The sphere of Marcus Manilius made an English poem with annotations and an astronomical appendix / by Edward Sherburne, Esquire.

The Mind OF THE FRONTISPIECE .

THE Spheres , ( which ever moving are ) imply That Arts , and Learning , if unactive , die . Our Subject's Worth , is by URANIA meant , Our Poet 's , PAN , and MERCURY present , Who sings rough Matter in smooth Verse , t' invite The Ignorant to Learn , the Learn'd Delight .

THE SPHERE of M. MANLIVS ▪ made An English POEM .

By Edward Sherburne , Esq ▪

CAELIQVE VIAS ET SIDERA MONSTRAT .

NATVRAE VNIVERSITAS .

VNIVERSITAS INTERPRES .

W. Hollar fecit 1673

THE SPHERE OF Marcus Manilius MADE AN ENGLISH POEM : WITH Annotations AND AN ASTRONOMICAL APPENDIX .

By EDWARD SHERBURNE , Esquire .

LONDON ,

Printed for Nathanael Brooke , at the Sign of the Angel in Cornhil , near the Royal Exchange , MDCLXXV .

HONI ✚ SOIT ✚ QVI ✚ MAL ✚ Y ✚ PENSE . DIEV ET MON DROIT CR royal blazon or coat of arms TO HIS SACRED MAJESTY Charles the II. King OF GREAT BRITAIN , FRANCE and IRELAND , &c.

MAY it Please Your Majesty , To Vouchsafe Your Royal View to this Copy ; The Original was by a Great Master , and dedicated to the Great Augustus . Having been long buried by Barbarity , and Ignorance ; It hopes now to rise unto New Life , and Lustre , by the Gracious Aspect of Your Sacred Majesty .

The Author now first alters his Native Language , exchanging it for that of Your English Subjects ; Be pleased Great SIR , to afford Him Your Eare , never denied to Strangers , whom Fortune happily casts upon Your Royal , and All-obliging Goodness .

He briefly represents the Splendid Oeconomy of the Celestial Spheres , the Pattern of the most Flourishing Empires ; then most Glorious when most conformable to the Heavens .

— imitatur Olympum Officiis Augusta Domus —

These Rudiments of Astronomy crave Acceptance from Your Majesty , who in Your Late Naval Expeditions , have been pleased to shew Your Self so great a Favourer of that Learning , by encouraging the Noble and Generous Youth of these Nations , to enable themselves thereby , for that Your Service .

SIR , It would have seemed an unpardonable Omission , not to have added Your Name to the Constellations , who by your Excellent Virtues justly deserve , and without Question shall in due Time obtain a most Eminent Place among them . But Your Clemency and Moderate Government makes your Subjects to pray ,

Serus in Coelum redeas , diuque Laetus intersis Populo —

Which Blessing upon Your Sacred Self and Us , None more fervently implores , than

May it please Your Majesty , Your Majesties most Obedient Subject and Servant , EDW. SHERBURNE .

THE PREFACE .

THE High Esteem , which the Antient Romans had for Astronomical Learning ; appears even by their Publick Games in the Circus Maximus ; whose Order and Disposition represented that of the Heavens . The Circus being of an Elliptical or Oval Figure ; having twelve Gates or Entries resembling the twelve Signs of the Zodiack . In the Midst an Obelisque , as the Sun : On each side thereof three Metae , denoting the other Six Planets , which in their respective Courses mark out the several Intervals or Spaces , into which the Mundane System is divided . So that the Circensian Games seem not to have been so much , an Exercise of Charioting and Racing , as an Astronomical Cursus ; wherein the People were not only delighted by the Exhibition of corporal Games , but had their * * Cassiodor . Variar. l. 3. Epistol. 51. Sic factum est ut Naturae Mysteria Spectaculorum compositâ Imaginatione ●…uderentur . Minds also instructed to apprehend the Course and Order of the Celestial Bodies , which in the Great Circus of the World are continually moving .

This Method of inculcating Knowledge with Delight ( though in a different way ) Manilius hath likewise pursued ; who intending to exhibit to the Age wherein he lived the Rudiments of Astronomy , chose to represent the same in a Poetical Dress , that so his Readers might be allured to relish with the greater Gusto the initiating Principles of a Science not easily acquired ; and he thereby gain to himself the Repute which good Poets chiefly affect , of being able at once both to instruct and please .

What upon this Accompt he hath delivered in the first of his five Books of Astronomicks , which of it self is a Compleat and entire Poem of the Doctrine of the Sphere ; We have adventured , as well for its Brevity and Politeness , as its Perspicuity and Usefulness , to transfer into our Native Tongue .

But some perhaps will demand ,

Daphni quid Antiquos coelorum suspicis Ortus ?

Why , in an Age wherein the learned World is so fruitful in Accurate Productions of this Kind , obtrude We upon the Reader a Piece of less curious and less knowing Antiquity ?

This frivolous Objection will easily be obviated and answered , if we shall but duly consider , that it is a design no less commendable for the Industry of this present Age , gratefully to revive the valuable ( but too much obscured and unregarded ) Helps , by which the Wits of former Times have benefitted Posterity ; than it is to labour in the Pursuit of new Discoveries and Inventions ; which many times are rather pretended than real Improvements ; and are ( some of them ) found to be , but the Disguises and Alterations of elder Ingenuity .

And we may without derogating or detracting in the least , from the worthy Endeavours of the Learned , modestly affirm , that there are some Particular Notions , touching the Nature of the Heavens and the Celestial Bodies , delivered in the Piece we now publish , which having been revived , and of late dayes reasserted by some of the most eminent Modern Astronomers , have been received with general Applause , and thereby have added no little Honour to their Names .

To instance in the following Particulars .

First , The Opinion of the Fluidity of the Heavens , against the Aristotelean Hypothesis of Solid Orbs , appears in this Work to have been expresly delivered by Manilius near 1700 years since ; which , by the Noble Tycho , Galilaeo , Scheinerus , and others , hath of late Dayes with all the Acumen of convincing Reason been defended , and demonstrated .

Secondly , That the Fixed Stars are not all in the same Concave Superficies of the Heavens , equally distant from the Center of the World , but that they are placed at unequal Distances in the Aethereal Region , some higher , some lower , ( whence the Difference of their apparent Magnitudes and Splendor ) is by the famous Kepler ( Epitom . Astron. l. 1 , ) and other Modern Astronomers lately asserted ; and seems by many to be taken for a Novel Opinion ; which yet in this Piece we find to have been many Ages since , declared by our Author .

Thirdly , The Assertion , which by the most knowing Astronomers of these Times is embraced , affirming the Fixed Stars to be of a fiery Nature and Substance , and consequently endued with native and propper Lustre , and that they are ( as Galilaeo terms them ) so many Suns , conform , and like unto this Sun of ours , appears in this very Poem to have been long since maintained by our Manilius .

Fourthly , What by help of the Telescope hath been lately detected and demonstrated by Galilaeo , Kepler , and others , that the Galaxie is a Congeries of Numberless small Stars , was by the sole Perspicil of Reason , discovered by the Ancients , and is here by our Author proposed as the most probable Solution of that Phaenomenon .

Of the Parts of this Poem , their Distribution and Order , and of our Endeavours in explicating the same both in our Notes and Appendix , We hold it not amiss in this Preliminary Discourse , to give the Reader some Accompt .

The Poem begins with a Succinct Indication of the Original and Progress of Arts and Sciences , more particularly of Astronomy , of which last , besides what We have noted in our Marginal Illustrations ; We have added , for the Satisfaction of the more Curious , a Compendious History , continued down to the Age wherein Manilius lived ; together with a Catalogue of the most Eminent Astronomers from the first Parent of all Arts , and Mankind it self , to this Present .

It is continued on with a Description of the Mundane System , and of the Celestial Signs and Constellations ; The first of which we have explained according to the various Hypotheses both Antient and Modern ; The latter we have described by the Number of the Stars that compose them , their several Denominations in most of the Learned Languages , and as they are distinguished into prophane and Sacred Figures or Morphoses , according to the different Uranography of the Antient Ethnicks , and some late Christian Astronomers .

The Description of the Celestial Circles makes up the next Part of this Poem ; for the better understanding of which , over and above what is explained in the Marginal Notes ; We have added a Cosmographical , Astronomical Synopsis , for the most part according to Mersennus ; to which We have likewise annexed the twelve Propositions of Theodosius de Habitationibus in English .

And seeing our Authour hath briefly touched upon the fiery Nature of the Fixed Stars ; We have thought fit in the Appendix to make some further and more curious Enquiries touching their Substance , their Light , Colour and Scintillation , their Number , Figure , Magnitude , Place , and Distance from the Earth , or rather the Sun .

In the next Place the Planets are enumerated ; whose several Denominations ( by which they were known and distinguished by the Antients ) We have given in our Notes ; and in the Appendix have further enlarged touching the Nature and Substance of the Sun , his Maculae and Faculae ( which are likewise represented to View in a particular Scheme ) something also being said of his Vertiginous Motion , Magnitude , and Distance : Of the Moon and of her Spots , whereunto we have added the Selenographick Schemes of Hevelius and Grimaldi with their respective Nomenclatures ; and have exhibited a like brief Accompt of the Nature , Substance , Structure , Figure , Magnitude , and Distance of the other Planets .

The Poem concludes with a Corollary of fiery Meteors and Comets : These We have in Part explained in our Notes ; and have more fully in the Appendix discoursed of their Names , Kinds , and several Species , their Matter , Place , and Efficient Causes ; adding in the Close a Chronological Historical Table of the most Notable Comets , that have appeared since the Flood to this present . Having in the Illustration of the Whole , observed ( in some Measure ) the Method prescribed by the great * * Imp. Iustinianus Institut. l. ●… . Titul. 1. Roman Legislator , which cannot better be expressed than in his own Words . Ita Omnia videntur tradi commodissimè , si primò levi ac simplici Via , deinde diligentiori , atque exactiore Interpretatione Singula tradantur .

And seeing it is Customary in publishing Works of this Nature , to premise something touching the Authors : It may justly be expected we should here do the like in reference to

MANILIUS his Life , Country , Quality , Studies , Writings , &c.

Of this , ( though we are not ignorant , that in a Subject so obscure , and to which Antiquity affords so dim a Light , it will be hard for us either clearly to discern , or certainly to determine ; yet , ) for the Satisfaction of the Curious and Ingenious Reader , We shall in the following Discourse endeavour to give , if not a full , at least a fair and probable Accompt .

Who this Manilius ( whose Name the following Poem bears ) should be ; partly through the Silence of those Authors which are come to our Hands ; partly through the Loss of others , of which the Injury of Time hath deprived us , is left very uncertain . The best means that we can use for the clearing of a Matter so dark and dubious , will be to take a View of Those , who by the Name of Manilius have been recommended to Posterity , as qualified with the Knowledge of good Letters , and among them to consider , which in all rational Appearance may be the Person we look for .

Varro in his fourth and sixth Books De Lingua Latinâ , makes mention of one Manlius or Manilius a Poet , out of whose Works he cites these Verses

Deli Gemellos Creta Titana Deos Latona pariit , casto complexu Jovis .

( Which Verses may happily be taken out of Chrestus Manlius , whom Gyraldus reports to have written De Deorum Hymnis ) and these Others

Cascum duxisse Cascam non mirabile est , Quoniam Canoras conficiebant Nuptias .

Or as Jos. Scaliger reads the last Verse

Quoniam Charon eas sanciebat Nuptias .

But finding no express Evidence ( besides the bare Name ) to prove the Manilius mentioned by Varro , to have written any thing on the Subject of Astronomy , much less to have been the same with the Authour of this Poem ; We shall wave this Authority , and pass on to some others more Explicit and Declarative .

Pliny l. 35. c. 17. tells us of one Manilius surnamed Antiochus , who with Publius Mimus and Staberius Eros , was brought to Rome , all three , of Servile Condition , but Persons of good Literature . His Words are These . Pedes Venalium transmare advectorum , Cretà denotare instituerunt Majores ; Talemque Publium ( Syrum , ) Mimicae Scenae Conditorem , & Astrologiae Consobrinum ejus Manilium Antiochum , item Grammatices Staberium Erotem eâdem Nave advectos videre Proavi , i. e. Our Ancestors used to mark with white Lead or Chalk the Feet of such Slaves as were brought over from beyond Sea to be sold. And such an one was Publius ( Syrus ) the Founder of the Mimick Scene , and his Cousin German Manilius Antiochus , of Astrology , and Staberius Eros of Grammer , whom our great Grandfathers saw in that manner brought together in one and the same Ship .

This Manilius , Laurentius Bonincontrius ( who near two Ages since commented upon our Authour ) conceives the same with Manilius , who wrote this Astronomical Poem : To confirm which Opinion , he produces the Evidence of a Silver Medal in his Possession , whereon was the Figure of a Man , in an Exotick Habit , with a Sphere placed near his Head , with this Inscription MANILI . the same is affirmed ( sayes Lilius Gyraldus ) by Stephanus Dulcinus ; and the said Gyraldus further assures us that a familiar Friend of his , one Nicholaus Trapolinus , had by him another Medal of the like Stamp and Inscription .

But against this Opinion of Bonincontrius , and Gyraldus , Scaliger opposes a double Argument , one , drawn from the seeming inveracity of that supposed Evidence ; No such Medal being at this Day to be found in the Cabinets of any , no not the most curious Antiquaries ; the other from the Reason of Time ; for Manilius Antiochus being brought to Rome ( as Scaliger supposes ) in the beginning of Sylla's Dayes , must needs , if he were the same with the Author of this Poem , have been ( as he reckons ) 120 years old when he began to write ( an ill Age to play the Poet in ) this Piece being written in the later years of Augustus his Reign . But the Author in the Proem of this Work wishes for long life to compleat his intended Poem ; Wherefore ( sayes Scaliger ) certainly he was not then old , who wished he might live to be so . But leaving this Argument at present , to be anon reassumed . We shall go on in our further Enquiry .

The same Pliny l. 36. c. 10. speaks of one Manilius a Mathematician , who upon the Obelisque which Augustus erected in the Campus Martius , for finding out the Hours of the Day by the Shadow of the Sun , with the Increase or Decrease of the Dayes and Nights , placed a guilded Ball. Cujus Vertice Umbra colligeretur in seme tipsam , alia Incrementa jaculantem Apice , ratione ( ut ferunt ) à Capite Hominis intellecta , sayes Pliny , who commends the Design , as a Thing worthy of Knowledge , and the Invention of a pregnant Wit.

To this Person Scaliger conceives this Work may with fairer Probability be ascribed than to the former ; which Opinion is by divers other learned Persons likewise embraced .

The excellently learned Doctor Isaac Vossius conceives yet , that the Manilius Antiochus , and the Manilius Mathematicus , before mentioned are not two distinct Persons , but one and the same under different Titles and Appellations , and the very Author of the Poem we now publish . Whose Particular Sentiments upon this Subject , and Arguments confirming the same , he was pleased not long since to impart to Me , by his most obliging Letter , in Answer to some Queries by Me proposed in one of mine to him , upon Occasion of my intended Publication of this Piece , which for the Readers Satisfaction , I shall here make Publick , though not in his own Words , yet as near as may be in his own Sence .

And first in Answer to Scaliger's Argument , drawn from Reason of time , against Manilius Antiochus , upon the Supposition , that Staberius Eros , ( one of the three before-mentioned ) set open his Grammar School in the Time of Sylla , ninety five years before the Death of Augustus ; And that therefore ( according to Scaligers Computation ) Manilius could not probably be less than 120 years old , at the time when this Poem was written . He urges by way of Reply , that Suetonius ( from whom Scaliger takes the Ground of his Argument ) does not say , that Staberius Eros opened his School in Sylla's Time , but that he taught Gratis , the Children of Those , who in Sylla's Time were proscribed . The Words of Suetonius are these . Sunt qui tradunt tantâ eum ( scilicet Staberium ) honestate praeditum , ut temporibus Syllanis Proscriptorum Liberos gratis & sine Mercede ullâ in Disciplinam receperit : How long that was after the Times of Proscription will be needless here to declare ; and that Manilius was not so old as Scaliger conceives , when this Piece was written , may be made out from this , that he was the Cousin German of Publius Syrus , who that he was brought a Young Boy to his Patron , Macrobius affirms ; from whom likewise and from the Verses of Laberius , it may , not obscurely , be collected , that he was but a Youth when he came upon the Stage against Laberius , which was a little before the Death of Julius Caesar , and of Laberius also ; to whom he succeeded on the Mimick Stage in the second Year of the CLXXXIV . Olympiad , that is in the Year of Rome DCCXI . as Eusebius testifies ; And therefore seeing it is manifest that Manilius published this Poem soon after the Varian Defeat , which hapned in the DCCLXII . of Rome ; it is as evident likewise that between the Youth or Adolescence of Manilius , and the Time wherein he writ this Piece , there could not pass above one and fifty years ; and consequently there is no Reason to assign so great an Age to Manilius as Scaliger here does ; since perhaps he was not Seventy years old , when he had finished this his Astronomical Poem .

As to what Scaliger subjoyns touching Manilius his Wish for long life , together with a chearful Old Age , and the Inference he thence makes , that he could not reasonably be then thought to be Old , who wished he might live to be so . The Argument is but weak : for Senium is one thing , and Senium Annosum another . Nor does he simply wish Vitam Annosam , but Vitam Annosam quae conjuncta sit cum molli Senecta , which may be wished for even by those who are very old .

As for the Name of Antiochus , he seems to have taken it from the famous Philosopher Antiochus Ascalonita , often mentioned by Cicero , Plutarch , Sextus Empiricus , and others ; whose School not only Cicero , but Varro , Brutus , and divers others are said to have frequented , and in all Probability this our Manilius also , as being not only of the same Nation , but happily born in the same Town : ( Ascalon . ) So that it may seem no Wonder if after the manner of those Times , he took upon him the Name of his worthy Tutor and Instructor . For that he was a Syrian is not only manifest from his Consanguinity with Publius Mimus ; but may likewise be collected from the Title , or Inscription of this Work , which in an antient and excellent Manuscript in the Possession of the said Doctor Vossius , is this : M. MALLII POENI ASTRONOMICON , DIVO OCTAVIO QUIRINO AUG. That the Phaenicians were by the Romans called POENI , is manifest out of Horace , Cicero a pud Nonium , and our Author in this very Poem . He concludes therefore that this our Manilius , or , ( as he is rather pleased to call him ) Manlius , was a Phaenician , and in all Probability Native of the same Town as Antiochus his Tutor , whose Name he assumed .

From this Dedication of his Work to Augustus , by the Name of Quirinus , as the Inscription shews , will appear the Error of those , who imagine the same to have been dedicated to Tiberius or some later Roman Emperor . And the reason of attributing the Name of Quirinus to Augustus may be made clear from the Words of Suetonius , Censentibus quibusdam Romulum appellari oportere , quasi & ipsum Conditorem Urbis , &c. Dion likewise tells us ; 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . That ( Augustus ) Caesar extreamly desired to be called Romulus , and Joannes Philadelphensis ( scripto de Mensibus , in Aug. ) 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , &c. Octavianus Son of Octavius was after his great Victories honoured with divers Names ; for by some he was called Quirinus as another Romulus , &c.

As to the other Manilius by Pliny stiled Mathematicus ; he conceives , that Titular Distinction to make no Difference in the Person ; but that he is the same with the former ; further adding , Omninò existimo & illum quoque de Nostro Manilio accipi debere . And whereas Salmasius affirms that the Name Manlius ( or Manilius ) is not to be found in that Place of Pliny in any antient Manuscripts , and therefore ought to be expunged out of the Printed Copies ; he makes it appear that Salmasius is extreamly mistaken ; by the Testimony of several antient MS. of . Pliny in his Possession , whereof one is in a Character written above 8 or 900 years since : In all which , the Word Manlius is found though with some small difference in writing of the Name . Nor does he think the Name of Marcus praefixed to Manlius ought to be scrupled at , upon the account that none of the Manlian Family after the CCCLX . Year from the Building of Rome , could or did use that Praenomen , seeing that Prohibition , as Cicero ( in Philip. ) intimates , is only to be understood of the Patrician Race : Now that this Manilius , or ( as he calls him ) Manlius was , before his Manumission , a Slave ; not only the Place of Pliny already cited , but the very Agnomen of Antiochus sufficiently evinces ; for as much as a Greek Agnomen joyned to a Roman Name , is alwayes a most certain Token of a Servile Condition .

With this rational Discourse of so incomparable a Person , both my Self and Reader might well rest satisfied ; Did We not meet with another Manilius , mentioned by Pliny ( l. 10. c. 2. ) of Senatorian Dignity ; honoured by him with the Character of the most diligent of all the long Robe , and enobled with the greatest Learning without any Teacher . Who is said first of all the Romans to have written of the Phaenix , That there was never any man that saw it feed , that in Arabia it is Sacred to the Sun ; and ( to omit the mention of some other Particulars ) that it lives 660 years , and that with the Life of this Bird , is consummated the Conversion of the great Year ; In which the Stars return again to their first Points , and give Significations of the same Seasons as at the Beginning . That this Great Year begins about High Noon on the Day , wherein the Sun enters the first Degree of Aries , and was compleated ( as he declares ) when P. Licinius , and M. Cornelius were Consuls , &c.

This person ( not taken Notice of by any others that have written touching our Author ) Monsieur Tristan in his Historical Commentaries ( Tom. 1. ) conceives to be the same with our Manilius . The Reasons inducing him to embrace this Opinion , being grounded upon the Concinnity of Time , and Conformity of Study . The Subject here mentioned clearly implying him to have been conversant in the like Astronomical Exercises as our Author , whom not improbably he believes to have made these curious Remarks touching the Phoenix and the Annus Magnus , in the sixth Book of his Astronomicks , which is now lost : though , as Scaliger affirms , extant in the Time of Firmicus , who from thence collected his 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Sphaerae Barbaricae , as he did from the fifth Book , yet extant , his 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . For , that Manilius wrote of the first Kind as well as of the last mentioned , may appear by these Verses .

Quae mihi per proprias Vires sunt cuncta canenda , Quid valeant Ortu , quid quum merguntur in undas ?

The Elogy which Pliny gives him , seeming likewise ( as Tristan observes ) to insinuate , besides a particular Respect , a kind of Intimacy and Acquaintance , between this Manilius ( supposed our Author ) and Pliny ; who , as he was a Person very curious might be desirous to be known to him upon the Score of his Eminent Learning ; and happily enjoyed what he desired , about the end of Tiberius his Reign ; at which time Manilius might be far advanced in years , and Pliny a Young Man .

I am not yet ignorant , that the Learned Pighius in his Roman Annals , and some other knowing Persons are of Opinion , that this Elogium ought to be applied to Titus Manilius Son of Publius , and Nephew of Marcus Manilius , whom Cicero in Roscio calls Ornatissimum Senatorem : But with the leave of those Learned Persons ; I do not find that among the Characters which Cicero gives him , there is any one of his Learning or Erudition ; for though he sayes he was a most honourable Senator , of a great Age , by Nature pious and Religious , and of a plentiful Fortune , yet he honours him not with any Encomium of his Studies , or of his great Proficiency in all Sciences ; which doubtless he would have done , had he merited eminently in that kind .

In all Reason therefore We may conclude the Manilius mentioned by Pliny , to be different from that of Cicero , and with much seeming probability suppose him ( as Tristan does ) to be the same with our Manilius , Author of this Poem , who by Petrus Crinitus de Poet. Latin . is reported ( we wish he had strengthened his Assertion by some Authentick Testimony ) to have been of illustrious Extraction , which adds some further Weight to Mounsieur Tristan his Conjecture .

But since this cannot be made out by other Arguments than what are meerly probable , we shall sorbear to determine positively thereupon ; but leave the Reader freely to judge which hath the best Pretence to be entituled to this Work , the Slave or the Senator .

As to that Opinion started by Gevartius , that this our Manilius was the same with Manlius Theodorus ( who 400 Years after the Death of Augustus , and of our Author t●…o , was Consul , and Praefectus Praetorio in Illyrium , under the Emperors Theo●… , Honorius and Arcadius , and who by Claudian is celebrated for an excellent 〈◊〉 , Philosopher and Astronomer . ) It is so groundless , and so unworthy the Name of Gevartius , that we shall not spend time in refuting it , since the Reader may find suffici●…nt Evidence against it from the Pen of our Author in this very Poem , without the help of those Arguments , which from thence are drawn by Tristan in his Commentaries before mentioned ( Tom. 1. p. 114 , and 115. ) and Barthius in his elaborate Animadversions upon Claudian ( p. 112. )

The Name of Manilius is no less controverted than his Person ; some affirming it to be Manilius , some Manlius , and others contracting it ( compendio improbo , as Barthius terms it ) into Mallius . But his true Name , ( uncertain whether derived to him by Adoption or Descent ) seems to be MANILIUS , which was the Name of a Roman Family distinct from that of the Manlian , as is apparent , both by the Capitoline Tables , and other Evidences in the Roman Story , of which see Schottus de Famil . Roman . and Glandorpius in his Onomasticon . This Name of Manilius all the Antient Editions in the very Infancy of Printing , give him , and most Manuscripts ; particularly , as Barthius ( in Claudian . ) notes , that of Corpus Christi Colledge in Oxford ; and ( as he adds ) he is so named , with the Addition of the Praenomen , Marcus ; above 600 Years since by Gerbertus Rhemensis Bishop of Ravenna , and afterwards Pope of Rome , in his cxxx . Epistle in these Words . Age ergo , te solo conscio , ex tuis sumptibus fac mihi scribantur , Marcus Manilius de Astrologia , Victorinus de Rhetorica , Demostenes Ophthalmicus , &c. And though some Antient MSS. call him Caius , yet generally all the late printed Copies give him the Name of Marcus Manilius ; Which , as being confirmed by the most prevailing Authority , we admit of .

Of his Studies , his own Writings give us the clearest and the best Accompt . By those , ( that is to say his five remaining Books of Astronomicks , for other Writings of his , the learned World is not acquainted with ) he is represented to Us to have been an Excellent Mathematician , Astronomer , Astrologer , a great Humanist , Philosopher , ( and which comprehends all the rest ) an admirable Poet. In Astronomy and Astrology he chiefly followed the Doctrine of the Chaldeans and Aegyptians . In Philosophy , though he was generally conversant in all the different Opinions of the Antients , yet , he more particularly adhered to that of the Stoicks , with which he seems to have been throughly imbu'd ; as may appear by several Instances ; particularly that excellent Proem of his fourth Book ; a Taste of some Part of which , We hold it not amiss to give the Reader . It begins thus .

Quid tam sollicitis Vitam consumimus Annis ? Torquemurque metu , caecaque Cupidine rerum ? &c. Why waste We Life in Years of anxious Pain ? With fears tormented , and blind Love of Gain ? Worn old with Cares , not Age ; which in th' Acquest We loose , and with no End of Wishes blest , Act as to live still , yet ne're live indeed : So much more Poor , as our Desires exceed . What We have not We covet ; what We have We count not ; and though Nature little crave , We hoard up Matter for vast Luxury , And purchase Spoyl with Superfluity ; With Gain buy Loss ; as if the End of all Our Wealth , were only to be Prodigal . Lay , Mortals , Lay these Cares , these Follies by ; All govern'd is by changeless Destiny , That rules the World ; and Times long Courses run In a link'd Series , not to be undon . Ev'n in our Births We die ; and our last End Does on our Live's Original depend , &c.

Of the Time or Manner of his Death We find Nothing recorded .

What Stock of Credit and Esteem he hath left behind him , will best appear by the Censures which the ablest Criticks of these later Ages have given of him , and of his Writings . Some of which for the Reader 's Satisfaction we shall here enumerate .

JUDGEMENTS of the Learned on Manilius .

We begin with ALDUS MANUTIUS , in his Edition of our Author .

Manilius ( sayes he ) was the first of all the Latines who wrote of Astronomy , and therefore , when in many Places of this Work he not a little glories therein , deservedly to be born with ; for it is an Argument of no mean Wit and Industry , to have explained such difficult Matter , so aptly and so clearly in Verse as he hath done ; to have only attempted , though not performed such a Design , being abundantly Praise-worthy and Noble .

By ANGELUS POLITIANUS ( in Nutric ) He is stiled Bis Vates , Doubly a Poet ; for describing so excellently in Verse the Babylonian , and Aegyptian Astrology .

PETRUS CRINITUS ( De Poet. Latin . ) thus speaks of Him .

Marcus Manilius is reputed to have been of Illustrious Extraction ; and flourished at Rome , when Augustus happily swayed the Empire thereof ; and doubtless was most acceptable to so great a Prince for the Eminency of his Learning , and Excellency of his Wit. He employed his Study and Industry chiefly in Mathematical Arts , with so much Proficiency , as he thereby gained from the World no mean Applause of his Ingenuity .

ALEXANDER ab ALEXANDRO ( Genial . Dierum l. 2. c. 21. ) speaking of several Authors signalized by Fame for their eminent Skill and Knowledge in Celestial Matters , reckons , among the Greeks , Berosus , Eudoxus , Aristotle , Empedocles and Aratus ; among the Latines , Julius Firmicus and Marcus Manilius .

REMBERTUS DODONAEUS ( in Isagog Cosmogr . ) citing the Verses of Manilius proving the Figure of the World to be Spherical , adds this Encomium ,

As sings that Divine Poet.

ADRIANUS TURNEBUS in Adversar . gives him the Title of a Noble Poet , adding withall , that he was an Honour and Ornament even to Poesie it self .

LUDOVICUS CARRIO ( emendat . l. 2. ) stiles him a most Grave and Learned Poet.

MONSIEUR de MESMES , in his Institutions Astronomiques , written long since in French , calls him , The Gentile Astronomical Poet.

The Incomparable JOSEPH SCALIGER ( to whose Learned Labours our Author ows his Second and better Life ) thus writes of him in his Preface to his last Edition of him .

As for MANILIUS I cannot say , whether I should rather wish that he had been publickly read in the Schools , or lament that he hath lain hitherto so neglected . A most ingenious Poet , and Polite Author ; having illustrated so Obscure a Subject in such Luculent Verse , and displayed a Matter of it self Morose , in such a pleasing Character . All his Proemial Inductions , His Transitions and Excursions are beyond Censure , than those Nothing can be said more divine , nothing more copious , more weighty or more delightful .

Then coming more particularly to the Censure of this Part which We now publish .

Certainly ( sayes he ) it is a Piece so useful and advantagious to all Generous Youth , as it ought to prepare their Way to the Elements of Spherical Learning .

And again in his Epistle to the Learned Stadius .

I exhort all knowing and worthy Professors , that when ever they go about to instruct their Pupils in the first Elements of the Sphere , they would initiate them therein by this first Book of our Author ; for whence ( sayes he ) can they better derive the Principles of that Science , than from this most Disert Poet ; who hath omitted Nothing which may seem pertinent to that purpose .

The Learned ISAAC CASAUBON ( Annot. in Strabon . & alibi ) honours him with the Title of a most Elegant Poet.

PAULUS MELISSUS in his Encomium upon Scaliger's first Edition of our Author , thus sings of Him .

Iove pitying humane Weakness ; gave to Us Th' Inspector of the Stars , Manilius . Who to Rome's Nephews first the Knowledge brought Of Heavens high Orbs , and their hid Motions taught .

JOANNES AURATUS upon the same Occasion describes him thus :

Manilius , like another Atlas bears , Or an Alcides , on his Head the Spheres

FRANCISCUS JUNIUS in the Dedicatory Epistle before his Edition , gives him this following Elogy .

Manilius for Gravity of Stile , Propriety of Language , and Usefulness of Argument is to be preferred before many .

And again .

In my Judgment he expresses all Things briefly , gravely , sweetly , and most commodiously for the Instruction of all that read him .

CHRISTOPHERUS SCHEINERUS in his Accurate Work entituled Rosa Ursina , delivers this Censure of him .

Marcus Manilius , ( whom some call Caius Manilius ) wrote most elegantly ( much above any Others ) of the fluidity , and Liquidness of the Heavens . That egregious Authour having with extraordinary Clearness , Roundness and Elegancy exprest all things concerning the Heavens and the Celestial Bodies .

GASPAR BARTHIUS ( in Adversar . ) gives him the Commendation of a most judicious and ingenious Poet ; and one of the most elegant of the Augustaean Age , and ( in Animadvers . in P. Statium ) adds ; that he was a Poet most consultive in Philosophy . No less Praise is afforded him by

JOANNES GLANDORPIUS ( in Onomastic . Roman . ) who gives him the Character of a Noble Mathematician and Poet , and One who first of all the Latines wrote of Astronomy in Verse .

JULIUS NIGRONIUS ( de non legend . Libr. Amator . ) reckons him among the most Useful and Instructive Authors . I exhort ( sayes he ) that Young Persons read such Authors as they may peruse without offence to good Manners , such as Persius , Seneca , Silius , Lucan , Claudian and MANILIUS . Of the same Iudgement is

ARNOLDUS CLAPMARIUS ( in Nobil . Triennio ) where he thus advises the Generous Young Student . Read , and read o're again Homer with Theocritus and Virgil ; Horace with Pindar ; Lucretius and MANILIUS , with Aratus .

The most eminently learned and judicious HUGO GROTIUS In the Preface to the Edition of his own Latine Poems , shews us the Esteem and value he set upon our Author . I acknowledge my self ( sayes he ) to be now and then full of Lucan's Spirit , sometimes above measure studious of MANILIUS .

The excellent GERRARD . JO. VOSSIUS ( l. de 4. Artibus Popular . ) speaking of that Part of Philosophy which is comprised under the Title of Grammatica Exegetica .

Without this ( saith he ) how can any interpret Lucretius , or Manilius , Parmenides , or Melissus ? who besprinkle their Writings with many things drawn from the inmost Recesses of Philosophy .

PAGANINUS GAUDENTIUS sometime Publick Professor of Law and Rhetorick at Pisa , in his Treatise De Initio & Progressu Philosophiae apud Romanos ; ranks him among the Eminent Lights of Learning in the Augustaean Age ; concluding with an Epigram ( which for Brevities sake we forbear here to insert ) in Honour of so great a Poet and Astronomer , as he there stiles him : And in his Obstetrix Literaria thus further Discourses of him .

If any shall go about to describe Arts and Sciences in a Poetical Stile , he takes not more from Poetry than the bare versifying Part ; for he then begins to assume from his Subject the Part either of a Philosopher , Astronomer , Physician , or such like , in which kind certainly Empedocles , Lucretius and MANILIUS were more than Poets .

BRIETIUS in Syntagmate de Poet. Latin . comparing the Latine Poesie with the different Ages of Man ; makes the virile and perfect State thereof to consist of Virgil , Horace , Ovid , Tibullus , Propertius , and our MANILIUS .

Add we to these the Opinion of the most Ingenious

Mr. ABRAHAM COWLEY , Who in his Essay of constituting a Colledge for the infusing into Youth , Knowledge and Language at the same time ; conceives the Way to be by breeding them up in Authors or Pieces of Authors that treat of solid and Learned , that is Natural Matters . Among which he commends Virgil's Georgicks , Gratius , Nemesianus and MANILIUS .

To accumulate more Encomiums , were superfluous ; Hear himself now speak his own Character .

OF The two Hemispheres OF THE STARS .

THe One serves for the Northern Constellations ; the Other for the Southern . The Stars are expressed according to their several Magnitudes , as may be seen in the Scale thereof set down in the Southern Hemisphere . And the Constellations are only pricked out , wherein ( with Galluccius ) the Middle Way is taken , betwixt not placing them in any , or representing them in too dark shadowed Figures , as some have done .

In the Projection , the Eye is supposed to touch the South Pole , for the projecting of the Northern Hemisphere upon the 〈◊〉 of the Equator , and contrarily for the Southern . So that the Stars are placed in either by the Arches of right Ascension measured upon the Equator , and by their Distances or Declinations from it , set off from a Scale of Double Tangents , which this and All other Stereographical Projections require : Amongst which , I accompt this the most proper and useful to be here placed , because by adding an Index made as above said , and divided as you see one of the Semidiameters done in either Hemisphere , any Star may easily be found either on the Projections or in the Heavens ; And the Way or Course of a New Star or Comet may be traced upon them by any that have but ordinary Skill in the Sphere ; and may serve very well instead of a Celestial Globe ; and being held up before one in the Night , placed according as the Heavens require , will plainly shew the Position at that Time . And are ready , to those that are yet more Curious , by the putting on a particular Horizon , for other several Uses . But yet these Instruments are not true Astroscopes ; there is not any point to place the Eye in , for discerning the Stars in the Heavens as they are placed in the Hemispheres ; for that will require another Polar Projection much like this following , viz.

The Eye is to be supposed at the Center of the Sphere , projecting on a Plane touching the Sphere at the Pole Point , in which the right Ascension is measured as before by the Angle at the Pole Point , and the Polar Distances are set off by the Tangents of the said Arks ; On which Supposition an entire Hemisphere cannot be projected ; And this is no other than the Plane of an Equinoctial Dyal , which being placed Erect to the Axis , if the Eye be supposed therein at the Distance of the Radius from the Plane , and if at the Situation of each Star on the Plane . Holes were supposed or made in the Plane ; if the Eye beholds two known Stars shining through their proper Holes , at the same Time it should behold All the rest likewise shining through their Holes , to which their Names being affixed , this Projection becomes an Astroscope to teach Beginners to know the Stars , and will also serve as a Nocturnal for finding the Stars hour , and by Consequence , by Ayd of the Sun 's right Ascension , proper to the Day of the Moneth , the true hour of the Night likewise .

The Polar Dyal or Meridional Plane , as Kircher in his Ars Magna Lucis & Umbrae affirms , hath been applied by Griembergerus ; as an Astroscope to teach Tyros how to know the Stars in both Hemispheres , and to find the Hour of the Night by the Rotation of the Plane , affixed as it were to the Handle of a Carpenter's Wimble ; the Axis thereof being conceived to be Parallel to the Axis of the World , and the Eye , at a Knot tyed in a Thread on the said Axis , to be the Center of the Earth , is supposed to behold the Stars shining through their proper Holes as before ; the Distance from the Eye to the Plane being the Radius of the Projection .

But neither of these Astroscopes are the same as Schickardus treats of ; His is supposed to be the Surface of a Cone ; In the Circle of the Base whereof conceive a Thread to represent a Diameter ; a Knot in it the Center , a Perpendicular from that Knot to the Side of the Conick Surface the Radius , and a Line passing through the Vertex of the Cone ( which represents the Pole Point ) and the Foot of that Perpendicular to be a Tangent Line each way , in which , the Stars are to be placed according to their Distances from the Pole , counted from the Pole Point , in respect of the Graduation of the said Tangent ; the Arches of right Ascension being measured by the Periphery of the Circle in the Base of the Cone , and this Surface is to be conceived to be directed to the Pole , and that the Eye is at the Knot or Center of the Base of the Cone , beholding two known Stars shining through their Proper Holes , and at the same time it shall likewise behold the rest shining through their respective Holes ; The Rotation of this Figure about an Axis serving as a Nocturnal to give the Hours of the Night .

Other Astroscopes there are ; As one , that being rectified and set to the Hour of the Night , the Sight through two Pinnacides shall be directed to that Star to which the Instrument is rectified . Of All which to treat , is not our present Design , and ' therefore shall refer the Reader to the Authors and Composers of such kind of Projections or Astroscopes .

map of northern constellations

map of southern constellations

THE SPHERE OF MARCUS MANILIUS . DIvining a a S●…lmasius ( in Diatrib . de Annis Climact . & de Antiqu. Astrolog . ) expounds divinas Artes according to the opinion of the Stoicks ; who held the Stars to be Deities , and thinks that Manilius gave to Astrology that Epithete in regard of the Divinity of its subject : We rather take it in the same sence as Divinatrices . So Horace uses the Word Imbrium Avis Divina Imminentûm : so Iuvenal . Satyr. 10. Exta & candiduli Divina Tomacula Porci . See Scaliger , and Barthius Adversar . lib. 25. c. 2. Arts , and Stars b b So we have chosen ( for the better cadence of the Verse ) to render — conscia fati sydera — not assuming a greater liberty than the sence of the words will bear , in making conscia fati in this place ( according to the Tenet of Manilius ) to express as much as praesciae venturi . How far yet this foreknowledge of the Stars extends , is not agreed upon by the Antients . Some ( with Plotinus , in libro si faciunt Astra , as cited by Macrob. in somn . Scip. ) believe , that the Stars of themselves know nothing of Fate , but that men skill'd in the Art of Divination read it in the Book of the Stars , as in the Tables of the Gods ; as Birds are not conceived to be skill'd in Augury , though from their voice or flight , men knowing therein foretel future events : Others , that the Stars know all things , but not that they effect what they know or signifie . Some that the Stars carry about ( as included within them ) the Fate of all things , and what they know requisite to be done , produce into act . Which last Opinion , though by Seueca ( Epistol. 80. ) proposed as doubtful , is by Manilius ( in the heighth of Stoicism ) positively asserted : See Lips . Philosoph . Stoic . l. 2. c. 14. And Vossius l. 2. Idololatr . c. 49. foreknowing The Proem . Fate , c c So Ausonius , Omnia quae varìo rerum metimur in Actu Astrorum Dominatus agit ; terrenaque tantum Membra homini ; è superis Fortuna & Spiritus Auris . And ( before him ) Seneca : Ex syderum quinque levissimis motibus Fortunae Populorum dependent : & Maxima ac Minima proinde formantur , prout aequum iniquumve sydus incessit . Some went yet further , and assign'd peculiar Stars to the particular condition of Persons , as the large and bright to the Rich , the lesser to the Poor , the obscure to the feeble and decrepid : But this opinion is by Pliny exploded as a vulgar error , Sydera quae affixa dicimus mundo , non illa , ut existimat vulgus , singulis tributa sunt nobis : Clara divitibus , minora pauperibus , obscura defectis , & pro sorte eujusque lucentia ad munera mortalibus . Non tanta coelo Societas nobiscum est . Vid. Plin. l. 2. Varying the divers Turns of Humane State , ( The Work●… of Heav'ns d d The Stoicks held the World to be a rational Creature , and to consist of Heaven and Earth , as Soul and Body : The Heavens ( according to them ) being the same to the whole , as reason to man . Hence Arnobius ( l. 3. advers. Gent. ) In Philosophiae Memorabiles studio , atque ad istius nominis columen ( vobis laudatoribus ) elevati , universam ìstam molem Mundi , eujus omnibus amplexibus ambimur , regimur , ac sustinemur , Animans esse unum , Sapiens , Rationale , Consultum , probabili Asseveratione definiunt ; with whom consents Hilarius in Genes. Haec tamen Aethereoquae machina volvitur Axe , Non tantum pictura poli est , sed celsa voluntas , Mens Ratioque subest . — Upon which Verses Barthius ( l. 31. Adversar . c. 12. ) notes , that Mens & Ratio Coeli est Astrorum , ut vocant , Influentia , quae Genus gubernat humanum . Expressing the sence and meaning of our Author ; but how truly , the thing I leave to be considered . high Reason ) We bring down In Verse , from Heaven ; and first move e e Helicon●… Aoniae Baeotiaeque Mons Musis Sacer ( Vib. Sequester ) so call'd , according to Plutarch ( l. de Nominibus fluviorum & Montium ) from Helicon , the Brother of Cithaeron , of which see there the Fable . Or , as Casaubon ( in Pers. ) conjectures from the Hebrew word , Halike , i. e. Ambulatio , in regard the Antients used to have there their Walks , and to confer and discourse of natural and divine Matters : Where also as Athenaeus ( l. 14. Deipnosoph . ) from the Authority of Amphion Thespiensis reports , there was a Colledge instituted for all Musical Exercises , in which the Youth of those Times were accurately instructed . But Bochartus conceives the name derived from the Arabick , Halic , or Halica , which signifies a high Mountain , for such is it describ'd to be by Strabo l. 8. & l. 9. Helicon , And it 's green Groves , with unacquainted Rimes , Offering strange Rites , not known to former Times . Caesar ! thy Countries f f Augustus Caesar : of whom Horace ,

Ames dici Pater atque Princeps . A Title first given to Iulius Caesar ( as his Coins attest ) for his singular Clemency . Yet Cicero enjoy'd it before either of them , though not in the same Extent and Latitude , yet as the Encomium of a good Patriot : hence Iuvenal Satyr. 8.

