham 759 Westons , Earls of Portland 914 Will . E. of Pembrook 917 Sir Paul Pinder . 964 R. LOrd Rich 204 Sir Tho. Randolph 564 Sir John Russel 1. E. of B. 442 Tho. Ratcliffe , E. of Sussex 490 Sir William Russel 629 Sir ●homas Roper 630 Sir Walter Rawleigh 670 Sir Joh. Ramsey , E. of Hold 782 Sir Thomas Ridley 923 Esme Duke of Richmond 957 Edw. E. of Rutland 667 Sir Thomas Roe 1035 Iudg Richardson 97● S. CH. Brandon D. of Suffolk 27 Sir Richard Cecil E. of Salisbury 730 Sir Ralp Sadler 95 Sir Tho. Wriothesly 1. E. of Southampton 111 Sir Edw. Stanly 136 Sir Ch. Somerset 150 Sir Thomas Smith 560 R. Earl of Somerset 742 Ed. Stafford D. of Bucks 159 The Seymours 172 Sir Will . Stamford 216 T. Ratcliff , E. of Sussex 490 Sir Philip Sidney 501 Sir Henry Sidney 602 Sir Th. Howard 131 of Surrey & Norfolk . Sir Ed. Howard 141 of Surrey & Norfolk . Sir Th. Howard 142 of Surrey & Norfolk . Fr. Talbot E. of Shrewsb . 533 Sir John Smith 668 Th. Sackvil , L. Buckhurst 677 E. of Suffolk 792 Sir Thomas Smith 724 Lord Spencer 841 Oliver Saint-John , L. Grandison 767 Sir John Savil 895 Lord Say 972 Sir T. W. E. of Strafford 980 T. BIshop Tonstal 531 Fr. Talbot E. of Shrewsbury 533 Sir Nich. Throgmorton 543 V. SIr Henry Umpton 632 H. Vere E. of Oxford 810 The Veres 812 Sir H. Vane Senior 965 G. V. D. of Buckingham 843 W. CArdinal Wolsey 1 Sir Thomas Wyat 76 Doctor Nich. Wott●n 107 Sir Tho. Wrioth●● , 1. E. of Southampton 111 Sir Robert Wingfield 157 Sir Thomas Wentworth 197 Doctor Tho. Wilson 390 Ste. Gardiner Bishop of Winton 451 Lord Willoughby 497 Sir Francis Walsingham 513 Sir Edward Waterhouse 536 Sir Will . Fitz Williams 549 L. Gray of Wilton 571 Sir Christopher Wray 578 E. of Worcester 581 Arth. Gray Baron of Wilton 588 Sir William W●ad 601 Sir Ralph Winwood 826 Bishop Williams 897 Sir Isaac Wake 904 Westons Ea●ls of Portland 914 Sir Henry Wotton 1029 Lord Wilmot 1035 Sir T. Wentworth , Earl of Strafford 980 Robert Earl of Warwick 987 Y. SIr Henry Yelverton 799

STATE-WORTHIES , OR , THE STATES-MEN and FAVOURITES OF ENGLAND , IN The Reign of King Henry the VIII .

Observations on the Life of Cardinal WOLSEY .

CArdinal Wolsey was not so great in his Fortune , as he was mean in his Original : his honest and industrious Parents helped him to a good Constitution , and a large Spirit , ( two hopeful steps to greatness ; ) though one hath said of him , Brave Priest , whoever was thy Sire by kind , Wolsey of Ipswich nere begat thy mind .

His Ambition gave him the opportunity to encrease his parts ; he was as pregnant at Ipswich-School , as he was promising in Magdalen Colledg ; where he was Batchelour of Arts at 15 years of Age , and therefore called the Boy-Batchelour ; His Industry and parts advanced him to a command over Noble men of the Marquess of Dorset's Family , as School-master ; as his Policy promoted him to an Imperiousness over Kings in the quality of Statesmen . The first step to Greatness in a Scholar , is Relation to a Nobleman : The best Education for the Court , is in the Palace . Nature made him capable , the School and University made him a Scholar ; but his Noble Employment made him a Man . At Oxford he read Books , at my Lord 's he read Men , and observed Things : His Patrons two Parsonages bestowed upon him , was not so great a Favour as the excellent principles instilled into him ; he being not more careful to Instruct and Educate the young Men , then their Father was to Tutor him : his Bounty makes him Rich , and his Recommendation Potent : His Interest went far , his Money farther . Bishop Fox was Secretary to K. Henry the seventh , and he to Bishop Fox ; the one was not a greater Favourite of the King 's , than the other was his ; as one that brought him a Head capable of all Observations , and a Spirit above all Difficulties . Others Managed the Affairs of England , Wolsey understood its Interest : His Correspondence was good abroad ; his observations close , deep , and continued at home : He improved what he knew , and bought what he knew not . Being a Master of so happy a reservedness , as to what he understood not , that in all those variety of things that tried his parts , he n●ver came under the reproofe of Meg●by●es , to whom Apelles ●aid . Whilst thou wast 〈…〉 seemed●t to ●e some bod● , but now the●e is not the meane● Boy that g●i●●e●● O●ker , bu● he laugheth a●●hee . And as he 〈…〉 in his spe●ch , so he ●as 〈◊〉 in ●is ca●●●age , till the suc●●ss of lesse●●ction● fle●hed him for greater .

He could m●ke any ●hing he read or heard , his own ; 〈…〉 imp●●ve any ●hing that was his own to 〈…〉

One Chri●tmas ●●●●●●ment to the Marquess of Dorsets f●om Ma●●al●n C●lledge , where he was fellow and Scho●●e-●●●te● , was like to have undone him , at the ●ame ●ime that it made him ; for that debonairne●● whe●eb● he hoped to open the way to Honour as a Courtier , occasioned his disgrace as a Minister .

Sir Iames Pawlet , ( who for six d●ys Imprisonment of him in Somersetshire , s●ffe●●d six years Confinement by him in the Middle-Temple and the Gate-House , untill he was glad to ado●●e one Prison at a gre●t Charge , with the badge and Cognizance of the Cardinals greatness , to abate his displeasure , as he said , he had di●graced another with a School-Masters meanness to provoke it , ) thought fit to Commit him for that activity , for which others advanced him ; and that to a Capacity , ( ●ee the instability of humane affairs ; the Greate●t should not presume , the meanest should not despond ) of haveing the Knight as much at the Sc●ool-Masters pleasure , as the School-Maste● was at his humor . For having lost the Marquess , through whom he hoped to shew himself with advantage at Court , by death , and his fellowship at Magdalen , where he might have appeared with app●au●e in the University , by Resignation , he Traveled himself into the old Trea●urer of Callis favour and service , first as his Chaplain , then as his Deputy , and by him to K. H. 7ths . notice : to whom he became , by dextrous addresses to the two then great Favou●ites Bishop Fox and Sir Thomas Lovel , known as well by his sharpe and solid discourses in the Closet , as by his discreet and modest behaviour in the Chappel , to be capable of two things , Business by his diligence , and Trust by his Reservedness , both tryed in an Ambassage to Maxamilian the Emperour ; his first employment performed so quickly , that the King checked him for not being gone , when he presented himself to signifie that he was returned ; and so prudently and effectually , that according to his duty he fulfilled all those Instructions given with him , and out of hi● discretion those likewise too late sent after him ; answe●ing the wise King , who asked him whether he met the Pursivant he sent after him ? that he met him and read his Letters , the matter whereof he had dispatcht , concieving it necessary , for which he craved pardon , confessing it a presumption ; the sage King vouchsafeing him not only pardon , but applause , promising himself the greatest Services from one that had giv●n so good an earnest . And indeed he had better success in serving others , than his dependents had in serving him ; for it was Mr. Cromwels great complaint to him , and his great trouble within himself , that he had not taken all the opportunities offered him , to advance his Servants while he stood , that they might have had abilities to assist him when he was fallen ; for when he was reduced to a Pension of 4000. markes at Winches●er , and had his Lands belonging to his Colledges at Ox●o●d and Ipswich seized on by the Praemunire to the Kings use , and the Abbey at St. Albons divided among the Courtie●s , he was forced to borrow 200. l. of Iohn Higdon his fi●st Dean of Christ-Church , to pay and rewa●d some of his poorest Servants , on this condition , that they should not suscipere gradum Simonis , and having served a Cardinal , wait on any other below the King . Indeed his Estate in his prosperity was little enough for his Magnificence , which performed great things , and designed greater ; and in his ad●ersity little enough , for his Charity , which he dispensed in all places between the Charterhouse at Richmond , where he began to dye Religiously , and the Abbey at Leicester where he dyed naturally : a Charity , which added to his reading Divine Service , and Preaching in some Churh every Sunday , his open house all the week days , the familiarity and sweetne●s of his converse , and the humility of his life , gained him as great a Respect in the North as he had lost in the South .

No sooner was he in with the Bishop of Winchester , but the Bishop was out with the Earl of Surrey ; to whom he must have stooped , as he did unto Nature and Age , had not be raised his Servant equal to himself in the Kings Favour , and above Howard . He was forbid by the Canon , Heirs of his Body ; he was enjoyned by his Prudence to make an Heir of his Favour , equally to support and com●ort his old Age , and m●intain his Interest . Children in point ●f Policy , as in Nature , are a Blessing , an● as Arrows in the hand o● a mighty man ; and ●appy i● that o●d Courtie● that hath his Q●iver ●ull of them , he shall not be a●●amed when he speaks with his Enemies in the gate . The old man com●end● Wo●sey to Henry the Seventh ●or one fit to ●erve a King , and c●mmand Ot●er● . Forein Employment is the Statesmans first School ; to France therefore he is ●ent , to poise his English Gravity with French Debonairness : A well-poised Q●ickness is ●he excellent temper . From Forein Employment , unde● an old King , he i● called home to some D●mestick Services under the Young One. He as quickly ●ound the length of His Foot , as he fitted him with an easie Shoo ; the King followed his Pleasures , and the Cardinal enjoyet● His Power ; The One pursued his sports while Youth , the other his Bu●i●ess while Time served him● ( Give me to Da●● a●d take thou to Morrow , is both the Courtier and the Chri●tian's Language : ) The Favourite took in t●e C●uncil-Table Deba●es , & other State-affaires in the Mass and whole Bulk of them by Day , and the King had the Q●intesse●ce of them extracted , and the sum of them represented to him at Night . All State-Business was disposed of by him , and most Church-Preferments bestowed upon him ; the Deanery of Lincolne , the Kings Almonership , a house near Bridewell , Durham● Winchester , Bath , Worcester , Hereford , Tourney , Lincolne , St. Albons and York were in his p●ssession ; and all other Promotions in his Gift : He was installed in the Kingdom ( during King Henry's youthfulness ) and had the Chu●ch in Commendam . His great Services indeed could not be managed without a great Revenue , nor his greater Power supported , but by an able Purse , which may buy off Expedients as readily as his Greatness may command them .

His pithy and his witty sentences at the Starr-Chamber made him Speaker there , and his fluent Tongue the most forward every where else ; his clear Head and smooth Tongue engrossed all the Kings Favour , and most persons addresses , which advanced his Estate much , and hi● Reputation more : in so much that the management of , and Provision for the great Voyage to France , 5. H. 8. by Sea and Land was trusted to his sole Care ; and ordered to very good effect by his sole Discretion : not neglecting his own affairs while he provided for the King 's , being the most dextrous by his correspondents at discovering Preferments , the closest at attaining of them ; the quickest at Pos●essing them , and the most skilfull for Improveing them of any man living ; Punctual in keeping up the honour of his Place , witness his advanceing of his Cr●sses as Primate of England , above those of Canterbury as Prima●e of all England ( pitty s●ith one , that they who should conte●d de pascendis ovibus should fall out de lanâ caprinâ ) and what Jurisdiction he wanted as A●ch-B●shop , he made up as Cardinal , Legate de latere and Chancellour . In which capacity , he kept 500 Servant● , among whom 9 or 10 Lords , 15 Knights , and 40 Esquires : in which respect he was sent upon two Embassies of State to the Emperour Charles the 5th . in Flanders to the great honour of the English Nation . He entertained all Ambassadors , to the great satisfaction of all Forein Princes , and the King often to his great content , administring to his Majesties Pleasure , that he might enjoy his power ; discovering as great skill in his Treats as in his Government , especially careful o● three things .

1. His Pomp , to keep his place from contempt , it being not enough for a man in Authority to have a power that may awe the Judgment of the wise to subjection , unless he have a pomp too , that may dazzle the eyes of the vulgar into Veneration : though Envy is the most dangerous thing that can happen to a private man , yet contempt is the worst thing that can befall a publick person ; this weakning the being of the later which consi●ts in his power , as the other doth the comfort of the first , which consisteth in his Peace . 2. His Devotion , neglecting not one Collect of his Prayers for all the cumbrances of his place , wherein he deceived many of the people , thinking he had no time for his Devotion from his business , and his Servan●s wondering how he could gain time for his business from his Devotion ; he made Conscience of Religion , because in his experience of affaires he met with many providences of God that made him really believe it ; he made no shew of it , because the world believed such men as he did but pretend it . 3. His Health , never going out without a perfumed Orange into the great Croud that always awaited him , to whom al persons came fi●st before they went to the King : that he wanted such things , was to sober men argument of the Frailty of the greatest man ; that he used them , was to envious men an argument of the pride o● a poor man . Which puteth me in mind of Plinyes description of a man , than whom he saith , there is not a living Creature more wretched or more Proud : For the last of which qualities , it was that our Icarus , though a man of great capacity , large expe●ience , and comparative moderation , moultred his wing so soon in the beams of Royal Majesty . Bu● a● our Laureate hath it , God help the man so wrapped in Errours endless train , one Anticyra , hath no● Hellebore enough to cure him .

Two Corrivals he had , Edward Stafford Duke of Buckingham , Charles Brandon Duke of Suffolk : Brandon he despised , as rather besides , saith my Author , than again●t him ; h● being the Kings Companion in pleasure , & Wolsey his Councellour in Policy ; the Duke great with young Henry , the Bishop with the King : Buckingham he feared , as popular ; and undermined , as proud : ( that Tower must fall , who●e Foundation is hollow ) Buckingham was high in Birth , Honour , and Estate , Wolsey higher in Prudence , whose Malice did the brave Duke much mischief , and his own folly more : ( Vain-glory ( writes my Friend ) ever lieth at open guard , and gives much advantage of play to her Enemies : ) A deboyst King is jealous , and a weak Nobleman ambitious . In fine , he is attainted of High Treason , ( though rather Corrival to the King in his Cloaths than his Crown , in his Vanities than his Authority : ) but a cunning Upstart quickly blows off a young Noblemans Cap and Fea●her , and his Head too , when it stands in his way . Tarquin instructed more than his own Son , by striking off the heads of the Poppies .

His power ag●inst Buckingham was his Shield against all others : One defense well managed , one Adversary throughly suppressed , is a Security at Court , where two men s●ldom fall the same way .

Many envied the Archbishop , the Cardinal , the Legate de latere , the Lord Chancellour ; but all feared the Favourite : most were discontented , but none durst shake their Heads , le●t they fell off with Buckingham's : the Bishops displeasure was more fatal than the Kings , whose wrath was violent , but no● lasting ; as the Others anger was of less fury , but more malice , real , and more secret , he having set up as indiscernible way of Intelligence , as Angels do of Communication ; he and his correspondents understanding one another , not by discourse , but by the present state of things ; as those Intelligences understand one another , not by speech , but by Ideas . His Power was great , and his Justice equal ; for he was too proud to be bribed , and too powerful to be overborn . But England was too narrow a Theatre for this great Spirit , and he aspires to Rome ; and having been these many years Pope of this other world , would have been of that beyond the waters : his leap was great , from York to Rome , and his rise as good : Charles the Fifth was his Client , and his Masters Servant ; the Cardinals were his Pensioners ; and when they failed ( as he is no Fox whose Den hath but one hole , and he no Statesman who when one way is stopped , cuts not out another ) he falls off from the German Emperour to the F●ench King : where , if he could not carry his own Design , he would hinder the Emperours ; ( and Revenge is an Advancement ) ( so great was he , that his Friendship balanced Europe , over-awed Emperours , threatned Kings , and was fatal to Queens ) if he cannot be Pope of Rome , he will shew he is as good as King of England ; for finding that the King wanted a meet Yoak-Fellow for his Bed , and a lawful Heir-Male to his Crown , and observing Queen Katharines Age above her Husbands , and her Gravity above her Age , being more Pious than pleasant , a better Woman than Wife , and a better Wife for any Prince than King Henry ; he promotes a Divorce ( upon some Scruples intimated by the Spaniard some years before in a Treaty about the Princesse Mary's Marriage , which others had forgot , but the Cardinal laid up ) between the King and Q●een : but that was not all ; but knowing that King Henry could not have a Wife to his minde , until he had a Pope of his own choosing , he would help him to a young Wife , but he must raise him to a new Power ; Wolsey must be Pope , or King Henry could not be divorced : and to make all sure , he was no sooner to be parted from a Daughter of Spain , than he was to be joyned to a Princess of France ; whose Nuptial Ring should wed King Henry to Her , and King Francis to Himself .

Two ways did he disoblige Queen Anne Bullein that was his deadly enemy , 1. by dissolving the Contract between her and the Lord Piercy , the Earle of Northumberlands Eldest Son , to please the King , 2. by endeavouring to hinder , or at least delay the Marriage between her and the King , to gratifie himself ; whom in vain afterwards , by Inventions unheard of , he endeavoured to please as well as the King ; when he saw the Contrivances of a great Wit , the Allurements of a Famous Beauty , and the malice of a disappointed Woman , joyned to the envy of the greatest Lord , whom he had ordered as irrespectively as the meanest subject . When it is once past Noon with a Court-Favourite , it is presently Night with him : for knowing that the Cardinal was cunning , and the King not yet cruel , they longed to have him at York while at Londen ; and again they contrive to bring him to London while at York ; the first upon pretense that he might do good , the last with design that he might do no harme . Sed nullae sunt occultiores insidiae quàm hae quae latent in simulatione officij : as he observed the method of some old cunning Parliament-men , who when they had a mind to cross a Bill , were always highest for it in the House ( as the Eagle carried the shell up in the skye to break it ) and would insert so many , and so great inconveniences into the Act , that they were sure it could never pass .

Tuta frequensque via est per amici fallere nomen .

Missing of Power , he meditates Honour ; and instead of lavishing his infinite Treasure upon airy Expectations , he bestoweth it on real Monuments ; witness the great work at Callice , &c. which makes his Memory a Renowned as his Life . That Statesman lives to small purpose , whose Actions are as short as his Life , and his Exploits of no longer duration than his Age.

At this time , though King Henry bore the Sword , yet Cardinal Wolsey ( as I am told ) bore the stro●e all over the Land , being Legate a latere , by ver●us whereof he visited all Churches and Religion , Houses , even the Friers Observants themselves , notwithstanding the stoutness and stubbornness that first opposed him . Papal and Royal Power met in him , being the Chancellour of the Land , and keeping so many Bishopricks in Commendam , that his yearly Income is said to equal , if not exceed the Revenues of the Crown . He gave the first blow to Religious Houses , by making one great Cardinal Colledge , now Christ-C●urch , ( of which one comparing his project with his performance , said , Instituit Collegium , absolvit Popinam . And another being asked what he thought of the ampleness of the Foundation , answered , Fundatione nihil amplius ; to which I may add his Colledge at Ipswich , ) of forty small Monasteries ; to make way , as some thought , upon the Popes consent , procured by him , to the overthrow of all .

He called all Captains and Officers to an accoun● , who bought off their own small corruption with his great one , and paid him the penalties of their Cheats with the Gains of it ; the Richest of them escaping , and the poorest only made exemplary . Several Courts of pretended Equity he erected ; to redress the poor , that was the Colour ; to inrich himself , that was the Reality : at whose constitution the Law-Courts were unfrequented , so specious was their seeming Integrity ; at the ls●t they are deserted , so manifest was their real Grievances ; the people not flocking so fast a●ter the Novelty , as they ran away from the Cheat : though his pretense was fair , that the Kingdome should not be a Common-Wealth of Fish , where the greater devoured the Less .

What he did to reform the Courtiers , as a F●vourite , he did to reform the Clergy as Legate ; erecting a Court Legantine ( not without danger of a Praemunire ) wherein all Clergy were visited ; the Rich in their Purses , that excused them ; the Poor in their Reputation , that compounded for them . Neither did his profits arise from the Living onely , but the Dead ; he engrossing the Probation of all Wills and Testaments within his own Court : he had petty projects , viz. that Children should fo●low their Fathers Profession , saying that he observed , that the Fathers Eminency in any act , begat in the Child a propension to the same ; and whe●e two or three successi●e Generations happily insist in the steps one of another , they raise an art to great pe●fection , and liked well the prudence of our Parliaments in permitting the Eldest Son of Barons to be p●esent at their C●nsultations to fit them by degrees , for the person they are to sustain .

And not long after , he hath a Pa●e●t under the Great Seal of England , to do what he pleased in the French Cou●t , in order to the King● Progresse thither ; as he hath likewise af●er , with his Masters leave , under the great seal of France : After which honour , he was with the Kings Order , by English Subjects , the Lord Mayor and Aldermen , &c. honoured at no lesse rate than that of a Prince ; and by the Clergy ( who kept close to the publick temper ) with Processions , &c. at the same rate with a Pope . Great he was in England ; greater in Germany , where all the Nobili●y attended him , the Great Seal of England was carried before him ; and the Emperour o●serving his Commission and Honour , met him with his whole Train , and harangued it with him no less than two days . He that over-ruled Empires might well presume on Subjects ; and no sooner therefore doth he return , than by his own Authority he levieth four shillings in the pound of every man that was worth fifty pound per annum ; and when that would not do ( pretending to the Lord Mayor and Aldermen that he had been upon his Knees to revoke those Commissi●ns ) other Letters for a Benevolence , which lost him as much in the Countrey , as his Reformation of the Houshold did him at Court . But the King employeth him to France , as his Second , and takes his leave of him as hi● intimate Friend ; 1200 Horse attended him : Callice● Bullein , Amiens honour him with the name of The Peaceable Cardinal ; and the Statue of a Cardinal Rescuing a Church and a Pope from danger , whom yet underhand he brought into danger , making the Duke of Bourbon General against the King of France to Revenge himself ; and yet making an underhand Peace with France [ which the Duke knew not of , till he took the Instrument of Peace Sealed at the Castle of Pavia ] to please others ; for which last exploit , carried on privately by receiving the French Ambassadour as an Italian Jester , the Duke of Bourbon resolved to goe and Sack Rome , and punish all the Cardinals he could come at for the fault of one he could not . But though his Armes reached him not , the Court Wits did ; perswading his Ambition to goe upon a splendid Embassy , to Reconcile all the Christian Princes abroad , that they might have the better advantage to withdraw from him the Favour of his own Prince at home ; contriving likewise , that all the Friends he had at Court ●hould be of his Retinue in the Ambassie , both to increase the envy of his train , and to weaken the strength of his Interest : It was observed that he gave three Rules to his Company the morning he went from Callis ; 1. That they should take care of the Soveraigns Honour that Imployed him . 2. That they should observe the natural Civility and Sobriety of the Nation they came from . 3. That they should retain as much reservedness as became the Affair he went abo●● ; giving them a Caution of the French in t●ese words , viz. that at their first meeting , they wou●d be as familiar as if they had known them by long acquaintance ; and of t●emselves in these that they ●●ould not speak of any matter of Importance , but in their own Language , lest they should ●●scover that for want of words which they sho●ld hide with them .

Very exact he was in the honou●able circumstances of address , abateing the French King not 〈◊〉 in their approaches one to anoth●r , but most exact in the particulars of the T●eaty , yei●ding not a point to the whole Council o● France ; for knowing that their own conveniency , not their Love brought the Treaty about , he would often fling away , and make the King and Queen Regen● Court him to renew the Consultation , which otherwise he m●st have caressed them to . Fear , n●t Love is the pas●ion of Common-Wealths . But his entertainment from the King his Master at home , was not answerable to his Service abroad ; nor the applause from the Noble-men , Judges , and Justices of the Peace of each shire in England ( cited from the Countrey to hear an account of his great League , that they might report it to the Countrey ) suitable either to his Eloquence or Action at Star-Chamber , or his great expectation . The first Court design upon him , after his return , was an entertainment to the French Ambassador , injoyned by the King to beggar him ; the next was a discovery made to him of the Kings Love to Q. A. Bullein , ( its dangerous to know Kings Secrets ) from which he disswaded his Majesty by Intreaties on his Knees , and by Arguments from the most Learned men in the Kingdome which he Consulted with , and in both Universities which he sent to . It s not safe standing in the way of a Kings Lust , though indeed the Cardinals Enemies had possessed themselves both of the King and the peoples apprehensions , so farr , that his Majesty was wrought upon to be angry with him , because he was perswaded that he was against his Divorce ; and the people were incensed against him ( as he declared to the King at the Court in Bridewell ) because they were made believe that he was for it .

Many chafing discourses ( as he called them ) had he with the King , whom yet he would coole with the gentleness of his behaviour ; many affronts from Noble men : Especially one , whose head he had kept on , threatned his off . Often would he disswade the King from persuing his design ; often upon the Kings solicitations did he and Cardinal Campein perswade the Queen to Reti●e .

At Grafton in Northamptonshire was the first step of his Fall , when the King went to Dine with Queen Anne Bullein , and left him to shift among the Servants .

Queen Anne pressed the King with the poor Condition he had brought the Subjects to ; others into what great Estate he had raised himself . First he returns from Court to Westminster , and the broad Seal , with his rich furnished house , being taken from him , afterwards to Putney , or Ashur ; when he that could have furnished Kings with accomodations , was furnished himself by the Bishop of Carlisle . Afraid they were he should have a summe of money to live upon at Rome , therefore they searched Cardinal Campeius Train at Callis ; more afraid he should have an habitation near the King : therefore ●hey demanded his House as Bishop of Yorke called White-Hall , which the Cardinal ( intreating the Judges that came to take his Recognizance , to teach the King not onely what he might do , but what he ought to do , and to put him in mind of the g●eatness of the Eternal habitations as Hell and Heaven , as well as the conveniency of earthly dwellings ) chose rather to give upon terms for Yorke-House , than to lose by force .

The A●ticles against him in the House were bravely waved by his Servant Mr. Cromwel , the grief of his heart much allayed by a Ring sent him from the King , and a Tablet from the Queen ; his Majesties Physicians had a special Charge about hi● Health ; and his Wardrobe about his House : but this was only a Lightning before Death , to ex●sperate his Enemies rather than gratifie him .

Cardinal Wolsey going over to France , upon an extraordinary Embassy , had for his Attendance Tonstal Bishop of London , the Lord Sands , late Chamberlain , the Earl of Derby , Sir Tho. More , Sir H. Guilford , and 200 Horse ; and was met two days journey from Paris by King Francis and his Mother , carr●ing with him 140000. l. though sil●er was but 20 d. an ounce , to assist that King in the War against Charles the fifth ; and furnished with such a Plenipotentiary Commission , that he gave Law to France and the Popedome : and he ●●mported himself with such dexterity and high wisdome , that all the Princes of Christendome , who had their eyes fixed upon him , admired him .

The King gave him many places , & he bes●owed on him his magnificent Palaces ; White-Hall , that Good Hypocrite , mo●e convenient within , than comely without , Hampton Court , Windsor ; the two first to be resident in , and ●he last ●o be buried in . ( Arma tenenti omnia dat , qui justa negat ) ● fi●ting his humour with pleasant habitations , as he suited his ambition with power and authority .

But the King broke with him at last about the divorce , being vexed with so many delays , defe●s , retardings , and prorogations between two Popes , Clement that was , and Wolsey that would be : yet rather eased him of his bu●dens , than deprived him of his preferments ; continuing him Bishop of York and Durham , ( when he turned him out of his Chancellourship of England ) where being sent by that Lord , who would not endure him nearer the King , and could not get him further , he lived rather like a Prince than a Priest , providing as magnificently for his Installation , as a King should for his Coronation : which unseasonable ambition was improved by his enemies malice , and the King's jealousie to his ruine : for in the midst of his solemnities he is arrested by the Kings order , signified by the Earle of Northumberland , whose wrath was the Messenger of Death , and in his way to London , being distracted between hope and fear , died at Leicester , where he was buried as obscurely as he was borne ; and breathing out his soul in words to this purpose , viz. If I had served the God of Heaven as faithfully as I did my Master on earth , he had not forsaken me in my old age , as the other hath done . He died , swelling in his body , as he had done in his mind , the pain being really in his hea●t , which seemed to be in his guts ; for when Northumberland whom he had b●ed , and a Privy Chamber-man whom he had preferred , were sent to him , he could still hope that ●he King intended him Honour ; but when Sir William Kingston , Lieutenant of t●e Tower , who carried a restraint in his looks , came to him , he could not believe but he intended him Punishment , keeping him only between the tickling hopes of p●e●erment , & pinching fear of disgrace , to found his bo●tome , and to discover his Esta●e ; so well he took the first Arrest , that he di●ected the Messenge●s to execute their Commission legally ; saying , that he ought to yield himself to a Privy-Chamb●rman on his word ; though not to the Earle withou● his Commission ; So ill the second , that he could not govern himself tolerably . Very observant he was of old Prophesies ; applying that When the Cow rides the Bull , Then Priest beware thy skull . to Hen. 8. whose armes , as Earle of Richmond was a Cow ; and Anne Bullein , whose devise was a Bull : whose Love to each other , was the occasion of their hatred to him .

And that , that he should have his end at Kingston , to King●ton upon Thames , a Town he would not look on willingly while he lived ; and to Sr William Kingston , a man he would not with his good will hear of when he died : And fearful of new Omens , Interpreting the falling of his Crosse to break Bonners head , the f●ll of the Church to the danger of his own . A serene and peaceable soul acts by solid ●eason , a frighted and troubled one by fansie , imagination and superstition ; a mind in the dark of m●lancholy , and trouble , feareth every thing . The K●ng not knowing his own changeble mind , would have given 20000 l. he had lived ; and his Enemies knowing it too well , gave 10000 l. that they might be sure he should dye .

The one aiming at a booty from his Estate ( as appeared afterward by his ●eward to those Servants that discovered it ; the o●her at their own security ●rom his power : both to his dying day , so great , that indifferent men thought them enough , his foes too much , and he himself too lit●le . Plenty without pomp , is penury to pride , which Kings may make humbled , God only humble : He being able to take away the fire , the Lu●t within ; the other only to withdraw the Fuel , the sta●e without .

Remarkeable were his words of himself . This is the just reward that I must receive for my diligent pains and study , not regarding my service to God ; but only my respect to the King . Flattery is the Common Moath of great Palaces , where Alexanders friends are more than the Kings . Observable his caution to the Councellors , whom he advised to take heed , what they should put into the Kings head , for ( said he ) you can never put it out again . Heinous is the crime of poysoning Fountains : and such is a Kings mind in a Common-wealth . Notable was the Jealousie of his Enemies , who could not but believe he was alive , until the Mayor and Corporation of Liecester [ who were called therefore to view his Corps ] testified under their publick Seal , that he was dead : But most notorious his burial , that He , who from his own store late might have , A Pala●e or a Colledge for his Grave ; Should lye interr'd so obscurely , as if all Of him to be remember'd were his fall ; Nothing but earth to earth ; no Pompous weight Vpon him , but a pibble or a quait . Yet though his Fortune was not great , as his merit , or his merit as his mind ; he planted things that are like to last as long as men are either to do things wo●thy to be written in books , or books are to record things worthy to be done by men .

His Enemies made mock defences for him , on pu●pose to overthrow him : So before a serious Warr , Cities use to personate their adverse party , and feign mock combats and skirmishes to encourage their friends , wherein you may be sure that their own side shall conquer . Which puts me in mind of the Lyons answer in the Fable , when the picture of a man beating a Lyon was produced to him , he said , If a Lyon had made this picture , he would have made the Lyon above● and the man beneath . Nihil est quin male narrando possit depravarier .

One thing he advised young men to take care of in their publick deliveries , viz: that they should rather proceed , though more inaccurately , than stop sensibly ; few being able to discerne the failu●e of a continued speech , when all understand the mischance of a gross silence .

A Fellow having made a long Oration to his hearers , of the virtues of a Feather , which he affirmed to have dropped from the wing of Michael the A●ch-Angel ; and the Feather being stolen from under his sleeve out of drollery , and a Cinder put in the place of it to trye hi● humour , he went on c●●fidently with his discourse ; telling them , that though it was not the feather which he had mentioned ; yet it w●s one of the coles which St. Laurence was broyled with ; and had all those virtues which he had formerly ascribed to the feather .

When good men die suddenly , it is said they are poysoned ; and when the bad fall unexpectedly , as he did , it is said they poyson themselves . He died unpitied , because he had lived feared ; being the great Bias of the Christian World .

Too suddain prosperity in the beginning , undoeth us in the end : while we expect all things flowing upon us at first , we remit our care , and perish by neglecting . Every head cannot bear wine , nor every spirit ● fortune : Success eats up Circumspection . How many a man had ended better , if he had not begun so well ? It 's the Emphasis of misery , to be too soon happy : Prosperity growing up with experience , makes a man in a firm settlement , inured to all events . I will ever suspect the smooth waters for deepness : in my worst estate I will hope , in the best I will fear ; in all , I will be circumspect and stil. R●ffling Ambition reacheth great Honour , a Sedate Humility supports it : the Lower the Basis , the higher & stronger the Pyramide . Love , the Issue of Humility , guardeth the weakest ; Hat●ed , the Daughter of Pride , ruines the strongest . Ego & Rex meus , was good Grammar for Wolsey a School-Master ; but not for the Cardinal a States-man . To be humble to Superiors , is duty ; to Equals , is courtesie ; to Inferiours , is nobleness ; and to all , safety ; it being a virtue that for all her lowliness commandeth those souls it stoops to . In a word , as I love Virtue , so I hate Vice , for her inside and her end . Cardinal Wolsey is famous for two things ; that he never spoke a word too much , and but one too little .

The Lord Herbert's Character of Cardinal Wolsey , in his Life of Henry the Eighth , pag. 314.

ANd thus concluded that great Cardinal : A man in whom ability of parts and Industry were equally eminent ; though , for being employed wholly in ambitious ways they became dangerous Instruments of power , in active and mutable times . By these arts yet he found means to govern not onely the chief affairs of this Kingdom , but of Europe ; there ●eing no Potenta●e , which , in his turn , did not seek to him : and as this procured him divers Pensions , so , when he acquainted the King therewith , his manner was , so cunningly to disoblige that Prince who did fee him last , as he made way thereby oftentimes to receive as much on the other side . But not of secular Princes alone , but even of the Pope and Clergy of Rome he was no little courted ; of which therefore he made especial use , while he dr●w them to second him on most occasions . His birth being otherwise so obscure and mean● as no man had ever stood to single : for which reason also his chief indeavour was not to displease any great person ; which ●et could not sec●re him For as all things passed through his hands . so they who failed in their suits generally h●ted him : All whi●● , though it did but exasperate his ill nature , yet this good resultance followed , that it made him take the more care to be Iust ; whereof also he obtained the reputation in his publick hearing of Causes : For as he loved no body , so his Reason carried him . And thus he was an useful Minister of his King in all points , where there was no ques●ion of deserting ●he Roman Church ; of which ( at what price s●ever ) I finde he was a zealous Servant ; as hoping thereby to aspire to the Papacy , whereof ( as the fac●ious times then were ) he seemed more capable than any , had he not so immoderately affec●ed it . Whereby also it was not hard to judge of his Inclination ; that Prince , who was ablest to help him to this Dignity , being ever preferred by him ; which therefore was the ordinary Baite , by which the Emperour and the French King one after the other did catch him . And , upon these terms● he doubted not to convey vast treasures out of this Kingdome , especially unto Rome , where he had not a few ●ardinals at his devotion ; by whose help , though he could not attain that Supreme Dignity he so passionately desired , yet he prevailed himself so much of their favour , as he got a kinde of absolute power in Spiritual Matters at Home : Wherewith again he so served the Kings turn , as it made him think the less of using his own Authority . One error seemed common to both , which was , That such a multiplicity of Offices and Places were invested in him . For as it drew much envy upon the Cardinal in particular , so it derogated no little from the Regal Authority● while one man alone seemed to exhaust all : Since it becometh Princes to do like good Husbandmen , when they sow their Grounds ; which is , to scat●er , and not to throw all in one place . He was no great Dissembler , for so qualified a Person ; as ordering his businesses ( for the most part ) so cautiously , as he got more by keeping his word , than by breaking it . As for his Learning , ( which was far from exact ) it consisted chiefly in the subtilties of the Thomists , wherewith the King and himself did more often weary than satisfie each other . His stile , in Missives , was rather copious than eloquent , yet ever tending to the point . Briefly , if it be true ( as Polydore observes ) that no man ever did rise with fewer virtues , it is true that few that ever fell from so high a place had lesser crimes objected against him : Though yet Polydore ( for being at his first coming into England committed to Prison by him , as we have said ) may be suspected as a partial Author . So that in all probability he might have subsisted longer , if either his pride and immense wealth had not made him obnoxious , and suspected to the King , or that other . than Women had opposed him : Who , as they are vigilant and close Enemies , so for the most part they carry their businesses in that manner as they leave fewer advantages against themselves than men do . In conclusion , As I cannot assent to those who thought him happy for enjoying the untimely compassion of the people a little before his end , so I cannot but account it a principal Felicity , that during his favour with the King , all things succeeded better than afterwards ; though yet it may be doubted whether the Impressions he gave , did not occasion divers Irregularities which were observed to follow . He died Nov. 29. 1529.

Observations on the Life of Charles Brandon , Duke of Suffolk .

SIr William Brandon dying in King Henry th● seventh's service , as his Standard-bearer in Bosworth-field , no wonder if his son lived in his favour ; it being as prudent to continue his Loyal spirit in his son , as it was just to reward it . He was as intimate with Henry the Eighth in his pleasures when a child , as in his councels when a man . There was a sympathy between their active spirits , which improved the familiarity of their tender years to a fi●m friendship in their age ; men of quick and large striding minds loving to walk together : not to say the looser the lives , the faster the friends . At a Tilting in Paris , to which many young Noblemen were licensed to go , Brandon overcame others every day , and one day himself , ( against a Gyant Almain ) where the Lords looked not on him with more envious , than the Ladies with gracious eyes ; who ( saith my Author ) darted more glances in love , than the other did spears in anger against him . He is the compleat Courtier , in whom Beauty and Valour , Mars and Venus , are joyned in one happy constitution , which awes and allures Beholders .

Being employed to bring over Queen Mary , King Lewis the twelfth's Relict , to her Brother , he won her to himself : whether his affections were so ambitious as to climb up to her , or hers so humble as to condescend to him , may be ●he subject of a more amorous discourse : and considering with himself that matters of this nature are never sure till finished , that so Royal an opportunity happened but seldome , and that leave ●or such an enterprize was easier gained when it 's done , than when doing ; he humbly requested his Majesty to give way to that Match , which was indeed already concluded : who , afte● some State discontent , was quickly pleased ; the Duke being no less esteemed by him for many years , than he was beloved by the people . His Genius was more Martial than Mercurial ; and we hear of him oftner in the French Wars , than in the English Councils .

And in both , his plain overtures went farther than others fair harangues ; because these only hovered in mens fancies , those came home to mens business and bosoms . He wondered at the m●n that pleased themselves in the liberty of giddy fancies ; and dreaded the ties of a ●ixed belief , for the publick good , not his own advantage , affecting ( as one said well ) free-will in thinking , as well as in acting ; and at the new discoursing wits , that were as unsettled , though not so rational as the old Scepticks , until he considered the difficulty of discerning truth ; the hardship of confining the Quick-silver thoughts within the limits it prescribeth , or submitting them to the burden it imposeth . One of the latter Schools of the Grecians examineth the matter , [ it is the Lord Verulams observation ] and is at a stand to think what should be in it , that men should love lies ; where neither they make for pleasure as with Poets ; nor for advantage as with the Merchant , but for the lies sake . But I cannot tell why , this same truth is a naked and open day-light , that doeth not shew the Masques and Mummeries , and triumphs of the present world halfe so stately and daintily as Candlelights : Truth may perhaps come to the price of a pearl that sheweth best by day ; but it will not rise to the p●ice of a Diamond or Carbuncle that sheweth best in varied lights : a mixture of lies doth ever add pleasure . Doth any man doubt th●t if there were taken out of mens minds vain opinions , flattering hopes , false valuations , imaginations as one would , and the like , vinum daemonum as a Father calls Poetry , but it would leave the minds of a number of men , poor shrunken things , full of melancholy , and indisposition , and unpleasing to themselves .

Clear and round dealing , this Noble mans temper , is the honour of mans nature ; and that mixture of falsehood is like allay in coyn of gold and silver , which may make the metal work the better , but embaseth it . For there winding and crooked Courts are the goings of the Serpent , which goeth basely upon the belly , and not upon the foot . There is nothing of so ill consequence to the publick , a falsehood , or ( speech being the currant coyn o● converse ) the putting false money upon the world ; or of so much prejudice to a mans own interest , as perfidiousness which weakeneth his great security , which stands by him when his estate and friend● cannot ; or so dark a blot as dissembling , which , as Mountaign saith prettily , is only to be Brave towards God , and a Coward towards man : For a Lye faceth God , and shrinketh from man .

His hearr was too stout , and his head too clear to use those Arts of closeness and dissimulation , which those need who have not judgment and wit enough to discern all the circumstances of an affair , so as to know when to tell a truth ; nor courage and valour enough to look in the face of all the cons●quences of a business , so as to own it : A man better made for the open Arts , and generous policy of H. 8. than the suspicious closeness , and the wary reservedness of H. 7. His Father lost his life in completing the union of Roses , I mean York and Lancaster ; and he in beginning the union of Kingdoms , viz. England and Scotland by treaty ; and England and France by War : he being the first that durst fasten the Royal Standard in the sides of Bulleign ; and the last that advanced the St. George in the middle of it , both taking and governing it . The greatest thing that ever that age saw , was , if we believe Sleidan , the delivery of the Keys of Bulleign by ● French Governour to the Duke of Suffolks hand ; and the greatest thing King H. 8. saw , he saith , was the delivery of those keys by the Duke , into his hand : insomuch that despairing of greater , the one died that year , the other the next .

Queen Elizabeth being to employ a famous Ambassage into France , made choice of two of the Noblest Peers of her Realm ; equal in Rank , equal in Virtue : but the one excused it by a defect in his hearing , and the other by an ignorance and want of the French Language . To which the Queen smilingly replied : that it was a miserable estate when her speaking Peers were deaf , and her hearing Peers were dumb . Our Duke used to complain , ●hat two of the most eminent m●n in the Council in his time , had two different , but unhappy , qualities : the one a well-spoken man , had such a humour , that he pretended he understood hardly any body ; the other a person of an excellent judgment , but speaking so darkly that hardly any body understood him .

He avoided two things , first , Catching too soon at an offence : Secondly , Yeilding too easie a way to anger ; the one shewing a weak judgment , the other a perverse nature : which rendereth great men as ridiculous , as it did the Ambassadors of Spain and Venice , who drew blood from one another in the most August Assembly at the Coronation of R. H. 4th . Queen in France , because one of them used the word excellency instead of the word Seigniory . But in these cases he observed the Roman Discipline nec sequi , nec fugere , to be more prudent than to catch at such trifling Cavils : and more courageous than to shun , if they were offered to him : being very cautious also in mentioning the name of God in small matters [ Nec deus Intersit nisi dignus vindice nodus , Inciderit . ] and more willing to build his resolution on the experience of former ages , than his own thought ; being very unwilling to be of the number of those people , who , like the Chinois , think they have two eyes ; their friends , as those think of the Europaeans , one ; and other men , as they think of the rest , blind .

Being vexed with the delays at Rome , and the delusions at Bridewel , ( where the Cardinals proceeded according to their instructions at Rome ) one day he knocks on the Table in the presence of the two Cardinals , and binds it with an Oath , That it was never well in England since Cardinals had any thing to do therein : and from that time forward , as an active Instrument , he endeavoured the abolishing of the Popes power in England ; against whom he was not more active in the Parliament 1534 , than he was vigilant in the Committee , 1535 : in the one , cutting off the head ; in the other , weakening the members of that Church . He m●de provident , yet moderate use of his Masters favours ; thereby obliging others , and securing himself ; being above Mercenary inclinations as much in his thoughts , as in his ●ortune : he was neither too near the King , lest he were weary of him ; nor too far off , lest he forgot him , or thought himself neglected by him . His intermissions of attendance gave others no advantage , but rendred him more gracious : he neither engrossed nor confined his Masters affection . It was easie for him to rise , being descended of Noble Blood , ( which is never envied for its advancement ) and as easie to keep high , being well studied in his Princes disposition , whose inclination when found is half fitted ; ever pleasing his Masters Natural humour , never his Vicious . Having attained a competent height , he chose rather to grow stronger by relation , than higher by advancement . Some Favourites , whose heels have been tripped up by their adversaries , have with their hands held on their Allies till they could recover their feet again . His familiarity , and the easie access to him , made him popular : his pliant temper kept him a Favourite , until he died in the full favour of his Prince ; though ( as Cardinal Pool observed ) The● who were highest in the Kings favour , had their heads nearest danger . He had a becoming Bluntness not unlike his Masters , which we call Free-heartedness in Courtiers ; Conscience and Christian simplicity in Clergy-men ; Valour in Souldiers . He died anno 1544. and was buried at Windsor ; much beloved and lamented of all , for his Bounty , Humility , Valour , and all Noble Vertues since the heat of his Youth was tamed by his reduced Age : whose two Sons Henry and Charles died within twelve hours one of the other , of the sweating sickness at Cambridge , 1550.

He , knowing that learning hath no enemy but ignorance , did suspect always the want of it in those men , who derided the habit of it in others ; like the Fox in the Fable , who having lost his tayle by mischance , perswaded others to cut theirs as a burthen . But he liked well the Phylosophers division of men into three Ranks , some who knew good , and were willing to teach others ; these he said were like Gods among men ; others who though they knew not much , yet were willing to learn ; these he said were like men among Beasts ; and some who knew not good , and yet dispised such as should teach them ; these he esteemed as Beasts among men . The most miserable men he esteemed them , who running their head into a bush of confident ignorance , suppose that none see their weakness ; because they are not willing to take not●ce it of themselves .

1. A Calm Greatness is next the happiness of Heaven : Give me the man that by a fair and calm course is rising to an higher state , yet content with his p●esent fortune .

2. Integrity out-lasts Power , and Plainness survives Policy : An honest heart keeps the head on the shoulders ; a Noble and clear Vertue is lasting .

3. It 's likeness that makes the True-love-knot of friendship : When a Prince finds another of his own disposition , what is it but the same soul in a divided body ? what finds he but himself inter-mutually transposed ? And Nature , that makes us love our selves , makes us with the same reason love those that are like us : for this , is a Friend a more sacred Name than a Brother .

4. He that hath a mind contentedly good , enjoyeth in it boundless possessions . He is great indeed , that is great in a brave soul.

Vitam quae faciunt beatiorem , Iucundissime Martialis , haec sunt : Res● non parta Labore , ●sed relicta ; Non ingratus Ager , focus perennis , Lis nunquam , toga rara , mens quieta , Vires Ingenuae , salubre Corpus , Prudens simplicitas , pares amici , Convictus facilis , sine arte Mensa ; Nox non ebria , sed soluta curis ; Non tristis torus , attamen pudicus ; Somnus , qui faciat breves tenebras : Quod sis esse velis , nihilque malis ; Summum ne metuas diem , nec optes .

Observations on Thomas Cranmer , Lord Archbishop of Canterbury .

CRanmer had a Noble Blood , quickning and raising his spirits , as he had an indefatigable industry to improve it . He was a Gentleman born in Arselecton in Nottinghamshire , and a Noble-man br●d in Iesus-Colledg in Cambridg . His Ancestors were no less eminent at Cranmers-hall in Lincolnshire , than he was at Lambeth in Surrey . They came in with the Conquest , ( as one Cranmer a French Ambassadour in Henry the eighths time , at the Archbishops Table , made it evident ) and he with the Reformation . His Education was as Gentile as his Birth , only his mild spirit meeting with a severe Master , his memory was weakened , and his spiritfulness allayed : but the austerity of the School was sweetned with the exercises of the Country , which his Father indulged him when he was young , and he indulged himself when aged ; handling his great Horse as nimbly , his Bow and Net as dexterously as any man in his family . His Marriage withdrew him from the Colledge , and consequent Church-preferment , as the Kings did him from the Church it self . He whose marriage forbid him a Fellowship in Iesus-Colledge , had a Lecture in Buckingham-House for his Parts and Reputation , where at once he prepared others for publick Employments , and himself also . He lived as soberly at the Dolphine-Tavern with his Wife , ( whatever the Papists have surmized ) as he did studiously at Buckingham-house with his Scholars . His Name was so famous , that Wolsey was not more solicitous to transplant him as an Ornament to Oxford , then Fisher was to retain him in Cambridg ; where he was eminent for the Arts , mo●e for Divinity , which ( when as one of the three Censors he examined Candidates ) he said he expected not in the difficult trifles of Lumbard , but in the sacred sense of Scriptures , the ancient Doctrine of Fathers , the grave Canons of Councils , the solid Politeness of the Greek and Hebrew Learning , and which he lived as well as he taught , in his sober temperance , his mild meekness , ( so placable , so courteous , that to offend him , was the way to ingratiate with him ) his discreet moderation , his grave resolution equally above the frowns and smiles of fortune . Thus qualified , he was by a P●ovidence commended to his Majesty : for there being a Plague in Cambridge , as there was all over England , Dr. Cranmer retired to Waltham with two of his Pupils , the sons of one Mr. Cressy : where upon the Kings Progress thither , he met with his Chaplain and Almoner Dr. Fox , ( afterwards Bishop of Hereford ) who lodging with him at Mr. Cressy's , discoursed the Kings Divorce . Cranmer conceived that the speediest course were to prove the unlawfulness of the Ma●ch by Scripture ; whence it would follow , that the Pope at first had no power to dispense therewith ; and that th● Universities of Chri●tend●m would sooner and truer decide the case than the Cour● o● Rome . This passage Fox reports to the King , who well pleased thereat , professeth that this man had the Sow by the right Ear : Glad was the King to see him , ( indeed he had a comely Person , and a pleasing Countenance ; ) more to hear him inlarge himself on the former Subject , That it was above the Popes p●wer to dispense with Gods Word in the Kings Case : What he said to the King , he was sent to make it good to the Pope ; whither , invested with the A●ch-Deaconry of Taunton ● he went with Thomas Bullein Earl of Wiltshire ; whose fi●st Address to the Pope , was to present a Book of Cranmers , proving Gods Law indispensible with by the Pope ● the Author is preferred to the great Title of Supreme Poenitentiary , and the Treatise is promised a Consideration and Debate : But the Pope delaying , & according to Cranmer's Advice , ten Universities declaring against him ; the Embassador returns to England , and the Dispu●ant goes to Vienna , where in Os●anders House ( whose Kinswoman he had married ) he confirmed those that wavered , satisfied those that doubted , and won those that contradicted in King Henry's Cause . But he served not King Henry more faithfully in Germany , than he provided for him honourably in England ; where the Kings Cause waited for his Assistance , and the See of Cante●bury for his Acceptance : He was willing to promote Religion , he was unwilling ( for some Formalities he scrupled ) to advance himself : but after seven Weeks delay , it being as fatal to re●use King Henry's Favours , as to offer him Inju●ies , he is Archbishop in his own De●ence ; in which capacity , to serve the King , and salve his own Conscience , he used the Expedient of a Protestation to this purpose : In nomine , &c. Non est nec erit meae voluntatis aut intentionis per hujusmodi Iuramentum & Iuramenta , qualiter verba in ipsis posita sonare videbuntur , me obligare ad aliquid ; ratione eorundem post hac dicendum , faciendum aut attestandum , quod erit aut esse videbitur contra legem Dei , vel contra Regem , aut Rempublicam , legesve , aut Praerogativa ejus : & quod non intendo per hujusmodi juramentum quovis modo me obligare quò minùs liberè loqui , consulere , & consentire valeam in omnibus & singulis Reformationem Ecclesiae , prorogativam Coronae , concernentibus , & ea exequi & reformare quae in Ecclesia Anglicana reformanda videbuntur . This Protestation he made three times ; once at the Charter-House , another time at the Altar , and a third time at the receiving of his Pall. In his place he was moderate , between the Superstition of Rome , and the Phrensies of Munster . As he was cheif Instrument in beginning the Reformation , so he was in continuing it : He withstood the Six Articles , and ( though the King sent five prime Ministers of State to comfort him ) would not be satisfied , until he saw them mitigated in King Henry's time , and repealed in King Edward's .

Gardiner would have questioned him for entertaining forein Hereticks , and promoting Domestick Schisms ; the Northern Rebels accused him for subverting the Church : but the King upheld him against both ; suppressing the One , and checking the Other ; and advising the good Man , whom he called Fool , for his meek disposition , to appeal to him : Whereupon Russel cried , The King will never suffer him to be imprisoned , until you find Him guilty of High T●eason . He is to be pitied for his intermediate failings , but renowned for his final constancy .

The King having declared before all his Servants , that Cranmer was his best Servant , he employeth him in his best service , the Reformation of Religion , wherein all others failed ; but the King , Cromwel , and Brandon backed him so far , that he had the Bible & the necessary Offices of the Church translated into English : He had both Universities at his command : He brought the Lords House and Convocation to his Lure ; and was invested with a Power . 1. To Grant Dispensations in all things not repugnant to Gods Law , nor the Kings safety : 2. To determine Ecclesiastical Causes . He as charitably as politickly advised the King to accept of Bishop Fisher's partial Subscription , considering his Learning and Reputation . As he is King Henry's Instrument at Dunstable , to divorce him from Queen Katharine ; so he is at Lambeth , to divorce him from Anna Bullein . He promoted in the Convocation all Primitive Doctrines , and condemned all new-fangled Opinions . He was so charitable , that he interceded with the King for his Enemies ; so munificent , that he made the Church and his own House a Refuge for Strangers ; particularly for P. Fagius , P. Martyr , Martin Bucer , &c. The King loved him for his Integrity , the People for his Moderation : He was called the Kings Father , and was Queen Elizabeth's Godfather : His Piety reduced the C●urch , and his Policy the State : He spake little to others , he conferred much with himself : Three words of His could do more than three hours discourse of others : He would say , as Victorinus , There is a time to say nothing , there is a time to say something , but there is never a time to say all things . That King , who awed all Others , feared Him . A Second to the Eternal Power , is the Wise Man uncorrupt in his Life . He was the Executor of God's Will in King Henry's Life-time , and the first of His , after his Death .

As He spurred King Henry to a Reformation , so King Edward did Him ; whose Prudence was not so forward as the Others Zeal , who looked at what was Lawful , as He did at what was Convenient . He maintained the Churches Power as resolutely against Bishop Hooper's Scruples , notwithstanding potent Intercession : as he reformed its Corruptions against the Popes Interest , notwithstanding a general Opposition . He allowed not the least Errour in , nor the least contempt of the Church : He restored its primitive Doctrine and Discipline , lest it should be an impure Church ; he upheld them , lest it should be none . He was one of fourteen that compiled the Common-Prayer : He was One of Two that set out the Homilies ; and the only man that published the Institution of a Christian man , and other good Books . With his Advice King Edward did much , and designed more : He was the chief Author of King Edward's Injunctions , and the first Commissioner in them : He was President of the Assembly at Windsor , ( for Reformation ) and of the Council at London : His A●ticles were strict and seve●e ; as much grounded on the Canon of Scripture , as on the Canons of the Church : He convinced more Papists with his Reason and Moderation , than others by their Power : His Heart never failed him in his Life , and it was not burned at his Dea●h . He did so much for the Protestant Religion in King Henrys Days , that he foresaw he should suffer for it in Q●een Mary's . He was unwilling to wrong Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth , therefore he refused at first to sign King Edwards's Testament , but Duke Dudley's Will : He was willing to continue the Protestant Religion , therefore he signed it at last . It was a Bishop that was one of the first that abolished Popery in England , and one of the last that died for Protestantisme : It was a Bishop that maintained the Protestant Cause with Arguments while he lived , & with his Blood when he died . This prelates endeavor for Reformation is shadowed by this Mystical Relation .

The Castle of Truth ( being by the King of Ierusalem ) left to the guard and keeping of his best Servant Zeal ) the King of Arabia ( with an infinite host ) came against it , begirt it round with an unreasonable Seige , cuts of● all passages , all reliefs , all hopes of friends , meat , or munition : which Zeal perceiving , and seeing how extremity had brought her to shake hands with despair ; he calleth his Council of War about him , and discovered the ●ffliction of his state , the puissance of his Enemies , the violence of the siege , and the impossibility of conveying either messages or Letters to the great King his Master , from whom they might receive new strength and incouragement . Whereupon the necessity of the occasion being so great , they concluded that there was no way but to deliver up the Castle ( though upon some unwholsome conditions into the hand of the Enemy ) but Zeal staggereth at the resolution , and being loath to loose hope as long as hope had thread or hair to hold by ; he told them he had one friend or companion in the Castle , who was so wise , so valiant , and so fortunate , that to him and his exploits alone , he would deliver up the manage of their safelty ; this was Prayer , Chaplain to the great King , and Priest of that Colony ; then Prayer was called for , and all proceedings deb●ted : he presently armeth himself with Humility , Clemency , Sincerity and Fervency ; and in spight of the Enemy passeth his Camp , comes to the King his Master , and with such moving passion entereth his eares , so that presently Armes are raysed , which returning under the Conduct of Prayer , overthroweth the King of Arabia , makes spoyl of his Camp , and gives to the Castle of Truth its first noble Liberty .

Observations on Sir Thomas More , Lord Chancellour of England .

HE rose●up high , because he stept out well : Sir Thomas More was half way Chancellour , when born to Sir Iohn More Chief Iustice . The Father's Prudence , Wit , and Nobleness flowed with his Blood to the Sons Veins : Much Honour he received from his Family , more he gave to it : His Mother saw his Face shining in a Dream , on her Wedding Night ; and his Father saw his Life so really : A quick City-Spirit made him capable of great State-Employments .

He was saved by a Miracle , and was One : For his Nurse riding with him over a Water , and being in some danger , threw him over a Hedge , where she found him not hurt , but sweetly smiling upon a a S● . Anthonies under N●w-Hall . her .

A Free-School seasoned his forward Childhood ; and the grave , wise , and excellent Cardinal Mortons House his Youth : The One with Learning , to make him a Scholar ; the Other with Prudence , to make him a Man : But the Distractions of that House were not so proper for his promising Ingenuity , as the Retirements of the University ; where in two years time he shewed what Wonders Wit and Diligence could do in Rhetorick , Logick , and Philosophy : The b b Christ-Church . Colledge kept him strict , and his Father short , so that ( as he● blessed God afterward ) He had neither the leisure nor the means to be vicious : The Cardinal said he would be Great , and his excellent Genius said he would be Humble : The Lord Chancellour would give place to , and ask blessing of the Lord Chief Justice : The Father being not more happy in his Son , than the Son in his Father . At 17 his wit was eminent for his Epigrams : His Antilucian Oration commended by all men but Brixius , for pure , genuine and flowing : At 18 his wisdom in overcoming his Antagonist Brixius with kindness , and himself with Mortifications . His fastings were frequent , his watchings on the hard ground severe ; his Hair-cloath even in his Chancellourship course , his exercises among the Carthusians in the Charterhouse for four years austere ; his design● for the Franciscan Hood , and a Priesthood with his Friend Lilly , solemn ; His prayers uninterrupted ; When the King sent for him once at Mass , he answered , That when he had done with God , he would wait on his Majesty : He imitated Picus Mirandula's Life , and writ it : He heard Dr. Collet his Confessours Sermons , and followed his li●e ; whose experience was his counsel , whose conversation was his life . He could not away with the good Sermon o● a bad man : Collet was his Father ; Lin●●re , Lilly , Grocine , were his Friends . He learned more by prayer , than he did by study : his Poems were acute , his Speeches pure and copious , his Latine elegant ; yet his head was knotty and Logical : his Diet was temperate , his Apparel plain , his Nature tractable and condescending ( though very discerning ) to the meanest mens counsel ; his Vertues solid , not boasted . In a word , the foundation of his Li●e was as low as the building was to be high .

Words and Terms being not by Nature , but Imposition , verborum ut nummorum ; those were best liked by him that were most current amongst the best Artists ; he fearing new words as leading to new things : though the quitting of ancient and allowed expressions to affect new phrases will be no advantage at long run , for whatsoever be the forms of speaking , the state of things will be the same ; and the very argument , that convinceth an erroneous person now in the old received and Orthodox Language , would convince him likewise in the new wayes of speaking , which he desires to introduce , after it is formed , and generally understood : All the benefit that he could make of it , would be only a little time between the suppression of the one , and the introduction of the other , wherein he might jugle and play Hocus Pocus under the Cloak of Homonymous and Ambiguous expressions . In vulgar appellations we are to speak as the common people ; but in terms of Art ( which saith Scaliger are rudibus ingeniis acerba , delicatis ridicula ) we are to follow the most approved Artists , the Mushrome Errours and Haeresies springing up in his time he advised should be rather suppressed by Discipline , than increased by disputations ; they , who in the common principles of Religion clash ordinarily with the whole Church ; who so affectedly swerve from the approved rules , and healthful constitutions of all orderly Common-wealths , to the disturbance of all humane society , and the cutting off of all Relations between man and man ; they who cannot preserve Unity with themselves , but are ever and anon interfereing & tripping up their own heels by contradictions , need no just confutation , or single , or other adversary than God , themselves , and all mankind ; since their opinions are grounded upon their own imaginations , rather than approved Authority ; and they interpret Scripture not according to the perpetual tradition of the Church , but according to their own distempered ●ancies , and that in discourses more full fraught with supercilious confidence , than deep reason : It were a folly to draw the saw of conten●ion with them , especially in such a case where it is impiety to doubt , and Blasphemy to dispute ; Quid cum illis agas ; qui neque jus , neque bonum aut aequum sciunt . ●Melius , pejus , prosit , obsit , nil vident nisi quod lubet . Such daring mens opinions , creating truth , and falsehood by the words of their mouth , being like a pillar of smoak breaking out of the top of some narrow Chimney , and spreading it self ●broad like some Cloud , as if it threatned to take possession of the whole Region of the Ayr , darkening the skye , and seeming to press the Heavens ; and after all this , when it hath offended the eyes a little for the present , the first puffe of wind , or a few minutes do altogether disperse it , The little Mouse stealeth up through the Elephants trunke to eat his brains ; the Indian Rat creepeth into the belly of the gaping Crocodile ; and the least opposition overthrows these great pretenders , especially if you give them line and space enough to bounce and tumble up and down , and tire themselves out .

Great he judged was the influence Religion had upon humane societies , whether we consider the nature of the thing , or the blessing of God ; without which they are soapy bubbles , quickly dissolved . Cicero could say that Rome ought more of its grandeur to Religion , than either to strength or stratagems ; we have not exceeded the Spaniards in number , nor the Gaules in strength , nor the Carthaginians in craft , nor the Graecians in Art , &c. but we have overcome all Nations by our Piety and Religion .

He esteemed all Common-wealths happy , but those wherein Preachers , like the Graecian Sophisters , described in Plato all whatsoever pleased the great Beast [ the multitude ] holy , just , and good ; and whatsoever the great Beast disliked , evil , unjust , prophane .

He married himself to a a He Married Mr. Colts Daughter of New-Hall . Vertue , and not to an Estate : he likes a younger sister , yet out of civility he embraceth the elder . Happy he was in his modest Wives , happier in his hopeful Children . His Government of his Family was exact , enjoyning all his Children to take Vertue for their meat , and Play for their sawce . His proficiency in the b b Whereby he was double reader . Law was admirable , his Practice successeful , his Judgment solid , his Integrity eminent ; his Determinations in the Sheriffs Court , his Activity for the Stilyard , his Practice in the Courts of Justice , raised him to a Place in Parliament : where he was so good a Patriot , that he displeased King Henry the seventh ; and so wise a man , that he awed King Henry the eighth : the one by Fox demands one Subsidie and three Fifteens , and the beardless boy ( as the Courtiers called Sir Thomas ) disappointed him ; the other made a motion by Wolsey , which he overthrew , so that the Cardinal wished him at Rome .

He retires to his studies to avoid Henry the seventh's displeasure , and improves them to gain his sons favour , who by his Cardinal invited him to Court , and employed him abroad to France to recover his debts ; to Flanders , to confirm the peace . Employments he avoided a while , to keep his City-interest ; and in case of controversie with the King , to prevent their jealousie : his business was so urgent , that you would think he had no leasure ; and his writings so exact , that you would think he had no business . Not a minute of his time escaped employment . His History of Richard the third is faithful , his Vtopia is judicious and elegant , his c c On St. Aug. de civitate Dei . Lectures at St. Laurence were learned and pious .

His Popularity in Parliament commended him to his Majesty : his strong Arguments for the Popeship in Star-chamber , brought him to him against his modest inclination , as much as against Wolsey's interest . His ability set him on the Council-table , his integrity placed him in the Exchequer : His d d He was made Chancellour of that Dutchy . Services promoted him to the Dutchy of Lancaster , his Dexterity and Prudence made him the Kings bosome friend , and his familiar all his spare hours ; whose Questions in every Art and Science were not more useful , than Sir Thomas his Answers were satisfactory . His advice was his Majesties and his Queens Oracles in Counsel ; his discourse was their recreation at Table . He was not more delightful to the King at Court , than he was serviceable to him in appeasing tumults , &c. in the City● He was the Kings Favourite at White-hall , and the Peoples Darling at Westminster , where he was Speaker as well with the unanimous consent of the one , as with the approbation of the other ; and between both , impartial , equally careful of Prerogative and Priviledges ; neither awed from right by power , nor flattered with popularity . He declined Forein services with as much Dexterity as he managed Domestick ones . He served the King faithfully , but trusted him not , as one that enjoyed and suspected Fortune , saying , If his Head could win King Henry a Castle in Wales , it would off .

The King and Kingdome trusted him , who e e Queen Katherine said so . was that one sound Councellour the King had . The Cardinal told him he was the veriest Fool in the Council : he replied , God be thanked my Master hath but one fool here .

His Honour was set off by a grave condescention , and a grave humility . Did he argue ? he was very moderate , civil , and modest . Did he reprove ? he was pitiful , grave , and prudent . Was he with the King at the University ? he was ready and eloquent . Was he abroad ? he heard th● Lectures attentively , and disputed f f A fellow at Bruges would undertake to answer any question : Sir Thomas put up this , Whether Averia capta in Withernamia sint irreplegiabilia , to that Thrasces great amazement . accurately . To his Friend as Dr. Tunstal , none more faithful : to learned men , as Erasmus , none more civil : to devout men , such as Bishop Fisher , none more fi●m : to hopeful men , such as Powle , there was none more encouraging : to painful men , such as Grocinus , Linacer , Crocus , Lupsel , Lilly , Cocklee , Budlera , Dorpin , Bewald Luscar , Grannould , Vines , Groclenius , Buslidian , AEgidius , Rhenanus , none more familiar , constant , or liberal : in his conscience none more satisfied and sedate : in his discourse none more innocent and pleasant : in his heart none more devout and sincere .

His meditations were frequent ; his retirements to a Chappel , built of purpose , daily ; his Prayers constant and zealous ; his conversation with his Wives , loving and debonnair , taking them off their cares to reading and musick . His Servants were always employed either in his , or Gods service , suffering them not by idleness to be at leisure for sin , nor by wanton converse to be tempted to it . His Table-talk after the Chapter was pleasing and useful , his counsels useful , his converse exemplary ; his family-instructions to hear afflictions patiently , to withstand temptations resolvedly , to mind heavenly matters devoutly , to go plainly and soberly , to recreate themselves moderately and vertuously , were effectual . There went a blessing along with all his Servants , and happiness with his whole Family .

His Apophthegms were grounded on experience and judgement . He would say , 1. He was not always merry● that laughed . 2. The World is undone ●y looking on things at distance . 3. To aim at Honour here , is to set up a Court of Arms over a Prison-gate . 4. If I would employ my Goods well , I may be contented to loose them ; if ill , I should be glad . 5. He that is covetous when he is old , i● as a Thief that steals when he is going to the Gallows . 6. Bags of Gold to us when Saints , will be but as a Bag of Pebble-stones when men . 7. The greatest punishment in the World were to have our wishes . 8. Pusillanimity is a great temptation . 9. Affliction undoes many ; Pleasure most . 10. We go to Hell with more pain than we might go to Heaven with . Of Heresie he said , Like as before a great storm the Sea swelleth , and hath unwonted motions without any Wind stirring ; so may we see here many of our English-men , which a few years ago could not endure to hear the name of an Heretick or Schismatick , now to be contented both to suffer them , and to praise them somewhat , yea , to learn by little and little , as much as they can be suffered , to finde fault , and to tax willingly the Church , the Clergy , and the Ceremonies . 11. The more of any thing else we have , but Riches , the more good we are . 12. Who would not send his Alms to Heaven● Who would not send his Estate whither he is to be banished ? 13. Some Men hate Hypocrisie , and love Impudence . 14. When any detracted others at his Table , he said , Let any man think as he pleaseth , I like this room well . 15. It 's easier to prevent , than redress .

Indeed throughout his Works he argueth sharply , he reasoneth profoundly , he urgeth aptly , stateeth exactly , expresseth himself elegantly , and di●courseth learnedly . He would rather convince , than punish ; yet he would rather punish than indulge them : his Epitaph be speaking him grievous to Hereticks , Thieves and Murtherers .

When King Henry scrupled his fi●st marriage , Sir Thomas told him , That neither he nor my Lord of Durham were so fit to advise him in that case , as St. Augustine , St. Jerome , and the other Fathers . His advice was so unseasonable , that it opposed the King ; yet● so grave and honest , that it pleased him . His Experience and Prudence had a fore-fight next door to Prophecy ; and from the unquiet times o● King Henry , did he guess the ruine of King Charles . He would say that it would never be well in England , until the same course obtained there , that did in Syria , where Zeleucus was so severe against Innovators , that he enacted that if any Man made a proposition for a change in their policy , he should make it with an Halter about his Neck , that if he failed to justify it by reason , he should justify his attempt by suffering , — because as some Philosophers hold , that there is not so much as an Aspin Leaf stirreth in one part of the World , but it maketh some alteration in the whole , the efficacy of it , like Drake and Cavendish compassing the Globe of the Earth , and making the eighth Sphere of Heaven tremble : so wise men know that every change in a State altereth the constitution , and the effects of an Innovation in the body politick circleth , as do those of a new Impr●ssion , according to Harvey's method upon a body natural : though I must confess that many new proposals are opposed , not for the distant effects of them feared in the Common-wealth , but for some neer influence they may have upon some Mens private Interest . — It hath been given out , that the burning of our Hea●hs in England , did hurt their Vines in France : b●t wise Men looked upon this pretense , ●s a meer scare-crow , or made-dragon ; the hurt it did was neerer home , to destroy the young moore-fowles , and spoyl some young burgesses game . — He converted many with his Arguments , more with his Prayers , which workt wonders of reformation on the erroneous , as they did of recovery on the weak . He wished three things to Chri●tendome : 1. An Universal Peace : 2. An Uniform Religion : 3. A Reformation rather of Lives than Religion . He never a●ked any thing of his Majesty but Employment , and nev●r took any thing more acceptable than Service . His Alms were liberal to his Neighbours , and good works numerous g g He built a Chappel at Chelsey , and hired an Almes-House there . towards God . He would take no Fees from the poor , and but moderate ones from the Rich. All London was obliged to him for his Counsel at home , and all England for his Peace at Cambray , where he out-did expectation .

The King raised him to the Chancellorship , but not to his own opinion : he professed he would serve his Majesty , but he must obey his God : he would keep the Kings conscience and his own . His Wisdome and Parts advanced him , his Innocence and Integrity ruined him : his Wit pleased the King , but his Resolution crossed him . Wolsey was not so proud and reserved , as Sir Thomas was open and free to the meanest : his mind was not so dazled with honour , but he could fore-●ee his ●all . When his ●on● complained how little they gained under him , I will do ju●●ice ( said he ) for your sakes to any man , and I will leave you a blessing ; dec●eeing one day against his own son that would not hear reason . Fi●st , he offered the Judges the Reformation of Grievances ; and when they refused , he did it himself . — No Subpoena was granted but what he h h With the cause attested by the Attorney , in tok●n wherof when one Tubb brought him a Snbpoena to subscribe , finding it frivolous , he writ under it a tale of a Tub. saw , no Order but what he p●rused : nothing passed from ●im towards the su●ject , but what became a good Magistrate , nothing towards his Master , but what became a faithful servant . Neither King nor Q●een could corrupt , neither could the whole Church in Convocation fast ●n any thing upon him . To one who told him of hi● Detract●rs , he said , Would you have me punish those by whom I reap more benefit● than by all you my friends ? Pe●fect Patience is the Companion of t●ue Pe●fection .

But he managed not his trust with more integrity and dexterity , than he left it with honour ; leaving not one cause undecided in the Chancery : foreseeing that he could not at once con●ent his Majesty and his own heart . His Servan●s upon his fall he disposed o● as well as his Children ; and his Children he taught to live soberly in a great estate , and nobly in a mean one . He never put an Heretick to death when Ch●ncellour , neither would he suffer Heresies to live when a private man . When my Lord Cromwel came to him in his retirement , he advised him to tell ●he King what he ought , not what he can do ; so shall you shew your self a true and faithful servant . and a right worthy Councellour : for if a Lyon knew his own strength , hard were it for any man to rule him . The King feared him when he could not gain him , & therefore he was ●i●ted in his ●ormer carriage and present temper , whic● continued constant to his duty , and even under his changes . He was open-hearted to all that came , yet so wary in his discourse with the Maid of Kent , ●hat his enemies confessed he deserved rather h●nor t●an a check for that matter . When the Duke o● Norfolk told him , that the wrath of a Prince is death ; he said , Nay , if that be all , you must die to morrow , and I to day . He behaved himself at all Examinations at once wisely and honestly . When Archbishop Cranmer told him , he must obey the King which was certain , rather than follow his conscience , that Lesbian rule which was uncertain ; he replyed , It 's as certain that I must not obey the King in evil , as that I must follow my conscience in good . When the Abbot of Westminster told him , his conscience should yield to the wisdom of the Kingdom , he said , He would not conform his conscience to one Kingdom , but to the whole Church . He underwent his sufferings with as much cheerfulness as his preferment ; pleasing himself with his misfortunes , and enjoying his misery ; resolving to obey God rather than man , to leave others to their own consciences ; to close with the Catholick Church rather than the Church of England , and to submit to general Councils rather than ●o Parliaments .

Mr. Rich put to him this Question , Whether if the Parliament made a Law that he were Pope , would he not submit to it ? and he replyed , If the Parliament made another that God should not be God , would you obey it ? Though he could not own the Kings Supremacy , yet he would not meddle with it either in his Writings or discourse ; shewing himself at once a civil man , a good Christian , and a noble Confessour . His soul was well setled ; his stature was mean , but well proportioned ; his complexion phlegmatique ; his countenance amiable and cheer●ul ; his voice plain and distinct ; and his temper sound and healthful .

I can add nothing to the honour of this good man , yet will I pay this further devotion to his virtue , whereof honour was a testimony , as long as it was its self : wort●less men having made the honour bestowed on them as despicable as themselves that wore it ; that royal favour receiving more contempt from them , than it gave reputation to them . A good name , the great instrument of doing good while we live ; and our other life when dead could [ he said ] if any thing justify the barbarous way of duels : since he is the most bloody man to himself , that is careless of reputation . So as to be indifferent what he doth , or what others say ; is to bury himself alive .

His Credit , which he said was his Royalty ( there being but two Empires in the World , the one a general love and esteem , the other common dread and fear — ) put him upon , being watchful for occasions , constant in his actions , moderate in prosperity ; resolute in encounters ; calme in troubles , above fortune , and able to make and piece up the broken miscarriages of chance , that he might be settled in that state , which is the work of greatness , and the inheritance of goodness , the prospect whereof is pleasant ( though the ascent be sharp and slippery , ●he top shaking , the footing uncertain , and the downfall fearful : ) and the reflections of it , when moderated with humility , like those o● the Sun , when allayed in his declension , pleasing and cheerful . Towards the attainment whereof , the Lives of former Worthies were such incitements to this , as Hercules was to Theseus , Miltiades to Themistocles , and Achilles to Alexander ; — And nothing , the good Man would discourse , should men be more render of , than of Mens ho●our , since t●e●e were but two effectual restraints from Vice , shame and fear ; and but two motives to Virtue , Honour and Interest ; the fi●st of which is so much the darling peculiarly of the English Nation ; that this is called by a French Author , the Land of Honour . His Fall was attended with a greater fame than his height ; as the Sun in the Evening hath a greater ●hadow than at Noon .

WHo is the honest man ? He that doth still and strongly good pursue , To God , his Neighbour and Himself most true : Whom neither force nor fawning can Vnpin or wrench from giving all their due . Whose honesty is not So loose and easie , that a ruffling winde , Can blow away , or glitt'ring look it blinde : Who ●ides his sure and even trot While the World now rides by , now lags behinde . Who , when great trials come , Nor seeks● nor ●huns them ; but doth calmly stay , Till he the Thing and the Example weigh All being brought into a sum , What Place or Person calls for , he doth pay . Whom none can work or wooe To use in any thing a trick or sleight ; For above all things he abhors deceit : His words and works and fashion too All of a piece , and all are clear and streight . Who never melts or thaws At close tentations : when the day is done , His goodness sets not , but in dark can run : The Sun to others writeth Laws , And is their virtue ; Virtue is his Sun . Who , when he is to treat With sick Folks , Women those whom passions sway , Allows for that , and keeps his constant way ; Whom others faults do not defeat , But though men fail him , yet his part doth play . Whom nothing can procure , When the wide World runs Bias , from his will To writhe his limbs , and share , not mend the ill . T is is the Mark-man , safe and sure , Who still is right , and prays to be so still .

Observations on the Life of Thomas Cromwel Earl of Essex .

Most of them from the Notes of Thomas Cromwel Esquire , one of his Posterity , who made a Collection of Observations upon him , 1633. from the Ancestors of Baronet Worseley , and Sir Ralph Hopton , who had been his Servant .

PVtney saw his Cradle in a Cottage , and England saw his Coffin in a Ditch ; His Original was mean , his End meaner : A suddain height in an unsettled time ruined him : A moderate and leasurely Grea●ness is safe . His Blood ran low , but pure , ennobling the veins it flowed in with a Spirit that was to raise a Family , and Deserve that Honour that others Inherit . His honest Parents conveyed him a strong Constitution that could support stronger parts : The poor mans good Temper is an Inheritance , and the Rich his Effeminacy his Disease .

A private School civilized his parts ; Travel and Employment improved them : His Necessity , when at home , made him a Soldier abroad ; and his Observations abroad made him a Man at Home : The Experience of Travel enlarged his Soul , and the Hardship of War knitted and consolidated it : His hard Fortune at Cambray was the occasion of his good One in England ; and had he not been undone , he had been undone : For his promising looks commended him to Frescobald the Merchant for Relief , and to Cardinal Wolsey for service , in whose private Service of Secretary for his Embassie in France , he prepared himself for that more publick of Secretary of State in England . Great Scholar he was none , ( the Latine Testament gotten by heart being his Master-piece ) nor studied Lawyer : never admitted to the Innes of Court ; nor experienced Souldier , though Necessity cast Him upon it , when the Duke of Burbon be●ieged Rome ; no● Courtier ( till bred up in Cardinal Wolsey's Court : ) yet that of the Lawyer in him so helped the Scholar , that of the Souldier the Lawyer , that of the Courtier the Souldier , and that of the Traveller all the rest ; being no Stranger to Germany , well acquainted with France , most familiar with Italy ; so that the result of all together made him for Endowments eminent , not to say admirable . His Apprehension was quick and clear ; his Judgment methodical and solid ; his Memory strong and rational ; his Tongue fluent and pertinent ; his Presence stately and obliging ; his Heart large and noble ; his Temper patient and cautio●s ; his way industrious and indefatigable ; his Correspondence well laid , and constant ; his Converse insinuating and close : None more dexterous to finde out by his Setting-Dogges , and Coy-Ducks , none more reserved to keep a secret . He was equal ( ●aith my Author ) to the French Politicians , when under his Master ; he over-reached them when alone ; doing more in one month with his subtle Head , than the other in twelve months with his stately Train . The King of France would have pensioned up his parts , but the Vice-Roy of England advanced them . His Master brought him first to serve his Country in Parliament ( that great School of Experience ) and then his King at Court ; where defending his Masters great actions , he made it evident he could perform greater . His saying in defence of his Master , that new States-men , like fresh Flies , bite deeper than those which were chased away before them , stuck much with the House , that was then sensible , that many of the Country-Gentlemen discoursed of the Court-States-men , but with the same success that the Gown-man Harangued it before Alexander of Military Affairs , who laughed at the Scholar for talking of War to a Souldier : his defence of his Master being the more observable for his civilities to his adversaries , he being very cautious of reflecting upon his Patrons Enemies , while he excused him , the bespattering of others being not the best method of purging him , and Memnon gave a railing Souldier a good blow with his Launce , saying , I hired thee to fight , and not to raile . — Neither delighted he in being the Davus , the troubler of the Parliament , which he observed play'd the part of fond Musicians , which spend so much time in tuning their Instruments ; that there is none left to spare for their Musick . — He wished that our reformation might be in one respect , like the reformation of the Turkes , who thought that the best way to understand the Al●oran , was to burn all the Interpreters , it being true of the Bible , what one observeth of one Text of it , that was clear before it was commented upon : A truth become seasonable [ as there is no new thing under the Sun , and what ●ath been , will be ] in a less revolution of time , than Plato's great Ye●r , even in our times , when passion guides Religion , that should be governed by it , as being without i● , but a short madness turning man into a wild Beast that is goared , which runneth upon every thing that cometh in its way , without consideration ; or like a violent torrent descending down impe●uously from a steep Hill ; which beareth down all respects before it , divine and humane ; For whilst passion is in the heighth , there is no room for reason , nor any use of the dictates of the understanding , the mind for the time being like the Cyclopian Cave , where no Man heard what another said , — only what they want in them singly in reason , may joyntly be made up in noise ; and their respective defects in Arguments , be supplied by their communion in suffrage , — And it is the wisdom of those , who are concerned in what they oppose , to stand out of their way , at least till the storm be over ; — Omnis campis duffugit Arator Omnis & Agricola — — Dum pluit in terris , ut possint sole reduct● Exercere diem . —

Their reason with time and due consideration will be better attended to , when this earnestness hath a little spent its self into a calmness and allay . Such was his Wit , such his Eloquence , that they who hated the Client , admired the Advocate : And though he could not keep his Patron from falling , yet he raised himself ; that being the first time his Eminent Parts were observed . An advantageous starting is more than half way in the Race of Preferment . For hereupon he is first Master of the Kings Jewels , and then of what was more precious , his Secrets . His Conscience inclined him to the Churches Reformation , his Interest complied with the Kings ; he unlocked the secre●s of Monasteries by his Spies , and put the King upon destroying them by his Power . The University of Cambridge made him Chancellor , to save it self ; where though he did no great good , yet hi● Greatness kept others from doing harm , in an Age w●erein Covetousness could quarrel a Colledge , as well as an Abbey , into superstition . He was trusted by the King with the Roll● and Records of England ; and by the Scholars , with the Charters and Satutes of their Universities . He reforms the University , in order to the Reformation of the Church ; enjoyning the study of the Scripture and the Tongues , instead of School-Divinity and Barbarism ; recommending Aristotle , Agricola , Melancthon , to their reading ; and the Doctrine which is in Spirit and in Truth to their Faith : and razing the Popes Bulls , to make way for the Kings Favour , and that Architectonical Power , to see that all subjects within his Dominion , do their duties in their several Callings , for the safety and tranquillity of the Common-wealth .

He was an eminent Minister of State , and Chief Governour of the Church ; proceeding in Convocation very discreetly , modelling the Church-Laws very prudently and moderately : looking into Monastical Abuses very narrowly and industrio●sly ; mawling Religious Houses , violently pulling down those Nests , that the Rooks might not return : His Master had disobliged the Pope , and he weakeneth him . It was not safe to disown his Supremacy , and entertain thousands of his Creatures : If a Kingdom be divided against it self , it cannot stand ; and if one part of the English pay their devo●ion to a supream Head at Rome , and another to a supream Governour in England , they must both fall . If the Persons might disturb the Government , it is fit their Estates should secure it ; and if the Papists should foment a War , their Lands should maintain it : But Cromwel contrives that the Pope should confirm Alienations in Wolsey , before he sh●uld practise it for the King . As the King knew whom he employed , when he trusted him : so he knew whom he trusted , when he employed Docto● Lee ( an able servant to an abler Master ) He fi●st dec●yed Religious Men out of their Covents by the allurement of Liberty , and then forced them out by Power and Authority . As the Abbeys improved his Estate , so his Master advanced his Honour . He had one Privy Seal always to act by , and was Keeper of another : He had no sooner attained an Earldom for himself , but foreseeing the alteration of Affairs , he secured a Barony for his Son , nor forfeitable by the Attainder of the Father . Within five years he was Master of the Jewel-house , Chancellor of the Exchequer , Secretary of State , Baron , and Viscount Wimbledon in Middlesex , Vicar General , Master of the Rolls , Knight of the Garter , Keeper of the Privy Seal , Lord High Chamberlain , and Earl of Essex , Justice in Eyre of Forrests , Chases , and Parks , &c. N. Trent ● Within five Months he quitted most of these places , and in five minutes lost all . He must needs be envied , whose Birth was so much beneath all others , and his Preferment above them : especially when the King in preferring him injured others ; as , the Citizens , in managing the Jewels ; the Courtiers , in undertaking State-affairs ; the Lawyers , in the Rolls a a When Master thereof● ; the Nobly descended , at b b When Knight of the Garter . Winsor ; the Clergy , in the c c When Vicar General . Convocation ; the Earl o● Oxford , and the Family of the Bourchiers , in the great Chamberlainship and Earldom of Essex . But he cares not whom he displeaseth , if he can oblige his Master ; whose power he advanceth in the Pa●liament and Synod , as he improveth his Re●enue in the Office of first-F●uits , and the Court of Augmentation . His Greatness wa● allayed with his Goodness ; and the Envy of the One , mitigated by ●he Liberality of the other : He had not more Suiters at his Door than Almes-men ( two hundred at a time : ) As he was good abroad , so he was at home , calling upon his Servants yearly , to give him an account what they had got under him ; and what they desired of him , warning them to improve their opportunities ; because he said , he was too great to stand long ; providing for them as carefully , as for his Son , by his Purse and Credit , that they might live as handsomely when he was dead , as they did when he was alive . Sir Thomas was a Name of Awe and Reverence to the Rico , and blessed by the Poor : That Name , when his Fortune and Power tempted him ●o an insolency , d d S●ow Sur. London . le●elled the proudest Ci●izens House for ●is convenie●cy , and bowed the poo●est Man's Knee to his Honour , his mind being equal to his ●uccess . He c●uld at pleasure work upon the Lo●ds b● the Commons , and on the Commons by the Lords : as Cardinal Wols●y perswaded the Commons to four S●illings in the P●und upon the Lords president ; and the Lords to as much upon the Commons : and he kept up the Cardinals way of A●ticipation , that the People should be always one Subsidy before-hand . He set up the old Taxation of Knight-hood at Q●een Anne's Coronation , and levied it , making amends to ●he People ●or all his hard Impositions : because a● Vesp●sian to the Romans , so He to the English , was Antiquo cultu victu ●ue praecipuus a●tricti moris Author● by his observing of ●he ancient Diet of the Countrey , and the old fashion of Apparel , he w●s to them a principal Author of their frugality .

He confi●ms the Kings S●●remacy by a Law , and estab●ishe●h his Daughter Elizabeth'● Succession by an Oath , fi●st tak●n by ●he Pa●liament● and then by the Kingd●m : for whose support he contrives the lesser Monasteries should be fi●st escheated , and then the greater . He was so honest , that he acquits Queen Anne in his Letter to the Queen ; yet so much a Statesman , that he condemn'd her upon the Bench.

But to secure the Interest of England , he by countenancing the translation , and reading of the English Bible , improved its Religion ; that as some few late Acts had disobliged the Pope , a new frame of Christianity might exclude him : The differences between Us and Rome , were to be widened , lest they should close ; and he judged it prudence to engage the conscience and the estate in one bottom , that he might hold the One out of the tenderness of the Other . He used to answer , those that applauded his service in the Reformation , that if he should arrogate to himself any part in that revolution of providence , he should be like the Flie on the Cart-wheel , that said , what a Dust do I raise . The Kings Supremacy cut off the Papists , and the Six Articles the Protestants : Re●ormation must be managed leasurely , and alteration of Religion by just degrees ; Instruction preceding execution , and the Peoples capacity growing up with their Governours Regulation . The mountainous expectation of a re●ormation , some told him merrily ended in ● Mouse ; but he answered sadly , that it had been well it had not ended in a Mouse-trap , that is a snare to many good People ; as well as a disappointment to all .

The times are troublesome , but Cromwel calm and quiet , and watchful over Occurrences ; Insurrection giving him an advantage of a new Settlement . He takes down the Occasions and Ornaments of Idolatry , Images , Shrines , Pilgrimages , &c. and then the Thing it self : Take off the paint of Rome , and you undo her . As the Laws and Injunctions , so the Alliance of England must secure its Inte●est : A Protestant Q●een m●st be married to the Reformed King ; the Duke of Cleve's Sister must woo the King , that Essex might have that whispe●ed in the Kings Bosom ●bed , where he was best disposed , which he insinuated into his Ear at the Council-Table where he was worst . But the King was not so well pleased with her Beauty , as Cromwel was with her Religion : which Stephen Gardiner ( who hated her for her Religion , ●nd Cromwel for his Greatness ) observing , shewed the Kings loose Affections , at once how to be rid of his Match , and , which he was as weary of , his Match-Maker . The Queen is divorced ( being never known by Henry , who disliked her at first view , and kept he● rather in Poli●y , to oblige the German Princes , than of pleasure to fill his own Bed . ) Cromwel is arrested for presuming to act in some matters of State without the Kings privity or Commission and attainted by a procedure he had invented ; dying as cunningly as he had lived , for some a a As when one said he was accused for disloyalty to the King , he said , He would stab him with his Dagger , if he were . ambiguous words which Power interpreted to his Ruine .

His last words were so wary , that they might become Bellarmine and Luther at once ; that the Protestants call them his Confession of F●ith , and the Papists his old Religion . And neither is he to be blamed , unless his troublesome Adversaries will accuse him , as the quarrel some Roman did his Antagonist , Because he would not receive his Weapon fairly with his whole Body : for confessing his Offenses against God and the King , in his many Employments , he said he died in the Catholique Faith . Some will say the Protestants think no great gain to have him , and the Papists no loss to part with him ; yet we must needs confess that he was a Wise Man , because he always consulted the Learned in the Laws about all his proceedings . He was a Good Man , witness Frescobald , whose mean Person he took notice of , whose small Kindness he acknowledged , whose Services he condescended to , whose Wants he relieved , and whose Debts he recovered : He was a Noble-man , because he refused another Mans Coat of Arms who was of his Name , saying , What shall I do with it ? for he may pull it off my back at pleasure . In a word , He was so Mean before he rose , so Worthy afterwards , that no Times had Raised but those more troublesome , none Ruined him but those most loose of Henry the viii . Some reserved Mens parts he compared to meat in a great Colchester Oyster , which would hardly requite the pains of opening . — But infinitely was he taken with those who were ( as he called them ) like the Statues of Apollo , had a Launce in one Hand , and an Harp in another ; that is , resolution to awe on the one side , and sweetness to oblige on the other . — Being much pleased likewise with the reflecting Man , who needs not the dull way of Persia , to keep a Boy behind him , to bid him remember what he is , and what he ought to do ; and with the devout Courtier : For as the Ennamel , which adorneth the Doves Neck , never shines so clear and glorious , as when the Sun looks upon it ; so great Men are never so full of Majesty themselves , as when they own the Majesty of God ; never more Gods among Men , as when humble Men before God ; who [ as St. Lewis of France once affirmed ] boweth the hearts of Men to a subjection to them , who kneel in adoration to him .

He loved not the Men that pedantically boasted their reading , but that rationally made use of it ; not ridiculously upon all occasions vaunting the shreds of it , but skilfully to good purposes couching the result and substance of it . — So the admirable old Man Epictetus , as Lucian calls him that famed Stoick , whose Lamp was preserved as a Relique , and sold for 3000. Drachmas , would say , [ Encheir c. 16. ] that Sheep bring not their grass to their Shepherd , to shew him how much they have eaten , but concocting their meat inwardly do bring forth Wool and Milk . — True learning is the improvement of other Mens studies and experiences by our own meditation , adding to that frame by consideration , which they had built from the ground by many Ages observation .

The Lord Herbert's Character of Cromwel .

ANd to this end came Cromwel , who from being but a Black-smiths Son , found means to travel into forein Countries , to learn their Languages , and to see the Wars ( being a Souldier of Bourbon at the taking of Rome ; ) whence returning , he was received into Cardinal Wolsey's service : To whom he so approved himself by his fidelity and diligence , that the King after his fall , voluntarily took him for his Servant ; in which place he became a special Instrument for dissolving the Abbeys and other Religious Houses , and keeping down the Clergy ; whom , in regard of their Oath to the Pope , he usually termed the Kings half Subjects : And for expelling the Monks , he said it was no more than a restoring them to the first Institution , of being lay and labouring persons : Neither did it move him that so much strictness and austerity of Life was enjoyned them in their several Orders , since , he said , they might keep it in any condition . But as these Reasons again were not admitted by divers learned and able Persons , so he got him many Enemies , who at last procured his fall ; but not before he had obtained successively the Dignities of Master of the Rolls , Baron , Lord Privy Seal , Vicegerent to the King in Spiritualities , Knight of the Garter , Earl of Essex , Great Chamberlain of England , &c. He was much noted in the exercises of his Places of Iudicature , to have used much Moderation ; and in his greatest pomp to have taken notice and been thankful to mean persons of his old acquaintance ; and therein had a Virtue which his Master the Cardinal wanted .

As for his other Descriptions , I leave them to be taken out of Granmer's Letter formerly mentioned , with some deduction ; For it seems written to the King in more than Ordinary Favour of his antient service .

Arch-Bishop Cranmer's Character of Cromwel , in a Letter to King Henry the Eighth .

WHo cannot b● sorrowful and amazed , that he should be a Traytor against your Majesty ? He that was so advanced by your Majesty , He whose surety was only by your Majesty , He who loved your Majesty ( as I ever thought ) no less than God ; He who studied always to set forwards whatsoever was your Majesties will and pleasure ; He that cared for no Mans displeasure to serve your Majesty ; He that was such a Servant in my Iudgment , in wisdom , diligence , faithfulness and experience , as no Prince in this Realm ever had : He that was so vigilant to pres●rve your Majesty from all Treasons , that few could be so secretly conceived , but he detected the same in the beginning . If the Noble Princes of memory , King John , Henry II. and Richard II. had had such a Counsellor about them , I suppose they should never have been so Traiterously abandoned and overthrown as those good Princes were . After which , he says again , I loved him as my Friend , for so I took him to be ; but I chiefly loved him for the love which I thought I saw him bear ever towards your Grace , singularly above all other : But now , if he be a Traytor , I am sorry that ever I loved , or trusted him ; and I am very glad that his Treason is discovered in time : But yet again , I am very sorrowful ; for who shall your Grace trust hereafter , if you might not trust him ? Alas ! I bewail and lament your Graces chance herein ! I wot not whom your Grace may trust . But I pray God continually Night and Day , to send such a Councellor in his place , whom your Grace may trust , and who for all his qualities can and will serve your Grace like to him ; and that will have so much solicitude and care to preserve your Grace from all dangers , as I ever thought he had .

Observations on the Life of Sir Thomas Audley .

SIr Thomas Audley's Birth was Generous , his Education more : Essex bred him to that Honour which his Ancestors lost : His Soul ennobled his Body , and his Body graced his Soul : The one quick , solid , apprehensive and judicious ; the other tall and majestick : King Henry loved a Man ; and here was one whose Austerity was allayed with Debonairness , whose Gravity was sweetened with Pleasantness ; whose Knowledge was as large as his Authority , whose Wit was equal with his Wisdom ; whose Memory was strong , and Judgment solid . His fair Estate brought him to the Temple ; his proficiency in the Law , to the Court : His reading upon the Statute of Priviledges commended him to the Kings Service , his speaking for the Prerogative in Parliament brought him to the Kings Favour : Although the Liberties of the People can never be se●ured without the Prerogative of the Sovereign ( who cannot do the good they would , if he wants a power to do the evil they fear ; ) yet his first Preferment was to withdraw him from Popularity , and the second only to confirm him to Sovereignty . Noble Service is the way to a Royal One ● His Stewardship to the Dutchy of Suffolk , raised him to the Attorneyship of that of Lancaster . But in troublesome and designing times a popular Orator is a good Courtier ; and leading Parts in Parliament or Convocation are great Merits . In the black Parliament he was a Member by his own Interest , and a Speaker by his Majesties Choice : Sir Tho. More was to serve the Crown in the Lords House , and Sir Tho. Audley was to succeed him in the House of Commons . When Abbey-Lands were bestowed on the King in gross , and returned by him to the leading Lords and Commons in the Retayl , most of that Parliament looked for ●hares ; Sir Thomas for the first cut , to secure himself with the King . He was always in favour with the Queens , who had no less interest in the Kings Heart , than the Kingdom had in his Head . The Age was uncertain , Interest not so ; Sir Thomas was fixed on the One , above the alterations of the Other : understanding what was most convenient at a time when there was nothing lawful . He was well seen in the flexures and windings of affairs , at the depth whereo● other Heads not so steady turned giddy : He had the Arts of a Statesman , and the closeness of a Politician : Reserved he was , but no Dissembler . For if a man have that penetration of judgment , as he can discern what things are to be laid open , and what to be kept secret , and what to be shewed with half ●ights , and to whom and when , ( which indeed are Arts of States and Arts of Life ) to him an Habit of Dissimulation is a hinderance and a poorness . He ( as an able man ) was always frank and open , but wary ; knowing how to stop and turn within the compass of equity and honesty . He understood business well , and men better ; and knew King Henry's Temper better than Himself , whom he surprized always to his own bent , never moving any of his suits to him , but when in hast , and most commonly amusing him with other matter until he passed his Request . His Actions were managed for applause as well as service : for when made Sergeant , he was the first of eleven ; his Entertaining-Day was the last o● six : The King , who paid for his Dinner , was invited to it . He watched the Circumstances of his Actions , that they might be Taking , as well as their ●ssue , that they might be Useful ; and contrived that the least of his publick actions should come off with reputation . He followed the most passable rather then the most able men living , in a time when active men were more useful than the virtuous . Sir Thomas at once gratified the present humour of the Ki●g , and the constant temper of the people , in six Bills against the Clergy : 1. Against the Extortions of their Courts . 2● The Exaction of their Corps and Mortuaries . 3. Their worldly Occupations , as Grazing , Tanning , &c. 4. Merchandize . 5. Their Non-Residencies . 6. The Pluralities of the ●gnorant , and the mean Salaries of the Learned . When in some Debates between the Lords and Commons , Custome was urged ; Sir Thomas replied , The usage hath ever been for Thieves to rob at Shooters ●ill , is it therefore lawful ? He brought the Clergy within a Praemunire , to awe them ; and a●terwards in their pardon , he and other members included their own : which the knowing King would not pass , when it was demanded as of right ; yet afterwards granted it of his own accord , when it was received as of Grace . When Sir Thomas More could not act with the times , Sir Thomas Audley could ; the One being weary of the Seal , the other takes it ; being made Lord Keeper in Sir Thomas his life-time , and Lord Chancellour after his death● owning no Opinion against the Government of England , nor any Design against its Interest . The King might well trust him with his Conscience , when he trusted the King with his , owning no Doctrine but what was established , ever judging the Church and State wiser than himself . He was forced to take Q. Anne , but he would not condemn her ; rather escaping than refusing unwelcome employments , wherein he must either displease his Master or himself . He was tender , but not wilful ; waving such services dexterously , wherein he must oppose his Master dangerously . Those Insurrections which others rigor had raised , his Moderation allayed ; breaking the Factions with Indulgence , which might be strengthned with Opposition : C●omwel pulled down Popery with his Power , Audl●y kept it down with his Policy , enjoining the Preachers to de●ect the follies of that way , which is reckoned the wisdom of this World . He had a moderate way to secure the priviledges of Parliament , by freedom from Arrests ; and the good will of the Citizens , by an Order about debts .

By these courses he died as much in the Kings favour as he lived : Patience can weather out the most turbulent Age , and a solid Judgement the most in●●icate times ; The reserved and quiet man is the most secure . Activity may raise a man , Wariness keep him up . If he had done nothing , he had not been seen ; if he had done much , he had nor been suffered . Between two extreams Audley could do well .

T●easure of Arms and Arts , in whom were set The Mace and Books , the Court and Colledge met ; Yet both so wove , that in that mingled throng They both comply , and neither neither wrong . But pois'd and temper'd , each reserv'd its seat ; Nor did the learning quench , but guide the Heat . The Courtier was not of the furious strain , The hand that acts , doth first consult the brain . Hence grew commerce betwixt Advice and Might , The Scholar did direct the Courtier right . And as our Perfumes mixt , do all conspire , And twist their Curles above the hallowed fire , Till in that Harmony of Sweets combin'd , We can nor Musk nor single Amber finde ; But Gums meet Gums , and their delights so crowd , That they create one undistinguish'd Cloud : So to thy minde these rich Ingredients prest , And were the Mould and Fabrick of thy brest . Learning and Courage mixt , and temper'd so , The Stream could not decay nor overflow . And in that equal Tide , thou didst not bear From Courage , Rashness ; nor from Learning , Fear ●

Observations on the Life of Sir Thomas Wiat.

SIr Thomas Wiat was born at Allington-Castle in the County of Kent , which afterwards he repaired with beautiful Buildings . He fell out off his Master King Henry the Eighth his favour , about the business of Queen Anna Bullein , till his industry , care , discretion and innocence freed him . Very ingenio●s he was ; or , as his Anagram ●●lls us , he was [ A * Wit ] in the abstract . Cambden saith he was , Eques auratus splendide doctus .

Holy he was and heavenly minded , and that appears by his translation of David's Psalms into English Metre ; and Leland gives him this great Commendation : Bella suum merito jactet Florentia Dantem , Regia Petrarchae Carmina Roma probat , His non inferior Patrio Sermone Viatus , Eloquii secum qui decus omne tulit . Let Florence fair her Dantes justly boast , And Royal Rome her Petrarchs numbred feet , In English Wiat both of them doth coast , In whom all grateful Eloquence doth meet .

This Knight being sent Ambassador by K. Henry the eighth , to Charles the fifth Emperour , then residing in Spain , before he took Shipping , died of the Pestilence in the West-Country , Anno 1541.

Queen Anne's favour toward● him , raised this man ; and his faithfulness to her , ruined him : So fickle is that mans station that depends only on humour , or holds off love and hatred ! Let my friend ( saith Malvezzi ) bring me in , but let my merit and service keep me there .

Four things a man went to Dine with Sir Thomas Wiat for : 1. For his Generous Entertainment : 2. For his free and knowing discourse of Spain and Germany ; an in●ight in whose interest was his Master-piece , studied by him as well for the exigence of that present juncture , as for his own satisfaction . 3. For his quickness in observing , his civility in entertaining , his dexterity in employing , and his readiness in encouraging every mans peculiar parts and inclinations . 4. For the notice and favour the King had for him . So ready was he to befriend worthy men , and so ready was the King to entertain his friend ; that when a man was newly preferred , they said , He had been in Sir Thomas Wiat's Closet . Happy is the Prince that hath a ●aithful Favourite , to look him out serviceable men ! and happy those useful persons , that have a familiar and honest Favourite , by whom they may have access to the Prince ! a Favourite that serves not his Country so much by employing and pleasing its active members , as he secures his King , who hath no less need of Counsel in reference to men , then things .

His Wit pleased the King , and his Wisdome served him : He could not be without his Advice at the Council-table , nor without his Jests in his Presence-chamber : where yet he observed his decorum so exactly , that his Majesty could by no means win him one night to dancing ; this being his grave resolution , That he who thought himself a wise man in the day-time , would not be a fool at night : otherwise none carryed himself more handsomely , none conversed more ingeniously and freely , none discoursed more facetiously or solidly . In a word , it was his peculiar happiness , that his deportment was neither too severe for King Henry the eighth's time , nor too loose for Henry the seventh's ; neither all honey nor all gall , but a sweet mixture and temperament of affability and gravity , carrying an equal measure of Sir Thomas More's ingenuity in his head , and Sir Thomas Cromwel's wisdome in his heart ; equally fashioned for discourse and business : in the last whereof , he was active , but not troublesome ; in the first , merry , but innocent .

A Jest if it hit right , may do more good then sober Counsels . Archee made King Iames sensible of the danger the Prince was in , in Spain , by telling him that he came to change Caps with him● Why ? said the King . Because thou hast sent the Prince into Spain , from whence he is never like to return . But ( said the King ) what wilt thou say when thou seest him come back again ? Marry ( saith he ) I will take off the Fools Cap which I now put upon thy head for sending him thither , and put it on the King of Spains for letting him return .

A Jest of Sir Thomas Wiat's began that Reformation , which the seriousness of all Christendome could not commence . King Henry was at a loss concerning the Divorce , which he no less passionately desired , than the Pope warily delayed : Lord , saith he , that a man cannot repent him of his sin , but by the Popes leave ! Sir Thomas hinted , Doctor Cranmer opened , and the Universities of Europe made the way to Reformation .

His Majesty was another time displeased with Wolsey , and Sir Thomas ups with a story of the Curs baiting of the Butchers Dog , which contained the whole method of that great mans ruine .

The Pope was incensed , Christian Princes were enraged , and the numero●s Clergy discontented , and King Henry afraid of a Revolution : Butter the Rooks Nests , ( that is , sell and bestow the Papal Clergies Habitations and Land among the Nobility and Gentry ) said Sir Thomas , and they will never trouble you . One Day he told his Master he had found out a Living of an hundred pounds in the year more than enough , and prayed him to bestow it on him : Why ? said the King , we have no such in England . Yes , Sir , said Sir Thomas , the Provostship of Eaton , where a man hath his Diet , his Lodging , his Horse-meat , his Servants wages , his Riding-charge , and an 100 l. per annum besides . What Lewis the eleventh said of one Kingdome , i. e. France , may be true of all , That they want one thing , i. e. Truth . Few Kings have such discreet Courtiers as Cardinal Wolsey , to look into things deeply ; fewer so faithful Servants as Sir Thomas Wiat , to report things as they see them , honestly .

His Jests were always confined to these Rules : 1. He never played upon a mans unhappiness or deformity ; it being inhumane . 2. Not on Superiours : for that is sawcy and undutiful . 3. Nor on serious or holy matters : for that 's irreligious ; applying to this occasion that of the Athenians , who would not suffer Pathus to play his Comedies , where Euripides repeated his Tragedies . 4. He had much Salt , but no Gall ; often jesting , but never jearing . 5. He observed times , persons and circumstances ; knowing when to speak , and knowing too when to hold his peace . 6. His apt and handsome Reparties were rather natural than affected ; subtle and acute , prompt and easie , yet not careless ; never rendring himself contemptible to please others . 7. Not an insipid changing of words was his gift , bu● a smart re●ort of matters , which every body was better pleased with than himself . 8. He always told a story well ; and was as good at a neat continued discourse , as at a quick sentence ; contriving it in an handsome method , cloathing it with suitable expressions , without any Parenthesis or impertinencies , and representing persons and actions so to the life , that you would ●hink you saw what you but hear : A no●able way , that argued the man of a ready apprehension , an ingenious fine fancy , a tenacious memory , a graceful Elocution , an exact judgment and disc●e●ion , and perfect acqu●intance with things and circumstances . His phrase was clean and clear , the pictu●e o● his thoughts and language , ( even in an argument ) not harsh or severe , but gentle and obliging , never contradicting but with an Vnder favour Sir ; always subjoyning to his adversaries discou●se , what the Dutch do to all Ambassadors Proposals , It may be so .

Observations on the Life of Sir John Fineux .

SIr Iohn Fineux born at Swinkfield , in the County of Kent , a place bestowed on his Ancestors by a great Lord in Kent , called T. Criol , about the reign of King Edward the second . He followed the Law twenty eight years before he was made a Judge ; in which Office he continued twenty eight years , and was twenty eight years of Age before he ●etook himself to this study : whence it necessarily ●ollows , that he was four-score and four when he died . He was a great Benefactor to St. Augustines in Canterbury ; the P●ior whereof William Mallaham thus highly commende●h him : ( good deeds deserve good words . )

Vir prudentissimus , Genere insignis , Iustitia praeclarus , Pictate refertus , Humanitate splendidus , & charitate foecundus .

He died in 1526. and lies buried in Christ-Church in Canterbury , having had a fair habitation in this City , and another in Herne in this County , where his Motto still remaineth in each Window : Misericordias Domini cantabo in AEternum .

Nile's original is hidden , but his stream is famous . This Judge's Ancestors were not so obscure , as he was illustrious . His Device upon his Se●geants Ring was , Suae quisque fortunae faber ; and his discourse was always to this purpose , That no man thrived but he that lived as if he were the first man in the world , and his father were not born before him .

Forty years he said he lived by his industry ; Twenty by his reputation , and Ten by favour . King Henry the seventh knew not how well this Gentleman could serve him , until he saw how effectually he did oppose him about the Tenth Peny raised for the War in Britain , which raised another in York ; where though the Rabble ( that murthered Henry Earl of Northumberland , who was to levy the Tax ) had not his Countenance for their Practice , yet had they his Principle for their Rule , which was this , Before we pay any thing , let us see whether we have any thing we can call our own to pay . So able , though reserved a Patriot , thought the wise King , would be an useful Courtier , and he that could do so well at the Bar , might do more at the Bench. Cardinal Morton was against his advancement , as an incouragement to the Factious : ( whose Hydra-heads grow the faster by being taken off by Preferment , and not by an Ax ) the King was for it , as the most probable way of weakening of them , as who , when the most sober and wise part of them draweth off , are but a rude multitude , and a rope of sand . When a Commoner , none so stiff for the subjects priviledg ; when a Judge , none so firm to the Princes Prerogative : two things , ( however , they fatally clashed of late ) that are solid felicities together , and but empty notions asunder : for what is Prerogative but a great Name , when not exercised over a free people ? and what is priviledg but a fond imagination , when not secured under a powerful King , that may keep us from being slaves one to another by Anarchy , while we strive to be free from his Tyranny ? That people is beyond president free , and beyond comparison happy , who restrain not their Sovereigns power to do them harm so far , as that he hath none left him to do them good . Careful he was of the Law ; for he was a Judge : and as careful of his Sovereigns Right ; for he was a Subject . No ominous clashing between Courts in his time ; nor setting the Kings Conscience in Chancery against his Will in the Kings Bench. A man tells Aristides , to make him party in his cause , that his Adversary had abused him : I sit not here ( saith that Impartial Judge ) to right my self , but you . When a notorious enemy of Judge Fineux had a cause depending before him , It might have gone against you , my friend , ( said he ) had you not been my Enemy : His Motto was ; nemo prudem punit quia peccatum est sed ne peccetur .

Ten things , which are indeed ten of the most remarkable particulars of his life , raised him .

1. An indefatigable industry , 1. In his reading , leaving behind him 23 Folio's of Notes . 2. In his practice , bequeathing 3502 Cases he managed himself to his Executor . 2. A freedome of converse , as about his business , none more close ; so in company , none more open ; having so compleat a command of himself , that he knew to a minute when to indulge , and to a minute too when to restrain himself . A gay and cheerful humour , a spriteful conversation , and clean●y manners , are an exceeding useful accomplishment for every one that intends not to wind himself into a solitary retirement , or be mewed in a Cloyster . 3. A rich and a well-contrived marriage , that at once brought him a large Estate , and a larger Interest : the same tie that allied him to his Wives Family , engaged him to many . 4. A great acquaintance with Noble Families , with whose dependants he got in first , devoting an hour a day for their company ; and at last with themselves , laying aside his vacation-leisure for their service . He was Steward of 129 Mannors at once , and of Councel to 16 Noble-men . 5. His Hospitality and Entertainments . None more close than he abroad , none more noble at home ; where many were tied to his Table , more obliged by his company and discourse . 6. His care and integrity in managing , his Repute in promoting , his Reason and Eloquence in pleading , and his Success in carrying his causes . 7. His eminence and activity in the two profitable Parliaments of Henry the seventh , where he had the hearts and purses of the people at his command , and the eye of his Sovereign upon his person . It was thought a reward adequa●e to the greatest merit and adventure in the Grecian Wars , to have leave to play the Prizes at Olympus before Kings . It was judged the most ambition could aime at in King Henry the seventh's time , to ●hew a mans parts before his judicious and discerning Majesty ; than whom none unde●s●ood Worth better , none valued it higher . 8. His Opposition to Empson and Dudley's t●o severe Prosecution of Poe●al Laws , while Henry the seventh was living ; and his laying of it befo●e him so faithfully , that he repented of it when he was a dying . He is high a while , that serves a Princes private interest ; he is always so , that is careful of the publick good . 9. Hi● entire Devotion to that sacred thing called Friendship , that Bliss on this side Heaven , made up of Peace and Love . None a worse Enemy , none a ●etter F●iend . Choice he was in commencing , but constant in continuing Friends : M●ny Acquaintance , but few Friends , was his O●servation ; ●●ying , He had been und●ne by his Acquaintance , had he not been raised by his Friends . 10. His care of time . To day I have not reigned , said the Emperour when he had done no good : To day I have not lived , said the Judge when he had done nothing . So much he prayed Morning , Evening , and at Noon , according to the way of those times , as if he never studied ; so much he studied , as if he never practised ; so great his practice , as if he never conversed ; and so free his converse with others , as if he lived not at all to himself . Time ( of which others are so prodigally expensive ) was the only thing he could be honestly covetous of : full whereof he died , leaving this instruction to posterity , That we should not complain we have little time ; but that we spend much either in doing nothing , or in doing evil , or in doing nothing to the purpose .

Observations of the Life of Dr. Edward Fox , Secretary and Almoner to King Henry the Eighth .

EDward Fox born in Dursly in Gloucestershire , brought up a Scholar in Eaton , after fellow of Kings Colledg in Cambridge , where he died Provost . He was Almoner to King Henry the eighth , the first that brought Doctor Cranmer to the knowledg of the King , as he brought the King to the knowledge of himself . Being afterwards Bishop of Hereford , he was a great Instigator of the Politick and Prudential part of the Reformation , and was not less able , but more active than Cranmer himself : yea , so famous was he , that Martin Bucer dedica●ed unto him his Comment upon the Gospel : so pain●ul , that he wrote many Books , whereof that , de Differentia utriusque potestatis , was the chief : so worthy he was , that the King employed him on several Embassies into France and Germany . He died May 8. 1538.

In his first years , none more wild ; in his last none more stayed . The untoward Youth makes the able Man . He that hath m●ttle to be extravagent when he cannot govern himself , hath a spirit to be eminent when he can . His friends devotion to the Church , and relation to the Bishop of Winchester , made him a Scholar ; his own Inclin●●ion , a Politician : an Inclination that brake through all the ignoble restraints of pedantique studies and coercions , ( wherewith many a great Soul in England , ( enjoying not the f●eedome of forein parts , but tied to such employments , though never so unsuitable , as their f●iends put them to ) are debased and lost ) to an eminency ( more by observation and travel , than by reading and study ) that made him the Wonder of the Unive●sity , and the Da●ling of the Court. When he was called to the Pulpit , or Chair , he came off not ill ; so prudential were his parts of Divinity ; when advanced to any Office of Trust in the University , he came off very well ; so incomparable were his parts for Government !

His Policy was observed equally in the Subject , and in the contrivance of his Sermons and disc●urse ; where though all knew he read but lit●le , yet all saw that ( by a Scheme and method his strong head had drawn up o● all Books and Discourses ) ●e commanded all Lea●ning : his Explications of the Text were so genuine , so exact , as if he had spent his time in nothing else but Criticks and C●mmentators . His Divisions ●o Analytical , as if he had seen nothing but Logick : His Enlargements so copious and genuine , as if he had seen nothing but Fathers and Schoolmen . The curious and pertinent mixture of Moral Sentences , so various , as if he had been but a Humanist : ●he drift and design of all , so close , that it argued him but ( what indeed he was ) a pure Pate-Politician . His parts commended him to Cardinal Wolsey as his support : the Cardinal brings him to his Master as his second , and he thrusts out Wolsey as his Rival ; but yet pretended to advance that ambitious Man more highly , that he might fall mo●e irrecoverably . He sets him upon his designes of being Pope in Rome , and t●ose make him none in England . He caught the Cardinal by his submission , as he would have done Sir Thomas More by his Interrogations ; at which he was so good , that he would run up any man either to a Confession or a Praemunire . Fox was his name , and Cunning ●is nature . He said , His Fathers money helped him to his Parsonage , meaning his small Preferments ; and his Mothers wit to his Bishoprick , meaning his greater .

Di●coursing one day when Ambassador , of terms of Peace , he said , Honourable ones last long , but the dishonourable no longer than till Kings have power to break them : the sures● way therefore , said he , to Peace , is a constant preparedness for War . Two things he would say must support a Government ; Gold and Iron : Gold , to reward its Friends ; and Iron , to keep under its Enemies . Themistocles after a Battel fought with the Persians , espying a Prize lying on the ground , Take up these things , ( saith he to his Companion ) for thou art not Themistocles . Take the Emperours Money , said Fox to his followers , ( that were afraid to accept what he had refused ) for you are not all the King of England's Ambassadors .

Often was this saying in our Bishops mouth , before ever i● was in Philip the second 's , Time and I will challenge any two in the world .

Portugal being revolted , the Conde d' Olivares c●me ●●iling to King Philip the fourth , saying , Sir , I pray give me las Al●ricius to hansel the good news : for now y●u are more absolute King of Portugal than ever : for the people have forfeited all their priviledges by the Rebellion and the Nobility their E●tates ; and now you may confirm your old Friends with their money , and make you new ones with their Estates . When the Clergy began to ruffle with the King , I tell you News , said this Bishop , we are all run into a P●aemunire : you shall have Money enough to make your own Courtiers , and Places enough to advance your own Clergy .

Observations on the Life of Sir Anthony St. Lieger .

WE may say of him , he was born in Kent , and bred in Christendome : for when twelve years of Age , he was sent for his Grammar-Learning with his Tutor into France , for his Carriage into Italy , for his Philosophy to Cambridg , for his Law to Grays-Inne ; and for that which compleated all , the Gove●nment of himself , to Court ; where his D●bonn●irness and F●eedome took with the King , as his Solidity and Wisdome with the Cardinal . His Master-piece was his Agency between King Henry the eighth and Queen Anne , during the agitation of that great business of the Divorce between the said King and his Queen Katherine . His Policy was seen in catching the Cardinal in that fatal word , The Kin may ruine me if he please ! but that ruined him . His service was to be Cromwel's Instrument in demolishing Abbeys , as he was the Kings . Caesar was the first that came to undo the Commonwealth , sober ; Sir Anthony St. Lieger was the first that saved this Kingdome drunk : for in being abroad one night very late , and much distempered , he must needs fancy an extraordinary light in the Cardina●'s Closet ; with which Fancy he ran to the King , and although much in drink , prevailed with him so far , that he sends to the Cardinal , and there finds that Juncto that threatned his Kingdome .

He esteemed it the bane of a good judgment , to look upon things through the outside of some Customary formality ; neglecting the steady consideration of their inward nature ; the first depending on the fancies of men , which are volatile ; the other on the being of things , which is fixed : and he was rather for dressing his addresses in the smart way of a jest ; than in the dull way of a narrative . Ridiculum acri Fortiùs et meliùs magnas plerumque secat res . The undigested fancies which please the Common people for a while , during the distemper and green-sickness , fit a troubled age , as Maids infected with that Malady peferr ashes , or Coles in a corner , before healthful food in their Fathers House ; but when time hath cured their malady , and expe●ience opened their eyes , he would say that they should abhor their former errors , and the misleaders that taught them .

He was the first Vice-Roy , because Henry the eighth was the first King of Ireland . King Henry's affection would promote him any where , but his own resolution and spirit commended him to Ireland .

He was a man whom all Ireland could not rule ; therefore ( as the Jest goes ) he should rule all England . Three times had the Irish Rebels made their solemn submission to other Deputies : the fourth ●ime now they make it to him , throwing down their Girdles , Skeans , and Caps . So great a man was the Lieutenant , so great his Master ! No sooner was he possessed of the Government , but he thought of Laws , those Ligaments of it : The most rational and equitable Laws were those of England , but too rational to be imposed on the Brutish ●●ish : therefore our Knight considering ( as he saith in the Preface of his Constitution ) that they ( poor souls ) could not relish those exact Laws , to live or be ruled by them , immediately enacted such as agreed with their capacity , rather than such were dictated by his ability ; his Wisdome ( as all mens must ) doing what was most fit and convenient , rather than what was most exact ; what they could bear , more than what he could do : as remembring he had to do with Faeces Romuli , rather than Respublica Platonis ; a rude , rather than a reduced people . What he could , he ordained according to the incompar●ble Rule of the English Laws ; what he could not , he established according to his present judgment of the Irish capacity . He saw the Kingdome could never be subject to his Masters power , while the Church was obedient to the Popes : therefore as he perswaded the Nobility to surrender their Estates to his Majesty at London , so he compelled the Clergy to make over theirs at Dublin : There remains but little of the first in his Majesties hands , so honourable was he in restoring it ; and as little in his Successors , so religious and just were they in resigning it to the same use for substance , to which it was at first designed . But in vain it is to reform Laws , unless we reform persons too : therefore as he sent Orders to reduce the Irish Nobility in their several Count●ies , so he sent for themselves ( to the respective Houses built for them by his Majesty near Dublin ) to be civilized in the Court . Caesar came , saw , and overcame ; Sir Anthony came , saw , and setled : A man had thought there had not been so much cor●uption in the Romish Church , as to admit Children to Church-Livings , ( for which Men are hardly s●fficient ! ) but that Sir Anthony St. Leiger was forced to make this Law , That no Children should be admitted to Benefices . We had not known this sin , had not the Law said , You shall not invest any under sixteen years of age in Benefices . The Clergy he found there too many , and the Nobility too few : he l●ssened the number of the one to weaken the Pope , and improved the other to strengthen his Master , of whom they held not only their Estates , but their Baronies too , as obliged to duty in point of Honour as well as in point of Interest . But in vain doth he civilize the present Generation , and neglect the future : as therefore he provided Cities for the Parents , so he erected Schools for the Children , that the one might forget their Barba●ism , and the other never know it . Three things he said would settle a State : 1. Good God-fathers and God-mothers performing their Vows : 2. Good Housholders overlooking their Families : 3. And good School-masters educating Youth ; this last , the most useful , though the most contemptible profession .

All War was mischievous to learning ( Arts as well as Laws , being suppressed by armes , the Muses Lawrel is no security to them against Mars his Thunder ) except Sr. Anthonies , no mans Library being embezled ; no mans study interrupted ; reserving learning for the Civilizing of that Nation which his armes had Conquered .

An Athenian being asked what God was ? said , He was neither Bow-man , nor Horse-man , nor Pikeman , nor Footman , but one that knew how to command [ all these . ] Sir Anthony St. Leiger was neither Souldier nor Scholar , nor Statesman , yet he understood the way how to dispose of all these to his Countries service , and his Masters honour ; being all of them eminently , though none of them pedantickly and formally in himself .

The Athenians ( as Anaximander said ) had good Laws , but used them ill ; our Deputy had bad Laws , but governed by good .

It was thought by many wise men , that the preposterous rigour and unreasonable severity which some men carried there before him , was not the least incentive that kindled and blew up into horrid flames the sparks of discontent , which wanted not pre-disposed fuel in that place ; where despair was added to their former discontents , and the fears of utter extirpation to their wonted oppressions : It is too easie to provoke a people too prone to break out to all exorbitant violence , both by some principles of their Religion , and their natural desires of Liberty ; both to exempt themselve● from their present restraints , and prevent after-rigours : wherefore he was inclined to that charitable connivence and Christian indulgence , which often dissipates their strength , whom rougher opposition fortifieth , and puts the oppressed Parties into such Combinations as may most enable them to get a full revenge on those they count their Persecutors ; who are commonly assisted by that vulgar commiseration which attends all that are said to suffer for Religion or Liberty .

To conclude this : Four things Sir Anthony St. Leiger was eminent for : 1. That there was none more grave in Council than he , in the morning : none more free at Table , at noon : none more active in the after-noon : none more merry at night . 2. That his Orders were made but slowly , so wary he was ; but executed quickly , so resolute he was too . 3. That he contrived all his Designs so well be●orehand , that in the course of affairs they were done to his hand ; and he was the Deputy that made no noise . 4. That as the Souldier ( finding his fi●st admission to Alexander to be difficult ) danced about the Court in an Antique fashion , until the strangenes● of the shew made the King himself Spectator , and then throwing off his disguise , he said , Sir , thus I first arrive at the notice of your Majesty in the fashion of a fool , but can do you service in the place of a wise man , if you please to employ me : So this Gentleman came to Court a Swaggerer , but went off a Statesman . All Prudence is not lodged under a demure look and an austere carriage : There are those that can be merry and wise ; whose Spirit is as lively , as their Judgment solid : And it s no better a Character of a wise man , than it was a definition of a man which Plato made , and Diogenes , by shewing a deplumed Cock , derided , that he is a living Creature that hath two feet , i. e. a grave , staid carriage ; without feathers , i. e. a nimble fancy . His onely ●ault was , that he was a particular instance of that general rule , Qui pauca considerat facile pronunciat .

Observations on the Life of Sir Ralph Sadler .

SIr Ralph Sadler was born at Hackney in Middlesex , where he was Heir to a fair Inheritance , and servant to the Lord Cromwel , and by him advanced into the service of King Henry the VIII , who made him chief Secretary of State . He was one that had much knowledg , therefore much imployed in all , but especially in the Intrigues of the Scots aff●irs : In the Battel of Muscleborow he ordered and brought up our scattered Troops , inviting them to fight by his own Example ; and for his Valour was made a a There were two sorts of these Knights , the first made by way of encouragement , the second by way of Reward : Sir Ralph was of the second so●t , and the last that survived of that s●rt . Knight Banneret . Q●een Elizabeth made him Chancellour of the Dutchy . During his last Embassie in Scotland , his house a● Standon in Hertfordshire was built by his Steward in his absence , far greater than himself desired , so that he never joyed therein ; and died soon after , Anno 1587 , in the 80 year of his Age.

King Henry understood two things : 1. A Man : 2. A Dish of Meat ; and was seldom deceived in either : For a Man , none more compleat then Sir Ralph , who was at once a most exquisite Writer , and a most valiant and experienced Souldier ; qualifications that seldom meet , ( so great is the distance between the Sword and the Pen , the Coat of Mail and the Gown ) yet divided this man and his time ; his nights being devoted to contemplation , and his days to action . Little was his Body , but great his Soul ; the more vigorous , the more contracted . Quick and clear were his thoughts , speedy and resolute his performances . It was he that could not endure the spending of that time in designing one action , which might perform two ; or that delay in performing two , that might have designed twenty . A great Estate he got honestly , and spent nobly ; knowing that Princes honour them most , that have most ; and the People them onely that employ most : A Prince hath more reason to fear money that is spent , than that which is hoorded ; because it is easier for Subjects to oppose a Prince by Applause than by Armies . Reward ( said Sir Ralph when he was offered a sum of money ) should not empty the Kings Coffers ; neither should Riches be the Pay of Worth , which are meerly the Wages of Labour : He that gives it , em●aseth a Man ; he that takes it , vilifieth himself : who is so most Rewarded , is least . Since Honour hath lost the Value of a Reward , Men have lost the Merit of Virt●e , and both become mercenary ; Men lusting rather after the Wealth that buyeth , than after the Qualities that deserve it .

Two things he observed broke Treaties ; Iealousie , when Princes are successful ; and Fear , when they are unfortunate . Power that hath need of none , makes all confederacies , either when it is felt , or when it is feared , or when it is envied .

Three things Cato repented of : 1. That he went by water when he might go by land . 2. That he trusted a Woman with a secret . 3. That he lost Time . Two things Sir Ralph relented for : 1. That he had communicated a secret to two . 2. That he had lost any hour of the morning , between four a clock and ten .

He learned in King Henry the Eighth's time , as Cromwel's Instrument , what he must advise ( in point of Religion ) in Queen Elizabeth's time , as an eminent Counsellour : His Maxime being this , That Zeal was the Duty of a private Brest , and Moderation the Interest of a publick State . The Protestants Sir Ralph's Conscience would have in the commencement of Queen Elizabeth , kept in hope ; the Papists his Prudence would not have cast into Despair . It was a Maxime at that time in b another case , That France should not presume , nor Spain be desperate .

He saw the Interest of this State altered six times , and died an honest Man : The Crown put upon four Heads , yet he continued a Faithful Subject : Religion changed , as to the publick constitution of it , five times , yet he kept the Faith .

A Spartan one day boasted that his Country-men had been often buried in Athens ; The Athenian replied● But we are most of us buried at home . So g●eat was Sir Ralph's success in the Northern Wars , that many a Scotch man found his Grave in England ; so exact his conduct and wariness , that few English men had theirs in Scotland ; the same ground giving them their Coffin , that did their Cradle ; and their Birth that did their Death . Our Knights two incomparable Qualities were Discipline and Intelligence ; the last discovered him all the Enemies advantages , and the first gave them none .

His two main designs were , 1. An Interest in his Prince , by service . 2 , An Alliance with the Nobility by Marriage : upon which two Bottoms he raised himself to that pitch of Honour and Estate , that time could not wear out , nor any alterations embezle ; he bequeathing to his Wo●shipful Posterity the blessing of Heaven upon his Integrity ; the love of M●nkinde for his Worth ; and ( as Mr. Fuller saith ) a Pa●don granted him when he attended my Lord Cromwel at Rome , for the sins of his Family for three immediate Generations , ( expiring in R. Sadler Esquire , lately dead . ) His last Negotiation was that in Scotland , during the troubles there about Queen Mary : So searching and piercing he was , that no Letter or Adviso passed , whereof he had not a Copy ; so civil and obliging , that there was no Party that had not a Kindness for him ; so grave and solid , that he was present at all counsels ; so close and industrious , that his hand though unseen was in every motion of that State : and so successful , that he left the Nobility so divided that they could not design any thing upon the King ; and the King so weak , that he could not cast off the Queen ; and all so tottering , that they must depend on Queen Elizabeth .

Three things he bequeathed such as may have the honour to succed him , 1. All Letters that concerned him since of years , filed : 2. All Occurrences , since he was capable of Observation , registred . 3. All expenses , since he lived of himself , booked . Epaminondas was the first Graecian , and Sir Ralph Sadler was one of the last English-men .

Observations on the Life of Sir William Paget .

SIr William Paget was born in the City of London , of honest Parents . He was so able and trusty a Minister of State , that he was privy Counsellour to four successive Princes : He was Secretary to King Henry the Eighth ; who employed him Embassador to Charles the Emperour and Francis King of France . King Edward the Sixth made him Chancellour of the Durchy , Comptroller of his Houshole , and created him Baron of Beaudefert . Queen Mary made him Keeper of the Privy-Seal . Queen Elizabeth highly respected him , dispensing with his Attendance at Court , in favour to his great Age. Duke Dudley in the days of King Edward , ignominiously took from him the Garter of the Order , saying , He was not Originally qualified for the same : But this was restored unto him by Queen Mary . He died very old , Anno 1563. and was buried in Lichfield . His Education was better than his Bi●th , his Knowledg higher than his Education : His Parts above his Knowledg , and his Experience beyond his Parts : A general Learning furnished him for T●avel , and Travel seasoned that Learning for Employment . His Master-piece was an inward Observation of other Men , and an exact knowledge of Himself . His Address was with state , yet insinuating : His Discourse free , but weighed ; his apprehension quick , but staid : His ready and present mind keeping its pauses of thoughts and expressions even with the occasion and the emergency : neither was his carriage more stiff and uncompliant , than his Soul . Gundamore could not fit King Iames so well as Sir William did Charles the Fifth , who in a rapture once cried , He deserved to BE a King , as well as to REPRESENT One : and one day as he came to Court , Yonder is the Man I can deny nothing to .

Apollonius coming to Vespatian's Gate betimes in the morning , and finding him up , said , Surely this man will be Emperour , he is up so early . This Statesman must needs be eminent , who was up the earliest of all the English Agents in discovering Affairs , and latest in following those Discoveries . Three sorts of Embassadors the Emperour Charles observed were sent him from England ; the first was Wolsey , whose great Train promised much , as his great Design did nothing : The second was Morisin , who promised and did much : The third Paget , who promi●ed nothing , and did all . What Scholars observed then of a a Luther Melancthon , Carolostadius . three Divines , that a Statesman hath set down of our three Agents : the first was words without matter ; the second was matter without words ; the third was words and matter . Quick and regular were his Dispatches , when Secretary , pleasing all with his proceedings , even when he could not but displease many with his Decision . It was much none went away ever sad from Augustus an Emperour , it was more none was dismissed ever in discontent from Sir William Paget a Secretary of State . The King was not happier in his abilities to serve him , than he was in their dexterity who waited upon him : These are my eyes , ( saith the discreet man ) these are my right hands . For his service he would chuse a Man before a Scholar , a Traveller before a Home-bred : Parts he preferred in his Office , a Presence in his Chamber ; Parts and Presence in the Closet .

Beecher was King Henry the Eighth his Map of England , ( so well skilled he was in our English Customs , Trade , Improvements , Situation , Interest and Inclination ) Paget was his Table of Germany , France , and Rome , so exact an account could he give of their Situation , Havens , Forts , Passages , Provision , Policies , Revenue and Strength : secured he was , in King Henry's changeable times , by his forein Travels and Employments . Escape he did King Edward's Reformation , by his Moderation and peaceableness : He complied with Queen Mary's Zeal , out of conscience ; and submitted to Queen Elizabeth's Authority , out of Duty and Allegiance : being one of those moderate men that looked upon the Protestants primitive Foundations of b b The Creed , The Lords Prayer , and the Commandments . Faith , Duty and Devotion , as safe : and on the Papists superstructures , as not damnable : Whose life was Grotius and Cassander's Wish , An Accommodation to the Christian World . Privacy is the Favourites In●erest , and concealment his ●are : Sir William wished for success for his Masters sake , but dissembled it for his own : He is the man , that loseth neither his Privacy , nor his Reputation . Quiet was his temper , though noble his resolution : Troublesome is a witty man on a stage , as a Monkey in a cup-board of glass . Placed , sweet and composed is the prudent Man , like an Intelligence in the Heavens , or a god in the World . Up he went , but by just degrees ; that if down he must , he might do so with the same leasure and safety .

When he had managed the Secrets and Negotiations of Henry the Eighth , with Dexterity and Faithfulness ; the Lands of King Edward the Sixth , with Skill and Improvement ; the Purses of Queen Mary & Q●een Elizabeth , with good Husbandry and Ca●e ; When he had lived enough to his Countries , to his Sovereigns , to his Friends , and the Publique Good ; he retired to live to Himself first , and then to his GOD.

Observations on the Life of Sir Richard Morisin .

SIr Richard Morisin born in Essex ( or in Oxfordshire e e Saith Si● Ri●h . Baker . ) was brought up f f Per celebriora Anglo●um ●yn●nasia ●●tes ex●luit . at Eaton , Cambridge , and Inns of Court . He was so skilful in Latine and Greek , and in the Common and Civil Law , that he was often employed Embassador by King Henry the VIII , and Edward the VI , unto Charles the Fifth Emperour , and other Princes of Germany ; which he discharge● with all honesty and ability . After the death of King Edward the VI , he was forced to fly beyond the Seas ; and returning out of Italy , died at Strasburgh , on the 17. of March , 1556.

Three things made a compleat man in those days : 1. A publick School , where their School-fellows Genius's instruct much more t●an their School-masters pains ; where a man attains at once to Learning , Prudence , and a Spirit : 2. A comprehensive insight into Tongues and Sciences ; by the first whereof they unlocked Men , and by the second , Things ● 3 Travel , where they saw what they read , and made that a solid apprehension and observation , which was before but a fluid notion and a floating imagination : Our Knight was happy in all Three , but so compleat in the last , that he had the Virtues and Port of a German , as if he had been a Native of that place ; and loathed the Vices , as if he had never seen it : Thereby he could get so far within that people , that he saw all their Intrigues ; and be yet so reserved , that they could see nothing . The ablest German Divines guided his conscience , and the greatest Statesmen his Negotiation . He kept under the Emperour by the Princes , the French by the Emperour , and the Pope by them all . So much service did the good Knight to King Henry the Eighth , in his Wise Katharine's Case ; and so much the whole Kingdom , in that of Religion ; that he equally fled Q●een Mary's wrath , and her Religious Persecutions . His strong pa●ts set off his comprehensive knowledge ; his resolute spirit , his parts ; and his presence and mode , all : King Henry always chusing an Embassador that might represent his Person as well as his power : And Sir Richard had his Hegh in Germany , as well as Henry in England .