— Roma Parentem Roma Patrem Patriae Ciceronem Libera dixit . The reason of this Imperial Title Seneca gives ( in de Clementia Io ) Patrem quidem appellavimus , ut sci ret sibi datam esse Potestatem , quae est Temperatissima subditis tanquam Liberis consulent , suaque post illas reponens . The Ceremony of Augustus his Instalment in this Titular Dignity , is thus describ'd by Suet mius . Valerius Messala was deputed by the Senate to present him with the Votes of the House , which he deliver'd in these Words , Quod foelix faustumque sit tibi domuique tuae , Auguste ! ( sic enim nos perpetuam Reipublicae foelicitatem , & laeta huic precari existimamus ) Senatus Te ( consentiens cum Populo Romano ) consalutat Patriae Patrem . To whom Augustus with tears in his eyes thus answer'd : Compos factus votorum meorum ( Patres Conscripti ) quid habeo aliud Deos immortales precari quàm ut hunc consensum v●…strum , ad ultimum vitae finem mihi perferre liceat ? Prince and Father ! Thou , To whose g g The Original hath Augustas Leges , which Epithete our Author doubtless made use of in Allusion to the Title of Augustus given by the Senate at the instance of Munacius Plancus to Octavianus Caesar : who after his settlement in the Empire according to Eusebius in Chronie . ( as rendred by Saint Ierom ) Romanis plurimas leges statuit . To which Ovid likewise alludes ( Metam . 15 ) Pace datâ terris , Animum ad Civilia vertet Iura suum ; Legesque feret Iustissimus Auctor . These Laws in honour of Iulius Caesar , were by Augustus call'd Iuliae , either as being first enacted by Iulius Caesar , or as reviv'd and put into execution by Augustus , according to the Advice and direction of his Uncle , left in his Memorials , or Commentaries behind him , as he perswaded the People to believe ; which see enumerated by Donatus in Tacitum . p. 144. and Polletus de foro Romano . l. 4. and more particularly by R●…smus in Antiqu. Rom. l. 8. Imperial Laws the World doth bow , Who h h Our Author here seems to make a difference between the Divinity of Augustus , and that of Iulius Caesar , attributing to the Nephew Heaven as his due and Merit ; to the Uncle , as the Grace and Concession only of the Gods . Plin. l. 7. c. 45. speaking of Augustus , says ; Ille Deus , Coelumque nescio adeptus magis an meritus . Of the other , Vitruvius in Praefat. Iulius Caesar Consilio Coelestium in Sedibus Immortalitatis dedicatus est . merit'st , what was granted to thy Sire , Heaven as a God! do'st this high Song inspire . And now , Heaven i i Propter numen Caesaris jam receptum ; vel Augusti jam recipiendum , says Barthius Adversar . l. 1. c. 8. Or rather in regard of the great Discoveries made by the Extent and Progress of the Roman Conquests in Climates and Regions formerly unknown , by which means ( to use Valerius Flaccus his Expression , Argon . 1. ) — Tantum terrae , tantum cognoscere coeli Permissum est . — kinder to the Curious grows , And courts in Verse , it 's Treasure to disclose . Fit Task alone for Peaceful Leisure ! Rise We then through yielding Aire , and mount the Skies , There live and range ; Learn all the Signs , and prove How in their k k That is from West to East , contrary to the Motion of the Primum Mobile ; which Motion of the Planets in the time of Democritus was not known among the Greeks ; Eudoxus being the first that discovered it to his Countrymen , as Seneca observes Natural . Quaest. l. 7. c. 3. ) having deriv'd that knowledge from the Aegyptians , to whom he travel'd in the Company of Chrysippus the Physician and others , supported by the Bounty of his Friends , and recommended by Agesilaus his Letters to Nectabis the King , and by him to the Priests , as Diogenes Laertius in his life , l. 8. Yet Lucian ( de Astrolog . ) assigns the first Observation thereof to Atreus , King of the Argives , confirm'd by Achilles Tatius ( in Arati Phaenomen . ) who saies , that Atreus ( 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ) found out the opposite motion of the Planets . So that Gassendus ( Tom. 1. l. 3. p. 591. ) conceives the more universal and exact Theory of that Motion , rather than the Original or Primary Invention thereof , is to be ascribed to Eudoxus . adverse Course the Planets move : To know but which were little ; we will sound The hidden Entrails of this ample Round , Enquire how Stars Creatures beget and sway , Which whilst we sing , l l Not unlike to that of Virgil ( in Culicis Prooemio : ) Phoebus erit nostri Princeps & Carminis Author , Et recinente Lyra fautor — The Poets usually applying that Musical Instrument to their Songs ; quod dum mens foeta parturit , ipsa ferat opem . And therefore a late triple Crowned Poet ( Urban 8. in his Ode upon St. Lewis ) calls the Lyra , Sonoram Cantûs Obstetricem , as is noted by Paganinus Gaudentius in Additament . Crit. c. 9. And for this reason Manilius here brings in Phaebus with his Lyra to bear a part with him in confort . Apollo's self shall play . m m Justly does Scaliger condemn Lilius Giraldus for supposing our Author in this place to profess himself to have been twice Lawreat : who means no more by these double Sacrifices than the Invocation of double Assistance , being to treat of the gravest subject in the most pleasing style ; and therefore he erects two Altars to the two Patrons of Astronomy and Poetry . Two Altars bright with Flames , we raise ; repair T' a double shrine , prest with the double Care Of Verse and Matter ; on these certain Grounds Raising our Song , concordant Heaven surrounds It's Poet with deep Harmony , and Words Scarce fit for Latian Characters affords . Who to inferiour Earth did first reveal The Original and Progress of Astronomy . These Gifts of Gods ? Who , what they hid , could steal ? All-ruling Heaven ! What Mortal dar'd so high As spite of Gods , himself to Deifie ? Open the highest Path , the lowest Deep ? Tell how the Stars their bounded Courses keep ? The Force , and Motions of the Signs impart ? n n Mercury ; so called ( according to Festus ) Quòd omnem rem sermone sine manibus conficiat , quibus Partibus Corporis qui car●…nt 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 vocantur . And therefore the Hermetical Statues were made of a square Trunk , or Stone only . Others ( saith Festus ) will have him so called ( not à Cyllenia via , as it is commonly read ; but as Mr. V●…ssius in Melam . corrects the Text ) à Cyllene Avia , from his Grand-Mother Cyllene , by whom he was educated . Others will have him to be so called from the Mountain Cyllenius in Arcadia , where he was bred . That he first taught the Aegyptians Astrónomy , and indeed all other Arts and Sciences , is the generally received Opinion ; which ( besides Iámblichus ) is asserted by Plato in Phaedro , ( where he is styled 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ) and by Cicero , Lib. 3. Divinat . Vide etiam Lactantium lib. 1. c. 6. But as to the first Authors of Astronomy , see more in the History of its Original and Progress in the Appendix . Cyllenius ! Thus first taught'st this sacred Art ; Thou th' inmost Heavens , & utmost Stars mad'st known , That so to Natures Power , not Face alone , Might greater Awe , and Reverence accrue ; And Nations learn what to that God was due , Who did through Seasons , to be known , display The Heavens , and this great Worlds Phaenomena . Nature help'd too ; Her self , Her self improv'd , o o Lucian ( de Astrolog . ) makes Astrology to be 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , The study of Antient Kings belov'd of the Gods : The Poet here particularly respects the Babylonian and Aegyptian Princes . And Monarchs ( next to Heaven in power ) first mov'd T' affect these Arts ; who near Sol's rising Beams Fierce Nations tam'd ; whose Lands p p One of the most celebrated Rivers of the East , arising in Armenia Major , and watering on the left hand Mesopot●…mia , on the right hand Syria , Arabia , and Babylonia ( now Caldar . ) It was heretofore according to Plutarch ( de Nominfluv . & montium ) call'd Medus , and before that Zarandus , of which see there the Reasons . It s Modern Name answering to its Antient Apherat , or Phraat , which owes its Original ( as some conceive ) to the Arabick , in which Language Pharatta signifies inundare , whence Iphraton Inundatio ( this River overflowing in the same manner as Nilus ) or rather from the Hebrew Huperath , signifying frugifer , crescens , or fructificans : It was antiently divided into five Principal streams . The first whereof passing by Seleucia falls into Tygris . The other four loosing themselves in so many great Lak●…s . The first of these four Branches , and most Easterly , was call'd Tsartsar : The second , Naar-Malcha , ( by Pliny corruptly Armalchar ) i. e. Regium flumen ; by the Arabs in the same sence Al Melic , in memory of some of the Babylonian Princes , who caused that Cut to be made ; and Chobar from the Name of the Praefect or Overseer of the Work , as observed by Scaliger , l. 5. de Emendatione Temporum . The third passing by Babylon , was that , which was properly called Euphrates ; as believed to be the Native Channel of the River , and not made by Art as the others ; call'd likewise Sur , from the City Sura , or Sora , seated upon its Banks . The fourth and most Westerly was ( according to Pliny ) called Narragam , by Ptolomy Baarsarem , or Maarsarem , and by some others 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which Bochartus ( in Phaleg . lib. 1 c. 8. ) rather reads 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which nearlier answers to Plinie's Narragam , or Naar-Agam , i. e. fluvius stagni . By the Greeks antiently this great River was otherwise nam'd , being call'd from its Source to the Mountain Taurus , Pixyrates ; where it breaks into the Mountain Taurus , Omyra ; after its emersion from thence , Euphrates , as Pliny lib. 5. c. 24. See likewise Ptolomy lib. 5. Strabo lib. 11. & alibi . And Salmasius at large in Plin. Exercitat . Tom. 1. pag. 625. & sequent . Euphrates Streams Divide , and q q The Learned Mr. Vossius ( de aetate mundi & in Melam ) conceives our Poet in this place to follow the Opinion of the Antients , who before the discovery of the Indian Ocean , were so ignorant as to believe , that Nilus derived its source from the utmost East , even from India it self . With which Error ( besides divers others of the Antients ) Virgil seems to comply ( Georg. 3. ) Quaque Pharetratae Vicinia Persidis u●…get , Et ●…iridem Aegyptum nigra foecundat Arena ; Et diversa Ruens septem discurrit in Ora Usque coloratis Annis devexus ab Indis . On Quiver-bearing Persia's Hem he strains , With black Sands marling Aegypts verdant Plains : In seven Streams forcing his divided Course , And from the Sun-tann'd Indians draws his Source . But our Poet does no more than concisely mark and point out the Babylonian and Aegyptian Territories , Per flumina Urbes eorum alluentia ac foecund●…tia , as Barthius notes , l. 1. Adversar . c. 9. The several Names given by the Antients to this River are collected by the Learned Maussacus ( in Plutarch . de Fluv . & Mont. nominibus . ) It was first of all called Oceanus , or ( but as he saies barbarè ) Oceames : Then Ae●…os seu Aquila , and Melas from its Profundity or depth , because all deep Waters seem black , or from Melas , the Son of Neptune : Afterwards Aegyptus , either from Aegyptus , the Son of Belus , or of Vulcan and Leucippes , who threw himself into it ; or 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , à Capras pinguefaciendo . From whence likewise the whole Country of Aegypt seems to be so nam'd . The Hebrews call it Gebon , and Schior , the latter signifying nigrum seu turbidum ; whence happily is derived the Aethiopian Name , Siris : It was called also 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , sive Nùs & Trito ; and lastly Nilus , from the Husband of Garmathones , an Aegyptian Queen so named ; or from Nilus the Son of Cyclops , or Nileus , or Nilasius , Aegyptian Princes ; or rather 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. à novum limum aut foecem ferendo . By the Latines it was peculiarly call'd Melo , as is evident from the Testimonies of Ennius , Festus , Servius and Ausonius . Of the Original of Nilus , and Cause of its Inundation , in former Ages so unknown ; See Kircherus in Mund. Subterran . and Mr. Vossius in his particular Tract of that subject . Nile inundates ; where the Sun Returning , does o're r r Taken from Hesiod 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . — 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 — — Super Nigrorum Hominum Populum , Urbemque Vertitur — Meaning the Aethiopians ; particularly those seated beyond the Eastern Bank of Nilus . Negro Cities run . Next , chosen s s Aegyptian Priests , from whom Astronomy received its first Rise and Increase in that Nation : Instructed therein by Hermes Trismegistus , whom the Arabs called Adris ; the Aegyptians , Theut , or Thoth . These Priests in their Supplications and Vows , as Kircher ( in his Oedip. Aegypt . Tom 3. ) tells us , Primo ante omnia Sapientiam & Mentis petebant illuminationem : Quam adepti , ab omni fatorum Necessitate se absolvi & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 effici putabant , perpetuo Numinum Consortio beatos . Which gives some light to the following Verses . Priests , who serve from Age to Age At Publick Altars , and with vows ingage Th' indulgent God , whose awful Presence fires Their Zealous Minds with uncorrupt Desires ; He with himself possest them , and made known His t t Not unlike to this , Statius de Vindic. Hercul . Sylv. 4. — Deus ille Deus , seseque videndum Indu'sit Lysippe Tibi — And Quintilian Declamat . 10. Quales Humanis se offerunt Oculis Propitii Dii , quale laetissimum numen est , cum se patitur videri . unveil'd Deity unto his own . Such were the Men , who first could apprehend That Humane Fates on wandring Stars depend ; u u Cicero Lib. 1. de Divinat : ascribes this to the Assyriant . The Assyrians ( Ut ab ultimis Auctoritatem repetam , says he ) by reason of the plainness and large Extent of their Country , affording on all sides a clear and open view of Heaven , observed the Course and Motion of the Stars . Which having duly calculated , they from thence made Predictions of future Events . Amongst whom the Chaldeans ( Non ex Artis sed ex Gentis vocabulo Nominati ) arriv'd to that perfection of skill , as to be able to foretel what should happen to any one , and under what Fate they were born . Which Art the Aegyptians acquired from them many Ages since . Thus Cicero . Vitruvius ( Lib. 9. c. 7. ) more particularly ; Among the Chaldeans ( says he ) Berosus was the first , who taught the Greeks judiciary Astrology : After him Antipater and Achinapolus were reputed famous Gencthliologists . Of Natural Causes and Effects , Thales Milesius , Anaxagoras Clazomenius , Pythagoras Samius , Xenophantus Colophonius , and Democritus are reckoned the most eminent Observers : following whose Inventions , and observing the Rise and setting of the Stars , and the Seasons of the Year , Eudoxus , Eudaemon , Callisthus , Melo , Philippus , ( and not as Salmasius will have the Text to be read , Phainus ) Hipparchus , Aratus , and others left to Posterity their Astrological Prognosticks , in their Tables or Parapegmata . Of which see Geminus , and Theon in Arati Phaenomena . They to each time apply'd its own Events , And by long Toyl observ'd the Accidents Of many Ages , Birth-days , Lives , what Power Of Fortune govern'd each successive Hour , And what great Changes the least Motions cause . Thus when Heavens various Face , ( the Stars by Laws Of Fate returning in their ordered Course ) Was fully known ; and each Signs proper Force , Experience fram'd thereof an Art ; the Way x x Omnis enim nostrae paulatim industria vitae Fluxit ab exemplis — Claudian de Hystrice . But by Example here our Authour means the Observations and Prognosticks , which Posterity received from the Tables or Parapegmata of the Antients . Shown by Example ; Which through long Essay , And various Speculation , learn'd from far The tacit Laws of e●…ery ruling Star ; Saw in alternate Course Heaven still move round , And Fate to vary as it's Aspects , found . For before them , rude Man no difference made 'Twixt Natures works , nor things with Reason weigh'd ; Astonish'd at Heavens new disclosed Light , y y Ingeniously imitated by Statius ( Theb. 4. speaking of the Primitive Arcadians . ) Hi Lucis stupuisse vices , Noctisque feruntur Nubila , & occiduum , longe Titana secuti Desperasse Diem — And by D●…acontius ( in Hexaemer . ) Nec Lucem remeareputat terrena Propago . Ast ubi purpureum surgentem ex aequore cernunt Luciferum , vibrare Iubar , flammasque ciere Et reducem super Astra Diem de sole rubentem . Mox revocata fovent hesterna in gaudia Mentes , Temporis & requiem noscentes Luce diurna Coeperunt sperare Diem , ridere Tenebras . The learned Mr. Selden de Diis Syris , Syntagm . 2. ( citing for Testimony this Place of Manilius ) conceives the Original of Adonis Festivals with the Antients to have sprung from no other ground . Non aliud cogitarunt , ( says he ) qui primum bas Naenias instituerunt , quam Solis Accessum & Recessum . Quem ut amissum nunc Lugebant , & renatum Laetis excipiebant Austiciis . Ita Rudiores olim , & qui simpliciorem vitam degebant , priusquam ab Astronomis Leges siderum didicerant . Now mourn'd the Stars as lost ; now at their Sight As if new-born rejoyc'd : th' uncertain Times Of Day and Night , differing in different Climes , Till then none knew ; nor could the Causes clear z z The Demonstration of this depends upon Gnomonick Principles : One is , That the lower the Sun is , the longer shadow it makes upon an Horizontal Plain ; the higher and more elevated , the shorter . Hence when the Sun approaches near the Horizon , the shadows of things become greater , according to that of Virgil ( Eclog. 1. ) Majoresque cadunt altis de Montibus umbrae .

But the farther he is mounted above the Horizon till he comes to his Meridian Altitude , the shadows are less . Ovid. Metamorph. 3.

Iamque Dies Medius rerum contraxerat umbras . So likewise when the Sun is in the Tropick of Cancer , and in its greatest Northern Elevation ; we are then ( to use the expression of Achilles Tatius in Arat. ) Brachyscii , and cast the shortest shadows . But when it is in the opposite Tropick , and consequently in its greatest Depression as to us , we are Macroscii , and cast the longest shadows . See , as to this subject , more particularly Iunctinus in Sacrobosc . c. 3. and Aldus Manutius in Praefat , ad scriptores Rei Rusticae . To which may be added Beda his Poemation de Compositione Horologii . Of shades unlike the Sun far off and near . Yet witty Cunning no a a Arts are distinguished into Illiberal or Manual , and Liberal or Ingenuous . And though of the first , the number be almost numberless , yet both kinds vulgarly ( though very imperfectly ) are reduc'd to a Septenary Division , and exprest in this Distich : Lingua , Tropus , Ratio , Numerus , Tonus , Angulus , Astra . Rus , Nemus , Arma , Faber , Vulnera , Lana , Rates . The first Verse expressing Grammar , Rhetorick , Logick , Arithmetick , Musick , Geometry and Astronomy . The second Agriculture , Hunting , Arts Military and Fabrile , Chirurgery , Spinning and Weaving , and Arts Nautical . Of whose first Inventors see Pliny , l. 7. c. 56. Polydor Virgil , Garzoni his Piazza universale , and Vessius de Sect. Philosoph . As to the different esteem and practice of these Arts among the Greeks and Romans , see Aldus Manutius in Quaesit . per Epistol. lib. 2. c. 9. learn'd Arts had found ; Under rude Swains waste lay the untill'd Ground : b b The first that found out Gold is said to be Cadmus the Phoenician ; or , as others , Thoas , in the Mountain Pangaeus ; or according to the Chronicon Alexandrinum , Mercury the Son of Iupiter or Picus King of Italy , who quitting his own Countrey , travell'd into Aegypt , and was there elected King after Misraim the Grand-child of Cham , for this Invention called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Deus Aureus . Aeschylus attributes the Invention both of that and all other Metals to Prometheus . There are others who write that Aeaclis ( Hyginus calls him Caeacus the Son of Iupiter ) or Sol the Son of Oceanus was the first Inventor of Gold in Panchaia , see Pliny , l. 7. c. 56. and Polydor Virgil. l. 2. de rer. Inventor . c. 9. Gold then in Desert Mountains lodg'd at Ease , c c Our Poet here alludes to the Detection and Conquest of Great-Britain by Iulius Caesar , which the Romans then called a New World , from their recent discovery thereof . However it was long before known to others of the Antients , as is manifest by the Testimony of Pytheas , mentioned by Strabo , who in the time of Ptolom . Philadelph . wrote 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Touching which see Casaubon ( in Strabon . l. 1. & 2. ) Vossius de Histor. Graec. l. 4. c. 11. and Paganinus Gaudentius delli Peregrinatione Philosophica . And that it was some Ages before Caesar's time known to the Phoe●…icians , the learned Bochartus in his Geogr. Sacr. Tom. 2. l. 1. c. 29. evinces , who blames our Camden for saying , that this Island of Ours non nisi serò fuisse cognitam , was not known till of late . New Worlds lay hid in unattempted Seas , d d To this purpose appositely Seneca in Medea . Audex nimi●…m qui freta primus , Rate tam f●…gili perfida rupit : Terrasque suas post Terga videns , Animam levibus eredidit Austris , &c. Candida nostri saecula patres Videre , procul fra●…de rem●…á , Sua quisque piger Litora tange●…s , Patrioque Senex factus in A●…vo , Parvo dives ; nisi quas ●…ulerat Natale solum , non nôrat Opes .

Rash man was he with Ships frail Beak

Did first the treacherous Billows break :

And leaving the safe Shoar behind ,

Durst trust his life to trustless wind , &c.

The candid Age of Innocence

Our Fathers saw ; free from all sense

Of fraud : then in secured rest Each man on his own ground liv'd blest With length of days , with little rich ; Nor of more wealth , than that with which His Native Soyl was stor'd , could tell . With which last likewise Ovid concludes , lib. Metamorph. 1. Nullaque mortales praeter sua litora nôrant . To Mortals in those days were known No other Shoares , besides their own . To waves and winds to trust their Lives none dar'd , To know themselves and theirs , Men only car'd . But when long Time and Toyl their Wits had whet , And e e Theocritus , Idyll . 21. 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Want , Diophantus , is Arts only Spur , The Rise and Rule of labour is from her , For Care keeps watch in every poor mans eyes ▪ Hence Arnobius lib. 2. Supellectiles necessariae quas familiaris usus exposcit , non sunt ista scientiae munera , sed pauperrimae necessitatis Inventa . And hitherto not impertinently may be applyed , what I find recorded of the Temple of Hercules at Gades by Philostratus in vita Apollonii , ( as cited by Photius ; ) wherein among other Altars there was one Dedicated to Penury and Art ; Intimating , that as Penury stirr'd up A●…t , so A●…t drove away Penury ; as Hercules put to flight and subdued Monsters , the Incitements of his Val ur . Vide Riccard . Brixian . See likewise Casaubon explicating this Verse of Perseus in Prologo : Magister Artis Ingeniique largitor Venter . Want an Edge on Indusiry had set , Then thousand Cares their working Heads possest , Whilst to scape Need , they Sacrifice their Rest ; Conclusions try'd : and whatsoe're f f Consonant to this place is that of Columella , l. 10. Ipsa novas Artes varia Experientia rerum Et labor ostendit Miseris , usus que Magister Tradidit . — wise Use By oft-repeated Practice did produce Of sure Effect ; the new Experiment Unto the Common Good they gladly lent . Then Barbarous Tongues receiv'd new g g As all our Actions , saies Scaliger ( l. 1. Poetices , c. 1. ) so Speech is to be considered under three kinds . First , that of Necessary ; Secondly , of Useful ; Thirdly , of Delightful . The first kind was that which serv'd as a means of necessary Intercourse between Man and Man , to make themselves barely understood . Such may be imagined that manner of Speech , which we find in Lactant. ( de vero cultu ) that Mankind according to the Opinion of some of the Antients us'd ; for they believed at first that men exprest their meanings by signs and nods . Afterwards ( as he saies , and before him Diodor. Sicul. Bib●… . l. 1. and Horace l. 1. Satyr. 3. ) They made Essays of Language by imposing distinct nominal Notes upon several things , and so by degrees perfected a kind of Speech . The second sort ( saies Scaliger ) was something more refin'd by apting it for use and commodiousness , and applying as it were certain Dimensions , Prescriptions and Lineaments to the rude and inchoated Body , whence proceeded a certain Law and Rule of Speaking . The third sort was yet more polite ; and had added to it the Ornament of Elegancy , as it were its Dress and Apparrel . Now among these Laws of Language , not in the last place is to be reckon'd the Invention of Letters , which , as Cicero ( in 1. Tuscul. ) Sonos vocis , qui infiniti videbantur , p●…cis literarum notis terminavit . This Suidas calls 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and attributes the Invention thereof to Prometheus . But as to the first Characterizers of Speech ( besides the learned Digression of Ioseph Scaliger de liter . antiqu. in Euseb. and Petit. in observ ●… . l. 2. c. 1. ) take these antient Anonymous Verses , as they are recorded by Crinitus and Giraldu●… , and ●…rom them transcrib'd by Gerard. Ioh. Vossius , l. 1. de Arte Grammat . Primus Moyses Hebraieas exaravit literas . Mente Phoenices sagaci condiderunt A●…ticas . Qu●…s Latini scriptitamus , edidit Nicostrat●… . Abraham Syras & idem reperit Chaldai●…as . Isis Arte non minore protulit Aegyptias . Gulfilas prompsit Getarum quas videmus Literas . But with more likelihood is their Original by others referr'd to Adam himself ; It being conceiv'd very Improbable that he , who was to convey all Learning and knowledge to his Posterity , should want those necessary Organs for such a Work : for which Opinion makes the early mention of Letters , even in Seth's time , who was his Son , and doubtless receiv'd them from him . To which purpose there is extant in the Vatican Library at Rome , an Antient Picture of Adam with an Hebrew Inscription over his Head , and under his Feet , this Latine one ; ADAM DIVINITUS EDOCTUS , PRIMUS SCIENTIARUM ET LITERARUM INVENTOR . Vide Lomeier . de Biblioth. p. 10. Laws , the Earth h h Of all Arts , Agriculture , by the Confession and Testimony of Varro ( l. 3. de R. R. ) is the most antient . This among the Ae●…yptians was first said to be found out by Osyris or Maneros . In Greece by Ceres , so called , quasi geres , à gerendis frugibús , ( as Cicero , ) or rather ( as Vossius conceives ) from the Hebrew word Geres , which signifies a Green Spike of Corn. In Italy by Saturn , the Son of Coelus and Iellus . By whom the said Vossius ( l. de Philosoph . c. 6. ) not improbably supposes Adam to be meant : for who besides him was the Son of Heaven and Earth ? The name Saturn seeming likewise to be deriv'd from the Hebrew word Satar , which signifies to lie hid , and is applicable to Adam for his flight and absconding himself after his Fall . Iosephus yet attributes it to Cain , ( l. 1. Antiqu. c. 3. ) 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , &c. Pastorit●…am vitam Abel , Agricul●…sram verò primus excogitavit Cain . Manuring of Ground by Stercoration is by Pliny , l. 17. c. 9. ascribed to King 〈◊〉 , who is said first to have instructed the Greeks therein , as Hercules the Italians , who for that reason likewise immortal●…z'd their King Stercutius , the Son of Faunus , but rather the same with Evander , the Arcadian , who first brought the Worship of Faunus , ( which is Pan , or universal Nature ) into Italy , and taught the Latines the Art of Manuring Ground , for which he was honoured as a God by the name of Stercutius ; by Tertullian . in Apologet. call'd Sterculus or Sterculius ; by Servi●…s in 8 Ae●…eid . Sterquilinius , whom he will have to be Pitumnus , Brother of Pilumnus ; by Macrobius called Sterculus ; 〈◊〉 he makes to be one of the Attributes of Saturn : Saturnum Romanietiam Stercutum vocant , quòd primus Stercore foecundit●… Agris c●…mparaverit . Vide Macrob. Saturnal . l. 1. c. 7. Manur'd , to various Fruits gave timely Birth . Bold Seamen the i i The Original hath — in caecum penetravit Navita Pontum .

By caecum understanding obscurum quid , incertum , vel 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , the Sea being yet undiscover'd , impervious and unknown ; Lucretius ,

Improba Navigii ratio tum caeca manebat ,

( i. e. ) Ignota , as Lambin upon the Place . So likewise Virgil , Georg. 2. more expresly to the sence of our Authour .

Sollicitant alii remis freta caeca —

And Propert. l. 2. Eleg. 27. Et Maris & terrae caeca perîcla viae .

Upon which words caeca Pericla , Passeratius notes , caecum non tantùm quod non vide●… , sed etiam quicquid non videtur ; in which respect the Ocean may be term'd caecus , its Bounds being stretch'd beyond Ken , and its many dangers undiscoverable . Of the Original of Navigation , and the first Essaies thereof , Claudian elegantly in Praefat. Rapt . Proserp .

Inventá secuit primus qui Nave profundum Et rudibus remis sollicitavit Aquas , Tranquillis primùm trepidus se credidit undis ; Litora securo tramite summa legens . Mox longos tentare Sinus , & linquere Terras ; Et le●…i coepit pandere vela Noto . Ast ubi paulatim praeceps Audacia cre●…it , Cordaque languentem dedidicêre metum , Iam vagus erupit Palago , Coelumque secutus ; Aegeas Hyemes Ioniumque domat . He who in new built Ship first Plow'd the Main , And with rude Oars furrow'd the Watry Plain , Fearful at first the Seas calm Billows try'd , Securely steering by the Shoares known side . Straight leaving Land , through wide stretch'd Bays , he sails , Spreading his Canvas unto Gentle Gales . At length by often daring , bolder grown , His heart by past Fears taught Fear to disown , He takes the deep ; Heaven his sole Guide ; and braves Aegean storms , and the Ionian Waves .

The Nations who are fam'd for this Invention , are , first , the Phoenicians , from whence it came to the Aegyptians , from them to the Greeks , and among them in the first place to the Cretans or Candiotts . But more particularly as to the first building and use of Ships ( not to instance in that of Noah's Ark ) Clemens Alexandrinus ascribes it to Atlas the Lybian ; Aeschylus to Prometheus ; Diodorus Siculus to Neptune . The Invention likewise of Sails Aeschylus ascribes to Prometheus ; Diodorus to Aeoius ; Pliny and Pausanias to Daedalus and his Son Icarus ; Cassiodorus ( l. 5. Variar. ) and Hyginus to Isis ; who for that reason on the Reverse of some of the Roman Coins , is figured holding in her hands a Sail swelling with the Wind , and by the Latines she was term'd Isis Pelagia , as President of Navigation , as may appear by this Inscription in Gruterus , pag. 312.

DIIS MANIBUS SAC . SER. SULPICIO AUG. L : ALCIMO AEDITUO AD ISIDEM PELAGIAM . blind Ocean did invade , k k To this effect our Country-man Ioseph of Excester ( not unpoetically , ) — Sine remigis usu , Non nôsset Memphis Romam ; non Indus Iberum , Non Scytha Cecropidem , non nostra Britannia Gallum . — Without the Seaman's pain , Memphis had ne'r known Rome ; nor ▪ India Sp●…in ; Greece Scythia , nor our Britain France .

The Original of Traffick is generally ascribed to the Phoenicians ; some particularly attribute it to Mercury , as Ph●…rnutus , ( o●… Cornutus ) de naturâ deorum , and Caesar , l. 6. de Bello Gallico ; for which reason by Arnobius ( l. 3. ) he is stil'd Nundinarum , Mercium , Commerciorumque Mutator . To whom Merchants us'd to sacrifice , as to the God of Gain , and President of Negotiation and Commerce : confirm'd by Ovid , l. 5. Fast.

Te quicunque suas profitent●…r vendere Mer●…es , Thure dato , tribuas ut sibi l●…cra , rogant .

To this purpose likewise makes that antient Inscription , found at Metz , Anno 1589. Recorded by Philip. Thomasinus 〈◊〉 Donariis , p. 17●… ▪