His knack was his foresight , which made that an Adviso in England , which was hardly a known design there : saying usually , His Master maintained not Embassadors so much to write Histories as Prophecies . The Trejans sent to condole with Caesar for his Son that was dead two years ago ; he thanked them , and condoled with them for Hector , that was slain as many hundred years . Our Embassador in France adviseth Sir Richard of a Battel fought a Week before , and he in answer makes a large discourse of the Battel of Spurs fought many years before ; and adds , I and You are not here to tell old stories .

Two things , he said , he was troubled with , Envy and Malice ; and two Remedies he had against them , Patience and Resolution . Always he wheeled with the first Mover , yet he had private motions of his own : Singular , but modest : So faithful he was , that he would d●clare his Opinion ; yet so wary , that he would not stand in it against his Prince ; knowing , that if he did it out of prudence , he rendered the Princes Ability suspected ; if out of his own sagacity , it blemished his Integrity ; Both equal inconveniencies , to intimate the Master Unable , or the Servant Corrupt .

When others pressed for an over-strict Reformati●n , this Gentleman urged , That Distempers in the Body and State are reduced by Physicians and Politicians not to what they should be , but to what they can be ; Freedom , Moderation , and Impartiality are the best tempers of Reforming Counsels and Endeavours : What is acted singularly , must offend more than it pleaseth ; a study to gratify some men , being a likely way to injure all : The novelty of excessive and immoderate undertakings giving not so much content to the vulgar of a present Age , as the mischiefs of them give offense to the Generations of future times .

And Melancthon's discourse to him was to this purpose : That the Reformation of hearts should go before that of Churches ; and men should try that on their own hearts which they design upon the Church : For Deformities within , will soon betray the Pretenders of publique Reformation to such private designs as must needs hinder the publique Good . It would be an easie matter for Favou●i●es to reform Kings Palaces ( saith Malvezzi ) if it were not a hard thing to reform their own houses .

One asked him , Why his Embassie tended so much more to preserve his Masters Dominions , than to augment them ? And he replyed what is fathered on Henry the Fourth , That getting is a Chance , but Keeping is a Wit.

After a long re●idence abroad , he thought of an Habitation at home ; which he no sooner began at Cashobery in Hertfordshire , but King Edward going out of the World , the good Knight was forced out of his house and the Kingdom .

He was the first that said , Policy is not the learning of some Rules , but the Observation of Circumstances , with a present minde in all junctures of affairs ; which ( he would say ) was their happiness only , that had good memories : For when one ●aid he had seen much , heard more , and read most : You were ( said he ) a more compleat man , could you say , I remembered as much . Secretary Walsingham would say , My Lord , stay a little , and we shall have done the sooner : Secretary Cecil said , It shall never be said of me , That I will defer till to morrow what I can do to day : And Sir Richard Morisin , Give me this day , and take the next your self . Noble was his Resolution , when he said , He scorned to take pensions from an Emperour of Germany , since an Emperour of Germany took pay of the King of England .

His stature was something tall , and procured him reverence ; his temper reserved , and commanding security to his person and his business . He that knoweth to speak well , knoweth also where he must hold his peace , said the old Graecian : Think an hour before you speak , and a day before you promise , said this English-Roman . With Ferdinand the Emperour he prevailed for the Popes assistance , and with Maximilian for his Masters against the French .

Never was his Master Henry so high , as to set him above treating ; nor his Sovereign Edward so low , as to make him afraid of War ; although he looked upon the way of Treaties , as a retiring from fighting like Beasts , to arguing like men ; whose strength should be more in their understandings , than in their Limbs . I have ( said a great Prince ) greater confidence in my Reason than in my Sword ; and am so resolved to yield to the first , that I thought neither my self nor others should use the second , if once we rightly understood one another . It 's humane to use Reason rather than Force , and Christian to seek peace and ensue it .

Christian was his Temper , and Religious his carriage ; so charitable , that he relieved the Con●essors , as though he had been none himself ; and so constant , that he continued his sufferings , as if there were no other . Much good did his Countenance do the Exiles in the Courts of Forein Princes ; and more his Authority at the Troubles of Frankford , where his Motive to love , was the hatred of the Enemy .

Observations on the Life of Doctor Nicholas Wotton .

NIcholas Wotton , Son to Sir Robert , born at Bockton-malherb in the County of Kent , ( a place so named , from some noxious and malignant Herbs growing therein ) was bred in Oxon , Doctor of the Civil Laws ; and was the first Dean of the two Metropolitan Churches of Canterbury and York . He was Privy-Counsellour to ●our successive Sovereigns , viz. King Henry the VIII . King Edward the VI. Queen Mary . Queen Elizabeth .

He was employed thirteen several times in Embassies to Forein Princes .

Five times to Charles the Fifth Emperour .

Once to Philip his Son , King of Spain .

Once to Francis the First , King o● France .

Once to Mary Queen of Hungary , Governess o● the Netherlands .

Twice to William Duke of Cleve .

Once to renew the peace between England , France and Scotland , Anno 1540.

Again to the same purpose at Cambray , Anno 1549.

Once sent Commissioner with others to Edenburgh in Scotland , 1560.

He refused the A●chbishoprick of Canterbury , proferred him in the first o● Queen Elizabeth . He died Ianuary 26. in 1566. being about seventy years of Age , and was buried in Canterbury .

Ius●inian reduced the Law of Nations to one Body , and Doctor Wotton comprehended them in one Soul : Publick was his spirit , and such his thoughts : That profession that was designed for the settlement of the Wo●lds commerce , was now confined to a Bishops Court , a Churchwardens Oath , or a rich man's will ; when this excellent Person first enlarged it as far as the Sea , in the Cases of the Admiralty ; and as wide as the world , in the Negotiations of Embassie . Others were trusted with the Interest of Princes , He with that of Nations . He that saw him , would think he could deny nothing , so modest Scholar-like his looks ! He that heard him would judge he would grant nothing , so undeniable his Reason ! so irrefragable his Arguments ! His speech was as ready as his resolution was present . His apprehension quick and clear : his method exact : his reading vast and indefatigable : his memory ( strong as to things , though not to words ) tenacious : his clocution copio●s and flowing . What si● Henry Wotton said of sir Philip Sidney , I may say o● Nicholas Wotton , That he was the very measure of congruity . What that Counsellour writ to the French King in a great sheet ( when he required his advice ) that our Doctor advised our Princes in several Discourses , viz. Modus , a mean● Sir , ( said King Henry to him , now not forty years old ) I have sent a Head by Cromwel , a Purse by Wolsey , a Sword by Brandon , and I must now send the Law by You , to treat with my Enemies .

Augustus lamented for Varus his death , because , he said , Now I have none in my Countrey to tell me the truth : With Wotton went off that faithfulness that Peasants have , and Princes want : None more resolute abroad , none more bold and down-right at home . His plain dealing saved King Henry some Treasure , King Edward the North , Q●een Mary Calice for a while , and Q●een Elizabeth her Faith and Crown : A Virtue that made him the Overseer of most Forein Ministers Actions abroad , and one of the sixteen Executors of King Henry's Will and Testament at home . Gardiner was sly and close , but Wotton prudent and wise . In the Treaty at Calice there are two things remarkable of our Doctor , 1. That he first insisted on the peace with France , before that of Scotland● 2. He would say , Rather give away Calice , than reserve a Right in it fifteen years hence : for never was the Interest of any Nation so constant , as to keep a promise half so many ●ears .

Indeed Sir William Cecil's reach went no further for a Layman , than Doctor Wotton for a Church-man : Therefore they two were pitched upon for the management of the Intrigues and Affairs o● Scotland .

Many envied this happy man , but none could be without him , who was ●he Oracle of both Laws at Councils ; who could sum up the merit of any Cause , recollect the circumstances of any Affair ; and shew Tables of Trade , Commerce , Situations , Counsels , Revenue , Interest , &c. the readi●st and exactest of any in England .

But all these Qualifications must die , and he with them : leaving it as his Advice ,

First , To Church-men : To understand well the Common and Canon-Law , as well as the Divine ; by the first whereof , they might understand their right ; as by the second , they info●med themselves and othe●s of their duty .

Secondly , To Statesmen : Travel and History .

Thirdly , To Embassadors : 1. A good Pu●se : 2. A noble and sober Train ● 3. Constant correspondence and observation : 4. A happy medley of Debonairness and Complacency , Reservedness and Gravity : with the first he had taken Princes , and with the last Statesmen : the one discovers others , while the other conceals you . 5. Resolution : I made often ( said h● as if I would fight , when they knew my calling allowed me onely to speak : 6. Civility : That man ( said the Prince of Orange ) is a great bargain , who is bought with a bare salvation .

Fourthly , To Privy-Counsellours : That excellent caution , Always to speak last , and be Masters of other strength before they displayed their own .

This was that rare man that was made for all business , so dexterous ! This was he that was made for all times , so complying ! This was he who lived Doctor of both Laws , and died Doctor of both Gospels ; the Protestant , which had the States-mans part of this man ; and the Popish , who had the Christian. Noah * * Being called Bifrons had two faces , because he was a son of the old world before the flood , and a father of the new one after : Wotton sure had four faiths , who was a Favourite in King Henry's days , of the Counsel in King Edward's , of the Juncto in Queen Mary's , and the g g Cecil was the first . second Statesman in Queen Elizabeth's .

With these two things of this person , I shall conclude :

1. His refusal of the Archbishoprick of Canterbury , which argued his extraordinary humility or wariness .

His admission of Doctor Parker , as Dean of Canterbury , to that See ; which argueth the legality of his calling , there being no circumstance with any likelihood omitted , by so exquisite a Civilian as Doctor Wotton ; or forgotten , by so great an An●iquary as Doctor Parker .

Observations on the Life of Sir Thomas Wriothesly , the first Earl of Southampton .

THomas Wriothesly Knight of the Garter , was born in Barbican , Son to William Wriothesly ( descended from an Heir general of the antient Family of the Dunste●viles ) King of Arms. He was bred in the University of Cambridge , as it appears by Mr. Ascam's Letter unto him , writing in the behalf of the University , when he was Lord Chancellour .

Quamobrem Academia cum omni literarum ratione , ad te unum conversa ( cui uni quam universis aliis se charior●m intelligit ) partim tibi ut alumno suo , cum authoritate imperat : partim , ut patrono summo , demisse & humiliter supplicat , &c.

His University-Learning prepared him for the Law , & ●is indefa●igable study of the Law promoted him to the Court ; where , for his Honour , he was created Baron of Tichbourn , Jan. 1. 1543. and ●or his Profit , the next year , May 3. Lord Chancellour ; a place he discharged with more Applause than any before him , and with as much Integrity as any since him : Force ( he said ) awed , but Iustice governed the World .

It is given to that Family to be Generous and Resolute : This incomparable Person was under a cloud in King Edward's time , for being a rigidly-conscientious Papist ; and his great Grandchild suffered in King Charles his time , for being a sincerely honest Protestant : Ye● so reverenced was the first of this Family by his Adversaries , that he was made Earl of Southampton ; and so honoured was the other by his Enemies , that they courted him to their party . Integrity hath a Majesty in its full , and a Glory in its lowest Estate ; that is , always feared , though not always loved .

No Nobleman understood the Roman Religion better than the first Earl of Southampton ; and none the Protestant better then the last , the Right Honourable and truly Excellent Thomas Earl of Southampton , and Treasurer of England .

His Court , he said , gave Law to the Kingdom ; His constant and exact Rules , to the Court ; and his Conscience guided by the Law of the Kingdom , to his Rules . Affable and acceptable he was , as More ; quick and ready , as Wolsey ; incorrupt , as Egerton ; apprehensive and knowing , as Bacon . Twice were all Cases depending in Chancery dispatched ; in Sir Thomas Wriothesly's time , 1538. and in Sir Thomas More's 1532. Truly did he judge intra Cancellos , deciding Cases with that Uprightness , that he wished a Window to his Actions , yea and his Heart too . King Philip was not at leasure to hear a poor Womans Cause ; Then , said she , cease to be King . My Lord over-hearing a servant putting off a Petitioner , because his Master was not at leasure , takes him up roundly , and repli●s , You had as good say , I am not at leasure to be Lord Chancellour . Two things he would not have his servants gain by , his Livings and his Decrees ; The first , he said , we●e Gods , the second the Kings , ( whom every man , he said , sold , that sold Justice : ) To honest men , your places , said he , are enough ; to Knaves , too much . Every Week he had a Schedule of his own Accounts , and every Month of his Servants . Cato's greatest Treasure was his Account-Book of Sicily ; and my Lord of Southampton's was his Table of the Chancellours place . A great Estate was conferred upon him , which he took not in his own name , to avoid the odium of Sacriledge ; as great an Inheritance he bought , but in others names , to escape the malice of Envy .

He loved a bishop , he said , to satisfie his Conscience ; a Lawyer , to guide his Judgment ; a good Family , to keep up his Interest ; and an University , to preserve his name .

Full of Years and Worth , he died 1550. at Lincoln-place , and was buried at St. Andrews Church in Holborn , where his Posterity have a Diocess for their Parish , and a Court for their Habitation .

Observations on the Life of Sir John Fitz-James .

JOhn Fi●z-Iames Knight , was born at Redlinch in Somersetshire , of Right Antient and Worthy Parentage , b●ed in the study of our Municipal Laws ; wherein he proved so great a Proficient , that by King Henry the Eighth he was advanced to be Chief Justice of the Kings Bench. There needs no more to be said of his Merit , save that King Henry the Eighth preferred him ; who never used either Dunce or Drone in Church or State , but Men of Ability and Activity . He sat thirteen years in his place , demeaning himself so , that he lived and died in the Kings Favour . He sat one of the Assistants when Sir Thomas More was arraigned for ●efusing the Oath of Supremacy , and was shrewdly put to it , to save his own Conscience , and not incur the Kings Displeasure : For Chancellour Audley , supreme Judg in that pla●e , ( being loath that the whole burthen of More's condemnation should lie on his shoulders alone ) openly in the Court asked the Advice of the Lord Chief Justice Fitz Iames , Whether the Indictment were sufficient or no ? To whom our Judge warily returned , My Lords all , by St. Gillian , ( which was ever his Oath ) I must * * Mr. More in the printed Life of his Grandfather Sir Thomas More , pag. 334. needs confess , That if the Act of Parliament be not unlawful , then the Indictment is not in my conscience sufficient .

He died in the Thirteeth Year of King Henry the Eighth ; and although now there be none left at Redlinch of his Name and Family , they flourish still at Lewson in Dorsetshire , descended from Alured Fitz-Iames brother to this Judge , and to Richard Bishop of London .

The two main Principles that guide humane Nature ( saith Judge Dodderidge ) are Conscience and Law : By the former we are obliged in reference to another world , by the latter in relation to this . P●iests and Judges are the Dispensers of ●hese Principles : No Prince more unhappy in his Priests than King Henry ( whose unhappiness it was , that all the juggle , prevarication , and imposture of his time was in the Pulpit , ) none more happy in his Judges , ( to whose Reason his People were more willing to submit , than they were to hearken to his Clergy's Instruction ) among whom none more renowned than Sir Iohn Fitz-Iames , who was so fearful of the very shadow and appearance of corruption , that it cost his chief Clerk his place but for taking a Tankard , after a signal Cause of 1500 l. a year , wherein he had been serviceable , though not as a Bribe , but as a Civility . Caesar would have his Wife without suspicion of lewdness , and Fitz-Iames his servants without the appearance of corruption . What was Law alwayes , was then a Resolution , Neither to deny , nor defer , nor sell justice . When our Judge came upon the Bench , he knew no more then Melchisedech or Levi , Father or Mother , neither Friend nor Interest : for when his Cousin urged for a kindness , Come to my House ( saith the Judge ) I will deny you nothing ; come to the Kings Court and I must do you justice : And when the Attorney-General bespake his favour in a publick Cause , Trouble not your self , ( said he ) I 'le do the King right : The King is cast , the Attorney expostulates ; the Judge satisfieth him , That he could not do his Majesty Right , if he had not done justice .

His P●udence so tempered his zeal for his Sovereign , that he over-strained not the Prerogative to bring in fears and jealousies of Tyranny on the one hand ; and his Integ●ity so balanced his Popularity , that he never depressed it to broach bold opinions and attempts of Liberty , on the other : complying with none of those humours that an Imaginary dread of oppression , or a dangerous pres●mption of freedom may transport to irregular excesses either for the one , or against the other .

As his Majesty was secured by his Loyalty , so his Subjects were by his Patience , a Virtue he carried with him to the Bench , to attend each circumstance of an Evidence , each allegation of a Plea , each plea in a Cause ; hearing what was impertinent , and observing what was proper . His usual saying ( as Sergeant Mandevil reports it ) being , We must have two souls , as two sieves , one for the Bran , the other for the flour ; the one for the Gross of a Discourse , the other for the Quintessence .

The same day that there was no Cause to be tried in the Chancery in Sir Tho. More's time , there were but three in the Kings Bench , in Sir Iohn Fitz-Iames his time : the reason whereof some imagine was Cardinal Wolsey's extraordinary power ( that engrossed all Causes to his Legantine Court ; ) others know it was the Judges Integrity , who was too honest to allow , as that Age was too plain to contrive , delays and obstructions .

Lewis the Eleventh of France would say , when he was advised to take Revenge of those that had affronted him before he came to the Crown , That it became not the King of France to revenge the Injuries done to the Duke of Orleans . A Person that had no●oriously wronged Sir Iohn when a Templer , in the case of his Chamber , was to be tried before him for his whole E●tate when a Judge ; the Adversaries among other shifts made use of this old Q●arrel ; whereupon Sir Iohn said , It doth not become a Iudge upon the Bench to revenge a wrong done in his Chamber .

Two things upheld him in those boysterous times : 1. Silence , 2. Patience : both wary Virtues that seldom endanger their Owner , or displease their Superiours . The Pe●ple of those times would live and die with the Pope and Council ; and this Judge , with the King and Parliament : The grand Article of his Faith was , I believe as the Church beleives : and the great Rule of his Practice was , I will live as the Law directs .

He was a tried Man , whose Faith and Honour was above his Life and Fortune ; whose Generosity was above that first temptation of Money , as his Spirit was above the second of Danger : No fear here of delivering up Priviledges to day , for fear of the King ; or Prerogative to morrow , for fear of the Subject : No , an unbiass'd Temper between both , make up this honest man ; who came on to preferment with great Expectations , and went off with great Applause : being one of the three men of whom it is said , That because they never pleased their Master in doing any thing unworthy , they never displeased him in doing any thing that is just . When base compliance goeth off with the contempt of those it hath humoured , a Noble Resolution comes off with the Reverence of those it hath discontented .

Observations on the Life of Sir William Molineux .

SIr William Molineux Junior , Descendent from Sir William Molineux Knight , of Sefton in Lancashire , flourished under King Henry the Eighth , being a man of great command in Lancashire ; bringing the considerable strength thereof to the seasonable succour of the Duke of Norfolk , with whom he performed signal service ●a Flodden-Field . The Image of whose mind , he was as well as the Portrait of his body . Peculiar was our Knight for nobly forgiving his Enemies if reconcilable ; and refusing ignobly to be revenged of them , though obstinate : for honestly would he betray the Villanies of them , that dishonestly offered to betray them to him ; as Fabricius delivered up to Pyrrhus , though a sworn Enemy , the Physician that would have Poysoned him ; Lewis the 11th . discovered to the Duke of Burgundy , though his mortal Foe , the conspiracy that would have ruined him ; And Queen Elizabeth of England , with King Philip of Spain , gave Henry the great of France , ( when Friends with neither of them ) notice of two Plots upon his person , that would have ruined him .

It is confessed on all sides that the Scots lost the day , by not keeping their Ranks , but not agreed on the cause thereof . Buchanan ( who commonly makes the too much Cou●age of his Country-men , the cause of their being conquered ) imputes it to their indiscrete pursuing of the English routed at the first : Others say , They did not break their Ranks , but were broken , unable to endure the Lancashire Archers , and so forced to sunder themselves . In this Battel the Scottish King and chiefest Gentry were slain , the English losing scarce any ; the Scots scarce any but of prime note . The King a●terward wrote his Gratulatory Letter to Sir William Molineux , in form following .

TRusty and Well-Beloved , We greet you well :

And understand as well by the Report of Our Right Trusty Cousin and Counsellour , the Duke of Norfolk , as otherwise , what acceptable service You amongst Others lately did Vs by your valiant Towardness in the assisting of Our said Cousin against Our Enemy , late King of Scots ; and how couragiously you , as a very hearty loving Servant acquitted your self for the overthrow of the said late King , and distressing of his Malice and Power , to Our great Honour , and the advancing of your no little Fame and Praise ; for which We have good cause to favour and thank you , and so We full heartily do ; and assured may you be , that We shall in such effectual wise remember your said Service in any your reasonable pursuits , as you shall have cause to think the same right well imployed to Our comfort and weal hereafter .

Given under Our Signet , at Our Castle at Windsor , the seven and twentieth of November .

It appears by our Author , that the like Letters , mutatis mutandis , were sent unto Sir Edward Stanley , and some other men of princip●l note in Lancashire and Cheshire .

There is more in the Education than the Birth ( though that be Noble too ) of this Gentleman : much Generous Blood sparkled in his Veins , more Arts and Sciences thronged in his S●ul : A learned Prince brought up a learned Gentry , the most hope●ul of whom think themselves as much obliged to imitate his Virtues , as the most degenerate were inclined to practi●e his Vices . Four excellent Artists were at once entertained in his Fathers House : 1. A compleat Grammarian and Linguist , Parker . 2. An exact Mathematician and Historian , Calvius : 3. A skilful Musitian , Palleviceno . 4. An active Dancing-master and Souldier .

The Latine Tongue then wearing out its Barbarism , he spake and writ elegantly : Cicero's Works he kenned particularly : Plutarch's Lives and Morals ( that Book which , as Gaza said , would furnish the World , if Learni●g were lost ) he epitomized punctually : The active and practical part of Geometry , he studied intently . And , as the complaisance of his Nature and sweetness of his Temper , he added to these severer studies , those more airy of Musick , Poetry , and Heraldry .

Si ad naturam eximiam eruditio accesserit tum demum singulare quoddam existere solet . This Noble Nature , advanced by this Heroick Education , must needs do Wonders , as it did : first , In the University : where his Company was choice , his Carriage even and staid , his time exactly observed and prudently spent : secondly , abroad : where his Converse was wary , his Conduct Noble and Plausible , his observations and exercises manlike and knowing : Thirdly , at Court : where his presence was graceful , his discourse solid , digested , distinct , and clear ; much improved by reading , more by travelling , most by con●erence with those that speak well : Fourthly , in the Country : where his Hospitality was renowned , his Equity and Prudence beloved , and his Interest large and commanding . None pleased the King at Court more , such his Learning to satisfie him , such his Debonairness to delight him ; ( for as Cardinal Wolsey , so Sir William Molineux got in with King Henry the Eighth by a Discourse out of Aquinas in the morning , and a Dance at night . ) None served him better in the Country : Such his obligations upon Tenants and Neighbours , that he had six thousand men at command : such his prudence and justice , that there were more differences ended in his Parlour , than in Westminster-Hall : such his ca●e and watchfulness , that no Treason stirred , but his Agents discovered , and his Militia was at an hours warning to suppress it : The Idea of the English Gentleman ! In Favour at Court ! In Repute in the Country ! At once Loved and Feared !

Four things he took special care of : 1. That the Poor might have their stated Alms. 2. That the Priests might enjoy their known Dues . And 3. That his Tenant might be so well used , that he might thrive ; and but so well , that he should not be idle . 4. That every Body should be employed : saying , He had rather they should be busie , though doing nothing to the purpose , at the charge of his Purse ; than that they should be idle , doing nothing at all , at the charge of their own pretious time . In a word , he lived in all Capacities a publick Good , and died a common L●ss : Leaving in his Family that best Legacy , A good Example ; and his Country that lasting Mo●ument , A good Name , for two things that he hated ; 1. Depopulating inclosures : 2. Unworthy Inhancements of Rents : For he died with this Advice to his Son , Let the Vnderwoods grow . The Tenants are the supports of a Family , and the Commonalty are the strength of the Kingdom . Improve thriftily , but force not violently either your B●unds or Rents above your fore-Fathers . His Popula●ity never failed of being called to the Parliament , nor his Activity of being useful there : None understood better how to move , to press , to quit , to divert , to escape , to watch and mould a business : None knew better the confederacy of Contrivers , Speakers , Sticklers , Dividers , Moderators , and the ● & No-Men , their Method & Correspondence : None more patient and industrious , when a lower Faction was firmer in conjunction , and a few that were stiff , tired out many more moderate . He had no easiness to be imposed upon , no weakness to be deluded , no low Interest to be corrupted by fond hopes or fair promises of Preferment , to wave the very pinch of a dispute ; no pleasure or vanity to be debauched , while the vigilant Faction steals a Vote worth a Kingdom ; no sloath nor neglect , to be surprized ; no vanity of discourse , to lose his Master , no partiality to be biassed , no discontent to satisfie , no passion to misguide : As one that hated nothing , but what was Dishonest ; feared nothing , but what was ●gnoble ; and loved nothing , but was Just and Honourable : having a care of his Virtue , as lying in his power , but not of Fortune , as lying in the power of Superiours , from whom he could only by deserving command a favour ; he being of Plato's opinion , that a mans mind is the Chariot ; Reason the Coach-man ; Affections the Horses ; desire of Honour the Whips ; both exciting to goe forward , and awing to be exact : Honour , always keeping up curiously the honoured person in an heighth of action , that keeps an even pace with admiration ; evenness and constancy being the Crown of Virtue .

Observations on the Life of Sir William Fitz-James .

HIs Judgement in Parliament brought him to the notice , and his Activity & prowesse in the Wars recommended him to the service of King Henry . The Bishops pleaded for the Catholiq●e Religion , the People for a Reformation ; Sir William offered his Opinion for a mean between both ; That since it was unreasonable to tie up Mankind in blind obedience one toward another , and impossible to run through all Difficulties and Controversies our own selves , ( so much Time and Money must be spent in such an Vndertaking , so many Languages learned , so many Authors read , so many Ages looked into , so many Faiths examined , so many Expositors conferred , so many Contradictions reconciled , so many Countries travelled , for any considerable satisfaction ) to believe all , is inconsistent ; to neglect all , is impious : There remains no other way for the Laicks , but to recollect and ●ick to the most Common , Authentick and Vniversal Truths , tending to Virtue and Godliness ; apart from what is doubtful and controverted , and tending only to strife and perplexity ; and by these to live our selves , and exa●ine all other pretensions whatever ; there being no part of Religion but what hath Virtue and Grace as its Foundation and Design : A way that would keep men from Atheism , under a sense o● Religion ; from endless controversies , in the solid p●actice of Virtue ; from fatal Divisions , in peace and concord . Let us ( said he ) establish and fix these Catholique and Vniversal Notions , and they will settle our Souls , and not hinder us to believe whatsoever is faithfully taught by the Church , or submit to what is authoritatively enjoyned by the State . So that whether t●e Eastern , Western , Northern , or Southern Teachers , &c. and particularly whether my Lord of Rochester , or Luther , &c. be in the Right , we Laicks may so build upon those Catholicks and infallible Guards of Religion , as whatsoever superstructures of Faith be raised , these Foundations may support them .

This Discourse opened a Door to the Reformation intended , and shut out all those prejudices it might lie under from the State , and Religion o● Fore-Fathers , &c.

Hereupon Sir William is invited to Court ; and when the air and softness of that place suited no● his more severe and stirring Temper , he is promoted to Authority first by Land , and then by Sea ; where none was more watchful in the War● between Us and France , none so active in those between Us and Scotland : With thirty six Ships he gave Law to the narrow Seas , as Poynz with forty more did to the Main : There was not a serviceable man belonging to him , but he knew by name ; It being his Rule , That none fought well , but those thet did it for a fortune .

While he watched the Coast of France , he discovered twelve French Ships , in which the Archbishop of Glasco , and divers others of Quality were , ( whom the Duke of Albany had sent before him into Scotland ; ) these he chased to a ship-wrack : and leaving a Squadron to shut up the French Havens , went along the French Coasts , landing in divers places , wasting the Country , till at last he came to Treport , a Town strongly situated , and garisoned with three thousand men , which yet he took ; and finding it not his Interest to dwell there , pillaged and burned it , going off with Success and Glory : Insomuch that King Henry joyned him with the Bishop of Bath in the Commission for the Treaty at Paris ; where such Articles were agreed on touching a Marriage with the Princess Mary , and the joynt Embassie to the Emperour , as spake Sir William as well seen in the state of Europe , as any particular Person in the seven Kingdoms of it : whereof one was , That they should unite by all the Ties of Alliance . Friendship and Interest , against the growing Power of Austria , so far as that there should be no League , Correspondence , War or Peace , wherin they both should not be concerned .

From his Forein Negotiations he returns to his home-services : and the next view we have of him is in the Parliament , bringing up with Sir Anthony Fitz-Herbert , a Bill against the Cardinal ; who wi●hed then , as Philip Duke of Burgundy did , that with Alexander he had Died young .

1. For encroaching upon his Sovereigns power by his Legantine Authority . 2. For treating between the Pope and the King of France , without his Master's privity and consent ; as likewise between Himself and the Duke of Fer●ara . 3. For joyning Himself with his Majesty ; saying , The King and I. 4. For swearing his Houshold-servants only to himself . 5. For speaking with the King , when infected with the Pox , pretending it was only an Imposthume . 6. For giving by prevention divers Benefices away , as Legate . 7. For receiving Embassadors before they came to the King : As also for opening all the Kings Letters , and taking an account of all Espials , concealing what he pleased 8. For carrying things with an high hand in the Privy Council . 9. For transporting Grain , and sending advertisements of the Kings Affairs abroad . 10. For taxing or alienating Religious mens lands , to the great decay of hospitality and charity . 11. For controuling the Nobility , and engrossing all Causes in his Iurisdiction . 12. For taking all ordinary Iurisdiction from them by prevention , and seizing their Estates , as be did all other Ecclesiastical persons upon their death . 13. For perswading the Pope by indirect practices to suppress Monasteries . 14. For passing Iudgments without hearing , and reversing such Iudgments as had duly passed . 15 For suspending the Popes pardons untill he was ●ee'd . 16. For turning out his old Tenants . 17. For his general encroachments upon the Rights of Religious Houses , and the encroachments of Courts of Iustice . 18. For saying to the Pope , in order to the obtaining of a Legantine power , to the indelible shame of the Church of England , That the Clergy of England were given in reprobum sensum . 19. For embezling the Goods of the most wealthy Prelates that died in his time . 20. For bringing off his Servants from the Law against extortion , at York . 21. For dividing the Nobility . 22. For keeping as great state at Court , and exercising as great authority in the Country for purveyance , &c. as the King . 23. For forbidding petitions and purveyances within his Iurisdictions . 24. For engrossing all Copy holds within his power , to his Lemans , Procurers , &c. 25. For altering the Market-prices set under ●His Majesties Hand and Seal . 26. For impressing his Hat under the King's Crown , in the Coyn at York . 27. For hindering the due course intended by visiting the Vniversities to suppress heresies . 28. For disposing of mens Estates and Proprieties at his pleasure .

This Bill was aggravated most effectually , by three most pinching considerations : Viz. That the King's Honour was by him diminished : That the state of the Realm was by him decayed and discontented : That the course of Justice was by him obstructed . A great Undertaking , this ! To bring down this lofty Prelate ! ( whom his Master created the * King 's Fellow , and his own pride made his Superiour ) But as Wise as Great , if we regard the five Politick circumstances : 1. The Queen was engaged . 2. The People were oppressed . 3. The King was needy and covetous . 4. The Nobility were kept under . 5. The Clergy were harrassed : And all by this proud man : And at that juncture is he convened before the Parliament , and charged home by this excellent Knight , who never left him till he was humbled , as Justice Fitz-Herbert did not his servants , until they were reformed .

Neither did the Pope escape him abroad , better than the Cardinal at home : For his next action we find is a Declaration drawn by him , Io. Fits-Warren , Tho Audley , and Others , to Pope Clement the Seventh , expostulating his Delays , and conjuring his Dispatch in the Business of the King's Marriage .

Very serviceable he was to his Master in time of Peace , more in time of War , where he said as the great General did , that he never saw fear , but upon the back of his enemies : and particularly ●t the Insurrection 1536. where he cut off the Rebels Passes , distressed their Arms , and when they refused a Treaty but upon condition that Ashe their Leader was pledged , advised an engagement with them out of hand ; saying , No English-man should be undervalued so far as to be an Hostage for a Villain : and adding further ( so good was his Intelligence ) That if they were not defeated speedily , the Scots and Germans would discover that they had but too much hand in this plot .

For which his services , his Master raised him to the Admiralship of England , and the Earldom of Southampton ; in which Qu●lity he was one of the three Noblemen that managed the Business of Divorce between the King and Anne of Cleve , with that applause that made him Lord Privy-Seal , Nov. 14. Anno 1541. and the grand Examinant of the particulars in the Lady Katharin Howard's Case , a matter of great trust and secrecy ; w●ich he performed with a searching and deep Judgment , beyond that Ladies fear , and the King's expectation ; as appears from the exact Account given under Sir Tho. Audley and his own hands , touching that matter .

Having provided for the Kings Safety at Home , he is One of Four that treat for his Intrest abroad , I mean upon the Borders of Scotland ; where our excellent Persons dexterity was observed , in gaining that time by various Proposals ●or Peace , that served his Master to provide against the War ; in the beginning whereof , the brave Lord died at York : so much esteemed , that for the Honour of his Memory his Standard was born in the Fore-ward , all this Expedition . A Person in whom prudence was even with activity , resolution with prudence ; Success with Resolution , Moderation with Success ; Honour and Favour with All.

Observations on the Life of Sir Thomas Darcy .

SIr Thomas Darcy was one of King Henry the Eighth'● first Counsellours , so advanced ( a● most of his Fellows ) not for Affection , but Interest ; owing his Promotion to his own sufficiency , rather than his Masters favour . His Counsel was weighty at Home , his Assistance necessary Abroad ; where in behalf of Pope Iulius the second and the Emperour , he did more with 1500 Archers in ● year for the balancing of Europe , than had been done before in an Age.

No Employment so dangerous at that time as that of the Warden of the West Marches of Scotland , none so noble for that Employment as my Lord , who was equally knowing and stout , and at once most feared , and most loved .

The Earl of Shrewsbury made some Inroads into Scotland , the Lord Darcy seconds him : But being surprized by the Duke of Albany's preparations , he had as much Wit to make Peace , as he had Resolution to carry on the War . None knew better when to yield , none better when to conquer ; so great ● command had he over himself ! so great over th● Enemy , that he brought them to request his Wish , aud offer what was his Interest ! With the Duke of Surrey's assistance by Land , and Fitz-William● his by Sea , he reduced that Nation to a good Intelligence with Us that year , and a Peace the next ; a Peace ( as he observed ) that would ●e no longer kept , than we had a Sword in our Hands , and an Army on their Borders : For Con●cience guided other parts of the World , ( he said ) and Fear Scotland : Whence he invaded them duely once a year .

Observations on the Life of Sir Thomas Howard .

SIr Edward's Brother in Worth , as well as Blood : His Fathers Interest set him up , and his own Industry kept him so : All the Children were brought up for Sea-Services , this Gentleman for Sea Commands . He immediatly succeeds his younger Brother in the Admiralty ; and wisely considering the advantage of the French Gallies in a calm , the number of their ships , the danger of their winds for us , if they blew South-west , desired of the King so many Souldiers as might man the ships , and make good the landing , wherewith he scoured the seas , and secured the Kings passage , with so much Honour , that he was able to assist his Father at Court , as much as Wolsey did Fox : his Gallantry being no less pleasing to his Master , than the other young Favou●ites Compliance ; and both these young men had no less Art to govern his Prince , than he had to govern his Kingdom : These Arts , which all other Favourites use , being Hopes and Fears , which as Doors & Passages to the heart , a●e so guarded by their vigilancy , that they c●n both let themselves in , and keep all others out : the two Ends upon which the Thread of Government depends . His Father is made Duke of Norfolk , and he Earl of Surrey ; both are an eye-sore to the Cardinal , who●e Fortune h●d no Superior in the Ki●gs Favour , whose Ambition would endure no Equal The Old Mans years and cares are fitted with a Retirement in the Country ; the Young Mans ambition and activity , with a Government in I●eland , which he reduced as speedily to obedience ( notwithstanding Desmond's Rebellion ) as he had to civility , had it not been for Wolsey's Underminings , who endured no publick service but what he did himself ; and would chuse rather that the Kingdom should perish by a Traytor , then be saved by a Nobleman . Beloved he was by that Country ( where he left a Peace and a Parliament , Anno 1521. ) so that they were loth to part with him : Wanted he was by the King , to scour the narrow seas for the French War ; so that he must have him . The King hath made him formerly His Admiral , the Emperour upon his return from England makes him his ; and with both their Commissions he lands in Normandy , wastes the adjacent Countries , ( sparing only Religious Houses ) takes and sacks Morlais in Bretaign ( which he entered under the smoak ) burns their ships , commands the sea , and sets the Emperour safe in Spain ; advising his Majesty from thence to make a general Muster of his Subjects for his own satisfaction and others terrour , March 27 , 1522. The troubles in Scotland required an able Head and a stout Heart , two Endowments that no man was more Master of than the Earl of Surrey , now Duke of Norfolk ( upon his beloved Fathers decease ) whose Prudence toyled the Scots to deliver up their King , as his Prowess frighted them to yeild up themselves , as they did in that most exquisi●e Treaty , where the Earl of Worcester beat the Bush , saith my noble Author , and our Duke catched the Hare .

A while after he is Earl Marshal , and Embassador to King ●rancis about t●ose two grand poin●s : 1. That the French King should set up a Patriarch : 2. That he should stop up all the payments made to Rome , wi●h fair promises of that supply of men and money he then most wanted

When the Pope stuck to Queen Katherine , three things he advised the King to : 1. To teach the people that a general Council was above the Pope , and proclaim that he did appeal to it . 2. To fix upon every Church-Door the Dowagers Appeal to Rome , and the late Statute against it . 3. To confederate with the Kings of Hunga●y and Poland , the Estates of the Empire and the Hanse Towns . Three things that would settle his People at home , and strengthen his Interest abroad : To which he added the Statute of Succession , the Oath of Supremacy , Sir William Howard's Embassy to the Scotch King , the suppression of Religious Houses , the War in Ireland under Sir William Sheffington , and a thorow search into the bottom of the Rebellion in the North , by a connivance and delay .

But all his services could not quit him from suspicion , nor his popularity from envy : The Lord Da●cy accuseth him to excuse himself , and Cromwel seconds him ●o secure himself : & ( as unhappinesses follow one another in the same order as one wave flowe●h after another ) his Nieces miscarriages threatned his fall ; but that the honest man ( as appears from a Letter the whole Council sent to Sir William Paget then resident in France ) was the first that declared against her , and put the King upon the most safe & honourable ways of trying her ; which sati●fied his Majesty so far , that he employed him as c●ief in the Treaty upon the Borders , and General in the War when that Treaty failed ; Sir Anthony Brown , upon his Recommendation , being added to the Commissioners in Scotland , and to the Privy-Council in England , ●s Master of the King's Horse , as Sir Iohn Gages was Compt●oller of his House .

Several Persons came to London for a Reward of their Scotch service● ; this Duke gave the King a wa●y and grave counsel , to bestow upon them as much Land as they could win in Scotland .

But Greatness is fatal : The King is old and testy , the Government disordered & irregular , the Duke too stifly honest to comply , the Council envy him ; and in this Juncture his Wives passion discovereth his Minions , and they , to save themselves , his privacies and secrets : His son , a man of a deep unde●standing , of a sharp wit and great valour , bred up with Henry Fitz-roy at Windsor , and afterwards at Paris , was beheaded before his face . His Favourite M●s. Holland deposed , That he said many , looked for the Protectorship ( when the King , who lived and moved by Engines and Art , rather than by Nature , should die ) but he would carry it : That the King did not love him because he was loved by his Country ; but he would follow his Fathers Lesson , which was , That the less others set by him , the more he would set by himself : That he had a Daughter for the King as well as others● &c. His Estate was great , his power greater ; the King's occasions had swallowed up the one , and his Enemies ambition the other , notwithstanding his humble submission before the Council , and his many services to the King , had not his Majesties Death saved his Life .

As the deepest Hate is that which springs from violent Love , so ●he greatest Discourtesies oft arise from the largest Favours . It is indiscreet to oppress any , dangerous a Prince with Kindnesses ; which being Fetters , are Treason on that Person : But Suspicion ! Ah sad Suspicion ! The Companion of the Weak or Guilty ! The Cloud of the Mind ! The Forfeiture of Friends ! The check of Busine●s ! Thou that disposest Kings to Tyranny ! Husbands to Jealousie ! Wise men to Irresolution and Melancholy ! Trust , and you need never suspect : But Policy and Friendship are incompatible , I see ; where Norfolk begs that Life from the Block at last , which he had ventured two and thirty times for his Sovereign . Who knows the Cares that go to Bed with Statesmen ! Enemies Abroad , Treache●ies at Home , Emulations of Neighbours , Dissatisfaction of Friends ; Jealousies of most , Fear of all : unwelcome Inventions to palliate unjust Courses : fears of Miscarriage and Disgrace ; with Projects of Honour and Plausibility , with restless thoughts how to discover , prevent , conceal , accommodate the Adversaries , or his own Affairs . Let us live , and love , and say , God help poor Kings !

Observations on the Life of Sir Edward Stanley .

THe Stanley's service to Henry the Seventh , was a sufficient pledge of their faithfulness to Henry the Eighth . Honour floated in Sir Edward's blood , and Valour danced in his spirits : His stirring childhood brought him to Henry the eighth's company , and his active manhood to his service . The Camp was his School , and his Learning was a Pike and Sword ; therefore his Masters Greeting to him was when they met , Hoh , my Souldier ! In many places did he shew himself , but no where more than at Flodden , where his Archers fetched down the Scots from their fastness , and relieved the English from their distress ; the Earl of Surrey beginning the Conquest , and Si● Edward crowning it : for which the King immediately set him high in his favour , and not long a●ter , as high in the world , being made Baron Stanley , and Lord Mounteagle . Twice did he and Sir Iohn Wallop land with only 800. Men in the heart of France , and four times did he and Sir Tho. Lovell save Callis ; the first time , by Intelligence ; the second , by a stratagem ; the third , by valour and resolution ; and the fourth , by hardship , patience , and industry .

In the dangerous Insurrection by Ashe and Cap●●in Cobler , his Zeal for the States welfare was a●ove scruples , and his Army was with ●im before ●is Commission : for which dangerous piece of ●oyalty , he asked pardon , and received thanks . Two things he did towards the discomfiture of the Rebels , ( whose skill in Arms exceeded ●is Follow●rs , as much as his policy did their Leaders ) first , he cut off their provisions , and then secondly , sow●d sedition among them , whilst his Majesty gained ●ime by pretended Treaties to be even with them , drawing off the most eminent of the factions every day , and confounding the rest . He lived wi●h this strange opinion , that the soul of Man was like the winding up of a Watch , and when the String was run out , the Man died , and there the Soul determined , but he died not so .

Observations on the Life of Sir Thomas Bolen .

THe City enriched this Family , their Parts raised them : His Activity was as taking with King Henry , as his Daughters beauty . He was the Picklock of Princes : upon his word only would the King model his Designs , and upon his word alter them . He discovered Ferdinand's underhand-treaty with Lewis , and his design upo● Navarre ; a●d writ to his Master to press the ambiguous man to a co●clusion , and to send over some treasure : for , said he , the whole World i● now to be sold ; adding the necessity of a peace , o● at least a truce with Scotland . Sir Thomas Bole● was against the Kings going to France in person before he had some more issue , or * * One of the house of York . Edmund de la Po●● were dispatched out of the way . Sir Thomas Howard was for it , it being dangerous to entrust so Noble an Army , or so renowned an Action with any subject , especially when Maximilian the Emperour offered to serve under his Majesty as Lieutenant , and the Pope to attend him as Chaplain . There is nothing more remarkable of Sir Thom●● Bolen , than , 1. The Education of his Children ; his eldest son being bred at the Emperours Court , his youngest with the Pope at Rome , and his Daughter with Queen Mary in France . 2. His Negotiation with the Lord St. Iohns in Germany , where he over-reached the Emperour no less than the Earl o● Worcester did the French King : so cunningly binding him , that he understood nothing of our Affairs ; and yet so narrowly si●ting him , that we knew all his Intrigues . Visible was all the world to our State then , and invisible our State to all the world .

From Germany he is sent with Richard Sampson , D. H. to Spain , to set Charles as forward against the French , as he had done Maximilian . His service advanced him to the honour of a Barony and a * * He is made● Viscount Rochford . Viscountship , and the profit of the Treasureship of the Houshold ; and his success upon the Malecontent Duke of Bourbon by Sir Io. Russel , who treated with him in Disguise , set him as high in the Kings favour , as his Wife was ; a virtuous Lady , that was the Kings Friend , but not his Mistriss ; his delight , and not his sin .

In Spain so earnestly did our Sir Thomas mediate ●or the delivering up of the French Hostages , that ( as Sandoval saith ) Charles protested to him , that for his sake onl● he would relinquish his Demand for the restitution of Burgundy , in which the difficulty of the peace consisted : adding further , That for the same reason he would accept as well for Francis his two sons ransome , as his charge , what was freely offered , viz. 2000000 Crowns : and he with Sir Robert Poyntz make up that treaty , the great Arbi●rators of Europe ! at whose disposal Kings set their Crowns , and Kingdoms their Peace ; in whose breast fate the fate of Christendome , by their voices to stand or fall .

As faithful is he to the King at home , though to his own prejudice , as he is serviceable abroad , to his honour : for when the people talked oddly out of envy to his Daughter , ( now visibly in favour ) and pi●y to Q●een Katherine , Sir Thomas adviseth his Majesty to ●orbid his Daughter the Court , and declare that those proceedings ●ere more to satisfie his Conscience , and secure Succession , than to gratifie any other more private respect : so far to his Daughters discontent , that she would not come near the King until her Father was commanded ( not without threats ) to bring her thither ; who by representing the common danger to them both , obtained at length ( saith my Lord Herbert ) though not without much difficulty , the cons●●t of his unwilling Daughter to return : where yet she kept that distance , that the King might easily perceive how sensible she was of her late dismission . Sir Thomas would have married her to the Lord Percy , but the King and Cardinal forbad it ; deterrin old Northumberland from it , and he his Son . Many Love-Letters between King Henry and Anne Bolen are sent to Rome : one Letter be●w●en the Cardinal and his Confede●ates is fetched thence by Sir Thomas his Dexterity ; who advised Sir Francis Bryan , then Resident , to get in with the Popes Closet-keepers Courtezan , and shew her the Cardinals hand , by which she might find out and copy his Expresses ; as she did to his ruine , and our King 's great satisfaction . To which Letter is annexed a Declaration under his hand , and the Lords Darcy , Mountjoy , Dorset , and Nor●olk , of 44 Articles against the great Cardinal . His hand being now in , he must through : He adviseth the King to consult the Universities of Christendome : He goeth in person when made Earl of Wiltshire to the Pope , and contrives that a Declaration of the whole Kingdome in Parliament should follow him : which so amused his Holiness with our Earls stratagems , that he was asleep as it were until the state of England was quite altered . To this he adds the peace with France , and the interview with King Francis , where his Daughter is married privately , and her Brother made Yiscount Rochford . Convening a Parliament to his mind at Black-Fryers , and advancing an Arch-bishop to his purpose in Canterbury , he is secure of the Church and of the Kingdom ; whereof the first hallowed the action , & the second confirmed it . I say nothing of the bird , the egge is bad , and left by the hard hearted and Orstredg posterity in the Sand : thinking it more engenuous to confess that the scandal of it is not to be answered , than to bustle and keep a coil , and twist new errors with old , falling to Scylla for fear of Charybdis , for fear of the absurditie● that dropped from that first one as thick as Sampsons Enemies heaps upon heaps .

Observations on the Life of Sir Edward Howard .

HE set out with his Fathers Reputation , and came home with his own : Britain feels his Arm to this day . and the French his success . Desperate were his Undertakings , yet happy ; rash his Engagements , yet honourable ; it being his Maxime , That never did Sea-man good , that was not resolute to a degree of madness . The French Fleet he pursueth to the Haven under their own Forts closely . Sir Edward considering the order wherein the French lay , thought fit to advertise his King and Master thereof ; advising him withal , ( saith my Author ) to come in person , and have the glory of this Action : but the Kings Council taking this Message into consideration , and conceiving that it was not altogether fear , ( as was thought ) but stratagem and cunning that made the French thus attend their advantage , thought the King was not invited so much to the honour , as to the danger of this Action ; therefore they write sharply to him again , commanding him to do his duty : whereof that brave person was so sensible , that he landed 1500 men in the sight of 10000 , and wasted the Country , until being too confident , he fell a while after into his Enemies hands ; the Lord Ferrers , Sir Thomas Cheyney , Sir Richard Cornwal , and Sir Iohn Wallop looking on , but not able to relieve him . Four Reasons he would usually give against a War with the Low-Countries : 1. The decay of Trade : 2. The Diminution of Customs . 3. The strengthening of France : 4. The loss of their industry and inventions , and so of the improvement of our Commodities & Manufactures . In the youth of this State , as of all others , Arms did flourish ; in the Middle-gate of it , Learning ; and in the Declining , ( as Covetousness and Thrift attend Old Age ) Mechanick Arts and Merchandize : and this Gentleman was made for each part , being not so much a Souldier as a Scholar , nor so much a Scholar as a Merchant . But a private spirit is most unfortunate ; and ( as my Oracle assures me ) whereas men of that temper all their time sacrifice to themselves , they become in the end themselves sacrifices to fortune , whose wings they thought by their wisdome to have pinioned .

Observations on the life of Sir Thomas Howard Earl of Surrey .

SIr Thomas Howard was this Kings prime Counsellour ; a brave and an understanding man : who was obliged to be faithful to his Master , because an Enemy to Winchester : ( emulation among Favourites is the security of Princes . )

Four motives he offered for a Marriage with the Princess Katharine : 1. A League with Spain , against the growing power of our dangerous Neighbour France . 2. The saving of much time and expense in Marriage , by her being here . 3. The consideration of that vast sum of Money that must be exported if she goeth away . And 4. The great Obligation laid on the Pope by that Dispensation , which would secure to him the King aud his Posterity , not otherwise Legitimate but by his Authority .

His Estate was much wasted in the service of Henry the seventh , and as much improved by the treasures of Henry the eighth , which amounted in the beginning of his Reign to 1800000 l. i. e. at the rate of money now adays , six millions and an half ; which he dispensed so thriftily , that old Winchester could not trapan him ; and yet so nobly , that young Henry was pleased with him . Sir William Compton set up the King's * * They were 50. with an Archer , a Demilance and a Constillier apiece : They and their horses being vested in Cloath of Gold . Rich Life-guards , ( under Bourchier Earl of Essex as Captain , and the valiant Sir Io. Peachy who kept Calais in so good order with 300 men , as Lieutenant ) but this wary Earl put them down again . When News was brought that Empson and Dudley were slain , it was the Earls opinion that his Majesty had done more like a good King than a good Master . When the narrow Seas ( whereof the Kings of England have been very tender ) were infested , this old Treasurer and Earl-Marshal cleared it by his two sons Edward and Thomas , saying , The King of England should not be imprisoned in his Kingdome , while either he had an Estate to set up a Ship , or a son to command it . In three weeks did he settle th● North against the Invasions of Iames the fourth , now inclining in to the Feench ; and in a fortnight did he raise 40000 l. to pay the Army , now ready to mutiny : insomuch , that when King Iames denounced War against King Henry , he said , He had an Earl in the North that would secure his Kingdome ; as he did with much resolution , prudence , and success at Flodden-Field , where he saw a King at his feet , and a whole Kingdome at his mercy ; where he was forced to fight , so barren the Country , ( una salus victis nullam sperare salutem ! ) where yet he pitched upon the most advantageous place and time ; so great his Command of himself , and so noble his Conduct !

He sends Rouge Croix to the Scotch King , to tell him , That though he saw no Enemy at Sea , he hoped to find some upon the Land : That he came to justifie Bretons death , which it was as much below a King to revenge , as it was below a Privy Counsellour to have deserved : That he expected as little mercy as he intended ; his sword being commissioned to spare none but the King , whom no hand must touch . To this Defiance , he added a Caution to the Herauld , That he should bring no messenger from the Enemy nearer than two miles of the Camp . So well were the Scots encamped , that when neither Arguments nor Stratagems would draw them out , the Earl cuts off their provision there ; and under the covert of a smoak got the Earl under the hill , and under another of mist got they atop : The Scots played the men , until Stanley and Darcy did more than men : and the old mans Reserve concluded the doubtful day in so c●mpleat a Conquest , as brought 12000 Arms , 16 Cannons , 4000 Prisoners , and a Peace to the English Borders . Upon which , the General retires to those more necessary exercise● of Justice and Government , until his Masters return : When all his Services advanced him ( at that time , when it was ● Maxime of State , That Honours are the Lustre and Security of Crowns ) to his Fath●rs Dukedom of Norfolk , as his Sons Merits promoted him to his of the Earldom of Surrey .

The Kings Coffers decay , and his Occasions grow : The old man retires to his Country-house , having enjoyed his Honour Thirty years , to enjoy Himself Three : One of his last Undertakings being the appeasing of the London Tumults , May 1. 1517. when he left this behind him , A potent and wanton City , is a shrewd Enemy .

Observations on the Life of Sir William Compton .

HE was chief Gentleman of the Bedchamber to Henry the Eighth , and next to the chief in the affections of the same Prince : If his spirit had been as even with his favour , as his favour was with his Merits , he had been the most useful as well as the most eminent man in England : but he was too narrow for his Fortune , and more attentive to his private advantage , than to the publick affairs : This Saying is at once his History and Monument ; Kings must hear all , but believe only one : for none can give a solid advice but he that knoweth all , and he must not be every body . As to the affairs of Europe ● S● William was clearly for the League against France as an opportunity to regain our Right in France and strenghthen our Interest in the Church & th● Empire . My Lord Darcy was against it ; becau●● France was too hard for us before it swallowed u● our a a Of Bretany a●d Normandy . Confederates , and much more since : advising some mo●e noble attempts for our just Empir● upon the Indies . The young King is for a Wa● with France , a● an Engagement upon the Pope t● advance England above all other Kingdoms ; an● declares himself as much Sir William's in opinio● as he was his in affection .

This Gentleman had a deep insight in any thin● he undertook , because he had a great patience t● consider , an advantageous slowness to recollect , ● strong memory to grasp , and an indifferent tempe● to judge : but when a matter exceeded his capaci●ty , or out-reached his sphere and orb , he had ei●ther a peremptory and great word to urge it , or ● sleight to wave it , or a subtlety to perplex it , ( tha● his amazed fellow-Commissioners should as littl● unde●stand it ) or a countenance and ge●ture too verbear it . However , in general he was close an● reserved , ( he had need go softly that cannot we● see ) leaving himself without observation or hol● to be taken what he was . He studied the King nature , rather than his bu●iness ; and humoure● rather than advised him . The referring of all t● a man , becomes a Prince , whose self is not him●self , but the community , ( their good and evil be●ing ( as my Lord Bacon writes ) at the peril of ● publick fortune ) but not a subject , whose privat● advantage may be a publick ruine ; not a Favou●rite , whose benefit by that selfishness may be narrow as his own Fortune , but the hurt done by it is as large as his Masters , who must needs be undone , when his servants study to please Him , and to profit Themselves .

Observations on the Life of Sir Henry Marney .

SIr Henry Marney was one of young Henry's first Council , who loved his Peson well , and his Prospericy better ; and impartially advised him for his good , and modestly contested with him against his harm ; that Council that was hand as well as head , and could perform as well as advise : This was the searching Judgement that discovered Buonviso the Lucchess his Letters to the French King , betraying our designs as soon as thought on , and instructing him for prevention , before our King was ready for the attempt . Industry and Thrift over-rules Princes : This Personage had no time to transcribe Intelligence , but what he borrowed from his sleep ; nor money to buy it , but what he saved out of his allowance : yet he understood more than any one Prince of Europe , and was more consulted than any one Statesman . His Judgment was much valued , his Integrity more ; ever offering what was solidly safe , rather than what was superficially plausible : as one who was a stranger to the wisdome of the latter Age , ( as Sir Francis Bacon describes it ) which is rather fine Deliveries and shifts from Inconveniences , than solid and grounded courses for advantage . His foresight was large , and his spirit larger : he considered all Circumstances that occurred to him ; judged what he considered , and spoke what he judged with that resolution as to his opinion , that argued he understood the matter in question ; with that modesty as to his Superiours , that shewed he understood himself . He would say that he that could not with the Cameleon change colour with the Aire he live● in , must with the Cameleon live only upon Aire .

Observations on the Life of Sir Edward Poynings .

SIr Edward Poynings was the third of eighteen Counsellours bequeathed by Henry the VII . to his Son , with his Kingdom ; a Privy Council wherein there was not one Lawyer ! and a Cabal that never condescended for advice to any below themselves , or for performance of any of their Degrees to any be●ides themselves ; being a compleat Body of active and knowing men in their own Orb. Who more prudent than Surrey ? who more resolved than Poynings ? whose Vigilancy made him Master of the Cinque Ports , as his Valour advanced him General of the Low-Country Forces , whom he led on to several services with such success , and brought off ( with the loss of not above an hundred men ) with Honour from the Lady Margaret , and Applause from the whole Country .

No less happy was he in his Government of Tournay , until the Council at home ( now 〈◊〉 thin by the secession of Warham , Fox , 〈◊〉 Norfolk ) had more need of him than Garisons a●road : Vainly is that spirit penned within a City , that was equal to a Kingdom . It is the unhappiness of other Monarchies , that they have not Men answerable to their Employments ; it was the unhappiness of this , that it had not Employment suitable to its Men.

He liv'd and di'd in Arms : Bulloign saw him fi●st a Souldier , and Bulloign saw him last the best Camp-Master in all Christendom : always observing three things : 1. The Situation of his Camp to secure his Army . 2. The Accommodation of it , to supply it . 3. His Retreat , to draw off : the Avenues , to be guarded with Souldiers , and strengthened with Re-doubts ; which he made Triangular , that more men might engage the Enemy at once : during erection whe●eof , the Army was pallisado'd in the Front with stakes headed with iron on both ends five foot long , & stuck slope-wise into the ground , to keep off both Horse and Foot : the Foot-Sentinels were without the Redoubts , the Horse-Guards beyond them , at distance enough to descry the Enemy , and not too much , to retire to their works . A serious and plodding brow bespoke this Noble Knights deep Prudence , and a smart look his resolved Valour ; who was a man vastly different in his publick capacity , from what he was in his priv●te employment : Quemquam posse putas mores narrare futuros Dic mihi , si fias tu leo , qualis eris .

Observations on the Life of Sir Charles Somerset .

SIr Charles Somerset , afterward Lord Herbert of Gower , &c. endeared himself to King H. as much for his Maxime , That Reason of State was Reason of Law ; as for his Advice , That the King should never suck at Law , in case of Publique Good ; and yet that all ●is Acts for publique Good should come as near as possible to the Law . So Popular was this Gentleman , that he received all the Petitions against Empson and Dudley ; yet so loyal , that he advised his Master neither to spare those Leeches , lest any should p●esume to alienate his Peoples affections from him by Extortions for the future ; nor yet too severely to punish them , lest any should be discouraged to serve the Crown for the present : ( for indeed Empson and Dudley suffered for that which others were advanced for ; the Parliament punished them for putting their Laws in execution , and the King deserted them for improving his Exchequer to a Treasury . )

Two things this Lord advised his Master to , before he put the Crown upon his head .

1. To redress the Peoples Grievances under his Father . 2. To marry not in France , where he had a Title : A Kingdom so near us , that by reason of mutual jelousies we may have peace with it sometimes , but Friendships never .

In the Houshold he was Lord Chamberlain , so discreet his Carriage ! In the French Expedition , Anno 1513. he was General , so Noble his conduct ! His Assi●stants were the Earls of Northumberland , Shrewsbury , Kent and Wiltshire ; his Followers , the Lord Audley , De la Ware , a a Master of the Ordinance , who was killed the first Night before Therovene . Carew and Curson , &c.

Therovene he besiegeth in good Order , and with Wolsey's advice , who had lived long in that Town ; understands all the Avenues of it ; a●d with Sir Oughtred , Sir Henry Guilford , Sir Edward Poynings , Sir Charles Brandon and , Sir Alexander Baynam's assistance , sprung several Mines , repulsed the French Relief and the City-Assailants , so that the Town was yielded August 22. 1513. and upon Mazimilian's Intreaty razed as he did Tournay , September 22. Herbert was for razing this place , as farther from us than Therovene ; but Wolsey for the Bishopricks sake , is for the garisoning of it , as a Trophy . The King recollecting his former occasions , Febr. 3. 1514. thought he could not do a more just or a more prudent Act , than recompence his Noble Servants ( but the cheapest way , I mean that of Honour ) as he did old Somerset with the Earldome of Worcester .

With this Honour at home , is joyned another abroad , viz. That of Embassie to Maximilian , where he reached that Germans depth● , and clearly demonstrated that those fond and impossible Offers of the Empire , were but Artifices rather than Kindnesses : to drain the Kings Treasure , rather than enlarg his Dominions : Advising him or raise a Citadel at Tournay , and an Army in Normandy : He finished the Espousals between the Princess Mary and the Dolphin ; and delivered Tournay , by the ●ame token that he would not let the Mareschal de Castilion to enter with Banner displayed , but rolled up , it being ( as he said , who when Lord Herbert was at the taking of it ) voluntarily yielded up , and not gotten by Conquest : and then bestowed himself with Sir Richard Wingfield for the great enterview between King Francis and King Henry ; an interview I know not whether more solemn or more dangerous : Kings cannot meet without great state , and they seldom part without much envy ; who never are further asunder than when they meet , His most eminent Action here , was the Device of that Motto , Cui adhareo , praee●t ; a Motto that speaks the Honour of England , and the Interest of Europe . The Arbitrators commanding both the parties , submitting ●o their Arbitration for two Cities in Italy , contending about their bounds , chose the People of Room to be their Arbitrators ; they gave either City a small pittance , and reserved all the rest to themselves ; Quod in medio est Populo Romano adjudicetur .

Observations on the Life of Thomas Grey Marquess of Dors●t .

THe Kings Wars called for Souldiers , and his Peace for Statesmen ; and here is a Person ex utroque magnus : When the whole design ●for ●he Invasion of France was ripened , this Marquess ●s made General , and attended by the Lord Thomas Howard , the Lords Brook , Willoughby , and Fer●ers , with divers Knights , Gentlemen , and others ●o the number of ten thousand men , armed not only with Bows , but Halber●s : He distresseth Navar to a submission to his Master ; forceth his way to Bayon , and with Sir Iohn Styles assistance , kept up the English Honour above that of France and the Empire , keeping close to his Commission , and not stirring a foot without exp●ess Orders from Ireland : Although his pre●ence countenanced some Actions his hands could not perform .

Three things he was very careful of .

1 Of Good Pay , lest his Souldiers m●●ined . 2. Of Good Diet aud Qu●rters , lest they failed . 3. Of Order , Discipline , and Temperanc● , especia●ly in strange Climates , lest they should be distempered .

Two things he was unsuccessful for : 1. The narrowness of his Commission . 2. The reach of Ferdinand , who designed the Conquest of Navar , rather than of France .

Yet what reputation he lost by Land , Sir Edward Howard gained by Sea , commanding the French ships to their Harbours : Over-running Britain , and with Sir Tho. Knevet the Master of the Horse , Sir Iohn Carew , and Sir Henry Guilford's assistance he gave Law in the Mediterranean , until he awed the Neighbour-Princes to terms as honourable for his Master , as dishounorable for themselves : Now we find him valiant in earnest at Sea , anon so in jest at C●urt ( at the solemn Justs proclaimed by Francis de Valois , Duke of Angoulesm in France ) his Nature being not s●inted , buy equally free to debo●ar and serious Enterprises of Pleasure or of Honour ; where six Germans were at his mercy , and four Frenchmen at his feet . His spirit equalled those active times , and his temper his spirit .

Three things set him up 1. His large expenses for shew at Court . 2. His strength and manhood at Justs . 3. His skill and experience in the Field .

He was the best for embattelling an Army in those times : Observing 1. The number , strength , and experience of hih Camp . 2. The Nature and extent of the place , whether Champain or inclosed , hilly or plain , wooddy or moorish , straight or large ; that he might accordingly di●pose of distances and stands . 3. Inclosure● he aimed at for his Foot , and Champain for his Horse , together with the advantages of Wind and Sun . 4. He impales the Flank and Reer with Muskets , Pikes , aud Carriages . 5. His Divisions wer● sundry , but well ordered to relieve one another : His main Battels three : the largest in the front , the next in the middle , with some spaces between for the fi●st to rally it self , or embody with the second ; the third and strongest in the Rear , so divided that the two first Battels may retreat into it , and draw up in it's rear to watch the Enemies disorder in pursuit .

It 's observed of the Turks , that they n●ver put their Ianizaries ( thir best Souldiers ) in the Front , but make use of them for Reserves , by which they have been very succesful : This Noble Marquess went not by rote or fore-conceived ●ules , but by present Prudence , observing time , ●lace , and persons ; neither would he lie open to ●n Enemies design by a constant Method , but alter ●is Stratagems , and contradict all the Rules of Discipline , to disorder the Enemy , and disappoint ●is expectation .

He hath somtimes compounded the wings of his Battle of ablest men , and the Battle it self of the meanest ; ordering them , if overpowred , to make make their retreat to the Rear of the other Divi●ions , through the spaces appointed for that end ; which the Enemy perceiving , followeth ( not smel●ng the drift ) not without disorder , as in all pursuits ) between the two strong wings , who crush them in pieces : His Field-Piec●s after once or twice discharging , were drawn within the Divisions of the main Battle , to f●●e the Enemy at his next approaches if the Front were disordered : And to avoid the execution of hi● Enemies , his files were thin , and his Dragoons ready to seize theirs , whereby at least they were hinderd from shooting ; his Forlorn retired to the main Battel , and out of the Flanks thereof issued with Fire-pots and Granadoes upon the engaged Enemy .

His Horse were in four Battalia's , whereof the first was the greatest , lined with shot , placed on each wing of the main Army ; ways opening upon the opening of the Enemy .

The greatest trust between man and man , is the trust of giving Counsel : For in other confidences ( saith my Lord Bacon ) men commit the parts of life , their Lands , their Goods , their Children , their Credit , some particular affair ; but to such as they make their Counsellours , they commit the whole , by how much the more they are obliged to faithfulness and integrity . None was more trusted than the Marquess , none more trusty : None understood clearer what was fit , none spoke plainer what he understood . What wants a Sovereign ? ( said a flattering Crurtier ) Truth ; ( said a serious King ) Never had King more need of it than Henry , never less of it than he ; whom it was less fatal to Ruing , than to Displease . But this Souldier was as much above feare as Flattery , that told him when pensive , That never was that man merry , that had more than one Woman in his Bed , more than one Friend in his Bosom , more than one Faith in his Heart .

So wa●y was this Gentleman , that he was not rash , and so lost his advantage ; so valiant , that he was not contemptible , and so Lost his command : He led others by the strongest authority of his own forwardness , his own example ; he was led himself by the best Guide , his own Observation , his own Experience : His Book limited not his Design , nor his Paper-plot his Undertakings .

Land-service was his Exerci●e , but the Sea his Delight : The Compass his Study , the Stars his Care , Trade his Thoughts , our own and ●orein Havens his Discour●e , a Sea-man his Familiar , and three Sea-fights his T●iumph : His converse and speech was Souldier-like , plain , short , smart and material : There was a time when he would say noth●ng , and a time when he would say somthing ; but ●e●er a time when he would say all .

He was in a word the happy man , who , notwithstanding that the times could not endure his Virtues , nor he their Vices , died at once full of hohonour at Court , and applause in the Country , with this Monument from the King , That Honest and Good Man .

Observations on the Life of Sir Robert Wingfield .

HIs Parts and Person endea●ed him to the English Court , his Travel and Experience recommended him to Forein Negotiations particula●ly in the Emperour Maximilians Court whom his arguments and his own Interest drew off from France ; Sir Robert helping him to some Observations touching the breach of the Article of Cambray , as his pretense to this alteration , and offering him what men and money he pleased , as his encouragement to this undertaking : Sending in the mean time one Nicolas West , D. L. and Dean of Windsor , to feel the Pulse of all the Princes in Christendome ; and advising , upon an entire reflection on their several Interests , the repair of our frontier Towns and Forts , an Army ready in the North , and a constant Parliament . He is Deputy of Calice , and Viceroy of France : What the French lost in the Fie●d , they got by Treaty , until Sir Richard's time , whose Policy went as far as his Masters Power , in that Accord , Which tyed up ( they said ) the French Kings hands behind his back , and the Scotch between his legs . Yea , he almost perswaded Maximilian out of his Empire , 1615. though he wished the King not to accept of until the French were out of Italy . Some do bett● by Friends or Letters , Sir Robert best by himsel● observing that he never failed , but when he i●●trusted others with what he could do himself ; h●● person breeding regard , and his eye seeing mor● than any he could employ ; and his present min● being more ready in his own affairs upon any a●●teration to come on , draw back , or otherwise ac●comodate matters , than any Substitute , who see●● not the bottom of things , nor turn to occasions● He had about him his Blades and Gallants , to ex●postulate ; his Orators and fair-spoken-men , t● perswade ; his close and subtile ones , to enqui●● and observe ; his froward men , to perplex ; an● his plain Agents , to report : Attendants for al● services , whose experience made them knowing and confident . Doctor West , Pace , Lee , and Gardener's way was the Circuit afar off ; Sir Robert's was the Surprize , quick and nicked , No man observing time more closely ; no man watching Natures tempers , interests advantages and ends more inde●atigably . It was the observation of those dayes , That Sir Robert Wingfield was the best to prepare and ripen Designs , and Sir Thomas Bolen to execute them : But that Age was two boysterous , and he too wary to advance beyond the reputation of a knowing Agent , in which c●pacity he lived ; or of a resolved Patriot , with which honour he dieth .

Observations on the Life of Edward Stafford , Duke of Buckingham .

HIs Blood was high , his Revenue large ; and he was born to adorn the Court , rather than to serve it . He vied with the King in Gallantry , and with the Cardinal in Pride : of the one he speaks irreverently , That Women governed him more than he did the Kingdome ; of the other indiscreetly , That Francis governed France , and Harry England , and Wolsey both ; adding , That the Commonalty might well complain , when we had two Kings to maintain . That which ruineth the world , ruineth him , his Tongue . Fate never undid a man without his own indiscretion ; and her first stroke is at the Head . Abroad , none more Gorgeous ; at Home , none more Noble : at Court , splendid ; among his Tenants , Prince-like ; to his Relations , impartial . A Servant always pulled down the house of the Staffords ; and now one Knevet his Steward , whom he had discharged for oppressing his Tenants , undoeth him : for his Father in-law the Earl of Northumbe●land is set under a Cloud , and his Son-in-law the Earl of Surrey is removed , on pretense of honourable employment , out of the way ; and Wolsey's malice at the Duke hath its full scope , who now deals with Knevets discontent to discover his Masters life , and suggest that the Duke by way of discourse was wont to say how he meant to use the matter , that if King Henry died without issue , he would attain the Crown , and punish the Cardinal . George Nevil Lord Abergavenny his Son-in-law , impeached him , to save him●elf . His Title to the Crown was , his Descent from Anne Plantagenet , Daughter of Thomas of Wood●tock , Son to Edward the third . His Accusation was , 1. That he had conferred with a Cunning Man , ( Hopkins , Monk of Henton ) concerning the future state of this Realm ; who advised him to Popularity : for he should have all , if he had but the love of the People : the Wizard confirming this by Revolutions , and the Duke rewarding it with great encouragment . 2. That he disparaged the present Government , and used Arts to secure the succession . 3. That he had threatned King Henry with the same D●gger that should have murthered Richard the third .

He denied the Charge very eloquently , and disclaimed his Life very rashly ; his foolish words , rather than any designed malice , deserving rather pity then judgement . Much lamented was he by the People , and as much was the Cardinal maliced , being now called by the whole multitude , The Butchers Son . When Buckingham fell , three things fell with him : 1. The Splendour of the Court. 2. Hospitality , and good Landlords in the Country . And , 3. The High-Constableship of England .

All Greatness is subject to Envy ; but none more than that which is insolent and affected , being never its self without its pomp and shew . Plain and modest Greatness is only safe : A Witch then blasts a man when most prosperous , and the Envious ( the onely Wizard in the world ) when most glorious . Wise men therefore have eclipsed themselves , that they might not be gazed on ; and great Ones have shrunk , and suffered themselves to be ove●-born , to be secure . Vain-glorious men are the scorn of the Wise , the admiration o● Fools , the Idols of Parasites , and the envy of the Unworthy , the Busie , the Unfortunate , the Ambitious , and the Rivals . He lives well , that lives in peace ; and he is safely g●eat , that is great in his Conscience . Anger sure is but a weakness in any man , ( it belongeth so much to the Aged and the Childish ) and an indecency in a Noble●man : yet it might have been a Gallantry in this Duke , had it no● , 1. Revealed secrets , and so betrayed him ; And , 2. Spoke bitterly and dangerously , and so abused him . So far will Discontent carry Nature , that it easily believes what it wisheth : So much doth a Prophetick Vanity sway English-men , ( that have the most of men of any in the world in Divinations , and an itch to know things to come ) that the wittiest Sir Thomas More , the most devout Bishop Fisher , the wisest Cardinal Wolsey , and the most Noble the Duke of Buckingham , have been undone by hearkening after P●edictions ; the two first , of Elizabeth Barton ; the third , of Iohn Sacheveril ; and the fou●th , Monk Hopkins . Always are these Divinations ( like the Ast●ologers in Rome ) by seve●e Laws forbidden ; yet alw●ys a●e they by vain persons obtruded . Many Wives , wo England ! hardned many a Male-content to his ruine in King Henry the eighth's time : When HEMPE is spun , England is done , encouraged many a Papi●t to his undoing in Queen Elizabeths time : Leo , Nullus , confirmed many a deluded soul to hi● downfal in our days .

It was as fatal to this great man to trust his Steward , as his Wizard ; the one deluded , the other betrayed him . It undoeth a man to be too close ; therefo●e we have f●iends to ease our selves : it ruineth a man to be too open ; therefore there is a secret not to be communicated to a friend . When the Duke of Buckingham made Knevet his Confessour , he made him his Master . He that is Master of my Heart , is Master of my Life : If my Shirt , said Metellus , knew my minde , I would burn it . If my Servant or Friend knows my intentions , I must either undo him , o● be undone by him , unless he be so much above a man , as not out of weakness to discover me ; or so much above a sinner , as not out of corruption to betray me . Wild Beasts dwell in Dens , Fishes be in Mu● , and Birds in Nests , and a Wise Man is wrapped up in security . Gyges hi● Ring was his wi●dome , whereby he unde●stood others , and was reserved himself . It 's pity he ever learned to speak , that knoweth not how to be silent . I would first be so wise , ( s●ith a Wit and Wi●dome of our Ag● ) as to be my own Counsellour , and next so secret as to be my own Counsel-keeper . Some of my Servants may be of my Bed-chamber , but none shall be of my closet . Before I told you of this , ( saith Charles the Fifth of a Designe discovered upon the seventeen Province● to his Favourite Lunembergh ) I was Emperour , but now you are so .

But the heighth of the Dukes ●p●●it was equally unfortunate with the openness of it ; and he fell no less because he despi●ed Knevet , than because he trusted him .

Contemned Dangers ruine surely , while ●hey su●prize us at once naked , and carele●s ; as ill prepared to offend the slighted Adversary , as to defend our misunderstood Selves . The least Beings have their ●pleen , and command our caution : No creature too mean to be mischievous ; none too inconsiderate to be feared . As long as Weakness can cling to Power , and Power to Malice , what Knevet would , but could not , that Wolsey could and would . If my Enemy be strong , he shall awe ; if weak , he shall guard my Life . Two things are necessary in this Life , Faithful Friends , or Severe Enemies : T●e fewer of the former men of the Dukes fortune have , the more use they should make of the latter . The greatest Enemy , when observed , may do me a great kindness ; the least neglected , can do no little mischief : Security is the only misfortune , and Carelessness the only fate that distresseth the World .

But the Duke threw away his life in a fatal word that could not be recalled , ( I 'le not ask the King for my Life . ) Great need have we to guard that Tongue , whence flow the issues of Li●e and Death ; and weigh those words that go abroad for the measure of our Weal or Wo ; our words being given us to treat with the World about either , discreetly to our happiness , or weakly to our ruine . It hath repented men that they have spoken at all times ; it repented none to have been silent in King Henry's , when there was no security but to the Reserved , and the Pliable . Dionysius the Tyrant , seeing one knocked down at one blow , said to his f●iends ; what a folly is it to quit so fair a command for fear of dying , which lasts , no longer a space !

Observations on the Life of Sir Anthony Brown .

HE was always one of the Council to King Hen●y at home , and of his Commissioners abroad : no Treaty passing without his presence , no Negotiation without his advice ; the first carrying as much Majesty with it , as the second did Authority : the Court having bred the one to a noble Mein , as Experience had done the other to an Oracle ; Experience , I say , whereby he saw more , as Alexander boasted , with his eye , than others comprehended in their thoughts ; that being knowledge in him , that was but conjecture in others .

He was the best Compound in the World ; a learned , an honest , and a travelled man ; a good Nature , a large Soul , and a settled Mind , made up of Notes and Observations upon the most material points of State he could learn at Courts ; of Religion , among the Clergy ; of Discipline , among Souldiers ; of Trade , among Merchants ; or of the situation , interest , avenues and strong holds , by his own eyes . It 's a pleasure to stand upon the shore , and to see ships tost upon the Sea ; it 's pleasure to stand in the window of a Castle , and to see a Battel , with the adventures thereof below : but no pleasure is comparable to the standing upon the Vantground of Truth : ( an Hill saith my Noble Author ) not to be commanded , and where the air is always clear and serene ; ) and to see the Errors and Wandrings , the Mists and Tempests in the Vale below : That content is better felt than expressed that this Noble Person took in his own clear thoughts , when it was Mist all round about him ; and King Henry cried , What say Cromwel and Brown ?

Vespasian asked Apollonius , What was Nero's overthrow ? and he answered him , Nero could tune the Harp well ; but in Government sometimes he wound the pins too high , and sometimes he let them down too low . Sir Anthony told Henry the Eighth , That his Government had been more easie , if he had either set it not so lose at first , or not so strict at last ; ( as there was indeed no King so various as his Master , no State so changeable as his Government . ) An even temper begets awe and reverence ; whilst the wide extreams create either on the one hand contempt and insolence , or on the other discontent and murmuring . Haughty and violent Courts never bless the Owners with a settled Peace .

This deep man was Leiger in Rome six years , and Agent in France ten : A person of great dispatch , because of an orderly method and procedure ; which he observed to a superstition , saying , Time and Method are my Masters . There are ( saith my Oracle ) three parts of business ; Preparation , Debate , and Perfection : The middle King Henry comunicated to the whole Council , the first and last to few , viz. to my Lord Cromwel and Sir Anthony Brown .

The highest matters were his care ; as the Interview in France , 1533. the most eminent Statesmen his fellows , as the Duke of Norfolk , the Lord Rochford and the Lord Paulet ; tho●e Noble Persons bearing the state , and he managing the business of the Embassies .

The wise man of Florence took care that Ferdinando of Naples , Medices of Florence , Sforza of Millain shou●d gain nothing of one another , to the g●eat secu●ity of Italy : Sir Anthony watched our Neighbours Conquest● , Trade , Approaches , &c. so closely , that none of those Potentates , Charles the Fifth , or King Francis , could win a spot of Ground , but his Master would balance it , and so secure Europe .

The Interviews between Princes he disallowed ; yet to satisfie his Master , he provided for that in France so sumptuously , as one that understood the fo●mality of a Pageant was a real advantage to a Government whose Interest is as much to gain a reputation by pomp and shew , as support a welfare by prudence and strength : others apprehension of our greatness , contributing as much to our welfare , as our welfare it self : Opinion governs the World : Princes with their Majesty , may be o●t envied and ha●ed ; without it , they are always scorned and contemned : Circumstances are often more than the main , and shadows are not always shadows : Outward Esteem to a great Person , is as skin to Fruit , which though a thin cover , preserveth it : King Henry's Person and State did England more Right in a Year , than his Predecessors Arms in an Age ; while they onely impressed a resolution in the Neighbours , he a reverence . As the Reason of man corr●cting of his sense about the m●gnitude and distance o● heavenly bodies , is an argument that he hath an Inorganical , Immaterial , Impassible , and Immortal soul ; so this Gentlemans Conscience often reflecting upon his policy , about the Circumstances of many of his actions , was an argument that he was ●uled by holy , serious , and heavenly Principles : One effect whereof , was , that he desired rather the admonishing paines of a lingring death , than the favourable ease of a quick one , he reckoning it not an effect of cruelty , but a design of mercy , that he should dye so , ut sentiat se mori ; and he looked on nothing as so great a snare to his thoughts as the opinion of Origen , and some othe●s called merciful Doctors , who did indeavour to possess the Church with their opinion of an universal restitution of all Creatures to their pristine Estate , after sufficient purgation ; or any thing more a temptation to other mens souls , than the Blasphemy of some , making God the Author of good and evil , so much worse than the Manichees or Marcionites , as they held it not of their good God , whom they called Light ; but of their bad God whom they called Darkness .

As Princes govern the People , so Reason of State the Princes : Spain at that time would command the Sea , to keep us from the Indies ; and our Religion , to keep us from a Settlement : France suspected our Neighbourhood , and engaged Scotland ; the Pope undermined our Designs , and obliged the French . Sir Anthony at Rome , in respectful terms , and under Protestation that his Majesty intended no contempt of the See Apostolick , or Holy Church , intimated his Masters Appeal to the next General Council lawfully assembled ; exhibiting also the Authentick Instruments of the same , and the Archbishop of Canterbury's at the Consistory , where , though the Pope made forty French Cardinals , yet our Agent and his money made twelve English , and taught Francis to assume the power of disposing Monasteries and Benefices , as King Henry had done ; advising him to inform his Subjects clearly of his proceedings , and unite with the Princes of the Reformation , taking his Parliament and People along with him , and by their advice cutting off the Appeals to and Revenues of Rome , by visitations , &c. with a Praemunire , together with the Oath of Supremacy , and the publication of the prohibited Degrees of Marriages : He added in his Expresses , That his Majesty should by disguised Envoys divide between the Princes and the Empire .

The next sight we have of him is in Scotland ; the French Kings passage to England , ( as he calls it : ) Where in joynt Commission with the Earl of Southampton , and the Bishop of Durham , he with his variety of Instructions gained time until the French King was embroyled at home , the season of Action was over there , and the Duke of Norfolk ready to force that with a War , which could not be gained by Treaty . Fortune is like the Market , where many times if you can stay a little , the Price will fall : The ripeness and unripeness of the Occasion must be well weighed : Watch the ●eginning of an Action , and then speed ! Two ●hings make a compleat Polititian , Secresie in Councel , and Celerity in Execution .

But our Knights Prudence was not a heavy Wariness , or a dull caution , as appears by his preferment at Court , where he is Master of the Horse ; and his service in the North , where he and the Comptroller Sir Anthony Gage are in the head of 10000 men : In both these places his excellence was more in chusing his Officers and Followers , than in acting himself : His servants were modest and sober , troubling him with nothing but his business , and expecting no higher conditions , than countenance , protection , and recommendation ; and his Retainers peaceable , reserved , close , plain , and hopeful : the deserving Souldier and the promising were seen often at his gate , not in throngs , to avoid popularity : Equal was his favour , that none might be insolent , and none discontented ; yet so di●creetly dispensed , as made the Preferred faithful , and the Expectants officious . To be ruled by one , is soft and obnoxious ; by many , troublesome : to be advised by few , as he was , is safe : because ( as he said in some things out of his element ) the Vale best discovereth the Hill .

Although he understood not the main matter of War , yet he knew many of its falls and incidents ; his prudence being as able to lay a stratagem , as others experience was to embattail an Army . Sir Thomas Wharton Warden of the Marches he commands with 300 men behind an Ambush , whither he draws the rash Scots , and overthroweth them more with the surprize than his power , taking the Lord Admiral Maxwel , &c. who was committed to his custody ; and putting that King to so deep a melancholy , that he died upon it . His death suggests new counsels , and Sir Anthony watcheth in Scotland to gain hi● Daughter for our P●ince , or at least to prevent the French , whom Sir Wil●iam Paget watcheth there , as Sir Ralph Sadler did in Rome , and Sir Iohn Wall●p at Calais : and when that Kings design was discovered , we find our Knight with Charles Duke of Suffolk , Lieutenant-General ; Henry Fitz-Alan , Earl of Arundel , Lord General ; Will . Paulet , Lord St. Iohn , Stephen Bishop of Winchester , with a rich and strong Army , expecting the King before Montrevil , ( wh●ch they took with Boulogn ) and forcing the French to a Peace and Submission that secured England , and setled Europe .

Three things facilitate all things : 1. Knowledg , 2. Temper , 3. Time . Knowledge our Knight had either of his own or others , whom he commanded in what ever he went about , laying the ground of matters always down in writing , and debating them with his friends , before he declared himself in Council . A temperance he had , that kept him out of the reach of others , and brought others within his . Time he took , always driving , never being driven by his business ; which is rather a huddle , than a performance , when in haste : there was something that all admired , and which was more , something that all were pleased with , in this mans action . The times were dark , his carriage so too : the Waves were boysterous , but he the solid Rock , or the well-guided Ship that could go with the Tide . He mastered his own passion , and others too , and both by Time and Opportunity ; therefore he died with that peace the State wanted , and with that universal repute the States-men of those troublesome times enjoyed not .

By King Henry's Will he got a Legacy of 300 l. for his former Service ; and the Honour to be of Prince EDWARD's special Council for the future .

By his Order he had , as his share of Abbey-Lands , Battle-Abbey in Sussex , enjoyed by his Heirs Males in a direct Line to this day : And by his Authority he had the Honourable Garter .

He was the fi●st man that durst bring his Master the sad news , That He must die : And no wonder he durst do it , for the next news is , That he is dead himself . How darest thou to be so plain ? said Heliogabalus to the Courtier : Because I dare die , said he : I can but die , if I am Faithful ; and I must die , though I Flatter .

T●is Gentlemans humour of crossing present proceedings , was prettily reproved by King Hen. the Eighth's little story of a poor Woman drowned by mischance , whose dead body , whilst her Neighbours sought for down the River ; her Husband who knew her condition better than they , advised them to seek up the River ; for all her life long she loved to be contrary to all others , and he presumed she would swim against the stream being dead .

The End of the Obse●vations upon the Lives of the Statesmen and Favourites of England , in the Reign of King Henry the Eighth .

THE STATES-MEN and FAVOURITES OF ENGLAND , IN The Reign of King Edward the VI.

Observations on the Lives of the Seymours .

EDward Seymour and Thomas Seymour , both Sons of Sir John Seymour of Wolful in Wiltshire . I joyn them together , because whilst they were united in affection , they were invincible ; but when divided , easily overthrown by their Enemies .

EDward Duke of Somerset , Lord Protector and Treasurer of England , being the elder Brother , succeeded to a fair Paternal inheritance He was a valiant Souldier for Land-service , fortunate , and generally beloved by Martial Men. He was of an open nature , free from jealousie and dissembling , affable to all people . He married Anne , Daughter to Sir Edward Stanhop , a Lady of a high mind , and haughty undaunted spirit .

THOMAS SEYMOUR the Younger brother , was made BARON of Sudley ; and , by Offices and the favours of his Nephew , King Edward the sixth , obtained a great Estate . He was well experienced in Sea-Affairs , and made Lord Admiral of England . He lay at a close postu●e , being of a reserved nature , and more cunning in his carriage . He married Queen Katherine P●rr , the Widow of King Henry 8.

Very great the Animosities betwixt their Wives ; the Dutchess refusing to bear the Queens Train● and in effect justled with her for precedence : se that what betwixt the Train of the Queen . and lon● Gown of the Dutchess , they raised so much dust at the Court , as at last put out the eyes of both their Husbands , and occasioned their Execution● .

Their Sisters Beauty commended them to the King● favours ; ( but a frail support that ! which is as lasting only as a Phancy , and only as certain as Passion : ) therefore their Parts recommended them to his service . Affection shall lead me to Court , but I 'le take care that In●erest keeps me there .

Sir Edward Seymours temper suited with the Kings Inclinations , and his spirit with his times ; both high , both stirring . In the throng of Courtiers , there a●e but three steps to raise a man to observations : 1. Some pecu●iar sufficiency ; 2. Some particular exploit ; and , 3. An especial Friend : This Noble Person shewed the first with advantage , in that draught of Military Discipline presented to Henry the eighth , wherein the embattling is most remarkable , viz. " Twenty two compleat Companies make up four Squadrons ; eve●y Squadron of Pikes and Musquets being drawn up apart , the Pikes and Colours on the left h●nd , and the Musqueteers on the right . These Squadrons make up a Brigade , to be drawn up as followeth , viz. Ten Corporalships of Musqueteers being 34 Rots , divided into five Plattons , every Platton being nine or so in front , led by a Major , and every division by a sufficient Commander . Next after these , Thirty six Rots of Pikes are to follow , ( being twelve Corporalships ) with their Colours following them , till they are drawn up even in front with the 32 Rots of Musqueteers : This makes the Right Wing of the Brigade . 2. The Battel of Pikes moveth forward in division , doing in all respects as the former , till they range even in front with the Pikes of the Right Wing : Then the o●her 32 Rots of Musqueteers belonging to the middle Squadron , ( who are appointed to make the Battel of the Brigade ) are led up as the first Musqueteers in all points , but at a reasonable distance behind the Pikes of their own Squadrons . Then the last Squadron of Pikes marcheth up , in all respects observing the same order . until they have attained to range in front even with o●her ●ikes .

This being done , the Battel or middle Squadron o● Pikes and Musquets advanceth in one body , until it 's clear of the Wings . Lastly , the Surplus of the three Squadrons being 48 Rots of Mu●quet●e●s , are drawn up behind the Brigad●e , where they are to attend the Commands of their Officers , to guard the Baggage or Cannon , to be Convo●es for Ammunition or Victuals to the rest , or continue a reserve to wait upon all occasions .

2. Eminent was his ability for this Draught , more eminent for his performance agreeable to it in Britain ; where he sate before a Town six weeks to no purpose , while it expected relief from Italy : But at last he in●inuates a jealousie between the Pope and the French King touching that City , that obstructed all relief : He with a● much speed and policy sets upon the two main Sc●●res for defense of the Town , and took them b●th ; battering the Town and Castle with that violence and noise , that they say it was heard 100 miles off . A Train of Powder is laid to blow them up when they should enter ; but this succeeded not : For the French in passing the Ditch had so weted their cloaths , that dropping upon the Train , the Powder would not take fire ; and so all things conspiring to crown his valour with success ; he takes the Castle first , and then dividing the Town , and weakning it by several assaults at once , brought it to his own terms . Here his Valour had been eminent , but that his conduct was more ; and his Conduct renowned , but that his nobleness towards the Conquered : his civility and obligingness towards the Souldiery , and his integrity towards all persons , had out-done that .

There are but two things that a subject can honestly oblige his Prince in : 1. Keeping his subjects in peace at home , 2. Keeping his enemies under abroad : 1. Those soft , but prudent Acts of Peace ; 2. Those resolved , but well-managed wayes of War : Sir Thomas wanted neither a resolution for the one , nor a temper for the other .

But sufficiency and merits are neglected things when not befriended : ( Princes are too reserved to be taken with the first appearances of worth , unless recommended by tryed judgments : It 's fit as well as common , that they have their Counsellours for persons as well as things : ) His Sister therefore was married on Whit sunday , and he is on the Tuesday following created Viscount Beauchamp . But next year his Nephew is born ; the hope and stay of his Majesty and his Realmes , and he is made Earl of Hertford .

King Henry understanding that the Pope upon his own and Cardinal Pool's account stirred up all the Princes against him , as a provident Prince , rode himself to the Sea-coasts to see them fortified . Admiral Fitz-williams is old , Sir Thomas Seymour assists him to rigg the Navy to be in readiness in six dayes time : Sir Edward is to muster the Land-Forces , and particularly the City of London , where were 15000 Armed men ready , May 8 , in St. Iameses , at which place the City seemed a Camp , and the Ci●izens men not of the Gown , but of the Armour . Great this Lords interest in , and respect with the people ; as great his brothers with the Sea-men : The Multitude would leave all for their good Lord of Hertford , and the Sea-men would die with their noble Lord Seymou● When the King of Scots had deluded King Henry in his correspondencies with France beyond all patience , and had been forborn beyond all sa●ety or prudence , Sir Edward Seymour is fi●st sent to treat , and then to fight ; which he did with much success , that 300 of his men , and a Stratagem , ( to possess the Scots with an apprehension that the whole English Army was upon them ) took and killed 30000 Scots , had more prisoners than they could keep , more booty than they could dispose of ; and adding this to their Victory , that they broke the Kings heart .

There was no end to be expected of a War with Scotland , but by marrying that Kings Daughter to our Sovereigns Son . This Match was my Lord Seymour's interest as well as the Kings : His prudence and experience is therefore employed first to perswade it ; and when that would not do , ( so great and so cross the Papal power there by Cardinal Betons means ) his Valour and Resolution , is sent with 10000 to compel it : in order whereunto , May 4. landing at Granther-Gray , he marcheth in order towards Leith , which ( after a defeat given the Cardinal , the Earls of Arran , Huntley , &c. by his Harquebusiers ) they entred , and thence proceeded to Edinbu●gh : My Lord Dudley leading the Front , our Earl the Battle , and the Earl of Shrewsbury the Reerward : ) the●e the Keys are offered t●em upon conditions ; which they refusing ; ( and so making the Enemy desperate , who resolveth rather to perish nobly , than to be undone by submission ) the Town holds out , and they are able to do no more , with some considerable loss , then burn the suburbs , wast the Country to an utter desolation for seven miles compass , demolish Leith , Dunbar , &c. take all their Ships and Ammunition , returning to Berwick with the loss only of 14 men .

Two things he was eminent for : 1. His Advice , that not the least Punctilio of the Law should be neglected : Whereupon the Earl of Surrey and other Nobility were imprisoned for eating Flesh in Lent . A secret and unobserved contempt of the Law , is a close undermining of Authority ; which must be either its self in indulging nothing , or be nothing in allowing all . Liberty knows no restraint , no limit , when winked at . 2. For his Popularity , in advancing the Benevolence 52000 l. beyond expectation .

The Scots must have War as long as there is Poverty in their Country , and interest in France : This Noble Earl cutteth off the Invaders , layeth wast the Country , and ( that the source of those troubles might be dammed up ) entreth France with 80000 men ; and afer some skirmishes , brought the King thereof to a peace and submission .

In pursuance whereof , while King Henry was in Bologn , he made his Will , wherein the Earl of Hertford Lord High Chamberlain is appointed Principal Counsellour to his Nephew : and not long after he dyeth , and leaves the Kingdome to his son , and his Son to his Uncle , whom the common Vote made Protector , and interest a Moderator of the Council , which the time required able , but their humours made f●ctious . The peace with King Francis and the Emperour was but uncertain ; the Scots we●e irreconci●eable , the Pope implacable , Religion unsettled , the Clergy out of frame , the People dist●acted , and the Nobility at variance . A great Counsellour King Henry leaves his Son , and a greater his Uncle makes him : Bacons Es● . 116. in Counsel is stability : Things will have their first or second agitation : If they be not tossed upon the Arguments of Counsel , they will be tossed upon the Waves of Fortune . But yet this Lord miscarried , in that the Council understood him better than he did them : And he advised with them rather in publick , where men speak warily , and in compliance with othe●s humour ; than in private , where they deliver themselves more freely , and agreeable to their own humours . ( The Rule is , Ask an inferiour mans advice in private that he may be ●ree ; and a superiours in publick , that he may be respectful . ) But he did well , 1. In that the same matter if weighed , was never propounded and resolved the same day . 2. In that he h●d fixed dayes of petitions , for the peoples and his own ease . 3. In that he poyzed his Committees of contrary inclinations , that watched and balanced each other to a moderation most safe for the Kingdome and himself . 4. That he had of all Professions such at his command as opened the state of a business before any Commissioners debated it . 5. That he seldome discovered his own inlination , lest it byas●ed his Counsel . 6. That to prevent a Combination in the Council , he weakned their power and pri●iledges , ●heir credit , their dependencies , either by office or expectation , their opportunities and correspondencies , so that he could easily remove any when faul●y , discover any when dangerous , disgrace any when bold , and not fit to be entrusted with the Counsels , Resolves , Deliberations , and Necessities of the State . In order to which , he had two useful Resolutions . 1. To suppress Calumnies , 2. To encourage Accusations . His first Acts were Shew and Pomp , ( necessary for Greatness● viz. The Knighting of the King , and making himself Duke . His next are Realities : as , 1. His mode●ling the Country for a Parliament , considering the temper of the people , and the pulse of the last Parliament ; redressing Grievances , settling Elections by such Legal Rules , as that the people should not be corrupted with money , overborn by importunity , transported by fear or favour to an unworthy or an unsuitable choice ; and taking a just time to prepare the people for the designed settlement , by his grave and sober Injunctions , by godly and good Books of Instructions , by a wholsome form of Prayer , ( composed at Windsor ) by a more exact translation of the Bible , by several Proclamations for moderation and order on all hands , by inhibiting all Preachers but such learned , sober , grave and discreet men as were Licensed thereunto under the Lord Protector 's and my Lord of Canterbury's hand .

2. His promoting the Match with Scotland first by Ambassadours , and then by an Army , whose order was this : The Duke of Some●set's ma●●h . viz. The Avant-guard of 3 or 4000 foot-men at Arms , and 600 light-horse led by the Earl of Warwick ; the main Battle of 6000 foot , and 600 men at Arms , and 1000 light-horse , led by the Protector ; and the Rear of half so many , led by the Lord Dacres ; the Artillery of 16 Pieces of Ordnance making one Wing , the men at Arms and Demilances the other . For the Avant-guard and half of the Battel ●iding about two flight-shot from their side , the other half of the Battel : and the whole Flank of the Rear was closed by the Carriages , being 12000 Carts and Waggons ; the rest of the men at A●ms and D●mi●ances marching behind . A f●w ski● mishes and stratagems passed , when a Trumpeter is sent by Huntley to challenge the Protector ; to whom the Protector replying like a wi●e man , That it was not for a person of his trust to duel it with a private man ; The Earl of Warwick said , Trumpeter , bring me word that thy Master will perform the Combat with me , and I 'll give thee 100 Crowns . Nay , rather , said our Duke , bring me word that he will give us Battle , and I will give thee 1000 l. But in 25 days he gains a greater a a The same day that 30. y●ars ago they were beaten at Flodden . Battle , over-runs the Country with the loss of no more then 65 men , to that of 25000 Scots .

3. His third Exploit was , Dispensing b b H● made the fi●st and last Bannerets . Honours so nobly , that they were due encouragements to Virtue ; though yet so warily , that they should not be either a burden or a danger to the Crown .

4. He gave the Commonalty great content , in pulling down Enclosures by Proclamations ; and the Nobility no less , by setting up Land-improvements by Rule .

5. He engaged both , by a good bargain of Church-lands , confirmed by this Parliament .

6. He weakneth the Papists , 1. By conniving at them until they broke out to such outrages as made them lyable . 2. By dividing them when engaged , with hope of mercy on the one hand , and fear of his Army on the other .

7 The French taking the advantage of our seditious to break off their Treaty , and proclaim a War , he con●i●ca●es their Estates , and secures the persons of a● many of them as lived in England .

But Greatness is fatal ; and his Brother that should have suppo●ted this great man , ruines himself and him . The Lady S●anhope . He had married a Lady high in spirit ; his Brother the Queen-Dowager , higher in place : the Ladies quar●el first , and then ( as it must needs follow ) the Lords . Thomas the Admiral is questioned for aiming at the Crown , 1. By marrying the Lady Elizabeth , and then by seizing the King-person and the Government : so honest this Protector , ( a plain man , and of no over-deep insight into practices ) that he gave way to his Tryal , saying , ( though somewhat ominous as it happened ) I 'll do and suffer Iustice : so Uxorious , that he sealed his death . And now he stands alone , wanting his Brothers cunning to reach Warwick , or his resolution to check Norfolk . The people are troubled at that one weak and unjustifiable Act of his , The pulling down of so many of Gods ●hu●che● in the City , to build one Somerset-house in the Strand .

The Earl takes notice of their discontent , and asse●bleth eighteen discontented Counsellours , who arm themselves and their c c W●●m t●●y put in ●●w Li●er●●s . followers , calling the City and the Kingdome to their assistance by a Proclamation . The Protector fleeth with the King and a Guard to Hampton-Court : the City sometimes resolved to assist the Lords , out of malice to the Protector ; sometimes to forbear out of such consideration of its many misfortunes in opposing Kings , set forth not with more Integrity by George Stadlow , then Eloquence and Life by Iohn Ayliffe . They delay : Sir Anthony Wingfield Captain of the Guard perswades the King of the Lords moderation and Loyalty ; the Duke is to answer for himself : the Lawyers charge him with removing Westminster-Hall to Somerset-House , where he kept a Court of Request , and determined Title of Lands ; the Souldiers with the detaining of their pay , and betraying our French Garisons ; the States-men with the engrossing of all Authority . The Earl of Warwick vigilantly but closely manageth all discon●e●●s of his designe with this great advantage , that we was subtle , close , and implacable ; while the other was free-spirited , open-hearted , humble , hard to distrust , easie to forgive . His friend the Lord Russel is absent : he is first tryed and acquitted , but with the loss of his Protectorship , Treasure●s●ip , Marshalship , and 2000 l. of Land more .

But Warwick's designe for the Crown ripening , and Somerset being the most eminent obstruction in his way , having weakned , before he ruines him , now he chargeth him with Treason , to make a noise ; and with Felony , to do execution : the Council is packed , he looseth his life ( for a small crime , and that on a d d For contriving the death of a Privy Counsellour . nice point , subtilly devised and packed by his Enemies ) forgetting to ask the benefit of the Clergy , that had saved it . This person , as one charactereth him , was religious himself , a lover of all such as were so , and a great promoter of the Reformation : Valiant and successful , generally beloved by Souldiers , envied by Statesmen , though the most conscientious of them all ; doing nothing irregularly , but in complyance with the necessities of Government ; open to dangers , as one that could not be jealous ; better to act , than designe ; to perform , than plot . When he was discharged of Treason , there was so loud a shout in Westminster-Hall , as was heard to Long-Acre ; when condemned of Felony , there was a ●ilence and amazement for three hours . It is observed of some , that they have despised the benefit of their Clergy while they lived ; and by a just pro●idence of God , could not make use of it when ●hey were to dye : It was pitty that this Noble person should forget to crave that benefit of the Clergy , which might have saved him ; when he was so unwi●●ing to enjoy any ●enefit of the Clergy , which might Incommode them . The controversie between him and the Earl of Warwick is like that between Demades and Phocion ; Demades threatned Phocion , that the Athenians would destroy him when they fell into their mad fits ; and thee Demades [ saith Phocion ] when they return to their right minds : it appearing afterwards , that what he was charged to have design'd against others , he did only in his own defence , cum moderamine . Inculpatae cautelae , in whose behalf Cicero had pleaded thus , Si vita nos●ra in aliquas Insidias , si in vim , in tela aut latronum● aut in imicorum incidisset ; omnis honesta ratio esset expediendae salutis ; hoc & ratio doctis , & necessitas barbaris , & mos gentibus , & feris natura ipsa praescrips●t , ut omnem semper vim quâcunque ope possint a corpore , a capite , a vitâ suâ propulsare-nitantur .

Beheaded he was on Tower-Hill , with no less p●aise for his piety and patience , than pit●y and grief of the spectators . His Death was at●ended with many signes and wonders , and his Name with an indelible character , his house being cal●ed Somerset-house to this day , though solemnly proclaimed by King of Iames Denmark-house , because inhabited by the King o● Denmark and his Sister . Surely ( saith my Author ) this Duke was well belo●ed , since his Name made such indelible impression on his house , whereof he was not five years in possession . Death hath this also , That it openeth the Gate to good Fame , and extinguisheth Envy . Philip asked Demetrius if he did not fear to lose his head ? He answered , No : for if he did , the Athenians would give him one immortal ; He should be statued in the Temple of Eternal Fame .

Nil non Mortale tenemus , Pectoris exceptis ingeniique bonis : En ego , cum Patria caream vobisque dem●que Raptaque sint , adimi quae potuere mihi , Virtute attamen ipse mea comitorque fruorque Caesar in hoc potuit juris habere nihil . Quilibet hanc saevo vitam mihi , finiat ense , Me tamen extin●o fama perennis erit . " All that we hold will die , " But our brave Thoughts and Ingenuity : " Even I that want my Country , House and Friend , " From whom is ravished all that Fate can rend , " Possess yet my own Genius , and enjoy " That which is more than Caesar can destroy . " Each Groom may kill me : but whensoe'er I die , " My Fame shall live to mate eternity .

Bra●e m●n never die : Worth begets in wea●●nd base min●s , Envy ; in the Magnanimous , E●●lation● in P●sterity , Renown : A Renown , that is as the beams about the Sun , or the glory abou● an holy picture that shews it to be a Saint , though it be no essential part : it riset● from the body of that Virtue , which cannot chuse but shine , and give a light through all the clouds of errour and distraction . And ●hough some●imes 〈◊〉 mists and vapours of ●he lower earth impede the light it gives , yet there will be apparent Rays , that shew there is Dese●t unseen , which yeilds those gleams of brightness to the whole Horizon , that it moves and shines in , which sur●ive to a glorious kind of immortality , when the Good Man is dead and gone ; a Good Name being the embalming of the Virtuous to an e●ernity of ●●ve and gratitude among posterity . For my own Honour ( saith the Royal Martyr ) I am well assured , that as mine Innocence is clear before God in point of any calumnies they object ; so my Reputation shall like the Sun ( after Owls and Bats have had their freedome in the night ) rise and recover ●ts self to such a degree of splendour , as those feral birds shall be grieved to behold , and unable to bear .

Observations on the Lives of the Pars.

SIr William Par Uncle and Lord Chamberlain to Queen Katharine Par , There was a●other of his name Sheriff , Nephew to this Knight , in 25 of H. 8. was by King Henry the Eig●th created Baron Par of Horton : he left two Daughters onely , married into the Fami●ies of Tressam and Lane . His Relation cal●ed him to Court , but his Age forbid him the pleasure● , and his own Reservedness the freedom of that place ; before which he preferred the pious , peaceable , ●nd hospitable way of the Countrey , whe●e Popularity affected him , more than he affected it ; No man being more beloved by the vulg●r , no man less in love with them : It being his Observation rather than his Countrey-man Sir Edward Mountague's saying , That if you do the common sort of people nineteen courtesies together , yet you may lose their love , if you go but ove● the s●ile before them .

H●s Cousin Sir Will●am was brought by his Sister to Court , and advanced by his Brother to Honour ; b●ing for his Majesties sake as well as his own , made Lord Par of Kendal , Ea●l of Essex by King Henry ●he Eighth , and Ma●ques , of No●thampton by King ●dward : Q●een Mary deprived him of his Estate and Honour for siding with the Lady Iane , and Q●een Elizabe●h restored him to both , for favouring the Protestant Religion .

His Delight was Musick and Poetry , and his Exe●cise War ; being a happy composure of the hardest and softest Discipline , equally made for Court and Camp , for Delight or Honour : But his skill in the Field answered not his industry , nor his success his skill : Ye● King Edward called him His Honest Vncle ; and King Henry , His Integrity . The whole Family was made by a Marriage , but died Issueless .

The common Rule of Favourites is , to bring in all their Relations about them , to adorn and suppo●t them : bu● this Marq●ess would say , A wall that hath a firm Bottom , had need of no Buttress ; and that which wants it , is often rather thrust down than upheld by it . The Antiquaries crouch , as though t●ey upheld the Church , when they are upheld by it : Clients a●e more a burden than a strength : and when the chief Favourite dares not displease his So●e●eign because he is so near him , they dare , because he is between them and Majesty . His Followe●s were not gaudy , to render him suspicious ; nor discontented , to b●eed ill blood , and a misunderstanding ; nor too open , to discover him ; but deserving , to honour him ; aud hopeful , to be advanced by him . Active men were recommended by him to King Henry's busie Occasions , and Virtuous to King Edward's pious Inclinations .

In his last years he found that there was little love in the World , and least o● all among Equals ; and that that which war , is between Superiour and Inferiour , whose fortune may comprehend the one the other . To ease his minde therefore , to satisfie his Judgement , to observe his oversight , he adopted Sir William Cholmley , bringing him first to his House , and then to his Heart , to shew him that impartially , which he could not discern in himsel● . There is no such Fla●terer as a mans self : and there is no such Remedy against Flattery of a mans self as the liberty of a Friend : Counsel is of two sorts ; ( to go on in my Au●hors words ) the one concerning manners , the other concerning business : for the fi●st , the best preservative to keep the mind in health , is the faithful admonition of a ●riend : The calling o● a mans self to a strict account , is a medicine sometime ●oo piercing and corroding ; Lord Ba●on's Ess●yes . reading good Books of Morality is a little flat and dead ; observing our ●aults in o●hers is sometimes improper for our case : but the best receipt ( best I say , to work , and be●t to take ) is the Admonition of a Friend .

So much solid Worth he had , that he had no use of Ambition ; so much Modesty , that he made little use of his Worth : Mean thoughts he entertained of himself , and as mean thoughts did he by his down-cast though grave look , his sparing though pertinent discourse , and his submiss●v● though regardful carriage● suggest of himself . B●t a well-manag'd boldness is the Virtue of Mon●rchick Courts , and a discreet submission that of a Republican ; no advantageous admission into the one , without the first , nor ●a●ety in the other , without the second : Here , if you are bold , you must look for an Ostracism ; there , if you are modest , for Neglect : Yet a sober and moderate man m●y be i● fashion once in an Age. The Souldier and the Gentleman are the Warlike Princes Darling● : Church-men , the Religious ; Physicians , the Sickly and Old ; Scholars , the Learned ; Exchequerers , the Poor , Covetous , or Prodigal ; Lawyers , the Just ; and They of a Healing , Sof● and Pliable Temper , ( King Iames his character and commendation of my Lord Bacon ) the Settling and the Peaceable , such as Edward the VI , in whose Reign he was adva●ced , and Queen Elizabeth , in whose Reign he was restored .

It was in pursuance of King Henry's Statute , that he clo●ed with King Edward's Will : For this Clause he p●oduced for himself :

Provided , That if the Lady Mary do not keep nor perform such Conditions , which shall be limited and appointed , as aforesaid , that then and from thenceforth , for lack of Heirs of the Kings Body , and the said Lord Prince , lawfully begotten , the said Imperi●l Crown , and other the Premisses , shall be , come and remain to suc● Person and Persons , and of such Estate and Estates as the Kings Highness by his Letters Patents sealed under His Great Seal , or by His last Will in Writing , signed with His Hand , shall limi● and appoint .

Isocrates was a man of an excellent Wit , but finding himself destitute of countenance , gesture and confidence , he never durst speak in publick , contenting himself to teach , even to his decrepit days ; and commonly saying , He taught Rhetorique for a thousand Ryals , but would give more t●an ten thousand to him that would teach him confidence :

T●is Marq●e●s brought up many a Courtier , yet had not the face to be One himself , until Queen Elizabeth , who balanced her Council in point of Religion in the beginning of her Reign , a● she did her Court in point of Interest throughout , threatned him to the C●uncil-Board first , and then to her Cabinet ; where none more secret , to keep counsel ; none more faithful , to g●ve it ; and more modest , to submit . A sincere , plain , direct man ; no● crafty nor involved .

Observations on the Life of Sir John Cheek .

SIr Iohn Cheek , born over against the Market-Cross in Cambridge , became Tu●or to King Edward the Sixth , and Secretary of State : Not ●o mean●y descended as Sir Iohn Heyward pretends , ( who writes him , The Son of his own Deserts ) being a B●anch of the Cheeks of Moston in the Isle of Wight , ( where their Estate was ●hree hundred pound a year , three hundred years ago , and no more within this thi●ty years ; ) happy in his Father , Mr. Peter Cheek , whose first tui●ion seasoned him ; happier in his good a a A Duffeild , Mother , ( that grave Matron ) whose good b b

Recommending to him the care of three things : 1. His God . 2. His Soul . 3. His Company .

counsel & Christian charge when he was going to Court , set●led him ; and happiest of all in the place of his birth , where he fell from his Mothers Womb to the Muses Lap , and learned as soon as he lived , being a Scholar sooner than he was a man . A German had the care of his younger studies , and a Frenchman of his carriage ; his par●s being too large to be confined to the narrowness of English Rules , and too sprightly to attend the ●edio●sness , and creep by the compass of an English method . The same day was he and Mr. Ascham admitted to St. Iohns , and the same week to Court , the one to the Tuition o● Edward the sixth , the other of Queen Elizabeth : there they were both happy in their Master Doctor Metcalf , who though he could not ( as Themistocles said ) fiddle , yet he could make a li●tle Col●edge a great one , and breed Scholars , th●ugh he was none : His advice deterred them from the rough Learning of the Modern Schoolmen , and their own Genius led them to the more polite studies of the antient Orators and Historians ; wherein they profi●ed so well , that the one was the copious Orator , the other the Greek Professor of that University .

A contest began now , between the Introducers of the New , and the Defenders of the Old Pronunciation of the Greek : the former endeavoured to give each Le●ter , Vowel and Diphthong its full sound : whilst Doctor Caius and others of the Old stamp , cried out against his Project , and the Promoters of it ; taxing It ●or novelty , and Them for want of experience , and affirming Greek it self to be barbarous , so clownishly ut●ered ; and that neither France , Germany nor Italy owned any such Pronunciation . Iohn Cheek and Thomas Smith maintained that this was no Innovation , but the antient utterance of Greek , most clear , and most full . Chancellour Gardiner then interposed against the Pronunciation , and the Authors of it : But custom hath since prevailed for the use of the one , and the due commendation of the other .

Sir Iohn Cheek's Authors were Isocrates and Thucydides ; his Auditors the youngest that came thither , for Language ; and the oldest that heard him , for his Discourse and Policy : The one preferred him to the ample Provostship of Kings , the other to the great t●ust of Secretary of State : Prince Edward studied not his Book more sedulously , than he studied him , that his Rules might comply with his Inclination , & his Lectures with his temper : Lectures , that were rather Discourses instilled to him Majestically , as a Prince ; than Lessons beaten into him pedantiquely , as a School-boy . The wise Man would not be debasing his Royal Pupils mind with the nauseated and low crumbs of a Pedant , but ennobling it with the free and high Maximes of a States-man ; sugaring the more austere parts of Learning with the pleasures of Poetry , Discourse , Apologues ; and so deceiving the Royal Youth to an improvement before his own years , and others comprehension . His very Recreations were useful , and his Series of lighter exercises ( for he observed a method in them too ) a constant study ; his Table , his School ; his Meat , his Discipline : the industrious Tutor filling up each space of his time with its suitable instruction ; it being his Maxime , That Time and Observation were the best Masters , and Exercise the b●st Tutor . While others doated over their Rules , his Pupils practised them ; no day passing without his Letters to the King , as that , Literae meae unum semper habet Argumentum ( Rex Nobilissime & Pater Illustrissime ) hoc est , in omnibus Epistolis ago t●bi gra●ias , &c. or to the Queen , as that , Quod non ad te jamdiu scriberoni in causa fuit non negligentia , sed studium ; non ●nim hoc feci ut nunquam omnino scriberem , sed accuratius scriberem , &c. I have two Tutors , ( said King Edward to Cardan ) Diligence and Moderation , Sir Jo. Cheeke and Doctor Coxe . So exact an account he gave Prince Edward of his Fathers Kingdome , and its Interest , that King Henry designed him for Secretary , and King Edward made him one .

Three years he had that place ; and in that three years did England more service , so great his Parts , Learning and Religion ! more kindness , such his eminency in both ! and gave the People more satisfaction , such his Integrity and Dexterity ! than all that went before him , and most that came after him . He was the first that brought in the use of a Diary , and his Pupil the next that practised it : His Aphorism it was , That a dark and imperfect reflexion upon Affairs floating in the memory , was like words dispersed and insignificant ; whereas a compleat view of them in a Book , was like the same words pointed in a period , and made significant .

Much did the Kingdome value him , but more the King : for being once desperately sick , the King carefully enquired of him every day ; at last his Physician told him there was no hope for his life , being given over by him for a dead man : No , said the King , he will not die at this time ; for this morning I begged his life from God in my Prayers , and obtained it . Which accordingly came to pass ; and he soon after , against all expectation , wonderfully recovered . This ( saith Doctor Fuller ) was attested by the old Earl of Huntington , ( bred up in his childhood with King Edward ) to Sir Tho. Cheeke , who anno 1654. was alive , and ●0 . years of Age.

But though his Prayers saved his Tutors Life , none could save his ; who died with the Protestant Religion in his heart and arms : and Sir Iohn had died with him , but that being outed of all his preferments , he outed himself from the Kingdome : loving to all the English Exiles at Strasburgh , and well beloved all over Germany ; until trusting to the Stars too much , ( would he had either not gone so high , or gone a little higher for advice ) and his friends too little , he went to meet his dear Wife in Brabant ; where neither my Lord Paget's promise , nor Sir Iohn Mason's pledges , nor Abbot Fecknam's intercession , could excuse him ●rom being unhorsed and carted , imprisoned and tortured , vexed with all the arts of power , and perplexed , until his hard usage meeting with some fair promises , brought him to a Recantation that broke his heart ; and after much melancholick sighing and silence , brought him to his Grave ; The great example of Parts and Ingenuity , of frailty and infirmity , of repentance and piety . Forced he was to sit with Bonner in his Courts , but forced he would not be to joyn with him in his judgment : look on he did , but weep and groan too .

A good Christian he was , witness his pious Epistles ; an excellent States-man , as appears by his True Subject to the Rebel ; a Book as seasonably republished ( by Doctor Langbaine of Queens Colledge in Oxford ) in the excellent King Charl●s his troubles , as it was at first written in the good King Edward's commotions .

Vespasian said of Apollonius , That his Gate was open to all Philosophers , but his Heart to Him : And Sir Iohn Cheeke would say to Father Latimer , I have an Ear for other Divines , but I have an Heart for You.

A Country-man in Spain coming to an Image enshrined , ●he extruction and first making whereof he could well remember , and not finding from the same that respectful usage which he expected , You need not ( quoth he ) be so proud ; for we have known you from a Plum-Tree ● Sir Iohn Cheeke one day discoursing of the Pope's Threats , said , He need not be so high ; for we have known him a Chaplain . He took much delight in that saying of Herod the Sophist , when he was pained with the Gout in his hands and feet : When I would eat , ( said he ) I have no hands ; when I would go , I have no feet : but when I must be pained , I have both hands and feet . Applying it thus : When we would serve God , we have no soul ; when we would serve our Neighbours , we have no body : but when we suffer ●or neglecting both , we shall find we have both a body and a soul.

Gustavus Adolphus some three days before his death , said , Our affairs answer our desires : but I doubt God will punish me for the folly of my P●ople , who attribute too much to me , and esteem me as it were their God ; and therefore he will make them shortly know and see I am but a man : I submit to his will , and I know he will not leave this great Enterprise of mine imperfect . Three things Sir Iohn Cheeke observed of Edward the sixth : 1. That the Peoples esteem of him would loose him . 2. That his Reformation should be overthrown . 3. That yet it should recover , and be finished .

As to publick Councels : 1. Sir Iohn was against the War with Scotland , which he said was rather to be united to England , than separated from it . 2. He was against King Edward's will , saying , He would never distrust God so far in the preservation of his true Religion , as to disinherit Orphans , to keep up Protestantism . 3. He laid a Platform of a War with Spain . 4. He kept Neuter in the Court-factions . 5. Bishop Ridley , Doctor Coxe , seconded ; and Sir Iohn Cheeke contrived all King Edward's Acts of Charity .

Observations on the Life of Sir Thomas Wentworth .

SIr Tho. Wentworth of Nettles●ed in Suffolk , of a younger Family , ( confessed by the Crescent in his Coat ) descended from the Wentworths of Wentworth-wood-house in York-shire , and was created Baron Wentworth by King Henry the viii . He was a stout and valiant Gentleman , a cordial Protestant , and his Family a Sanctuary of such Professors ; Iohn Bale comparing him to the good Centurion in the Gospel , and gratefully acknowledging him the cause of his conversion from a Carmelite . The memory of this good Lord is much ( but unjustly ) blemished , because Calis was lost the last of Queen Mary under his Government : The manner was huddled up in our Chronicles , ( least is best of bad business ) whereof this is the effect : The English being secure by reason of the last Conquest at St. Quintin , and the Duke of Guise having notice thereof , he sate down before the Town at the time ( not when Kings go forth to , but return from battle ) of mid-winter , even upon New-years-day . Next day he took the two Forts of Risebank and Newman-bridge , ( wherein the strength of the City consisted ) but whether they were undermined or overmoneyed , it is not decided , and the last left most suspicious . Within three Days the Castle of Calis , which commanded the City , and was under the command of Sir Ralph Chamberlain , was taken , the French wading through the Ditches , ( made shallower by their artificial cut ) and then entring the Town , were repulsed back by Sir Anthony Ager Marshal of Calis , the only Man , saith Stow , who was ●illed in the Fight , ( understand him , of note ) others , for the credit of the business , accounting four-score lost in that service . The French re-entring the City the next Day , being Twelfth-day , the Lord Wentworth Deputy thereof made but vain resistance , which ( alas ) was like the wrigling of a Worms tayl after the head thereof is cut off ; so that he was forced to take what terms he could get , viz. That the Towns-men should depart ( though plundered to a Groat ) with their Lives , and himself with 49 more , such as the Duke of Guise should chuse , should remain Prisoners to be put to ransome .

This was the best news brought to Paris , and worst to London ●or many years before : It not only abated the Queens chear the remnant of Christmas , but her mirth all the days of her life . Yet might she thank her self for loosing this Key of France , because she hung it by her side with so slender a string , there being but Five Hundred Souldiers effectually in the Garrison ; too few to manage such a piece of importance . The Lord Wentworth the second of Iune following , was solemnly condemned for Treason , though unheard , as absent in France : which was not only against Christian Charity , but Roman Justice ; Festus confessing it was not fashionable amongst them to deliver any Man to die , before he which is accused have the accusers face to face , and have licence to answer for himself concerning the crime laid against him . It was well for this Lord that he was detained in France till his ransome was paid , and Queen Mary dead , who otherwise probably had lost his life , if he had had his liberty . But Queen Elizabeth coming to the Crown , he found the favour , or rather had the justice to be tryed again , and was acquitted by his Peers ; finding it no treachery , cowardise , or carelessness in him , but in Sir Iohn Harlston , and Sir Ralph Chamberlain , the one Governour of Risebank , the other of Calis-Castle : for which they were both condemned to die , though their Judgment was remitted . This Lord was the only Person I have read of , who thus in a manner played Rubbers , when his Head lay at stake ; and having lost the fore , recovered the after-game . He died a very aged Man , 1594. Thus far Mr. Fuller .

Two ways a Courtier advanceth himself : the first , that more leisurely , slow , though sure , of watching Offices , Preferments and Dignities that may by steps bring them to the Kings Presence ; The second , that more quick and short , but most practised , of following the Court for such extraordinary Commissions and particular services to the Empire , as may ( without the danger of delays that must be fatal amidst so many Competitors ) recommend him to his favour . It was below Sir Thomas his Estate to stoop to that first method ; it suited more with his activity to embrace the second . Two usually-inconsistent qualities he had , The closeness of an Agent , and The Valour of a Souldier . To Rome he was sent in disguise , and to Treport with an Army : so graceful his carriage , so insinuating his affability , so clear and well-weighed his discourse , so searching and comprehensive his Judgment ; so gravely Aiery , so Majestically pleasant his countenance , so becoming his gate and apparel , so watchful his Negotiations , so winning his Addresses , so discr●etly smart his Reparties , ( darting a suddain lustre and vigour to the darkness and heaviness of his graver D●scourses , neither common nor unsavoury , neither affected nor far-fetched , neither abusive of others , nor mis-becoming himself ) so discreet and well-managed his complaisance , ( with re●erence to circumstances , Person , Place , Time , matter and cause ) that he had Cardinal Senhault's Secretary , to bring him to the Pope's Closet ; the Emperour's Agent Randolphus , to introduce him to Court ; that he won Fryar Paul , to shew him the mysteries of the Church ; Engineer Palvino , to represent the Pop●'s Cities , Towns , Fortification● , Havens , Harbours , A●tiquities , Seminaries , Exercises , Ships , Treasure , Armories , Arsenals , Magazines , ( having always by him a Card of the Territories ) and the Pope's Bed-chamber-man , to shew him all the Papers and Transactions that concerned Henry the eighth . So well experienced his Conduct , so well disciplined his Army , so watchful and industrious his Nature , so good his pay , ( though he pawned , at once in Normandy , his own Estate to satisfie his Souldiers ) so noble his rewards of v●lour and service , ( it being his rule , That every man should enjoy as much as he could conquer ) so prevalent his example , that he did more with 2000 Men in three Moneths , than the Duke of Suffolk had done with 8000 in three years . The Duncery and idleness of the Monks in his time , ( as he writes himself ) made Erasmus a Student : the sloth and carelesness of Commanders in Sir Thomas his time , made him a Souldier .

Edward the third of England having sent to France to demand the Crown by Maternal Right , the Council there sent him word , That the Crown of France was not tied to a Distaff . To which he replyed , That then he would tie it to his Sword . Sir Thomas Wentworth demanding Normandy in right of the Dukes thereof , Kings of England , was told , That Dukedomes were never given away in France by the Wills of the Dead : Nay then , replyed he , we will have them against the Wills of the Living .

It 's written of our Henry the fifth , that he had something of Caesar in him , which Alexander the Great had not , That he would not be Drunk ; and something of Alexander the Great , which Caesar had not , That he would not be Flattered : Sir Thomas had both their Virtues , none of their Vices ; Non tam extra Vitia , quam cum summis Virtutibus . Though he could not avoid misfortune , and prosper ; yet he could yield to it , and retire : ( that experienced File that could not withstand the enemies ●hot , could fall down and escape it . ) Privacy at once secured and supported this unfortunate Gentleman : It is much to know how to lead and bring on successfully ; it 's more to retreat , and come off handsomely , and give over a bad game .

Since he heard ill , I hear no more of him but this : One being designed an Agent , waited upon this knowing and experienced Lord for some Directions for his conduct and carriage ; he delivereth himself ( saith my Author ) thus : To secure your self , and serve your Country , you must at all times● and upon all occasions , speak truth : for ( as he added ) you will never be believed ; and by this means your truth will secure your self if you be questioned , and pu● those you deal with ( who will still hunt counter ) to a loss in all their disquisitions and undertakings .

Observations on the Life of Sir Clement Paston .

SIr Clement Paston was a Souldier , and a Souldiers Son ; Valour running in the Blood for three Generations , and maturated by Noble and Heroick Actions for Glory and Success . Designed he was by his Friends for the Gown , but by his own Nature for Armour : Born for Action rather than Contemplation . When his Father asked him what he would desire of him , he desired a Horse and a Sword . He was tried in the King of France his service in Henry the Seventh's time , for his overthrow in Henry the Eighths . He was the first that made the English Navy terrible , and the last that made our Army so : He took the Admiral of France : and saved him of England : 30000 Crowns he received by way of Ransome from the first , a●d 1000 l. by way of Gratitude from the other : A Cup he would shew that the first gave him every Holy-day , and a Ring of the seconds every Christmas .

Two Kings made use of his Person , and two Queens of his Counsel , which he gave even on his Death-bed . His advice was short , but resolute ; his words few , but pertinent : his discourse commanding , and Souldier-like : his word , the Decree of the Medes . King Henry the Eighth called him His Champion : the Protector , in Edward the sixth's time , His Souldier ; Queen Mary , Her Sea-man ; and Queen Elizabeth , Her Father . When Wyat was overthrown , he would deliver himself up to a Gentleman , and therefore only to Sir Clement Paston .

The two great Interests of Souldiers is Pay and Honour : He mortgaged his Estate twice , to satisfie them for the one ; and pawn'd his credit at Court often , to encourage them for the other ; getting his Commanders always power and authority enough to do their Masters business , but never enough to do their own .

There being always a contest between the Populacy and the Souldiers , ( whom nothing reconciles , but downright force and necessity ) it was death to his Followers to be irregular , because one of their miscarriages exasperates a million , and distastes a Kingdom ; so necessary is a strict Discipline in the Camp , and an impartial Justice in the Countrey .

Outward occasions help Fortune , a Man 's own temper makes it , when there be , as my Lord Bacon writes , no stops or restiveness in a Man's mind , but that the wheels of that keeps even with those of fortune . Sir Clement and Cato Major were both of a make , both having tantum robur corporis & animi ; ut , quocunque loco nati essent , fortunam sibi facturi viderentur .

Observations on the Life of the Lord Rich.

HE must needs be preferred , who was so richly descended and nobly allied , as to shew at Court upon his first appearance sixty Noblemen and Knights of his Relation , and a hundred and fifty thousand Pound a Year Revenue among his Friends . He was more beholding to the Temple for his Law , than to the Universities for his Learning . His severe and active Nature aspiring above the pedantiqueness of a Scholar , to the usefulness of a States-man : I could never endure ( saith he ) those Studies that furnish me only with unactive thoughts and useless discourse , that teach me only to think and speak .

His staid and solid parts commended Him to Cromwel , and Cromwel recommended him to King Henry the Eighth : He was Solicitor-General to His Majesty , and Steward to his Master : Cromwel was the M●wl , and Rich the Hammer of Abbeys : He laid open to the Monks their faults , and his Master made use of it to force them to a surrendry : For as he said , when those Religious Societies saw they had faults enough discovered to take away their Lands , they had wit enough to give them up . His Counsels overthrew Popery , and his Deposition cut off Sir Thomas More : for being sent to Sir Thomas , after much discourse with him , he asked him this subtle Question , Whether he would acknowledge the King Supream Head , if it were enjoyned by an Act of Parliament ? Sir Thomas asked him again , If the Parliament enacted that God should not be Lord , whether he should consent to it ? And those words undid him . He saw that the Protestant Religion was the Interest of England , as well as the Doctrine of Scripture ; and therefore he carried it on in point of policy , as Archbishop Cranmer did in point of conscience . King Henry the eighth admired his distinct reasoning , and stayed judgment ; and Queen Anne Bullen was taken with his graceful eloquence , and ingenious discourses : In the morning his plyant soul , that could answer all the turnings and windings of business , was as reserved and solid as that of a demure States-man ; in the evening , as chearful and merry as that of a Debonair Courtier . He was the wisdome of the Court in the Presence , and its wit in the Closet ; its Oracle there , and its pleasure here .

King Henry the eighth made him one of his Legators , and King Edward the sixth one of his Council : Under him he carried on the Protestant Religion in point of conscience , which others managed in point of interest . He designed the degrees of the Reformation , and he set out its method , than whom none more zealous in things necessary , none more moderate in things indifferent . Active he was , but wary ; stirring , but cautious . To him the Reformers resorted in point of Law , as to Cranmer and Ridley in point of Religion . Such his Prudence , that the Protector made him his Friend ; such his Integrity , that the King made him Chancellour : where his Decrees were just , his Dispatches quick , his Judgments speedy , his Sums of Debates ●ull and satisfactory , his Sentences irreversible ; his Assistants in the Rolls , an● other Courts , able and honest . None more complyant to Reason , none more stiff in things agains● Reason : He would do any thing for King Edward the sixth's interest , nothing for Duke Dudley's ambition : therefore he observing the course of Affairs , would rather resign his Place , than his Integrity : when he could not with a safe conscience keep it , he with a contented mind parted with it ; being honoured with the Barony of Leez , and enriched with the Western Abbies ; it being the Prudence of that time to interest the Nobility in the Papal Revenues , that so they might be engaged against the Authority .

R. Rich Lord Chancellour , ( saith my Author ) then living in Great St. Bartholomews , though outwardly concurring with the rest , began now secretly to favour the Duke of Somerset , and sent him a Letter , therein acquainting him with all passages at the Council-board , subscribing the same ( either out of hast or familiarity ) with no other Direction save To the Duke ; enjoyning his servant , a new Attendant , as newly entred into his Family , safely to deliver it . The Man made more hast than good speed ; and his Lord wondring at his quick return , demanded of him where the Duke was when he delivered him the Letter ? In the Charter-house , ( said the servant ) on the same token that he read it at the Window , and smiled thereat . But the Lord Rich smiled not at the Relation , as sadly sensible of the mistake , and delivery of the Letter to the Duke of Norfolk , no great friend of his , and an utter enemy to the Duke of Somerset .

Wonder not if this Lord rose early up the next morning , who may be presumed not to have slept all Night : He hieth to the Court ; and having gotten admittance into the Bed-chamber before the King was up , This story is related from the mouth of his Grandchild the Earl of Warwik that last was . fell down on his Knees , and desired that his Old Age might be eased of this burthensome Office ; pleading that there ought to be some preparatory intervals in States-men between their temporal business and their death : in order to which , he desired to retire to Essex , there to attend his own Devotions . Nor would he rise from the ground till the King had granted his Request . And thus he saved himself from being stripped by others , by first pulling off his own Cloaths , who otherwise had lost his Chancellours place for revealing the secrets of the Council-board .

There are few places so impregnable , but Nature hath left in them some place or other by which they may be taken : none being armed at all points so well , but there is some way left whereby he may be surprized . He is the strongest that hath fewest accesses . He was a wise Man that said , Delay hath undone many for the other World , Hast hath undone more for this , Time well managed saves all in both .

But there is a Wheel in things , which undoeth all those that have not a Wheel that answereth it in their Souls ; I mean a great capacity to comply and close with those grand Vicissitudes that with small and unobserved circumstances turn round the World , which this great Man was Master of , who had his Eye upon the turns , flexures and points of things and business , and his state and interest ready to correspond : He knew when to proceed , when to make a stand , and when to retire . It 's said of Grandees , That they are the first that find their own Griefs , and the last that find their Faults . Our Lord was quick in both , and hath taught us this , That certainly Men of great fortunes are strangers to themselves , and while they are in the puzzle of business have no time to tend the welfare either of Body or Soul ; and that they must with-draw from this World , before they retire into another : For , Illi mors gravis incubat , qui not us nimis omnibus , ignotus moritur sibi .

There are no more Remarques of this Personage , than that he was the Father of this Apophthegme , Well done , if warily ; and Great-Grandfather to the present Earl of Warwick .

Observations on the Life of Sir John Mason .

HE had his Birth at Abingdon , and his Education at Oxford : His Birth commended him to All-Souls , and his Breeding to the Court : His Study was like his Inclination , rather active than contemplative , his present thoughts foreseeing and providing for his future Employments . But Industry and Parts may prepare a Man , it is opportunity and occasion that must advance him ; and never had a Man fairer opportunity , never made a Man better use of it .

None but Mr. Mason would the University pitch upon , to complement Henry the Eighth ; none but Mr. Mason could please him , although he was as great a Scholar as he was a King , and as much an Humorist as both : as he was inclined , so he studied ; as he studied , so he writ ; not with a Pedants impertinence , but a States-man's prudence : so elegant was his Latine , that a Critick would have advanced him Professor ; so various his Learning , that Cranmer would have preferred him Prebend ; and yet so grave and wise the matter and composure of his speech , that the King designed him a States-man .

When King Henry the Eighth came to Oxford , Sir Iohn is deputed to congratulate his coming : who considering that a Man cannot every Day speak to Kings , contrived ( saith my Author ) the matter of his speech most Man-like , politick and pertinent , the phrase of it polite and majestick ; so that what with his comely presence , his becoming carriage , his flowing expression , his graceful elocution , he gained that applause from the Court and University , that the one was as eager to have him , as the other was loth to part with him : the University was proud of him , but King Henry commanded him , and disposeth of him in Forein parts , to add practical experience to his speculative studies : It was the excellent way of that time , to pick out the choice youths of both Universities , and maintain them some years abroad , to make such Observations as might render them serviceable at home●

Dwelt with Books he had long enough , now he must converse with Men , and open his recluse and retired soul , to a practicable and social temper , by debonairness and freedom , too long mewed up with study and melancholy : Think and speak he could very well already , now he must learn to act and live : Books furnished , Travel must enlarge and settle his soul.