MERCURIO NEGOTIATORI SACRUM NUMISIUS ALBINUS EX VOTO . And 'twixt strange Lands procur'd a mutual Trade : Thence Arts of War and Peace in time arose , For Art by Practice propagated , growes . What 's yet more strange , they learnt l l That Birds and brute Beasts have a Language , seems to be maintain'd by Sextus Empiricus ( l. 1. Pyrh●…n . 〈◊〉 . ) with whom complies Lactan. de I●…a Dei , ●… . 7. ) where he saies , No●…is quidem v●…ces eorum videntur ●…conditae , sicut i●…is f●…rtasse nostrae , s●…d ipsis , qui se in●…elligunt , verba sunt . That Magicians understood them , was believ'd by credulous Antiquity : Hence that Fable of Apollonius Ty●…naeus expounding the Notes of Swallows ( as Porphyr . ) or the Chirpings of Sparrows ▪ ( as Philostratus ▪ ) for which s●…ill likewise Tyr●…s is fam'd . And Mopsus in Apollon. Rhod. l. 3. is said to expound the Language of Crows and D●…ws . And that Me●…mpus was taught the Interpretation of the Tongues of Birds , by a Serpent licking his ears , we find ( yet as fabulous ) related by Pliny , l. 10. c. 49. And for such reports he , what Democritus delivers ; That out of the Blood of certain Birds mixing together and corrupting , a Serpent is produc'd , which whoever ●…ates , Intellec●…us sit Alitum Colloquia . Not to instance that Salomon ( according to some Rabinical Tales ) was skill'd therein , and by a certain Bird is said to have sent a Message to the Queen of Aethiopia ( who must therefore be believ'd to be as knowing in this Birdish Language : ) Or that in the Alcoran he is made to say , O Homines intelligite Avium 〈◊〉 ! And that a Lapwing , or a Bird called a Houp , brought to him the first News of the Queen of Sheb●… . Of which in Prolegom . in Bibl. Polygl●…t . But Delrius denies that Birds or Beasts can use Discourse , as wanting Reason ; yet confesses they have certain Indications of their affections and appetites , which men by long Observation may come to be acquainted with ; and that they are perfectly known to the Devil , and that he may instruct Magicians therein . Which whether he ever did ( saies he ) I know not , Non est incredibile fecisse . Vid. illum disquis . Mag. l. 2. c. 19. the Tongues of Birds , m m Divination from the Inspection of the Entrails of sacrificed Beasts , Pliny ascribes to the Delphians , Cicero ( de divin . ) to one Tage●… , who appearing suddainly out of the Ground to the H●…trurians as they were plowing , is said to have instructed them therein . 〈◊〉 yet re●…ers the Invention thereof to Prometheus . The Divination was made from the Site , Colour , and Marks of the Entrails . The Parts inspected were the Heart , Lungs , Liver and Gall. That of the Heart , not practic'd by the Romans , until the 123 Olympiad . That of the Liver , most antient and usual . The Parts of this Inspected , were the Fi●…rae , Fissum , and Caput . Of which see particularly Brissonius de formulis , l. 1. Yet this kind of Divination seems by the Romans themselves in the time of their Greatness to have been despis'd , as may appear by Tacitus , and Quintus Curtius ; The later of whom condemns Alexander the Great , for being addicted to those Superstitions , which he terms , Humanarum Mentium Ludibri●… , &c. Entrails t'inspect , n n The Charming of Serpents even from the Testimony of Scripture it self ( Psalm 58. ver. 5. Ierem. 8. ver. 17. Eccles. 10. ●…er . 11. ) appears to have been frequent with the Antients : To which we may add the farther Testimony of Virgil. ( Eclog. 8. ) Frigidus in Pratis cantando rumpitur Anguis . And Ovid , ( l. Metam. 7. ) in whom Mede●… boasts of her self , Vipereas rumpo & verbis & carmine fauce●… . As likewise Nemesianus , ( Eclog. 4. ) Cantavit quod Luna timet , quo rumpitur anguis . See Pliny , ( l. 8. c. 16. and l. 28. c. 2. ) where treating of the power of Enchantments , he writes , Figlinarum opera multi credunt rumpi tali m●…do . N●…n pauci etiam Serpentes . Upon which place Turnebus notes , That Serpents , if aware of the Charmer , have the faculty recanere , i. e. retorquere & dissolvere Incantationem , to dissolve the Charme . Pliny ( loco citato ) asserting hunc unum esse illis intellectum . The people most notorious for these kind of Incantations , were the Psylli , a people of Africa , and the Marsi , a People of Italy , of which later thus Lucilius in Satyr . Iam disrumpetur medius , jam ut Marsus Colubras Disrumpit cantu , venas cum extenderit omnes . Horace likewise in Ca●…id . Caputque Marsae dissilire Naenia . And Ovid de Medicamine faci●…i . Et mediae Marsis findantur cantibus Angues . The Aegyptians were likewise of old famous for the charming of Serpents , as at this Day the Indians , Negros , and those of Peru ; Vide B●…art . in Praefat. ad Hieroz . burst Snakes with powerful words ; o o In this many of the Antients vainly gloried . So Empedocles in Laertius ( l. 8. ) boasts he could teach the Art by which , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Extinctumque Hominem nigra revocabis ab Orco . So Canidia in Horace , ( Epod. ult . ) Possum crematos excitare mortuos . And Tibullus of a certain Witch , Haec cantu finditque solum , Manesque Sepulchri●… Elicit . — So the Nurse in Seneca his Hercul . Oct. — Mea jussi prece M●…nes loquuntur . And Alecto in Claudian . in Ruffin . — Condita funera traxi . Carminibus victura meir . See Delrius Disquis . Magic . l. 8. quaest. 26. and particularly Leo Allatius refuting this Diabolical Vanity in his Learned Syntagma de Engastrimytho . Call'd up pale Ghosts , mov'd Hell it self , the p p So , in Seneca , Medea boasts she had Heavens Laws invert●…d , shown the World the Light Of Sun and Stars , at once . — Mundus Lege confusa Aetheris Et Solem & Astra vidit . — But this is more than M●…gick can perform ; Divine Providence not permitting the Divel or his Agents to interrupt or disturb the Course and Motion of the Heavens or Stars , or confound the Order of the Universe , however by Poetical Licence 't is allowed . Hence the Tragoedian Seneca in Hercule furente , Nox media Solem vidit & Noctem Dies . And Petronius — Trepidusque furentes Fl●…ctere Phoe●…us Equos revoluto cogitur Orbe : Tantum dicta valent . — So likewise A●…eius ( l. 2. de Au●… . Asin. ) speaking of a certain Witch , Omnem istam Lucem Mundi siderali●… imis Tartari & in V●…tustum Cha●…s submergere no●…it . Light Turn'd into Darkness , into Day the Night . Ingenious Industry made All things bend ; Nor put they to their curious Search an End , Till Reason had scal'd Heaven , thence view'd this round , And Nature latent in its Causes found ; Why q q Anaximander and Metrodorus supposed Thunder to be a Wind conceiv'd and inclos'd within a thick Cloud , which breaking forth with violence makes a crack : the Lightning being caused by the breaking of the Cloud ; as is illustrated by Anaximenes his Comparison of the Sea , which being broken with Oares , sparkles and shines . Anaxagoras held it to be a portion of ardent matter quencht in a moist Cloud , which makes a noise , as red hot Iron dipt in water . The Stoicks believ'd it to be a Noise occasioned by the Collision of two hollow Clouds , Lightning proceeding from their attrition . Descartes ( not much differing from them ) conceives Thunder to be occasioned when divers ●…at Clouds ( Tabulatorum instar ) like so many Floores or Scaffolds ) are driven with violence the higher upon the lower , and clatter one upon another ; the Lightning proceeding from the Nature of the Exhalations included in the Interstiti●… or spaces between the Clouds , which by them falling one upon another , is violently crusht out . Our Countrey-man Mr. Hobbs will have it to be the breaking of a Cloud congeal'd to Ice , by the strugling of inclosed Air , which he borrowed from Lucretius , l. 6. Denique saepe geli multus fragor , atque Ruina Grandinis , in magnis sonitum dat nubibus ●…lte . But much more consonant to Truth is the Opinion of those , who hold Thunder to be an Exhalation hot and dry , of a Sulph●…reous and Nitrous matter contracted within a cold and moist Cloud , from which striving to get out , it kindles by Agitation , and violently breaks through its Prison . Thunder does the suffering Clouds assail ; Why Winters r r Pliny , l. 17. c. 2. calls Snow the Foam of Coelestial Waters . Aristotle , and from him most Modern Philosophers , describe it to be begotten of a moist but rare and thin Cloud , which being condensed by a sharp cold falling down , parts ( that it may the easilier divide the Air ) into Flakes like Fleeces of Wool , to which the Psalmist alludes , Qui dat Nivem sicut Lanam ; Though Bodin ( in Theatro Naturae ) conceives the Psalmist resembles Snow to Wool , for the warmth it affords to Plants and Vegetables in the cold time of Winter , ( as Woollen Vestments do to men ) rather than for its Fleece-like Similitude . It s whiteness ( though Anaxagoras maintain'd it to be black , and in Armenia it is found of a ruddy colour , by reason the Terrestrial Particles or Atoms of that soil , which abounds in Minium , mixing with those of the Air , tinge it , and give it that hue , as Eustath . in Iliad . 2. ) is derived from its Efficient cause , Cold ; and the copious mixture of Aerial Spirits : Of the Admirable Contexture and Figure of its Parts , which are said to be always Sexangular ; See Kepler in his particular Tract upon that Subject . Snow's more soft than Summers s s Hail is nothing else but Rain congeal'd in its fall ; and this Concretion or Congelation happens not far from the Earth , as is Manifest by high Mountains ; on which Snow is often found , but never Hail . The nearer to the Earth it hath its fall , the more Triangular or Pyramidal is its Figure , the higher its fall , the rounder . Those Angles or Inequalities being worn away and rounded by the length of its passage through the Air. The cause of its congeal'd hardnes , is the Ant peristasis of the lower Region of the Air , which is the Reason likewise why it falls more frequently in Summer , than in Winter , and seldom in the Night , unless the Night be warm . Vide Fromond . Meteorolog . l. 5. c. 9. Hail ; Whence t t Thales & Democritus ascribe the Cause of Earth-quakes , to Subterranean Waters breaking out and undermining the Bowels of the Earth . The Stoicks , to Moisture rarified into Air ; which seeking for room to break ●…orth , when it meets ( as Anaxagoras likewise held ) with the thick and tough Body of the Earth , by its strugling for vent it shakes it . Others conceive it proceeds from inclosed Air , or Spirits arising from combustible matter ( such as Sulphur , Nitre , Allom , Sal Armoniack , or Bitumen ) set on fire , and consequently rarified , causing the like effect , as Gunpowder in Mines . See Fromond . Meteorolog . l. 4. c. 1 , 2 , 3. and Kircher in his Mund. Subterran . l. 4. c. 2. The several kinds of Earth-quakes are thus reckon'd up by Apuleius , l. de Mundo ; The first is term'd Epiclintes seu Inclinator , that is , when it strikes at oblique Angles , turning things sideward . The second is called Brastes , or ●…ffervescens , from the similitude of boiling Water , bearing up all above it in a direct Line . The third is termed Chasmatias , whose Violence makes a Breach or Hiatus , in which the place forced , is swallowed up . The fourth is called Rhectes , from forcing its way by a Rupture , but not making such a Chasma , as the former . The fifth Ostes , which at once shakes and overturns . The sixth , Palmatias , which shakes but overturns not . The last , Mycematias , from the bellowing Noise it makes . Ammianus Marcellinus , l. 16. and Coelius Rhodiginus from him reckon but four kinds . Earthquakes come , and Subterranean u u That there are Subterranean Fires , and those great and many , appears by the Vulcanian Islands ; by the Mountains Aetna , Vesuvius , Hecla , and others , ejecting Flames , and by hot Baths and Fountains breaking out of the Earth , which as Vitru●…īus ; l. 2. instances could not be , Si non in imo haberent aut de Sulphure , aut de Alumine , aut Bitumine ardentes Maximos Ignes . In which words he briefly declares their Causes . To which , as a further Proof , ( to omit divers others ) may be added Earth-quakes , deriving ( as but now alledged ) their Original from these Subterranean Fires , and therefore by our Authour not unproperly joyn'd together in this Verse . Who would be further satisfied touching this matter , may consult Pliny , l. 2. c. 106. Gassendus his Epicurean Animadversions ▪ and particularly Kircher in his Mund. Subterran . l. 4. where the Natures of these Fires , their Necessity , Diffusiveness , Fo●…d and Prodigious Effects are exactly described . See likewise I●…tigius expresly upon this Subject in his Tract de Montium Incend . and the Curious Disquisition of Alphonsus Borellus in Historia & Meteorologia Incendi●… 〈◊〉 , Anno 1669. fires , Why x x Rain is defin'd by Aristotle a Cloud converted into Water , and distilling in drops . Epicurus makes two ways or means of generating Rain ; One by Transmutation , when the parts of a Cloud , either by absence of Heat , or accession of Cold , are so transpos'd and varied , as render them more apt to flow and fall , as is exemplified by Vapo●… in a Limbeck , gathering together , and then falling in drops . The other by Compression ; when by wind or cold the Cloud is comprest , and the vaporous Corpuscula within the hollows thereof are crowded together , and by accession get weight and fall . Whence it appears that the drops of Rain are form'd by Coalition , rather than Division ; And that Rain is not ( as vulgarly conceiv'd ) a watry Mass effus'd from a Cloud , like water from a watring-Pot , ( or as ●…repsiades jestingly in Aristophanes , declar'd it to be caus'd when Iupiter , urin'd through a sive ) For if there were any such stagnation of Water in a Cloud , it would fall from thence like a Torrent or Spout , rather than in Drops . Of Rain there are reckon'd three kinds , S●…illicidium , Imber , and Nimbus . The first is a small Misty Rain . The second is more intense , and composed of greater Drops . The last is yet more violent , and falls more thick , and as Fromondus says , Decumanis Gu●…tis . Apuleius de Mundo sums up the Matter when he sa●…es , Tot Diversitatibus pluviae cadunt , quot modis Aer Nubium conditionibus cogitur . show'rs descend , what force the y y The Original of Wind is reckoned among the Abscondita of Nature ; But I find it reduc'd chiefly to three Heads or Causes , Viz. the Earth , the Water , the Air. The first is maintain'd by Aristotle , who makes it a dry Earthy Exhalation . The second is maintain'd by Metrodorus , and partly by Anaximander , chiefly by Vitruvius , l. 1. c. 6. Where he says , Ventus est Aeris fluens unda , cum incerta motus redundantia : Nasciturque cum fervor offendit Humorem , & Impe●…us fervoris exprimit vim Spiritûs flantis . Which he illustrates by your Aeolipilae , or Wind-balls , so demonstrated likewise by Descartes , l. 4 Metear . c. 4. and asserted by Salmasius ( l. de Ann. Climacter . p. 811. ) in Vitruvius his own words . The third seems to be most antient , which makes Wind to be nothing else but Air moved . Apuleius de Mundo is of the same Opinion ; Nec enim aliud est ventus , nisi multum & vehemens in unum coacti Aeris flumen . But this not assigning the first Cause of that Motion , leaves the matter undetermin'd . The most probable Opinion is , that Wind is an Earthy or Watry Exhalation mixed with saline Spirits , and other Vapours , drawn or forc'd out of the Earth or Sea , by the power of the Sun or Subterranean Fires ; which being rarified by Heat , or condensed by Cold , and impelled for the most part by a transverse , sometimes by a direct Motion , ex●…gitates the Earth , Air , and Sea . But of this Subject , see particularly the Lord Verulam , in his Book de ventis , Descartes ( loc. cit . ) Gassend . Animadvers . in Epicur . Fromond ▪ Meteor . Kircherus in Mund. Subterran . and Mr. Isaac Vossius de Motu Marium & ventorum . wind inspires . From Error thus she wondring Minds uncharm'd ; z z See Lucretius , l. 6. arguing to this effect , against the pretended and fabulous Power of Thundring Iupiter . But far better and with more Analogy to Truth , Seneca in Natural . Quaest. l. 2. Interim hoc dico , Fulmina non mi●…i à Iove ; sed sic omnia disposita , ut etiam ea , quae ab illo non ●…ant , sine ratione non fiunt , quae illius est . Vis eorum illius permissio est . Nam etsi Iupiter illa nunc non facit , fecit ut fierent : singulis non adest , sed signum & Vim & Causam dedit omnibus ; Thus far Seneca . In which there only wants the true Name of the first Divine Cause . Why Iupiter is said to be the Author of Thunder and Lightning , Pliny ( l. 2. c. 20. ) gives this Physical reason . That the Fires of the three uppermost Planets falling to the Earth , carry the name of Lightning , but that especially which is seated in the midst , that is to say , Jupiter ; because participating of the excessive Cold and Moisture from the upper Circle of Saturn , and the immoderate Heat of Mars that is next under , be by this means discharges the superfluity of either ; whereupon it is commonly said , that Jupiter darts Lightning , &c. Of the Superstitious Opinions of the Antients touching Thunder and Lightning , see Nardius in his 27. accurate Animadversion on the 6. Book of Lucretius de rerum Naturâ . Unsceptred Iove ; the Thunderer disarm'd ; Of Name and Power dispoyl'd him , and assign'd Fire to the Labouring Clouds , Noise to the Wind. These to their proper Causes having brought , Next on the whole Worlds Mass she casts her Thought , Of which the a a Of the several Mundane Systems , Antient and Modern , see the Appendix . System in her self she frames , Dispensing to the Signs both b b Who first reduced the Stars into Asterisms , or Constellations , is not easily to be found out : As hard a Task it is to reconcile the different Morphoses or Figures in the several Spheres of the Chaldaeans , Persians , Aegyptians , Greeks , Arabibians , Indians , Chineses and Tartars , whose various differences may appear partly by the Description of Abu Masher , commonly called , Albumazar , partly by Aben Ezra de Decanis Signorum , published by Scaliger in his Notes upon our Authour : Of all which Salmatius ( in Praefat. ad Diatrib . de Antiqu. Astrolog . ) conceives those of the Greeks ( most vulgarly used amongst us ) to be the newest and latest . As to the Names of the Stars , it is not to be doubted , but that they were first imposed by Adam , Though those ( except some few preserv'd in Scripture ) be long since utterly lost . Yet the Names we now use are most of them above two thousand years standing , as is manifest by Hesiod and Homer . It is not yet to be imagined , that they were all impos'd about one and the same time ; some being of much later Denomination , as particularly Coma Berenices ( so called by Conon ) Antinous , and others . Some report Astraeus to be the first , who gave Names to the Stars ; whom for that reason — Fama Parentem Tradidit Astrorum — As Germanicus makes Aratus speak , concerning which see Theon . Others ascribe this to Mercury . But as to the several Denominations of the Signs and Constellations , see after in the following Notes . Forms and Names ; Their c c The Aspects or mutual Radiations of the Signs and Stars , are the Habitudes of one unto another in a determinate distance , in which they are apt to Cooperate ; and these commonly are reckoned five in number , and are attributed peculiarly to the Stars and Signs within the Zodiack , but extended likewise to the rest . These Censorinus de die Natal . c. 8. calls Conspectus , the Antient Greeks 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , the later 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . The Arabs , Almantar . Their Characteristick Notes , Names , and Distances , thus exprest : ☌ Conjunctio , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 — Gr. 0 ⚹ Sextilis , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 — Gr. 60 □ Quadratus 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 — Gr. 90 △ Trinus , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 — Gr. 120 ☍ Oppositio , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 — Gr. 180 To which Kepler and Mestlinus add several others : But the most eminent Aspects are the great Conjunctions of the three Superior Planets , and their distances in Trine Aspects of the Zodiacal Signs , called therefore Triplicities . The first fiery , whose Angles answer to the fiery Signs , Aries , Leo , and Sagittary . The second aery , answering to the aery Signs , Gemini , Libra , Aquarius . The third watry , pointing to the watry Signs , Cancer ; Scorpio , and Pisces . The last Earthy , whose Angles are terminated in the Earthy Signs , Taurus , Virgo , and Capricorn . Aspects and their Order notes , and saw Heavens changing Face gave fatal changes Law . This is our Muses Theme , as yet d d Others of the Romans , says Scaliger , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 tentarunt , essay'd to write of this Subject in Prose , as Varro and Nigidius , who both wrote of the Sphere , ( as well the Barbarick as the Greek ) Cassiodorus ( in Astronom . ) mentioning the first , Servius ( in Georg. ) the other . And among the Greeks , Eratosthenes , Aratus , Heg●…syanax , and Hermippus wrote of the Coelestial Phaenomena ; and Ovid , after Marcus Tullius , and Germanicus after him , translated Aratus into Latine Verse ; But not any amongst the Romans before our Authour ( for ought appears ) ever wrote an Astronomical or Astrological Poem of their own Invention . Nor of the later sort any among the Greeks , save only Dorotheus Sidonius , who wrote an Apotelesmatick Poem , though now lost . And therefore not unjustly does our Authour assume the Glory of this to himself from all the Latines . display'd In Verse by None : Propitious Fortune aid The bold Attempt ; with Ease my Life befriend , And to a long and chearful Age extend , That so I sink not with my Subjects weight , But with like care , great Things , and small relate . Now since from Heaven it self our Verse descends , And down to Earth Fates settled Order tends , We first must Natures General State reherse , And draw the Picture of the Universe . Which , whether it from Nothing were deriv'd ; The Original of the World according to the various Opinions of the Antients . Or ( of Beginning both , and End depriv'd ) Hath e e The Opinion of Xenophanes , who held the World to be eternal , ungenerated , uncreated and incorruptible ; with whom agree Parmenides , Melissus and Aristotle , to whose Opinion likewise Xenocrates subscribes , and with them Pliny ( l. 2. c. 1. ) thus concludes . Numen esse Mundum credi par est , aeternum immensum , neque genitum neque interiturum unquam . Vide etiam Censorin . de die Natal . c. 4. And as to this and the several other Opinions of the Antients touching the Efficient Cause , Matter and Principles of the Universe , ( besides Plutareb de Placit . Philosoph . and Stobaeus in Eclog. Physic. ) see Paul . Merula his Learned Dissertation in Q. Ennii Annal. p. 119. upon these Verses . Corpore Tartarino prognata Paluda Virago , Quoi par Imber & Ignis , Spiritus & Gravi' Terra . ever been , and ever shall endure ; Or f f Our Authour here makes Chaos to disclose and separate the mixed Principles of things , and to bring forth the World . Claudian more conform and agreable to the Antient Theologie of the Ethnicks , makes Clemency or Love to effect this Work , l. 2. de La●…d . Stilicon . — Prima Chaos Clementia solvit , Congeriem miserata rudem , vultuque sereno Discussis Tenebris in Lucem Saecula fudit . Hesiod ( as Plutarch delivers his Opinion l. de Iside & Osyride ) makes the Principles of all things to be Chaos , Earth , Tartarus , and Love ; By Earth understanding Isis ; by Love Osyris ; by Tartarus Typho ; by Chaos 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . The Place ▪ Region or receptacle of universal matter ; to which its name answers : Chaos signifying no other than Hiatus seu vistitas quaedam . Philo Biblius from the Writings of Sancuniathou , as cited by Eusebius in prima Praeparat . writes thus : 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , &c. ( i. e. ) The Theology of the Phoenicians makes the Principles of the Universe●… dark Spiritual Air , or a Spirit of dark Air , and confus'd Chaos involv'd in Obscurity ; These were infinite , and for some time without Bound or Term : But when the Spirit was touch'd with the love of his own Principles , and a Mixtion was made , there was given to that Ne●…re the name of Love . This was the beginning of the production of all things ; But the Spirit it self had no Generation : And from this Connexion of the Spirit was begotten M●…T ; which some call slime , &c. From which Theology of the Phoenicians , Hesiod , Ovid , and others deriy'd their Fables of Chaos , as the Phoenicians theirs from their Neighbours , the Iews , and the Writings of Moses not clearly understood . See Grotius in his Notes upon his Book deveritat . Relig. Christ . l. 1. Of the several acceptions of the word , Chaos , according to the different Notions of the Poets , Philosopher●… and Divines ; See Ri●…ciolus on that Subject in Almagest . Nov. Tom. 2. lib. 9. Chaos severing from the Mass obscure The mixed Principles of things , this bright World teem'd , whilst Darkness took to Hell its Flight ; Or that made up of g g The Opinion of Democritus , Leucippus , and Epicurus , and before them of M●…schus , or rather M●…chus , the Sidonian , who as Strabo ( l. 16. ) from the Authority of P●…sidonius , affirms , was the first Authour or Introducer of these Indivisible Principles , and liv'd before the time of the Trojan War . By Atoms is to be understood what the Latines call Insectile , that is , a Body incapable of Division both by reason of its solidity , ob vacui care●…iam , and the Minuteness of its Body , whence it is properly said to be quid minimum , or as our Authour terms it penè Nihilum . But see these explain'd in Lucretius de Rerum Naturâ , and the Ingenious Interpreter of his first Book Mr. Evelyn ; more especially Gassendus in his incomparable Epicurean Animadversions . Atoms Nature's Frame Exists , and shall resolve into the same Some thousand Ages hence , and almost brought From Nothing , fall again to almost Nought ; Or that the Heavenly Spheres and Globe of Earth , From h h This was asserted by Hyppasus the Metapontine , and from him by Heraclitus the Ephesian ; The Opinion thus delivered by Laertius ; All things consist of Fire , and into that are resolv'd : for since all things are made by Condensation and Rar●…faction , and flow for the most part in manner of a River ; Fire when it is condens'd , bumectates and becomes Air ; Air when comprest , becomes Water ; Water contracting and growing concrete becomes Earth : this is the way down . On the contrary , the Earth being diffus'd , thereof Water is made , of Water the rest after like manner : this is the way up . To this effect likewise Plutarch de Placit . Philosoph . l. 1. & Stobaeus Eclog. Physic. l. 1. Fire , not such blind Matter , drew their Birth , Whose flames in all things dwell , kindled Heav'ns i i Meaning the Stars , according to the Stoicks ; who make the World to be a Corporeal Deity , and the Stars its Eys . See Plutarch de facie in Orbe Lunae , and Lips . Physiol . Stoic . l. 2. Dissert. 10. Eys , And form the glittering Lightning of the Skies ; Or sprung from k k Of this Opinion was Thales the Milesian , and Pherecydes of Scyrus ; who held Water to be the first principle of all natural Bodies , whereof they consist , and into which they resolve . The Reasons or Grounds for which Opinion are these . First , because the Seminal and generating principle of all living Creatures is humid . Secondly , because all kinds of Plants are nourished by moisture , wanting which they wither and decay . Thirdly , because Fire , even the Sun it self and the Stars are maintained by Vapours proceeding from Water , and consequently the whole World consists thereof . See Plutarch de Placit . Philosoph . and particularly ( to omit divers others ) my learned Dear Friend Mr. Stanley in his History of Philosophy , Part. I. Water , which dry Matter soaks , And l l Not improperly is that Epithet given to Fire ; it being by some of the Antients believed to be a devouring Animal : And for that reason the Aegyptians refused to burn their dead , imagining fire to be 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Animata Bellua , as Herodot . l. 3. informs us . ravenous Fire , that would devour it , choaks ; Or unbegot were Earth , Air , Water , Fire , And these m m Asserted by Empedocles , who held the Principles of all things to be the four Elements ; to which he added two Powers , Amity and Discord , the one Unitive , the other Discretive : See Plutarch de Placit . Philosoph . Laertius in Vit. Empedocl . Achilles Tatius in Arat. Phaen●…men ▪ and Lactantius lib. 2. Which last conceives he deriv'd this Opinion from Hermes Trismegistus . These Elements he called after this manner . Fire he termed Iupiter : the Air Iuno , or ( as Laertius saies , but not with so good reason ) Pluto . The Water Nestis 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. fluere . The Earth Pluto , or ( according to Laertius ) Iuno , i. e. Vesta . Consonant to this Opinion of Empedocles , thus Ovid Metam . l. 1. Quatuor aeternus genitalia Corpora Mundus Continet . — and again , l. 15. — Omnia fiunt Ex ipsis , & in ipsa Cadunt — Lipsius Philosoph . Stoic . lib. 1. conceives our Authour in these Verses to touch at the Opinion of Strato the Peripatetick , who h●…ld this Mundane Deity to be formed of these four Elemental Limbs , Sine Mente gubernante . Of which thus S●…neca ( in a fragment of his , cited by St. Augustine , l. 6. de Civitat . dei ) Egone feram Platonem , aut Peripateticum Stratonem , quorum alter ( scil. Plato ) Deum sine Corpore fecit , alter sine Anima ? four Limbs make up the God entire , And form this World ; nor will that ought be found Beyond themselves , since All things they compound , Applying Hot to Cold , to Humid Dry , To Heavy Light , which kind n n To this purpose Lactantius ; l. 2. Philosophi quidam & P●…e taedis●…ordi Concordia Mundum constare dixerunt , i. e. some Philosophers and l●…oets report the World to consist ●…f discording Concord : So likew●…se Cassiodorus ( lib. 2. Variarum ) Merito dicunt Philosophi Elementa sibi Mutuis complexi●…us illigari & mirabili conjungi foederatione , quae inter se contrariâ intelliguntur varietate pugnare . This dis●…onant Harmony of Nature being represented by Orpheus in his Tetrachord ; In which , as there were four strings ; from the mixture of whose different Tones resulted a sweet Harmony ; so by concourse and mixture of the four Elements , all things are generated . And as in the Tetrachord the 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 rendred the gravest sound , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 the most acute , and the nearest in gravity of sound to the first came the 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , to the second in acuteness the 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 So among the Elements , there is one the heaviest , Earth , and one the lightest , Fire , answering to the two first Notes ; Water and Air answering to the two intermediate Tones . This admirable Consent of the contrary Elements is here not unaptly called The Matrimonial Band of Nature . And for this reason , saies Lactantius ( loco citato ) The Marriages of the Antients were confirmed and plighted by the Sacrament of two contrary Elements , Fire and Water . In regard that Heat and Moisture are the Parents of all Generation , as Ovid ( l. 1. Metam . ) hath likewise exprest it . Quippe ubi Temperiem sumpsere Humorque Calorque , Concipiunt , & ab his oriuntur ●…unctá duobus , Cumque sit Ignis Aquae Pugnax , vapor humidus omnes Res Creat ; & Discors Concordia foetibus apta est . Discordancy The Matrimonial Bands of Nature knits , And Principles for all Production fits ; We can but guess its Birth : obscur'd it lies Beyond the reach of Men and Deities . Yet though its Birth be hid , its Form's disclos'd , Disposition and Order of its Parts . And in due Order all its Parts dispos'd ; o o Our Authour here Confines not the Element of Fire within the Convex of the Lunary Sphere , as Aristotle , and his followers ; but with the Stoicks transmits it to the Aethereal Region , which they will have so called , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. ab Ardore , as consisting of Fire , and to be Heaven it self , imbracing all things , as Cleanthes in Cicero , ( i. e. de Natura Deorum ) describes it . Ultimum , & altissimum , atque undique circumfusum , & extremum omnia cingentem atque complexum Ardorem , qui Aeaher nominatur . To this purpose likewise Macrobius ( in Somnio Scipionis ) Quicquid ex omni Materiâ , de quâ facta sunt omnia ; purissimum ac liquidissimum fuit , id tenuit summitatem ; & Aether vocatus est . Fire up to the Aethereal Confines flew , Fire . And a round Wall of Flame 'bout Nature drew , The subtle Air possest the second Place Air. Diffus'd throughout the vast Globes middle space , Whence its hot Neighbour draws cool Nourishment : The third Lot level'd the wide Seas Extent , Water . And in a liquid Plain the Waters spread , Whence hungry Air is by thin Vapours fed ; Prest down b' its p p So Ovid , — Tellus Elementaque grandia traxit , Et pressa est gravitate suâ —

Upon which Words Iacobus Cruceus ; Per Elementa grandia nos materialem intelligimus All●…vionem , &c. By the heavy Elements we understand that Material Conflux , which the Greeks call 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , being the settling and Dregs of all the Elements ; To the same sence likewise Lucretius ,

— Terrae concreto corpore pondus Constitit , atque omnis Mundi quasi Limus in Imum Confluxit , gravis & subsedit funditus ut ▪ faex . So the Scholiast of Apollonius Rhodius , in l. 1. — 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , &c. Zeno affirm'd The Chaos , whereof all things , according to Hesiod , were made , was water ; which settling became slime ; the slime condens'd into solid Earth ▪ Sediment , Earth lowest fell , Earth . Whilst sand-mixt slime contracting did expel The subtler moysture ; which to flight constrain'd Rose by degrees 'till it the surface gain'd , And the more that into pure Water went , The more the q q Virgil , Eclog. 6. Tum durare solum , atque excludere Nerea Ponto Coeperit — Our Authour perhaps in this place hints at Anaximander , who said of the Sea , that it was 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 The remainder of Primitive Moisture , after this Exclusion and Separation . Plutarch . l. 1. c. 4. de placit . Philosoph . thus expresses the sence of our Authour : Of those Bodies which settled below , was made the Earth ; and that part thereof which was m●…re subtile and of a thinner form and consistence , gathered round together , and engendred the Element of Water , which being of a liquid and fl●…wing nature , ran downward to hollow place●… lying low , which were able to receive and hold it . squeez'd out Seas the drain'd Earth pent , Settling in hollow Vales ; whilst Hills thrust out Their Heads from Waves circling the Globe about : This lowest , in the midst is still confin'd , On all parts equally from Heaven disjoyn'd , Secur'd from further falling by its fall , The Earth in the midst of the World . The Middle both and Bottom of this All , In whose r r To this purpose Cicero , l. 2. de Naturá Deorum . Si Mundus Glob●…sus est , Omnesque ejus partes undique aequabiles , &c. If the World be round and of a Globose Figure , and all its Parts contained in like proportion , by and among themselves ; It must happen to the Earth by necessary Conse●…uence , seeing all its parts press and tend to the middle , ( now the middle in a Sphere is that which is lowest ) that nothing can p●…ssibly interpose , which may be able to weaken or hinder so great a Convention of Gravity . concentring Parts , on every side Bodies Encountring , are to sink deny'd . And did not Earth by its self-Poize suspend , Phoebus , the Stars approaching , could not bend His Course to set , nor set , e're rise again , Nor Phoebe drive through the Aereal plain Her Wave-drench'd s s Homer and O●…id make the Moon to be drawn in a Chariot by two Horses ; whereof the one is said to be white , the other black , in regard ( as Bassus in Germanicum gives the reason ) she is sometimes apparent by Day , as well as by Night . Others will have her to be drawn by Oxen , and therefore by N●…nus in Dionys. l. 12. she is called — 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . — Boum Agitatrix Luna . Of both which we have express representations in the Roman Coyns , and particularly in those of the Empress Iulia Domna , touching which , see Tristan in his Historic . Commentar. Tom. 2. p. 129 , 130. She is said likewise to be drawn by Mules , in regard , ( as Festus in v●…ce Mulus observes ) that as Mules are not generated ex suo genere , sed Equi ; So the Moon is said to shine not by her own , but as Catullus expresses it , — Notho Lumine , which she derives from the Sun . Claudian l. 3. de laudibus Stiliconis , makes her to be drawn by Stags , in regard of the swiftness of her Motion , & c. and so we have her likewise represented in divers Consular and Imperial Coyns , in Ursinus , Golzius and Gorlaeus . Steeds ; nor t t The Star or Planet Venus , called likewise Lucifer , ( as Cicero in 2. de Naturâ Deorum , and Pliny , l. 2. c. 8. ) when it precedes the rising Sun , as being the Harbinger of Light , ( and not as Iulius Scaliger Exercit. 75. conceives , for being the brightest of all the Stars , and from its splendour so nam'd . ) It is likewise call'd Hesperus , Vesper , & Vesperugo , when it rises in the Evening and ushers the Night . Of this , thus Seneca in Hypolit . Qualis est Primas r●…ferens Tenebras Nuncius noctis , modo lotus undis Hesperus , pulsis Iterum Tenebris Lucifer idem . Such the bright Usher of dark Night Rises from Seas with new-bath'd Light , Hesper : The same , Night chac'd away , Phosphor , the Herald of the Day . We shall only add as a further Illustration to this , and the foregoing Note , what Cassiodorus hath ( l. Variarum 3. ) in Explanation of the Circensian Games . Big a quas●… Lunae , quadriga Solis Imitatione reper●…a est . Equi Desultorii , per quos Circensium Ministri miss●…s denuntian●… Exitu●…os , Luciferi Praecursori●…s velocit●…tes imitantur . Phosphorus the Light E're usher more , if Hesperus to Night Now in the Middle Earth suspending thus , Not sunk to th Bottom , All is Pervious : For We nor can the rising Stars conceive A u u He points at the ridiculous Opinion of Xenophanes the Colop●…onian , who held that the Moon and Stars were certain Clouds set on Fire , extinguish'd every Day , and re-kindled at Night ; as on the contrary , the Sun extinguish'd every Night , and re-kindled every Morning ; or , to express it in Minucius Foelix his Words , Congregatis ignium Seminibus Soles alios atque alios semper splendere . For the Rising and Setting of the Sun , Moon , and Stars , according to this Tenet , is nothing else but their kindling and extinguishing . Of the same Opinion like wise was Heraclitus , whence the Proverb in Plato , Heracliteo Sole ci ius extingui . From them Epicurus receiv'd by Succession , Haereditatem ●…tultitiae ( as Lactantius terms it ) This Inheritance of Folly , which he left improv'd by himself , and Lucretius , who thus asserts it , l. 5. — conveniu●… Ignes , & semina multa C●…fluere Ardoris consuerunt tempore certo , Quae faciunt Solis n●… semper Lumina gigni , Quod genus Idaeis fam●… est è montibus al●…is

Dispersos ignes ori●…i Lumine cerni , Inde c●…ire Globum quasi in u●…um , & conficere Orbem .

By which instance of Lucretius i●… may appear , that Epicurus did not hold so much the Quotidian Creation of a new Sun , as the dayly Renovation of the Old ; To which Horace in Carmine Saecular . seems to allude ,

Alme Sol Curr●… nitid●… di●…m Qui promis & celas , aliusque Et idem nasceris — And to this purpose I find his Opinion expressed by Gassendus . Seeing the Ocean compasses the Earth , the Sun may be extinguished by it in the West , and return all along it by the North into the East , and thence rise re-kindled , which yet little mends the matter . casual Production ; nor believe Of the chang'd Heavens , the oft-renascent State , Sol's frequent Births , and his Quotidian Fate ; Since the Signs always shew the self-same Face , Heav'n keeps one Course , the Sun one constant Race , The Moon in certain , although various , ways , The changes of her Light , and Orb displays . Nature , the Tract which first she made , observes ; Nor e're like an unskilful Novice swerves . Day with eternal Light is carried round , This the times shew , in several Regions found Successively the same ; and we may see Eastward its Rise , its Setting West to be ( The further unto either as we run ) Continued with Heavens Motion , and the Sun . Nor need the Pendent Earth wonder beget , Since the whole World suspends as well as it , Whose x x To this may be applied that of Plato ( in Timaeo ) 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , &c. Thus interpreted by Cicero in his Fragment of Timaeus , seu de universe . Nec Maenus ei Deus affixit , quia nec capiendum quicquam erat , nec repellendum , necpedes , nec alia membra quibus Ingressu corpus sustineret , &c. i. e. God affixed to the World no hands , because it was neither to take nor repel any thing ; nor Feet , nor other Members , whereby it might sustain its body by walking or going ▪ But gave it a Motion , which is most sutable to its Figure ; wherefore by one and the same Conversion , it is whirl'd and turn'd about it self . Foot upon no certain Bottom rests , As its swift Course and Circular attests . The radiant Sun suspended runs its Rounds , Never transgressing his Aethereal Bounds . The Moon and Stars in Skies y y Aristotle , Anaximander , and their followers at this day , hold the Heavens to be solid , and the Stars fixed therein , as Nails in a Wheel , or Jewels in a Ring ; the contrary to which Opinion is here asserted by our Authour , with whom concur among the Antients , Homer , Virgil , Cicero , Lucretius , Seneca , Ptolemy , Pliny , Metrodorus , and others : And of the Moderns , the most Eminent Astronomers from Tycho , to this present , who all maintain the Heavens to be fluid , and the Stars to move therein , as Fishes in the Water , or Birds in the Air. Between these there is a middle Opinion , which maintains the Heaven of the fixed Stars to be solid , but that of the Planets to be fluid . The first Authour of which distinction , is conceiv'd to be Empedocles ; Of which see Plutarch , l. 2. de Placit . Philosoph . c. 13. and upon the whole subject matter , Ricciolus in Almagest . Nov. l. 9. c. 7. suspended stray , And Earth by Imitation z z This Libration , or Suspension of the Earth , Achilles Tatius in Arat. Phaenomen . thus illustrates , If any one should put a Millet-Seed , or other small Grain into a Bladder , and by blowing into it fill it with Air , the Seed or Grain will be carried up , and remain in the middle of the Bladder . After the same manner , the Earth being on all sides forced by the Air , suspends poiz'd in she midst thereof . To which Aristophanes in Nubibus , alludes ; 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ▪ Great Lord and King , Thou Immense Air ! Which dost the Earth suspended bear .

See Turnebus , l. Adversar ▪ 4. c. 17 ▪ explaining these Verses of Ovid , ( l. 1. Metam . )

Et circumfuso pendebat in Aere Tellus Ponderibus Librata suis — hangs as they , Poiz'd in the middle of circumfluent Air : The Earth of a Spherical Form . Not flatly stretch'd , but swell'd into a Sphere , Rising alike , and falling every where . This is the Face of Nature ; thus th' Heav'ns roll'd Swiftly about , into a a He alludes perhaps to the Opinion of Leucippus 〈◊〉 , which see more particularly exprest in Hesych . 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in voce 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . round Figures mould The Sun and Stars ; round is the Moon to sight , And with a swelling Body barrs the Light ; Hence never wholly Lucid is her Ball , When the Sun's Beams on it obliquely fall . A Form eternal , like the Gods alone , In which , Beginning there or End is none ; But like throughout , and every where the same . Such are the Stars , such is the whole Worlds Frame . Hence 't is We see not in all Lands all Signs , b b This is a Noted Star of the first Magnitude , in the Southern Rudder of the Ship , Argo ; so called , from Canopus , Pilot to Osyris , ( according to the Aegyptians ) or to Menelaus , ( according to the Greeks ) who landing in Aegypt , was by the biting of a Serpent slain , and buried near one of the Out-lets of Nilus , from him called Ostium Canopicum ; the place of his burial receiving likewise his Name , and growing to a City , in which he had his Temple , being honoured with Divine Rites , and worshipped in the form of a Pitcher or Watring-Pot , with a large round Belly , as the Deity presiding over Nilus , and the watry Element : Of whose Contest with the God of the Chaldeans ( Fire , ) and Victory thereupon ; see the Story in Suidas in verb. Canop . and from him in Kircher . in Oedip. Aegypt . Tom. 1. p. 209. Canopus not till you reach c c To this purpose Vitruvius , l. 9. c 7. U●…i Septentriones circum Axis Cardinem versantes non occidunt , neque sub Terrâ subeunt : Sic & circa Meridianum Cardinem , qui est propter inclinationem Mundi subjectus terrae , Sydera versabunda la●…entiaque non habent egressus orientes , &c. i. e. As the seven Stars , or the Bears turning about the Northern Axis of the World never set ; so the Stars near the Southern Pole , which ( by reason of the Worlds Inclination , being deprest under the Earth , ) make occult and hidden Revolutions , never rise , nor can be observed or known by us in regard of the Earths Interposition . Of which the Star Canopus is proof , which in these Regions is unknown , as those Merchants which travail to the uttermost Parts of Aegypt inform us . Aegypt shines , And they d d To the same effect Pliny . Septentriones non cernit Trogloditice , & Confinis Aegyptus ; nec Canopum Italia . i. e. The Land of the Troglodites , and its Neighbouring Aegypt sees not Helice , nor Italy Canopus . Scaliger yet condemns both Pliny and our Authour , as mistaken in the first particular ; for at Alexandria the Sun being about five Degrees of Pisces under the Horizon , both Helice and Canopus are in the Evening seen to rise in the East ; and were so to be seen in the time of Manilius , the Sun setting in the twenty third Degree of Aquarius . What is said of Canopus , as not appearing in Italy , is true . lack Helice , who see his Light , Earth's Tumour hind'ring th' intercepted Sight . The Truth of this Thou Cynthia mayst attest , When dark'ning Shadows thy bright Looks invest , e e Gassendus in Append. Animadvers . in Epicur . noting upon this place , thus advises . Cautè esse interpretandum quod ad ha●…c rem Manilius habet . For those Words , Pariter , prius , & post , ( saies he ) are not to be taken as to divers Moments of time , for the Moon at one and the same instant is beheld to be Eclipsed by all those , to whom she appears above the Horizon ; but to be meant of the diversity of Hours by reason of the several Meridians ; by which means it happens that at the same instant of time that the Moon is seen to be Eclipsed , above our Horizon , They Eastward of us may reckon the Eclipse at one , two , or three in the Morning ; They Westward at nine , ten , or eleven at Night , after the preceding Noon . Vide etiam Baltoreum in l. 1. Cleomedis Meteor . At once thou dost not all the World amaze , But first the Eastern Nations miss thy Rays ; Then those which under the Mid-Heaven are plac'd ; Next , tow'rd Hesperia fly'st thou , cloudy-fac'd ; Then those who yet more distant have their Seat , Later ( to aid thee ) f f So Ovid , ( l. 4. Metamorph . ) — resonant aera auxiliaria Lunae .

And Statius , l. 6. Theb.

— Procul auxiliaria Gentes Aera crepant — That Custom springing from the foolish belief of the Antients , that the Moon at the time of her Eclipse , was endeavoured by the Charms of Witches to be drawn from her Sphere . And therefore they made that Noise that she might not hear their Incantations ; Practised by the Ignorant People , even in St. Ambrose his time , as we find by his reprehension of that Piece of Paganism , cited by Turnebus in Adversar . And what is more affirm'd by B●…nincontrius ( who first within less than two Centuries of Years , Commented upon our Authour ) to have by himself been seen acted upon the like Occasion , by his own Countrey-men , the Italians . The Turks continue it to this Day , as Scaliger affirms . Plutarch in Ae-milio reports that the Romans , besides their beating of Brazen Vessels , and sounding of Trumpets , us'd to reach up flaming Links and Torches towards Heaven , to re-supply the Light of the Moon , which they believed by Charms to be extinguish'd . Delrius in Senec . Tragoed . says , he hath read that the Indians us'd with Tears and Lamentations to prosecute this defect , or Deliquium of the Moon , as believing she was then by the Sun whip'd till she bled , to which they attributed her dark and sanguine colour . Vide Delrium in Commentar. ad Hippolyt . p. 195. See likewise Turnebus in Adversar . l. 22. c. 23 & 24. And Pincierus in Parerg. Otii Marpurg . l. 2. c. 37. brazen Vessels beat . If then the Earth were flat , this sad Defect Of Light , the whole World might at once detect , But since 't is Round , to These first , then to Those , Her Rising self , or setting Delia shows ; For carried Circular , she first attains Th' Ascending Parts , then the Descending gains ; Now climbs this Arch , anon leaves that behind , Whence that the Earth is Round , we clearly find . This is by Men , and Beasts , and g g Whether Birds , which are generally call'd Genus Aereum ; and by the sacred Text it self , volatilia Coeli , may be properly reckoned among Terrestial Animals , is by some questioned . Ovid ( Metam . l. 1. ) seems not to allow thereof in his Distribution of Animals , Astra tenent Coeleste solum , Formaeque Deorum , Cesserunt nitidis habitandae Piscibus undae , Terra feras cepit , Vol●…cres agitabilis Aer . The like Division is made by Cicero , l. 2. de Nat. Deor. and in Timaeo , and by Aristotle , as he is cited by Plutarch . in 5. de Placit . Philos. To which may be added that belief of the Antient Greeks ( derived to them from the Aegyptians ) that Birds were produc'd before ever the Earth was form'd , whereunto Aristophanes in Avibus , alludes . But Apuleius sides with our Authour , and ends the Controversie in these words : Si sedulo animadvertas , ipsae quoque Aves , Terrestre Animal non Aereum rectiùs perhibeantur ; Semper enim illis victus omnis in Terra , ibidem Pabulum , ibidem Cubile , tantúmque Aera proximum Terrae volando verberant ; Iterum cum illis fessa sunt Remigia Alarum , Terra seu Portus est . i. e. If you seriously consider , Birds may be more truly reckon'd a Terrestrial Animal , than Aereal ; For all their living is upon the Earth , there is their Food , there their Nests . They only in their flight beat the Air ; But when their Oars and Sails , their Wings , begin to fail them , the Earth is their Harbour . But as to this Question , ( not much unlike that which troubled the heads of Aristotle , Theophrastus , and most of the Antient Peripateticks , as Censorinus de die Natal . c. 14. delivers it , which was , Avesne ante , an Ova generata sint , cum & Ovum sine Ave , & Avis sine Ovo gigni non possit ? ) See Hieron . Magius , l. 1. Miscellan. c. ult. Iacobus Cruceus Syllog . 3. and Kircher . in his Iter. Extatic . 2. Dialog. 2. c. 5. Birds possest , The North Parts Eminent , the South deprest Beneath our Feet ; whose surface seems to be ( It's Breadth deceiving its Declivitie ) Stretch'd to a lengthful Plain ; the large Extent Compos'd of equal Rising and Descent . Hence when Sol's Beams i' th' West our Orient Face There rising Day does sleep from Mortals chace , And when the Light to Labour summons Those , 'T is Night with Us , and Time for our Repose . The watry h h Homer ( saies Geminus ) and almost all the Antient Poets , make the Sea to round the Earth , as an Horizon , dividing the upper from the lower Hemisphere ; whence the Horizon it self is by them call'd the Ocean , according to this Verse of Neoptolemus Parianus , and Euph●…rion cited by Achilles Tatius in A●…at . Ph●…nom . 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . The Ocean girdling the surrounded Earth . To the same purpose Agatharchides , as cited by Ph●…ius ( in Bibli●…th . ) asserts , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , &c. Quod Orbem t●…tum O●…anus ct●…umluet & ambi●…t ; Custodiens eum fluxib●…s suis & continens . Hence H●…mer gives to Neptune the title of 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Terram continens , sive ambitu su●… c●…mplectens ; and by Secundus ( 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ) the Sea is stil'd , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Mundi amplexus , Corona Maritima , salsu●… vinculum , Cingulum A●…lanticum , totius naturae Ambitus , Orbis fascia ; Being of old likewise among the Greeks called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , probably deriv'd from the Phoenician Ogg. i. e. Circulus , sive Ambitus ( for so they call'd the Ocean ) as first observed by Vossius Idol . l. 2. from H●…sychius ▪ And from him by Bochartus ( in Geograph . sacra , l. 1. c. 35. ) Vide etiam Casaubon . Animadvers . in Strabon . l. 1. p. 4. Girdle of the Ambient Main , Does either Hemisphere divide , and chain . This Worlds huge Mass fram'd into One Entire The Divine Spirit or Soul of the World . Of different Parts , as Earth , Air , Water , Fire , A Power i i Plato , Trismegistus , Pythagoras , and many other of the Antient Philosophers , conceive the World to be indued with a Rational Soul , perswaded thereunto by the admirable Order and Connexion of its Parts , which they conceiv'd , could not be sustain'd , but by a soul intrinsically informing , ordering , disposing and connecting them . Hence that of Virgil , imitated by our Authour , Spiritus intus alit , Totosque infusa per Artus Mens agitat Molem , & Magnose Corpore miscet . This Soul , Thales imagines to be God himself ; thus explained by the Hermetick Philosophers . The Divine Spirit which produc'd this World out of the first Water , being infus'd as it were by a continual Inspiration into the Works of Nature , and diffus'd largely through , by a certain secret and continual Act , moving the whole and every particular according to its kind , is the Soul of the World . See Mr. Stanley in the Life of Thales . Plato , and the old Academists , ( as Cicero in Acad. Quaest. l. 1. delivers their Opinion , ) say thus of it : The Parts of the World and all things therein , are kept together by a sensitive Nature , wherein is likewise perfect Reason ; It is also Sempiternal , for there is nothing more strong , whereby it may be dissolv'd . This Power is call'd the Soul of the World . Heraclitus asfirm'd the Soul of the World to be an Exhalation of the humid Parts thereof , as Plutarch in 4. de placit . Philos●…ph . c. 1. Varro , fire , of which Tertul ▪ ad Nat. l. 2. perhaps meaning the same with Chalcidius in Timaeum , who calls Vesta ▪ animum Corporis universi ●… or with Pliny , who asserts the Sun to be this Soul of the World . Hunc Mundi esse ●…otius Animum ●…c plane Mentem , Hunc principale Naturae Regimen ac Numen credere decet , says he , l. 2. c. 6. Of the same Opinion is Iulius Firmi●…us . But as to this , see more particularly Caelius Rhodigin . Antiqu. Lect. l. 1. c. 14. l. 6. c. 11. & alibi . As likewise K●…pler , in Harmon . Mundi , l. 4. Kircher . O●…dip . Aegypt . Tom. 2. Part. 2. p. 526. Gassendus . And Ieronymus Vitalis in Lex . Mathem●…t . p 305. &c. Divine , whose sacred Influence glides Through all its Limbs , with tacit Reason guides , And mutual Leagues inclines them to contract , That some may k k To the same sence Crito Pythagoricus in Stob. Sermon . 2. — 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 &c. In the Universe the Conjunction of either Nature , viz. of that which is always Active , and the other which is always Passive , make this World , which otherwise could not subsist . Consonant to which a Modern Italian Poet , Ianus Pannonius ( in obitum Guarini Veronensis ) as cited by Barthius Adversar . l. 54. c. 25. Iunge etiam semper Patientis , semper Agentis Materiae Fluxus , & Fata regentia Mundum . suffer , what the Others act , And the whole Frame ( although diversify'd By various Figures ) be throughout ally'd . Now we the radiant Signs in Order sing ; The Twelve Signs of the Zodiack . First those which guirt Heaven with an Oblique Ring , And Phoebus by alternate Courses bear Through the successive Seasons of the Year . Then those whose Course to Heav'n is Opposite , All which may numbred be in a clear Night ; The Laws of Fate depending on their Power . First then of Heav'ns chief Part , its Starry l l That is the Zodiack . The Aeeyptians held , that in every Asterism or Sign in the Zodiack , or rather in each Dodecatem●…rion thereof , a peculiar Deity resided ; and in every Star belonging to one of those Constellations a peculiar Genius , as the inferiour Ministers of each Deity ; whose vertue they believed to flow by an Influx in form of a Pyramide , whose Basis contain'd the whole Extent of the Asterism , or rather D●…decatemorion , and whose Vertex or Top was terminated in the Centre of the Earth ; and these they termed 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , seu Arces Deorum ; and from them the Arabians call'd the Signs Bu●…ugi , signifying Towers , Castles or Forts ; and in the singular Burgi , believing the Signs to reside in so many Castles or Palaces , by the Persian●… call'd K●…shk , or as we usually term them Houses . And therefore our Authour elsewhere calls the twelve Signs or Houses in the Zodiack , Castra ; and the Zodiack it self in this place , Arcem Mundi , or the Tower , or Citadel of Heaven ▪ consisting of so many Bulwarks . See Kircher . in Oedip. Aegypt . Tem. 2. and Mr. Hyde the Learned Commentator upon Ulugh B●…gh , his Tables , p. 30. Tower . The m m I have chosen so to English Princeps Aries , rather than the Leading Ram , perswaded thereunto by the Authority of our Poet , who , l. 2. gives him that Title , — Aries Caput est ante omnia Princeps Sortitus —

And again , l. 4.

Consilium ipse suum est Aries , ut Principe dignum est .

And by that of Germanicus , in Aratum ; where he is stil'd

Princeps Aries —

And of Columella , ( l. 10. ) who gives him the Title of

Signorum & Pecorum Princeps — So likewise Varro , l. 5. de Linguâ Latin . speaking of the Original and Etymology of the Agonalian Festivals , ( in which , antiently the Kings of the Romans us'd in their Palace to sacrifice a Ram ) tells us , they were so call'd from the Question of the Sacrificer , Ago ne ? Eo quod Interrogatur Princeps Civitatis , & Princeps Gregis immolatur . This Principality being given to this Sign above the rest , in regard that at the Worlds Nativity , according to the Astronomical Computation of the Antients , he was found seated as in a Throne , in Medio Coeli , i. e. the Tenth House ; of which Macrobius in Somnio Scip. and Salmasius Diatrib . de Antiq. Astrolog . p. 180. And for this reason ( perhaps ) it was , that the Ram among the Romans was taken for the Symbol of Principality : To which effect , we find among the Coyns of Domitian , some , on whose Reverse is stamp'd a Ram with this Motto , PRINCEPS JUVENTUTIS . And with the Greeks , the Word 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which signifies a Ram , is taken for a Prince or Potentate . See Magius Miscellan . l. 2. and Tristan . in his Historical Commentar. Tom. 1. p. 323. Princely n n This Sign is by the Greeks called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Chrysomallus , Iupiter Ammon ; by the Aegyptians or Copties , Tametouro Amnou , i. e. Regnum Ammonis ; in Hebrew , Tele ; in the Syriack , Emro ; by the Arabians , Al Hámal ; by the Persians , Bérri , or Bére ; by the Turks , Kuzi . All signifying a Lamb full grown , as I find in the Learned Commentator upon Ulugh Beigh his Tables ; whom in the Nomenclature of these Signs , and th' other Constellations I most particularly follow , as being in that more exact and copious than either Scaliger , in Sphaer . Barbar . Schickardus , Bayerus , Hues de Globis , Grotius in Arat. Ricciol●…s , or ( whom he follows , ) Kircher , whose several assistances I yet make use of upon occasion ; and only premise this to avoid ( for brevity sake ) the trouble of future Citations . In this Constellation are reckoned according to Ptolomies Computation , seventeen Stars , whereof four inform ( which sort of Stars , reckoned either in this , or any other Constellation , are by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Informes ; and by the Arabs , particularly by Ulugh Beigh , Chârigi Sûrat . i. e. extra figuram positae . ) Bayerus reckons nineteen , whereof three are of the third Magnitude , two in the Western , and one in the Eastern Horn , called by the Arabs , Alsheratein , or Alsheratân ; in Hebrew , Sartai , and Mezarthim ; the third in his Head , in Arabick , Al Ashra ; all from the singular Sherat , i. e. Signum seu Indicium , a Sign or Mark ; the seventh , eighth , and eleventh Stars are call'd in Arabick , Min Botein , from their Situation near the Belly of the Ram. This according to the Tradition of the Aegyptians , was made a Constellation in Honour of Cham. But as Nigidius ( cited by the Scholiast of Germanicus ) reports , for discovering to Bacchus , and his thirsty Army in the Desarts of Africa , a Fountain of Water ; or , according to Pherecides , for transporting of Phryxus , and Helle over the Sea , flying from the fury of their Step-Mother Ino. It is under the Tutelage of Iupiter and Minerva , according to the Doctrine of the Pythagoreans , deriv'd from the Chaldaeans , who held the Principal Gods to be twelve ; To each of whom they attributed a Month in the Year ; and one of the twelve Signs in the Zodiack , as is observ'd by Diodorus Siculus , l. 1. Bibliothec. This Sign was first discover'd by Cleostratus the Tenedian , as Pliny witnesses , l. 2. c. 8. and comes to the Meridian at Midnight , about the end of October , and beginning of November . Ram glittering in Golden Wool , Aries . Wonders to see the backward-rising o o This Sign is called Io , Isis , Apis , and Orias , i. e. Statio Hori , by the Aegyptians ; by the Greeks and Latines 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and Taurus ; in Hebrew , Shôr ; by the Arabs , Al Thaur ; by the Syrians , Thauro ; by the Persians , Ghau ; and by the Turks , Ughuz , i. e. Bos. It consists according to Ptolomy , of 44 Stars , whereof 11 shapeless ; or as Bayerus counts , of 48 , as Kepler , of 52 ; among which there is one of the first Magnitude , by the Greeks called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; by Ptolomy , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; by the Arabs Aldebaran , i. e. Stella Dominatrix , and Ain Al Thaur , i. e. Oculus Tauri ; by the Aegyptians , Piorion , i. e. Statio , seu Dominium Hori , in regard of the power of the Sun in Conjunction with that Star ; by the Romans , Palilicium , because heretofore it rose at Rome on the Feast-day of Pales , translated into Heaven in Memory of the Rape of Europa by Iupiter in that shape ; or in Honour of Io , or Isis , transform'd by Iuno into a Cow , and Constellated by Iupiter . Hence Ovid. Vacca sit an Taurus non est cognoscere promptum , Pars prior apparet , Posteriora latent . Seu tamen est Taurus , sive est haec foemina Signu●… Iunone invitâ Munus Amoris habet . If Bull or Heifer hard 't is to descry Seen are its fore ▪ parts , hid its hinder lie . But be 't a Masculine or Female Sign , It spite of Iuno , as Loves Mark does shine . Others will have it to be the Symbol of Osyris or Mesoris , or Mizraim , the Son of Cham , who first taught the Egyptians Tillage ; or rather of the Patriarch Ioseph , for his preserving Aegypt in the time of Famine ; to which the Learned Grotius , in his Tragedy of Sophomphania , alludes . To confirm which Opinion , Ger. Io. Vossius in his most accurate Work de Orig. & Progress . Idololatr . shews that Apis was the same with Joseph ( de quo etiam vide Tertull. l. 2. ad nationes ) and that under the Symbol of an Ox , he was honoured by the Aegyptians , as the most proper to express the Benefit conferr'd by him upon that People ; as among the Romans , we find L. Minucius , Praefect of the Corn-stores , Bove aurato extra Portam Trigeminam est donatus , because in a time of scarcity he supplied the Roman People with Corn at a Cheape Rate . Venus is Patroness of this Sign ; which about the end of November , and beginning of December , is at midnight seen in the Meridian . Bull Taurus . With submiss Looks beckon the p p These are call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Tindaridae , and Dioscuri by the Greeks and Litine●… ; In the Coptick , Clusos , ( i. e. ) Claustrum Hori ; in the Hebrew , Te●…min ; in Syriack , Tóm●… ; in Arabick , Taw ' amân , i. e. Gemelli . They are likewise by the Arabs call'd Giauzâ , as it were by a Me●…athesis , or Transposition of the Word from Zaugi , i. e. Bini , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Others derive it from Giauz , signifying a Nut ; and therefore the Turks call this Sign , Kùs Siphetlu Burgi , i. e. Nucem , vel Nuces referens Signum ; by the Persians , Ghi●…degán , to the same sence . But with more probability , ( says my Authour ) they are call'd Giauza , because plac'd i●… Giauz al Samà , i. e. in Medio Coeli . There are reckon'd in this Constellation , according to Ptolomy , twenty five Stars , whereof seven are inform ; Repler makes them thirty , Bayerus thirty three ; whereof that in the Head of the Western Twin , which first rises , is by the Arabs call'd Ras al Tawum A●…mukeddem , i. e. Caput p●…ioris geminorum ; the other , Ras al Tawum Muaccher , i. e. Caput posterioris Geminorum . The Star reckon'd the fourteenth in number in this Constellation , is by Higynus and Bassus , call'd Prop●…s , by Ptolomy 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , quia praecedit Pedes Geminorum ; and by the Persians , Pish-pai . The seventeenth and eighteenth opposite to one another in the feet of the said Gemini , are by the Arabs call'd al Hen'a , ( i. e. ) quaevis res quae aliam immediate sequitur . These Twins Varro and Servius ( in 11 Virgil. Aen. ) will have to be Apollo and Hercules , call'd by the Arabs , Ap●…ellan , and Hie●…aclus , and commonly , but most corruptly , Aphellar , Anhelar , and Abrachileus . Others will have them to be Triptolemus and Iason ; some Amphion , and Zethus ; or Dii Samothraces ; Plutarob , according to the Tradition of the Aegyptians , makes them to be Helitomenius and Harpocration , the Sons of Isis , and Osyris . But with more probability they are conceived to be Castor , and Pollux . For as the same Plutarch ( l. de Amore fraterno ) affirms , the Spartans of old us'd to call the Statues of Castor , and Pollux , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Trabalia , being no other than two Wooden Pests set parallel one to another , and joyn'd together at each end by two other traverse Beams . Hence ( saies the Learned Palmeriu●… upon that place of Plutarch ) Astrologers make use of the like Figure or Character to denote this Twin Sign , which they deriv'd from the Lacedemonians . It comes to the Mid-Heaven at Midnight , in the end of December , and beginning of Ianuary , and hath Phoebus for its Superintendent . Twins ; next whom Gemini . Cancer . q q Cancer is in the Greek call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Octipes ; It is likewise called Nepa Astacus , Camarus ; In Arabick , Assert●…n ; in Hebrew , Sartan ; in Syriack , Sartóno ; in Persian , Chercjengh ; by the Turks , Lenkutch , or Lenki●…ch , and Yenkutch , or Yenkitch , and Yilenkutch , or Yilenkitch , i. e. Cancer ; In the Coptick it is called Klaria , i. e. Besti●… , seu stati●… Typhonis . The whole Constellation made up of thirteen Stars , whereof four shapeless , according to 〈◊〉 my ; Kepler reckons seventeen , and Bayerus thirty five . Among which , the first Star in this Constellation is call'd in A●…bick , Malaph , i. e. Praesepe , or the Manger ; in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 : It is likewise by the Arabs call'd Al Net●…ra ; in Chaldi●… , Pesebre ; and is a Cloudy Star , by Galilaeo discover'd to consist of thirty six smaller ones . The fourth and fifth Stars are by the Arabs call'd Al Himarein , or Al Him●…rân , i. e. du●… Asini ; Our Authour elsewhere calls them Iugulas . The Crab was made a Constellation at the Intreaty of Iuno , being kill'd by Hercules , for biting him by the Foot , when he encountred Hydra : The Asinegoes , with their Manger , were constellated , because in the Fight with the Gyants , Bacchus and Vulcan charged upon Asses , who with their Brayings , frighted , and so put to flight their Enemies ; see Higyn . and Bassus in Germani●… . ( or rather Eratosthenes , for that Comment is no other than Eratosthenes translated . ) This Sign is appropriate to Mercury , and is famous according to the Chaldaick and Platonick Philosophy , for being supposed the Gate by which Souls descended into Humane Bodies ; touching which , see Mecrobius in Somn. Sc●…p . Coel. Rhodig . antiq. Lect. l. 15. c. 23. and Kircher in Oedip. Aegypt . Tom. 2. p. 535. It illustrates the Mid-Heaven about Midnight , from a little after the beginning , until the end of Ianuary . Cancer , who after him sees r r This Sign by the Greeks is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; in Hebrew , Ar'ye ; by the Arabs , al Asad ▪ in Syriack , Ar'yo ; in the Persian , Shîr ; the Turk●… call it 〈◊〉 , or As●…in , i. e. Leo ; the Aegyptian Cop●…ies call it Pimentekeon , i. e. Cubitus Nili . It consists of thirty nine Stars , whereof eight inform , according to Ptolomy , of forty according to Kepler ; to which number Bayerus adds three more . The first Star in this Constellation , is by the Arabs called Minchir al Asad , i. e. Nares Leonis . The third , Ras al Asad , al Schemali , i. e. Caput Leonis Boreale . The fourth , Ras al Asad , al Gienubi , i. e. Capu●… Leonis Australe . The fifth sixth , and seventh Stars are called by them al Gieb'ha , i. e. Frons . The eighth they call Mesichi , to which the Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and the Latine , Regulus , answers ; they give it likewise the name of Kal●… al Asad , i. e. Cor Leonis , being a Star of the first Magnitude . The twentieth Star is in Arabick call'd Duhr al Asad , i. e. Dorsum Leonis , and is also with the twenty second call'd Min al Zub'ra , i. e. de Crine Dorsi . The twenty seventh Star they call S●…rpha , i. e. Mutatrix , from the Change it brings of Heat from Cold ; and Danab al Asad , i. e. Cauda Leonis ; and is likewise of the first Magnitude . The Lyon was made a Coelestial Sign by Iuno , to spite Her●…ules , by whom he was slain ; and is said to have been bred in the Moon , and from thence to have fallen near the Nemaeean Grove in Arcadia , from whence call'd Nemaeeu●… ; as likewise , Claeoneus , and Herculeus ; to which , besides Achilles Tatius in Arat. Seneca alludes in He●…cul . furente , in these Words , Sublimis alias Luna concipiat feras .

And again

— Leo Flammiferis aestihu●… ardens , Iterum è Coelo cadet Herculeus .

The Poets , ( as is observ'd by Scaliger . not . in Ceirim ) feigning Animals , exceeding th' ordinary ●…ize , to be bred in , and to come from the Moon ; Hence Claudi●… , or some one more Antient than him , in the Poem of the Praises of Hercules , speaking of the Marathoni●…n Bull , subdu'd by that Hero ,

— Taurus med●… nam Sydere Lunae Progenitus , Dictaea Iovis possederat arv●… . This Sign , — Iupiter ( & cum Matre Deûm ) regit , — says our Authour , l. 2. It appears in the Meridian at Midnight , in the Moneth of February . Leo come ; Leo. Him s s This Constellation in Greek bears the name of 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; to which the Latine Virgo answers . In Hebrew it is call'd Bethula ; in Syriack , B●…thulto ; in Arabick ; Adra , and Adrenedepha ; and in the Persian , D●…shiza Pakiza , all to the same sence with the former ; in the Aegyptian or Coptick , it is called Aspholia , i. e. Statio Am●…ris ; It is likewise in respect of the chief Star by which it is signaliz'd , being one of the first Magnitude in her left hand ( though Vitruvius and Hyginus erroneously place it on her right , ) call'd by the Hebrews , Shibboleth ; by the Syrians , Shev●…lto ; by the Arabs , Súmbela ; by the Persians , Chûshe ; and by the Turks , Sálkim ; All signifying a Spike , or Ear of Corn. In this Sign ; Ptolomy reckons thirty two Stars , six whereof inform ; Kepler thirty nine , and Bayerus forty two , of which the sixth and seventh Stars are by the Arabs called Min al Auwa , i. e. de latratore ; and so likewise the tenth . The seventh is by them called Zawija al Auwa , i. e. Angulus Latratoris . The thirteenth , which is also one of the first Magnitude in her right wing , call'd by Proclus 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Praevindemiator , is by the Arabs in the same signification called Mûkdim al Kétaph . The fourteenth , which is the Spica , is by them likewise call'd Simak al A'zal , i. e. Efferens Inermem , scil. Virginem ; to distinguish it from another Star , in Bootes , call'd Simâk al Ramih , i. e. Efferens Hastiferum , vulgarly , but corruptly call'd Azimeth and Huzimeth , and by S●…aliger , ( but amiss ) Huzmet al Hisál , i. e. Fasciculus frumenti vel segetis . The twenty second , twenty third , twenty fourth and twenty fifth Stars are call'd Min al Gaph'r , i. e. Ex al Gaphr , which signifies Velamen , Ventrem & Tect●…ram , Quòd Stellae ejus obtectae sint . This Sign according to the Vulgar Opinion , is taken for Astraea , o●… Justice , by others , for Erigone , Daughter of Icarius , ( so Servius . ) Others suppose her to be Ceres , quòd s●…icas teneat , ( says Bassus . ) Others call her Atergatis , the Goddess of the Ass●…rians . Some will have her to be Fortune , pro eo quòd sine Capite Astris infer●…ur , says the same Bassus . Avienus makes her to be Isis ; and others again will have her to be Concord , or Peace ; for which Opinion ( says Vossius l. 2. Idol . ) makes the Figure in Commelins Antient Manuscript of Hyginus , and that of Grotius in Germanic . Arat. ubi manu dextrâ Olivam , sinistrâ Caduceum tenet , as commonly the Antients represent Peace . Ceres is Lady of this Sign , which visits the Meridian at Midnight about the end of March , and beginning of April . Virgo follows ; then the t t This Asterisme by the Greeks is call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; to which the Latine Libra answers ; by Cicero it is called Iugum , particularly answering to the last of the Greek names . In Hebrew it is called Mozenâim ; in Syri●…ck , Masáth●… , in Arabick , al Mizan ; by the Persians , Terazu : All signifying Libram , Stateram , seu Bilancem . The Turks commonly use the Arabick name Mizan , which by them in their Language is explain'd Tartagick alati , i. e. Ponderandi Instrumentum . In the C●…ptick it is call'd Lamb●…dia , i. e. Statio Propitiationi●… . The Constellation is made up of seventeen Stars , according to Prolomy , whereof nine inform ; Bayerus reckons but fifteen , Kepler eighteen . Among which the first Star in Account , by the Greeks called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , is by the Arabs , in the same signification , call'd Zubâna Gjenubi , i. e. Chela australis , and Al Kiffa , Al Gienubija , i. e. Lanx australis ; the third , call'd by the Greeks 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , is accordingly by the Arabs call'd Zubâna Shemâli , i. e. Chela Borealis , and al Kiffa al Shemâlija , i. e. Lanx Borealis . This Sign owns Vulcan for its Patron , and is famous for being ascendant in the Horoscope of Rome , at its Foundation , according to the Calculation of Lucius Tarruncius Firmanus , as Cicero witnesses ( l. 2. de Divin . ) There is no distinct Fable of this Sign , it being part of Scorpius , whose Chelae or Claws ( by the Arabs call'd Zubâna ) make ▪ the Scales ; Hence our Authour , lib. 2. Scorpius in Librâ Consumit Brac●…hia . — It mounts the Meridian at Midnight in the beginning of May. Scales , that weigh Virgo . In even Ballance equal Night and Day , Libra . Draw on the u u The Hebrews call this Sign Akrab , pro Akatzrab , à magno aculeo ( mediâ vocis literâ per compendium elisâ ) according to Bochart his Interpretation . The Syrians call it Akr●…vo ; the Arabs , Al Akrab ; the Persians , Ghezdum ; the Turks , K●…irughi , quasi 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Caudatus , or Uzûn Koirughi , i. e. longá Caudâ praeditus . By Cicero it is call'd Nepa ▪ which Festus says is an African Word , happily a Phoenician says Bochartus , Neb or Nebba ( b chang'd into p ) à Caudae Internodii's ; by the Greeks ; 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; and by the Aegyptian Copties , Isias , i. e. Statio Isidis . There are counted therein by Ptolomy twenty four Stars ; whereof three shapeless ; by Kepler ▪ twenty eight ; by Bayerus twenty nine ; of which the six first are by the Arabs call'd I●…lil al Gieb'ha , i. e. Corona Fro●…tis , and simply I●…lil ▪ Corona . The sixth is particularly called Gieb'ha al Akrab , i. e. Frons Scorpii . The eighth is by them called Kalb' al Akrab , i. e. Cor Scorpii , &c. In Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Tyrannus . On each side of which Star there are two others , by the Arabs call'd al Niyât , i. e. Praecordia . The twentieth and twenty first they call al Shaula , which properly signifies the Tail of a Scorpion , and not of any other Creature . From which name al Shaula , not rightly read or written , have proceeded the corrupt names of Shomleck , Moshleck , and alasha , commonly found in most Authours . The Scorpion is fabled to have been made a Constellation , for having slain Orion , who boasted he would in Hunting destroy all the Wild Beasts in the Forrests ; or according to Nigidius , for that hunting with Diana in the Mountain Chelippius in the Island Chios , he contemn'd and derided her , as inferiour to him in Skill ; or according to Palaephatus and Ni●…ander in Theriac . for daring to have violated her Chastity ; for which in Revenge , she is said to have sent this Scorpion to sting him to death ( though Horace says he was — Virgineâ domitus sagittâ ) being for that , at her request , by Iupiter made an Asterism in Heaven ; owning Mars for his Deity ; and is seen to crawl toward the Meridian at Midnight , about the end of May and beginning of Iune . Scorpion with the fiery Sting , Scorpio . At which the x x This Constellation is in Hebrew call'd Kesheth ; in Syriack , Keshto ; in Arabick , Al Kaus ; in the Persian Tongue Kamân ; in the Turkish , Yai . All signifying an Arrow . In Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Sagittarius ; according to which signification it is likewise by the Arabs call'd al Rami ; by the Aegyptians , Pimaere , i. e. St●…tio Amoenitatis ▪ It consists of 31 Stars , as Ptolomy reckons ; of 32 , as Bayerus ; of 34 , as Kepler . Of which the first is by some among the Arabians call'd Zugi al Nushaba , i. e. Cuspis , vel Ferramentum Spiculi . But both that and the second in Ulugh Beighs Tables ; Min al Nâaim , al Wârida , i. e. E pecoribus ad●…untibus ( scil. ad aquam ▪ ) The 6th and 7th according to those Tables , Min al Nâim , al Sadira ; i. e. E pecoribus redcuntibus ( scil. ab aquatione . ) The 8th Star in this Constellation , is by the Arabs call'd Ain al Rami , i. e. Oculus Sagittarii . The 23d Urkûb al Rami , i. e. Suffrago ; the Hough or Pastern . The 24th Rukb●… al Rami , i. e. Genu , the Knee of Sagittarius . Hyginus , from the Authority of Sositheus , will have this to be Crotus , the Son of Euphemis , or Eu●…hemis , the Nurse of the Muses , at their instance by Iupiter plac'd in the Zodiack . Others will have him to be Chiron . This Sign is under the Tutelage of Diana , and of Apollo likewise , to whom it is sacred ; as Tristan , in his Com●…entar . Tom. 3. evinces , from the Coyns of Gallienus , on some of whose Reverses is stamp'd the Figure of Sagittarius , with this Inscription , APOLLINI CONSERV . AUG. This Sign at Midnight aims at the Meridian , about the end of Iune , and beginning of Iuly . Centaur his Shaft levelling Sagittar . Seems ready to let f●…y : To these comes on The y y The Greeks give to this Sign the Name 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; The Latines , Hircus Aequ●…ris ( so Asclepiadius and Vomanus ) and Pelagi Procella ( so Vitalis ) by Horace being styl'd , — Tyrannus

Hesperiae Capricornus undae .

In Hebrew , it is call'd G●…di ; in Syria●… , G●…dio ; in Arabick , Al Gjedi ; in the Persian , Buzegh●…le ; in Turkish , Uglack ; all signifying a Kid or Goat . In the Coptick or Aegyptian Tongue it is call'd Hopeutus , i. e. Brachium Sacrificii . It is made up , by the joynt Account of Ptolomy , Kepler and Bayerus , of 29 Stars ; of which the first and third are by the Arabs call'd Min Sad Al D●…ih , i. e. Ex fortuna Mactantis ; and simply , D●…bigh , i. e. Mactans . The 23d and 24th Stars are call'd by them , Sad N●…shira , i. e. Fortuna averruncantis , vel divulgantis Nuncium . But the 24th by a particular Name , from its situation , is called Da●…ab Al Gjedi , i. e. Ca●…da Capricorni . This was made a Constellation in honour of Aegip in the Son of Iupiter , by the Olenian Goat , or rather his Foster Brother , Son of Aega the Wife of Pan , whence his Name ▪ who as Bassus in Germani●… . from the Authority of Epimenides , writes , assisted Iupiter in his Wars against the Titans , and armed the God ; and for that reason honoured with this Coelestial Dignity . The reason of his being figur'd half Goat half Fish , Theon the Scoliast of A●…atus reports , was , for that he finding on the Sea-shore an empty Murex or purple shell , is said to have wound it like a Horn , thereby striking a Panick ●…ear into the Titans , and therefore they represented him with a Tail like a Sea-Mons●…er . Celebrated it is according to the Doctrine of the Pythagoreans , and Platonists , for being the Gate , by which Souls ascend into Heaven ; and therefore stil'd Porta Deorum : Nor less Famous , to use our Authours Words ,