Four things made a States-man in those Days .

1. The University and good Letters . 2. The City and Converse . 3. The Court and Freedom of spirit . 4. Travel and Observation .

It was the politick Discipline of those days to selec● ( saith mine Author ) the pregnancies of either Vniversity , ana breed them i● Forein parts for public● Employments . Agreeable whereunto , Mr. Mason i● sent beyond sea with Instructions to guid him , and a pension to support him● With Order , 1. To keep exact correspondence with the Secretary at home . 2. To entertain , 1. The most eminent Scholar , who might represent the Church : 2. The ripest Undersecretary , who might decipher to him the State : 3. The ablest Souldier and Sea-man , that might open to him the Interest of both Nations 3. To take an exact account of the Havens , Forts , Cities , Avenues , Passages , Ways , Treasure and Interest of the place he lives in . 4. To follow the respective Embassadors Directions in every Court . 5. To appear in each place upon any solemnity , Civil or Military , suitable to the occasion , all charges to be defrayed from the English Exchequer .

His Pension was two hundred and twenty pounds a year ; his Circuit was France , the Netherlands and Italy ; his Commission was to engage any knowing person of those respective Courts , that could transcribe their Edicts or Orders , give exact Intelligence , make any Interest , or had any influence upon their respective Governments : His Rules were , 1. To correspond with his Majesties Agents . 2. To have few and choice Acquaintance . 3. To make Collections of , and Observations upon the Histories , the Laws , Customs , and the most considerable States-men , Governours , and Great Men , with their Relations and Dependencies in those Courts . 4. To give a monethly account of such Remarques as occurred , at large to the Secretary , and in brief to the King and Cardinal .

His first undertaking was in France , where his Gravity was too severe , beyond the dalliances of that place . His next was to Italy , where he shewed as great a reach in countermining , as the Inhabitants of that place do in managing their plots : None designs ( saith the Character ) further off than the Italian : None seeth ( said Sir Tho. Audley ) further off than Sir John Mason . His last Voyage was to Spain , where he out - grav'd the Don Himself , and then returned with the Italians quickness , the Spaniards staidness , the Frenchmans Ayr , the Germa●s Resolution , and the Dutchmans Industry : Q●alities that demonstrated he understood other Countreys , and could serve his own .

Th●re th●s pregnant Gentleman being at some distance , could look more inwardly into the Constitution , Situation , Interest , State and Complexion of his own Countrey ; and being near , could discern those of other parts wi●h the mutual aspect of England upon them , and theirs upon it . They that liv●d in those times say that none understood the affairs of England and France , together with their mutual advantages or disadvan●●ges , better than Sir Iohn Mason .

He that had seen the mysteries of four Courts , might be trusted with those of one , as he was in King Henry the Eighth's time , in the capacity of a Privy Counsellour ; and in Edward the Sixth's , in the Trust of chief Secretary . At the Board , none clearer in his Proposals ; in his Office , none quicker for Dispatch : Let me hear Sir Iohn Mason , said the King ; Let us to Sir Iohn Mason , said the Subjects : so much the reputation of his prudent integrity with the one , and of his familiar access with the other !

Four things he said kept him in , under all the Revolutions , during the four Princes Reigns whom he served : 1. That he thought few Things would save a Man . 2. That he was always intimate with the exactest Lawyer , and ablest Favourite . 3. That he spake little , and writ less . 4. That he had attained to something which each party esteemed serviceable to them , and was so moderate , that all thought him their own .

When a compleat man , he was called home , to be first Clerk of the Council , a place of great Trust ; secondly , Secretary of State , a place of great Employment ; thirdly , Master of the Requests , an Office of great Dispatch and Business ; and fourthly , Treasurer of the Houshold , an Employment of constant care .

No Age wanted an able man more , no Age had one more willing to secure the Universities , than that which chose him to be Chancellour of Oxford , at the same time that his Prince made him Treasurer of the Houshold . Sacriledge it self then gaping after the University-Lands , durst not tempt so honest a Man , nor perswade so great a Scholar , nor fright so resolute a Statesman to betray or yield up those ancient Encouragements of Learning and Virtue . Loth was Oxford to part with him when a Scholar , glad to entertain him a States-man , with a power to protect her , well tempered with Obligations to love her ; he who is now the Father being lately the Son ; maintained by a part of it , as he now maintained the whole . That was a scrambling time , when it was catch who catch can . I find not any particular favour conferred , or benefaction bestowed by him in person on the University ; but this great good he did , That his Greatness kept others from doing any harm . Many hungry Courtiers had hopes to catch Fish , ( and Fish it would be , whatever came into their Nets ) on this turning of the Tide , and alteration of Religion : How easie was it for covetousness in those times to quarrel the Colledge-Lands into superstition ! Sacriledge stood ready to knock at their Gates ; and alas ! 't was past their Porter's power to forbid it enterance , had not Sir Iohn Mason vigorously opposed it , and assisted the University on all occasions .

He inciteth them to the study of the Tongues ; because sensum alicujus rei non potest ille assequi , qui r●dis es● Idiomatis quo traditur : and directed the reading of Aristole , Agricola , Melancthon , &c. instead of Scotus , Burleus , Bricot : calling for all their Charters , Donations , Statutes , Popes Bulls , with an exact Rental of their Lands , and Inventory of their Goods , which were restored intire and safe .

The University , that could not enjoy his presence , craves his protection ; and foreseeing in the fall of Abbeys , their danger , especially when Foundations erected for superstition were given by statute to the King , chose Sir Iohn Mason their Chancellour , who was at once a favourite o● Power and of Learning ; the greatest Lay-Statesman that was a Scholar , and the greatest Scholar that was a Lay-Statesman : He was not contented to secure , but he must improve Oxford , gaining it New Priviledges , when it feared the loss of its old ones .

A grave and reserved Man he was , who understood the Intrigues and Motions of those dark and uncertain times , and his nimble and present Prudence could accommodate them . His Maxime was , Do , and say nothing : Commending the active and close man , whose performances were as private , coherent , continued and suddain as his counsels ; who would not spend that time in advising , that woul● serve for executing : Many were his pensions to Scholars at home , more to Agents abroad that assisted either his studies or employments , whom he designed an honour to his middle , and a support to his old Age. He had a peculiar way of satisfying suiters by plain dealing and dispatch : he would divide all suits either into matter of Equity , or a suit of Controversie ; or into matter of Desert , or a suit of Petition : In the first he had his Referrendaries , to see the matter compounded between both parties , rather than carried by either : In the second , he preferred all suitably to their Abilities . No M●n understood better the nature of Court-places than he , and none saw further into Court-persons .

Two things , he said , always promoted a mat●er : 1. Secresie : ( Boasting , which is the way of some Courtiers , though it discourageth some Competitors , yet it awakeneth Others . ) 2. Timing of it , with an Eye to those about us .

He would advise a Man to begin with a little and mean suit : For though ( as my Lord Bacon observes ) iniquum petas & aequum feras , is a good Rule , where a Man hath strength of favour ; yet otherwise a Man had better rise in his suit : For he that would have ventured at fi●st to have lost his Suitor , will not in the conclusion lose both the Suitor and his own former Favour .

It 's from him , while he lived , that we learned Celerity is the best Secresie ; Pru●ence and Resolution is the only Fortune ; Converse is the great Education ; Boldness a Man's surest Success ; Good Nature is the eminent Nobility ; and a well-weighed Honesty the only Favourite .

It 's by him , when he died , we are taught that Moderation out-lasts Violence , Modesty Ambition , a publick Spirit a private One : That to act alone may be as profitable as Honourable , but to joyn with others most safe : That to study the nature of a Prince , may for the present advance ; but to understand the Interest of his Kingdom , is always secure : The one way being as uncertain as the frail Person it depends upon , the other as sure as the lasting State it serves .

Observations on the Life of Sir William Stamford .

SIr William Stamford was of Straffordian extraction ; Robert his Grand-father living at Rowley in that County : but William his Fath●r was a Merchant in London , and purchased Lands at Hadley in Middlesex , where Sir William was born , August 22. 1509. He was bred to the study of our Municipal Laws ; attaining so much eminence therein , that he was preferred one of the Judges of the Common Pleas. His most learned Book of The Pleas of the Crown , hath made him for ever famous amongst Men of his own Profession . There is a spirit of retraction of one to his Native County , which made him purchase Lands , and his Son settle himself in Straffordshire . This worthy Judge died Aug. 28. and was buried at Hadley in this Shire , in the last year of the reign of Queen Mary , 1558.

King Iames had a Judge that would give no money , and King Henry had one that would take none . There have been those Lawyers that turned the point of Law upon the Law it self ; that wounded the Eagle with a feather from his own Wing , and stabbed the person of Princes with their Authority ; that dethroned Kings with a moot-point , and overthrowed a Government at a Reading . This Judge understood , that as the Law is the security of the people , so Prerogative is the strength of the Law ; and that that is the best temper of Government where Kings have so much power to do evil , that they may be able to do good .

Miserable experience hath taught us , that since power hath been wrested from Princes , that neither they nor their people can ●e ●●fe , if both be not in such a way as the Law hath intrusted the publick safety and welfare ; which consists in a full power belonging to the King , to secure Liberties , preserve Property , and protect their People in the enjoyment of the fruits of their industry , and the benefit of those Laws to which themselves have consented . He sets himself good Rules , as well to create good presidents , as to ●ollow them ; reducing things to their first institution , and observing wherein and how they have degenerated : yet still taking counsel of both times : of the ancienter time , what is best ; and of the latter , what is fittest . He made his course regular , that Men might know what to expect ; but not peremptory , that Knaves might not know how to impose upon him : always expressing himself well , when he digressed from his Rule . Preserve the right of his place he would , but not stir Questions of Jurisdictions ; rather assuming his right in silence , and de facto , then voice it with claims and challenges . He directed in most Affairs , but was busie in none : none readier to give , none readier to take helps and advices . His speech was more discreet than eloquent ; rather particularly suitable to the present things and persons , than generally orderly and artificial . He could speak quick and deep too , never using many circumstances , lest he were tedious ; ever some , lest he were blunt : so warily did he deliver what he knew , that he was sometimes thought to know what he did not . He knew what might be said , so good his fancy ; and he knew what sho●ld be thought , so great his judgment : commanding the discourse where-ever he was , by that prudence that could bring it on and off ; and that variety that happily intermingled Arguments with Tales , Reasons with Opinions , and earnest with jest . His Decrees were the Hedges of Propriety , his Dispatches cool , his Cases rightly stated ; his Reports favour of Integr●ty and Prudence , of Books and Men. How discree●ly would he moderate the rigorous circumstances of petty and poenal Laws ! how exactly observe the design and drift of the more fundamental and reasonable ! Here no Intrigues to perplex , no Attendance to tire , no Hazards to discourage , no Checks or Delays to vex , no surreptitious advantages to surprize ; no defeats of hopes , or falseness of friends to disappoint ; no negligence of Agents , or interest of parties to betray ; no Oratory or Sophism to varnish or hide a matter : all things clear as Justice , and smooth as Integrity .

By diligence and moderation , with their gentle degrees and augmentations , and his own watchful observance , he climbed to Excellency . A man is neither good , nor rich , nor wise at once ; it being a double work to be great : 1. To remove Obstruction , and accommodate Adversaries : 2. To watch and assume the advantage . What is longest in proving , is longest declining : the Rose that buds one day , withereth the ne●● The Oak that is an Age a growing , is five stanc●●●● He had those lower Virtues that drew praise from the Vulgar , which he neglected , ( knowing that they were more taken with appearances than realities ) he had middle that they admired , and good Men observed ; he had his highest Virtues , which they perceived , and great Men honoured : In a word , a fragrant fume he had , that filled all round about , and would not easily away . Although he despised the Flatterers praise , as base ; and avoided the Cunnings , as dangerous ; yet he would say of a deserved Fame , That being nothing , or but ayr at best , it doth all : for it 's sufficient to breed Opinion , and Opinion brings on substance .

He observed of himself , that he came very hardly to little Riches , and very easily to great Riches : For when a Man's stock is come to that , as my Lord Verulam observes , that he can expect the prime of the Markets , and overcome those Bargains which for their greatness are few Mens Money , and be Partners in the Industries of younger men , he cannot but mainly increase with those two Advancers of Gain , 1. Diligence ; and , 2. A good Name .

He hath left these two Principles behind him for those of his own profession● 1. That they should reduce every Statute to the Common Law and Custome whereon it is grounded . 2. That they should as well look into the History of former times ●or the Reasons and Circumstances of our Laws , as into their Law-books for the matter of them .

Some Lawyers assert the Subjects Liberty , and retrench the Prerogative ( as too much power to be trusted for a mortal Man ) within the known Limits of Law , that so Subjects may be at a certainty How to square their Loyalty and Obedience . He always upheld that Prerogative , saying , That the discretion of the Scepter as Guardian for the general good of the Common-weal●h , must be trusted against all Emergencies , with the management of its own might : Concluding always thus ; Submission is our Duty , and Confidence our Prudence . Bishop Bancroft of Oxford said in King Charles the first his time , Eo tempore occubui quo mallem Episcopatus rationem coram Deo dare , quam Episcopatum coram hominibus exercere . Judge Stamford said in Q. Mary's time , In quae reservamur tempora ! dct Deus nt Magistratus rationem coram eo reddam potius quam Magistratum coram hominibus exerceam .

His Book containeth two parts ; One of The Pleas of the Crown , the other of The Kings Prerogative . In him ( saith Mr. Fulbeck ) there is force and weight , and no common kind of stile ; in matter very few have gone beyond him , in method none have overtaken him : in the order of his writing he is smooth , yet sharp ; pleasant , yet grave : and surely his method may be a Law to the Writers that succeed him . Heavy saith he is the weight of innocent blood , consider we either the inward fears attending the guilt of it ; or the outward providence of God watching for the discovery of it ; one that was before him , having apprehended a Fishes head in the Platter , for the head of him whom he had murthered ; and another , after a horrid murther , being observed to have his Hand continually upon his Dagger . —

Observations on the Life of Sir John Jeffrey .

SIr Iohn Ieffrey was born in Sussex , where he left behind him a fair Estate to his Daughter . He so profited in the Study of our Municipal Law , that he was preferred secondary Judge of the Common Pleas , and thence advanced by Queen Elizabeth , in Michaelmas-Term , the Nineteenth of her Reign , to be Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer : which place he discharged for the Term of two years , to his great commendation . He left one Daughter and Heir , married to Sir Edward Montague , ( since Baron of Boughton ) by whom he had but one Daughter , Elizabeth , married to Robert Barty Earl of Lindsey , Mother to the truly honourable Montague Earl of Lindsey , and Lord great Chamberlain of England . This worthy Judge died in the 21. of Queen Elizabeth .

This was he who was called the Plodding Student , whose industry perfected Nature , and was perfected by experience . He read not to argue only ; for that is vanity : nor to believe and trust ; for that is easiness : nor to discourse ; for that is idle : but to weigh and consider ; for that is prudence . He had his Studies for pleasure and privacy , for ornament and converse , and for judgment and business . To spend too much time on his Book , was sloth ; to talk by Book , was affected ; and to act by it , was humoursome and Scholar-like .

Four things he would say helped him .

1. His Inclination : ( It 's a great happiness to a Man ( saith Aristotle ) when his Calling is one of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , of those things that agree with his n●ture . ) 2. Method . 3. Religion , with that just and composed mind that attends it . 4 , A great happiness in all the four faculties that make a Lawyer : 1. A sharp invention , and clear apprehension to search all the circumstances of a case propounded . 2. Judgment to examine and weigh the particulars invented and apprehended : ●or truth lieth in things , as Gold in Mines . 3. Memory to retain what is judged and examined . 4. A prompt and ready delivery of what is conceived and retained , set out with ingenuity and gravity . Oratio prompa non audax . What he said , was close and pinching , and not confident and earnest ; allowing passion not to disturb either the method or delivery of his discourse , but to quicken it . To speak well and much , he said , was not the work of one man : yet if a Philosopher be eloquent , said Cicero , we must not despise him ; if he be not , he must not affect it , so that he can comprehend in words what he conceiveth , and speak them plainly , that he may be understood . His Latine and French were Grammatical , his Rhetorick Natural , his Logick Reason : The first , opened the terms ; the second , pressed the Vigour ; the last , collected and disposed of the Axiomes , Grounds , and Rules of the Law , and all prepared him for that comprehensive Profession : in the ashes whereof , the sparks of all other Sciences were raked up .

His gesture and habit was grave , but not affected : speaking as much to the eye , as his tongue did to the ear : ( the gesture being a great discoverer of the constitution , and a great direction to business : what a man misseth in the speech , he may sometimes ●ind in the looks . ) His temper was moderate and sober ; a Virtue , and a seasoning of all others , attended with the Lawyers gift , and that is Patience . Modest he was , but not fondly bashful ; his prudence , and not his softness . His humility begat affableness ; his affableness , society ; that , conference ; conference , parts , and they acquaintance ; and that , practice ; and practice , experience ; experience , renown ; and that , preferment .

Sir Iohn's inclination was studious ; his mind , constant , solid , and setled , and able to dive into the Whirl-pools of that intricate and perplexed faculty ; his thoughts being orderly , and his conceptions methodical : his search comprehensive , avoiding Epitomes , as the banes of Learning . Nullu : illi per otium dies exit , partem noctium studiis vindicat ; non vacat somno , sed succumbit , & oculos vigilia fatigatos cadentesque in opere detinet .

Considerable were the parts he had , but more so the making up of those he had not : his cover●ng of his defects being of no less importance than the valuing of good parts , which he did three ways : 1. By caution , ingeniously and discreetly waving and putting off things improper . 2. By colour , making his Defects his Virtues , and his Faults his Endowments . And , 3. By that freedom of Spirit that daunts the weakest , and prevaileth with the wisest .

He proposed to himself five things to enquire into , in order to that compleatness he arrived unto : 1. The ancient Maximes and Principles , or the more ancient Customs that make up the Common Law of England . 2. The Acts and Constitutions that make up its Statute-Law . 3. The particular Priviledges , Liberties , Immunities and Usages of Counties , Burroughs , Cities , &c. that do swerve from this Law . 4. The ancient Grounds and Reasons ( as far as History can direct ) of all these : our Law being an exact Reason . 5. The most satisfactory explanations of the Law : 1. From Commentaries , as Bractons : 2. Abridgments , as Stathams : 3. History , as the years and terms of the Common Law : And 4. From more particular Tracts , that handled their peculiar subjects , as Fortescue , Glanvil , Britton , Fleta , Littleton , which he thought not unprofitable to read , though dangerous to rely upon : ( with the Lord Cooke , not liking those that stuff their mindes with wandering and masterless reports : For , as he said , they shall find them too soon to lead them to error : ) Beginning with the terms of Art , and then to the matter ; perusing what is antiquated , and observing what is suitable to the present constitution and complexion . It 's my Lord Cook's Rule , That for the most part the latter Judgments and Resolutions are the surest , and therefore fittest to season a man withal in the beginning ; both for settling of his Judgment , and retaining them in memory ; yet as he goeth on , out of the old fields must spring and grow the new Corn.

Our Lawyers course was slow and leisurely , his reading digested and deliberate : His considerations wary , and distrust his way to knowledge . He that begins with certainties , ends in doubts : and he that begins with doubts , ends in certainties , and looketh into t●e bo●●●m of things .

Upon serious and solid Books he bestowed a double reading ; the one cursorily , by way of p●eparation ; and the other exact , by way of digestion .

Three things made him a Pleader : 1. Reading . 2. Observation . 3. Exercise .

And indeed , Vid. Co● . in Littl. Presat . in ancient times , the Sergeants and Apprentices of Law did draw their own pleadings , which made them good Pleaders .

He observed the affections , the intent , the analogy , the validity of the Law , putting all his reading to writing ; having the places he was most to handle in all the variety that could be , with his Rules and Maximes , as far as reading , hearing , meditation , conference and memory could help him .

Thus his fi●st thoughts were upon his Profession , until that advanced him to the highest Eminence ; and his last upon his Interest , until that was improved to as much fortune as lieth in a well-laid Estate and Alliance .

The End of the Observations upon the Lives of the Statesmen and Favourites of England , in the Reign of King Edward the Sixth .

Books Printed for Samuel Speed Book-seller , near the Royal Exchange .

PHaramond , the famed Romance in Folio , written by the Author of those other two eminent Romances , Cassandra and Cleopatra .

Palmerin of England in three parts , in Quarto .

The Destruction of Troy in three parts , in Quarto .

Quintus Curtius , his Life of Alexander the Great in English , in Quarto .

Montelion , Knight of the Oracle , in Quarto .

Primaleon of Greece , in Quarto .

The Jewel-house of Art and Nature , by Sir Hugh Plat , in Quarto .

The Womans Lawyer , by Sir Iohn Dodridge , in Quarto .

Divine Law , or the Patrons Purchaser , by Alexander Huckston , in Quarto .

The Compleat Parson , by Sir Iohn Doddridge , in Qu.

Star-Chamber Cases , in Quarto .

Actions of the Case for Deeds , by William Shepheard Esquire , in Folio .

The Life of Henry the Great in English written by the Bishop of Rhodez , in Octav.

The Villain , a Tragedy , by Tho. Porter Esquire , in Quarto .

Observations on the Statesmen and Favourites of England since the Reformation , their Rise , and Growths , Prudence , and Policies , Miscarriages , and Falls , during the Reigns of Henry the eighth , King Edward the sixth , Queen Mary , Queen Elizabeth , King Iames , and King Charles the first , in Octav. by D. Lloyd , A. M.

The Precedency of Kings , in Folio . by Iames Howel Esquire .

The Description of Tangier , with an account of the Life of Gayland , Usurper of the Kingdom of Fez , in Quarto .

The Golden Coast , or a Description of Guiney , in Quarto .

An Abridgement of the three Volumns of Sir George Crookes Reports in Octavo .

An Abridgement of the Reports of Sir Francis More , in Octavo .

The Compleat Lawyer , by William Noy of Lincolns-Inne , in Octavo .

The Tenants Law , a Treatise of great use for Tenants and Farmers of all kinds , and all other persons whatsoever . Wherein the several Natures , Differences , and kinds of Tenures and Tenants are discussed , and several Cases in Law touching Leases , Rents , Distresses , Replevins , and other accidents between Landlord and Tenants ; and Tenant and Tenant between themselves and others , especially such who have suffered by the late conflagration in the City of London , by R. T. Gent. in Twelves .

Memories of the Lives , Actions , Sufferings , and Deaths of those Noble , Reverend , and excellent Personages that suffered by Death , Sequestration , Decimation or otherwise , for the Protestant Religion , and the great Principle thereof , Allegiance to their Sovereign , in our late intestine Wars , in Folio ; by D. Lloyd . A. M.

Arithmetical Recreations , by W. Leybourne , in Twelves .

The Reports of Sir Henry Hobart , in F.

The Compleat Copy-holder by the Lord Cooke , in Octavo .

Machiavels Discourses , and Prince , in Twelves .

The Roman History of Lucius Florus in English , in Octavo .

The City and Country Purchaser , and Builder ; with directions for purchasing , building , and improving of Lands , and Houses , in any part of England , in Octavo , by Stephen Primate Gent.

A brief Chronicle of the late intestine War , in the three Kingdoms of England , Scotland , and Ireland , from the years of our Lord , 1637. to the year 1663. in Fol. by Iames Heath Gent.

The new Academy of Complements erected for Ladies and Gentlemen , containing variety of Complements , and Letters fitted to the occasions of all persons of both Sexes , with an exact Collection of the newest and choicest Songs a la mode , both Amorous and Jovial , in Twelves ,

Systema Agriculturae , being the whole Mystery of Husbandry , made known by I. W. Gent. in Folio .

The Kings Primmer , containing easie and pleasant directions for the reading of English , in Thirty two .

Kings Psalter , stored with observable varieties , fit either for the School , or for the Closet , all which are profitable , plain and pleasant , in Octavo .

The Life and Death of that matchless Mirrour of Heroick Vertues , Henrietta Maria de Bourbon , late Queen to King Charles the first , and Mother to the most Magnificent Prince , King Charles the second , in Twelves .

An Advertisement . To all Gentlemen , Booksellers , or others .

WHereas Samuel Speed Bookseller , hath lately disposed himself to a whole-Sale trade for Books , not making any appearance of that imployment , as ●ormerly he did . These are to Certifie , That those persons that please to apply themselves to him for Books , shall be as well used as by any person whatsoever : and whosoever hath any Study , or Library of Books , or Copies , either in Manuscript , or such as have been already Printed , to dispose of , shall receive from him the full value thereof , to the said Parties ample satisfaction .

FINIS .

THE States-Men & Favourites OF ENGLAND , IN The Reign of Q. MARY .

Observations on the Life of Sir William Cordel .

SIR William Cordel , where ever he was born , had a fair Estate at Long-Melford in Suffal● , and lieth buried in that fair Church , under a decent Monument : We will tran●late his Epitaph , which will perfectly acquaint us with the great Offices he had , and good Offices he did to Posterity .

Hic Gulielmus habet requiem , Cordelliae avito , Stemmate q●i elanus , cla●i●r inge●io : Hi● Studiis primos consumpsit fo●titer dunos , Mox & causarum stren●●● actor erat● Tanta illi doctrina inerat , facundia tanta , V● Parlamento publica linguaforet : Postea factus Eques , Reginae arcana Maria Con●ilia , & Patriae grande subibat opus . Factus & est Custos Rotulorum ; urgente senecta , In Christo moriens cepit ad astra viam . Pauperibus largus victum vestemque ministrans , Insuper Hospitii condidit ille domum . " Here William Cordel doth in rest remain ; " Great by his Birth , but greater by his Brain : " Plying his studies hard , his youth throughout , " Of Causes he became a Pleader stout , " His Learning deep such Eloquence did vent , " He was chose Speaker to the Parliament : " Afterwards Knight Queen Mary did him make , " And Counsellour , State-Work to undertake ; " And Master of the Rolls : Well-worn with Age , " Dying in Christ , Heaven was his utmost Stage . " Diet and Clothes to poor he gave at large , " And a fair Alms-House founded on his charge .

He was made Master of the Rolls November the fifth , in the fifth of Queen Mary , continuing therein till the day of his death , the 23 of Queen Elizabeth . Eight weeks and upwards passed between the Proclaiming of Queen Mary , and the first Parliament by her assembled ; du●ing which time , two Religions were together set on foot , Protestantism and Popery ; the former hoping to be continued , the latter labouring to be restored : And as the Jews Children after the Captivity spake a middle Language , betwixt Hebrew and Ashd●d ; so during the foresaid Interim , the Churches and Chappels in England had a mixt celebration of their Divine Service between Reformation and Superstition : The ●ame day there was a Mass sung for Edward the Sixth's soul in the Tower , and the English Service for his Burial in Westminster . No small justling was there between the zealous Promoters of these contrary Perswasions : The Protestants had the Law on their side , and the Papists the Prerogative : These the Queens Opinion , the other her Promise . Besides , seeing by the Fidelity of the Suffolk and Norfolk Protestant Gentry , the Queen was much advantaged for the Recovery of her Right ; Fuller E●cles . Hist. B. ● . Cont. ●● . they conceived it but reason , that as she by them regained the Crown , so they under her should enjoy their Consciences : Thus it is in the Evening Twilight , wherein Light and Darkness at first may seem very equally marched , but the later in a little time doth wholly prevai● . The Catholick canvass for the next Parliament , upon the Queens credit and authority● the Reformed , upon the Nations Inclination .

The Body of the Kingdom meets , and chuseth our Knight for Speaker , whose temper was a Representative of the Parliament , as that is of the Kingdom : A temper made up of an equal mixture of Loyalty and Piety , that could at once stand to their Religion , and submit to their Soveraign ; Render to Caesar what was Caesars , and to God , what was Gods : Long did he expect that the Queen would comply with the Parliament , and as long did she , stay for their compliance with her : Unite they could not unanimously among themselves , dissolved they are therefore peaceably by her .

But Cordel was too Popular to be neglected , and too honest to be corrupted : Useful Parts will finde Preferment , even when the Dissenting Judgement findes not Favou● . The Speaker of the unhappily healing Parliam●nt was made Master of the Rolls in Queen Maries days , and of a more happily healing one was made so in Charles the Second's Reign : The one was of that Primitive Faith that was before the Modern names of Papists and Protestants ; the other of a Moderation that was elder than the new Heats of Disciplinarians and Anti-Disciplinarians .

The miscarriages of Authority are chiefly six● 1. Delay . 2. Faction . 3. Roughness . 4. Corruption . 5. Ambition . And 6. Private Designs .

No delay hindred : where set times of hearing were observed , access was easie , the order and method of business uninterrupted . No corruption , where there durst be no suspicion of it ; insomuch as that it was heinous to offer a Bribe to him , as to take it in another . Here was severity that awed men to a discontent , but no austerity that sowred them to discontent ; all was smooth and grave , pleasing and becoming , yet nothing easi● or soft ; it being worse to yield to importunities that are dayly , than to be bought with money , which comes but seldom .

V●rtue in Ambition is violent , but in Authority , as here , it was calm and settled . He ●ided with no Faction in his rise , but balanced himself by all : He had no design when he lived , but to be spent in the Publick Service ; and none when he dyed , but to spend himself in publick charity , a charity that is at once the continued blessing and grace of that worshipful Family . Cato Major would sa● , That wise men learn more of fools , than fools do of wise men : And King Charles the first would say , That it was wisdom in fools to jest with wise men , but madness for wisemen to iest with fools : And Sir william Cordel bequeathed us this O●servation , There is no man that talks , but I may gain by him ; and none that holds his to●gue , but I may lose by him .

Observations on the Life of Sir Anthony Cooke .

SIr Anthony Cooke , gre●t Grandchilde to Sir Thomas Cooke Lord Mayor of London , was born at Giddy-Hall in Essex , where he finished a fair House begun by his great Grandfather , as appeareth by this Inscription on the Frontispiece thereof : AEdibus his frontem Proavus Thomas dedit olim , Addidit Antoni caetera sera manus .

He was one of the Governors to King Edward the ●ixth when Prince , and is charactered by Mr. Cambden , Vir antiqua ●erenitate . Cambd. Eliz. a●● 1576. He observeth him also to be happy in his Daughters , learned above their Sex in Greek and Latine : namely , 1. Mildred married unto William Cecil , Lord Treasurer of England . 2. Anne married unto Nicholas Bacon . L. Chancellour of England . 3. Katherine married unto Henry Killigrew , Kt 4. Elizabeth married unto Thomas Hobby , Kt 5. 〈◊〉 married unto Ralph Rowlet , Kt

Sir Anthony Cooke dyed in the year of our Lord 1576. leaving a fair Estate unto his Son , in whose name it continued till our time . Gravity was the Ballast of his Soul , and General Learning its Leading . In him met the three things that set up a Family .

1. An Estate honestly gotten in the City . 2. An Education well managed in the University . And , 3. Honor well bestowed at Court .

Yet he was some-body in every Art , and eminent in all the whole circle of Arts lodging in his soul. His Latine , fluent and proper ; his Greek , critical and exact ; his Philology , and Observations upon each of these Languages , deep , curious , various and pertinent : His Logick , rational ; his History and Experience , general ; his Rhetorick and Poetry , copious and genuine ; his Mathematicks , practicable and useful . Knowing that souls were equal , and that Women are as capable of learning as Men , he instilled that to his Daughters at night , which he had taught the Prince in the day ; being resolved to have Sons by Education , for fear he should have none by birch ; and lest he wanted am ●eir of his body , he made five of his mind , for whom he had at once a Gavel-kind of affection , and of Estate .

His Childrens maintenance was always according to their quality , and their employment according to their disposition ; neither allowing them to live above their fortunes , nor forcing them against their natures . It is the happiness of Forreigners , that their Vocations are suited to their Natures , and that their Education seconds their Inclination ; and both byass and ground do wonders . I●s the unhappiness of Englishmen , that they are bred rather according to their Estates , than their temper ; and Great Parts have been lost , while their Calling drew one way , and their Genius another ; and they sadly say , Multum incola fuere animae nostrae , We have dwelt from home . Force makes Nature more violent in the return ; Doctrine and Discourse may make it less importune ; Custom may hide or suppress it , nothing can extinguish it : Nature even in the softer Sex runs either to Weeds or Herbs : careful was this good Father therefore , seasonably to water the one , and destroy the other . Much was done by his grave Rules , more by his graver life , that Map of Precepts . Precepts teach , but Examples draw . Maxima debetur pueris reverentia , was Cato's Maxime . Three things there are before whom ( was Sir Anthony's saying ) I cannot do amiss● 1. My Prince . 2. My Conscience . 3. My Children . Seneca told his Sister , That though he could not leave her a great portion , he would leave her a good pattern . Sir Anthony would write to his Daughter Mildred , My example is your inheritance , and my life is your portion . His first care was to embue their tender souls with a knowing , serious and sober Religion , which went with them to their graves . His next business was to inure their young●r years to submission , modesty and obedience ; and to let their instructions grow with their years . Their Book and Pen was their Recreation ; the M●sick and Dancing School , the Court and City , their accomplishment ; the Needle in the Closet , and House-wifry in the Hall and Kitchings their business . They were reproved , but with reason that convinced and checked , that wrought aswell an ingenious shame , as an unfeigned sorrow , and a dutiful fear . Fondness never loved his Children , a●d Passion never chastised them ; but all was managed with that prudence and discretion , that my Lord Seymor standing by one day when this Gentleman chi● his Son , said Some men govern Families with more skill than others do Kingdoms ; and thereupon commended hi● to the Government of his Nephew Edward the sixth . Such the M●j●stie of his looks and gate , that A●● governed ; such the reason and sweetness , that love obliged all his Family : a Family equally afraid to displease so good a Head , and to offend so great . In their marriage they were guided by his Reason , more than his Will ; and rather directed by his Counsel , than led by his Authority . They were their own portion : Parts , Beauty and Breeding bestow themselves . His care was , that his Daughters might have compleat M●n , and that thier Husbands might be happy in compleat Women : neve● promising , yet always paying a great Dowry . Their spirit and business kept them from that weak p●ssion of love that embaseth Mankind● their Noble converse improved that friendly love that perfecteth it ; and their marriage compleated that Nuptial love that makes it . He said first , and his Grand-childe my Lord Bacon after him , That the Ioys of Parents are Secrets , and so are their griefs and fears , Children swe●ten Labours , but they embitter Misfortunes : they encrease the care of Life , and mitigate the remembrance of Death . Very providently did he secure his Eternity , by leaving the image of his nature in his Children , and of his mind in his Pupil . The Recreations he indulged were moderate , lawful , sober , becoming , useful , and seasonable : the Expences he allowed , not so illiberal as to acquaint them with shifts , make them sort with mean company , nor surfeit when they came to plenty ; nor yet so prodigal , but that they were taught how to live in the world . The Books he advised were not many , but choice : the business he pressed was not reading , but digesting . The King of Sweeden's men were but six deep ; and Sir Anthony's exercises were not thick , but methodical and armed : the Die : he prescribed , moderate : in Apparel he allowed for necessity , for decency , and in some cases for magnificence , provided that it were neither too costly , nor too vain● neither above the Purse , nor beyond the Calling , nor besides the Estate .

Sir Anthony took more pleasure to breed up States-men , than to be one . Contemplation was his Soul , Privacy his Life , and Discourse his Element . Business was his Purgatory , and Publickness his torment : yet so serviceable was he in Edward ●he sixth's time , that he was an Exile in Queen Maries . What though he and others were useful and peaceable in the Commonwealth ? What though they were sound in the Faith , and cordially imbracing the Doctrine of the Catholick Church ? What though those in this condition were many , and such as in whose peace and industry the welfare of the whole Nation was exceedingly concerned ? What if they offered to be instructed by any who would take that work upon them , in the things about which their differences are ? What if they plead conscience towards God , and that alone , in their dissent , it being evidently against their whole Temporal interest ? What if they have given evidence of their readiness in the ways of Christ and the Gospel , to oppose even error that seemed pernicious to the souls of men , or of an evil Aspect to Publick peace and tranquility ? all is one , they are upon some odde jealousies of future events to be forborn , neither joyntly nor severally , no one nor all of them in a case that concerns the interest of a predominant party , though the hands of a thousand be by those means taken off from labour , their stocks from employment , their minds from contrivances of industry in their own concerns , the revenues of those under whom they live decay'd ; in all which the common good hath no small interest , fulness and plenty in the mean time diverting the thoughts of such who might remedy these things , before the stock of the Nation is wasted , and the affairs of it intangled beyond remedy , from taking notice of them , or keeping off any impression on their minds and judgements , from what is represented concerning them ; though men should look well to the ground of their actings , in things wherein they proceed against the common consent of mankind , expressed in all instances of the like occasion , that have occurred in the world ; which is as great an evidence of the light and Law of nature , as any can be obtained : For what all men generally consent in , is from the common nature of all , who have by a common experience found , that the inward power of R●ligion always prevailed upon the world , and its greatest opposition , more than any outward force : And men do not consider aright , what a secret influence into the enervating of Politick Societies , such Intrenchments upon the principles of the light of nature will assuredly have : for those things which spring up in the minds of men , without arguing or consideration from without , will insensibly prevail in them against all Law and Constitution to the contrary , force from the prevalent i●fluence of a particular interest to the contrary , — P●ssimus diuturnitatis Custos — will not always prevail , nor ever at any time , without great regret and commotion in the minds of men , who have no concern in that interest , but act unavoidably according to that principle which sooner or later will perform i●s work ; which is to make a judgement of a mans self and his actions , with reference to the future judgement of God , which men must be suffered to do ( notwithstanding the abuse of that pretence of Conscience by brain-sick or Enthusiastick persons in their Paroxisms , which is to take no place in consideration of what becomes a guidance of the actions of Mankind one towards another ) in things belonging properly to its cognizance ; unless , which all that have exercised any r●flect acts upon themselves , and know that neither they nor others can ; and that God himself ( who procures the assent of men onely by conviction and evidence to what he revealeth ) will not for●e mens minds .

A wicked design it is of putting our Gods great Vice-gerent out of his place and Throne , and to act not in a pious way of Imitating the holiness , wisdom and clemency of God , in an ambitious way of usurping his Soveraignty , who yet enjoyneth not the belief of any thing he proposeth as an object of Faith ; nor obedience in any thing which he commandeth , as matter of duty , till he hath given , what no man can , sufficient evidence of reason for the one ; and warrantry of Authority for the other ; for Religion is a matter of choice , and he that chooseth not his Religion hath none . Alledge , that any sort of men may act otherwise , and impose upon men practices , without refe●ence to the judgement of God , is to suppose , that he hath set up an authority against himself ; provided that the pretences of Conscience , shrowd not any practices that may interfere with the common light of Nature or Reason of Mankind , the Fundamental Articles of Christian Religion , Moral honesty , Civil Society , and Publick Tranquility , the Church and Commonwealth standing on the same bottom , and their interest being of the same breadth and length , and to be mutually narrowed or widened by each other , like Hippocrates his Twins , not onely being born and dying , but laughing and crying together , as equally affected with their mutual concerns . I mean , those most fixed and considerable : otherwise to build the unchangeable interest of a Na●ion , which should be obnoxious to nothing , but the over-ruling Providence of the most High , much less to the impressions of various opinions , which will alway be in the world , upon Laws mutable and changeable , according to mens experience of their use or inconvenience : And though various state of things , is a thing of so evil an aspect toward the solid foundation of the Polity of that Nation , in shaking its settlement in the minds of men , and as things may happen , narrowing its interest unto a scan●ling unproportionate unto its Superstructure , as undoubtedly , those who are principally concerned that the Kingdom should not be a floating Delos , are obliged not to admit an avowance of it , being dangerous , and scarce consistent with the prudence that should steer the peace of the world , to bring any one of the numerous and disputable apprehensions , that will be likely to the end of the world among men , to be the Constitution of a Government , as to its Civil interest , to which otherwise all men of all persons profess they are born , and indispensably engaged to an obedience to and observance of , as exposing that ( an awful reverence whereof groweth up with all men , their Temporal concerns being wrapped up in it , so far as to free it ) to all the uncertain events of Religious Controversies , especially when the principles owned by the Government , and suited to the interest of a few men , are so far from being diffused among a people , that the greatest part of them must unavoidably , and will resolvedly di●sent from them , who otherwise acquiesce in the Civil Government ; and abating those opinions of not great concernment , as to the substance of Religion , or the peace of the Nation , are willing to their utmost endeavours to the welfare thereof , which is hoped consisteth not in the impossibility of a precise determination of the differences in the minds and Consciences of men , who are generally confirmed in their own perswasions , and into a further alienation from the things they are compelled to by compulsion and penalties ; and who if brought to an outward Conformity , without inward perswasion , without which rigour hath little influence on the minds of men , will not be wanting to any opportunity offered , to ease themselves of a condition , which being contrary to their strong inclination , they will cast off , as we have known thousands do , as their insupportable burthen . Experience hath baffled the attempt of rigour and imposition , without reason and inward satisfaction , it never succeeding any where to extinguish the perswasions and opinions it was designed to extirpate , which returned in a short space to make it manifest , that violence hath onely laid in provisions for future troubles , oppositions and animosities , by ruining some , provoking many , obstructing trade , by discouraging and hindring men to exercise their faculties or stocks , inforcing few to an hypocritical compliance , compassion stirr'd up in all who after the su●siding of the impetuous impressions of provocations , abhor severity about small opinions , so deeply rooted in the minds of men for a long time with great success and advantages against men , come up to a resolution to suffer , as appears every day by what they suffer , and forget the utmost of their earthly concerns , than live and dye in an open rebellion to the commanding light of God in their Consciences ; and think it strange , that noble disposition , thoughts , counsel and care in uniting men by Indulgence to Loyalty and Gratitude ( which can be united to nothing else , save an unanimous discontent under the impositions they may undergo ) should be all sacrified to the interest or prejudices of any one party of men whatsoever , upon pretence of that tranquility and peace , to which there is not a greater enemy , than the fears and restlessness of oppressed multitudes ; nor a better friend , than the satisfaction and contentedness of all men , having no fears when indulged , but of the disturbance of the Government , which hath by its condescensions , secured to them all their principal Interests in the world , and made it unlikely , that if they have any Conscience , which their great sufferings give evidence of , or reason , they will joyn with any sort of men to trouble that State of things , wherein they have that Liberty , which they have been taught to value , by their miserable condition under the want of it : A way of obliging , real , sensible and effectual to many thousands , without the least semblance of difadvantage to any one man : Yea , attended with assurance of peace to all , ●upon the admission of counsels impartially tending to the good of all , un-influenced by a mixture of fears and jealousies , against which former settlement were established● Res durae & regni novitas cum talia cogunt . Contrary to that experience , and those second thoughts , which a new consideration of things may suggest unto them , to alter their resolutions in compliance with the alteration of affairs , always provided , it be in subordination to the great Establishment , which may be secured by the truth and order settled in it , the abilities and worth of it , the publick favour of Authority , the persons maintaining it , the legal priviledges and encouragements promoting it ; the supposed inconsiderableness of the persons opposing it , and the things for which they do it , the great inconveniency , disadvantage and charge of carrying on the dissenting , though indulged ways if it have any foundation in the Consciences or minds of men , and stand not onely , which is a secret not to be published , on the props of Law and Power : It being ( whatsoever some may imagine , who have scarce a better argument of the truth of their own Religion , than their inclination to suppress those of the contrary ) s● far from being an evidence of truth in any , that they are ready to destroy those who are otherwise minded , that it is a sign of error and superstition , which being conscious of its own weakness , is generally heightned to more or less cruelty and revenge , according as men by them are steeped in folly and blindness , I●m●rtale odium , & nunquam sanabile bellum Ardet adhuc Ombos & Tentyra● summus utrinque Indè furor v●lgo quod ●●mi●a vicinorum Odit uterque locus — and what was the ground and occasion of the quarrel ?

— Croeodilon adorat Pars haec , illa pavet saturam Serpentibus ●bin .

All other Nations , as France , Holland , Poland , the Palatinate , Brandenburgh , Hastia , some parts of Denmark , the Empire , and most of the free Cities of it , indulging their numerous and divided Dissenters , upon ●heir sustaining all Offices and burthens in the Commonwealth equal with others , with a freedom from Ecclesiastical Courts , Censures , Offices , and all penalties for their dissent , and an allowance for the Worship of God in their own Assembly , provided by themselves , and known to the Magistrates under whose Jurisdiction they are ; though considering the temper of the people of this Nation , the impression of the principles of dissent , in multitudes ; the resolution that their spirits are raised to ; the value they put ●p●n their Consciences , and liberty of it , there is no people under Heaven , to whom forbearance would he more welcome , useful , acceptable , or more sulservien● to Tranquility , Trade , Wealth and Peace . An Exile , whose exemplary resolution supported Religion , whose obliging Authority maintained Peace , and whose inexhaustible Charity provided for the poor at Zurick and Fran●ford . A Sussex ( and not a Kentish ) Knight , having spent a great Estate at Court , and brought himself to one Park , and a fine House in it , was yet ambitious to entertain not the Queen , but her Brother at it ; and to that purpose had new-painted his Gates with a Coat of Arms , and a Motto overwritten , thus , OIA VANITAS , in great Golden Letters : Sir Anthony Cooke ( and not his Son Cecil ) offering to read it , desired to know of the Gentleman what he meant by OIA ? who told him , it stood for Omnia . Sir Anthony replied , Sir , I wonder having made your Omnia so little as you have , you notwithstanding make your Vanitas so large . King Edward would say of his Tutors , That Radolph the German spake honestly , Sir Iohn Cheek talked merrily , Dr. Coxe solidly , and Sir Anthony Cooke w●ighingly : A faculty that was derived wi●h his blood to his Grandchilde Bacon , which informs the world of this great truth , That Education doth much towards Parts ; Industry more ; Converse , Encouragement and Exercise , more yet ; but a sound temper and nature , an wholesome blood and spirit , derived from healthful and well-constitutioned Parents , doth all .

Observations on the Life of Sir David Brooke .

DAvid Brooke Knight , born at Glassenbury , Son to Iohn Brooke Esq who was Serjeant at L●w to King Henry the Eighth . Our David was also bred in the Study of our Laws , and in the first of Queen Mary was made Chief Baron of the Exchequer : but whether dying in , or quitting the place in the first of Q●een Elizabeth , I am not informed . He married Katherine Daughter of Iohn Lord Chandois , but dyed without issue .

A Lawyer , and a Lawyers son ? yet one whose zeal for the Religion of that time advanced , rather ●han his Law ; to serve rather his Princes interest , than his Court ? that being the happy , shall I say ? or unhappy time , when the Soveraign and the State did often consult with Judges , and the Judges more often consult with the Sovereign and State . Yet although a particular respect raised , a general fair carriage kept him up ; He observed not onely things , but times ; not onely times , but persons : therefore when old Po●nal Laws came before him , he confined them in the execution , that that which was made for terror , should not be for rigour ; and the Instrument of Government should not be the snare of the People . When Informers of that Court were too busie , he checked them : when violent prosecution , cunning advantages , combinations , power , or great counsel balanced an honest cause , he set all things even . His invention was good to improve his Mistresses Revenue , his conscience was as tender to diminish it . Q. Mary was ready of her own inclination , but readier upon Sir David Brookes motion , to part with the Church-Profits . Patient and grave he was in hearing , sparing and weighty in speaking : None would direct an Evidence more orderly , none moderated the length or impertinency of Pleaders more discreetly ? None would recapitul●●●e , select , collate the material points of what had been said , more exactly ; none gave judgement more satisfactorily , always commending a good Lawyer that miscarried ; a good way to uphold in the Client the reputation of his counsel , and beat down in him the conceit of his cause . He dyed with some projects in his breast for the Revenue , and some for the Law ; whereof one was a composition for the Purveyances , and another a regulation of the Wards : both at that time thought , till regulated , as unprofitable for the Crown , as they seemed to be burthensome to the subject . He had a close way of discovering Concealments , as he had a severe one of punishing frauds . His word was , One Law executed , is worth twenty made . None more austere in case of others wrong , none more mild in that of his own ; and he would say , What is done , is done . Weak men concern themselves in what is past , while the wise take care of what is present and to come . If a man wrongeth me once , God forgive him ( saith the Italian : ) if he wrongeth me the second time , God forgive me . Others may be even with their enemies in r●venge , he would be above them in forgiveness . An enemy , I say , though otherwise to a perfidious and unworthy friend , he was much of Cosmus Duke of Florence his temper , who said , You shall read that we are commanded to forgive our enemies , but you never read that we are commanded to forgive our friends .

Many have in veighed against Usury , none have done more against it than this Knight ; who if he had lived , was resolved to reduce it to these Rules .

1. That it should be declared unlawful . 2. Being declared so , if any practised it ( as men must do , or Traffick will fall ) that there should be a penalty upon the Usurer , which might amount to an Excise or Custom that would arise from that money , if employed in merchandize . 3. That yet if any exacted above five in the hundred , they should lose the principal . A rate that on the one hand would keep up the necessary Commerce of Lending and Borrowing among the Old and the Idle , and yet direct men to that more ne●essary of buying and improving Land , and other Commodities that are more industrious and ingenious . 4. That none yet presume this , but in some principal places of merchandizing : for then ( as my Lord Bacon hath projected it ) they will hardly be able to colour other mens money in the Country : for no man will lend his money far off , or put it into unknown hands .

Or , Lastly , That there be no money lent out upon terms but to the State , which may make its advantage of it .

Indeed , considering on the one hand that Usury decayeth the Kings Custom , bringeth money to few hands , damps Industry and Invention , beats down the price of the land , and by eating up private Estates , breeds a publick poverty : It were to be wished it were forbidden . And on the other , That Borrowers trade most ; that , No usury , no young Merchants ; that , Without usu●y men must sell their Estates at under-rates , more sad than usury ; that , No borrowing , no living ; no usury , no borrowing : It were wished it were regulated , so that the inconveniences of it were avoided , and the advantages retained , and extort●on be checked , as Traffick is encouraged .

Thus he that hath no private care , advanceth the publick Good , and the childless man is most thoughtful for Posterity : Certainly the best Works and of greatest merit for the Publick , have proceeded from the unmarried , or the childless man ; who both in affection and means have married and endowed the Publick : He that hath Wife and Children , hath given Hostages to Fortune : For they are Impediments either to Vertue or Mischief .

A fat man in Rome riding always upon a very lean Horse , being asked the Reason thereof , answered , That he fed himself , but he trusted others to feed his Horse . Our Judge being asked what was the best way to thrive ; said , Never do anything by another , that you can do by your self .

Observations on the Life of Doctor Thomas Wilson .

THomas Wilson born in Lincolnshire , was Doctor of Laws , bred Fellow of Kings Colledge in Cambridge , and afterwards was Tutor in the same University to Henry and Charles Brandon , successively Dukes of Suffolk . Under Q●een Elizabeth he was made Maste● of the Hospital of S. Katherines nigh the Tower of London . At last he became Secretary of State to the Queen for four years together . He dyed Anno 15. To whose various and yet deep knowledge , not of the surface of Arts and Sciences for shews , but of inside and ground of them for use , not onely apprehending the frame , but perceiving the power and importance of them . There is no character that ever I read , so agreeable as that which the most Eloquent Cicero gave the most Learned Varro , Tu aetatem patriae , tu descriptiones temporum , tu sacrorum jura , tu sacerdotum , tu bellicam disciplinam , tu sedem regionum , locorum , tu omnium divinarum , humanarumque rerum nomina , genera , officia , causas aperuisti ; plurimumque Po●tis luminis attulisti , elegans poema fecisti , Philosophiamque multis locis inchoasti . An argument of a great capacity in a man of his great place , and greater Imploymen● ; whose candor was yet equal with his parts , ingenuously passing by the particular infirmities of those who contributed any thing to the advancement of a General Learning ; judging it fitter that men of abilities should joyntly engage against ignorance and Barbarism , than severally clash with one another● giving this advice to all men concerned in publick Writings , that they might avoid both cens●re ●rom others , and trouble to themselves , temperanter rem gero : and this he recommended , not only to Scholars in general , but to some peculiarly discreet persons in particular ; knowing that that which toucheth all , usually reacheth none : admonishing l●k●wise his friends , to use no words , but such as had some correspondent things , and to take care that their conceptions should answer their expressions ; there having been of late in the world , a way of Learning that overthrew Knowledge , consisting of opinions remote from mens cogitations , which men spake , but thought not , thinking they had invented new things , when they found out new words . The reason why his Writings excelled so much in the worth and use of the subject ; in the exactness of the method , in the ingenuity of the design , and in the temper of the Writer , who discoursed not , but demonstrated , framing first the disordered minds of men to an exact way of reasoning , and afterwards digesting things to a strict form of argument ; which a man learneth not from Precepts , but by use , and reading such Books as are compiled , not with a loose fancy , but a severe reason , especially suck Politick Books as are made up of experience , which is our recollecting of things past ; and prudence , which is our expectation of things to come , according to our experience of things past , especially such as have the happiness of perceiving things exactly as they are , and expressing them clearly and orderly as they conceive them .

He had the breeding of Courtiers so long , until he was one himself : At once reading Machiavel for my Lord Burleigh's Instruction , and observing it for his own use . His Parents designed him for study , his nature for business . His presence assisted his inclination , and his complisance his presence ; and his good nature , both : A good nature that would have spoiled a Politician in any other but Doctor Wilson , whose wisdom was the largeness of his Soul , not the narrowne●s of a shift . He had that comprehensive and penetrating judgement , that he could at once shew the greatest prudence in laying his design , and the greatest Integrity in managing it , as rather securely knowing , than warily close . But he that is onely real , had need have exceeding great parts of Vertue ; as the Stone had need be rich , that is se● without foil : Therefore he was something a Courtier . There are small matters that win great commendation , because they are continually in use ; whereas the occasion of any great action cometh but on festivals , and it is enough to attain so much ceremony and courtship , not to despise it . He had a way of conveying effectual and imprinting passions among complements , suitable to persons and business : He had his familiarity to Inferiors , that made him not cheap : his state among Equals , that made him not envied : and his observance to Superiors , that made him no Flatterer : His behaviour like a well-made suit , not too strait , or point-device , but justly measured , and free for exercise or motion . He had a slow , but a sure way to honor , which was nothing else in him but a discovery of his Vertues and Worth upon any occasion , without any disadvantage .

It was his interest as well as his gift , to be more learned than witty , more reverend than plausible , more considerate than active . His thoughts were as his inclination , grave ; his discourse as his reading , subtile ; his actions as his Education , well weighed , regular as his temper , even and smooth as custom , and resolved as a habit gotten in that advancement of vertue , a well-disciplined Society ; where Example teacheth , Company comforteth , Emulation quickneth , Glory raiseth : None had a more skilful method to sway nature in others , none more prudent minut●s and seasonable degrees to check it in himself ; his Rule being , Never to practise any thing until perfect : for so he might exercise his we●kness as well as his abilities , and induce one habit of both .

Three things he aimed at : 1. The search of Truth by Industry . 2. The attainment of it by apprehension . 3. The enjoyment of it by assent .

He is a happy man that is above the troubled and confused Regions of Opinions , Fancies , Preposs●ss●ons , in that clear and undisturbed one of Truth and Reality : Though yet my Lord Verul'am observeth , That if there were taken out of mens minds vain opinion , flattering hope , false valuations and imaginations , as one would , and the like , &c. it would leave the minds of a number of poor men poor shrunken things , full of melancholy and indisposition , and unpleasing to themselves .

Neither took he greater pleasure in knowing than in relating and doing what is true , sound and plain , without those crooked courses that shew a creeping rather than a raised nature ; and , as Mr. Mountaign● observes , is a bravery and facing of God , and a shrinking from , and being coward before man .

He said , what all great men know , That he wax six times a Slave : 1. To Himself and his Inclination , till he had advanced Reason . 2. To the World and its Insolence , till he had impr●ved his Fortune . 3. To his Pupils and their Tempers , till he understood their Genius . 4. To Fame and its Reports , till he was known in the World . 5. To his Soveraigns and their Humors , till he found their In●erest . And 6. To his Business , till he had attained Experience .

Thus it is with all Grandees , who exchange their power over themselves for that over others , and with great pains com● to greater .

Two things he wished when called to the world , Power and Resolution . A naked man is contemptible ( for it's Power that begets Fear , it 's Fear that makes Gods , and rules the world ) an easie man is useless : a facile-natured man may be a good Companion for a private person , but no Servant to a Prince : Remisness and Connivance are the ruines of unsettled Governments . The Game of Authority will not admit of too open a play .

In a word , he was one that knew the resorts and falls o● business , though he could not sink into the main of a matter ; being one that packed the Cards better than he played them .

Three things compleated this Secretary : 1. Quick dispatch and industry . 2. Constant intelligence and correspondence . 3. A large and strong memory .

Queen Elizabeth would needs at first favour my Lord of Leicester against the E●rl of Sussex , which this Doctor and my Lord Burleigh disswaded upon this account , Because if she who should be the common Mother of all , inclined to one party , and leaned to a side , the Ship of the Commonwea●th would be as a Boat overturned by too much weight on the one ●ide , and too little on the other● Take heed ( said the Royal Mart●r to his Son our Sov●raign ) of abetting any Faction , or applying to any publick Discriminaetion : your partial adhering as head to any one side gains you not so great advantages in some mens hearts ( who are prone to go on in the Kings way ) as it loseth you in others , who think themselves fi●st despised , and then persecuted by you . Take such a course as may either with calmness and charity quite remove the seeming differences and offences by impartiality : or so order affairs in point of power , that you shall not need to fear or flatter any faction : for if ever you stand in need of them , or stand to their courtesie , you are undone .

His Place called upon him to suppress with severity such seditious reflexions upon the State , as came to his knowledge : but his inclination was to dissipate them with connivance and contempt . To be opposed , renders a Faction considerable ; to be despised ( and wretched ) ridiculous : To go about to stop the first appearances of sedition , is ( saith my Lord Bacon ) but to make wonder long-lived .

His knack was a politick and artificial nourishing and ●ntertaining of hopes ; and keeping men in suspence is one of the best Antidotes against the poyson of discontent : it being observed by the foresaid States-men , to be a certain sign of a wise Government and Proceedings , to hold mens hearts by hopes , when it cannot by satisfaction ; and when it can handle things in such manner , as no evil shall appear so peremptory , but that it hath some ou●-let of hope : which is the easier done , because both particular persons and factions are apt enough to flatter themselves , or at least to boast what they believe not .

In a word , although he made not so much noise as other men , yet he as effectually promoted the three main Supporters of this Nation , 1. It s Native Commodities , 2. It s Artificial Manufactures , 3. It s V●cture and Cor●iage ; and so dyed with that con●ent and r●solution , that they do who are overta●en by Fate in the pursuit of great Actions , and publick Designs .

Observations on the life of Sir John Portman .

John Portman Knight , was born of wealthy and wo●sh●pful Extraction at Portman's Orchard in Somersetshire , a fair Mannor , which d●scended to him by inheritance , the Heir of the Orchard being match'd into his Family . He was bred in the study of the Common Law ; attaining to such eminency therein , that Iune 11. 2d of Queen Mary , he was made Chief Justice of the Kings Bench , continuing two years in the place , and dying therein for ought I find to the contrary ; and a Baronet of his Name and Linage flourisheth at this day with a great and plentiful Estate . No doubt but he dyed in his place , there being none of those things that carry disgrace and downfal with them , incident to him .

For the first thing that ruines a Courtier , The things that overthrow a Favourite . is a boasting of his own service ; and than our Knight , none more modest .

The second , is an undutiful observation of our Princes actions ; and none more faithful and meek .

The third , is the revealing or abusing os secrets ; and none more reserved and civil .

The fourth thing , is either provoking the Nobility against himself , or dividing them among themselves : he was too wise for the one , his design being rather alliance than quarrel , to add inter●st to his Estate , and honor to his Riches ; and too quiet for the other . Many have an Opinion not wise , ( saith that Oracle ) that for a Prince to govern his Estate , or for a great Person to guide his Proceedings , according to the respect of factions , is a principal part of policy : whereas contrariwise , the chiefest wisdom is e●●her in ordering those things that are general , and wherein men of several factions do nevertheless agree ; or in dealing with , or correspondence to particular persons one by one . Mean men in their rising must adhere ; but Great men that have strength in themselves , were better to maintain themselves indifferent and neutral .

The fifth particular that pulleth down a man , is a misunderstanding of his own interest , or the Princes : Our Judge unde●stood both , being equally made up of * * The first of these loved Alexanders interest , the other his person . Craterus and Haephestion , faithfulness and compliance .

The sixth , is the hatred of the many ( whom this persons integrity always obliged , there being no herd more feral than an en●aged multitude ) or the envy of the great , whom his wariness disobliged not : it being more fatal to incense a Favorite who would be above all affronts by his greatness , than a Prince who is so by Law .

The seventh misfortune , is to be too much concerned in the secrets of Princes ; wherewith Sir William never meddled without assistants , never acted without a Warrant .

The eighth , is unsuccessful Counsel ; and our Knight went the safe and middle way , neither to be feared nor envied , which he was always present to second , prosecute or correct , as he saw most cause .

His sharp and sound judgement to distinguish Persons , Affairs and other Circumstances , and accordingly how to order the manner of his Proceeddings , was much ; his well-weighed and wary , though quick apprehension and experience from Men and Books , more ; his particular memory , and its minute observation for his conduct and business , most of all . His care of vain and idle Preposessions balanced his soul , his temper managed it : his love was choice and cautious ; his hope moderate and knowing ; his confidence slow , but certain ; his desires and joys allayed and checked , or quickened by the edge of his anger , or the caution of his fear ; and all sedate with his foresight .

Nature did this person some wrong in his Body , but made him amends in his Soul : the fails of the one , are f●ils to set off the other : the first comes off with more Glory , by the pully and defect of the second● Besides that the unkindness of Nature puts men often upon being eminent in Art ; that the happiness of this , may divert men from observing the unhappiness of that .

But of all the Vertues his constant and growing Soul raised him to , this was one , That he durst not entertain a Gift , which ( as he said ) conquers both the foolish and the wise : which in publick places i● is a Vice to accept , and not a Vertue to offer : It being a snare rather than a favour .

His next was Diligence : Neglect wastes a man as insensibly as Industry improves him : We need no more but sit still , and Diseases will arise onely for want of exercise . Man 's a Watch that must be looked to and wound up every day : the least incuriousness steals to improficiency or offence , which degreeingly weighs us down to ex●remity : Diligence alone is a fair Fortune , and Industry a good Estate .

There are five mens Activities that raise to Estates , 1. The Divine to a small , but an honest one . 2. The Physit●an to a competency , but uncertain . 3. The Courtier to a great one , and an honorable . 4. The Citizen to a large one , but not lasting . And 5. The Lawyer to one large , and firm too .

Seldom doth his Family fa●l , who is sure to tye his Estate to his Child by an Entail , and his Child to his Estate by an Education and an Employment .

When we observe the several alterations in Gentry , we find four principal Actors on the Theatres of great Families ; the Beginner , the Advancer , the Continuer , and the Ruiner .

1. The Beginner , who by his vertues refineth himself from the dross of the vulgar , and layeth the foundation of his house . 2. The Advancer , who improveth it . 3. The Continuer , who conveyeth it to his Posterity as he received it from h●s Ancestors . 4. The Ruine● , that degenerates from his Fathers . Our Judge began not , but advanced that excellent Family , whose original I cannot find , so ancient it is ; and whose end I hope none will see , it is so noble .

Observations on the Life of William Howard .

WIlliam Howard , son to Thomas Howard , second of that Surname Duke of Norfolk , was by Queen Mary created Baron of Essi●gham in Surrey , and by her made Lord Admiral of England ; which place he discharg●d with credit . He was one of the first Favourers and Furtherers with his Purse and Countenance of the strange and wonderful discovery of Ru●●a . He died anno Dom. 1554.

This Noble Person had his plainness from his Father , his ingenuity from his Mother , his experience by Travel and Navigation : his Blood endeared him to his Soveraign , and his Abilities advanced him to her service : H● promised no less to his Mistress , t●an his F●ther and Vncle had performed to her Father . The Ancestors merit is security for Posterie●ies , who will hardly forfeit that favour with one act of their own unworthiness , that was ganed by so many of their Predecessors service . Like a well-drawn picture this Lord had his eye on all round : on his Queen , to be faithfull ; on his Country , to be publick-spirited ; on his Family , to be honourable ; on the present Age , to be activ● ; and on the future , to be renowned .

The Old Lord Burleigh , sometime Treasurer of England , coming to Cambridge with Queen Elizabeth when he was led into the publick Schools , and had much commended their convenience , beauty and greatness , together with their Founder Humphrey the good Duke of Glocester ; Yea , marry , ( said he ) but I find one School wanting in our Universities , and that is the School of Discre●ion . When private Tutors had initiated , publick Schools had seasoned , and the University had improved this Gentlemans sprightly and noble parts , vet did his Father observe one great defect in his Education , and that is Discretion : Discretion in Carriage , for which he sent him to Cou●t ; Discretion in Business , for which he sent him to travel and fight . Not long had he been abroad to furnish himself with experience , but he is called home to ennoble himself with action . The Alve● of Spain were for four Generations together Commanders by Land , and the Howards of England for as many , Admirals at Sea . None ever had more power , none used less than he : The more Authority he had allowed him over others , the more Command he obtained over himself .

Twice did he mortgage his Estate for his followers pay ; many times did he venture his life for their encou●agement . None directed more ●kilfully , and yet none acted more resolutely . Equally did he divide the profit , equally share the honor with his follower● , who under him never dared , and never feared a danger . Manners make a man , saith the Courtier● Money makes a man , saith the Citizen ; Learning makes a man , saith the Scholar ; but Conduct makes a man , saith the Souldier . This Lords spirit never put hi● on so forwardly , but his wariness to●k care how to come off as safely . He that fights should despair , but he that commands should hope . The Souldier among the Persians is drawn with his eyes before him , and the General with his behind him . Young men in the manage of Affairs embrace more than they can hold , stir more than they can q●iet , flee to the end without consideration of the means and degrees ; pursue some few principles , and extreme remedies they have chanced upon rashly , which they will neither confess nor reform . Old men object too much , consult too long , adventure too little , repent too soon , and seldome pursue things home to their full period . My Lord was an happy composition of both himself , and had of either about him , that the coldness and wariness of Age might correct the heat of Youth , and the activity of younger might be directed by the experience of riper ones : The one gave Authority , and the other Life to his Actions . He himself was better to invent than to judge , fitter for Action than Counsel , and readier for new Projects than for settled business . The Lord Clinton's prudence served him in old and usual matters , but in new things abused him : My Lord Howard's was quick for present Emergencies , but not comprehensive of ordinary transactions . Of the three Admirals of those times , we may say as they did of the France Spain and England three Kingdoms , Lisle was wise before the Action , my Lord Howard in it● my Lord Clinton after it .

England without a freedom of commerce , was but a larger Prison : others opened the Trade to the Indies , to Asia , and other parts of the world ; but we wanted the Hemp , the Flax , the Pitch , the Firr , and the other usual Commodities of Russia , serviceable to our selves , and more to our Ships . His purse in this case did much , his direction more , his servant Ie●kinson most of all , who made curious observations of Russia , set forth a Geogra●h●cal description of it , and was the first of the English , that sailed through the Caspian Sea . With his assistance the Muscovia Company was set up in Queen Maries days ; and with his servants it obtained the Priviledge of sole Traffick into the Northern Parts of Russia in Elizabeth's .

Nihil habet fortuna magna majus nec natura bona melius quam ut velit bene-facere quam plurimis . Cicero .

Observations on the Life of Sir Edward Mountague .

EDward Mountague , , Son of Thomas Mountague , born at Brigstock in Northampton-shire , was bred in the Inner Temple in the study of the Laws , untill his ability and integrity advanced him Lord Chief Justice of the Kings Bench , in the Thirtieth of Henry the Eighth . He gave for his Motto , AEquitas Iustitia Norma : And although Equity seemeth rather to resent of the Chancery than the Kings Bench , yet the best Justice will be Wormwood without a mixture thereof .

In his times though the golden showers of Abbey-Lands rained amongst great men , it was long before he would open his lap , ( scrupling the acception of such Gifts ) and at last received but little , in proportion to Others of that Age.

In the thirty seventh of King Henry the Eighth he was made Chief Justice of the Common Pleas , a descent in Honour , but ascent in Profit ; it being given to old Age , rather to be thrifty than ambitious : Whereupon he said , I am now an old man , and love the Kitchin before the Hall ; the warmest place best suiting with my Age.

In drawing up the Will of King Edward the Sixth , and setling the Crown on the Lady Iane , for a time he swam against the tide and torrent of Duke Dudley , till at last he was carried away with the stream .

Outed of his Judges Office in the first of Queen Mary , he returned into Northampton-shire , and what contentment he could not finde in Westminster-hall , his Hospital-hall at Boug●ton afforded him . He died Anno 1556. and lieth bu●ied in the Parish Church of Weekly .

His well-managed Argument in Dodderige his Case , brought him to Cromwel's knowledge , who was vexed with his reason , but well pleased with his Parts . Crowmel's recommenda●ion and his own modest nature set him up with Henry the Eighth , who could not endure two things : 1. A Lawyer that would not be guided : 2. A Divine that would not be taught . Yet as modest as he was , he was honest ; and though he would submit to the Kings Power , yet would he act by his Law : For his Apophthegm was , Mèum est Ius dicere , potius quam Ius dare : I●'s my duty to interpret rather than give Law .

He never denied or delayed J●stice ; alwayes discouraging those cunning L●ws that perplexed a Cause , those contentious Clients that delayed a suit , and those nice Cummin-seed men that strained i●ferences , and w●ested c●nstructions ,

Patient , stayed and equal he was in hearing , grave in speaking , pertinent in interrogating , wary in observing , happy in remembring , seasonable and civil in interposing . The Council durst not chop with him , neither would he chop with the Council , unless he defended his cause over-boldly , urged indiscreetly , informed slightly , neglected grosly , renewed the debate unseasonably , or ensnared his Adversaries cunningly ; in those and other the like cases , he would do the Publick Right by a check , and the person by an admonition .

Six sorts of persons he discountenanced in his Courts : 1. The scandalous Exactors . 2. The slie shifters , that , as that Chancellour observed , pervert the plain and direct courses of Courts , and bring Justice into oblique lines and labyrinths . 3. Those that engaged Courts in quarrels of Jurisdiction . 4. Those that made suits . 5. Those that hunted men upon Poenal Statutes . 6. Those that appeared in most Testimonies and Juries .

His Darling was , The h●n●st Clerk , who was experienced in his place , obliging in his carriage , knowing in Presidents , cautious in Proceedings , and skilful in the affairs of the Court.

Two things he promoted in King Henry's days ; 1. The Law against Gaming . And 2. The Order against Stews .

And two in King Edward's : 1. That Act against s●reading of Prophecies . 2. That Statute against embasing of Coyn.

But King Edward's Testament and the Duke of Northumberland's Will is to be made : The pious Intentions of that King wishing well to the Reformation , the Religion of Q●een Mary obnoxious to exception , the ambition of Northumberland who would do what he listed , the weakness of Suffolk , who would be done with as the other pleased , the flattery of the Courtiers most willing to comply , designed the Crown for the Lady Iane Grey . Mr. Cecil is sent for to London , to furnish that Will with Reason of State ; and Sir Edward to Serjeants Inn , to make it up with Law . He according to the letter sent him , went with Sir Io. Baker , Justice Bromley , the Attorney and Solicitor-General to Greenw●ch , where His Majestie before the Marquess of Northampton , declaring himself for the settlement of Religion , and against the succession of Q●een Mary , offered them a Bill of Articks to make a Book of ; which they , notwithstanding the Kings Charge , and the re●teration of it by Sir William Peter , declared upon mature consideration , they could not do , without involving themselves and the Lords of the Council in High Treason , because of the Statutes of Succession .

The Duke of Northumberland hearing of their Declaration by the Lord Admiral , comes to the Council-Chamber all in a rage , trembling for anger ; calling Sir Edward Traytor , and saying , He would fight in his shirt with any man in that Quarrel .

The old man is charged by the King upon his Allegiance , and the Council upon his Life , to make the Book ; which he did , when they promised it should be ratified in Parliament . Here was his obedience , not his invention ; not to devise but draw things up according to the Articles tendred unto him . Since shame is that which ambitious Nature abhorreth , and danger is that which timorous Nature declineth ; the honest man must be resolute . Sir Nathaniel Brent would say , A Coward cannot be an honest man ; and it seems by this Action , that modesty and fear are great temptations . Give me those four great Vertues that makes a man : 1. A clear Innocence . 2. A comprensive Knowledge . 3. A well-weighed experience . And 4. The product of all these , A steady Resolution .

What a Skein of Ruffled Silk ( saith the ingenious Resolver ) is the incomposed man !

Observations on the Life of Sir Edward Fines .

EDward Fines Lord Clinton , Knight of the Garter , was Lord Admiral of England for more than thirty years . He was wise , valiant , and very fortunate , as appears by his Master-piece in Museleborough field , in the reign of King Edward the sixth , and the Battle against the Scots . He was afterwards created Earl of Lincoln , where he was born , May 4. 1474. and where he had a proportionable Estate to support his Dignity , which he much increased , beside his Paternal Inheritance He died Ianuary 16. 1558. and lieth buried at Windsor , in a private Chappel , under a stately M●nument , which Elizabeth his third Wife , Daughter to the Earl of Kildare , erected in his remembrance . His Fortune made him a younger B●other , and his Industry an Heir ; coming to Court , where they that have Estates , spend them ; and they that have none , gain them . His recreation was at Court , but his business in the Country ; where notwithstanding the Statute in ●enry the sevenths time against Pasturage for Tillage , he Grazed 11000 Acres of Ground : then a noble and gaining Employment , that advanced many a Family in one Generation ; and now a saving one , that hath kept up as many ten .

The best tempered Swords will bend any way , and the best metalled men will comply with any occasion . At White-hall , none more affable and courteous than our Lord ; at Sea , none more skilful ; in the field , none more resolute ; in the Country , none more thrifty and hospitable . His Entertainments were orde●ly and suitable , made up of solid particulars , all growing upon his own Estate . King Charles would say , Every man hath his vanity , and mine ( ●peaking of the Soveraign ) is Building : Every man hath his humour , and mine ( said he , speaking of the Fens ) is Drayning . Adding withal , He that would be merry for a day . let him be trimmed ; he that would be merry for a week , let him marry ; ●e that would be merry for a year , let him build ; he that would be merry for Ages , let him † † He means Land . improve . Now you would have him among his Workmen and Stewards in Lincoln , anon among the Commissioners either in France or Scotland ; by and by before Bulloign or Calice , and a while after at Spieres or Muscleborough , and on a sudden at a Mask in Court. Neither was his Soul less pliable to persons than things : as boisterously active as King Henry could expect , as piously meek as King Edward could wish , as warily zealous as Queen Marys times required , and as piercingly observant as Queen Elizabeths perplexed occasions demanded . It was by him and my Lord Bacon said of business , That it was in business as it is in ways , that the next and the nearest way is commonly the foulest ; and that if a man will go the fairest way , he must go somewhat about .

Sitting in a Committee about invading Scotland , whereof Sir Anthony Brown then Viscount Mountacute presented a Draught , there arose as great a debate between him and my Lord in Council , as afterwards in the Field , about the point of Entrance ; Nay , said my Lord in the heat of the Discourse , with as much power on others passions , as command over his own , We stand quarrelling here how we shall get in , but here is no discourse how we shall get out .

It 's a Rule , Whosoever hath any thing fixed in his person that doth induce contempt , hath also a perpetual spur in himself to rescue and deliver himself from scorn , either by vertue or malice ; and my Lord having some disadvantage from Nature , made it up by Art : None more bold , none more industrious and more successful , because that disadvantage took off envy on the one hand , and jealousie on the other : so that upon the matter , in a great Wit , Contempt is a great advantage to rising .

Judge Brooke had a Project against Usury , which came up to the Lords House : this rich Peer upon the first motion of it , stands ●p , and saith , Shew me a State without Usury , and I 'll shew you a State without Men and Trade .

Rich he was for expence , and expend he did upon honor and good action : his ordinary expenc●s were the third of his Estate , and his extrao●dinary none of it ; his Rule being , Extraordinary disadvantages must be balanced with extraordinary advantages . He would not stoop to petty gains , but he would abridge petty charges : but his occasions calling him often from his Estate , he turned it all to certainties ; often changing his Servants , who being unacquainted with him and his Estate , were less subtil , and more timorous . Much behind-hand he was when he came to the Estate , and as much before when he left it . N●ither was he too sudden or too slow in paying his Debts ; equally avoiding a disadvantageous sale on the one hand , and devouring interest on the other : and so inuring himself by degrees into ●n habit of frugality , he gained as well upon his mind , as upon his Estate● For husbanding the English Treasure in Scotland , he was Knighted in the Field , May 11. 34 H. 8. by the Earl of Hertford : for the Clause concerning Scotland he put in at the Treaty of Guisnes , 35 H. 8. he was made Baron by Patent : for his discreet Conduct in demanding the young Queen of Scots , together with the performance of the Articles made in Henry the eighth's time , with 60 sail of ships before the battel of Muscleburgh , he had 600 l. a year assigned him by the Protector : for his great experience at Sea , his interest in Sea-men , and his Renown among the Neighbour-States , he was made E●rl of Lincoln .

Observations on the Life of Sir Barnaby Fitz-Patrick .

BArnaby Fitz-Patrick had the honour of being King Edward the sixth his Proxy at School , and one of his Bed-chamber at Court. In King Henry the eighth's time he was sent to School , in King Edward the sixth's to travel , where he had these Directions following from that King , how he might learn fashions there , and send intelligence hither .

EDWARD ,

WE understand by your Letters received the eighth of this present month , your good entertainment , being glad thereof ; and also how you have been once to go on Pilgrimage : Wherefore we think fit to advertise you to desire leave to go to Mr. Pickering , or to Paris , in case hereafter any such chance happen . And if that will not serve , to declare to some person of estimation , with whom you are best acquainted , that as you are loth to offend the French King by reason of his kind usage of ●ou ; so with safe conscience you cannot do any such thing , being brought up with me , and bound to obey my Laws ; also , that you had commandment from me to the contrary . Yet if you be●●hemently procured , you may go as waiting upon the King , not as intending to the abuse , nor willingly see the Ceremonies : and so you look on the Mass , but in the mean time regard the Scripture , or some good Book , and give no reverence to the Mass at all .

Furthermore , remember when you may conveniently be absent from the Court , to tarry with Sir William Pickering , to be instructed by him how to use your self . For Women , as far forth as you can , avoid their company ; yet if the French King command you , you may sometime dance , so measure be your mean : else apply your self to Riding , Shooting , Tennis , or such honest Games ; not forgetting sometimes ( when you have leisure ) your Learning , chiefly reading of the Scriptures . We would not have you live too sumptuou●ly as an Ambassador , but so as your proportion of living may serve you , we mean , because we know many will resort to you , and desire to serve you . I told you how many I thought convenient you should keep . After you have ordered your things at Paris , go to the Court , and learn to have more intelligence if you can ; and after to the Wars , to learn somewhat to serve us . By your Letters of the second and fifteenth of April , we perceive that you were at Nancy , ready to go together with Mr. Pickering to the French Camp ; and to the intent you might be better instructed how to use your self in these Wars , we have thought good to advertise you of our pleasure therein . First , we would wish you ; as much as you may conveniently , to be in the French Kings presence , or at least in some part of his Army , where you shall perceive most business to be ; and that for two causes : One is , because you may have more experience in the Wars , and see things as might stand you in stead another day : The other is , because you might be more profitable in the Language . For our Embassador , who may not wear Harness , cannot well come to those places of danger , nor seem so to serve the French King , as you may , whom we sent thither for that purpose . It shall be best for you therefore hereafter , as much as you may , to be with the French King● and so you shall be more acceptable to him , and do your self much good . This I write , not doubting but you would have done it , though I had not written , but to spur you on .

Adding withal , To learn the Tongue , to see the manner of the Court , and advertise His Master of Occurrences , keeping close to the King of France , to whom he shall offer his service in the Wars , where he is to observe the fortifications of the Cities , the Conduct of the Armies , the advantages and disadvantages of both Parties ; their Skirmishes , Battels , Assaults , and the Plots of the chief Towns , where any enterprizes of weight have been done . His Exercises were to be Hunting and Riding , his Company few , but choice , &c.

This Gentleman after his return out of France , was created by the King Baron of Upper Ossory in Ireland ; where he dyed a good Protestant , a Publick-spirited Patriot , and an honest man .

Observations on the Life of Sir Henry fitz-Asane , Earl of Arundel .

HIs first appearance in the World was to adorn the Court , his next was to serve it . Anno 〈◊〉 8.24 First his Estate and Train attends King Henry to the Interview with France , and a while afte● his valour and Conduct is commanded by him to the War .

Equally prepared is he to please and awe tha● Countrey : The Duke of Suffolk is made General for his Popularity , and the E●rl of Arundel Lord Marshal , for his Spirit and Prudence ; and both being before Bulloign , this Noble Lord run up his Squadron under a running shelter about eleven at night , to the very Walls of the City ; which being battered down by the Canon , which was mounted some forty yards higher , opened to the close B●siegers a passage that gained the whole Town by composition .

Neither was he less active in Peace than War . A piercing apprehension , a strong memory , a large and capacious judgement , a dexterous prudence , a discerning wisdom , was the least of his happiness● For to his sufficiency and capacity , he added a good disposition and ●ntegrity , and to that , vigour and gracefulness . He was the excellent Personage , that 1. Discerned , 2. Embraced and performed what was Noble and Publick : ( To know , to will and effect what is good , make up a God . ) To these were added a strong nature , a deep study , and a very great Experienc● ; qualities separated in others , but united in him : Nature will out , Education is rude ; Education without Resolution , is loose ; Resolution without ●xperience , is heady ; Experience grounded upon particul●r Events , is uncertain without the study of General and Immoveable Principles : Knowledge of things in their sourc●s and original causes , without Nature , is a Burden : All these without Exercise , are a Notion .

This Nobleman thus furnished , derived much Honor from his Ancestors , more to them ; ●nnobling that Blood to a Glory , which some had debased to a Blush . That great Name after four hundred years shining in that Honour with various lustre , setting in him as the Sun he bore with a full splendour : The last effort of Nature is a Maste●-piece ; the last blaz● of the Candle a shine .

Other ●oblemen were made ●●ing Edward's Overs●●rs for th●ir Integrity ; he one of his Assistants for his Abili●y : When an Enemy was to be awed to a submission , he was General , such his F●me ! When the Countrey was to be obliged to a loan , he was Agent , such his Popularity● T●e first advanced him to the Comptrollership under Henry the ●ighth ; the second to the Chamberlainship under Edward the Sixth .

Nature hath provided that ravenous Beasts should not associate , lest they should be too hard for it ; and Government , that prime Counsellours should not agree , lest they overthrow it : Warwick envied the Prot●ctors Greatness , and Arundel would limit his Power : both with the rest of the Council declare against him . But lest he should urge the same things against Warwick that he did against Somerset ; they , who love the Treason , but hate the Traytor , turn him fi●st out of Favour , and then out of Council , untill Queen Maries time , when h● as an antient Nobleman of England , ( that owned no upstart-designs against the old way of succession ) stood for her Right , and as a stiff Catholique promoted her Religion : So that Iuly 21. 1553. he came from the Queen to Cambridge , whe●e the Duke of Northumberland was , and entering his Chamber , the Duke fell at his fee● , desiring him for Gods sake to consider his case , who had done nothing but ●y Warrant from the Council : My Lord , ( said the E●rl ) I am sent hither by the Queen to arrest you . And I ( said the Duke ) obey your Arrest ; ●eseeching your mercy for what I did by Commission . You should have thought of that sooner , ( ●aid the Earl ) Here you might have seen at once the vicissitude of Fortune , the frailty of Man , the dejectedness of Guilt , the brave●y of Innocence , who would neither be trampled on by Greatness , nor trample on misery ; of an equal temper between pity and resolution . As long as his Youth bore it● we find him for Action ; but when years came upon him , we find him in Council , as with Wott●n at the great Treaty at Cambray : Yet not so unactive , but that as Sir William Pickering for hi● sweet Demeaner , so he for his Estate was voiced an Husband to Queen Elizabeth .

W●en the rest of the Council were for deali●g with the ●ueen of Scots underhand and at distance , he was for treating wi●h her plainly● and said in the Queens presence , The Wisdom of the former Age was so provident that it needed not , and so plain that it endured no● shifts . Leicester would perswade the Duke of Norfolk to court the Queen of Scots , but Arundel would not hear of it without the Queen of England's consent : Experience is always wary , yet hath its weaknesses , wherein it may be surprized . For this Noblemans kindness to his Friend , balancing his Duty to his Mistress , brought him , the Earl of South-hampton , the Lords Lumley , Cobham , Piercy , &c. to a Praemu●ire● : whereupon he said , He is never wise , that is not distrustful .

Fear , that betrayeth the succours of Reason , when predominant , guardeth them when moderate , and is more safe , ●h●ugh not so Noble as that valiant confid●nce that bequeath● a dilated Freedom to all faculties and senses .

But of all his Actions this is most remarkeable : Treating with the Scots , he writ to his Majesty King Henry the Eighth , what he had gained already , requiring to know his farther pleasure : The King takes advice with his Council , who all agree that the Peace should be concluded : Whereupon the King caused his S●cretary the Lord Paget to ●rite to him to that purpose ; but withal , he called Mr. Ce●il secretly to him , bidding him tell my Lord , That w●atsoever he had written in his Letter , yet with all speed possible he should break the Treaty , Mr. Cecil replying , That a message by word of mouth being contrary to his Letter , would never be believed ; well ( said the King ) do you tell him as I bid you , and leave the doing of it to his choice , Upon Mr. Cecil's arrival , the Earl of Arundel shewed the other Commissioners as well the Message as the Letter ; they are all for the Letter ; he said nothing , but ordered that the Message should be written before , and signed by his fellow-Commissioners , and thereupon immediately broke up the Treaty , sending Cecil wi●h the adver●isem●nt of i● to the King ; Who , as soon as he saw him , a●ked aloud , What , will he do it , or no ? Cecil replied , that his Majes●y might understand that by the inclosed . But then the King half angry , urged , Nay tell me ; will he do it or no ? Being then told it was done , he turned to the Lords and said , Now Yo● will hear news , The fine Treatie is broken ; Whereto one presently answered , That he who had broke it deserved to lose his Fead ; to which the King straitly replied , That He would lose a dozen such heads as his was that so judged , rather than one such Servant as had done it ● and therewith commanded the Earl of Arundel's Pardon should be presently drawn up , the which he sent with Letters of Thanks , and assurance of Favour .

Five things must a Statesman comprehend .

1. The L●w. 2. The Government . 3. The Time . 4. The Peopl● . And 5. The Prince .

Under an active Prince , you must regard the P●erogative ; under an easie one , the Law ; under a compleat one made up of a just measure of Greatness and Goodness , those two things are distinguished onely in the nice discourses of some Speculativ● , being but one great Rule in the solid actions of that Prince .

Observations on the Life of Sir John Dudley Duke of Northumberland .

HI , favour was first purchased by his● Fathers blood , and improved by his own cunning . King Henry sacrificed Sir Edmund Dudley to allay t●e Peoples rage , and raised his Son to appease his Ghost . He that disobligeth a multitude , must fall hims●lf ; Mach : Prince , p. 56. but he that in so doing serveth his King , may advance his Posterity . Something high he was in the Kings favour , because standing on his fathers Grave ; but hig●er as he stood on his own Merit : He knew his Fathers service made his way to favour ; h●s own education therefore must prepare him for employment . Favour without Parts is a reproach ; Parts without Favour are a burden . The King restored him to his Fathers blood , and his own industry recovered his Abilities . There are those that under the notion of wisdome comm●t the g●eat●st folly , ei●her in too much conversing with the world without , or in too much re●●ecting on themselves within : Sir Iohn was made up of both ; some time he allowed for Action , more for Consideration . There is not any thing so prejudicial to Action , as to be bent upon Action without intermission● for as the eye seeth no● the Objects touching it , but those onely more remote : so the understanding continually plunged in Affairs , is not so quick-sighted in occurrents , as his who sometime retireth himself from publi●k A●tion , beholding it aloof off by consideration . In the heat and tumult of Affairs , Reason hath not that power as may give conduct and motion to active life : besides , experience teacheth us , that the ey● having lost its quickness w●th too much looking upon the light , recovereth it again in the dark : the spirit in like manner dazled , weakned , transported and distracted among the multitude and variety of Affairs , ought to recollect and recover its force in the privacy of some small retreat ; which Sir Iohn made to Italy , the seat of policy and experience ; whence I pray God he brought no more ( saith my Author ) than his closeness and reach .

His S●veraign saw he deserved Honour , but saw not without offence to the Populacy how to confet it , until the subtle Youngster shewed him a middle way , ( upon the strange death of the Viscount Lisle , who lost his life for joy that it was saved ) by petitioning for that honour as a favour , which upon his Mothers account was his right : The crafty Youth entered himself of the Cardinals Retinue first , and then of the Kings . Much was he employed by him at Sea , as an Overseer of the Nav● ; more in the Field , as Director-General ; most of all in the Romish and French Court , as a Spy . He was too good a Proficient in his School to fall wi●h him , therefore we immediately observe him rising with Cromwel , until the King made him Admiral , and he with his 200● sail upon the Coast of Scotland ●ale himself renowned ; insomuch that the Kin● left him the next year Vic●roy of France , and Deputy of Calice and Bulloign : where to revenge the French attempts upon the Isle of Wight , he drew his Fleet up to the Coasts of Normandy ; landed 6000 men at Treport , burned the Suburbs of that Town with the Abby , destroyed 30 Ships there in the Haven , and then returned , not having lost above fourteen persons in the whole Voyage : insomuch that in a Treaty between Ard and Guisnes wherein he was Commissioner with the Earl of Hertford , Secretary Paget , and Dr. W●tton , the French were contented that we held Bulloign till they paid us 800000 Crowns within the term of eight years . For the further Establishment whereof , he and the Bishop of Duresm are employed to take Oath of the F●ench King and the Daulphine , His Master Henry dieth , but not his designe with him : Norfolk is out of his way ; Seymour will be so : he is now Executor of King Henry's Will , he will be of his own . B●t as Nature , so Policy works by degrees ; first the graft , then the tree ; after that , the blossome ; next that , the fruit ; first meaner Essays , and then higher Actions . There was nothing to be attempted at home , until we were secured and feared from abroad ; he therefore leads the Van●guard ag●i●st the Scots so successfully , that he is made Earl of Warwick . H●re his spirit had ensnar●d him , had not his conduct brought him off . When the Protector refused a Combat as not becoming him , Warwick offereth on● : Bring me word ( said he to the H●rald that brought the Protector a Challenge from the Lord Huntley ) that thy Master will perform the Combat with me , and thou shalt have an hundred Crowns for thy pains . But a publick Conduct becomes a General better than pe●sonal Valour ; and he must so far onely remember he is a Souldier , as not to forget he is a commander , and so a whole Army too .

Against the Rebels in Devonshire so happy he was , that upon his discreet Overture of Pardon , ( Mercie is a Vertue with Valour , and but a Weakness with Cowardize ) and coming in person to assure them of it , they saying , They knew him so honourable , that if he came himself they would embrace it ; threw down their Arms , and submitted to Mercie .

Against the French , that took the opportunity of those Turmoyls , he was so prosperous , that he sent them home from Iersey and Guernsey with the loss of two thousand men .

Honour he had enough , and Power too , yet not what he aimed at ; ( our Souls are infinite as in their duration , so in their capacity . ) Ambition is like cholar , which is an humour that maketh men active , earnest , full of alacrity and stirring , if it be not stopped ; but if it be stopped , and cannot have its way , it becometh adust , and thereby malign and venomous ; So aspiring men , if progr●ssive and successful ( their passage to advancement being clear ) are rather active than perilous ; but if curbed with some obstructions , their sccret discontent casts an evil aspect upon all persons and actions , and becomes rather dangerous than serviceable .

This great Earl's greater minde was usefull , when prosperous abroad ; but at home troublesome , when finding a plain man in his way to height , great in his power , greater in his Sovereigns affections and greatest of all in his knowing brother ; whose spirit bare up his Authority , as his Authority supported His Courage : In that b b Viz. The Lord Tho. Seymour . mans Brest there was a Prudence that could reach , and a stoutness that could balance this at once close and fierce man .

Interest and Blood united these Brothers so strongly , that there was no dividing of them , but by practising on their Wives , whose Humours were above their Interest , and Fancy above their Relation . Their precedence is made a question at Court , where it bred first a distance , and upon an Interview contrived in this Lords house , a diff●rence● that difference is improved to an animosity , ( ●e can do little that cannot blow up a spark in a Womans Brest to a flame ) that animosity to malice , and malice cannot dwell long in those weaker brests without a mischief ; mischief they cannot do themselves : ) Th● Ivy cl●aves to the Oak , and these Women to their Husbands , though both ruine the things they cling to : ) What suggestions ! What insinua●ions ! What pretty fears and jealousies ! What little tales and passions● Yet continual droppings wear a Stone : The Womens discords derive themselves into the Husbands hearts , until the Admiral falls , and leaves the Protector to his own Integrity : Whose large Trust and infinite Business ●ould not but bewray him to some Errour , as his great Power did to much Envy , that first divested him of that Power , and then of his Life .

There is not a more admirable Wisdom directing the contrarieties of Nature to an Harmony , than ther● is a close ●each in some men to reconcile vari●ty of Humours , Affections , Opp●sitions , Rancounters , Events and Changes to one Design . The Pr●tectors easine●s is betrayed to confidence ; ●is too late fears , to a confidence at fi●st , and at last to irregularities : the hopes of some were encouraged the g●ievances of ö●hers were aggravated and pitied , ●he envy of a 〈…〉 , and he the soul in all and every part of the action . The Protector was free-spirited , open hearted , humble , hard to distrust , easie to forgive : The Earl was proud , subtile , close , cruel and implacable ; and therefore it was impar congressus between them , almost with as much disadvantage as between a naked and armed person . Two nets are laid to take the Protector ; the one breaks , the other holds : The Treason was onely to give a Report , the Felony for designing the death of the Earl of Warwick a Privy Councellour , did the execution .

He being removed out of the way , this Earl of Warwick , as his Predecessor , meditates the honour of King-making . To this purpose he joyns himself by alliance to the best Families , and advanceth his children by employments to the greatest trusts ; particularly ( what Sir Richard Baker saith had been better if it had never been ) his Son Robert ( afterward Earl of Leicester ) was sworn one of the six ordinary Gentlemen of the Kings Chamber : upon which particular the foresaid Historian observeth , That after his coming into a place so near him , the King enjoyed his health but a while . The Duke of Somerset is trained by his enemies to such fears and j●alousies , as transport him beyond his ow● go●d nature , to an attempt one morning upon the E●rl of Warwick , now Duke of Northumberland , abed ; where being received with much kindeness , his heart relented , and he came off re infecta . At his coming out , one of his company asked him if he had done the deed ? he answered , No. Then said he , You are ●our self undone . And indeed it so fell ours for when all other Accusations were refelled , this onely s●uck by him , and could not be denyed ; and so he was found guilty by a Statute of his own procurement , viz.

That if any should attempt to kill a Privy-Councellour , although the fact were not done , yet it should be Felony , and to be punished with death .

This , notwithstanding many Divertisements used , went so near the consumptive Kings heart , that he prepares for death . The Duke now within ken of his design , considering the Kings affection for Reformation , the Lords and other Purchasers kindness for Church-lands , the Judges fear , the Courtiers compliance , carried on a Will with a high hand , ( trembling with anger● saith Judge Mountague , if any opposed him ; yea , saying , That he would fight in his Shirt with any that contradicted it ) wherein the Crown was bestowed on Iane Grey , his fourth Sons Wife , ( the Princesses Mary and Elizabeth being laid aside . ) But he forgot ( as what man , though never so reaching , can consider all things ? ) that there is an invisible Power in Right , that there is a natural Antipathy in English men against usurpation , and as great an inclination for the succession : A Point they had conned so well of late out of the Statute made for that purpose , that they could not well be put out of it by this new-started Designe . The People stand by Queen Mary : the Council notwithstanding their Engagement to stand by him at his going away , ( when he observed in Shore●ditch that the People gazed on him , but bid him not God sp●ed ; and he ●old the Lords , They might purchase their safety with his ruine . To w●ich one of the Lords replyed , Your Grace mak●● a doubt of that which cannot be : for which of us all can wash his hands clear of this business ? ) proclaimed the Queen at London , as he doth at Cambridge ; where yet the Earl of Arundel ( who offered his life at his feet when he marched out : O the Vicissitudes of this lower world ? ) arrests him ●esolutely , and h● submits weakly , first to an Imprisonment , and then to a Tryal and Ex●cution .

The first night he came to Cambridge , all the Doctors supped with him ; and Doctor Sandys is appointed to preach before him next day . The Doctor l●●e at night betakes himself to his Prayers and Study , desiring God to direct him to a fit Text for that time . His Bible openeth at the first of Jo●hua , and ( though he heard no voice with St. Augustine , saying , Tolle & lege ) a strong fancy inclined him to fix ●n the first words he beheld , v. 16. And they answered Joshua , saying , All that thou commandest us we will do ; and whithersoever thou sendest , we will go : A text he so wisely and warily handled , that his Enemies got not so full advantage against him as they expected .

The next day the Duke advanced to Bury with his Army , whose feet marched forward while their minds moved backward . Upon the News brought him , he returned to Cambridge , with more sad thoughts within him , than valiant Souldiers about him . Then went he with the Mayor of the Town , and proclaimed the Queen ; the Beholders whereof more believing the grief in his eyes when they let down tears , than the joy professed by his hands when he threw up his Cap. Slegge Sergeant at Arms arrests him in Kings● Colledge ; and when the Proclamation of Pardon set him at liberty , the Earl of Arundel re-arrests him , at whose feet he craves mercy ; a low posture in so high a person ! But what more poor and prostrate than Pride it self , when reduced to extremity ? Hist. Camb. p. 131. Behold we this Duke as the Mirrour of Humane Unhappiness !

As Nevil Earl of Warwick was the make-King , so this Dudley Earl of Warwick was the make-Queen . He was Chancellour of the Vniversity , and Steward of the Town of Cambridge ; two Offices which never before or since met in the same person .

Thus as Cambridg● was his Vertical Poynt , wherein he was in the heighth of Honour : so it was his Vertical , where he met with a suddain turn , and a sad Catastrophe . And it is remarkeable , that though this Duke ( who by all means endeavoured to aggrand his Posterity ) had six sons , all men , all married , none of them left any issue behind them . Thus far better it is to found our hop●s of even ear●hly happiness on Goodn●ss , than Greatness . Thus far the Historian .

I● was Lewi● the elev●nth's Motto , Pride and Presumption go before , Shame and Loss follow after . In three sorts of men Ambition is good : 1. In a Souldier , to quicken him . 2. In Favourites , to balance o●hers . 3. In great States-men , to undertake invidious Employments : For no man will take that part except he be like a seeled Dove , that mounts and mounts because he cannot see about him . And in these men it 's safe if they are mean in their original , harsh in their nature , stirring in many little , rather than in any great business . Greater in his own interest than in his Followers . Humility sojourneth with safety and honour , Pride with Danger and unworthiness . No man below an Anointed One , is capable of an unlimited Power ; a temptation too great for Mortality , whose highest Interest if indulged , is Self ; and if checked , Malice . Dangerous is the Power of an aspiring Person near a Prince , more dangerous his Disguise , as who acts all things against his Master by his Authority .

Let no man upon this example ever repose so much upon any mans single Counsel , Fidelity or Discretion , as to create in himself or others a diffidence of his own judgement , which is likely to be most faithfull and true to a mans own Interest . Let every m●n have some things that no man shall obtain , and some things that no man must dare ask ; because you see here , if we let all go without reserve , our Reputation is lost in the world by the Reputation our Favourite gains with us -

There was in Rome a certain man named Enatius , somewhat entred in Age , and of natural condition mu●inous , ambitious , and troublesome : Adrian being advertised that he was dead , fell into a great laughter , and sware , That he could not but wonder he could intend to die , considering what great business he had night and day ; Con●idering how many Affairs he had to manage , how many cross accidents to accommodate , I wonder what time he had to die : And considering his many pretences for the Protestant Religion , especially that for King Edward's , I wonder with what face he could die a Papist .

But I have forgot my self : for there are two sorts of persons in Machiavel ●hat must either not believe , or not profess any Religion : The first , the States-man , that acts in publick Affairs ; the second , the Historian , that writes them .

Observations on the Life of Sir William Peter .

HE was born in that great Nursery of Parts Devonshire ; and bred in a greater , Exeter-Colledge . That Colledge made him a Scholar , and All-Souls a Man . H●s capacity was contemplative , and his Genius active ; observing , rather than reading ; with his eye more on men , than Books ; studying behaviour , rather than notion ; to be accomplished , rather than knowing ? and not to erre in the main , rather than to be excellent in circumstance . His Body set off his Parts with a grave dignity of presence , rather than a soft beauty of aspect : His favour was more taking than his colour , and his motion more than favour ; and all such , as made his early Vices blush , and his riper Vertues shine .

The Earl of Wil●shire first pitched upon him for his Sons Tutor , and then for his own Companion . Noble Families set off hopeful Parts , and improve them .

Cromwel's quick eye one day at my Lord , spyeth his Personage , and observes his Carriage . ( He was a man himself , and understood one . ) Nothing would satisfie him , but that the young Gentlemen should come to Court , and go to Travel . King Henry loved any All-souls man ; but was enamoured with him , in whom concurred the three Perquisites of that Society .

1. A Gentle Extraction . 2. A graceful Behaviour . 3. Competent Learning .

The young man designed for businesse , was to travel for Education , and the Scholar for Experience .

1. His Pension is allowed him , 125 l. a year . 2. His Tutor is assigned , who had been there before , and could instruct him what he should see , where he should go , what acquaintance to entertain , what exercise or discipline to undergo . 3. His Instructions were drawn up : as , 1. That he should keep a Diary of what the chiefest places and the eminent persons , either apart or in Conventions , yielded worthy of Remarque and Observation . 2. To have before him a Map or Card of every place he goeth to . 3. Not to stay long in any one place . 4. To converse with no Englishmen but Agents , Embassadors , or such grave persons as his Majesty would direct him to . 5. To endeavour after Recommendations from persons of quality in one place , to those in another ; keeping still his correspondence with the most publick and eminent persons of every respective place .

Within five years he returned a compleat Gentleman , correcting the Vices of one Country with the Vertues of another ; and being one happy Composition of every Region . Sir Iohn Philpot was not so much the worse , as Sir William was the better for travel ; He returning to the shame of all Nations ; of his own , by his weakness abroad ; of others , by their follies at home : This coming home the honour of his own by his abilities abroad , of others by his perfections at home .

Two things improved his travel : 1. An Artificial and careless freedome , that opened others . 2. A natural gravity , that shut him up , and was more capable of observing their Vertues , and escaping their Vices .

Peter Earl of Savoy came to do his homage to Otho the fourth in a double attire ; on the one side Cloth of Gold , on the other shining Armour : the Emperour asked him what meant that Lindsey-Woolsey ? he answered , Sir , the attire on the right side is to hono●r your Majesty , that on the left is to serve you . Sir William Peter returns with those Gayeties of carriages on the one hand that might adorn a Court , and with those abilities on the other that might support it . His first employment was the Charts , the Lattin Letters , and the Forreign N●gotiation : the next , was Principal Secretary : In which Office , Wriothesly was rough and stubborn , Paget easie , Cecil close , Mason plain , Smith noble ; Peter was smooth , reserved , resolved , and yet obliging . Both the Laws he was Doctor of , and both the Laws he made use of ; the Civil Law to direct Forreign Negotiations , and the other to give light to Domestick Occasions .

In the Kings absence in France 1554. Craumer and Thorleby are to assist the Queen in matters of Religion , the Earl of Hertford in Affairs of War , the Lord Parr of Horton , and Doctor Peter , in the Civil Government ; ( whose Maxime it was , It is the interest of the Kings of England to be the Arbiters of Christendome . ) Thus much he was to the Queen by Henry the eighth's Deputation , and no less to King Edward by his Will.

A man would wonder how this man made a shift to serve four Princes of such distant Interests as King Henry , King Edward , Queen Mary . Queen Elizabeth ; untill he recollects the French King , who enquired of a wise man how he might govern himself 〈◊〉 his Kingdome ? the wise man took a fair large sheet of Paper , and instead of an infinite number of Precepts , which others use to offer upon that subject , he onely writ this word , Modus , A Mean . In King Henry's time he observed his Humour , in King Edward's he kept to the Law , in Queen Mary's he intended wholly S●ate-affairs , and in Queen Elizabeth's he was religious , his years minding him of death , and his death of his faith . He moved with the first Movers in most transactions to his apparent danger , yet he had motions of his own for his real security . Able he was at home , and very dexterous abroad ; particularly at Bulloin . The Philosophers exercising their Gifts before an Ambassador , he asked one that was silent what he should say of him ? Report to your King ( saith he ) that you found one among the Graecians that know how to hold his tongue . Ah , ( said Mounsieur Chatillon ) we had gained the last 200000 Crowns without Hostages , had it not been for the man that said nothing , ( meaning Secretary Peter . )

Neither was he better at keeping his own counsel , than at discovering other mens● as appeared by the intelligence he had , that the Emperour had ●ent ships to transport the Lady Mary into Germany , in case the King would not allow her the practice of her Religion , ( though three men knew not that Designe in the German Court ) whereupon he fetched her two Leez ; and thence , under the notion of preparing for Sea-matters , he sent over five thousand pounds to relieve the Protestants .

Active he was about the Will in compliance with his duty to King Edward , but as nimble in his intelligence suitable to his Allegiance to Queen Mary ; whom he assisted in two Particulars 〈◊〉 . In making the Ma●ch : 2. In searching the bottom of Wiat's Insurrection : therefore , 1. When the Church-lands went against her conscience , Sir William Peter must be sent for . 2. When the Pope sent another Legate to turn out Pool , he must be sent for ; ( who advised her to forbid him this Land , as she very resolutely did . )

As serviceable was he to Queen Elizabeth , till his Age not being able to go through the difficulties , and his Conscience being impatient of the severities of those ●●●ie and harsh times , he retired to Essex , where his Estate was great , and his Charity greater : both which he bequeathed his Son Iohn , who was by King Iames made Baron of Writtle in that County .

Observations on the Life of Cardinal Pool .

HIs Extraction was so high , that it awakened King Henry the Eighth's Jealousies ; and his Spirit so low , that it allayed it : When he reflected on his Royal * * His Mother was Daughter to the Duke of Clarence , and Grandchild to Edward the IV. Relation , he was enjealousied to hard thoughts of restraint and security ; when he observed his modest Hopefulness , he was obliged to those more mild of Education and Care , as more honourable than the other , and as safe : Religion and Study would enfeeble that spirit to quiet contemplation , which more manlike exercises might ennoble for Business and Action . It was but mewing him up in a study with hopes of a Mitre , and there would be no danger of his ambition to the Crown . The Privacies of the School and Colledge made him a stranger to the transactions of Court ; and he was two follow his Book , that he might not understand himself .

His preferments were competent to content him , and yet but mean to expose him .

Three things concurred to his escape from King Henry's Toyl .

1. His Relation's ambition , that could not endure he should be wrapped in Black , that was born to be clothed in Purple . 2. His own Inclination to adde Experience to his Learning . 3. The Kings Policy , to maintain him abroad , who could not safely keep at home .

No sooner arriveth he at Paris , than the Pope caresseth him as a person ●it to promote his Interest : The House of York supports him , as one that kept up their Claim ; and the general Discontent crieth him up as one that was now the hope of England , and might be its Relief .

That he might not come short of their Expectation , or his own Right , his large capacity takes in the Learning of most Unive●sities , observeth the way of most Nations , and keeps correspendence with all eminent men : The first of these improved his Learning , the second his Experience , the third his Converse .

The Marquess of Exeter , the Lord Mountacute , Sir Nicholas Carew , Sir Edward Nevil , Sir Geoffery Poole , would have made him a King , ( but to gain him a Crown , they loft their own Heads ) and Pope Iulius made him a Kings Fellow ; but he was never Head of this Church since he put the Red Hat on this Cardinal .

The King had him declared for a Traytor in England , and he him excommunicated for an Hereti●k at Rome . His Friends are cut off by the King at home , and the Kings Enemies che●ished by ●im abroa● .

But Princes are mortal , though their hatred not so : For before the Kings deat● , he would needs be reconciled to Pool , and as some thought , by him to Rome ; wherefore he sends to him now in great esteem in Italy , desiring his opinion of his late Actions clearly , and in few words : Glad was Pool of this occasion to dispa●ch to him his Book de Vnione Ec●lesiarum , inveighing against his Supremacy , and concluding with an advice to Henry to reconcile himself to the Catholick Church , and the Pope as Heads thereof . Our King having perused this , and knowing it could not lie hid in Italy ( though Pool had promised not to publish it ) sends for him by Post to come into England , to explain some Passages ther●of : but Pool knowing tha● it was declared Treason there to deny the Kings Supremacie , r●fused ; desiring the King nevertheless in Letters to him and Tonstal , to take hold of the present time , and redintegrate himself with the Pope ; whereby he might secure his Authority , and advance it with the honour of being the cause of a Reformation of the Church in Doctrine and Manners .

King Edward is King of England , and the Cardinal like to be Pope of Rome , keeping pace with the Royal Family ; He Head of the Church Catholick , They of that in England : but King Edward's weakness of Body sus●ered him not long to enjoy his Throne , and the Cardinals Narrowness and easiness of spirit suffered him not at all to sit in his chair .

For upon Paul the Third's death , the Cardinals being divided about the Election , the Imperial part , which was the greatest , gave their voice for Cardinal Pool ; which being told him , he disabled himself , and wished them to chuse one that might be most for the glory of God , and good of the Church , Upon this stop , some that were now friends to Pool , and perhaps looked for the place themselves , if he were put of● , layed many things ●o his c●a●ge ; ●mong other things , That he was not without susp●tion of Lutheranism , nor without ble●ish of Incontinence : ●ut he cl●a●ed himself so handsomely , that he was now more impo●●●●●d to take the place then before , and therefore one night ( they say ) the Cardinal came to him being in bed , and sent word they came to adore him , ( a circumstance of the new Popes Honour ) but he being waked but of his sleep and acquainted with it , made answer , That this wa● not a work of darkeness , and therefore requir●d them to forbear until next day , and then do as God should put in their minds . But the Italian Cardinals attributing this put-off to a kind of stupidity and sloth in Pool , looked no more after him , but the next day those Cardinal Montanus Pope , who was afterwards named Iulius the Third .

I have heard of many that would have been Popes , but could not ; I write this man one that could have been one , but would not .

But though he would not be Pope of Rome , yet when Mary was Q●een , he was one of England ● where he was Legate , and if it had not been for the Emperour , had been King : For as soon as she was in the Throne of England , he was sent for out of Italy into the Chair of Canterbury ; but Charles the Emperour , by the Popes power , secretly retarded his return , fearing it might ob●truct the propounded marriage between his Son and the Queen . Indeed the Queen bare the Cardinal and unfeigned affection for six reasons : 1. For his grave and becoming presence , that endeared him no less to those that saw him , than his parts and prudence did to those that conversed with him : The Diamond is then orient , when set in Gold . 2. For his disposition , as calm as her Majesties● and as ●eek a● his Profession . 3. For his Age : being about ten years older , the proportion allowed by the Philosopher between Husband and Wife . 4. For Alliance : she being daughter to Henry the Eighth , and he Grandchild to Edward the Fourth . 5. For his Education with her , under his Mother . 6. For his Religion , for which he was an Exile , as she was a Prisoner , and both Confessors .

But now when the marriage with Prince Philip was consummated , Pool at last got leave for England ; and to wipe away all suspition of Lutheranism , wherewi●h he was formerly taxed , he became a cruel , that he might be believed a cordial Papist : Full. Hi●●● Cent. 19● p. 14● For meeting in Brabant wi●h Emanuel Tremelius , requesting ●ome favour from him , he not onely denied him relief , but returned him rayling terms ; though formerly he was not onely his very familiar Friend , but his God-father too , when of a Iew he turned Christian. Arrived in England , ( as the Historian goeth on ) he was first ordained Priest , being but Deacon before , and then consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury , the Queen being present , at Bow ; where rich in costly R●bes , and sitting on a guilded Throne , his Pall was presented to him : Adorned , he presently mounts the Pulpit , and makes a dry Sermon of the use and honour of the Pall , without either Langu●ge or matter ; all admiring the jejuness of his Discourse , as if putting off his Parts , when putting on his Pall.

He made the breach formerly between England and Rome , by exasperating both sides : he now reconciles it , obliging many by his carriage , awing as many by his presence , dazling all by his pomp and splendour . Now he confirmeth the In●titution of Clergy-m●n into their Benefices ; he legitimateth the C●ildren of forbidden marriages ; he ratifieth the Processes and Sentences in matters Ecclesiastical ; and his Dispensations were confirmed by Act of Parliament .

Two things he was intent upon : 1. The Church-P●iviledges ; whereof one he procured was , That the Clergy should not shew their Horses with the Layty , but under Captains of their own chusing . 2. The Spanish Interest ; and therefore P●●l the fourth , who was as intent upon the French , and looked upon the Legate as the principal Promoter of the last War in France , sends Cardinal Peito to ease him of his Legantine Power in England . But the Queen so ordered the matter , that by her Prerogative she prohibited Peito entrance into England , and got the foresaid Power established and confirmed on Cardinal Pool , as she did likewise 1000 l. a year for his better support out of the Bishoprick of Winchester . The more he lived in England , the more he was Italianized ; conversing with their Merchants , and practising their thrift ; his Pomp being ( ●aith my Author ) rather g●udy than costly , and his attendance more ceremonious than expensive . Fea●full he was of a Bank here , ( if Queen Mary died ) careful of one beyond Sea if he lived : therefo●e as he sends all his Estate to Italy by his Will when he died , so he did most of it by Bills of Exchange while he l●v●d : the first was j●dged his ●olicy , q ( the heart whereof is prevention ) the second his Gratitude , bestowing his Superfluities on them who had relieved his Necessities . Of all his Estate , Aloisius Priol took but the Breviary he had alwayes in his Pocket , so devou● he was and the Diary he had alwayes in his Closer , so exact he was to observe what was done by others , and recollect what had escaped himself● Die he did not of Italian Physick wilfully taken by himself , as Mr , Fox suggests ; nor of English Poison ; given him by the Protestants , as Osorius affirms ; but of a Quartain Ague , then Epidemical in England , and malignant above the ordinary nature of that Disease . This man was a Catholick in his Interest and Charity , and a Protestant in his Conscience , We cannot ( was his ●aying ) give too much to God● grace , nor too lit●le to our own merits . He said when he came to England , I came hither not to condemn , but reconcile ; not to compel , but desire . He would burn the Ashes of one or two Protestants when dead , to avoid the suspition of Here●ie ; but the Bodies of none when alive , to contract the real guilt of Cruelty . In Council sound were his Debates for the main ; circumspect his Suggestions of Circumstances ; reaching his foresight of Consequences● wary his Precautions of Impediments ; moderate and soft his Advices● prompt and steady his Expeditions ; happy his Memory ; many his Observations ; large his Reading ; strong his Spirit ; solid his Judgement ; sharp his Apprehen●ion● fluent , but weighed ; full , but pertinent : grave , but quick his Discourse : what he pronounced , was a D●cree with Queen Mary ; what he ●aid , was Law with King Philip : His naked Proposition was Demonstration : his Word Reason , fetched from the Principles of things , and grounded on their Causes . His Modesty never sued for Greatness , though that sued for him : for great men he said were Slaves to six things : 1. To mens humours ; 2. To business ; 3. To Fortune● 4. To their own Followers ; 5. To Fame ; and , 6. To the Publick . I will say no more of him , but that Modesty undoeth a Maid , and is the fool onely that puts Vertue out of Countenance . Bashfulness is at best but a weak and treacherous Vertue .

Observations on the Life of Sir John Russel .

HIs Name and his Valour is as ancient as the Conquest ; Vertue flowing in every Age of that Family with its Honour and Worth , keeping pace with their Advancements . In every man that we meet with , there are three things that immediately offer themselves to our Consideration : 1. The Mind . 2. The Behaviour . And 3. The Person .

His Mind was befriended by Nature with a quickness and a capaciousness , helped by publick Education to a solidity and stayedness● improved in Travel with Observation , and raised by the slow , but happy degrees of his Preferments to Skill and Experience . They had need be slow and wary in that place where there is no failing the second time , the first errour being irremediable : therefore well-ordered Policy imitateth Nature , which worketh slowly● and step by step , causing the Blade to come from the Grain , the Tree from the Graft , the Blossom from the Tree , and Fruit from the Blossom : so ( saith my Author ) ought Policy to raise great persons from one degree to another ; to the end , that having made their Essays in meaner matters , they may finish their Master-pieces in more eminent Affairs , 2. He that demeans himself well , is ever ushered in by a friend that recommends him to the company that knew him nor .

Sir Iohn had a moving beauty that waited on his whole Body , as that standing one doth upon the Face and Complexion : Such a grace and comeliness waited on His Noble Men , as exacted a liking , if not a love from all that beheld him .

A midling Clarity and quickness is best in Wine , that is , neither to thick upon the Lees , nor yet too quick : our Knights comportment and carriage was neither dull nor vapouring , neither gross nor affected , but of a becoming temper , at equal distance with the Clown and the Pedant , what 's contemptible , and what 's invidious . 3. But both these were set off with his Person , of a middle stature , neither tall to a formidableness , nor short to a contempt : straight and proportioned , vigorous and active , with that pure blood and spirits that flowed and flowred within his swelling Veins , and disposed him to those natural and innocent , those manly and noble Exercises of Dancing , &c. Dancing , I say , which he was not exquisite in , for that is vanity : nor ignorant of , for that 's meanness : but a graceful exercise , ( wherein he was carelesly easie , as if it were rather natural motion , than curious and artificial practising ) which endeared his severer Vertues to that place where the worth that riseth must be complaisant and pleasing , as well as serviceable and useful . But the favour which proceeds from personal grace and comeliness , although it seem to be doubly united , yet it is that which is soonest dissolved and dissipated , there being nothing so inconstant as mens humours , which not onely change through Ages , but also by some small occasion or accident which may arise : Sir Iohn therefore brought himself into Court by what humoured , but kept himself in there by those things that did oblige him ; and stood not upon his Majesties pleasure , but his Interest ; adding to his more aiery Courtships , more solid Employments . From the softer Court therefore we must follow him to the Camp , and that before Terwyn , where we finde him daring and active : 1. In skirmishing the French every day ; 2. In recovering the red Gun overthrown in a L●ne from 10000 French , under the Earl S. Paul as General , with 250 resolute Reformades under himself but Captain ; although he was once taken Prisoner , as before Calice , where he redeemed himself from the Officer that had taken him for 250 Crowns , on condition ●he would conduct him safe from the French Quarter , as the man did , until they were gone so far , that Sir Iohn takes him Prisoner , compelling him to the Reimbursement of his money , with 200 Crowns more , to be bestowed on the Common Souldiers . As severely active w●s he at the siege of Tournay , as the oldest Souldier ; and yet as indocently pleasant at the Mask there , as the youngest Courtier . One of the sixty he was that went with the King to cut off the Passage between that City and the Army , and one of the eleven that went with his Majesty to entertain the Ladies at Lisle . From serving one King in France , he had the honour as it was thought to kill another in England , ( I mean Iames of Scotland ) and challenge a third in Paris . The same thing raised him , that advanced Wolsey : for he being sent to Maximilian , ( after Treasurer Naphant had brought him to Court ) dispatched his business so soon , that the King chid him for not being gone , when he was returned ; and withal asked him , Whether he had seen the Post that he had sent after him about a circumstance that had escaped him ? He answered , He met him in his return● but he had presumed to adde that particular of his own head , for which he asked his Majesties pardon , and had his favour too for the Deanery of Lincoln , and the Almonership . Sir Iohn was commanded with 1500 men to cut off the Convoy to Terwyn : which he performed with that speed and success , that when the King saw him , he said , I , I , Sir John , while we are fooling , the Town is relieved . So it is indeed , ( said he ) for I have sent them 2000 Carcases , and they have spared me 1200 Wagons of Provision . I but , said the King , I sent after you to cut off the Bridge Dreban . That , replyed the Knight , was the first thing I did : wherefore I am upon my knees for your Majesties grace and pardon . Nay then , ( said the King ) by Lady , thou hast not my pardon , but my favour too . He is the man for a Princes service , whose minde is present , and prudence is ready to meet with suddain occasions , and accommodate unexpected emergencies . The first effect of that favour , was his Nomination for one of the sixteen that answered the French challenge at the Lady Mary's Marriage , at Pa●●s , November 7 , 1513. which shewed his manhood , and how valiant he was . The second was , that he was one of the Forty five that were to be about his Majesty at the instant of his Interview with the King of France at Guisnes ● which was an Argument of his presence● and how goodly a man he was . The third was , that he was one of the Twenty two that with the Earl of Surrey Lord Admiral , and Sir William Fitz-Williams Vice-Admiral , proposed that secret , and therefore successful D●signe upon Britain , under pretence of Scowring the Narrow Seas , ( for now he is as good in the Sea as he had been in the Field ) for which he and eight more of his fellow-Captains , Sir Ioh. Cornwallis , &c. are Knighted by the aforesaid Lord Admiral : which speaks him a Sea-man , and indeed one of a general capacity . The fourth was , the great Trust his Majesty reposed in him , when he was sent in disguise to widen the difference that was newly broken out between the Duke of Bourbon , the high Constable of France , and the French King ; which he managed so well , that the discontented Duke declares for the Emperour and the King of England , to the great encouragement of the English , the satisfaction of his Majesty , and the success of his Designe upon Anchor , Boungard , Bray , and o●her places , where Sir Iohn shewed himself as active now , as he was before cunning as much surpassing the French Spirit in action , as he had over-reached their Prudence in Negotiation .

But in vain was it to serve that King , unless a man obliged the Cardinal , ( he that Courts the Virgin Mary , must not neglect her little Saints ) him he attended in his second Journey to France , first to honour , and then to serve him . And now after his decease , when King Henry had done the work of mercy ( which was most proper for himself , as being most popular ) upon the Lincolnshire Rebels , he deputed the Duke of Suffolk , Sir Francis Brians and Sir Iohn Russel to perform that of Justice , which is most distastful : wherein yet he behaves himself with that exactness , that the Country was very well pleased , and the King as well satisfied ; insomuch that we finde our Knight now called from a Commander in in the Field , to be Controller at Court : where he managed his Masters Expences thriftily , reduced his Family discreetly , reformed his followers effectually , and filled up his place with the awe of his presence , and the influence of his Authority , that he was at once its support and its glory . Indeed Courts being those Epitoms wher●through strangers look into Kingdomes , should be Royally set of as with Utensils , so with attendance● that might possess all Comers with reverence there , and fear elsewhere .

Hir Person graced his Imployment , and therefore his Majesty honoured his Person with the Order of the Garter , and the Title of Lord R●ssel ; and that his Preferment might keep pace with his Honour , he is made Lord Privy Seal , and his Nephew Sir Iohn Cage Controller . His Honour flacked not his Activity , but improved it ; neither was his Vertue onely violent in Ambition , and dull in Authority . Power to do good , is the true and lawful end of aspiring : therefore my Lord to his Staff , added his Sword ; and to his Court-honour , his Field service , as Lieutenant-General before Muttrel , and Marshal before Bulloign ; to the relief of the first whereof , he drew Mounsieur * * Governor ●f Bies . Bies , that his Majesty might take the second . In the Camp he drew up the Designes , in the Field he managed the Treasure , and in Action to him was intr●sted the Conduct and manage . In the Kings last Will and Testament he was the fifth person , and in his Sons Council the fifth ; to whom he discovered a French Plot the first year of his Raign , and for whom he broke the Devonshire Rebels , what with delays , what with stratagems , to divide them according to their several Inclinations , the second , for which service he was made Earl of Bedford : The third , in the Faction at home between the Seymours and the Dudleys , he was Neuter : in the Treaties abroad between the French King and his Majesty of England , he was Principal ; where he observed three Rules : 1. That there should be a general Muster at home , while this Treaty went on abroad . 2. That there should be a blow given the Scots before there was a Peace made with the French , 3. That we should first know the French Overtures before we made our own ,

But while he was here , he discovered a Plot that the Emperour had to transport the Lady Mary over to his Dominions , and thereby bring her Brother to his terms : whereupon he with 200 men watcheth one Port , the Duke of Somerset with 200 more a second , and Master St. Leiger with 400 men a third , while the Lady was fetched by my Lord Chancellor to the King . But while he was serving his Master the King abroad , his Friend the Protector wanted his advice and assistance at home , he being of purpose sent out of the way , while that unfortunate Duke is first betrayed by his own folly , and then ruined by his Enemies power . I finde his hand among the rest of the Councellors in a Letter to Queen Mary , but not in Arms against her● He was concluded by the major Vote to a Commission for Peace , but not to Action for conscience sake . Faithful he is therefore to her in Council , and serviceable in Spain and France ; from the first of which places he brought her a Husband , and from the second a Treasure . He understood her Right , and disputed not her Religion ; regarding not so much her Opinion , as his own Duty ; not what she was , but what he should be . And thus he behaved himself , until his dear Mistress Elizabeth took him for one of her Protestant Councellours to balance her Popish ones : and not onely of her Council , but of her Cabinet : ( for as every man must have his Friend to ease his heart , so Princes have their Favourites to partake of their cares ) and the Marquess of Northampton , the Earl of Bedford , and Sir William Cecil , were the onely Persons to whom the Queen communicated her designe of Reformation , and correcting the Common-prayer ; and they ordered affairs so , that the Protestants should be in hope , and yet the Papists should not be out of hope .

King Philip had a quarrel with the Queen for rejecting his suit , the King of Sweden for slighting his Son , the King of France in his Wives Right , the Queen of Scots in her Own , and the Pope for excluding his Supremacie ; her Subiects were as unsettled in their Loyalty as in their Religion : What remained ? but that my Lord of Bedford and Sir William Cecil should make up a well-tempered House of Commons by their Interest , who should carry along an indifferent House of Lords by their Resolution ?

When he had served the Queen in Parliament for the settlement of her Kingdom at home , he served the Kingdome in an Embassie to Scotland , to set up its correspondence abroad .

The Earl of Leicester aimed at the Queen of England , and the Earl of Bedford , to divert him and secure Scotland , design'd him for the Queen of Scots ; whom he watched for two things : 1. That she should either match with an English Subject , or 2. With a soft and weak Forreigner ; that either the Scots might be in league with us , or have no peace at home .

His last service I finde is a complement , when he was sent by the Queen as her Deputy , with a font of massie Gold worth 1043 l. to hold King Iames at his Baptism ; with express command not to acknowledge my Lord Darley as King . This his service was as lasting as his life , which ended in old Age and Renown . He conveyed his Vertue and Honour to the Excellent Francis , as he did to the Right Honourable William Earl of Bedford : now living .

Observations on the Life of Stephen Gardiner Bishop of Winchester .

THe tuition of the Earl of Dorset's Children raised Wolsey ; travelling with the Duke of Norfolk's raised Gardiner : Fox his service in the quality of Secretary , made the fi●st ; and his in the same quality , made Gardiner .

There are three kindes of Understanding ; The one , that is advised by its self ; the second , that understandeth when it is informed by another ; the third , that neither is advised by its self , nor by the assistance of another . If this Doctor failed in the fi●st , and his own invention , he exceeded in the second , of making use of others ; for he was one of them that never heard or read what was not his own . His Profession was the Civil Law , that guideth forreign Nego●i●tions : His Inclination was that general Policy that manageth them .

His Eminencies were three : 1. His Reservedness : Whereby he never did what he aimed at , never aimed at what he intended , never intended what he said , and never said what he thought ; whereby he carried it so , that others should do his business , when they opposed it ; and he should undermine theirs , when he seemed to promote it . A man that was to be traced like the Fox , and read like Hebrew , backward : if you would know what he did , you must observe what he did not . 2. His Boldness . Authority sometimes meets with those impediments , which neither power can overcome , nor good fortune divert , if Courage and Fortitude break not through and furmount them ; and the motions of the irascible faculties , such as Hope , Boldness and Choler , being well ordered , and conducted by Reason , engage those difficulties she encountereth in the execution of her designs : Reason discovered him his enterprizes , his Will enclined him to them , and the noble transports of his regular passions ●et out both with that ardour and vehemencie , as bear down obstacles , and compass the design : A hope he had , that never rashly engaged him in desperate under●akings ; an audaci●y that precipitated him not weakly into impossibilities ; and a choler that led him not blindly to inevitable ruines : Consideration managing ●he first , Discretion and Forefight the second , and Reason the third . What doth is avail a man to be wise , in knowing what is fit to be done ; prudent , to invent means ; just , to appropriate affairs to publick good ; authorized and happy , to cause them to succeed ; if a Courage , guided by Reason , accompanied with Prudence , ●uled by Discretion , animated by a generous Boldness , be not diligent , quick and p●ompt for Execution ? His nature was generous and constant : His Education ( like that of the Roman Youth among Statesmen ) manifold and solid : His Soul was free , and dis-engaged from any particular Design . 3. El●quence ; That added to his Parts what colours do to a Picture● s●ate , g●ace and light : Reason is the O●nament of a Man , Speech the Interpreter of Reason , and Eloquence the grace of Speech ; wherein the Orator excelleth other men , as much as they do other creatures . His Wisdom advised , his Prudence contrived , his Courage resolved , and his Eloquence perswaded ; adding at once gracefulness to his Designs , and vigour to his Enterprizes ; as that wherewith he could satisfie mens Reasons , and master their Passions , by which he carried them whither he pleased : His lively Expre●s●on animates his Reason , his Eloqu●nce his Expression , and his Gesture hi● Eloquence ; whereby he charmed the Senses , mollified Hearts , incited Affections , framed Desires , check●d Hopes , and exercised a sacred Empire over every man he dealt with .

These qualities improved with Travel , raised the D●ctor to be the Chancellou●'s Secretary , and the * * Kept a● Black Fi●ars . Legantine Courts chief Scribe at home , a ●ly Agent in Italy , a successful Orator in Germany , and Leiger Embassador in France . In Italy , he with D●ctor Fox ( hav●ng the King of France his Agent to second them ) gained the Popes Commission for hearing of the Cause between King Henry the VIII , and Queen K●therine .

In Germany he undermined the French King , and in France the Emperour .

Upon the poor Pope ( whom he found not worth 20 l. ) perplexed between the King of England , who had set him at liberty , and the King of Spain , who had maintained him , he wrought so far , as to gain a dubious Letter in Cypher to the King , and a clear promise to the Cardinal , both about the suppression of some Monasteries , and the Divorce ; which the craf●y Agent extorted from the fearful man , with his Necesse est , &c. although all this while he palliated this his main business , with some impertinent ov●rtures abou● King Henry the seventh's Canonization : None better understanding the just degrees , seasons and methods of Affairs , than this Doctor : Where he spoke one word for his Majesties Divorce , he spoke two for the Cardinals Advancement , having the French Kings Letter with him to that effe●t , in omnem eventum : In order whereunto he threatned the Pope from Germany , and Germany from Rome ; so that their mutual jealousies forced them to a compliance with his Royal and Sacred Master . A great Agent he was in this business while Woolsey's Secretary , a greater when the King● ; in which capacity he writ , they say , one Book for the Pop●'s Supremacie in his Masters Name , and another for the Kings in his own .

He draweth the Kingdom 's Remonstrance against the Pope , wherein he hath one shrew'd argument ; to this purpose those sacra or wayes of Religion that have any thing in them in any nation against the light of nature , and the being of humane society were severely animadverted on by the Romans upon this principle , that it was to be supposed that Gods Religion should interfere with government which is Gods institution , ●nd that way of Religion which hath in woven in it principles that make the Ecclesiasticall power a Competitor with the Civil , and the Pope's against the Kingdom : He and Doctor Fox are employed to gain the Vote of Cambridge for the Divorce ; where he brought it from the Negative to even Voices , and from even Voices to a Dispu●ation , and upon that , to a Determin●tion on the Kings ●ide : for which we find him now Bishop of Winchester , Archbishop Cranmer's Assistant at pronouncing the Divorce at the Priory of Dunstable , and one of the two Embassadors at the Interview between King Francis and King Henry .

As he had declared himself by writing , so he drew up a Form whereby others might declare themselves by oath for the Kings Supremacy : And as he owneth the Kings Authority , so he maintaineth it in his Apology for Fisher's Death .

But because no power is lasting , when Religion is not venerable , the wary Bishop promotes the Statutes of six Articles in the House of Commons , in spight of Cromwel and Cranmer ; and urgeth the retaining of some essential Latin * * As , Ecclesia , poeniteniia , Episcopus , Sacrificium , Pontifex . words in the translation , in the Convocation ; Words , for their genuine and native meaning , ●nd for the Majesty of the matter in them contained , not to be Englished : Though he could not keep the word from shining , yet he had wit enough to keep it in a da●k Lanthorn , to keep the Laity at their distance , and bear up the Will-worship of Rome .

H●d he kept here , King Henry had been satisfied ; but when his success improved his boldness , and that precipitated his undertakings , he must be quarreling with the Protestant Queens , and so fall out with the Ux●rious King , under whose displeasure he continued while he lived , as he did under his sons afterwards : ( First , for refusing a confession of his fault , and then for not subscribing some Articles proposed unto him , though he owned the Supremacy , the Reformation , and said of the Common-Prayer , That though he would not have made it so himself , yet he found in it such things as satisfied his conscience ; and therefore he would both execute it himself , and cause others of his * * Viz Those of his Diocess . Parishioners to do it ; and if he were troubled inconscience , he would reveal it to the Council , and not reason o●enly against it : ) so that he lost his Liberty a●d his B●sh●prick , untill he was restored to both by Queen Mary , ( who kissed and called him her Prisoner in the Tower ) and likewise advanced him to the Chancellourship ; wherein he did more harm by others than himself ; keeping alwayes behind● the Curtain , and acting in Oxford by Visitors , in London by Bonner , and in his own Diocess by Suffragans ; Onely in two Particulars he declared himself : 1. Against the Princess Elizabeth : saying , In vain it is to lop the Branches , while the Root remains . 2. Against the Exiles : Threatning that he would watch their supplies , so that they should eat their nails , and then feed on their fingers ends .

But threatned Folks live long ; and before the Confessors were brought to that Bill of fare , the Bishop was eaten of worms himself , dying suddenly and strangely ; wholly a Protestant in the point of merit , who had been in other things so zealous a Papist .

One piece at once of his Prudence and Resolution , and I have done : The Lord Protector by Letters sollicited Gardiner to resign Trinity-Hall to the Kings hand , who designed one Co●ledge out of that and Clare-Hall : Most politick Gardiner ( saith my Author ) not without cause suspecting some design or casualty might ( surprize the Interval between the dissolution of the old , and the erection of this new Foundation , civilly declined the motion , informing his Grace , That the way to advance the study of the Law , was by promoting the present Professors of that Faculty , ( now so generally discouraged ) and not by founding a new Colledge for the future Students thereof ; seeing Trinity Hall alone could breed more Civilians than all England did prefer according to their deserts .

Observations on the Life of Sir William Herbert .

HIs Family had not endeared its self to the antient Kings by its service , nor his Grandfather himself to King Henry the Seventh by his Relation , more than He did Himself to King Henry the Eighth by his Merit . He was a great Pattern of antient Vertue , that in the greatest Fortune enjoyed the least Liberty : Vigilant and careful : One whose Power was attended with Sollicitude , ( there was an Eye in the ancient Scepters ) and his sollicitude with Temperance ; ( he that commands himself , commands the World too . ) While some mens imprudent integrity can do no harm , and others base cunning can do no good ; Sir William's Prudence and integrity was equally able for both , as there was occasion . Very close and successful were his and my Lord Shefield's Negotiations abroad : Very resolute and manly his Conduct at home . He was one of the twenty four Counsellours to Henry the Eighth while he lived , and one of the sixteen Executors of his Will when he died . All great undertakers must avoid softness and effeminacie , the bane of great Natures and Actions : For where there is love and pleasure , there is fear ; and where there is fear , there is that which enchains Generosity and confines Courage .

He had his double Diary ; the first for Actions , the second for Observations upon them : And indeed his and Sir William Kingston's Manuscripts give a great light to the History of those times : In which Diary we finde what actions he did against the Scots by constant alarms with three thousand Welch , and what against Ket's Rebels by notable stratagems with two thousand . The man is compleat that hath a Head and a Heart .