— In Augusti foelix quòd fulserit Ortum . Of which see Suetonius in August . Scaliger in Manil. ●…ct . Sam. Petit. in Observa●… . l. 1. c. 5. Vindelinus and Albertus Rubeniu●… upon that subject ; Ricciolus in Chronolog. reformo 〈◊〉 . T●…m . 1. l. 4. p. 104. and Spanhemius in Dissertat . de Numismat . Vesta is the Goddess appropriate to this Sign . It climbs the Mid-heaven at Midnight , about the end of Iuly , and beginning of August . Goats contracted Constellation . Caprico : z z This Sign is by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; by Appian , Hydridurus , and in the same signification by the Arabs , Sakib Al M●… , i. e. Effus●…r A●…uae . It is by them likewise called Al Delu , and in H●…brew , Deli ; in Syriac , Daulo ; in the Persian Tongue , D●…l ; in the Turkish , K●…gha ; all signifying a●… Urn , or Watring-pot . The Aegyptians or Copties , call it Hup●…utherian , i. e. Brachium Beneficii . There are reckon'd therein according to Ptolomy and Kepler , 45 Stars , whereof three inform . Bayerus yet reckons but 41. Of which the 2d and 3d are in Arabick call'd Sa'd Al Melick , or Sa'd Al Mùlck ; the first signifying fortuna Regis , the later , fortuna Opum & Substantiae . The 4th and 5th are call'd Sa'd Al Suûd , i. e. fortuna fortunarum ; under which are some other Stars of less note call'd Al An●… . The 6th and 7th are call'd Sa'd Bulâ & Al Bul●…an , i. e. fortuna Deglutientis , or D●…glutientium . The 9th , 10th and 11th Stars are call'd Sa'd Al Ahbija , i. e. fortuna Tentoriorum . The 14th Star in this Constellation , being one of the first Magnitude , is in Arabick call'd Diphd●… al Auwal , i. e. Rana Prima ; It is likewise call'd Phom al H●…ut al Gje●…bi , i. e. Os Piscis Australis , commonly , but corruptly , Phomahant . This Asterism is by some fabl'd to be Ganym●…de the Cup-bearer of Iupiter , by some Deucalion ; ( whence by Vomanus this Sign is entituled Deucalionis Aquae ; ) by others , Aristaeus ; of which , see the Scholiast of Germanicus . It is seen in the Meridian at Midnight , about the end of August , and beginning of September ▪ Iuno is its Lady Regent . Aquarius next pours from his Urn a Flood , Aquar . Whilst the glad a a This Sign in the Greek is call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and by the Iews accordingly Dagáim , i. e. Duo Pisces . But the Arabs call it Al H●…ut , & Al S●…maca ; the Syrians , Nâno ; the Persians , M●…hi ; the Turks , Balick , which signifies a Fish in the singular number ; so likewise in the C●…ptick , it is call'd Pikotorion , i. e. Piscis Hori . The Northern of these Fishes is in the Arabick call'd Haut Ash●…li , i. e. Piscis B●…realis , and is known by the peculiar Name of 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , as being represented by the C●…ns with the Head of a Swallow ; the reason as Scaliger conceives , because when the Sun is in that Sign , the Swallow begins to appear in those Regions . The Southern is call'd Haut al Gjenubi , i. e. Piscis Australis . The whole Constellation consists , according to Ptolomy , of 38 Stars , ( whereof four inform , ) according to Bayerus of 39. But Kepler reckons therein 59. The Stream , or Tenuis fusio Stellarum utris●…ue Piscibus disposita , Vitruvius , l. 9. c. 7. calls 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Mercuri●… Donum s●…u Delici●…s , which Scaliger conceives ought to be read 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Laqueum ; or as Pliny terms it , Commissuram Piscium . The Compiler of the Vitruvi●…n Lexicon seems to come nearer to the truer Reading , and will have it to be 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Nodum , or to use the Words of the said Lexicon , Coaptatimem qua Piscis Pisci seu vinculo al●…gatur ; by Proclus call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , by Aratus , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which Cicero renders Coelestem Nodum . The Arabians call it Ch●…it , vel Ch●… Kettani , i. e. Filum Linteum . These are fabled to be the Syrian Deities according to Germanicus , Syriae du●… Numi●…a Pisces , by which are understood Venus and Cupid , as Hyginus ( from the Authority of Diognetus Erythraeus ) writes . For Venus and her Son Cupid coming to the River Euphrates , and frighted with the suddain appearance of the Gyant Typ●…n , cast themselves into the River , and assum'd the shapes of Fishes , by which means they scap'd from danger . For this reason the Syrians abstain from eating of Fish , lest they might happen to devour their Deities . But the Scholiast of Germanicus ( from Nigidius ) writes , that these were the Fishes , which turn'd or roll'd up upon the Bank of Euphrates a great Egg , upon which a Dove sitting , hatch'd Venus , the Syrian Goddess . The Exposition whereof , see in Beyerus in Additamen ▪ in Seldeni System ▪ de Diis Syriis , p. 290. This Sign is under the Patronage of Neptune , and is seen in the Meridian at Midnight , almost throughout the whole Moneths of September and October . Fish to the lov'd Waters scud , Pis●…es . By Aries touch'd , and make the closing Sign . Now in the Skies near where the bright Bears shine ( Which from Heavens Top on all the Stars look down , Nor know to se●… ; but plac'd on the World's Crown , Though differently , whirle round the Stars and Skies ) Stretch'd through thin Air the b b The Axis of the World ( so called ab 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , v●…lvo ) is an Imaginary right Line , passing through the Center of the Mundane Sphere from North to South , whose extremities are terminated in the superficies thereof ; the two points term●…ating the said A●…is being called the Poles of the World : About which immoveable Line the Sphere it self is turned . By this Description it may appear that the Axi●… of the Sphere is likewise the Diameter thereof ; but on the contrary every Diameter thereof is not its Axis ; because the Sphere is not turned about every Diameter , but only about that , which is extended from North to South . Vid. Cl●…v . in Sacrobosc . subtle Axis lies , The Axis of the World , and the Poles . Whose distant Poles the Ballanc'd Fabrick hold ; Round this the Star-imbellish'd Orbs are rowl'd : Whilst yet it self unmov'd through empty Air , And the Earths Globe extends to either Bear . Nor is 't a c c To this purpose Achilles Tatius in A●…at . Phaenom . 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , &c. Of the M●…teriality of this Axis , ( though some Philos●…phers have conceiv'd i●… a Spirit passing through the interjected Mundane space ) Aratus ( saith he ) hath taught us n●…thing . For if any shall conceive it to consist of a fiery substance , when it passes through the Sphere ●…f the Water , it would be extinguish'd , or consum'd by the Sphere of the fiery Element ; or should it be supposed to consist of any other of the Elements , as of Air or Water , it would not mix with the others , but would be destroy'd by its contraries : Wherefore Mathematicians have defin'd it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Li●…eam quandam subtilem , seu tenuem , and is here by our Authour excellently described . solid Substance , or opprest With Weight , though the Worlds d d Homer and most of the Antient Poets seem to attribute to the Sphere of the World a kind of Gravity or tendency downward , and for this Reason they describe it to be supported by A●…las . But this Fancy Aristotle eludes in his Book De Communi Animalium Mo●…u , by applying ( not unappositely ) the Fable of A●…las to the Axis of the World , upon which it is imagined to be supported and turned about . weight upon it rest . But as the Air mov'd in a Circle goes , And on it self , whence first it flow'd , reflows , What e're that is which still the midst doth hold , 'Bout which , ( it self unmov'd ) All else is rowl'd , So subtle it can no way be inclin'd , That by the Name of Axis is design'd . Upon whose Top ( to Mariners distrest The Constellations of the Northern Hemisphere . Well known , their Guides through Seas ) two bright signs rest . Great e e So named by the Greeks , quòd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. volvitur ( Circa Polum A●…ticum : ) It is likewise called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Ursa Major & Plaustrum Majus . In Arabick ( according to Ulugh Beigh ) Dub Ackber , i. e. Ursus Major in the Masculine Gender ; as likewise Agala , i. e. Plaustrum seu v●…hiculum ▪ from whence by the change of one only Letter , is that corrupt Name of Aganna , mentioned by Scaliger from Hesychius . It is likewise by the Arabs call'd Benât Al Nash Al Cubra , i. e. Filiae feretri Majoris , in regard the four Stars that make the Body of the Bear resemble a Bier , and the three in the Tayl , the Virgins or Maids that attend the Corps . And for this reason saies Kircher the Christian Arabs call the four Stars in this Constellation , Nash L●…ázar , i. e. Feretrum Lazari ; and the three in the Tayl , Mary Magdalen , Martha and their Maid . By the Persians it is call'd Haphtûrengh Mihîn , i. e. Septentrio Major ; and by the Turks , Yidigher Yilduz , i. e. Septenae stel●…ae ; and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Yidigher , i. e. Septenae ; as by the Latines , Septem Triones , quasi Teriones , à terendo semitam circa Polum . The whole Constellation consists according to Ptolomy of thirty five Stars , whereof eight inform ; according to Bayerus , of thirty two ; Kepler yet reckons fifty six ; among which the twelfth and thirteenth Stars are in Arabick call'd Al Nekra Al Th●…litha , i. e. Cotyle , Scrobs seu Cavitas ossis Tali . The sixteenth D●…br Al Dub Al Ackber , i. e. Dorsum ursi Majoris : The seventeenth Merák Al Dub Al Ackber , i. e. Epigastrium ursi Majoris . The eighteenth Meg'res Al Dub Al Ackber , i. e. Uropygium ursi Majoris . The nineteenth is call'd Phaid Al Dub Al Ackber , i. e. F●…mur ursi Majoris ; and these four last named , make up Al Na'sh Al Cubrá , Feretrum Majus . The twentieth and twenty first Stars are called Al Phikra , or rather Al Nekra , Al Thanija , i. e. Vertebra seu Cotyle secunda . The twenty third and twenty fourth Al Phikra , or rather Al Nekra , Al Ula , i. e. Vertebra seu Cotyle prima , as the Commentator upon Ulugh Beigh his Tables would rather have it read in both Places . The three Stars , that make the Tayl , are call'd Al Benát , i. e. Filiae : Whereof the first is called by some Al Haun , or Al Gjaun , signifying albam Nubeculam ; by others , Al H●…er or Al Haur ( commonly but corruptly , Alcor ) i. e. Albedo oculi , or Populu●… Alba. The second is called Al In●…k , or Al An●…k , i. e. Capella . The third Alkaid , i. e. Gubernator . This Constellation was first found out by N●…uplius , as Theon , the Scholiast of Aratus , affirms , and was antiently the Greek Sea-mans Guide , as the lesser , the Phoe●…icians : The Reason ; because to the Greeks , who sayl'd the Mediterranean , Pontick and Euxine Seas , this Constellation was still apparent , but to the Sidonians , Phoenicians and Carthaginians , who were more Southerly , part of the greater Bear was either by the Position of Sphere , or some other Accident , sometimes deprest and obscur'd ; but Cynosura always apparent to them ; whence that of Valerius Flaccus in Argonaut . — Certior in Tyrias Cynosura Carinas . And therefore these last chose the lesser , as the Greeks the Greater Bear for their Directress . Vide Ricciol . in Almagest . Nov. Helice moves in a f f La Cerda explicating this Verse of Virgil's ( in Georg. 1. ) [ Maximus hic flexu sinuoso elabitur Anguis ] Cites these Verses ; and conceives by the greater Bend and lesser Orb , our Poet means the greater and the lesser flexure of the Serpent ; that is to say , that of the Tayl ( being the larger ) about Helice , that of the head ( being the more contracted ) about Cynosure . But this is far from the meaning of Manilius , whose sence is this , that Helice being more removed from the Pole , makes by its Circumgyration a larger Circle than Cynosura , which being nearer to it , must consequently make breviorem 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , as Grotius ( in Arat. Phaenom . ) terms it : This Interpretation is confirm'd by these Verses of Aratus , to which doubtless ou●… Authour had respect . 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Multa lucens Helice primâ à Nocte : Altera vero parva , s●…d N●…utis Melior ; Minori enim Tota convertitur Orb●… . To which purpose see likewise Theon , the Scholiast of Aratus . greater Bend Helice . Mark'd with seven fair Stars , the Greek Pilot's Friend , Small g g So called by the Greeks , quasi Canis Cauda , or as V●…ssius ( l. de Scient. Mathemat . c. 32. ) derives it from the Hebrew ▪ , Ura , i. e. Lumen , flamma , Ignis ; and Nghus , i. e. coligere , ut sit Cynosura quasi Collectio luminis seu Ignis , or from the Chaldae●…n , Kinush , i. e. Umbilicus ; for by its Conversion is made a small Circle , as it were Umbilicus Igneus . The Hebrews call it Genash , i. e. Gallinam cum filiis suis , as Kircher expounds it . By the Arabs it is called Dub Asgher , i. e. U●…sus Minor , and Benat al Mash al Sughra , i. e. Filiae Feretri Minoris ; by some of them it is called Agiala , i. e. Plaustrum , and by Scaliger and Schickardus Al Rueba , vel Arrucba , which yet Mr. Hyde says is not to be sound in any Arabick writer , unless happily they derive it from the Chaldaick Recubà or Recuvà , which signifies Currum , vel V●…hiculum . By the Persians it is call'd Haphturengh 〈◊〉 i. e. S●…entrio Minor . The Star in the Extremity of the Tayl is by the 〈◊〉 call'd Caucab Shem●…i , i. e. Stella Borealis ; by the Turks , Yilduz Shemali , and absolutely Yilduz , i. e. Stella ; and by a peculiar Name in Arabick it is called Gjedi , i. e. Hoedus . The Italians call it Tramontana ; and we the Pole , or North Star . The two last and brightest in the Feretrum or square , are by the Arabs call'd Al Phercadân or Al Phercadein , i. e. Duo vituli . The whole Constellation consisting according to P●…olomy and Bayerus of eight Stars , whereof one inform ; as Kepler reckons , of twenty . Of the Fabulous Anastr●…sis of this and the former Constellation , Diodorus Siculus Biblio●…b . Histor. l. 4. reports , that these were the Nurses of Jupiter , and privately kept him from the search of Saturn ; for which they were by him in Gratitude plac'd in the Heavens , and call'd by the Name of the two Bears , being worshipped with Divine Rites , by the Cretans and Sicilians ; by whom they were styl'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Deae Matres . Others refer it to the Fable of Callisto and her Son Arcas , of which see Hesiod and Ovid. This Constellation was ( among the Greeks ) first discovered by Thales the Milesian , as ( besides Theon and Laertius from the Testimony of Callimachus ) Hyginus , l. 2. Astronom . Poet. affirms , for which reason it was call'd likewise Phoenice , from Thales its Inventor being by descent a Phoenician , who first gave it the Name of Arctos , or the Bear . But trulier so denominated , from the whole Nation of the Phoenicians , who in their Navigations ( and that long before the time of Thales ) observ'd her , as their Directress : See Palmerius his Learned Exercitations , p. 445 , and 446. Cynosure , less both in Light and size , 〈◊〉 A less Orb holds ; whom yet the Tyrians prize More than the Great ; by This the h h Of the frequent Voyages of the Phoenicians and Carthaginians into the Atlantick Ocean , and their Discoveries of the Western Coasts of Africk , and a large and wealthy Island in that vast Ocean ; See Diodorus Siculus Biblioth , l. 5. and Aristotle ( in Admirand . Audition . ) which forementioned Island Turnebus ( l. Adversar. 20. c. 11. ) conjectures to have been some part of America not fully discovered ; of which Opinion likewise is Cluverius ( in Sicilia Antiqu. l. 2. ) And for further proof of the Punick Navigations , we have the Periplus of Hanno yet extant ; though by many as well of the Antients , as Moderns , supposed a Fiction ( whence the Proverb , applicable to a credulous Person , Dignus est quem oblectent Lybici libri de Erroribus Hannonis , as Casaubon notes in his Animadversions on Athenaeus ) yet is the truth thereof asserted by the learned B●…chartus in Geograph . Sacra ; and by Mr. Vossius ( in Melam ) commended as a signal Monument not only of Historical Verity , but of Antiquity likewise , beyond any Extant Remains of Graecian Learning . Poeni steer Through vast Seas to the Western Hemisphere . These joyn not Fronts , but eithers Head turns to The others Tayl ; pursu'd , as they pursue . Between both which , his large unfolded Spires A i i This Constellation the Poets feign to have been the Dragon that kept the Hesperides slain by Hercules , and made an Asterism by Iuno . Others ( says Stoefler ) will have the Dragon to be brought by the Gyants in their fight with the Gods to oppose Minerva , and by her to have been strangled and thrown up to Heaven , and there fixt as a Trophy of her Victory . This by the Greeks is call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; by the Latines , Draco ; in Hebrew , Tannin , i. e. Draco ; by the Arabs , Tinnin and Tannin , as the Hebrew : it is by them likewise call'd ( according to Kircher ) Taaban , or rather Thuban , and in the same sence by the Persians , Ashdeha , which is interpreted Serpens , qui Homines ac Bestias devorat . Some among the Arabians give it likewise the Name of Al Haija , which is also appropriate to the Southern Constellation of the same kind . It is made up ( as Ptolomy reckons ) of 31 Stars ; as Kepler , of 32 ; as Bayerus , of 33. Of which the first Star in the Tongue is by the Arabs call'd Al R●…kis , or Arrakis , i. e. Saltator , seu Tripudiator , the three next Al Awaîd , i. e. Pulsatores Testudinis . The fifth in the Head is call'd Ras Al Tinn●…n , i. e. Caput Draconis . The 14th , 15th and 16th Stars are call'd Al Thâphi , i. e. 〈◊〉 , from their Posture , representing a Skillet with Feet Tripod or Brandiron . The 20th and 21th are called Adphar Al Dib , i. e. Ungula Lupi . The 27th is called Aldibe●… , i. e. Victima , as being plac'd before that in the Horn of Capricorn , call'd Sa'd Al Da●… , i. e. F●…rtuna Mactantis . This is seen in the Meridian at Midnight about the end of Iune . Serpent stretches ; and with winding fires Embracing them , one from the other parts , And from their k k Macrobius ( in Somn. Scip. l. 1. c. 18. ) Septentrionum quoque Compago non solvitur ; Anguis qui inter eos labitur semel circumfusum non mutat amplexum . Stations sees that neither starts . 'Twixt this , and Heavens Mid-Circle , where the Sun , And six Lights more 'gainst the bright Zodiack run , Rise Stars of different Magnitude and Power , Some near the Pole , some near Heav'ns radiant Tower . Which l l From the Philosophy of the Egyptians , of which thus Diogenes Laertius in Prooem . 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i e. That the Stars are of a fiery Nature , and that by their Contemperation all Things are produced on the Earth . To this Effect is that Caballistick Maxim , Non est Herba inferiùs , quae non habeat S●…ellam superiùs , qu●… dicat ei Cresce ; of which Kircher in Magnet . Natur. Regn. Sect. 2. c. 3. temper'd by the disagreeing Air The fruitful Earth for humane use prepare . Next the cold Bears , ( the Cause t' himself best known ) Shines forth a m m This Asterism in Greek bears the Name 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Ingeniculus ; It is likewise call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Clavator s●… Claviger , and by some of the Latines , Nisus vel Nixus , quia Laboranti similis . By the Arabs Giathi ala Rucbatei●…i , i. e. Incumbens Genubus , ( from which corrupted may come those commonly mistaken Names of Elgiaziale and Rulxba●…ei ) by the Persians interpreted Bersanu Nisheste , i. e. genubus insidens , from whence the Commentator upon U●…ugh Beigh conceives the corrupt Persian Name , Ternevelles Sandes , may be deriv'd ; which he supposes ought to be read Zurnai , vel Zernai Zan ; implying as much as fistulator , sive vir aureo canens calamo . The number of Stars in this Constellation are by Ptolomy reckon'd to be 29 ; by Bayerus , 48 ; by Kepler but 28 ; of which the first is called Ras Al Gi●…hi , i. e. Caput Ingeniculi , and commonly , but falsly , Ras Al Aben. That in his Elbow from its situation is called Marphak ; that in his Wrist Mi' sám , i. e. Carpus , and by mistake commonly Maasym . This Constellation some will have to represent Theseus , or Ixion ; others , Orpheus or Prometheus ; others , Thamyris or Thamyras a Thracian Poet , who contending with the Muses for Skill , and by them overcome , was punish'd with the loss of his Eyes , and in the Memorial of their Victory plac'd in the Heavens in a supplicating posture , as deprecating his punishment . But Panyases ( in Heraclid . ) will have this Asterism to represent Hercules ; so likewise Hyginus from the Authority of Aeschylus , with whom agrees the Scholiast of Germanicus . This comes to the Meridian at Midnight in the Moneth of Iune . kneeling Constellation . Engonasi . Behind whose Back n n Arctophylax and Boötes are one and the same Constellation ; the first signifying Custos Ursarum ; the later so call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Bovis , & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. pellere , quasi Boum Agitator , to which Name our Authour alludes ; but in the Eastern Tongues the same seems to be deriv'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. à Clamando , whence by the Arabs call'd Al Auwa , i. e. V●…ferator , and Al Neckar , i. e. Fossor seu Pastinator . It consists according to Ptolomy of 23 Stars , Kepler counts 28 , and Bayerus 34. This some Fable to be Lycaon ; Others Arcas , the Son of Callisto his Daughter by Iupiter . The Scholiast of Germanicus makes it to be the Constellation of I●…arus , and accordingly Propertius stiles the Septentriones , I●…arus his Oxen , in this Verse ; Flectant Icarii Sidera tarda B●…ves . This is seen in the Meridian at Midnight about the beginning of May. Arctophylax appears , Arctophylax or Bootes . The same Boötes call'd , because yoak'd Steers He seeming drives ; who through the rapid Skies ( Bearing o o Some will have this Star so call'd , quasi ab 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. à Cauda Ursae , but trulier ab 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Custos Ursae , in the same sence as Arctophylax . This the Arabs call al Simak al Râmih , i. e. efferens H●…stiferum ; in the common Globes falsly Huzme : Tzetzes says it is likewise call'd by the Greeks 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and in Chrysococea's Persian Tables ( published by E●…lialdus at the end of his Astronom . Philolaic . ) it is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Hastili aut Conto armatus . It is a Star of the first Magnitude , by Vitruvius plac'd Media Genuorum Custodis Arcti , but according to others in the knot of Arctophylax his Girdle ; so Germanicus in Ara●…is ; Arcturum dicunt sidus quà vincula nodant : Arcturus in his Bosome ) hies . Arcturus . On th' other side see the rich p p This by the Greeks is call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Corona Borealis , & Prima ; And accordingly by the Arabs , Al I●…lil Shemali , i. e. Corona Borealis , and simply Al I●…lil , i. e. Corona ; it is by them likewise called Al Phecca , i. e. Apertio ; in Hebrew Kir Schetali , i. e. Corona Sinistra , and in Chaldee Malphelcarti , i. e. Sertum Pupillae . The Constellation is in form of a Circle , not compleated , and therefore by the Vulgar Arabs call'd Kâse Shekéste , i. e. Scutella fracta , and Kas●…hi Dervishan , i. e. Scutella pauperum , and in the same sence , by some of them Kasa Al Masakin , or Alsa●…lik . In 〈◊〉 's Tables 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Discus fractus . The brightest in this Circle being of the second Magnitude , is call'd Lucida Coronae , and by the Arabs , Nair Phecca , i. e. Lucida Pheccae , & Mumir , i. e. Pupillae . It consists according to Ptolomy and Kepler of eight Stars , yet Bayerus reckons twenty . This Crown some fable to have been of Gold : Athenaeus l. 15. from the Authority of Timachides , says it was made of a Flower or Herb , call'd Theseus ; others will have it to be of Lawrel or Myrtle : Bayerus from some Antient Greek Coyns describes it to have been composed of Elder Leaves , mix'd with Berries . Ph●…tius in Bibliotheca ( out of P●…olomaeus Ephaestionis his fifth Book Nov. Histor. ) gives this Fable thereof . They report ( saith he ) that a certain Nymph named Psalacantha in the Island Icaria being in love with Bacchus , endeavoured to procure Ariadne to his Bed , on condition , he would likewise be kind to her : Which Bacchus refusing , she plotted to do Ariadne a Mischief : This the God discovering , he in Passion transform'd her to an Herb bearing her Name : But afterwards repenting the Fact , by way of Recompence and Honour he caus'd the Flower to be entwin'd about Ariadnes Crown , which he had already fix'd in the 〈◊〉 . As to the Fable of Ariadne deserted by Theseus in the Island Naxos , and reliev'd by Bacchus , the same is sufficiently known . And though most make only her Crown to be constellated , yet others place Ariadne her self in Heaven ; as Sca●…iger hath observ'd in his Notes upon Catullus his Poem de Coma Berenices , of which Opinion likewise is Propertius in these Verses ; Te quoque enim non esse rudem testantur , in Astris Lyncibus in coelum vecta Ariadna tuis . To which as a further Proof we shall add the Testimony of one of Nero's and another of Trajan his silver Coyns , having on their Reverse , the Figure of Ariadne , carried up to Heaven in the same manner , as is represented by Propertius ; touching which see Monsieur du Choul , de la Religion des Anciens Romains ; and Occo in Nu●…ismat . p. 199. Videsis etian●… Tertullian . in Sc●…rpiace , & Pascalium de Coronis . Crown display Ariadnes Crown . Its Luminous Gems , bright with a different Ray : Whom the swift y y This Constellation is call'd Pegasus , by the Greeks 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . It is called likewise Equus Major , Medusaeus , Gorg●…nius , Beller ph●…maeus and Me●…ppe , or rather Melanippe ; by the Arabs , Al Pharas Adam , i. e. E●…uus Major , and Alpharas Al Th●…ni , i. e. Equus Secundus , to distinguish it from the Equus Mi●…r , omitted by our Poet. In Hebrew it is call'd Ha Sus chail Kernim , i. e. Equus 〈◊〉 . It consists according to P●…olomy of twenty Stars ; according to B●…yerus and Kepler , of twenty three . Among which the Chief ( being in Umbilico Equi ) is promiscuously reckon'd as appertaining to the Head of Andromeda , as well as to Part of this Constellation , and therefore by the Arabs called as well Ras Al Mara Al M●…salsala , i. e. Caput Mulieris Catenatae , as Sirra Al Pharas , i. e. Umbilicus Equi . That in the joyning of the Wing is call'd 〈◊〉 , i. e. Equitandi vel vehendi locus , Sagma , Ephippium . The third Star is call'd by them Menkib Al Pharas , i. e. Hu●…erus Equi . The fourth they call Mat'n Al Pharas , i. e. Lumbus Equi , vel Dorsum . The fifth and sixth Stars are call'd Alkerb , vel Alkereb , i. e. Funis . The seventh and eighth Sa'd Mátar , i. e. Fortuna Pluviae . The ninth and tenth Sa'd Bari , i. e. Fortuna praecellentis . The eleventh and twelfth Sa'd Al Homam , i. e. Fortuna Herois , vel Sad Al Hamm●…m , i. e. Fortuna Obtrectatrieis . The fifteenth and sixteenth are call'd Sa'd Al Bahâim , i. e. Fortuna Besti●…rum . In the Common Globes for Sa'd is mistakenly put Sheat . The sevent●…enth Star is call'd Phom Al Pharas , i. e. Os Equi , and Gjahphela Al Pharas , i. e. Labrum Equi ; by others Enph or Emph Al Pharas , i. e. Nasus Equi ; this some will have to be Bellerophons ; others Perseus his Horse : Callimachus and Catullus call him Unigenam Memnonis , Brother of Memnon and Son of Aurora . The Greek Commentators make him to have been presented by Aurora to Iupiter ; but Lycophron describes him to be the winged Steed of the Morning , upon which she is said to ride . Palaephatus and Artemidorus yet make Pegosus to be a Ship and not a Horse ; so Sch●…ffer de Mi●…it . N●…vali , l. 1. c. 4. and according to Vossius , ( l. 3. de Idololatr . ) The Name Pegasus seems to be derived à 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , sive 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. compingo , quia Navis è multis componitur lignis . It is seen in the Meridian at Midnight about the middle of August , and beginning of September . Courser strives t' oretake , his Brest Pegasus . With a refulgent Signature imprest , Which closes in the fair z z This Asterism is by the Arabs call'd Al Mara Al M●…salsala , i. e. Mulier Catenata . In Hebrew Isha Shalahajala B●…al , i. e. Foemina c●…rens viro . It consists of twenty three Stars according to Ptolomy and Kepler ; according to Bayerus , of twenty seven . Among which the twelfth is by the Arabs call'd Gjemb Al Mosalsala , i. e. Latus Catenatae , and Bet'n Al Hut , i. e. Venter Piscis . That in her Zone or Girdle is for that reason by them call'd Izar and Mizar , whence come the corrupt Names of Mirach , Mirar , Mirath , and Miraz . The twenty first Star being in the Hem or Border of her Vest is therefore by the Arabs call'd Al Deil , vel Addeil , i. e. Syrma seu Lacinia Vestis . The fifteenth is called Rigil Al Mosálsala , i. e. Pes Catenatae ; by Ulugh Beigh , Anâk Al Ard ; which Scaliger and others will have to be read Al Amach or Almâk , i. e. Cothurnus ; which Errour Mr. Hyde from good Authority consutes , and thews that Anâk is a little Beast , by the Persians call'd Siyâh Gush , i. e. Nigra Au●…icula , ( the Epithete of Al Ard , i. e. Terrestris being added ) from its Ears which are black ; It s whole Body besides being of a Brown or Ruddy Colour ; and is Usher to the Lion , when he hunts for his Prey . We call it a Jack-call , for by his barking he calls the Lion to the Place , where his Prey lies . It comes to the Meridian at Midnight about the middle of October . As to the Fable of Andromeda ; see after in the Notes upon the Whale , and in the Appendix or Comment. Andromeda : Andromeda . Kind a a Was the Grand-child of Acrisius , King of the Argives , begotten by Iupiter on his Daughter , Danae , plac'd in the Heavens by favour of Minerva for having slain Medusa or the Gorgon , and freed Andromeda from the devouring Sea Monster . This Constellation is by the Arabs call'd Cheleub or Chelùb , i. e. Deceptor ; or ( happily ) Kellùb , i. e. H●…rpago , seu aduncum quodvis , ( says Mr. Hyde ; ) and from the Greek Name Perseus , Bershâush and Bersheush . It is likewise call'd by them H●…mil Ras Al Ghùl , i. e. Portans caput Larvae . It consists of twenty nine Stars according to Ptolomy , whereof three inform ; Bayerus reckons thirty eight ; Kepler thirty three ; whereof the first is call'd Misam Al Thuraiyâ , i. e. Carpus Plei●…dum , and Al Gjemb Bershâush , i. e. Latus Persei . The twelfth is call'd Ras Al Ghùl , i. e. Caput Larvae . By the Iews , R●…sh ha Sathan , i. e. Caput Diaboli . The twenty fourth Star is in Arabick call'd Menkib Al Thuraiyâ , i. e. Interscapilium Pleiadum . This Constellation is seen in the Meridian at Midnight in the Moneth of November . Perseus Shoulder lends her Feet a Stay , Perseus . And joyns t' himself ; but a large Space divides Deltoton or the Triang●… . b b Call'd likewise Trigones , and Delta , by the Latines Triangulum , and Nili Donum ; by the Arabs , Mothallath , i. e. Triangulum ; In Hebrew , Hammosciush , i. e. Tripartitus . It consists of four Stars according to Ptolomy and Kepler ; Bayerus reckons five , whereof that in the top of the Triangle is call'd in Arabick , Ras Almothallath , i. e. Caput Trianguli . This is said to have been plac'd in Heaven by Mercury in Memorial of the first Letter of Iupiters Name 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , of which Grotius in N●…t . ad Arat. Bassus in Germanicum , and Hyginus write that Mercury at the Command of Iupiter plac'd it over the Head of Aries , as a Mark the better to discern that sign , of it self , — Obscuro lumine labens : As Ci●…ro in Arataeis . Others will have it to be the Figure of that part of Aegypt constellated , which Nilus after that manner encompasses . Vide Bassum in Germ●…nic . This at Midnight comes to the Meridian in the Moneth of 〈◊〉 . Deltoton brighter in its Base than sides , So call'd from its Resemblance ; c c The Name of this Ast●…rism by the Arabs ( to use Scaliger's Words ) ridiculè exearnificatum est : For sometimes they call it Kikaus or Kekeus ; sometimes Cancaus , and often Phicares . Which Erroneous Names proceed from the mistake of the Letter 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Kaph for 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Phe. Whence instead of Keiphus , which is the true Arabick Name , deriv'd from the Greek ; it is commonly written Keikaus or Kekeus . In Hebrew it is call'd Baalath Halab , i. e. Domina Flammae , and in Arabick , Múltahab , i. e. Inflammatus . It consists of 13 Stars according to Ptolomy , whereof two inform . Bayerus reckons 17. Among which there is one in his Foot , call'd Al Rai , i. e. Pastor ; and between his Feet another , call'd AlKelb , i. e. Canis , and upon his Hands certain others called Al Agh'nâm , i. e. Pecudes . The 3d , 4th and 5th Stars in this Constellation are by Ulugh Beigh call'd Cawâkib Al Phirk , i. e. Stella Gregis . This Cepheus was Son of Belus by Anchinoe the Daughter of Nilus , from whom the Persians were heretofore call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , over whom he was King , as likewise of Phoenieia , and reign'd both in Babylon and Ioppa , reckon'd among the Royal Fautors of Astronomy . It is beheld in the Meridian at Midnight about the end of August and beginning of September . Cepheus Cepheus . And d d It is likewise by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Mulier sedis , sive Throni . By the Arabs , Dât Al Cúrsa , i. e. Inthronata . It is also known by the Latine Names of Cathedra , Thronus & Sedes Regia . It consists of 13 Stars according to Ptolomy ; Bayerus counts therein 25. And Tycho Brahe hath observed therein no less than 45 ; besides the New Star which appear'd in the Year 1573. and vanished the Year following : It is resembled by Aratus to the form of a Laconian or a Carian Key , as his Paraphrast Avienus expresses it . — Sic qualem Caria quondam Noveratintrantem per Claustra Tena●…ia Clavens Formatur Stellis distantibus . — The first Star in this Constellation is by the Arabs call'd Caph Al Chadib , i. e. Manus tincta . Whence in Chrysoc●…cea's Tables 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Manus tincta , in the same sence with the Arabick . The 2d Star is 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 call'd by the Name of the whole Constellation Dât Al Cursa . The 5th is call'd Rueba Dât Al Cursa , i. e. Genu Inthronatae . The Bright one in its Breast is call'd Sad'r , i. e. Pectus . This Cassiopea was the Wife of Cepheus , and Mother of Andromeda , who contending for Beauty with the Neveides , was as a Punishment , and in Memorial of her Arrogance , plac'd in Heaven with her heels upward . But Tycho gives us a better ground of the Fable , who writes , That Cepheus was a great Astronomer , or at least a Favourer of the Professours of that Science , who in a grateful acknowledgment of his Encouragement of their Studies , gave to several Constellations the Name of himself , Wife , Daughter , and Son in Law ; which he received from Cicero , where he says , Nec Stellatus Cepheus cum uxore , genero , filiâ , traderetur , nisi Coelestium Divina cognitio Nomen eorum ad Errorem Fabulae traduxisset . He likewise reports that in the time of Cepheus those Starrs , which make the Constellation of Cassiopea , did rise with the first Degrees of Aries : And that under that Constellation the Aethiopians did solemnize the Inauguration of their succeeding Kings in Memorial of their first Mother , Cassiopea , whom he supposes more probably to have been called Cussiepea . Vide Tychon . Brahaeu●… in Progymnasm . l. 1. p. 233. This Asterism is discovered in the Meridian partly in the end of March and beginning of May ; partly at the end of September and beginning of October . Cassiopea made conspicuous Cassiopea . Ev'n to her Punishment , seems to deplore Andromeda chain'd to the rocky shore , Fearing the gaping Monster of the Deep ; But Perseus still does his old kindness keep , Comes to her Aid , and of the Gorgon slain Caput Algol , or Medusa's head . Shows the fear'd Head , his Spoyl e e The Latine Text of Scaliger's Edition hath — Testemque videnti . Testem being interpreted by Scaliger , idem quod praesentem . We have rather chosen according to the conjecture of Lannoius , as noted by Iunius , and with Gevartius ( Elector . l. 2. e. 5. ) to read , Pestemque videnti , i. e. Exitium & mortem ; expressing the sence of the Fable , which makes all such as beheld the Gorgons Head to be thereby converted into Stone . Gevartius confirms this reading by that Exclamation of the Gyant Pallas , converted into Stone by Minerva , as Claudian in Gigantomachia expresses it , — Quis Torpor inertem Marmoreá me Peste ligat . Pestis being taken ( as Meursius in Auctar. Philolog . c. 28. observes ) for any kind of Death , as Febris for any kind of Disease . the Seers Bane . Close running by the kneeling Bull , behold Auriga or the Charrioteer . f f This by the Greeks is call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . By the Iews Ha Roah schobid Ha resan , i. e. Pastor tenens fraenum ; and in the same sence by the Arabs , Mâsik Al Inán , i. e. Tenens Habenam ; or Múmsik Al Ainna , i. e ; Tenens Habenas , to which the Greek Name Heniochus answers , i. e. Habenifer . It is by some of the Arabs likewise call'd Roha , i. e. Auriga , and Memesciath , i. e. Mulus Clitellatus . It consists according to Ptolomy of 14 Stars ; according to Bayerus of 32 , Kepler reckons 27. Among which the 4th 〈◊〉 call'd Menkib Dil Inan , i. e. Humerus Heniochi . The 11th , Ca'b Dil Inan , i. e. Talus Heni●…chi . This Constellation the Scholiast of Germanicus will have to be Mirti●…us ; The Trezenians are for Hippolytus , others for Ericthonius , whom Pliny makes the first that joyn'd four Horses in a Chariot , as before him Virgil in these Verses in 3 Georg. Primus Ericthonius Cu●…us , & quattuor ausus Iungere Equos , rapidisque Rotis insistere Victor .

Eus●…bius in Chronic. makes Trochilus the Argive , who was Son of Callithea , the Priestess of Iuno , the first Inventor thereof ▪ of whom likewise Tertullian de Spectac . He is mistakenly by Hyginus call'd Orsilochus . In which Errour he is followed by Corippus in Panegyr. 1. in these Verses , as cited by Scaliger in Eusebium :

Orsilochum referunt primas junxisse Quadrigas Et Currus armasse 〈◊〉 , Pelopemq●…e Secundum In Soceri venisse Necem — Dempster yet in his Edition of Corippus instead of Orsilochum reads Cecropidem , thereby meaning Ericthonius the 4th King of Athens , from Cecrops ; others will have him to be Oenomaus . But Theon the Scholiast of Aratus says plainly , That the Constellation of Heniochus is 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; The Representation either of Bellerophon or Trochilus , the first Inventor of the Quadrigae . This Sign attains the Meridian at Midnight about the middle of December . Heniochus , who gain'd by skill of old Heav'n and his Name ; as first g g In the manner of joyning these 4 Horses to a Chariot , the Antients as they differ'd from us , so they differ'd among themselves ; for some made 2 Poles to a Chariot , one between each two Horses , for they went aequatâ fronte , all a breast ; so that all the Horses were 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Iugales , yoak'd , or coller'd to the Poles , Afterwards Clisthenes the Sicyonian chang'd that manner and made only one Pole to a Chariot ; so that the two middle Horses were only Iugales ; the other two outmost on either hand , had only Reins and Harness , and therefore call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Funales , and were at more liberty than the Iugales : Of these We have in Suetonius in Tiberio an eminent Example , where he says , Tiberius pubescens Actiaco Triumpho currum Augusti comitatus est sinisteriore funali Equo , cum Marcellus Octaviae filius dexteriore veheretur ; which Place by Alexander ab Alex. ( who undertakes to explain it ) is not clearly understood ; he conceiving the Equi funales to be so called à funalibus , i. e. Facibus Triumphalibus , &c. from the Triumphal Lights , or Torches born by their Riders : But not having opportunity to say more hereof in this Place , I refer the Reader to Salmasius , who particularly and at large handles this subject in his Plinian Exercitations , Tom. 2. p. 899. to the Figures of the Currus Quadrijuges in the Consular and Imperial Coins in Ursinus , Goltzius , and Panvinius de ludis Circensibus ; more particularly to Scheffer , who hath expresly written upon this Subject in a late Treatise de Re vehiculari veterum . Romulus is said to have first shewed the Quadriga to the Romans , as Tertullian l. de spectaculis witnesses : Of the Currus Sejuges , Chariots drawn by six Horses , Pliny mentions the first among the Romans to have been in the time of Augustus , to whom the Senate decreed it as a Triumphal Honour , but by the modest Prince refused . four Steeds he drove On flying Wheels , seen , and install'd by Iove . The h h These are 2 Stars in the left Arm of Heniochus , call'd by the Arabs ( according to Scaliger in Sphaer . Barbar . ) Saclateni , or trulier Sadateni , i. e. Brac●…ium sequentes ; they are likewise call'd Giedyân , and in the Common Globes instead thereof Maazein , i. e. duo Capri. These Cleostratus the Tenedian ( according to Hyginus ) is said first to have discovered . They are observed both at their rising and setting to cause Storms and Tempests , and therefore by the Poets call'd horrida & insana Sydera ; and by Germanicus — Nautis inimicum sydus in undis . By our Poet they are said to close or bar up the Sea ; So Vegetius l. 5. c. 9. Circa Nonas Octobris , Hoedi Pluviales , &c. Ex die igitur tertio Novembris usque in Diem sext . Id. Mart. Maria Clauduntur ; and as the first of those days did shut up the Seas ; so the later ( to use Plinies Words ) did aperire Navigantibus Maria ; which not unaptly by Vegetius is stil'd Natalis Navigationis , and was celebrated among the Antients Solemni Certamine , publicóque Spectaculo , by the Greeks in their Panathenaean , by the Romans in their Quinquatrian Games : See Turneb . Adversar . l. 18. c. 24. and Steweeb . in Veget. l. 5. c. 9. Kids next , the Seas barring till the Spring , Hoedi●…r ▪ the 〈◊〉 The A 〈…〉 an 〈◊〉 . Then the i i This is a bright Star in the shoulder of Heniochus of the first Magnitude , call'd by the Arabs Aiynk , and commonly instead thereof Atud . In Hebrew , Ash , or Aish ; in Syriack , Iyûtho . All signifying Capellam . This the Poets fable to have been Mother of the two Kids , and Nurse to Iupiter ; though others ( from the Authority of Agathocles Babylonius ) report him to have been suckled by a Sow ; the Cretans for that Cause honouring that Creature , as sacred : Of which see Casaubon in Animadvers . in Athenaeum , p. 649. But the more general Opinion is , that he was suckled by a Goat , and from thence he deriv'd the Title of Ae●…iochus , or the Goat-nurst . And to this effect in some Medails of the Emperour Valerianus he is represented in the Figure of a Child , mounted on the back of a Goat , with this Inscription , JOVI CRESCENTI : Touching which see Choulius de la Religion des Anciens Romains , &c. I shall hereto only apply an Ingenious Epigram of Crinagoras in the Greek Anthologie , l. 1. c. 33. upon a Goat , whose Milk Augustus Caesar us'd to drink . 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 When Caesar did our full Bags Nectar taste , Whose Spring th' exhausting Pale could never waste : Me , that he might not want that Milky store , To Sea with him in his own Ship he bore . Straight 'mong the Stars shall I be made to shine , For he I serve , than Iove's no less divine . Goat , Nurse to the Worlds Infant King , Who from her Teats scal'd Heaven , her Milk , did grow To brandish Lightning , and fear'd Thunder throw , By her own Iove a Constellation made , And for the Heav'n she gave , with Heav'n repay'd . Last view the k k Seven Stars on the Back of the Ball , by the Latines from the time of their rising call'd Vergiliae , by the Greeks ( 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , quòd ortu suo Tempus navigandi ostendant , or from their Plurality ) 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . By the Arabs for the last Reason Al Thuraiyá , from the singular Therwa , i. e. Multus seu Copi●…sus . They are likewise by them called ( 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ) Al Negim , i. e. Astrum . By the Aegyptian Coptic 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . By the Syrians they are called Chima ; by the Persians Peru , and 〈◊〉 ; by the Turks , Ulgher ; by the Iews they are distinguish'd by two several Names ; the first is Chima , answering to the Arabick Al Thuraiyá ▪ the other is Succoth Benoth , which is interpreted commonly Tabernacula filiarum , and represented after the similitude of a Hen , brooding over her Chickens . According to which Interpretation this Asterism is by the Italians call'd La Gallinella . These are said to have been the Daughters of Atlas and Pleione , whom Maero Poetria Bysantina ( as cited by Athenaeus l. 11. ) makes the Nurses of Iupiter , who sed him with Ambrosia ; But commonly they are reputed the Nurses of Bacchus , and for that constellated . Their Names Maia , Sterope , Taygeta , Celeno , Electra , Merope ; or according to the Scholiast of Theocr. ( in Idyll . 13. ) Coacymo , Glaucia , Protis , Parthenia , Maia , Stonychia , Lampado . Michael Florentius Langrenus ( who as Ricciolus writes was an exact observer of them ) adds to them two other Stars , which he calls Atlas and Pleione . Galilaeo hath observ'd in this Constellation above 40 Stars , and Ricciolus no less than 50. Pleiad's and the l l Seven Stars in the Head of the Bull , called , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , by the Greeks , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 pluere , because when they arise Cosmically they cause Rain and Showers , or from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , for that they resemble the gaping Jaws of a Swine , whence by the Latines call'd Suculae , or ( according to Theon and Bassus in Germanic . ) from the Greek Letter Y. Upsilon , which they resemble , or from their Mother Hya , Daughter of Oceanus , and Wife of Atlas : by Ulugh Beigh they are call'd Al Debarân , from their Position , the word signifying quicquid ponè , vel posterius est . However that Name is peculiarly applyed to the brightest of them , commonly call'd Oculus Tauri . They are sometimes by the Arabs call'd Al Najmon , or Negim , i. e. Stella , and Althu●…aîya ; for the same reason as the Pleiades . In Hebrew they are likewise called Chima , from the Number of Stars of which they consist . These excessively lamenting the Death of their Brother Hyas , slain in hunting by a Lyon , were by the commiserating Gods converted into Stars : their Names , Ambrosia , Eudora ( or Eudoxa ) Ph●…sile ( or Pasithae ) Coronis , Prolixo ( or Plexauris ) Phileto ( or Pytho ) and Thyene ( or Tuke . ) Hyades , The Pleiades and Hyades . Both Parts o' th' Bull ; The m m In the Catalogue of these Northern Stars our Poet hath omitted Coma Berenices , Ganymed or Antinous , and Equicul●…s or the lesser Horse ; touching which see the Appendix . Northern Signs are These . Now see the Stars which 'bove the scorcht Earth run Rising beneath the Path-way of the Sun , The Southern Constellations . And those which 'twixt the Tropick are confin'd Of Capricorn , and Pole that is declin'd . Near to the Twins behold n n This Constellation was first by the Boeotians call'd Candaon , as Lycophron testifies , afterwards 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , call'd by the Latines Hyriades and Hyrides , from his Father Hyreus , of which see the Fable in Ovid Fasto●…m l. 5. It is by Plautus , Festus , and Varro call'd Iugula , eò quòd armatus sit ut Gladius , says Bassus in Germanic . By the Iews it is called Gibbor , i. e. Gigas , and Kelb Ha Giebbor , i. e. Canis fortis , and Bellator fortis ; by the Arabs , Al Giauza , and that for the same reason as is before alledged in the Constellation of the Twins ; as likewise Al Giebbar , i. e. Gigas fortis . In which sence it is in the Syriack call'd Gavoro ; in Chaldee , Niphla , answering to the Hebrew Chesil , or Kesil . It consists according to Ptolomy of 38 Stars ; according to Bayerus of 49 ; as Repler reckons of 62. Among which the first Star is by Ulugh Beigh call'd H●●ka , which signifies a white Circle or Mark. By which Name likewise the three Stars in his Head are denominated . The second is call'd Menkib Al Giauza , i. e. Humerus Orionis , and Ied Al Giauza Al Iumma , i. e. Manus dextra Orionis , vulgarly , but erroneously being read Bet or Be it Al Giauz , i. e. Brachium Orionis . The third Star is call'd Mirzam Al Nagjid , i. e. Leo Strenuus . The 17th and 25th are in the Arabick call'd Al Tagis and Al Dawaib , the first signifying Tiara , the other Antiae seu Lemnisci . The 26th , 27th , and 28th are call'd Mintaka al Giauza , and Nitak Al Giauza , i. e. Cingulum seu Baltheus Orionis . By our English Mariners , the Golden Yard ; as likewise Al Nid●…m vel Al Nedin , i. e. Series , seu quicquid ordine disponitur ; also Phikár Al Giauza , i. e. Vertebra Dorsi Orionis . The 29th , 30th , 31th and 32th Stars are call'd Saiph Al Giebbar , i. e. Ensis Gigantis . The 35th is call'd Rigil Al Giauza Al Iusra , i. e. Pes Gigamis Sinister ; and Rai Al Giauza , i. e. Pastor Orionis . The 38th is call'd Rigil Al Iumma , i. e. Pes dexter . The Fable of this Constellation ( to omit others ) is by some thus related . Orim being a great Companion of Diana's in her hunting Diversions , Apollo grew jealous of his too much samiliarity with his Sister , and to be revenged , seeing Orion one day swimming in the Sea , his Head appearing above the Waters like a black Mark , he shew'd it to his Sister , and told her she could not hit it : Whereupon she presently drawing her Bow let fly , and kill'd him , not knowing who he was , till the Sea had cast him on the Shoar ; which perceiving and much troubled , to make amends she plac'd him in Heaven near the Dog and the Hare , where he seems still to hunt . The Persians will have this Asterism to represent Nimrod . It is seen in the Meridian at Midnight in the Moneth of December ▪ Orion rise Orion . With stretch'd Arms almost fathoming the Skies : Nor marching with a less extended Pace . Bright shining Stars his either shoulder grace . Three Lights his Pendant Sword obliquely sign , In his advanced Head three others shine Deep in the Skies immerst ; nor yet less bright , Though such they seem 'cause more remov'd from Sight . Him , as through Heaven he marches , follow All The o o The Southern Constellations are here said to follow Orion , as Souldiers , their General : and Scripture it self hath reduc'd the Stars into a Military Order , and call'd th●…m 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Militiam Coeli , the Host of Heaven . Vide Petr. Fabri . Semestr . l 3. c. 1. starry Legions as their General . Next after whom with rapid Motion bent , ( No Star than that 'gainst Earth more violent ) The fierce p p This is fabled to have been Orion's Dog , named Laelaps ; others make it Isis her Dog ; some again Caephalus his . By Ovid it is called Canis Icarius and Erigonius . By the Greeks 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Canis Asterismus , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which Timosthenes cited by the Scholiast of Apollonius reports to have been 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ▪ the Dog 's name . By the Latines it is call'd Canicula . Why it is call'd the Dog Star , Artemidorus in On●…irocrit . l. 2. c. 2. gives this Reason : The Star Syrius ( saies he ) is the Cause of Feavers , and therefore by some called the Dog , which is a Creature fierce , and yet fawning , and for that reason 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , resembled to a ▪ Feaver . The antient Aegyptians ( as Plutarch testifies ) believ'd this Constellation to be the Soul of Isis ; but more properly ( according to the relation of Diodorus Siculus , l. 1. ) that Star in Ore Canis , call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . From which Greek name the Arabick Shiri or Shira seems to be deriv'd . As 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 from the Greek word 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which signifies to gape , or a 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which is to make dry , because at its rising the Earth becomes dry , Agente Terrá per Caniculam Rimas , ( as Vi●…gil in Catalect . ) and Dogs gape with heat ; or ab 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. aestum , whence 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , or à 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. exi●…anio , quia sudore fluxo nos exinaniat , says the Scholiast of Apollonius , l. 2. Or from Siris , which Name ( as Dionysius in Perieges . witnesses ) the Aethiopians gave to Nilus , as if it were Sydus Niloticum , by reason of the great Affinity between Nilus and that Star , for in the Dog days that River hath its greatest Inundation . Germanicus and Hyginus give it the Name of Maera ; and by the Greeks it is call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . By the Arabs , Kelb Acbur , i. e. Canis Major . By the Syrians , Kelbo Gavoro , i. e. Canis Gigantis . By the Aegyptians it was call'd Sothis , perhaps in Memory of the King of that Name ( Father of Rhameses ) who was a great Erector of Obelisks , and Restorer of the Aegyptian Learning , de quo vide Kircherum in Obelisc . Pamphil. & alibi . The Constellation consists according to Ptolomy and Kepler of 29 Stars , whereof 11 inform . Bayerus reckons but 19. It is seen in the Meridian at Midnight about the end of December . Dog runs ; not one for Heat does rise , Sirius or the Dog-Star . Not one for Cold more grievous quits the Skies , The World afflicting with a different Fate : Nor ever fails upon the Sun to waite . Who this from q q Of the time of the Dog-Stars rising there is much difference among the Antients ; ( touching which see Ricciolus Almagest . Nov. Tom. 1. p. 471. Petavius Uranol●…g . l. 2. c. 10. and Kepler Epitom . Astronom . l. 3. ) That difference arising from the Antients confounding the true and Cosmical rising with the Heliacal , or from their different Computation of the Suns Ingress into the Cardinal Points , or their misapplying the Astronomical Fasti of one Climate to another ; but the greater part of the Antients assign it to the time of the Sun 's first entring into Leo , or as Pliny writes , 23 days after the Summer Solstice , as Varro 29 , as Columella 30. See besides the forecited Authours Salmas . in Plinian . Exercitat . Tom. 1. p. 430. At this day with us according to Vulgar computation , the rising and setting of the said Star is in a manner coincident with the Feasts of St. Margaret , ( which is about the 13th of our Iuly ) and St. Lawrence ( which falls upon the 10th of August ) as this common Verse expresses it , Margaris Os Canis est , Caudam Laurentius affert . Vide Bambrigium in Canicular . c. 3. & Weighel Sphaer . l. 1 §. 2. c. 2. Taurus Crown first rising see r r What our Authour here applies to the Observation of the Cilicians ( which Scaliger conceives is done in respect to the Memory of Aratus ) Cicero ( l. 1. de Divinat . ) attributes to the Ceans . Ceos accepimus Ortum Caniculae diligenter quotannis solere servare , Conjecturamque capere , ut scribit Ponticlus Heraclides , Salubrisne an Pestilens Annus futurus sit ; Nam si obscurior , quasi caliginosa , stella extiterit , Pingue atque Concretum esse Coelum , ut ejus Aspiratio gravis , ac Pestilens futura sit ; Sin illustris & perlucida Stella apparuit , significari Coelum esse Tenue purumqu●… , & propterea salubre . So likewise Horus Apollo , l. 1. c. 3. speaking of this Star , by the Aegyptians call'd Sothis , In exortu hujus Syderis , Ea signis quibusdam observamus , quae toto Anno peragenda sunt . For this reason was it honoured , as the chief of all the fixed Stars . Hence Pliny , l. 2. Non est Minor ei veneratio quam descriptis in Deos stellis : And Apollonius Rhod. l. 2. Argonaut . affirms — 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . — Hodie Saderdotes in Co Ante Caniculae Exortum operantur in Sacris .