As to the Faction in King Edward's time , he would not concern himself , looking on accusations in a Commonwealth as great advantages to check ambition , and vent discontent ; that the one may not aspire too dangerously , nor the other break out too irregularly . And as little concern'd was he in King Edward's Will ; his business being ra●her obeying the Sovereign that was , than determining who should be .

He was a throughly advised man ; one that gazed not on the issues , but enquired into the reasons and spring of Actions .

Very useful he was in Queen Mary's Council , and no less in King Philip's War , where he got St. Quintin for him , and a lasting Renown for himself : who died in Queen Elizabeth's time , and left this plain Character behinde , That he was a noble Gentleman , of a trusty , a free and an open Nature .

Observations on the Lives of Sir Thomas Mannors , and Sir Ralph Evers .

I Joyn them both in my Observations , because they agreed both in their dispositions : 1. Both Nobly Religious , and so blessed themselves , and being a blessing unto others ; Their Religion was attended with Magnanimity , Constancy , Wisdom , Prudence , Valour and Counsel , as the Products of it ; and with Success as the Issue . 2. Both famous and renowned ; having Honour , as the shadow doth the Sun , going before them in their younger years , to make their way to action ; keeping even with them in their middle age , to countenance and credit their proceedings ; and following them in old Age to eternize and embalm them : Both making their way to Honour as Agesilaus in Plutarch , or Epictetus in Strabo , by saying what was well , and doing what was better ; or with Socrates , by being what they appeared , and appearing no more than they were : ( Vertue , though obscure , may satisfie me ; it must be renowned , or it c●nnot serve othe●s : ) But action is the life of things , and good dispo●itions are rather a mans Inclinations than his Vertue . Both therefore are in their Courage regular , in their Conduct observant , in their Addres●es obliging , in their Passions even , in their Enjoyments severe , and in their Services equal .

Sir Thomas Mannors first weakned the * * In King H. 8's time , when they rise agains● the Reformation . Northern Rebels , by such discree● Propositions as met with many of their Humours and Interests , and then resolved to engage them , but that the little Brook Dua swelled miraculously to a River , b●tween both Armies : And at the same time Sir Ralph Evers held Scarborough ● Castle , where he had no Souldiers but his own Servants , nor any sustenance for twenty days , but bread and water . For this service he is made Lord Warden of the Marches , as Sir Thomas is Lord Governour of the North.

Both did his Majesty as much service in Peace for his Revenue , as in War for his Security : Both against the Cardinal's way of raising Money , which was but the relieving of a present need by laying the foundation of a lasting inconvenience ; being ve●y careful that their Master did not lose in the president what he gained in the money .

Observations on the Life of Sir John Baker .

THere is one of this Name remarqueable in every Kings Reign since the Conquest ; here is one now renowned in this : 1. For Integrity , to be neither awed nor corrupted : 2. For a Spirit publick as Nature , neither moved with particular respects , nor terminated in a private Design .

The French were so insolent in London the eighth year of Henry the Eighth , that when one Williamson a Carpenter was about to pay for two Pigeons he bought , a Frenchman takes them out of his hand● saying , They were no meat for Carpenters , but for my Lord Embassadour ; who concerned himsel● so mu●h in the case , that he had Williamson imprisoned : Sir Iohn sued to the Embassadour for the man , who answered , That the English Knave deserved to be hanged for denying any thing to a French man . Whereupon Sir Iohn replied , You know not that you are in London : A no●able reply , considering that the City was up next day against Strangers , in so d●s●erate a tumult , that none could suppress but Sir Thomas More , and none settle but Sir William Kingston and Sir Iohn Baker . No sooner had he allayed the disorder at home , but he with the Bishop of St. Asaph , are sent to appease a Rebellion abroad , I mean in Denmark , though in vain ; when the Kings cruelty exceeded their apology , and ruine was more elegiable with that people , than duty or obedience : Where he observed these six Maximes , in order to a newly conquer'd Kingdome : 1. That the Royal Line should be extinguished . 2. That the old Customs in Lawes and Taxes should be observed . 3. The Prince must be there to observe their humours in person . 4. That the Officers be moderate and honest . 5. That there be Colonies planted in one or two places that are the Keys of the S●ate . 6. That the Neighbours should be weakned and divided , and the In-land Forts demolished .

As he would have composed the troubles of forreign Princes , so he served the necessities of his own , being the most successfull Commissioner for the Benevolence in the Countrey ; and the most active Agent for the loan in London : Wherefore I finde him Chancellour of the Exchequer , An. 1545 , and one of the assistants to the Trustees for King Edward , 1547.

Judge Mountague was the onely person that durst dispute King Edward's Will : Judge Hales and Sir Iohn Baker were the onely Councellours that durst refuse it ; the first whereof stood to the Law , against ●ower ; the second , to his Allegiance against Interest ; and both to the rights of the Crown which are lasting , rather than the Designes of some Favourites that are as momentary as their Greatness , and as uncertain as their Grandeur .

This constant and firm resolution to stick to his Duty and L●yalty , brought him to his Grave in peace and honour ; having been a faithful Councellour and Servant to King Henry the eighth , King Edward the sixth , Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth .

Observations on the Life of Sir William Kingstons .

HE was one of the greatest Courriers at Masks and Revels , one of the best Captains at Sea , and one of the most valiant and Skilful Commanders by Land . None more pleasing to the English Ladies , none more terrible to the F●ench King . Cunningly did he discover the King of Spains Designe upon Navarre to his Maj●sty , by pre●ending a Revolt to that King of Spain ; and as cunningly did he draw the French Troops into a snare , by counterfeiting a retreat towards Britany . His Advice had saved the Admiral at Brest , and his Foresight did rescue Sir Edward Belknap near Guis●es . He was Knighted for his Service at Tournay , and made Marshal for his Success at Flodden . He was one of them that perswaded the City to its duty at * * When the rising was there . Shoreditch ; and if that would not do , he was to command it from the Tower ; being Commissi●ner in the fi●st place , Aug. 2. and Lieutenant of the second , September 6. ( The Multitude is rather to be awed than reasoned with . Some Princes have disarmed their Subjects , others have divided them , a third sort have obliged them ; others yet have kept up Plots amongst them : but all have built and commanded Fortresses to secure themselves . ) It were well if Love did , it 's necessary that Fear should guide this World . The King condescended one day to Just with him ; and he , though invincible , to fall by his Majesty , ( You must let a Prince be a Prince in every thing . ) So complaisant he was , that he was one of the six Maskers at Court at 50 ; and yet so grave , that when divers young men that were familiar with the King after the French mode were banished , he kept his Station , as one of the stayed men , at 30. He was one of the 16 that attended the King in his first Interview with the Emperour ; and one of the 40 that waited on him in the two last with the King of France ; narrowly escaping at the last that poyson as some thought , or ill vapours , as others conclude , whereof the open-hearted Lord Brooks , the valiant Sir Edward Poynings , reserved Sir Iohn Pechy , and active Sir Edward Belknap , died : whereupon with his advice , all French-men were put to their Fines , and all Scotch to their ransome . Neither was he onely for shew , but service too , leading the Right Wing of the Army at Guisnes , when Sir Everard Digby commandeth the Left , the Lord Sands the Vanguard , Sir Edward Guilford then Marshal of Callis the Horse , Sir Richard Wink-field the Rear , and the Duke of Suffolk the main Battle . Where his Assaults on Cappe and Roy spake him a Souldier , as his underhand correspondence with the Lord I●●lstein argued him a States-man .

Sir Thomas Maunors the first Earl of Rutland of that Name discovered , and Sir William Kingston told His Majesty the Cardinals Plots against the Kings Marriage with Queen Anne , and his Designe to marry him to the Dutches of Alanzon : A Designe , that because it seemed to over-reach his M●jesty in cunning , and really did cross his Inclination in malice , that incensed his Majesty to a passion which could be appeased with no less a sacrifice than the Cardinals fall : in order to which , the next service of this Knight , is as Lieutenant of the Tower to take him to custody : which he did at Leicester with a Noble resolution , considering that mans greatness , with a due reverence regarding his calling , and with a tender compassion respecting his condition ; perswading him gently of the Kings Favour , at that very time when he was come to be an Instrument of his Iustice . And what he did to a Cardinal now , he did to Queens afterwa●ds ; never Prince commanded higher services than King Henry , nor subjects discharging them more undauntedly than Sir William : because therefore he was so severe a Lieutenant in ●he Tower , he is made a P●ovost-Marshal in the Field ; in which capacity , after the Devonshire-Rebels defeat , we have these two remarkable stories of him .

1. One Bowyer Mayor of Bodmin in Cornwal , had been amongst the Rebels , not willingly , but enforced ; to him the Provost sent word he would come and dine with him ; for whom the Mayor made great Provision . A little before Dinner the Provost took the Mayor aside , and whispered him in the Ear , that an Execution must that day be done in the Town , and therefore he must set up two Gallows . The Mayor did so . After Dinner Sir William Kingston thanks him for his Entertainment , and then desires him to bring him to the Gallows : where when they were come , Sir William asked him , Whether they were strong enough ; I , I 'll warrant thee , saith the Mayor . Then , saith Sir William , get you up upon them , I hope , saith the Mayor , you do not mean as you speak . Nay , Sir , saith he , you must die ; for you have been a busie Rebel . And so without any more ado hanged him . 2. A Miller that had been very active in the late Rebellion , fled , and left another to take his Name upon him . Sir William Kingston calls for the Miller , His Servant tells him that he was the Man . Then , saith he , you must be hanged . Oh Sir , saith he , I am not the Miller , If you are not the Miller , you are a lying Knave : if you are the Miller , you are a trayterous one , and however you must dye . And so he did .

Punish the Multitude severely once , and you oblige them ever : for they love that man onely for his Good Nature , whom they fear for his Resolution .

Observations on the Life of Sir Thomas Cheyney .

THree things advised men in King Henry the Eighth's days : 1. Their Extraction : 2. Their Wit : 3. Their Comeliness and Strength . For the first , his Name was up since Battle-Abel-Roll ; as to the second , it was enough that he traveiled with Wolsey : and touching the third , there need be no other instance than that at Paris , where upon the Daulphin's Proclamation of solemn Justs , the Duke of Suff●lke , the Marquess of Dorset , Sir Edward Nevil and He , answered the Challenge ; as not long after he encountered King Henry himself at Greenwich , where he had the great Honour of a strong and valiant Knight and a greater of being overthrown by his Majesty .

Having engaged his Majesties Person at home , he had the Honour to represent it abroad : where his Commission was to complement the French King about his Liberty , but his Business to observe the state of that place : Where he saw that a Kingdom governed by a Prince who hath under him other independent Lords , as that of France , is no longer safe , than those Lords are either in Humour , or in Purse ; being always in danger either from their discontent or corruption : 2. That Faction is always eager , while Duty is modest and temperate .

This Occasion ennobled his Vertue , and his Vertue improved the Occasion so well , that I finde him so eminent a Parliament-man the 22th of King Henry , that as Sir Brian Tuge had the Honour to open the several Boxes sent from the respective Universities , with their opinions about the Kings Divorce● so Sir Thomas had the happiness in a set Speech to insist upon them all in general , and every one in particular . And at Queen Anne's Coronation my Lord Vaux , Sir Iohn Mordant , Sir Thomas , and ten more , are made Knights of the Bath .

Having acquitted himself Nobly in Court and Council , he attends the Earl of Hertford against the Scots , as Commissary ; and Sir Iohn Wallop with Sir Iohn Rainsford , as Marshal : for his Services in both which capacities , he is made Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports in England ; and with the Comptroller , Sir Iohn Gage , made Field-marshal , and Treasurer of the Army before Bulloign : And not long after , Treasurer of the Houshold , and one of the Assistants for the Over-seeing of King Henry's Will .

When some were joyning others with the Protector , others for limiting him , Sir Thomas would say , That ( as Machiavel saith , No Laws , so ) No good could be done by a Governour that was not absolute , without either a Restraint or a Competitor .

Upon the Reformation he would say , That the disesteem of Religious Ceremonies argued the decay of the Civil Government : good Princes have first kept their People Religious , and thereby Vertuous and united : both old and new Rome stand by this .

In a word ; what makes all men , made him , A generous industry of Minde , and a well-set hardiness of Body , which were attended while he lived with Honour and Success , and since he is dead , with Repu●e and Renowe .

Where eminent and well-born Persons out of a habit of sloath and laz●ness , neglect at once the Noblest way of employing their times , and the fairest occasions of advancing their fortunes ; that State , though never so flourishing and glorious , wants something of being compleatly happy : As soon as ever therefore the Kingdom is settled ( sedate times are the best to improve a Common wealth , as his quiet hours are the best to improve a man ) he and Sir William Howard addressed themselves as vigorously to the opening of Commerce and Traffick , for the enriching of this Nation , as they had before to the exercise of Arms , to secure it : Pursuing the Design with Resolution , and keeping the frame of it in order with Industry , their constant Spirit surmounting all Difficulties that stood in the way of their own Glory , or their Countrey 's ●appiness ; working so well upon the Russians , that they not onely obtained their Desire , but gained so far upon the Affections of that people , that they obtained the greatest priviledges any Tradesmen ever enjoyed in Muscovy ; which the Russians were not easi●r in the promise of , than just in the execution of that promise : So that the Trade is advanced not onely beyond our hopes , but our very pretences too , by those three particulars that never fail of success : 1. Union : 2. Conduct : 3. Courage in enterprizes vigorously begun and watchfully pursued : Until Queen ELIZABETH concerned her self so far in the Undertaking , as to influence it with a Character peculiar to the Dignity of such a Constitution : which carried that Commerce higher than others could raise their Imaginations , as we see ; whose profit by it is as remarqueable in this Age , as their zeal for it was in the last : When Fear and Distrust , those ignoble passions that disparage all great Undertakings , which judged that Design a piece of extravagant Folly , seeth it now an Act of profound Wisdom ; especially when it may be improved under CHARLES the Second and the Great , a Prince who by admirable order of his conduct , the just administration of his Revenue , and by his fatherly goodness towards his people , hath put himself into a condition to u●dertak● without fear whatsoever may be put in execution with honour or Justice .

The End of the Observations upon the Lives of the Statesmen and Favourites of England , in the Reign of Queen Mary .

THE STATES-MEN and FAVOURITES OF ENGLAND , IN The Reign of Queen Elizabeth .

Observations on the Life of Sir Nicholas Bacon .

Sir Nicholas Bacon , a man full of wit and wisdom● , was a Gentleman , and a man of Law , and of great knowledge therein , whereby , together with his other parts of Learning and Dexterity , he was prompted to be Keepe● of the Great Seal ; and being kin to the Treasurer Burleigh , was brought by his help into the Queens favour .

This Gentleman understood his Mistress well , and the times better : He could raise Factions to serve the one , and allay them to suit the others . He had the deepest reach into Affairs of any man that was at the Council-●able : the knottiest Head to peirce into di●ficulties : the most comprehensive Judgement to surround the merit of a Cause : the strongest memory to recollect all circumstances of a Business to one View : the greatest patience to debate and consider ; ( for it was he that first said , Let us stay a little , and we will have done the sooner : ) and the clearest reason to urge any thing that came in his way in Court or Chancery . His favour was eminent with his Mistress , and his Alliance strong with her States-men . No man served his Soveraign more faithfully , none secured himself more wisely . Leicester seemed wiser than he was , Bacon was wiser than he seemed to be ; Hunsdon neither was nor seemed wise . Much Learning my Lord Bacon gained in Bennets Colledge in Cambridge , more Experience in Paris of France : His De●terity and Dispatch advanced him to the Court of Wards , his deep Experience made him Lord Keeper . Alliance was the policy of that time . Bacon and Cecil married two Sisters ; Walsingham and Mildmay two more : Knowles , Essex and Leicester were linked ; the prudent Q●een having all her Favourites Relations and Dependencies in her eye , and disposing of them according to their several Interests . Great was this States-mans Wit , greater the Fame of it ; which as he would say , being nothing , made all things : For Report , though but Fancy , begets Opinion ; and Opinion begets Substance . He was the exactest man to draw up a Law in Council , and the most discreet to execute it in Court . When others urged the repeal of that Act whereby Queen Elizabeth was declared Illegi●imate , he rather suppressed it , chusing the closure of a festered Wound more prudent than the opening of it ; and judging it more wisdome to satisfie the world with the old Law , That the Crown takes away all defects ; than to perplex it with new disputes , Whether Queen Elizabeth were Legitimate . State-miscarriages are rather to be privately connived at , than publickly redressed ; the remedy it may be doing no more service than putting the people in minde of the mishap . He neither affected nor attained to Greatness : Mediocra firma was his Principle and his Practice . When Queen Elizabeth asked him , Why his House was so little ? he answered , Madam , my House is not too little for me , but you have made me too big for my House , Give me , said he , a good Estate , rather than a great one . He had a very Quaint saying , saith Robert Naunton , and he used it often to very good purpose , That he loved the Jest well , but not the loss of his Friend . He would say , That though unusquisque suae fortunae faber , was a true and good Principle ; yet the most in number were those that marred themselves : but I will never forgive that man that loseth himself , to be rid of his Iest. The Excellency of his Parts was set off with the Gravity of his Person ; and the Queen would say , My Lord Bacon's Soul lodgeth well . His Account of England and all its Affaires , was punctual : his use of learned Artist , was continual : his correspondence with his fellow-Statesmen , exact : his apprehension of our Laws and Government , clear ; his model of both , methodical : his faithfulness to the Church , eminent : his industrious invention for the State , indefa●igable . He was , in a word , a Father of his Country , and of Sir Francis Bacon . Sir Nicholas ●acon was the moderate man that was appointed to preside at the Disput●tion between the Protestant and Popish Doctors in the first of Queen Elizabeth . H● was that Judicious States-man , to whom was trusted the management of that Parliament and Convocation : The satisfaction of the People and Kingdome , and those Delatory proceedings with France , Spain and Rome , that were at the bottom of the great work of Reformation , and settlement at that time .

Observations on the Life of William Cecil Lord Burleigh .

WIlliam a Cecil was born with the advantage of being Richard Cecil's Son , ( who was of the Robes to King Henry , and a a Descended of the Roman Cecilii , say some . Legatee in his Will ) and bred with that of being Commoner of St. Iohns in Cambridge , and Student at the b b Gray● Inne . Innes of Court in London ; whence he was advanced by his Pregnancy to serve the Duke of Somerset in quality of Master of Requests , as he was afterwards by his Master to attend King Edward the sixth , in the capacity of Secretary of Stat● ; where he furnished all Acts and Orders with Reasons of State , as he had them fitted by able Lawyers with Arguments of Law . He loved always , they say , to wrap the Prerogatives in the Laws of the Land . He was constant , but not obstinate in his Advice . c c Fulle● Holy State ex Arist● l. 2. de Coelo , c. 4 , & ● . ● As the Planets are whirled about dayly From East to West by the motion of the Primum Mobile , yet have a contrary motion of their own from West to East , which they slowly , yet surely move at their leisures : so our States-man , though yielding in some things to Greatness of some Persons in an Age wherein it was present drowning not to swim against the stream ; Yet had he his counter-endeavours against the prevailing strain , and privately advanced his rightful Intentions against othe●s wrongful Ambitions . If dissenting from his Superiours , he did it with all humility and m●deration ; yet chusing always rather to displease than betray . He was in much favour with King Edward , in some with Queen Mary , in most with Q●een Elizabeth ; who though sparing of her honours , yet heaped on him the trust of Secretary of State , the Profits of the Master of the Wards , the A●vancement of Lord Treasurer , and the degree of Baron of Burleigh : for as he followed the Marquess of Winchester in his Employment , so he did in his Compliance . When he was out of place , he was not out of service in Queen Mary's days ; his Abilities being as necessary in those times as his Inclination ; and that Queens Council being as ready to advance him at last , as they were to use him all her Reign .

In Queen Elizabeth's time he setled the Crown by setling Religion ; and by an utter separation from Rome , strengthened England . He made equal use of those that were then Protestants by Interest , and they who were so in Conscience : Those that had affections for Church-lands , and those that had affections for the Church . The Pope would by a Bull confirm the sale of Abby-Lands ; But who , said Burleigh , can confirm the Popes Bull ; The King of Spain secured the Queen in hope of her Bed , the Pope winked at her in hope of her Heart : Burleigh over-reached the one by a fair complaysance , and the other by insensible alterations .

During the Q●eens ten years calm , Cecil provided for a tempest ; and improved her Shipping and Ammunition to a dreadfulness at Sea , as he did her Army to a great skill and experience by Land . He made Holland our Stage of War , and our School of Discipline ; where England gained the security and experience of War without its calamity and desolations ; always Offensive , and once onely Defensive .

His Intelligence abroad , was no less than his Prudence at home ; and he could write to a friend in Ireland what the King of Spain could do for two years together , and what he could not do . His Advic●s from his Pensioners abroad , were presented Queen Elizabeth once a fortnight ; 1. clearly and plainly ; 2. methodically and distinctly ; 3. speedily and seasonably ; 4. truly and fully . He exchanged his Interest for Walsinghams Intelligence , who commanded what he could do , as he did what the other knew . The Bull clapped at London-house , was first in our S●ates-mans study : where they might learn what they were to do , and Protestants what to expect , many years before any thing was visible .

When Leicester would have no Equal , and ●●ssex no Superiour , then Ceeil as Neuter served himself of them both . He would wrestle with neither of them , yet he would trip them both : they having many rubs in their way , yet never saw who laid them . He never quarrelled with any ; neither , saith Cambden , did he ever sue , or was he ever sued . Prud●ns qui Patiens , was his saying , before it was Sir Edward Cookes Motto : and he had rather tire our Opposition by his moderation , than improve it by his Impatience . Others w●re raised to balance Factions , he to support the Kingdome : Fickle Favour tossed them , constant Interest secured him . No fewer than the Marquess of Winchester , the D●ke of Norfolk , the Earls of Northumberland , Arundel , Pembroke , Leicester and Westmorland contrived his fall ; but reason of State and his Mistress kept up his ●tanding . Sir Nicholas Throgmorton advised them to clap him up , saying , That then men would open their mouths to speak freely against him : but the Queen understanding hereof , and standing , as I may say , d d Camb. Eliz. anno . 1579. 80. ( sai●h my Autho● ) in the very prison-door , quashed all their Designes , and freed him from the mischief projected against him . Great was the value the Queen set upon him , as her ablest Minister of State : for coming once to visit him being sick of the Gout at Burleigh-house in the Strand , and being much heightned with her Head-attire then in fashion , the Lords servant who conducted her through the door , said , May your highness be pleased to stoop . The Queen returned , For your Masters sake I will stoop , but not for the King of Spain . She would make him always sit down in her presence : saying , My Lord , we make use of you not for your bad L●ggs , but your good Head .

He was a good friend to the Church as then established by Law ; advising his son Thomas never to build a great house , or bestow any great charge upon an Inpropriation , as fearing the foundation might fail hereafter : yet conniving at sober Non-conformists , to strengthen the foundation at present , he checked the forwardness of private men , and advanced the honour of the publick Establishment on all hands . Good my Lord , ( saith he in his Letter to Archbishop whitgift , in the behalf of some squeamish Ministers ) bear with my scribling ; I write with the testimony of a good Conscience : I desire the peace of the Church ; I desire concord and unity in the exercise of our Religion : I fear no sensual or wilful Recusant . I would not make Offenders , neither would I protect them . And I pray your Grace bear this , ( and perchance a fault ) and yet I have sharply admonished them , that if they will be Disturbers in their Churches , they must be corrected : and yet upon your Graces answer to me , Ne sutor ultra Crepidam ; neither will I put Falcem in alterius Messem , ( Was his Chaplain Traverse his hand in all this ? ) And then again : If I had known his fault , ( saith he of Brown ) I might be blamed for writing for him . Thus he carried matters without passion and prejudice prudently , as became so great a States-man . He was not rigid , yet he was careful : He would help the good-natured , yet punish the stubborn : He would rather be where nothing is lawful , than where all things are so . He would never skrue up the Law to the pitch of cruelty , nor unloose it to the remissness of Libertinism .

He was no less honourable a Patron of the Vniversity , than he was a faithful son of the Church : ( the Church strengtheneth the State , and the Vniversities furnish both : ) particularly in the case of Rent-corn , which ( saith my Author ) first grew in Sir Thomas Smiths head , yet was ripened by Burleighs assistance ; whereby , though the Rents of the Colledges stand still , their Revenues increase .

He was not surer of all Church-men and Scholars by his Obligations upon them , than he was of all by his complaisance and pleasantness . None more grave than he in Publick , none more free in private ; especially at his Table , where he drew something out of his heaviest guests ; having an admirable Dexterity in reading and observing men , their own occasional openings in common discourse ; there being more hold to be taken of a few words casually uttered , than of set solemn Speeches , which rather shew mens Arts than their Natures , as indited rather of their brains than hearts . His power awed many , his conversation obliged more . He had his hour to put on his Gown , and his hour to put it ●ff : When he would say , Lie thou there Lord Treasurer ; and bidding Adieu to all State-affairs , he dispo●ed himself to his quiet and rest .

He laid the Designes of War by his own Theory , and his friends Intelligence ; yet he advised peace and died before the Qu●stion was determined , whether a War with Spain ? Others understood the Nature of War , but he onely the Expediency and Conveniency , If War was necessary , none more forward to promote it , none more careful to maintain it● knowing , that in vain do the brows beat , the eyes sparkle , the tongue threaten , the fist bend , and the arm strike , if the belly be not fed , and the back cloathed : and indeed this was his Master-piece , that the Queen vying Gold and Silver● with the King of Spain , had Money or Credit when the other had neither ; Her Exch●quer , saith my Author , though but a Pond in comparison , holding water , when his River fed with a spring from the Indies , was dreined d●y . It was with his advice that that Queen paid her Obligations in Preferments , rather than Money ; giving away not above two Largesses of that nature in her life . In a word , when others set in a Cloud , he shined clear to his last : He saw Essex dead , Leicester slighted , Mount-joy discountenanced ; and what with the Queens constant favour , which lodged where it lighted , and his own temper and moderation , when more violent men failed , he died as great a Favourite as he lived ; leaving his son Thomas so much Estate as advanced him to the Earldome of Exeter ; and his son Robert so much state-Discipline as raised him successive to be Secretary of state , Master of the Court of Wards , Lord Treasurer , and Earl of Salisbury .

He was a very exact and a wary Observer of Forreign Transaction ; witness this passage to Sir Henry Norris Embassador in France : The rare manner of your Entertainment , hath moved the Queens Majesty to muse upon what score it should be , being more than hath been used in like cases to her Embassadors , and such as besides your own report hath been by others lately advertised : And for that in such things Gueses be doubtful , I pray you by your next advertise me what your self do think of it ; and in the mean time I know you are not untaught to judge of the difference between fair words and good deeds , as the saying is , Fortuna cum ad bla●ditur Capitum advenit .

His thoughts of a Rebel that submitted , take in these words : Of late Shane Oneal hath made means to the Lord Deputy of Ireland to be received into grace , pretending that he hath meant no manner of unlawfulness towards the Queen : by which is gathered that he groweth weary of his lewdness : yet I think he is no otherwise to be reformed than by sharp prosecution , which is intended to be followed no whit the less for any his fair Writings , as reason is .

Of Intelligence he writes thus : I doubt not but you shall have of his hand no lack of Intelligence , which you must credit as you see cause by proof of the event .

About Embassadors Dispatches he saith , He must write apart to the Secretary in matters containing trouble and business , and to his Soveraign of Advice .

In a particular Negotiation about Pyrates , he advised , That the King of France and his Council might perceive that it is well known how the Pyrates are suffered to do what they will , notwithstanding it be contrary to Proclamation . And yet you shall so order the matter , ( saith he to a French Ambassadour ) as not that you shall find fault with this manner of suffering for that ought properly to be to the Spanish or Portugal Embassador , with whom you may sometime deal , to understand how they do , know what is done , and how they do interpret it .

Touching the King of Scots murther , he would say , There are words spoken which I hold best to suppress : Neither would I have you ( saith he to his friend ) utter any of these things , not doubting but shortly God will cause the truth to be revealed .

Of an underhand Traytor he writes to his friend , I pray write unto me somewhat more particularly for the proof of his trayterous speeches , whereby there might be some ground made how to have him demanded .

Of the demanding of a Town promised in a Treaty : Sir Thomas Smith went to demand Callis , not that we think the Gove●nour will deliver it , but to avoid all cavillation which they might invent : ( for by Law it must be demanded upon the very place ; and being not delivered , the sum of 500000 It is forfeited ) Mr● Winter shall pass secretly with him to take possession thereof , if they deceive our expectation : but not past three of the Council know of Winte●s going .

Concerning the unreasonable words of Princes , he saith , If hereof the Embassador ( meaning the French ) shall make any sinister report , you may as you see cause well maintain the Queens answer to be very reasonable , as having cause to mislike the manner of writing of the Queen thereon : which neverthe less you may impute to the unadvisedness of the Secretary : for so the Queens Majesty doth impute it .

Of the troubles in Scotland , he observed the French made their present advantage to the damage of England ; and you know that Scotla●d is the French King to it , as Ireland is the Spanish .

Of F●rraign News he writes to Sir Henry Norris , That h● would be glad to have a Note of the Names of the chiefest Nobility of Fr●nce , and with whom they be married : adding thereto any other thing that may belong to the knowledge of their lineage and degree● , as you shall think meet .

He writes , That her Majesty being a Prince her self , is doubtful to give countenance to subjects . I wish ( saith he ) to have a Kalender of them who are with the Prince , and also to see the Edicts that have lately passed from the King against them , and that in these troublesome times : wherein accidents are so diversly reported , your advices were large and repeated , a●d that we had such Articles as pass on both sides .

Of France he s●i●h , You must think that seeing all the parts of Christendome are intentive to hear of the matters of France , we cannot be careless to whom the same belongeth next of all , whatsoever the end thereof shall be .

Of the Distractions of France , thus to our Embassador in France : If you told the Queen-mother so as of your own head , as a thing you hear spread abroad in the world , I think you m●ght do well , and speak truly : for as for the Popes Ministers , their ● rofession is to prefer the Weal of their own Church before the good state of any Kingdome on earth and whatsoever come of any thing , they look onely to the continuance of their own ambitious Ruling . And as for other Ministers of Princes , or for men of War , it is a truth infallible , The more they do impoverish that Monarchy of France , the better they think their own Estates .

Of a plot discovered , he writes : We can truly hit no man , wherefore it is necessary that you speak again with the Party that gave you this Intelligence ; and if the matter be of truth , and not a disguising to some other purpose , he can as we●l obtain you the knowledge of the party in certainty , as thus to give a guise at him : for as he hath his Intelligence of the matter which he uttered to you , so may he attain to a more perfect knowledge .

For the Protestants he saith , I pray you put them in comfort ; that if extreamity shall happen , they must not be left : for it is so universal a cause , as none of the Religion can separate themselves one from another . We must all pray together , and stand f●st together .

Of a Professor he writes , The Queens Majesty will in no wise hear of such matters , which she thinketh are but changeable , and without fruit ; although I hade arnesty moved her Majesty to have adventured some small piece of money upon such a max : ●herefore I see no remedy but to pay him as well as may be with good words .

Touching the Plotagain : Methinks that the Parties that tell you such pieces of tales , if the whole were true , might as well tell you the whole , as such obscure parts : which if they do not , you might well alledge them to be but devi●es to breed unquietness and suspition ; and as I wrote before unto you , they might be tempted with offer of rewards , that the truth of the matter might be disclosed : and surely methinks still , since the Informers will not be known of the particulars in more certainty , that these things are intended to bring us into their places : but yet no diligence is to be omitted .

Touching the delivery of an Embassie , he writes , And I think if you would in the Translating thereof distribute it into sundry members by way of Articles , you shall the better carry it in your minde ; making thereby an account with your self of the better delivery thereof . And you shall do well to let some such as favour the intention of the Queens Message , to see the Copy of the Letter ; whereby they may percase being called to give advice to the King , further the cause , to the benefit of them of the Religion , I would be glad to hear a Brief , or as they call it , a List of the Names of the principal persons that havc a charge now in these wars of France on both parts , with the Contents as near as you can of their numbers .

Of the Queen of Scots Affairs , he concludes : God send her Majesty clear of these Scottish matters , whereinto the entry is easie , but the passage within doubtful ; and I fear the end will be monstrous : I am thrown into a maze at this , that I know not how to walk from dangers . Sir Walter Mildmay and I are sent to the Scottish Queen , as by the Queens Majesties Letters you may see : God be our Guide ; for neither of us like the Message .

1. Knowledge is the Treasure of the Mind , Discretion is the Key : the Practick Part of Wisdom is the best : a native Ingenui●y is beyond the watchings of industrious study .

There are no such Guards of safety as Vertue and Wisdome : Danger cannot make impression on the Vertuous ; nor Fortune subvert the Wise : The Wise man cannot fall . Prudence is a safe Conduct through the various Casualties of mortality . He declines in wisdome , that falls in Fortune . Discretion sways the Stars and Fa●e .

Ad summum sapiens uno minor est Jove , dives ; Liber , Honoratus , pulcher , Rex denique regum . Take all there 's but one Jove above him : He Is Rich , Fair , Noble , King of Kings , and free .

The world is a shop of Instruments , whereof the wise man is Master ; and a Kingdome but a Frame of Engines , whereunto he is the wheel .

2. Smoothness declineth Envy and Danger , Humility advanceth to Honour , Moderation preserves in it . Men come down by Domineering . Haste undo●th that , which a j●st Delay ripeneth . Our Wise man would say , Stay a little and we will have done the sooner , An estate evened with these thoughts , endureth . It 's an excellent Motto : Nolo Minor me timeat , despiciat ve Major . My Inferiour shall not fear , my Superiour shall not despise me .

3. Humility shuns Honour , and is the way to it● The purest Gold is most Ductile . It 's commonly a good Blade that bends well . The Reed that bends and is whole , is better than the strong Oak that not bending breaks .

4. There is no such prevalent Work-man as Sedulity and Diligence : A man would wonder at the mighty things which have been done by degrees , and gentle augmentations . Patience , Diligence and Moderation are the common steps to Excellency . It 's for Omnipotence to do mighty things in a moment ; but degreeingly to grow to Greatness , is the course he hath left for man .

Observations on the Life of Walter Devereus Earl of Essex .

WAlter Devereux was by his * * Cicely , Daughter of Thomas Bourchi●● late Earl of Essex . mothers side born to , and by his Soveraigns favour possessed of the Earldome of Essex : His spirit was as the time martial and active , equally impatient of rust in his soul , and in his sword : Forreign Countreys bred then those Souldiers that England employed : The University mad● a Scholar , the Court a man , and Flanders the Souldier .

His Actions brought him to the presence , and his Presence commended him to the heart of Queen Elizabeth : B●t the shadow doth not more naturally attend the Sun , than Envy doth Favour : Since he must rise , it s contrived he should rise so high , that he must fall : Yet he might have lived longer , it was thought , if his wife had not there more favour than himself ; Abraham was afraid of , and Sir Walter was undone by his Sarah's Beauty ; This is certain , he was no sooner in his Grave , than the same great man whom he declared his Enemy at his D●ath , was his successor in his marriage-Bed .

Ambitious was he of the Irish service , and subtle were others to fill up his sayls so wide , as to be over-turned ; at once diving into , and ruining him by his Humour ; Weary was he of the Court , and weary , as he observed , was that of him● In comes Leicester in this juncture , and advanceth him to the Soveraign honour of maintain●ng an Army at his own charge , and the Royalty of Claudboy in vlster ; the first he knew would ( as it fell out ) undo him ; the other was the Bears skin , when he could catch , kill and ●ley it ; and the whole plot was but the supplan●ing of him out of a real Estate in England and Wales , to an imaginary one in Ireland O●er he goeth with as splendid a Retinue of kindred , Friends , supernumerarie Voluntiers , as his son to the same service , or his Grandson to one more unhappy ; Sir William Fitz-William's Jealousie heard of his Parade , and his Industry out-reached him so far , that all that preparation amounted to no more honour , than to have been commissioned , after much importunity and attendance , by him ; nor to any more advantage than the bare Government of Vlster : Little good did he in Vlster , ( now under the discouraging and heartless impressions of discontent ) less in the South of Ireland , whither he was remanded by the Deputy , whose design was not to set how successfully he would conquer , but how dutifully he would obey ; in six months time spending 4000 l. to ruine himself : B●t alas ● in vain doth he conquer● who was always forbid to pu●sue and improve his Victory : no sooner did his Fortune favour him in one place , but he was called to his Misfortune in another : for no sooner doth he by experience and acquaintance with the situation of any place , the humour or interest of any People , the weaknesses and strengths of any Enemy , the advantages or disadvantages of any Undertaking , ●ipen circumstances towards success , but he is called off to a new and unacq●a●nted scene of action , where he shall lose his Ar●y , be●o●e he knoweth how to employ it . His friends at Court grew few and cold , his foes many and active ; his affronts continual to disorder him by passion , or sink him in despair .

His Commission was but short before , but is none now ; onely three hundred men stick to him : his Money failing , his Noble Followers withdrawing , his Common Souldiers mutiny , and he is recalled . And happy had he been , could he have been quiet : but nothing would compleat some mens Designes , but his Ruine ; and nothing could ruine him but Honour , that at once pleased his humour , and wasted his Estate . Earl-Marshal of Ireland he is made , and thither he goeth in great state to die , anno 1576 , and the 36 of his Age : a year fatal to that Family , which none of them exceeded but the last , who had been happy if he had died sooner , or lived longer than he did . Although Sir Walter Devereux had not that success over others which his Valour deserved , yet he had that conquest of himself that Vertue onely gives ; shewing himself as good at the Buckler , as at the Sword ; at suffering , as well as acting . All his changes from without he bore with , none within ; his even and solid minde that fashioned its own fate , enjoying its constant calm amidst all the tempests of malice and ambition . Those ignoble courses were not greater Arguments of his Enemies narrowness and degeneracy , than his resolved Patience was of his largeness and generousness of spirit ; he being as much above those smaller tricks , as they were below his Adversaries . We make our selves more Injuries than are offered us ; and the apprehension of wrong doth more har● than the smartest part of the wrong it self . It 's the Wise-mans glory , and the States-mans prudence , to pass by Offences . A Fool struck Cato in the Bath ; and when he was sorry for it , Cato had forgot it : for , ( saith Seneca ) Melius putavit non agnoscere quam ignoscere . Light Injuries are made none by a not-regarding : which with a pursuing Revenge grow both to heighth and burden , and live to mischief us , when they might die to secure us . It 's Princely ( saith one ) to disdain a Wrong , who when Embassadours have offered Undecences , use not to chide , but deny them audience : as if silence were the way Royal to revenge a Wrong . The upper Region is most composed ; The wisest rage the least , knowing that Observation and Resentment do but pro●oke and encourage that Malice which neglect and silence deads and dissipates . And it was Sir Walter's Fathers Maxime , That Discontent was the greatest weakness of a generous Soul , which is always so intent upon its unhappiness , that it forgets its remedies .

This Lord was a great instance of that Maxime , That it 's an equal mischief to distrust all : as to believe all ; although of the two , the safest is to distrust : for Fear had secured this Noble Person , while Confidence ruined him ; it being a Vertue onely when men were innocent , but ever since , the bane of those that own it .

Three things undid this Earl : 1. That he could not imagine he was to be ruined by his Advancement . 2. That he never mistrusted an Oath . 3. That he never considered , that as Princes , so Favourites , have many eyes , and long hands ;

He that is so open as to reserve nothing from friends , is renowned for Charity ; but he that is so to lie at the mercy of all , is marked for ruine . No sooner unde●stood my Lord of Leicester Essex his Disposition , but the bitter Fool Pace could tell his Fortune , begging of my Lord at his departure the making of his mourning ; and adding , You and I have done for this world .

Walter E●rl of Essex had been happy if he had not lived in my Lord of Leicester's time : his son Robert renowned , had he not been Sir Robert Cecil's Contemporary ; and his Grandchilde an Heroe , had he not known my Lord Say and Mr. Hampden .

Observations on the Life of Thomas Rat●lif Earl of Sussex .

THomas Ratclif Earl of Sussex , was of a very Noble and Ancient Lineage , honoured through many Descen●s by the Title of Viscounts Fitz-Walters . He was a goodly Gentleman , and of a brave noble-Nature , true and constant to his friends and servants , noted for honesty : a very excellent Souldier , being one of the Queens martialists , who did very good service in Ireland at her first accession , til● she recalled him to the Court , where she made hi● Lord Chamberlain ; and though he was no● endowed with the cunningness and dexterity as others were , yet upon his Deat●-h●d he gave his f●iends a caveat whom they should beware . His words , ( saith Sir Robert Naunton ) are these : I am now passing into another World , and must leave you to your Fortunes , and to the Quee●s Graces : but beware of the Gyp●ie for he will be too hard for you all ; you know not the beast so well as I do , His Prowess and integ●ity drew the Souldiers after him , Leicester's Cour●ship and Cunning the Courtiers , Cecil's Prudence and service the States-men .

This Thomas Ratclif Lord Fitz-Walter , second Earl of Sussex of that surname , was twice Lord Deputy of Ireland , by his prudence he prevented the breaking out of an actual Rebellion in that Kingdome , and no wonder if in his time it rained not War there , seeing his diligence dispersed the Clouds before they could gather together . Thus he who cures a disease may be skilfullest , but he that prevents it , is the best Physitian .

Being called home by the Queen to be Lord Chamberlain , a constant Court faction was maintained between him and Robert Earl of Leicester , these two parties dividing the Court , whilst the Cecilians as Neuters did look upon them ; Sussex had a great Estate left by his Ancestors , Leicester as great given , or restored him by the Queen , Sussex was the honester man , and greater Souldier ; Leicester the more facete Courtier , and deep Pollitician , not for the general good , but his own particular profit . Great was the animosity betwix● them , and what in vain the Queen endeavoured , Dea●h performed , taking this Earl away : and so ●he competition ended . New-hall in Essex was the place ( if not of his birth ) of his principal habitation , he lyeth buried in the Church of St. Olives Hartstreet London .

The first of Queen Elizabeth found this brave Earl commanding Ireland in peace and plenty , with three hundred and twenty Horse , and eight hundred and sixty foot , prudently garrison'd , and well payd ; a●d the second employed him thither again , with instructions , that he should beware above all things , lest the Irish being an uncivil people , and therefore the more superstitious , should by the cunning practices of the French be excited to Rebellion under the pretext of Religion .

2. That he should fortify Ophale with Castles , and Forts .

3. That he should engage the Souldiers with large possessions .

4. That the Irish Nobility should hold their Estates in Fee .

5. That he should improve the Queens Revenues moderately , and reduce her exchequer there , to the form of that in England .

At what time Maximilian the Emperour courted Queen Elizabeth whom all English-men wished marryed , all Protestants married to a Protestant , and the Earl of Leicester had designed for himself , there arose a deady feud in the English Court between the Earl of Sussex , that favoured the match upon common principles of government , and the Earl of Leicester who opposed it upon a private design of his own , certainly very great and shameful hopes do they foster , who have already attained things beyond hopes . The open hearted Earl would call his Antagonist an upstart that had but two Ancestors , his Father , a Traytor ; and his Grand-Father , a Publican . Thus the Court is divided , the Earls are alwayes attended with their armed guards , untill the Queen who took pleasure in the innocent Emu●ation of her women , became fea●ful of the dangerous contests of her Favourites , and rather skinned over , than healed the rupture .

At the Emperours Court , whither he is sent with the order of St. George , he presseth the marriage closely , as much out of love to his Countrey , as hatred to Leicester ; having nothing more ordinary in his discourse than that a Forreign Prince was to be preferred before the noblest English-man for the three grand things , of Honour , Power , and Wealth . But what he promoted publickly , the Lord North , who was joyned with him rather ●as his guardian than his colleague , opposed privately , untill a few fond scruples broke the most solemn negotiations wherein yet this Earl behaved himself with a gallantry that gained him a familiarity from the Emperour , a reverence from the Arch-duke , a respect from the people , and his M●stress a kindness in that Court , that stood her in great stead , against the attempts of Spain and Rom● .

From Germany he returned with much Honour to command in the North with more , wher● he and his old setters at Court discovered the grand plot in the N●rth , as Hunsdon and his old Souldier● at Berwick defeated it , and both harassed the Scottish borders : all things yielding to those two grand disposers of the World , now predominant in England , Wisdome and Cecil at home , Armes and Hunsdon abroad ; and both with Sussex at home , now for his approved wisdome and fidelity made privy Councellour● and abroad alway Lord General .

Of many I pitch on this one argument of the greatness of his mind , that he scorned to trample the prostrate , that he had a just passion , but not an unworthy malice for an enemy whom he had a generous goodness to pity when unhappy , as well as a brave spirit to contest with when injurious . The lesser fry of adversaries railed against , this great one pleaded fo● Leicester , when his practices against A●jou's marriage with the Queen confined him to the Castle of Windsor . And his menaces had cast him to the Tower of London , had not my Lord , minding more the common interest than his p●ivate resentments , first moderated the Q●eens passion with Reason , and th●n overcame it with this Jest , you must allow Lovers their Iealousie .

H● succeded his Father in his Fortune , and in his Favour , his P●udence and Resolution promoting him to the Government of Ireland and the North ; his good husbandry and skill in Surveying , making him justice in Eyre of all the Pa●ks beyond Trent ; and is comely p●esence advancing him Lord Chamberlai● . Queen Elizabeth poyzed her State by Factions a●road , and Parties at home ; her chiefest wisd●me lying in her general correspondence and complyance with each Party , as h●r Interest lay in their complyance and distance from one another . My Lord of Sus●ex left his mem●rial behind him , That for Rising men to stick to a side , is necessary ; For Great men to be indifferent , is wise : and this , That he and my Lord of Leicester cleared and purged the Court : their cross Observations refining each person that was admitted to Court ; none daring any injustice while Leicester observed him on the one hand , and Sussex punished him on the other . Then no deserving Person could be excluded by the one , that could serve his Princ● ; not any undeserving one admitted , that might disparage him : one Interest being sure to receive the one , as the other was to exclude the other .

Divers persons ( saith one ) of equal Authority , though both wicked , do in experience produce more Justice than a greater Probity in a single individual hath been heard to pronounce ; in a divided Court the Creatures of one Party being the Enemies of another , no less powerful ; and so they both become liable to accusation , or capable of defence : and from the sparkles of this clashing , not onely Persons and Actions , but the Publick Councils came to be refined from the Rusts and Cankers that grow by an Unanimity . Faction can be as little spared in a monarchy , as an Eye or an Ear , as through which the Prince hath a clearer apprehension of his own and others Affairs , than he can have when his followers are all agreed : through the pe●cussion of equal Factions , as through that of Flint and Stee● , all things coming to light by Debates , that might either advance or eclipse a Princes glory .

When my Lord of Sussex could not overbear Leicester with Power , he did it with Policy ; and by yielding to him , conquered him : for ( as he observed ) when ●e and his friends retired , Leicester and his subdivided ; and he was checked more by the Ambition he taught his own Followers , than by the competition of his Adversaries .

When Factions are carried too high , and too violently , it is a signe of weakness in Princes , and much to the prejudice of their Authority and Business : The motions of Factions under Kings , Verulam's Essays ought to be like the motions ( as the Astronome●s speak ) of the Inferiour Orbs , which may have their proper Inclination , but yet are still quietly carried by the higher motion of the Primum Mobile . Queen Elizabeth had an happy time of it , if it were but for this , That her Favourites Divisions were her support : for thereby she attained the knowledge of all things that happened , so as no Suit or D●signe passed the Royal Assent , before she understood as much of Reason as Enemies or Friends could bring for or against it .

The Character this third great Lord of his Family left behind him , was , This year died a man of a great spirit and faithfulness to his Country : and therefore none freer than he of his thoughts , none sounder than he in his councels . Nor did this freedome of Communication betray his future Resolutions to the discovery of his Enemies , as they opened his heart to the observation of his Prince : for through a seeming unconstancy , not of words , but of action ; not his weakness , but his nimbleness , ( the Bird on the wing is safe ) he could so often vary , as it was no● easie to discover where or when he would be buzzing , and give the blow : by which unsteady carriage , He so befooled his Adversarie with their Spies and Pensioners , as they were at a lo●s what to inform their Patrons of , or themselves how to resolve . Fortune and Conduct set up this Favourite , it falling in his Character as at Primero , and othe● Plays , wherein Fortune is directed and conducted by Art . The best and subtilest Gamester may lose , if it cross him ; but if it smiles and favours , he knoweth best how to manage and govern it .

Five things raised this person to a respect as great as his fortune ; to be as high in the Queens favour , as he was in his Descen● , 1. A Civility set off with State . 2. A pleasing Modesty of Countenance , and Af●fability of Speech ; ennameled with Gravity . 3. A Boldness attended with Patience , 4. A great Capacity , enlivened with as great Dexterity . And 5. An Integrity secured with wariness in the darke , of which quality both in his Expression , and in his Actions he wrapped himself as this sepia to preserve her self undiscovered , doth shed forth about her a quantity of blushes in his blood to hide her self from the Fisherman .

Observations on the Life of the Lord Willoughby .

THe Lord Willoughby was one of the Queens first Sword-men : he was of the antient extract of the Bart●es , but more ennobled by his Mother , who was Dutchess of Suffolk . He was a great Master of the Art Military , and was sent General into France , and commanded the second of five Armies that the Queen sent thither in aid of the French . As he was a great Souldier , so was he of a sutable Magnanimity , and could not brook the obsequiousness and assiduity of the Court at that tim● . He had more favour than he courted , and he courted more ( rather to comply with the Queens humour , than his own inclination ) than he desired . He would say , and that saying did him no good , ( saith Sir Robert Naunton ) That he was none of the Reptilia being made Brother to march as a Souldier , than to creep as a Courtier . But Civility must allay Nature in a Courtier , Prudence regulate it in a States-man , and modest submission check and soften it in a Subject . It s as dangerous to be stubbornly abave the kindness , as it is to be factiously against the power of Princes . Willoughby got nothing , Stanl●y lost all his haughtiness ; which when it cannot be obliged , is suspected . But his service in France , Holland , and on the Borders , compounded for his roughness : so that they who could not endure he should be high at Court , were pleased he should be so in the Field . Stiffness which displeased when looked on as Pride at home , took when heard to be Resolution abroad . Each Nature is advanced in its own Element : Leicester among the Ladies , my Lord Willoughby among the Souldiers . It●s a step to Greatness to know our own way to it ; to exercise & shew our proper Vertues as he did : ●i● Magnanimity in these two instances , Camden . among many others .

1. When one challenged him then sick of the Gout , he said , That though he were lame in his feet and hands , yet he would carry a Rapier in his teeth to fight his Adversary . 2. Having taken a Spanish Gennet designed a present to that King , and being offered either 1000 l. or 100 l. a year in exchange for it , he nobly answered , If it had been a Commander , he would have freely released him ; but being onely a Horse , he saw no reason he could not keep a good Horse as well as the King of Spain himself . Sir Christopher Hatton was to an excess a courtier , and my Lord Willoughby so a Souldier .

Queen Elizabeth on the Lord Willoughby , Good Peregrine .

WE are not a little glad that by your Journey you have received such good fruit of amendment ; specially when we consider what great vexations it is to a mind devoted to actions of honor to be restrained by any indisposition of body from following those courses , which to your own reputation and our great satisfaction you have ●ormerly performed . And therefore ( as we must now out of our desire of your well-doing ) chiefly enjoyn you to an e●pecial care to encrease and continue your health , which must give life to all your best endeavours ; so we must next as seriously recommend to you this consideration . That in these times , when there is such appearance that we shall have the ●ryal of our best noble Subject●● you f●●m not to affect the satisfaction of your own private contentation beyond the attending of that which Nature and Duty challengeth from all persons of your quality and Profession . For if necessarily ( your health of body being recovered ) you should Eloign your self by residence there from those Employment● whereof we shall have too good store , you shall not so much amend the state of your body , as happily you shall call in question the reputation of your mind and judgement , even in the opinion of those that love you , and are best acquainted with your Disposition and Discretion .

Interpret this our plainness we pray you to our extraordinary estimation of you ; for it is not common with us to deal so freely with many : and believe that you shall ever find us both ready and willing in all occasions ●o yield you the fruits of that interest , which your Endeavours have purchased for you in our Opinion and Estimation : Not doubting , but when you have with moderation made tryal of the success of these your sundry Peregrinations , you will find as great comfort to spend your days at home as heretofore you have done : of which we do wish you full measure , howsoever you shall have cause of abode or return . Given under our Signet at our Mannor of Nonsuch , the seventh of October 1594. in the 37 year of our Reign ,

Your most loving Soveraign . E , R.

Observations on the Life of Sir Philip Sidney .

HE was son to Sir Henry Sidney Lord Deputy of Ireland , and President of Wales . A Person of great parts , and in no mean grace with the Queen . His Mother was Sister to my Lord of Leicester , from whence we may conjecture , how the Father stood up in the place of Honour and Employment ; so that his Descent was apparently Noble on both sides . For his Education , it was such as Travel and the University could afford : for after an incredible proficiency in all the species of Learning , he left the Academical life for that of the Court , whither he came by his Uncles invitation , famed aforehand by a Noble report of his Accomplishments ; which , together with the state of his Person , framed by a natural propension to Arms , he soon attracted the good opinion of all men ; and was so highly prized in the good opinion of the Queen , that she thought the Court deficient without him : and whereas ( through the fame of his deserts ) he was in the election for the Kingdome of Poland , she refused to further his advancement , not out of Emulation , but out of fear to lose the Jewel of her times . He married the daughter and sole Heir of Sir Francis Walsingham , then Secretary of State ; a Lady destinated to the B●d of honour , who ( after his deplorable death ●t Zutphen in the Netherlands , where he was Governour of Flushing , at the time of his Uncles being there ) was marri●d to my Lord of Essex , and since his death to my Lord of S● . Albans ; all persons of the Sword , and otherwise of great Honour and Vertue . He had an equal temperament of Mars and Mercury , Valour and Learning , to as high a pitch as Nature and Art could frame , and Fortune improve him : so Dexterous , that he seemed born for every thing he went about . His ●●presentations of Vertue and Vice , were not more lively in his B●oks , than in his Life : his Fancy was not above his Vertue : his Humours , Counsels and Actions , were renowned in the Romancer , Heroi●k in the States-man . His Soul was as large as his Parents , and his Complexion as Noble ; an equal Line of both : the modesty of the Mother allaying the activity of the Father . A man so sweetly grave , so familiarly staid , so prettily serious he was above his years : Wi●dome gained by travel , Experience raised from Observations , solid and useful Learning drawn from knowing Languet his three years Companion , and cho●c●st Books , accompl●shed him for the love of all , and the reverence of most . His Converse was not more close at home , than his Correspondence abroad ; equally mixed with Policy , Pleasure , Wisdome and Love : his Worth being penned up , and smothered within the narrowness of his fortune , sallied not out to discontent , bu● pleasure ; sweetning the Affairs of State with the Debonnareness of the Stage ; his Romance being but policy played with Machiavil in jest , and State maximes sweetned to a Courtiers palate . He writ men as exactly as he studied them , and discerned humours in the Court with the same deep insight he described them in his Book . His Infant-di●courses teach men , O what had his riper years done .

He put Life into dead Notions of Ancestors , made Philosophy practicable ; joyned the A●t as closely in him , as they are in themselves . His Book is below his spirit● a spi●it to be confined with Kingdomes , rather than St●dies ; to do what was to be written , than onely to write what was to be done . All eyes were upon him but his own : at first , in all Affairs he was the last ; at last , he was the first : obliging all men that ever he saw , and seeing all that were worth obliging : All were pleased with his Arcadia but himself , whose years advanced him so much beyond himself , as his parts did beyond others : He condemned his Arcadia in his more retired judgement to the fire , which wise men think will continue to the last Con●lagration . His private Corr●spondence with William of Nassan about the highest Affairs of Europe , was so exact and prudent that he assured Sir Fulke Grevil he de●erved a Kingdome in Forreign Parts , though he had not an Office in England . The Earl of Leicester held his Authority in the Low-Countries by his Councel when alive , and gave it over when he was dead .

Sir Francis Walsingham was so much overshot by him in his own Bow , that those with whom Sir Philip were acquainted with for his sake , were his friends for Sir Philips . King Iames was honoured when King of Scotland with his friendship , Henry the fourth with his correspondence , Don Iuan highly obliged with his Visits , the King of Spain himself concerned in his death , whom England ( he said ) lost in a moment , but could not breed in an Age , The Universities were proud of his P●tronage , the Field of his presence : the Studio●s in all Parts communicated with him ; the H●●eful were encouraged by him ; all excellent Persons thronged to him ; all serviceable men were entertained by him ; and he among them a Prince , whose minde was great , but his spirit greater . He taught England the Majesty of honest deal●ng , the Interest of being Religious . He looked deep into men and Councels , and found no Wisdom without Courage , no Courage without Religion and Honesty : with which solid and active reaches of his , I am perswaded ( saith my Lord Brooks ) he would have found or made a way through all the Trave●sers ●ven of the most weak and irregular ●imes . Although a private Gentleman , he was a publick Good ; of a large , yet uniform disposition : so good , that the great Monarch might trust ; so great , that a little one must fear him : something he did for Fame , most for Conscience : His publick spirit , which might have enjealoused the cautious wisdome of other Princes , promoted the concerns of his own . He was sent to complement Rodolph , but he dealt really with the Protestant Princes , and raised a Ceremony to a piece of Interest . He shewed that long-breathed and cautious people , that imminent danger from Romes Superstition , joyned with Spains Power , their private confederacies and practices , their cruelty and designe ; which awaked their drowzy wariness into an association for Conscience and Religion more solid , as he demonstrated , than a Combination out of Polic● . He went against the stream and current about the Fr●nch match , which he disswaded from the consequent inconveniences of Engagements and charge to England , and the little advantage from France ; backing his Argument with a la●e experience ; and so staying Queen Elizabeths match by some reflections on Queen Mary's : which was , A five years Designe or Tax , rather than a Marriage : adding withal , That in a forreign match , besides the inequalness and danger of it , ( when a strange Prince hath such an influence on our Constitution ) the different Religion would make the Queen either quit the reputation of a good Protestant , or the honour of an obedient Wife .

Te● ways he laid down a Forreign Prince might enda●ger our Religion by , 1. Opposing and weakning the reverend Fathers of our Church . 2. By disgracing her most zealous Ministers . 3. By Latitude and Connivance . 4. ●y a loose and too free a behaviour , steering mens Consciences which way he pleased , and setting u●indifferency . 5. ●y decrying Customes and Statutes , and enhansin● Proclamations to the Authority of Laws . 6. ●y provoking the English with French Oppressios . 7. ●y entrenching on the British Liberties with Gallic●●e Prerogatives . 8. ●● breaking our League and Correspondence with o●er Protestant States . 9. ●ightning our Queen to a Complyance . 10. A●d at last attempting the Protestant cause .

He vould say to his Friend the Lord Brooks , That if the Netherlands joyn with France , they are terrible to Spain : if with Spain , they are dreadful to France : if with us , they s●pport the Reformation : if they stand on t●eir own legs , they are too strong to be forced to Pyracy . He , though a private person , opposed her Majesty Q●een Elizabeth in that Affair , with that sincerity , with tha● ingenui●y , that freedome , that duty and peaceableness , that angered and p●ea●ed her . His Opinion was not more against hir humour , than his manage of it was to her mind● : in which Affair , when most were hood-winke● with ignorance , and many captived with fear , he ●njoyed the freedome of his own thoughts with dayly access to her Majesty , hourly converse wi●h the French , and constant respect from the people . None more dutiful to his Soveraign than Sir Philip , none more resolute against Encroachers upon Gentemen and Freemen , non● more dear to the whole State : which when he had designed Sir Francis ●rake's second Voyage , and stollen to him at Windso● commanded his stay by an E●rl , and for his ske the whole Fleets , although his stay disturbed , ●nd his death destroyed his most exact Model for t●e Conquest of America , the exactest Europe ever●aw : a Conquest not to be enterprized but by Sir Philips reaching spirit , that grasped all circumstanes , and commanded all interests on this side the Li●● .

When his great Soul could not improve ●urope , he considered it ; and made that the F●eld o his meditation , that could not be the stage of his ●ctions : England he saw so humoursome and popul●s , that it was to be refined with War , and corru●ed with Peace . Her interest was , he said , to balance ●eighbo●-Princes . France he observed weak and efem●nate , the Empire enslaved and secure , the Hanses to● big , Rome subtle and undermining , Spain cre●t to the Power and Councils of Europe , the Protetant Princes enjealoused and dist●ustful , Poland div●●ed , Denmark strong , Sweden invironed or impri●oned , the Muscovite distressed and ignorant , the Switz enemies , yet servants to Monarchs , ( a dangerous body for the soul of any aspiring Monarch to infuse designes into ) the Princes of Italy awed by their S●periours , ●nd cautious against their equals ; Turkie asleep in the Seraglio ; but Spain all this while Master of Rome , and the wisest Council or Conclave in the World ; Lord of the Mines of America , and the Sword of Europe : Concluding , that while the Spania●d had Peace , Pope Money or Credit , and the World Men , Necessity or Humours , the War could hardly be determined upon this Low-Country-stage ; And that there were but two ways to conquer Spain , the one , That which diverted Hannibal : ●nd by setting fire on his own House , made him draw his spirit to comfort his heart : The other , th●t of Iason , b● fetching away his Golden Fleece , and not suffering any one quietly to enjoy that whi●h every man so much affected . The assistance of Portugal , the surpriz● of Cales her key , and Sevil her treasure ; the drawing in of other Well-willers ; ●he command of the S●a , an exact Intelligence ; the Protection of Rochel , Brest , Bourdeaux , or some other distressed Protestant , to balance the over-mytr●d Countries , the Encouragement of religious or ambitious Roytolets to advance and secure themse●ves , the engaging of the French and Spaniards , a League with Venice and the Maritime States : some temptations to Italy to remove their French and Spanish Garrison● , an opportunity to recover Sicilly , some insinuations to the Pope of the Austrian Greatness , the setting up of the World in an AEquilibrium , the invasion of America , removing the disfidence , ove●poyzing the Neutrality , and working upon the Complexions of Kings and Kingdomes , was this young , but great mans designe .

An Expedition to the Indies he would perswade with these motives : 1. That Honour was cheaper abroad than at home ; at Sea , than at Land . 2. That the Spanish Conquests like the Jesuites Miracles , made more noise at distance than nearer hand . 3. That the Indians would joyn with t●e first Undertaker against their cruel Masters . 4. That Spain was too far for supply . 5. That the Spaniard was Undisciplined , and trusted more to the Greatness of his Name , than to Order , Policy or Strength . 6. That England was po●ulous . 7. That it was an action compliant with the present Humour , and not subject to Emula●ions . 8. That it would either cut off the Spa●ish treasure , or make it chargeable . 9. And at last set up a free Trade by Sea , open a great Door to Valour or Ambition for new Conquests , and to Zeal for new Converts .

He said the Inquisition would overth●ow Spain , being a designe upon Humane Nature , and freedome ; to govern men at the rate of ●easts . His great Abilities recommend him to Leicester's Cabinet , whose Horse he commanded in the Field , whose Council he guided at home . Prudent and valiant he was in contriving and excuting the su●prize of Axil : Liberal and Noble to his Sou●diers at Flushing ; wary and de●p● sighted in his Council about Graveline ; wise and stayed in the jealousies between Leicester and Hollock , His Patience and Resolution before Zutphen , his quiet and composed spirit at Arneim , his Christian and religious comportment in his sickness and death , made his Fame as lasting as his Life was wished . And why died he lamented by the Q●een , mourned for by the Court , bemoaned by Europe , wept over by Religion and Learning , the Protestant Churches , celebrated by Kings , K. H. ● . K. James● and e●ernized by Fam● ? because he was one who●e Parts were improved by early Education , whose Education was raised by Experience , whose Experience was enlarged by Travel , whose Travel was laid up in Observations , whose Observations were knit up to a s●lid Wisdome , whos● Wisdome was graced with his P●esence ; and the one was as much admired by Kings , as the other was by Q●eens . One whose Learning guided Unive●sities , whose alliance engaged Favourites , whose Presence filled Courts , whose Soul grasped Europe , whose merit could fill a Th●one , whose Spirit was above it . It was he who was deserving and quiet , neglected and patient , great and familiar , ingenious and devout , learned and valiant , sweet and solid , contemplative and active . It was he whom Queen Elizabeth called her * * In Opposition to him of Spain . Philip , the Prince Orange his Master , and whose friendship my Lord Brooke was so proud of , that he would have no other Epitaph on his Grave than this , Here lieth Sir Philip Sidneys Friend . It was he whose last words were , Love my memory , cherish my Friends ; their faith to me may assure you they are honest : but above all , govern your will and affections by the Will and Word of your Creator . In me behold the end of this world , and all its vanities .

THey that have known thee well , & search thy parts Through all the chain of Arts : Thy apprehension qui●k as active light , Clear Iudgememt , without Night : Thy fansie free , yet never wild or m●d , with wings to fly but none to g●d : Thy language still enrich , yet comely dress , Not to expose thy minde , but to express . They that have known thee thus , sigh , and confess , They wish they 'd nown thee still , or known the less . To these , the wealth and Beauties of thy minde , Be other Vertues joyn'd , Thy modest Soul , strongly confirm'd and hard● Ne'er beckned from i●s Guard .

Observations on the Life of Sir J●hn Perrot .

SIr Iohn Perrot was a goodly Gen●●eman , and of the Sword : and as he was of a v●ry ancient descent , as an H●ir to many Exst●acts of Gentry , especially from Guy de B●y●n o● Lawhern ; so he was of a vast Estate , and came not to the Court for want . And to these Adjuncts he had the Endowments of Courage , and heighth of Spirit , had it lighted on the allay of temper and discr●tion : the defect whereof , with a native freedome and boldness of speech , drew him into a Clouded setting , and laid him open to the spleen and advantage of his Enemies . He was yet a wise man , and a brave Co●rtier , but roug● , and participa●ing more of active than sedentary motions , as being in his Constellation destinated for Arms. He was sent Lord-Deputy into Ireland , where he did the Queen very great and many Se●vices : Being out of envy accused of High Treason , and against the ●ueens will and consent condemned , he died suddenly in the Tower . He was Englands professed Friend , and Sir Christopher Hattons professed Enemy : He fell because he would stand alone . In the English Court at that time he that held not by Leicesters and Burleighs favour , must yield to their frowns : What g●ound he gained in Forreign merits , ( as the Sea ) he lost in Domestick Interests . The most deserving R●cess●s , and serviceable absence from Courts , is incompatible with the way of interest and favour . Hi● boysterous carriage rather removed than preferred him to Ireland , where he was to his cost , what he would have been to his advantage ; chief in Command , and first in Counci● . His spirit was too great to be ruled , and his Interest too little to sway . He was so like a Son of Henry the a a They say his father married a Familiar of King Henry's . eighth , that he would not be Q●ueen Elizabeths su●j●ct : but Hattons sly smoothness undermined his op●n roughness ; the one dancing at Court with more success than the other fought in Ireland , He was born to enjoy , rather th●n make a Fortune ; and to command , rather then stoop for respect . Boldness indeed is as necessary for a Souldier , as the Action for an Orator ; and is a prevailing quality over weak men at all times , and wise men at their weak times : yet it begins well , but continueth not ; closing always with the wiser sorts scorns , and the vulgars ●aughter . Sir Iohn Perrot was better at Counsel than Complement , and better at Execution than Counsel . None wo●se to command first on his own head , none better to be second , and under the direction of others . He could not advise , because he looked not round on his dangers : he could not execute , because he saw them not . His alliance to his Soveraign commended him at first to her favour , and gave him up at last to her j●alousie ; being too near to be modest , and too bold to be trusted : and the more service he performed , he was thereby onely the more dangerous , and withal unhappy ; his Successes onely puffing up his humor , and his Victories ripening his ambition to those fatal Sallies against the Q●eens honour and Government , that had cost him his life , had he not saved it with those very Rants he lost himself by : for when he had out of an innocent confidence of his cause , and a haughty conceit of hi● Extraction , exasperated his Noble J●ry to his Condemnation , he had no more to say for himself than Gods death will the Queen su●ser her Brother to be offered up as a sacrifice to the envy of my frisking Adversaries ? On which words the Queen refused to sign the Warrant for his E●ecution , though pressed to it from Reason and Interest , saying , They were all Knaves that condemned him . It 's observed of him , that the Surplusage of his services in Ireland aba●ed the merit of ●hem ; and that it was his oversight to have done too much there . His mor●al words were those in the grear Chamber of Dublin , when the Q●een sent him some respectful Letters after her Expostulatory ones , with an intimation of the Spaniards Design : Lo , now ( saith he ) she is ready to piss her self for fear of the Spaniard ; I am again one of her white Boys .

A great Birth and a great Minde a●e c●ushed in Commonwealths , and wa●ched in K●ng●omes : They who are to tall too stand , too stub●orn to bow , are but too fit to break . R●ssling Spirits ●aise ●hemselves at the settlement of Governm●nts , but fall after i● ; being but unruly Wav●s to a st●ady Rock , breaking thems●lves on that solid Constitution they would break . Few aimed at Favourites as Sir Iohn did at the Lord Chanc●llor , but their Arrows fell on their own heads ; Soveraignty being alwayes struck through prime Councellours , and Majesty through its chief Ministe●s . Sir Iohn Perrot no sooner cla●hed with Hatton , ●han he lost the Queen● and ever since he reflected on his Dancing , he lost his own footing , and never stood on his legs .

Observations on the life of Sir Francis Walsingham .

HE was a Gentleman ( at first ) of a good house● but of a better Education ; and from the University travelled for the rest of his Learning . He was the b●st Linguist of the times , but knew best how to use his own tongue , whereby he came to be employed in the chief●st Affairs of State . He was sent Ambassadour into France , and stayed there a Leiger long , in the heat of the Civil Wars . At his return he was taken Principal Secretary , and was one of the great ●ngin●s of State , and of the times , high in the Queens favour , and a watchful servant over the ●afety of his Mistress . He ●cted the same part in the Courts of France abo●● that Match , that Gundamor , if I be not mistaken ( saith Sir Robert Naunton ) did in the Court of England about the Spanish . His apprehension wa● quick , and his Judgement solid : his ●ead was so strong , that he could look into the depth of men and business , and dive into the Whirlpools of State Dexterous he was in finding a secret , close in keeping it : Much he had got by Study , more by Travel● which enlarged and actuated his thoughts . Ceci● bred him his Agent , as he bred hundreds . Hi● Converse was insinuating and rese●ved : He saw every man , and none saw him . His spirit was a● publick as his parts ; and it was his fi●st Maxime Knowledge is never too dear : yet as Debonnair as he was prudent ; and as obliging to the so●ter , but pr●●dominant par●s of the wo●l● , as he was serviceable to the mo●e severe : and no less Dexterous to work on humou●s , than to convince Reason . He would say , he must obse●ve the joynts and flexures of Affairs ; and so could do more with a Story , than others could with a Harangue . He always surprized business , and preferred motions in the hea● of other diversions ; and if he must debate it , he would hear all ; and with the advantage of aforegoing speeches , that either cautioned or confirmed his resolutions , he carried all before him in conclusion beyond reply . He o●t-did the Jesuites in their own bowe , and over-reached them in their own equivocation , and mental reservation● never setling a Lye , but warily drawing out and discovering truth . As the close Room sucketh in most Air , ●o this wary man got most intelligence , being most of our Papists Confessour before their death , as they had been their Brethrens before their Treason . He said what another writ , That an habit of secrecy is policy and vertue . To him mens faces spake as much as their tongues , and their countenances were Indexes of their hearts . He would so beset men with Questions , and draw them on , and pick it out of them by piece-meals , that they discovered themselves whether they answered or were silent . This Spanish Proverb was familiar with him , Tell a Lye , and find a Truth ; and this , Speak no more than you may safely retreat from without danger , or fairly go through with without opposition . Some are good onely at some affairs in their own acquaintance ; Walsingham was ready every where , and could make a party in Rome as well as England . He waited on mens souls with his eye , discerning their secret hearts through their transparent faces .

He served him●elf of the Factions as his Mistress did , neither advancing the one , nor depressing the other : Familiar with Cecil , allied to Leicester , and an Oracle to Sussex . He could overthrow any matter by undertaking it , and move it so as it must fall . He never broke any business , yet carried many : He could discourse any matter wi●h them that most opposed ; so that they in opposing it , promoted it . His fetches and compass to his designed speech , were things of great patience and use . Twice did he deceive the French as Agent , once did he settle the Netherlands as Commissioner , and twice did he alter the Government of Scotland as Embassadour . Once did France desire he might be recalled , because he was too hard for the Counsel for the Hugonots ; and once did Scotland request his remand , because he would have overturned their Constitution : 53 Agents did he maintain in Forreign Courts , and 18 Spies : : for two Pistols an Order , he had all the private Papers of Europe : few Letters escaped his hands , whose Contents he could read and not touch the Seal● . Bellarmine read his Lectures at Rome one moneth , and Reynolds had● them confute that next . So patient was this wise man , Chiselhurst never saw him angry , Cambridge n●ver passionate and the Court never discomposed . Religion was the interest of his Countrey , ( in his judgement ) and of his Soul ; therefore he maintained it as sincerely as he lived it : it had his head , his purse , and his heart . He laid the great founda●ion of the Protestant Constitution as to its policy● and the main plot against the Polish as to its ruine . ●e would cherish a plot some years together , admitting the Conspirators to his own and the Queens ●●e●ence familiarly , but dogging them out watch●●●●y : his Spi●s waited on some men every hour , for ●●●ee yea●s ; and le●t they could not keep counsel , 〈◊〉 dispatched them to forraign parts , taking in new S●●vants● H●s train●ng Parry of who d●signed 〈…〉 of Queen Elizabeth , the admitting of hi● under the p●etence of discovering a Plot to the Q●eens presence , and then letting him go where he would , onely on the security of a Dark Sentinel set over him , was ● piece of reach and ha●ard beyond common apprehension . But Kingdomes were acted by him , as well as private persons . It is a likely report ( saith one ) that they father on him at his return ●●om France , when the Queen expressed her 〈◊〉 of the ●panish designe on that Kingdome with 〈◊〉 ●●cernment , Madam , ( saith he ) be content not 〈…〉 the Spaniard hath a great appetite , and an 〈…〉 digestion : but I have fitted him with a bone for this twenty years , that your Majesty shall have no cause to doubt him : Pr●vided that if the fire chance to slack which I have kindled , you will be ruled by me , and now and then cast in some English fuel which may revive the flame . H●●irst observed the g●eat Bishop of Winchester fit to serve the Church , upon the unlikely Youths first Sermon at S●● Alhallows Barking : He brought my Lord Cooke first to the Church upon some private discourse with him at his Table . The Queen of Scots Letters were all carried to him by her own Servant , whom she trusted , and decyphered to him by one Philips , as they were sealed again by one Gregory , so that neither that Queen , or her correspondents ever perceived either the Seal defaced , or the Letters delayed to her dying day . Video & Taceo , was his saying , before it was his Mistresses Motto .

H● could as well ●it King Iames his humour with sayings out of Xenophon , Thucydides , Plutarch , Tacitus : as he could King Henry's with Rablais's conceits , and the Hollander with mechanick Discourses . In a word , Sir Francis Walsingham was a studious and temperate man ; so publick-spirited , that he spent his Estate to serve the Kingdome ; so faithful , that ●e bestowed his years on his Queen ; so learned , that he provided a Library for Kings Colledge of his own Books ; which was the best for Policy , as Cecil's was for History , Arundels for Heraldry , Cottons for Antiquity , and Vshers for Divinity : finally , he ●qualled all the Statesmen former ages discourse of , and hardly hath been equalled by any in following Age● .

Observations on the Life of the Earl of Leicester .

THe Lord Leicester was the youngest son then living of Dudley Duke of Northumberland : he was also one of the first to whom Queen Elizabeth gave that honour to be master of the horse . He was a very goodly person , and singular well featured , and all his youth well favoured , and of a sweet aspect , but high foreheaded , which was taken to be of no discommendation : but towards his latter end grew high-coloured and red-faced . The Queen made him Earl of Leicester for the sufferings of his Ancestors sake , both in her Fathers and Sisters Reigns . The Earl of Essex his death in Ireland , and the marriage of his Lady yet living , deeply stains his commendation . But in the Observations of his Letters and Writings , there was not known a Stile or Phrase more religious , and fuller of the streams of Devotion . He was sent Governour by the Queen to the United States of Holland , where we read not of his wonders ; for they say , Mercury , not Mars , in him had the predominancy . To the Policy he had from Northumberland his Father , and the Publican Dudley his Grandfather , he added , it is said , Magick and Astrology ; and to his converse with Wise men , his familiarity with Wizards . Indeed he would say , A States-man should be ignorant of nothing , but should have all notices either within his own or his Confidents command .

His Brother Ambrose was the heir to the Estate , and he to the Wisdome of that Family . He was the most reserved man of that Age , that saw all , and was invisible ; carrying a depth not to be fa●homed but by the Searcher of Hearts . Many fell in his time , who saw not the hand that pulled them down ; and as many died that knew not their own Disease . He trusted not his Familiars above a twelve-month together , but either transported them for Forreign services , or wafted them to another world . His Ambition was of a large extent , and his head-piece of a larger . Great was his Influence on England , greater on Scotland , and greatest of all on Ireland and the Netherlands ; where this close Genius acted invisibly , beyond the reach of friends , or the apprehension of enemies . Declining an immediate opposition in Court-factions , the wary Sir raised always young Favourites to outshine the old ones : so balancing all others that he might be Paramount himself . The modern policy and practices were but shallow to his ; who by promoting the Queens match , could hinder it ; who could decoy Hunsdon to Berwick , Pembroke to Wales , Sidney to Ireland ; while what with his great Train , what with his growing Popularity , he was called the Heart of the Court.

To make his Basis equal to his heighth , he enlarged and strengthened his Interest by Alliance with the chief Nobility , to whom he was related . By his Patronage of Learning , over which he was Chancellour● by kindness to the Clergy , whose head he seemed to be ; by his command over all men , whom either his favours had won , or his frowns awed ; every body being either within the Obligation of his Cour●esies , or the reach of his Injuries . He advised some complyance with Philip of Spain for the match he proposed ; while by degrees he altered Religion so , as it must be impossible ; designing Queen Elizabeth for his own Bed , while she made his way to the Queen of Scots : whose re●usal of him he made as fatal to her , as his marriage would have been advantageous ; ( The Queen of England promising to declare her next heir to the Crown of England , in case she failed of Issue , upon that match . ) Leicester trepans Norfolk to treat a match with the Scotch Queen ; and her to accept it , to both their ruine : both being engag●d in such foolish Enterprizes by their enemies practices , as made Leicester able in the head of a new Association in the Queens defence , to take off Norfolk and his Ladies head . He was always beforehand with his Designes , being a declared enemy to After-games .

His Interest was Popery , until my Lord North put him upon Puritanism , but his Religion neither : he promoted the French and Polish match at Court , and disparaged them in the Country . When Cardinal Chati●●ian advertized her Majesty how Leicester drave Royal Suiters from her Court , he was sent to another World . He that would not hold by his favour , must fall by his frown ; Archbishop Grindal not excepted . His hand bestowed all favours , and his brows all frowns : the whose Court was at his Devotion , and half the Council at his beck . Her Majesty suspected , but durst not remove him . His Intelligence was good in Scotland , better in Ireland , best in Spain . The Country was governed by his Allies , and the Court by himself . The Tower was in his servants hands , London under his Creatures Government , and the Law managed by his Confidents . His treasure was vast , his gains unaccountable , all passages to preferment being in his hand at home and abroad . He was never reconciled to her Majesty under 5000 l. nor to any Subject under 500 l. and was ever and ●non out with both . All Monopolies are his , who commanded most mens Purses , and all mens Parts . A man was oppressed if he complyed with him , and undone if he opposed him . In a word , his designe was thought a Crown , his Parts too large for a Subject , his Interest too great for a Servant , his depth not fathomable in those days , and his Policy not reached in these .

Observations on the Life of Christopher Lord Hatton .

SIr Christopher Hatton was a Gentleman who for his activity and Person was taken into the Qu●ens favour . He was first made Vice-Chamberlain , and shortly after advanced to the place of Lord Chancellour● A Gentleman , that besides the Graces of his Person , and Dancing , had also the Adjectments of a strong and subtile c●pacity : one that could soon learn the Discipline and Garb both of Times and Court . The truth is , he had a large proportion of Gifts and Endowments , but too much of the season of Envy . As he came , so he continued in the Court in a mask . An honest man he was , but reserved . Sir Iohn Perr●t talked , and Sir Christopher Ha●ton thought , His features set off his body , his gate his features , his carriage his gate , his parts his carriage , his prudence his parts , and his close patience his prudence . The Queen loved him well for his activity , better for his parts , best of all for his abilities , which were as much above his experience , as that was above his learning , and that above his education . The little the wary man did , was so exactly just and discreet ; and the little he said , was so prudent and weighty , that he was chosen to keep the Queens Conscience as her Chancellour , and to express her sense as her Speaker : the Courtiers that envied the last capacity , were by his power forced to confess their errours ; and the Sergeants that would not plead before him in the first , by his prudence to confess his abilities . The Chancellourship was above his Law , but not his Parts ; so pregnant and comprehensive , that he could command other mens knowledge to as good purpose as his own . Such his humility , that he did nothing without two Lawyers : such his ability , that the Queen did nothing without him . Two things he said he w●s jealous of , his Mistresses the Queens Prerogatives , and his Mother the Churches Discipline : the one , that Majesty might be at liberty to do as much good ; and the other , that Iniquity might not be free to as much evil as it pleased . His enemies advanced him , that they might weaken him at Court by his absence , and kill him at home by a sedentariness . This even and clear man observed and improved their practices , closing with Malice it self to his own advancement , and tempering the most perverse enmity to the greatest kindness .

His ●irst Preferment at Court was to be one of the fifty Pensioners ; whence his modest sweetness of Manners advanced him to the Privy Chamber : where he had not been long , but his face and tongue ( which most eloquent , which most powerful , was in those days a question ) made him Captain of the Guard● his presence and service Vice-Chamberlain ; and his great improvement under my my Lord Burleigh , placed him in that grave Assembly , ( the wisest Convention in Europe at that time ) the Privy-Council ; where he had not sate long , when his enemies as well as his friends made him Chancellour and Knight of the Garter : the one to raise him , and the other by that rise to ruine him . The Eagle-eyed men of those times carried up on high the Cockleshel they had a mind to crack . A man of a pious Nature , very charitable to the Poor , very tender of dissenting Judgements , ( saying , That neither searing nor cutting was to be used in the cause of Religion ) very bountiful to Scholars , ( who chose him Chancellour at Oxford ) very exact in his Place ; whence he went off , though not with the applause of a great Lawyer to split Causes , yet with the Conscience and comfort of a just man , to do equity .

Take his Character from his own words , those words that prevailed with the Queen of Scots to appear before the Commissioners at Fotheringaz , when neither Queen Elizabeths Commission , nor the Lord Chancellours Reason , nor the Power of the Kingdome could perswade that good Lady to it . The words are these : You are accused , but not condemned . You say you are a Queen ; be it so : if you are innocent , you wrong your Reputation in avoiding tryal . You protest your self innocent , the Queen feareth the contrary not without grief and shame . To examine your innocence are these honourable , prudent , and upright Commissioners sent : glad will they be with all their hearts if they may return and report you guiltless . Believe me , the Queen her self will be much affected with joy , who affirmed to me at my coming from her , that never any thing befel her more grievous , than that you were charged with such a crime : Wherefore lay aside the bootless priviledge of Royal Dignity , which here can be of no use to you , appear in Iudgement , and shew your Innocence ; lest by avoiding tryal , you draw upon your self suspition , and lay upon your Reputation an eternal blot and aspersion .

Four things I observe he did that deserve a Chronicle : 1. That he delayed the Signing of Leicesters P●t●nt for the Lieut●nantcy of England and Ireland , the Preface to his Kingdome , until that Earl was sick . 2. That he reduced the Chancery , and all other Courts , to Rules . 3. That he stood by the Church against the enemies of both sides . Archbishop Whitgift when checked by others for his due severity , writes to him thus : I think my self bound to you for your friendly Message as long as I live : It hath not a little comforted me , having received unkinde speeches not long since , &c. And therefore ( after an ●xpostulation about some States-mens Proceedings against the Law and State of the Realm , and a Declaration of his own resolution ) saith he , your Honour in of●ering that great courtesie , offered unto me as great a pleasure as I can desire . Her Majesty must be my Refuge , and I beseech you that I may use you as a means , when occasion shall serve ; whereof I assure my self , and therein rest , John Cant. 4. That he promoted the Proclamations for plain Apparel , for Free Trade , for pure Relig●on , and the Laws against the Papists .

None Nobler , none less aspiring : none more busie , yet none more punctual in his hours and orders . Corpulent he was , but temperate ; a Batchelor , ( and the onely one of the Queens Favourites ) yet chaste : quick were his Dispatches , but weighty , many his Orders , and consistent : numerous were the Addresses to him , and easie the access . Seldome were his Orders reversed in Chancery , and ●eldomer his Advice opposed in Council . So just he was , that his sentence was Law with the Su●j●ct ; so wise , that his Opinion was Oracle with his Soveraign : so exact was Q●een Elizabeth , that she called upon him for an old debt , though it broke his heart ; so loving , that she carried him a Cordial-broath with her own hand , though it could not r●vive him .

Observations on the Life of the Lord Hunsdon .

THe Lord Hunsdon was of the Q●eens nearest Kindred ; and on the decease of Sussex , both he and his Son took the place of Lord Chamberlain . He was a fast man to his Prince , and firm to his friends and servants , downright , honest , and stout-hearted , having the charge of the Queens Person both in the Court , and in the Camp at Tilbury . The integrity of his temper allayed the greatness of his birth ; which had rendred him dangerous , if the other had not vouched him faithful . He spoke big , but honestly ; and was thought rather resolute than ambitious . His words were as his thoughts , and his actions as his words . He had Valour enough to be an eminent Souldier in Ruffling times , and a r●nownedly honest man in Queen Elizabeths Reign . His Latine , saith Sir Robert Naunton , and his dissimulation , were both alike . His custome of swearing , and obscenity in speaking , made him seem a wo●se Christian than he was , and a better Knight of the Carpet than he should be . The Pol●ticians follow●d Cecil , the Courtiers Leicester , and the Souldiers Hunsdon , whose hands were better than his head , and his heart than both . He led so brave a Train of young Gallants , as after another threatned a Court , but after him secured it ; whose Greatness was not his Mistresses jealou●●e , but her safeguard . One of his blunt Jests went further than others affected Harangues ; the one being Nature , the other forced . His faithfulness made him Governour of Berwick ; a place of great ●ervice : and General of the English Army ; a place of great Trust. He had something of Leicesters Choler , but none of his Malice . A right Noble Spirit , not so stupid as not to resent , not so unworthy as to retain a sense of Injuries . To have the Courage to observe an Affront , is to be even with an Adversary : to have the patience to forgive it , is to be above him . There goeth a story of him , that when his Retinue , which in those times was large , would have drawn on a Gentleman that had returned him a box on the ear , he forbad them in these Souldier-like words : You Rogues , cannot my Neighbour and my self exchange a box on the car , but you must interpose ?

He might have been what he would , for relieving Queen Elizabeth in her distress : he would be but what he was : Others Interests were of●ered him to stand upon ; he was contented with his own . He suppressed the Court Factions , and the Northern Commotions ; the one by his Inter●●t , the other by his Valour : for the one , he had always the Queens heart ; for the other , he had once a most G●acious Letter .

His Court-●avour was as lasting as his Integrity . One hath left this remarque concerning him : see Fuller in his Worthies . That he should have been twice Earl of Wiltshire in right of his Mother Bollen . And the Queen , when he was on his Death-Bed , ordered his patent and Robes to his bed-side : where he who could dissemble neither well nor ill , told the Queen , That if he was not worthy of those Honours when living , he was unworthy of them when dying .

In a word , Sir William Cecil was a wise man ; Bacon was reaching , ●eicester cunning ; Walsingham was a Patriot , and my Lord Hunsdon was honest .

Observations on the Life of Nicholas Heath , Archbishop of York , and Lord Chancellour of England .

AT once a most wise and a most learned man , of great Policy , and of as great Integrity ; meek and resolute : more devout to follow his own Conscience , than cruel to persecute others . It is enough to intimate his moderate temper , equal , and di●-engaged from violent extreams ; that the first of Queen Elizabeth , in the Disputation between the Papists and Protestants , he was chosen by the privy-Council one of the Moderators , when Sir Nicholas Bacon was the other .

The Civility ●e shewed in pros●erity , he found in Adver●ity : for in Queen El●zabeths time he was rather ●ased , than deposed , [ like another Ab●athar , sent home by Solomon to his own fields in Anathoth ] living cheerfully a● Co●ham in Surry , where he devoted his Old Age to Religion and Study , being much comforted with the ●ueens Visits and kindness , and more with his own good conscience ; that ( as he would often say ) he had been so intent upon the service , as never to enjoy the greatness of any place he was advanced to .

Sir Henry Wotton being bound for Rome , asked his Host at Siena , a man well versed in men and business , What Rules he would give him for his port● , Conduct and Carriage ? There is one short remembrance ( said he ) will carry you safe through the world ; nothing but this , ( said he ) Gli Pensiere str●tti , & el viso Scio●●o : ( i. e. ) Your thoughts close● and your Countenance loose .

The Character of this prelate , a man of a calm and reserved minde , but of a gravely obliging carriage : wise and wary ; and that a solid wisdome rather than a formal ; well seasoned with practice , and well broken to Affairs : of a fine Composition , between F●ugality and magnificence : A great Cherisher of manual Arts , especially such as tended to splendour or ornament ; entertaining the most exquisite Artists with a setled pension . ●qually divided he was between the Priest and the States-man ; Great with his double power , Ecclesiastical and Civil : by Nature more reserved than popular , with Vertues fitter to beget estimation than love . In his Chancellourship he was served with able followers , rather by choice than number , and with more neatness and service than noise . As midland Countries in busie times are most secure , as being farthest , and most participating of the common Interest : so your moderate and middle men in troublesome and perplexed times , are most quiet , as least concerned in the respective Controversies , and most intent upon the common good .

Observations on the Life of Sir William Pickering .

HIs Extraction was not Noble , his estate but mean ; yet was his person so comely , his carriage so elegant , his life so gravely reserved and studious , and his Embassies in France and Germany so well managed , that in King Edwards days he was by the Council pitched upon as the Oracle , whereby our Agents were to be guided abroad● and in Queen Eli●abeths , designed by common vote for the Prince by whom we were to be governed at home . He received extraordinary favours , no doubt , so deserving he was : he was wish●d to more , he was so popular : and when his service wa● admitted to her majesties bosome , all fancies but his own placed his person in her Bed . And I find him a prince in this , That retiring from those busie Buslings in the State , wherein he might be matched or out-done , he devoted his large soul to those more sublime and noble researches in his Study , wherein he sate monarch of hearts and letters . Anxious posterity no doubt enquires what great Endowments could raise so private a man to such publick honour and expectation ; and it must imagine him one redeemed by the politure of good Education , from his younger vanities and simplicities , his Rustick ignorance , his Clownish con●idence his Bruitish dulness , his Country solitude , his earthly ploddings , his Beggerly indigencies , or covetous necessities ; racked and refined from the Lees of sensual and inordinate lust , from swelling and surly pride , from base and mean designes , from immoderate affections , violent passions , unreasonable impulses , and depraved asp●cts ; of a strong and handsome body , a large and publ●ck soul , of a gentle and patient access , of benign and just re●entments , a grand awful presence . This is he that is born to teach the world , That * * Causa Virtus ● Deo , vel ipse Deus . Vertue and Wariness make● Kings as well as Gods .

Observations on the Life of Cu●hberth Tonstal , Bishop of Durham .

A Man passing well seen in all kind of polished litera●ure ; who having run through many degrees of honour at home , and worthily performed several Embassies abroad , was very hot against the Popes primacy in his young days , very moderate for it in his middle years , and very zealous in his old age : like the waters in Curtius , that are hot at midnight , warm in the morning , and cold at noon . In the Reign of Queen Mary he spake more harshly against the protestants , ( calling Bishop Hooper Beast for being married ) then he acted , being politickly presumed to bark the more , that he might bite the less ; and observed to threaten much in London , and do little in his own Diocess : for I meet ( saith my Author ) with a marginal note in Mr. Foxe , which indeed justly deserved even in the fairest letters to be inserted in the body of his Book : Note , that Bishop Tonstal in Queen Mary's days was no great bloody Persecutor : for Mr. Russel a Preacher was before him , and Dr. Hinmer his Chancellour would have had him examined more particularly : the Bishop staid him , saying , Hitherto we have had a good report among our Ne●ghbours ; I pray you bring not this mans blood upon my head .

When the more violent Bishops were confined to close prisons , primo Elizabethae he lived in Free Custody at my Lord of Canterbury's , in sweet Chambers , warm Beds , by warm Fires , with plentiful and wholesome Diet at the Archbishops own Table : differing nothing from his former Grandeur , save that that was at his own charges , and this at anothers ; and that he had not his former suit of superfluous Servan●s , that long Train that doth not warm but weary the Wearer thereof . In a word , his custody did not so much sowre his freedome , as his freedome sweetned his custody ; where his Soul was most free , using not once those Oracles of Seneca , That the good things of Prosperity are to be wished , and the good things of Adversity to be admired . It 's true Greatness to have at once the frail●y of a man , and the security of a God . Prosperi●y ( saith my Lord Bacon ) is the blessing of the Old Testament , and Adversity of the new : the first wants not its fears and distastes , therein therefore our prelate was temperate ; nor the second its comforts and hopes , and therein he was resolved : in the one ( — virtus vel in hoste ) he was not vicious , under the other lie was vertuous .

Observations on the Life of Sir Francis Talbot , Earl of Shrewsbury .

NObility without Vertue is a disgrace , Vertue without Nobility low ; but Nobility adorned with Vertue , and Vertue embellished by Nobility , raiseth a man high as Nature reacheth : and he in whom these two concur , hath all the glory a man can attain unto , viz. both an Inclination and a Power to do well .

This is the man whose Greatn●ss was but the servant to his Goodness , and whose honour the Instrument of his Vertue ; who was reverenced like the Heavens he bore , for his B●neficence , as well as for his Glory . He saw four troublesome Reigns , but not troubled himself , as one that was so espoused to the common and grand Concerns of Mankinde , as to be unin●e●ested in the particular and petty Designe of any party of it .

He had friends ( and none more sure to them , or more devoted to that sacred thing called Friendship ) to ease his heart to , to support his judgement by , to reform , or at least observe his defect in , to compose his mind with ; but none to countenance in a Faction , or side with in a quarrel : Vsefulness is a Bond that tieth great and good men , and not respects .

How low Learning ran in our Land among our Native Nobility some two hundred years since , in the Reign of King Henry the sixth , too plainly appeareth by the Motto in the Sword of the Martial Earl of Shrewsbury , ( where ( saith my Author ) at the same time a man may smile at the simplicity , and sigh at the barbarousness thereof ) Sum Talboti pro occidere inimicos me●s : the be●t Latine that Lord , and perchance his Chaplain too in that Age could afford . The case was much altered here , where this Lords Grandchild was at once the chiefest * Councellour , and the most eminent Scholar of his Age. It 's a reverend thing to see any ancient piece standing against time , much more to see an ancient Family standing against Fortune . Certainly Princes that have able men of their Nobility , shall finde ease in employing them , and a better ●lide into their business : For people naturally bend to them , as born in some sort to command .

Observations on the Life of Sir Thomas Chall●ner .

THis Gentlemans birth in London made him quick , his Education in Cambridge knowing , and his travail abroa●●expert . In Henry the eighth's time he reserved Charles the fifth in the expedition of Algier : where being ship-wracked , after he had swum till his strength and arms fa●led ●im , at the length catching hold of a Cable with his teeth , he escaped , not without the loss of some of his teeth . ( We are consecrated by dangers to services ; and we know not what we can do , until we have seen all we can fear . ) In Edward the sixth's Reign , he behaved himself so manly at Muscleborough , that the Protector honoured him with a Knighthood , and his Lady with a Jewel ; the delicate and valiant man at once pleasing Mars and his Venus too . The first week of Queen Elizabeths Reign , he is designed an Embassadour of honour to the Emperour ; such his port and carriage ! and the second year , her Leiger for business in Spain ; such his trust and abilities ! The first he performed not with more Gallantry , than he did the second with policy ; bearing up King Philips expectation of the match with England for three years effectually , until he had done the Queens business abroad , and she had done her own at home . In Spain he equally divided his time between the Scholar and the States-man , his recreation and his business ; for he refreshed his more careful time with a pure and learned Verse , de rep. Anglorum instauranda , in five Books , whilst as he writes in the preface to that Book , he lived Hieme infurno , aestate in Horreo : i. e. Wintered in a Stove , and Summered in a Barn . He understood the Concerns of this estate well , and those of his own better ; it being an usual saying , engraven on all his Plates and Actions , — Frugality is the left hand of Fortune , and Diligence the right . Anthony Brown Viscount Mountacute urged with much Zeal and many Arguments the Danger and Dishonour of revolting off from the Catholick and Mother-Church : Sir Thomas Challener with more Eloquence enlarged on the just Cause for which we deceded from the Errours of Rome the true Authority by which we deceded from the Usurpation of Rome , and the Moderation in what we deceded from the Superstition of Rome .

When the Spanish Embassadour urged that some Catholicks might with the Queens leave remain in S●ain ; he answered him in a large Declaration , That though the instance seemed a matter of no great moment , yet seeing the Parties concerned would not receive so much advantage by the licen●e as the Commonwealth would damage by the President , it was neither fit for the King of Spain to urge , or for the Queen of England to grant . He was very impatient of Injuries , pressing his return home when his Coffers were searched , but admonished by his Mistress , That an Embassadour must take all things in good part that hath not a direct tendency to the Princes dishonour , or his Countries danger . Oct. 1 65. His death was as honourable as his life , Sir William Cecil being chief Mourner at his Funeral , St. Pauls containing his Grave , and he leaving a hopeful * * Sir . Tho. Son that should bring up future Princes , as he had served the present ; being as worthy a Tutor to the hopeful Prince Henry , as his Father had been a faithful Servant to the renowned Queen Elizabeth .

Observations on the Life of Sir Edward Waterhouse .

SIr Edward Waterhous● was born at Helmstodbury Hartfordshire : of an ancient and worshipful Family , deriving their descent lineally from Sir Gilbert Waterhouse of Kyrton in Low-Lindsey in the County o● Lincol● ● in the time of King Henry the third . As for our Sir Edward , his Parents were ,

Iohn Waterhouse Esquire , a man of much fidelity and sageness , Auditor many years to King Henry the eighth ; of whom he obtained ( after a great Entertainment for him in his house ) the grant of a weekly Market for the Town of Helmsted .

Margaret Turner of the ancient House of Blunts-Hall in Suffolk , and Cannons in Hertfordshire .

The King at his departure honoured the children of the said Iohn Waterhouse , ●ythe learned , industrious and ingenious Edward Waterhouse Esquire , of Sion-Colledge . being brought before him , with his praise and encouragement , gave a Benjamins portion of Dignation to this Edward ; foretelling by his Royal Augury , that he would be the Crown of them all , and a man of great honour and wisdome , fit for the service of Princes . It pleased God afterwards to second the word of the King , so that the sprouts of his hopeful youth on●ly pointed at the growth and greatness of his honourable Age. For , being but twelve years old , he went to Oxford ; where for some years he glistered in the Oratorick and Poetick sphere , until he addicted himself to conversation , and observance of State-●ffairs , wherein his great proficiency commended him to the favour of three principal Patrons . One was Walter Devereux E●rl of Essex , who made him his bosome-friend ; and the said Earl lying on his death-bed took his leave of him with many kisses : Oh my Ned , Oh my Ned , ( said he ) Farewel : thou art the faithfullest and friendliest Gentleman that ever I k●ow , In testimony of his true affection to the dead Father in his living Son , this Gentleman is thought to have penned that most judicious and elegant Epistle , ( recorded in Holinshed's History , pag. 1266. ) and presented it to the young Earl , conjuring him by the Cogent Arguments of Example and Rule to patrizare .

His other Patron was ●ir Henry Sidney , ( so often Lord Deputy of Ireland ) whereby he became incorporated into the familiarity of his Son Sir Philip Sidney ; between whom and Sir Edward there was so great friendliness , that they were never better pleased than when in one anothers companies , or when they corresponded each with other . And we finde after the death of that worthy Knight , that he was a close-concerned Mourner at his Obsequies , as appeareth at large in the printed representation of his funeral Solemnity .

His third Patron was ●●r Iohn Perrot , Deputy ●lso of Ireland ; who so valued his council , that in State affairs he would do nothing without him . So great his Employment betwixt State and State , that he crossed the Seas thirty seven times , until deservedly at last he came into a port of honour , wherein he sundry years anchored and found safe Harbour . For he receiving the honour of Knighthood , was sworn of her Majesties Privy-Council for Ireland , and Chancellour of the Exchequer therein . Now his grateful soul coursing about how to answer the Queens favour , laid it self wholly out in her service : wherein two of his Actions were most remarkable . First , he was highly instrumental in modelling the Kingdome of Ireland into shires , as now they are ; shewing himself so great a lover of the polity under which he was born , that he advanced the Compliance therewith ( as commendable and necessary ) in the Dominions annexed thereunto . His second service was , when many in that Kingdome shrowded themselves from the Laws , under the Target of power , making Force their Tutelary Saint , he set himself vigorously to suppress them . And when many of the Privy-Council , terrified with the greatness of the Earl of Desmond , durst not subscribe the Instrument wherein he was proclaimed Traytor , Sir Edward amongst some others boldly signed the same , ( disavowing his , and all Treasons against his Fri●nds and Country ) and the Council did the like , commanding the publication thereof . As to his private sphear , God blessed him , being but a third Brother , above his other Brethren . Now , though he had three Wives , the first a Villiers , the second a Spilman , the third the Widow of Herlakenden of Wood-church in Kent , Esquire ; and though he had so strong a brain and body , yet he lived and died childless , intercommoning therein with many Worthies , who are , according to AElius Spartianu● , either improl●fick , or have children in Genitorum Vituperium & famarum Laesuram . God thus denying him the pleasure of posterity , he craved leave of the Queen to retire himself , and fixed the residue of his life at Wood-church in Kent , living there in great Honour and Repute , as one who had no designe to be popular , and not prudent ; rich , and not honest ; great , and not good . He died in th● 56 year of his Age , the 13 of October 1591. and is buried at Wood-church under a Table-marble monument , erected to his memory by his sorrowful Lady surviving him .

Observations on the Life of the Duke of Norfolk ●

HIs Predecessors made more noyse it may be , but he had the greater fame : their Greatness was feared , his Goodness was loved . He was heir to his Uncles Ingenuity , and his Fathers Valour ; and from both derived as well the Laurel as the Coronet .

His God and his Soveraign were not more taken with the ancient simplicity that lodged in his plain breast , than the people were endeared by that noble humility that dwelt in his plainer cloaths and ca●riage . ( The most honourable Pe●sonages , like the m●st honourable Coats of Arms , are least gaudy . ) In the Election of the first Parliament of Que●n Elizabeth , and as a consequent to that in the settlement of the Kingdome , Sir William Cecils Wisdome did much , the Earl of Arundels Industry more , but the D●ke of Norfolks Popularity did m●st . Neve● Peer more dread , never more dear : as he could engage the people to comply with their Soveraign at home , so he could lead them to serve her abroad . That martial but unfor●unate Gentleman William Lord Grey , draweth first towards Scotland , ( for the first Cloud that would have da●k●ned our glorious star , came from the North , Whence all evil , is equally our Proverb and our experience ) as Warden of the middle and East m●●ches : but he is seconded by the Duke , as Lieutenan●-General of the North-parts ; where his presence commands a Treaty , and his Authority a League , Offensive and Defensive , to balance the French Interest , to reduce the North parts of Ireland , and keep the peace of both Kingdome● . Now as the watchful Duke discovered by some private Passages and Letters that Scotland was to be invaded by the French : so he writ to his Soveraign , That notwithstanding the Spanish and French Embassadors Overtures , ●he would proceed resolutely in her preparations for Scotland ; as she did under his Conduct , until the young Que●n was glad to submit ; and the King of France , by Cecil and Throgmortons means now b●sied at home , to come to terms .

He brought the Kingdome to musters , the People to ply husbandry , the nobility to keep Armories , and the Justicers to Salaries . The Ensignes of St. Michael were bestowed upon him as the Noblest , and on Leicester as the dearest person at Court : N●w Arundel , who had spent his own Estate in hope of the Queens , under pretence of recovering his health , travelled abroad to mitigate his grief . When the Earls of Pembroke and Leicester were openly for the Queens marriage , for the future security of our present happiness ; the Duke , though privately of their minde , yet would discourse .

1. That Successors take off the peoples eyes from the present Soveraign . 2. That it was the safest way to k●ep all Competitors in suspence . 3. That Successors , though not designed , may succeed . 4. Whereas when known , they have been u●done by the Arts of their Competitors . 5. And that most men ( whatever the busie Agitators of the Succession pretended ) have no more feeling in publick matters than concerneth their own p●ivate interest . But he had a p●ivate kindness for ●he Q●een of Scots , which he discovered in all the Treaties wherein she was concerned . 1. In Lov●-Letters to her , notwithstanding that Queen Elizabeth bid him take care what pillow he rested his head on . 2. In his meditations at Court so importune for her , that the Queen would say , The Queen of Scots shall never want an Advocate while Norfolk lives . And , 3. By some private transaction with the Pope and Spaniard : to which Leicesters craft trepanned him against his friend Cecils advice , which in a dangerous juncture cost him his life . For the people wishing ( for the securi●y of the succession in a Protestant and an E●glish hand ) that the good Duke were married to the mother , and his onely Daughter to her young Son ; subtile Leicester and Throgmorton laid a Train for the plain man by Conf●rences with Murray , Cecil , &c. until a Plot was discovered ; and the Duke , notwithstanding Cecils advice to marry a priva●e Lady , retiring to Norfolk to finish the Ma●ch with the Queen , was upon Letters taken with Rosse surprized , and committed to the Tower , he saying , I am betrayed , and undone by mine own , whilst I knew not how to mistrust , which is the strength of wisdom . After a solemn Tryal , he is beheaded for Indiscretions rather than Treasons , losing his head because he wanted one . Never any fell more beloved , or more pitied : such his singular Courtesie , such his magnificent Bounty , not unbecoming so great a Peer . High was his Nobility , large his Interest , singularly good his Nature , comely his Person , manly his Countenance , who ( saith Cambden ) might have been a great strength and Ornament to his Country , had not the cunning practices of his malicious Adversaries , and slippery hopes , under colour of publick good , diverted it from his first course of life . His death was a blot to some mens Justice , to all mens Discretion that were concerned in it , as generally odious , though quietly endured● which proves ( saith one ) That the common people are like Rivers , which seldome grow so impetuous as to transcend the bounds of Obedience , but upon the overflowing of a general Oppression .

Observations on the Life of Sir Nicholas Throgmorton .

SIr Nicholas Throgmorton , fourth son of Sir George Throgmorton of Coughton in Warwickshire , was bread beyond the Seas , where he attained to great experience . Under Queen Mary he was in Guild-hall arraigned for Treason , ( in co●pliance with Wiat ) and by his own wary pleading , and the Juries upright Verdict , hardly escaped . Queen Elizabeth employed him her Leiger a long time , first in France , then in Scotland , finding him a most able minister of state : yet got he no great wealth ; and no wonder , being ever of the opposite party to Burleigh Lord Treasurer : Chamberlain of the Exchequer , and Chief Butler of England , were his highest Preferments . I say , Chief Butler ; which Office , like an empty-covered Cup , pretended to some State , but afforded no considerable profit . He died at supper with eating of sallats : not without suspicion of poyson ; the rather , because it happ●ned in the house of one no mean Ar●ist in that faculty , R Earl of Leicester . His dea●h , as it was sudden , was seasonable for him and his , whose active ( others will call it tur●ulent ) spi●it had brought him unto such trouble as might have cost h●m , at least , the loss of his personal Estate . He died in the 57 year of his Age , Febr. 12. 15●0 . and lieth buried in the South-side of the Chance● of St. Martin Cree-church London .

A stons and a wise man , that saw through pretences , and could look beyond dangers . His skill in Herald●y appears in his grim Arguments against the Ki●g of France , in ●ight of his Q●een of Scots Usurping of the Arms of England ; and his exper●ence in History , in his p●●emptory D●clarations of th● Queen of Englands a a Which he made out from Dr. Wottons Discourse on that subject at Cambray . Title in the right of her ●welve Predecessors to t●ose of France . But his policy much mo●e , b● putting Mo●tmorency , the great Enemy of the Guizes , upon perswading his Master out of the humour of wearing those Arms , with this Argument , That it was below the Arms of F●ance to be quartered with those of England ; those being comprehensive of these and all other of his Majesties Dominions . An Argument more suitable to that P●ince his ambition , than convincing to his R●ason . Wise men speak rather what is most fit , than what is most rational , not what demonstrates , but what perswades his , and takes . But being endang●red in his person , affronted in his Retinue , and served with nothing at his Table but what had the Arms of England quartered with those of France , he dealt underhand wit● the E●rl of Northumberland , to understand the scope the Reformed propounded to themselves , their means to compass what they aimed at , and ( if at any time they were assisted ) upon what terms a League might be concluded between the two Kingdomes . The Advices collected from all his Observations he sent to the Queen , were these : 1. That she should not rest in dull Counsels of what is lawful , but proceed to quick Resolutions of what is safe . 2. That to prevent , is the policy of all Nations , and to be powerful , of ours . England is never peaceable but in Ar●● . 3. That how close soever they managed their Affairs , it was a Maxime , b b To which Queen Elizabeth addeth a saying of Valentinians . Have the French for thy Friend , not for thy Neighbor . That France can neither be poor , nor abstain from War three years together .

Francis Earl of Bedford bore the state of the French Embassy , and Sir Nicholas the burden , who gave dayly Directions to Sir Thomas Challone● in Spain , Sir Henry Killigrew in Germany , and Sir Thomas Randolph and Si● Peter Mewtas in Scotland : to the two first , to enjealous the Princes of those Countries ; and to the last , to unite the Nobility of Scotland ; he in the mean time suffering himself to be taken prisoner by the Protestants at the battle of Dreux , that he might with less suspition impart secret Counsels to them , and receive as secret Advices from them ; until discovering their lightness and unconstancy , they secured him as a person too cunning for the whole Faction , and too skilful in raising Hurley-burleys and Commotions . When the young Queen of Scots would needs marry the young Lord Darley , he told her that was long to be deliberated on which was to be done but once . And when that would not do , he advised , 1. That an Army should appear upon the borders : 2. That the Eccl●siast●cal Laws should be in force against Papists : 3. That Hereford should be secured : and , 4. That the Lord Dudley should be advanced . But the Queen being married to the Lord Darley , an easie and good-natured man , whom Qu●en Elizabeth wished to her bed next Leicester , and affronted by her subjects , Throgmorton disputes the Que●n● Authority and non-accountableness to any against Buchanans damned c c De jure Reg. apud Scotos . Dialogue of the Peoples power over Kings : until ●melling their designe of revolt to the French , and cruelty upon the Queen , he perswaded her to resigne her Government , saying , That her Resignation extorted in Prison , which is a just fear , was utterly void . The next news we hear of this busie man , was in his two Advisoes to the Queen of Scots friends : 1. To clap up d d About moneys transported beyond Sea . Cecil , whom they might then ( he said ) deal with : 2. To proclaim the Q●een of Sexs succession ; and in the Train he laid to serve Leicester in the Duke of Norfolks ruine . But he was too familiar with that Politicians privacy , to live long : anno 1570 , he died . A man , saith Mr. Cambden , of great experience , passing sharp wit , and singular dili●gence ; an over-curious fancy , and a too nimble activity : like your too fine Silks or Linen , and more for shew than service ; never bl●ssing their Owners but when allayed with something of the heavy and the wary ; nor rising , but when stayed .

Observations on the Life of Edward Earl of Derby .

HIs Greatness supported his Goodness , and his Goodness endeared his Greatness ; his Heighth being looked upon with a double aspect : 1. By himself , as an advantage of Beneficence : 2. By others , as a ground of R●verence . His great birth put him above private respects , but his great Soul never above publick service . Indeed he repaired by ways thrifty , yet Noble , what his Ancestors had impaired by neglect . Good Husbandry may as well stand with great Honour , as Breadth may consist with Heigth . His Travel when young , at once gained experience , and saved expences ; and his marriage was as much to his profit as his honour . And now he sheweth himself in his full Grandeur , when the intireness of his minde , complyed with the largeness of his soul.

1. In a spreading Charity . Other Lords m●de many poor by Oppression ; he and my Lord of Bedford , as Queen Eliabeth would jest , made all the Beggers by his liberality .

2. In a famous Hospitality : wherein , 1. His House was orderly : a Colledge of Discipline , rather than a palace for Entertainment ; his Servants being so many young Gentlemen trained up to govern themselves by observing him ; who knew their master , and understood themselves . 2. His provision Native , ( all the Necessaries of England are bred in it ) rather plentiful than various , solid than dainty● that cost him less , and contented his guests more . His Table constant and even , where all were welcome , and none invited . 3. His Hall was full most commonly , his Gates always ; the one with the honest Gentry and Yeomen , who were his Retainers in love and observance , bringing good stomacks to his Table , and resolved hearts for his service ; the holding up of his hand in the Northern business , being as affectual as the displaying of a Banner : The other with the , 1. Aged , 2. Maimed , 3. Industrious Poor , whose craving was prevented with doles , and expectation with bounty ; the first being provided with meat , the second with money , and the third with employment . In a word , Mr. Cambden observes , That Hospitality lieth buried since 1572 , in this Earls Grave : whence may that Divine Power raise it , that shall raise him ; but before the last Resurr●ction , when there will be plenty to bestow in one part of the world , and no poor to be relieved ; poverty in the other , and no bounty to relieve .

Neither was he munificent upon other mens charge : for once a moneth he looked into his Income● , and once a weak to his Disbursements , that none should wrong him , or be wronged by him . The Earl of Derby , he would say , shall keep his own House : wherefore it 's an Observation of him and the second Duke of Norfolk , That when they were buried , not a Trades-man could demand the payment of a Groat that they owed him , nor a Neighbour the restitution of a peny they had wronged him . They say , The Grass groweth not where the Grand Seigniors Horse treads ; nor doth the People thrive where the Noble-men inhabit● But here every Tenant was a Gentleman , and every Gentleman my Lords Companion : such his Civility cowards the one , and great penny worths to the other . Noblemen in those days esteemed the love of their Neighbours more than their fear , and the service and fealty of their Tenants more than their money . Now the Landlord hath the sweat of the Tenants brow in his Coffers , then he had the best blood in his Veins at his command .

That grand word , On mine Honour , was security enough for a Kingdome , and the onely Asseveration he used . It was his priviledge , that he need not swear for a testimony ; and his renown , that he would not for his honour . Great was this Families esteem with the people , and eminent their favour with their Soveraigns ; as which ever bestowed it self in obliging their Liege-people , improving their interest , and supporting their Throne : for though they were a long time great Kings of Man and Hearts , yet were they as long faithfull subjects to England .

Observations on the Life of Sir William Fi●z-Williams .

A Childe of Fortune from his Cradle , made u● of confidence and reputation : never unwarily shewing his Vertue or Worth to the world with any disadvantage .

When Britain had as little sleepiness and sloath as night , when it was all day , and all activity ; He , as all young Sparks of that Age , trailed a Pike in the Netherlands , ( the Seminary of the English Soldiery , and the School of Europes Discipline ) as a Souldier , and travelled as a Gentleman ; until that place graced him civilly with a Command , which he had honoured eminently with his service . His friends checked him for undertaking an Employment so boysterous ; and he replyed upon them , That it was as necessary as it seemed irregular : for if some were not Souldiers , all must be so . He said , He never durst venture on War with men , till he had made his Peace with God : A good Conscience breeds great Resolutions , and the innocent Soul is impregnable : None more fearful of doing evil , none more resolved to suffer : there being no hardship that he would avoid , no undecency that he would allow . Strict he was to his Commission , and yet observant of his advantage : never tempting a danger , never flying it : careful of his first life and himself , but more of his other and his name . When the methods of Obedience advanced him to the honour of commanding , six things he was Chronicled for .

1. Never making the Aged , the Young , or the Weak , the Objects of his Rage , which could not be so of his Fear . 2. That he never basely killed in cold blood , them that had nobly escaped his Sword in hot . 3. That he never led the Souldiers without p●y , or quartered in the Country without money . 4. That though he was second to none that acted in War , such his Valour ! yet he was the first that spake for Peace , such his sweet Disposition ! 5. That he would never suffer that a Clergy-man should be abused , a Church violated , or the Dead be unburied . 6. That he would never force an Enemy to a necessity : always saying , Let us disarm them of their best Weapons , Despair : nor fight an Enemy before he had skirmished him , nor undertake a designe before he consulted his God , his Council , his Friends , his Map and his History .

His own Abilities commended , and his alliance with Sir Henry Sidney Lord Deputy , whose Sister he married , promoted him to the government of Ireland . Once did the Queen send him thither for his Brothers sake , four times more for his own sake ; a sufficient evidence ( saith my Friend ) of his Ability and Integrity , since Princes never trust twice , where they are once deceived in a Minister of State . He kept up his Mistress●s Interest , and she his Authority ; enjoying the Earl of Essex , so much above him in honour , to truckle under him in Commission when Governour of vlster , and he Lord Deputy of Ireland . Defend me , said Luther to the Duke of Saxony , with your Sword , and I will defend you with my Pen. Maintain my Power , saith the Minister of State to his Soveraign , and I will support your Majesty .

Two things he did for the settlement of that Kingdome : 1. He raised a Composition in Munster . 2. He established the Possessions of the Lords and Tenants in Monahan .

Severe he was always against the Spanish Faction , but very vigilant in — 88 , when the dispersed Armado did look , but durst not land in Ireland , except driven by Tempest , and then finding the shore worse than the Sea . But Leicester dieth , and he fails ; when his Sun was set , it was presently night with him . Yra la soga con el Calderon ; where goeth the Bucket , there goeth the Rope ; where the Principal miscarrieth , all the Dependants fall with him : as our r●nowned Knight , who died where he was born , ( there is a Circulation of all things to their Original ) at Milton in Northamptonshire , 1594.

Observations on the Life of the Earl of Pembroke .

AN excellent man , and one that fashioned his own Fortune : His Disposition got favour , and his Prudence wealth , ( the first to grace the second , and the second to support the first ) under King Henry the eighth , whose Brother-in-law he was by his wife , and Chamberlain by his place . When others were distracted with Factions in King Edwards Reign , he was intent upon his Interest , ( leaning ( as he said ) on both sides the stairs to get up ) for his service , being promoted to the master of the Horses place ; for his relation to the Queen-mother , to the Order of St. George ; and in his own Right , to the Barony of Caerdiffe , and the Earldome of Pembroke .

Under Queen Mary his Popularity was very serviceable when General against Wiat ; his Authority useful , when President of Wales ; and his Vigilancy remarkable , when Governour of Calice ; And under Q●een Elizabeth , for his Fidelity and ancient Honesty he was made great master of the Houshold . But herein he failed , That being more intent upon the future state of the Kingdome under the succession , than his own under the present Soveraign , he was cajoled by Leicester to promote the Queen of Scots match with Norfolk so far , ( neither with an ill will , ( saith the Annalist ) nor a bad intent ) as to lose his own favour with the Queen of England , who discovered those things after his death that made him weary of his life● which was an Instance of my Lord Bacons Rule , That ancient Nobility is more innocent , though not so active as the young one ; this more vertuous , but not so plain as that ; there being rarely any rising but by a commixture of good and evil Arts. He was richer in his Tenants hearts than their Rents : Alas ! what hath not that Nobleman , that hath an universal love from his Tenants ? who were observed to live better with their encouraged industry upon his Copyhold , than others by their secure sloath on their own Free-land . 2. His Chaplains , whose Merits were preferred freely and nobly to his excellent Livings , without any unworthy Gratuities to his Gehazi's or Servants , or any unbecoming Obligations to himself . 3. His Servants , whose youth had its Education in his Family , and Age its maintenance upon his Estate , which was favourably Let out to Tenants , and freely Leased to his Servants ; of whom he had a Train upon any occasion in his Family , and an Army in his Neighbourhood : an Army , I say , in his Neighbourhood ; ; not to enjealous his Prince , but to secure him ; as in Wiats case , when this King of Hearts would be by no means a Knave of Clubs .

Observations on the Life of Sir Walter Mildmay .

Cambden Eliz. 1566 WAlter Mildmay , that upright and most advised man , was born at Chelmsford in Essex , where he was a younger-son to Thomas Mildmay , Esquire . He was bred in Christs-Colledge in Cambridge , where he did not ( as many young Gentlemen ) study onely in Complement , but seriously applyed himself to his Book . Under King Henry the eighth , and King Edward the sixth , he had a gainful Office in the Court of Augmentations : during the Reign of Queen Mary , he practised the Politick Precept , Bene vixit , qui bene latuit . No sooner came Queen Elizabeth to the Crown , but he was called to State-employment ; and it was not long before he was made Chancellour of the exchequer . It is observed , That the exchequer never fareth ill but under a good Prince ; such who out of Conscience will not oppress their People , whilst Tyrants pass not for that they squeeze out of their Subjects . Indeed Queen Elizabeth was very careful not to have her Coffers swelled with the Consumption of her Kingdome , and had conscientious Officers under her ; amongst whom , Sir Walter was a principal one . This Knight , sensible of Gods blessing on his estate , and knowing that , Omne beneficium requirit Officium , cast about to make his return to God . He began with his Benefactions to Christs-Colledge in Cambridge , onely to put his hand into practice : then his Bounty embraced the Generous Resolution , ( which the painful piety of St. Paul propounds to himself , viz. ) Not to build on another mans foundation , but on his own cost he erected a new Colledge in Cambridge by the name of Immanuel . A right godly Gentleman he was ; a good man , and a good Citizen ; though some of his back friends suggested to the Queen that he was a better Patriot than Subject : and he was over-popular in Parliaments , insomuch that his Life set sub nubecula , under a Cloud of a Royal Displeasure : yet was not the Cloud so great , but that the beams of his Innocence meeting those of the Queens Candour , had easily dispelled it , had he survived longer , as appeared by the great grief of the Queen , professed for the loss of so grave a Councellour , who leaving two Sons and three Daughters , died anno Domini 1589.

This Gentleman being employed by vertue of his place to advance the Queens Treasure , did it industriously , faithfully , and conscionably , without wronging the Subject , being very tender of their P●iviledges ; insomuch that he complained in Parliament , That many Subsidies were granted , and no Grievances redressed : which words being represented to his disadvantage to the Queen , made her to disaffect him , setting in a Court-Cloud , but ( as he goeth on ) in the Sun-shine of his Country , and a clear Conscience , ( though a mans Conscience can be said no otherwise clear by his opposition to the Court , than a man is said to have a good heart when it is but a bold one . ) But coming to Court after he had founded his Colledge , the Queen told him , Sir Walter , I hear you have erected a Puritan foundation . No , Madam , said he , far be it from me to countenance any thing contrary to your established Laws : But I have set an A●orn ; which when it comes to be an Oak God alone knows what will be the fruit of it .

Observations on the Life of Sir John Fortescue .

AN upright and a knowing man , a great master of Greek and Latine , and Overseer of the Qu: Studies in both the Languages ; master of the Wardrobe , one whom she trusted with the Ornaments of her soul and body : succeeding Sir Walter Mildmay in his prudence and piety , and in his place of Chancellor and Under-treasurer of the exchequer .

Two men Qu: Eliz would say out-did her expectation ; Fortescue for Integrity , and Walsingham for Subtlety , as Cambden writes , and Officious services . His and Rawleigh's failure was their design of Articling with K. Iames at his first coming , not so much ( say some in their behalf ) for himself , as for his followers , in regard of the known feud between the Nations . However , conditions unworthy of English Subjects to of●er , and below the K. of Great Britain to receive , who is to make no more terms for his Kingdome than for his Birth , The very solemn asking of the Peoples consent , which the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury in all the corners of the stage at a Coronation makes , importing no more than this ; Do you the people of England acknowledge , that this is the Person who is the Heir of the crown ? They being absolutely obliged to submit to the Government upon supposition that they absolutely believe that he is the King .

He thought it not convenient to alter frames of Government , in complyance with the humours of people , which are to be managed by Government , not pleased ; for he said God changed not the order of the Government of the world to comply with mans defects , when he can by his Almighty power draw good out of their evils , and great Glory to himself out of the fall of others , as in nature he doth not fit the frame of things to the ugly nature of Monsters ; but the irregular shape of Monsters to the beauty of things , being of opinion , tha● we should thank our Governour , ( as the AEthiopian flaves do their Emperour when they are slashed ; and we should God when we are corrected ) for thinking of us : and having a care of us universal as that God hath of the world , whom they represent Rulers within their dominions , having much of the Character that God hath in the universe ; viz. That he is a Circle whose center is every where , and Circumference no where .

Observations on the Life of Sir William Drury .

SIr William Drury was born in Suffolk , where his Worshipful Family had long flourished at Haulsted . His name in Saxon soundeth a Pearl , to which he answered in the pretiousness of his disposition , clear and heard , innocent and valiant , and therefore valued deservedly by his Queen and Country . His youth was spent in the French Wars , his middle● Age in Scotland , and his old Age in Ireland . He was Knight-Marshal of Barwick , at what time the French had p●ss●ssed themselves of the Castle of Edenburgh , in the minority of King James . Queen Elizabe●h employed this Sir William with 1500 men to besiege the Castle ; which service he right worthily performed , reducing it within few days to the owner thereof . Anno 1575. he was appointed Lord President of Munster , whither he went with competent Forces , and executed impartial Iustice in despight of the opposers thereof . For as the Signe of Leo immediately precedeth Virgo and Libra in the Zodiack ; so I hope not that Innocency will 〈◊〉 protected , or Iustice administred in a barbarous Country , where power and strength do not first secure a passage unto them . But the Earl of Desmond opposed this good President , forbidding him to enter the County of Kerry , as a Palatinate peculiarly appropriated unto himself . Know by the way , as there were but four Palatinates in England , Chester , Lancaster , Durham and Ely , ( whereof the two former many years since were in effect invested in the Crown ) there were no fewer than eight Palatinates in Ireland , poss●ssed by their respective Dynasts claiming Regal Rights therein , to the great retarding of the absolute Conquest of that Kingdome . Amongst these , ( saith my Author ) Kerry became the Sanctuary of Sin , and Refuge of Rebels , as outlawed from any Iurisdiction . Sir William no whit terrified with the Earls threatning , and declaring that no place should be a priviledge to mischief , entred Kerry with a competent Train , and there dispenced Iustice to all persons , as occasion did require . Thus with seven-score men he safely forced his return through seven hundred of the Earls , who sought to surprize him .

In the last year of his Life he was made Lord Deputy of Ireland ; and no doubt had performed much in his place , if not afflicted with constant sickness , the forerunner of his death , at Waterford , 1598.

He was one of that Military Valour which the Lord Verulam wisheth about a Prince in troublesome times , that held a good esteem with the Populacy , and an exact correspondence with the noble ; whereby he united himself to each side by endearments , and divided them by distrust ; watching the slow motions of the people , that they should not be excited and spirited by the nobility ; and the ambition of the Great Ones , that it should not be befriended with the turbulency , or strengthened with the assistance of the Commonalty . One great Act well followed did his business with the natives , whom he sometimes indulged , ( giving their Discontents liberty to evaporate ) and with the strangers , whom he always awed . In those that were commended to his service , he observed two things : 1. That they were not advanced for their dependence , because they promote a Party : which he noted to be the first ground of Recommenda●ion : 2. Nor for their weakness , because they cannot hinder it ; which he remarked to be the second .

Observations on the Life of Sir Thomas Smith .

SIr Thomas Smith was born at * * Cambd. Eliz. anno 1577. Saffro●-Walden in Essex , and b●ed in Queens Colledge in Cambridge ; where such his proficiency in Learning , that he was chosen out by Henry the eighth to be sent over , and to be brought up beyond the Seas . It was fashionable in that Age that pregnant Students were maintained on the cost of the State , to be Merchants for experience in Forreign Parts ; whence returning home with their gainful Adventurers , they were preferred according to the improvement of their time to Offices in their own Country . Well it were if this good old Custome were resumed : for if where God hath given five talents , men would give but pounds , I mean , encourage hopeful Abilities with hopeful maintenance , able persons would never be wanting , and poor men with great Parts would not be excluded the Line of Prefermen● . This Sir Thomas was first Servant and Favourite to the Duke of Somerset , and afterwards Secretary of State to Q●een Elizabeth , and a grand Benefactor to both Universities .

Anno 1577 , when that excellent Act passed● whereby it was provided , That a third part of the Rent upon Leases made by Colledges , should be reserved in Corn , paying it either in k●nd or in money , after the rate of the best prices in Oxford or Cambridge - markets , the next Market-days before Michaelmas or our Lady-day● For the passing of this Act , Sir Thomas S●ith ●urprized the House ; and whereas many conceived not the difference between the payment of Rents in Corn or money , the knowing Patriot took the advantage of the presen● cheap year , knowing that hereaft●r Grain would grow dearer , Mankinde dayly multiplying , and License being lately given for Transportation ; so that now when the Universities have least Corn , they have most Bread . What his foresight did now for the Universi●y , his reach did the first year of Q. Eliz. for the Kingdome : for the first sitting of her Councel he advised twelve most important things for the publick safety .

1. That the Ports should be shu● . 2. That the Tower of London should be secured good hands . 3. That the Deputy of Ireland's Commi●●●on should be renewed and enlarged . 4. That all Officers should act . 5. That no new Office should be bestowed in a moneth . 6. Th●t Ministers should meddle with no Controversies . 7. That Embassadors should be sent to Forreign Princes . 8. That no Coyn should be transported beyond Sea . 9. That no person of quality should travel for six weeks . 10. That the Trai●-bands should be mustered . 11. That Ireland , the Borders , and the Seas , should be provided for . 12. And that the dissenting Nobility and Clergy should be wa●ched and secured . Adding withal a Paper for the Reading of the Epistle , the Gospel , and the Commandments in the English tongue , to encourag● the Protestants expectation , and allay the Papists fear . In the same Proclamation that he drew up , the Sacrament of the Altar was to be reverenc●d , and yet the Communion to be administred in both kinds , He advised a Disputation with the Papists one day , ( knowing that they could not dispute without leave from the Pope , and so would disparage the●r Cause ; yet they could not say but they might dispute for the Queen , and so satisfie the People ) and is one of the * * The Marquess of Northampton , the Earl of Bedford , John Grey of Pyrgo , Sir William Cecil , Tho. Smith ●ive Councellours to whom the D●signe of the Reformation is opened , and one of the * * The Doctors ●arker , Bill , May , Cox , Grindal , Whi●e-head , Pillington , and Sir Tho. Smith . eight to whom the management of it was intrusted . There you might see him a Leading man among the States-men , here most eminent among Divines ; at once the most knowing and pious man of that Age. As his Industry was taken up with the establishment of our Affairs at home , so his Watchfulness ( upon Sir Edward Carnees deposition of his Embassie ) was intent upon the plot of France and Rome abroad : in the first of which places he made a Secretary his own , and in the second a Cup-bearer . At the Treaty of Cambray my Lord Howard of Effingham , the Lord Chamberlain , and he , brought the King of Spain to the English side in the business of Calice : 1. That France might be weakened : 2. That his Netherlands might be secured : 3. That the Queen his Sweet-heart might be obliged , until he discovered Queen Elizabeths averseness to the marriage : whereupon had it not been for the Viscount Mountacute ( who was not so much a Papist as to forget that he was an ●nglish-man ) and Sir Thomas , the Spaniard had stoln over Catharine Grey , Queen Elizabeths Neece , for a pretence to the Crown , as the French had the Queen of Scots her Cozen. After which , he and Sir William Cecil advised her Majesty to that private Treaty apart , without the Spaniard , which was concluded 1559● as much to the honour of England , now no longer to truckle under Spain , as its interest , no longer in danger from France . Sir Nicholas Throgmorton was the metal in these Treaties , and Sir Thomas Smith the Allay : the ones mildness being to mitigate that animosity which the others harshness had begot ; and the others spirit to recover those advantages which this mans easiness had yielded . Yet he shewed himself as much a man in demanding , as Sir William Cheyney in gaining Calice ; replying smartly upon Chancellour Hospitals Discourse of ancient Right , the late * * A● Cambray . Treaty ; and upon Montmorency's Harangue of Fears , Conscience . Pitying the neglected state of Ireland , he obtained a Colony to be planted under his base Son in the East-Coast of Vlster , called Ardes , at once to civilize and secure that place . So eminent was this Gentleman for his Learning , that he was at once Steward of the Stannaries , Dean of Carlisle , and Provost of Eaton in King Edward's time , and had a Pens●on ( on condition he went not beyond Sea , so considerable he was ) in Queen Mary's .

Well he deserved of the Commonwealth of Learning by his Books ; 1. Of the commonwealth of England , 2. Of the Orthography of the English Tongue , and o● the Pronunciation of Greek ; and 3. an exact Commentary of matters , saith Mr. Cambden , worthy to be published .

Observations on the Lives of Doctor Dale , the Lord North , Sir Thomas Randolph .

I Put these Gentlemen together in my Observations , because I finde them so in their Employments : the one Agent , the other Leiger , and the third extraordinary Embassador in France ; the first was to manage our Intelligence in those dark times , the second to urge our Interest in those troublesome days , and the third to represent our Grandeur . No man understood the French correspondence with the Scots better than Sir Thomas Randolph , who spent his active life between those Kingdomes : none knew better our Concerns in France and Spain than Valentine Dale , who had now seen six Treaties ; in the first three whereof he had been Secretary , and in the last a Commissioner : None fitter to represent our state than my Lord North , who had b●en two years in Walsinghams house , four in L●●cesters ●e●v●ce ; had seen six Courts , twenty Bat●les , nine Treaties , and four solemn Justs ; whereof he was no mean part , as a reserved man , a valiant Souldier , and a Courtly Person . So ●ly wa● Dale , that he had a servant always attending the Q●een-mother of France , the Queen of Scots , and the King of Navarre : so watch●ul Sir Thomas Randolph , that the same day he sent our Agent in Scotland notice of a d●signe to carry over the young King , and depose the Regent , he advised our Queen of a match between the King of Scot's Uncle and the Countess of Shrewsbury's Daughter ; and gave the Earl of Huntington , then President of the North , t●ose secret instructions touching that matter , that ( as my Lord Burleigh would often acknowledge ) secured that Coast. My L. North watched the successes of France , Dr. Dale their Leagues ; and both took care that the P●ince of Orange did not throw himself upon the Protection of France , always a dangerous Neighbour , but with that accession a dreadful one . Sir Iohn Horsey in Holland proposed much , but did nothing : Sir Thomas Randolph in France performed much , and said nothing : yet both with Dr. Dales assistance made France and Spain the scales in the balance of Europe , and England the tongue or holder of the balance , while they held the Spaniard in play in the Netherlands , watched the French Borders , and kept constant Agents with Orange and Don Iohn . Neither was Sir Thomas ●ess in Scotland than in France , where he betakes himself first to resolution in his Protestation , and then to cunning in his Negotiations encouraging M●rton on the one hand , and amusing Lenox on the other : ●eeping fair weather with the young King , and yet practising with Marre and Anguse . Nothing plausible indeed , saith Cambden , was he with the wi●e , though youthful King Iames ; yet very dexterous in Scotish humours , and very prudent in the northern Affairs ; very well seen in those interests , and as successful in those negotiations ; witness the first and advantageous League 1586. Video & rideo , is Gods Motto upon Affronts ; Video & Taceo , was Queen Elizabeths ; Video nec vident , was Sir Thomas Randolphs . These three men treated with the Spaniard near Ostend for peace , while the Spaniard prepared himself on our Coast for Wa● . So much did Sir Iames Crofts his affection for peace exceed his judgement of his Instruction , that he would needs steal over to Brussels to make it , with no less commendation for the prudent Articles he proposed , t●a● censure for the hazard he incurred in the Proposal . So equal and even did old Dale carry himself , that the Duke of Parma saw in his Answers is the English spirit , and therefore ( saith my Author ) durst not try that Valour in a nation , which he was so afraid of in a single person ; That he had no more to say to the old Gentleman , than onel● thi● , These things are in the hand of the Almighty .