So among the Romans , as Ovid in quinto Fastorum testifies ,

Pro Cane Sidereo Canis hic imponitur Aris. And Festus . Rutilae Canes , ut ait Atteius Capito , canario sacrificio immolantur pro frugibus , deprecandae saevitiae causa Syderis Caniculae . Ghess thence of Fruits what the s s The Growth or product of Fruit the Romans exprest by the peculiar Term of Eventus . Among whom there was the Deity , call'd Bonus Eventus , principally worshipp'd by Husbandmen , as Varro de Re Rusticâ , l. 1. testifies . Uti fruges , frumenta virgultaque grandire & bene evenire sinat : ( to use Cato's words . ) Festus likewise writes that they sacrificed also to Pan , ob frugum Eventum ; which propriety of Term is here observed by Manilius , and is noted by the Learned Valesius ( in Annotat. in Ammian . Marcellin . l. 29 ) Event may be : What Health , what Quiet may the Year befal : Here War it makes , there Peace does reinstal ; And as it variously returns , doth awe Th' inferiour World ; It 's Aspect is their Law . 'T is strongly credited this owns a Light And runs a Course not than the t t Hence the Name 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 applicable as well to the Sun as to this Star , propter splendorem 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , signifying as much as lucere Solis & Siderum in morem . So Hyginus ( in fabul . speaking of this Star ) Syrion appellatur propter flammae Candorem ; quòd ejusmodi sit , ut praeter caeteras lucere videatur . 〈◊〉 being by some held to be another Sun , and to illuminate the more remote Stars , within the Aetherial ▪ Recess , as our Sun illuminates the Moon and the Planetary System . Vide Kircher . Itinerar . Exstat . Dialog. 1. c. 9. inque illum Schot●…um Schol. 3. nec non Gassend . Tom. 1. part. 2. p. 138. Sun 's less bright , But that remov'd from Sight so great a Way It seems to cast a dim and weaker Ray : All other Stars it foyls , none in the Main Is drench'd , or brighter thence ascends again . Next , with the nimble u u This Constellation is by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; by the Latines , Lepus . The Arabs call it Arneb , and the Iews Arnebeth , i. e. Lepus . It consists of 12 Stars according to Ptolomy , as Bayerus and Kepler reckon of 13 ; whereof the 7th , 8th , 9th and 10th are call'd in Arabick ; Arsh Al Giauza , i. e. Solium Orionis . Some will have this to be plac'd in Heaven in Memorial of the Chace affected by Diana and Orion ; others make Mercury the Authour of this Constellation in Testimony of the fruitfulness and pregnancy of this Creature ; of which Aristotle speaks in Histor. Animal . Hyginus and Bassies write , that antiently in the Island Hiero there were no Hares , until one of the Islanders brought thither from beyond the Seas a female Hare big with young ; and that from thence in a short time ( every one being desirous by his example to breed up some ) they increast and grew so numerous , as wanting sufficient food , they destroy'd all the Crop of the Island , and brought a famine upon the Place . In Memorial of which this Asterism was figur'd in the Heavens , ut Homines Meminissent Nihil his exoptandum in vit●… , si insol●…ter utantur laetitiâ , quin dolorem capere posterius cogantur ; saies the same Mythologist . There is an Ingenious Epigram of Caesar Germanicus in the Greek Anthology , imitated by Ausonius , which may not improperly be hitherto applied . Trinacrii quo●…dam currentem in litoris Ora , Anticanis leporem Caeruleus rapuit . At lepus ; in me omnis Terrae Pelagique ruina est , Forsitan & Coeli , si Canis Astra tenet . A Hare by Hounds pursu'd , them having scap'd Met on the shoar a Dog-fish , and was snapt . Then cries ; us Earth and Seas are bent t' undo . Heaven's only left ; yet there is a Dog too . This is to be seen in her form near the Meridian at Midnight in the Moneth of December . Hare see x x Call'd likewise Canis Minor , Procynis , and Praecanis ; by Cicero and Ausonius , Anticanis . Pliny saies , the Romans had no Name for it , unless ( saies he ) we should call it Caniculam . By the Arabs it is call'd Kelb Asgher , i. e. Canis Minor . It is likewise by them call'd Shira Al Shamiya , i. e. Syrius Shamensi●… ( eò quòd Occultatio ejus sit in plaga Al Shám , i. e. Syriae ) and Shira Al Ghomeisa , vel Al Ghomuz ; i. e. Syrius Oculi fluxu laborans , of which we find this Arabick Fable in the Commentator upon Ulugh Beigh his Tables . Shira Al Ghomoisa sic dicunt , quòd soror ejus Shira Al Abùr , i. e. Canis Major , ( for the Arabs make the greater and the lesser Dog to be the sisters of Canopus ) transierit Galaxiam ad assequendum Can●…pum ; Illa vero manens in tractu boreali , propter Canopum , ita plorat , ut oculi sui lippitudine capti sint . This Constellation according to Ptolomy consists only of two Stars : Bayerus reckons eight , Kepler five . Among which that in his shoulder is by the Arabs call'd Al Mirzam , and Al Dira Al Mesbûta , i. e. Brachium expansum . The other ( ad Radicem Caudae ) is call'd Al Shira Al Shamiya , i. e. Syrius Shamensis , and Al Ghomeisa , as before . This Dog the Poets Fable to have been Erigone's , which mourn'd to death for the loss of his Mistress , who hang'd her self for grief that her Father Icarus was slain by his drunken Paysants . It is seen at Midnight in the Meridian in the Moneth of Ianuary . Procyon rise , Procyon and the Hare . Argo . And then the noble y y This Constellation is by Ptolomy call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and by some simply 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Navis . By the Arabs , Mercab , i. e. Currus , seu vehiculum ; for so by the Poets the Ship Argo , which this Asterism represents , is call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and Currus volitans . It is likewise in Arabick call'd Al Sephina , i. e. Navis . It consists as Ptolomy counts of 45 Stars ; according to the Computation of Bayerus , of 63 ; as Kepler reckons of 53. In which the 3d , 6th , 7th and 22th Stars are by some Arabs call'd Tur'yeish , and in the Plural Tur'yeishat , which Mr. Hyde conceives ought to be read Tur'eis , and in the Plural Tur'eisat , which answers to Ptolomies 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Scutulùs , a little shield . The 44th Star , which is in the extremity of the Southern Rudder of the ship ( for every ship antiently had two Rudders ) is by the Greeks call'd Canopus , and in honour of Ptolomaeus Lagus , one of the Aegyptian Princes , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; by the Aegyptians , Sampilos ; by the Persians in Chrysococca's Tables , Soail Iamane ; and by the Arabs , Soheil Al Iemin , i. e. Canopus Iemanensis ▪ ( Ieman signifying Arabia foelix . ) Some make Soheil or Suhel to signifie Ponderosum , in the same sence perhaps with Bassus , by whom it is call'd Stella Terrestris , because to us Europaeans it seems to sink low , and as it were stringere Horizontem , or as Salmasius ( in his Plin. Exercitat . & in Diatrib . de Antiqu. Astrolog . ) from the meaning of the name Canopus , which in the Coptick or Egyptian Language is 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Aurum , that being the heaviest Metal the Earth produces . There are several stars of the second Magnitude not far from it , viz. the 17th , 31th and 35th , which by the Arabs are call'd Soheil Telkin vel Belkin , or as Mr. Hide reads it Belkis ( that being the name of the Queen of Sheba that came to visit Salomon ) and Soheil Hadar , Soheil Rekas or Rekash ; Soheil Al Wez'n , and Soheil Al Muh●…iph . The Fable of Argo ( which Bochartus in Geograph . sacrâ will have so called , not from Argos its Builder , nor from the Son of Phryxus so nam'd , nor for that it was built near Argos , nor from the Argives which Mann'd her , but from the Figure of her Built , her length , and therefore in the Phoenician Tongue , call'd Arco , i. e. Navis l●…nga , or as Hoelelin notes in Appollon . Argon . l. 1. from the Hebrew , Areg , i. e. Textura , à Pineis Textis ) is sufficiently known . By the Poets generally reputed the first ship , that ever sayl'd the seas . But Diodorus Siculus l. 4. plainly affirms the contrary ; for speaking of Iason he says that he first under the Mountain Pelius , built a ship of far greater bulk than any that were then us'd , for at that time ( says he ) Men only sayl'd in small Barques or Skiffs . So that Argo seems not to have been the first ship , but rather the first of its kind . Touching which Argument see ( besides Fournier and Baiffius ) Scheffer . de Militiâ Navali . This sails by the Meridian at Midnight about the end of Ianuary . Argo ; to the Skies From Seas translated which she first did plow ; Once tost with mighty storms , in Heaven fixt now , And deify'd for saving Deities . Close boarding her a glittering z z This Serpent is by Ptolomy call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Hydri Asterismus ; ( of which see the Fable in the next Note ) by the Greeks likewise call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; and by the Arabs with little alteration from that , Alshugia , i. e. Serpens tenuis ; or as Scaliger reads it , Asvia f●…rtis seu Audax . Ricciolus says it is in Arabick call'd El Hawick and Kirker Aphaak ; in Hebrew , Hajah , i. e. Serpens . There is reckon'd in this Constellation by Ptolomy 32 Stars , whereof seven Sporades or inform ; by Bayerus . 29 ; by Kepler 33. Whereof the first star is call'd Minchir Al Shugjâ , and the others from that to the seventh inclusive Min Al A'zal , i. e. ex 〈◊〉 , as if appertaining to the sign Virgo . The twelfth star , which by the Latines is call'd Cor Hyd●…ae , is in the Persian Tables call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and accordingly in Ulugh Beigh , Unuk Al Shugjâ , Collum Serpentis ; and Pherd Al Shugjâ , i. e. Solitaria Hydri ; and simply Pherd , solitaria ; quianullae in Circuitu stellae adjacent . The head of this Constellation is seen in the Meridian at Midnight about the beginning of February ; its middle parts about mid March , and its tayl in the beginning of April . Serpent lies , Drace . And by so ordered Lights , seems to present His speckled Bodies scaly Ornament . The Crow . The Cup. The Centaur . a a This by the Greeks is call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Corvus & Corvi Asterismus : in the same sence by the Iews it is call'd Orev ; and from thence by the Arabs , Al Gorab , Corvus . It is likewise by them call'd Al Chiba , i. e. Tentorium , and A●…sh Al Simâk , i. e. Solium efferentis ( scil. inermem vel Virginem ) and Agiar Al Asad , i. e. Clunes Lemis , and Al Ag●…mâl , i. e. Cameli . It is seated upon the Tayl of the Serpent , and consists of seven 〈◊〉 , according to the joynt Accompt of Ptolomy , Bayerus and Kepler ; whereof the first in Arabick call'd Minkar Al Gorab , i. e. Rostrum Corvi . The fourth Gienah Al Gorab Al Aiman , i. e. Ala dextra Corvi : The Fable of this Constellation is thus ; The Crow being by Apollo sent to fetch Water for a Libation , seeing a Fig-tree full of Fruit , but not ripe , made stay there until the Figs were come to Maturity ( which Fable , says the learned Bochart in Hierozoic . l. 2. c. 13. seems to be derived from N●…ab's sending the Crow out of the Ark ) and having satisfied his longing went to the Fountain to fetch Water ; but coming there , meets with the Serpent before mentioned , whereat 〈◊〉 , he returns back with the empty pitcher , telling Apollo there was no Water in the Fountain . This untruth being discover'd by Apollo , he prohibited the Crow from ever drinking at that time of the Year , and in Memorial of the Fact , plac'd the Crow , Snake , and Pitcher in the Heavens ; see Hyginus and Bassus in Germanicum . The Crow is sacred to Apollo , the President of Divination ; forasmuch as this Fowl by its different Notes is said to foretel fair and sowl weather ; or . for that Apollo , fearing the pursuit of Typhon , is said to have assum'd the Figure of that Fowl ; or in Allusion to the Suns departure , causing darkness and night , of the same colour with the Crow , as his Return does the Day or Light resembling the whiteness of the Swan , which is likewise sacred to that God . See Ricciard Brixian . Commentar. Symbolic . in voce Corvus . This Asterism at Midnight is seen in the Meridian about the middle of March. Sols Bird , the b b Our Poet here appropriates this Cup to Bacchus ; Aratus , Hyginus and Bassus to Apollo , according to the Fable before mentioned : But Pontanus in Urania seems to give it , with our Poet , to the first , where he says , by that is denoted to such in whose Horoscope it is ascendant — Meri Genialis Amor studiumque bibendi . It is called by Ptolomy 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; by others , Hydria , Calpe , Cratera , Patera , Urna , & Vas. By the Arabs , Batiya ; from the Persian , Badiya , i. e. Poculum Magnum . By some it is call'd Alkis , instead of Alkas , i. e. Cyathus , from the Hebrew , Kus , or Kos , signifying the same . Kircher says it is by the Arabs likewise call'd Alphun . It consists as Ptolomy reckons of seven , as Bayerus , of eleven , as Kepler , of eight Stars , which by the Arabs are call'd Al Ma●…laph , i. e. Praesepe . It is apparent in the Meridian at Midnight about the middle of March . Cup dear to the God of Wine , And c c Some will have this to be the Minotaur ; others , Ch●…ron the Son of Saturn and Phi●…yra , the Daughter of Oceanus , who taught Aesculapius Physick , Achilles Musick , and Hercules Astronomy ; with one of whose poysonous Arrows casually falling out of his Quiver he was wounded in the Foot , and of that wound died , and by commiserating Iupiter was made a sign in Heaven ; call'd by Ptolomy 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 : The Arabs making use of the Greek Name , by whom yet according to Ricciolus it is call'd Albeze and Asmeat ; by the Greeks , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and in barbarous Greek , Taraopoz . It consists according to Ptolomy of 37 Stars , according to Bayerus of 40 , as Kepler reckons o●… 56. All which , together with those that make up the Fera Centauri , are by the Arabs call'd promiscuously 〈◊〉 , i. e. Spadices , bright dappled , propter multitudinem ac densitudinem collectionis earum . The 35th and 36th are by the Arabs call'd Al Hadur , i. e. solum , and Al Wez'n , i. e. Pondus , and Muhtalaphein , i. e. Iuratas , and 〈◊〉 , i. e. Pejuratas , as being by some Observer mistaken for Canopus , and averr'd upon Oath to be it , by at other sworn to the contrary , whence the Original of those Arabick Names . The 35th Star is yet by Ulugh Beigh call'd Rigil Kentaurus , i. e. Pes Centauri . Our Poet here omits his Hasta ; by Proclus and Bassus call'd Thyrsi●…s , and Thirsolochus ; as likewise the Bestia Centauri , by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. fera , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 à rapacitate , scil. Lupus . In Arabick it is call'd Sebu' , i. e. Fera , and Pheh'd , i. e. Thos , Pardus . This Constellation gallops by the Meridian at Midnight in the end of April . Centaure next in a mix'd shape does shine , Half Man , half Horse ; then Heavens bright Temple see , And d d Call'd by the Greeks 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . By the Latines , Thuribulum , 〈◊〉 , Bathilus , Sacrarium , 〈◊〉 , Templum , Lar , Ac●…rra , A●…a , & 〈◊〉 . By the Arabs ( according to Ricciolus ) Almegrameth or Al Mugamrah . It consists of 7 Stars according to Ptolomy and Kepler ; as Bayerus reckons of 8. This was the first Altar ( according to the Poets ) that ever was erected , In qua devoti quondam cecidere Gigan●…es ; Nec prius armavit violento sulmine dextram Iupiter , ante Deos quàm constitit ipse Sacerdos . ( As our Poet l. 5. ) It was fram'd by the Cyclops , and in memorial of the fact constellated . Lactantius yet , l. 1. de falsa Relig. reports that the first Altar that Iupiter erected was in honour to Caelus . Deinde ( says he ) Pan cum deducit in montem , 〈◊〉 catur Caeli Stela ; Postquam eò ascendit contemplatus est latè Terras , ibique in eo Monte Aram creat Caelo , primusque in ea Arâ Iupiter Sacrificavit . The Deities , to whom Iupiter sacrific'd upon this Expedition against the Gyants , we find from 〈◊〉 Sioulus Bibliothec. l. 5. to have been the Sun , Heaven and the Earth . This Constellation about the end of Iune passes the Meridian at Midnight under our Horizon . Altar consecrate to Victorie , The Altar . What time th' inraged Earth a Giant Race 'Gainst Heaven produc'd , then Gods besought the Grace Of the e e These were by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; by the Latines , Dii Majores , Dii Valentes & Potentes . , and Dii Samothraces , of whom see Dionys. Halicarnass . Antiq. lib. 1. and Macrob. Sa●…urnal . l. 3. c. 4. They are likewise by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which Scaliger ( in Varron . de Linguâ Lat. ) conceives to be deriv'd from a Phaenician or Syrian Original , Cabir in that Language signifying Potens ; which Gods were so call'd in Opposition to and Distinction from the Dii Casmilli , Camilli , or Camiri , i. e. Dii Ministri sive Minores , as observ'd by Heinsius ( in Aristarcho sacro ▪ ) These some will have to be Castor and Pollux , confirm'd by this Antient Latine Inscription , CASTORI ET POLLUCI DIS MAGNIS SULPICIAE . Q. SULPIC ▪ F. VOTUM . &c. And this Greek one , cited by Argolus in l. 2. Panvinii de Lud. Circens . extant at Venice in Aed . Episc. Torcell . 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 i. e. CAIUS CAII ACHARNENSIS SACERDOS FACTUS DEORUM MAGNORUM DIOSCURORUM CABEIRORUM .

These yet the Scholiast of Apollonius ( l. 1. ) says were Iupiter and Bacchus ; or , according to Athenian , Iasion and 〈◊〉 Varro conceives them rather to be Ops and Saturn . Nigidius and Cornelius Labeo ( as cited by Macrobius ) will have them to be Neptune and Apollo . They are reputed likewise to be Cybele and Attys , as by two Antient Monuments erected to their Honour , with this Inscription DIS MAGNIS , in Gruterus may appear , of which more particularly Pign●…rius de Magna Deùm Matre & A●…tide . Others make them to be the Dii Penates : against which Opinion thus Turneb . Adversar . l. 15. c. 21. Magnos Deos à Penatibus diversos facit Maro ; Penates enim Dii Penetrales videntur fuisse , Diique familiae : Dii magni , illi qui maximum Imperium & Numen habent , publicéque coluntur , &c. or according to Antonius Goveanus ( in Terrent . ) Dii Magni quos majorum Gentium Cicero vocat , qui à Terris in Coelum non pervenêre . These by Diodorus Siculus , l. 1. c. 8. are said to be five in number , i. e. 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 seu Spiritus , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 seu Ignis , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 seu Siccum , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 seu Humidum , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 seu Aer . By the first , meaning Iupiter ; by the second , Vulcan ; by the third , Tellus seu Ceres ; by the fourth , Neptune , sive Oceanus ; by the last , Minerva . Theon Smyrnaeus ( in Mathemat . Plat. ) reckons them to be eight ; 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. aiunt octo esse Deos omnium Dominos : Thus enumerated in an Antient Inscription upon an Aegyptian Pillar , as cited by the said Theon from the Testimony of Evander .

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , * 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 &c. i. e. ANTIQUISSIMUS OMNIUM REX OSIRIS DIS IMMORTALIBUS , SPIRITUI , ET COELO , SOLI , ET LUNAE , ET TERRAE , ET NOCTI , ET DIEI , ET PATRI EORUM QUAE SUNT , QUAEQUE FUTURA SUNT , AMORI . &c.

And from hence the Proverb 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. omnia octo ; which see explain'd in the learn'd Notes of Bulial●…us upon that Authour . Others make them to be twelve in Number , reckoning them according to this Distich of Ennius .

Iuno , Vesta , Ceres , Diana , Minerva , Venus , Mars , Mercurius , Iovi' , Neptunus , Vulcanus , Apollo .

Whose several Interests or Concerns are thus describ'd and distinguish'd by Sallustius ( 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ) mundum eff●…ciunt Iupiter , Neptunus , Vulcanus ; animant Ceres , Iuno , Diana ; adaptant Apollo , Venus , Mercurius ; 〈◊〉 Vesta , Palias , Mars . Yet these Great Gods , though in degree above the rest , were not invested with absolute Rule , that being only reserved for Iupiter , according to Aeschylus in Prometh . vinct .

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Omnia sunt Diis concessa praeter imperare , Nam nullus est Liber nisi Iupiter . Who was ( as Apuleius Met. l. 1. says of Osyris ) Deus Deûm , Magnorum Potior , & Majorum Summus , & Summerus Maximus , & Maximorum Regnator . great Gods ; and Iove himself f f So Claudian de Bello Getico , — Ipsumque Iovem , turbante Typhoeo , Sifas est , timuisse ferunt — fear'd too He wanted Power to do , what he could do . When he amaz'd the rising Earth beheld , How ev'n 'gainst Natures self , Nature rebell'd , Saw Mountains heap'd on Mountains to aspire , And Stars from the approaching Hills retire , Charg'd with dire Arms by a g g Applicable to this Place may seem this not common and not unelegant Description of Sidorius Ap●…llinar . in Carm. 9. ad Foeli●…em . N●…n hic Terrigenam loquor Cohortem Admixto magè ●…ividam veneno , Cui praeter Speciem 〈◊〉 c●…rentem A●…gues Corporibus voluminosis , A●…te squammea Cru●…a porrigentes , In a estigia fauce desinebant . Sic ●…ormae triplicis Procax Iuventus , 〈◊〉 Pedem proterens voraci Curs ●…at Capitum stupenda gressu ; Et cum Classica Numinum sonabant , Mex c●…ntrà Tonitrus resibilante And h●…t Superos ciere plantâ . Nec Ph●…egrae legis ampliata rura , Missi dum ●…olitant per Astra M●…ntes , Pindus , Pelion , Ossa , Olympus , Othry●… , Cumsilvis , gregibus f●…ris , Pruinis , S●…xis , fontibus , Oppidis , levati Vi●…rantium spati●…siorum dextrâ . Of th' Earth-born Race is not our Song Who by mix'd Poisons grew more strong ; Their Limbs immeasurably vast ; About whose legs wreath'd Serpents cast , With gaping Jaws which downwards bend , Did like to cloven feet extend . Three-form'd srupendious Race ! that treads Not upon heels , but runs on heads . These when the Gods did sound to fight , Mock'd at their Thunder ; and in spight Kick'd 'gainst the Skies with hissing feet . Nor tell we here how they did meet On P●…legro's Plains , and Mountains hurl'd Against the Bright Lamps of the World ; How Pindus , Pelio●… , Ossa flew Toss'd by their Hands , Olympus too And Othrys with their Woods and Flocks , Wild Beasts , Towns , Fountains , Snows , and Rocks . deformed Birth Issuing from Ruptures of the teeming Earth . No h h The Latine hath H●…stiferum quemquam ; by Barthius ( Adversar . l. 24. c. 10 ) interpreted Hostias ferentem . Servius in prim . Aeneid . Hostiae dicuntur sacrificia quae ab his fiun●… qui in Hostem pergunt . We have therefore chosen to follow Barthius his Interpretation ; Scaliger being here at a loss , who conceives some errour to be in the word H●…stiferum , and would instead thereof read Pestiferum . Victime-Bearers yet the Gods had known , Or that there were Powers Greater than their own ; Then did Heav'ns King this Starry Altar raise , Whose fires ev'n yet with brightest Lustre blaze . Near which the i i This Asterism is by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , by the Latines accordingly Cete and Cetus , Balaena , 〈◊〉 , Leo , or U●…sus Marinus ; by the Arabs ( from the Greek ) Alk●…tus . Ptolomy reckons therein 22 Stars , Bayerus 27. Kepler 25. Of which the bright one in the snout of the Whale is call'd Menkar Alketus , i. e. Rostrum Ceti . That in the Tail , Dan●… Alke●…us , i e. Cauda Ceti , and both these are likewise call'd by th' Arabs , Al Diphdaan , i. e. duo Ranae . There are two also in his hands , ( for this Fish is conceiv'd to be the same with Dagon or Dercet●… , the Syrian Idol ; which was represented in the upper part after a humane shape , in the lower , after that of a Fish , and by the Iews nam'd Adir Dag , i. e. Piseis Magnus ; de quo Seld●…nus de Diis Syris Syntagm . 2. ) and are by the Arabs call'd Al Naaman , or according to Mr. Hyde , Al Naamât , i. e. 〈◊〉 Cameli . The second Star in this Constellation is call'd Caph Al Giedma , i. e. Manus truncata . The 21th Star is call'd Danab Al Ketus Shem●…li , i. e. Ceti Cauda Borealis . The 22th , Danab Al Gienùbi , i. e. Cauda Australis , and Al 〈◊〉 Al Th●…ni , i. e. Rana Secunda . It is seen in the Meridian at Midnight from the beginning of Octo●… to the end of December . Whale raising his scaley Limbs The Whale . In large Wreaths , wallowing on his Belly swims , And gapes as ready just to seize his Prey : As when the same th' k k Of the exposure of And●…omeda to this Sea-Monster , and the Combat betwixt that and Perseus , see the Appendix . The Ground of which Fable may happily arise ; for that the Ship in which she was carried away had for its Ensign , the Whale ; the Story of which see in Photius his Bibliotheca from the Narrations of Conon ; or in regard the Person by whom she was first demanded in Marriage was some Insulary Prince , and exercis'd Piracy , and for that reason compar'd to a Whale or Sea-Monster , of which see Vossius l. 1. de Idololatr . & Scheffer . de Militiâ Navali . l. 1. c. ●… . But not to insist longer upon the Fable ; Divers admit of the exposure of Andromeda to this Sea-Monster as a 〈◊〉 Story ; see the same defended by Bartholom . Barrientus , in Sylv. Annotat. c. 1. from the Testimonies of Stra●… , 〈◊〉 , St. Ierome , Aegesyppus and Pliny ; the last of whom speaking of Ioppa , thus writes : Ioppe Phoenicum , 〈◊〉〈◊〉 In●…datione ut ferunt , insidet Collem , praejacente Saxo , in quo Vinculorum Andromedae vestigia ostendum . And elsewhere reports that the Bones of this Monster were brought from Ioppe to Rome , and among other 〈◊〉 sights were by Marcus Scaurus in his Aedile-Ship shown to the People , in length forty feet , his Ribs in 〈◊〉 exceeding the tallest Indian Elephants , the thickness of his Back-bone being a foot and half over . Vide Plin. i. 5. ●… . 13. and l. 9. c. 5. expos'd Andromeda To her sad Fate approaching once beheld , Who the forc'd Waves beyond their Shore impell'd . In Heaven's South Part , the l l The Poets fabled this to have been the Fish , which saved Phacetis ( or rather Aphacitis ) the Daughter of Venus , fallen into the Lake Boeth , and for that reason constellated ; by the Arabs called Al Hau●… Al Gienubi , i. e. Piscis Australis ; by Higynus , Piscis solitarius , and by Bassus in Germanicum , Piscis Magnus ; and is said to have spawn'd the other two in the Zodiack . It is made up , according to Ptolemy and Bayerus , of 12 Stars , among which the Bright one in his Mouth is call'd Al Diphda Al Auwal , i. e. Rana prima ; and Al Dalim , i. e. Agger ; and Phom Al Hant , i. e. Os Piscis , commonly but erroneously Phomahant . This glides by the Meridian at Midnight about the midle of August . Fish then from the Wind , The Southern Fish . Call'd Southern , rises ; close to which conjoyn'd In mighty flexures m m This Stream is by Scaliger call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. fusio Aquae , and is different from that which by Vitruvius is call'd fusio Stellarum , ( of which already in the sign Pisces , call'd likewise 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ) and is distinct also from that other starry stream call'd Eridanus , or 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Fluvius Orionis . Manilius here gives to this stream as it were a double Head , making it to flow as well from the Mouth of the Southern Fish , as from the Urn of Aquarius , and to unite in the middle , as is likewise observ'd by Gassendus upon this Place , Tom. 1. l. 2. p. 543. Of the other Southern Constellations , unknown to the Antients , see in the Appendix . starry Rivers run . One of their Heads flows from Aquarius Tun , Whose Waters by communicated Streams Meet in the midst , and mix Sidereal Beams . 'Twixt the Ecliptick and the n n That is the Antartick or Southern Pole , to us invisible , which our Poet imagines to be adorn'd with the like Constellations as the Northern ; and therefore he calls them the latent Bears . latent Bears , Which 'bout the creaking Axis turn the Sphears , Heaven's o o In respect to us , inhabiting the Northern Hemisphere . Not unaptly Sidonius Apollinaris calls the Stars on either side the Zodiack , Exotica Sydera , strange or forreign ; quasi 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Extra Zodiacum ; as is noted by Sirmondus . stranger Orbe with these Stars painted shines , Which Antient Poets call'd the Southern Signs . The rest o' th' World lies under p p That is that part of the Southern Hemisphere to us inconspicuous , being terminated by our Horizon ; for the Antients , as is before noted , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 vocabant , says Scaliger upon this Place . For this Reason by the Eastern People these Southern Constellations are call'd Chadre Teman , i. e. Penetralia Austri , quasi sint in loco Occulto ; as Aben Ezra cited by Mr. Hyde . Water hid , Where unknown Realms , Lands to our Sight forbid , Take from one Sun with us a common Light , The Constellations of the Southern Hemisphere to us inconspicuous . But q q As being to us 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . They having Dextros Ortus & Sinistram Umbram : We Sinistros Ortus & Dextram Umbram . And as Macrobius in Somn. Scip. l. 2. notes , Idem Sol illis & obire dicetur nostro Ortu , & orietur cum nobis occidet . several Shadows , and a different Night . Where Stars sinistral set , and dextral rise , Their Heav'n as ample , nor less bright their Skies , Their Stars as numerous , only thus outvy'd , In that to them Augustus Star's deny'd , Which does our World with Rayes propitious bless ; Earths present , and Heavens future Happiness . That the Extreams which 'bout the neather Pole The Constellations about the Southern Pole ( supposed ) like those about the Northern . Deck'd with bright Stars , though inconspicuous , rowl , The upper Pole's resemble , with r r Our Authour here argues 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , that about the Southern Pole there are , or ought to be the same Constellations , as about the Northern ; which Errour is to be attributed to the Ignorance of the Times wherein he lived , in which that part of the World was altogether unknown to the Romans . But Modern Experience evinces , that there are not only no such Asterisms as the greater and lesser Bear and Dragon ; but also no Stars within many Degrees of that Pole . The nearest to it being a Star in the Tayl of the Hydrus , call'd by the Dutch , the Water Schlang . Vide Ri●…ciol . Tom 1. l. 6. p. 410. Hence Herigon in his Cursus Mathemat . Tom. 1. p. 37. Nulla Coeli pars minoribus & paucioribus Stellis 〈◊〉 quam Austrin●… Circumpolaris , for which Reason it may be stil'd ( as by Seneca in He●…cul . Fure●…e , it is ) De●…ior Polu●… . Signs grac'd Like that ; where Bears with Fronts averse are plac'd , And by one Dragon parted ; we suppose , Induc'd to credit what Example shows , For Reason urges from Analogie , The Parts unseen are like to those we see . These several Stations , by large Skies disjoyn'd ; To all the Constellations are assign'd , The Forms and ●…gines of the several Constellations not corporeal . Yet think not they corporeal Figures are , Or all their Members equal Lustre share ; s s To the same purpose likewise our Poet in the end of his 5th Book , Ipse suas Aether Flammas sufferre nequiret , Totus & accenso Mundus flagraret Olymp●… . Yet this Reason of our Authour Picus Mirandula ( l. 1. in Astrolog . p. 255. ) thinks only worthy of laughter . Mallium ( so he calls Manilius ) nisi esset Poeta , Bone Deus ! quo risu prosequeremur , qui Coelestes illas quas fingit Imagines paucis stellis i●…choatas potius dicit , quam absolutas , Ne pluribus ●…bi ignibus accensis Incendia Mundus flagraret ? But with the leave of that Prince of Learning , our Author is herein ( as to the fiery nature of the Stars ) defended by most of the Antients : Hence in Orpheus , the Sun , Moon and Stars are said to be 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , membra Vulcani : And Cicero in secundo de Natura Deorum , gives this Reason why the Stars are said to be nourished by moisture , ut nihil ferè in●…reat aut admodum paululum , quod A●…rorum Ignis aut Aetheris Flamma c●…umat . Nor wants he the suffrage of divers of the Fathers , Schoolmen and Moderns : In proof of which it may suffice to instance only what the Learned G. V●…ssius hath to this purpose , l 2. Idololatr . c. 39. Unless ( says he ) the Stars be of a fiery Nature , I see no Reason why the Waters should be plac'd above the Heavens , as we are told both by the Writings of Moses and others , they are : But now the Reason is plain , to wit , that by them the exaestuating Fire of the Stars might be repress'd and temper'd , lest by their heat and fervour the whole Heavens should be dissolv'd : The same Reason being rendred by St. Basil , St. Ambrose , Theodoret , Procopius , Damascen , Beda and others . Thus He. Vide etiam Gassendum , Tom. 1. l. 1. p. 502. Heaven could not suffer so intense a Heat , Were no Part voyd , but all with Fire repleat . Some therefore cautious Nature kept from Flame , Lest it should hazard the Coelestial Frame , Only to mark their Figures out content , And Signs by certain Stars to represent , Whose Lights design their shapes ; fire answers fire , Mean to Extream , the Lower to the Higher , It is enough they are not hidden quite . Some Stars the Moon half full show greatest Light , But all the nameless Commons of the Sky Obscur'd by her completed Splendour , fly : The brighter Signs yet nor their Number change , Their rising and setting constant and regular . Nor with less Stars in mixed Motion range , But the same Course ( the better to be known ) And Order , in their Rise and Setting , own . Nor in this World may Ought more wonder raise Than that the Whole Reason , and Laws , obeys , Where Nothing 's crowded , Nothing loosely roves , Or cross to its determin'd Order , moves ; What more confus'd in shew ? yet what in Course More certain ? a clear Reason to inforce Hence the Government of the World by divine Providence is asserted . That this World 's t t Clean●…hes in Cicero de Naturá Deorum l. 2. urging reasons to evince the Belief of a Deity , among others gives this for the last and weight●…st , Aequa●…ilitatem motùs , &c. The Aequability of the Moti●…n and Conversion of the Heavens , Sun , Moon and Stars , their Distinction , Variety , Beauty , Order . The very view of which ( says he ) sufficiently declares them not to be fortuitous or 〈◊〉 : And again , Quid potest esse ●…am ap●…rtum , tamque pe●…spicuum cùm C●…um suspexinius , &c. What can be more evident or perspicuous , when we behold the Heavens and contemplate the Coelestial Bodies , than that there is a Deity , by whose Excellent Providence they are govern'd ? Thus far Cicero , ( with our Authour ) from the bare suggestion of Nature , truly . What follows , where the World it self is said to be a God , is from the mistaken Principles of the Platonists and Stoicks , who ( as before is noted ) make the World to be a God , but a Secondary one ; for that Power which they primarily call God , is by them term'd Ratio & Mens ; by whom they affirm'd the World to be created : So Cicero in Timaeo ; Deus ille Aeternus ( scil. Mens ) hunc perfecte beatum Deum ( scil. Mundum ) procreavit . The World being in their sence the universal Fusion of the first Divine Mind ; for so Chrysippus in Cicero in primo de Natura Deorum describes it : Vim Divinam in Ratione esse positam , & univ●…rsae Naturae Anima atque Mente . Ipsumque Mundum Deum dici & ejus Animae fusionem universam . The Divine Power is seated in Reason , and in the Mind of universal Nature . And this World is said to be a God , and the universal Fusion or Extension of that Mind . Vide etiam Lips ▪ Philosoph . Stoic . l. ●… . Dissert. 8. govern'd by a Deity And is it self a God ; nor casually Together met , as he would once perswade , Who first the Walls of this wide System made u u Democritus , whose follower was Epicurus , as is before noted . There is in Derision of this Opinion an Epigram of Lucilius in the Greek Anthology , l. 2. wherein there is a jocular Comparison between Diophantus , a very little Dwarf , and Epicurus his Atoms ,

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉

Of Atoms Epicurus did compose This World , 'cause nothing he thought less than those . Had Diophantus liv'd then , he this All. Had brought from him , for he is yet more small . Or though he held Atoms All else contriv'd , From Him yet sure he Atoms had deriv'd . Of Atoms , and to those resolves again ; Of which , the solid Earth , the floating Main , The fiery Stars , and Aether that creates Infinite Orbs , and others dissipates , Consist : All which revert unto their Springs , And transmutate the various Forms of things . But who can think this World educ'd should be From such blind Grounds without a Deitie ? If Chance did give , Chance rules this All ; Whence are The Signs then in their Course so regular ? Rising by Turns , as if by Laws injoyn'd , None posting on , whilst others stay behind ? The same Stars Summer , the same Winter grace , Day takes , and leaves to Heaven one certain Face . What time Troy's State was by the Greeks undon , x x Respecting this Place in Homer , Iliad . 6.

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉

Ursamque quam & Plaustrum cognomine vocant , Quae ibidem vertitur & Oriona observat. Where 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , answers to Manilius his — Adversis frontibus ibant . These two Constellations being plac'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in a direct line against one another , as two jealous Princes marking each others Motion , according to Mr. Selden his Observation in his Titles of Honour ( c. 1. ) for the Bear being Princess of the Northern Constellations , observes and looks at Orion Prince of the Southern . Which 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 or Position of these Constellations Casaubon ( in Strabon . l. 1. ) conceives Manilius to have collected from the only Authority of Homer before cited . Oppos'd did Arctos and Orion run . She the World's Top to circle still content , He facing her , to round th' whole Firmament . The times of obscure Night , were then y y The observation of the time of Night from the rising or position of the Stars was usual among the Antients in the time of the Trojan War , by which they ordered their Watches , as by those they divided the Night . Instances whereof we have in Euripides his Iphigen . in Aulid . and Rhesus . From the later of which take this :

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , &c.