None mo●e inward with other men than Sir Francis Walsingham , none more inward with him than Sir Thomas Randolph : well studied he was in Iustinians Code , better in Machiavels Discourses ; both when a ●earned student of Christ-church , and a worthy P●incipal of Broadgates : three therefore was he an Embassadour to the Lords of Scotland in a commotion ; thrice to Queen Mary in times of peace ; seven times to Iames the sixth of Scotland for a good understanding ; and thrice to Basilides Emperour of Russia for Trade : Once to Charles the ninth King of France , to discover his designe upon Scotland ; and once to Henry the third , to open a Conspiracy of his su●j●cts against him : Great services these , but meanly rewarded ; the serviceable , but moderate and modest man , ( though he had as many children at home as he had performed Embassies abroad ) being contented with the Chamberlainship of the Exch●quer , and the Postermasters place ; the first but a name , and the second then but a noise : to which were added some small Farms , wherein he enjoyed the peace and innocence of a quiet and retired Life ; a Life , which upon the reflexions of a tender Conscience , he wished a great while , as appears by his Letters to his dear Walsingham , wherein he writes , How worthy , yea , how necessary a thing it was , that they should at length bid Farewel to the snares , he of a S●cretary , and himself of an Embassadour ; and should both of them set their mindes upon their Heavenly Country ; and by Repenting , ask Mercy of GOD.

O●servations on the Life of Sir Amias Poulet .

SIr Ami●s Poulet , born at Hinton St. George in Summerse●shire , Son to Sir Hugh , and Grandchild to S●r * * Who put Cardinal Wolsey , then but a Schoolmaster in the Stocks . Amias Powlet , was Chancellour of the Garter , Governour of the Isles of Iersey and Gernsey , and Privy-Councellour to Queen Elizabeth . He was so faithful and trusty , that the Queen committed the keeping of Mary Queen of Scots to his custody , which he discharged with great fidelity .

As Caesar would have his Wife , so he his spirit , above the very suspicion of unworthiness ; equally consulting his Fame and his Conscience . When he performed his last Embassie , with no less satisfaction to the King of France , than honour to the Queen of England , ( at once with a good humour and a great state ) he would not accept a Chain ( and all Gifts are Chains ) from that King by any means , until he was a League from Paris : then he took it , because he would oblige that Prince : and not till then , because he would not be obliged by any but his Soveraign , saying , I will wear no chains but my Mistresses . It is the interest of Princes , that their Servants Fortune should be above the temptation ; it is their happiness , that their Spirits are above the respects of a private concern .

Observations on the Lives of Sir James Crofts● John Grey of Pyrgo , Sir Henry Gates .

EMblems of honour derived from Ancestors , are but rotten Rags , where ignoble posterity degenerates from their Progenitors : but they are both glorious and precious where the children both answer and exceed the Vertues of their extraction ; as in these three Gentlemen , whose Ancestors fill both Pages of former Kings Chronicles , as they do the Annals of Queen Elizabeth : Three Gentlemen whom it's pity to part in their Memoires , since they were always together in their Employments . All three were like to die in Q●een Mary's days for the prosession of the Protestan● Religion , all three spending their Lives in Queen Elizabeth's for the propagation of it : 1. Sir Henry Gates lying in Rome as a Spy , under the Notion of Cardinal Florido's Secretary , six years ; Iohn Grey drawing up the whole Proceedings and Methods of the Reformation for ten years ; and Sir Iames Crofts being either the vigilant and active Governour of Berwick , or the prudent and successful Commissioner in Scotland for seven years . When the French threatned us by the way of Scotland , the Earl of Northumberland was sent Northward for his interest , as Warden of the middle March ; Sir Ralph Sadler for his wisdome , as his Assi●tant and Councellour ; and Sir Iames Crofts for his Conduct , as both their Guide and Director-general . An estate in the Purse , credits the Court ; wisdome in the Head , adorneth it ; but both in the Hand , serve it . Nobly did he and Cuthbert Vaughan beat the French that sallied out of Edinburgh into their Trenches , but unhappily stood he an idle Spectator in his quarter the next Scalado , while the E●glish are overthrown , and the Duke writes of his infidelity to the Queen , who discharged him from his place , though not from her favour : for in stead of the more troublesome place , the Government of Berwick , she conferred on him that more honourable , the Controllership of h●r Houshold . Great service did his Valour at Hadington in Scotland against the French , greater his prudence in Vlster against the Spaniards . Al●hough his merit made his honour due to him , and his Blood becoming : though his Cares , Travels and Dangers de●erved pity ; his quiet and meek Nature love : though he rise by wary degrees , and so was unobserved ; and stood not insolently when up , and so was not obnoxious : yet ●nvy reflected as hot upon him as the Sun upon the rising ground , which stands firm though it doth not flourish , as this Gentleman 's resolved honesty did ; overcoming Court-envy with a solid worth ; waxing old at once in years and reverence , and dying ( as the Chronicle wherein he dieth not but with Time , reports it ) in good favour with his Prince , and sound reputation with all men , for three infallible sources of Honour : 1. That he aimed at Merit more than Fame : 2. That he was not a Follower , but an Example in great Actions : and , 3. That he assisted in the three great concerns of Government . 1. in Laws , 2. in Arms , and 3. in Councils . In AEsop there is a slight Fable of a deep moral : it is this : Two Frogs consulted together in the time of Drowth ( when many plashes that they had repaired to were dry ) what was to be done ; and the one propounded to go down into a deep well , because it was like the water would not fail there ; but the other answered , Yea , but if it do fail , how shall we get up again ? Mr. Grey would Nod , and say , Humain affairs are so uncertain , that he seemeth the wisest man , not who hath a spirit to go on , but who hath a wariness to come off : and that seems the best course , that hath most passages out of it . Sir Iames Crofts on the other hand hated that irresolution that would do nothing , because it may be at liberty to do any thing . Indeed saith one , Necessity hath many times an advantage , because it awaketh the powers of the minde and strengtheneth Endeavour . Sir Iames Crofts was an equal Composition of both ; as one that had one fixed eye on his Action , and another indifferent one on his retreat .

Observations on the Life of William Lord Grey of Wilton .

THat great Souldier and good Christian , in whom Religion was not a softness , ( as Machiavil discoursed ) but a resolution . Hannibal was sworn an Enemy to Rome at nine years of Age , and my Lord bred one to France at fourteen . Scipio's first service was the rescue of his Father in Italy , and my Lord Grey's was the safety of his Father in Germany . He had Fabius his slow way , and long reach , with Herennius his fine polices , and neat Ambuscadoes ; having his two Companions always by him , his Map and his Guide : the first whereof discovered to him his more obvious advantages , and the second his more close dangers . His great Conduct won h●m much esteem with those that heard of him , and his greater presence more with those that ●aw him . O●servable his Civility to Strangers , eminent his Bounty to his Followers ; obliging his Carriage in the Countries he marched through , and expe●t his Skill in Wars , whose end he said was Victory , and the end of Victory Nobleness , made up of pity and munificence . It lost him his estate to redeem himself in France , and his life to bear up hi● R●putation in Berwick . H●ving lived to all the great purposes of life but Self-interest : he died 1563 , that fatal year ; no less to the publick sor●ow of England which he secured , than the common joy of Scotland , which he awed . Then it was said , That the same day died the greatest Scholar , and the greatest Souldier of the Nobility ; the right honourable Henry Mannors E●rl of Rutland in his Gown , and the honourable Lord Grey in his Armour ; both , as the Q●een said of them , Worthies that had deserved well of the Commonwealth by their Wisdome , Councel , Integrity and Courage .

Two things my Lord always avoided : the first , To give many Reasons for one thing ; the heaping of Arguments arguing a neediness in every of the Arguments by its sel● ; as if one did not trust any ●f them , bu● fled from one to a●o●her , helping himself still wi●h the last . The second , To bre●k a n●go●iation to too many distinct particul●rs , or to couch it in too compact generals : by the first whereof we give the parties we d●al with an opportunity to look down to the bottom of our business ; and by the second , to look round to the compass of it . Happy are those Souls that command themselves so far , that they are equally free to full and half discoveries of themselves , always ready and pliable to the present occasion . Not much regarded was this gallant spirit when alive , but much m●ssed when dead ; we understand what we want , better than what we enjoy ; and the beauty of worthy things is not in the face , but the back-side , endearing more by their departure than their address .

Observations on the Life of Edmund Plowden .

EDmund Plowden was born at Plowden in Shropshire ; one who ●xcellently dese●ved of our Municipal Law in h●s learned Writings thereon . A plodding and a studious man ; and no wonder if knowing and able : Beams in reflexion are hottest , and the Soul becomes wise by looking into its self . But see the man in his Epitaph ●

Conditur in hoc Tumulo corpus Edmundi Plowden Armigeri . Claris ortus Parentibus , apud Plowden in Comitatu Salop , natus est ; à pueritia in literarum Studio liberaliter ●st educatus , in Provectiore vero aetate Legibus , & Iurisprudentiae operam dedit . Senex jam factus , & annum aetatis suae agens 67. Mundo Valedicens , in Christo Iesu Sancte obdormivit , die Sexto Mensis Februar . Anno Domini 1585.

I have the rather inserted this Epitaph inscribed on his Monument on the North-side of the East-end of the Quire of semple-Church in London , because it ●ath ●●cape● ( but by what c●sualty I cannot conjecture ) Maste● Stow in his Survey of London . We must adde a few words out of the Character Mr. Cambden gives of him :

Vitae integritate inter homines suae professionis nulli secundum . As he was singularly well learned in the Common laws of England , whereof he deserved well by wri●ing ; so for integrity of life he was second to none o● his profession . And how excellent a m●dley is made , when Honesty and Ability meet in a man of his profession ! Nor must we forget how he was T●easurer for the honourable Society of the middle-Temple , Anno 1572 , when their magnific●nt Hall was builded ; he being a great advancer thereof . Finding the Coyn embased by Henry the eighth , so many ways prejudicial to this State , as that which first dishonoured us abroad ; secondly , gave way to the frauds of Coyners at home , who exchanged the best Commodities of the land for base moneys , and exported the current moneys into Forreign parts ; and thirdly , enhansed the prizes of all things vendible , to the great loss of all Stipendiaries : He offered , 1● That no man should melt any Metal , or export it : 2. That the Brass money should be reduced to its just value : 3. That it should be bought for good ; by which silent and just methods , that defect of our Government for many years was remedied in few moneths , without any noise , or ( what is proper to alterations of this nature ) discontent .

The middle Region of the Air is coolest , as most distant from the direct beams that warm the highest , and the reflexed that heat the lowest : the mean man , that is as much below the favour of the Court , as above the business of the Country , was in our Judges opinion the most happy and composed man ; this being the utmost of a knowing mans wish in England , That he were as much out of the reach of contempt , as to be above a Constable ; and as much out of the compass of trouble , as to be below a Justice . A Mean is the ut●ost that can be prescribed either of Vertue or Bliss , as in ou● Actions , so in our State .

Great was the Capacity , and good the Inclination of this man● large the Furniture , and happy the Culture of his Soul ; grave his meen , and stately his Behaviour ; well-regulated his Affections , and allayed his passions ; well-principled his Mind , and well-set his Spirit ; sol●d his Observation , working and practical his Judgement : and as that Roman Heroe was more eminent whose image was missing , than all the rest whose Portraictures were set up ; so this accomplished Gentleman is more observable because he was not a States-man , than some of those that were so . There is a glory in the obscurity of worthy men , who as that Sun ( which they equal as well in common influence as lustre ) are most looked on when eclipsed .

Observations on the Life of Sir Roge● Manwood .

SIr Roger Manwood born at Sandwich in Kent , a●tained to such eminency in the Common Law , that he was prefe●red second Justice of the Common Pleas by Q●een Elizabeth ; which place he discha●ged with so much Ability and Integrity , that not long after he was made chief Baron of the Exchequer ; which Office he most wisely managed , to his great commendation , full fourteen years , to the ●ay of his death .

Much was he employed in matters of State , and was one of the Commissione●s who sate on the tryal of the Qu●en of Scots . He wrote a Book on the Forest-Laws , which is highly prized by men of his pro●ession . In vaca●ion-time he constantly inhabited at St. Stephens in Canterbury , and was bounteously liberal to the poor Inhabitants thereof : and so charitable was he , that he erected and endowed a fair Fre●-school at Sandwich , dying in the 35 of Queen Elizabeth , anno Dom. 1593.

Cloaths for necessity , warm Cloaths for health , cleanly for decency , lasting for st●e●gth , was his Maxime and P●actice , who kept a State in decent plainness ; insomuch that Que●n Elizabeth called him her Good-man-Judge . In Davison's Case , Mildmay cleared the man of malice , but taxed him with unskilfulness and rashness : Lumley said he was an ingenious and an honest man , but presumptuous . I will ever esteem him an honest and good man , said Grey . The Archbishop of Canterbury approved the fact , commended the man , but disallowed of the manner and form of his proceedings . Manwood made a narrative of the Queen of Scots proceedings , confirmed the sentence against her , extolled the Queens clemency , pitied Davison and fined him 10000 l.

A man he was of a pale constitution , but a clear , even , and smooth temper ; of a pretty solid consistence , equally sanguine and flegmatique : of a quiet soul , and serene affections : of a discreet sweetness , and moderate manners ; slow in passion , and quick enough in apprehension ; wary in new points , and very fixed and judicious in the old . A plausible , insinuating , and fortunate man ; the Idea of a wise man ; having ) what that elegant Educator wisheth ) that great habit which is nothing else but a promptness and plentifulness in the store-house of the mind , of clear imaginations well-fixed : which was promised in his erect and forward stature , his large breast , his round and capacious forehead , his curious and ob●erving eye , ( the clear and smart argument of his clearer and quicker soul , which owed a liveliness equally far from volatileness and stupidity ) his steady attention and his solid memory , together with what is most considerable , a grand Inclination to imitate and excel . What Plutarch saith of Timoleon with reference to Epaminond , that we may say of th●s gentleman , That his Life and Actions are like Homer's Verses , smooth and flowing , equal and happy : especially in the two grand Embelish●ents of our Nature , Friendship and Charity . 1. Friendship , that sacred thing whereof he was a passionate Lover , and an exact Observer , promoting it among all men he conserved with . Surely there is not that Content on Earth like the Union of minds and Interests , whereby we enjoy our selves by reflexion in our Friend ; it being the most dreadful Solitude and Wildness of Nature , to be friendless . But his Friendship was a contracted beam to that S●n of Charity , that blessed all about him . His Salary was not more fixed than his Charity ; He and the poor had one Revenue , one Quarter-day : Instead of hiding his face from the poor , it was his practice to seek for them ; laying out by Trustees for Pensioners , either hopeful or indigent , whereof he had a Catalogue that made the b●st Comment upon that Text , The liberal man deviseth liberal things . This is the best Conveyance that ever Lawyer made , To have and to hold to him and his Heirs for ever .

Observations on the Life of Sir Christopher Wray .

SIr Christopher Wray was born in the spacious Parish of Bedal , the main motive which made his Daughter Francis , Countess of Warwick , scatter her Benefactions the thicker in that place . He was bred in the study of our Municipal Law ; and such his proficiency therein , that in the sixteenth of Queen Elizabeth , in Michaelmas . Term● he was made Lord Chief Justice of the Kings Bench. He was not like that Iudge , who feared neither God nor man , but onely one Widow , ( left her importunity should weary him ; ) but heartily feared God in his religious Conversation . Each man he respected with his due distance off of the B●nch , and no man on it to byass his Judgement . He was pro tempore , Lord Priw Seal , and sat Chief in the Court when Secretary Davison was sentenced in the Star-Chamber . Sir Christopher collecting the censures of all the Commissioners , concurred to Fine him : but with this comfortable conclusion , That , as it was in the Queens Power to have him punished so● Her Highness might be prevailed with for mitigating or r●mitting of the Fine : and this our J●dge may be presumed no ill Instrument in the procuring thereof .

He bountifully reflected on Magdalen-Colledg● in Cambridge ; which I●fant-foundation had otherwise been starved at Nurse for want of maintenance . We know who saith , The righteous man leaveth an inheritance to his childrens children , and the well-thriving of his third Generation may be an evidence of his well-gotten Goods . This worthy Judge died May the eighth , in the thirty fourth of Q●een Elizabeth . When Judge Mounson and Mr. Dalton urged in Stubs his Case , ( that Writ against Queen Elizabeth's marriage with the D●ke of Anjon ) That the Act of Philip and Mary against the Authors and sowers of seditious Writings was mistimed , and that it died with Q●een Mary ; my Lord Chief Justice Wray , upon whom the Queen relied in that case , shewed there was no mistaking in the noting of the time ; and proved by the words of th● Act , that the Act was made against those which should violate the King by seditious writing● and that the King of England never dieth : yea , that that Act was renewed anno primo Eliz. during the life of her and the heirs of her body .

Five Particulars I have heard old men say he was choice in : 1. His Friend , which was always wise and equal ; 2. His Wife ; 3. His Book ; 4. His Secret ; 5. His Expression and Garb. By four things he would say an Estate was kept : 1. By understanding it : 2. By spending not until it comes ; 3. By keeping old servants ; 4. By a Quarterly Audit . The properties of Infancy , is Innocence ; o● Childhood , Reverence ; of Manhood , Maturity ; and of Old Age , Wisdome : Wisdome ! that in this grave person acted all its brave parts ; i. e. was mindful of what is p●st , observant of things pr●sent , and provident for things to come . No better instance whereof need be alledged than his pathetick Discour●es in the behalf of those two great Stays of this Kingdome , Husbandry and Merchandize : for he had a clear discerning Judgement , and that not onely in points o● Law , which yet his Arguments and Decisions in that profession manifest without dispute ; but in matters of Policy and Government , wherein his Guess was usually as near Prophecy as any mans : as also in the little mysteries of private manage , by which upon occasion he hath unravel●ed the studied cheats and intrigues of the Closet-men : to which when you adde his happy faculty of communicating himself , by a free and graceful elocution , to charm and command his Audience , assisted by the attractive dignity of his presence , you will not admire that he managed his Justiceship with so much satisfaction to the Court , and that he left it with so much applause from the Country : for these two Peculiarities he had . That none was more tender to the Poor , or more civil in p●ivate ; and ye● none more stern to the Rich , I mean Justices of Peace , Officers , &c. or more s●vere in publick . He desighted indeed to be loved ; not reverenced : yet knew he very well how to assert the Dignity of his place and function from the Approaches of Contempt .

Observations on the Life of the Earl of Worcester .

THe Lord of Worcester , ( as no mean Favourite ) was of the ancient and noble blood of the Beauforts , and of the Queens Grandfathers line by the Mother ; which she could never forget , especially where there was a concurrency of old Blood with Fidelity , a mixture which ever sorted with the Queens Nature . He was first made Master of the horse , and then admitted of her Council of State . In his Youth ( part whereof he spent before he came to reside at Court ) he was a very fine Gentleman , and the best Horse-man and Tilter of the Times , which were then the manlike and noble recreations of the Court : and when years had abated these exercises of honour , he grew then to be a faithful and profound Counsellour . He was the last Liver of all the Servants of her favour , and had the honour to see his renowned Mistress , and all of them laid in the places of their rest ; and for himself , after a life of a very noble and remarkable reputation , he died in a peaceable Old Age , full of Riches and Honour . His Fathers temperance reached to 97● ye●r● of Age , because he never eat but one Meal a day ; and his sparingness attained to 84 , because he never eat but of one dish . He came to the Queens favour , because as her Father so she loved a man ; he kept in , because as her Father too so she loved an able man . His manlike Recreations commended him to the Ladies , his prudent Atchievements to the Lords . He was made master of the horse because active , and privy Councellour because wise : His mistress excused his Faith , which was popis● ; but honoured his Faithfulness , which was Roman ; it being her usual speech , that my Lord of Worcester had reconciled what she thought inconsistent , a stiff Papist to a good subject . His Religion was not pompous , but solid● not the shew of his life , but the comfort of his soul. A great master he was of others affections , and greater of his own passions : many things displeased , nothing angered my Lord of Worcester , whose maxime was , That he would not be disordered within himself , onely because things were out of order without him : He had this maxime whence he had his Nature , from his prudent Father Sir Charles Somerset , the first Earl of Worcester of that name , whose temper was so pliable , and nature so peaceable , that being a●ked ( as it is usually reported of him ) How he passed so troublesome a Reign as King Henry's , so uncertain as King Edward's , so fierce as Queen Mary's , and so unexpected as Queen Elizabeth's , with so quiet , so fixed , so smooth , so resolved and ready a mind and frame ? answered , It was because he understood the Interest of the Kingdome , while others observed its Humours . His first publick service was to represent the Grandeur of his mistress at this Christening of the Daulphine of France , and his last the like at the marr●age of the King of Scots , whom he honoured with the Garter from his Mistress , and advised to beware of Papists from the Council .

The frame of this noble mans body , ( as it is delineated by Sir W. P. ) seems suited to the noble use it was designed for , The entertaining of a mos● pure and active soul ; but eq●ally to the advantage of strength and comeliness , befriended with all proportionate Dimensions , and a most grave , yet obliging Carriage . There was a clear sprightfulness in his Complexion , but a s●d reservedness in his nature ; both making up that blessed composi●ion of a wise and winning man , of as great hardship of body , as nobleness of spirit . Of a quick sight , and an accurate Ear ; a steady observation , and ready expression : with the Torrent whereof he at once pleased King Iames , and amazed King Henry , being the most natural Orator in the world . Among all which Endowments , I had almost forgot his memory , that was very faithful to him in things and business , though not punctilio's and formalities : Great parts he had , the range and compass whereof filled the whole circle of generous Learning in that person , as it hath done in the following Heroes of that Family to this day .

Observations on the Life of Sir Henry Killigrew .

TRavellours report , That the place wherein the body of Absalom was buried is still extant at Ierusalem , and that it is a solemn custome of Pilgrims passing by it to cast a stone on the place : but a well-disposed man can hardly go by the memory of this worthy person without doing grateful homage thereunto , in bestowing upon him one or two of our Observations . It 's a question sometimes whether Diamond gives more lustre to the Ring it 's set in , or the Ring to the Diamond : This Gentleman received honour from his Family , and gave renown to it . Writing is the character of the speech , as that is of the mind . From Tully ( whose Orations he could repeat to his dying day ) he gained an even and apt stile , flowing at one and the self-same heighth . Tully's Offices , a Book which Boys read , and men understand , was so esteemed of my Lord Burleigh , that to his dying day he always carried it about him , either in his bosome or his pocket , as a compleat peice that , like Aristotle's Rhetorick , would make both a Scholar and an Honest man . Cicero's magnificent Orations against Anthony , Catiline and Verres ; Caesar's great Commentaries that he wrote with the same spirit that he fought ; flowing Livy ; grave , judicious and stately Tacitus ; elquent , but faithful Curtius ; brief and rich Salust , prudent and brave Xenophon , whose person was Themistocles his Companion , as his Book was Scipio Affricanus his Pattern in all his Wars ; ancient and sweet Herodotus ; sententious and observing Thucidides ; various and useful Polybius ; Siculus , Halicarn●sseus , Trogus , Orosius , Iustine , made up our young mans Retinue in all his Travels , where ( as Diodorus the Sicilian writes ) he sate on the stage of Humane Life , observing the great circumstances of places , persons , times , manners , occasions , &c. and was made wise by their example who have trod the path of errour and danger before him . To which he added that grave , weighty , and sweet Plutarch , whose Books ( said Gaza ) would furnish the world , were all others lost . Neither was he amazed in the Labyrinth of History , but guided by the Clue of Cosmography , hanging his Study with Maps , and his mind with exact Notices of each place . He made in one View a Judgement of the Situation , Int●rest , and Commodities ( for want whereof many States-men and Souldiers have * * As Cyrus a● Thermopylae , Crastus in Parihia : therefore Alexander had exact Maps always aboue him to observe Passages , Streights , Rocks , Plains , Rivers , &c. failed ) of Nations : but to understand the nature of places , is but a poor knowledge , unless we know how to improve them by Art ; therefore under the Figures of Triangles , Squares , Circles and Magnitudes : with their terms and bounds , he could contrive most tools and instruments , most Engines , and judge of Fortifications , Architecture , Ships , Wind and Water-works , and whatever might make this lower frame of things useful and serviceable to mankinde : which severer Studies he relieved with noble and free Poetry-aid , once the pleasure and advancement of the Soul , made by those higher motions of the minde more active and more la●ge . To which I adde her Sister musick , wherewith he revived his tired spirits , lengthened ( as he said ) his sickly days , opened his oppressed breast , eased his melancholy though● : graced his happy pronunciation , ordered and refined his irregular and gross inclination , fixed and quickned his floating and dead notions ; and by a secret , sweet and heavenly Vertue , raised his spirit , as he confessed , sometime to a little less than Angelical Exaltation . Curious he was to please his ear , and as exact to please his eye ; there being no Statues , Inscriptions or Coyns that the Vert●osi of Italy could shew , the Antiquaries of France could boast off , or the great Hoarder of Rarities the great Duke of Tuscany , ( whose antick Coyns are worth 100000 l. ) could pretend to , that he had not the view of . No man could draw any place or work better , none fancy and paint a Portraicture more lively ; being a Durer for proportion , a Goltzius for a bold touch , variety of posture , a curious and true shadow , an Angelo for his happy fancy , and an Holben for Oyl works .

Neither was it a bare Ornament of Discourse , or naked Diversion of leisure time ; but a most weighty piece of knowledge that he could blazon most noble and ancient Coats , and thereby discern the relation , interest , and correspondence of great Families , and thereby the meaning and bottom of all transactions , and the most successful way of dealing with any one Family . His Exercises were such as his Employments were like to be , gentle and manlike , whereof the two most eminent were Riding and Shooting , that at once wholesomely stirred , and nobly knitted and strengthened his body . Two Eyes he sai● he travelled with ; the one of wariness upon himself , the other of observation upon others . This compleat Gentleman was Guardian to the young Brandon in his younger years● Agent for Sir Iohn Mason in King Edward the sixth's time , and the first Embassador for the State in Queen Elizabeths time . My Lord Cobham is to amuse the Spaniard , my Lord Effingham to undermine the French , and Sir Henry Killigrew is privately sent to engage ●he German Princes against Austria in point of Interest , and for her Majesty in point of Religion : he had a humour that bewitched the Elector of Bavaria , a Carriage that awed him of Mentz , a Reputation that obliged them of Colen and Hydelbergh , and that reach and fluency in Discourse that won them all . He assisted the Lords Hunsdon and Howard at the Treaty with France in London , and my Lord of Essex in the War for France in Britain . Neither was he less observable for his own Conduct than for that of others , whose severe thoughts , words and carriage so awed his inferiour faculties , as to restrain him through all the heats of youth , made more than usually importunate by the full vigour of a high and sanguine Constitution ; insomuch that they say he looked upon all the approaches to that sin , then so familiar to his calling as a Souldier , his quality as a Gentleman , and his Station as a Courtier , not onely with an utter disallowance in his judgement , but with a natural abhorrency and antipathy in his very lower inclinations . To which happiness it conduced not a little , that though he had a good , yet he had a restrained appetite ( a Knife upon his Throat as well as upon his Trencher ) that indulged it self neither frequent nor delicate entertainment ; its meals , though but once a day , being its pressures ; and it s fast , its only sensualitie● : to which temperance in diet , adde but that in sleep , together with his disposal of himself throughout his life to industry and diligence● you will say he was a spotless man , whose life taught us this Lesson , ( which if observed , would accomplish mankinde ; and which King Charles the fi●st would inculcate to noble Travellers , and Dr. Hammond to all men ) To be furnished always with something to do : A Lesson they proposed as the best expedient for Innocence and pleasure ; the foresaid blessed man assuring his happy hea●ers , That no burthen is more heavy , or temptation more dangerous , than to have time lie on ones hand : the idle man being not onely ( as he worded it ) the Devils shop , but his kingdome too , a model of , and an appendage unto Hell , a place given up to torment and to mischief .

Observations on the Life of Arthur Gray Baron of Wilton .

ARthur Gray Baron of Wilton is justly r●ckoned amongst the Natives of Buckinghamshire , whos● Father had his habitation ( not at Wilton a decayed Castle in Hertfordshire , whence he took his Title , but ) at Waddon , a fair house of his Family not far from Buckingham .

He succeeded to a small estate , much diminished on this sad occasion . His Father William Lord Gray being taken Prisoner in France , after long ineffectual solliciting to be ( because captivated in the publick service ) redeemed on the publick charge , at last was forced to ransome himself with the sale of the best part of his Patrimony . Our Arthur endeavoured to advance his estate by his Valour , being entred into Feats of War under his martial Father at the siege of Leith 1560 , where he was shot in the shoulder , which inspirited him with a constant antipathy against the Scots . He was afterwards sent over Lord Deputy into Ireland , anno 1580 ; where before he had received the Sword , or any emblems of command , ut acrioribus initiis terrorem incuteret , to fright his foes with fierce beginnings , he unfortunately fought the Rebels at Grandilough , to the great loss of English Blood . This made many commend his Courage above his Conduct , till he recovered his credit , and finally suppressed the Rebellion of Desmond . Returning into England , the Q●een chiefly relied on his counsel for ordering our Land-forces against the Spaniards in 88 , and fortifying places of advantage . The mention of that year ( critical in Churc●-differences about discipline at hom● , as well as with forreign force abroad ) mindeth me that this Lord was but a back-friend to Bishops ; and in all divisions of Votes in Pa●liament or Council-table , sided with the Anti-prelatical party . When S●creta●y Davison , that State-pageant , ( raised up on purpose to be put down ) was censured in the Star-chamber about the business of the Queen of Scots , this Lord Gray onely defended him , as doing nothing therein but what became an able and honest Minister of State . An Ear-witness saith , Haec fusè oratorie & animose Greium disserentem audivimus . So that besides bluntness , ( the common and becoming Eloquence of Souldiers ) he had a real Rhetorick , and could very emphatically express himself . Indeed this Warlike Lord would not wear two heads under one Helmet , and may be said always to have born his Beaver open , not dissembling in the least degree , but owning his own Judgement at all times what he was . He deceased anno Domini 1593.

Three things he was observed eminent for : 1. D●spatch ; San Ioseph having not been a week in Ireland , before he had environed him by Sea and Land . 2. For his resolution , that he would not parley with him till he was brought to his mercy , hanging out a white flag with Misericordia , Misericordia . 3. For his prudence : 1. T●at he saved the Commanders , to oblige the Spaniard : 2. That he plundered the Country , to enrich his Souldiers : 3. That he decimated the Souldiery , to terrifie Invaders ; and hanged all the Irish , to amaze the Traytors .

Henry Fitz-ala● Earl of Arundel when Steward at King Edward's Coronation , or Constable at Queen Mary's , was the first that rid in a Coach in England ; my Lord Gray was the first that brought a Coach hither : one of a working Brain , and a great Mechanist himself , and no less a Patron to the Ingenious that were so . That there was an emulation between him and Sussex , was no wonder ; but that the instance wherein he thought to disgrace him , should be his severity to the English Traytor , and the Forreign Invadors , would seem strange to any but those that con●ider , 1. That Princes of late would seem as they look on the end , and not the means ; so they hug a cruelty , and frown on the Instrument of it ; who while he honestly sacrificeth some irr●gular particulars to the interest of Soveraignty , may be made himself a sacrifice to the passion of populacy . And , ●● which is the case here , that a●piring Princes may employ severer Natures , but setled ones use the more moderate . Love keeps up the Empire which Power hath set up .

Observations on the Life of Thomas Lord Burge .

THomas Lord Burge or Borough was born in his Fathers noble house at Gainsborough in the County of Lincoln . He was sent Embassadour into Scotland in 1593 , to excuse Bothwel his lurking in England , to advise the speedy suppression of the Spanish Faction , to advance the Pr●testants in that Kingdome for their Kings defence , and to instruct that King about his Council ; which was done accordingly .

He was made Lord-Deputy of Ireland anno 1597 , in the room of Sir William Russel . Mr Cambden saith thus of him : Vir acer & animi plenus , sed nullis ferè Castrorum rudimentis .

As soon as the Truce with Tyrone was expired , he st●aightly be●ieged the Fort of Black-water , ( the onely receptacle of the Rebels in those parts , besides their Woods and Bogs . ) Having taken this Fort by force , presently followed a bloody Battle , wherein the English lost many wo●thy men . He was struck with untimely death before he had continued a whole year in his place ; it being wittily observed of the short Lives of many worthy men , Nethersol . F●n . Orat. Prince Hen. p 15 , 16 , 17. Fatuos ● morte defendit ipsa ins●lsitas , si cui plu● caeteris aliquantulum salis insit ( quod miremini ) statim putrescit . Things rare destroy themselves ; t●ose two things being incompa●ible in our nature , Perfection and Lasli●●ness .

His Educa●ion was not to any particular Profession , yet his parts able to manage all . A large soul and a great spirit apart from all advantages , can do wonders . His Master-piece was Embassi , where his brave Estate set him above respect● and compliance , and his comely person above contempt . His Geography and history led to the Interest of other princes , and his Experience to that of his own . His skill in most Languages helped him to understand others ; and his resolu●ion to use onely his own , to be reserved himself . In two things he was very scrupulous : 1. In his Commission , 2. In his servants , whom he always ( he said ) found honest enough , but seldome quick and reserved . And in two things very careful : viz. 1. The time and humour of his Addresses ; 2. The Interest , Inclinations and Dependencies of Favourites . A grave and steady man , observing every thing , but affected with nothing ; keeping as great distance between his looks and his heart , as between his words and his thoughts . Very exact for his priviledges , very cold and indifferent in his motions , which were always guided by the emergencies in that Country , and by his intelligence from home . Good he was in pursuing his limited instruction , excellent where he was free ; and his business was not his obedience onely , but his discretion too : that never failed but in his last enterprize , which he undertook without any apparent advantage , and attempted without intelligence : An Enterprize well worthy his invincible Courage , but not his accustomed prudence ; which should never expose the person of a General to the danger of a common Souldier .

Observations on the Life of William Lord Pawlet .

WIlliam Pawlet ( where-ever born ) had his la●gest estate and highest Honour ( Baron of Basing , and Marquess of Winch●ster ) in Hantshire ● He was descended from a younger house of the Pawlets in Hinton St. George in Somersetshire , as by the Crescent in his Arms is acknowledged . * * Sir Rob. Naunton in his Fragmenta Regalia . One telleth us , That he being a younger Brother , and having wasted all that was left him , came to court on trust ; where , upon the stock of his Wit , he trafficked so wisely , and prospered so well , that he got , spent , and left , more than any subject since the Conquest . Indeed he lived at the time of the dissolution of Abbeys , which was the Harvest of Estates ; and it argued idlene●s if any Courtier had his Barns empty . He was servant to King Henry the seventh ; and for thirty years together Treasu●er to King Henry the eight● . Edward the sixth , Queen Mary , and Queen Elizabeth : the latter in some sort owed their Crowns to his Counsel , his policy being the principal Defeater of D●ke Dudley's Designe to dis-inherit them . I behold this Lord Pawlet like to aged Adoram , so often mentioned in Scriptures , being over the Tribute in the days of King a a 2 Sam. 2● 24. David , all the Reign of King b b 1 King 4. 6. Solomon , until the first c c King . 12 year of Rehoboam . And though our Lord Pawlet enjoyed his place not so many years , yet did he serve more Soveraigns , in more mutable times , being ( as he said of himself ) No Oak , but an Osier . Herein the parallel holds not : the hoary hairs of Adoram were sent to the Grave by a violent d d Ibidem . death , slain by the people in a Tumult ; this Lord had the rare happiness of 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , setting in his full splendour , having lived 97 years , and seen 103 out of his body . He died anno Domini 1572. Thus far Mr. Fuller .

This Gentleman had two Rules as useful for mankind , as they seem opposite to one another .

1. That in our Considerations and Debates , we should not dwell in deceitful . Generals , but look into clear Particulars . 2. That in our Resolutions and Conclusions , we should not rest on various Particulars , but rise to uniform Generals .

A Man he was that reverenced himself ; that could be vertuous when alone , and good when onely his own Theatre , his own applause , though excellent , before the world ; his vertue improving by fame and glory , as an heat which is doubled by re●lexion .

Observations on the Life of Sir James Dier .

JAmes Dier Knight , younger Son to Richard Dier Esquire , was born at Round-hill in Somersetshire , as may appear to any by the Heralds Visitation thereof . He was bred in the study of our Municipal Law , and wa● made Lord Chief Iustice of the Common Pleas , primo Eliz. continuing therein twenty four years . When Thomas Duke of Norfolk was , anno 1572 , arraigned for Treason , this Iudge was present thereat , on the same to●en , that when the Duke desired Council to be assigned him , pleading that it was granted to Humphrey Stafford in the Reign of King Henry the seventh , our Iudge returned unto him , That Stafford had it allowed him only as to point of Law , then in dispute , viz. Whether he was legally taken out of the Sanctuary ? but as for matter of Fact , neither he , nor any ever had or could have Councel allowed him .

But let his own wo●ks praise him in the Gates● ( known for the place of publick Iustice amongst the Iews ) let his learned Writings , called , The Commentaries or Reports , evidence his Abilities in his Profession . He died in 2● . Eliz. ( thoug● married ) without any issue ; and there is a House of a Baronet of his Name ( descended from an elder Son of Richard , Father to our Iudge ) at great Stoughton in Huntingtonshire , well improved I believe with the addition of the Judges E●t●te●

There is a Manuscript of this worthy Judge● wherein are six and forty Rules for the pre●ervation of the Commonwealth , as worthy our Observation as they were his Collection .

1. That the true Religion be established . 2. To keep the parts of the Commonwealth equal . 3. That the middle sort of people exceed both the extreams . 4. That the Nobility be called to serve , or at least to appear at the Court by themselves , or by the hopes of their Families their Children . 5. That the Court pay well . 6. That Trade be free ; and Manufactures , with all other Ingenuities , encouraged . 7. That there be no co-equal Powers , nor any other vsurpations against the Foundation . 8. That their be notice taken of wise and well-affected Persons to employ them . 9. That Corruption be restrained . 10. That the Prince shew himself absolute in his Authority first , and then indulgent in his Nature . 11. That the first ferment of sedition , w●nt , &c. be considered . 12. That Preferments be bestowed on merit , and not faction . 13. That troublesome persons be employed abroad● 14. That Emulations be over r●led . 15. That the ancient and most easie way of Contributions when necessary , be followed . 16. That the Youth be discipled . 17. That Discourses and Writings of Government , and its mysteries , be restrained . 18. That the Active and busie be taken to Employment . 19. That the King shew himself often in Majesty , tempered with familiarity , easie access , tenderness , &c. 20. That the Prince perform some expected act●ons at Court himself . 21. That no one man be grat●fied with the grievance of many . 22. That Acts of Grace pass in the chief Magi●trates Name , and Act● of Severity in the Ministers . 23. That the Prince borrow when he hath no need . 24. That he be so well furnished with Warlike Provisions , Citadels , Ships , as to be renowned for it . 25. That the Neighbour-States be balanced . 26. That the Prince maintain very knowing Agents , Spies and Intelligencers . 27. That none be suffered to raise a Quarrel between the Prerogative and the Law . 28. That the People be awaked by Musters . 29. That in c●ses of Fa●tion , Colonies and Plantations be found out to receive ill humours . 30. That the Seas , the Sea-coast , and Borders be secured . 31. That the Prince be either resident himself , or by a good natured and popular Favourite . 32. To act things by degrees , and check all the hasty , importunate , rash and turbulent , though well-affected . 33. That the Inhabitants have honour promiscuously , but that Power be kept in the Well-affected's hands . 34. That there be as far as can be plain dealing , and the people never think they are deceived . 35. That there be a strict eye kept upon Learning , Arms , and Mechanical Arts. 36. That there be frequent Wars . 37. To observe the Divisions among Favourites . though not to encourage them . 38. That an account be given of the Publick Expences . 39. That Inventions be encouraged . 40. That the Country be kept in its due dependanc● on the Crown against the times of War , Elections , &c. and to that purpose that the Courtiers keep good houses , &c. 41. That no disobliging person be trusted . 42. That Executions be few , suddain and severe . 43. To improve the benefit of a Kingdomes Situation . 44. That the L●berties and Priviledges of the subject b● so clearly stated , that there may be no pr●tences for worse purposes . 45. That the Coyn be neither transported nor ●mbased . 46. That luxury be suppr●ssed .

Maximes these ! that spake our Judge so conversant with Books and men , that that may be applyed to him , which is attributed to as great a Divine as he was a Lawyer , viz. That he never talked with himself .

Observations on the Life of Sir William Pelham .

SIr William Pelham was a Native of Sussex , whose ancient and wealthy Family hath long flourished in Laughton therein . His Prudence in Peace , and Valour in War , caused Queen Elizabeth to employ him in Ireland , where he was by the privy-Council appointed Lord Chief Justice to govern that Land in the interim betwixt the death of Sir William Drury , and the coming in of Arthur Gray , Lord Lieutenant of Ireland .

Say not that he did but stop a gap for a twelve-month at the most , seeing it was such a gap , Destruction had entered in thereat , to the final ruine of that Kingdome , had not his providence prevented it . For in this juncture of time , Desmond began his Rebellion 1579 , inviting Sir William to side with him ; who wisely gave him the hearing , with a smile in to the Bargain . And although our Knight for want of Force could not cure the wounds , yet he may be said to have washed and kept it clean , re●igning it in a recovering condition to the Lord Gray , who succeeded him . Afterwards he was sent over into the Low-Countries 1586 , being Commander of the English Horse therein . It is said of him , ●rabautiam persultabat , He leapt through Brabant ; importing celerity and success , yea , as much Conquest as so suddain an expedition was capable of .

He had a strong memory whereof he built his experience , and a large experience whereon he grounded his actions : There was no Town , Fort , Passage , Hill or Dale , either in Ireland or Holland , but he retained by tha● strong faculty , that was much his Nature , more his Art ; which observed privately , what it saw publickly ; recollected and fixed in the night , when he observed by day ; trusting his head with solids , but not burthening it with impertinencies . Company is one of the greatest pleasu●es of Mankinde , and the great delight of this man , ( it 's unnatu●al to be solitary ; the world is linked together by love , and men by friendship ) who observed three things in his converse , that it should be , 1. even , 2. choice , and 3. useful ; all his friends being either valiant , ingenious , or wise : that is , either Souldiers , Scholars , or States-men . Four things he was very intent upon during his Government in Ireland : 1. The Priests , the Pulpits , and the Press : 2. The Nobility : 3. The Ports : 4. The Forreigners . Which he pursued with that Activity , the Earl of Ormond assisting him , that anno 1580 , that Kingdome was delivered to my Lord Gray after his one years Government , in a better condition than it had been for threescore years before ; the Populacy being encouraged , the Nobility trusted , F●●ds laid down , Revenue setled , the Sea-towns secured , the S●ul●iery disciplined , and the Magizines furnished . Whence he returned to overlook others , setling England against the Spaniards , as he had done Ireland ; himself being an active Commi●●oner in England in 88 , and an eminent Agent in Scotland in 89.

Observations on the Life of Sir William Waad .

A Scholar himself , and a Patron to such that were so ; being never well but when employing the Industrious , pensioning the Hopeful , and preferring the Deserving . To his Directions we owe Riders Dictionary , to his Encouragement Hooker's Policy , to his Charge Gruter's Inscriptions . As none more knowing , so none more civil . No man more grave in his Life and Manners , no man more pleasant in his Carriage and Complexion ; yet no man more resolved in his Business : for being sent by Queen Elizabeth to Philip King of Spain , he would not be turned over to the Spanish Privy-Council , ( whose greatest Grandees are Dwarfs in honour to his Mistress ) but would either have audience of the King himself , or return without it ; though none knew better how and when to make his close and underhand Addresses to such potent Favourites as strike the stroke in the State ; it often happening in a Commonwealth , ( saith my Author ) that the Masters Mate steers the Ship better than the Master himself . A man of a constant toyl and industry , busie and quick , equally an enemy to the idle and slow undertakings , judging it a great weakness to stand staring in the face of business , in that time which might serve to do it . In his own practice he never considered longer than till he could discern whether the thing proposed was fit or not ; when that was seen , he immediately set to work : when he had finished one business , he could not endure to have his thoughts lie fallow , but was presently consulting what next to undertake .

Two things this Gentleman professed kept him up to that eminence ; 1. Fame , that great inci●ement to Excellency . 2. A Friend , whom he had not onely to observe those grossnesses which Enemies might take notice of , but to discover his prudential failings , indecencies , and even suspitious and barely doubtful passages . Friendship ( saith my Lord Bacon ) easeth the heart , and cleareth the understanding , making clear day in both ; partly by giving the purest councel apart from our interest and prepossessions , and partly by allowing opportunity to discourse ; and by that discourse to clear the mind , to recollect the thoughts , to see how they look in words ; whereby men attain that highest wisdome , which Dionysius the Areopagite saith , is the Daughter of Reflexion .

Observations on the Life of Sir Henry Sidney .

SIr Henry Sidney , eminent for his son Sir Philip , and famous for his own Actions , was born well , and bred better : His Learning was equal to his Carriage , his Carriage to his Good Nature , his Good Nature to his Prudence , his Prudence to his Resolution . A little he learned at School , more at the University , most at Court . His Reading was assiduous , his Converse exact , his O●servations close : His Reason was strong , and his Discourse flowing . Much he owed to his Studiousness at home , more to his Experience abroad , where Travel enlarged and consolidated his Soul . His own Worth fitted him for Advancement , and his Alliance to my Lord of Leicester raised him to it . Merit must capacitate a man for Interest , and Interest must set up merit . His person and his Ancestry invested him Knight of the Garter , his Moderation and Wisdome President of Wales . His Resolution and Model of Government made him Lord Deputy of Ireland ; a people whom he first studied , and then ruled ; being first master of their humour , and then of their Government . Four things he said would reduce that Country : A Navy well furnished , to cut off their correspondence with Spain ; An Army well paid , to keep up Garrisons ; Laws well executed , to alter their Constitutions and Tenures ; A Ministry well setled , to civilize and instruct them ; and an unwearied Industry to go through all .

Nine things he did there to eternize his Memory .

1. Connaught He divided to six Shires . 2. Captainships , something answering to Knighthood here , He abolished . 3. A Surrendry of all Irish Holdings He contrived , and the Irish Estates He setled on English T●nures and Services . 4. That the ablest five of each Sept should undertake for all their Relations He ordered . 5. One Free-School at least in every Diocess He maintained . 6. Two Presidents Courts in Munster and Connaught He erected . 7. Their Customes He reduced to the Civility , and their Exchequer to the Exactness of England . 8. Their Purveyance He turned to Composition . 9. Their Statutes He printed , and a constant correspondence He kept ; especially with the English Embassadour in Spain , and King Iames in Scotland .

Fitz●Williams was mild , Essex heady , Perrot stout ; but this Lieutenant or Deputy was a stayed and resolved man , that Royally heard ill , and did well ; that bore up against the clamours of the people with the peace of his conscience . His Interest he had devoted to his Soveraign● and his Estate to the publick ; saying as Cato , That he had the least share of himself . See Daves of Ireland , and Wa●e and Powel of Wales . From the Irish he took nothing but a Liberty to undo themselves ; from Court he desired nothing but service ; from Wales he had nothing but a Good Name . I●'s observed of him , that He had open Vertues for Honour , and private ones for Success , which he said was the daughter of reservedness : there being not ( saith my Lord V●rulam ) two more fortunate properties , than to have a little of the fool , and not too much of the honest man . The Crown was obliged by his services , the Nobility engaged to him by Alliances , the People enamoured with his Integrity , and himself satisfied with a good Conscience . Much good counsel he gave at Court , more at home in Shropshire , where his Dexterity in composing the private Quarrels of the Country , was as eminent as his Prudence in setling the Affairs of Ireland . He had that Majesty in his Countenance that he awed , and Affability in his Speech that he obliged the Country . His Counsel would be smart and solid , his Reproof grave and affectionate , his Jests quick and taking ; doing more with a quick Droll towards the peace of the Country , than others did with longer Harangues . Secretary Bourns Son kept a Gentlemans Wife in Shropshire ; when he was weary of her , he caused her Husband to be dealt with to take her home , and offered him 500 l. for reparation . The Gentleman went to Sir Henry Sidney to take his advice ; telling him , That his Wife promised now a new life , and to say the truth five hundred pounds would be very seasonable at that time . By my troth ( said Sir Henry ) take her home , and the Money ; then whereas other Cuckolds wear their Horns plain , you may wear yours gilt . His great word after a difference ended , was , Is not this easier than going to London or Ludlow ? When a man fretted against himself or other , My Friend , he would say , take it from me , a weakman complains of others , an unfortunate man of himself , but a wise man neither of others nor of himself . It was his Motto , I 'll never threaten . To threaten an Enemy , is to instruct him ; a Superiour , is to endanger my person ; an Inferiour , is to disparage my conduct . Old servants were the Ornament and stay of his Family , for whom he reserved a Copyhold when aged , a service when hopeful , an Education when pregnant . Twice was he sent underhand to France , and once to Scotland , to feel the pulse of the one ; and to embroyl the other . It 's for setled Kingdomes and for Wealthy men to play above-board , while the young State as the young Fortune should be least in sight .

He and Sir Thomas Randolph amuse the Queen of Scots with the hope of the Crown of England , and the King of France by a League with his protestant subjects ; to whose a●sistance Sir Adrian Poynings arrives as Field-marshal , and the Earl of Warwick as General .

Sir Nicholas Arnold had disposed Ireland to a settlement , when Justicer ; and Sir Henry Sidney formerly Justicer and Treasurer , was now to compleat it as D●puty , being assisted in Munster by Sir Warham St. Leiger , and elsewhere by the brave Earl of Ormond , having procured his Antagonist the Earl of Desmond to be called to England in order of a peace and tranquility . Great was his Authority over , far greater his love to , and esteem of the Soldiers , with whom he did wonders against Shane Oneals Front , while Randolph charged his Rear until the wild Rebels submits , and is executed . When he resigned his Authority and Honour to Sir William Drury , he took his farewel of Ireland in these words , When Israel departed out of Egypt , and the house of Jacob from a barbarous people . A singular man he was , ( saith the Historian ) and one of the most commendable Deputies of Ireland , to whose Wisdome and Fortitude that Kingdome cannot but acknowledge much , though it is as impatient of Deputies as Sicily was of old of Procurators .

Observations on the Life of Sir John Puckering .

HE was born at Flamboroughead in Yorkshire , second Son to a Gentleman that left him an Estate neither plenteous nor penurious , his breeding was more beneficial to him than his portion , gaining thereby such skill in the common Law , that he became the Queens Sergeant , speaker in the house of Commons , and at last Lord Chancellour of England . How he stood in his Iudgement in the point of Church-discipline , plainly appeareth by his following speech , delivered in the house of Lords 1588.

You are especially commanded by her Majesty to take heed , that no Ear be given , nor time afforded to the wearisome sollicitations of those that commonly be called Puritans , where with all the late Parliaments have been exceedingly importuned , which ●ort of men , whilst that ( in the giddiness of their Spirits ) they labour and strive to advance a new eldership , they do nothing else but disturb the good repose of the Church and Commonwealth , which is as well grounded for the body of Religion it self , and as well guided for the discipline , as any Realm that confesseth the truth . And the same thing is already made good to the world by many of the Writings of godly and learned men , neither answered nor answerable by any of these new fangled Refiners . And , as the present case standeth , it may be doubted , whether they , or the Iesuits , do offer more danger , or be more speedily to be repressed . For , albeit the Iesuites do empoyson the hearts of Her Majesties Subjects , under a pretext of Conscience to withdraw them from their Obedience due to Her Majesty yet do they the same , but closely , and in privy-corners : But these men do both teach and publish in their printed Books , and teach in all their Conventicles , sundry Opinions , not onely dangerous to a Well-setled Estate , and the Policy of the Realm , by putting a Pi●e between the Clergy and the Layty ; but also much derogatory to her sacred Majesty and her Crown , as well by the diminution of her ancient and lawful Revenues , and by denying Her Highness Prerogative and Supremacy , as by offering peril to her Majesties safety in her own Kingdome . In all which things , ( however in other Points they pretend to be at war with the Popish Iesuites ) yet by this separation of themselves from the unity of their fellow subjects , and by abasing the Sacred Authority and Majesty of their Prince , they do both joyn and concur with the Iesuites in opening the Door , and preparing the way to the Spanish Invasion that i● threatned against the Realm .

And thus having according to the weakness of my best understanding delivered Her Majesties Royal pleasure and wise direction , I rest there , with humble Suit of her Majesties most gracious Pardon in supplying of my defects , and recommend you to the Author of all good councel .

He died anno Domini 1596 , charactered by Mr. Cambden , Vir Integer . Hi● Estate is since descended , ( according to the solemn settlement thereof ) the Male Issue failing , on Sir Henry Newton ; who , according to the Condition hath assumed the surname of Puckering .

Sir Thomas Egerton urged against the Earl of Arundel methodically what he had done before , in , and since the Spanish Invasion : Sir Iohn Puckering pressed things closely , both from Letters and Correspondence with Allen and Parsons , that few men had seen ; and from the saying of my Lord himself , ( which fewer had observed ) who when Valongers Cause about a Libel was handled in the Star-chamber , had said openly , He that is throughly Popish , the same man cannot but be a Traytor . A man this was of himself of good repute for his own Carriage , but unhappy for that of his servants ; who for disposing of his Livings corruptly , left themselves an ●ill name in the Church , and him but a dubious one in the State . David is not the onely person whom the iniquity of his heels , that is , of his followers , layeth hold on .

Observations on the Life of Sir Thomas Bromley .

SIr Thomas Bromley was born at Bromley in Shropshire , of a right ancient Family . He was bred in the Inner Temple , and made , before he was forty years of age , General sollicitor to Queen Elizabeth ; and afterwards , before he was fifty , succeeded Sir Nicholas Bacon in the Dignity of Lord Chancellour : yet Bacon was not missed while Bromley succeded him ; and that loss which otherwise could not have been repaired , now could not be perceived ; Which Office he wisely and learnedly executed with much discretion , possessing it nine years , and died anno 1587 , not being sixty years old .

My Lord Hunsdon first employed this Gentl●man , and my Lord Burleigh took first notice of him . He had a deep head to dive to the bottome of the abstruse Cases of those times , and a happy mean to manage them , with no less security to the Estate , than satisfaction to the people . A man very industrious in his place , and very observant of the Court : happy in his potent friends , happy in his able followers ; men of great faithfulness towards him , and of great integrity and respectfulness towards any that made Addresses to him . He never decided the ●quity of any Case before he had discoursed with the Judge that heard it , of the Law of it . He never disposed of a Living without the Bishop of the Diocess his consent where it lay● nor ever engaged he in any State-business without dir●ction from my Lord Burleigh , the Earl of Leicester , my Lord Delaware . Sir Ralph Sadler was to observe the policy , Dr. Wilson the Civil law , and Sir Thomas Bromley the English law , in the Q●een of Scots answer to Queen Elizabeths last expostulation . The Spanish Souldier never takes wages ag●inst his King , and Sir Thomas Bromley never took fe●s against the Crown . He would have the cause opened clearly by his Client in the Chamber , befo●e ever he would declare it at the Bar : He lost money for not admitting all causes promiscuously at first , but he gained it at last ; when never f●iling in any cause , saith my Author , for five years : during which space , what he wanted in the retayl of advantage , he made up in the gross of esteem ; being by that time the onely person that the people would employ , and one of the three the Court would favour ; being excellent ( because industrious ) in a leading and an untrodden case . Physitians , they say , are best like Beer when stale , and Lawyers like Bread when young : This person was eminent in all the periods of his Age ; each whereof he filled with its just and becoming accomplishment . In that Lord of N●rthumberland's case that pistolled himself , none more subtle to argue his guilt ; in the Queen of Scots , none more strict to keep to the law ; for when the Q●een of Scots would explain something in the Queens commission , he answered , We are subjects , and not come hither to explain the Queens words , but to perform them . None more discreet and grave , prefacing that great business with these words● The high and mighty Queen our Soveraign , that she might not be wanting to her God , her self , her people , or your honour , sent us hither , not so much to try , as to clear you ; not so much to urge her Accusations , as to hear your Defence . And none more stedfast to his Soveraign : for when that unfortunate Lady protested her unaccountableness to the English laws , he replyed , This protestation is vain : for whosoever , of what place soever , offendeth against the Laws of England in England , was subject to the same Laws , and might be examined and tryed . The sentence against her he declared had three things in it : 1. Justice , 2. Security , 3. N●cessity : but added presently , And that wisely too it should no ways prejudice King James his Title or Honour .

Observations on the Life of Sir . Richard Bingham .

SIr Richard Bingham , born in Binghams●Melcolm in Dorsetshire , of a very ancient Family , in his youth travelled most parts of the world : he was at the Siege of St. Quintin in France ; the sacking of Leith in Scotland ; served in Ca●dia under the Venetians against the Turk ; then returned into the Netherlands , being strong and fortunate in all his undertakings . After all this , he went into Ireland , and was there President of Co●naught , and conque●ed the great and dangerous Rebel O-Rork .

A Gentleman this , rather skilful in many mysteries than thriving in any : of a fancy too high and wild , too defulto●y and over-voluble : yet Imagination hath often produced Realities , and phancy done the work of Judgement ; as in this Gentleman , whose daringness went for conduct , whose spirit passed for resolution , whose activity had the honour of skill , and whose success the glory of prudence . It 's a wonder of parts that Caesar could write , read , dictate , and discourse at the same time ; it 's a miracle of fancy that this man should command a Regiment in the Netherlands , preside in a province of Ireland , manage a Trade in Russia , carry on a plantation in America , and husband a mannor in England . But as the King of Spain is painted with a handful of sand running out between his fingers , in reference to his many , but unprofitable Dominions ; so might this grand Projector be described , who attempted so many things , that he did nothing . Yet one thing his Quick-silver soul was good for , and that is Stratagems : Now you should have him surprize a Town by Butter-women , another time by Workmen ; anon he would face the enemy , and draw them with success upon a train of Gunpowder he would lay for them , and Iron Pricksteds he would sow for them : He would steal their hands and seales , buy the very keys of their closets ; and so amuse them with letters , and distract them with Jealousies , while in the mean time the vigilant man alarmed them every hour of the day , and each watch of the night ; so that he tamed those wild Irish as we do some wild beasts , by watching .

Observations on the Life of Roger Ashcam .

FRom his cradle a Royal servant , and to his grave a favourite : a good man , ( saith Cambden ) and if his ambition had been but as great as the occasion was fair , a great one too . Born he was honestly in Yorkshire , and bred handsomely at Cambridge ; and both born and bred for that age which was to refine Greek and Latin to a politeness , and raise them to an Eloquence . He was the University-Orator at Cambridge , and at Court ; there using his eloquence , here his interest against that sacriledge , that having Dined on the church , as he writ , came to Sup on the Universities . Thence he was rather removed than advanced , more suitably to his me●it than his expectation , to be Queen Elizabeths Schoolmaster for the Latin tongue in her Sisters time , and her Secretary for the same in her own .

What he got by his ingenuity , he lost by his gaming , viz. at Dice and Cock-fighting , dying rich onely in those two books , his estate and monument , whereof the one is intituled T●xophilus , and the other Scholarcha . He and his dear Smith were the happiest men in the nation ; their large and ingenious souls clasping together in an entire friendship , made up of kindness and integrity , apart from the little fears , the jealousies , the suspitions that vex mankinde . What learned letters ! what loving expostulations ! what discreet intimations ! what faithful advertisements ! what indifferent community ! what common cares and pities ! how they loved ! how they child ! and how they loved again ! how plain ! how malleable ! how sweet ! What little observations upon one anothers inadvertencies , neglects or miscarriages ! how they improved their Mollia tempora to the great end of friendship , information and advice ! How secretly they vented their thoughts into each others breasts , and there looked upon them by reflexion , and the advantage of a second consideration ! And it 's a happiness to have another self to shew our selves to before we appear to the world , that all men wish , and the good men onely enjoy . An honest man this , that abhorred all artifice and cunning , and hated all concealments and pretensions , which he had sagicity enough to discover and look through , but a spirit too generous to practise it ; none being more able for , yet none more averse to that ci●cu●locution and contrivance wherewith some men shadow their m●in drift and purpose . Speech was made to open man to man , and not to hide him ; to promote Commerce , and not betray it .

HOw happy is he born and taught That serveth not anothers will , Whose Armour is his honest thought , And simple truth his utmost skill ? Whose passions not his Masters are , Whose soul is still prepar'd for death ; Vntide unto the world by care Of Publick fame , or private breath . Who envies none that chance doth raise . Nor vice hath ever understood ; How deepest wounds are given by praise , Nor Rules of State , but Rules of Good . Who hath his life from rumours freed , Whose conscience is his strong retreat● Whose state can neither flatterers feed , Nor r●ine make Oppressors great . Who God doth late and early pray , More of his grace , than gifts to lend ; And entertains the harmles day With a religious book or friend . This man is freed from servile bands Of hope to rise , or fear to fall : Lord of himself , though not of lands ; And having nothing , yet hath all .

Observations on the Life of Sir John Packington .

SIr Iohn Packington was a person of no mean Family , and of form and feature no way despiseable : for he was a brave Gentleman , and a very fine courtier ; and for the time which he stayed there , was very high in the Queens grace : but he came in , and went out , and through disassiduity lost the advantage of her favour ; and death drawing a vail over him , utterly deprived him of recovery . Had he broughtless to the Court than he did , he might have carried away more than he brought : for he had a time for it , but he was an ill husband of opportunity . His handsome features took the most , and his neat parts the wisest at Court . He could smile Ladies to his service , and argue States-men to his designe with equal ease . His reason was powerful , his beauty more . Never was a brave soul more bravely seated : Nature bestowed great parts on him , education polished him to an admirable frame of prudence and vertue . Queen Eli●abeth called him Her T●mperance , and Leicester His Modesty . It is a question to this day , whether his resolution took the Souldiers , his prudence the Politicians , his complyance the Favourites , his complaisance the Courtiers , his piety the Clergy , his integrity and condescention the People , or his knowledge the learned , most ? This new Court-star was a nine-days wonder , engaging all eyes until it set satisfied with its own glory . He came to Court , he said , as S●lomon did , to see its vanity ; and retired as he did , to repent it . It was he who said first what Bishop Sanderson urged afterwards , That a sound Faith was the best Divinity , a good Conscience the best Law , and Temperance the best Physick . Sir Iohn Packington in Queen Elizabeths time was vertuous and modest , and Sir Iohn Packington in King Charles his time loyal and valiant ; the one did well , the other suffered so : Greenham was his Favourite , Hammon his ; the one had a competant estate , and was contented ; the other hath a large one , and is noble : this suppresseth Factions in the kingdome , the other composed them in the Court , and was called by Courtiers Moderation . Westmerland tempted his fidelity , and Norfolk his stedfastness : but he died in his bed an honest and an happy man , w●ile one of them goes off tainted on the S●rffold , and the other dies a begg●r in Flanders .

Observations on the Lives of the Norrises and Knowles .

MY Lord Norris had by his Lady an ample Issue , which the Queen highly respected : for he had six sons , all martial brave men ; of haughty courage , and of great experience in the conduct of military affairs , Greater was not the Faction between Leicester and Sussex at court , than that between the Knowles and the Norrises in the Country : both Families of Oxfordshire ; the one resolute at Greys , the other valiant at Rycote : the former got great estates at home , the latter attained to great honour abroad . The Knowles were beloved by the Queen for their own sakes , the Norrises for theirs and her own sake , the Knowles were of the same blood with her Majesty , the Norrises spent theirs for her .

1. My Lord Norris died at Court an honest man .

2. Sir Francis at Bulloign a good Souldier .

3. Sir William at Berwick a brave Governour .

4. Sir Thomas at Munster a wise President .

5. Sir Maximilian at Bretaign an expert Engineer .

6. Maximilian at Groen a renowned Heroe .

7. Sir Iohn was a most accomplished General , no less eminent for his safe retreats , than for his resolute onsets . France hath recorded this testimony of him , That he brought on his men so warily , as one that could bring them off : and England this , That he brought them off so resolutely , as one that durst bring them on . His fortune often overthrew his enemy , and his wisdome oftner saved his friends : His conduct was famous , and his Discipline exact : His Actions are Presidents , and his Orders Laws of War to this day . He was bred under Castilion , and out-did him . Ireland was always possessed , but never conquered till Norris came , who could lie on the coldest earth , swim the deepest Rivers , force the straightest Passes , find out the most secret corners , and tread the softest Bog ; who could endure any thing but an affront , and a Superiour : the first whereof , upon a repulse at Court , saddened his heart ; as the second , upon another Deputies being sent over him , broke it . Unsuccessful he was with Don Antonio in Spain , because he understood not the Country . In the Low-Countries he gained experience first , and then victory : in Ireland he had Connaught for his Grave , Mount - Norris his Monument , and the Letter of Queen Elizabeth to his Mother his Epitap● .

As the first eminent Norris suffered for Anne Bullen , the Qu. Mother : so the first eminent Knowles suffered with Protestantism her Religion . Norris could not rise though he deserved his honour , because of Leicester that favoured his Brother , Knowles and Essex that envyed him ; neither could Knowles advance because of Sussex that feared and Cecil that suspected him . The Knowles were deserving , but modest ; favoured , but humble ; powerful , but quiet ; rather firm at Court , than high ; allied to the Queen , and faithful to the Crown . Queen Elizabeth advanced Sir Francis to the Vicechamberlainship , treasurership of the houshold , Captainship of the Guard , and the order of the Garter , because she said , He was an honest man ; and King Iames , and King Charles raised his Son Sir William to the Earldome of Bambury , because he was a serviceable man . Honestly faithful was that family to their Mistress that was , and providently so were they to their Master that should be . Handsome men they were when attending at Court , and valiant when called to the Camp .

Norrises . 1. The Norrises are employed in Embassies of War , wherein they were active . 2. My Lord Norris his resolution was very becoming in the demand of Calice . 3. The Irish Conspirator Thoumond opened a Plot against the Government in Ireland to the Agent Norris . Knowles . 1. The Knowles are abroad in religious Negotiations , for which they had been Confessors , Sir Francis in France , and Sir Henry in Germany . 2. Francis Knowles his meekness was suitable to his perswasions for Religion : 3. And the Scots Schismatick Humes discovered a designe against the Church in England to the Embassadour Knowles .

In 88 ,

My Lord Hunsdon guarded the Queens person with 34000 foot , and 2000 horse ; the Earl of Leicester commanded the Midland Army of 22000 foot , and 1000 horse : Sir Roger Williams and Sir Richard Bingham were in the head of 20000 in the Thames mouth , and Sir Iohn Norris and Sir Francis Knowles with other Assistants sate in the Council of War to overlook all . Sir Iohn advised three things : 1. The Guarding of the Havens , 2. The Training of the Militia , and the preparing of them to be at an hours warning upon a signal given , which was then the firing of a Beacon . 3. That if the enemy did land , the Country should be laid waste before him , the Train-bands alarming him day and night : Sir Francis added , 1 , What shires and what numbers should assist each Coast , how the men should be armed , how commanded , and in what order they should fight . 2. That the Papists should not be massacred , as some would have it , but secured . 3. That the Deputy of Ireland should be instructed . 4. That the King of Scots should be engaged . 5. That Agents should be sent to the Netherlands and to France . And , 6. That the Queen should encourage the people with her own presence . Sir Iohn Norris died when he saw beyond others expectation and his own merit , the Lord Burge made Lord-Deputy , and himself but President of Munster ; his great minde sinking under one affront from his Soveraign , which had born up against all the assaults of her enemies ; leaving this honour behinde him , That he laid the best grounds of military practice in England ● But who can stand before Envy ?

A further Character of Sir Iohn Norris from Queen Elizabeths Letter to his Mother . My own Crow .

HArm not your self for bootless help , but shew a good example to comfort your dolorous yoak-fellow . Although we have deferred long to represent to ●ou our grieved thoughts , because we liked full ill to yeild you the first reflexion of mis-fortune , whom we have always rather sought to cherish and comfort ; yet knowing now , that Necessity must bring it to your ear , and Nature consequently must move both grief and passion in your heart ; We resolved no longer to smot●er , neither our care for your sorrow , or the sympathy of our grief for your loss . Wherein if it be true , That Society in sorrow works diminution , We do assure you by this true Messenger of our minde , that Nature can have stirred no more dolorous affection in you as a Mother for a dear Son , than Gratefulness and memory of his Service past hath wrought in us his Soveraign apprehension of our miss for so worthy a Servant . But now that Natures common work is done , and he that was born to die hath paid his Tribute , let that Christian discretion stay the flux of your immoderate grieving , which hath instructed you both for example and knowledge , that nothing in this kinde hath happened but by Gods divine providence . And let these Lines from your loving gracious Soveraign serve to assure you , that there shall ever appear the lively Character of our Estimation of him that was , in our gracious care of you and yours that are left , in valuing rightly all their faithful and honest Endeavours . More at this time we will not write of this unpleasant subject , but have dispatched this Gentleman to visit both your Lord and you , and to condole with you in the true sense of your love ; and to pray that the world may see what time cureth in a ●eak minde , that Discretion and Moderation helpeth in you in this accident , where there is so just cause to demonstrate true Patience and Moderation .

Your Gracious and Loving Soveraign , E. R.

Observations on the Life of Secretary Davison .

THat Meteor of the Court ! raised onely in an an excess of heat and vapours , to fall in a clearer day : for having good parts to act , an easie nature to comply , and a good disposition to be imposed on , he was raised to play others parts rather then his own , in those intricate and dark times , when fools were put to execute what wise men advised ; and the world saw but the plain side of the great watch of State , within which all the springs were inclosed and hid .

That he was but of a private capacity , and so safely to be raised , as one that would neither outshine nor outdare his Patron , ( Machiavil hath a Rule , ( Disc. l. 3. c. 2. ) That it is a very great part of wisdome sometimes to seem a fool , and so lie out of the reach of Observation and Iealousie ) appears from his Negotiations , that were either payment of money in the Netherlands , a Merchants business ; or taking security of the Merchants in France , a Scriveners part ; or pacifying the tumult in Holland , the t●sk of a Bu●gomaster . Beale the Clerk of the Council and he were joyned in Commission , always to deal with the Scots ; the one the austerest , and the other the sweetest man living . When the first frighted those rude people with expostulations , the second got into them with insinuations . A hard and a soft , a Hammer and a Cushion , breaks a Flint Fear and Love rule the world . His Grand Case , as that great Historian layeth it , is briefly this ; Many Protestants thought themselves in danger while the Queen of Scots was alive ; many Papists thought themselves undone while she was imprisoned : these last press her to some dangerous undertakings ; of the first , some were for securing , others for transporting , and a third party for poysoning her : to which purpose many Overtures were made , though yet none durst undertake it that had either estate or honour to lose ; being so wise as not to understand what was meant by the strange Letters that were sent , else they might have faln into this Gentlemans fortune ; who unadvisedly venturing between the honour and safety of his Soveraign , was ground to nothing betwixt the fear of one party , and the shame of the other .

But this mild , but stout because honest man● was not so weak in the perpetration of this fault , as he was wise in his Apology for it , saying , He would not confess a guilt , and betray his integrity ; nor yet stand upon a Justification , and forget his Duty . He would neither contest with his Soveraign , nor disparage himself ; but clear himself as an honest man , and submit as a thankful servant , and a good subject .

DAzled thus with heighth of place , Whilst our hopes our wits beguile , No man marks the narrow space 'Twixt a prison and a smile . Then , since Fortunes favours fade , You , that in her arms do ●leep , Learn to swim , and not to wade ; For , the hearts of Kings are deep . But , if Greatness be so blind As to trust in Towers of Air , Let it be with Goodness lin'd , That at least the fall be fair . Then though darkned , you shall say , When friends fail , and Princes frown , Vertue is the roughest way , But proves at night a Bed of Down .

Observations on the Lives of Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Jeffrey Fenton .

SHarp and lively-spirited men , skilful in War , and prudent in Peace : of a restless and a publick Spirit , well skilled in the Trade of England , better in the Wealth of America ; in the North-part whereof , which we call New-found Land , whither they had sayled a little before with five Ships , having sold their Patrimony in hope to plant a Colony there , they undid themselves : for after they had by the voice of a common Cryer proclaimed that Country to belong to the English Jurisdiction , and had assigned Land to each of their Company , they were distressed by Shipwracks , and want of necessary provision , and constrained to give over their Enterprize ; learning too late , and teaching others , That it is matter of greater difficulty to tr●nsport Colonies into far Countries upon private mens wealth , than they and others in a cred●lous and sanguine fit imagine : and this , Quod si●●ss●velis , nihilque malis .

Observations on the Life of Do●●or Walter Haddon .

WAlter Haddon was born of a Knightly Family in Buckinghamshire , bred at Eaton , afterwards Fellow in Kings Colledge in Cambridge , where he proceeded Doctor of Law , and was the Kings Professor in that Faculty , chosen Vice-Chancellour of the University 1550. soon after he was made President of Mag●alen ●Colledge in Oxford , which place he waved in the reign of Q●een Mary , and sheltered himself in obscurity . Queen Elizabeth made him one of the Masters of her Requests , and employed ●●m in several Embassies beyond the Seas . Her Majesty being demanded whether she preferred him or Buchanan for learning , wittily and warily returned , Buchanum omnibus antep●no , Haddonum nemini postpono .

S. Memoriae .

Gualtero Haddono Equestri loco nato juris Consulte● Oratori , Poetae celeberrimo , Graece Latin●que Eloquen●●● su● temporis facilè principi sapientia & sanctitate vitae , in i● erecto ut Reginae Elizabethae à supplicum libellis Magister esset , destinareturque majoribus , nisi facto immaturius cessisset : Interim in omni gradu viro longe Eminentissimo , Conjugi sui optimo meretissimoque Anna Suttona , uxor ejus secunda slens m●rens desiderii sui signum posuit . Obiit anno Salut. hum . 1572. AEtatis 56.

This his fair Monument is extant in the Wall , at the upper end of the Chancel of Christ-Church in London , where so many ancient Inscriptions have been barbarously defaced . He and Dr. Wotton setled Trade between us and the Netherlands , and removed the mart to Embden : and both were famous for their reservedness in the case of succession , which they kept locked in their own breasts ; so always resolved to do , ( notwithstanding Leicesters Sollicitations of them to a Declaration for the Queen of Scots now his mistress , and hereafter in the Queen of Englands designe to be his Wife ) unless ( as they alledged ) their Mistress commanded their Opinion ; who certainly never heard any more unwillingly than the controversie about the Title of succession : and both as famous for their disswasion against the making of the Netherlands a Free-state ; urging that of Machiavel , That people accustomed to live under a Prince , if by any accident they become free , are like beasts let loose ; and have much ado to maintain either their G●vernment or their Liberty .

Observations on the Life of Sir Wi●liam Russel .

HIs very Name brought Tyrone upon his knees to him , and Iniskillyn to a surrendry . He was for detaining Tyrone , notwithstanding his letters of Protection : the Council was for dismissing him , either out of favour to him , or out of their reverence to their former promise ; as much to the danger of Ireland , as the displeasure of the Queen . Pretending an Hunting-match , he had almost taken Feagh Mac Hugh , or shut him up ; and under the disguize of a progress , he shut up all the Passages and Avenues of Tyrone . Agiges the Cretan King would say , That he that would govern many , must fight with many : Our Deputy found that great honour had its great difficulties ; yet was he so constant and resolute , that with Marcellus he would say , That as there are many things a good Governour ought not to attempt ; so ought he not to desist , or give over an Enterprize once begun and taken in hand . Therefore his Character is One daring in his person , close to his purpose , firm to his dependencies , of a deep and large soul ; who looked upon the chargeable War in Ireland as an equal remedy against a worse in England , to the letting of blood in one part , against the effusion of it in another● and advised the bestowing of Church-lands among the Nobility of both Perswasions in Ireland as in England , who would then hold their Religion with their Land , in Capi●e , and stick to the Queen as the great support of both , against all pretenders , whom then most would v●gorously oppose , and all would fairly leave .

Observations on the Life of Sir Thomas Roper .

SIr Thomas Roper , servant to Queen Elizabeth , was born in Friday-street in London ; whose Grandfather was a younger son of the house of Heanour in Derbyshire . He going over into the Low Countries , became Page to Sir John ●orrice , and was Captain of a Foot-company at sixteen years of Age. What afterwards his Martial Performances were , will appear by the following lines transcribed out of the Originall of his Patent .

Whereas Thomas Roper Knight , one of our Privy-Councellours of the Kingdome of Ireland , long since hath been known unto us famous , with the splendour of his warlike Vertue ; as who by the many Atchievements valiantly performed by him in the late War of this Kingdome , hath gained the eminent Repute both of a stout Souldier , and a discreet Commander ; whose Valour chiefly appeared in his Retreat near le Boyle in our Province of Connaught , where with very few horse he undauntedly charged great troops of the horse of the Enemy , who in a h●●tile manner forraged ●he very bowels of the Kingdome ; and by his wisdome made such a singular retreat , that he not onely saved himself and his men , but also delivered the whole Army from great danger , and slew very many of his Enemies . Who also when our Province of Vlster was all on fire with war , being one out of many , was for the tryed Resolution of his mind , chosen by the Right honourable the Earl of Essex , then General of the Army , to undertake a Duel with Makal , and declined not to expose himself to the appointed Duel . And also when the aforesaid Thomas Roper in the late war in the Kingdome of France at Brest , by exposing himself to the greatest perils , and shedding of his own blood , demonstrated his Courage to be unconquerable . Who also in the Voyage to Portugal , behaved himself valiantly and honourably : as also at Bergen in the Netherlands , when it was besieged by the Spaniards , approved himself a young man of invincible Valour in the defence thereof . Who also in the day wherein Kinsale was assaulted , was placed in the first Rank , nearest of all unto the Town ; and with no less Success than Valour , to the great safety of the whole Army , beat back , and put to flight the Spaniards , who in the same day made several Sallies out of the Town .

Know therefore , that we , in intuition of the Premises , have appointed the aforesaid Thomas Rope● Knight , &c.

Then followeth his patent , wherein King Charles the first , in the third of his Reign , created him Baron of Bauntree , and Viscount Baltinglass in Ireland .

He was a principal means to break the hearts of the Irish Rebels : for wh●re●s for●erly the E●glish were loa●ed with their own Cloaths , s● that their ●●ipping into Bogs did make them , and the clopping of their breeches did keep them prisoners therein ; he first , being then a Commander , put himself into Irish Trouzes , and was imitated first by all his Officers , then Souldiers ; so that thus habited , they made the more effectual execution on their enemies . He died at Ropers Rest , anno Dom. 164. and was buried with Anne his Wife ( Daughter to Sir Henry Harrington ) in St. Johns Church in Dublin .

Observations on the Life of Sir Henry Umpton .

SIr Henry Umpton was born at Wadley in Barkshire He was son to Sir Edward Umpton , by Anne ( the Relict of John Dudley Earl of Warwick , and ) the eldest Daughter of Edward Seymour Duke of Somerset . He was employed by Queen Elizabeth Embassador into France ; where he so behaved himself right stoutly in her behalf , as may appear by this particular , In the moneth of March , anno 1592 , being sensible of some injury offered by the Duke of Guise to the Queen of England , he sent him this ensuing Challenge .

For as much as lately in the Lodging of my Lo●d Du Mayne , and in publick elsewhere , impudently , indiscreetly , and over-boldly you spoke badly of my Soveraign , whose sacred person here in this Country I represent : To maintain both by word and weapon her honour , ( which never was called in question among people of honestly and vertue ) I say , you have wickedly lyed in speaking so basely of my Soveraign ; and you shall do nothing else but lye , whensoever you shall dare to tax her honour : Moreover then her sacred person ( being one of the most compleet and vertuous Princess that lives in this world ) ought not to be evil spoken of the tongue of such a per●idious Traytor to her law and Country as you are . And hereupon I do defie you , and challenge your person to mine , with such manner of Arms as you shall like or chuse , be it either on horse-back or on foot . Nor would I have you to think any inequality of person between us , I being issued of as great a Race and Noble house ( every way ) as your self . So a●signing me an indifferent place , I will there maintain my words , and the lye which I gave you , and which you should not endure if you have any courage at all in you . If you consent not to meet me hereupon , I will hold you , and cause you to be generally held one of the arrantest Cowards , and most slanderous Slave that lives in all France . I expect your answer .

I find not what Answer was returned . This Sir Henry dying in the French Kings Camp before Lofear , had his Corpse brought over to London , and carried in a Coach to Wadley , thence to Farington , where he was buried in the Church on Tuesday the eighth of July 1596. He had allowed him a Barons Hearse , because he died Ambassadour Leiger .

Observations on the Life of the Earl of Essex .

IT is observed , that the Earl of Essex had his In●roduction to favour by the Lord of Leicester , who had married his Mother ; a tye of Affinity . This young Lord was a most goodly person , in whom was a kind of Urbanity , or innate Cou●tesie , which both won the Queen , and too much took upon the people , to gaze upon the new-adopted son of her favour . He was noted even of those that truly loved and honoured him , for too bold an Ingrosser both of Fame and Favour . Having upon occasion left the Court for a while , he gave a fair opportunity for his foes to undermine him ; so that he lived a mixture between Prosperity and Adversity ; once very great in her favour , which was afterwards lost , for want of consideration and cunningness . He was raised by Leicester to poize Rawley , as Rawley was by Sussex to check Leicester . Indeed pity first opened the door to him for his Fathers sake that died in Ireland , Alliance led him in for his Father-in-laws sake a a Leicester See Sir H. Wottons Observati●ns . that reigned at Court . His own Royal blood welcomed him for his Mother Knowles , that was kin to her Majesty ; his good parts , his tall and comely personage , his sweet disposition , and incomparable nature ; his noble Ancestors , his fair , though impaired fortune , brought him first to favour , and then to dalliance .

He was a Maste●-piece of Court and Camp ; his Beauty ennamelling his Valour , and his Valour being a foile to his Beauty ; both drawing those noble respects of love and honour ; both awing , both endearing . It was his Nobleness that ●e distrusted none , it was his Weakness that he trusted all ; whereby he suffered more from those that should hav● been his friends , than from them who were his enemies . Good Man ! his ruine was , that he measured other breasts by his own ; and that he thought mankinde was as innocent as his own person . His merit gained applause , and his Parasites swelled it to Popularity ; and the last enjealousied that majesty which the first had obliged . His youthful and rash Sallies abroad , gave too much opportunity to his enemies whispers , and too visible occasions for her Majesties suspicion , that he was either weak , and so not to be favoured● or dangerous , and so to be suppressed . Absence makes Princes forget those they love , and mistrust those they fear . Exact Correspondence is the sinew of private and of publick friendship . So great a master he thought himself of his Soveraigns affection , that he must needs be master of himself , and steal to France without leave , where , said the Queen , he might have been knocked on the head as Sidney was . His Journey to France was not more rash , than his Voyage to Cales was renowned ; yet the one gave the Envious arguments of his disobedience , and the other of his Disloyalty ; his enemies suggesting , that in the first he contemned his mistress , and that in the second he had a designe upon her .

His Action at Cales was applauded ; but his Triump●s were too solemn , his Panegyric●s too high , his Train t●o Princ●ly , his H●n●u●s a●d Knigh●hoods too cheap , his Popularity too much affected , and his ear more open to● hear what he had done ● t●an what he was . If his Manhood had been as slow as his b b He was one of them whose Natures disclose b●t slowly . Youth , he had been moderate : if his Life had answered his c c Vnder Dr. Whitgift . education , he had been patient : if his Eye had been as open upon his enemies , as his Ear to his f●iends , he had been cautious ; if he had been as happy in his constant converse , as he w●s obliging in his first address , he had been a Prince : if he had had either less Fortune , or a greater Soul ; eith●r l●ss of the Dove , or more of the Serpent , he had bid fair for a Crown ; or at least had saved his Head . The people wished him well , but they are unconstan● ; the Queen loved him , but she is jealous : his followers are numerous , but giddy ; affectionate , but ill advice : his enemies are few , but w●tchful on all occasions : for is he pleased ? they swell it to pride and vain imaginations : is he crossed ? they improve it to discontent and sedition . An Army must be sent against Tyrone ; he is not willing that any other should lead it , and unwilling to lead it himself ; yet over he goeth fatally : for the service was knotty , and his disposition smooth ; his power was large , but that with as large a minde intangled him : his Army was great , but that meeting with a great designe , precipitated him : his Title to the Crown was defended , but that lost him his head . He had exact advices from friends , especially f●om Sir Francis Bacon ; and great directions from his Prince , but he followed his own : when he should have fought the main body of his enemy , he skirmisheth their Forlorns ; when he should have returned with a noble Conquest , he stole home aft●r a suspitious Trea●y : the Royal Checks that ●hould have instructed , incenseth him ; and what was designed a chastisement , he turns to a ruine Beloved he is of the people , but that aggravateth● his rashness ; flattered by Courtiers , but that swelleth his humour : followed he is by the discontented of Church and State , but that increaseth the jealousie : ill advised he is by heady Cuffe and Meyriche , and that hasteneth his fall : humbled he is by the advancement of his Rivals , and that enrageth hi● : easie and open was his Nature ; close , ●ctive , and vigilant his Enemies .

Valiant he was , but therefore feared ; Noble and obliging to all hop●ful men , and therefore watched . A great Party he had , but they had no Head : A Minion he was at once to Prince and People , but he had no Balance . A man of great pe●formances , but no designe : One that had too much Religion and Fidelity to be a Traytor , too good a Nature to be safe , too much presumption on affections when absent to be steady . He presumed too much on his own stren●●h , or his friends wi●dome , whe he came out of Ireland ; he was too much wrought upon by his enemies when he came to London , which had too much to lose to hazard a Rebellion ; and went not to Wales , where his fathers and his own goodness had engaged 1000 Lives and Fortunes . In a word , Leicester's reservedness , Bacon's stayedness , Sir Robert Cecil's humility , Sir F●lke Grevil's mod●sty , added to his parts and presence , his valour and liberality , his good nature and large heart : his favour with his Prince , and popularity with the su●jects , had raised him to a capacity with the great Earl of Warwick , to set the English Crown on what head he pleased ; although it was the universal opinion , he had no other ambition than to set it on King Iames his head , which it belonged to , with his own hands : his designe was well principled , but not well moulded ; he had many hands , but no able heads : his corre●pondence was universal , but not firm and exact● his Na●ure was active , but impatient ; his ●nterest was popular , not throughly understood ; he neither comprehending the Inclina●ions of the Kingdome in gross in Parliament , nor in the retayl in its particular divisions . The Catholicks might h●ve been his , but he was too good-natured to cajole them : the State was well inclined , but effeminate after so long prosperity . Hope of pardon sent him to his grave with more silence than was expected from him , and the peoples regret ; and with more sorrow than became a Q●een or her Kingdomes safety . His party was too needy , and their counsels too violen● . Ambition and good Nature are incompatible : Others counsels are never so faithful as our own . When we hear others advice , let our reason j●dge of it : when great , be wary ; when successful , reserved ; when rising , stayed ; especially in that Age when men were poysoned with Oyl , and undone with Honey : when active , modest ; when checked , yeilding ; when dandled , distrust●ul ; when flattered , fea●ful ; when great , not absolute , ( ●s my Lord would have been in point of favour against my Lord Mountjoy , and valour against my L●rd Norris . ) Serve not your Followers , but employ them : Let others service administer to your designe , not your power to theirs : Let great Actions encourage greater ; and let honour be your merit , and not your expectation . Some have been busie in the enquiry of what reason the Virgin-Queen had for her kindness to Leicester and this man , ( if there be a reason in any , much less in Royal love , save the affection its self that bears it ) true , he had Vertue and suffering enough at his first arrival to engage the kindness and the pity of a worse Princess : yet some then discoursed of a Conjunction of their Stars that made way for that of their minds . Certainly ( saith Cambden ) the inclination of Princes to some persons , and their disfavour towards others , may seem fatal , and guided by higher Powers .

A Parallel between the Earl of Essex and the Duke of Buckingham , by H. W.

THe beginning of the Earl of Essex I must attribute wholly , or in great part to my Lord of Leicester ; but yet as an Introducer or supporter , not as a Teacher : for as I go along , it will easily appear , that he neither lived nor died by his Di●cipline . Always certain it is , that he drew him first into the fatal Circle from a kinde of resolved privateness at his house at Lampsie , in South-wales ; where , after the Academical life , he had taken such a taste of the Rural , ( as I have heard him say ) and not upon any flashes or fumes of Melancholy , or traverses of discontent , but in a serene and quiet mood , that he could well have bent his mind to a retired course . About which time , the said Earl of Leicester bewrayed a meaning to plant him in the Queens favour : which was diversly interpreted by such as thought that great Artizan of Court to do nothing by chance , nor much by affection . Some therefore were of opinion , that feeling more and more in himself the weight of time , and being almost tired ( if there be a sa●iety in power ) with that assiduous attendance , and intensive circumspection which a long-indulgent fortune did require , he was grown not unwilling , for his own ease , to bestow handsomely upon another some part of the pains , and perhaps of the envy .

Others conceived rather , that having before for the same ends brought in , or let in Sir Walter Rawleigh , and having found him such an Apprentice as knew well enough how to set up for himself , he now meant to allie him with this young Earl , who had yet taken no strong impressions . For though the said Sir Walter Rawleigh was a little before this , whereof I now speak by occasion , much fallen f●om his former splendour in Court : yet he still continued in some lustre of a favoured man , like billows that sink by degrees , even when the wind is down that first stirred them .

Thus runs the discourse of that time at pleasure ; yet I am not ignorant that there was some good while a very stiff aversation in my Lord of Essex from applying himself to the Earl of Leicester , for what secret conceit I know not ; but howsoever , that humour was mollified by time , and by his mother ; and to the Court he came under his Lord .

The Duke of Buckingham had another kinde of Germination ; and surely had he been a plant , he would have been rec●oned amongst the Sponte Nascentes : for he sprung without any help by a kind of congenial composure ( ●s we m●y term it ) to the likeness of o●r late Soveraign and master of ever blessed memory : who taking him into his regard , taught him more and more to please himself , and moulded him ( as it were ) Platonically to his own Idea ; delighting first in the choice of the Materials , because he found him susceptible of good form ; and afterward by degrees , as great Architects use to do , in the workmanship of his Regal hand : nor staying here , after he had hardned and polished him about ten years in the School of observance , ( for so a Court is ) and in the furnace of tryal about himself , ( for he was a King could peruse men as well as Books ) he made him the associate of his Heir apparent , together with the new Lord Cottingto● ( as an adjunct of singular experience and trust ) in forraign travels , and in a business of love , and of no equal hazard ( if the tendern●ss of our zeal did not then deceive us ) enough ( the world must confess ) to kindle affection even betwixt the distantest conditions ; so as by the various and inward conversation abroad , ( besides that before and after at ●ome ) with the most constant and best-natured Prince , Bona si sua norint , as ever England enjoyed , ●his Duke becomes now secondly seized of favour , as it were by descent , ( though t●e condition of that estate be no more than a Tenancy at Will , or at most ●or the life of the first Lord ) and rarely transmit●ed : which I have briefly set down , without looking ●eyond the vail of the Temple , I mean into the secret of high inclinations ; since even Satyrical Poets , ●who are otherwise of so licentious fancy ) are in this ●oint modest enough to confess their ignorance .

Nescio quid certe est quod me tibi temperet Astrum .

And these were both their Springings and Imprimings , as I may call them .

In the profluence or proceedings of their fortunes , I observe likewise not onely much difference between them , but in the Ea●l not a little from himself . First , all his hopes of advancement had like to be st●angl●d almost in the very Cradle , by throwing himself into the Portugal Voyage without the Queens consent , or so much as her knowledge ; whereby he l●ft his Friends and Dependents near six months in desperate suspense what would become of him . And to speak truth , not without good reason : For first , they might well consi●er , That he was himself not well plumed in favour for such a ●light : besides , that now he wanted a Lord of Leicester at home ( for he was dead the year before ) to smooth his absence , and to quench the practices at Court . But above all , it lay open to every mans discourse , that though the bare offence to his Soveraign and Mistress was too great an adventure , yet much more when she might ( as in this case ) have fairly discharged her displeasure upon her Laws . Notwithstanding , a noble report coming home before him , at his return all was clear , and this excursion was esteemed but a Sally of youth . Nay , he grew every day more and more in her gracious conceit : whether such intermissions as these do sometimes foment affection ; or that having committed a fault , he became the more obsequious and plyant to redeem it ; or that she had not received into her Royal Breast any shadows of his popularity .

The●e was another time long after , when Sir Fulke Grevil , ( late Lord Brooke ) a man in appearance intrinsecal with him , or at the least admitted to his Melancholy hours , either belike espying-some weariness in the Queen ; or perhaps , with little change of the word , though more in the danger-some marks towards him , and working upon the present matter , ( as she was dexterous and close ) had almost super-induced into favour the Earl of Southampton ; which yet being timely discovered , my Lord of Essex chose to evaporate his thoughts in a Sonnet ( being his common way ) to be sung before the Queen , ( as it was ) by one Hales , in whose voyce she took some pleasure ; whereof the complot me thinks had as much of the Hermit as of the Poet : And if thou should'st by Her be now forsaken , She made thy Heart too strong for to be shaken .

As if he had been casting one eye back at the least to his former retiredness . But all this likewise quickly vanished , and there was a good while afer fair weather over-head . Yet still , I know not how , like a gathering of Clouds , till towards his latter time , when his humours grew tart , as being now in the Lees of favour , it brake forth into certain suddain recesses ; sometimes from the Court to Wansteed , otherwhiles unto Greenwich , often to his own Chamber , Doors shut , Visits forbidden ; and which was worse , divers contestations ( between ) with the Q●een her self , ( all preambles of ruine ) wherewith though now and then he did wring out of her Majesty some petty contentments , ( as a man would press sowre Grapes ) yet in the mean time was forgotten the counsel of a wise , and then a Prophetical Friend , who told him , that such courses as those were like hot Waters , which help at a pang , but if they be too often used , will spoil the stomack .

On the Dukes part , we have no such abrupt strains and precipees as these , but a fair , fluent and uniform course under both Kings : And surely , as there was in his natural Constitution a marvellous equality , whereof I shall speak more afterwards ; so there was an image of it in his Fortune , r●nning ( if I may borrow an ancient comparison ) as smoothly as a numerous Verse , till it meet with certain Rubs in Parliament , whereof I am induced by the very subject which I han●le , to say somewhat , so far as shal concern the difference between their times .

WHen my Lord of Essex stood in favour , the Parliaments were calm : nay , I find it a true observation , that there was no impeachment of any Nobleman by the Commons from the Reign of King Henry the sixth , until the eighteenth of King Iames , nor any intervenient preced●nt of that nature ; not that something or other could be wanting to be said , while men are men : For not to go higher , we are taught easily so much by the very Ballads and Libels of Leicestrian time .

But above the aforesaid year , many young ones being chosen into the House of Commons more than had been usual in great Councils , ( who though of the weakest wings , are the highest Flyers ) there arose a certain unfortunate and unfruitful Spirit in some places ; not sowing , but picking at every stone in the field , rather than tending to the gene●al harvest . And thus far the consideration of the Nature of the Time hath transported me , and the occasion of the subject .

Now on the other side , I must with the like liberty observe two weighty and watchful Sollicitudes , ( as I may call them ) which kept the Earl in extream and continual Cau●ion , like a bow still bent , whereof the Dukes thoughts were absolutely free .

First , he was to wrestle with a Queens declining , or rather with her very setting Age , ( as we may term it ) which , b●sides other respects , is commonly even of it self the more umbratious and apprehensive , as for the most part all Horizons are charged with certain vapours towards their evening .

The other was a matter of more Circumstance , standing thus , viz.

All Princes , especially those whom God hath not blessed with natural issue , are ( by wisdome of State ) somewhat shie of their Successors ; and to speak with due Reverence , there may be reasonably supposed in Queens Regnant , a little proportion of tenderness that way , more than in Kings . Now there were in Cou●t two names of Power , and almost of Affection , the Essexian and the Cecilian , with their adherents , both well enough enjoying the present , and yet both looking to the future ; and therefore both holding correspondency with some of the principals in S●otland , and had r●c●ived advertisements and instructions , either from them , or immediately from the King as induciat Heir of thi● I●perial Crown .

But lest they migh● detect one another , this was mysteriously carried by several instruments and conducts , and on the Essexian side , in truth , with infinite hazard : For Sir Robert Cecil who ( as Secretary of State ) did dispose the publick Addresses , had prompter and safer conveyance ; whereupon I cannot but relate a memorable passage on either part , as the st●ry following shall declare .

The E●rl of Essex had accommodated Master Anthony Bacon in par●ition of his house , and had assigned him a noble entertainment . This was a Gentleman of impot●nt feet , but a nimble head ; and through his hand run all the intelligences with Scotland : who being of a provident nature , ( contrary to his brother the Lord Viscount Saint Albans ) and well knowing the advantage of a dangerous secret , would many times cunningly let fall some words , as if he could amend his Fortunes under the Cecilians , ( to whom he was near of alliance , and in blood also ) and who had made ( as he was not unwilling should be believed ) some great proffers to win him away : which once or twice he pressed so far , and with such tokens and signes of apparent discontent to my Lord Henry Howard , afterwards Earl of Northampton , ( who was of the party , and stood himself in much Umbrage with the Queen ) that he flees presently to my Lord of Essex , ( with whom he was commonly primae admissionis ) by his bed-side in the morning , and tells him , that unless that Gentleman were presently satisfied with some round sum , all would be vented .

This took the Earl at that ●ime ill provided , ( as indeed oftentimes his Coffers were low ) whereupon he was fain suddenly to give him Essex-house ; which the good old Lady Walsingham did afterwards dis-engage out of her own sto●e with 2500 pound ; and before , he ha● distilled 1500 pound at another time by the s●me skill . So as we rate this one secr●t , as it was finely car●ied , at 4000 pounds in present money , besides at the least 1000 pound of annual p●nsion to a private and bed-rid Gentleman : What would he have gotten if he could have gone about his own business ?

There was another accident of the same nature on the Cecilian side , much more pleasant , but less chargeable , for it cost nothing but wit . The Queen having for a good while not heard any thing from Scotland , and being thi●sty of news , it fell out that her Majesty going to take the air towards the heath , ( ●he Cou●t being then at Greenwich ) and Master Secretary Cecil then attending her , a Post came crossing by , and blew his Horn : The Queen out of curiosity asked him from whence the Dispatch came ; and being answered , from Scotland ; she stops her Coach , and calleth for the Packet . The Secretary , though he knew there were some Letters in it from his Correspondents , which to discover , were as so many Serpents ; yet made more shew of diligence than of doubt to obey ; and asks some that stood by ( forsooth in great haste ) for a Knife to cut up the Packet , ( for otherwise he might perhaps awak●d a little apprehension ) but in the mean time approaching with the Packet in his hand , at a pretty distance from the Queen , he telleth her it look●d and smelt ill-favouredly coming out of a fil●●y Budget , and that it should be fit first to open and air it , because he knew she was averse from ill Scents .

And so being dismissed home , he got leisure by thi● seasonable shift , to sever what he would not have seen .

These two accidents precisely true , and known to few , I have reported as not altogether extravagant from my purpose , to shew how the Earl stood in certain perplexities , wherewith the Dukes days were not distracted . And this hath been the Historical part ( as it were ) touching the difference between th●m in the rising and flowing of their fortunes .

I will now consider their several Endowments both of Person and Mind , and then a little of their Actions and Ends.

The Earl was a pretty deal the taller , and much the stronger , and of the abler body : but the Duke had the neater limbs , and free delivery : he was also the uprighter , and of the more comely motions : for the E●rl did bend a little in the neck● , though rather forwards than downwards : and he was so far from being a good Dancer , that he was no graceful Goer . If we touch particulars , the Duke exceeded in the daintiness of his leg and foot , and the Earl in the incomparable fairness and fine shape of his hands ; which ( though it be but feminine praise ) he took from his Father : for the general Air , the Earl had the closer and more reserved Countenance , being by nature somewhat more cogitative , and ( which was strange ) never more than at meals , when others are least : Insomuch , as he was wont to make his observation of hims●lf , that to solve any knotty ●usiness which cumbred his mind , his ablest hours were when he had checked his first appetite with two or three morsels , after which he sate usually for a good while silent : yet he would play well and willingly at some games of greatest a●tention● which shewed , that when he listed he could license his thoughts .

The Duke on the other side , even in the midst of so many diversions , had continually a very pleasant and vacant face , ( as I may well call it ) proceeding no doubt from a singular assurance in his temper . And yet I must here given him a rarer Elogie , which the malignest eye cannot deny him , That certainly never man in his place and power , did entertain greatness more familiarly , nor whose looks were less tainted with his felicity ; wherein I insist the rather , because this in my judgement was one of his greatest Vertues and Victories of himself .

But to proceed : in the attiring and ornament of their bodies , the Duke had a fine and unaffected politeness , and upon occasion costly , as in his Legations .

The Earl as he grew more and more attentive to business and matter , so less and less curious of cloathing : insomuch , as I do remember , those about him had a conceit , that possibly sometimes when he went up to the Queen , he might scant know what he had on : for this was his manner : His Chamber being commonly stived with Friends or Sui●ers of one kinde or other ; when he gave his legs , arms , and breast to his ordinary servants to button and dress him with little heed , his head and face to his Barbour , his eyes to his letters , an● ears to Petitioners , and many times all at once , then the Gentleman of his Robes thro●ing a cloak over his shoulders , he would make a step into his Closet , and after a short prayer , he was gone : only in his Baths , he was somewhat delicate . For point of diet and luxury , they were both inordinate in their appetites , especially the Earl , who was by nature of so different a taste , that I must tell a rare thing of him ( though it be but a homely note ) that he would stop in the midst of any physical Potion , and after he had licked his lips , he would drink off the rest ; but I am weary of such slight Animad versions .

To come therefore to the inward furniture of their minds , I will thus much declare .

The Earl was of good Erudition , having been placed at study in Cambridge very young by the Lord Burleigh his Guardian , with affectionate and deliberate care , under the oversight of Doctor Whitgift , then master of Trinity Colledge , and after Archbishop of Canterbury ; A man ( by the way ) surely of a most reverend and sacred memory , and ( as I may well say ) even of the Primitive temper , when the Church in lowliness of temper did flourish in high examples , which I have inserted as a due recordation of his vertues , having been much obliged to him for many favours in my younger time .

About sixteen years of his age ( for thither he came at twelve ) he took the formality of master of Arts , and kept his publick Acts. And here I must not smother what I have received by constant Information , that his own Father dyed with a very cold conceit of him , some say through the affection to his second son Walter Devereux , who was indeed a diamond of the time , and both of an hardy and delicate temper and mixture : But it seemes , this Earl , like certain vegetables , did ●●d and open slowly ; Nature sometimes delighting to play an after-game as well as Fortune , which had both their turnes and tides in course .

The Duke was Illiterate , yet had learned at Court , first to ●i●t and question well , and to supply his own defects by the drawing or flowing unto him of the best Instruments of experience and knowledge , from whom he had a sweet and attractive manner , to suck what might be for the publick or his own proper use ; so as the less he was favoured by the Muses , he was the more by the Graces .

To consider them in their pure Naturals , I conceive the Earls Intellectuall faculties to have been his stronger part , and in the Duke his Practical .

Yet all know , that he likewise at the first was much under the expectation of his after● proof ; such a sudden influence therein had the Soveraign aspect . For their Abilities of discourse or pen , the Earl was a very acute and sound speaker when he would intend it ; and for his Writings , they are beyond example , especially in his familiar Letters and things of delight at Court , when he would admit his serious habits , as may be yet seen in his Impresses and inventions of entertainment ; and above all , in his darling piece of love , and self-love ; his Stile was an elegant perspicuity , rich of phrase , but seldome any bold Metaphors , and so far from Tumor , that it rather wanted a little Elevation .

The Dukes delivery of his mind I conceive not to be so sharpe as solid and grave , not so solid and deep as pertinent , and apposite to the times and occasions .

The Earl I account the more liberal , and the Duke the more magnificent ; for I do not remember that my Lord of Essex in all his life-time did build or ado●ne any house , the Queen perchance spending his time , and himself his meanes , or otherwise inclining to popular ways ; for we know the people are apter to applaud hous-keepers , than hous-raisers . They were both great cherishers of Scholars and Divines ; but it seems , the Earl had obtained of himself one singular point , that he could depart his affection between two extreams : for though he bare always a kind of filial reverence towards Dr. Whit gift , both before and after he was Archbishop ; yet on the other side , he did not a little love and tender Master Cartwright , though I think truly , with la●ge distinction between the persons and the Causes , howsoever he was taxed with other ends in respecting that party .

They were both fair-spoken Gentlemen , not prone and eager to detract openly from any man ; in this the Earl hath been most falsly blemished in our vulgar Story : only against one man he had forsworn all patience , namely Henry Lord Cobham , and would call him ( per Excellentiam ) the Sycophant ( as if it had been an emblem of his name ) even to the Queen herself , though of no small insinuation with her ; and one Lady likewise ( that I may civilly spare to nominate , for her sex sake ) whom he used to terme the Spyder of the Court : yet generally in the sensitive part of their Natures the Earl was the worse Philosopher , being a great Resenter and a weak Dissembler of the least disgrace : And herein likewise , as in the rest , no Good Pupill to my Lord of Leicester , who was wont to put all his passions in his pocket .

In the growth of their Fo●tunes , the Duke was a little the swifter , and much the greater ; for from a younger brothers mean estate , he rose to the highest degree whereof a Subject was capable either in Title or Trust. Therein I must confess much more consortable to Charles Brandon under Henry the Eight , who was equal to him in both .

For matter of Donative and addition of substance , I do not believe that the Duke did much exceed him , all considered , under both Kings .

For that which the Earl of Essex had received from her Majesty , besides the Fees of his Offices and the disposition of great Summes of money in her Armies , was ( about the time of his Arraignment , when faults use to be aggravated with precedent benefits ) valued at three hundred thousand pounds sterling in pure gift for his onely use , to the Earl of Dorset then Lord Treasurer ; who was a wise man , and a strict Computist , and not ill affected towards him . And yet it is worthy of note in the Margent of both Times , that the one was prosecuted with silence , and the other with murmur ; so undoing a measure is popular judgement .

I cannot her omit between them a great difference in establishing of both their Fortunes and Fames .

For the first , the Duke had a care to introduce into neer place at the Court divers of his confident Servants , and into high places very sound and grave Personages . Whereas , except a Pensioner or two , we can scant name any one man advanced of the E●rls breeding , but Sir Thomas Smith , having been his Secretary , who yet came never further ( though married into a noble house ) than to the Clerk of the Councell , and Register of the Parliament : not that the E●rl meant to stand alone like a Substantive ( for he was not so ill a Grammarian in Court ; ) but the Truth is , in this point the Cecilians kept him back , as very well knowing , that upon every little absence or disassiduity , he should be subject to take cold at his back .

For the Other , in managing of their Fames , I no●e between them a direct contrary wisdome ; For the Earl proceeded by way of Apology , which he wrote and dispersed with his own hands at large , though till his going to Ireland they were but airy objections . But of the Duke this I know , that one hav●ng offered for his ease to do him that kinde of Service ; He refused it with a pretty kinde of thankful scorn , saying , that he would trust his own good intentions which God knew , and leave to him the pardoning of his Errours ; and that he saw no fruit of Apologies , but the multiplying of discourse : wh●ch surely was a wel-setled Maxime . And for my own particular ( though I am not obnoxious to his memory ) in the expression of Tacitus , Neque injuria , neque beneficia , sa●ing that he shewed me an ordinary good Countenance : And if I were , yet I would distinguish between Gratitude and Truth . I must bear him this Testimony , that in a Commission laid upon me by Soveraign Command to examine a Lady about a certain filthy accusation grounded upon nothing but a few-single names taken up by a Footman in a kennel , and straight baptized , A list of such as the Duke had appointed to be poysoned at home , himself being then in Spain ; I found it to be the most malicious and frantick surmise , and the most contrary to his nature that I think had ever been brewed from the beginning of the World , howsoever countenanced by a Libellous Pamphlet of a fugitive Physician even in Print ; and yet of this would not the Duke suffer any answer to be made on his behalf , so constant he was to his own principles .

In their Military services the Characters of the Earls imployments were these , viz.

His forwardest was that of Portugal , before mentioned .

The saddest , that of Roan , where he lost his brave Brother .

His fortunatest peice I esteem the taking of Cadiz Malez , and no less modest ; for there he wrote with his own hands a censure of his Omissions .

His jealousest imployment was to the relief of Calais besieged by the Cardinal Arch-duke : about which , there passed then between the Queen and t●e French King much A●t .

His Voiage to the Azores was the best , for the discovery of the Spanish weakness , and otherwise almost a saving Voiage .

His blackest was that to Ireland , ordained to be the Sepulchre of his Father , and the Gulph of his own Fortunes .

But the first in 88 , at Tilbury-camp , was in my judgement the very poyson of all that followed ; for there whilest the Queen stood in some doubt of a Spanish Invasion ( though it proved but a Morrice-dance upon our Waves ) she made him in Field Commander of the Cavalry ( as he was before in Court ) and much graced him openly in view of the Souldiers and people , even above my Lord of Leicester : the truth is , from thenceforth he fed too fast .

The Dukes employment abroad in this nature , was onely in the Action of the Isle of Reez , of which I must note somewhat for the honour of our Country , and of his Majesties times , and of them that perished and survived , and to redeem it generally from mis-understanding . Therefore after enquiry amongst the wisest and most indifferent men ; of that Action , I dare pronounce , that all Circumstances pondered , A tumultuary banding on our part , with one thousand in the whole on theirs ready to receive us with two hundred horse , with neer two thousand foot , and watching their best time of advantage , none of their foot discovered by us before , nor so much as suspected , and onely some of their Horse descried stragling , but not in any bulk or body : their Cavalry not a Troop of Eascoignors mounted in haste , but the Greater part Gentlemen of Family , and of pickt Resolution , and such as charged home both in Front and on both Flanks into the very Sea ; about sixscore of their two hundred horse strewed upon the Sand , and none of them but one killed with a great shot ; and after this their foot likewise coming on to charge , till not liking the business they fell to flinging of stones , and so walked away :

I say , these things considered and laid together , we have great reason to repute it a great impression upon an unknown place , and a noble argument that upon occasion we have not lost our ancient vigour . Only I could wish that the Duke who then in the animating of the souldiers shewed them very eminent assurance of his valour , had afterwards remembred that rule of Apelles , Manum de Tabula . But he was greedy of honour , and hot upon the publique ends , and too c●nfident in the prosperity of beginnings , as somewhere Polybius , hat great Critique of war , observeth of young Leaders whom fortune hath not before deceived . In this their military care and dispensation of reward and punishment , there was very few remarkeable occasions under the Duke , saving his continuall vigilancie and voluntary hazard of his person , and kindnesses to the Souldiers , both from his own Table and purse ; for there could be few disorders within an Island where the troops had no scope to disband , and the Inferior Commanders were still in ●ight .

In the Earl we have two examples of his severity● the one in the Island Voyage , where he threw a Souldier with his own hands , out of a Ship ; the other in Ireland , where he decimated certain troops that ran away , renewing a peice of the Roman Discipline .

On the other side , we have many of his Lenitie , and one of his Facility , when he did connive at the bold trespass of Sir Walter Raleigh , who before his arrivall at Fyall , had banded there against his precise Commandment ; at which time he let fall a Noble word , being pressed by one , ( whose name I need not remember ) that at the least he would put him upon a Martial Court : That I would do ( said he ) if he were not my friend .

And now I am drawing towards the last Act , which was written in the Book of necessity .

At the Earls end I was abroad , but when I came home ( though little was left for Writers to glean● after Judges ) yet , I spent some curiosity to search what it might be that could precipitate him into such a prodigious Catastrophe ; and I must , according to my professed freedome , deliver a circumstance or two of some weight in the truth of that story , which was neither discovered at his arraignment , nor after in any of his private Confessions .

There was amongst his nearest attendants one Henry Cuffe , a man of secret ambitious ends of his own , and of proportionate Councels smothered under the habit of a Scholar , and slubbered over with a certain rude and clownish fashion , that had the semblance of integrity .

This person not above five or six weeks before my Lords fatall irruption in the City , was by the Earls special Command suddainly discharged from all further attendance , or access unto him , out of an inward displeasure then taken against his sharp and importune infusions , and out of a glimme●ing oversight , that he would prove the very instrument of his Ruine .

I must adde hereunto , that about the same time my Lord had received from the Countess of warwick ( a Lady powerful in the Court , and indeed a vertuous user of her power ) the best advice that I think was ever given from either sex ; That when he was free from restraint , he should closely take any out-lodging at Greenwic● , and sometimes when the Queen went abroad in a good humour , ( whereof she would give him notice ) he should come forth , and humble himself before her in the field .

This Counsel sunk much into him , and for some days he resolved it : but in the mean time , through the intercession of the Earl of Southampton , whom Cuffe had gained , he was restored to my Lords ear , and so working advantage upon his disgraces , and upon the vain foundation of Vulgar breath , which hurts many good men , spun out the final distruction of his master and himself , and almost of his restorer , if his pardon had not been won by inches .

True it is , that the Earl in Westminster-hall did in generall disclose the evill perswasions of this man ; but the particulars which I have related by this dismission and restitution , he buried in his own breast for some reasons apparent enough ; Indeed ( as I conjecture ) not to ●xasperate the Case of my Lord of Southampton , though he might therewith a little peradventure have mollified his own . The whole and true Report I had by infallible meanes from the person himself that both brought the advice from the aforesaid excellent Lady , and carried the discharge to Cuffe , who in a private Chamber was strucken , therewith into a Sound almost dead to the Earth , as if he had fallen from some high steeple ; such Turrets of hope he had built in his own fancy .

Touching the Dukes suddain period , how others have represented it unto their Fancies , I cannot determine : for my part , I must confess from my soul that I never recall it to minde without a deep and double astonishment of my discourse and reason .

First , of the very horrour and atrocity of the Fact in a Christian Court , under so moderate a Government ; but much more at the impudencie of the pretence , whereby a desperate discontented Assassinate would after the perp●tration have honested a meere private revenge ( as by precedent Circumstances is evident enough ) with I know not what publick respects , and would fain have given it a Parliamentary cover howsoever . Thus these two great Peers were dis-roabed of their Glory , the one by judgement , the other by violence , which was the small distinct on .

Now after this short contemplation of their diversities , ( for much more might have been spoken , but that I was fitter for Rhapsody than commentary ) I am lastly desirous to take a Summary view of their Conformities , which I verily believe will be found as many , though perchance heeded by few , as are extant in any of the ancient Parallel .

They both slept long in the arms of Fortune : They were both of ancient blood , and of Forraign extraction : They were both of strai● and goodly stature , and of able and active bodies : They we●e both industrious and assiduous , and attentive to their ends : They were both early Privie-Counsellours , and employed at home in the secretest and weightiest affairs in Court and State : They were both likewise Commanders abroad in Chief , as well by sea as by land , both Masters of the ●orse at home , both chosen Chancellours of the same University , namely , Cambridge : They were both indubitable strong and high-minded men ; yet of sweet and accostable nature , almost equally delighting in the press and a●fluence of Dependance and Suiters , which are always the Burres , and sometimes the B●ie●s of Favourites . They were both married to very vertuous Ladies , and sole Heirs , and left issue of either Sex ; and both their Wives converted to contrary Religions . They were both in themselves rare and excellent examples of Temperance and Sobriety , but neither of them of Con●inency .

Lastly , after they had been bo●h subject ( as well Greatness and Splendor is ) to certain o●●●quise of their actions : They both concluded their earthly felicity in unnaturall ends , and wi●h n● great distance of time in the space either of Life or Favour .

Observations on the Life of Sir J●ffery Fenton .

SIr Ieffery Fenton , born in Nottinghamshire , was for twenty ●even years Privy-Counsellour in Ireland to Queen Elizabeth and King Iames ● He translated the History of Francis Gu●●●iardine out of Italian in●o English , and dedicated it to Queen Elizabeth . He deceased at Dubli● , October 19. 1608 , and lyeth b●ried in St. Patrick● Church , under the same Tomb with his Father-in-Law D●ctor Robert Weston , sometimes Chancellour of Ireland . It is an happy age when great m●n do what wise men may write ; an happier , when wise men write what great have done ; the happiest of all , when the same men act and w●ite , being Histories , and composing them too . For these men having a neerer● and more thorow-insight to the great subjects of Annals than men of more distant capacities and fortunes , are the only persons that have given the world the right no●ion of Transactions , when men of lower and more pedan●ique spirits trouble it only with more H●avy Romances . Give me the actions of a Prince transcribed by those Historians who could be instruments , The best History in the world is Caesar's Commentaries , written by him , and translated by Edmonds , with the same spirit that they were acted . Xenophon and Thucydides , whose pens copied their Narratives from their Swords . Tacitus , Malv●zzi , Machiavel , Comines , Moor , Bacon , Herbert and a a His Eliz. ●o which Cambden gave but the language and ●he transcript . Burleigh ( who writ the affairs of former Ages with the same judgement that they managed those of their own . ) In a word , an History written by such a Courtier as Guicciardine , and translated by such a Counsellour as Fento● . Diamond onely can cut Diamond , the great onely express the great : a person that hath a sight of the Intelligence , Negotiations , Conferences , and inward transactions of States , i●● one from whom I expect a more exact Chronicl●●●f this age than yet this Nation hath been happy in .

Observations on the Life of Doctor Fletcher .

GIles Fletcher ( brother to Richard Fletcher Bishop of London ) was born in Kent , as I am credibly a a From the mouth of Mr. Ramsey Minister of Rougham in Norfolk , who married the widow of Mr. Giles Fletcher son to this Doctor . infor●ed . He was bred first in Eaton , then in Kings Colledge in Cambridge , where he became Doctor of Law . A most excellent Po●t ( a quality hereditary to his two sons , Giles and Phineas ) was sent Commissioner into Scotland , Germany , and the Low-Countries , for Queen Eliz●beth , and her Embassador into Russia , Secretary to the City of London , and Master of the Court of Requests , His Russian Embassie to settle the English Merchandise was his Master-piece , to Theodor , Juanowich , Duke of Muscovia . He came thither in a dangerous juncture of time , viz. in the end of the year 1588.

First , some Forreiners ( I will not say they were the Hollanders ) envying the free Trade of the English , had done them bad offices .

Secondly , a false report was generally believed that the Spanish Armado had worsted the English Fleet , and the Duke of Muscov● , who mea●ured his favour unto the English , by the possisbility he apprehended of their returning it ) grew very sparing of his smiles , not to say free of his frowns on our Merchants residing there . However , our Doctor demeaned himself in his Embassie with such cautiousness , that he not onely escaped the Dukes fury , but also procured many priviledges for our English Merchants , exemplified in * * In his volume of English Navigation● , p. 374. Mr. Hacklui● . Returnng home and being safely arrived at London , he sent for ● his intimate friend Mr. Wayland , Prebendary of St. Pauls , and Senior fellow of Trinity Colledge in Cambridge ( Tutor to my Father , from whose mouth I received this report ) with whom he heartily express'd his thankfulness to God for his safe return from so great a danger ; for the Poets cannot fancy Ulysses more glad to be come out of ●he Den Polyphemus , than he was to be rid out of the power of such a barbarous Prince , who counting himself by a proud and voluntary mistake Emperour of all Nations , cared not for the Law of all Nations , and who was so habited i● blood , that had he cut ●ff this Embassador's head , he and his friends might have sought their own amends ; but the question is , where he would have found it ? He afterwards set forth a book called The Russian Common-wealth , expressing the Government , or Tyranny rather thereof ; wherein ( saith my † † Camb. in his Eliz. Anno 158● . when he was Agent in Muscov , as afterward Ambassador ● Author ) are many things most observable : but Queen Elizabeth indulging the reputation of the Duke of Muscovy as a confederate Prince , permitted not the publick printing of that ; which such who have private Copies , know to set the valuation thereon .

Observations on the Life of the Lord Mounjoy .

THe Lord Mountjoy was of the ancient Nobi●ity ; as he came from Oxford , he took the Inner Temple in his way to Court , whither no sooner come , but ( without asking ) had a pretty strange kinde of admission . He was then much about twenty years of age , of a brown hair , a sweet face , a most neat composure , and tall in his person ; so that he coming to see the fashion of the Court , was spied out by the Queen , and out of the affection she bare to the very sight of his face , received him into favour : upon the first observation whereof , she professed that she knew there was in him some noble blood . He was one that wanted not wit and courage , for he had very fine attractions ; and being a good Scholar , yet were they accompanied with the re●ractives of bashfulness , and a natural modesty . There was in him an inclination to Arms , with an humour of Travelling : and as he was grown by reading ( whereunto he was much addicted ) to the Theory of a Souldier , so was he strongly invited by his Genius to the Acquaintance of the Practick of the War , which were the causes of his excursions ; for he had a Company in the Low-Countrys , from whence he came over with a noble acceptance of the Queen , but somewhat restless : in honourable thoughts he exposed himself again and again , and would press the Queen with the pretences of visiting his Company so often , that at length he had a flat denyal , and yet he stole over with Sir Iohn Norris , into the action of Britain ; but at last the Queen began to take his Decessions for contempts , and confined his residence to the Court , and her own presence . She was so confident in her own Princely judgement and opinion that she had conceived of his worth and conduct , that she would have this noble Gentleman , and none other , to finish , and bring the Irish War to a propitious end ; which ( not deceiving her good conceit of him ) he nobly atchieved , though with much paines and carefulness .

Among the greatest things laid to Queen Elizabeth her charge ( saith the Censurer ) as cast behinde the door of neglect , was the conduct of the Affairs of Ireland ; a place lying all her Halcyon days under so great a contempt , that wise Walsingham thought it no Treason to wish it bu●ied in the Sea , considering the charge it brought : yet she kept the Pale in good order , not suffering the Spanish party to grow more potent in the North , than was convenient to consume his forces , and divert him from nearer and more dangerous attempts . It being impossible for her without being grievous to her people ( a Rock she chiefly studied to avoid ) at one time to maintain so dreadful a Navy at Sea , and foment the Du●ch and French , to whose assistance she was called by a louder necessity , than to render a Nation quite desolate : none being willing during her life to exchange the present government of a natural Princess , for the less happy tyranny of a Vice-Roy ; of which the most did study more their respective Grandeur by extending the War , than the ease of the Inhabitants , and lessening the Queens expence , till the noble Lord Mount-joy , was employed , who had no other design than the conclusion of the Work ; which he had not yet brought about , but that the Spaniards found themselves betrayed through the covetousness and cowardize of the Natives , that for small sums would sell not onely such Forreigners as ●ame to help them , but their nearest Relations . Nor was it possible to reduce them to civility , but by curing the Bogs and Fastnesses , and building castles and Garrisons , which he did ; nor easie to subdue them without that severity to the Priests , which he used ; whom he found exercising such an implicite power over the Peoples consciences● that they could not resolve themselves of their Soveraigns right or Religion . — This for his Irish government : touching his Domestick relaetion ; When Queen Elizabeths favour to Essex ( like a bone by breaches made more firm ) swelled him to such a degree of confidence as frowned on them as enemies that acknowledged not his friendship , or depended not on his favour , to balance him and my Lord Cecil , this gallant Gentleman , and of honourable extraction , was placed in her eye ; many hoping by his application to draw from her heart the affection they thought mortal to them and their design , the whole result concluding in a Duel that raised both in their Mistriss affections , as Champions for her beauty now , and like to be so for her Government .

There are some Letters of this noble persons to be seen , I am told , of a plain and equal style becoming a States-man and business ; not seldome yet admitting of several constructions , if of any interpretation at all , where the business related to a thing whose consequence could not easily be seen into .

Observations on the Life of Edward Earl of Rutland .

A Noble-man , eminent for those several Endowments which single , do exact an entire man . For a person of his quality to be an accurate Critick in , he learned Tongues , and then as a Rhetorician to make all their Graces serve his Eloquence ; to have traversed Ancient , and yet be no Stranger in Modern Writers : to be well versed in the more crabbed Philosophy , and accurate in Politer classick Authors● to be learned in History and Policy , and Master in the Law of the Land , and of Nations . For such a man to have devoured so much and yet digested it , is a rarity in nature , and in diligence , which hath but few examples : yet his speculative knowledge that gave light to the most dark and difficult proposals , became eclipsed by the more dazling lustre of his more practick and experimental prudence ; which together with his alliance to my Lord Burleigh , had voted him to Bromley's place , but that they both sickned in one day , and died in one week ; he leaving these four Advisoes behind him , 1. Be always employed . 2. Look to the Issue . 3. Be furnished with a Friend . And 4. Reflect upon thy self — Vita est in se Reflexio .

Observations on the Life of Sir John Smith .

HIS Relation to Edward the sixth his Cousin German , was enough to countenance his parts , and his parts ripe and large enough to advance his person . — His gravity could be no where better employed than in Spain , nor his reservedness any where more su●table than in Italy . In Spain his carriage had a great impression upon the King , and his spirit upon the whole Court. For Gasper Quiroga Arch-Bishop of Toledo , inveighing bitterly against the Queen's person , and more against her Title ( Defender of the Faith ) was answered by him with that Wisdom and Prudence , that his Majesty of Spain checked the Arch-Bishop as an Impertinado , as he called him , and hugged Sir Iohn Smith , as a man who had made himself dread●ul , and his Mistriss therefore much more to that Court — ( They who least consider hazard in the doing of their duty , fare best still . ) The surest way to safety , is to have one interest espoused so firmly , as never to be changed . Nor did he this out of a vainer bottome than an observation he made of his Mistrisses resolution , already in despair of procuring good from any milder endeavours than those of power : A signal testimony of the commanding worth this Gentleman had , which extorted a reverence to his person in that very place where his business contracted an Odium . An excellent person he was , in whom honesty of manners strived with Nobi●ity of Birth , and merit with honour ; of a composed and stayed temper , that would say under all temptations to disquiet , Either the thing before us is in our power , or it is not : If it be , why do we not manage it to our content ? If not , why are we discontented , especially since every thing hath two bandles ? If the one prove hot , and not to be touched , we may take the other that is more temperate . Upon which consideration , all private concernments he passed over with a perfect indifference : the world and its Appendages hanging so loose about him , that he never took notice when any part dropt off , or sate uneasily .

Observations on the Life of Sir Walter Rawleigh .

SIr Walter Rawleigh was well descended , and of good Alliance , but poor in his beginning . He was one so tosted by fortune to and fro , that he was sometimes high , sometimes low , sometimes in a middle condition . He was brought up in the University and Innes of Cour● , but he stayed not long in a place : and being the youngest Brother , and the House diminished in Patrimony , he foresaw his own destiny , that he was first to ●oul ( through want and disability ) before he could come to a repose . He first exposed himself to the Land-service of Ireland ( a Militia ) which then did not yield him food and raiment ; nor had he patience to stay there , ( though shortly after he came thither again ) under the command of the Lord Grey . As for his Native parts , and those of his own acquiring , he had in the outward man a good presence , in a handsome and well-compacted person , a strong natural wit , and a better judgement , with a bold and plausible tongue , whereby he could set out his parts to the best advantage ; and to these he had the adjuncts of some general learning , which by diligence he enforced to a great Augmentation● and Perfection ; for he was an indefatigable Reader , whether by Sea or Land , and none of the least observers both of Men and the Times . Falling from that sudden grace , which he by his parts had gained of the Queen , he went aside for a while , but at his return he came in with the greater strength , and so continued to her last , great in her favour , and Captain of the Guard . His prudence understood his capacity , and his industry served it ; raising his fortune as high as his parts , and his parts as high as his mind . His Motto was , Either dye nobly , or live honorably . Never man prospered , but the resolute , and he that hath awaked an easie , soft , sleepy , or indifferent temper , to the noble adventure of being Caesar , or being none : a disposition meeting a large and capacious soul in this Gentleman , taught him the exact discipline of War in Ireland and the Low-Countries , the great skill of a Sea-man between Europe and America , and a patience as severe in enduring hardship , as his necessity in requiring it . Five hours he slep● , four he read , two he discoursed ; allowing the rest to his business and his necessities : no Souldier fared or lay harder , none ventured further : what is not extraordinary ( he would say ) is nothing : It being the end of all Arts and Sciencies to direct men by certain rules unto the most compendious way in their knowledge and practice : those things of which in our selves we have onely some imperfect confused notions , being herein fully and clearly represented to our view from the discoveries that other men have made , after much study and long experience ; and there is nothing of greater consequence for the advancement of Learning , than to finde out those particular advantages which there are for the shortest way of knowing and teaching things in every profession . There was not an expert Souldier or Sea-man , but he consulted ; not a printed or manuscript , discourse of Navigation or War but he perused ; nor were there exacter rules or principles for both services , than he drew : so contemplative he was ; that you would think he was not active ; so active , that you would say he was not prudent — A great Souldier , and yet an excellent Courtier : an accomplished Gallant , and yet a bookish man ; a man that seemed born for any thing he undertook : his wit brought him to Court , and kept him there ; for there happening a d●fference between him and my Lord Grey , under whom he served in Ireland , which was heard before the Council-Table , Rawleigh stated his case with that clearness , urged his arguments with that ●vidence and reason , offered his Apologies with those pertinent and taking allegations , and his Replies with that smartness ; expressed himself with that flueney and eloquence , and managed his carriage and c●untenance with that discretion , that he was first the States-mens observation , next her Majesties Favourite , and at last her Oracle ; as who was equally happy in his comprehensive discourses to her of her private interest in every part of her government , and in his effectuall Speeches ●o her Subjects in Parliament touching theirs in every part of their duty .

Two things he observed in his Mistriss ; 1. That she was penurious in her largesses . 2. That she was choice in her Favourites .

Whence he concluded , that there was no good to be done unless he got an estate first , and then a reputation .

To the first , we owe his Sea-voyages , when his whole fortune was often put up in one ship● And to the last , his Land-services , when all his expectation depended on one action . Two Rivals he observed , Essex for action , Cecil for counsel : The one he went under abroad , to outvy him ; the other he complyed with at home , to undermine him : but wanting strength , though not parts to be both their Corrivals , he perished , because not thought to own humility enough to be their servants . Cecill indeed was his friend , because Essex was his enemy : but he taught him , That it was more safe at Court to have many enemies of equall power , than one false and ambitious friend , that hath attained to the absoluteness of command : But this he was often heard to say , he did not apprehend , before his Genius had dictated it to him , as he came in a Boat from the execution of the Earl of Essex , which was done at the Tower . — Yet two wayes I finde him getting up : 1. By uncouth projects in Parliament beyond expectation ; which ( though they might oblige his Mistriss ) together with an opinion of his irreligion , lost him with the People . 2. By extraordinary undertakings in Warre beyond his Commission ; which ( though performed to out-do his Generals ) had forfeited his head to their severity and justice , had not his wit complyed with their easiness and goodness . It 's a question among the Curiosoes , whether his often absence from Court was his prudence , or his weakness , it being a quodlibet , whether that distance was a greater allay to his enemies malice , or his Sovereigns love ; while his forreign actions were not so close at her ear to his advantage , as his Adversaries applications to his disparagemtnt .

Two things I must needs say are wonderful in him . 1. The dispatch and industry of the former part of his life . 2. The weakness of the latter .

Touching the first , he that shall consider his laborious way of study , immers'd in almost infinite reading and observation , to which the running over of innumerable books , and a vast multitude of men was necessary : His Obligations to read not onely common Authors , but all Records , Schemes , and Paper that he could come by : His correspondence with F●iends and Strangers ; his review of his own Papers ( which he sate close to by Sea and Land ) that never passed him without three transcriptions ; his reception of visits , whether of civility , or business , or discourse , which were numerous , and great devourers of his time ; his agency for all sort● of person● ( his interest with his thrifty Mistriss being most part of his pension ) in which capacity he set up a kinde of Office of Address — his Letters , which cost him one day in the week : The time lost upon his misfortunes , which made it necessary for him often to break his great series and method of undertaking . He , I say , that shall compute , and sum up this , the particulars whereof are nakedly told without any straining of the truth , or flourish of expression , must be much to seek how a man of so many actions should write any thing , and one of so many writings should do any thing ; and more , how one of so many fatall diversions could keep up a steady minde for those great , but exact argumen●s that it hath left in the world ; especially when there was one very difficult particular in all his comp●sures , viz. that none of his Discourses with which his H●story or other Books are embellished , passed hi●●xact hand before the most knowing and most learned men in that faculty to which those discou●●●s belonged , had debated them before him● who after their departure s●mmed up all into those excellent pieces now abroad under his name , which I blame not King Iames for envying , being the nearest his own : though I think not that learned Prince of so low a spirit , as out of an impertinent emulation to affect Sir Walter Rawleigh the less , for the great repute that followed him because of his pen ; which being more dangerous than his Sword , I wonder that wise Prince indulged him , especially since that Master H●mpden a little before the Wars was at the charge of transcribing 3452 sheets of his Manuscripts , as the Amanuensis himself told me , who had his cl●se chamber , his fire and candle , with an Attendant to deliver him the Originals , and take his Copies as fast as he could w●ite them .

2. To the second , viz. the weakness of the last part of his life : 1. T●ere was no● a greater reach in that advice of his to the Queen ( when some were for attacq●ing Spain one way , and some another ) to cut off its commerce with the Indies , than there was sho●tness of spirit in tru●●ing the most hopeful part of that expedition to Sir I●hn Burroughs , when he su●k und●r the m●st disastrous himself . Yet 2. That he , when Cap●●in of the Guard , Warden of the Cinq●e-ports , Gov●rnour of Virginia ( a place of his own discovery ) prefe●ments enough to satisfie a regular spirit , should stand on term●s with King Iames against the Law of the Land , the Genius of the Nation , the resolution of the Nobility , and Reason i●●elf ( that knoweth there is no cautions that hold Princes , but their interest and nature ) was a greater infirmity But 3. That he upon the Kings frown for his fo●mer indiscretion upon him , and Cobham , should engage upon so shallow a Treason ( so improbable to hurt others , or benefit themselves , that if ever folly was capable of the title , or pity due to innocence , theirs might claim so large a share as not possible to be too severely condemned , or flightly enough punished ) and that with such week and inconsiderable men , as were rather against the government , than for one another ( Grey being a Puritan , and Cobham a Protestant ) were the g●eatest : but there is one particular more behind ; That he could employ his restraint so well , should ●ye under the justice as well as jealousie of K. James : And knowing that Princes must not pardon any able man that either they have wronged , or that hath wronged them , be so intent upon a foolish liber●y , wherein he lost himself and his in that unhappy voyage of Guiana ; a voyage , that considering King Iames his inclination to the M●tch , his own obnoxiousness to tha● King abroad , and Cecil here for o●structing the Peace with Spain , and Gondamor's vigilance , must needs be as unsuccessful , as it was disgu●●●ul .

Methinks he that was of so incomparable a dex●eri●y in his judgement , as the Treasurer grew jealous of his excellent parts , lest he should supplant him ; of so quick and ready apprehension and conduct , that he puzzled the Iudges at Wincheste● : of so good a Head-piece , that it was wished then on the Secretary of State 's shoulders : of so considerable an interest , that notwithstan●ng his fourteen years impr●sonme●t , Princes interceded ●or him , the whole Na●ion pitied him , and King Iames would not execute him without an Apology . And to say no more , of so much magnanimity , that he managed his death with so high and so religious a resolution , as if a Christian had acted a Roman , or rather a Roman a Christian ; might have gone off the world at a higher rate , but that there is an higher power governs wisdome , as invisibly , yet as really as wisdome doth the world ; which when I look back upon my Lord of Essex , I call fate ; but when from him I look forward to Sir ●alter Rawleigh , I believe a providence .

He had a good presence in a handsome and well-compacted person , a strong natural wit , a better judgement , with a bold and pla●sible tongue , which set off his parts to the best advantage : to these he had the adjuncts of a general Learning ; which by diligence and experience ( those two great Tutors ) was augmented to a great perfection● being an indefatigable Reader , and having a very retentive memory : before his Iudges at Winchester humble , but not prostrate ; dutiful , yet not deject : to the Iury aff●ble , but not fawning ; hoping , but not trusting in them , carefully perswading them with reason , not distemperat●ly importuning them with conjurations ; rather shewing love of life , t●●n fear of de●th : patient , but not careless ; civil , but not stupid .

Observations on the Life of Thomas Sackvil , Lord Buckhurst .

HE was bred in the Vniversity of Oxford ; where he became an excellent Poet , leaving both Latine and English Poems of his to posterity . Then studied he Law in the Temple , and took the degree of Barrister ; afterwards he travelled into Forreign parts , was detained for a time a Prisoner in Rome , which he revenged afterwards in the Liberty of his speech at the Powder-Trayto●s Tryal . When his liberty was procured for his return into England , he possessed the vast inheritance left him by his Father , whereof in short time by his magnificent prodigality he spent the greatest part , till he seasonably began to spare , growing neer to the bottome of his Estate .

The story goes , that this young Gentleman coming to an Alderman of London , who had g●ined great penny worths by his former Purchases of him , was made ( being now in the wane of his we●l●h ) to wait the coming down of the Alderman so long , that his generous humour being sensible of the incivility of such Attendance , resolved to be no more beholding to Wealthy Pride ; and presently turned a thrifty improver of the remainder of his Estate . But others make him , as abovesaid , the Convert of Queen Elizabeth , ( his Co●sin●German once removed ) who by her frequent Admonitions , diverted the tor●ent of his profusion . Indeed she would not know him , till he began to know himself , and then heaped places of H●nour and Trust upon him , creating him 1● B●ron of B●ck●urst in Suss●x , Anno Dom. 1566. 2. Sending him Amabssador into France , Anno 1571. Into the Law-Countries , Anno Dom. 1576. 3. Making him Knight of the Order of the Garter , Anno 1589. 4. Appointing him Treasurer of England , 1599.

He was Chancellour of the University of Oxford , where he entertained Queen Elizabeth with a most sumptuous Feast . He was called the Star-Chamber-●●ll , so very flowing his invention ; and therefore no wonder if his Secretaries could not please him , being a person of so quick dispa●ch , ( faculties which yet run in the blood . ) He took ● Roll of the names of all Sutors , with the Date of their first Addresses , and these in order had their hearing , so that a Fresh-man could not leap over the head of his Senior , except in urgent Affairs of State . Thus having made 〈◊〉 ●nds to his house for his mispent time , both in i●●●ease of Estate and Honour , being created Earl of Dorset by King James , he died on the 19 th of April , 1608.

The Lord Buckhurst was of the noble house of the Sackvils , and of the Queens consanguinity ; his Father was that provident and wise man Sir Richard Sackvil , or as the people then called him , Fill-sack , by reason of his great wealth , and the vas● Patrimony which he left to this his son , whereof he spent in his youth the best part , untill the Queen by her frequent admonitions diverted the torrent of his profusion ; he was a very fine Gentleman of person and endowments both of Art and Nature . His elocution is much commended , but the excellency of his Pen more ; for he was a Scholar , and a person of quick faculties , very facete and choice in his phrase and style . He was wise and stout , nor was he any ways insnared in 〈◊〉 factions of the Court , which were all his time very strong . He stood still in grace , and was wholly intentive to the Queens service ; and such were his abilities , that she received assiduous proofs of his s●fficiency . As 1. In his Embassie to F●ance , whereas the Queen-Mother complemented him , he behaved himself very worthy of his Mistresses Majesty , and his own Peerage : there he had an experienced Tuscan , Calacan●i by ●●me , to deal wi●h that Florentine Queen ● Montmorancy's brother to undermins the Guises ; and his own great parts , to grapple with old Hospital : He began that subtile piece the French Match , under pretence whereof we ●alanced , and understood Europe● ; nd Walsingham finished it . 2. In his Negotiations in the Low-Countries , where he watched Leicester and the Commanders ; he obs●●●●d the States , and their changeable and various Interests , accommodating the present emergencies , and suiting their occasions .

They that censure this Nobleman's death , consider not besides the black worm and the white ( day and night , as the Ridddle is ) that are gnawing constantly at the root of the Tree of Life , There a●e many infensible diseases , as Apoplexies , whose vapors suddainly extinguish the animal spirits ; and Aposthumes both in the upper and middle Region of man , that often drown and suffocate both the animal and vital , who are like embodied Twins , the one cannot subsist without the other : If the animal wits fail , the vital cannot subsist : if the vitals perish , the animals give over their operation : and he that judgeth ill of such an act of Providence , may have the same hand at the same time writing within the Palace-walls of his own body , the same period to his lives Earthly ●●pire , His posterity refused an Apology offered in his behalf , upon this ground , that the things objected to him , were of the number of those little Cavils , which come with that rule not holding in great accusations .

Spreta exolescunt , s● irascare , agnita videntur .

The End of the Observations upon the Lives of the Statesmen and Favourites of England , in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth .

THE STATES-MEN and FAVOURITES OF ENGLAND , IN The Reign of King Iames.

Observations on the Lives of the Cliffords , Earls of Cumberland .

THE name hath been for three Ages ancient and Noble , and in this last Age Warlike and serviceable : They had the government of the N●rth in their own right for an hundred years , and the Hereditary Sheriff-dom of Westmo●land in right of the Vip●nts their Relations for two . — Henry the first Earl of Cumberland , was raised by Henry the Eighth to that Honour , 1525 , for his service at Teurnay and Berwick . Henry his son was by Queen Mary honoured with the Garte● for his conduct against Wyat ; and by Queen E●iz . graced with peculiar favours for his Industry , Integrity and Vigilance in the North. As Natu●e , ●o Nobility subsists and growes by the same thing that it is made of : Vertue that creates , supports it .

Observations on the Life of the Lord George Clifford .

GEorge Cliff●rd , Lord Clifford , Vescye , &c. Earl of Cumberland , was son to Henry second Earl of that Family , by his second Lady ; a person wholly composed of true honour and valour , whereof he gave the world a large and clear demonstration .

It was resolved by the judicious in that Age , The way to humble the Spanish greatness , was not in pinching and pricking of him in the Low-Countries , which only emptied his veins of such blood as was quickly re-filled : But the way to make it a Cripple for ever , was by cutting off the Spanish sinews of War , his Monies from the West-Indies [ the back-door robs the house . ] In order whereunto , this Earl set forth a small Fleet on his own cost , and adventured his own person therein , being the best born Englishman that ever hazarded himself in that kinde . His Fleet may be said to be bound for no other Harbour but the Port of Honour , though touching at the Port of Profit in passage thereunto ; I say , touching , whose design was not to enrich himself , but impoverish the Enemy .

He was as merciful as valiant , ( the best metal bends best ) and left impressions of both in all places where he came . Queen Eliz. Anno 1592. honoured him with the dignity of the Garter . When King Iames came first out of Scotland to York , he attended him with such an equipage of Followers for number and habit , that he seemed rather a King , than Earl of Cumberland . Here happened a Contest between the Earl and the Lord President of the North , about carrying the Sword before the King in York ; which Office , upon due search and enquiry was adjudged to the Earl , as belonging unto him : and whilest Clifford's Tower is standing in York , that Family will never be therein forgotten . His Anagram was as really as literally true : Georgius Cliffordius Cumberlandius . Davidis regno clarus cum vi fulgebis .

He died Anno 1605. leaving one Daughter and Heir , the Lady Anne , married to the Earl of Dorset .

This noble person taught the world , however others speak at pleasure , jussit quod splendida bilis : That the Art of making War hath not a positive form , and that it ought to be diversified according to the state of Occurrences . They that will commit nothing to Fortune , nor undertake any Enterprize whose event appeareth not infallible , escape many dangers by their wary conduct , but fail of as many successes by their unactive fearfulness . It 's useless to be too wise , and spend that time in a grave gaze on business , that might serve the speedy dispatch of it . Neither was our Peer great onely in the atchievements of the Field to please higher spirits , but gaudy at Court to astonish and ravish the lowest ; making noble expences when necessary , and appearing splendid on the important occasions , whose principal quality resided in Magnificence . Yet was he not transported with these appearances , or to make them the greatest ornament of his conduct : the choicest expressions of his life , fixing neither his greatness upon a transitory Pageant , nor his glory upon a fading Pomp. No sullen opposer of the unavoidable occurrences of life ; but a dexterous complier with present exigencies , comparing those that swelled doggedly against Providence , or the present state of affairs to King Canutus , who forbad the unobservant waves of the Sea to flow no higher ; and they that repined at and spoke against it to Xerxes , who whipped the Hellespont .

Observations on the Life of Sir Tho-Smith .

SIr Thomas Smith was born at Abington in Bark-shire , bred in the University of Oxford : God and himself raised him to the Eminency he attained unto , unbefriended with any extraction . He may seem to have had an ingenious emulation of Sir Thomas Smith Senior , Secretary of State , whom he imitated in many good qualities , and had no doubt equalled●in preferment , if not prevented by death . He attained onely to be Master of the Requests , and Secretary to King Iames for his Latine Letters : higher places expecting him , when a period was put at once to his life and to his hopes , Novemb. 28. 1609. The generous piety of the honourable Countess of Exeter having erected him one Monument at Fulham , & his own worth another in History .

His Father died , when he was yet so young , that he knew not what a Father meant : but his Mothers affection for her Husband dyed not with him ; whereupon she multiplyed her cares on this Gentleman and her other Children so abundantly , that a long while he little found the want of that dear name , her transcendent love so well supplying the place of both relations : For no sooner was he fit to learn , than she did by friends procure the best M●sters those Times afforded , to render his education perfe●t in those exercises as well of the mind as of the body , wherein they that flattered him not , would say he was no ill Proficient : such majesty , such modesty in his carriage , that men would admire how two such distant things could meet in one subject . His eye was quick and piercing , his shape and motion charming ; the air and lineaments of his countenance lively arguments that his soul was not inferiour to his body , — but that the one promised no more pleasure to those that looked on it , than the other did service to those that employed it : His meen deserving preferment from the favour of a Soveraign , and his parts gaining it from his justice . Fortune did him not so much wrong in his mean Birth , as he did himself right by great merit , so worthy a Prince's service , and a Courts favour : He read and saw what others did , but not with others apprehensions ; his judgment of things being not common , nor his observations low , flat , or vulgar , but such as became a breast now furnishing it self for business and for government .

There was an ancient custom to celebrate the Anniversary of the King's Coronation with all the Shews of Magnificence and joy which the Art or Affections of the People could invent ; and because we are esteemed the Warlik'st Nation in the whole world , to continue that just regulation , we declined all those effeminacies which are so predominant in other Courts , and absolutely addicted our selves to such Martial exercises as are nothing less pleasing and delightful than the other , and yet fit and prepare men more for the real use of Arms , and acquisition of glory . Here our Knights praise came to my Lord of Carlisle's notice , who first designed him a Commander ; but finding his Genius more courtly than Martial , more learned than active recommended him to his Majesties softer services , where none more obliging to the People by his industry and interest at Court , none more serviceable to his Majesty by the good name he gained in the Countrey : So careful was he of publick content , that from five to nine his Chamber was open to all Comers ; where you would find him with the one hand making himself ready , with the other receiving Letters ; and in all this hurry of Business , giving the most orderly , clear , and satisfactory dispatches of any Statesman at that time . From nine to one he attended his Master , to whom he had as easie access as he gave to his People . Two things set him up ; 1. A fair respect from his Master upon all occasions , and as fair a treatment of the People : He had his distinct Classis of Affairs , and his distinct Officers for those Classis : The order and method whereof incredibly advanced his dispatch , and eased his burden ; which took up his day so , that there remained but some hours he stole from night and sleep , for his beloved and dear Studies ; and King Iames said , he was the hardest Student in White-Hall — and therefore he did not alwayes trouble his Master with business , but sometimes please him with discourse . If Fortune had been as kind to him as Nature , greater Employments had been at once his honour and his business : But from all his services and performances , he derived no other advantage than the acting of them ; and at his death he left no other wealth behind him , but that of a high reputation : never arriving at those enjoyments that enhance our Cares , not having time to withdraw himself from those cares that take away the relish of our enjoyments .

Observations on the Life of Sir Fulke Grevil .

SIr Fulk Grevil , Son to Sir Fulke Grevil the elder , of Becham Court in Warwick-shire , descended from Willoughby Lord Brook , and Admiral to Hen. 7. was bred first in the University of Cambridge : He came to the Court , back'd with a full and fair Estate ; and Queen Elizabeth loved such substantial Courtiers as could plentifully subsist of themselves : He was a good Scholar , loving much to employ ( and sometimes to advance ) learned men , to whom worthy Bishop Ov●ral chiefly owed his Preferment ; and Mr. Cam●den ( by his own confession ) feasted largely of his Liberality . His studies were most in Poetry and History , as his Works do witness : His stile conceived by some to be swelling , is allowed lofty and full by others . King Iames created him Baron Brook of Beauchamp-Court , as descended from the sole Daughter and Heir of Edward Willoughby , last Lord Brook , in the Reign of King Henry the 7th . His sad death , or murther rather , happened on this occasion : His discontented servant conceiving his deserts not soon , or well enough rewarded , wounded him mortally , and then ( to save the Law the labour ) killed himself ; verify●ng the observation , that he may when he pleaseth be master of another mans life , who contemneth his own . He lyeth buried in Warwick Church under a Monument of black and white Marble , whereon he is stiled , Servant to Queen Elizabeth , Counsellour to King Iames , and Friend to Sir Philip Sidney .

Though a Favourite , he courts Ladies rather than Honour , and pursued his study rather than his ambition , being more contemplative than active : Others ministred to Queen Elizabeths government , this Gentleman to her Recreation and Pleasures : He came to Court when all men should , young , and stayed there until he was old ; his fortune being as smooth as his spirit , and the Queens favour as lasting as his merit . He bred up Statesmen , but was none . Sir William Pickering was like to have gained the Queens Bed by studying , Sir Philip Sidney had her Heart for writing , and Sir Fulke Grevil had her favour for both : one great argument for his worth , was his respect of the worth of others ; desiring to be known to posterity under no other notions than of Shakespear's and Ben Iohnson's Master , Chancellor Egerton's Patron , Bishop Overal's Lord , and Sir Philip Sidney's Friend . His soul had the peace of a great fortune , joyned to a greater mind : His worth commended him to Majesty ; his affableness indeared him to the popularity : his mornings were devoted to his Books , his afternoons to his knowing Friends , his nights to his debonair Acquaintance : He was the Queens Counsellor for persons , as others were for matters and things : Sweet was his disposition , winning his converse , fluent his discourse , obliging his looks , gestures , and expressions ; publick his spirit , and large his soul : his Genius prompted him to prepare himself for Domestick services by Forreign employments , but the great Mistriss of her Subjects affections and duties forbad it , and his own prudence checked it . So dear was he to the Queen , that when his horses were shipped at Dover for the Netherlands , her Mandate by Sir Edward Dier stopped him : When he went over with Walsingham , he was remanded ; and when with Leicester , he was checked : He was the exact image of action and quiet happily united in him , seldom well divided in any . He would have acted his great principles of Government , yet he could be confined only to write them . In his book called , The Declination of Monarchs . He could sit down with some Poetick and polite Characters of Vertue , when he was debarred the real ●●ercises of it . He had kept Essex his head on , had not that unhappy man's Parasites made the Earl deaf to his ●●●nsels , and his Enemies removed him from his p●●●●nce , under a pretence of guarding the Seas against his Enemies , while his Kinsman was betrayed by his Friends .

Observations on the Life of Sir Robert Cecil .

SIr Robert Cecil , since Earl of Salisbury , was the Heir of the Lord Burleigh's prudence , the inheritour of his favour , and by degrees a Successor to his places , though not to his Lands , for he was a younger Brother . He was first Secretary of State , then Master of the Wards , and in the last of her Reign came to be Lord Treasurer , all which were the steps of his Fathers greatness ; and of the honour he left to his house . For his person , he was not much beholding to Nature , though somewhat for his face , which was the best part of his outside : but for his inside , it may be said he was his Father's own son , and a pregnant Proficient in all discipline of State . He was a Courtier from his Cradle , yet at the age of twenty and upwards , he was much short of his after-proof ; but exposed , and by change of climate he shewed what he was , and what he would be : He lived in those times , wherein the Queen had most need and use of men of weight ; ●nd amongst able ones , this was a chief , as having a sufficiency from his instructions that begat him the Tutorship of the Times and Court , then the Academy of Art and Cunning , ● English prudence and Counsel was at the high●●● as most exercised with Forreign dangers , and Domestick practices . Vast was his apprehension , because so large his prospect ; Sir Francis Walsingham having opened the Conclave of Rome , and his Father the Cabals of Spain ; insomuch that he knew each design in both places , every Port , every Ship with the Burthens , whither bound , what impediments , for diversion of Enterprizes , Counsels , & Resolutions , as appears by his private dispatches ( as his manner was ) with those of the Councel , one whereof to my Lord Mountjoy , since Earl of Devonshire , with whom he seasonably closed , runs thus — — I must in private put you out of doubt ( for of fear I know you cannot be otherwise sensible than in a way of honour ) that the Spaniard will not come to you this year : Sir Robert Naunton's Fragmenta . for I have it from my own what preparations are in all Parts , and what he can do : For be confident he beareth up a reputation by seeming to embrace more than he can gripe : but the next year be assured he will cast over unto you some Forlorn-Hopes ; which how they may be re-inforced beyond his present ability , and his first intention , I cannot as yet make any certain judgment : but I believe out of my Intelligence , that you may expect their Landing at Munster ; and the more to distract you in several places , as at Kingsale , Beer-haven and Baltimore , where you may be sure ( coming from Sea ) they will first fortifie and learn the strength of the Rebels before they dare take the Field .

This States man's character is engraven upon his honour , and his portraicture drawn in his Patent for Earl of Salisbury ; which to many formal words hath added these effectual expressions — As also for his faithfulness , circumspection , stoutness , wisdom , dexterity , providence and care not onely in the great and weighty Affairs of Counsel , but generally also in all other Expeditions of the Realm .

And indeed not a man upon the Helm of this Common-wealth understood all points of the Compass better than himself , who in a stayed and calm setledness looked on the private designs that were promoted upon his Mistriss declining , and privately overthrowed them and their Masters , while in an uninterrupted course of integrity towards his Mistress , and faithfulness to his Countrey , he kept clear and succession , equally careful not to enjealous his present Mistress , and not to obstruct his future Master , with whom he kept an honest correspondence , although there goeth this story of him , that a Post from Scotland meeting her Majesty upon Greenwich-heath , Sir Robert Cecil in all hast would needs cut open the Packet , and pretending it stunk , had time to perfume it [ her Majesty being very curious in her smelling ] and convey away his own Letters : be this so or so , it 's certain , that when assistant to the Earl of Derby in his French Embassie , he promoted the young King of Scots interest against his Mothers : when Sir Francis Walsingham's Colleague , he defeated her Counsels against him ; and when principal Secretary , he sounded , crossed , and undid the little plot that was shrowded under the great name of Essex , turning and winding , raising and ruining the Authors of it at his own pleasure . No sooner was the Queen dead , than his Messenger was with the King at Edenburgh , and he himself with his Favourite [ Sir George Humes ] at York ; with whose assistance , and honest Sir Roger Aston's mediation , King Iames makes him his bosome-friend , his house [ Theobalds ] his residence , and his account of the English Laws , Government , and temper his rule : Finding him but Knight and Secretary , he created him Baron of Essenden , Viscount Cranbourn , Knight of the Garter , and Earl of Salisbury : He promoted him Master of the Wards and Lord Treasurer ; in all which capacities how vigilant he was against the Papists , and their Plots , their Libels ( which he answered in English and a a Adversus perduelles . Latine very elegantly and wisely ) demonstrate — how careful of the publique Treasure , this Narrative shews .

King Iames had bestowed upon Sir Robert Carr twenty thousand pound : my Lord apprehending the sum as more correspondent with his Master's goodness , than his greatness , with the royalty of his heart , than the poverty of his Exchequer ; and observing his Majesty more careful of what money passed his own hands , than what passed his servants , contrives that the good King should go through the place where this great sum lay in silver to a treatment ; where demanding whose money it was , and being answered , that it was his own before he parted with it , He understanding the design , protested he was cheated , and intended not above five hundred pounds ; and the Favourite was glad to make use of the Lord Treasurers mediation for the moyety of that great sum . How industrious in the improvement of his Masters Revenue , these particulars conel ●de , viz.

1. A survey of the Crown-lands , known before by report rather than by measure ; and let by chance , rather than knowledge . 2. A Revival of the Custody-lands Revenue by Commissioners of Asserts . 3. A tarrier of Crown-wood-lands , their growth and value ; where he numbered , marked , & valued all the Timber hitherto unknown . 4. The Commissioners he procured to look into Copy-hold-Lands , Wastes , and Commons . 5. The Rules to forfeited Estates and extended Lands . 6. The improvement of the Customs from 86000 to 135000 pounds per annum . 7. The bargain about the London River-water . 8. The encouragement of all English Inventions , Manufactures , and Trade , whereby the Subjects might be employed , our Commodities enhanced , and our Treasure kept among our selves . 9. The Plantations , and Transplantations in Ireland . And 10. The Reformation of the Court of Wards in the poynt of disposing of Orphans .

These services advanced him to great honour , and to as great envy , the popular effects whereof no man could have escaped but one whose soul was immoveable , temper , calm , thoughts deep , apprehensions large , and resolution great to engage vulgar Errors rather by the greatness of his Actions , than the eminence of his Interest — And satisfie the world leisurely by his Vertues , and not awe it rashly by his power ; which got him even in that time St. Gregories Encomium , That he was the first bad , and the last good Treasurer since Queen Elizabeth's Reign .

I shall never forget his , or his Fathers discourse with Claud Grollart primier President of Roan , about the troubles in France , wherein he advis●d him to stick fast to the King , though he saw difficulties : For it was his Maxime , That Kings are like the Sun , and Vsurpers like falling-Stars ; For the Sun , though it be ●ffuscated and eclipsed with Mists and clouds , at length they are dispersed ; where the others are but the figures of Stars in the eyes of view , and prove no more but Exhalations , which suddainly dissolve , and fall to the earth , where they are consumed : A discourse which events there and elsewhere made an Oracle .

Observations on the Life of the Lord Howard of Effingham , Earl of Nottingham .

THe Lord Howard of Effingham , a man of most approved fidelity and invincible courage , and Governour of Callice ; though a Courtier betimes ; yet seemed not to be in favour before the Queen made him high Admiral of England . For his extract , it may suffice that he was the son of a Howard , and of a Duke of Norfolk . As for his person , he was as goodly a Gentleman as the times could afford ; he was one whom the Queen desired to honour , who at his return from Cadiz accounts , was created Earl of N●ttingham . He was a good , honest , and a brave man , and a faithful servant to his Mistress , and such a one as the Queen out of her own Princely judgement knew to be a fit Instrument for the Admiral 's service , having a great opinion of his fidelity and ●onduct : And though his death was not honoured with much wealth , yet was it grac'd with the reputation of honesty . Hs was ra●sed to check Essex his ambition , and Leicester●s undermining , being equally popular , and honest , yet having those at his heels that could lay a snare , and bring in the prize . Nature was a better friend to him than Fortune , and his Integrity than both ; which commended him to a Mistress that understood Men as well as Books , and knew it was no less the interest of Princes to take counsel concerning Persons , than concerning matters : He had that goodness , without which man is a busie , mischievous , and wretched thing ; yet that wisdom whereby he was not so good ( as the Italian saith ) as to be good for nothing : He was gentle , but not easie ; mild , but not soft : obliging not the fancies of men , but their Interest : None more civil to Strangers ( his heart being not a narrow Island ( as my Lord Bacon observes ) but a large Continent : ) None more tender of Inferiours , none more humble to Superiours ; none more compassionate to the afflicted ; none more loving to , or more beloved of all . The Queen said , she trusted her Kingdom to his faithfulness in 88. and her self to his conduct . His alliance to the Queen brought him to Court , but his honesty kept him there ( when jealousie had overcast that great house of the Howards : ) ancient Nobility was a good recommendation to the Q● . first Favours ; but modesty , submission , and integrity were the Vertues that continued them : He had onely so much Ambition as rendred him active and serviceable , and not busie or dangerous : He knew a Nobleman cannot be safely aspiring , nor smooth man securely popular , and a man of his Retinue must not be busie . He lived in an age when all honour was perillous that was not designed for service ; when the State chose Ministers that were more sensible of duty than of rising ; that loved business rather upon conscience than upon bravery , and when the Prince discerned a busie nature from a willing mind : as the stone had need be rich that is set without foyl , so this noble person , that was only real , had need of great parts of vertue . So valiant he was , that he made the Spanish Fleet veil to him , though it carried the Empress of Germany ; so active , that he tugged at the Cabl● himself in 88. and did much by his own pains , and more by his example : so skilful , that he contrived the Fire-ships that frighted and scattered the Spanish Navy . Two eminent services he did the Protestant Religion when but twenty one years of age : The first is , that he was so observant a witness of Arch-Bishop Parker's consecration , that with his bare word the tale of the Nags head came to nothing . 2. That he was so close an Agent in the Court of France , that no Design was brewed in Scotland , none seconded in France , but he with the Emperour and the King of Spain's Embassadors assistance [ whom he had engaged with the hope of a Match between the King of the Romans and his Mistriss ] discovered and defeated with that success , that the King of France courted his Mistriss to a Peace , and himself to Favour . None more careful in matter of Business ; none more splendid in business of Complement — condoling King Francis his death with a Majesty no less becoming the Personage he represented , than the Prince he addressed himself to . 1. His providence in contriving the English Ships nimble , and such as could tack about at pleasure . 2. His prudence in not hazarding his weak Navy against the Spanish Army and Armado in an Engagement wherein a victory would be but a little glory , and a defeat a ruine . 3. His activity in alarming the Spanish Navy day and night . 4. His wisdome in honouring the most serviceable under him , as Hawkins , Forbisher , Sheffield , &c. 5. His popularity that drew so many Voluntiers to his service , as the Earls of Oxford , Northumberland , Cumberland , the Cecils , &c. 6. His wariness in dividing his fourteen Sail into four squadrons round about the Spanish Navy . 7. His excelle●t contrivance of eight Ships filled with pitch , wild-fire , rosin , &c. which sent down the wind in the dead of night so much to the terrour of the Spaniards , that fearing the Fire , together with some more deadly Engines , they raised a pitiful cry , weighed Anchor , cut their Cables , and in a terrible pannick Fear , with great hast and confusion put to Sea . 8. His admirable dexterity in disposing of the Navy , so as they met the Spanish Navy upon their dispersion with su●h success , that the invincible Fleet never saw again its own formidableness , ever since grown the most contemptible thing that ever sailed upon these Seas . 9. His seasonable order to the Dutch Fleet to watch the Duke of Parma in the Ports of Dunkirk and Newport . 10. His exact intelligence , whereby he understood what a Controversie there was in the Spanish Navy about this point , whether they should stick to their Commission in staying for Parma , which was their duty , or follow the emergent advantages , which had been their discretion , — and dealt with them accordingly . These grand particulars of this Noble-man's service were so eminent and signal , that Queen Elizabeth , who was over-lavish neither of her honour nor her preferments , would say commonly of him and those brave Heroes under him , That they were born to save their Countrey .

This noble person was of greater experience than knowledg , and more beholding to his years than to his Education , whence K. Iames took great pleasure in his discourse , that was not morose , obstinate , narrow , unactive or formal , like a Students harangues ; but free , active , and ingenuous , like a States-man's Maximes — Whereof one was this ; That never did Commander a noble Act that was Commission-bound ; it being a question , whether the Venetians and Spaniards lost more at Sea and in the Netherlands before they discovered that Error , or gained more since . For whilest we address our selves to the State , occasions are lost , things take another countenance ; and so many unexpected accidents happen , for which suddain provision must be made , that opportunities escape before we dare lay hold of them ; and sometimes we perish for want of a Commission to save our selves .

Great content did he give by his presence in the French Court 1605. and greater in his carriage at the Prince Elector's a a Where he was Brid● groom . marriage , 1612. A prudent , care did he discover in providing for posterity by the seasonable resignation of his Admiralty ; a faithful friend he shewed himself in confirming Sir Robert Mansel's place when he parted with his own ; a great argument of his own worth and service , that he was so careful to reward others .

Observations on the Life of Sir Geo. Hume , Earl of Dunbar .

NO wonder he is so great a Favourite of King Iames in his riper years , who was so faithful a servant of his in his youth : trusted with his Royal secrets in Scotland , and therefore in his Royal bosome in England . The natural reservedness of all Scots-men , and the vast depth of this , are not more necessary to all Princes , then they were pleasing to King Iames , who had no secrecies that endangered his Privadoes , though many that tried them , and particularly our Statesman , who had no hidden weakness to be over-reached , nor private Interest to be corrupted , but was a great Master of himself , owning a reach not to be comprehended , and thoughts not to be fathomed , but by him whose heart was as the sand of the Sea .

Exact was his correspondence with Sir Robert Cecil while in Scotland , and intimate was their friendship in England ; both extorting from each other those observations touching their respective Countreys , which they might both communicate to His Majesty at their respective opportunities .

His Enterprizes were well laid , but unsuccessful ; rational , but unhappy : an argument that Designs are only in our power , and Events in a higher . There was not a man more noble and renowned , more com●ly a●d graceful , of more years and experience [ Versatus , Versutus ] of a greater estate or revenue ; more liberal and munificent , more accostable and courteous , more resolved and reserved ( all the qualities of a compleat Ambassador ) than the Earl of Dunbar when sent to Germany ; yet none more ineffectual , having gained no more by a tedious and chargeable Negotiation , than as the Earl of Nottingham with his gallant Retinue in Spain , that the Papists who were formerly perswaded by their Jesuites that we were Monsters , do now believe we are Men ; so useless was soft Courtship in rough tumults , and so little heed was given to smooth complements in Arms an● Uproars .

More happy was he in Scotland , where his prudence as Lord Treasurer , and his Chaplain Doctor Abbots gravity as Preacher , reduced that Nation to so much sobriety as to admit a regular Religion and Government ; for which service he had the Exchequer and the Wardrobe for himself , and the Arch-Bishoprick of Canterbury for the Doctor ; when the King was in a great streight between the known merit of the incomparable Bishop Andrews , and the last request of dying Sir George Hume ; a great instance of King Iames his abilities in what Machiavel calleth a Princes Master-piece , viz. the choice of Servants .

Observations on the Life of the Earl of Somerset .

HIs extraction from Scotland put him in the way , his Education in England set him in a capacity of Advancement . He was born seasonably when his Father served him that should be a King of England ; and brought up happily , when he might please him that was so — His beauty and comliness took his Majesty ; his parts and prudence obliged him , who loved the Cabinet , but valued the Jewel : He was admitted Page of honour to King Iames when of Scotland , and his Favourite when of England : His Majesties first observation of him was at a solemn Tilting ; where his delight in his person meeting with his pity of his mischance ( I mean the breaking of his leg there ) first took him to his tuition , and then to his Council . All King Iames his Favourites were of his own education , and so imbued with his principles , and engaged to his interest . It was his Majesties policy to r●tain Scots States-men to balance the English ; It was Somerset's prudence to entertain English Favouries to endear the Scots ; therefore Sir Tho. Overbury was as much of his Councel as he was of his Majesties ; too haughty a carriage was the miscarriage of other Minions , too good a nature was ●is : His great defect being that goodness and humanity that that knoweth no excess , but errour , which was rather a softness than a kindness : his heart was as large to others , as his Masters was to him , and knew as little how to mistrust , as how to do any thing for which he should be mistrusted . This is the Lesson he was short in , That civilities should be common , but favours choice . The Whale is steered at Sea by a far smaller Fish , and this States-man at Court by far meaner men than himself . I my self ( saith an ingenious man ) have known many so far strangers to what was convenient , as they would scarce concede or deny any thing out of the presence of their Secretary : and this proceeded not seldom from a distrust there was no cause for ; manifest in the Earl of Somerset , who though himself owner of a competent sufficiency , was so enchanted with an opinion of Sir Thomas Overbury's parts , that he preferred him from a Servant to such an intimate friendship ; as he could think nothing well educated for employment in his Office , that had not passed his correction , nor secret laid up but in his bosome ; which swelled him ( saith he ) to such a monstrosity in pride , that I have heard ( not being my self then near the English Court ) how he offered to rant at his servants , and did once beat his Coachman for putting his commands under an inferiour expostulation to his Master ; and through this intollerable arrogance in him , and remisness in the Earl , the sparks first flew , that kindled the ruine of them both : Friendship being no more able to maintain its interest against a feminine affection , than so great a pride was to confine it self within the tedder of moderation . The greatest are not free , but led in triumph by the affections of others , through the mediation of their own . Sir Thomas Overbury would do what was most plausible , and the Earl must perform what was less popular . The King trusted Carr with his Dispatches , and Carr trusts Overbury a month together without examination , who had full Commission to receive and answer any Letters or other Expresses that came to his hands : Great opportunities offered themselves to Sir Robert Carr , and a great Soul he had to observe them ( Fortune being nothing else but an attentive observation of the revolution of Affairs , and the occasions resulting therefrom : ) observant he was of his Master , who raised him not to eclipse others , but like a brave Prince to ease himself . For Princes ( to use my Lord Bacon's words ) being at too great a distance from their Subjects , to ease themselves into their bosomes , raise some persons to be as it were participes curam , or their Companions : but this Favourite understood as well the humour of the People , as he did the disposition of his Prince , obliging the one no less , than he pleased the other . Gay he was , as a Courtier , grave as a Counsellour : to Scholars none more civil , to Soldiers none more liberal ; of States-men none more respective : He had his extraordinary great Vertues upon occasions to shew , and his ordinary little ones always to oblige ; a compleatness in all turns , a●d upon all occasions was his nature . Familiar he was , yet not cheap ; sociable upon regard , and not upon facility : His behaviour was his soul , free for any exercise or motion ; finding many , and making more opportunities to endear himself : He broke his mind to small observations , yet he comprehended great matters : His carriage was so exact , as if affected ; and yet so graceful ; as if natural . That which overthrew the first , bewitched the wisest , and tyred the most patient man , undid this noble person : yet so regular were his affections , that he did nothing publickly in the Countess of Essex , the Earl of Suffolk's Daughters case , but by due course of Law , the approbation of the gravest and wisest Divines and Counsellors , and the a a Witness his entertainment at London . applause of England : his failings were the faults of his years , rather than of his person , of his sodain fortune , than of his constant temper ; his counsels were safe and moderate ; his publick actions honest and plain ; his first years of favour industrious and active ; his mind noble and liberal . His soul capacious and inquisitive ; his temper yielding and modest . In a word , Sir Robert Carr deserved to be a Favourite , if he had not been one . — He fell because he medled too little with the Secretaries place while in it , and too much when out of it ; giving Overbury too much scop● on the one hand to mate him , and Sir Ralph Winwood too much offence to undermine him : who finding that new Earls occasions growing with his advancements ( I say his occasions , because I think his miscarriages were not his nature , but his necessity ) apt to encroach upon his and other Court-Offices , gave ear to that Intelligence from Flushing that might ruine him , and set free himself .

The first Intimation of his guilt was his earnestness for a general Pardon ; and the first argument of it was my Lord Chancellor's scruples in sealing it : whence I date his first declining , attended with as much pity as his first advancement was with envy . We and the Troglodites curse not the Sun-rising more heartily , than we worship it when it sets . The Gentleman was as to his stature rather well compacted than tall ; as to his features and favour , comely , rather than beautiful . — The hair of his head was flaxen , and that of his face yellow : His nature was gentle , his disposition affable , ●●s affections publick , until a particular person and interest engrossed them : and the good Gentleman being sensible of failers that might ruine him , was wholly intent upon a treasure that might preserve him : — His defect was , that he understood only his own age ; and that the experience of man's life cannot furnish examples and presidents for the events of one mans life .

Observations on the Life of Arch-Bishop Abbot .

GEorge Abbot being one of that happy Ternion of Brothers , whereof two were eminent Prelates , the third Lord Mayor of London , was bred in Oxford , wherein he became Mr. of University-Colledge ; a pious man , and most excellent Preacher , as his Lectures on Ionah do declare . He did first creep , then run , then flye into Preferment , or rather Preferment did flye upon him without his expectation . He was never incumbent on any Living with cure of Souls , but was mounted from a Lecturer to a Dignitary ; so that he knew the Stipend and Benevolence of the one , and the Dividend of the other , but was utterly unacquainted with the taking of Tithes , with the many troubles attending it , together with the causeless molestations which Parsons presented meet with in their respective Parishes . And because it is hard for one to have a Fellow-suffering of that , whereof he never had a suffering ; this ( say some ) was the cause that he was so harsh to Ministers when brought before him .

Being Chaplain to the Earl of Dunbar , then omni-prevalent with King Iames , he was unexpectedly preferred Arch-Bishop of Canterbury , being of a more Fatherly presence than those , who might almost have been his Fathers for age in the Church of England . There are two things much charged upon his memory ; First , That in his house he respected his Secretary above his Chaplains ; and out of it , alwayes honoured Cloaks above Cassocks , Lay above Clergy-men . Secondly , That he connived at the spreading of Nonconformity , insomuch that a Modern Author said , Had Bishop Laud succeeded Bancroft , and the project of Conformity been followed without interruption , there is little question to be made , but that our Jerusalem ( by this time ) might have been a City at unity within it self .

This Arch-Bishop was much humbled with a casual Homicide of a Keeper of the Lord Zouch's in Bramel-Park , though soon after he was solemnly quitted from any irregularity thereby . In the Reign of King Charles he was sequester'd from his Jurisdictions , say some , on the old account of that Homicide , though others say , for refusing to License a Sermon of Dr. Sirpthorps . Yet there is not an Express of either in the Instrument of Sequestration , the Commission only saying in the general , That the Arch-bishop could not at that present in his own Person attend those Services which were otherwise proper for his Cognizance and Jurisdiction .

To say the truth , he was a man of good intentions , and knew much , but failed in what those ordinarily do that are devoted to our modern singularities , being extreamly obstinate in his opinions , which the King was more willing to understand than follow , because most times he looked upon things according to the rigour of Ecclesiastick maximes , and was either too curious and irresolute by variety of reading , or too peremptory and positive from the strictness of his Rules ; or too zealous by reason of the seriousness of his Study ; or wide from the matter , by reason of his inexperience , and aptness to require in the times he lived , the regularity of the times he read of heeding not the force of Circumstances , the errors of Comparison , or the cautions of Application . I like his Apology for his severity to the Clergy ( that he was austere to prevent others being cruel ) as well as his zeal for the Protestant Religion ; onely his Principles betrayed his profession , which he rendered too obnoxious , while he supported it by those novel grounds which our Adversaries could make us confess were Heterodox , and by those streight-laced foundations which we saw our selves too narrow . As for instance , King Iames his vast capacity took him up once for making the Scripture the onely rule of Civil Affairs ; owning the piety , but observing to his face the imprudence of that assertion . Imprudence , I say , as for many reasons , so for this , because to assert a truth upon a weak principle , is to tempt the world to doubt of the strength of the first , when they see the weakness of the other . Whether he went off in discontent , and said , He would not attend at the Councel-Table , because he should not wait at the Altar : Whether he had such malignant followers as called themselves Nicodemites , or Night-Disciples : Whether he turned noon-day into mid-night ; and mid-night into noon-day , having a candle always burning in his Chamber ; or if so , for what reason , I would not have one of my years determine , but rather refer the present age to his Contemporaries pen , which describes him thus ;

A very learned man he was ; his Erudition all of the old stamp , fitly principled in the Doctrine of S. Augustine , pious , grave , and exemplary in his Conversation : But some think him a better man than Arch-Bishop , and that he was better qualified with merit for the Dignity , than with a spirit answering the Function ; in the exercise whereof he was conceived too facile and yielding : his extraordinary remisness in not exacting strict Conformity to the prescribed Orders of the Church in point of Ceremony , seemed to resolve those legal Determinations to their first Principle of Indifference , and led in such an habit of Inconformity , as the future reduction of those tender-conscienced men to long discontinued obedience , was interpreted an innovation ; as if he thought it might fall out in Politicks as it doth sometimes in Physick , bina venena juvant , that the two contrary poysons of Superstition and Innovation might prove a Cordial to the Church —

Observations on the Life of Sir George Calvert .

SIr George Calvert was bred first in Trinity-Colledge in Oxford , and then beyond the Seas . His Abilities commended him first to be Secretory to Robert Cecil Earl of Salisbury , Lord Treasurer of England . Afterwards he was made Clerk of the Council , and at last principal Secretary of State to King Iames , succeeding Sir T●o . Lake in that Office , Anno 1619.

H. Holland , p. 39. Conceiving the Duke of Buckingham highly instrumental in his preferment , he presented him with a Jewel of great value ; which the Duke returned him again , not owning any Activity in his Advancement , whom King Iames , ex mero motu , reflecting on his Abilities , designed for the Place . This Place he discharged five years , until he willingly resigned the same , 1624. on this occasion ; He freely confessed himself to the King , that he was then become a Roman Catholick , so that he must either be wanting to his Trust , or violate his conscience in discharging his Office . This his Ingenuity so highly affected King Iames , that he continued him Privy-Councellor all his Reign , and soon after created him Lord Baltemore of Baltemore in Ireland .

During his being Secretary , he had a Patent to him and his Heirs to be Absolutus Dominus & Proprietarius , with the Royalties of a Count Palatine of the Province of Avalon in the New-found land , a place so named by him in imitation of old Avalon in Somersetshire , wherein Glassenbury stands , the first-fruits of Christianity in Britain , as the other was in that part of America . Here he built a fair house in Ferry-land , and spent twenty five thousand pounds in advancing the Plantation thereof .

Indeed his publick spirit consulted not his private profit , but the enlargement of Christianity , and the Kings Dominions , in that his ancient , primitive , and heroick work of planting the world . After the death of King Iames he went twice in person to New-found land . Here when Mounsieur de l' Arade with three men of War sent from the King of France , had reduced our English Fishermen to great extreamity ; this Lord with two Ships manned at his own charge , chased away the Frenchmen , relieved the English , and took sixty of the French Prisoners . He removed afterwards to Virginia to view those parts , and thence cam● into England , and obtained of King Charles the first ( who had as great an esteem of , and affection for him , as King Iames ) a Patent to him and his Heirs for Mary-Land on the North of Virginia , with the same Title and Royalties conferred on him , as in Avalon aforesaid , now a hopeful Plantation , peopled with eight thousand English Souls ; which in process of time may prove more advantageous to our Nation .

Judg Popham and Sir George Calvert agreed not more unanimously in the publick design of Planting , than they differed in the private way of it : the first was for extirpating Heathens , the second for converting them . — He sent away the lewdest , this the soberest people : the one was for present profit , the other for a reasonable expectation ( it being in the case of planting Countreys , as in that of planting Woods ; you must account to lose almost twenty years profit , and expect your recompence in the end ; it being necessary the Province should first find her self , and then enrich you . ) The Judge was for many Governors , the Secretary for few , and those not concerned Merchants , but unconcerned Gentlemen : The one granted Liberties without any restraint , the other with great caution : The first set up a common Stock , out of which the Island should be provided for by proportions ; the second left every one to provide for himself .

Two things are eminent in this man : 1. That though he was a Catholick , yet kept he himself sincere and disingaged from all Interests ; and though a man of great judgment , yet not obstinate in his sentiments , but taking as great pleasure in hearing others opinions , as in delivering his own , which he heard moderated and censured with more patience , than applauded . 2. That he carried a digested and exact account of Affairs to his Master every night , and took to himself the pains to examine the Letters which related to any Interest that might be any ways considerable . He was the onely States-man , that being engaged to a decryed party , yet managed his business with that huge respect for all sides , that all who knew him , applauded him ; and none that had any thing to do with him , complained of him .

Observations on the Life of Sir Arthur Chichester .

SIr Arthur Chichester spent his youth , first in the University , then in the French and Irish Wars , where by his valour he was effectually assistant● First , to plough and break up that barbarous Nation by Conquest , and then to sow it with seeds of civility , when by King Iames made Lord Deputy of Ireland .

Indeed good Laws and Provisions had been made by his Predecessors to that purpose : but alas , they were like good Lessons set for a Lute out of tune , useless , until the Instrument was fitted for them . Wherefore in order to the civilizing of the Irishry , in the first year of his government , he established two new Circuits for Justices of Assize , the one in Connaught , the other in M●nster . And whereas the Circuits in former times only encompassed the English Pale ( as the Cynosura doth the Pol● ) hence forwards like good Plane●s in their several Spheres , they carried the influence of Justice round about the Kingdom . Yea , in short time Ireland was so cleared of Thieves and capital Offenders , that so many Malefactors have not been found in the 32 Shires of Ireland , as in six English Shires in the Western Circuits . He reduced the Mountains and Glinnes on the So●th of Dublin ( formerly thornes in the side of the English pale ) into the County of Wicklow ; and in conformity to the English 〈◊〉 om , many Irish began to cut their Mantles into Cloaks . So observant was his eye over the actions of suspected persons , that Tyrone , was heard to complain , That he could not drink a full carouse of Sack , but the S●ate within few hours was advertised thereof .

After he had been continued many years in his Deputyship , and deservedly made a Lord , King I●mes recalled him home , and ( loath to leave his Abilities unemployed ) sent him Embassador to the Emperour and other German Princes . Being ●e●ieged in the City of Mainchine ( a place much indebted to his prudence for seasonable victualling it ) by Count Tilley , he sent him word , that it was against the Law of Nations to besiege an Embassador : Tilley returned that he took no notice that he was an Embas●ad●t . The Lord Chichester replyed to the Messenger , Had my Master sent me with as many hundred men , as he hath sent me on fruitless M●ss●ges , your General should have known , that I had ●●en ● So●dier , ●as well as an Embassador . King I●mes ● at his return entertained him with great commendations , for so well discha●ging his Trust ; and he died in as great honour as any English-man of our Age. Thus far the Historians . Whence I observe him stout in his nature above any disorder upon Emergencies , a a Domanda assai , chen●n Mancherapoi calare . Proverb . ●ip . apud Insi● . D. 〈…〉 de legat●● . resolved in his temper above any impressions from other Princes , and high in his Proposal beyond the expectation of his own . Alv●rgonzoto el Diablo le traxo al Palacio , The Devil brought the Bashful to Court , where none succeeds but he who can ask enough to be granted , and enough to be a a Domanda assai , chen●n Mancherapoi calare . Proverb . ●ip . apud Insi● . D. 〈…〉 de legat●● . abated . There is a memorable observation of Philip the second , King of Spain , called El prudente ; That when 〈◊〉 had designed one for Embassador , the man came faintly and coldly to him to propose some things for the accommodation of his Embassie ; and he said , How can I expect that this man can promote and effectuate my business , when he is so faint and fearful in the solicitation of his own ?

Yet was not my Lord Chichester more resolute in Germany , than wary in Ireland , where his opinion was , that time must open and facilitate things for Reformation of Religion , by the Protestant Plantations ; by the care of good Bishops and Divines , the amplification of the Colledge , the education of Wards , an insensible seisure of Popish liberties . &c. and that the Council there was so numerous ( fifty or sixty at least ) that the authority of it was debated , and its business divulged . In a word , this brave Gentleman had an equal mind , that kept up it self between the discourses of Reason , and the examples of Histories , in the enjoyment of a good fortune , and a conflict with a bad .

Observations on the Life of the Lord Chancellor Egerton .

THe Lord Chancellour Egerton , extracted from the ancient Family of the Egerton's of Kidley in Cheshire , was bred in the study of the Municipal Laws of our Land , wherein he attained to such eminency , that Queen Elizabeth made him her Solicitor , then Master of the Rolls , and at last Keeper of the Great Seal , May 6. in the 38 year of her Reign , 1596.

Olaus Magnu● reporteth , that the Emperour of Moscovia at the Audience of Ambassadors , sende●h for the gravest and seemliest men in Mosco and the Vicinage , whom he apparelleth in rich Vests ; and placing them in his presence , pretendeth to For●aigners , that these are of his Privy-Council ; who cannot but be much affected with so many reverent Aspects . But surely all Christendome afforded not a pe●son which carried more gravity in his countenance and behaviour than Sir Thomas Egerton , insomuch that many have gone to the Chancery on purpose only to see his venerable Garb ( happy they who had no other business ) and were highly pleased at so acceptable a spectacle . Yet was his outward Case nothing in comparison of his inward Abilities , quick Wit , solid Judgement , ready Utterance . I confess Master Cambden saith , he entred his Office Magna expectatione & integritatis opinione , with a great expectation and opinion of Integrity : But no doubt , had he revised his work in a second Edition , he would have afforded him a full-faced commendation , when this Lord had turned his expectation to performance . In the first of King Iames , of Lord Keeper he was made Lord Chancellor , which is also another name for the same Office : and on Thursday the seventh of November , 1616. of Lord Elismer he was created Viscount Brackley . It is given to Courts whose Jurisdictions do border , to fall out about their bounds ; and the contest betwixt them is the hotter , the higher the spirits and parts of the respective Judges . Great was the contention for many years together betwixt this Lord of Equity , and Sir Edward C●●ke the Oracle of Justice at Westminster-Hall : I know not which of them got the better ; sure I am such another Contest would ( if this did not ) have undone the Conqueror .

He was attended on with servants of most able parts , and was the sole Chancellor since the Reformation , who had a Chaplain , which ( though not immediately ) succeeded him in his place . H● gave over his Office which ●he held full twenty years , some few days before his death ; and by his own appointment , his body was brought down and buried at Duddleston in Cheshire , leaving a fair estate to his Son , who was afterwards created Earl of Bridgewater , as he did to his excellent Son now living .

When he saw King Iames his munificence to some Courtiers , with the grave Fidelity of a Statesman , he sticked not often to tell him , That as he held it necessary for his Majesty amply to rem●nerate all those his Countrey-men , so he desired him carefully to preserve his Crown lands , for his own support , seeing he or his Successors might meet with Parliaments which would not supply his occasions , but on such conditions as would not be very acceptable unto him . It was an ordinary speech in his mouth to say , Frost and Fraud both end in Foul.

His plain , but honest advice to my Lord of Essex was , 1. Not to trust himself , because they that stand by , see more than they that play the game . 2. To yield to Time and Fortune , and not do that for his Enemies , which they could never do for themselves . 3. To have a careful eye upon those actions on which he knew there were many envious ones . And for himself , his supplication to King Iames was , That since his conceit and sense was grown so heavy , his Memory decay'd , his Judgement weak , his Hearing imperfect , and his Voice faltering , he might desinere potiùs quam deficere , and retire from his Business to his Meditation , as he did ; while living , imparting many mysteries of the Chancery ; and when dying , bequeathing as many choice Books and Directions to his then Chaplain , and his after-Successor Doctor Williams . — Secretary Winwood having received the Seal , and left this gracious Message with this good man , that his Majesty would be his Under-keeper , and not dispose of it while he lived to bear the name of Chancellor : nor did any receive the Seal out of the Kings sight , while he lived to bear the name of Chancellor .

A company of Citizens got a Cause passed by keeping a Witness away in this manner ; one of them gets him to the Tavern , and there leaves him with a quart of Sack before him , and the glass at his mouth , and swears in open Court , that he left him in a condition , wherein if he continueth but two hours , he is a dead man . The other Party find out the cheat , and have their remedy in Chancery : Sir Edward Cook brings the matter to the Star-Chamber , and threatneth the Chancellor with a P●emu●nire . The business is debated , and sentence passed for my Lord Chancellor ; with the comfort whereof , and the Kings and Princes Letter to him upon his Death-bed , he went to his Grave .

Observations on the Life of the Lord Chief-Iustice Popham .

SIr Iohn Popham in his youthful days was a stout and skilful man at Sword and Buckler as any in that Age , and wild enough in his Recreations . But oh ! saith my Author , if Quicksilver could be really fixed , to what a treasure would it amount ? Such is wild youth seriously reduced to gravity , as by this young● man did appear , who applyed himself to a more profitable Fencing , the study of the Laws ; therein attaining to such eminency , that he became the Queen● Attorney , afterwards Lord Chief-Justice of E●gland . Being sent Anno 1600. by the Queen with some others to the Earl of Essex , to know the cause of the confluence of so many Military men unto his house , the Soldiers therein detained him for a time , which some made tantamount to an Imprisonment . This his violent detention Sir I●hn deposed upon his Oath at the Earl's Tryal : which I note the rather , for the rarity thereof , that a Lord Chief-Justice should be produced as Witness in open Court .

In the beginning of the Reign of King Iame● , his justice was exemplary on Thieves and Robbers . The Land then swarmed with people which had been Soldiers , who had never gotten ( or e●se quite forgotten ) any other Vocation . Hard it was for Peace to feed all the idle mouths which a former War did breed , being too proud to beg , too lazy to labour : Those infested the High-wayes with their Fellonies ; some presuming on their multitudes , as the Robber on the Northern Rode , whose knot otherwise not to be untied ) Sir Iohn cut asunder with the Sword of Justice . He possessed King Iames , how the frequent granting of Pardons was prejudicial to Justice , rendring the Judges to the contempt of insolent Malefactors ; which made his Majesty more sparing afterwards in that kind . In a word , the deserved death of some scores , preserved the lives and livelihoods of some thousands : Travellers owing their safety to this Judges severity , many years after his death . Neither did he onely punish Malefactors , but provide for them ; for observing that so many suffered and died for none other reason but because they could not live in England , now grown too populous for it's self , and breeding more Inhabitants than it could keep , he first set up the discovery of New-England , to maintain and employ those that cou'd not live honestly in the old ; being of opinion , that banishment thither would be as well a more lawful , as a more effectual remedy against those extravagancies ; the Authors whereof judge it more eligible to hang , than to work ; to end their dayes in a moment , than to continue them in pains : — onely a great Judgment observes , it is a shameful and an unblessed thing , to take the scum of people and wicked condemned men to be the people with whom to plant : And not onely so , but it spoyleth the Plantation , for they will ever live like Rogues , and not fall to work , and do mischief , and spend Victuals , and be quickly weary , and then certifie over to the Countrey , to the disgrace of the Common-wealth .

Observations on the Life of Sir Robert Dudley .

SIr Robert Dudley , son to Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester , by Douglas Shefield ( whether his Mistriss or his Wife , God knows ) was born at Shene in Surrey , and bred by his Mother ( out of his Fathers reach ) at Offington in Sussex , where he became a most compleat Gentleman in all suitable Accomplishments , endeavouring in the Reign of King Iames to prove his Legitimacy ; and meeting with much opposition from the Court , in distaste , he left his Land , and went over into Italy . But worth is ever at home , and carrieth its own welcome along with it . Therefore he became a Favourite to the Duke of Florence , who highly reflected on his Abilities , and used his Directions in all his Buildings . At this time Legorn from a Child , started to a Man , without ever being a youth , and of a small Town grew a great City on a sudden , and is much-beholding to this Sir Robert for its Fairness and Firmness , as chief contriver of both . But by this time his Adversaries in England had procur'd him to be call'd home by a special Privy-Seal ; which he refused to obey , and thereupon all his Lands in England were seised upon by the King , by the Statute of Fugitives . These losses doubled the love of the Duke of Florence unto him . And indeed Sir Robert was a much-meriting person on many Accounts , being an Excellent 1 Mathematician , especially for the Practical part thereof in Architecture . 2 Physician , his Catholic●n at this day finding good Esteem amongst those of that Faculty . 3 Navigator , especially in the Western Seas .

Indeed long before his leaving of England , whilest as yet he was Rectus in Curi● , well esteemed in Queen Elizabeths Court , he sailed with three small Ships to the Isle of Trinidad , in which voyage he sunk and took nine Spanish Ships ; whereo● one an Armada of 600 Tun.

He was so acceptable to Ferdinand the second , Emperour of Germany , that by his Letters Patents bearing date at Vienna , March 9● 1620. he conferred on him and his Heirs the Title of a Duke of the Sacred Empire . Understand it a Title at large ( as that of Count Arundel's ) without the Assignation of any proper Place unto him .

King Iames had heard s● much of the Father , that he did not care for the Son , who might have been near his Person , had not his Ancestors been so near ●his Predecessors — no other Considerations being likely to keep so extraordinary parts at this distance from a King that valued them so highly , or a Kingdom that needed them so much . — That Prince being as jealous an observer of Original sin in Policy , as he was an Orthodox Assertor of it in Religion , would trust no tainted blo●d . He writ an excellent discourse of Religion as the blind Senator in Juvenal made a large Encomium of the goodly Turbet which lay before Caesar , but as ill luck would have it , turned himself quite the contrary way ; at illi d●xtra j●c●bat bellua , a man right of Chrysippus his temper , who sometimes wanted Opinions ; but never Arguments , which he managed all ways with contempt of , and opposition to the School-way , which going the distinctest way to state● went the nearest way to end controversies , but was slighted by him as unintelligible , because it had been passed by him as unstudied , as the old Woman in Seneca , complained that the Room was dark , when only her Eyes were so , and his new 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 wherein he made his private and crazy judgment the Standard and Seal of common truth , took a little with mens first thoughts , but lost themselves with their wiser , and second , like the Log in the Fable which terrified the poor Frogs with the noise it made at the first falling of it into the waters , but afterwards they insulted over it , and took their turns to leap upon it . When I consider Metiochus his cariage in Plutarc , and Sir Robert's Character in Florence , haec a se non multum abludit imago : Metiochus is Captain , Metiochus is Surveyor , Metiochus bakes the Bread , Metiochus grinds the Corn , Metiochus doth all ; right one of AEsop's fellows , that could say and do all things ; so that others need say and do nothing , a very happy man if while living he had deserved the Character idle Vaccia had when dead . Hîc situs est Vaccia , here lyeth Vaccia .

Observations on the Life of Arch-Bishop Bancroft .

DOctor Richard Bancroft , ( whom his Adversaries character a better States-man than Divine , a better Divine than Preacher , though upon good occasion he shewed he was all these ) was bred in Iesus Colledge in Cambridge , where his parts in discovering the bottom of Presbytery , and his sufficiency when his Patron Hatton's Examiner commended him to Queen Eliz. to be Bishop of London , and to King Iames to be Arch-Bishop of Canterbury . Indeed he was in effect Arch-Bishop while Bishop , to whom Doctor Whitgift in his decrepit age remitted the managing of matters , so that he was the soul of the High-Commission . A great States-man he was , and grand Champion of Church-discipline ; having well hardned the hands of his Soul , which was no more than needed for him , who was to meddle with Nettles and Bryars , and met with much opposition .

No wonder if those who were silenced by him in the Church , were loud against him in other places . Psa. 104.3 . David speaketh of poyson under mens lips ; This Bishop tasted plentifully thereof from the mouths of his Enemies , till at last ( as Mithridates ) he was so habited to poisons , that they became food unto him . Once a Gentleman coming to visit him , presented him a Libel , which he found pasted on his door ; who being nothing moved thereat , said , Cast it to an hundred more which lye here on a h●ap in my Chamber . Many a Libel , ( Lye ) ( because false ) ( Bell ) because loud ) was made upon him . The aspersion of covetousness , though cast , doth not stick on his memory , being confuted by the Estate which he left , small in proportion to his great preferment , being but 6000 l. after being above twelve years in London and Canterbury .

He cancelled his first Will , wherein he had bequeathed much to the Church : suspecting an impression of popular violence on Cathedrals , and fearing an Alienation of what was bequeathed unto them , he thought fit to cancel his own , to prevent others cancelling his Testament . This partly appears by his second Will , wherein he gave the Library at Lambeth ( the result of his own , and three Predecessors collections ) to the University of Cambridge ( which now they possess ) in case the Arch-Episcopal See should be extinct .

How came such a jealousie into his mind ? what fear of a storm when the Sun shined , the Sky clear , no appearance of Clouds ? Surely his skill was more than ordinary in the complexion of the Common-wealth , who did foresee what afterward ( for a time ) came to pass . This clause providentially inserted , secured this Library in Cambridge during the vacancy of the Archi-Episcopal see , and so prevented the embezelling , at the least the dismembring thereof , in our late civil distempers .

They that accuse this excellent Prelate of cruelty , never read this story : A Ministe● privately protested to him , that it went against his conscience to conform . Which way said the good Arch-Bishop ( observing the mans ingenuity ) will you live , if you be put out of your Benefice ? The other answered , He had no other way but to g● a begging . Not so ( said the Arch-bishop ) that you shall not need to do , but come to me , and I will take order for your maintenance .

They that exclaimed against his unserviceableness , never observed this passage : A company of young Courtiers appeared extraordinary gallant at a Tilting , far above their Fortunes and Estates , giving for their Motto , Solvat Ecclesia . Bishop Bancroft then of London hearing of it , finds on enquiry that the Queen was passing a considerable parcel of Church-lands to them , and stops the business with his own and his friends Interest , leaving these Gallants to pay the shot of their pride and prodigality out of their own purses . — And this ; that a prevalent Courtier had swallowed up the whole Bishoprick of Durham , had not this Arch-Bishop seasonably interposed his power with King Iames ( ready enough to admit such Intercessions ) and dashed the design . They that traduce him for a Papist , forget that he fomented the difference between the Seculars , and Regulars , to the weakning , and promoted the foundation of Chelsey-Colledge , to the ruining of that cause .

But they that perform great actions , reserving as it is fit the reason of them in their own bosomes , may sufficiently satisfie their Consciences towards God , though they can hardly avoid the censures of men .

I shall add no more concerning this excellent Prelate , but that it was observed as the Historian writes , That at Hampton-Court-Conference Arch-Bishop Whitgift spake most gravely , Bishop Bilson most learnedly , but Bishop Bancroft [ when out of passi●n ] most politickly .

Observations on the Life of the Lord Grandison .

SIr Oliver Saint-Iohn , Lord Grandison , &c. descended of an ancient and honourable Family , whose prime Seat was at Lediard-Tregoze in Wiltshire , though their first settlement was in South-Wales . He was bred in the Wars from his youth , and at last by King Iames was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland , and vigorously pursued the Principles of his Predecessors for the civilizing thereof . Indeed the Lord Mountjoy reduced that Countrey to obedience , the Lord Chichester to some civility , and this Lord Grandison first advanced it to considerable profit to his Master . T. Walsingham a a In the life of Richard the second . writeth , that Ireland afforded unto Edward the third thirty thousand pounds a year paid into his Exchequer : but it appears by the b b Sir John Davies in Disc. of I●eland , p. 39 , &c. Irish Records ( which are rather to be believed ) that it was rather a burthen , and the constant Revenue thereof beneath the third part of that proportion .

But now , the Kingdom being peaceably setled , the income thereof turned to good Account , so that Ireland ( called the Land of Ire for the constant broils therein for four hundred years ) was now become the Land of Concord .

This noble Person recalled into England , lived many years in great repute , leaving his Honours to his Sisters son by Sir Edward Villiers , but the main of his Estate to his Brothers son Sir Iohn St. Iohn Knight and Baronet . So sweet and charming his Conversation , that he was beloved by all his Superiours , and envied by no Inferiour ; being never advanced to any great Dignity , but he was wished to a greater : So exact his vigilancy , so constant his industry , so plausible his actions , attended with no less civility to all men , than duty to his Soveraign : So frank and ingenious his Integrity , that none feared him ; so discreet his management of Business , and so strong his judgement , that any might confide in him . One he was that crossed the Italian Proverb , Di Dunaridi senno , e di fede , In e Mancho che non Crede : having more money , more faith , yea and more wisdom too than was generally esteemed . I mean wisdom of behaviour , wisdom of business , and wisdom of State ; in the last whereof he aimed at a general settlement , which he observed would bear particular errors , provided that Care , Labour , Vigilancy , and prudent inquiet●de attended , that forceth Difficulties , constrains Fortune , assures good Counsels , corrects bad , supports and overthroweth designs , disposeth of accidents , abserveth time , manageth hazards , forgets nothing ; seldom trusts others , and improveth all Occurrents : and that first maxime of Policy he observed , That who layeth out most , layeth out least , that petty frugalities undo the main Interest .

Observations on the Life of Sir Tho. Overbury .

SIr Thomas Overbury , son to Sir Nicholas Overbury , one of the Judges of the Marches , was born at Burton on the Hill in Gloucestershire , bred in Oxford , and attained to be a most accomplished Gentleman , partly at Grayes-Inn , and partly in France ; which the happiness of his Pen both in Poetry and Prose doth declare . In the later he is observed to be the first writer of Characters of our Nation . But if the great parts of this Gentleman were guilty of Insolence and Petulancy , which some since have charged on his memory ; reporting of him , that he should say , Somerset owed his advancement to him , and that he should walk with his hat on before the queen ; we may charitably presume , that his reduced age would have corrected such Juvenile extravagancies . It is questionable , whether Robert Carr Earl of Somerset were more in the favour of King Iames , or this Sir Thomas Overbury in the favour of the Earl of Somerset , until he lost it by disswading that Lord from keeping company with a Lady ( the Wife of another person of honour ) as neither for his credit here , or comfort hereafter . Soon after Sir Thomas was by King Iames designed Embassador for Russia . His false friends perswaded him to decline the Employment , as no better than an honourable Grave . Better lye some days in the Tower , than more months in a worse Prison ; A ship by Sea , and a barbarous cold Countrey by Land . Besides , they possessed him , that within a small time , the King should be wrought to a good opinion of him . But he that willingly goes into a Prison , out of hope to come easily out of it , may stay therein so long , till he be too late convinced of another Judgement . Whilest Sir Thomas was in the Tower , his Refusal was presented to the K. as an Act of high Contempt , as if he valued himself more than the Kings service . His strict restraint gave the greater liberty to his enemies to practice his death , 1615. which was by poyson performed : Yet was his blood legally revenged , which cost some a violent , and others a civil death , as deprived of their Offices . The Earl was soon abated in King Iames his affection ( Oh! the short distance betwixt the cooling and quenching of a Favourite ) being condemned , and banished the Court.

Exact are the remarks he drew up of Foreign Countreys , & therefore no less such his transactions for his own . In this most esteemed with King Iames and his Master , that he suited both their Genius's in the easie and clear method , wherein he expressed the most difficult and knotty Affairs ; for they both being perplexed with that variety of Affairs in general , that they could not readily look into difficult Cases in particular , loved those that made things out easie and clear to them , as well fitted for their apprehensions , as obvious to their judgement — owning a Soul so quiet , that abate its youthful extravagancies , it knew not a motion but what was Duty and Interest ; felt no agitation but what was reason , and what Philosophy conveyed into the souls of the wisest , and observation in●n●ated into the spirit of the closest : if he expect●d a recompence suitable to his services , or an acknowledgment answerable to his merit , he understood not the humour and n●ture of mankind , the interest of F●vourites , or his o●n Parts , too guilty of rep●t●tion to be advanced , and of power not to be suppressed . — It 's M●chi●vel's rule ; That they who rise very high , should desce●d timely , and q●it the envy , lest they lose the honour of their gre●tness . Although this Gentleman's skill in accommodating Factions , in the Art of Negotiation , in the charm o● Language , in the I●terest of Princes , in maste●ing his o●n Resentments as well as his Enemies th●t provok●d him , h●d preserved him , if he had known as well how to hold his Tong●e , as how to speak ; if he had understood othe●s humours as well as they did his ; and if he had skilled as well fr●m whom to have refused kindness , as from whom he deserved it . — In a wo●d , he that considered so many other Maximes , was defective in complyance with his own , viz. That vertue is there unprofit●●le , where too great ; and that many had lost the favour of their Masters by over-much meriting it .

Observations on the Life of Sir Clem. Edmonds .

SIr Clement Edmonds , that learned and judicious Remembrancer of the City of London , was born at * * V●re's Comm●ntaries . Shratvardine in Shropshire , and bred Fe●low of All-Souls Colledge in Oxford , being generally skilled in all Arts and Sciences ; witness his faithful Translations of , and learned Illustrations on Caesar's Commentaries . Say not that Comment on Commentary was false Heraldry , seeing it is so worthy a work , that the Author thereof may pass for an eminent instance to what perfection of Theory they may attain to in matter of War , who were not acquainted with the Practick part thereof ; being once employed by Queen Elizabeth , with a dispatch to Sir Francis Vere , which occasioned his presence at the Battel at Newport : For he doth so smartly discuss , pro and con , and seriously decide many Martial Controversies , that his judgment therein is praised by the best Military Masters .

King Iames taking notice of his Abilities , made him Clerk of the Council , and Knighted him ; and he was at last preferred Secretary of State , in the vacancy of that place ; but prevented by death , he acted not therein . At this day his goodness in his general carriage out-did his prudence , and his prudence in particular , his goodness ; but his industry loth in all things , and in nothing more than in his Scotch Neg●tiation , where he over-reached the slye French , composed and setled the unsatisfied King , and sent those weekly Advertisements to his Mistriss , that Sir Robert Cecil confessed the Master-wheel of those years revolutions .

When Charles the fifth presented Secretary Eraso to his Son Philip the second , he said , He gave him somewhat greater than his Estate , and more royal than his Empire . When Sir William Waad introduced Sir Clement Edmonds to Court , he brought thither in that person more than he coul● carry away in his own : A person much accomplished in the great precepts and rules he observed ; more in his experience and application of those he practised ; wherein he was wise , but not presumptuous ; exact , but not pedantick ; allowing much to old Observations , more to new Circumstances : He was not more beholding to his Nature , than his Nature to his Study and Meditation ; and that to time and experience , which offered at once occasions of ininstruction , and matter of exercises , to his great understanding , so well acquainted with the a●●airs of former Ages , that he could not be surprized with those of his own , knowing how to command , before he was called to obey , as who trusted not to his own , short and perplexed life , that scarce holds out five or six important Negotiations , and ordinarily ceaseth to be , before it beginneth to know : but his policy may be guessed from his morality ; and his publick carriage in the tumults of Affairs , from his private conduct and command in the disorders of nature , these being as well managed by his reason , as the former by his prudence : His lesser skill in governing the little world being an earnest of that more large in ruling the greater . — The Government of others , saith Philosophy , is not fit for him who is a Slave to himself ,

Observations on the Life of James Hay , Earl of Carlisle .

ONe Hay his Ancestor saved Sco●land from an Army of Danes at Longcarty with a a a T●erefo●e the Yoke is their supporter . Y●ak in his hand . Iames Hay 6●0 years after saved the King of that Countrey from the Gowries at their house with a C●lter in his : the first had as much ground assigned him by King Kenith as a Falcon could flye over at one flight , and the other as much Land as he could ride round in two dayes . The whole Family fell before Dub●in-Castle in former dayes , save a child left in his Mothers womb ; and had decayed in ours , but that the heir of it was cut out from his . He served his Master in Scotland by his Generosity ; and in England with his H●spitality ; the decay whereof King Iames observed the defect of the English Nobility ; and the restauration of it , he designed the honour of the Scots Gentry . Royal was his Masters munificence towards him , noble his towards others ; His Majesty being not more intent upon his advancement for publick service , than he was upon the advancement of others to h●s private assistance● : His Majesties gracious inclination being for a Reign of Peace , this servants estate was spent upon the Arts of it , I mean upon Feasts , Masques , gay Cloathes , and such other Delicacies as might soften our har●her natures to quietness , that Princes interest , who was first to understand , and then to manage the ●trength of this Nation .

Although he failed in most of his Negotiations , because he carried his money on his back , rather than in his pur●●● rather to spend , than to bestow ; and amaze Foreigners , rather than oblige them : Yet was his Embassie more suitable to the French vanity , than either the Dutch thrift , or the German plainness ; and his carriage more answerable to a gawdy Treaty of Marriage , than to a close Agency for Interest , or the intricate consultations of War . So great the report of his Hospitality , that an Host of Delph demanded sixty pounds for providing him a Supper , though he never came that way ; yet so displeasing to the Prince of Orange , that when his Steward asked what he should provide extraordinarily for the great Embassador's entertainment ; the Prince looks on his Bill of Fare , and whereas there was but one Pig , he bid them write two ; tartly reflecting as well on my Lords Nation , as his magnificence . — One of his Entertainments I understand not the reason of , I mean his Ante-Suppers ; the manner of which was , to have the Board covered at the first entrance of Guests , with dishes as high as a tall man could well reach , filled with the choicest and dearest Viands Sea or Land could afford : and all this once seen , and having feasted the eyes of the invited , was removed , and fresh set on to the same height , having onely this advantage of the other , that it was hot ; at one whereof , an Attendant eat to his single share a whole Pye reckoned to my Lord at twenty pounds , being composed of Amber-greece , Magisterial of Pearl , Musk , &c. yet was so far from being sweet in the morning , that he almost poysoned his whole Family , flying himself like the Satyr from his own stink : and another went away with forty pound of Sweet-meats in his Cloak-bag . Yet must I needs judg●●●m uncharitable that writ of this noble person , that when the most able Physicians , and his own weakness had passed a judgement he could not live ma●y dayes , he did not forbear his Entertainments , bu● made divers brave Cloaths , as he said , to out●ace ●aked and despicable Death ; adding withal , That nature wantted wisdom , power or love , in making man m●rtal and subject to diseases : Forgetting ( as that censorio●s Pen goeth on ) that if every Individual his own lust had been able to have produced , should have prosecuted an equal excess with his , they would in a far less time than an age have br●●ght themselves or the world into the same disease he died of , which was a Consumption .

For my part , I adhere to their Civility that represent his nature modest , his demeanor fair and Court-like , his obligations general , his interest as great with the Favourite as with the King , and so much the greater with the King , as he studied him more , and understood him better than any man : though one observeth , he was rather in his favour , than in his bosome , and therefore he took care , That as his Expedition and Civility made him the great Master of Requests at Court so his Marriage with the Heir-general of the Dennies should get him an Estate in the Countrey — wherewith he compleated his kindness with bounty , and ado●ned his bounty with courtesie . — Courtesie not affected , but naturally made up of humility , that secured him from Envy , and a Civility that kept him in esteem ; he being happy in an expression that was high , and not formal ; and a Language that was Courtly , and yet real .

Observations on the Life of Sir Thomas Lake .

SIr Thomas Lake was bred a Scholar under Saravia in Hampshire , a States-man under Sir Francis Walsingham at Court , where such his dexterity and dispatch , that he would indite , write , and discourse at the same time , more exactly than most men could severally perform them , being then called the Swift-sure ; such his celerity and solidity in all Affairs ! From the Secretaries Amanuensis , he was promoted the Queens Clerk of the Signet , to whom he read French and Latine to her dying day ; for he was reading to her , when the Countess of Warwick told him that the Queen was departed . In which Tongues she often said he surpassed her Secretaries . Such his sufficiency ( especially in keeping secrets ) that King Iames employed him in some French Affairs at his first arrival without Cecil , and afterwards as Secretary of State above him .

For King Iames ( that loved what ever was facile and fluent ) being taken among other his Abilities with his Latine pen , said , that he was a Minister of State fit to serve the greatest Prince in Europe ; and that the Secretaries place needed him more than he it . Of whom I have no more to add , but that he was one of the three noble hands that first led Mr. George Villiers to King Iames his Favour .

Observations on the Life of Lyonel Cranfield , Earl of Middlesex .

SIr Lyonel was born in Basinghal-street , a Citizen , bred in the Custome-house , a Merchant-Adventurer ; his own Tutor , and his own University ; though his Family was ancient in Gloucestershire , and his Arms in the Heralds Office . King Iames was taken with him for his brief , clear , strong and pertinent discourses : The Duke of Buckingham was displeased because he would stand without him , yea in some things against him : many were as active as this stirring Lord , none more exact ; his presence was comely , his countenance cheerful and grave , his soul witty and wise , his apprehension quick and solid , his thoughts setled and resolved . When one asked him how a man might prevent death , he said , Get to be Lord-Treasurer , for none died in that Office . Though no Scholar , yet was he bountiful to Scholars ; though a Courtier , yet was he hospitable in the Countrey ; though he suffered much , yet was he contented ; and though he lost much , yet was he charitable . Very serviceable he was to the State in the business of Trade in general , but most in that of the Custom-house in particular : His first preferment was the custody of the Wardrobe , his second was the Mastership of the Cou●t of Wards and Liveries , and his third the Treasurer-ship of England . In the last whereof , his improvement of the Revenue , gained him not more honour with the King , than it d●d him envy from the Courtiers ; While to piece out the Treasure with the expence , he husbanded the one so thriftily , and retrenched the other so rigidly , that malice it self after many attempts to that purpose , could find no fault with his exact account in the boundless trust of the tempting Treasury .

When the Prince was in Spain , he was the Sta●esman of the Council-Table , and the chief Minister of the Cabal , managing all the Dispatches , and overlooking all the Expences : In the last of which services he ran counter to the Duke of Buckingham's inclination , and his own Interest ; which was to keep himself up by that noble Person 's favour , as he rose by his Alliance . The occasion of his preferment might be some saving secrets of the Custome-house-men to improve the Revenue ; the reason of his decline , was some thrifty suggestion touching the Courtiers to preserve it .

This is certain , he was a man fit for government , who quickly apprehended where any evil was , and had capacity enough to apply the remedy ; onely he had a little too stiffe a nature that would not easily yield , when he found on which side there was most reason ; and too much of the City in his maximes , which pretended to attain to that in a short time , which Politicians think not proper to arrive at but by a leasurely fuccession of Ages and Generations .

Observations on the Life of Henry Howard Earl of Northampton .

THis Family had endeared it self to many Kings by its services , but to none more than King Iames by its obligations . Thomas Duke of Norfolk being as it were his Mothers Martyr [ executed for a design to marry her ] and all his Relations his confessors [ kept under for their inclinations to advance him : ] Reasonable therefore it was , that my Lord that Dukes brother should be made Baron of Marnhill , Earl of Northampton , Knight of the Garter , Privy-Councellor , Lord Privy Seal , and Lord Warden of the Cinque-Ports . — Learning in any man had King Iames his affection , especially in a Noble-man , as our States-man , who was as serious a Student in Kings-Colledge and Trinity-Hall in Cambridge , as a discerning observator in Rome and Florence in Italy . His Dispensative against the suppased poyson of Prophesies , dedicated to Sir Francis Walsingham , bespeaks him a great and a general Scholar : His Speeches at Cambridge and in Star-Chamber , argue him both witty and wise : His expences shewed him publick-spirited , the unparallel'd port of his Family and dependants an Ancient Noble-man : His designing of Audley-End , and building of Suffolk-house , an Architect : His Hospital for tw●lve poor women , and a Governour at Rise in Norfolk ; for twelve poor men , and a Gove●nour at Clin in Shropshire ; for twenty poor men , and a Governour at Greenwich in Kent [ whereof eight to be chosen out of Shose-Sham where he was born ] a charitable man : his using of all his interest to avoid the burthen and weight of the Treasurer's place , and procure it for the Earl of Suffolk his Nephew , his noble disposition , not to advance himself by Court-flattery , or his fortune by State employment , being a Batchellour and a Student ; An instance of my Lord Bacon's observation ; He that hath Wife and Children , hath given Hostages to Fortune , for they are Impediments to great Enterprizes either to Vertue or Mischief . Certainly the best works , and of greatest merit for the Publick proceed from the unmarried and the Childeless , which both in affection and means have married and endowed the Publick .

But to conclude this particular ; this Lord told his intimate Secretary Mr. George Penny ( who related it to my Author ) that his Nativity ( at his Fathers desire ) was calculated by a skilful Italian Astrologer , who told him that this his Infant-son should taste of much trouble in the middest of his life , even to the want of a meals meat ; but his old age should make amends for all , with a plentiful estate : which came to pass accordingly . For his Father dying in his infancy , no plentiful provision was made for him : and when his eldest Brother Thomas Duke of Norfolk was executed , his condition was much impaired ; insomuch that being once in London ( not overstocked with money ( when his noble Nephews the Earl of Arundel and the Lord Thomas Howard were out of Town ) and loath to pin himself on any Table uninvited ) he was fain to dine with the Chair of Duke Humphrey ; but other ( not to say better company ) viz. reading of books in Stationers Shops in St. Paul's Church-yard ; though afterwards he attained to great wealth , honour and command : However that Lord gave little credit to , and placed less confidence in such Predictions , as appeared by a learned Work he hath written on that subject .

Observations on the Life of Sir John Ramsey , Earl of Holderness , and Sir Tho. Ereskin Earl of Kelley .

BOth their preferment● began on the same occasion ; both their natures were eminent for the same innocence and goodness ; both their services tend to the same issue , and therefore both their Characters come under one observation ; which it's more proper to take in the word of their Countrey-man and Contemporary that knew them , than in the expression of a stranger that onely heard of them . The whole story runs thus :

The name of Ruthen in Scotland was not notorious , until Anno 1568. when Ruthen amongst others , Confederates , in those divided times of trouble , laboured much for the imprisoning Queen Mary Mother to King Iames. In 1582. his son William was created Earl Goury , in the time of that King's minority , though the Father bore deadly hatred to the King's prosperity . And in 1584. himself was in actual Rebellion , in which he suffered at Dondee . His eldest son Iohn , then in Travel in Italy , returns home to inherit his lands and honours ; but not one jot changed in disposition from the traiterous ways of his Predecess●rs : For not long after he falls into this Conspiracy ; which is not so ancient , but that many then and now living , can , and my self , have heard the repetition .

The house of Gowry were all of them much addicted to study Chymistry ; and these more to practise it , often publishing ( as such Professors usually do ) more rare experiments then ever could be performed ; wherein the King ( a general Scholar ) had little faith . But to infuse more credit to the practice , Alexander Ruthen the second brother takes this occasion , and withal conspires with Gowry to assassinate the King ; and taking opportunity in his hunting , not far from his house St. Iohnstone , invites the King to be an eye-witness of his productions . In their way Sir Thomas Erskin ( after Lord Kelley ) overtakes them and others , Demanding of the Duke of Lenox , then present , why Alexander had ingrossed the King's ear , to carry him from his Sports ? Peace man , said the Duke , Wee's all be turn'd into gold . Not far they rid , but that the Earl Gowry made good by protestation his Brother's story . And thus was the King brought to be a Guest .

Neer the end of Dinner , at his Fruit , and the Lords and Waiters gone to eat , Alexander begs of the King , at this opportunity to withdraw , and to be partaker of his Production , to the view of that which yet he could not believe .

And up h● leads the King into by-lodgings locking each door behind them , till they came into a Back-Room ; where no sooner entered , but that A●exander claps on his Bonnet , and with stern countenance , faces the Kin● , and says ; Now Sir , you must know , I had a Father , whose blood calls for revenge , shed for your sake . The King amazed , deals gently with his fury , excuses the guilt of his death , by his then - Infancy . Advising him not to lay violent hands on the sacred Person of his Anointed Soveraign , Especially in a cause of his Innocency : Pleading the Laws of God and Man ; which so much wrought upon him , that he said , Well , I will speak● with my Brother ; and so put the King into a Lobby Room next the Chamber ; where no sooner entered , but that there appeared a fellow weaponed , ready for execution , to whose custody the King is committed till his return .

Alexander gone down , the fellow trembles with Reverence , puts down his Sword , and craves pardon ; which gave the King occasion to work upon that passion , and to ask him whether he resolved to murther him ? Being assured to the contrary , the King gets leave to open a window , that looked into a back Court . When presently Alexander returns , and tells the King that he must dye : But much affrighted at the Fellow's countenance , with his sword offers violence to the King ; Which the fellow seemingly opposes , and between them began a scuffle , which gave advantage to the King to cry Treason at the Window , which looked into a back-Court , where Sir Thomas Erskin , and one Herries , were come in pursuit of the King , who was rumoured to be gone out the back-way to his hunting .

At the cry of Treason , and known to be the King's voice , they both hastened up a back-stair , called the Turn-pike , being directed by a servant of the house , who saw Alexander ascend that way . And so forcing some doors , that found them above , panting with the fray ; and up comes also at heels of them , Iohn Ramsey ( after Earl of Holderness : ) by them Alexander was soon dispatched .

Not long after came the Earl Gowry ( by his double key ) the first way , with a case of Rapiers , his usual weapons , and ready drawn . To whom Erski● said , as to divert his purpose ; What do you mean , my Lord ? the King is kill'd : ( for the King was shadowed , having cast himself upon a Re● from his sight , and his Cloak was thrown upon the Body of Alexander , bleeding upon the ground : ) At which Gowry stops , sinking the points of his weapons ; when suddenly Herries strikes at him with a hunting Falchion . And Ramsey having his Hawk on his fist , casts her off , and steps in to Gowry , and stabs him to the heart ; and forthwith more Company came up .

Not long after this Conspiracy , Herries dies well rewarded . Iohn Ramsey hath the Honour of Knighthood , with an additional bearing to his Coat of Arms , A Hand holding forth a Dagger , reversed proper , piercing a bloody Heart , The point crowned Emperial , with this Distick , Haec Dextra Vindex Principis & Patriae . Afterwards he was created Lord Haddington , and Earl of Holdern●ss .

Sir Thomas Erskin was afterwards created Earl of Kelly , Knight of the Garter , Captain of the King's Guard , and Groom of the Stool ; and the Fellow designed for the Murtherer , had a large Pension confirmed by Act of their Parliam●nt .

And all these men ( but Herries ) were living , with other witnesses , at King Iames his journey , when he went from hence to visit Scotland , and met together by direction at the same house , with Ceremony ; and all of them , with a number of Courtiers , ascended into the same Room , the blood yet r●maining , where the King related the Story , which was confirmed by them . And afterwards kneeling down , with tears of Contrition for his Sins to God , and thankfulness for this Mercy , using mary pi●us Ejaculations , embraced all these Actors in the former Tragedy ; when the poor fellow also kist the King's hand .

These circumstances gave occasion then , that this whole story was freshly revived , to the common Satisfaction of the whole Countrey , and our English Courtiers . And in especial , unto the very reverend Bishop , and nobly born , Iames Mountague , then present , to whom the King addressed himself in this Relati●n , and from whose Mouth saith the Relator , I received these particulars , at his return into England .

And thus much we have by word of mouth : somewhat I shall add out of writings , for more satisfaction .

This Treason was attempted the fourth of Aug●st 1600. And though there followed sundry Sus●itions and Examinations of several other Persons , supposed Abettors and Contrivers ; yet it lay undiscovered , tanquam e post liminio , until eight years after , by the circumspection principally of the ●arl of Dunbar , a man of as great wisdom as those t●mes and that Kingdom could boast of , upon the ●e●son of on● Geo●ge S●ro● , Notary-publick of A●emouth in Scotland , from some words which at first he sparingly or unawares expressed , and also by some papers which were found in his house ; whereof being examin'd , with a little ado he confessed , and was condemned and executed at Edenburgh the 12th . of A●g. 1608.

A Relation I conceive not common , but in my hands to be produced , and written by that learned Gentleman William Hart , then Lord Iustice of Sco●land , and Principal in all the Acts of Judicature herein .

Neither of these Lords professed any skil● in Politicks ; yet neither wanted a strong judgment , which they could make good use of in time and place convenient , giving testimonies in those Employments they had , of a strict secrecy , a great moderation , and a happy compliance with opportunity , Qualities exceedingly well lodged in men of Interest and Command , especially in these two , who neither too easily closed with others resolutions , nor too obstinately adhered to their own ; one of which was alwayes to suspect men of new words , as much as men of new opinions , because to flye from proper School terms to vulgar conceptions , is a way seldome troden but by false Prophets , and Seditious Orators — who have done this onely good in the world , that from their collition a considerable deal of light hath proceeded towards the clearing of several points in Philosophy and Religion — in the speculations whereof the men whose lives are so practical and involved in business , are not so distinct , being not at leisure to quest at every Lark which men spring in either ; though otherwise the best q●alified for s●ch undertakings , because men of most judgement and experience ; and of ●he least passion and prejudice , and by so much the less impetuous and censorious , by how much the more judicious and discreet ; and by so much the more value in the Eyes of others , by how much the less they are in their own ; who have this a●vant●ge in controversies , that their Religion is thoug●t as much better than their Adversaries , as their Charity and moderation is greater .

Observations on the Fall of Sir Tho. Lake .

A Great Estate this Gentleman had honestly got , and a greater esteem , being King Iames his right hand , and the Scots both hands ; that with which they begged , and that with which they bestowed ; the instrument of the meaner sorts relief , and the greaters bounty ; until that Malice and Revenge , two violent passions over-ruling the Weaker Sex , concerning his Wife and daughter , involved him in their quarrel , the chief and onely cause of his ruine . He had by his Wife sons and daughters : His eldest married unto the Lord Baron Resse ( in right of a Grandmother ) the son of Thomas Earl of Exeter by a fo●mer venter . And upon the credit of Sir Thomas Lake , he was sent Embassador Extraordinary into Spain , in a very gallant Equipage , with some hopes of ●is own to continue Lieger , to save charges of transmitting any other .

In his absence there fell out an extream deadly fewd ( 't is no matter for what ) between the Lady Lake , and the Countess of Exeter . A youthful Widow she had been , and vertuous , and so became Bedfellow to this aged , gowty , diseased , but noble Earl . And that preferment had made her subject to Envy and Malice .

Home comes the Lord Rosse from his Embassie , when being fallen into some neglect of his W●fe and his kindred , I conceive upon refusal of an increase of allowance to her settlement of Ioynture , which was promised to be compleated at his return ; not long he stays in England , but away he gets into Italy , turns a professed Roman Catholick , being cozened into that Religion by his publick Confident Gondamore .

In this his last absence ( never to return ) the Mother and Daughter accuse the Countess of former Incontinency with the Lord R●sse whilest he was here , and that therefore upon his Wives discovery he was fled from hence , and from her Marriage-Bed ; with other devised Calumnies , by several designs and contrivements , to have poysoned the Mother and Daughter .

This quarrel was soon blazon'd at Court , to the King's ear , who as privately as could be , singly examines each party . The Countess with tears and imprecations professeth her Innocency ; which to oppose , the Mother Lake and her Daughter counterfeit her hand to a whole sheet of Paper ; wherein they make the Coun●ess with much contrition to ackno●ledge her self guilty , crave pardon for attempting to poyson them , and desire friendship with them all .

The King gets sight of this , as in favour to them , and demands the time , place , and occasion when this should be writ . They tell him , that all the parties met in a visit at Wimbleton ( the house of the Lord of Exeter ) where , in dispute of their differences , she confesses her guilt of attempting their poyson . And being desirous of absolution and friendship ( being required thereto ) consents to set down all Circumstances therein , under her own hand , which presently she writ at the Window in the upper end of the great Chamber at Wimbleton , in presence of the Mother and Daughter , the Lord Rosse , and one Diego a Spaniard his confiding Servant . But now they being gone , and at Rome , the King forthwith sends Mr. Dendy ( one of his Serjeants at Armes , sometimes a Domestick of the Earl of Exeters , an honest and worthy Gentleman ) post to Rome , who speedily returns with Rosse and Diego's hand , and other testimonials , confirming , That all the said Accusation , and Confession , Suspitions and Papers concerning the Countess , were notorious false and scandalous ; and confirms it by receiving the Hoast , in assurance of her Honour , and his Innocency . The King well satisfied , sends to the Countesses Friends and Trustees for her Ioynture and Estate ; who comparing many of her letters with this Writing , do confess it counterfeit .

Then he tells the Mother and Daughter , That this writing being denied by her , and their testimonies , being parties , would not prevail with any belief , but any other Additional witness would give it sufficient credit . To which they assure him , That one Sarah Swarton , their Chamberesse , stood behind the Hanging , at the entrance of the Room , and heard the Countess read over what she had writ : and her also they procure to swear unto this before the King .

To make further tryal , the King in a hunting journey at New-park near Wimbleton , gallops thither , views the Roo●● , observing the great distance of the Window from the lower end of the Room ; and placing himself behind the Hanging , and so other Lords in turn , they could not hear one speak loud from the window .

Then the Housekeeper was call'd , who protested those Hangings had constantly furnisht that Room for thirty years ; which the King observed to be two foot short of the ground , and might discover the woman , if hidden behind them . I may present also , the King saying , Oaths cannot confound my sight .

Besides all this , the Mother and Daughter connterfeit another Writing , a Confession of one Luke Hutton , acknowledging for 40 pound annuity , the Countess hired him to poison them ; which Man , with wonderful providence was found out privately , and denies it to the King .

And thus prepared , the King sends for Sir Thomas Lake , whom indeed he very much valued ; tells him the danger to imbarque himself in this Quarrel , advising him to leave them to the Law , being now ready for the Star-Chamber . He humbly thanked his Majesty , but could not refuse to be a Father and a Husband ; and so puts his Name with theirs in a cross Bill , which at the hearing , took up five several days , the King sitting in Iudgment . But the former testimonies , and some private confessions of the Lady Rosse , and Sarah Wharton , which the King kept in private , from publick proceedings , made the Cause for some of the days of Tryal , appear doubtful to the Court , until the Kings discovery , which concluded the Sentence , and was pronounced in several Censures ; Sir Thomas Lake and his Lady fined ten thousand pounds to the King , five thousand pounds to the Countess , fifty pounds to Hutton , Sarah Wharton to be whipt at a Carts tail about the streets , and to do penance at St. Martin's Church . The Lady R●sse , for confessing the truth and plot in the midst of the Tryal , was pardoned by the Major Voices from penal Sentence .

The King , I remember , compared their Crimes to the first plot of the first sin in Paradise , the Lady Lake to the Serpent , her Daughter unto Eve , and Sir Thomas to poor Adam , whom he thought in his conscience , that his love to his Wife had beguiled him . I am sure , he paid for all , which , as he told me , cost him thirty thousand pounds , and the loss of his Masters favour , and Offices of gain and honour , but truely with much pity and compassion of the Court.

Obs●rvations on the Life of the Earl of Suffolk .

HIs Uncle Northampton negotiated his preferment , and his Father No●folke deserved i● , 〈◊〉 whose sake the eldest Son Philip Earl of Ar●●●●l was ●●de Lord Mars●al , and this second first C●●mberlain , and then Treasurer : wherein as the Earl of Middlesex understood well the priviledges of the City , so my Lord kenned well the Revenues of the Crown . But his fair Daughter , that gained him most favour , did him most harm ; he falling with his Son Somerset's miscarriages , when he might have stood without his Relation : being as plain as his brother Henry was subtle ; as obliging , as he was insinuating ; as knowing , as he was cunning ; the one conversing with Books , the other with Men. A Gentleman from whom I requested his Character , returns me no more but this : He was a man never endued with much patience , and one that much retarded the progress of his fortune , by often speaking publickly with too much liberty : Otherwise very true to the Maximes of his Age. 1. Linking himself to the Scots . 2. Buying Fee-Farm Rents to avoid envy , as my Lord of Salisbury before him in the Scots Debenturers names . 3. Promoting Northern Suits . And 4. projecting for money .

He was also Chancellor of Cambridge , loving and beloved of the University . When at his first coming to Cambridge , Mr. Francis Nethersole Oratour of the University , made a Latine Speech unto him ; the Lord returned , Though I understand not Latine , I know the sense of your Oration is to tell me that I am welcome to you ; which I believe verily : I thank you for it heartily , and will serve you faithfully in any thing within my power . Dr. Harsenet the Vice Chancellor laying hold on the handle of so fair a Proffer , requested him to be pleased to entertain the King at Cambridge ; a favour which the University could never compass from their former great and wealthy Chancellours ; I will do it ( saith the Lord ) in the best manner I may , and with the speediest conveniency .

Nor was he worse than his word , giving his Majesty such a Treatment in the University , as cost him five thousand pounds and upwards . Hence it was , that after his death , Thomas his second son Earl of Bark-shire ( not suing for it , nor knowing of it ) was chosen to succeed him , losing the place ( as some suspected ) not for lack of Voices , but fair counting them .

Observations on the Life of Sir Rob● Cary.

HE was born an ingenious man , of good parts and breeding ; but of so uncourtly a temper , that in all likelihood we had not heard of him , had he not had the luck to have been the first Messenger let out of the Court by the favour of his Father the Lord Chamberlain , to bring King Iames news that Queen Elizabeth was dead ; when the Scots expectation was so tyred , that they thought Queen Eliz. would never dye , as long as there was an old woman that could either wear good cloaths , or eat good meat in England . Upon which good account he is a Bed-chamber-man to King Iames , and a Tutor to Prince Charles ; though he had made better use of his Talent as a Soldier , than as a Courtier , having too much of the Candor of that Family ; that as the Historian observed , spake of things alwayes as they deserved : And though he had wit enough , yet he had not the judgment or way to make those stand in awe of him , who were m●st obliged to him .

Observations on the Lives of Sir Robert Naunton , and Sir Francis Nethersole .

SIr Robert Naunton is the Author of one Book of Observations upon the States-men of Queen Eliz. times , and must be the subject of another of King Iames's : He noted then in his youth , what he was to practice afterwards in his more reduced years . His University-Studies at Trinity-Colledge , whereof he was Commoner ; and at Trinity-Hall , whereof he was Fellow ; His Speeches both while Proctor and Orator of Cambridge , discovered him more inclined to publick Accomplishments , than private Studies : He improved the opportunity of the speech he was to make before K. Iames at Hi●chinbrook so well , that as His Majesty was highly affected with his Latine and Learning , so he exactly observed his prudence and serviceableness ; whereupon he came to Court as Sir Thomas Overburies Assistant first , and then as Sir George Villiers friend , who promoted him to be Secretary of State , Ian. 8. 1617. as his Majesty did a while after to be Mr. of the Wards . The first place whereof he discharged with as much ability and dexterity , as he did the second with integrity ; onely he was observed close-handed , whether out of his natural inclination to Parsimony , or some fixed design to regulate and reduce the great expences of this Nation ; or from some hidden and refined politick consideration , that that might be done by a wary observation of men's integrity and inclination , which was usually done with money : and indeed , as a great man observeth , to procure good information of particulars touching persons , their natures , their desires and ends , their customs and fashions , their helps and advantages , and whereby they chiefly stand : So again , their weaknesses and disadvantages , and where they lye most open and obnoxious ; their friends , ●actions , and dependencies : and again , their opposites , envyers , and Competitors ; their moods and times , their principles ; rules , observations , &c. their actions how conducted , how favoured , how opposed , &c. is the onely way of success in business , and of prevailing in fortune , especially if attended with this Gentleman 's two master-Qualities ; 1. Reservedness , the security ; 2. Slowness of belief , the sinew of wisdom . Finding his temper agreeable with the University , he allowed himself more scope and liberty ; but observing his particular constitution not suitable to the general state of his times , the whole course of his life was more close , retyred , and reserved , opening it self but with an half-light , and a full advantage : and what he was to others , he believed all others were to him , as hardly trusting them , as he was understood himself , unless surprized in his countenance by the motions of it , or in his actions by the suddenness of them , or in his temper by his passion , but as far as can be guessed ; from the Letters that passed between them about the Palatinate . He was of the same make in the State , as Arch-Bishop Abbot was in the Church , zealous and sullen ; if others had a better wit than he in abusing him , he had a better memory than they to think of it ; for one Mr. Wiemark a wealthy man , a great N●vilant , and constant Paul's walker , hearing the news that day of the beheading of Sir Walter Rawleigh ; His head ( said he ) would do well upon the shoulders of Sir Robert Naunton Secretary of State . These words were complained of , and Wiemark summoned to the Privy-Council , where he pleaded for himself , that he intended no disrespect to Mr. Secretary , whose known worth was above all detraction ; onely he spake in reference to an old proverb , Two heads are better than one ; and for the present he was dismissed . Not long after , when rich men were called on for a contribution to St. Pauls , Wiemark at Council-Table subscribed a hundred pounds ; but Mr. Secretary told him , Two hundred were better than one ; which betwixt fear and charity Wiemark was fain to subscribe .

Neither was he sooner up , than he gave his Colleague and Successor in the Orators place , Sir Francis Nethersole , his hand to advance him too ; whom after his elegant Speech on Prince Henry , we find a prudent Agent with the Princes of the Union , and a faithful Secretary to the Queen of Bohemia , for whom he did much , and suffered more . Yet was he lately alive , and as charitable in his elder years , as ever he was noble in his younger .

Observations on the Life of Sir Arthur Ingram .

SIr Arthur had wit in Italy , where he was a Factor , and wealth in London , where he was a Merchant , to be first a Customer , and then a Cofferer to that King , who had this happiness , that he understood so much of all his affairs , as to make a judgement of what persons might be most serviceable to him in each of them . So pragmatical a person as this Gentleman , was necessary among the Custom-house-men , who were about to engross all the wealth of the Kingdom ; and as useful among the Green-cloath-men , who shared amongst themselves vast Concealments . The activity of his head had undone him , had not the odium of it been allayed by the discretion of his tongue ; whatever he spake , being naturally accompanied with such a kind of modesty and affability as gained the affection , and attracted the respect of all that conversed with him ; onely some wary men were jealous of that watchful and serene habit he had attained to in every conference and action , as well to observe as to act : though it was more than they needed , he having not that good stay and hold of himself , his much observing tempting him to much medling ; though never more need of it than at that time , when ninety and odd thousand pounds were spent upon the Palsgrave ; to reimburse which money , he set up the improvement of Coyn , the Farthings , the borrowing of money of the Customers , and as many other Projects to get money , as others had to spend it .

Observations on the Life of Sir Henry Yelverton .

THis Gentleman's relation to Sir Thomas Overbury brought him to the Earl of Somerset's service , and my Lord of Somerset's service recommended him to the Kings favour ; whereby he was at first his Counsel learned , and afterwards his Attorney-General ; in which last place his duty enjoyned him the impeachment of that Earl , but his gratitude forbad him : Loth he was to refuse his Masters command , more loth to have a hand in his Patrons ruine ; his civility outweighed his prudence , and his obligations his safety : for refusing to implead his Mr. as a great Delinquent at the Bar , he was sent by the Council as a greater to the Tower , where he continued until ( as some say ) the Duke of Buckingham came to him at midnight ; and hearing from him such mysteries of State as nearly concerned his own safety , not onely released , sed , but advanced him to a place of Judicature ; which his Integrity and Ability might deserve , but his niceness and narrowness could not keep it : Law and Equity have two Courts , but Law and Discretion should dwell in one breast . The truth is there is a great advantage in the well-setting forth of a mans vertues , fortunes , merits ; and again , in the Artificial covering of a mans weaknesses , defects , disgraces ; staying upon the one , sliding from the other , making use of circumstances , &c. which this good and plain man was a stranger to , being not so true to himself , or so setled , but that either upon heat , or bravery , or kindness , or trouble of mind and weakness , he would open himself to his Enemies satisfaction , and his own hazard . — Yet I must needs say , That his Letter of submission to the Duke was ingenuous , if he was guilty ; and Courtly , if he was innocent . Sir Francis Bacon took a wiser course in my Lord of Essex his Case , than he in the Earl of Somersets ; for when that Lord entertained destructive , before displeasing Counsel , the knowing Knight fairly forsook not his person , whom his pity attended to his Grave , but his practises ; and herein was not the worse friend , for being the better Subject .

Observations on the Life of Bishop Mountague .

JAmes M●untague son to Sir Edward Mountague , was born at B●ughton in Northamptonshire , bred in Christ●-C●lledge in Cambridge : He was afterwards Master , or rather nursing Father to Sidney-Colledge ; For he found it in bonds to pay twenty Marks per annum to Trinity-Colledge for the ground whereon it is built , and left it free , assigning it a rent for the discharge thereof . When the Kings Ditch in Cambridge made to defend it by its strength , did in his time offend it with its stench , he expended a hundred Marks to bring running-water into it , to the great conveniency of the University . He was afterwards Bishop first of Bath and Wells , th●n of Winch●ster , being highly in favour with King Iames , who did ken a man of merit , as well as any Prince in Christendom . He translated the Works of King Iames into Latine , and improved his greatness to do good Offices therewith . He dyed Anno Dom. 1618. AEtat . 49. and lyeth buried within his fair Monument , within his fairer , I mean a goodly Tomb in the Church of Bath , which oweth its well-being and beauty to his Munificence . King Iames cast his eye upon him at Hinchingbrook ( where the University of Cambridge met him as he came from Scotland ) because he obse●ved him one of those he knew he must oblige , I mean a Gentleman : He set his heart upon him at Court , because he found him one he intended to employ , I mean a Scholar . He was the onely man of all the Doctors he conversed with there , and the onely man of all the Bishops he consulted with at White-Hall . His nature inclined him to magnificence , and his vertue to Thrift ; sparing from lesser vanities , what he might expend upon greater enterprizes ; never sparing when just designs called for great charge . Grateful he was to his followers , though not prodigal : Good men choose rather to be loved for their benefits to the Community , than those to private persons : His understanding was as large as his heart was honest , comprehensive both of men and things ; even those things that were either below or besides his care , going not besides his observation ; he held a freedom of the will not from an humble● dependance upon the first cause , but from a fatal compulsion by the second causes , nec truncos nec Sacrilegos , abhorring to make that noble creature Man created by God after his own Image , to be the Governour of the Universe , Lord and Master of the Creatures should be no more than the man in the beginning of Almanacks , who is placed immoveable in the midst of the 12 Signs , as so many second causes , if he offer to stir , Aries is over his head ready to push him ; and Taurus to goar him in the Neck , &c.

He anticipated his age with his worth , and died at fourscore in merit , when not fifty in years ; filling his time not with dayes but with vertues so early , as seemed rather innate than acquired : For which he was so popular in the Countrey , as well as favoured at Court ; that a corpulent Officer of Bath-Church being appointed on the day of his Burial to keep the doors , entred on his employment in the morning , but was buried himself before night , and before the Bishop's body was put in the ground ; because being bruised to death by the pressing in of people , his Corps required speedy interment . — In those days the Plebs concurred with the King in their affections to , because they su●mit●ed to him in their choice of persons ; for then wisdom was thought to dwell in the Head , and good Folks thought their Soveraign wiser 〈◊〉 ●hemselves .

Observations on the Life of Sir Edm. Anderson .

SIr Edmund Anderson was born a younger brother of a Gentile Extract at Flixborough in Lincolnshire , and bred in the inner Temple . I have been informed that his Father left him a thousand pounds for his portion , which this our Sir Edmund multiplyed into many , by his great proficiency in the Common-Law , being made the 24th of Queen Elizabeth Chief Justice of the Common-Pleas . When Secretary Davison was sentenced in the Star-Chamber for the business of the Queen of Scots , Judge Anderson said of him , that therein he had done * * Cambden Eliz. An. 1587. justum non juste ; and so acquitting him of all malice , censured him with the rest of his indiscretion . When H. Cuffe was arraigned about the rising of the Earl of Essex , and when Sir Edward Coke the Queens Solicitor opposed him , and the other answered Syllogistically , our Anderson ( sitting there as a Judge of Law , not Logick ) checked both Pleader and Prisoner , ob stolido● syllogismos , for their foolish Syllogismes , appointing the former to press the Statute of Edward the third . Idem , Anno 1600. He died in the third of King Iames , leaving great Estates to several sons . He was a pure Legist , that had little skil in the affairs of the world , always alledging a decisive Case or Statute on any matter or question , without any regard to the decency , or respect to be had towards a State , or Government , and without that account of a moderate interpretation some circumstances of things require , being so much the less useful as he was incompliant , and one whom none addre●sed to , because , as one observes of Cardinal Corrado ; Such think they do in same manner sacrifice themselves , when they do but in the ●e st●●ct against their own opinions , to do a man a little p●e●sure . There are a kind of honest men of good conscience , whose capacities being narrow , uncertain private resolutions , inconsistent with publick interest ; who may for me pass for good men , but shall never be censed or registred for good Cit●ze●s ; because when streight-laced and short apprehensions are resolved into conscience and m●ximes , those men are obliged to be so obstinate as ●o change or remit nothing of their first resolutions , how unreasonable soever in themselves , or dangerous in the consequence . State-policy is wholly involved in matter and circumstances of time , place , and persons ; not capable of such exact rules as Geometry , Arithmetick , and other Sciences , whose subject is abstracted from matter ; he who ●●ss●●geth State-affairs by general rules , will quickly ruine both himself and those who a●e committed to his government ; the quintessence of policy doth consist in the dexterous and skilful application of general rules to the subject matter : co● of the great ends of policy and government , is the creating a mutual confidence amongst men ; and to ●llay those distracting jealousies grounded ●n an universal suspicion of humane nature , much like the good Womans fear that the Log would ●●●p out o● the fire , and knock out the brains of her Child ) which have no other use , than the beget●●g 〈…〉 rp●tu●l v●xatio●s , the discouragement of free Trade and Converse ; a teaching of them who are suspected often to do worse than they imagined , and the creating of sedition and troubles .

Observations on the Life of Sir Thomas Bodley , by himself .

1. I Was born at Exiter in Devonshire , March 2. 1544. descended both by Father and Mother of worshipful Parents . My Father in the time of Q●een Mary , being noted and known to be an enemy to Popery , wa● so cruelly threatned and so narrowly observed , by those that maliced his Religion , that for the safeguard of himself and my Mother , who was wholly affected as my Father , he knew no way so secure as so flye into Ge●many .

2. My Father fixed his abode in the City of Geneva ; where , as far as I remember , the English Church consisted of some hundred persons . I was at that time of twelve years of age , but through my Fathers cost and care , sufficiently instructed to become an Auditor of Cheval●erius in Hebrew , of Bernaldus in Greek , of Calvin and Bez● in Divinity , and of some other Professors in that Univ●rsity ( which was newly then erected ) besides my domestick Teachers in the house of Phili●erius S●raceaus , a famous● Physitian in that City , wi●h whom I was boarded , w●ere Rober●us Constantinus , that made the Greek Lexicon , read Homer to me .

3. In the first of Queen Elizabeth , my Father returned , and setled his dwelling in the City of London . It was not long after , that I was sent away from thence to the University of Oxford , recommended to the teaching and tuition of Doctor Humphrey . In the year 1563. I took the degree of Batchellor of Arts ; within which year I was chosen Probationer of Merton Colledge , and the next year ens●ing admitted Fellow . Afterwards , in the year 1565 , by special perswa●sion of some of my Fellow● , and for my private exercise , I undertook the publick reading of a Greek Lecture in the same Colledge-Hall , without requiring or expecting any stipend for it : Nevertheless it pleased the Fellowship of their own accord to allow me soon after four marks by the year , and ever since to continue the Lecture to that Colledge .

4. In the year 1566 , I proceeded Master of Arts , and read for that year in the School-streets natural Philosophy . After which time , within less than three years space , I was won by intreaty of my best affected friends to stand for the Proc●orship , to which I and my Colleague were quietly elected in the year 1569 , without any competition or counter-suit of any other . After this for a long time , I supplied the Office of University-Oratour , and bestowed my time in the study of sundry faculties , without any inclination to profess any one above the rest ; insomuch as at last I waxed desirous to travel beyond the Seas , for attaining to the knowledge of some special modern Tongues , and for the encrease of my experience in the managing of affairs ; being wholly then addicted to employ my self and all my cares in the publick service of the State .

5. After my return , in the year 1585 , I was employed by the Queen to the King of Denmark , and to the German Princes : Next , to Henry the third , King of France : After this , in 88 , for the better conduct of her Highness Affairs in the Provinces United , I was thought a fit person to reside in those parts , and was sent thereupon to the Hague in Holland ; where , according to the Contract that had formerly pass'd between her Highness and the States , I was admitted for one of their Council of Estate , taking place in their Assemblies next to Count Maurice , and yielding my suffrage in all that was proposed . During all that time , what approbation was given of my painful endeavours by the Queen , by the Lords in England , by the States of the Countrey there , and by all the English Soldiery , I refer it to be notified by some others Relation .

6. I received from her Majesty many comfortable Letters of her gracious acceptance of my diligence and care : and among the Lords of the Council had no man more to friend , then was the Lord Treasurer Burleigh . For when occasion had been offered of declaring his conceit as touching my service , he would always tell the Queen ( which I received from her self and some other Ear-witnesses ) that there was not any man in England so meet as my self to undergo the Office of the Secretary . And sithence his son , the present Lord Treasurer hath signified unto me in private conference , that when his Father first intended to advance him to that place , his purpose was withal to make me his Colleague : But that the daily provocations of the Earl of Essex were so bitter and sharp against him , and his comparisons so odious when he put us in a balance , as he thought thereupon he had very great reason to use his best means , to put any man out of hope of raising his fortune , whom the Earl with such violence , to his extream prejudice , had endeavoured to dignifie .

7. When I had well considered , how ill it did concur with my natural disposition , to become or to be counted either a stickler or partaker in any publick faction ; how well I was able , by Gods good blessing , to live of my self , if I could be contented with a competent livelihood ; I resolved thereupon to possess my soul in peace all the residue of my days , to take my farewel of State-employments , and so to retire me from the Court.

8. Now although after this , by her Majesties direction , I was often called to the Court , by the now Lord Treasurer , then Secretary , and required by him , and also divers times s●nce , by order from the King , to serve as Ambassador in France , and to ●egotiate in other very honourable employments , yet I would not be removed from my former final resolution ; but have continued at home my retired course of ●●fe , which is now meth●nks to me as the greatest preferment the State can afford .

9. This I must confess of my self , that though I did never repent me yet of my often refusals of honourable offer● , in respect of en●iching my private Estate ; yet somewhat more of late I have blamed my sel● and my nice●y that way , for the love that I bear to my Reverend Mother the University of Oxford , and to the advancement of her good by such kind of means as I have since undertaken .

10. Having examined what course I might take , I concluded at the last to set up my staffe at the Library door ; being throughly perswaded , that in my solitude and surcease from the Common-wealth affairs , I could not busie my self to better purpose then by reducing that place ( which then in every part lay ruined and waste ) to the publick use of Students :

11. For the effecting whereof , I found my self furnished in a competent proportion , of such four kinds of aids , as unlesse I had them all , there was no hope of good success . For without some kind of knowledge , as well in the learned modern Tongues , as in sundry other sorts of Scholastical literature ; without some purse-ability to go through with the charge ; without very great store of honourable friends to further the design , and without special good leisure to follow such a work , it could but have proved a vain attempt , and inconsiderate .

12. But how well I have sped in all my endeavours , and how full provision I have made for the benefit and ease of all frequenters of the Library ; that which I have already performed in sight ; that besides , which I have given for the maintenance of it ; and that which hereafter I purpose to add , by way of enlargement to that place ( for the project is cast , and whether I live or dye , it shall be , God ●illing , put in full execution ) will testifie so truly and abundantly for me , as I need not to be the publisher of the dignity and worth of mine own institution . Written with mine own band , Anno 1609. Decemb. 15.

Observations on the Life of Henry Vere Earl of Oxford .

HEnry Vere was son of Edward Vere , the seventeenth Earl of Oxford , and Anne Trentham his Lady ; whose principal habitation ( the rest of his patrimony being then wasted ) was at Heningham-Castle in Essex : A vigorous Gentleman , full of courage and resolution , and the last Lord Chamberlain of England of this Family . His sturdy nature would not bow to Court-compliants , who would maintain what he spake , speak what he thought , think what he apprehended true and just , though sometimes dangerous , and distastful . Once he came into Court with a great milk white feather about his hat , which then was somewhat unusual , save that a person of his merit might make a fashion . The Reader may guess the Lord who said to him in some jeer , My Lord , you wear a very fair Feather : It 's true ( said the Earl ) and if you mark it , there is ne're a Taint in it . Indeed his Family was ever loyal unto the crown , deserving their Motto , Vero nil Verius .

His predecessors had not been more implacable enemies to Spain in the Low-Countries , than he was at Whi●e-Hall , backing those arguments against the Match stoutly in the Presence-Chamber , that Doctor Hackwel had urged zealously in the Pulpit ; and as resolutely suffering imprisonment for the one , as the Doctor did suspension for the ot●er ; declaring himself as freely against the Agent Gondomar , as against his business , the Marriage : For chancing to meet Gon●omar at an Entertainment , the Don accosted him with high Complements , vowing ; That amongst all the Nobility of England , there was none he had tendered his service to with more sincerity than to his Lordship , though hitherto such his unhappiness , that his affections were not accepted according to his integrity that tendered them . It seems ( replyed the Earl of Oxford ) that your Lordship hath good leisure , when stooping in your thoughts to one so inconsiderable as my self , whose whole life hath afforded but two things memorable therein . It is your Lordships modesty ( returned the Spaniard ) to undervalue your self , whilest we the spectators of your Honours deserts , make a true and impartial estimate thereof ; hundreds of memorables have met in your Lordships life : But , good my Lord , what are those two signal things more conspicu●us than all the rest ? They are these two ( said the Earl ) I was born in the year 88 , and christened on the fifth of November .

Neither was he a more inveterate enemy to the Church of Rome , than a cordial friend to that of England ; for presenting one Mr. Copinger to Laneham , he added , to try him , He would pay no t●thes of his Park : Mr. Copinger desired again to resign it to his Lordship , rather than by such sinful gratitude to betray the rights of the Church . — Well , if you be of that mind ( said the Earl ) than take the tythes ; I scorn that my Estate should swell with Church-goods .

Going over one of the four English Colonels into the Low-Countries , and endeavouring to raise the siege of Breda , he so over-heated himsel● with Marching , Fighting and vexing ( the Design not succeeding ) that ●e dyed after , Anno Dom. 16 — He married Diana , one of the Co-heirs of William Earl of Exeter , ( afterwards to Edward Earl of Elgin ) by whom he left no Issue .

Observations on the Life of Sir Francis Vere .

SIr Francis Vere ( Governour of B●il and Portsmouth ) was of the ancient , and of the m●st noble extract of the Earls of Oxford ; and it may be a question , w●ether the Nobility of his house , or the honour of his Achievements might most commend him , who brought as much glory to his name , as he received honour from it : He was amongst his Queens Sword-men inferiour to none , but superiour to many : He lived oftner in the Camp , than Court : but when his pleasure drew him thither , no man had m●re of the Queens favour , and none less envied . He was a Sol●ier of great w●rth , and commanded thirty years in the service of the States , and twenty years over the English in Chief as the Queens General ; and he that had seen the Bat●el of Newport , might there best have t●ken him and his nob●e Brother the Lord of Tilb●ry to the life . They report that the Queen as she loved Martial men , would court this Gentleman as soon as he appeared in her presence ; for he seldom troubled it with the noise and alarms of supplication ; his way was another sort of undermining , as resolved in the Court as in the Camp , as well to justifie his * * The Earl of Essex . Patron , as to serve her Majesty , telling her the plain truth more sincerely than any man ; choosing ( as he said ) rather to fall by the malice of his enemies , than be guilty of Ingratitude to his friends : Yea , and when he sued for the government of Portsmouth , and some Grandees a a The Lord Norris . objected , that that place was always bestowed on Noblemen , he answered ; There were none ennobled but by their Princes favour , and the same way he took .

The Veres compared . Veri scipiadae , Duo fulmina belli .

SIr Francis and Sir Horace Ver● , sons of Ieffery Vere Esquire , who was son of Iohn Vere , the fifteenth Earl of Oxford ; We will first consider severally , and then compare joyntly , to see how their Actions and Arms performed , what their birth and bloud promised .

SIr Fran. was of a fiery spirit & rigid nature , undaunted in all danger , not overvaluing the price of mens lives to purchase a victory therewith . He served on the Scene of all Christendom where War was acted . One Master-piece of his valour was at the Battel of Newport , when his ragged Regiment ( so were the English-men called , from their ragged Cloathes ) helped to make all whole , or else all had been lost .

Another was , when for three years he defended Ostend against a strong and numerous Army , surrendring it at last a bare Skeleton to the King of Spain , who paid more years purchase for it , than probably the World would endure . He dyed in the beginning of the Reign of K. Iames , about the year of our Lord , 16 —

SIr Horace had more meekness , & as much valour as his brother ; so pious that he first made peace with God , before he went to war with man One of an excellent temper ; it being true of him what is said of the Caspian Sea , that it doth never ebb nor flow ; observing a constant tenor , neither elated nor depressed with sucess . Had one seen him returning from a victory , he would by his silence have suspected that he had lost the day ; and had he beheld him in a retreat , he would have collected him a Conqueror , by the cheerfulness of his spirit . He was the first Baron of K. Charles his Creation . Some years after , coming to Court , he fell suddenly sick and speechless , so that he died afore night , Anno Dom. 163 ... No doubt he was well prepared for death , seeing such his vigilancy , that never any enemy surprised him in his Quarters .

Now to compare them together ( such their Eminency , that they would hardly be parallel'd by any but themselves : ) Sir Francis was the elder Brother , Sir Horace lived to be the elder man . Sir Francis was more feared , Sir Horace more loved by the Soldiery : The former in Martial Discipline was oftentimes Rigidus ad ruinam , the latter seldome exceeded ad terrorem . Sir Francis left none , Sir Horace no Male-Issue , whose four Co-Heirs are since Matched into honourable Families . Both lived in War , much honoured ; dyed in peace , much lamented .

What is a great question among all Martial men , was so between these Brethren ; whether to repair a reputation ruined by some infamous disgrace , and the honour abused by some notorious loss , the General ought to oppose the fortune that oppresseth him , and hazard what remains , to recover what is lost ? Sir Francis was of opinion , That though it 's not the interest of a supream Prince , yet it is the concern of a subordinate Commander to support his credit at the rate of his Army . But Sir Horace was never for sacrificing the whole for the advancing of any part , or of many for the humouring of one ; but chose rather to break the impetuosity of his misfortunes by yielding to them , and rather recover both himself and his success by a prudent retreat , than lose both in an obstinate misadventure . — It being far more eligible to suffer in the imaginary interest of repute● than that real one of strength ; though appearances are yet so useful , that dexterously to manage the reputation of Affairs , is to imprint in men a great opinion of vertue and fortune , to enhance successes , and raise that respect and confidence that seldom fall to the share of reservation and fear . But apart from that too much caution that betrayeth , and overmuch rashness that hazardeth our fortunes , both these Heroes were very choice in the places of their Engagements ; for when all the Generals before the Battel of Newport were for quitting the upper Downs , Sir Francis Vere well knowing how much it imported the business of the day to hold a place of such advantage , perswaded Count Maurice rather to expect the Enemy in that ground , than attaque him in a worse ; wherein as his opinion prevailed , so all that were present , were Eye-witnesses both of the truth of his conjecture , and the soundness of his judgement : For the Enemy , as he said , did not long gaze upon them ; but charging up the hills , were beaten back so effectually , that our men had the excution of them for half a mile ; which was no small advantage to the fortune of that day .

Neither were they less observant of their time , that Mother of Action , than their place ; neither hasty nor slow to manage an opportunity that is neither often or long the same ; — or of the order of their Army than both , whereof each part assisted the other at Newport , and elsewhere so read●ly , that their shouts and charges equally amazed their Friends and Enemies .

The Reliefs of Rhingbergh were actions of great resolution , ready dispatch , a watchful circumspection , and good pursuit : The succour of Lithenhooven was a performance of great and mature deliberation ; the surprize of Zutphen by young Soldiers in womens apparel , was a piece of service of many particular stratagems ; and the Siege of Daventer of as much sage advice . — All instances of the wonders that courage can do when wise , valour when sober , a passion when rational , and a great spirit when advised .

Observations on the Life of Richard Cosin , LL. D.

RIchard Cosin , LL. D. ( one of the greatest Civilians our Nation bred , the grand Champion of Episcopacy , was ( amongst all the Countreys of England ) born in the Bishopri●k of Durham . His Father was a person of Quality ; a Captain of a Company at Muscleborough-Field , whence his valour returned with victory and wealth ; when crossing the River Tweed [ O the uncertainty of all earthly happiness ! ] he was drowned therein , to the great loss of his son Richard ; and greater , because he was not sensible thereof , as left an Infant in the Cradle . His Mother afterwards married one Mr. Medow , a York-shire Gentleman , who bred this his Son-in-law at a School at Skipton upon Cr●ven ; wherein such was his proficiency , that before he was twelve years old ( little less then a wonder to me , in that age , from so far a Countrey ) he was admitted into Trinity-Colledge in Cambridge . Some of his friends in Queens-Colledge in that University had a design to fetch him thence , had not Doctor Beaumont prevented the plot , in making him Scholar and Fellow as soon as by his Age , Degree , and the Statutes he was capable thereof .

He was a general Scholar , Geometrician , Musitian , Physitian , Divine , but chiefly , Civil and Canon Lawyer . By Arch-Bishop Whitgift he was preferred to be first Chancellor of Worceste● , [ in that age a place non tam gratiosus quam negotiosu● ] and afterwards Dean of the Arches , wherein he carried himself without giving ( though many took ) offence at him .

Of these one wrote a Book against him called the Abstract [ abstracted , saith my Author , from all Wit , Learning , and Charity ] to whom he returned such an answer in defence of the High-Comm●ssion , and Oath Ex Officio , that he put his Adversary to silence .

Others lay to his charge , that he gave many blanck Licences , the common occasion of unlawful Mar●iages ; and the procurer is as bad as the thief , robbing many a Parent of his dear Child thereby . But alwayes malice looks through a multiplying-glasse . Euclio complained , Intromisis●i sexcentos Coquos , Plau. in Aularia . Thou hast let in six hundred Cooks , when there was but two truely told [ Antrax and Congrio ] so here was but one , which a Fugitive servant stole from a Register to make his private profit thereby . GOD in his sickness granted him his desire which he made in his health ; that he might be freed from Torture , which his corpulency did much suspect , bestowing 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 upon him , a sweet and quiet departure . Pious his dying expressions ; I de●●re to be dissolved , and to be with Christ , Phil. 1. The wages of sin is death , Rom. 6. Come Lord Iesus , come quickly , Revel. 12. And his last words were these ; F●re●el my surviving friends ; remember your Mortality , and Eternal life .

He gave forty pounds to the building of a Chamber in Trinity-Colledge , and fifteen pounds per annum for the maintenance of two Scholarships therein : a good gift out of his estate , who left not above fifty pounds a year clear to his Heir : a great argument of his integrity , that he got no more in so gainful a place . Dying at Doctors Commons , he was buried by his own appointment in Lambeth Church , and Doctor Andrews preached his Funeral-Sermon . Amongst the many Verses made by the University of Cambridge , this ( with the allowance of Poetical Licence ) came from no bad Fancy .

Magna Deos inter lis est exorta : creatas Horum qui lites dirimit , ille deest Co●inum potiere dii componere tantas Lites , quod vero jure peritus erat .

A most moderate man he was in his own nature , but more earnest in the business of the Church , in the behalf of which he writ many Books of validity , &c.

It must not be forgotten , that Doctor Barlow ( afterwards Bishop of Lincoln ) was bred by Doctor Cosin at his charge in his own Family ; who in expression of his Thankfulness , wrote this Dr. Cosin's Life , out of which most of the aforesaid Character hath been taken .

Observations on the Life of the Lord Chief-Iustice Cook .

THis accomplished person was well born at Mileham in Norfolk , of Robert Cook Esquire , and Wini●red Knigh●ly his Wife , and as well bred . 1. When ten years of age at Norwich School . 2. At Trinity-Colledge in Cambridge . 3. After four years University-study , first in Cliffords Inn , and then in the Inner Temple . The first occasion of his Rice , was his stating of the Cooks Case of the Temple so exactly , that all the House who were puzzled with it , admired him ; and his pleading it so , that the whole Bench took notice of him . Such his proficiency , that at the end of six years ( exceeding early in that strict age ) he was call'd to the Bar , and soon after , for three years , chosen Reader in Lyons Inn. Here his learned Lecture so spread forth his fame , that crouds of Clients sued to him for his Counsel ; and his own suit was the sooner granted , when tendering his Affections in order to Marriage , unto Bridget daughter and Coheir of Iohn Paston Esquire , whose portion moderately estimated , Viis & medis , amounted unto thirty thousand pounds , her vertues not falling under valuation , and she enriched her Husband with ten Children .

Then began preferment to presse upon him ; the City of Norwich choosing him Recorder , the County of Norfolk their Knight for Parliament , the Q●een her Speaker therein , as also her Solicitor and Attorney . King Iames honoured him with Knighthood , and made him Chief-Justice , first of the Common-Pleas , then of the Kings-Bench . Thus beginning on a good bottom left him by his Father , marrying a Wife of extraordinary wealth ; having at the first great and gainful practice , afterwards many and profitable Offices , being provident to choose ●y●●d penny worths in Purchases , leading a thrifty e●d● , living to a great age during flourishing and peac●●ble times ( born as much after the persecution under Q. Mary , as dying before our Civil Wars ) no wonder if he advanced to a fair estate , so that all his sons might seem elder brethren , by the large possessions left unto them .

Some falsely character him a back-friend to the Church and Clergy , being a grand Benefactor to the Church of Norwich , who gratefully under their publick Seal honoured him with this ensuing Testimony .

Edwardus Coke Armiger , saepius & in multis difficillimis Negotiis Ecclesiae nostrae auxiliatus est , & Nuper eandem contra Templorum Helluones , qui Dominia , Manerìa & Haereditamenta nostra devorare sub Titulo obscuro ( Concelatum dicunt ) sponte suâ nobis insciis , & sine mercede ullâ legitimè tutatus est ; atque eandem suam nostri Defensionem in perpetuam tantae rei memoriam , & posterorum gratiâ , ( si opus fuerit ) magna cum industria & scriptis redegit , & Nostrae Ecclesiae donavit .

As for the many Benefices in his own Patronage , he freely gave them to worthy men , being wont to say in his Law-language , That he would have Church-Livings pass by Livery and Seisin , not Bargain and Sale .

He was our English Trebonianus , very famous for his Comments on Littleton and our Common-Law . 1638. A Parliament was call'●●●●nd the Court party was jealous of Sir Edwar● ●e●ctivity against them , as who had not digested 〈◊〉 discontentments as he had done the Law . Hereupon to prevent his Election as a Member , he was confined to Buckinghamshire as a Sheriff .

He scrupled to take the Oath , pretending many things against it , and particularly that the Sheriff is bound thereby to prosecute Lollards , wherein the best Christians may be included .

It was answered ; That he had often seen the Oath given to others without any regret , and knew full well that Lollard in the modern sense imported the opposers of the present Religion , as established by Law in the Land .

No excuses would serve his turn , but he must undertake that O●f●ce : However his friends beheld it as an injurious degradation of him , who had been Lord Chief-Justice , to attend on the Judges at the Assizes .

Five sorts of people he used to fore●design to misery and poverty ; Chymists , Monopolizers , Concealers , Promoters , and Rhyming Poets . For three things he would give God solemn thanks ; That he never gave his body to Physick , nor his heart to cruelty , ●or his hand to corruption . In three things he did much applaud his own success ; In his fair fortune with his Wife , in his happy study of the Laws , and in his free coming by all his Offices , nec prece , nec pretio , neither begging nor bribing for Preferment .

His parts were admirable : he had a deep Judgment , faithful Memory , active Fancy , and the Jewel of his mind was put into a fair Case , a beautiful body with a comely countenance : A case , which he did wipe and keep clean , delighting in good Cloaths , well worn , and being wont to say , That the outward neatness of our bodies , might be a Monitor of purity to our souls .

In his Pleadings , Discourse , and Judgements , he declined all Circumlocutions , usually saying , The matter lyes in a little Room * * Though some observe that his digressions marred his repute , and had broke his neck , had he lived in any Kings reign but K. James's . . In all Places , Callings , and Jurisdictions , he commended Modesty and Sobriety within their boundaries , saying , If a River swelleth beyond the banks , it loseth its own Channel .

If any adverse party crossed him , he would patiently reply , If another punisheth me , I will not punish my self . In the highest Term of Business he made Vacation to himself at his Table ; and would never be perswaded privately to retract what he had publickly adjudged , professing , He was ● Iudge in a Court , not in a Chamber . He was wont to say , No wise man would do that in prosperity , whereof he should repent in adversity . His Motto was , Prudens qui Patiens ; and his practice was accordingly , especially after he fell into the disfavour of King Iames , when he did Frui suo Infortunio , and improved his loss to his advantage . He triumphed in his own Innocency , that he had done nothing illegally ; calling to mind the Motto which he gave in his Rings when made Sergeant , Lex est tutissima Classis , The Law is the safest Helmet . And now he had leisure to peruse what formerly he had written , even thirty Books with his own hand , most pleasing himself with a Manual , which he called VADE MECUM , from whence at one view he took a prospect of his Life past , having noted therein most Remarkables . His most learned and laborious Works on the Laws will last to be admired by the Judicious Posterity , whilest Fame hath a Trumpet left her , and any breath to blow therein . His judgement lately passed for an Oracle in Law ; and since the credit thereof hath causelesly been questioned , the wonder is not great . If the Prophet himself , living in an incredulous Age , found cause to complain , Who hath believed our report ? it need not seem strange that our licentious Times have afforded some to shake the Authenticalness of the Reports of any earthly Judge .

He constantly had Prayers said in his own house , and charitably relieved the Poor with his constant Almes . The Foundation of Sutton's Hospital ( when indeed but a Foundation ) had been ruined before it was raised , and crush'd by some Courtiers in the hatching thereof , had not his great care preserved the same . The Free-School at The●ford was supported in its being , by his assistance ; and he founded a School on his cost at Godrick in Norfolk .

It must not be forgotten , that Doctor Whitgift afterward Arch-Bishop of Canterbury , sent unto his Pupil when the Queen's Attorney , a fair new Testament , with this Message : He had long enough studied Common Law , now let him study the Law of God .

When he was under a cloud at Court , and outed of his Judges place , the lands belonging to the Church of Norwich , which formerly he had so industriously recovered and setled thereon , were again called into question , being begged by a Peer . Sir Edward desired him to desist , telling him , that otherwise he would put on his Gown and Cap , and come into Westminster-Hall once again , and plead there in any Court in justification of what he had done . He died at Stoke-Poges in Buckingham-shire , on Wednesday the third of September , being the 83 of age , whose last words were these , Thy Kingdom c●me , thy Will be done .

The infirmities of this Judge , as my Lord BACON recited them in a Letter to him , were these : 1. That he delighted to speak more than hear . 2. That he would run out of his Profession ; and as he observed of Divines , so it was observed of him , none erred worse out of his element . 3. That he conversed with Books rather than Men , and onely with such men that he spake to as Scholars , rather than treated as friends . 4. That he obtruded those things as Novelties that were stale . 5. That he would jest on men in place , and insult on men in misery . 6. That he made the Law lean too much to his opinion . 7. That his Tenants in Norfolk were hardly used ; and that though he had ten thousand pounds per an . he relieved not the poor . 8. That in his last proceedings against Somerset , he was too open and dilatory , giving too much advantage , and breaking out to some unadvised expressions . 9. That he stood out against Power ; for which , and other failures , he was dismissed the Council-board with this expression from King Iames , That he was the fittest instrument to serve a Tyrant .

Indeed he had some projects for the Revenue , and looked for the Treasury , when he was absolutely cast off ; though he made such shift , that throw him where you would ( as King Iames said ) he fell upon his legs .

Observations on the Life of Sir Ralph Winwood .

SIr Ralph Winwood was a Gentleman well seen in most Affairs , but most expert in matters of Trade and War ; for he was first a Soldier , and then an Agent in the Netherlands , where he remonstrated against Vorstius learnedly and resolutely , representing as well his Masters parts as his power : It was the very guize of that time to be learned ; the wits of it were so excellent , the helps and assistants of it were so great ; Printing was so common ; the world ( by Navigation ) so open ; great experiments so disclosed ; the leisure of men so much , the age was so peaceable ; and his Majesty , after whom all writ , so knowing .

When the Earl of Somerset was made Chamberlain by his Majesty in his Fathers place , Sir Ralph Winwood was by the Queen made Secretary in his ; succeeding him in his Office , but exceeding him in his success ( Fortune may begin any mans greatness , but Vertue must continue it ) for this Favourite taking upon him to over-rule Winwood , Winwood makes it his business to overthrow him ; to which purpose his Agents discover some secrets abroad ( you may understand more of England at Amsterdam , than at London ) and he useth his Arts at home ; for Mr. Vil●iexs being now brought to Court , when others were for raising him by interest , Sir Ralph was for advancing him with Compliance — a Compliance , as he said , that must either supple or break his Adversaries , and either way ruine them . — Accordingly Sir George is directed to offer his service to the Earl of Somerset ; that Earl fatally tells him , He would have none of his service , but would break his Design . — These words coming so cross to the Kings inclination , and the Court's plot , provoked all persons to look further into Sir Ralph Winwood's Intelligence concerning Sir Tho. Overbury's death . Now mens weaknesses and faults are best known by their enemies , their vertues and abilities from their friends ; their customes and times from their servants ; their conceits and opinions from their familiars , to whom they are least masked . To all these he applyeth himself , until he had discovered as much of the practices concerning Overbury , as might humble the Earl ; and as much corruption in the conveyance of publick money to the building of Audley-End , as might displace his Father . An Apothecaries boy gives the first , and a servant that carried the money , the second , both whom he surprized with the Spanish proverb ; Di mentura , y sacaras verdad : Tell a lye , and find a truth . Indeed the natures and dispositions , the conditions and necessities , the factions and combinations , the animosities and discontents ; the ends and designs of most people were clear and transparent to this watchful man's intelligence and observation , who could do more with King Iames by working on his fear , than others by gratifying his pleasure .

When I observe how close and silent he was at the Council-Table , it puts me in mind of the man that gave this reason why he was silent in a Treaty and Conference : Because ( said he ) the Enemy might know , that as there are many here that can speak , so here is one that can hold his peace .

Observations on the Life of Sir Francis Bacon .