Cujus est vigilia ? Quis per vices Succedit mihi primùm ? Iam occidunt signa , & septemgrad●… Pleiades Aetheriae ( oriuntur ) Volat autem Aquila in Medio Cali , &c. The Manner and Method of their Observation is thus deliver'd by Attalus , an Antient Scholiast upon Aratus , as cited by Hipparchus . Since Sun-set is the beginning of Night , and that the Sun is in always one of the 12 Signs ; It is manifest , that knowing in what sign the Sun is , and in what degree thereof , it may be easily told , what sign and what degree will arise in the beginning of Night . For the part of the Zodiack which is Diametrically opposite to that which the Sun is in at his setting , will at the beginning of Night be seen to rise : which being observ'd and known , for as much as every Night six signs arise from the East , it may be told what part of Night answers to their rising , and how much is remaining between that and the rising of the Sun . But the Errours of this ▪ rude observation Hipparchus refutes from the inequality of Time in the Ascensions of the several signs , some of them being less than their Dodecatemoria , others extending beyond ; as for Example : Cancer is much less than the 12th part or division of the Zodiack allotted to it . Virgo takes up some part of Leo and Scorpio . The Southern Fish is almost wholly in the Dodecatemorion of Aquarius : So that their unequal and different rising must needs beget an Errour in the Computation of Time , and consequently the hour of Night cannot thereby be truly determin'd . Vide Hipparch . in Arat. Ph●…nomen . l. 2. & Marcianum Capellam l. 8. c. 24. devin'd From the bright Stars ; Heaven hadits z z The hours as they are now distinguish'd are by some conceiv'd not to have been in use with the Antients ; for certain it is , says Casaubon , ( Animadvers . in Athenaeum , l. 1. c. 1. ) that neither in the time of Plato or Aristotle , nor many years after them , was the Word 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in use among the Greeks , as we n●…w take it : And therefore Pollux reckoning up the Parts , by which the Day and Night were distinguish'd by the Antients , makes no mention thereof ▪ Of this Opinion likewise is Salmasius in Plin. Exercitat . Tom. 1. p. 650. with whom Menagius seems to comply in Observat. ad Laertium . l. 1. p. 44. The contrary , yet , ( viz. that the Day was then by the Greeks divided into Parts Analogical to the hours in use with us , ) with clearer Arguments being defended by Petavius in Uranölog . Dissertat . l. 7. c. 8. And the learned Leo Allatius dé Mensurá Temporum Antiquorum , c. 4. And that among the Iews and other Eastern Nations the division of the day into hours was very antient , if not Coaeval with the first division of Time into Days , Weeks , Moneths or Years , Kircher ( in Oedip. Aegypt . Tom. 2. part. 2. p. 225. ) endeavours to demonstrate . Indeed as to the Romans , Censorinus de Die Natal . c. 23. plainly affirms that the Word Hora was not known among them until 300 Years after the Building of Rome : They dividing the day into two parts only , which they call'd Ortum & Occasum . Afterwards , as Pliny ( l. 7. c. 60. ) witnesses , the Noonstead was added , call'd Meridies , quèd Partes Diei , bifariam tum divisi , discernebat , says Censorinus . These Parts of the Day they call'd Tempestates ; so in the 12 Tables ▪ SOL OCCASUS SUPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO . The Manner of signifying the time of day was by a Beadle or Cryer at the Command of the Praetor or Consul . Pliny describes it thus : The Consuls Beadle or Cryer standing in the Court , when he beheld the Sun between the Rostra and the Graegostasis pronounced it was Noon . But when the Sun inclined downward from the Column named Moenia , to the Common Gaolor Prison , then he gave warning of the last Quarter of the Day , and so pronounced . Nor had they any other means to know how the Day went , until after the time of the first Punick War . Afterwards they divided the Day ( and so the Night likewise ) into 12 Parts , which they call'd hours , not equal , but varying according to the length or shortness of the Day in Summer or Winter , and therefore call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 seu Temporales . Which Division or Distinction of Time they receiv'd from the Greeks , who deriv'd it from the Aegyptians , as they from the Babylonians , or Chaldaeans according to Herodotus ; The Aegyptians giving to the several hours of the day these particular Names . To the first , Lampé ; to the second , Alexidi ; to the third , Terpsithi ; to the fourth , Phenon ; to the fifth , Erebe ; to the sixth , Diauges ; to the seventh , Proka ; to the eighth , Panphé ; to the ninth , Loitia ; to the tenth , Porphuré ; to the eleventh , Panphout ; to the twelfth , Truphé . Those of the Night had likewise their distinct Denominations ; But Salmasius , who ( in Diatrib . de Antiq. Astrolog . ) gives us these , says , he could never meet with the other . The Chinese antiently , and from them the Turkish Astronomers , divide the 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , or natural day into 12 equal parts , each part they call Iagg , answering to our Bihoria , and to every Iagg they apply a particular name from some Creature ; As , to the Chin. Turk . 1. Zeh Cescu . Mus. 2. Iiu. Tut. Bos. 3. Yem . Pars. Pardus . 4. Mau. Tuskan . Lepus . 5. Iin. Lui . Crocodilus . 6. Siz . Yilang . Serpens . 7. Vou. Iunad . Equus . 8. Vi. Kui . Ovis . 9. Shin . Pijin . Simia . 10. You. Daki●…k . Gallina . 11. Su. Eit. Canis . 12. Chai . Tungus . Porcus .

Every one of these Iaggs they divide into eight Parts which they call Geh , and may be term'd Scrupula horaria . Again , they divide every day into 10000 Particles , calling each Particle Fenac , which may be interpreted Scrupula Diaria . Vid. Epoch . Celebr . Ulugh Beigh Edit. per Gravium . p. 6. Of the Oeconomical Distribution of the 12 hours of the day among the Romans ; see Martial . lib. 4. Epigr. 8. and the particular explication thereof in Stuckius de Antiqu. Conviv . ( l. 1. c. 11. ) and in Galluccius in Virgilian . Vindicat. ( Aeneid . l. 9. loc. 2. ) The Invention of Sun-Dyals for distinguishing the hours was not known in Rome until the Time of the Tarentine War ; of which see Pliny and Censorinus , as before cited . Among the Greeks it was earlier , being attributed by some to Anaximenes ; by others , to Pherecydes of Syrus , of which Laertius in his life . B●…ebartus in Geogr. Sacr. l. 1. c. 14. makes the Invention much antienter from the Testimony of Homer ( Odyss. ó. ) With the Iews it was 200 Years before the time of Pherecydes , as appears by King Achaz his Dyal . The use of the Clepsydra or water-hour-glass was first invented by Cresibius of Alexandria , who flourished in the time of Ptolomaeus Evergetes ; first brought into use among the Romans by Scipio Nasica , as Vitruvius l. 9. c. 9. The use of Clocks or Watches seems not to be very antient ; there not appearing any mention thereof earlier than in these Verses of Bato the Comick Poet , cited in Atbenaeus , l. 4. — 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . — ut aliquis putet Non Ampuliam Te circumgestare , sed Horologium . Which Bato , Casaubon reckons inter 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Poetas , ( though his Conjecture be severely reprehended by Allatius in his Work before cited ) and believes that Citation to be the only instance that is to be found in any Monument of Antiquity touching that Subject . Hours design'd : Since when how many Kingdoms waste are lay'd ? How many Nations have been Captive made ? a a To this Purpose , Ennius , l. 8. Mortalem summum Fortunarepente Reddidit è summo regno ut famul' infimus esset .

Apposite likewise is that of Iuvenal , Satyr. 7.

Servis Regna dabant , Captivis Fata Triumphos . And of Seneca ( Controvers. l. 1. e. 1. ) Mutabilis est Casus ; dederunt victis Terga Victores ; & quos provexerat fortuna , destituit . Quid referam Marium Sexto Consulatis Carthagine Mendicantem , Septimo Imperantem ? Empire and Servitude how oft dissolv'd By Fortunes Power ? and differently revolv'd ? b b Meaning the Roman State and People , which rose from the Ruines and Ashes of subverted Troy ; which may be illustrated by this of Cyprian de Idol . vanitat . Regna non merito accidunt , sed sorts variantur . Imperium antè tenuerunt & Assyrii & Medi & Persae ; E●… Graecos & Aegyptios regn●…sse c●…gnoviinus . Ita vicibus petestatum Romanis quoque ut & caeteris imperandi tempus obvenit . Troy's Ashes now to what a glorious State She reinspires ? c c The Romans bringing upon Greece the same Desolation , which that once brought upon Troy , one of the most flourishing Cities of Asia ; To this place may not impertinently be applyed that Epigram of the Emperour Adrion in the Greek Anthology , l. 1. 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Hector thou Blood of Mars ▪ if Words thine Eare Now in the Grave may reach , rise and appear ! See thy fam'd Troy's by a new Race possest , Though not so stout as Thee , valiant at least ; Foyl'd are the Myrmidons ; tell Achilles , These , Thessaly now stoopes to th' Aene●…des . Greece suffers Asia's Fate . 'T were tedious to recount the Ages past , How oft the Sun hath seen the World new cast . All Things by humane Laws created , change : Lands to each other known , in time grow strange : Nations in course of many Years , put on A various Face ; but Heaven wears always one ; Grows not by length of Days , nor wastes with Age , Always in Course , yet faints not in its Stage , d d The Opinion of Xenophane●… ( as before noted ) and of Aristotle ; defended by Averroes , borrowed from Ocellus Lucanus 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Will ever be the same , since such 't was ever ; Other than 't is our e e Not unlike to this is that Argument in St. Peter , Epistol. 2. taken up by the Libertines of that Age , Ex quo Patres dormi●…runt , Omnia sic permanent ab Initio Cre●…nis . But against this unchangeable Durability of the Heavens Seneca declares . Quid Mutationis Periculo exceplum ? Non Terra , non Coelum , &c. What is ex●…pe from the danger of Change ? Not the Earth , not Heaven , not the universal Context of all things guided by the Conduct of God himself ; It shall not always bold this Order ; A Day will come that shall throw it quite out of its Course . Senec. Epistol. 71. Fathers saw it never , Nor shall our Nephews : 't is a God , and knows , Nothing of Change , which Age and Time impose . That the Sun ne'r starts to the North aside , Nor changing Course back to the East does ride , And to strange Lands a new-born Day disclose ; That the Moon always the same f f Appositely Macrobius in Somn. Scip. l. 1. c. 6. Similibus Dispensationibus Hebdomadum , Luna sutluminis vices sempiternd lege variando disponit , and Statius ( Sylv. l. 3. ) Servit & Astrorum velox Chorus , & vaga servit Luna , nec injussae t●…ties redit Orbita Lucis . These Changes of the Moon the Antient Greeks call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and from them the Latines , Phases , sive Apparitiones . The Names of the said Phases or Appearances , especially of the four most notable , are these . The first , ( reckoning her increasing Changes ) 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Cornicula●…a , about 60 Degrees distant from the Sun . This Phasis is by the Turks and Arabs call'd Nalka , because it resembles the Figure of a Horse-shoe . The second , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Bis●…cta , siu Dimidiata , at 90 Degrees distance . The third , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Gibbosa , sive Dimidio Orbe Major , when distant 120 Degrees . And lastly , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Toti-lunis , when full and in Opposition to the Sun , or 180 Degrees distant , from whence in a contrary Order are reckoned her decreasing Changes . Vide Cleomed . l. 2. c. 3. Vitruvium , l. 9. c. 4 ibidemque Philandrum ; Geminum c. 7. Amian . M●…rcellin . l. 20. Plin. l. 2. c. 14. Ricciolum Tom. 1. l. 4. c. 3. changes shows , The Laws observ'd of her Increase and Wain , That Stars themselves from g g Hence the Stars receive their Denomination . Stellae à stande . Servius ad 1. Georg. from the Authority of Varro . Stelle cadere non possunt , quarum natura est ut stent semper unde & Stellae vocantur : and from him Isidor . l. 3. c. 70. Stellae dictae à stando , quiae fixae stant in Coelo , nec cadunt . And Martianus Capella l. 8. Stellae à stando , Sidera à Considendo . Vide etiam Cassiodorum de Astronomia . falling still sustain , And run in measur'd Courses , seems to Sense No Work of Chance , but Act of Providence . These Signs divided thus by equal space Heavens azure h h Caelum ( says Pliny , from the Testimony of Varro ) haud dubie à Coelati Argumento diximus , from the Variety and Ornament of the several Constellations , ( in varias Coelum laqueantia formas , as Manilius expresses it ) imbellishing the same , as Carving or Fret-work , some curious Roof or Cieling . Hence Turnebus , Coelum ita vocatum alii censent , quòd sit coelatum impressumque variis signis . Vide Turneb . in Varron . de L. L. & in Adversar . l. 20. c. 29. Celing with Gold fret-work Grace , Bove which is i i So says Aristotle in primo de ●… 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , c. 9. 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. neque Corpus , neque Locus , neque Vacuum , neque Tempus . But the Stoicks determine otherwise , who though they allow not of any thing corporeal , yet admit of a certain vacuity . In which separate Inanity , or imaginary space ( as both Modern Philosophers and Divines call it ) they fancy the World to suspend . Peremptorily asserted by Lipsius : Cogit●…nti cuicunque ( says he ) aliquid vacui extra Mundum vel invito occurrit : quodetiam Philo Iudaeus palam adstruit , & in Scripturis Abyssum dici contendit . Vid. Lips . Physiolog . Stoic . l. 2. Dissertation . 9. Et Io. Baptist. Port. in Pneumatic . l. 1. c. 3. Nec non Gassendum , Tom. 1. part. 2. p. 186. Vides●… etiam Cleomed . Mete●…r . l. 1. c. 1. Inque illum Balforeum . Et Quonem de Guericke de vacuo spatio , &c. l. 1. c. 35. & l. 2. c. 5 , 6 ▪ &c. Nothing ; there the Worlds height ends , Nor further Natures Publick k k In Allusion to that of Varro : Mundus Domus est Maxima Omnium ; and of Cicero ( in secundo de 〈◊〉 Deorum ) Est enim Mundus quasi communis Deorum atque Hominum Domus . Consonant to which is that of Tertullian : Totus hic Mundus una omnium Domus est ; and of Minucius Foelix ( in Octav. ) Una Domus est Mundus hic Totus . See likewise Lipsius , as before cited , Dissertat . 7. House extends , Which Seas imbraces and the Earths round Ball. All These in mutual Courses rise and fall , As the revolving Skies , here downward bend Beneath th' Horizon , and there reascend . Now to what Compass Heaven's extreamest Round The Dimensions of the Universe . Is stretch'd ; what Limits the bright Zodiack bound , Reason will teach ; to whom there 's nothing hard , From whom by space or Bulk nothing's debarr'd ; To her all stoop ; She sounds the Depths of Night , And Heaven it self is pervious to her Sight . How far the Stars are 'bove the Earth and Main , So great the space is , which two Signs contain , And if the Worlds l l Known is that Demonstration of Archimedes in 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . That the Circumference of every Circle is greater than three times the Diameter thereof by a part less than 1/7th and greater than 10/70. Hence Manilius cautiously advises of this small difference that is to be made in computing the proportions betwixt the Diameter and Perimeter of the Sphere . See the same Argument in Pliny , l. 2. c. 23. and in Macrobius in Somn. Scip. l. 1. c. 19. Diameter you take , That , with small Difference , will a third Part make Of its Circumference ; Four Signs then , ( so far ) Heavens Zenith and its Nadir distant are ; And twice four added its whole Round compleat . But since i' th' midst Earth hath its Pendant Seat , 'T is two Signs distant from Heaven's Depth or Height . Thus All which 'bove the Earth is reach'd by Sight , Or underneath , by that unseen , extends , Each way the space of two Signs comprehends : And six times that measures the Circle , where Twelve Constellations equal Mansions share . Nor wonder that the self same Signs create Uncertain Births mix'd with much different Fate ; Since Each six rising with their Lights entire , So great a space , and so long time require . It rests , We now th' Aetherial m m Having described the Coelestial Phaenomena and the Dimension of the Universe , Manilius proceeds to the Description of the Coelestial Circles ; differing therein from the Method of Aratus ; who places the Mundane Dimension in the last Place . But this Disposition ( as Scaliger observes ) is only Arbitrary . However he prefers the Method of our Authour before the other . Bounds design , Of the Heavenly Circles . The Circles which the parted Heavens confine , And of the Stars the splendid Order steer . The Artick Polar Circle . n n Whence call'd the Artick Circle 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 — i. e. ab ursá , ( one of the Constellations so named ) being totally compriz'd within it . ) It is likewise call'd Septentrionalis & Borealis , from its Situation , and contains within it the Northern Frigid Zone , and terminates the Temperate . It is doubly to be considered , either according to the Modern , or Antient Hypothesis ; According to the Moderns , It is a lesser Circle Parallel to the Aequator , passing about the Axis of the World by the Northern Pole of the Ecliptick : According to the Antient it is described a Circle passing about the Axis of the World , by the Intersection of the Horizon and Meridian , of an Indefinite Magnitude , in respect to the several Situations of divers Regions more or less Northerly posited , of which Chalcidius ( in Timaeum Platonis ) Circuli vicini Polis , i. e. Septentrionalis & huic diversus Antarticus neque Magnitudine neque Positione solidati sunt ; sed pro differentia Regionum Aquilom●…ae itemque Australis , apud quosdam Majores , apud alios Minores putantur . See Scaliger upon this Place , Geminus , and upon him Petavius in Uranolog . Gassendus , Tom. 1. l. 3. p. 591. Pincierus in Parerg. Otii Marp . l. 2. c. 13. and Grotius in Arati Phaenomen . One tow'rd the North sustains the shining Bear , And from the Pole o o The Antient Greeks divided the Sphere into sixty Parts ( whereof one was equal to six of the Common Division of 360 ▪ Degrees ) This manner of Division our Authour ( as following Eudoxus and Hipparchus ) here makes use of , though hereafter in describing the Zodiack he takes up the Common way of dividing a Sphere or Circle into 360 Parts or Degrees ; which shews the same to have been also usual with the Antients at least about his Time . According to the first Division our Authour here makes the Artick Polar Circle to be distant from the Pole six of those sixty Parts , making thirty six Degrees according to the later Division ; which yet cannot be understood of the Roman Horizon , wherein Manilius then wrote ; but is to be applyed to that of Cnidus or Rhodes , according to the Doctrine of Eudoxus and Hipparchus , whom Manilius here follows , as is rightly observ'd by Scaliger upon this Place , and Gassendus , as before cited . And generally the rest of the Greeks gave the like Situation of this Circle in the Athenian Horizon , and by a Catachresis , universally in any other Part of Greece . This being here premis'd and observ'd , the Reader will the better understand the following Measures and Descriptions which our Authour uses in the position of the Coelestial Circles . six Parts of Heaven retires , The other touching p p That is the Tropick of Cancer . The Tropicks being so call'd from the Word 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which signifies Conversion or turning ; because the Sun , when it comes at those Circles , turns back to the Aequator again , nor ever goes beyond those Bounds either to the North or South . Hence the Aegyptians , as is noted by Clemens Alexandrinus ( l. 5. Stromat . ) Hieroglyphically decyphered the Tropicks under the Figure of two Dogs , as if they were Guards deputed by Nature to keep in and restrain the Sun from running beyond his Bounds . The first among the Greeks , who found out these Tropicks , is said to be Thales , the Milesian , of which he wrote a particular Treatise according to the Testimony of Eudemus , cited by Laertius . Cancer's utmost Fires , The Summer Tropick , or Tropick of Cancer . ( Where Phoebus consummates his Light and stay , Bearing through q q Not unlike is that of Nemesianus , — Postquam Phoebus candentem fervidus Axem Contigerit ; tardasque vias , Cancrique Morantis Sidus inest — Where Ulitius gives the Reason of that Epithete Morantis , quia Incrementa Dierum tardè adeo consummantur & 〈◊〉 , ut vix percipi possit , & quasi sistatur Sol ▪ whence the Solstice . The Explication whereof cannot be better given than in the Words of Iulius Scaliger in Problemat . Gellian . Is Circulus quem Sol quotidie signat , non est Circulus ▪ sed mag●…s quaedam Spira . Neque enim Revolutionis finis , eodēm committitur , unde initium habuerat : Major enim Distantiae est à puncto , unde digressus est , ad punctum ad quem Horae 24 eum perduxere , ubi propior fit iis signis quae propius ad Aequinoctium accedunt , propter obliquitatem . Itaque cum tendit ad Solstitia propter lineae prope rectitudinem , vix vari●… , ideo Solstitia dicta . That Circle which the Sun by its dayly Motion describes , is not a Circle , but rather a Spiral Line . For the end of its Revolution is not terminated in the point , whence ▪ it began . It s Distance from that Point whence he digrest , unto that to which he is brought by the Revolution of 24 houres , being greater when he is nearer those Signs which ▪ are ●…ighest to the Aequinoctial by reason of the Obliquity of his Course . But when he approaches the Solstitial Points by reason of the almost directness of the said Line , there appears no variation of his Course , whence it is call'd the Solstice . tedious Rounds the tardy Day ) Does from the Season , and r r This Tropick is call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Tropicus Aestivus , from the Heat of Summer , which We in the Northern Hemisphere enjoy , when the Sun is near that Circle . It is describ'd a l●…sser Circle Parallel to the Aequator , whose distance from thence i●… equal to the Sun 's greatest Declination or the Obliquity of the Zodiack , which it touches in the first point of Cancer . It s Office is on one side to terminate the Torrid Zone , on the other , the Northern Temperate one , and to make the Summer Solstice and longest day Northward , and the Winter Solstice , or shortest Day Southward . Mid-Summers heat Derive its Name ; and to the Sun's Race set Th' extreamest Bound : which s s That is 30 Degrees according to the usual and received Division ; see the like Distribution , as to the Distances of these Parallel Circles , in Ge●…inus conform to this of Manilius , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . p. 19. five Parts of the whole Declines the Circle of the Northern Pole . The t t This Circle is call'd by the Greeks 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , by the Latines , Aequidialis , Aequinoctialis , Aequator and Cingulum Mundi ; Mariners commonly call it the Line : It is one of the greater Circles of the Sphere , whose Poles are the same with the Poles of the World , from either of which it is equally distant , dividing the Calestial Globe into the Northern and Southern Hemisphere . It is describ'd , according to Clavins ( in Sacrobose . ) by an Imaginary Line draewn from the Center of the World and extended to the first Point either of Aries or Libra , and thence carried about by the Diurnal Revolution of the Primum Mobile . In this the Sun being posited ( which happens twice every Year , when he enters the first Degrees of Aries and Libra ) it makes the Days and Nights even . Third , which the Worlds middle Region holds , The Aequator or Aequinoct●…at Circle . Olympus with a mighty Bend infolds , On either Hand viewing the Pole ; the Way , In which the Sun makes even Night and Day . When by the Springs and Autumn's Points he glides , And Heaven i' th' midst by equal Parts divides . This from the Solstice u u That is four Parts of 60 , according to the Antient Division , or 24 of 360 according to the later and commonly received . four Degrees retreits ; The Winter Tropick , or Tropick of Capricorn . The next beyond nam'd from the x x This is called the Trospick of Capricorn , and is decrib'd a smaller Circle Parallel to the Aequator , whose Distance from thence is equal to the Sun 's greatest Declination , and touches the Ecliptick in the first Point of Capricorn ; on one side bounding the Torrid Southern Zone ; on the other , the Southern Temperate one ; making the Winter Solstice or shortest Day Northward , and the Summer Solstice and longest Day Southward . Winter , sets The utmost Bound to the Sun 's backward flight , Obliquely rend'ring us his y y For this reason says Macrobius ( Saturnal . l. 1. c. 21. ) the Aegyptians represented the Statue of the Sun with his Head shaven on one side , and long Hair on the other . By the first intimating the time of the Winter Solstice , cum velut abrasis Incrementis , angustâ manente Exstantiâ , ad Minimum Diei Sol pervenerit Spatium . By the later , the Summer Solstice , or his full grown Splendour , to which he arrives by Degrees , emerging from those straits of Light in his abode in this Winter Tropick : or to express it in Macrobius his own Words , Ex quibus latebris vel Angustiis , rursus emergens , ad aestivum Hemisphaerium enascens , in Augmenta porrigitur . niggard Light By a short Course ; but long o're Those He stays , Whose Lands are warm'd by his directer Rays ; The z z Of this We have given the reason and explication , in the Note upon the Tropick of Cancer , and shall here only add , that the Antient Aegyptians when they would express the Course of the Sun in his Solstice , signified the same by the Hieroglyphick of two feet fasined together ; ( as represented by Pierius , l. 5. c. 41. and Casalius de Veter . Aegypt . rit . c. 20. ) Intimating thereby the slowness of his Motion , or rather Stationary Condition , to which I know not whether our Authour in this place may allude , when he says , Vixque dies transit — As if the feet of the Day were fetter'd . slow-pac'd Day there hardly passing round . This from th' Aequator four Degrees is found . One Circle more yet rests , whose a a The Antartick Polas Circle . Site inclines Tow'rd the South Pole , and Southern Bears confines , Rang'd from the Winter Tropick five Degrees , And near its Pole , as the North's far from his . Thus Heaven in two divided , Pole from Pole , Does by that double Summ measure the Whole , (f) The Antartick or Southern Polar Circle ; which is describ'd a smaller Circle , Parallel to the Aequator , passing about the Axis of the World by the Southern Pole of the Ecliptick , comprehending the frigid Southern Zone , and terminating the temperate ; and is call'd the Antartick Polar Circle , in opposition to the Artick , before describ'd , to which it is equal . And by b b The four Parallel lesser Circles before described , that is to say , the two Tropicks , and two Polar Circles , mark out the Heavens into five Zones , which by the Latines are called Fasciae , Cinguli , Plagae ; and by Cicero , Maculae and Orae . That included between the two Tropicks , is called the Torrid Zone , which Polybius divided into two , parted by the Aequator ; but he is not followed therein by any . The two included between the Tropicks and the Polar Circles , are called the temperate ; the other two included within the Polar Circles , are call'd the Frigid Zones . Of these Thales is said to have been the Inventor , though Posidonius cited by Strabo without ground ascribes it to Parmenides . five Bounds distinguish'd into c c The Distinction of the Zones not sufficing the Antients to mark out the various Position and Situation of several Regions on either side of the Aequator ; They added divers other Parallel Circles , which they called Climates . A Climate being a little Zone included between two Circles , parallel to the Aequator , or between the Aequator and one Circle parallel thereunto , mutually distant from one another by the Arch of a Meridian , answerable to an half hours difference , by which the longest day of the Year under one Parallel varies from the longest Day of the Year under another . They are call'd Climata , quasi Inclinamenta , as it were deflexious from a right Position of Sphere , or so many st●…ps and degrees , mounting from the Aequator towards the Poles . The Antients reckon'd only seven , which they distinguish'd by the Names of the Places over o●… through which they passed : Viz. 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , &c. i. e. Per Meroen●…per Syenen●…per Alexandriam , per Rhodum , per Romam , per Pontum , per Boristhenem . But Modern Astronomers and Geographers reckon 48. that is to say ; from the Aequator on each side , to either of the Polar Circles 24. At which the Climates end ; the longest day there exceeding the ordinary Horary Measure , unless by a kind of Analogy We reckon Moneths and half Moneths for hours and half hours . Those Climates are again by the Moderns subdivided by drawing in the Middle of each Climate another Parallel Line , dividing the same into two smaller Zones , which by a Peculiar name are term'd Parallels : Of which , the more remote from the Aequator hath the longest Day of the Year differing from that nearer to it by the space of ¼ of an hour . These are in number double to the Climates . Vide Weigel . Method . Sphaeric . l. 1. Sect. 1. Cap. 3. Climes , Marks out the Difference of Place and Times . Which ( Parallels ) One Course with Heaven partake , And equal Rise with that and Setting make , Since in th' Aethereal Texture they observe Their stated Distance , and thence never swerve . Passing a-cross by either Pole d d These are the Coluri , which are two great Circles , cutting each other at right Angles in the Poles of the World . Whereof one passes by the Aequinoctial , the other by the Solstitial Points of the Zodiack . They are called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Mutili , because in our oblique Position of Sphere , they never entirely appear above the Horizon , either at once or by Successive Conversion . two more There are , which intersect all Those before , And themselves too ; concurring in th' Extreams Of the Worlds Axis at right-angled Scheams , Which mark the Seasons out , and Heaven beside Into four Quarters equally divide . Of these , through highest Heaven its Course e e The Colurus Aequinoctiorum is describ'd a great Circle of the Sphere , passing by the Poles of the World , and cutting the Aequator at right Angles in the two Equinoctial Points or first Degrees of Aries and Libra , whose Poles are in the first Points of Cancer and Capricorn , or otherwise whose Poles are 90 Degrees distant from the first Points of Aries and Libra . one steers Colurus Aequinoctiorum . Parting the Serpents Tayl and undrench'd Bears , And Tips of Scorpio's Claws , born through Mid-skies , Of Hydra cutting the Extremities And Middle of the Southern Centaur , then Concurring in the Adverse Pole , agen Returns by the huge Whale : whose Scaly Chine , Bright Trigon , and the Bounds the Ram confine It marks ; then by Cepheïs Waste doth run , Her Mothers Head , and ends where it begun . By th' midst of this , the Worlds Extremitie , And the Fore-feet and Neck of Helice , Colurus Solstitiocum . ( Which first of all when Sol withdraws his Light With seven fair Stars illuminates the Night ) The f f The Colurus 〈◊〉 is a great Circle , passing by the Poles of the World and Poles of the Zodiack , cutting both the Aequator and Ecliptick at right Angles in the So●…al Points or first Degrees of Cancer and Capricorn , and hath its proper Poles in the first Degrees of Aries and Libra . To these two Circles are to be applyed this Vulgar Dis●…ch : Haec duo Solstitium faciunt Cancer , Capricornus , Sed N●…ies ae●…uant Aries & Libra Diebus . other runs ; the Crab and Twins divides , By the fierce Dog and Argo's steerage glides ; Then cross the formers travers'd Signs is born By the South Pole ; Thee touching Capricorn ! Parting the Eagle from its Starry Fires By the Lyre running , and the Dragons Spires ; Then cuts the less Bears Tayl and hinder Feet , And makes its End with its Beginning meet . The Seasons thus have fixt within these Rounds , Their Everlasting Seats and changeless Bounds . These two are moveable : Whereof one Bend The Meridian . Does through Mid-Heaven from g g The Meridian Circle , by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , by the Latines , Meridianus , and by Astronomers Li●…a M●…dii Coeli , and M●…ii D●…i , Cus●…is Re●…alis , Cardo R●…ius , and M●…aium Coeli . It is describ'd a great Circle , passing by the Poles of the World , and the Zenith and N●…dir Points , and hath its proper Poles in the Aequinoctial Points of East and West , though Scaliger upon this place ( defended therein by the Learned Mr. Isaac Vossius Not. in Me●…am . ) will have the Poles of every Meridian to be the Poles of the World . It is call'd Meridian , because when the Center of the Sun reaches it , it is Noon or Mid-day , to all such as are directly under that Circle , when the Sun is above the Horizon . Helice ascend , The Day distinguishes , the sixth Hour tries , And at just distance East and West descries , Changing the Signs by turns , still as we run , Or tow'rd the rising or the setting Sun , Cutting Heavens hightith 'midst ; and with Earth's Place , Varies the Skies Position , and Times Race . h h The Reason thus rendred by Macrobius in Som. Scip. l. I. c. 15. Quia Globosuas Terrae Habitationes omnium aequales sibi esse non patitur ; non eadem Pa●…s Coeli omnium verticem despicit . Et ideo unus omnibus Meridianus esse non poterit : sed singulis Gentibus super verticem suum pr●…prius Meridianus eff●…citur : and therefore the Meridian is distinguished into the General and Particular ; the General being one and always the same ; the Particular , on the contrary , mutable and diverse , according to the change and diversity of Place , either Eastward or Westward , and may be imagined as numerous as there are vertical Points . Vide Bartschium in Planisphaer . Stellat . c. 2. All have not one Meridian ; th' Hours fly round : When first we see Sol rise from th' Eastern Sound , 'T is their sixth Hour by his i i St●…ler in his Commentary upon Proclus , conceives that Manilius here by the Golden Orb , means the Meridian Circle , and imagines it to deserve that Title , because the Island Taprobana , being as he says , in Meridiem exposita , is famous for its plenty of Gold and Silver . A ridiculous Interpretation ; for aureus Orbis is not to be understood of the Meridian Circle ; but of the Globe of the Sun , coming to and pressing upon the Meridian . gold Orb then prest ; Such theirs , when he to us sets in the West . These two k k This Place hath exercis'd and foil'd the Wits of the greatest Criticks ; the Verse in the Latine is this ,

Nos primam , & summam sextam numeramus utramque .

S●…aliger interpreting Primam & summam for one and the same hour ; quia summâ horâ Noctis ( i. e. duodecima says he ) confecta , incipit 〈◊〉 , as the Athenians us'd to term the last day of the Moneth 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , The Old and the New . But this is far from the 〈◊〉 of Manilius . Gassendus endeavouring to mend the matter , instead of primam & summam , conceives it ought to be read Im●…m & Summam , ab 〈◊〉 inter Imam & Summam Antithesin ( says he , ) by Im●…m understanding the Hour of Midnight , by Summam that of Mid-day ; but this is yet wide from the Mark . Salmasius undertaking to put a better sence upon the words than the former , is himself grav●…l'd ; for thus he expounds this and the 3 foregoing Verses . Cum Sol oritur Romanis , &c. when the Sun ( says he ) rises at Rome , it is their first Hour of the Day , but to the Indians their sixth , or Noon ; and again when it is Noon to the Romans , it is Sun set to the Indians or their last Hour of the Day ; so either of these Hours , viz. the first and the 〈◊〉 says he ) by reason of the Diversity of Meridians is reckon'd for the sixth hour ; which Interpretation reaches not the meaning of 〈◊〉 ; being justly reprov'd by Pe●…avius , in Vranol●…g . l. 7. who thus expounds both this and the three foregoing Ver●…s . 〈◊〉 est says he ) Manilium , Tractum illum terrarum & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , ubi tum degebat , in medio ponere , & quae utrinque distant 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 longitu●… 90 , cum Habitatione suâ conferre . Qui ad Ortum siti sunt Eoos appellare , qui ad Oc●…asum , Hesperi●…s , &c. Hence he infers , when the Sun seems to rise at Rome , it is in the Meridian of those that are posited 90 Degrees Eastward from thence ; and again , when the Sun at Rome seems to set , it makes the like sixth Hour or Noon to those so posited Westward : Either of which sixth 〈◊〉 ●…r N●…ontides to those Eastward or Westward , they at Rome count not their sixth Hour , but name the one , the first , the 〈◊〉 , the last Hour of their Day . This Exposition of Petavius ( whereunto our Interpretation is consonant ) speaks the 〈◊〉 of the words , which I held my self oblig'd thus to clear , lest the Authority of the other great Persons might be objected against us , or impo●…e upon the Reader . sixth Hours we count our first , and last , When from th' Extreams of Light l l By Reason of the obliquity and depression of the Suns light at Morning and Evening , the Air likewise being then coolest in regard of the chill Briezes usually stirring . Hence the Evening in Genesis 3. ver. 8. is call'd Ru●…h , i. e. spiritus seu ventus Diei ; and what by the 〈◊〉 is there rendred 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , or the Evening , is by others rendred 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. adspiritum seuventum Diei . Vide Salmas . in Epictet . et Simplic . p. 125. chill Beams are cast . The m m This Circle is call'd Horizon , from the Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . coming from the Verb 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which signifies to bound , or terminate , for which reason it is by the Latines called Finiens and Fini●…or , because it bounds the sight . It is divided into the Rational ( which is likewise call'd the Natural and Astronomical ) and the Sensible ( which is likewise call'd the Physical , Apparent and Artificial : ) the Rational Horizon is describ'd a great Circle of the Sphere , whose Poles are the Zenith and Nadir Points , ( though Scaliger with the approbation of Mr. Isaac Vossius makes the Poles of every Horizon to be as well the Ae-quinoctial Points of East and West ) dividing the Globe equally into the upper and lower Hemisphere . The Sensible Horizon is describ'd a smaller Circle , parallel to the Rational , dividing the Sphere into two unequal Segments , of which the uppermost is the least . This though in respect to any one particular place , it be immoveable , yet generally it is to be conceiv'd mutable , forasmuch as when we change any Place upon the Earth , we likewise change the Horizon . others Bound if thou desir'st to know , The Horizon . Look round about far as thy sight will go , What e're Earths Surface with Heavens Verge doth close , And the divided Hemispheres compose ; Couches in Seas the Stars and thence doth send ; Rounding the travers'd Earth with a slight Bend ; That , shifting Place about the World still flies , Now more and more unto the South applies , Now to the North again as much inclines , Now runs against , now with the n n The Latine hath — Mota sub Astra . Which Salmasius ( in Plin. Exercitat . p. 661 ) Criticizing upon this Place , will needs read muta sub Astra . Interpreting muta Astra 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. not apparent ; and by those words conceives our Authour implies the Antartick Pole , to us invisible . But as Petavius says , mutum esse praestat , quàm talia dicere ; for M●…nilius by — Mota sub Astra , means only the shifting of the Horizon East or West , either against or with the Course of the Stars , as Petavius rightly expounds those Words . Per Mota Astra ( says he ) Orientem atque Occidentem breviter elegantérque designat Manilius . Vide illum , Uranolog . l. 7. c. 14. moved Signs . But wheresoe're its wandring Course it steers , As now to this , then to that Part it bears , It changes still ; a new Arch always making ; For leaving now this Heav'n , then that forsaking , One half 't will still disclose , or hide , and sign With varying Limits which the Sight confine . This is terrestrial , 'cause the Earth it rounds , And call'd Horizon , 'cause the sight it bounds . To these two others add , obliquely born , Whereof the o o That is the Zodiack ; by Ptolomy call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Circulus Animalium ; because parted into 12. Signs , resembling men and other living Creatures . The Iewish Astronomers give it several other Denominations , as Galgal Hammazzaloth , i. e. Orbis Signorum , and Ighul Hammatzaloth , i. e. Circulus Signorum , and Ophun Hammazzaloth , i. e. Rota Signorum ; and Ezor Hammazzaloth , ie . Zona Signorum . The Syrians call it Chudronûtho de Malûshe , i. e. Circulus Signorum , and the Arabs Phelek Al Burugi , i. e. Orbis Signorum . By the Latines it is call'd Signifer , and by the Greeks 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and is describ'd ●… Circle or rather a Fascia or Zone obliquely passing from East to West by the Aequinoctial and Solstitial Points , parted in the midst by the Ecliptick , which divides it into two Parts , the one Northern the other Southern , which are terminated by the Circumferences of two imaginary Circles less than one of the great Ones , distant so far from the Ecliptick , as is the greatest Latitude of any Planet from then●…e ; The Invention of this Circle is by some ascrib'd to Pythagoras , by others , to Oenopides the Chian , by some again , to Anaximander the Milesian . Vide Plutarch . de Placit . Philosoph . & Plin. l. 2. c. 8. one twelve radiant Signs adorn , The Zodi●…k . Through which the Sun runs his Career of Light , And the Moon follows in her Coach of Night , And five Stars more 'gainst Heavens swift Course advance Their p p Meaning the Primary and proper Motion of the Planets from the West to East ; for their Secundary or Diurnal Motion from East to West is not their own , but that of the Primum Mobile , by which they are violently carried about contrary to their own Course . Which double Motion of the Planets is elegantly thus describ'd by Germanicus in Arataeis : Omnibus his gemini Motus , quorum alter ab ipsis N●…scitur , & proprios ostendit sydere Nisus , ( Tunc Mundum subeunt lentopede ) concitus Alter Invi●…os rapit , & Coeli circumrotat Orbem . All these have double Motions ; one their own , By which their proper Tendency is shown , That 's a slow March ; th' other 's swift , and bears Them running Counter , back with the rapt Spheres . oppositely Nature-guided Dance . On whose Top Cancer , Base the Goat resides , Twice through th' Aequator runs it , twice divides At Libra and the Ram ; whose sloping Bend Obliquely by three Circles does extend ; Not hid ; nor , as the rest ( discern'd alone By mental view ) q q Though our Authour here speaking Poetically , make the Zodrack a visible Circle , because the 12 Signs moving in it are visible ; yet properly speaking as it is taken for a Fascia or Zone , it is but 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , perceivable only by Reason . And therefore Geminus in Isagog . says rightly , that of all the Circles in the Heavens , only the via Lactea is perceivable by sense , the rest being no otherwise discernible than by the Eye of Reason . to mental view is shown ; But shines a glittering r r Hence by the Arabs call'd Al Mintaca and Nitac , i. e. Baltheus , and by the Iewish Astrologers , Ch●…hebh Ephadath Haggalgal , i. e. Opus Phrygionarium , or Limbus Textilis , according to Scaliger . Why this Circle above any of the rest is called Baltheus seu Cingulum ( from the like denomination of 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 given to it by the Greeks ) take from Ulitius in Nemes . p. 341. Ideo veteres Zodiacum Baltheum dixerunt Astrologi , quia obliquus Meridianum secat . And before him Balforeus ( in Libr. 1. Cleomed . ) Zodiacus Appellationem Bal●…hei , ( quem etiamnum b●…die transversum gestamus ) apud Manilium meruit . Et omnino haec forma Balthei , à dextro humero ad latus sinistrum per medium Corpus obliquè ducti , Zodiaci Situm optimè exprimit . Belt with bright Stars grac'd , And girdles with its golden Fires Heavens Waste . Degrees three hundred and thrice twenty counts Its Circles Round ; its Breadth to s s Sacroboscus ( says Rieciolus Tom. 1. l. 1. p. 19. in Schol. ) and Clavius upon him , give to the Zodiack 12 Degrees of Latitude , because for the most part the Planets recede not from the Ecliptick above 6 Degrees on either side . But Regiomontanus extends the Latitude thereof to 16. others otherwise . For Kepler gives 7 Degrees of Northern Latitude to Mars ; to Venus in her greatest Evagation 10 , or according to Argol ( Pandos . Sphaer . c. 29 ) 9 degr. — 3′ . So that the Total Latitude of the Zodiack according to Modern Observation is extended to no less than 20 Degrees . twelve amounts : Within which measur'd Limits is confin'd The Planet's Motion , variously inclin'd . The t t The Galaxie , or Milky way , by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , by the Latines Circulus lacteus , and Orbis lacteus . By the Arabs according to Scaliger , Tarick Al lubbana , i. e. Via lactea ; according to Kirker , Almegiret or rather Magierra , i. e. Tractatrix , and Tarick Al Tibn , i. e. Via straminis ; and to the same sence by the Aethiopians , Chasara ' tsamangadu . ( Isis according to the Aegyptian Fable in her flight from Typhon scattering bundles of fired straw to retard his pursuit , whence the Original of that Name ) In Syriack it is called Shevil Tévno ; by the Persians , Rah Kahkeshân , i. e. Via Paleamtrahens ; the Turks call it Samân Ughrisi , i. e. Pal●…am rapiens . In the Coptick Tongue it is called Pinóiten Tépitoc , i. e. Via straminis ; others call it Viam Romae , and Viam Sancti Iacobi . The Turks , Hâgjiler Yuli , i. e. Via festum Agentium , or the way of Pilgrims to Mecha ; by the Aegyptian Astrologers call'd Porta Mansionum Lunae . It is a great Circle having for Center the Center of the World , or rather an oblique Conspicuous Zone , of a different Breadth or Latitude , being no where broader than 10 Degrees , and in some places not exceeding 6 or 7. in some stretching to 8 or 9. Where its Course is not divided . From this Circle , as Pliny ( l. 18. ●… . 29. ) reports , the Antients believ'd all Plants received their Milky Juice or Nourishment ; and hence perhaps is that Arabick Name of Um Al Sama , i. e. Mater Coeli , ( quasi ejus lactatrix ) Nor less famous for the strange Productions , which Modern Eperience hath observed therein ; it being found the Store-house from whence have issued all the new Phaenomena's that have hapned either in this or the precedent Age. other , carried tow'rd the opposed Bears Galaxia or the Milkie Way . Its Course close by the Artick Circle steers , And by inverted Cassiopea tends ; Thence by the Swan obliquely it descends The Summer Tropick , and Iove's Bird divides , Then cross th' Aequator and the Zodiack glides 'Twixt Scorpio's burning Tail , and the left Part Of Sagittarius , near the fiery Dart ; Then by the other Centaure's Legs and Feet Winding , remounts the Skies ( again to meet ) By Argo's Topsail and Heaven's middle Sphere , Passing the Twins t' o'retake the Charioteer ; Thence Cassiopea seeking Thee does run , O're Perseus Head , and ends where it begun . Three middle Circles and the Zodiack too Twice passing , and by that as oft past through . Nor needs it to be sought ; its obvious Course It self illustrates , and the sight doth force ; For in the azure skies its candid Way Shines like the dawning Morn , or closing Day ; And as by often passing o're some Green , An even Path , parting the Mead , is seen ; Or as a Ship plowing the Seas smooth Plain , Of foaming Bubbles leaves a silver Train : So shines its milky Path in the dark Night , Parting the blew Skies with its numerous Light . And as through Clouds the Rainbow does extend , So on Olympus Height shows its white Bend , And Mortals fills with Wonder , whilst they spy New Lights unknown Flames darting through the sky . The sacred Causes humane Breasts enquire , Whether the Heavenly u u The Opinion of Diodorus , who conceiv'd the via lactea to be a Coelestial fire , of a dense and compacted Nature , shewing it self through the Clefts of the starting and dividing Hemispheres , as Macrobius in Somn. Scip. ( l. 1. c. 15. ) expresses it , Ignem densatae concretaeque naturae , in unam curvi Limitis Semitam Discretione Mundanae fabricae coacervante concretum . Hence says Gassendus we may observe Genium Stoicae Providentiae . They calculating the Destruction of the World to commence from the Breach or loosening of the Commissures of the closed Globe . To which doubtless Manilius here alludes . Vide Gassend . Tom. 1. l. 1. p. 506 , 507. Segments there retire Various Opinions concerning the Galaxie . ( The whole Mass shrinking ) and the parting Frame Through cleaving Chinks admits the stranger flame ? Astonishment must sure their Senses reach To see the Worlds wounds , and Heavens gaping breach ! Or meets Heaven here ? and this white cloud appears x x The fancy of Theophrastus , that great Philosopher , who declar'd the Galaxie to be no other than the soldering and knitting together of the Hemispheres . So Macrobius delivers it , Lacteum dixit esse Compagem , quâ de duobus Hemisphaeriis Coeli Sphaera solidata est ; & ubi O●…ae convenerint notabilem Claritatem videri . Vide illum loco ●…oitat . The Cement of the close-wedg'd Hemispheres ? Or seems that old Opinion of more sway That the Sun's y y Oen●…pides Chius ( according to Achilles Tatius in Arat. Phaenomen . ) affirmed that this Circle was antiently the Course of the Sun ; till frighted from that Tract by Thyestes his bloody Banquet , he chose this he now holds in the Zodiack , but left behind him the Impression of his former Course . Of which ridiculous Opinion was likewise Metrodorus , and some other Pythagoreans , whereof Plutarch in Placit . Philosoph . l. 3. c. 1. Horses here once ran astray , And a new Path mark'd in their straggling flight Of scorched Skies , and Stars adusted Light , Changing to paler white Heavens azure Face , And with the burnt Worlds Ashes strew'd the Place ? Fame likewise from old Time to us succeeds How z z See Ovid Metamorphos . l. 2. and Plutarch loco citat . Phaëton driving his Fathers Steeds Through radiant Signs , and with a wounding Eye Viewing th' approached Beauties of the Sky , ( Whilst in his Chariot proud he childlike plays , And things yet greater than his Sire essays ) Left the known Path , and a rough Tract imprest In the smooth Skies , whilst wand'ring Flames infest Th' affrighted Signs , not brooking the loose Course Of th' erring Chariot and ill-guided Horse . Hence the whole World became a fiery spoyl , And burning Cities made Earths funeral Pile ; When from the hurried Chariot Lightning fled , And scattered Blazes all the Skies o'respred ; By whose approach new Stars enkindled were , Which still as Marks of that sad Chance appear . Nor must that gentler Rumour be supprest , How a a Eratosthenes as cited by Ac●…iller Tatius in Arati Phaenomen . is reputed the Father of this Fable , in his Book entituled 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Partitio ( or rather 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Asterismi ) which is by Achilles Tatius thus related . 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , &c. Hercules being an Infant sucking at Juno's breast , and too hardly pressing the Nipple , she suddainly withdrew it , and spilt the milk , which form'd this Circle in the Heavens . The like ( says he ) is reported by the same Eratosthenes of Mercury's sucking Iuno . Milk once flowing from fair Iuno's Breast , Stain'd the Coelestial Pavement ; from whence came This Milky Path , its Cause shown in its Name . Or is 't a b b This is the true Cause of the G●…laxie ; which long since by Conjecture and probable Reason was asserted by Democritus , as Plutarch ( in Placitis Philosoph . ) attests . But since the Invention of the Telescope , clearly demonstrated by Galilaeo , Kepler , and others . Crowd of Stars crowning the Night ? A candid Diadem of condens'd Light ? Or c c The antient Ethnicks believed the condensed light of the Milky way to proceed from the Crowd and multitude of valiant , wise , and Pious Souls inhabiting that Circle . Hence Macrobius in Somn. Scipionis . Rursus filium Pater , ut in Deos Piu●… , nt in homines Iustus esset , hortatus Praemium adjecit , Ostendens Lacteum Circulum , virtutibus debitum , & Beatorum Coetu r●…fertum . Believ'd no less even by Christians , ( as is manifest by that Prayer of Ausonius in Ephemeride : Pande viam quá me post vincula Corporis aegri , In sublime feram ; puri quá lactea Coeli Semita ventesae superat vag a lumina Lunae : Quá Proceres abiére Pii . — ) Of the Original of which Errour La Cerda ( in Virgil. Bucolic . Eclog. 5. ) from the Authority of Philo ( 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ) gives this Reason . In the highest Heavens ( says Philo ) are most pure Souls , which the Greek Philosophers call Heroes ; Moses from their Office , Angels . Whence it may appear that the Heathens having some dark Notion of the Angels , called them by the Names o●… their Heroes , and fixed them here . Vide etiam Turneb . Adversar . l. 13. c. 2. valiant Souls freed from corporeal Gives Believ'd antiently the Sea●… of Heroick Souls . Thither repair and lead Aetherial Lives ? There the d d Agamem●…on and 〈◊〉 the Sons of Atreus , Kings of Mycenae and Sparta , and Generals of the Grecian Forces against the Trojans . Atrides , there th' Aeacides , Fierce f f Son of Tydeus and Deiphile , King of Ae●…olia , one of the most valiant Commanders of the Greeks against the Tr●…jans . Diomede ; He , who through Lands and Seas (e) 〈◊〉 The Grand-child of Ae●…cus by Pel●…us and The●…is , the most signal of the Greeks in the Trojan War , and Pyr●…bus or 〈◊〉 his Son . His Triumphs over conquer'd Nature rear'd , g g That Epithete being peculiar to him , who is likewise call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , ob mu●…tiformem prudentiae varietatem , says Coelius Rhodigin . l. 14. c. 18. and Polyeides à perspicaci solertiâ rerúmque prudentia , as Ianus Parrhasius Syllog . 4. Epistol. 39. The Mythology of Ulysses ( by which is chiefly denoted Wisdom , quae invicta per omnia pericula intrepidè pertransit ) See in Natalis Comes l. 9. c. 1. Subtle Ulysses , We believe inspher'd . There Nestor's thron'd among the Grecian Peers , Crown'd with h h — Senectâ Ins●…gnem Triplici —