SIr Francis was born where we are made men , bred where we are made States-men ; being equally happy in the quickness of the City , and politeness of the Court : He had a large mind from his Father , and great abilities from his Mother ; his parts improved more than his years : his great , fixed , and methodical memory , his solid judgement , his quick fancy , his ready expression , gave high assurance of that profound and universal knowledge and comprehension of things which then rendered him the observation of great and wise men , and afterwards the wonder of all . The great Queen was as much taken with his witty discourses when a School-boy , as with his grave Oracles when her Counsel learned . He was a Courtier from his Cradle to his Grave , sucking in experience with his milk , being inured to policy as early as to his Grammar : Royal Maximes were his Sententia Puerilis ; and he never saw any thing that was not noble and becoming . The Queen called him her young Lord Keeper , for his grave ingenuity at seven years of age ; and he could tell her Majesty he was two years a a He was born Jan. 22. 1560. at York-house in the Strand . younger , than her happy Reign . At twelve , his industry was above the capacity , and his mind above the reach of his Contemporaries : A prodigy of parts he must be , who was begot by wise Sir Nicholas Bacon , born of the accomplished Mrs. Anne Cook , daughter to Sir Anthony Cook , King Edward the 6●hs . Tutor , a good Grecian and Latinist , and bred at Trinity-Colledge , under the wise , learned , and pious Doctor Whitgift . His strong observations at Court , his steady course of study in the University , must be improved for State-business , by a well-contrived Travel abroad : where his conversation was so obliging , his way so inquisitive , his prudence so eminent , that he was Sir Amie Paulet's Agent between the Juncto of France and the Queen of England : He allayed the solidity of England with the Ayre of France , until his own Affairs and the Kingdoms service called him home at his Fathers death to enjoy a younger Brothers estate , and act his part : Policy was his business , the Law was onely his livelyhood ; yet he was so great a States-man , that you would think he only studied men : so great a Scholar , that you would say , he only studied Books . Such insight he had in the Law , that he was at thirty her Majesties Advocate , and extraordinary Counsel ; such his judgement , that he was the Student of Grayes-Inn's Oracle ; being well seen in the grounds and mysteries of the Law , though not experienced in the Cases of the Common Law , while he made that profession his accessary , and not his principal : so generous and affable his disposition , that he was a●l mens love and wonder : He instilled wholsome precepts of Prudence and Honour to Noblemen ( particularly the Earl of Essex , to whom he was more faithful , than he to himself : ) Great principles of Arts and Sciences to the learned ; noble Maximes of government to Princes , excellent rules of Life to the Populacy . When his great Patron Essex sunk , he was buoyed up by his own steadiness , and native worth , that admitted him to the Qu. own presence , not only to deliver matter of Law , which was his profession , but to debate matters of State , which was his element : his judgement was so eminent , that he could satisfie the greatest ; his condescen●ion so humble , that he instructed the meanest : his extraordinary parts , above the model of the age , were feared in Queen Elizabeths time , but employed in King Iames's . Favour he had in her Reign ; but Trust only in his . It 's dangerous in a factious Age to have my Lord Bacon's parts , or my Lord of Essex his favour . Exact was his correspondence abroad and at home ; constant his Letters , frequent his Visits , great his Obligations , moderate and temperate his Inclination ; peaceable , humble , and submissive his mind ; complying and yielding , his temper : In Queen Elizabeths time , when he could not rise by the publick way of service , he did it by that more private of Marriage , with one Alice Barneham , an Alderman's Heiress , and other commendable Improvements ; whereby he shewed a great soul could be rich in spight of Fortune , ( for his Father dying while he was in France before he had purchased an estate , he designed for him his youngest Son and Darling , he had but a Portion of the money divided among five Brethren , whereby he was in streights till Gorambum fell to him by his dearest Brother Mr. Anthony Bacon's death , a Gentleman of his parts , though not his learning , having nothing either of honour or profit from that Queen , but a reversion of the Register of the Star-Chambers place , worth 1500. a year , which he stay'd for 20 years , saying that it was like another mans ground , buttalling upon his house ; which might mend his prospect , but it did not fill his Barn ) though it scorned it in point of Honour . In the House of Commons none more popular , ( where he was allowed to sit as Member , when Atturney , which is allowed none in that place ) none more zealous , none so knowing a Patriot : In the house of Lords , none more s●ccessfully serviceable to the Crown : the easie way of Subsidies was his design in Queen Elizabeths time ; the union with Scotland was his contrivance in King Iames's .

His make and port was stately , his speech flowing and grave , each word of his falling in its place ; the issue of great reason when conceived , and of great prudence when expressed : so great skill he had in observing and contriving of occasions and opportunities , in suiting of Humours , and hitting of Junctures and Flexures of Affairs , that he was in his time the Master of speech and action , carrying all before him .

The Earl of Salisbury saith , Sir Walter Rawleigh , was a good Orator , but a bad Writer ; the Earl of Northampton was a good Writer , but a bad Orator ; Sir Francis Bacon excelled in both : Much he said he owed to his Books , more to his innate Principles and Notions : When he thought , he said , he aimed more at Connexion than Variety : When he spake , he designed rather the life and vigour of expression , and perspicuity of words , ( asking often if the meaning were expressed plainly enough ) than the elegancy or order of phrase . His axiome was ; Words should wait on things , rather than things on words ; and his resolution was , That all affected elegance was below the gravity and majesty of a publick discourse : He rather judged Books and Men , than either read or talked with them .

His Exercises were man-like and healthful , walking and riding ; his Meditations cohaerent , every minute of his time improved ; his Table temperate and learned , where his great Discourses were the entertainment , and he himself the treat ; resolving Cases most satisfactorily , it was observed that he would express another man● words with great advantage , speaking with liberty and respect to all hearers , amend much the phrase of it though retaining the substance , stating Questions most exactly , relating Histories most prudently , opening great Secrets most clearly , answering Arguments and replying most familiarly , and speaking what he had thorowly weighed and considered most effectually . — All matters and speeches came from him with advantage ; so acute and ready his wit , so faithful his memory , so penetrating his judgment , so searching his head , so large and rational his soul. He drew out of every man he spake with , what he was best for .

My Lord of Salisbury said , he had the clearest prospect of things of any man in his age ; and King Iames , by whom he was never reproved in eighteen years , said , That he knew the method of handling Matters , after a mild and gentle manner : Not ingaging his Master in any rash or grievous courses , insulting over no offender , but carrying it decently and compassionately to the person of the offender , when most severe against the offence . His Religion was rational and sober , his spirit publick , his love to Relations tender , to Friends faithful ; to the hopeful liberal , to men univerfal , to his very Enemies civil . He lest the best pattern of Government in his actions under one King , and the best principles of it in the Life of the other . His Essays and History made him the admiration of polite Italy ; his Accomplishments , the wonder of France ; Monsieur Fiat , the French Ambassador , who called him Father , saying to him , after an earnest desire to see him , That he was an Angel to him , of whom he had heard much , but never saw him . Solid , less dissipable and juicy Meat was his Diet , and Rhubarb infused in Wine before meat his Physick : four hours in the morning he made his own , not by any means to be interrupted : business was his fate , retyrement his inclination . Socrates brought Morality from Discourse to Practice ; and my Lord Bacon brought Philosophy from Speculation to Experience , Aristot●e whom he disliked at 16 years of age , not for his person , for he valued him highly ; but his way which bred disputations , but not useful things for the benefit of the life of man , continuing in that judgment to his dying day , he said , taught many to dispute , more to wrangle , few to find out Truth , none to manage it according to his principles : — My Lord Bacon was a man singular in every faculty , and eminent in all : His Judgment was solid , yet his memory was a wonder ; his Wit was quick , yet his Reason slaid ; His Invention was happy , yet methodical : and one fault he had , that he was above the age he lived in ; above it in his bounties to such as brought him Presents ( so remembring that he had been Lord-Chancellor , that he forgot he was but Lord Verulam : Great his understanding , his knowledge was not from Books , though he read much ; but from grounds and notions in himself , which he vented with great caution ; Dr. Rawley attesting that he saw twelve Copies of the Instauratio Magna revised and amended year by year till it was published , and great his mind too ) above it in his kindness to servants , to whom he had been a better Master , if he had been a worse ; and more kind , if he had been less indulgent to them . Persons of Quality courted his Service . For the first of his Excesses , K. Iames jeered him in his progress to New-market , saying , when he heard he gave ten pounds to one that brought him some Fruit , My Lord , my Lord , this is the way to Beggars-bush . For the second , he reflected upon himself , when he said to his servants as they rose to him in his Hall ; Your rise hath been my fall . Though indeed he rather trusted to their honesty , than connived at their falshood ; for he did impartial Justice commonly to both parties , when one servant was in fee with the Plaintiff , and the other with the Defendant . — How well he understood his own time , his Letters , and complyances evidence ; than whom none higher in spirit , yet none humbler in his Addresses [ The proudest man is most servile . ] How little he valued wealth , appeareth , in that when his servants would take money from his Closet , even while he was by , he would laugh , and say , I poor men , that is their portion . How well he kenned the art of Converse , his Essayes discover , a piece ( as he observed himself ) that of all his Works was most current , for that they come home to mens business and bosomes . How far skilled in the Art of Government , the Felicities of Queen Elizabeth , written by him in Latine , ordered by his last Will to be Printed so , but published in English in his resuscitatio by his Amanuensis . Dr. Rawley , his H. 7. War with Spain , Holy War , Elements of the Law , irrefragably demonstrate ; and how well seen in all Learning , his Natural History , and Advancement of Learning answerably argue . In a word , how sufficient he was , may be conjectured from this instance , that he had the contrivance of all King Iames his Designs , until the Match with Spain ; and that he gave those Directions to a great Statesman * * Vid. Duke of Buckingham's Life . , which may be his Character , and our conclusion . Only be it observed , that though this peerless Lord is much admired by English-men , yet is he more valued by Strangers ; distance , as the Historian hath it , diminishing his faults to Forreigners , while we behold his perfections abated with his failings ; which set him as much below pity , as his Place did once above it ; Sir Iulius Caesar ( they say ) looking upon him as a burden in his Family , and the Lord Brook denying him a bottle of small beer . Though in a Letter to King Iames he thanks him for being that Master to him that had raised and advanced him s●x times in Office ; i.e. Councel learned extraordinary , Solicitor and Attorney General , Lord Keeper , and Chancellor , Knight-Lord Verulam , Viscount St. A●ban's , with 1800 l. a y●ar out of the broad Zeal , and Alienation Off●ce to his dying day , most of which he allowed to his a a Benedict ●●●unch●m , an Alderman of London's Daughter and Coheir . Wife , towards whom he was very bountiful in gifts , bestowing on her a Robe of honour which she wore while she lived , which was above twenty years after his death . His Religion was like a Philosophers , rational and well grounded as appears by his confession of faith , composed many years before his death , an instance of the truth of his own observation ; that a little Philosophy maketh men ap● to forget God , as attributing too much to second causes ; but depth of Philosophy bringeth a man back again to God ; he being constant at the publick Prayers , frequent at the Sermons and Sacraments of the Church of England , in whose Communion he dyed of a gentle Feaver , accompanied with a choaking defluxion and cold , April 9. being Easter-day 1626. 66th . year of his age , in the Earl of Arundel's house at High-gate near London , being Buried according to his Will at St. Michael's Church in St. Alban's , the onely Church in old Verulam , near his Mother ●nder a white Marble , ●et up by Sir Tho. Meauty , Secretary to his Lordship , and Clerk of the Councel to King Iames and King Charles , whereon he is drawn in his full Stature studying ; with an Inscription by Sir Henry Wotton . He had one peculiar temper of body , that he fainted alwayes at an Eclipse of the Moon , though he knew not of it , and considered it not . His Receipt for the Gout which eased him in two hours , is at the end of his Natural History . His Rhubarb-draught before meat he liked , because it carryed away the gross humours , not less●ning the spirits as sweating doth .

It was the great effect of his Religion , that as he said ( notwithstanding the opportunities he had to be revenged ) he neither bred nor fed malice● saying no worse to the King ( who enquired of him what he thought of a great man newly dead , that had not been his friend ) than that he would never have made his Majesties estate better , but he was sure he would have kept it from being worse .

And it was the consequence of his great worth , all men applauded him . Fulk Lord Brook , after the perusal of his H. 7 th . returned it him with these words : Commend me to my Lord , and bid him take care to get good Paper and Ink , for the work is Incomparable . Dr. Collins the Kings Professor of Divinity at Cambridge , said when he had read his advancement of Learning , that he found himself in a case to begin his Studies again ; as having lost all his former time .

Forreigners crossing the Seas to see him here , and carrying his Picture at length that he might be seen abroad . An Italian writes to the Lord Cavendish , since Earl of Devonshire , thus concerning the Lord Bacon ; I will expect the new Essays of my Lord Chancellor Bacon , as also his History with a great deal of desire ; and whatsoever else he shall compose ; but in particular of his History ; I promise my self a thing perfect and singular ; especially King Henry the 7 th . where he may exercise the talent of his Divine understanding .

This Lord is more and more known ; and his Books here , more and more delighted in ; and those men that have more than ordinary knowledge in humane affairs , esteem him one of the most capable spirits of this age .

Observations on the Life of the Lord John Digby .

JOhn Lord Digby of Sherborn , and Earl of Bristol , was a younger Son of an ancient Family , long flourishing at Koleshull . To pass by his younger years , ( all Children being alike in their Coats ) when he had only an Annuity of fifty pounds per annum , only his youth gave pregnant hopes of that Eminency , which his mature age did produce . He did ken the Embassador's craft , as well as any in his age , employed by King Iames in several Services to Foreign Princes , recited in his Patent , as the main motives of the Honours conferred upon him . But his managing the matchless Match with Spain was his Master-piece , wherein a good ( I mean a great ) number of State-Traverses were used on both sides : Where if he dealt in Generalities , and did not press Particulars , we may ghess the reason of it from that expression o● his ; I will take care to have my Instructions pers●●● , and will pursue them punctually : If he held Affairs in suspence , that it might not come to a War on our part , it may be he did so with more regard to his Mr. King Iames his inclination , than his own apprehension : If he said ; That howsoever the business went , he would make his fortune thereby , it rather argued his weakness that he said so , his sufficiency that he could do so , than his unfaithfulness that he did so . This is certain , that he chose rather to come home , and suffer the utmost displeasure of the King of England , than stay in Spain , and enjoy the highest favour of the King of Spain . He did indeed intercede for some indulgence to the Papists ; but it was , because otherwise he could do no good for the Protestants . — But whatever was at the bottom of his Actions , there was resolution and nobleness a top , especially in these actions . 1 Being carried from Village to Village after the King of Spain , without that regard due to his person , or place ; he expressed himself so generously , that the Spanish Courtiers trembled ; and the King declared , That he would not interrupt his Pleasures with business at Lerma , for any Embassador in the world but the English ; nor for any English Embassador but Don Iuan. 2. When impure Scioppius upon his Libel against K. Iames , and Sir Humphrey Bennet's complaint to the Arch-Duke against him , fled to Madrid ; my Lord observing that it was impossible to have Justice done against him from the Catholique King because of the Jesuites , puts his Cousin George Digby upon cutting him ; which he did over his Nose and Mouth wherewith he offended , so that he carried the mark of his Blasphemy to his Grave . 3. When he was extraordinary Embassador in Germany , upon his return by Heidelbergh , observing that Count Mansfield's Army , upon whom depended the fortune of the Palsgrave , was like to disband for want of money , he pawned all his Plate and Jewels to buoy up that sinking Cause for that time . That his spirit was thus great abroad , was his honour ; but that it was too great at home , was his unhappiness : for he engaged in a fatal Contrast with the Duke of Buckingham , that hazarded both their safeties , had not this Lord feared the Duke's power ( as the Duke this Lord's policy ) and so at last it became a drawn Battel betwixt them ; yet so , that this Earl lost the love of King Charles , living many years in his disfavour : But such as are in a Court-cloud , have commonly the Countreys Sun-shine ; and this Peer during his Eclipse , was very popular with most of the Nation . It is seldom seen , if a Favourite once broken at Court , sets up again for himself ; the hap ( rather than happiness ) of this Lord , the King graciously reflecting on him at the beginning of the Long Parliament , as one best able to give him the safest Councel in those dangerous times . But how he incensed the Parliament so far , as to be excepted pardon , I neither do know , nor dare enquire . Sure I am , that after the surrender of Exeter , he went over into France , where he met with that due respect in Foreign , which he missed in his Native Countrey . The worst I wish such , who causelesly suspect him of Popish inclinations ( saith my Author ) is , that I may hear from them but half so many strong Arguments for the Protestant Religion , as I heard from him , who was to his commendation a cordial Champion for the Church of England . This Family hath been much talked of this last forty years ; though all that I can say of it is this , that great spirits , large parts , high honours , penned with narrow Estates , seldom bless their owners within moderation , or the places they live in with peace .

Observations on the Life of the Lord Spencer .

HEe was the fifth Knight of his Family , in an immediate succession , well allied and extracted , being descended from the Spencers , Earls of Gloucester and Winchester . In the first year of the Reign of King Iames , being a moneyed man , he was created Baron of Wormeleiton in the County of Warwick . He had such a ready and quick Wit , that once speaking in Parliament of the valour of their English Ancestors in defending the Liberty of the Nation , returned this Answer to the Earl of Arundel , who said unto him , Your Ancestors were then keeping of Sheep ; If they kept Sheep , yours were then plotting of Treason . But both of them were at present confined ; but to the Lord Spencer the Upper-House ordered Reparations , who was first and causelesly provoked . This Lord was also he , who in the first of King Iames was sent ( with Sir William Dithick , principal King of Arms ) to Frederick Duke of Wirtenbergh , elected into the Order of the Garter , to present and invest him with the Robes and Ornaments thereof ; which were accordingly with great solemnity performed in the Cathedral of Studgard . — And this was the Lord , that when the Earl of Bristol charged the Duke of Buckingham , started up , and demanded ; Is this all you have to say against the Duke ? The Earl replyed , Yes my Lord , and I am sorry it is so much . Then quoth the Lord Spencer , If this be all , Ridiculus mus ; and so sate down again .

The End of the Observations upon the Lives of the Statesmen and Favourites of England , in the Reign of King Iames.

THE STATES-MEN and FAVOURITES OF ENGLAND , IN The Reign of King Charles . I.

Observations on the Life of the Duke of Buckingham .

NAture bestowed on him an exact comliness , his Mother a noble education ( not so much to study , as converse : ) His Travels to France , carriage and experience . About which times , he falls into intrinsecal society with Sir Ioh. Greham , then one of the Gentlemen of his Majesties Privy-Chamber ; who , I know not upon what Luminaries , he espyed in his face , disswaded him from Marriage , and gave him rather encouragement to woe Fortune at Court , than court it in the City : Which advice sank well into his fancy , for within some while , the King had taken by certain glances ( whereof the first was at Apthorpe in a Progress ) such liking of his Person , that he was resolved to make him a Master-piece , and to mould him as it were Platonically to his own Idea . Neither was his Majesty content onely to be the Architect of his Fortune , without putting his gracious hand likewise to some part of the work it self ; insomuch that it pleased him to descend , and to avale his goodness , even to the giving of his foresaid friend Sir Iohn Greham secret directions , how , by what degrees he should bring him into favour . His own parts and observation gained him prudence and discretion ; His Family and Ancestors in Leicester-shire , gentility and repute ; so that there wanted nothing but Interest to set him up a Courtier : Sir Thomas Compton , who had married his Mother , supplyed him with the one , and the Earls of Bedford , Pembrook , and Hertford , who would eclipse Somerset , helped him to the other : For those three Lords meeting one night at Baynards-Castle , and commanding Somerset's picture should be abused in their way : next day Sir Thomas Lake leads him into Court , buying him the Cup-bearers place : A while after the Countess of Bedford ushereth him to the Presence-Chamber , entering him a Bed-chamber-man , — and the Earl of Pembrook supports him , until he was a Favourite . The Courtiers wished him well , because he was an English-man : the Nobility favoured him , because a Gentleman ; the Ladies have a kindness for him , because the exactest Courtier in Christendom ; the King observes him much , for his compleat body , more for his pregnant parts ; and the States-men now consulting Somerset's removal , and finding King Iames his good nature loth to leave the bosom of one Minion , until he had reposed himself in another , made it their plot to advance him . His carriage was free and debonair ; his passions even and smooth , and one saith , carried in his pocket ; his nature noble and open ; his temper industrious and inquisitive ; his intellectuals clear and capable ; his mind tractable and docible ; his spirit resolute and undaunted . — The first month he comes to Court , he takes place above all his fellows ; and being removed with some affront by a creature of Somerset's , gives him a box on the ear ; an action that gave him and his friends a seasonable occasion of a Contest with Somerset , and him a clear conquest over him : Somerset as Chamberlain would have cut off his hand , and he as Favourite was like to have cut off his head . This new Favourite riseth ; all are weary of Somerset the first Minion , all welcom the second . The King is first his Tutor , and then his Patron , instructing him before he employed him . Three sorts of studies he engaged him in ; the first was for delights in private Retyrements ; the second for ornament in Discourse ; the third , for ability in Business . He had Princely apprehensions of the principles and Maximes of Government , a distinct notion of all his Affairs , an excellent way to make use of other mens Abilities ; and these incomparable Rules from my Lord Bacon , which were transcribed in his Life .

Sir , In the first place , Compleat instructions for a states-man , given by L. B. to D. B. I shall be bold to put you in mind of the present condition you are in ; You are not onely a Courtier , but a Bed-chamber-man , and so are in the eye and ear of your Master ; but you are also a Favourite ; The Favourite of the time , and so are in his bosom also ; The world hath so voted you , and doth so esteem of you , ( for Kings and great Princes , even the wisest of them , have had their Friends , their Favourites , their Privadoes , in all ages ; for they have their affections as well as other men ) of these they make several uses : sometimes to communicate and debate their thoughts with them , and to ripen their judgments thereby ; sometimes to ease their cares by imparting them ; and sometimes to interpose them between themselves and the envy or malice of their People ( for Kings cannot erre , that must be discharged upon the shoulders of their Ministers ; and they who are nearest unto them must be content to bear the greatest load . ) Truly Sir , I do not believe or suspect that you are chosen to this eminency , out of the last of these considerations ; for you serve such a Master , who by his wisdom and goodness , is as free from the malice or envy of his Subjects , as , I think I may say truly , ever any King was , who hath sate upon his Throne before him : But I am confident , his Majesty hath cast his eyes upon you , as finding you to be such as you should be , or hoping to make you to be such as he would have you to be ; for this I may say without flattery , your outside promiseth as much as can be expected from a Gentleman . But be it in the one respect , or other , it belongeth to you to take care of your self , and to know well what the name of a Favourite signifies : If you be chosen upon the former respects , you have reason to take care of your actions and deportment , out of your gratitude , for the King's sake ; but if out of the later , you ought to take the greater care , for your own sake .

You are as a new risen Star , and the eyes of all men are upon you ; let not your own negligence make you fall like a Meteor .

The contemplation then of your present condition must necessarily prepare you for action ; what time can be well spar'd from your attendance on your Master , will be taken up by suitors , whom you cannot avoid , nor decline , without reproach ; for if you do not already , you will soon find the throng of suitors attend you ; for no man , almost , who hath to do with the King , will think himself safe , unless you be his good Angel , and guide him , or , or least , that you be not a Malus Genius against him ; so that , in respect of the King your Master , you must be very wary , that you give him true information ; and if the matter concern him in his Government , that you do not flatter him ; if you do , you are as great a Traytor to him in the Court of Heaven , as he that draws his sword against him : and in respect of the Suitors which shall attend you , there is nothing will bring you more honour and more ease , then to do them what right in justice you may , and with as much speed as you may ; for believe it , Sir , next to the obtaining of the suit , a speedy and a gentle denyal ( when the case will not bear it ) is the most acceptable to suitors ; they will gain by their dispatch , whereas else they shall spend their time and money in attending ; and you will gain in the ease you will find in being rid of their importunity . But if they obtain what they reasonably desired , they will be doubly bound to you for your favour : Bis dat qui cito dat ; it multiplies the courtesie , to do it with good words , and speedily .

That you may be able to do this with the best advantage , my humble advice is this ; when suitors come unto you , set apart a certain hour in a day to give them audience : If the business be light and easie , it may by word only be delivered , and in a word be answered ; but if it be either of weight , or of difficulty , direct the suitor to commit it to writing , ( if it be not so already ) and then direct him to attend for his answer at a set time to be appointed , which would constantly be observed , unless some matter of great moment do interrupt it : when you have received the Petitions ( and it will please the Petitioners well , to have access unto you to deliver them into your own hand ) let your Secretary first read them , and draw lines under the material parts thereof ( for the matter , for the most part , lies in a narrow room . ) The Petitions being thus prepared , do you constantly set apart an hour in a day to peruse those Petit●ons ; and after you have ranked them into several files , according to the subject matter , make choice of two or three friends , whose judgments and fidelities you believe you may trust in a business of that nature , and recommend it to one or more of them , to inform you of their opinions , and of their reasons for , or against the granting of it ; and if the matter be of great weight indeed , then it would not be amiss to send several Copies of the same Petition to several of your friends , the one not knowing what the other doth , and desire them to return their answers to you by a certain time , to be prefixxed in writing ; so shall you receive an impartial answer , and by comparing the one with the other , you shall both discern the abilities and faithfulness of your friends , and be able to give a judgement thereupon , as an Oracle . But by no means trust not to your own judgement alone , for no man is omniscient ; nor trust onely to your servants , who may mislead you , or mis-inform you ; by which they may perhaps gain a few crowns , but the reproach will lye upon your self , if it be not rightly carried .

For the facilitating of your dispatches , my advice is further , that you divide all the Petitions , and the matters therein contained , under several heads ; which , I conceive , may be fitly ranked into these eight sorts .

1. Matters that concern Religion , and the Church and Church-men . 2. Matters concerning Justice , and the Laws , and the Professors thereof . 3. Councellors , and the Council-Table , and the great Offices and Officers of the Kingdom . 4. Foreign Negotiations and Embassies . 5. Peace and War , both foreign and civil , and in that the Navy and Forts , and what belongs to them . 6. Trade at home and abroad . 7. Colonies , or foreign Plantations . 8. The Court , and Curiality .

And whatsoever will not fall naturally under one of these heads , believe me , Sir , will not be worthy of your thoughts , in this capacity we now speak of . And of these sorts , I warrant you , you will find enough to keep you in b●siness .

I begin with the first , which concerns Religion .

1. In the first place , be you your self rightly perswaded and setled in the true Protestant Religion , professed by the Church of England ; which doubtless is as sound and orthodox in the doctrine thereof , as any Christian Church in the world .

2. In this you need not be a Monitor to your gracious Master the King ; the chiefest of his Imperial Titles , is , to be The Defender of the Faith ; and his learning is eminent , not only above other Princes , but above other men ; be but his scholar , and you are safe in that .

3. For the Discipline of the Church of England , by Bishops , &c. I will not positively say , as some do , that it 's Iure Divino ; but this I say , and think , ex animo , that it is the nearest to Apostolical truth ; and confidently I shall say , it is fittest for Monarchy of all others : I will use no other authority to you , than that excellent Proclamation set out by the King himself in the first year of his Reign , and annexed before the Book of Common Prayer ; which I desire you to read ; and if at any time there shall be the least motion made for Innovation , to put the King in mind to read it himself : It is most dangerous in a State to give ear to the least alterations ●n Government .

4. Take heed , I beseech you , that you be not an instrument to countenance the Romish Catholicks : I cannot flatter ; the world believes that some near in blood to you are too much of that perswasion ; you must use them with fit respects , according to the bonds of ●atu●e ; but you are of kin , and so a fri●nd to their persons , not to their errors .

5. The Arch-Bishops and Bishops , next under the King , have the government of the Church and Ecclesiastical affairs ; be not you the mean to pr●fer any to those places , for any by-respects , but only for their learning , gravity and worth : their lives and Doctrine ought to be exemplary .

6. For Deans , and Canons or Prebends of Cathedral Churches : In their first institution they were of great use in the Church ; they were not only to be of Council with the Bishop for his revenue , but chiefly for his Government in causes Ecclesiastical ; use your best means to prefer such to those places who are fit for that purpose , men eminent for their learning , piety , and discretion , and put the King often in mind thereof ; and let them be reduced again to their first institution .

7. You will be often sollicited , and perhaps importuned to prefer Scholars to Church-Livings ; you may further your friends in that way , caeteris paribus ; otherwise , remember , I pray , that these are not places meerly of favour , the charge of souls lies upon them ; the greatest account whereof will be required at their own hands ; but they will share deeply in their faults who are the instruments of their preferment .

8. Besides the Romish Catholicks , there is a generation of Sectaries , the Anabaptists , Brownists , and others , of their kinds ; they have been several times very busie in this Kingdom , under the colour of zeal for reformation of Religion : The King your Mr. knows their disposition very well ; a small touch will put him in mind of them ; he had experience of them in Scotland , I hope he will beware of them in England ; a little countenance or connivance sets them on fire .

9. Order and decent ceremonies in the Church , are not only comely but commendable ; but there must be great care , not to introduce Innovations , they will quickly prove scandalous : men are naturally over-prone to suspition ; the true Protestant Religion is seated in the golden mean ; the enemies unto her , are the extreams on either hand .

10. The persons of Church-men are to be had in due respect , for their words sake , and protected from scorn : but if a Clergy-man be loose and scandalous , he must not be patroniz'd nor wink 't at ; the example of a few such , corrupt many .

11. Great care must be taken , that the patrimony of the Church be not sacrilegiously diverted to lay-uses : His Majesty in his time hath religiously stopped a leak that did much harm , and would else have done more . Be sure , as much as in you lyes , stop the like upon all occasions .

12. Colledges and Schools of Learning are to be cherished and encouraged , there to breed up a new stock to furnish the Church and Common-wealth , when the old store are transplanted . This Kingdom hath in later ages be●n famous for good literature ; and if preferment shall attend the deservers , there will not want supplies .

Next to Religion , let your care be to promote Justice . By justice and mercy is the Kings throne established .

1. Let the rule of Justice be the Laws of the Land , an impartial arbiter between the King and hi● people , and between one Subject and another : I shall not speak superlatively of them , lest I be suspected of p●●t●a●ity , in regard of my own pro●●ssion ; but this I may truly say , they are second to none in the Christian world .

2. And , as far as it may lye in you , let no Arbitrary power be intruded : the people of this Kingdom love the Laws thereof , and nothing will oblige them more , than a confidence of the free enjoying of them . What the Nobles , upon an occasion , once said in Parliament , Nolumus leges Angliae mutari , is imprinted in the hearts of all the people .

3. But because the life of the Laws lies in the due execution and administration of them , let your eye be in the first place , upon the choice of good Judges : These properties had they need to be furnished with ; To be learned in their profession , patient in hearing , prudent in governing , powerful in their elocution to perswade and satisfie both the parties and hearers , just in their judgment ; and , to sum up all , they must have these three Attributes ; They must be men of courage , fearing God , and hating covet●●sness ; An ignorant man cannot , a Coward dares not be a good Judge .

4. By no means be you perswaded to interpose your self , either by word or letter , in any cause depending , or like to be depending in any Court of Justice , nor suffer any other great man to do it where you can hinder it ; and by all means disswade the King himself from it , upon the importunity of any for themselves or their friends : If it should prevail , it perverts Justice ; but if the Judge be so just , and of so good courage ( as he ought to be ) as not to be enclined thereby , yet it always leaves a taint of suspition behind it . Judges must be as chaste as Caesar's Wife , neither to be , nor to be suspected to be , unjust ; and Sir , the honour of the Judges in their judicature , is the Kings honour whom they represent .

5. There is great use of the service of the Judges in their Circuits , which are twice in the year held throughout the Ki●gdom ; the tryal of a few causes between party and party , or delivering of the Gaols in several Counties , are of great use for the expedition of justice ; yet they are of much more use for the government of the Counties through which they pass , if that were well thought upon .

6. For if they had instr●ctions to that purpose , they might be the best intelligencers to the King , of the true state of his whole Kingdom , of the disposition of the people , of their inclinations , of their intentions and mo●●●n● , which are necessary to be truly understood .

7. To this end , I could wish , that against every Circuit all the Judges should , sometimes by the K. himself , and sometimes by the Lord Chancellor or Lord Keeper , in the King's name , receive a charge of those things which the present times did much require ; and at their return should deliver a faithful account thereof , and how they found and left the Counties through which they passed , and in which they kept their Assizes .

8. And that shey might the better perform th●s work , which might be of great importance , it will not be am●ss that sometimes this charge be publick , as it useth to be in the Star-Chamber at the end of the Terms next before the Circuit begins , where the K●ng's care of j●stice , and the good of his people , may be published ; and that sometimes also ●t may be private , to communicate to the Judges some thi●gs not so fit to be publickly delivered .

9. I could wish also that the Judges were directed to make a little longer stay in a place than usually they do ; a day more in a County would be a very good addition , ( although their wages for their Circuits were increased in proportion ) it would stand better with the gravity of their employment ; whereas now they are sometimes enforced to rise over-early , and to sit over-late , for the dispatch of their business , to the extraordinary trouble of themselves and of the people , their times indeed not being horae juridicae ; And , which is the main , they would have the more leisure to inform themselves ( quasi aliud agentes ) of the true estate of the Country .

10. The attendance of the Sheriffs of the Counties , accompanied with the principal Gentlemen , in a comely , not a costly equipage , upon the Judges of Assize at their coming to the place of their sitting , and at their going out , is not onely a civility , but of use also : It raiseth a reverence to the persons and places of the Judges , who coming from the King himself on so great an errand , should not be neglected .

11. If any sue to be made a Judge , for my own part , I should suspect him ; but if either directly or indirectly he should bargain for a place of judicature , let him be rejected with shame : vendere jure potest , emerat ille prius .

12. When the place of a chief Judge of a Court becomes vacant , a puisne Judge of that Court , or of another Court , who hath approved himself fit and deserving , would be sometimes preferred ; it would be a good encouragement for him , and for others , by his example .

13. Next to the Judge , there would be care used in the choice of such as are called to the degree of Serjeants at Law ( for such they must be first , before they be made Judges ) none should be made Serjeants , but such as probably might be held fit to be Judges afterward● , when the experience at the Barr hath fitted them for the Bench : Therefore by all means cry down that unworthy course of late times used , that they should pay moneys for it : It may satisfie some Courtiers , but it is no honour to the person so preferred , nor to the King , who thus pre●e●s ●im .

14. For the Kings Counsel at the Law , especially his Atto●ney and Solicito● General , I need say ●oth●ng● their continual use for the Kings service , not only for his Revenue , but for all the parts of his Government , will put the King , and all those who love his service , in mind to make choice of men every way fit and able for that employment : they had need to be learned in their profession , and not ignorant in other things ; and to be dexterous in those affairs whereof the dispatch is committed to them .

15. The Kings Attorney of the Court of Wards is in the true quality of the Judges ; therefore what hath been observed already of Judges , which are intended principally of the three great Courts of Law at Westminster , may be applied to the choice of the Attorney of this Court .

16. The like for the Attorney of the Dutchy of Lan●●ster , who partakes of both qualities , partly of a Judge of that Co●rt , and partly of an Attorney General ; for so much as concerns the proper Revenue of the D●tchy .

17. I must not forget the Judges of the four Circuits in the twelve Shires of Wales , who although they are not of the first magnitude , nor need be of the degree of the Coyf ( onely the chief Justice of Chester , who is one of the number , is so ) yet are they considerable in the choice of them , by the same rules as the other Judges are ; and they sometimes are , and fitly may be , transplanted into the higher Courts .

18. There are many Courts ( as you see ) some superiour , some provincial , and some of a lower orb ; It were to be wished , and is fit to be so ordered , that every of them keep themselves within their proper spheres . The harmony of justice is th●n the sweetest , when th●re is no jarring about the jurisdiction of the Courts ; which me-thinks wisdom cannot much differ upon , their true bounds being for the most part so clearly known .

19. Having said thus much of the Judges , somewhat will be fit to put you in mind concerning the principal Ministers of Justice : and in the first , of the High sheriffs of the Counties , which have been very ancient in this Kingdom , I am sure before the Conquest ; The choice of them I commend to your care , and that at fit times you put the King in mind thereof ; that as near as may be they be such as are fit for those places , for they are of great trust and power : The P●sse Comitatus , the power of the whole County , being legally committed unto them .

20. Therefore it is agreeable with the intention of the Law , that the choice of them should be by the commendation of the great Officers of the Kingdom , and by the advice of the Judges , who are presumed to be well read in the condition of the Gentry of the whole Kingdom : And although the King may do it of himself , yet the old way is the good way .

21. But I utterly condemn the practice of the latter times , which hath lately crept into the Court ( at the back-stairs ) That some who are prick'd for Sheriffs , and were fit , should get out of the Bill ; and others who were neither thought upon , nor worthy to be , should be nominated , and both for money .

22. I must not omit to put you in mind of the Lords Lieutenants , and Deputy-Lieutenants of the Counties : their proper use is for ordering the Military affairs , in order to an invasion from abroad , or a rebellion or sedition at home ; good choice should be made of them , and prudent instructions given to them , and as little of the Arbitrary power as may be left unto them ; and that the Muster-Masters , and their Officers under them , incroach not upon the Subject ; that will detract much from the King's service .

23. The Justices of Peace are of great use ; Antiently there were Conservators of the Peace , these are the same , saving that several Acts of Parliament have altered their denomination , and enlarged their jurisdiction in many particulars ; The fitter they are for the peace of the Kingdom , the more heed ought to be taken in the choice of them .

24. But negatively , this I shall be bold to say , that none should be put into either of those Commissions with an eye of favour to their persons , to give them countenance of reputation in the places where they live , but for the King's service sake ; nor any put out for the disfavour of any great man● It hath been too often used , and hath been no good service to the King .

25. A word more , if you please to give me leave , for the true rules of the moderation of Justice on the King's part . The execution of justice is committed to his Judges , which seemeth to be the severer part : but the milder part , which is mercy , is wholly left in the King 's immediate hand : And Justice and Mercy are the true supporters of his Royal Throne .

26. If the King shall be wholly intent upon Justice , it may appear with an over-rigid aspect ; but if he shall be over-remiss and easie , it draweth upon him contempt . Examples of Justice must be made sometimes for terrour to some ; Examples of Mercy , sometimes , for comfort to others : the one procures fear , and the other love . A King must be both feared and loved , else he is lost .

27. The ordinary Courts of Justice I have spoken of , and of their Judges and judicature ; I shall put you in mind of some things touching the High Court of Parliament in England , which is superlative ; and therefore it will behove me to speak the more warily thereof .

28. For the institution of it , it is very antient in this Kingdom : It consisteth of the two Houses , of Peers and Commons , as the Members ; and of the King's Majesty , as the head of that great body : By the King's authority alone , and by his Writs , they are assembled , and by him alone they are pror●gued and dissolved ; but each House may adjourn it self .

29. They being thus Assembled , are more properly a Council to the King , the Councel of the Kingdom , to advise his Majesty in those things of weight and difficulty , which concern both the King and People , then a Court.

30. No new Laws can be made , nor old Laws abrogated or altered , but by common consent in Parliament , where Bills are prepared and presented to the two Houses , and then delivered : but nothing is concluded but by the King 's Royal assent ; They are but Embroys , 't is he giveth life unto them .

31. Yet the House of Peers hath a power of Judicature in some cases ; properly , to examine , and then to affirm , or if there be cause , to reverse the judgments which have been given in the Court of King's Bench , ( which is the Court of highest jurisdiction in the Kingdom , for ordinary Judicature ) but in these cases it must be done by Writ of Error in Parliamento : And thus the rule of their proceedings is not absoluta potestas , as in making new Laws ( in that conjuncture as before ) but limitata potestas , according to the known Laws of the Land .

32. But the House of Commons have only power to censure the Members of their own House , in point of election or misdemeanors , in or towards that House ; and have not , nor ever had power , so much as to administer an Oath to prepare a judgment .

33. The true use of Parliaments in this Kingdom is very excellent ; and they would be often called , as the affairs of the Kingdom shall require ; and continued so long as is necessary , and no longer , for then they be but burthens to the people , by reason of the priviledges justly due to the Members of the two Houses and their Attendants ; which their just rights and priviledges are religiously to be observed and maintained ; but if they should be unjustly enlarged beyond their true bounds , they might lessen the just power of the Crown , it borders so near upon popularity .

34. All this while I have spoken concerning the Common Laws of England , generally , and properly so called , because it is most general and common to almost all cases and causes , both civil and criminal : But there is also another Law , which is called the Civil or Ecclesiastical Law , which is confined to some few heads ; and that is not to be neglected : and although I am a professor of the Common-Law , yet am I so much a lover of Truth and of Learning , and of my native Countrey , that I do heartily perswade that the Professors of that Law , called Civilians ( because the Civil Law is their guide ) should not be discountenanced nor discouraged ; else whensoever we shall have ought to do with any foreign King or State , we shall be at a miserable loss , for want of Learned men in that profession .

III. I come now to the consideration of those things which concern Councellors of State , The Council-Table , and the great Offices and Officers of the Kingdom , which are those who for the most part furnish out that honourable Board .

1. Of Councellors , there are two sorts : The first , Consiliarii nati , ( as I may term them ) such are the Prince of Wales , and others of the King's Sons ( when he hath more● ) of these I speak not , for they are naturally born to be Councellors to the KING , to learn the art of Governing betimes .

2. But the ordinary sort of Councellors are such as the King , out of a due consideration of their worth and abilities , and withal , of their fidelities to his Person and to his Crown , calleth to be of Councel with him in his ordinary Government . And the Council-Table is so called , from the place where they ordinarily assemble and sit together ; and their Oath is the onely ceremony used , to make them such , which is solemnly given unto them , at their first admission : These honourable persons are from thenceforth of that Board and Body : They cannot come until they be thus called , and the King at his pleasure may spare their attendance ; and he may dispense with their presence there , which at their own pleasure they may not do .

3. This being the quality of their service , you will easily judge what care the King should use , in his choice of them ; It behoveth that they be persons of great trust and fidelity , and also of wisdom and judgment , who shall thus assist in bearing up the King's Throne ; and of known experience in publick affairs .

4. Yet it may not be unfit to call some of young years , to train them up in that Trade , and so fit them for those weighty affairs , against the time of greater maturity ; and some also for the honour of their persons : But these two sorts not to be tyed to so strict attendance , as the others from whom the present dispatch of business is expected .

5. I could wish that their number might not be so over-great , the persons of the Councellors would be the more venerable . And I know that Queen Elizabeth , in whose time I had the happiness to be born , and to live many years , was not so much observed , for having a numero●s , as a wise Councel .

6. The duty of a Privy-Councellor to a King , I conceive , is , not onely to attend the Councel-board , at the times appointed , and there to consult of what shall be propounded ; But also to study those things which may advance the King's honour and safety , and the good of the Kingdom , and to communicate the same to the King , or to his fellow Councellors , as there shall be occasion . And this , Sir , will concern you more then others , by how much you have a larger share in his affections .

7. And one thing I ●hall be bold to desire you to recommend to his Majesty : That when any new thing shall be propounded to be taken into consideration , that no Counsellor should suddenly deliver any positive opinion thereof ; it is not so easie with all men to retract their opinions , although there shall be cause for it : But only to hear it , and at the most but to break it , at first , that it may be the better understood against the next meeting .

8. When any matter of weight h●th been debated , and seemeth to be ready for a resolution ; I wish it may not be at that sitting concluded ( unless the necessity of the time press it ) lest upon second cogitations there should be cause to alter , which is not for the gravity and honour of that Board .

9. I wish also that the King would be pleased sometimes to be present at that Board , it adds a Majesty to it : And yet not to be too frequently there , that would render it less esteemed when it is become common ; Besides , it may sometimes make the Councellors not to be so free in their debates in his presence , as they would be in his absence .

10. Besides the giving of Counsel , the Councellors are bound by their Duties ex vi termini , as well as by their Oaths , to keep counsel ; therefore are they called de Privato Consilio Regis , & a secretioribus consiliis Regis .

11. One thing I add , in the negative , which is not fit for that Board , the entertaining of private causes , of meum & tuum ; those should be left to the ordinary course and Courts of Justice .

12. As there is great care to be used for the Councellors themselves to be chosen , so there is of the Clerks of the Council also , for the secreting of their Consultations ; and methinks , it were fit that his Majesty be speedily moved , to give a strict charge , and to bind it with a solemn Order ( if it be not already so done ) that no copies of the orders of that Table be delivered out by the Clerks of the Councel , but by the order of the Board ; nor any not being a Councellor , or a Clerk of the Councel , or his Clerk , to have access to the Councel-Books : and to that purpose , that the servants attending the Clerks of the Councel be bound to secrecy , as well as their Masters .

13. For the great Offices and Officers of the Kingdom , I shall say little : for the most of them are such , as cannot well be severed from the Councellorship ; and therefore the same rule is to be observed for both , in the choice of them : In the general , onely , I advise this , let them be set in those places for which they are probably the most fit .

14. But in the quality of the persons , I conceive it will be most convenient to have some of every sort , ( as in the time of Q●een E●izabeth it was ) one Bishop at the least , in respect of questions touching Religion , or Church-Government ; one or more skilled in the Laws ; some for Martial affairs , and some for Foreign affairs : By this mixture one will help another , in all things that shall there happen to be moved : But if that would fail , it will be a safe way , to consult with some other able persons well versed in that point which is the subject of their Consultation , which yet may be done so warily , as may not discover the main end therein .

IV. In the next place , I shall put you in mind of the Foreign Negotiations and Em●assies , to or with Foreign Princes or States , wherein I shall be little able to serve you .

1. Onely I will tell you what was the course in the happy dayes of Q●een Elizabeth , whom it will be no dis-rep●tation to follow : She did vary , according to the nature of the employment , the quality of the persons she employed ; which ●s a good rule to go by .

2. If it were an Embassy of G●●tula●ion or Ceremony ( which must not be neglected ) choice was made of some noble person , eminent in place , and able in purse , and he would take ●t as a mark of favour , and discharge it without any great burthen to the Queen's Coffers , for his own honours sake .

3. But if it were an Embassie of weight , concerning affairs of State , choice was made of some sad person of known judgment , wisdom and experience , and not of a young man , not wayed in State-matters ; nor of a meer formal man , whatsoever his title or outside were .

4. Yet in company of such , some young towardly Noblemen or Gentlemen were usually sent also , as Assistants or Attendants , according to the q●ality of the persons , who might be thereby prepa●ed and fit●ed for the like employment , by this means , at another turn .

5. In their company were alwayes sent some grave and sad men , skilful in the Civil Laws , and some in the Languages , and some who had been formerly conversant in the Courts of those Princes , and knew their wayes ; these were Assistants in private , but not trusted to manage the Affairs in publick ; that would detract from the honour of the principal Embassador .

6. If the Negotiation were about Merchants affairs , then were the persons employed for the most part Doctors of the Civil Law , assisted with some other discreet men ; and in such the charge was ordinarily defrayed by the Company or Society of Merchants , whom the Negotiation concerned .

7. If Legier Embassadors or Agents were sent to re●ain in or near the Courts of those Princes or States ( as it was ever held fit , to observe the motions , and to hold correspondency with them , upon all occasions ) such were made choice of , as were pre●●med to be vigilant , industrious , and discreet m●n , and had the language of the place whither ●he● w●r● sent ; and with these were sent such as were hope●ul to be worthy of the like employment at another time .

8. Their care was , to give true and ti●ely Intelligence of all Occurrences , either to the Q●een her self , or the Secretaries of State , unto whom they had their immediate relation .

9. Their charge was always born by the Q●een , duly paid out of the Exchequer , in such proportion , as , according to their qualities and places might give them an honourable subsistence there : But for the reward of their service , they were to expect it upon their return , by some such preferment as might be worthy of them , and yet be little burthen to the Q●eens Coffers or Revenues .

10. At their going forth , they had their general Instructions in writing , which might be communicated to the Ministers of that State whither they were sent ; and they had also private Instructions , upon particular occasions ; and at their return , they did always render an account of some things to the Queen her self , of some things to the body of the Council , and of some others to the Secretaries of State , who made use of them , or communicated them , as there was cause .

11. In those days there was a constant course held , that by the advice of the Secretaries , or some principal Councellors , there were alwayes sent forth into several parts beyond the Seas some young men , of whom good hopes were conceived of their towardliness , to be trained up , and made fit for such publick Employments , and to learn the Languages . This was at the charge of the Queen , which was not much , for they travelled but as private Gentlemen ; and as by their industry their deserts did appear , so far were they f●rther employed or rewarded . This course I shall recommend unto you , to breed up a Nursery of such publick Plants .

V. For Peace and War , and those things which appertain to either ; I in my own disposition and profession am wholly for peace , if please God to ●less the Kingdom therewith , as for many years past he hath done : and , 1. I presume I shall not need to perswade you to the advancing of it ; nor shall you need to perswade the King your Master therein , ●or that he hath hitherto been another Solomon in this our Israel ; and the Motto which he hath chosen ( Beati Pacifici ) shews his own judgement : But he must use the means to preserve it , else such a jewel may be lost . 2. God is the God of Peace ( it is one of his Attributes ) therefore by him alone we must pray , and hope to continue it : there is the foundation . 3. And the King must not neglect the just ways for it ; Justice is the best Protector of it at home , and providence for War is the best prevention of it from abroad . 4. Wars are either Foreign or Civil ; for the Foreign War by the King upon some neighbour Nation , I ●ope we are secure ; the King , in his just and pious disposition , is not inclinable thereunto ; his Empire is long enough , bounded with the Ocean , as if the very situation thereof had taught the King and People to set up their rests , and say , Ne plus ultra . 5. And for a war of invasion from abroad ; onely we must not be over-secure , that 's the way to invite it . 6. But if we be always prepared to receive an Enemy , if the ambition or malice of any should incite him , 〈◊〉 may be very confident we shall long live in peace and quietness , without any attempt upon us . 7. To make the preparations hereunto the more assured : In the first place , I will recommend unto you the care of our out-work , the Navy Royal and Shipping of our Kingdom , which are the walls thereof ; and every great Ship is as an impregnable for t ; and our many safe and commodious Ports and Havens in every of these Kingdoms , are as the redoubts to secure them . 8. For the body of the Ships , no Nation of the world doth equal England , for the Oaken Timber wherewith to build them ; and we need not borrow of any other , iron for Spikes , or N●●ls to fasten them together : but there must be a great deal of providence used , that our Ship-Timber be not unnecessarily wasted . 9. But for Tackling , as Sails and Cordage , we are beholden to our neighbours for them , and do buy them for our money ; that must be foreseen and layd up in store against a time of need , and not sought for when we are to use them : But we are much too blame , that we make them not at home , onely P●tch and Tar we have not of our own . 10. For the true Art of building of Ships , for burthen and service both , no Nation in the world exceeds us : Ship-wrights and all other Artizans belonging to that Trade must be cherished and encouraged . 11. Powder and Ammunition of all sorts we can have at home , and in exchange for other home● commodities we may be plentifully supplied from our Neighbours , which must not be neglected . 12. With Mariners and Seamen this Kingdom is plentifully ●urnished , the constant Trade of Merchandizing will furnish us at a need ; and navigable Rivers will repair the store , both to the Navy Royal , and to the Merchants , if they be set on work , and well payed for their labour . 13. Sea-Captains and Commanders , and other Officers must be encouraged , and rise by degrees , as their fidelity and industry deserve it . 14. Our strict League of ami●y and alliance with our near Neighbours the Hollanders is a mutual strength to both ; the shipping of both , in conjuncture , being so powerful , by Gods blessing , as no Foreigners will venture upon ; This League and Friendship must inviolably be observed . 15. From Scotland we have had in former times some Alarms and Inrodes into the Northern parts of this Kingdom ; but that happy union of both Kingdoms under one Soveraign , our gracious King , I hope , hath taken away all occasions of breach between the two Nations ; let not the cause arise from England , and I hope the Sc●ts will not adventure it ; or if they do , I hope they will find , that although to our King they were h●s first-●orn Subjects , yet to England belongs the birth-right : B●t this sh●uld not be any cause to offer any injury to th●m , nor to suffer any from them . 16. There remains ●hen no danger , by the blessing o● God , but a C●vil War , from wh●ch God of his mercy defend us , as that which is most desperate of all others . The King's wisdom and justice must prevent it , if it may be ; or if it should happen , quod absit , he must quench that wild-fire with all the diligence that possible can be . 17. Competition to the Crown , there is none , nor can be ; there●ore it must be a fire within the bowels , or nothing , the cures whereof are these ; Remedium praevenieus , which is the best physick either to a natural body , or to a State , by just and equal Government to take away the occasion ; and Remedium puniens , if the other prevail not : The service and vigilance of the Deputy-Lieutenants in every County , and of the high-Sheriff , will contribute much herein to our security . 18. But if that should not prevail , by a wise and timous inquisition , the peccant humours and humorists must be discovered , and purged , or cut off ; mercy in such a case , in a King , is truly cruelty . 19. Yet if the Heads of the Tribes can be taken off , and the mis-led multitude will see their errour , and return to their obedience , such an extent of mercy is both honourable and profitable . 20. A King , against a storm , must fore-see , to have a convenient stock of treasure ; and neither be without money , which is the sinews of War , nor to depend upon the courtesie of others , which may fail at a pinch . 21. He must also have a Magazine of all sorts , which must be had from Foreign parts , or provided at home ; and to commit them to several places , under the custody of trusty and faithful Ministers and Officers , if it be possible . 22. He must make choice of expert and able Commanders to conduct and manage the War , either against a foreign invasion , or a home-rebellion ; which must not be young and giddy , which dare , not onely to fight , but to swear , and drink , and curse ; neither fit to govern others , nor able to govern themselves . 23. Let not such be discouraged , if they deserve well , by mis-information , or for the satisfying the ●umou●s or ambition of others , perhaps out of envy , perhaps out of treachery , or other sinister ends : A st●●dy hand in governing of Military Affairs , is more requisite then in times of peace , because an erro●r committed in war , may perhaps prove irremediable . 24. If God shall bless these endeavours , and the King return to his own house in peace , when a Civil War shall be at an end , those who have been found faithful in the Land must be regarded , yea , and rewarded also ; the traiterous , or treacherous , who have misled others , severely punish'd ; and the neutrals , and false-hearted friends and followers , who have started aside like a broken bow , be noted , C●rlone nigro ; and so I shall leave them , and this part of the work .

VI. I come now to the six●h part , which is Trade , and that is either at home , or abroad . And I begin with that which is at home ; which enableth the Subjects of the Kingdom to live , and layeth a foundation to a foreign Trade by traffiq●e with others , which enableth them to live plentifully and ●●p●●● .

1. For the Home-trade , I fi●st commend unto your consideration the encouragement of Tillage , which will enable the Kingdom for Corn for the Natives , and to spare for exportation : And I my self have known , more than once , when in times of dearth , in Q●een Elizabeth's days , it drained much coin of the Kingdom , to furnish us with Corn from foreign parts .

2. Good Husbands will find the means by good Husbandry , to improve their lands by Lime , Chalk Marl , or Sea-sand , where it can be had : But it will n●t be amiss , that they be put in mind thereof , and encouraged in their industries .

3. Planting of Orchards in a soil and air fit for them , is very profitable , as well as pleasureable ; S●der and Perry are notable Beverage in Sea-voyages .

4. Gardens are also very profitable , if planted with Artichokes , roots , and such other things as are fit for food ; whence they are called Kitchin-g●rdens , and that very properly .

5. The planting of Hop-yards , sowing of Woad , and Rape-seed , are found very profitable for the Planters , in places apt for them , and consequently profitable for the Kingdom , wh●ch for divers years was furnished with them from beyond the Seas .

6. The planting and preserving of Woods , especi●lly of Timber , is not only profitable , but commendable , therewith to furnish posterity , both for building and shipping .

7. The Kingdom would be much improved , by draining of drowned lands , and gaining that in from the over-flowing of salt waters and the sea , and from fresh waters also .

8. And many of those grounds would be exceeding fit for Dairies ; which , being well houswiv'd are exceeding commodious .

9. Much good land might be gained from Forests and Chases , more remote from the King's access , and from other commonable places ; so as always there be a due care taken , that the poor Commoners have no injury by such improvement .

10. The making of navigable Rivers would be very profitable ; they would be as so many indraughts of wealth , by conveying of commodities with ease from place to place .

11. The planting of Hemp and Flax would be an unknown advantage to the Kingdom , many places therein being as apt for it , as any Forreign parts .

12. But add hereunto , that it be converted into Linen-cloath , or Cordage , the commodity thereof will be multiplied .

13. So it is of the Wools and Leather of the Kingdom , if they be converted into Manufactures .

14. Our English Dames are much given to the wearing of costly Laces ; and , if they be brought from Italy , or France , or Flanders , they are in great esteem ; whereas , if the like Laces were made by the English , so much thred as would make a yard of Lace , being put into that Manufacture , would be five times , or perhaps ten , or twenty times the value .

15. The breeding of Cattle is of much profit , especially the breed of Horses , in many places , not only for travel , but for the great saddle ; the English Horse , for strength , and courage , and swiftness together , not being inferiour to the horses of any other Kingdom .

16. The Minerals of the Kingdom , of Lead , Iron , Copper , and Tynn especially , are of great value , and set many able-bodied subjects on work ; it were great pity they should not be industriously followed .

17. But of all Minerals , there is none like to that of Fishing upon the coasts of these Kingdoms , and the seas belonging to them : our Neighbors within half a days sail of us , with a good wind , can shew us the use and value thereof ; and , doubtless there is sea-room enough for both Nations , without offending one another ; and it would exceedingly support the Navy .

18. This Realm is much enriched , of late years , by the Trade of Merchandize which the English drive in Foreign parts ; and , if it be wisely managed , it must of necessity very much increase the wealth thereof ; care being taken , that the exportation exceed in value the importation , for then the balance of Trade must of necessity be returned in Corn , or Bullion .

19. This would easily be effected , if the Merchants were perswaded , or compelled to make their returns in solid commodities , and not too much thereof in vanity , tending to excess .

20. But especially care must be taken , that Monopolies , which are the Cankers of all trading , be not admitted , under specious colours of publick good .

21. To put all these into a regulation , if a constant Commission to men of honesty & understanding were granted , and well pursued , to give order ●or the managing of these things both at home and abroad , to the best advantage ; and that this Commission were subordinate to the Councel-board , it is conceived it would prod●ce notable effects .

VII . The next thing is that of Colonies and Foreign Plantations , which are very necessary , as out-lets to a populous Nation , and may be profitable also , if they be managed in a discreet way .

1. First , in the choice of the place ; which requireth many circumstances , as the situation near the Sea , for the commodiousness of an intercourse with England ; the temper of the Air and climate , as may best agree with the bodies of the English , rather inclining to cold , than heat ; that it be stored with Woods , Mines , and Fruits , which are naturally in the place ; that the soil be such as will probably be fruitful for Corn , and other conveniencies , and for breeding of Cattel ; that it hath Rivers , both for passage between place and place , and for fishing also , if it may be ; that the Natives be not so many , but that there may be elbow-room enough for them , and ●or the Adventives also : All which are likely to be found in the West-Indies .

2. It would be also such as is not already planted by the Subjects of any Christian Prince , or State , nor over-neerly neighbouring to their Plantation . And it would be more convenient , to be chosen by some of those Gentlemen or Merchants whic● move fi●st in the work , than to be designed unto them from the King ; for it must proceed from the option of the people , else it sounds like an Exile : so the Colonies must be raised by the leave of the King , and not by his command .

3. After the place is made choice of , the first step must be , to make choice of a fit Governour , who although he have not the name , yet he must have the power of a Vice-Roy ; and if the person who principally moved in the work be not fit for that trust , yet he must not be excluded from command ; but then his defect in the Governing part must be supplied by such Assistants as shall be joyned with him , or as he shall very well approve of .

4. As at their setting out they must have their Commission , or Letters Patents from the King , that so they may acknowledge their dependency upon the Crown o● England , and under his protection ; so they must receive some general instructions how to dispose of themselves when they come there , which must be in nature of Laws unto them .

5. But the general Law , by which they must be guided and governed , must be the Common Law of England ; and to that end it will be fit , that some man , reasonably studied in ●he Law , and otherwise qualified for such a purpose , be perswaded ( if not thereunto inclined of himself , which were the best ) to go thither as a Chancellor amongst them , at first ; and when the Plantation were more setled , then to have Courts of Justice , there , as in England .

6. At the first planting , or as soon after as they can , they must make themselves defensible both against the Natives , and against Strangers ; and to that purpose , they must have the assistance of some able Military man , and convenient Arms and Ammunition ●or their defence .

7. For the Discipline of the Church in those parts , it will be necessary , that it agree with that which is setled in England ; else it will make a Schism , and a rent in C●ri●ts Coat , which must be seamless : and , to that purpose , it will be fi● , that by the King 's supream power in Causes Ecclesiastical , within all his Dominions , they be subordinate under some Bishop and Bishoprick of this Realm .

8. For the better defence against a common Enemy , I think it would be best , that Foreign Plantations should be placed in one Continent , and neer together ; whereas , if they be too remote the one from the other , they will be disunited , and so the weaker .

9. They must provide themselves of houses , such as for the present , they can , and , at more leisure , such as may be better ; and they first must plant for Corn and Cattel , &c. for food , and necessary sustenance ; and after , they may enlarge themselves for those things which may be for profit and pleasure , and to traffique withal also .

10. Woods for shipping in the first place , may doubtless be there had , and Minerals there found , perhaps , of the richest ; howsoever , the Mines out of the fruits of the earth , and seas , and waters adjoyning , may be found in abundance .

11. In a short time they may build Vessels and Ships also for Traffique wit● the parts near adjoyning , and with England also , from whence they may be furnished with such things as they may want , and in exchange , or barter , send from thence other things , with which quickly , either by Nature , or Art , they may abound .

12. B●t these things would , by all means be prevented ; That no known Bankrupt , for shelter ; nor known Murderer , or other wicked person , to avoid the Law ; nor known Heretick , or Schismatick , be sussered to go into those Countreys ; or , if they do creep in there , not to be harboured , or continued : else , the place would receive them naught , and return them into England , upon all occasions , worse .

13. That no Merchant , under colour of driving a Trade thither , or from thence , be suffered to work upon their necessities .

14. And that to regulate all these inconveniences , which will insensibly grow upon them , that the King be pleased to erect a subordinate Council in England , whose care and charge shall be , to advise , and put in execution , all things which shall be found fit for the good of those new Plantations ; who , upon all occasions , shall give an account of their proceedings to the King , or to the Councel-board , and from them receive such directions as may best agree with the Government of that place .

15. That the King 's reasonable profit be not neglected , partly , upon reservation of moderate rents and services ; and partly , upon Customs ; and partly , upon importation and exportation of Merchandize ; which , for a convenient time after the Plantation begin , would be very easie , to encourage the work ; but after it is well setled , may be raised to a considerable proportion , worthy the acceptation .

VIII . I come to the last of those things which I propounded , which is , the Court , and C●riality .

The other did properly co●cern ●he King , in his Royal capacity , as Pater patriae ; this more properly , as P●terfamilias : And herein , 1. I shall , in a word , and but in a word onely , put you in mind , That the King in his own person , both in respect of his Houshold , or Court , and in respect of his whole Kingdom ; ( for a little Kingdom is but as a great Houshold , and a great Houshold , as a little Kingdom ) must be exemplary , Regis ad exemplum , &c. But for this , God be praised , our charge is easie ; for your Gracious Master , for his Learning and Piety , Justice and Bounty , may be , and is , not onely a president to his own Subjects , but to foreign Princes also ; yet he is still but a man , and seasonable Memento's may be useful ; and being discreetly used , cannot but take well with him . 2. But your greatest care must be , that the great men of his Court ( for you must give me leave to be plain with you , for so is your injunction laid upon me ) your self in the first place , who is first in the eye of all men , give no just cause of scandal , either by light , or vain , or by oppressive carriage . 3. The great Officers of the King's Houshold had need be both discreet and provident persons , both for his Honour , and for his Thrift : they must look bot● ways , else they are but half-sighted : Yet in the choice of them , there is more latitude left to affection , than in the choice of Councellors , and of the great Officers of State , before touched , which must always be made choice of meerly out of judgement , for in them the Publick hath a great interest . 4. For the other Ministerial Officers in Court ( as , for distinction sake , they may be termed ) there must be also an eye unto them , and upon them ; they have usually risen in the H●ushold b● degrees , and it is a noble way , to encourage faith●ul service : But the King must not bind himself to ● necessity herein , for then it will be held ex debito ; neither must he alter it , without an apparent cause for it : but to displace any who are in , upon displeasure , which for the most part h●ppeneth upon the information of some great man , is , by all mean● to be avoided , unless there be a manifest cause for it . 5. In these things you may sometimes interpose , to do just and good offices : but for the general , I should rather advise , meddle little , but leave the ordering of those Houshold-affairs to the White-staffs , which are those honourable persons , to whom it properly belongeth , to be answerable to the King for it ; and to those other Officers of the Green-cloth , who are subordinate to them , as a kind of Councel , and a Court of Justice also . 6. Yet for the Green-cloth Law , ( take it in the l●rgest sense ) I have no opinion of it , farther than it is regulated by the just Rules of the Common-Laws of England . 7. Towards the support of his Majesties own Table , and of the Princes , and of his necessary Of●icers , his Majesty hath a good help by Purveyance , which justly is due unto him ; and , if justly used , is no great burthen to the Subject ; but by the Purveyors , and other under-Officers , is many times abused . In many parts of the Kingdom , I think it is already reduced to a certainty in money ; and if it be indifferently and discreetly managed , it would be no hard matter to settle it so throughout the whole Kingdom ; yet to be renewed from time to time , for that will be the best , and ●afest , both for the King and people . 8. The King must be put in mind , to preserve the Revenues of his Crown , both certain , and casual , without diminution , and to lay up treasure in store against a time of extremity ; empty Coffers give an ill sound , and make the people many times ●orget their Duty , thinking that the King must be beholden to them for his supplies . 9. I shall by no means think it fit , that he reward any of his serv●nts with the benefit of forfeitures , ei●her by Fines in the Court of S●ar-Chamber , or High-Commission Courts , or other Courts of J●stice ; or that they should be farmed out , or bestowed upon any , so much as by promise● befo●e judgement given ; it would neither be profitable , nor h●nourable . 10. Besides matters of serious consideration , in the C●urts of Princes , there must be times for pastimes and d●sports : When there is a Queen● and Ladies of Hon●ur attending her , there must sometimes be Masques , and Revels , and Enterludes ; and when there is no Q●een , or Princess , as now , yet at Festivals , & for entertainment of Strangers , or upon such occasions , they may be fit also : Yet care would be taken , that in such cases , they be set ●●f more with wit and activity , than with costly and wasteful expence● .

11. But for the King and Prince , and the Lords and Chivalry of the Court , I rather commend , in their tu●ns and seas●ns , t●e riding of the great Horse , the Tilts , Barriers , Tennis , and Hunting , which are more for the health and strength of those who exersi●e them , than in an effeminate way to please themselves and others .

And now the Prince grow●th up fast to be a man , and is of a sweet and excellent disposition ; it would be an irreparable stain and dishonour upon you , having that access unto him , if you should mis-lead him , or suffer him to be mis-led by any flattering Parasites : The whole Kingdom hath a deep interest in his virtuous education ; and if you , keeping that distance which is most fit , do humbly interpose your self , in such a case , he will one day give you thanks for it .

12. Yet Dice and Cards may sometimes be used for recreation , when field-sports cannot be had ; but not to use it as a mean to spend the time , much less to mis-spend the thrift of the Gamesters .

SIR ,

I shall trouble you no longer ; I have run over these things as I first propounded them ; please you to make use of them , or any of them , as you shall see occasion ; or to lay them by , as you think best , and to add to them , as you daily may , out of your experience .

I must be bold again , to put you in minde of your present condition ; you are in the quality of a Sentinel ; if you sleep , and neglect your charge , you are an undone man , and you may fa●l faster than you have risen .

I have but one thing more to mind you of , which neerly concerns your self ; you serve a great and gracious Master , and there is a most hopeful young Prince , whom you must not desert ; it behoves you to carry your self wisely and evenly between them both : adore not so the rising Son , that you forget the Father , who raised you to this height ; nor be you so obsequious to the Father , that you give just cause to the Son , to suspect that you neglect him : But carry your self with that judgement , as , if it be possible , may please and content them both , which , truly , I believe , will be no hard matter for you to do ; so may you live long beloved of both , which is the hearty prayer of

Your most obliged and devoted servant .

THese were his Rules , and this his practice : My Lord of Nottingham he bought nobly from the Admiralty ; his Assistant , Vice-Admiral Maunsel , he entertained civilly , and procured that place for life , which he had only during pleasure . The Warden of the Cinque-ports resigned his place seasonably ; ●he Master of the Horse gave up his preferment and his life opportunely . — He advanced his Relations prudently , gratifying them , and fortifying himself : He made an excellent choice of Servan●s and Confederates ; entertained the ablest and most faithful Assistants : Doctor Williams and Dr. Laud were of his Council for the Church , Sir Francis Bacon for the State . From the fi●st he received frequent Schedules of Persons and Doctrines ; from the other constant Transcripts of Rules and Intelligence : Never any man more constant to his approved friend , never any more fatal to his known Enemies : He was the instrument of all the Subjects services to his Soveraign , and of his Sovereign's favours to his Subjects : no place was bestowed without his knowledge ; no action passed without his approbation ; not an eminent man but depended on him , and was subordinate to him : His dispatches were many , and pregnant testimonies that he was a great Master of his Time , and a greater of his Method and Affairs . Great he was indeed , and humble too , not raised by his present fortune above the sense of his former : envied he was , not hated ; applauded in the same Parliament for his services , & declaimed against for his preferments ; ever studious of the peoples Interest , which is the care of few Favourites ; never happy in their love , which is the fa●e of all . He approved himself both to the declining Monarch , and the rising , as having won himself not so much to their affections , which were alterable , as to their judgements , which were lasting ; and made his preferment rather a matter of Interest , which is real , than of favour , which is personal : Looking on Somerset laid at his feet , Bristol and Williams brought on their knees , Carlisle and Pembrook beneath him , and Holland behind him ; and every man that would not owe his preferment to his favour , must owe his ruine to his frown . He was intrusted with the greatest service and secret in Spain , when he dived to the bottom of that Countreys policy , and the Intrigues of Europes Counsels ; and could come off in the Match wi●h Spain to the King and Kingdoms mind dex●erously , when Sir Walter Aston and my Lord of Bristol were at a loss about it , to both their displeasures , weakly , amidst the open entertainment , and secret working of that place . — In his attendance on the King in Scotland as Counsell or of th●t Kingdom , he carried himself with singular sweetness and temper , as it behoved him , being now in f●vour , and succeeding one of their own . They th●● censure his sudden advancements and great preferments , consider not , that

Certainly the hearts of great Princes , if the● be considered as it were in Abstract , without th● necessities of States , & circumstances of time , being besides their natural Extent , moreover onc● opened and dilated with affection , can take n● full and proportionable pleasure in the exerc●s● of any narrow bounty . And albeit at first the● give only upon choice and love of the Person● yet within a while themselves likewise begin t● love their givings , and to foment their deeds , n● less than Parents do their children .

Besides that , by so long , and so private , an● so various conso●iation with a Prince of such excellent nature , he had now gotten as it wer● two lives in his own Fortune and Greatness● whereas otherwise the Estate of a Favourite is a● the best but a Tenant at will , and rarely transmitted .

And the mo●e notable , because it had bee● without any visible Eclipse or Wane in himself● amidst divers variations in others . How general his care appears in that amidst his more important Negotiations , he condescended to this noble act o● charity to a Scholar and to Learning ; which I must , for my part , celebrate above all his Expences . There was a collection of certain rare Manuscrip●s exquisitely written in Arabick , and sought in ●he m●●● remote parts , by the diligence of Erpe●●●● the ●ost excellent Linguist . These had been left to the Widow of the said Erpenius , and were upon sail to the Jesuites of Antwerp , liquorish Chapmen of such Ware . Whereof the Duke getting knowledge by his worthy and learned Secretary , Doctor Mason , in●erverted the bargain , and gave the poor Widow for them fiv● hundred pounds , a sum above their weight in silver , and a mixed act both of bounty and charity ; the more laudable , being much out of his natural Element . These were they , which after his death were as nobly pre●ented as they had been bought to Cambridge by his Dutchess , as soon as she understood by the foresaid Doctor her Lords intention to furnish the said University with other choice Collections from all parts at his own charge .

The Duke's Answers to his Appeachments , in number thirteen , I find very diligently and civilly couched : and though his heart was big , yet they all savour of an humble spirit one way , and an equitable consideration another , which could not but possess every vulgar conceit , and somewhat allay the whole matter ; that in the bolting and sifting of near fourteen years of such power and favour , all that came out could not be expected to be pure , and white , and fine Meal , but must needs have withal among it a certain mixture of Padar and Bran in this lower age of humane fragility . Howsoever this tempest did only shake , and not rent his Sails .

His defence against danger was noble , but his contempt of it nobler ; for when Sir George Goring advised him only to turn out of the ordinary road , He resolved not to wave his way upon this reason , perhaps more generous than provident ; That if , as he said , he should but once by such a diversion make his enemy believe he were afraid of danger , he should never live without . And when his young Nephew the Lord Viscount Fielding offered him another time to put on his Coat and ●lew Ribbon , while they passed through a Town where they apprehended some design against the Duke ; He would not ( as he said ) accept of such an offer in that case from a Nephew , whose life he tendered as much as himself : But after some short ●●rection to his company , he rode on without ●erturbation of mind , though a drunken fellow ●●id hold of his Bridle under pretence of begging , 〈◊〉 begin a tumult .

Neither ( for ought I can * * Sir Hen. Wotton's life of the Duke of Bucking . hear ) was there any further enquiry into that practice , the Duke peradventure thinking it wisdom not to reserve discontentments too deep .

But in the middest of these little dangers , his Grace was not unmindful of his civil course , to cast an eye upon the ways to win unto him such as have been of principal credit in the lower house of Parli●ment ; applying lenitives , or subducting from that part where he knew the Humours were sharpest ; amidst which thoughts , he was surprized by a fatal stroke , written in the black book of Necessity . Whereof he was forewarned as well by his own as others apprehensions , as appears by his last Addresses to the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury the Earl of Holland , and his sacred Majesty .

And certain it is , that some good while before , Sir Clement Throckmorton , a Gentleman then living , of grave judgement , had in a private conference advised him to wear a privy Coat ; whose counsel the Duke received very kindly , but gave him this answer ; That against any popular fury , a shirt of male would be but a silly defence ; and as for any single mans assault , he took himself to be in no danger — So dark is Destiny . Since he is dead , he is charged ;

1. For advancing his Relations ; which yet was humanity in him , and not a fault . 2. For enriching himself ; though as it is said of that French Peer , he was rich only in Obligations , his Estate being at the mercy of Suitors .

To his familiar Servants , so open-handed he was , though many of them so ungrateful as to deny relation unto him , either about his person in ordinary attendance ; or about his affairs of State , as his Secretaries ; or of Office , as his Steward ; or of Law , as that worthy Knight whom he long used to solicite his Causes : He left all both in good Fortune ; and which is more , in good Fame : Things very seldom consociated in the instruments of great Personages .

3. He had many Offices , but committed himself a most willing Pupil to the directions of such as were generally thought fit to manage affairs of that nature , condescending to the meanest Arts , to adapt himself to his employments . 4. He was not bookish , it 's true ; his Affairs forbad him study , yet had he a natural readiness to discourse of all subjects ; which wanted nothing towards applause , but the candor and benevolence of his hearers , whose dis-ingenuity oft-times turned his most honest discourses to accusations ; witness that ●bullition of his joy to his Majesty in behalf of his People , which Sir Iohn Eliot made Treason against them . 5. He was great indeed , but gentle and affable ; insomuch , that though his memory were a place so taken up with high thoughts , and unlikely to have any room for matters of so small importance , he was ever known to entertain his younger acquaintance with much familiarity , — and all men with that civility , wherein was observed his peculiarity , happy bravery of deriving favours , and conferring them with so many noble Circumstances , as the manner was as obliging as the matter , and mens understandings oft-times as much puzled as their gratitude . 6. He would intercede , it 's confessed , for poor Malefactors , more out of his innate compassion , than any design to obstruct the course of Justice ; believing doubtless ( saith my Author ) that hanging was the worst use a man could be put to .

In fine , a Gentleman he was of that choice and curious make for exteriour shape , as if Nature had not in his whole frame drawn one line amiss , nor was his Fabrick raised by soft and limber studs , but sturdy and virile . His intellectuals gained him rather the opinion of a wise man , th●n of a wit . His skill in Letters very mean ; for finding Nature more indulgent to him in the orn●ments of the body , than of the mind , the tendency of his youthful Genius was rather to improve those excellencies wherein his choice felicity consisted , than to addict himself to morose and sullen Bookishness ; therefore his chief exercises were , dancing , fencing , vaulting , and the like , as indications of strenuous Agility ; yet could he have foreseen where all the Climacteries and motions of his Advance should have terminated , that from no more than a meer Gentleman , it should be his luck to vault into the dignity of a Duke , and trust of a Privy-Counsellor , we may presume his early studies would not have cast so much neglect upon a thing so impor●ant to him as a Statesman , though not very fashionable as a Courtier . The temperature of his mind was , as to moral habits , rather disposed to good than bad ; his deportment was most affable and debonair , a rare example in one raised so high and so speedily : To his Relations liberal , firm to his friend , formidable to his enemy . He was a Courtier , and a young man , a profession and age prone to such desires , as when they tend to the shedding of no mans blood , to the ruine of no Family , Humanity sometimes connives at , though she never approves . So that take him in his publick capacity ( wherein only he comes under our observation , which meddles not with mens private converse or moralities any further than they are subservient to their State-employments ) we may say of him , as one doth of his Master ; That in him the things we can wish , are fewer than those we praise .

But be it for ever remembred , That the villain , whose despair of advancement made him careless of his own life , and Master of this Lords , talked in his examination of a Sermon at St. Faiths , no● his own Parish-Church , where he heard ; That every man in a good cause might be I●dge and Executioner of sin ; which he applied to himself . Whence raw discoursers in Divinity should learn how prudently they should pre●ch ; and itching heare●● , how warily they should hear●

Observations on the Life of William Noy , Attorney General .

WIlliam Noy , born in Cornwal , was bred in Lincolns-Inne , a most sedulous Student , constantly conversant with ancient Writings , verifying his Anagram : WILLIAM NOY , I moyl in Law .

He was for many years the stoutest Champion for the Subjects Liberty , until King Charls entertained him to be his Attorney . The dis-ingenuity of the Parliament , & his impendent necessity , would have put another Soveraign on extraordinary wayes ; but to King Charls it was enough , they were illegal . No extremity , though never so fatal , could provoke him to irregularities ; yet whatever w●yes the Laws allowed , or Prerogative claimed , to secure a desperate People , that would undo themselves , he was willing to hearken to ; therefore for a cunning man , the cunningst at such a project of any within his three Dominions , he sends for his Attorney-General Noy , and tells him what he had in contemplation , bids him contrive the Mode , but a statutable one , for defraying the expence : Away goeth the subtle Engineer , and at length , — from old Records bolts out an ancient common P●ecedent of raising a Tax for setting out a Navy in case of danger .

The King glad of the discovery , as Treasure-tr●ve , presently issued out Writs , first to the Port-Towns within the Realm , declaring that the safety of the Kingdom was in danger ( and so it was indeed ) and therefore that they should provide against a day prefixed twenty seven Ships of so many Tun , with Guns , Gun-powder , Tackle , and all other things necessary .

But this business is no sooner ripened , than the Author of it dyeth , Aug. 6. 1634. He was a man passing humorous , but very honest ; clownish , but knowing ; a most indefatigable plotter , and searcher of ancient Records ; whereby he became an eminent instrument both of good and evil ( and of which most , is a great question ) to the King's Prerogative : For during the times that Parliaments were frequent , he appeared a stout Patriot for the Common-wealth ; and in the last was an active opponent in the differences concerning Tonnage and Poundage : But when the dissolution of that was in some mens apprehensions , the end of all ; No sooner did the King shew him the Lure of advancement , but quitting all his former Inclinations , he wheeled about to the Prerogative , and made amends with his future service for all his former dis-obligements . — This is something smart ; more to his advantage is that character Arch-Bishop Laud gives him ; That he was the best friend the Church ever had a of Layman , since it needed any such ( and indeed he was very vigilant over its Adversaries , witness his early foresight of the danger , and industrious prosecution of the illegality of the design of buying Impropriations set up by persons not well af●●●e● to the present constitution ) and that of the ●●●●orian , that he loved to hear Dr. Preston preach , because he spake so solidly , as if he knew Gods will . — To which I add a passage from the mouth of one present thereat .

The Goldsmiths of London had ( and in due time may have ) a custom once a year to weigh gold in the Star Chamber , in the presence of the Privy-Council and the King's Attorney . This solemn weighing by a word of Art they call the Pix , and make use of so exact scales therein , that the Master of the Company affirmed , that they would turn with the two hundredth part of a grain . I should be loth ( said the Attorney Noy , standing by ) that all my Actions should be weighed in those Scales ; with whom all men concur that know themselves : And this was the first evidence of his parts , and the occasion of his reputation . Three Grasiers at a Fair had left their money with their Hostess while they went to Market ; — one of them calls for the money and runs away ; — the other two come upon the woman , and sue her for delivering that which she had received from the three , before the three came and demanded it . — The Cause went against the Woman , and Judgement was ready to be pronounced ; when Mr. Noy being a stranger , wisheth her to give him a Fee , because he could not plead else ; and then moves in Arrest of Judgement , that he was retained by the Defendant , and that the case was this : The Defendant had received the money of the three together , and confesseth , was not to deliver it until the same three demanded it ; and therefore the money is ready , Let the three men come , and it shall be paid : a motion which altered the whole proceeding . Of which , when I hear some say it was obvious , I remember that when Columbus had discovered America , every one said it was easie : And he one day told a company at Table where he was , that he could do a stranger thing than that discovery ; he would make an Egg stand an end on a plain Table : the speculatives were at a loss how it should be done ; — he knocks the Egg upon the end , and it stands : Oh! was that all , they cryed ; Yes ( saith he ) this is all ! and you see how hard a thing it is to conceive a thing in the Idea , which it 's nothing to apprehend in the performance . I need say no more of this Gentleman , but that Sergeant Maynard will say to this hour , he rose mainly at first by being looked upon as Mr. Noy's Favourite .

Observations on the Life of Sir John Savil.

THe methods of this Gentleman's advancement exactly parallel those of his Countrey-man Sir Thomas Wentworth : Both had the same foundation of wealth and honour to build on ; both had solid and strong parts to act by ; both began with Popularity in the Countrey , proceeded with activity in Parliaments ; — accomplished themselves with correspondence all over the Nation : both eminent upon the Bench ; both hospitable at home ; both bountiful to Lecturers ; both well skilled in , and stedfast to the great points of Prerogative and Liberty . — For the last whereof ; they were so bold ( as sure either by carrying the Cause to oblige the people to themselves , or by suffering for it to enrage them against the Government ) that Sir R. Weston made it his business to take off the one , and my Lord of Canterbury the other ; which they did with such success , that as my Lord Wentworth became a great Favourite , so the Lord Savile was an eminent Counsellor ; only finding that his young Neighbour had got the start of him , he kept to one of his popular Principles always , viz. a restless impetuosity towards Papists , against whom he made himself famous ; 1. For a Disputation procured by him in Drury-Lane ( whither he brought Bishop Vsher under the notion of a Countrey-Parson ; when the Jesuites cryed , There was more Learning in that Parson , than in all the men in England . ) 2. For a project offered by him in Parliament . — For when they taking advantage of King Charls his wants , profe●ed to maintain five thousand men to serve his Majesty in Ireland , and a proportion of Ships to secure him in England , on condition of the free exercise of their Religion ; Sir Iohn interposed , That if the King were pleased but to call on the Recusants to pay Thirds ( legally due to the Crown ) it would prove a way more effectual , and less offensive , to raise a mass of money : It being but just that they who were so rich and free to purchase new Priviledges , should first pay their old Penalties . When I read of a Lord Savile going privately to Scotland , 1639. subscribing to a Petition , with o●her moderate Lords , as they called them , containing the very sense of the saction ( insomuch that it is observed , the City-Petition and theirs were couched in the same words ) yet going to Oxford , and after all , being so turbulent there , that his Majesty was fain to send him beyond Sea , where his Majesty writes with his own hand , He doubts he will rather exchange his villany , than end it ; I am almost of that wise mans mind , that there were no less than 17 particular Designs set on foot by the promotion of the late Troubles ; whereof though most , yet not all were carried on in Westminster : — or to enforce something more solid ; that a King should say as the Italian doth , If my Subject deceives me once , God forgive him ; If a second time , God forgive me ; and the rather , because it 's fatal for Majesty to err twice .

Observations on the Life of Bishop Williams .

A Strong constitution made his p●rts , a strict education improved them ; unwearied was his industry , unexpressible his capacity : He never saw the book of worth he read not , he never forgot what he read : he never lo●● the use of what he remembred : Every thing he heard or saw was his own ; and what was his own , he knew how to use to the utmost : His extraction being Gentile , his Soul large and noble , his presence and carriage comely and stately ; his learning copious , his judgement stayed , his apprehension clear and searching , his expression lively and effectual , his elocution flowing and majestick ; his Proctorship , when he gave the Lord Chancellor Egerton so much satisfaction in treating the Spanish Ambassador at an Act in Cambridge , that thenceforward he resolved on his preferment , 1612. discovered him a person above his place ; and his Lectures to his Pupils , above his preferment . Bishop Vaughan first admitteth him to his Family , and then to his bosom ; there his strong Sermons , his exact government ( under my Lord ) his plentiful observation , his numerous acquaintance , made him my Lord Chancellor Egerton's friend , rather than his servant ; his familiar , rather than his Chaplain . Never was there a more communicative Master to instruct , than my Lord Elsem●re ; never a more capable Scholar to learn , than Dr. Williams , who had instilled to him all necessary State-maxims while his old Master lived , and had bequeathed to him four excellent * * 1. Of the Prerogative Royal. 2. Priviledges of Parliament , 3. The proceedings in Chancery . 4. The p●wer of the S●ar●hamber . Books when his Master was dead : These four books he presented to K. Iames the very same time that he offered himself to the Duke of Buckingham . The excellent Prince observed him as much for the first gift , as the noble Duke did for the second : the King and Duke made him their own , who they saw had made that excellent Book his . Willing was King Iames to advance Clergy-men , and glad to meet with men capable of Advanceme●t . His two Sermons at Court made him Dean of Westminster ; his exact state of the Earl of Somerset's Case made him capable of , and the KING'S inclination to ●rust his Conscience in a Divines hand , setled him in the Lord Keepers place actually , only for three years to please the people ( who were offended with his years , now but 34. and his calling a Divine : ) but designedly for ever to serve his Majesty . The Lawyers despised him at first , but the Judges admired him at last : and one of them said , That never any man apprehended a Case so clearly , took in all the Law , Reason , and other Circumstances more punctually , recollected the various Debates more faithfully , summed it up more compendiously , and concluded more judiciously and discreetly . For many of them might have read more than he , but none digested what they had read more solidly , none disposed of their reading more methodically , none therefore commanded it more readily . He demurred several Orders , as that of my Lord Chancellor's pardon , the Earl Marshal's Patent , &c. to let his Majesty see his judgement ; yet passed them , to let him see his obedience : He would question the Dukes Order sometimes discreetly , to let him know he understood himself ; yet he would yield handsomly , to let him see he understood him : and indeed he had the admirable faculty of making every one of his actions carry prudence in the performance . Necessary it was , for one of his years and place to keep his distance , and avoid contempt ; yet fatal was it to him to do so , and incur envy . — Well understood he the interest of all his places , & resolutely he maintained them . What ? saith he , shall the Liberties of Westminster be infringed , when the chief Favourite is Steward , and the Lord Keeper Dean , and I the contemptible man that must be trampled on ? When he was in trouble , what passion , what insinuation , what condescention hath he at command ? when petitioned to how quickly he looked through men and business ? how exactly would he judge , and how resolutely conclude , without an immediate intimation from his Majesty or the Duke ! Many eyes were upon him , and as many eyes were kept by him upon others ; being very watchful on all occasions to accommodate all Emergencies , and meet with all humors — alwayes keeping men in dependance on the Duke , according to this intimation of his . — Cabal 287. Let him hold it , but by your Lordships favour , not his own power . A good way , had he been constant to it , the neglect whereof undid him ; for designing the promotion of Doctor Price to the Arch-Bishoprick of Armagh , he moved it to the Duke , who told him it was disposed of to Doctor Vsher , Whereupon he went his own way to advance that man , and overthrew himself : For then his Lord let him feel what he had threatned my Lord Bacon when he advanced him ; That if he did not owe his preferment alwayes to his favour , he should owe his fall to his frown . The peremptoriness of his judgement ●endred him ●dious ; his compliance with Bristol , suspected ; and his Sermon at King Iames his Funeral [ his tryal rather than his preferment ] obnoxi●us . His spirit was great to act , and too great to suffer . It was prudence to execute his decrees against all opposition while in power ; it was not so , to bear up his miscarriages against all Authority , while in disgrace . A sanguine complexion , with its resolutions , do well in pursuit of success : Phlegm and its patience do better in a re●reat from miscarriages . This he wanted , when [ it may be , thinking ●ear was the passion of King Charls his Govern●ent as well as King Iames ] he seconded his easie ●all with loud and open discontents , and those discontents with a chargeable defence of his servants that were to justifie them , and all with that unsafe popularity , invidious pomp , and close irregularity , that laid him open to too many active persons that watched him : Whether his standing out against Authority , to the perplexing of the Government in the Star-Chamber in those troublesom times ; his entertainment and favour for the Discontented and Non-Conformists ; his motions for Reformation and alteration in twelve things ; his hasty and unlucky Protestation in behalf of the Bishops , and following actions in England and W●les , where it 's all mens wonder to hear of his meruit sub Parliamento , had those private grounds and reasons , that if the Bishop could have spoke with the King but half an hour , he said , would have satisfied him , the King of Kings only knoweth , to whom he hath given , I hope , a better account than any Historian of his time hath given for him .

But I understa●d better his private inclination● than his publick actions ; the motions of his na●●●●● than those of his power ; the conduct of the o●● being not more reserved and suspitious , tha● 〈◊〉 effects of the other manifest , and noble : for n●● 〈◊〉 mention his Libraries erected at Sr. Iohn's 〈◊〉 Westminster , his Chappel in Lincoln-Colledge ; 〈◊〉 repairs of his Collegiate Church : his pensions 〈◊〉 Scholars more numerous than all the Bishops and Noble-mens besides ; his Rent-charges on all the Benefices in his Gift as Lord Keeper , or Bishop of Lincoln , to maintain hopeful youth , according to the Statute in that ●ase provided . Take this remarkable instance of his munificence ; that when Du Moulin came over , he calleth his Chaplain , now the R. R. Father in God , Iohn Lord Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield , and telleth him , he doubted the good man was low , wishing him to repair to him with some money , and his respects , with assurance that he would wait upon him himself at his first liesure . — The excellent Doctor rejoyneth , that he could carry him no less than twenty pounds ; the noble Bishop replyeth , he named not the sum , to sound his Chaplains mind ; — adding , that twenty pounds was neither fit for him to give , nor for the reverend Forreigner to receive . Carry him , said he an hundred pounds .

He is libelled by common fame for unchaste , though those that understood the privacies and casualties of his Infancy , report him but one degree removed from a Misogonist , though to palliate his infirmities ; he was most compleat in Courtly addresses : the conversableness of this Bishop with Women consisted chiefly ( if not only ) in his treatments of great Ladies and Persons of honour , wherein he did personate the compleatness of courtesie to that Sex ; otherwise a woman was seldom seen in his house , which therefore had always more of Magnificence than Nearness , sometimes defective in the Punctilio's and Niceties of Daintiness , lying lower than masculine Cognizance , and as level for a womans eye to espy , as easie for her hands to amend .

He suffereth for conniving at Puritans , out of hatred to Bishop Laud ; and for favouring Papists , o●t of love to them : — Yet whatever he offered King Iames ( when the Match went on in Spain ) as a Cou●cellour , or whatever he did himself as a States-man ; s●ch kindness he had for our Liturgy , that he translated it at his own cost into Spanish , and used it in the visitation of Melvin when sick , to his own peril , in the Tower ; and such resolution for Episcopacy , that his late Majesty of blessed memory said once to him ; My Lord , I commend you , that you are no whit daunted with all disasters , but are zealous in defending your Order . — Please it your Majesty , replyed the Arch-Bishop , I am a true Welsh-man , and they are observed never to run away till their General first forsakes them — No fear of my flinching , while your Majesty doth countenance our Cause .

His extraction was gentile and ancient , as appeared from his Ancestors Estate ; which was more than he could purchase without borrowing , when at once Lord Keeper , Bishop of Lincoln , and Deau of Westminster . His mind great and resolute , insomuch that he controuled all other advices to his last , to his loss in Wales : — and daunted Sir Iohn Cook , as you may see in his character to his honour in England .

His wariness hath these arguments : 1. That he would not send the Seal to the King but under lock and key . 2. That being to depute one to attend in his place at the Coronation , he would not name his Adversary , Bishop Laud , to gratifie him ; nor yet any other , to displease the King ; but took a middle way , and presented his Majesty a List of the Prebendaries , to avoid any exception , referring the Election to his Majesty himself . 3. That he proposed a partial Reformation of our Church to the Parliament , to prevent an utter extirpation by it . 4. That he exposed others to the censure of the Parliament 1625. to save himself . 5. That he answered to several Examinations without any the least advantage taken by his Antagonist . This character of his I think very exact : That his head was a well-fitted treasury , and his tongue the fair key to unl●ck it : That he had as great a memory ●s could be reconciled with so good a judgement : That so quick his parts , that others study went not beyond his nature ; and their designed and forelaid performances , went not beyond his sudden and ready accommodations : Only he was very open , and too free in discourse , disdaining to lye at a close guard , as confident of the length and strength of his weapon .

Observations on the Life of Sir Isaac Wake .

THis honourable person whom I look upon at Oxford , in the same capacity and fortune that Sir Robert Naun●on and Sir Francis Neth●rsole were in at Cambridge . He was born in Northampton-shire , ( his Father Arthur Wake being Parson of Billing , Master of the Hospital of St. Iohns in Northampton , and Canon of Christs-Church ) bred Fellow of M●rton-Colledge in Oxford , Protector and Orator of that University , whence he was admitted Secretary to Sir Dudly Carleton Secretary of State , and afterward advanced into the King's service , and by his Master and the Duke of Buckingham , employed Embassadour to Venice , where he negle●ted his own interest to attend his Majesties employment ; the reason that he dyed rich onely in the just conscience of his worth , and the repute of his merk. Coming from Venice , he was appointed Lieger of France , and designed Secretary of State , had not Death prevented him at Paris ; being accomplished with all qualifications requisite for publick Employment , Learning , Languages , Experience , Abilities , and what not ?

King CHARLES hearing of his death , commanded his Corps to be decently brought from Paris into England , allowing the expences of his Funeral , and enjoyning his neerest Relations to attend the performance thereof . These accordingly met his body at Bulloign in France , and saw it solemnly conveyed into England , where it was interred in the Chappel of the Castle of Dover . His REX PLATONICUS , or his Lati●e account of King Iames his six dayes stay at Oxford , speaks his Learning ; and his Instructions for Travel , his experience . — He observing his Predecessors failings , retrenching his expences , satisfying himself with a repute of nobleness , while in his way to preferment ; and others with the expectation of his bounty . When preferred , he seemed liberal , that he might not be despised abroad ; but he was neer , that he might not be odious at home . His prodigality it may be might have satisfied the curiosity of a few Strangers , while he incurred the displeasure of all his friends . Besides , a close & wary man may be bountiful at his pleasure , but the munificent cannot be so easily sparing ; for if his occasions or fortunes check his profuseness , all his gallantry is in his first action of good husbandry . Caution in expences , if it be a vice , is one of those , saith the Italian , that never disinherited a man . Nay , of the two , saith Machiavel , It 's more discretion to hold the style of miserable , which begets an infamy without hatred , than to desire that of Liberal ; which being maintained by necessitous courses , procures an infamy with hatred . As never did Statesman a brave action that seemed illiberal , so never did he any such that was not so : — Yet four things our Knight spared no cost in : I. Intelligence ; He could afford ( he said ) a golden key for the Pope's Cabinet . 2. Books ; — his Study was his Estate . 3. In watching the Spaniards , saying , The Indies will pay for this . And 4. Entertaining knowing men often ; applauding the Emperour's maxim , That had rather go fifty miles to hear a wise man , than five to see a fair City . And this he was eminent for ; that he saw nothing remarkable in Foreign parts , that he applyed not to his own Countrey : Sir Henry Wotton being not more curious in picking up small Rarities to pleasure particular persons , than Sir Isaac Wake was industrious to observe any useful invention that might improve the publick good .

Observations on the Life of the Lord Cottington .

SIr Francis Co●tington being bred , when a youth , under Sir — Stafford , lived so long in Spain , till he made the garb and gravity of that Nation become his , and become him too . He raised himself by his natural strength , without any artificial advantage ; having his parts above his learning , his Experience above his Parts , his Industry above his Experience , and ( some will say ) his Success above all : So that at last he became Chancellor of the Exchequer , Baron of Hanworth in Middlesex , Constable of the Tower , 1640. and ( upon the resignation of Doctor Inxon ) Lord Treasurer of England , gaining also a very great Estate .

Very reserved he was in his temper , and very slow in his proceedings ; sticking to some private Principles in both , and aiming at certain rules in all things : — a temper that indeared him as much to his Master , Prince Charls his person , as his integrity did to his service ; — Nor to his service only , but to that of the whole Nation ; in the Merchandize whereof he was well versed ; to the trade whereof he was very serviceable many ways : but eminently , in that he negotiated , that the Spanish Treasure which was used to be sent to Flanders by the way of Genoa , might be sent in English Bottoms , which exceedingly enriched England for the time ; and had it continued , had made her the greatest Bank and Mart for Gold and Silver of any Common-wealth in Europe .

Indeed the advantage of his Education , the different Nations and Factions that he had to deal with , the direct opposition of Enemies , the treachery of Friends , the contracts of Statesmen , the variety and force of Experience from the distinct knowledge of the natures of the people of several Countreys , of their chief Ministers of State , with their Intrigues of government , made him so expert , that the Earl of Bristol and Sir Walter Aston could do nothing without him ; and he only could finish that Treaty , which they had for many years spun out .

Men take several ways to the ends they propose themselves . Some , that of confidence ; others , that of respect and cau●ion , &c. when indeed the main business is , to suit our selves with our own times ; which this Lord did , and no man better , until looking into the depths of the late Faction , he declared at the Council-Table , 1639. that they aimed at the ruine of Church and State . And viewing the state of the Kingdom , he advised ; That Leagues might be made abroad ; and , that in this inevitable necessity , all ways to raise money should be used that were lawful . Wherefore he was one of those few excluded the Indempnity by the Faction , and had the honour to dye banished for the best Cause and Master , in those foreign Countries ; where he suffered as nobly for the Crown of England in his later dayes , as he had acted honourably for it in his former . When he never came off better than in satisfying the Spaniards about toleration , reducing the whole of that affair to these two Maximes ; 1. That Consciences were not to be forced , but to be won and reduced by the evidence of Truth , with the aid of Reason , and in the use of all good means of Instruction and perswasion . 2. That the causes of Consciences , wherein they exc●ed their bounds , and grow to matter of faction , lose their nature : and that Soveraign Princes ought distinctly to punish those foul practices , though overlaid with the fairer pre●ences of Conscience and Religion .

One of his Maxims for Treaty I think remarkable , viz. That Kingdoms are more subject to fear than hope : And that it 's safer working upom them by a power that may awe the one , than by adva●tages that may excite the other . — Since it 's a●other rule , that States have no affections but interest ; and that all kindness and civility in those cases are but oversight and weakness .

Another of his rules for Life I judge useful , viz. That since no man is absolute in all points , and since men are more naturally enclined out of envy to observe mens infirmities , than out of ingenuity to acknowledge their merit ; — He discovereth his abilities most , that least discovereth himself . To which I may add another , viz. That it is not onely our known duty , but our visible advantage , to ascribe our most eminent performances to providence , since it not only takes off the edge of envy , but improves the reason of admiration . None being less maliced , or more applauded than he , who is thought rather happy than able ; blessed , than active ; and fortunate , than cunning .

Though yet all the caution of his life could not avoid the envy of ●is advancement from so mean a beginning to so great honours , — notwithstanding that it is no disparagement to any to give place to fresh Nobility , who ascend the same st●ps with those before them . New being only a term , saith one , only respecting us , not the world ; for what is , was before us , and will be when we are no more : And indeed ●his Personage considering the vanity and inconstancy of common applause or affronts , impr●ved the one , and checked the other , by a constant neglect of both●

Observations on the Life of Sir Dudly Careleton .

SIr Dudly Careleton was born in Oxford-shire , bred in Christs-Church in Oxford under Dr. King , and afterwards in relation of Secretary to Sir Ralph Winwood in the Low-Countreys , where he was very active , when King Iames resigned the cautionary Towns to the States . Here he added so great experience to his former Learning , that afterwards our King employed him for twenty years together Ambassador in Venice , Savoy , and the Vnited Provinces ; Anne Gerard his Lady ( Co-heir to George Gerard Esquire ) accompanying him in all his Travels , as is expressed in her Epitaph in Westminster-Abby . He was by K. Charls the first , to balance the Duke of Buckingham's enemies in the House of Peers , with the Lord Mandevil now Earl of Manchester , and the Lord Grandison , created Baron of Imbercourt in Surrey , and afterwards Viscount Dorchester , marrying for his second Wife the Daughter of Sir Henry Glenham , the Relict of Paul , Viscount Banning , who survived him . He succeeded the Lord Conway , ( when preferred President to the Council , in the Secretary-ship of State , being sworn at White-Hall , December 14. 1628. and dying without Issue , Anno Dom. 163 — Much ado he had to remove a State-jealousie that was upon him ; That he insisted on ●he restitution of some Towns in Cleves and Iuliers , to gratifie the Spaniards at that time in Treaty with us : more to remove a Church-jealousie , that in negotiating an accommodation in Religion , he designed the undermining of the Remonstrants then in so much power there : In which matter he was at a loss , whether his Majesty should interpose by Letter or Message : The former he said was most effectual , but the later less subject to misconstruction , considering Barnevel's interest in the State — But he had a Chaplain , one Mr. Hales , that kept this Controversie even on the one hand , while he balanced the State-interest on the other ; equally careful that the United Provinces should not be over-run by the Armies of Spain , and that they should not be swallowed up by the protecti●n of France .

Watchful was his eye there over the West-India Company ; Diligent his carriage upon any accommodations from Spain ; which he apprehended always as a design to distract that people then in regard of their unsetledness , but too apt upon any dispute to fall into faction : Great his industry in reconciling Sir Horace Vere and Sir Edward Cecil for the honour of the English Nation , and the advancement of the common service : Sincere his services ●o the Prince Elector , and his Lady .

Exa●t his rules of Traffique and Commerce , and dexterous his arts of keeping the States from new alliances , notwithstanding our likely Marriage-treaty with Spain , especially since the Prince of Orange bluntly ( after his manner ) asked , Qui at ' il vostre Marriage ? — And indeed he behaved himself in all Employments so well becoming a man that understood so many Languages , that was so well versed in Ancient and Modern History , that had composed so many choice pieces of Politicks , that was so well seen in the most practical Mathematicks ; and added to these a graceful and charming look , a gentle and a sweet elocution ; that notwithstanding his , and his Brother Bishop Carleton's rigidness in some points , kept him to his dying-day in great favour and most eminent service ; and failing in nothing but his French Embassy , because there he had to do with Women . Leaving behinde him this observation ; That new Common-wealth● are hardly drawn to a certain resolution ; as who knowing not how to determine , and remaining onely in suspence , take ordinarily that course rather which they are forced ●o , than what they might choose for themselves . — And this eminent service when he assisted the Earl of Holland in France , viz. That he pacified the high difference there , upon which the revolt of the Hugonots depended , and put a real resolution in K●ng Lewis to advance against the Valtoline and Spain by the advantage of the League with England : proceeding upon this Maxim with that King ; They that have respect to few things , are easily misled .

I had almost forgot , how this Lord finding that want of Treasure at home , was the ground of our unsuccessful and despicableness abroad ; and that Principe senza quatrius e come un muro senza crole da tulls scompis●iato ; That a Prince without money is like a wall without a Cross , for every one to draw upon ; did mention the Excise in the Parliament-House , and in no ill meaning neither , and was violently cryed to the Bar : and though a person of that eminence , as being then a Privy-Councellor , and principal Secretary of State , he hardly escaped being committed to the Tower : — So odious was that Dutch-Devil ( as they called it ) in the excellent King Charles , which was raised by the beloved Parliament , with many more that were conjured up in three or four years , but not likely to be laid in three or fourscore .

Living in those times when weak men imagined to themselves some unknown bliss from untried governments , and considering that alterations countervail not their own dangers , and as they bring little good to any , so they bring least of all to those that first promoted them ; This Lord refused to be the mouth of the Zealous multitude ( whose rage could neither be well opposed , nor joyned with ) whom a pardon or compliance might bring off , leaving their Demagogues to compound for their folly with their ruine ; choosing rather to be patient , than active , and appear weak , than be troublesom ; and once resolved upon an exact survey of circumstances for power against the faults of it on the one hand , and the affronts of it on the other , he gained the esteem of all parties by his fidelity to his own . I am much taken with his plain saying , which I find of late printed ; There will be mistakes in Divinity while men preach , and errors in Government while such govern : And more with his method of proceeding in his affairs , whereof he laid first an Idea in his own mind , and then improved it by debate ; the result whereof was usually so compleat , as shewed the vast difference between the shallow conceptions of one man , and the deep judgment of many●

Observations on the Lives of Sir Richard , and Sir Jerome Weston , Earls of Portland .

SIr Richard Weston in his youth impaired his estate , to improve himself with publick accomplishment , but came off both a saver and a gainer at the last , when made Chancellor of the Exchequer , and● afterwards ( upon the remove of the Earl of Marlborough ) Iuly 15. in the fourth of King Charles , Lord Treasurer of England .

His activity in Parliament made him considerable at Court , none fitter to serve a Prince than he who commands the humor of the people . Indeed where ever he was , he discovered himself able and faithful . 1. In his Forreign Employments , his judgement was searching , and reach admirable , he being the first that smelt out the intentions against the Palatinate ; which were then in brewing , and mashed with much art . In his Domestick charge , ●is Artifice was singular , both in a faithful improvem●nt of the Incomes , and a discreet moderation of the expences in his Masters Revenues . — In his Aspect , there was a mixture of authority and modesty ; in his apprehensions , quickness and solidity ; in his port and train , a suitable dignity and correspondence , with little noise and outward form : An enemy to Complements , yet very cour●eous : no flatterer , yet of great power : irreconcileable to frothy formality , yet maintaining a due regard to his person and place . A great Scholar he was , and yet a great Sta●es-man ; of various erudition , and as large observation . — He secured himself much by Alliances with the best Nobility , more by the love , and ( what is more ) the esteem of a constant King ; it being one of the wonders of that time , that my Lord of Canterbury and he , who were at so much distance from one another , should be so inward with their Soveraign , but that that excellent Prince measured not his affections to his Dependants so much by a particular interest , as by a publick serviceableness — The necessity of the Exchequer put him upon some ways of supply that displeased the rabble ; though his three particular cares , viz. The paying of the Navy , the satisfying of the City , and the Queen of Bohemia's supply ( three things he was very much intent upon while Treasurer ) obliged the wiser sort of men . I know nothing he was defective in , being careful ( to use his own words ) to perform all duties , with obedience to his Majesty , respect to the Duke , and justice to the particular parties concerned ; — But that he had so much of his Master's love , and so little of his patience , being grated ( as all Statesmen are that have to do with various interests and humours ) between a strong inclination of satisfying every man , and the impossibility of pleasing all : Considering the importunities of persons and affairs , a little impatience must needs fall upon your Lordship ( wri●es Sir Henry Wotton to him ) unless you had been cut out of a Rock of Diamonds , especially having been before so conversant with liberal Studies , and with the ●reedom of your own mind .

In his time was the great Question agitated ; Whether a Prince should aim at the fear , or the love of his People ? — Although no Prince did more to oblige his People , than the Excellent King Charles the I. Yet was there no Prince ever more advised to awe them : For this Lord , and many more , who looked upon over-much indulgence as the greatest cruelty , considering that men love at their own pleasure , and to serve their own turn , and that their fear depends upon the Princes pleasure , were of opinion ; That every wise Prince ought to ground upon that which is of himself , and not upon that which is of another : government being set up in the world , rather to trust its own power , than stand upon others courtesie .

Besides , two things the vulgar are taken with : 1. Appearance . 2. The event of things ; which , if successful , gains both their love and reverence . Neither was the Father more exact in his Maxims tha● the Son in his , of whose many infallible principles this was one ; That it was the safest way for the King's Majesty to proceed upon a Declaration , that the Faction at Westminster was no Parliament , upon his own and his most loyal Lords and Commons removal to Oxford . And this another ; That provided the Gentry and Clergy were well principled , and His Majesty that now is had a constant correspondence with the most eminent of them , it was our Interest to promote his Majesties grandeur abroad , and sit still at home , until the Faction might be so secure as ●o divide , — and his Majesties Interest became so conspicuous by the Principles that were kept up at home , and the State that was born abroad , as to command all . And really his little saying hath much in it : — He that will see what shall be , let him consider what hath been : For there are the same desires , humours , and interest in every age , that were before it : So that as Machiavel observeth , It is very easie for him , that with diligence ●xamineth past Occurrences , to serve himself of those remedies which were in use among the Ancien●s ; Or if they fail , to devise what is most like them .

Observations on the Life of William Earl of Pembrook .

HE was an ancient Gentleman of good repute , and therefore well esteemed ; a proper person , well set , and of graceful deportment , and therefore well beloved of King Iames and Queen Anne : His inclination was as generous as his extraction , and manners ancient as his Family . One of his Ancestors is renowned , for that he would cond●scend to deliver his Embassies in no Language but Welch ; and he is commended for that he would comply with no customs in his converse but the old English , — though his Contemporaries make that his defect rather than his ornament ; proceeding from his want of Travel , rather than his observance of Antiquity : He having had only ( saith the Historian ) the breeding of England , which gave him a conceited dislike of Forreign men , their manners and mode ; or of such English as professed much advantage thereby : so that the Scots and he were ever separate ; and therefore he was the only old Courtier that kept close to the Commonalty , and they to him , though never suspected by either of his Sovereigns ; not because he was not over-furnished with Abilities ( as that pen insinuates ) to be more than Loyal , but because he had too much integrity to be less . Being munificent and childless , the University of Oxford hoped to be his Ex●cutor , and Pembrook-Colledge his Heir . Pembrook-Colledge , I say , called so not only in respect to , but also in expectation from him , then Chancellor of the University : and probably had not cut noble Lord died suddenly soon after ( according as a Fortune-teller had informed him , whom he laughed at that very night he departed , being his Birth-night ) this Colledge might have received more than a bare name from him .

He was ( saith one of his own time ) the very picture , and Vive Essigies of Nobility ; his person rather Majestick than Elegant ; his presence , whether quiet , or in motion , full of stately gravity ; his mind generous , and purely heroick ; often stout , but never disl●●al : so vehement an opponent of the Spaniard , as when that Match fell under consideration , he would sometimes rouze to the trepidation of King Iames , yet kept in favour still ; for that King knew plain dealing , as a Jewel in all men , so was in a Privy-Councellor an ornamental duty . An instance of his familiar converse with King Iames , was , that the King observing that he naturally hated a Frog , threw one into his neck ; and he in requital , caused a Pig ( of an equal disgust with the same Prince ) to be put under his Close-stool : where , though it produced no extraordinary ill effect for the present , yet after the prank had been descanted upon , and worst of Interpretations made by some ( the title of Iews being at that time bestowed on the Scots ) the King was much affected with it ; and the more , because it was done at Wilton the Earls own house . — Though Kings when free and sociable , break out to sprightful and facetious extravagancies with Courtiers , yet must they not presume , lest their words are interpreted , not by their meaning , but others jealousie : free spirits cannot be too circumspect . And the same true-heartedness commended him to King Charles , with whom he kept a most admirable correspondence , and yet stood the firm Confident of the Commonalty ; and that not by a sneaking cunning , but by an erect and generous prudence , such as rendred him as unsuspected of ambition on the one side , as of faction on the other ; being generally beloved and regarded .

Observations on the Life of the Lord Conway .

EDward Lord Conway succeeded to his Father's Martial skill and valour , who was under the Earl of Leicester , Governour of Ostend , and twisted therewith peaceable Policy in State-affairs , so that the Gown and the Sword met in him in most eminent proportion , and thereupon King Iames advanced him one of the principal Secretaries of State . For these his good services , he was by him created Lord Conway of Ragleigh in this County , and afterwards by King Charls Viscount Killultagh in the County of Antrim ; And lastly , in the third of King Charles , Viscount Conway of Conway in Carnarvenshire● England , Ireland , and Wales mutually embracing themselves in his Honours ; and not long after President of the Councel . Upon the bre●●● with Spain , King Iames and the Duke of Buckingham both judged it very convenient to have a Martial Secretary ; neither was there any man fitter ●or their turn than this Gentleman , who was as able to direct them in the Affairs of War abroad , as he was ready to be directed by them in those of Peace at home : Being one of those three remarkable Servants that King Iames used to jest upon , viz● a Lord Treasurer [ meaning the Earl of Suffol●● that could not cast Account , a Chaplain [ meanin● Doctor Preston ] that could not read * * Being not used to the Common-Prayer . P●●●●●● and a Secretary [ meaning this Lord ] that 〈◊〉 not write his name . Sir Rich●rd Weston beat the Bush in the Affair of the Palatinate , but Sir Edward catched the Hare ; his rough humour being more suit●ble to that business : Or indeed it having been always more successful to be bold , than wary ; to be free for all occasions , than to be obstinate to some rule● . — Fortune ( saith Machiavel ) is a Mi●triss , that is● sooner won by those that ruffle and force her , than by others that proceed coldly . Indeed he was charged with treachery and cowardize in the action against the Scots , 1640. but he came off with his honest animosity , saying , If he migh● but fight their whole Army , he would settle Scotland in six months , or lose his head — being in that , of my Lord of Canterbury's opinion , who assured his Majesty they would not hold out four : a motion ! that if as easily entertained by that gracious King as it was effectually pursued by the bloody Usurpers , a sad experience hath taught us and them , would have prevented much mischief there , more here ; especially since it was that wise Prince his judicious observation , That they and their Confederates were a people lost by favour , and won by punishment .

Observations on the Lives of the Digges .

MAster Leonard Digges was one of excellent Learning and deep judgement . His ●i●d most inclined him to the Mathematicks , and he was the best Architect in that age for all manner of Buildings , for conveniency , pleasure , state , strength , being excellent at Fortifications . Lest his Learning should dye with him , for the publick profit , he printed his Tectonicon , Prognostick General , Stratiotick , about the ordering of an Army , and other Works . He flourished Anno Dom. 1556. and dyed I believe about the Reign of Queen Elizabeth , when as in most growing times Arts were drowned in action .

Nothing else have I to observe of his name , save that hereditary Learning may seem to run in the vel●s of his Family ; witness Sir Dudly Digs of Chilham-Castle , made Master of the Rolls , in the year 1636. whose abilities will not be forgotten , whilest our age hath any remembrance . This Knight had a younger son , of a most excellent wit , and a great judgment , Fellow of All-Souls in Oxford , who in the beginning of our Civil Wars wrote so subtile & solid a Treatise of the difference between King and Parliament , that such Royalists who have since handled that Controversie , have written plura non plus ; yea aliter rather than alia of that Subject . The Son writes down those Rebellions that the Father countenanced : The Father , I say , who by a bold impeachment against his Majesties chief Minister of State , to his face , taught a discontented People to draw a bolder against his M●jesty himself : — Wherefore it was , that ( after his undutiful Prologue Against his Majesties Prerogative in favouring his Servants ; the Preface to more disloyal methods against his right , in governing his people ) he and Sir Iohn Elliot were whispered out of the Lords House , when they were hottest against the Duke , to speak with a Gentleman , and thence sent immediately by two Pursevants that attended , to the Tower ; where , and in the Country , this Gentleman lay under just displeasure , until it was thought fit to take off so dangerous a piece of boldness and eloquence upon the growing distempers of the age by favour and preferment , to a Neutrality at least , if not to the just measures of his duty . But our observation here is this ; That faction is one of those sins , whereof the Authors repent most commonly themselves , and their posterities are always ashamed .

Observations on the Life of Sir Thomas Ridly , Dr. LL.

THis Knight and Doctor was born at Ely in Cambridge-shire , bred first a Scholar at Eaton in Buckingham-shire , then Fellow of Kings-Colledge in Cambridge . He was a general Scholar in all kind of Learning , especially in that which we call Melior Literatura . He afterwards was Chancellor of Winchester , and Vicar-general to the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury . His memory will never dye , whilst his Book called The view of the Ecclesiastical Laws is living ; a book of so much merit , that the Common Lawyers ( notwithstanding the difference betwixt the professions ) will ingenuously allow a due commendation to his learned performance in that subject : Although it startled them to hear King Iames was so affected with it , insomuch that Sir Edward Coke undertook from thence to prophecy the decay of the Common-Law : though in that prophecy of his , others foresaw nothing but his fall . Never book came out more seasonably for the Church than this ; never Comment came out more suitably , than Mr. Gregories Notes upon it : H● writ well , and advised better : being good to give , better to manage Counsel ; which he never offered till called , and never urged longer than it pleased ; answering no question of consequence unless upon emergent occasion , without deliberation ; observing the design of people , that ask most commonly to try his sufficiency , as well as improve their own : However , being sure that time is likelier to increase than abate the weight of a result , discovering as well what may be returned suitably to the general temper , as what may be answered fitly to the particular instance .

What alterations he designed for the Churches benefit , were not sodain , but leisurely . To force men out of one extreamity into another , is an attempt as dangerous , as it is invidious ; as awakening most opposition , and obnoxious to most hazard . Wise * * In Tiberio . Tacitus observeth , that men have reformed inveterate habits more by yielding to them , than engaging against them ; though a man must so yield as not to encourage , while he doth so countermine , as not to exasperate : Although he was always able , yet was he never willing to mend the Copy his Superiors had set him , unless owned as from former instruction , lest they grew jealous , he valued his own experience before theirs , who measure mens sufficiency from their caution , and not from their parts ; from what they can forbear , rather than from what they can do .

To conclude , he was one of those able men that cannot be eminent , unless they be great : men of great merit , behave themselves so negligently in small affairs , as that you shall never understand their abilities , unless you advance their persons . Mens capacities & sufficiencies have certain bounds prescribed them ; within the limits of which they are able to acquit themselves with credit and applause : But if you advance them above , or depress them below their spheres , they shew nothing but debilities and miscarriages . Onely this he was always commended for ; That having the management of Affairs intrusted to him , he underwent all the miscarriages himself , ascribing all the honour and sufficiency to his Patron ; carrying his hand in all actions so , that his Master had the applause of whatever was either conceded or denyed in publick , without any other interruption from Mr. Ridly , than what became the bare instrument of his commands , however he ordered the matter in private .

Observations on the Life of Sir Henry Martin .

HE would merrily say , That if his Father had left him fourscore pounds a year , where he left him but forty , he would never have been a Scholar , but have lived on his Lands : whereas his Inheritance being a large encouragement , but a small maintenance , he made up in study what he wanted in Estate ; first at Winchester , and then at New-Colledge , where his inclination led him to Divinity , but Bishop Andrews his advice perswaded him to the Civil Law , wherein he attained that great proficiency he was eminent for , thus : —

He had weekly transmitted to him from some Proctors at Lambeth , the brief heads of the most important Causes which were to be tryed in the High-Commission . Then with some of his familiar friends in that faculty , he privately pleaded those Causes ; acting in their Chamber what was done in the Court : But Mr. Martin making it his work , exceeded the rest in amplifying and aggrava●ing any fault , to move anger and indignation against the guilt thereof ; or else in extenuating or excusing it , to procure pity , obtain pardon , or at least prevail for a lighter punishment : — Whence no Cause came amiss to him in the High-Commission : For , saith my Author , he was not to make new Armour , but only to put it on , and buckle it ; not to invent , but apply arguments to his Clients . — As in decision of Controversies in his Courts , he had a moderate and middle way : so in managing of affairs in Parliament , he had a healing Method : Whence in most Debates with the Lords , where Mr. Noy's Law and Reason could not convince , Sir Henry Martin's * * As about the Petition of Right , in reference to which , he & Sergeant Glanvile satisfied the Lords . Expedients could accommodate . For which services , and his other meri●s , he was made Judge of the Prerogative-Court for probate of Wills , and of the Admiralty for Foreign Trade . Whence King IAMES would say merrily , He was a mighty Monarch by Sea and Land , over the Dead and the Living .

Observations on the Life of Sir John Bramstone .

SIr Iohn Bramstone , Knight , was born at Maldon in Essex , bred up in the Middle-Temple in the study of the Common-Law , wherein he attained to such eminency , that he was by King Charls made Lord Chief-Justice of the King 's Bench.

One of deep Learning , solid Judgement , integrity of Life , gravity of behaviour , above the envy of his own age , and the scandal of posterity . One instance of his I must not forget , writes the Historian effectually , relating to the foundation wherein I was bred : Sergeant Bruerton by Will bequeathed to Sidney-Colledge well-nigh three thousand pounds , but ( for ha●te , or some other accident ) it was so imperfectly done , that ( as Dr. Sam. Ward informed me ) the gift was invalid in the rigour of the Law . Now Judge Bramstone , who married the Sergeants Widow , gave himself much trouble ( gave him●elf indeed , doing all things gratis ) for the speedy payment of the money to a farthing , and the legal setling thereof on the Colledge , according to the true intention of the dead . He deserved to live in better times . The delivering his judgement on the King's side in the case of Ship-money , cost him much trouble , and brought him much honour , as who understood the consequence of that Max●me , Salus populi suprema lex ; and that Ship-money was thought legal by the best Lawyers , voted down arbitrarily by the worst Parliament : they hearing no Counsel for it , though the King heard all men willingly against it . Yea , that Parliament thought themselves not secure from it , unless the King renounced his right to it by a new Act of his own . Men have a touch-stone to try Gold , and Gold is the touch-stone to try Men. Sir William Noy's gratuity shewed , that this Judges Inclination was as much above corruption as his Fortune ; and that he would not , as well as needed not , be base . Equally intent was he upon the Interest of the State and the Maximes of Law , as which mutually supported each other . — He would never have a Witness interrupted , or helped , but have the patience to hear a naked , though a tedious truth : the best Gold lyeth in the most Ore , and the clearest truth in the most simple discourse . When he put on his Robes , he put off Respects ; his private affections being swallowed up in the publick service . This was the Judge whom Popularity could never flatter to any thing unsafe , nor favour oblige to any thing unjust . Therefore he died in peace , 1645. when all others were engaged in a War , and shall have the reward of his integrity of the Judge of Judges at the great A●●ize of the world .

Admin . Card. de Rich. p. 283. Having lived as well as read Iustinian's maxime to the Praetor of Laconia ; All things which appertain to the well-government of a State , are ordered by the constitutions of Kings , that give life and vigo●r to the Law : Whereupon , who so would walk wisely , shall never fail , if he propose them both for the rule of his actions ; — For a King is the living Law of his Countrey .

Nothing troubled him so much as ( shall I call it ? ) the shame , or the fear of the consequence of the unhappy contest between his Excellent Majesty and his meaner Subjects in the foresaid case of Ship-money ; no enemy being contemptible enough to be despised , since the most despicable command greater strength , wisdom , and interest than their own , to the designs of Malice or Mischief . — A great man m●naged a quarrel with Archee the King's Fool ; but by endeavouring to explode him the Court , rendred him at last so considerable , by calling the enemies of that person ( who were not a few ) to his rescue , as the fellow was not onely able to continue the dispute for divers years , but received such encouragement from standers by ( the instrument of whose malice he was ) as he oft broke out in such reproaches , as neither the dignity of that excellent person's calling , nor the greatness of his parts , could in reason or manners admit : — But that the wise man discerned , that all the fool did was but a symptom of the strong and inveterate distemper raised long since in the hearts of his Countreymen against the great mans Person and Function .

Observations on the Life of Sir Augustine Nicols .

SIr August . Nicols , son to Tho. Nicols , Sergeant at Law , was born at Ecton in Northampton-shire . Now though according to the rigour of our Fundamental Premises , he be not within our cognisance under this Ti●le , yet his merit will justifie us in presenting his Character . He was bred in the study of the Common Law , wherein he attained to such knowledge , that Qu. Eliz. made him , and K. Iames continued him his own Serjeant , whence he was freely preferred one of the Judges of the Common-Pleas . I say freely , King Iames commonly calling him the Judge that would give no money . Not to speak of his moral qualifications ; and subordinate abilities ; he was renowned for his special judiciary Endowments ; of very calm affections and moderate passions ; of a grave and affable deportment ; of a great patience to hear both Parties all they could say ; a happy memory ; a singular sag●city to search into the material circumstances ; Exemplary integrity , even to the rejection of Gratuities after Judgement given , and a charge to his Followers , that they came to their Places clear-handed , and that they should not meddle with any Motions to him , that he might be secured from all appearance of corruption . His forbearing to travel on the Lords day , wrought a Reformation on some of his own Order . Very pitiful and tender he was in case of life , yet very exact in case of blood .

He loved plain and profitable Preaching , being wont to say , I know not what you call Preaching , but I like them that come neerest to my Conscience . The speech of Caesar is commonly known ; Oportet Imperatorem stantem mori ; which Bishop Iewel altered and applyed to himself , Decet Episcopum concionant●m mori : of this man it may be said , Iudex mortuus est jura dans ; dying in his Calling , as he went the Northern Circuit , and hath a fair Monument in Kendal-Church in Westmerland . This I observe of this good man ; that he was so good a man , that in the ruffling times he could be but a bad Magistrate , Cum vel ●xeunda ●it natura , vel minuenda dignitas : when he must either go out of his easie ●ature , or forego his just authority .

Observations on the Life of Sir Nich. Hyde .

SIr Nicholas Hyde was born at Warder in WilTshire , where his Father in right of his Wife had a long Lease of that Castle from the Family of the Arundels . His Father , I say , ( descended from an antient Family in Cheshire ) a fortunate Gentleman in all his children , ( and more in his Grand-children ) some of his under-boughs outgrowing the top-branch , and younger children ( among●t whom Sir Nicholas ) in wealth and honour exceeding the rest of his Family .

H● was bred in the Middle-Temple , and was made Sergeant at Law the first of February , 1626. and on the eighth day following was sworn Lord Chief-Justice of the Kings-Bench , succeeding in that Office , next save one unto his Country-man Sir Iames Ley ( than alive , and preferred Lord Treasurer , born within two miles one of another ) and next of all under Sir Francis Crew lately displaced . Now , though he entred on his Place with some disadvantage ( Sir Randal being generally popular ) and though in those dayes , it was hard for the same Person to please Court and Countrey , yet he discharged his Office with laudable integrity , until 1631. Prudence obligeth Princes to refer the management of affairs to persons who have the reputation of extraordinary honesty , especially to the transacting of such things which notwithstanding their innate justice , may provoke any evil spirits . — The most part of mankind guessing only by their own senses and apprehensions , judge of the affairs by the persons who conduct them . Opinion guideth the world , and the reputation of him that negotiateth , sets a value and price upon his words and actions ; and the opi●ion which is conceived of him is so absolute an Umpire , that there is no appeal from his judgement — Opinion is the strongest thing in the world , Truth the next .

Observations on the Life of Sir Walter Aston .

HE was a Gentleman of so much diligence in the Spanish Negotiations , that there were no Orders , Cabals , Consultations in that intricate time , &c. he was not acquainted with : Of so much resolution , that there was not a dangerous Message in that great business he would not deliver : Of that excellent converse , that there was not that Minister of State in that jealous Court he was not familiar with . Very observant he was , by Don Iuan Taxardoes means , of the Spanish proceedings , and as well skilled with the Duke of Buckingham's direction in the English ; though yet he confessed himself almost lost in those Intrigues , had not the Duke stood between him and the Kings displeasure that suspected him , and the Prince his j●alousie that feared him . [ He had need have a steady head , that looks into such depths : ] But as he had an excellent faculty of excusing others miscarriages , so he had a peculiar way of salving his own ; being advantaged with a great foresight , a deep reservedness , and a ready spirit .

Few understood better the Importance of the English Trade with Spain : None pursued more dilige●tly its priviledges and freedom : tracing most of the secret Co●nsels and resolutions so closely , that he was able with his industry and money to give an account of most proceedings . — In the management whereof he resigned himself to the Duke's disposal , professing to own no judgement or affection but what was guided by his direction . — His own words are these ; Vntil I know by your Graces favour by what compass to guide my course , I can only follow his Majesties revealed will : — And the Duke's answer this ; You desire me to give you my opinion ; My ancient acquaintance , long custom of loving you , with constancy of friendship , invites me to do you this office of good will .

My Lord of Bristol shu●fled the Cards well , but Sir Walter Aston played them best . — The first set a design , but the second pursued it , — being happy in an humble and respectful carriage ; which opened the breast , and unlocked the hearts of all men to him . He that looked downward saw the Stars in the water : but he who looked only upward , could not see the waters in the Stars .

Indeed there was in his countenance such a throne of sweetness , and his words had so powerful a charm , set off with so agreeable and taking gravity , that the respect due to him was not lost in the love he had deserved ; nor the love he attained to , abated by the respect he commanded ; being one that had & gave infinite satisfaction in the Negotiations he engaged in : Wherein among other things , he would urge how unpolitick , and unsuccessful it is for the Spaniard to meditate a conquest of Europe , where all his Neighbours oppose him , rather than Asia , where they would all joyn with him out of Interest and Conscience , both to secure him from France , ● . O. 134. and carry him towards Turkey , at whose doors his friend the Emperour was ready to attaque them upon any Mutiny or Rebellion then frequent among them , whose strength ( saith Machiav●l ) lyeth more in Tradition than in any real Truth : — Considering the cont●ary complexions of the people in point of In●erest and Religion , that can admit of no considerable coalition upon the approach of a Foreign impression .

Observations on the Life of Sir Julius Caesar.

SIr Iulius Caesar's Father being Physitian to Qu. Elizabeth , and descended of the ancient Family of the Dalmarii in Italy , then living at Tottenham neer London ; This his Son was bred in Oxford ; and after other intermediate preferments , was advanced Chancellor of the Dutchy of Lancast●r , and sworn a Privy-Councellor on Sunday the sixth of Iuly , 1607. and afterwards was preferred Master of the Rolls . A Person of prodigious boun●y to all of worth or want , so that he might seem to be Almoner-general of the Nation . The story is well known , of a Gentleman who once borrowing his Coach ( which was as well known to poor people as any Hospital in England ) was so rendevouz'd about with Beggars in London , that it cost him all the money in his purse to satisfie their importunity , so that he might have hired twenty Coaches on the same terms . Sir Francis Bacon Lord Ver●lam was judicious in his Election , when perceiving his Dissolution to approach , he made his last Bed in effect in the house of Sir Iulius .

He continued more than twenty years Mr. of the Rolls ; and though heaved at by some Expectants , sate still in his Place , well poysed therein , with his gravity and integrity . Vir tantarum El●●mosynarum non movebitur ; a man of so great Alms and Prayers ( made by him and for him ) s●all not be removed . Nor was it without a prosperous Omen , that his chief House in Hartfordshire was called Benington , that is , Villa benigna , the bountiful Village , as one Author will have it ; or as another , Villa beneficii , the Town of good turns , from the River so named running by it . His Arms were these , viz. Gules , three Roses Argent on a Chief of the first , so many Roses of the second , embleming the fragrancy of the Memory he hath left behind him .

His Monument in great St. Hellens , London , being out of the road of ordinary Fancies , was thus designed by himself in form of a Deed in ruffled Parchment , in allusion to his Office as Master of the Rolls .

OMnibus Christi fidelibus ad quos hoc praesens Scriptum pervenerit ; Sciatis me Iulium Dalmare alias Caesarem Militem , utriusque legis Doctorem ; Elizabethae Reginae Supremae Curiae Admiralitatis judicem , & unum é Magistris libellorum ; Jacobo Regi à Privatis Conciliis , Cancellarium Scaccarii , Scriniorum Magistrum , hac prae senti Charta mea Confirmasse me Anuuente Divino N●mine naturae debitum libenter solviturum quam primum Deo placuerit . In cujus rei memoriam , Manum meam , & Sigillum apposui . Datum 27 Februarii , 1635.

Iulius Caesar.

Here his Seal or Coat of Arms is affixed , and beneath them is written Irrotulatur Caelo .

He dyed the twenty eighth day of April , Anno Domini , 1636. in the seventy ninth year of his Age. They say of Witches , that they are unable to hurt till they have received an Alm● . It 's certain , none ever undermined this Gentleman's insufficiency , but such as were advanced by his civility ; a civility that secured him , as well as it impowered them , making his Grants to all persons double kindnesses by Expedition , and cloathing his very Denials in such robes of Courtship , as that it was not obviously discernable whether the Request or Denyal were most decent ; having this peculiar to himself , That he was very cautious of Promises , lest falling to an Incapacity of performance , he might forfeit his Reputation , and multiply his certain Enemies , by his design of creating uncertain Friends .

Besides , he observed a sure principle of rising , viz. That great persons esteem better of such they have done great Courtesies to , than those they have received great Civilities from ; looking upon this as their disparagement , th● other as their glory .

Observations on the Lives of Sir Henry , Sir Lucius , Sir Henry Cary , Lords Viseounts Faulkland .

A Race of accomplished men , the ornaments and supports of their Countrey , which they served with no lesse faithfulness and prudence in their Negotiations abroad , than honour and justice in their Places at home : Of such a Stock of reputation , as might kindle a generous emulation in Strangers , and a noble ambition in tho●e of their own Family . Henry Cary Vi●count Falkland in Scotland , son to Sir Edward Cary , was born at Aldnam in Her●fordshire ; being a most acplished Gentleman , and a compleat Courtier . By King Iames he was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland , and well discharged his Trust therein : But an unruly Colt will fu●● and chafe ( though neither switch nor spur ) meerly because back'd . The Rebellious Irish will complain , only because kept in subjection , though with never so much lenity ; the occasion why some hard speeches were passed on his Government . Some beginning to counterfeit his hand , he used to incorporate the year of his age in a knot flourished beneath his name , concealing the day of his birth to himself . Thus by comparing the date of the month , with his own Birth-day ( unknown to such Forgers ) he not only discovered many false Writings which were past , but also deterred dishonest Chearers from attempting the like for the future . He made good use of Bishop Usher's Interest while he was there , as appears by the excellent Speech that the Bishop made for the King's supply .

Being recalled into England , he lived honourably in the County aforesaid , until by a sad casualty he broke his Leg on a Stand in Theobald's Park , and soon after dyed thereof . He married the sole Daughter and Heir of Sir Lawrence Tanfield , Chief Baron of the Exchequer , by whom he had a fair Estate in Oxfordshire . His death happened Anno Dom. 1620. being Father to the most accomplish-Statesman .

2. Lucius Lord Falkland , the wildness of whose youth was an argument of the quickness of his riper years : He that hath a spirit to be unruly before the use of his reason , hath mettle to be active afterwards . Quick-silver if fixed , is incomparable ; besides that the adventures , contrivances , secrets , confidence , trust , compliance with opportunity , and the other sallies of young Gallants , prepare them more serious undertakings — as they did this noble Lord ; great in his Gown , greater in his Buffe ; able with his Sword , abler with his Pen : a knowing Statesman , a learned Scholar , and a stout man : One instance of that excess in learning and other great perfections , which portended ruine to this Nation in their opinion , who write , that all Extreams , whether of Vertue or Vice , are ominous , especially that unquiet thing call'd Learning , whose 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 signifieth its own period , and that of the Empire it flourisheth in ; a too universally dilated Learning , being not faithful to the settlements either of Policy or Religion ; it being no less ready to discover blemishes in the one , than Incongruities in the other : Sophisters ( saith my smart Author ) like the Countrey of the Switz , being as able upon the least advantage proposed , to engage on the wrong side as on the right . As to go no further , this excellent Personage being among the Demagogues that had been for twelve years silenced , and were now to play the prize in Parliament , and shew their little twit-twat , but tedious faculties of speaking , makes the bitterest Invective against the Governours and government of the Church , that ever was penned in English ● which though designed by him , it 's thought , only to allay the fury of the Faction , by some compliance with it , carried things beyond the moderation and decency of that Assembly , which he made too hot for himself , retyring in cooler thoughts , as many more ( that like Brutus could not lay the storm● they had raised ) to Oxford , where his Pen was more honourably imployed in de●ecting the fundamental Error of Rome their infallibility , and countermining the main props of Westminster their Hypocrisie ; this as Secretary , the other as a Student — in both laying open the little pre●ensions , whereby poor people were insnared in their Civil and Religious Liberty . — Much was the gall always in his Ink , and very sharp his Pen ; but even , flowing , and full his Style , such as became him , whose Learning was not an unsetled mass of reading that whirled up and down in his head , but fixed Observations , that tempered with solid prudence and experience , were the steady Maxims of his Soul fitted for all times and occasions ; he having sate ( as some Noble-mens sons used to do formerly in the House of Lords ) behind the Chair of State from his very child-hood , and owning a large heart capable of making that universal inspection into things that much becomes a Gentleman , being a Master in any thing he discoursed of . — Insomuch that his general knowledge husbanded by his wit , and set off by his Meine and Carriage , attracted many to come as far to see him , as he professed he would go to see Mr. Daillee — which rendred him no less necessary than admirable at Court , until his Curiosity engaging him at Newbery , he was strangely slain there , dying as he lived till then , between his Friends and Enemies , to the King 's great grief , who valued him , because he understood his parts and services in the Treaty at Oxford , where he was eminent for two things ; the timing of Propositions , and concealing of Inclinations ; though no man so passionate for his dedesign , as never enduring that hope that holds resolution so long in suspence , but ever allaying it with that fear that most commonly adviseth the best by supposing the worst — His usual saying was , I pity unlearned Gentlemen in a rainy day .

3. He was Father first to Henry Lord Falkland , whose quick and extraordinary parts and notable spirit performed much , and promised more , having a great command in the Countrey where he was Lord-Lieutenant , a general respect in the house where he was Member , a great esteem at Court ( with his Majesty and his Royal Highness the Duke of York ) where he was both wit , and wisdom — When there was the first opportunity offered to honest men to act , he laid hold of it , and got in spight of all opposition , to a thing called a Parliament : By same token , that when some urged he had not sowed his wilde Oats , he is said to reply ; If I have not , I may sow them in the House , where there are Geese enough to pick them up . And when Sir F. N. should tell him he was a little too wilde for so grave a service , he is reported to reply ; Alas ! I am wilde , and my Father was so before me , and I am no Bastard , — as &c. In which Contention he out-did the most active Demagogues at their own weapon , speaking . When Major Huntington and his followers were for the long Parliament , Sir F. N. L. S. &c. were for the secluded Members , My Lord carried all the County for an absolute free Parliament : which he lived to see , and act in so successfully , that he was voted generally higher in trusts and services , had he not been cut off in the prime of his years ; as much missed when dead , as beloved when living — A great instance of what a strict Education ( for no man was harder bred ) a general Converse , and a noble Temper can arrive to ; and what an Orator can do in a Democracy , where the Affections of many is to be wrought upon , rather than the judgment of few to be convinced . A golden tongue falling under a subtle head under such a constitution , hath great influence upon the whole Nation .

Observations on the Life of Sir James Ley , Earl of Marlborough .

SIr Iames Ley , son of Henry Ley Esquire ( one of great Ancestry , who , saith my Author , on his own cost , with his men , valiantly served King Henry the Eighth , at the siege of Boloin ) being his Fathers sixth son , ( and so in probability barred of his inheritance ) endeavoured to make himself an Heir by his Education , applying his Book in Braze●-Nose-Colledge , and afterwards studying the Laws of the Land in Lincolus-Inne , wherein such his proficiency , King Iames made him Lord Chief-Justice in Ireland . Here he practised the charge King Iames gave him at his going over , ( yea , what his own tender Conscience gave himself ) namely , not to build his Estate upon the ruines of a miserable Nation , but aiming by the unpartial execution of Justice , not to enrich himself , but civilize the People . But the wise King would no longer loose him out of his own Land , and therefore recalled him home about the time when his Fathers Inheritance , by the death of his five elder brethren descended upon him . It was not long before Offices and Honours flowed in fast upon him , being made by King Iames 1. Attorney of the Court of Wards . 2. Chief-Justice of the Upper Bench , the 18 of his Reign Ian. 29. 3. Lord Treasurer of England in the 22 of his Reign , Dec. 22. 4. Baron Ley of Ley in Devonshire , the last of the same month . King Charls 1. Earl of Marlborough in Wiltshire , immediately after the King's Coronation . 2. Lord President of the Council , in which place he died● , Anno Dom. 1629.

He was a person of great Gravity , Ability , and Integrity : And as the Caspian Sea is observed neither to ebbe nor flow , so his mind did not rise or fall , but continued the same constancy in all conditions ; a good temper enough for a Judge , but not for a Statesman , and fo● any Statesman , but a Lord Treasurer ; and for any Lord Treasurer but in King CHARLES his active time , who was put to it to find out such stirring men as might recover him from the hazard and defection he was fallen into in Purse and Power .

Observations on the Life of Sir John Cook .

SIr Iohn Cook , younger Brother to Sir Francis Cook , born at Trusley ( in the Hundred of Apple-tree ) in Derby●shire , of ancient and worshipful Parentage , and allied to the best Family in that Countrey ; was bred Fellow of Trinity-Colledge in Cambridge , where his wit being designed his Estate , he was chosen Rhetorick-Lecturer in the University , where he grew eminent for his ingenious and critical reading in that School , where Rhetorick seemed to be not so much an Art , as his Nature ; being not only the subject , but the very frame of his Discourse . Then travelled he beyond the Seas ●or some years ( when his judgment was fitted for foreign Observations by domestick experience ) in the company . of a Person of quality , ● returning thence rich in Languages , Remarks , and Experience , waving all the dangers incident to him for his Religion , by a wary Profes●ion , that he came to learn , and not to search ; being first related to Sir Fulke Grevil , Lord Brook , who did ●ll mens business but his own ; ●he was thence● preferred to be Secretary to the Navy , their Master of the Requests ; ●●od at last Secretary of State● for twenty years together . Being a very zealous Protestant , he did all good offices for the advancement of true Religion : His Contemporaries character him a grave and a prudent man in ga●e● apparel , and speech ; one that h●d his Intellect●●●s very perfect in the dispatch of business till he was eighty years old ; when foreseeing those Intrigues that might be too hard for his years , he with his Majesties good leave retired as Moses did , ●o ●ie when his eyes were not dim , &c. having kept himself strictly to the Law of the Land : Insomuch , that being sent to command Bi●hop Williams from Westminster● ; and being asked by the stout Bishop , by what authority he commanded a man out of his house and his free-hold , he was so tender of the point , that he never rested till he had his pardon for it . Mu●i●●●●●o he had to keep the King's favour for his compliance with the Faction , witness his third submission ; and as much ado to retain ●he Factions good opinion for his service to the King , w●tness his several Apologies in Parliament to this purpose ; That it was a hard thing , that they who should have thanks for the good offices they did the People with the KING , had now nothing but censures for the same offices they did the King with his people — Never was any man more put to it to reconcil● the two readings of that Text 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 — which he could never have done , but that his old rule safe-guarded him , viz. That no man should let what is unjustifiable or dangerous appear under his hand , to give Envy a steady aim at his place or person ; nor mingle Interests with great men made desperate by debts or Court-injuries , whose falls hath been ruinous to their wisest followers ; nor pry any further into secrecy , than rather to secure , than shew himself ; nor impart that to a friend , that may impower him to be an enemy . Besides that his years excused in him that caution some ob●tinate men want that are broken with viciss●udes , because they consider not that the forwardest in turmoyls are least regarded when things return to a calm .

He served the time out of Christian discretion , in finding out the seasons of things commendably . He complyed out of some infirmity in particular accommoda●ions pardonably ; but neither of ignorance or design , i● pursuance of his own , or any other mans plot unfaithfully . Indeed he must have wrenched and sprained his grave soul with the short turning● in those dayes , if it had been t●ue , that he should shuffle a Scots Paper ( instead of the genuine Articles of Pacificat●on at York ) which the Earls of Holland , Pembrook , &c. disavowed to the Northern Commissioners faces ( my Lord of Pembrook saying , That indeed as he took Horse , and his Friends being busie about him , such a Paper was put into his hand , but he opened it not untill he came to his Majesty ) and his Majesty burned in the face of both Kingdoms ; whereby they say he was dismissed , which I am not willing to believe , only I find him hereafter bring Propositions from the Parliament ( as they called it ) to the King , as actively as formerly he had carried Messages from the King to the Parliament : — Indeed he had an happy mixture of Dis●retion and Charity , whereby he could allow to things & persons more than men of streighter apprehensions , or narrower affections were able to do . Indeed , though as I told you otherwise wary , he broke an Affair to a Partizan that kept him under all his days : & he that entertains a dangerous design , puts his head into an halter , and the halter into his hand to whom he first imparts it . — Sir Francis Win●ebank and he fell into extreams ; which balanced , might have fupported the Government , if they had directed their particular inclinations and indulgences by the measures of the general interest and temper .

Observations on the Life of the Earl of Danby .

ALl that I find of this plain Noble-ma● , is w●itten on his Tomb-stone at Dantsey in Wil●shire . Here lyeth the Body of Henry Danvers , second son to Sir Iohn Danvers Knight , and Dame E●izabeth , Daughter and Co-Heir to Nevil Lord Latim●● . He was born at Dantsey in the County of Wilts , Anno Dom. 1573. being bred up partly in the Low-Countrey Wats , under Maurice E●rl of Nassaw , afterwards Prince of Orange , and in many other Military actions of those ●imes , both by Sea , and by Land . He was made a Captain in the Military Wars of France , and there Knighted for his good service under Henry the fourth the then French King . He was employed as Lieutenant of the Horse , and Serjeant-Major of his whole Army in Ireland , under Robert Earl of Essex , and Charles Baron of Mountjoy , in the Reign of Q●een Eliz. By King Iames the first● he was made Baron of Dantsey , and Peer of this Realm ; as also Lord President of Munster , and Governour of Guernsey . By King Charles the first , he was created Earl of Danby , made one of his Privy-Councel , and Knight of the most Noble Order of the Garter . In his later time , by reason o● imp●●fect health , ●o●siderately declining more ●●ive Employments , full of honours , wounds , and days , he died Anno Domini 1643.

LAVS DEO .

For many years before , St. George had not been more magnificently mounted ( I mean the solemnity of his Feast more sumptuously observed ) than when this Earl , with the Earl of Morton , were installed Knights of the Garter . One might have there beheld the abridgment of England and Scotland in their Attendance . The Scotish Earl ( like Xeuxes his picture ) adorned with all Art and costliness , whilst our English Earl ( like the plain sheet of Apelles ) by the gravity of his Habit , got the advantage of the gallantry of his Cortival with judicious beholders . He died without Issue in the beginning of our Civil Wars , and by his Will made 1639. se●led his large Estate on his hopeful Nephew Henry D' Anvers , snatch'd away ( be●ore fully of age , to the great grief of all good men .

Observations on the Life of Sir George Crook .

SIr George Crook , son of Sir Iohn Crook , and Elizabeth Unton his Wife , was born at Chilton in Buckingham-shire , in the second year of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth ; bred first in Oxford , then a double Reader in the Inner Temple , Sergeant at Law , and the King's Sergeant ; Justice first of the Common Bench , 22. Iac. and then of the Upper Bench , 4 Caroli . His ability in his Profession is sufficiently attested by his own printed Reports ; Eight eminent Judges of the Law out of their knowledge of his great Wisdom , Learning , and Integrity , approving and allowing them to be published for the common benefit . His only defect was , that he was against the ancient Naval-aid called Ship-money , both publickly in Westminster-Hall , and privately in his judgement demanded by the King , even at that time when our Neighbours not only incroached upon our Trade , but disputed our right in the Narrow-seas , though concluded to subscribe ( according to the course of the Court ) by plurality of Voices . The Country-mans wit ( levelled to his brain ) will not for many years be forgotten ; That Ship-money may be gotten by Hook , and not by Crook ; though since they have paid Taxes ( Loyns to the little finger , and Scorpions to the rod of Ship-money ) but whether by Hook or Crook , let others enquire : Hampden's share for which he went to Law , being but eighteen shillings , though it cost the Nation since eighteen millions .

Considering his declining and decaying age , and desiring to examine his life , and prepare an account to the supream Judge , he petitioned King Charl●s for a Writ of E●se ; which though in some sort denyed , ( what wise Master would willingly part with a good Servant ? ) was in effect granted unto him . For the good King ( exacting from his Subjects no services beyond their years and abilities ; and taking it better at his hands , that he confessed his infirmities , than if he had concealed them ) discharged him for the pains , though he allowed him the fees and honour of Chief-Justice while he lived . — Wherefore in gratitude as well as conscience , however he was misled in ●he foresaid matter of Syhip money , he abhor●ed the Faction heartily ; for he would say of Hampden , He is a dangerous person , take heed of him . — and loved the Church as heartily ; for we are told by a person of great worth and credit , Th●t having read over the Book of Canons 1640 when it first came out , and was so much spoken against , he lifted up his hands , and gave hearty thanks to Almighty God , that he had lived to see s●ch good effects of a Convocation . In a word , he was no less in his Life , than he is in his Epitaph now dead , which runs thus ;

Georgius Crook Eques Auratus , unus justiciariorum de Banco Regis , Iudicio Linceato , & animo presenti insignis , v●ritatis haeres , quem nec mina nec bonos allexit : Regis au horitatem & populi libertatem aequâ lance Libravit ; Religione cordatus , vitâ innocuus , manu expans● , Corde humili pauperes irrogavit : mundum vicit & deseruit , Anno AErat . Lxxxii , Annoque R. C. I. xvii . Anno Domini MDCXLI .

Observations on the Life of Sir Rob. Armstroder .

HE was a great Soldier , a skilful Antiquary , and a good Fellow : In the first capacity I finde him bringing off five hundred English for three miles together without the loss of a man , from six thousand Spaniards , along a plain Champion , where the Enemy might have surrounded them at pleasure . — Well he could handle bright armour in the Field , better he understood that more rusty in the Tower ; therefore in his second capacity we have him picking up old Coyn , valuing more a Dollar which he might study , than a pound he might spend : Yet though his mind was taken with the Curiosities of former Times , his inclination was very compliant with the mode of his own ; for he was excellent company , in which capacity none more prevalent than he in Germany , where they talk much ; none more acceptable in Denmark , where they drink hard ; none more taking in Sweden , where they droll smartly . His humble prop●sition and submission in behalf of the Elector , was accepted by the Emperour , 1630. He went to Denmark ; and the first night he arrived he pleased the King so well in drinking healths , that his Majesty ordered that his business should be dispatch'd that very night , and he shipped when asleep , as he was to his own amazement when awaked , and the amazement of all England when returned ; he being here before some thought he had been there . — Humour is the Misterss of the world .

Neither was he more inten● upon the pleasing o● Foreign Princes , than careful in the honour of his own , especially in his faith , word , and impregnable honesty ; for he knew a faithless Prince is beloved of none ; but suspected by his friends , not trusted of his enemies , — and forsaken of all men in his grea●est necessities .

Yet he was not so taken with antique Medals abroad , but he promoted a new invention at home : for to him & Sir H. Wotton we owe it , that F. Klein the German , a very eminent Artist in working Tapestry , came over to serve K. Charls the first , a Virtuoso , judicious in all Liberal mechanical Arts , and for 100 pounds per ann . pension , so improved that Manufacture , at this time very compleat at Mortlack , in a house built by Sir Franci● Crane upon King Iames his motion , who gave two thousand pounds towards it in that place . — General Tilly would say before Gustavus Adolphus came into Germany , that he was happy for three things ; That he heard Mass , daily ; that he had never touched a woman ; and that he had never lost a battel . — What ever Sir Robert could say to the first , he was very prosperous for the last ; that he never failed of success either in fighting or treating ; in the Field , or in the Chamber .

Observations on the Life of Philip Earl of Arundel .

HAd his Faith been as Orthodox as his Fathers Faithfulness was eminent , K. Iames his gratitude , and his Uncle Northampton's policy had raised him as high as his Father hath been , and his son is . But since his opinion made him a Separatist from the Church , and his temper a recluse from the Court , we have him in a place of Honour only as Earl Marshal , while we finde his Brother in a place of Profit , as Lord Treasurer — though both in a place of Trust as Privy-Counsellors , — where this Earl approved himself a confutation of his a a See the Ea : of Northamptons Speech . Uncles maxim ; That a through-paced Papist could not be a true-hearted Subject ; being as good an English-man in his heart , as he was a Catholick in his conscience ; only the greatness of his spirit would not suffer any affronts in b b See Lord Spencer . Parliament ; whence he endured some discountenance from the Court , insomuch that the House of Lords finding him a Prisoner , when they sate 1626. would not act until after several of their Petitions he was released ; when , his temper yielding with years , he was very complying , only he presumed to marry his Son to an Heiress the King had disposed of elsewhere ; which yet he laid upon the women that made the M●●ch . Indeed the politick Observator saith ; That women of all creatures are the most dextrous in contriving their designs , their natural sprightfulness of imagination , attended with their leisure , furnishing them with a thousand Expedients , and proposing all kinds of Overtures with such probability of happy success , that they easily desire , and as eagerly pursue their design .

When he was sometimes barred the service of h●s own time , he studied those before him , being a fond Patron of Antiquaries and Antiquity , of whose old pieces he was the greatest Hoarder in Europ● , setting aside Ferdinand● de Medicis , grand Duke of T●sca●y , from whom by the mediation of Sir Henry Wotton , he borrowed many an Antique Sculpture , which furnished his Archives so well , ( as we may guess by Mr. Selden's Marmora Arundeliana ) that as my Lord Burleigh's Library was the most compleat one for a Politician , my Lord Bacon's for a Philosopher , Mr. Selden's for an Historian , Bishop Usher's for a Divine , my Lord of Northampton's for a Poet , Mr. Oughtred's for a Mathematician , Dr. Hammond's for a Grammarian , or an universal Critick ; so the Earl of Arundel's was the best for an Herald and an Antiquary , a * * Nobly communicated to all inge nious persons by the honourable H. Howard of Norfolk , greater in his own worth than in any titles . Library not for shew , but use .

Neither was he more in his study , where h● bestowed his melancholy hours , than in Councel , where he advised three things in reference to the Foreign troubles : 1. Correspondence abroad . 2 , Frequent Parliaments . 3. Oftner progresses into the Countries . Neither was he less in the Field than in Council , when General against the Sco●s ( the more shame ! ) th●t Protestants should at a time rebel against their King , when Papists ventured their lives for him : After which Expedition he was ordered beyond Sea with the Queen●Mother of France , 1639. when they say he looked back on England with this wish , May it never have need of me .

It 's true , some observe , that the Scots who cried upon him as a Papist , yet writ under-hand to him their Noble Lord , as they did to Essex and Holland so effectually , that they had no heart to that War afterward ; — and it is as true , that thereupon a schedule was now the second time given of the parties that combined against the Government , viz. 1. The busie medlers that had got the plausible trick of Haranguing since King Iames's time , not used in Parliament from H. 6. time to his . 2. The covetous Landlords , Inclosers , Justices of th● Peace that ruled in the Country , and would do so in Parliament . 3. Needy men in debt , that durst not shew their heads in time of Peace . 4. Puritans , that were so troublesom against Hatton , &c. in Queen Eliz. dayes ; and under pretence of Religion , overthrew all Government . 5. Such Male-contents as either lost the preferment they had , or had not what they were ambitious of , with their Kindred and Dependants . 6. Lawyers , that second any attempt upon the Prerogative , with their Cases , Records , and Antiquities . 7. London Merchants , that had been discovered by Cranfield and Ingram , as to their cheats put upon the King in his Customs and Plantations . 8. Common-wealths-men , that had learned from Holland in Queen Eliz. days to pray for the Queen and the State . And 9. ( Because there cannot be a Treason without a P — ) such Recusants as were Hispanioliz'd , whereof this Earl was none : but though as a Church-Papist he had most of the Catholick Peers votes devolved on him ; he never bestowed them undutifully , albeit sometimes stoutly and resolutely . A great friend he was to all new Inventions , save those that tended to do that by few hands , which had been usually done by many ; because , said he , While private men busie their heads to take off the Poors employment , the publick Magistrate must trouble his to find them maintenance . Either be or the Earl of Northampton used to say ( when asked what made a compleat man ? ) To know how to cast Accompts : an accomplishment though ordinary , yet might save many an Estate in England .

Observations on the Life of Esme Duke of Richmond .

GReat in his Ancestors honour , greater in his own vertue , and greatest of all , in that ●ike the Star he wore , the higher he was , the ●ess he desired to seem , affecting rather the worth , than the pomp of nobleness ; — therefore his courtesie was his nature , not his craft ; and his affableness not a base & servile popularity , or an am●itious insi●uation ; but the native gentleness of his disposition , and his true value of himself : He was not ● stranger to any thing worth knowing , but best acquainted wi●h himself , and in himself , rather with ●is weaknesses for Caution , than his abilities for A●tion . Hence he is not so forward in the traverses of War , as in Treaties of Peace , where his honour ●nnobled his cause , and his moderation advanced ●t : He and my Lord of Southampton managing the ●everal Overtures of Peace at London , Oxford , and ●xbridge with such honourable freedom and pru●ence , that they were not more deservedly regard●d by their Friends , than importunately courted ●y their Enemies ; who seeing they were such , could ●ot be patient till they were theirs , though in ●ain , their honours being impregnable as well against the Factions kindness as against their power . At Conferences his conjectures were as solid as o●hers judgements ; his strict observation of what was passed , furnishing him for an happy guess of what was to come : Yet his opinion was neither v●riably unconstant , nor obstinately immoveable● but framed to present occasions , wherein his m●thod was to begin a second advice from the failu●● of his first — though he hated doubtful suspence● when he might be resolute . This one great defec● was his good nature , that he could never distrust til● it was dangerous to suspect ; and he gave his Enem● so much advantage , that he durst but own him fo● his friend . — One thing he repented of , that he advised his Majesty to trust Duke Hamilton his Adversary with the affairs of Scotland , in complianc● with the general opinion , rather than the Marques● Huntly his friend in compliance with his own rea● interest ; an advice wherein his publick-spiritednes● superseded his particular concerns , and his goo● nature his prudence : — So true is it , that the honest mans single uprightness works in him that confidence , which oft-times wrongs him , and giv●● advantage to the subtle , while he rather pities ●h●i● faithlessness , than repents of his credulity : so grea● advantage have they that look only what they ma● do , over them that consider what they should do● and they that observe only what is expedient , ove● them that judge only what is lawful . — Therefore when those that thought themselves wise , le●● their sinking Soveraign , he stuck to his Perso● while he lived , to his body when dead , and to hi● cause as long as he lived himself : — attending th● first resolutely , burying the second honourably● and managing the third discreetly ; undertaking without rashness , and performing without fear● never seeking dangers , never avoiding them . Although when his Friends were conquered by th● Rebels , he was conquered by himself , retiring to that privacy , where he was g●essed at , not known ; where he saw the world unseen ; where he made yielding a conquest ; where cheerful & unconcerned in expectation , he provided for the worst , and hoped the best , in the constant exercise of that Religion , which he & his maintained more effectually with their Examples , than with their Swords ; doing as much good in encouraging the Orthodox by his presence , as in relieving them by his bounty . — In a word , I may say of him , as Macariu● doth of Iustine ; There was no Vice but he thought below him ; and no Vertue which he esteemed not either his duty or ornamen● . Neither was his prudence narrower than his vertue , nor his vertue streighter than his fortune . His main service was his inspection into the Intrigues and Reserves of the Parliamentiers at Vxbridge , and his cajoling of the Independants and Scots at London , where the issue of his Observations was ; That the King should as far as his conscience could allow , comply with the unreasonable desires of an illimited ambition , to make i● sensible of the evils that would flow from its own Counsels : being confident , as events have assured us , that the people would see the inconvenience of their own wishes ; and that they would return that power which they sought for , but could not m●nage , to its proper place , before it became their ruine : — for unbounded Liberty overthroweth its self . But alas ! it was too late to grant them any thing , who by having so much , were only encouraged more eagerly to desire what they knew the King in honour could not give : — For when a Prince is once rendred odious or contemptible , his Indulgences do him no less hurt than injuries .

As his services were great , so were his Recreations useful * * S●e his late Maje●●●●s re●omm●n●●●●n to him at his departure from Hamton-Court . ; Hunting , that manly Exercise being both his pleasure & his accomplishment : his accomplishment , I say , since it is in the list of Machiavel's rules to his Prince , as not only the wholsomest and cheapest diversion , both in relation to himself , and his People , but the best Tutor to Horse-manship , Stratagems , and Situations , by which he may afterwards place an Army ; whatever Sir Philip Sidney's apprehension was , who used to say ; Next hunting , he liked hawking worst .

Observations on the Life of the Lord Chief-Iustice Banks .

SIr Iohn Banks his Parents perceiving him judicious and industrious , bestowed good breeding on him in Grayes-Inne , in hope he should attain to preferment ; wherein they were not deceived . For after he was called to the Bar for some years , he solicited Suits for others , thereby attaining great practical experience . He afterwards might laugh at them , who then did smile at him , leaving many behind him in Learning , whom he found before him in time , until at last he was Knighted by King Charles , made first his Attorney , then Chief-Justice of the Common-Pleas , dying in the middest and heat of our Civil Dissentions . He ordered by his Will , that his Body should be buried under some plain Monument at the discretion of his Executors ; and after an Epitaph mentioning the several Places he had held , this Motto to be added ; Non nobis Domine , non nobis , sed Nomini tuo da Gloriam .

By his said Will he gave to the value of thirty pound per ann . with other Emoluments , to be bestowed in pious Uses , and chiefly to set up a Manufacture of course Cottons in the Town of Keswick .

He was one whom the Collar of S.S.S. worn by Judges and other M●gistrates became very well , if it had its name from Sanctus , Simon , Simplicius ; no man being more seriously pious , none more singly honest . — When Sir Henry Savile came to Sir Edward Cook then at bowls , in Arch-Bishop Abbot's behalf , and told him he had a Case to propose to him : Sir Edward answered ; If it be a Case in Common-Law , I am unworthy to be a Iudge , if I cannot presently satisfie you : but if it be a point of Statute-Law , I am unworthy to be a Iudge , if I should undertake to satisfie you without consulting my Books . — Sir Iohn Banks , though ready without his Books on the Bench , — yet always resolved Cases out of them in his Chamber ; answerable to his saying to Dr. Sibs , A good textuary is a good Lawyer , as well as a good Divine .

His invention was prompt and ready ; his apprehension sure and solid ; his memory capacious and retentive ; his knowledge in the Law , and the inword reasons of it , profound ; his experience in affairs of State universal , and well laid : patient he was in hearing ; sparing , but pertinent in speaking : very glad always to have things represented truly and clearly ; and when it was otherwise , able to discern through all pretences the real merit of a C●use .

He was a man of singular modesty , of the ancient freedom , plain-heartedness , and integrity of mind : Very grave and severe in his deportment , yet very affable , in such sort , that , as Tacitus saith of Agrippa ; Ill● quod est rarissimum nec facilitas authoritatem , nec severitas amorem diminuit : And in a word , so even and circumspect he was in the several turnings and occasions of his life , that though he went himself , and brought over as many as he had any interest in , to the King , I find him under no extraordinary displeasure from the Rebels ; and I observe but one unhappiness in his whole life , and that is , that all men speak well of him .

Observations on the Life of Sir Tho. Edmonds .

THe Trophees of Miltiades would not let Themistocles sleep , nor the Courts-advancements of his Relations this Gentleman to sit still ; having both Livis's qualifications , for an eminent man , a great spirit , and a gallant conduct for actions ; a sharp wit , and a fluent tongue for advice . — Whence we meet with him Comptroller of the Kings Houshold at home , and his Agent for * * In 〈◊〉 1629. Peace abroad , equally fit for business of courage and resolution , and for affairs of Councel and complement . — I think it was this Gentleman , who foreseeing a Contest likely to ensue between the English and the Spanish Embassadors , to the first whereof he belonged , went to Rome privately and fetched a Certificate out of the book of Ceremonies ( which according to the Canon giveth the rule in such cases ) shewing that the King of England was to precede him of Castile ; a good argument , because ad homines , wise men having always thought fit to urge not what is most rational in its self , but what ( all circumstances considered ) is most convincing . Sir● Thomas Edmonds used to puzzle the Catholicks about six Records . 1. The original of Constantine's grant of Rome to the Pope . 2. St. Mark's grant of the Adriatique Gulph to Venice . 3. The Salique Law in France . 4. The Instrument whereby King Iohn pas●ed away England to the Pope . 5. The Letter of King Lucius . And 6. The Ordinal of the Consecration at the Nags-head . — Neither did he perplex them with these Quaeries , more than he angered the Faction with his principles , Tertio Car. ● . 1. That the King was to be trusted . 2. That the Revenue was to be setled . 3. That the Protestant cause was to be maintained . 4. That Jealousies were to be removed , and things past were to be forgotten .

Observations on the Life of Sir Paul Pindar .

HE was first a Fac●or , then a Merchant , next a * * At Pe●ross and Aleppo . Consul ; and at last an Embassador in Tu●key : Whence returning with a good purse and a wary Head-piece , he cast about what he might do to gratifie K. Iames and the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury most ; and finding them much pleased with acts of Charity and Piety , he repaired the Entry , Front , and Porches of St. Paul's Cathedral to all the upper Church , Qui●e and Chancel , and enriched them with Marble structures and figures of the Apostles , with carvings and guildings far exceeding their former beauty , which cost above two thousand pounds ; the act of a good man , said K. Iames , who made him one of the great Farmers of the Customs : in gratitude whereof , Sir Paul besides his former expences , took upon him to new build the South Isle , which cost him above 17000 l.

A Projector ( such necessary Evils then countenanced ) and be a Clergy-man too , informed K. Iames how he might speedily advance his Revenue by bringing in Spiritual preferments ( now forsooth under-rated in the Kings books ) to a full value , to the great encrease of first-Fruits and Tenths : the King demands the Lord Treasurer Cranfield's judgement thereof : he said , Sir , You are esteeme● a great lov●r of Learning ; you know Clergy-mens Education is chargeable , their preferment slow , and small : Let it not be said you gain by grinding them ; other ways less obnoxious to just censure will be found out to furnish your occasions . The King commended the Treasurer ( as doing it only for tryal ) adding moreover , I should have accounted thee a very Knave , if encouraging me herein — But he sends for Sir Paul Pindar , and tells him , he must either raise the Customs , or take this course ; who answered him nobly : That he would lay thirty thousand pounds at his feet the morrow , rather than he should be put upon such poor projects , as unsuitable to his honour , as to his inclination . Go thy way ( saith the King ) thou art a good man .

Observations on the Life of Sir Henry Vane Senior .

THree things Henry the fourth of France said would puzzle any man . 1. Whether Queen Elizabeth was a Maid ? 2. Whether the Prince of Orange was valiant ? 3. What Religion he himself was of ? To which I may add a fourth , viz. what Sir Henry Vane was ? whom I know not what to call , but what Mr. Baxter calleth his son , a hider : the Fathers life being as mystical a● the Sons faith , men as little understanding the actions of the one , as they did the writing , of the other : But the two powers that govern the world , the best , and the worst , are both invisible . All Northern men are reserved to others , but this was too ●●e for his own Countrey-men ; neither Sir Iohn Savile that brought him to Court , nor Sir Thomas Wentworth that advanced him the●e , understanding either his temper , or his design . — He betrayed any Council he was present at , and marred all the Actions he was employed in . As 1. When he was sent to relate the Emperor's overture to th● Queen of Bohemia , of thirty thousand pounds per ann . and a Marriage between her eldest Son and his Daughter , he did it with those ackward ci●cumstances , that transported the good Lady to such unseasonable expressions , as at that time blasted her cause and expectations . And thence it 's thought he brought Sir Robert Dudley's Rhapsody of Projects to disparage the King's government , under pretence of supplying his necessi●ies : [ it wa● the way of the late Underminers , to relieve their Masters present need upon future inconveniences ; hiding themselves under Proposals , plausible for the present , and fatal in the consequence ] which juggles of his were so long too little to be considered , that at last they were too great to be remedied . 2. He is said to have shuffled other Conditions into the Pacification at York , where he was a Commissioner , than were avowed by the Lords Commissioners , much insisted on by the Scots , and burned by the common Hang-man , as false , and contrary to the true Articles . 3. When sent to the House , 1640. to demand 12 , or 8 , or six Subsidies , he requireth without abatement twelve , with design ( as it 's judged ) to ask so much , as might enrage the Parliament to give nothing ; — and so to be dissolved unhappily , or continued unsuccessfully . 4. He and his son together betray the Votes passed in the select Council , taken by him privately under his ●at , for the reducing of Scotland to the ruine of the Earl of Strafford , and the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury — The story is , Sir Henry Vane was trusted with the Juncto● where he took Notes of their several opinions ; these Notes he puts up in his Closet : A while after , he delivers to his son Sir H. Vane Junior , a key to fetch some papers out of a Cabinet , in which he finds another key to an inward shutter ; which he opened , and lighted upon this Paper , and communicates it to Mr. Pym for the end aforesaid ; and upon this very Paper ( doest not tremble Reader at this Treason ? ) alone , the House of Commons voted that brave Earl out of his Life , the same day that twenty two years after the same Sir Henry Vane Junior , lost his head . Abselvi numen .

Observations on the Life of Sir Richard Hutton .

SIr Richard Hutton was born at Perith , of a worshipful Family ( his elder brother was a Knight ) and bred in Iesus-Colled●e in Cambridge . He intended his Studies for Divinity , till disswaded by the importunity of his friends ( amongst whom George Earl of Cumberland was most eminent ) he became Barrister of Grayes-Inne . But in expression of his former Affection to Divinity , he seldom ( if ever ) took fee of a Clergy-man . Afterwards being Recorder of York , he was Knighted , and made Judge of the Common-Pleas . In the case of Ship-money , though he was against the King , or rather for the * * So saith the Historian : but I think as much against them as against the K. not only because the wel●are of K. and people are inseparable ● but also because there is not a more common saying among the people , than defend me , and sp●nd me . Commons , yet his Majesty manifested not the least distaste , continuing to call him the honest judge . This person so pious to God , and cha●itable to ●he Poor , was dissolved about the beginning of our National misery . Thus God , before he ploweth up a Land with the furrows of a● Civil War , first cutteth down his old crop , and gathereth them like ripe sheaves into his Barn . He died at Serg●ants Inne , and was buried at his earnest desire with ●he Common-Prayer , without any Funeral-Sermon ( save what his own Vertues preached to posterity ) at St. Dunstan's in the West , on the 27 day o● February , Anno Dom. 1638. Here I learn how circumspect our counsels must be in reference to things and persons above us ; whi●h implying an overpo●zing of our own judgement , and a debating of others , in all cases is obnoxious to jealousie , but in these to danger , under which there are no Qualifications to patience and moderation , The vertues of this happy Judge ( if he had cast obstinacy over-board , and let his wisdom ●ack about in things capable of expedience ) whereby h● knew well both how to allay the asperities of a bad fortune , and check the excesses of a good one , packing up his fears and hopes in so narrow a compass , as made the last less tedious , and the first more portable ; to which he added an unaffected plainness , the argument of his worth and weight , a weakness and emptiness being as safely as usually concluded from too much affectation , — an overmuch care of the out-side being an argument of remisness in what is within , it remaining ( s●ith one ) equally rar● , to find a starched and formal man wise , as a Woman valiant ; the most serious Endeavours of both being to take only the Eyes .

Observations on the Life of the Marquess of Hertford .

HE was none of those Male-contents who make the sins of their ●iper years make good the follies of their youth , and maintain oversights with Treasons : as he was patient under his Imprisonment for the one , so he was active in his services against the other ; not more dutifully submitting to the severity of K. Iames for his Marriage , then loyally assisting the necessities of King Charles in his Wars . It 's natural to return an Injury , it 's heroical to overcome it ; and be above it , when we are below our selves . It is true , he was drawn in to subscribe the untoward Proposals at York ; but it is as true , he did of his own accord declare against the unnatural War in London , where the King advanced him to the tuition of the Prince , and he went himself to the defence of the King : at what time such his popularity , that he raised an Army himself ; such his humility , that he yielded the command of it to another , as if he knew nothing but others merit , and his own wants ; being one of those choice men that admire every thing in others , and see nothing in themselves . His face , his carriage , his habit favoured of Lowliness without affectation , and yet he was much under what he seemed . His words were few and soft , never either peremptory or censorious , because he thought both each man more wise , and none more obnoxious than himself ; being yet neither ignorant nor careless , but naturally me●k , lying ever close within himself , armed with those two Master-pieces , Resolution and Duty , wherewith he mated the blackest Events that did rather exercise than dismay that spirit that was above them , and that minde that looked beyond them : He was the easiest enemy , and the truest friend ; whom extremities obliged , while ( as the Reverend Bishop speaks ) he as a well-wrought Vault lay at home the stronger , by how much the more weight he did bear . He offered his life for his Prince's service in the Field , and his person for his ransom at the Court ; and when many wished they might die for that excellent King , he , the Earls of Lindsey and Southampton offered , That since his Majesty was presumed by the Law to do no harm himself , and since he did all by them his Ministers , as they had the honour to act under , they might have the happiness to suffer for him .

Observations on the Life of Sir John Finch .

THis Family hath had an hereditary eminence in the study of the Law . — Sir Henry Finch [ the Author of 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ] a learned Sergeant at Law in King Iames his time . Sir Heneage Finch Recorder of London in K. Charles's time , and this noble person at the same time the Queen's Attorney , and Speaker of that curious , knowing , and rich Parliament , wherein some have observed , though wide , I suppose , that the House of Commons modestly estimated [ consisting of 500 ] could buy the House of Peers [ consisting of 118 ] thrice over . — Norimbergh in Germany , and Florence in Italy , would not of old admit of any learned men in their Councel ; because great learned men , saith the Historian of those places , are perplexed to resolve upon Affairs , making many doubts full of Respects and Imaginations — Semblably this Parliament was too rich and curious to do any good , though this noble personage , even when the House-doors were shut , and he violently detained in his Chair , refused to countenance their proceedings , always abhorring Eliot's doctrine ; That men should not be questioned for offences in Parliament : As if that reverend Assembly were called for no other end , than that turbulent spirits might be at liberty to speak Treason once every three years .

When he was questioned for his opinion about Ship-money , his judgement was ; That if the whole were in danger , the whole should contribute — When he was urged to read the Remonstrance against Sir R. W. 4 Car. in Parliament , his opinion was ; That at any rate ( though at the highest that can be ) Authority must be vindicated and redeemed from contempt , since the Life of Government is reputation .

Observations on the Life of the Lord Say .

WHether the first impressions of his * Tutor , ( Schoolmasters , though the most neglected , are not the most inconsiderable parts of a Common-wealth : ) the narrowness of his fortune ( unequal to his honour ; younger brothers of noble houses had need in every State to be observed ) the repulse , 1613. ( other men must look to whom they are kind , but Princes to whom they are unkind ) inclined this personage to popularity : This is certain , no man was better tempered for that humour than himself ; being in his nature severe and rigid ; in his carriage close and reserved ; in his resolutions firm and immoveable ; in his apprehension , provident and foreseeing ; in his Sentiments nice and curious : — in his Discourse ( full of Fears and Jealousies ) dissatisfied and bold ; in his followers irregular and pretending ; in the Law well seen ; in the Scripture very ready ; in the occurrences of his age very exact : at Lectures most constant ; to the liberty of the Subject ( then the Diana of the age ) most faithful , insomuch that he made a motion 1628. That they who stood for the Liberties , forsooth ! ( then called the Lower-House Lords of the Upper-House ) not fifty might make their Protestation upon record , and that the other party should with subscription of their names enter their reason upon Record , that posterity might not be to seek ( good lack ) who they were that so ignobly betrayed the Liberty of our Nation : And this being done , they should resolve themselves to a Committee , and proceed to vote : — Yet so well acquainted with the King's temper , that he would take any occasion of his being pleased by the Parliament , to insinuate himself into favour with all his Male-contents , as Bishop Williams , Earl of Lincoln , Earl of Essex , the Earl of Warwick , &c.

As he wrought upon the peoples humour in that point of Liberty , so he did upon the Nobilities temper in another of Ambition : For in a Petition to King Iames against Foreign titles of Honour , we finde him first in design , though last in subscription , teaching Essex , Warwick , St. Iohn ( for they joyned with him ) to tilt against their Soveraign's Prerogative with their Pe●s , as they did after with their Swords .

And when this failed ( the wise King awing the young Lords to renounce that asunder , which they had subscribed together ; none so bold as the factions in company , none so fearful apart ) the Champion of English honour and priviledge , becomes the Patron of Propriety too ; for we read Ter. Hill . Anno 14. Car. 1. in Banco Regis , the Lord Say's Case . —

Action for Crover and Conversion of thrée Oxen taken ( a great matter ) for thrée pounds five shillings , by the Sheriff of Lincoln , upon the Plaintiff , towards the finding of a Ship — A good reason , for going to Law first , and then to war with his Soveraign , as he did afterwards , when he had sent his son Nathaniel , with Hampden and Lawrence , 1639. to settle the League with their dear Brethren in Scotland , while he formed the grand Design in England , with so much success , that when there were some Overtures made for saving the Earl of Strafford , and securing the Kingdom by the Party , upon condition of preferment , as that Master Hampden should be Tutor to the Prince , the Earl of Essex his Governour , Mr. Pym Chancellor of the Exchequer , the Earl of Warwick Vice-Admiral , he was to be Master of the Court of Wards ; which he compassed , when the rest mist of their expectation . — No more of him , but that the King going to Scotland , he refusing a Protestation against the Scots , had these questions proposed to him : 1. Whether he would go with the King at his own charge . 2. Whether Rebellion was a just cause of War . 3. Whether the taking of Castles , Towns , Magazines , &c. was not Rebellion .

To the first he answered ; That though as a Peer and Subject , he could not be forced out of his Countrey but upon extraordinary occasion ; yet out of affection to his Majesty , he would attend him , referring the matter of charge to himself .

To the two last he said , he understood not the Law of Scotland , but that those proceedings were Treason in England .

Observations on the Life of the Earl of Lindsey .

HE and that whole Family ( I know not whether more pious , or more valiant ; whether more renowned abroad , as Confessors for their Religion , or , as Champions for their Country ) have been in this last Age an ornament and a defence to this Crown , equally reverenced by the Subjects of it , and honoured by the Soveraigns .

This Noble-man and the Earl of Essex did as Iugurtha and Manus , learn in one School what they practised in two : The one as a faithful Subject , for that government that had obliged his Family ; the other as a discontented Rebel , against that that had disobliged his : Both Commanders for the Palatinate against the Emperor , and for Rochel against the French .

When the Duke of Buckingham returned from the Isle of Rhee , his Majesty told him ; The neglect of his relief must l●dge on his Friend and Confident , Holland — To which he acknowledged ; That indeed he had very affectionately intrusted him in ordinary Affairs , but never in such an esteem , as to second him in arms , that place being more proper for my Lord of Lindsey — whose judgement of that Expedition was ; That it was friendship in earnest , and War in jest . He it was that pursued twelve French Vessels in his own single one to their Haven , hea●ed at once with anger and shame , he it was , who when all men were amazed at the Duke's fall , was assigned his successor . Certainly , saith one there present , He was a person of no likely presence , but of considerable experience , by his former Expeditions ; and one that to the last of his life made good his faith with Gallantry and Courage , notwithstanding his ill success ( the times fate rather than his fault ) 1. In scouring the narrow Sea● , where he was Admiral , and the Earl of Essex Vice-Admiral . 2. In presiding in several great Courts on many solemn occasions , the Earl of Strafford's unparellel'd Tryal , &c. And 3. In leading the King's Army at Edge-Hill with a Pike in his hand . Where what is observed of Cataline and his followers , was true of this noble Earl and his Country-men , the Loyal Gentry of Lincolnshire , that they covered the same place with their Corps when dead , where they stood in the fight whilst living .

Observations on the Life of Iudge Richardson .

IUdge Richardson was born at Mulbarton in Norfolk , his Father being Minister thereof ; and he a friend to Ministers , though a foe of the Church . He was bred in the study of our Municipal Law , and became the King's Sergeant therein . Afterwards , on the 28 of November , 1926. he was sworn Chief-Justice of the Common-Pleas , that Place having been void ten months before ; wherein he was humoursom , but honest ; only unhappy , in that he raised the Sabbatarian Controversie , by his orders aginst Wakes in Somersetshire . His Brass Monument on the South-side of Westminster-Abby , thus entertaineth the Reader ; Deo om. Thom●● Richardsoni Icaeni Equitis Aurati Humduum D●positum . Ille . Iuris Municip . omnes gradus exantlavit Conventus tertii ordinis ann. Jacobi Regis 21 , & 22. Prolocutor ex●itit ; Fori civilis ( communium Placitorum vocant ) Supremum Magistratum quinquennium gessit ; Ad summum tandem primarii per Angliam Iudicis Tribunal A Rege Carolo evectus : expiravit Anno AEtatis 66. Salutis , MDCXXXIV . Tho. Richardson fil . unicus Eques Aur. Baro Scotiae designatus Patri incomparabili posuit .

As one reason of his advancement , you must know , this Judge married for his second Wife the Lady Eliz. Beaumont , the Sister ( as I take it ) of Mary Countess of Buckingham , and the Relict of — Ashburnham Knight . She was by K. Charles created Baroness of Croumont in Scotland ; and ( though Issuless by the Judge ) the Honour descended to his Grand-child . He died an enemy to Bishop Williams , over-ruling all his Pleas in his Chamber in a quarter of an hour ; and yet , which was strange , at that time no friend to Arch-Bishop Laud , for he said , The Lawn-sleeves had choaked him .

Observations on the Life of Sir Tho. Coventry .

A Competent Estate he had for his education , and excellent Abilities for advancement : his ●ortune was not wanting to his parts , nor his parts to his fortune ; the one being as ready to support , as the other was to raise him : His staid soul was well prepared for general learning in the Schools & University , for his par●icular lea●ning at the I●●s of Court : his skill in the study of Law called him no sooner to the Bar , than his prudence to Court : Take we his character from his Honour . Why was he crea●ed Lord Coventry of Alisbury , and Keeper of the great S●al ? Why , saith the Pa●ent , for his eminent fidelity ; for his most worthy service ; for his exact circumspection ; for his deep prudence ; for his constant resolution ; for his skill and dexterity ; for his integrity and industry ; for his immoveableness and fidelity : No man more app●ehensive of the interest of England , none more faithful to it : His kindness to the Church and Clergy argued his piety ; his safe Counsels to his Majesty argued his moderation ; his dignity rather enjoyed him , than he it : A man he was that filled up his great capacities , having digested a body of the most honest Law , and a scheme of the most innocent policy that ever filled the head of an able Statesman , or the heart of an upright Judge . What belonged to him , he knew ; and what he knew , he practised . He was as constant to his rule , as he knew his rule was to him : Reserved he was , as the King's Councellor , honest as his conscience . We measure Pyramides by their shadows , and this great Lord by his followers ; every one whereof was * * The most pious , learned , wise , and Reverend Father in God , the Lord Arch-Bishop of Cant was his Domestick . eminent in his way , and all advanced . Each Action of his , though never so little , yet great as himself , so gravely did he manage it , so solemnly did he perform it : His orders were seldom reversed , because mostly including the consent of Parties , — Few Attorney-Generals came off with less c●nsure , and few Lord Keepers with less guilt ; his Predecessors miscarriages being foils to set off his exactness . — Eminent as in most other Cafes , so particularly in that of Pryn , Bastwick , and Burton ; against whom , when after six weeks time given them to put in an effectual Answer , they urged , that their Adversaries the Bishops should not be their Judges : He replyed smartly ; That by that Plea had they Libelled all the Mag●strates in the L●nd ; none should pass Censure upon them , because all were made parties .

He had fifteen years enjoyed his Place ; not more proper to say , that Dignity had enjoyed him so long , this latter age ●ffording not one every way of more apt Qualifications for the place . His front and presence bespake a venerable regard , not in●eriour to any of his Antecessors . His train and suit of Followers was disposed agreeable , to shun both Envy and Contempt : Vain and ambitious he was not ; his port was state , though others ostentation . Of what concerned his place , he knew enough , and which is the main , acted conformable to his knowledge ; For in the Administration of Justice , he was so erect , so incorrupt , as captious malice stands mute in the blemish of his Fame . A miracle the greater , when we consider he was also a Privy-Councellor : A trust , wherein he served his Master the King most faithfully ; and the more faithfully , because of all● those Councels which did disserve his Majesty , he was an earnest disswader , and did much disaffect those sticklers who laboured to make the Prerogative rather tall than great ; as knowing that such men loved the King better than Charles Stuart . So that although he was a Courtier , and had had for his Master a Passion most intense , yet had he always a passion reserved for the publick welfare ; an argument of a free , noble , and right-principled mind : For what both Court and Country have always held as inconsistent , is in truth erroneous ; And no man can be truly loyal , who is not also a good Patriot ; nor any a good Patriot , which is not truly loyal .

Observations on the Life of Sir Thomas Wentworth , Earl of Strafford .

SIr Thomas Wentworth Earl of Strafford oweth his birth to the best governed City , London , his breeding to the best modelled School , York , and a most exact Colledge , St. Iohns in Cambridge ; his accomplishments to the best Tutors , Travel and Experience ; and his prudence to the best School , a Parliament , whither he came in the most active and knowing times , with a strong brain , and a large heart : his activity was eminent in his Country , and his interest strong in Parliament , where he observed much , and pertinently ; spake little , but home ; contrived effectually , but closely ; carried his Designs successfully , but reservedly : He apprehended the publick temper as clearly , and managed it to his purposes as orderly as any man : He spoke least , but last of all , with the advantage of a clear view of others reasons , & the addition of his own : He and his leading Confid●nts moulded that in a private Conference , which was to be managed in a publick Assembly : He made himself so considerable a Patriot , that he was bought over to be a Courtier : So great his Abilities , that he awed a Monarchy when dis-obliged , and supported it when engaged , the balance turning thither where this Lord stood . — The North was reduced by his prudence , and Ireland by his interest : He did more there in two years , than was done in two hundred before .

1. Extinguishing the very reliques of the War . 2. Setting up a standing Army . 3. Modelling the Revenue . 4. Removing the very roots and occasions of new troubles . 5. Planting and building . 6. Setling Ecclesiastical and Civil Courts . 7. Recovering the hearts of the people by able Pastors and Bishops , by prudent and sober Magistrates ; by justice and protection ; by obligations and rewards . 8. Recovering the Churches patrimony and discipline . 9. Employing most able and faithful Ministers and Instruments . 10. Taking an exact view of all former Precedents , Rules , and Proceedings . 11. An exact correspondence with his Majesty , and the Favourites of England .

None was more conversant in the Factions , Intrigues , and Designs , than he when a Common-wealths-man ; none abler to meet with them than he when a Statesman : he understood their methods , kenned their wiles , observed their designs , looked into their combinations , comprehen●●d their interest : And as King Charls understood best of any Monarch under heaven what he could do in point of Conscience , so his Strafford apprehended best of any Counsellor under the Sun what he could do in point of power : He and my Lord of Canterbury having the most particular account of the state of Great Britain and Ireland of any persons living . Nature is often hidden , sometimes overcome , seldom extinguished ; yet Doctrine and Discourse had much allayed the severity of this Earl's nature , and Custom more : None more austere to see to , none more obliging to speak with : He observed pauses in his discourse to attend the motion , and draw out the humour of other men ; at once commanding his own thoughts , and watching others : H●s passion was rather the vigour , than the disorder of his well-weighed soul ; which could dispense its ●nger with as much prudence , as it managed any act of State . He gave his Majesty safe counsel in the prosperity of his Affairs , and resolute advice in Extreamity , as a true servant of his interest rather ●han of his power .

So eminent was he and my Lord of Canterbury , that Rebellion despaired of success as long as the fi●st lived , and Schism of licentiousness as lo●g as the second stood . Take my Lord of Strafford as accused , and you will find his Integrity and Ability , that he managed his whole Government either by the Law , or the Interest of his Countrey . Take him as dying , and you will see his parts and piety ; his resolution for himself , his sel●-resignation for the Kingdoms good ; his devotion for the Church , whose patrimony he forbad his son upon his blessing — Take him as dead , you will find him glorious and renowned in these three characters .

The first of the best King .

I looked upon my Lord of Strafford , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Meditar . 2. as a Gentleman whose great abilities might make a Prince rather afraid , than ashamed to employ him in the greatest Affairs of State : for those were prone to create in him great confidence of undertakings , and this was like enough to betray him to great Errors , and many Enemies ; whereof he could not but contract great store , while moving in so high a sphere , and with so v●gorus a lustre , he must needs ( as the Sun ) raise many envious exhalations ; which condensed by a popular Odium , were capable to cast a cloud upon the brightest merit and integrity : though I cannot in my judgment approve all he did , driven ( it may be ) by the necessities of Times , and the temper of that People , more than led by his own disposition to any heighth and rigour of Action , &c.

The second , of the best Historian .

He was a person of a generous spirit , fitted for the noblest Exercises , and the most difficult parts of Empire : His Counsels were bold , yet just ; and he had a vigour proper for the execution of them : Of an eloquence next that of his Masters , masculine and excellent . He was no less affectionate to the Church , than to the State ; and not contented while living , to defend the government and patrimony of it , he commended it also to his Son when he was about to dye , and charged his abhorrency of sacriledge : His enemies called the Majesty of his m●ene in his Lieutenancy , pride ; and the undaunted execution of his Office on the Contumacious , the insolency of his fortune . He was censured for that fatal error of following the King to London , and to the Parliament , after the Pacification at York : And it was thought , that if he had gone over to his Charge in Ireland , he might have scoured both himself and that Kingdom for his Majesties service : But some attribute this Counsel to a necessity of fate , whose first stroke is at the Brain of those whom it designs to ruine , and brought him to feel the effects of popular rage , which himself in former Parliaments had used against Government , and to finde the experience of his own devices upon the Du●e of Buckingham . Providence teacheth us to abhor over fine Councels , by the mischiefs they often bring upon their Authors .

The third , of common fame .

A Gentleman he was of rare , choice , and singular Endowments , I mean , of such as modelled , fashioned , and accomplished him for State-conceraments ; of a searching and penetrating judgment , nimble apprehension , ready and fluent in all results of Councel . Most happy in the vein of speech , which was always round , perspicuous , and express , much to the advantage of his s●nse , and so full stocked with reason , that he might be rather said to demonstrate , than to argue . As these abilities raised him to State-administration , so his Addressing , his applying those abilities so faithfully in promotion of the Royal Interest , soon rendered him a Favourite of the first admission : So that never King had a more intelligent , and withal a firmer servant than he was to his Master . But these qualities which rendred him so aimiable to his Majesty , represented him formidable to the Scots , so that some who were not well perswaded of the justness of his sentence , thought he suffered not so much for what he had done already , as for what he was like to have done , had he lived , to the disservice of that Nation : And that he was not sacrificed so much to the Scots revenge , as to their fear . And certainly his fall was the first , so the most fatal wound the King's Interest ever received : H●s three Kingdoms hardly affording another Strafford , that is , one man his peer in parts and fidelity to his Majesty . He had a singular passion for the Government and Patrimony of the Church , both which he was studious to preserve safe and sound ; either opening them to be of sacred extraction ; or at least prudent constitution , relating to holy performances . And had he wanted these positive graces , yet in so great a Person it may be commendable , that he was eminent for privative and negative Excellencies , being not taxable with any Vice ; those petty pleasures being beneath the satisfaction of a soul so large as his . In short , saith the ingenious Gentleman , he was a man who might have passed under a better notion , had he lived in better times .

This last period is a question , since this great Statesman , and his good Masters goodness was so over-shadowed with their greatness , and their vertues so lost in their power , as the Sun ( the aptest parallel of their lustre and benificence ) is hid in his own light , that they owe their great , but glorious fame to their misfortunes , and their renown to their ruine , that levelled their worth , otherwise as much out of their reach as their place , to vulgar apprehensions . Eclipsed lustre , like a veiled beauty , is most looked on , when most covered . — The setting Sun is more glorious than its self in its Meridian , because more low : and the lowest Planet seems biggest to a common eye .

So faith●ul he was , and the Arch-Bishop , that in the Juncto consisting of them two and Duke Hamilton , they voted a Parliament , though they knew themselves the first sufferers by it : and so confident of his integrity , that when he had treason enough discovered at the late transactions in York ( touching the Scots conspiracy ) to charge his enemies with , he waved the advantage ; and secure in his own innocence , fell an instance of that Maxim ; That there is no danger small , but what is thought so . This was his great principle ; Vsurped Royalty was never laid down by perswasion from Royal clemency ; for in armis jus omne regni .

Observations on the Lives of Henry Earl of Holland , and Robert Earl of Warwick .

HEnry Earl of Holland , and Robert Earl of Warwick , both brothers , had the same Education at home , and the same admittance to Court — only the elder having an Estate , brought not thither that compliance and observance that the younger did that wanted it . — The one therefore is serious in his carriage , harsh and rough in his spirit , stubborn in his constitution , steady in his course , stern in his comportments , sly and close in his conduct ; choosing rather to improve himself in America by Trade , than in England by Courtship ; something inclined to the faction by the principles of his Education , more by those of his Interest . The other owned not a greater smoothness in his face , than in his soul ; being very taking in his countenance , more in his converse . The first being not more lovely , than the last was obliging . — While a Courtier , so much was he in favour with King Iames , that one morning as he and Mr. Ramsey waited on his Majesty , and two Porters c●me by with some money , he did but smile on Ramsey , and tell his Majesty , who asked why he smiled , that it was to think what good that money would do him , and he had it : his Royal Mr. whose heart was as large as his Kingdom , adding , I 'll warrant you , you are glad of this ; Let me tell you , I have more pleasure in bestowing this money , than you in possessing it : so much a more blessed thing it is to give , than to receive .

While Embassador in France ( where he represented a King in his State and port , as well as in his place ) so great was he with the Queen-Mother , that he was admitted to all treatments ; that he had the honour of all Entertainments ; that he commanded the Kings ears , understood the Spanish policies , dived into the French humour and inclination . All the while he was in Paris , his observations were minute and particular , his Addresses wary and reserved ( never opening the Marriage-treaty until he was sure of a good reception ) his working upon Madams affection close & artificial ; his counter-plots to the Spanish insinuations nimble and effectual ; his correspondence with the Duke of Bucks. weekly & constant ; his contracts with Count Soisons , and Madam Blanvile , in behalf of her Husband here in England , resolute and honourable ( urging very nobly and successfully , that the clamours of a turbulent Agent was not to o●t-weigh the favour of a mighty Monarch . ) The discovery he made of the Duke of Buckingham's enemies , their Cabals and Oaths from the said Blanviles Letters , was seasonable and compleat ; but his Master-piece was his command over all affections and tempers — but his own so soft and smooth , that it endured not the roughness of the following times , wherein he was very unsetled when Commissioner in Scot-land , while he lived , and very fearful when he died : The fate of all delicate and too fine Constitutions .

It hath been the method of Grandees to endear themselves to power for a present interest , and to learning for their future fame ; to add the renown of the one , to the greatness of the other . Neither was this Lord more careful to succeed his great friend the Duke of Buckingham in his favour at Court , as Captain of the Guard , and Groom of the Stool , than in his Place at the University as Chancellor , of which he expresseth himself thus to his Cambridge , That his Master had raised his fortune beyond wishing in this world , that he could desire no more than a fair name when he was gone out of it ; which the University contributed , to whom he devoted his Interest .

Though they answered not his expectation in their Contributions for St. Pauls , and other particulars , wherein he was defeated and over-bor● by the busie faction , who thought it a vain thing to repair any Church , when they intended to pull down all .

After all , this great man is a great instance of that obse●vation , viz. That when able and prudent men are brought on the Stage to manage their own parts , they are then ( mostly ) not of the clearest sight , and commonly commit such errors as are both discernable and avoidable , even by men of mean abilities — Although I find him subject to no great error before the War , save that when Dr. Preston was by his party judged of so great parts as to make a fit Patron for them , and thereupon directed to appear aloof [ the way of Court-observers ] in his Addresses to the Duke of Buckingham by his Confident the Earl of Holland , whose Family favoured that side , though the Duke said he knew him , and so would use him accordingly : Yet this Earl was so far over-reach'd by him , that in the Apology the Doctor writ under-hand to his Partiz●ns touching his Court-compliance , he sheweth he over-reached the Court-wits ; as indeed he was a great Politician , and used ( Lap-wing-like ) to flutter most on that place which was farthe●● from his Eggs : a copy of which Letter , with some satyrical stanzaes was found unsealed in the streets , and carried to the Duke ; a noble friend discovering to the Doctor , how witty he was in Rhime , to the breaking of his heart , he confessing then he was undone , especially when the Dukes Barber could finger the Letter out of his Lords pocket , as he was directed . — And now I cannot but remember how this Earl at his death said , He had been a friend to godly Ministers , as had his friends before him , by whom he had been instructed when young . Whence I collect , that the members of those great Families , into which the godly Ministers , i.e. peevish , factious , and discontented persons which usurp that precious name , insinuate them●elves , and their principles , seldom come to their Grave in peace ; they usually instilling into them such imaginations as make their lives unquiet , and their deaths dis●onourable . — Whence the good old Lord Willoughby would say , Carry the peevish man this ( speaking of one Chambers a Separatist ) but tell him he must not come under my Roof , for I will not meddle with them that are given to change , whose calamity ariseth suddenly , and who knoweth the ruine of them both ?

To conclude , it is observed as the reason why he fell off from the Parliament , that the wary Sirs would not trust two Brothers , him and the Earl of Warwick with supream commands ; therefore when they voted the one Admiral , they denyed the other General of the Horse . Both are charactered by their Contemporaries for natural Endowments excellent ; for temper sweet and loving ; for behaviour , affable and courteous ; for spirit , meek and lowly ; of the same inclinations before and after their advancement : In honore si●● tumore ; lifted up with honour , but not p●ffed● up with pride .

Observations on the Life of Arch-Bishop Laud.

THe pregnancy of his childhood promised the wisdom of his riper years , and obliged his friends beyond their abilities to his support , and strangers beyond expectation to his enencouragement : Some persons offering him great sums of money for his maintenance in his younger years , upon the bare security of his parts , which paid them well in his more reduced age . None more observant of favour , none more mindful of kindnesses , and none more grateful for civilities : He was so wise as seldom to forget an injury in the consequence of it , and so noble as ever to remember love in the return of it . His honest Parents conveyed him an excellent temper , and that temper a brave spirit ; which had the advantage of his b●rth , some say at Reading , some at Henley , at an equal distance from the University , where he was to be a Scholar ; and the Court , where he was to be a Man : In the first of these , his indefatigable industry , his methodical study , his quick apprehension , his faithful memory , his solid judgement , his active fancy , his grave and quick countenance , his sharp and piercing eye , raised him by discreet and wary steps to all the preferments , and commended him to all the employments of the University , when Proctor whereof he was admitted for his prudence to the Earl of Devonshire's service , which hazarded ; and when Divinity-Reader , observed by the Lords of Rochester and Lincoln for his judgement , which advanced him . As his design was above the level of modern Sciolists , so were his Studies not prepossessed with the partial Systemes of Geneva , but freely conversant with the impartial volumes of the Church-Catholick : he had an infallible apprehension of the Doctrine and Discipline , and a deep insight into the interest of Christianity : This capacious soul conversed with the most knowing of all Judgments , to finde the bottom of all Errors ; and with the most judicious of his own , to discern the grounds of all truth . He had his eye on the University to reduce it , when Head of St. Iohn's ; on the lower Functions of the Church in his Pastoral charges , to reform them ; and upon the higher , when Dean of Gloucester , Prebend of Westminster , and Bishop of St. Davids , to settle them . He was a man of that search and judgment , that he found out the principles of government that were true to the Church ; of that faithfulness and resolution , that amidst all discouragements he was true to them : The Church-government he found by many private-spirited men , accommodated to their ease and interest , he adjusted to truth and settlement ; consulting not humors which are uncertain as interest , but truth which is certain as Eternity . Arch-Bishop Abbot's Yield , and they will be pleased at last , was a great miscarriage , Arch-Bishop Laud's Resolve , for there is no end of yielding , was great policy . His great reach in Government suitable to that King's apprehensions , commended him to King Iames ; his vast ability and integrity , to K. Charles and the Duk● of Buckingham ; To the first whereof he was a Privy-Councellor , to the other a Bosom-friend , before both whom he laid the best Representations and Ideas of the English government , as to things and persons in several abstracts , of any man under heaven . I have heard a Statesman say , That none knew the joynts , turnings , flexures , and interests of all Parties in Church or State , that were either to be encouraged or suppressed , with the seasons and opportunities to do it , so well as Dr. Laud.

Discerning was his fore-sight , compleat his intelligence , exact his correspondence , quick his dispatches ; seasonable and effectual his Sermons and Discourses , inquisitive and observing his Converse . His Instruments were able and knowing men , that were faithful to the Church , as he was in Man-war●ng and Mountagu's case to them ; Knowing well ( as he wrote to my Lord of Buckingham ) that discouragements would deter men of parts , whom encouragements might make serviceable . He knew no man better how to temper a Parliament , having a Catalogue of all the Nobility and Gentry , with their Interest and Inclination in his eye : He understood none more exactly what was to be discoursed and proposed to them , having a clear apprehension of the several Junctures and Tendencies of affairs . He entertained no thought but what was publick in his breast ; no man , but what was nobly spirited in his familiarity : Ever watchful he was of all opportunities to advance the Churches honour , 1. In her Sons , as Bishop Iuxon , &c. 2. Her Discipline , as in his several Visitations , Articles , Star-Chamber , and High-Commission matters . 3. In her Endowments , as the buying of Impropriations in Ireland . 4. In her Priviledge , as the Canons of England . 5. In her Ornaments , as the repairing & furnishing of St. Pauls and most other Churches in his Province . 6. In her Universities , as the statutes of Oxford , the priviledges of Cambridge , and his vast gifts of Oriental Books and Buildings , and his vaster design for both , — and as watchful against all the designs to undermine it . The Feof●ees for Impropriations he laid aside ; the Sabbatizing and Predestinarian controversies he silenced ; the Licen●ious Press he reduced ; Dignities and Preferments h● worthily filled up ; bribes at Court he retrenched : No interest , no alliance could ever advance an unworthy person while he lived : Breed up your children well , and I will provide for them , was his saying to all his Relations . Many a man would be disobliged by his sternness at first view , for whom if deserving , he would afterwards contrive kindnesses by after and unexpected favours , No place of experience did he ever miss , none of employment did he ever decline : He would never see Authority h●ffled , but either wave all proceedings against offenders , or go through with them ; His prosecution● , as in Leighton's Case , were close : his observation of all c●rc●mstances , as in Lincoln's , wary ; his declarations of the Cases clear and convincing , as in Pryn's , Bastwick's and Burion's ; his sentence milde and compassionate , as in Waller's ; his resolution and justice ever making way to his mercy , and his mercy crowning his justice : Often did he confer with the ablest and most Orthodox Clergy , with the most experienced and knowing Civilians , with the most observing and reserved Courtiers , with the profoundest Lawyers , with the skilfullest and discreetest Mechanicks ; out of all whose opinions the result was , his most exact judgement in any case that came before him at Court , or at Lambeth .

The roughness of his nature sent most men discontented from him : but so , that he would often of himself find ways and means to sweeten such as had any worth again , when they least looked for it . — Many were offended at his prudent zeal against the Jewish Sabbatism in his government , who were very well satisfied with the strictness of his observation of the Lords day in his person . — But let one great man express another ; Bishop Gauden , Arch-Bishop Laud ; whose thoughts lye so much the more levelled to his brave Sentiments , as his dignity did to his high place .

As to his secret design of working up this Church by little and little to a Romish conformity and captivity , I do not believe ( saith he ) he had any such purpose or approved thought ; because , beside his declared judgment and conscience , I find no secular Policy or Interest which he could thereby gain , either private or publick , but rather lose much of the greatness and freedom which he and other Bishops , with the whol● Church had : without which tempt●tion , no man in charity may be suspected to act contrary to so clear convictions , so deliberate and declared determinations of his Conscience and Judgement in Religion , as the Arch-Bishop expresses in his very excellent Book . I am indeed prone to think , that p●ssibly he wished there could have been any fair close or acc●mmodation between all Christian Churches , ( the same which many grave and learned men have much desired : ) And it may be his Lordship thought himself no unfit Instrument to make way to so great and good a work , considering the eminencies of his Parts , Power , and Favour which he had . Haply he judged ( as many learned and moderate men have ) that in some things between Papists and Protestants , differences are made wider , and kept more open , raw and sore than need be● by the private pens and passions of some men , and the Interests of some little parties , whose partial policies really neglect the publick and true Interest of the Cath●lick Church and Christian Religion ; which consists much in peace as w●ll as in purity , in charity , as in verity . He found that where Papists were silenced and convinced in the more grand and pregnant Disputes ( that they are Novel , partial , and unconform to Catholick Churches in ancient times ) than he found they recovered spirits , and contested afresh against the unreasonable transports , violences and immoderations of some professing to be Protestants ; who , to avoid Idol●try and Superstition , run to Sacriledge and rudeness in Religion , denying many things that are just , honest , safe , true and reasonable , meerly out of an ( 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ) excessive Antipathy to Papists . Possibly the Arch-Bishop and some other Bishops of his mind did rightly judge , That the giving of an enemy fair play by just , safe , & honourable concessions , was not to yield the conquest to him , but the most ready way to convince him of his weakness ; when no honest yieldings could help him any more , then they did endanger the true cause or courage of his Antagonist .

For my part , I think the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury was neither Calvinist , nor Lutheran , nor Papist , as to any side or party ; but all , so far as he saw , they agreed with the Reformed Church of England , either in Fundamentals , or innocent and decent Superstructures : Yet I believe he was so far a Protestant , and of the Reformed Religion , as he saw the Church of England did protest against the Errors , Corruptions , Usurpations , and Superstitions of the Church of Rome , or against the novel opinions and p●actices of any party whatsoever . And certainly he did with as much honour as justice so far own the Authen●ick Authority , Liberty and Majesty of the Church of England ( in its reforming and setling of its Religion ) that he did not think fit any private new Master ; whatsoever , should obtrude any Foreign or Domestick Dictates to her , or force her to take her copy of Religion from so petty a place as Geneva was , or Frankfort , or Amsterdam , or Wittenbergh , or Edenborough ; ●o nor from Augsburg , or Arnheim , nor any foreign City or Town , any more than from Trent or Rome ; none of which had any Dic●atorian Authority over this great and famous Nation or Church of England , further than they offered sober Counsels , or suggested good Reasons , or cleared true Religion by Scripture , and confirmed it by good Antiquity , as the best interpreter and decider of obscure places , and dubious cases .

Which high value , it is probable , as to his Mother the Church of England , and her Constitutions , was so potent in the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury , that , as he thought it not fit to subject her to the insolency of the Church of Rome , so not to the impertinencies of any other Church or Doctor , of far less repu●e in the Christian world . No doubt his Lordship thought it not handsome in Mr. Calvin to be ( 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , rather than 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ) so censorious of the Church of England , as to brand its D●votion or Liturgy with his tolerabiles ineptiae , who knew not the temper of the Nation , requiring then not what was absolutely best , but most conveniently good : and such not only the Liturgy was , but those things which he calls tollerable toys . I having occasion to speak with him , he upon a time was pleased to grant me access , & some freedom of speech with him ; and withal asked me the opinion of the people of him : I told him they reported his Lordship endeavoured to betray the Church of England to the Roman correspondency and communion . He at length very calmly and gravely thus replyed ; protesting with a serious attestation of his integrity before God's Omnis●ience , that however he might mistake in the mean and method , yet he never had other design than the glory of God , the service of his Majesty , the good order , peace and decency of the Church of England : that ●e was so far from complying with Papists , in order to confirm them in their Errors , that he rather cho●e such Methods to advance the honour of the reformed Religion in England , as he believed might soon silence the cavils of fiercer Papists , induce the more moderate Re●usants to come in to us , as having less visible occasion given them by needless D●stances and Disputes to separate from us ; which he thought arose much from that popular Variety , Inconstancy , Easiness , Irreverence , and Uncomliness , which might easily grow among us in the outward professi●n of Religion , for want of observing such uniformity and decency in Religion , as were required by the Laws and Canons of this Church and State . He added , that he had ( further ) a desire , as much as he could to relieve the poor and depressed condition of many Ministers , which he had to his grief observed in Wales and England , where their Discouragements were very great , by reason of the tenuity and incompetency of their Livings ; that in his Visitations he had sometime seen it with grief , among twenty Ministers , not one man had so much as a decent Garment to put on , nor did he believe their other treatment of Life was better● that he found the sordid and shameful Aspect of Religion and the Clergy , gave great Advantages to those that were Popishly inclined , who would hardly ever think it best for them to joyn with that Church which did not maintain either its own Honour , or its Clergy to some competency and comeliness .

Much more discourses his Lordship was pleased to use at several times to this purpose , which commands my charity to clear him , as far as I can judge , of any tincture of Popery truly so called ; or of any superstition , which placeth a Religion in the nature and use of that thing which God hath not either particularly commanded , or in general permitted . I suppose he thought , that where God hath allowed to his Church , and to every private Christian ( so far as may consist with the Churches Order and Peace ) a liberty of ceremonious and circumstantial decency as to God's worship ; there neither himself was to be blamed , nor did he blame other men , if they kept within those discreet and inoffensive bounds , which either the Churches publick peace required , or its indulgence to promote Christians permitted .

The Uniformity he pressed was not more advantageous to Religion , which must of necessity have been propagated , when Controversies had been turned to devotion , than it was necessary for the State ; which cannot be secure , as long as there is a mark of distinction , under which all Male contents may shrowd themselves ; a note of separation , whereby the Factions may reckon their parties , and estimate their strength , and a way open to popularity to the ambition of any whose interest or desperateness shall adventure to make himself head of so great a p●rty .

He was a person of so great abilities ( which are the designations of nature to dignity and command ) that they raised him from low beginnings to the highest Office the Protestant profession acknowledgeth in the Church , and he was equal to it : His learning appeared eminent in his Book against Fisher , and his piety illustrious in his Diary : He was of so publick a spirit , that both the Church and S●ate have lasting Monuments of the virtuous use he made of his Princes favour ; at his admittance into w●ich , he dedicated all the future Emoluments of it to the glory of God , and the good of men , by a projection of many noble Works : most of which he accomplished , and had finished the rest , had not the fate of the Nation checked the current of his Design , and cut off the course of his Life . He was not contented by himself only to serve his Generation , ( for so he might appear more greedy of fame , than desirous of the universal benefit ) but he endeavoured to render all others as heroick , if they aimed at a capacity for his friendship : For ( I have heard it from his E●emies ) no great man was admitted to a confidence and respect with him , unless ●he made Address by some act that was for the common good , or for the ornament and glo●y of the Protestant faith . Learned men had not a better Friend , nor Learning itself a greater Advancer . He searched all the Libraries of Asia , and ●rom several parts of the world purchased all the Ornaments and helps of Literature ●e could , that the English Church might have ( if possible ) by his care , as many advantages for knowledge , as almost all Europe did contribute to the grandeur of that of Rome . The outward splendour of the Clergy was not more his care , than their honour , by a grave and pious conversation . He would put them into a power of doing more good , but was sore against their Vices and Vanities . He scorned a private Treasure , and his friends were rather relieved , than raised to any greatness by him . In his election of friends , he was determined to the good and wise , and such as had both parts and desires to profit . The Church had his closest embraces ; if otherwise it happened , their frauds , not his choice deserved the blame . Both Papists and Sect●ries were equally his Enemies ; one party feared , and the other hated his Vertues . Some censured his zeal for Discipline above the patience of the Times : but his greatest unhappiness was , that he lived in a factious Age , and corrupt State , and under such a Prince , whose Ver●ues not admitting an immediate approach for Accusations , was to be wounded with those i● did caress . But when Faction and Malice are worn out by time , Posterity shall engrave him in the Alb● of the most excellent Prelacy , the most indulgent Fathers of the Church● and the most injured Martyrs . His blood was accompanyed with some tears that fell from those Eyes that expected a pleasure at his death ; and it had been followed with Miseries , and the present Fears of Ruine exacted all the stock of Grief for other objects .

His very enemy Sir Edward Deering would confess ; That let him dye when he would , St. Pauls would be his Monument , and his Book against Fishes his Epitaph .

Observations on the Life of the Lord Keeper Littleton .

SIr Edward Littleton , the eldest son of Sir Edward Littleton , of Mounslow in Shropshire , one of the Justices of the Marches , and Chief-Justice of North-Wales , was bred in Christ-Church in Oxford , where he proceeded Batchellor of Arts , and afterwards was one of the Justices of North-Wales , Recorder of London , and Sollicitor to King Charles . From these places he was preferred to be Chief-Justice of the Common-Pleas , and made Privy-Councellor ; thence advanced to be Lord-Keeper , and Baron of Mounslow , the place of his Nativity . He died in Oxford , and was buried in Christs-Church where he was bred : — Being a Member of the Parliament 1628. he had the management of the high presumption charged on the Duke of Buckingham about King Iames his death ; wherein he behaved himself so discreetly between the jealousi● of the People , and the honour of the Court , that Sir Iohn Finch would say , He was the only man for taking things by a Right handle . — And Sir Edward Cook , that He was a well-poized and weighed man . His very name carried an Hereditary credit with it , much plaineth out the way to all great Actions : his virtue being authorizing by his nobility , and his undertakings ennobled by his birth , gained that esteem , which meaner men attain not without a large compass of time and experience : worthless Nobility and ignoble worth lye under equal disadvantage . Neither was his extract so great as his parts ; his judgement being clear and piercing ; his Learning various and useful ; his skill in the Maxims of our Government , the fundamental Laws of his Monarchy with its Statutes and Customs , singular ; his experience long and observing ; his integrity unblemished and unbyassed ; his Eloquence powerful and majestick , and all befitting a Statesman and a Lord-Keeper : — set off with a resolved Loyalty that would perform the harshest service his Master could enjoyn him while he stayed at London , and follow the hardest fortune he could be in when at York , whither he went with the great Seal he knew made to stamp Royal Commissions , rather than authorize Rebellious Ordinances . At Oxford he did good service during the Session of Parliament by Accommodations there , and as good during their recess by his interest in the Country .

Observations on the Life of the Marquess Hamilton .

A Preacher being at a loss what to say of a party deceased , conclu●●d his Sermon with these words ; There is one good quality in this man , viz. That he was born , and that God made him : And another , viz. That he is dead , and we must speak no●hing but good of the dead .

I may say of this Noble-man , that I have two reasons to speak well of him● 1. That good King Charles honoured him 3 and 2. That his wicked Subjects beheaded him , — otherwise I must leave these Queries as I finde them .

Quaere 1. Why should Duke Hamilton post without leave into Scotland , when the Parliament was discontented , and the Duke of Buckingham murthered in England ?

Qu. 2. Why should Ramsey the Dukes Messenger to the King of Sweden , play the Embassadour in Germany , and take place of all other persons there ?

Qu. 3. What design was that which Elphyston , Borthrick , Meldrum , Uchiltry , &c. discovered one to another ?

Qu. 4. What did Ramsey with the Pedigree of Hamilton derived from Iames I. King of Scots in Foreign parts ?

Qu. 5. Why private Instructions had Meldrum to Scottish Officers in the Swedish Army ?

Qu. 6. What was Meldrum , Alexander Hamilton , and other his Dependants , so preferred in the Scots Army ?

Qu. 7. Why were there such Fears and Jealousies whispered in Germany of the English Government ?

Qu. 8. Why was not Ramsey able to give a positive Answer at the Tryal by combate ? And why did the Marquess take him off before the Controversie was decided ?

Qu. 9. Why is Huntley put by , and Hamilton made high Comm●ssioner ? Why is discontented Balcanquel employed to pen Declarations ? And why are the King's Papers , Letters , &c. taken out of his pocket , and betrayed to the Scots ? And why did the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury ( writing to the King ) wish him not to trust his own pockets with the Letter ?

Qu. 10. Why doth his Mother ride with pistols at her Saddle-bow , leading all her Kindred and Vassals for the Covenant ?

Qu. 11. Why is that time spent in posting to and fro to patch up a base Pacification with the Rebels , that might have been employed in suppressing them ?

Q. 12. Why did the Bishops of Rosse and Bre●en , Sir Robert Spotswood , Sir Iohn Hay , the Earl of Sterling , ride post to England to intreat the King not to trust the Marquess ?

Qu. 13. Why was there so much granted to the Covenanters in Scotland — yea and time given them to do their business ?

Q. 14. Why did he forbear the Common-prayer at Dalkieth , and neglect to protest the Kings gracious Declaration ; the justice and clemency whereof had without doubt allayed the commotions ?

Q. 15. Why did he not set out the King 's last Declaration before the Covenanters Protestation was our against it ?

Qu. 16. Why was there nothing done with the Ships sent upon the coasts of Scotland ?

Qu. 17. Why did he so caress his covenanting Mother , that the Scots could say ; The son of so ge●d a Mother could do them no harm ?

Qu. 18. Why had he a hand in most of the Monopolies and Projects of England ?

Q. 19. Why did he refuse to contribute as others had done to the Scots Wars ?

Q. 20. Why did he intercede for Lowndon's ●elease , notwithstanding the trait●rous Letter to the French King was his hand ?

Qu. 21. How comes Montross to be slighted by the gracious King at first ? And when he offered his service again , how came his Letters into the Covenanters hands at Newcastle ?

Qu. 22. Why did he and Argyle raise such Fears and Jealou●ies in Scotland and England by withdrawing suddenly from the Court , under pre●ence forsooth of danger to their persons ?

Qu. 23. Why could not the King hear of the Scots design to invade England , 1643. before Montross posted first to Oxford , and then to Glo●cester to tell him of it , though the Marquess was all the while in Scotland ?

Qu. 24. And yet why was that noble person mistrusted till the Kings interest was lost in that Country ?

Qu. 25. Why was he and his brother imprisoned at Oxford ? And why did the King say , Nay , if Hamilton leads them , there is no good to be done for me ?

Qu. 26. Why did the King say , That he must dispose of the Master of the Horse place to the Earl of N. That my Lord Cottington was the fittest man for the Treasury , and that Sir Edward Hyde was the onely man he could trust with the Secretaries affairs ? Being loth that D. H. should return to an oppo●tu●ity of recozening them : Questions these , that shew , After-ages can scan great mens lives with the same liberty that they live them .

Observations on the Life of Sir Ralph Hopton .

GEntile was this excellent person's extraction in the West of England , and man-like his Education in the Low-Countreys , that School of War , where Sir William Waller and he learned in one Camp , what they practised in two : The one being no less eminent for his service under his late Majesty of blessed memory , than the other was for his against him . The one was the best Soldier the King had ; the other the most experienced that the pretended Parliament boasted of . None fitter to balance Sir Ralph Hopton's success ; none likelier to understand his stratagems ; none abler to undermine his designs , than his Fellow-soldier , Sir William , who understood his method as well as he was acquainted with his person . Both were equally active , E●umplified by his Chaplain Tho. Fritter . both equally vigilant . But what better character of this Heroe , than that which his Master gave him in his Patent for Baron , which is his history as well as his honour ?

Carolus Dei Gratià Angliae , &c. Cum & Nominis nostri & Posteritatis interest , & ad clara Exempla propaganda utilissimè compertum , palam fieri omnibus praemia , apud nos virtuti sita , nec perire fidelium subditorum officia , sed memori & benevolo pectore fixissimè insi dere : His praesertim temporibus cum plurim●m ( quibus antehac nimium indulsimus ) temerata , a●t suspecta fides , pretium aliorum constantiae addidit . Cumque nobis certo const at Radulphum Hopton Militem de Balneo splendidis & Antiquis Natalibus ; tum in c●tera sua vita integritatis & mori● eximium , tum in hac novissima tempestate , fatalique Regni & rebel●i motu , rari animi fideique exemplum edidisse , Regiae dignitatis in eaque publicae contra utriusque adversarios assertorem & vindic●m acerrimum .

Quippe quia non solum nascenti huic Furori ( nec dum omnibus manifesto ) optimis consiliis fortis in c●ria Senator restiterit ; sed insinuante se latius veneno , & crescente ferocia domum ad suos reversus fortior Miles in Agro suo Somersetensi & vicinis partibus omni ope & manu iniquissimam causam oppugnaverit , in Arce praesertim Sherborniana , sub Auspiciis Marchionis Hertfordiae egregiam operam navaverit . Mox ulterius progre●●us pollenti in Devonia factionis Tyrannide , & munitissima civitate in foedus illecta , & jam undique bonis subditis perniciem minante , ipse penè in illa Regione Hospes , contracto è Cornubia Milite● & primoribus statim impetum ●aru● repressit jacentesque & afflictas nostras partees mirifica virtute recreavit . Et licet summis necessitatibus conflictanti exigua pars Negotii hostes erant , tantum ab●uit ut vel illis , vel istis succumberet , ut contra copiis auctiores , & bellico apparatu instructissimas , saepius signis Collatis in acie dimicans semper superior excesserit : Testis Launcestonia , Saltash , Bradock , aliaque obscura olim nomina & ●oca , nunc victoriis illius & perduellium cladibus Nobilitat● Vix etiam ab his respiraverit , cum novus belli furor Lassas jam fere & continuis praeliis laxatas vires Numerocissimo exècitu adortus , uberiorem triumphandi dedit materiam . Cum ille in campis Stratto●iae , in difficillimas licet Augustias redactus , inops militaris instrumenti , & consumpio jam pulvere tormentario , armatos inermis , Vallo munito inter sola causa & virtute animatus , ita re●udit , concidit , castris exuit , ut ●totum belli molem cum ipsis Authoribus profligavit ; Quicquid fugae illius residuum erat , inter urbis unius Moenia eaqu● arcta obsidione astricta concl●so . Qua quidem pugna memorabili , praeter quod miserum popellum , jugo intolerabili levaverat , sedes suas expulsis , Ecclesias Pastoribus , pacem omnibus , & Firmamentum pacis obsequium pristinum restituerit . Et jam sequenti armorum nostrorum f●elicitate qua partes Regni occidentales maturius ad officium & verum Dominum redierunt , & viam apperuisse & momentum ingens extitisse libentissimè profitemur ; In hac opera landabili cum praefatus Radulphus perstiterit adhuc in victo animo & industria indefessa nullo ard●o quantumvi● labore & periculo excusatus , cumque mille argumentis testatum fecerit , Honorem salutemque nostram sibi omni fortuna & capite potiorens , nos virum fortissimum optimeque affectum animum benigno studio prosequi & amplius demereri volentes , hunc & praec●nio merito ornandum , & propiori ad nos gradu extollendum censuimus . Sciatis igitur nos de gratia nostra speciali , ac ex certa scientia mero motu praefatum Radulphum Hopton ad statum , gradum , stylum , Dignitatens , Titulum and Honorem Baronis Hopton de Stratton in Comitatu nostro Cornubiae , &c. In cujus rei Testimonium has Literas Nostras fieri fecimus Patentes .

Teste meipso apud Oxon. quarto die Sep●embris , Anno Regni Nostri Decimo nono .

His two great Actions , the one at Liscard , the other at Stratton , cannot be better described than by an Eye-witness , whose words are these as he saith , out of a Manuscript corrected with Sir Ralph's own hand , communicated to him by his Secretary Mr. Tredus .

At Liscard a little before the Fight began , the King's party took it into seasonable consideration , that seeing by the Commission of the Lord Mohun brought from Oxford , four persons ( viz. the said Lord Mohun , Sir Ralph Hopton , Sir Iohn Berkley , and Colonel Ashburnham ) were equally impowered in the managing of all Military ma●ters : And seeing such equality might prove inconvenient ( which hitherto had been prevented with the extraordinary moderation of all parties ) in ordering a Bat●el , it was fittest to fix the power in one chief ; and general consent setled it in Sir Ralph Hopton : He first gave order that publick Prayers should be read in t●e head of every Squadron , and it was done accordingly ; and the Enemy observing it , did stile it saying of Mass , as some of their Prisoners afterwards did confess . Then he caused the Fo●t to be drawn up in the best order they could , and placed a Fo●lorn of Musquetiers in the little I●closures , winging them with the few H●rse and Dragoons he had . This done , two small Mynion Drakes speedily and secretly fetched from the Lord Mohun's house , were planted on a lit●le B●rrough within random-shot of the Enemy ; yet so , that they were covered out of their sight with small parties of Horse about them . These concealed Mynions were twice discharged with such success , that the Enemy quickly quitted their ground● : And all their Army being put into a rout , the King's Forces had the exe●ution of them ; which they performed very sparingly , taking 1250 prisoners , all their Cannon and Ammunition , and most of their C●lours , and Arms ; and after publick Thanks , taking their repose at Liscard .

Stratton Fight succeeds on Tuesday the 16th of May , 1643.

The King's Army wants Ammun●tion , and hath a steep hill to gain , with all disadvantage and danger ; the Horse and Dragoons being not above five hundred , and the Foot two thousand four hundred .

The Parl. Forces were well furnished and barricado●d upon the top of the hill , their Foot 3400. and their Horse not many indeed , having dispatched 12●0 to surprize the Sheriff and Commissioners at Bodmin .

On the King's side , order was given to force the passage to the top of the Hill by four several Avenues : the ascent was steep and difficult ; resolutely did his Majesties Forces get up , and obstinately did the Enemy keep them down . The Fight continued doubtful , with many countenances of various events ( from five in the Morning , till three in the Afternoon ) amongst which most remarkable , the smart charge made by M. G. Chudleigh , with a stand of Pikes on Sir Bevil Greenvil , who fell nobly himself , and had lost his squadron , had not Sir Iohn ( now Lord Berkley , who ●ed up the Musquetiers on each side of Sir Bevil ) seasonably relieved it , so resolutely reinforcing the Charge , that Major-General Chudleigh was taken Prisoner● Betwixt three and four of the Clock the Commanders of the King's Forces , who embraced those four several ways of ascent , met to their mutual joy almost at the top of the hill , which the routed enemy confusedly forsook . In this service , though they were Assailants , they lost very few men , and no considerable Officer , killing of the Enemy about three hundred , and taking seventeen hundred prisoners , all their Cannon ( being thirteen pieces of brass Ordnance ) and Ammunition ( seventy barrels of powder ) with a Magazine of Bisket and other provision proportionable . For this victory publick Prayer and Thanksgiving was made on the hill ; then the Army was disposed of to improve their success to the best advantage . — Nothing had funk this great spirit , but the fate of Kingdoms , with whose ruine only he was contented to fall , and disband his brave Soldiers upon honourable terms . Five things made my Lord Hopton so eminently serviceable . 1. His great insight into the designs , and prudent foresight of the events of present Councels ; which when most doubted and wavered , gave him that resolution that undertook great difficulties , and bore up against greater . 2. His experience of War in general , and his acquaintance with that seat of it committed to him in particular . 3. His renown all over the Kingdom for piety and moderation , and within his own association for hospitality , civility , and charity . 4. His name among the Enemies , as considerable for his generousness and justice , as for his valour and conduct . 5. His Estate , that set him above mercenariness ; and his care for money , that set his Soldiers above need , the occ●sion of mutinying among themselves , or of incivilities towards others .

Observations on the Life of the Earl of Carnarvan .

RObert Dormer Ar. was on the tenth of Iune 1615. made Baronet by King Iames , and on the 30 day of the same month was by him created Baron Dormer of Wing in Buckinghamshire . His Grand-child Robert Dormer was by K. Charles in the 4th of his Reign created Viscount Ascot , & Ea●l of Carnarvan . He lost his life fighting for him who gave him his honour , at the first Battel of Newbury . Being sore wounded , he was desired by a Lord , to know of him what suit he would have to his Majesty in his behalf , the said Lord promising to discharge his trust in presenting his request , and assuring him , that his Majesty would be wi●ling to gratifie him to the utmost of his power . To whom the Earl replyed , I will not dye with a Suit in my mouth to any King , save to the King of Heaven . By Anne da●ghter to Philip Earl of Pembrook & Montgom●ry , he had Charles , now Earl of Carnarvan . From h●● noble Extract , he received not more honour than he gave it : For the blood that was conveyed to him through so many illustrious veins , he derived to his Children more matured for renown , and by a constant practice of goodness more habituated to vertue . His youth was prepared for action by study , without which even the most eminent parts of Noble-men seem rough and unple●sant , in despight of the splendor of their fortune : But his rip●r years endured not those retirements , and therefore brake out into manlike exercises at home , and travel abroad . None more noble , yet none more modest ; none more valiant , yet none more patient . — A Physician at his Father-in-Law's Table gave him the Lye ; which put the company to admire on the one hand the man's impudence , and on the other my Lord's mildness , until he said , I 'll take the Lye from him , but I 'll never take Physick of him — He may speak what doth not become him , I 'll not do what is unworthy of me — A vertue this ! not usual in Noble-men , to whom the limits of Equity seem a restraint , and therefore are more restless in Injuries . In the mi●dest of horror and tumults his soul was serene and calm . As humble he was as patient . Honour and nobility , to which nothing can be added , hath no better way to increase , than when secured of its own greatness , it humbleth it self , and so at once obligeth love● and avoideth envy . His carriage was as condescending as heroick , and his speech as weighty as free . He was too great to envy any mans parts and vertues , and too good not to encour●ge them . Many a time would he stoop with his own spirit , to raise other mens . — He neglected the minute and little circumstances of compliance with vulgar humors , aiming at what was more solid and more weighty : Moderate men are appl●uded , but the Heroick are never understood .

Constant he was in all that was good : this was his heroick expression when solici●ed by his Wives Father to desist from his engagement with the King , Leave me to my Honour and Allegiance . No security to him worth a breach of Trust ; no interest worth being unworthy . His conduct was as eminent in War , as his carriage in Peace ; many did he oblige by the generosity of his mind , more did he awe with the hardness of his body ; which was no more softned to sloath by the dalliances of a Court , than the other was debauched to a carelesness by the greatness of his Fortune . His prudence was equal to his valour , and he could entertain dangers as well as despise them ; for he not only undeceived his enemies surmises , but exceeded his own friends opinion in the conduct of his soldiers , of whom he had two cares ; the one to discipline , the other to preserve them . Therefore they were as compleatly armed without , as they were well appointed within ; that surviving their first dangers ; they might attain that experience & resolution which is in vain expected from young and raw soldiers . To this conduct of a General , he added the industry of a Soldier , doing much by his performances , more by his example , ●hat went as an active soul to enliven each part , & the whole of his brave Squadron . But there is no doubt but personal and private sins may oft-times over-balance the justice of publick eng●gements . Nor doth God account every Gallant a fit instrument to assert in the way of war a righteous cause ; the event can never state the justice of any cause , nor the peace of mens consciences , nor the e●ernal fate of their souls .

They were no doubt Martyrs who neglected their lives , and all that was dear to them in this world , having no advantageous design by any innovation , but were religiously sensible of those tyes to God , the Church , their King , their Countrey ; which lay upon their souls , both for obedience and just assist●nce .

God could , and I doubt not but he did through his mercy crown many of them with eternal life , whose lives were lost in so good a cause : the destruction of their bodies being sanctified as a means to save their souls .

Observations on the Life of the Lord Herbert of Cherbury .

EDward Herbert , son of Richard Herbert Esq and Susan Newport his Wife , was born at Montgomery-Castle , and brought to Court by the Earl of Pembrook , where he was Knighted by K. Iames , who sent him over Embassador into ●rance . Afterwards K. Charles the first created him Baron of Castle-Island in Ireland , and some years after Baron of Cherbury in Montgomeryshire . He was a most excellent Artist and rare Linguist , studied both in Books and Men , and himself the Author of two Works most remarkable , viz. A Treatise of Truth , written in French , so highly prized beyond the Seas , and ( they say ) it is ext●nt at this day with great Honour in the Popes Vatican ; and an History of King Henry the Eighth ; wherein his Collections are full and authentick ; his observation judicious ; his connexion strong and cohaerent , and the whole exact . He married the Daughter & sole Heir of Sir William Herbert of St. Iulians in Mo●mouth-shire , with whom he had a large Inheritance in England and Ireland ; and died in August , Anno Dom. 1648. having designed a fair Monument of his own invention to be set up for him in the Church of Montgomery , according to the model following ; Upon the ground a Hath pace of fourteen foot square , on the middest of which is placed a Dorick Column , with its right of Pedestal Basis , and Capitols fifteen foot in height ; on the Capitol of the Column is mounted an U●● with a Heart Flamboul , supported by two Angels . The foot of this Column is attended with four Angels , placed on Pedestals at each corner of the said Hath-pace , two having Torches reverst , extinguishing , the Motto of Mortality ; the other two holding up Palms , the Emblems of Victory .

When this noble person was in France , he had private Instructions from England to mediate a Peace for them of the Religion ; and in case of refusal , to use certain menaces . — Accordingly being referred to Luynes the Constable and Favourite of France , he delivereth him the Message , reserving his threatnings till he saw how the matter was relished . — Luynes had hid behind the Curtain a Gentleman of the Religion , who being an Ear-witness of what passed , might relate to his friends what little expectations they ought to entertain from the King of England's intercession .

Luynes was very haughty , and would needs know what our KING had to do with their affairs : Sir Edward replyed ; It 's not you to whom the King my Master oweth an account of his actions : and for me , it 's enough that I obey him . In the mean time I must maintain , That my Master hath more reason to do what he doth , than you to ask why he doth it ? Nevertheless , If you desire me in a gentle fashion , I shall acquaint you further .

Whereupon Luynes bowing a little , said , Very well . The Embassador answered ; That it was not on this occasion only , that the King of Great Britain had desired the Peace and prosperity of France , but upon all other occasions , when ever any War was raised in that Countrey ; and this he said was his first reason . The second was , That when a Peace was setled there , his Majesty of France might be better disposed to assist the Pala●inate in the affairs of Germany . Luynes said , We will have none of your advices . The Ambassador replyed , That he took that for an Answer , and was sorry only that the affection and the good will of the King his Master was not sufficiently understood ; and that since it was rejected in that manner , he could do no less than say , That the King his Master knew well enough what he had to do . Luynes answered ; We are not afraid of you . The Embassador smiling a little , replyed , If you had said you had no● loved us , I should have believed you , and made another answer : In the mean time , all that I will tell you more is , That we know very well what we have to do . Luynes hereupon rising from his Chair , with a fashion and countenance a little discomposed , said , By God , If you were not Monsieur the Embassador , I know very well how I would use you . Sir Edw. Herbert rising also from his Chair , said ; That as he was his Majesty of Great-Britain's Embassador , so he was also a Gentleman , and that his Sword whereon he laid his hand , should do him reason if he had taken any offence . After which Luynes replying nothing , the Embassador went on his way toward the door ; and Luynes seeming to accompany him , he told him there was no occasion to u●e such Ceremony after such Language ; and so departed , expecting to hear further from him : But no Message being brought him from Luynes , he had in pursuance of his Instructions a more civil Audience of the King at Coigna● , where the Marshal of St. Geran told him he had offended the Constable , and he was not in a place of security here : whereunto he answered ; That he held himself to be in a place of security wheresoever he had his Sword by him .

Luynes resenting the affront , got Cadenet his brother , Du. of Chaun , with a ruffling train of Officers ( whereof there was not one , as he told K. Iames , but had killed his man ) as an Embassador extraordinary to mis-report their Traverses so much to the disparagement of Sir Edw. that the Earl of Carlisle , sent to accommodate Le Mal Entendu that might arise between the 2 Crowns , got him called home ; until the Gentleman behind the Curtains , out of his duty to truth and honour , related all circumstances so , as that it appeared , that though Luynes gave the first affront , yet Sir Edward kept himself within the bounds of his Instructions and Honour , very discreetly and worthily . — Insomuch that he fell on his knees to King Iames before the Duke of Buckingham , to have a Trumpeter , if not an H●rald sent to Monsieur Luynes , to tell him , that he had made a false Relation of the passages before-mentioned , and that Sir Edward Herbert would demand reason of him with Sword in hand on that point . — The King answered , he would take it into consideration : But Luynes a little after died , and Sir Edward was sent Embassador to France again , and otherwise employed so , that if it had not been for Fears and Jealousies , the ba●e of publick services , he had been as great in his Actions , as in his Writings ; and as great a Statesman , as he is confessed a Scholar .

Observations on the Life of the Lord Capel .

HIs privacy before the War was passed with as much popularity in the Country , as his more publick appearance in it was with valour and fidelity in the Field : In our too happy time of Peace none more pious , hospitable , charitab●e and munificent : In those more unhappy of our Differences none more reserved , Loyal , and active . The people loved him so well , that they chose him one of their Representatives ; and the King esteemed him so much , that he sent for him as one of his Peers in that Parliament , wherein the King and people agreed in no one thing , save a just kindne●s for my Lord Capel , who was one of those exce●lent Gentlemen , whose gravity and discretion ( the King saith ) he hoped would allay and fix the Faction to a due temperament ( guiding some mens well-meaning Zeal by such rules of moderation , as are best both to preserve and restore the health of all States and Kingdoms ) keeping to the dictates of his conscience , rather than the importunities of the people ; to what was just , that what was safe , save only in the Earl of Strafford's case , wherein he yielded to the publick Necessity with his Royal Master , but repented with him too , sealing his contrition for that miscarriage with his blood , when he was more troubled for his forced consent to that brave person's death , than for losing his own life ; which he ventured throughout the first War , and lost by his Engagement in the second . For after the surrender of Oxford , he re●ired to his own house , but could no● rest there , until the King was brought home to his ; which all England endeavouring as one man● my Lord adventured himself at Colchester to extremity , yielding himself upon condition of Quarter , which he urged by the Law of Arms , that Law that ( as he said on the Scaffold ) governeth the world , and against the Laws of God and Man ( they are his own words ) for keeping the fifth Commandment , dying on the Scaffold at West●●nster , with a courage that became a clear conscience , and a resolution befitting a good Christian ; expressing that judicious piety in the Chamber of Meditation at his death , that he did in his a Book of Meditation in his life : a piety that ( as it appeared by his dismission of his Chaplain , and the formalities of that time 's devotion , before he came to the Scaffold ) was rather his inward frame and habit , than outward ostentation or pomp ; from the noble S●ntiments whereof ( as the Poet ( not unhappily alluding to his Arms ; A Lyon rampant in a Field Gules between three crosses ) expresseth it ) Our Lyon-like Capel undaunted stood , Beset with Crosses in a Field of blood . as one that affrighted death , rather than was afrighted by it — It being very observable , that a learned Doctor of Physick present at the opening and embalming of this noble Lord , and Duke Hamilton , delivering at a publick Lecture , that the Lord Capel's was the least heart , and the Duke 's the greatest that ever he saw ; agreeable to the observation in Philosophy , that the spirits contracted within the least compass , are the cause of the greater courage . Three things are considerable in this incomparable person . 1. His uninterrupted Loyalty keeping pace with his Life ; for his last breath was spent in proclaiming K. Charles the II. in the very face of his Enemies , as known to him to be a vertuous , noble , gentle , just , and great Prince ; a Perfect Englishman in his inclination . 2. His great merits and modesty , whereof K. Charles I. writes thus to his excellent Queen ; There is one that doth not yet pretend that doth deserve as well as any , I mean Capel ; Therefore I desire thy assistance to find out something for him before he ask . 3. The blessing of God upon his noble , but suffering Family , who was a Husband to his excellent Widow , and a Father to his hopeful Children , whom not so much their birth , beauty , and portion ( though they were eminent for these ) as their Vertues , married to the best Bloods and Estates in the Land , even when they and the Cause they suffered for were at the lowest . It 's the happiness of good men , though themselves miserable , that their seed shall be mighty , and their Generation blessed .

Observations on the Life of Bishop Andrews .

I Have much a-do to prevail with my own hand to write this excellent Prelate a Statesman of England , though he was Privy-Councellor in both Kingdoms : For I remember that he would say when he came to the Council-Table ; Is there any thing to be done to day for the Church ? If they answered Yea , then he said , I will stay — If No , he said , I will be gone . — Though yet this be an instance of as much prudence as any within the compass of our Observation : So safe is every man within the circle of his own place , and so great an argument of abilities hath it been always confessed , to know as well what we ought , as what we can , especially in Clergy-men , whose over-doing doth abate their reverence , and increase their envy , by laying open those defects and miscarriages , which are otherwise hallowed , or at least concealed in the mystick sacredness of their own function . Not but that men of that gravity and exactness , of that knowledge and experience , of that stayedness and moderation , of that sobriety and temperance , of that observation and diligence as Bishops are presumed to be , were in all Governments judged as fit to manage publick affairs , as men of any other professions whatever , without any prejudice to the Church ; which must be governed as well as taught , — and managed as well as a society dwelling in the world , as under the notion of a peculiar people taken out of it . — His successful skill in dea●ing with the Papists under my Lord of Huntington President of the North ; and with the Puritans under Doctor Cosin , an Ecclesiastical Officer in the South , recommended him to Sir Francis Walsingham's notice , as a person too useful to be buried in a Country-Living ; who thereupon intended to set up his Learning in a Lecture at Cambridge , to confute the Doctrine of Rome ; unti● Queen Eliz. resolved to set up his prudence in other Employments at Court , to countermine its policy : where I know not whether the acuteness of his Sermons took most with the most Learned ; the devotion of them with the most pious ; or the prudence of them with the most Wise — ( it hath been one thin● always to Preach learnedly , and another thing to preach wisely ) for to the Immensity of his Learning , he added excellent Principles of politick prudence , as a governour of the Church , and a Councellor of State , wherein he was conspicuous ; not for the crafty projects and practices of policy , or for those finister ways of Artifice and subtlery , or the admired depths of Hypocrisie called reason of State ; no● the measures and rules of his Politicks and Prudentials were taken from the great experience he had gotten , and many excellent observations he had made out of all Histories , as well Humane as Divine : though he always laid the greatest weight upon the grounds and instances of holy Scripture , which gives the truest judgement of wisdom or folly ; considering the mixture of State-affairs , with tho●e of the Church in Christian Common-wealths , and the fitness of sober and discreet Clergy-men for those of the State in all . It 's a wonder how Clergy-men come to be excluded publick Councils at any time : but observing Bishop Andrews his insight into the Fundamental constitution of our State , as appears from his Speech in the Countess of Shrewsbury's Case : His distinct foresight o● the consequences of Affairs , evident in his speech against Thraske : His circumspect care of the Publick , visible in his Petition to King Iames then sick at New-Market ; that the P●ince then under Scotch Tutors be educated by well-principled men , the occasion that King Iames took to bring him up himself so exactly in the Doctrine and Discipline of o●r Church , that it 's a question whether he was more by his Pen or Sword , his Scepter or his Style , The Defender of the Faith : — His wond●rful skill in the government of this Church , discerned by ●he excellent King Charles , in that he sent so many Bishops to consult with him , 1625. what was to be done for the Church in that Parliament : His caution and moderation , in ●hat he never , unless upon gre●t considerations , innovated in his Church , b●t left things in the same decency and order he ●ound them ( knowing that all alterations have ●heir dangers ) I am astonished to think , that B●shops should be forbidden secular employment in our time . — Who hath more ampleness and compleatness ( saith Bishop Gauden ) for a good man , a good Bishop , a good Christian , a good Scholar , a good Preacher , and a good Counsellor , than Bishop Andrews , a man of an astonishing excellency both at home and abroad ?

Observations on the Life of Henry Mountague Earl of Manchester .

HEnry Earl of Manchester , third son to Sir Edward Mountague , Grand-childe to Sir Edward Mountague Lord Chief-Justice of the King's Bench in King Edward the sixth's time , was born at Boughton in Northampton-shire . One skilful in mysterious Arts , beholding him when a School-boy , foretold that by the pregnancy of his parts , he would raise himself above the rest of his Family ; which came to pass accordingly : He being bred first in Christs-Colledge in Cambridge , then in the Middle Temple , where he attained to great Learning in the Laws ; passed through many preferments , as they are reckoned up , viz. 1. Sergeant at L●w. 2. Knighted by K. Iames , Iuly 22. 1603. 3. Recorder of London . 4. Lord Chief-Justice of the King's Bench , Novemb. 18. 1616. 5. Lord Treasurer of England , Decemb. 16. 1620. 6. B●ron of Kimbolton . 7. Viscount Mandevile . 8. President of the Council , Sept. 29. 1631. 9. E●rl of Manchester . 10. Lord Privy-Seal .

He wisely perceiving that Courtiers were but as Counters in the hands of Princes , raised and depressed in valuation at pleasure , was contented rather to be set for a smaller sum , than to be quite put up into the box . Thus in point of place and preferment , being pleased to be what the King would have him ( according to his Motto , Movendo non mutando me ) he became almost what he would be himself , finally advanced to an Office of great Honour . When Lord Privy-Seal , he brought the Court of Requests into such repute , that what formerly was called the Alms-Basket of the Chancery , had in his time well-nigh as much meat in , and guests about it ( I mean Suits and Clients ) as the Chancery it self . His Meditations of Life and Death , called Manchester Almondo , written in the time of his health , may be presumed to have left good impressions on his own soul , preparatory for his dissolution , which happened 164 —

T●e Office of Lord Treasurer was ever beheld as a place of great charge and profit . My Lord being demanded what it might be worth per ann . made this answer ; That it might be some thousands of pounds to him ( who after death would go instantly to heaven ) twice as much to him who would go to Purgatory , and a Nemo scit to him who would adventure to a worse place . But indeed , he that will be a bad husband for himself in so advantagious a place , will never b● a good one for his Soveraign .

Observations on the Life of Sir Henry Wotton , with some Account of his Relations .

SIr Henry Wotton first having re●● of his Ancestor Sir Robert Wotton , the noble Lieutenant of Guisnes , and Comptroller of Callais , in King Edward the fourth's days , His Grand-father Sir Edward Wotton , that refused to be Chancellor of England in King Henry the Eighth's time . 2. Having known his Father Sir Thomas Wotton , one of the most Ingenuous modesty , the most Ancient freedom , plainness , single-heartedness , and integrity in Queen Elizabeths Reign : His Brothers Sir Edward Wotton , the famous Comptroller of Queen Eliz. and K. Iames his Court , since Lord Wotton , & Baron Morley in Kent ; Sir Iames Wotton ( with R. Earl of Essex , Count Lodowick of Nassaw , Don Christophoro , son of Antonio King of Portugal , &c. ) Knighted as an excellent Soldier at Cadiz : Sir Iohn Wotton the ●ccomplished Traveller and Scholar , for whom Q●een Eliz. designed a special favour : — His Uncle Nicholas Wotton , Dean of Canterbury and York , nine times Embassador ●or the Crown of England ( ●e that was one of King Henry's Execu●ors , King Edward's Secretary of State , Queen Mary's right hand● a●d ( that refused the Arch-Bishoprick of Ca●t●rbury in Queen Eliz. days . ) 3. Being bred 1. In Winchester , that eminent School for Discipline and Order . 2. In New-Colledge and Queens , those famous Colledges for the method of Living by rule , could promise no less than he did in his solidl● se●tentic●● , and discreetly humoured Play at Queens , called Tancredo , in his elega●t Lecture of the nobleness , manner , and use of Seeing , at the Schools ( for which the learned Albericus Gentilis called him , Henrice Mi Ocelle , and communicated to him his Mathemati●● his Law , and his Italian learning ) in his more particular converse with Doctor Donne and Sir Richard Baker in the University , and his more general conversation with Man-kind in travels for one year to France and Geneva , ( where he was acquainted with Theodore Beza , and Isaac Casa●bon , at whose Fathers he lodged ) for eight years in Germany , for five in Italy , whence returning balanced with Learning and Experience , with the Arts of Rome , Venice , and Florence ( Picture , Sculpture , Chimistry , Architecture ) the S●crets , Lang●ages , Dispositions , Customs , and Laws of most Nations , set off with his choice shape , obliging behaviour , sweet discourse , and sha●p wit , he could perform no less ●han he did , 1. In the unhappy relation he had to the Earl of Essex , first of Friend , and afterward of Secretary . 2. In his more happy Interest by his Sec●etary Vietta ( upon his flight out of England after the Earl's apprehension ) with the Duke of Tuscany , then the greatest pa●ron of Learning and Arts in the world ; who having discovered a design to poyson King Iames , as the known successor of Queen Elizabeth , sent Sir Henry Wotton with notice of the plo● , and preservatives against the poyson , by the way of Norway into Scotland , under the borrowed name of Octavio Baldi ; where after some suspicion of the Italian message , discovering himself to the King by David Lindsey's means , he was treated with much honour , complacency , and secrecy for three months . Afte●●hich time he returned to Florence , staying the●e till King Iames enquiring concerning him of my Lo●d Wotton the Comptroller ; the great Duke advised his return to congratulate his Majesty , as he did ; the King embracing him in his arms , & calling him the best , because the honest est Dissembler that he met with : and Knighting him by his own name . Adding withal ; That since he knew●he wanted neither Learning nor Experience ; neither Ab●lities nor Faithfulness , he would employ him to others , as he was employed to him ; which accordingly he did to Venice , the place he chose as most suitable to his retired Genius , and narrow Estate ; where , 1. Studying the dispositions of the several Dukes and Senators . 2. Sor●ing of fit Presents , curious , and not costly Entertainments , sweetned with various and pleasant discourse , particularly his elegant application of Stories : He had such interest , that he was never denyed any request ; whereby he did many services to the Protestant interest ( with his Chaplain Bishop Biddle , and Padre Pauloe's assistance ) during the Controversie between the Pope and the Venetians , especially in transmitting the History of the Councel of Trent , sheet by sheet to the King and the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury as it was written : And in his three Embassies thither , gained many Priviledges for the English along all those Coasts . In the second of which Embassies , calling upon the Emperour , he had brought Affairs to a Treaty , had not the Emperours success interposed ; whereupon he took his leave , wishing that Prince to use his Victory soberly ; an advice his carriage indeared to his Majesty , together with his person , so far , that he gave him a Diamond worth above a thousand pounds , which he bestowed on his Hostess , saying , He would not be the better by a man that was an open Enemy to his Mistress , so the Queen of Bohemia wa● pleased he ●should call her : — Onely while abroad , and writing in the Album that friends have this sentence , Legat usest vir bonus peregre missus ad mentiendum reipublicae causa , whereof Scioppius made a malicious use in his Books against King Iames. He lo●t himself a while for using more freedom abroad than became his Employment , until his ingenuous , clear , and choicely eloquent Apologies recovered him to more respect and cautiousness , until he writ Invidiae Remedium over his Lodgings at Eaton-Colledge , the Provostship whereof he obtained in exchange for the reversion of the Mastership of the Rolls , and other places promised him ; Where looking upon himself in his Surplice , as Charles 5. or Philip 2. in Cloysters , his Study was divine Meditations , History and Characters : His recreation Philosophical conclusions , and Angling ; which he called his idle time not idly spent , saying , he would rather live five May moneths , than forty Decembers : His Table was exquisite , where two youths attended , upon whom he made the observations that were to furnish his designed discourse of Education : His Histories and Observations remarkable , his Apophthegms sage and quick .

1. Being in a Popish Chappel , a merry Priest that knew him , sent a Paper to him , with this question ; Where was your Religion before Luther ? Under which he writ ; Where yours is not , in the written word of God .

2. Being asked , whether a Papist could be saved ? He replyed ; You may be saved without knowing that : look to your self .

3. Hearing one ●ail against Arminius & Popery , he answered , Sir , he that understands amiss , concludeth worse : — If you had studied Popery so much as I have , and knew Arminius so well as I did ; how learned , how strict , and how rare a man he was , you would not fall so foul on his person , nor think that the further you go from the Church of Rome , the nearer you are to God .

4. One pitched upon for Embassador , came to Eaton , and requested from him some Experimental rule for his prudent and safe carriage in his Negotiation ; to whom he smilingly gave this for an infallible Aphorism : That to be in safety himself , & serviceable to his Country , he should alwayes , and upon all occasions speak the truth ; For ( said he ) you shall never be believed ; and by this means your truth will secure your self , if you shall ever be called to any account : and it will also put your Adversaries ( who will still h●nt counter ) to a loss in all their disquisitions and undertakings .

5. And when he made his Will two years before he died , out of policy to let the King understand his Debts and Arrears ( to which end he bestowed in that Will on his Majesty , Sir Nicholas Throgmorton's Papers of Negotiation in Queen Elizabeth's dayes : on the Queen , Dioscorides in Tuscany , with the Herbs naturally coloured : on the Prince , the Queen of Bohemia's picture : on my Lord of Canterbury , the picture of Divine love : to my Lord of London , high Treasurer , Heraclitus and Democritus ; and to Secretary Windebanke old Bastano's four Seasons ) he directed that this onely should be written on his plain Marble : Hic jacet hujus sententiae primus auctor ; Disputandi Pruritus fit Ecclesiarum Scabies : Nomen alias quaere :

7. Going yearly to Bocton for the connaturalness of that Air , and to Winchester or Oxford for Recreation , he would say to his friends ; How useful was that advice of a holy Monk , who perswaded his friend to perform his customary devotion in a constant place , where his former thoughts might meet him ; for ( said he ) at my being at that School , seeing the place where I sate when I was a boy , occasioned me to remember my youthful thoughts ; sweet thoughts indeed , that promised my growing years numerous pleasures , without mixture of cares , and those to be enjoyed when time ( which I thought slow-paced ) changed my youth to man-hood ; and now there are a succession of Boys using the same recreation , & questionless possessed with the same thoughts . Thus one generation succeeds another both in their Lives , Recreations , Hopes , Fears , and Deaths .

8. There are four things that recommend Sir Henry Wotton to posterity : 1. That King Charles took great pleasure in corresponding with him in Letters . 2. That my Lord Bacon took great pains in collecting his Apophthegmes . 3. That Sir Richard Baker , who submitted most of his Writings to his Censure , said of him ; That the Kingdom yielded not a fitter man to match the Capriciousness of the Italian wits . And 4. That his work of Architecture is translated into Latine , printed with Vitruvius , and this Elogy prefixed :

Henricus Wottonus Anglo-Cantianus Tho. optimi viri Filius Natu minimus a serenissimo Jacobo I. Magnae Britanniae , &c. Rege in Equestrem titu●um ascitus , ejusdemque ter ad Remp. Venetam Logatus Ordinarius , semel ad Confaederatarum Provinciarum Ordines in Iuliensi Negotio ; bis ad Carolum Emanuelem Subaudiae ducem : Semel ad unitos superioris Germaniae Principes in Conventu Heilbronnensi . Postremo ad Archducem Leopoldum , Ducem Wittenbergensem , Civitates Imperiales Argentinam , Vlmamque , & ipsum Romanorum Imperatorem Ferdinandum II. Legatus Extraordina●ius Tandem hoc Dedicit .

Animas sapientiores fieri quiescendo .

Observations on ●●e Lives of the Lord Wilmot , and Sir Tho. Roe .

THese honourable persons are united not so much in their own relation or character , as in my unhappiness , who was promised Observations on the life of the first● but never had them ; and had some on the life of the second , but lost them .

1. My Lord Wilmot I finde acting like a Statesman , when Commissary in the expedition against the Scots ; and speaking like a Soldier , when a Member of the Parliament that was for them : in the first capacity speaking with my Lord Conway , he saw the King would be overcome by the English at home , if he overcame not the Scots abroad . In the second , whispering with some Army-Officers , he said ; If the Scots Army were paid in the North , the King's Army would be paid in the South . — A wise and brave speech , that had almost rallied all the Army against the Parliament , as soon as that Parliament had rallied their multitude against the King ; but that treachery got easily into the bosom of that brave Prince , th●t had nothing but honesty in his heart .

Yet since he could not awe the counsels of the faction in the City , he went to suppress their Rebellion in the Field ; being voted a Traitor by the Rebels , because he endeavoured they should not be so . What he performed in the Wars , all the Kingdom knows ; what he did at Oxford , the King's Letters intimate ; what he negotiated in Germany , acted in Scotland , endeavoured at Worcester , and other places for the King's Majesties escape and restaura●●●n , posterity shall celebrate while he lives , as renownedly in History , as he doth nobly in his son the most hopeful Earl of Rochester .

2. Sir Thomas Roe — understood the dispositions of men so exactly , could suit their humours so fitly , observe opportunities and seasons of actions so punctually , keep correspondence so warily , wade through difficulties so handsomly , wave the pinch of a business so dexterously , contrive Interests so suitably , that he was advised with concerning the most important Affairs of the Kingdoms he resided in abroad , and admitted of the Privy-Council while he lived at home — Where his speech against the debasing of the Coyn at the Council-Table will last as long as there is reason of State in the world ; His settlement of Trade as long as this is an Island ; and his Eastern M●S S. as long as there are Books to furnish Libraries , or Libraries to preserve Books . Three of the noblest English actions beyond Sea are these . 1. That Sir Thomas Roe pardoned the Dutch Merchants thrice in Persia and Turkey at his mercy . 2. That my Lord Wilmot , when Embassador in Germany , refused the assistance of the Popes Nuncio , or Turkish Aga ; judging his great Master , when at lowest , above those suspected Auxiliaries . 3. That my Lord Culpeper having offered him in Muscovy all the English goods there , refused them , declaring his Royal Master a Father of his Country , though kept out of it by Traitors ; and a merciful Prince to his People , when cast off by the Rebels ,

Observations on the Life of Arch-Bishop Juxon .

WIlliam ●Iuxon , born at Chichester in Sussex , was bred Fellow in St. Iohn's Colledge in Oxford , where he proceeded Batchelor of Law ; very young , but very able for that Degree : afterwards becoming Doctor in the same Faculty , and President of the Colledge , was one in whom Nature had not omitted , but Grace had ordered the Te●rarch of humours , being admirably Ma●ter of his Pen and Passion . For his Abilities , he was successively preferred by King Charles the first , Bishop of H●reford and London , and for some years Lord Treasurer of England : wherein he had Religion to be honest , and no self-interest to be corrupt . A troublesom place in tho●e times , being expected he should make much Brick ( though not altogether without , yet ) with very little straw allowed unto him : Large then the Expences , low the Revenues of the Exchequer . Yet those Coffers he found empty , he left filling , and had left full , had Peace been preserved in the Land , and he continued in his Place . Such the mildness of his temper , that Petitioners for money ( when it was not to be had ) departed well pleased with his Denials , they were so civilly languaged . It may justly seem a wonder , that whereas few spake well of Bishops at that time , and Lord T●●asu●ers at all Times are liable to the complaints of discontented people ; though both Offices met in this man , yet with Demetrius he was well reported of all men , and of the truth it self . He lived to see much shame and contempt undeservedly poured on his Function , and all the while possessed his own soul in patience .

Nor was it the least part of this Prelate's honour , that amongst the many worthy Bishops of our Land , King Charles the first selected him for his Confessor at his Martyrdom , when he honoured him with this testimony ; That good man . He formerly had had experience [ in the case of the Earl of Strafford ] that this Bishop's Conscience was bottom'd on piety , not policy , ●he reason that from him ●e received the Sacrament , good comfort and counsel just before he was mu●dered . I say , just before the Royal Martyr was murdered ; a Fact so foul , that it alone may confu●e the Error of the Pelagians , maintaining that all sin cometh by imitation , the Universe not formerly affording such a Precedent , as if those Regicides had purposely designed to disprove the observation of Sol●mon , that there is no new thing under the Sun .

King Charles the second preferred him Arch-Bishop of Canterbury 1660. He died in the year of our Lord , 1663. and with great solemnity was buried in St. Iohn's Colledge in Oxford , — to which he was a great Benefactor , though a greater to Pauls and Lambeth ; and greatest of all to the Church which his eminence adorned , and his temper secured in those times , wherein roughness enraged that humour , which delay and moderation broke : a discreet yielding to the multitude is the securest way of Conquest : They that hold together by opposition , languish and moulder away by indulgence : In his duty , this good man went along with Conscience , in Government , with Time and Law . He had the happiness , that K. Iames admired in a Statesman of his time , to do all things suavibus modis : He referred his Master in the Earl of Strafford's case , as he did himsel● in all cases , to his own Conscience for matter of fact , and to the Judges for matter of Law ; who according to their Oath ought to carry themselv●s indifferently between the King and his Subjects . — The King was not more happy in this fai●hful servant , than he was in his followers , among whom there was no uncivil Austerity to disoblige the Subjects , nor base Corruption to incense them . They need not keep state , they had so much real power ; nor extort , they had so much allowed advantage . His care was his servants , and their care his business : His preferments were his burthen rather than his honour ; advanced by him , rather than advancing him — and therefore he was more ready to lay them down , than others to take them up : Witness his Treasurers Place ; which when he parted with ( like those that scatter their Jewels in the way , that they may debar the violence of greedy pursuers ) no less than four durst undertake ; when his single self sufficed for the two greatest troubles of this Nation , the Treasureship of England , and the Bishoprick of London .

Religion was the inclination and composure as well as care of his soul ; which he used not as the artifice of pretence or power , but as the ornament and comfort of a private breast , never affecting a pompous piety , nor a magnificent vertue , but approving himself in secret to that God who would reward him openly . His devotion was as much obove other mens , as his Calling ; his meditations equal with his cares ; and his thoughts even and free between his Affairs and his Contemplations , which were his pleasures , as well as his duty , the uniform temper and pulse of his Christian soul. Neither was his Religion that of a man only , but that of a Bishop too , that made his Piety as universal as his Province , by such assistances of power , as brought carnel men , if not to an obedience , yet to such a degree of reverence , that if they did not honour , they might not despise it . His justice was as his Religion , clear and uniform ; First , the ornament of his heart , then the honour of his action . Neither was Justice leavened with rigour or severity , but sweetned with clemency and goodness ; that was never angry but for the pub●ick , and not then so much at the person , as the offence : So ambitious of that great glory of Moderation , that he kept it up in spight of the times malignity , wherein he saw all change without himself , while he remained the self-same still within the Idea of sobriety and temperance , vertues that he put off only with his life : Neither was this a defect of spirit , but the temper of it ; that though it never provoked troubles , yet it never feared them : His minde was always great , though his fortune not so : Great to suffer , though not always able to act : so good his temper , and so admirable his humility , that none ever went discontented from him : — Never courting , but always winning people , having a passage to their hearts through their brain ; and making them first admire , and then love him . He was slow , not of speech , as a defect ; but to speak , out of discretion : because when speaking , he plentifully paid the Principal and Interest of his Auditors expectation .

In a word , his government as a Bishop was gentle , benigne , and paternal : His management of the Treasury was such , that he served his Prince faithfully , satisfied all his friends , and silenced all his enemies ; of which he had enough as a Bishop , Greatness is so invidious and suspected ; though none as a man , goodness is so meek and inoffensive . The most thought the worse of Dr. Iuxon for the Bishops sake , the best thought the better of the Bishop for Dr. Iuxon's sake .

Observations on the Life of John Lord Culpeper .

I Find nothing promoting him to his first preferment of Chancellor of the Exchequer , but his pure merit ; nor any thing advancing him to his after-honours , but his steady Loyalty ; — which when others stuck to London ( in compliance with that Maxim ; In all Divisions keep your self to the Metropolis , the chief City being for the most part preserved , who-ever prevaileth , in a Civil Commotion , abounding in Money and Friends , the readiest Commodities to purchase Quiet ) carryed him after a persecuted Soveraign for twenty years together , by the strong obligation of a well-principled Conscience , and the well-weighed observation of the natural Affection of all Englishmen to their lawful Soveraign ; from whom , though the Arts and Impulses of seditious Demagogues may a while estrange and divorce their minds , yet their Genius will irresistibly at last force them to their first love .

It was the resolution of a great States-man ; That if the Crown of England were placed but on an Hedge-stake , he would be on that side the Crown was . His first service was to discover his Soveraign to his deluded People , worthy not only of their obedience , but their lives and fortunes . His next was , to lay open his Enemies in all their Intrigues and Reserves , being most happy in all the Treaties he was engaged in , in discerning the bottom of his own Parties Interest , and their Adversaries pretensions discoveries ! that prevailed on all that was either noble or but ingenuous in the Nation , especially whith●r my Lord came with his indefatigable Industry , his obliging Converse , and potent Eloquence , excepting London its self , whither he was sent from Nottingham , with the Earls of Southampton and Dorset , and Sir William Wedale Knight , the very day the King set up his Standard there . The Principle he went upon was , That the Faction at Westminster was no Parliament ; A Principle most safe on all hands : For which and the rest of his judicious Sentiments , he hath the honour to be enrolled among those that Traitors durst not pardon ; which he could not choose but smile at , knowing ( as he used to say ) That Treason is alwayes within five years weary of its self , the People being more impatient of their own Libertinism , than of the strictest and most heavy government . His way of Intelligence from London by Mistress E. P. friend to I. M. puts me in minde of a passage in Queen Elizabeths Reign ; who being presented with an Overture out of Spain , so recretly managed by the Councel there , as the first news of its approach came with its self : the Messengers ( out of fear of a surprizal ) dispensing the Ceremonies commonly used in the behalf of Embassadors ( something strange , considering the haughtiness of that Nation ) did much insl●me the Lord Treasurer's desire to know the farthest extent of the Negotiation , as conducing to a present advantage , that such an Answer might be made as should in some proportion quadrate with the demand of the Catholique King , at that time standing upon Terms little different from those of an Enemy . And being informed from the ordinary Espials he kept about his Person , that the attempt was something difficult , if not impossible ; the Don out of distrust still carrying his Instructions in his bosom : Burleigh caused such a Jesuite to be apprehended , as by reason of former miscarriages could not expect mercy ; and imparts his desires to him under as large promises if he brought them about , as threats to be revenged on him and his Associates , if he ●ound himself abused . All which , though with some reluctancy he undertook : and performed , through the meditation o● a fair Lady that first took away his Commission , and then again laid it under his Pillow whilst he slept .

His early endeavours for Peace by Addresses to London , Scotl●nd● Cornwal , speak his integrity , and his prudence . Every inconsiderable person may be powerful at disturbances : but to form Peace , requires much wisdom and great vertues ) and his observations upon the division of the great● Faction to two parties , Independent and Presbyterian . His care and watchfulness ; none of their clashes escaping his reach , which was ready to accommodate as occasion served their respective Interests , in their New-models and alterations ; making as good use of Fears and Jealousies between them , as they had done between the King and his People ; being one of those brave spirits that made much of good Soldiers and Subjects , notwithstanding their ill success if they continued their good affections [ ●areat successibus opto quisquis ab eventus exitus acta probat ] as the Romans gave thanks to Terentius Varro after he had lost the great battel of Ca●nae by his own default , because he did not despair of the Commonwealth , always valuing his estate in England , during the usurpation , as much as he did during the King's just possession : As the Romans would not sell the ground that Hannibal encamped upon , cheaper than if it had been in time of peace , which was one thing that discouraged that great Captain from continuing the siege of Rome . These and other his services recommended him to the at●endance of his most excellent Majesty when Prince , in the perfecting of the Western Association , when it was thought fit to put the happiness and hope of the Kingdom in two bottoms , with whom he continued with a constant fidelity in all difficulties , performing several Embassies during their banishment with honour ( particularly one to the Emperour , who had great respects for his Master , and an awful regard of his Cause ) till it pleased God to bring his Majesty by his and others counsel to his Father's Throne ; which he just saw , and dyed Master of the Rolls , Iune 1660. From one of whose Relations I have these Notes and Postils , containing some of the policy of the late Times , from 1642. to 1659. — which I set down nakedly , as I finde them ; not supposing they are his , but that they were among his Papers .

1. It is against the experience of the wisest Princes of France and England , ●o leave their chief Ci●y in times of tumult ; — yet it was necessary for the King to do ●o , as well to break the fury of the worst people there by distance and time , as to dis-abuse the best abroad by his presence and time : — and indeed it had been a shame for him to have perished in a tumult .

2. It was urged , that the King should not del●y any longer the War — but besides that nothing could perswade his gracious Majesty to a War , but pure necessity . It 's usually observed , that if B●u●efeu's make not the feud irreconcileable by a desperate action , Rebels cool , consider , break , suspect , fear , and fall off to nothing .

3. The repulse of Hotham did the King excellent service , by alarming all the Loyal in the Kingdom with their designed plot .

4. Especially when the Country saw the King so unwilling to engage , that he discharged their guards several times .

5. It was thought unfit to send to the Faction from Nottingham , until it was rejoyned that men of understanding and fidelity are usually employed to those persons against whom a War is to be managed , to discover their design , humour , forces , succou●s , and what ever might succour or strengthen them ; which none but they who were secured with the priviledge of Agents might do ; and none were judged fitter than they that were best acquainted with the knowing Ladies , and the talkative Lords .

6. It was offered that Intelligence should be written to satisfie the people , and make the vulgar pretences ridiculous : But quaere , whether it is possible for the Arcana Imperii to remain always under so exact a discipline as may admit a thorow-inspection of the multitude without danger .

7. When it was urged as the fundamental Principle the King should proceed upon , that the Faction at Westminster was no Parliament , the King being firm to his promise ( as there was not a juster man alive ) not to dissolve them without their leave — it was judged that self-preservation being the first principle in nature , that concession which wisdom saw then , and experience since , so contrary to that principle , was rather to be repented of , than performed .

8. It is a very great advantage to the King's Cause , that his Messages of Peace were sent always a●ter his Victories ; and his Enemies after their defeats : And that his Declarations were natural , easie , as grounded upon obvious principles of Scripture , Law , and Reason ; and theirs harsh , forced , and wilde , as grounded only upon Pretences and Fancies .

9. It 's a probable opinion , that it is in vain to treat with the Rebels , who can never trust the King with their guilty heads .

10. It is in vain to yield them any thing , since all Concessions have no other issue than either or both of these two inconveniences . 1. That they make the Faction so insolent , that the King should not be able to deny nor grant them any thing . 2. That they justified former proceedings , and laid the blame upon the King for not granting that sooner , which he thinks fit to grant now . Besides , it 's more fit Propositions come to the King , than from him .

11. It m●y be wondered that the King doth not cut off the chief of the Rebels , as they fall into his hands , according to the usual Maxim in that case ; but that his inclination to clemency is inexpressible — and that the principle he goeth upon is sure , ●hough deep , viz. That so much are Man-kinde in general , and the English in particular obliged by fair usages , that the generality of this Nation returned nine times in 1300 years after long intervals of Usurpation , out of gratitude as well as duty unto their Allegiance to the posterity of good , pious , merciful , but unhappy Princes .

12. When it was urged against the King's going to London upon the success in the West , that the City would pour out fresh men upon him , as at Brainford , It was replied , ●hat the City and Country were not under such strong delusions as then , but were more sensible of the miseries they had been trepanned into . Besides , there was a more miraculous power of conversion went along with the King's presence where-ever he came , convincing all he conversed with .

13. Whether the King be●ng so wise and able , it were not convenient to contrive it so , that the people might see how well he acted by himself , — provided he had sufficient security ?

14. Whether it being dangerous that the Rebels should seize ( as God forbid they should ) on the whole Court at once , it were not convenient that his Majesty and the Prince did part , that the Kingdom might know its hope as well as its happiness ; and that their interest when separated , might be more spreading than when together ?

15. It was judged prudence to let the success wherein their souls were unequal , overthrow the Fa●tion by mutual Jealousies and Animosities , till it dissipated all pretences , and the people saw none oppressed them in their Estates , Liberties , Consciences , more than the pretended Patrons of them all . An Indempnity without regard to any Faction , being most likely to render the misled as jealous for the King , as they had been against him .

16. It were to be wished that the Parliament did draw into entire Propositions their design , that his Majesty and his People might make a clearer judgement of it in order to an accommodation .

17. His Majesty must be secured of the Militia , and against tumults , and all persons invested in their first right without any controversie — As to other matters , ● full bebate may settle them , with such explanations and qualifications as may satisfie all parties .

18. It 's thought his Majesty may concur with the Parliament about the Presbyterian Government for three years , the time allowed by themselves ; and that at the three years end the very Kingdom will throw it off as inconsistent with the English temper , and unsuitable with the Brittish Monarchy : — And so likewise in other things which look plausible in the general , but are unpracticable in the particular .

19. Though many things are necessary to avoid jealousies , which are inconvenient , yet they may be allowed , upon the respect of the likelihood that all things will in time return to their proper chanel — only a general Act of indempnity is the best bond of Peace , whereby the numerous discontents of many p●rsons and families otherwise exposed to ruine , might not become Fuel to new disorders , or Seeds to future troubles , with particular regards to the priviledges of the City , notwithstanding non-user , mis-user , abuser , and the interest of the Army — an indulgence that would help the world to see clearly the Kings intentions in matter of future government .

20. No Act to pass till the Peace be concluded , lest what his Majesty grants , may be an argument to urge what he must deny ; so that he cannot treat in Honour● Freedom , or Safety .

21. Time is the best cure of Faction .

22. When the Treaty is broken off , so that neither side could reassume it without a seeming yielding , it should be renewed upon the Queens motion , provided always that her name was not used or intimated till the Rebels willingness to compliance were preassured .

But stay , I am fallen upon mine own knowing time , wherein I am fitter to read others Observations , than to write my own : and it becomes me rather to be instructed , than to instruct . Industry and Curiosity bid me begin this Collection where Sir W. F. Sir R. N. Sir I. H. Characters end : and modesty enjoyns m● to finish it , where my Contemporaries own knowledge begins , — with whom I shall quietly pass my time , observing how far the affairs I ●ee or hear of agree with those I have read of . Having gained thus much ( if no more ) by this Essay ; That by looking into the Intrigues of former times , I have learned a great deal of reason to bless GOD I was born in these : being assured , that murmurs , discontents , complaints , whisperings , speaking evil of Dignities ; the common , but unreasonable faults of this Age , are kept up only because men are ignorant of the Ages foregoing : And as my Lord Bacon saith of the Schoolmen in the Church , 〈◊〉 of troubl●som persons in ●he S●●●e ; that they are so , because they know nothing beyond their own time : whereas if the most discontented pe●son did but compare his own dayes with those before , he must co●fe●s , that there wants nothing in the general frame of our Government ( particular persons miscarriages must be always allowed ) to make us most happy , but thankfulness , content , and the continuance of these blessings under our dread Soveraign , for whom it 's as much our interest as our duty to pray according to St. Chrysostoms Liturgy , that God would give him strength , victory , health , safety , length and tranquillity of dayes : or in Tertullian's form ; Long life , a secure government , safe Court , valiant Army , faithful Senate , good People , quiet world , & what-ever he can desire as a King , or as a man . Or once more , in Lactantius his words , That God will keep him , who is the keeper of all things in his Dominions , to his Felicity , and our Tranquillity .

The End of the Observations upon the Lives of the Statesmen and Favourites of England , in the Reign of K. Charls I.

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