Says the Original in an indefinite sence , by Senecta expressing what Homer ( Ili●…d . 1. ) calls 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. aetatem . seu aevum . Hence Nevius in Alceste ( as cited by Aulus Gellius ) calls Nestor Trisech-senem , and by Horace he is stil'd Senex●…ter Aevo functus . But there is much difference among the Antients about the extent of this 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 or Aetas ; the same being diversly interpreted by divers . Herodicus , as cited by Censorinus de Die Natal . c. 171. stretches it no further than to 25 years . Zenon and Heraclitus to 30 , with whom consents Artemidorus Oneirocrit . l. 2. c. 75 according to which Computation Porphyrius ( in libro de Homericis Quaestionibus ) and Eustathius determine of the longevity of Nestor . Others inlarge it , making 3 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 equal to 100 years . So Herodotus l. 2. and Clemens Alexandrinus Stromat . l. 1. p. 335. But taken in its greatest extent , a 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 or Aetas amounts to no less than 100 years , as appears by Genes. c. 15. v. 13 and 16. and according to this Computation most of the Latines sum up the Age of Nestor . So Ovid in the person of Nestor :

— Vixi Annos bis Centum , nune tertia vivitur aetas . In which sence Tibullus , Propertius and Iuvenal are to be taken , when they say of Nestor that he liv'd terna and tri●… Saecul●… , and so we have adventured to interpret 〈◊〉 Senect●…m . Vide Francisc. Floridum Sabinum . Lect. sub●…isiv . l. 2. c. 3. a triple Century of years . i i M●…mnon the Son of Aurora by Tithon , who came to the succour of Troy with 20 Thousand Foot , and 200 Chariots , being sent ( according to Diod●…rus Siculus , l. 2. ) by Teutamo , King of the Assyrians , slain by Achilles , or rather by the Treachery of the 〈◊〉 , famous for the yearly combat performed at his Monument by the Fowls called Aves Memnoniae , raised from his Ashes , as it were in an Annual Parentation to his Memory . Of which see Ovid Metamorphos . l. 13. Pliny l. 10. c. 26. Solinus , and his Exercitator Salmasius Tom. 2 p. 870. and 871. Nor less signal for his Statue at Thebes in Aegypt after the fashion of a man sitting , of an entire black Marble , the upper part being broken off from the seat by some Earth-quake , as both Strabo and Pausanius , eye-witnesses , report ; which every day at the Sun rising , or as Phil●…stratus says , when touched by the Sun-Beams , rendred a sound not unlike that of a Harp or Lute . Chearful at the Suns approach , at his deparure or setting , sad . Strabo yet doubting whether the Musical sound proceeded from that Cause , or from some Artif●…ce , within the Basis of the Statue , or from some of the Company or by-standers . Vide Strab●…nem l. 17 : The Satyrist Iuvenal ( Satyr. 1. ) ascribes it to Magick . Dimidio Magicae resonant ubi Memnone chordae . See likewise Coelius Rhodiginus Antiqu. lect. libr. 22. c. 5. and Scho●…tus in Ortel . Tabul . Aurora's Black Son , He who k k Sarpedon King of Lycia , Son of Iupiter and Europa , according to Herod●…tus and 〈◊〉 Sicu●…us ; but as Homer will , of Iupiter and Laodamia ; slain in the defence of the Trojans against the Greeks by Patroclus , of whom Iupiter in Virgil , — Occidit unà Sarpedon mea Progenies —

Who is said to have mourned his loss with tears of blood , as Homer Iliad 16. Ausonius bestowing upon him this Epitaph .

Sarpedon Lycius , geni●…us Iove , Numine Patris Sperabam Coelum , sed teg or hoc tumulo , Sanguineis fletus lachrymis , beu ferrea fata ! E●… 〈◊〉 luctum qui probibere potest ? I Lycia's King , Iove's Son , who thought to gain Heaven by my Birth , Sarpedon , here lie slain : Wept for with bloody Tears ; dire fate ! must he Know grief , who souls from grief can only free ? Lycia sway'd Iove's Royal Issue ; and Thou l l 〈◊〉 . Daughter of Mars , according to Diodorus Siculus ( l. 2. ) whence by our Poet , stil'd M●…vortia Virgo ; and by Calaber , l. I. 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Empress of the Amazons●… , signal for her valour against the Greeks in the defence of Ili●…m , falling at length by the destroying hand of Achilles , which see in Calaber . 〈◊〉 . Martial Maid ! The Kings whom Asia did or Greece beget , Or m m To the same purpose Mela. l. 2. c. 3. Macedonum Populi centum quinquaginta u●…bes inhabitant , quarum Pella & Maxima & Illustris . Alumni efficiunt ; Philippus Graeciae Domitor , Alexander eti●…m Asiae . It was seated upon a Lake , not far from the Sea , into which run the two Rivers , Axius , now called Bardari or Vardari , and by some Vistrizz●… , and Ludias , now Castoro . The Greeks at this day call it 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Paru●… Palatia , where are dayly dig'd up Marbles with Antient Inscriptions , and the foundations of Princely Buildings , in the Place , where the Inhabitants believe the Pallace of Philip and Alexander stood , as the learned Lucas 〈◊〉 ( in Annotat. in Or●…elium ) from the Authority of Critopulus reports . By the Romans it was called Colonia Iulia Augusta , being made a Colony either by Augustus Caesar , or some other of the Roman Emperours , as the curiously diligent Spanhemius proves from the Testimony of Antient Medails , in Dissertat . de Prae●…t . & usu Numism Dissert. 9. Vide etiam Pa●…in in Num. Imper. Rom. p. 195 and 370. By the Turks it is at this day call'd Ieniza , or Ienizza , which in their Language signifies a New Town . Pella justly greatest in the Great . There those whom Wisdom hath exalted , shine ; Just n n The Athenian Law g●…r , who deserv'd that Epithete , ●…is 〈◊〉 M●…deramine Legibus ; for the Justice and Equity of his Laws ; as Ammianus Marcellinus ( l. 22. ) attest●… ▪ who further adds that the Model of his Laws , Romano quoque Iu●…i maximum addidit Firmamentum , added also to the Roman State the greatest Foundation . For the Rom●…s as Li●…y ( l. 3. ) writes , agreeing concerning Laws in General , but differing about the Law-giver , sent Embassadors to Athens , Sp. 〈◊〉 A●…bus , A. Manlius , and P. Sulpitius Camerinus , commanding them to transcribe the renowned Laws of Solon : which transferr'd out of the Books of Solon , the Decemviri expounded in the 12 Tables , as Aurel. Victor . de Viris Illustr. Solon , stout o o The famous Spartan Legislator ; who to ennoble his Laws pretended he received them from Apollo , as Cicero ( de Divi●… . l. 1. ) or according to Lucian ( in Astrolog . ) 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , deriv'd from his skill in Astronomy ; He contemperating his Laws according to the Course and Influence of the Celestial Bodies . Hence one of his Laws was , that the Spartans should never go forth to War before the full of the Moon . But rather according to the Scholiast of Thucydides ( in l. 2. ) really comp●…l'd out of the Laws of the Cretans and Aegyptians . See besides Plutarch ( in vita Lycurgi ) the learned Io. Meu●…sius Miscellan . Lacenic . l. 2. c. 5. Lycurgus , the p p That Epithete being given him for the excellency of his Stile , Manners , and Philosophy ; of which Cicero in Tusculan . l. 9. Credamus Panaetio ( speaking of Plato ) quem omnibus l●…cis Divinum , quem Sapientissimum , quem Homerum Philosophorum appellat ; nay he sticks not elsewhere to call him Philosophorum Deum . By Numenius in Clemens Alexandrinus ( Stromat . l. 1. ) he is stil'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Moses Articissans . Vide etiam Suidam in voce 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Divine Plato , and q q Socrates the Instructor of Plato . He who made him such ; whose Doom Justlier r r The unjust Condemnation of Socrates brought a General Calumny upon Athens . Hear Socrates in defence of himself in Xenophons Apologie 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , &c. That I die unjustly will not trouble me . It is not a reproach to me , but i●… th●…se that condemn'd me . Nor brought it only a Calumny , but a Calamity likewise ; for as Eunaplus ( in Aedesio ) observes , from thence forward the Athenians did nothing considerable , but the City by degrees decay'd , and with it all Greece . condemns his Athens : He s s Scaliger by Persidis Victor ( in the Original ) understands Xerxes the Persian Monarch ; so likewise Tanaquil Faber ( not . in Lucret. ) who instead of Victor would read Rector . We rather conceive Themistocles to be here meant , Authour of that signal Defeat given to Xerxes his Naval Forces , before Salamis , wherein was the strength of all Persia , ( of which in Herodotus , l. 8. ) For what had timorous Xerxes to do among the valiant Heroes ? The Verse in the Latine is thus commonly read , Persidis & Victor strârat qui Classibus aequor . Gronovius ( in Di●…trib . ad S●…atii Sylv. ) instead of qui , reads quae , which gives us clearly the sence of the Verse according to our Interpretation . by whom Persia was foyl'd , which strow'd with Fleets the Main , And Roman Worthies , the more numerous Train . There 's all their t t Festus ( in breviari●… ) Regnaverunt Romae per annos 243. Reges numero septem , &c. Romulus the first , who Reigned 37 years , ( then the Senate for one year ) Numa P●…mpilus 43. Tullus Hostilius 32. Ancus Marcus 24. Priscus Tarquinius 38. Servius Tullius 44 ▪ & Tarquinius Superbus 25. in the last of which years he was expell'd by Brutus and his Faction . Kings but the Proud Tarquin ; there u u The Story of the 3 Curiatii and the 3 Horatii Brethren , the first Albans , the other Romans , ( who when the two Armies under the Command of Metius Suffetius , General of the Albans , and Tullus Hostilius King of the Romans were ready to joyn , upon Parl●…y , were chosen out on both sides to end the quarrel by Combate ) is sufficiently known , recorded by Livius , l. 1. Dionys. Halicarnass . l. 3. Lucius Florus l. 1. c. 3. Aurel. Victor de viris Illustr. and others . One of the Horatii only surviving the Duel , to which Manilius elsewhere alludes . l. 2. Nulla Acies tantum vicit ; pendebat ab uno Roma viro — No Battle ever was so fought ; Rome's state Depended upon one man's single Fate . Th' Horatii , who their Sides sole Army were ; x x So Sidenius Apollinaris in Carmine de Narbone , — Trunco Mutius eminet lacerto .

Than whom none is more celebrious in the Roman Stories ; his daring Attempt compriz'd in this Epigram in Catalect . Veter . P●…t .

Lictor●…m p●…o Regen●…eans nunc Mutius ultro Sacrific●… propriam c●…ncremat igne Manum . Miratur Porsenna virum , poenámque relaxans Maxime cum obs●…ssis soederà Victor in●… . Plus flammis P●…triae confert quàm for tibus Armis , Una d●…mans Bellum funere dextra suo . Stead of the King his Lictor Mutius slew , Then makes his Hand in Flames its Errour rue . Porsenna wonders ; does his Pains release , And Victor with th' e'en vanquish'd makes a Peace . More to his Country , than stout Arms and Swords , By its self Ruine one Brave Hand affords . Rewarded ▪ by the Senate with the Ground where Porsenna pitch'd his Pavilion and Camp ; call'd from thence Mutia Prata ; and honour'd with a Statue ; which seems too great a Reward for an Act of Desperate Assasination , ( for it is censur'd no other by Tertullian in Apologet. ) and derogatory from the Roman Magnanimity to encourage or recompence such an Attempt against a free Prince , waging a fair and lawful War . But Paganinus Gaudentius excuses the Roman Senate , as rewarding the 〈◊〉 , not Intention of his Act. Vide ●…um de ' Fatti del Grand . Alessandro . See likewise Alberic . Gentilis arguing upon this Act of Scaevola's Pr●… & C●…n . l. 1. & 2. de Armis Roman . Scaevola glorying in his Arms stump ; then , y y A Roman Virgin , one of the Hostages ( amongst others of her Sex ) in Porsenna's Camp , who one Night deceiving her Keepers lead her Fellows within the shot and darts of the Enemies to take the Tiber and swim to Rome for their Liberty : For which Fact admir'd even by Porsenna , who extoll'd Rome as happy not only in breeding Men of Valour , but Virgins of like Bravery ; The Romans perpetuating her Memory by a Brazen Equestral Statue at the Head of the via sacra : under which , as Aldus Manutius ( in Cicer. Offic. l. ●… . ) affirms , were these Verses engraven ▪ VOS ETENIM JUVENES ANIMUM GERITIS MULIEBRE ILLA VIRAGO VIRI — Paul Merula conceiving Ennius to be the Authour of those Verses in 4 Annal. and to be the very Encomium which Porsenna gave of her daring spirit . This Statue Dionys. Halicarnass . l. 5. reports to have been destroyed by the firing of the Neighbouring Houses before his Time . See likewise Livy l. 1. Plutarch in Vita Poplicolae Valer. Max. l. 3. c. 2. and Pliny l. 34. c. 6. who yet from the Authority of Annius Faecialis reports it was not Claelia but Valeria , the Daughter of Publicola that was so honoured . But it were Injury to deprive this Lady of her Antient Merit , whose Story affords such Romantique Divertisement to our Modern Ladies . Claelia although a Maid more Brave than Men. z z Horatius Cocles , so called for having formerly lost one of his eyes in a Combat ; renowned ▪ 〈◊〉 his Valour in singly defending the Sublician Bridge against a whole Troop of the Thuscans , until the Bridge ( as he direct●… ) was cut down behind him , who then , armed as he was , threw himself into the Tiber , crying out , Veniat si quis vult sic euntem sequi ; and swam safe ( notwithstanding a multitude of Darts and Javelins thrown after him ) to Rome : yet Polybius ( l. 6. ) expresly affirms him to have perished in the Attempt . However it was , he is said for this eminent piece of service to have been by the Romans rewarded with as much ground , as could be ploughed in one day , and honoured with a Statue in the Comitium with a Civick Wreath or Mural Crown . Which Statue of his coming after to be stricken with Thunder ; The Romans consulting the Etrurian South-sayers about the Omen , were by them ( out of Malice to such a Monument of exemplary valour performed against them ) perswaded to take the Statue from the Place , where it stood , and to set it in some obscure low ground , where the Sun might not shine upon it . This being performed , and the People understanding at whose instance it was done ; the South-sayers were called before them and examined ; who confessing their perfidious intent , were condemned and executed , and the Statue planted in a higher Place , in the Area of Vulcan's Temple , which proved happy and successful to the Commonwealth . Upon this Occasion grew that Common Proverb ( expressing the sence of that Greek Verse in Hesiod 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Malum Consilium Consultori Pessimum ▪ ) . To be taken up and sung by the Young People and Children of Rome , as Aulus Gellius , from the Authority of the Annales Maximi and Verrius Flaccus his memorable Stories , relates . l. 4. c. 5. Cocles with Romes Walls crown'd which he maintain'd , And He who by a Crows Assistance gain'd Both Spoyls and Name , a a Marcus Valerius , who when Camillus , the younger , pursued the Reliques of the Galli Senones , being then a Tribune o●… Colonel , undertook the Combate with the Giant-like General of the Gauls , who dared the stoutest of all the Roman Army to a single Encounter . In the Conflict a Crow is said to have pearched upon Marcus Valerius his Helmet , and to have assaulted the face of his Enemy , wounding him with his Beak and Tallons , and buffeting him with his wings , by which Assistance he vanquished and slew the Gaul , and from thence gain'd the Surname of Corvinus ; rewarded beside with a Donativē of ten Oxen , and a Crown of Gold ; as Livy l. 7. c. 36. reports . Which Story of the Crow the learned Vossius ( Idololatr . l. 1. c. 27. ) conceives to be fabulous , and will have it to be only a Figure of a Crow upon his Crest or Helmet , according to the Custom of the Antients who adorn'd their Casques with the Effigies of several Birds and Beásts . Against which his Conjecture we shall only oppose these Words of Aulus Gellius l. 9. c. 11. de M. Valerio , qui Corvinus appellatus est , ob Auxilium Propugnationémque Corvi Alitis , haud Quisquam est Nobilium Scriptorum qui secùs dixerit . Augustus Caesar erecting a Statue to Corvinus in the Portico of his Forum , as the said Gellius affirms Rei Pugnaeque Monumentum . Nor seems it more incredible than what is reported of Alexander the Great , while he fought in the Battle at Arbela against Darius , that an Eagle all the while hovered over his Helmet , nor left him , till he had obtained the Victory ; touching which see Quintus Curtius l. 4. c. 15. Of this Corvinus ▪ Plutarch ( in Mario ) reports , that like him there was none , upon whom the Roman People conferred so many Magistracies , nor any , whose Suits or Petitions they answered with such readiness . He was six times Consul , as often Praetor , and as many times Aedile , once Censor , and twice Dictator . Vide Pighii Annal. Rom. Corvinus ! on whose Crest Phoebus does in his black-plum'd Emblem rest . b b A most signal Example of Loyal Magnanimity , who being by L. Apuleius Tribune of the People , accused as though he had unjustly divided the Veientine Spoyls , and a day appointed for him to answer ; not brooking such an Affront , before the day of hearing came , betook himself to a voluntary Exile ; upon whom in his absence the inraged People imposed a heavy Fine . In the interim the Gaules besieging the Capitol and ravaging the Country about , as far as Ardea , whither Camillus had retired himself ; He ( notwithstanding the Injury done him by his ungrateful Country men ) perswades the Ardeates to take up Arms against the Gauls , fights and defeats them ; whereupon by the remainder ▪ of the Roman Army , which after the Overthrow at Allia were escaped to Veii , he was chosen General , and by a Decree of the Senate call'd home from Banishment , and though absent made Dictator ; yet would he not return , till all Acts touching his Magistracy and Restitution were solemnly past by the People . Seven Moneths had the Capitol been besieg'd , and at last , capitulated to give the Gauls a vast summ of Gold to quit the siege ; at which instant Camillus arrives with his Army , commands the mony not to be paid , saying his Country was to be freed by Steel , not Gold ; and thereupon charges the Gauls within the Ruins of the City , defeats them , pursues them in their flight in the Gabine way , and makes so general a slaughter of them , that hardly any escaped to carry home news of their Overthrow . For this and other his eminent services to his Country ( among which that of hindring the People from quitting Rome for Veii , is to be reckon'd , whereby , as Victor says , & Oppidum Civibus & Cives Oppido reddidit ) he was thought worthy to be stil'd the second Founder of Rome , and call'd by the name of Romulus : Of which see Li●…y . l. c. Cassiodorus in Chronic. Eutropius libr. 1. and Aurel. Victor . de Vir. Illust. c. 23. He was 6 times Tribune , 4 times triumph'd , was once Censor , 5 times Dictator , and thrice Interregent . Camillus too , who Heaven with Iove may claim , Whom saving Rome , We may Rome's Founder name . The Generous c c Lucius Iunius , Son of Marcus Iunius by Tarquinia ; the Sister of Tarquinius Superbus , to avoid the Tyranny of the King his Uncle , who had put to death his Brother Marcus , feigned himself to be a Fool , and thereby gain'd the Surname of B●…utus ; notorious for expelling the Regal Power , and the whole Family of the Tarquins out of Rome , and introducing the Government of Consuls ; of which he was the first , and for a time the sole , notwithstanding his Colleague Collatinus ; to which Virgil alludes Consulis Imperium hic primus , saevasque secures Accipiet : — He was honoured by the Romans with a Brazen Statue , plac'd in the Capitol among those of their Kings with his sword drawn as Plutarch in his life , being s●…ain by Aruns , Son of Tarquinius ( as he by Brutus singly encountring one another ) for whom the Roman Ladies and Matrons kept a solemn mourning , during the space of one whole year , as for their Publique Father and Avenger of the violated Chastity of their Sex . See Livy l. 2. Brutus her Infranchiser , d d The Papyrii Father and Son were signaliz'd by their Triumphs over the Samuites , Lucanians , Tarentines and Brutians , who all joyn'd with Pyrrhus against the Romans . The Father was twice Dictator , five times Consul , and thrice triumph'd over the Samnites ; whom Livy doubts not to compare with Alexander the Great , and reckons him the fittest General to have opposed him , had he after the Conquest of Asia turn'd his Arms upon the Romans : Of which Livy l. 9. c. 16. But the Papyrius here meant , is the Son ; who with Sp. Carvilius triumph'd over the Samnites , Lucanians , Tarentines and Brutians ; having compell'd Milo , the Prefect of King Pyrrbus , to deliver up Tarentum ; which he dismantled and spoyled of all its strength by Sea and Land : by which Victory he put an end to the most desperate War , which ( till then ) the Roman People had ever been engag'd in . The Memory of this Victory and Triumph is preserv'd in some silver Coins ; On one side of which is the armed head of Rome , with the Rostrum or Beak of a Ship , thereby signifying the increase of Naval Power to the Romans by the Conquest of Tarentum ▪ On the Reverse the Figure of Victory in a Chariot drawn by four Horses , implying the Advantage and Superiority , which 〈◊〉 Victory gave them by Land . The Inscription this . L. PAPYRI . L. F. SP. N. CURSOR . See Vinand . Pighii Annal. Rom. Tom. 1. p. 447. Papyrius , who reveng'd the Pyrrhick War ; Stayd e e Manius Curius Dentatus ; so call'd for that he was born with teeth : by Valerius Maximus stil'd , the most exact Rule of Roman Frugality and perfect Pattern of Fortitude , famous for his exemplary Abstinence , and his refusal of a vast sum of Gold presented him by the Embassadours of the Samnites , saying he held it more honourable to command over those that were rich , than to be rich himself ; nor less ennobled by his many Victories and Triumphs over the Samnites , Sabins , Brutians , Appulians , Lucanians , and the defeat and expulsion of King Pyrrbus out of Italy , making good the Character he gave of himself , that he was neither to be corrupted by money , nor vanquish'd by Arms. See more of him in Cicero , ( in Cato . M. ) Valerius Maximus l. 4. c. 3. & Aurel. Vict. de Vir. Illustr. c. 35. Curius , and f f C. Fabricius Luscinus , of whom Valerius Maximus says , that in Honour and Authority he was greater than any Roman Citizen of his time ; but in estate as mean as the poorest ; who yet when sollicited by Pyrrhus with the offer of the fourth part of his Kingdom to become his Friend , refused with scorn so great a Bribe . No less exemplary for his Justice ; for when Pyrrhus his Physician offer'd him in hopes of reward to poyson his Prince ; Fabricius was so far from accepting the Offer , that he discovered the treachery to Pyrrhus , and sent back the Traytour , bound , to receive the just recompence of his villany : whereupon Pyrrhus is said to break out into this expression , That it was harder to draw Fabricius from Honesty , than the Sun from his Course . See ( besides Seneca Epist. 120. ) Valerius Maximus , l. 4. c. 3. Aurel. Victor . de Vir. Illustr. c. 39. and Eutropius in Brev. Histor. R●…m . To which I shall only add what I find mentioned by Seguinus in select . Numismat . touching an antient silver Meddaile , having on one side the head of Iuno , with this title , MONETA ; on the Reverse the several instruments of Coyning , with this Inscription , SALUTARIS ; which Coyn the said Seguinus conceives was stamp'd in honour , and as a Memorial of this great General . The occasion this ; When the Romans ( as Suidas in voce 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 reports ) were in the War against Pyrrhus impoverished , they were by Iuno , whom they consulted by sacrifice , told , That if they wag'd War with the Arms of Justice , they should not want mony : which Admonition Fabricius observing , gained to himself the honour of Equity and Justice , as well as Valour and Conduct , and by those means obtain'd a glorious Victory , which brought with it a vast Treasure to the Roman People , and so rendred MONETAM taken in which sence you will , SALUTAREM to the Commonwealth . Fabricius , a stern Pair ! g g Marcus Claudius Marcellus , of whom thus briefly the Triumphal Tables .

M. CLAUDIUS . M. F. M. N. MARCELLUS . ANNO. P. R. C. D XXXI . COS. DE. GALLIS . INSUBRIBUS . ET . GERMANIS . K. MART. ISQUE . OPIMA . SPOLIA . RETULIT . DUCE . HOSTIUM . VIRDOMARO . AD. CLASTIDIUM . INTERFECTO .

M. CLAUDIUS ( M. F. M. N. ) MARCELLUS CONSUL IN THE D XXXI . YEAR AFTER THE BUILDING OF ROME , TRIUMPH'D OVER THE GALLI INSUBRES , AND GERMANS IN THE KALENDS OF MARCH , AND BARE RICH SPOILES FROM VIRDOMARUS , GENERAL OF THE GAULS , WHOM HE SLEW AT CLASTIDIUM .

To this Ausonius alludes ( in Monosyllab . )

Tertia ●…pima dedit spoliatus Aremoricus Lars .

Lars being there no proper Name , but Title , signifying as much as Prince . See Scaliger in Propert. p. 237. Aurelius Victor de 〈◊〉〈◊〉 . adds , that he first taught the Roman Souldiers how to make a Retreat , without turning their Backs , and at Nola made it appear that Hannibal was vincible ; he took the City of Syracuse after a 3 years siege ; and when denied by the Senate through the calumny of his Enemies a Triumph at Rome , he of his own accord and at his own expence triumph'd at Mount Alb●…nus : being the fifth time Consul , he was slam , over-reach'd by the treachery , rather than valour of Hannibal : See more of him in Virgil lib Ae●…neid . 6. Propertius l. 4. Eleg. 11. Livy l. 27. c. 16 ▪ and Plutarch in his life , call'd by Hannibal , the sword of Rome . Marcellus , who the third h h These the Romans call'd ●…pima 〈◊〉 , quasi optima , ampla , magnifica vel honorifica , in which sence by Plutarch ( in vita Mar●… ) call'd TIMIA , according to whom the conditions requisite to those spoils were ; First , that they were to be taken by the General of one Army from that of another ; Secondly , that they were to be taken in Battle ; Thirdly , in Prima Aci●… , in the first Part o●… Front of the Battle , to which Livy adds a fourth , That they were to be born or carried to Iupiter Feretrius by the Victor General , whence Iupiter according to Propertius ( l. 4. Eleg. 11. ) had that Title of Feretrius . See this noted by La Cerda in 6. 〈◊〉 . Aeneid . by Alexander ab Alex. Genial . D●…erum l. 1. c. 14. and Ianus Rutgersius Var. Lect. l. 4. c. 7. The first that ever won the●…e Spoils and Triumph'd was Romulus , having slain Acron , General of the Ceninenses . rich Trophies bare And i i Of him thus Livy , l. 4. C●…rn ▪ Cossus eximi●… pulchritudin●… corporis , Animo & viribus Par. And the Triumphal Tables ,

AULUS . CORNELIUS . ( M. F. SER. N. ) COSSUS . ANNO. POST . R. C. CCCXXV . COS. DE. VEIENTIBUS . IS QUE . SPOLIA . OPIMA . RETULIT . DUCE . HOSTIUM . LARTE . TOLUMNIO . AD. FIDENAS . INTERFECTO .

AULUS CORNELIUS ( M. F. SER. N. ) COSSUS BEING CONSUL IN THE YEAR CCCXXV . AFTER THE BUILDING OF ROME , TRIUMPH'D OVER THE VEIENTINES , AND BARE RICH SPOILS FROM PRINCE TOLUMNIUS GENERAL OF THE ENEMIES , SLAIN BY HIM AT FIDENAE .

Of which Ovid briefly in this Pentameter , as cited by Priscian ,

Larte ferox caeso Cossus opima tulit , &c. See likewise Propertius l. 4. Eleg. 11. Livy l. 4. Valer. Max. l. 3. c. 2. Aurel. Victor . de Viris Illustr. and Servins in Octav Virgil. Aereid . Cossus Second , from Kings spoyl'd of Life . The k k Of the Decii ( Father and Son ) devoting themselves to a voluntary death for the Good of their Contrey , the Roman Stories are full : See Livy more particularly , l. 8. and l. 10. Hence Lucan l. 6. calls them Lustrales bellis Animae — As if they had been propitiatory sacrifices for the welfare of the Roman Legions in time of hazard , concerning which Valerius Maximus , l. 5. c. 6. Dignosci arduum est utrum Romana Civitas utilius habuerit Decios vivos , an amiserit : quoniam vita corum ne vinceretur obstitit , mors fecit ut vinceret . I shall only add what is not commonly taken notice of , that there were not two only , but three of this Name and Family , who devoted themselves as sacrifices for the good of their Country ; of which thus Cicero in Tusculan .. Quaestion . l. 1. Simors timere●…ur , non cum Latinis decertans Pater Decius , cum E●…ruscis filius , cum Pyrrho Nepos , se hostium telis obtulissent . Decii in their Vows at noble strife , In Honours equal ; l l Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus call'd the Buckler and Shield of Rome , as Marcellus the Sword ; who as Ennius says , cunctando Romanam restituit Rem ; or as L. Florus more nearly to the sence of our Authour : Novam de Hannibale Victoriam commentus est non velle pugnare . Hence the Proverb , Romanus sedendo vincit . Propertius likewise , l. 3. Eleg. 3. stiling his wary and delatory prosecution of the War Victrices Moras : Of whose Actions ( so generally noted in the Roman Stories ) we cannot give a better Summary than what is contained in this following Antient Inscription on a Marble found long since at Aretium , as Marlianus reports , and extant at Florence in the House of Petrus Victorius , as Panvinius in his Fasti affirms .

Q. F. MAXIMUS .

DICTATOR . BIS. COS. V. CENSOR . INTERREX : II. AED . CUR . Q. II. TRIBUN . MIL. II. PONTIFEX . AUGUR . PRIMO . CONSULATU . LIGURES . SUBEGIT . EX . IIS . TRIUMPHAVIT . TERTIO . ET . QUARTO . ANNIBALEM . COMPLURIBUS . VICTORIIS . FEROCEM . SUBSEQUENDO . COERCUIT . DICTATOR . MAGISTRO . EQUITUM . MINUCIO . QUOIUS . POPULUS . IMPERIUM . CUM . DICTATORIS . IMPERIO . AEQUAVERAT . ET . EXERCITUI . PROFLIGATO . SUBVENIT . ET . EO . NOMINE . AB . EXERCITU . MINUCI . ANO. PATER . APPELLATUS . EST. CONSUL . QUINTUM . TARENTUM . CEPIT . TRIUMPHAVIT . DUX . AETATIS . SUAE . CAUTISSIMUS . ET . REI . MILITARIS . PERITISSIMUS . HABITUS . EST. PRINCEPS . IN. SENATUM . DUOBUS . LUSTRIS . LECTUS . EST.

QUINTUS FABIUS MAXIMUS

TWICE DICTATOR , FIVE TIMES CONSUL , TWICE CENSOR , AND INTERREX , AND TWICE AEDILE OF THE CHAIR ; TRIBUNE OF THE SOULDIERS , HIGH PRIEST AND AUGUR . IN HIS FIRST CONSULATE HE SUBDU'D THE LIGURIANS AND TRIUMPH'D OVER THEM . IN HIS THIRD AND FOURTH HE REPREST AND RESTRAIN'D HANNIBAL RAGING WITH MANY VICTORIES BY CLOSELY FOLLOWING HIM : BEING DICTATOR , HE RELIEV'D MINUCIUS MASTER OF THE CAVALRY ( WHOSE COMMAND THE PEOPLE HAD EQUAL'D WITH THAT OF THE DICTATOR ) AND HIS DISCOMFITED ARMY . AND FOR THAT CAUSE WAS BY THE MINUCIAN . ARMY CALL'D FATHER . IN HIS FIFTH CONSULATE HE TOOK TARENTUM AND TRIUMPH'D , ACCOUNTED THE MOST WARY CAPTAIN OF HIS AGE , AND THE MOST EXPERT IN ALL MILITARY AFFAIRS , ELECTED PRINCE OF THE SENATE FOR TWO LUSTRES .

See likewise Antonius Augustinus , Dialog. 10th , and Pighii Annal. Roman . Tom. 2. p. 132. and Paul Merula in Commentar ▪ ad Ennii Annal. l. 8. p. 467. Fabius , Romes Defence , In War unconquer'd , by the War's suspence . m m M●…rcus Livius Salinator , Consul with Claudius Ne●…o in the 546th year after the building of Rome , triumphed for the overthrow of Asdrubal the Brother of Annibal , who came into Italy with a great Army intending to joyn with that of his Brothers , which ( if effected ) had prov'd the Ruine of the Roman State . But Nero , who attended the motion of Annibal in Apulia , secretly upon notice of Asdrubal's Arrival , not far from Sena or Senogallia , ( where Livius was encamped ) taking with him 7000 Foot and 1000 Horse of the choisest of his Camp , left the rest to face Hannibal , and marching with incredible speed , joyn'd his Forces with those of his Fellow Consul , who together defeated the whole Army of Asdrubal and slew him in the Battle . Nero returning to his Camp before Hannibal understood any thing of his departure , or heard news of his Brothers defeat : The first notice whereof Nero himself gave him by causing Asdrubal's head ( which he had brought with him ) to be cast before the Camp of Hannibal ; which he seeing cryed out , That the Fortune of Carthage was overthrown . Of this Meritorious Act of Nero's , thus Horace , Carm. l. 4. Od. 4. Quid debeas â Roma Neronibus Testis Metaurum Flumen , & Asdrubal Devictus , & pulcher fugatis Ille dies Latio tenebris . What Rome thou ow'st to Nero's Name Metaurus and slain Asdrubal proclaim , And that bright Day , Which chac'd from Latium Night away . Livius the Victor of slain Asdruball , With Nero the joynt Authour of his Fall . n n Of these Scipio's the one was Publius Cornelius Scipio , who being Pro-Consul of Africa in the second Punick War drew Hannibal from Italy to the Defence of his own Country , whom he defeated and brought the Carthaginians to sue for Peace and acknowledge themselves tributary to the State of Rome ; for which he triumphed , being call'd Scipio Africanus Major : The other , the Son of Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus , adopted into the Cornelian Family by the Son of Afri●…anus Major , and call'd Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus , who took and utterly destroyed Carthage in the third and last Punick War , and reduced Africa into the Form of a Roman Province , for which he triumphed and gained the Sir-name of Africanus Minor , samed for his Justice and Military Science ; whence is that Adagial Encomium , Scipione Iustior , & Militarior : in Tertull. 〈◊〉 . c. 2. These Virgil in 6 Aeneid . calls — Geminos duo Fulmina belli Scipiadas , Cladem Lybiae — Of whom likewise Lucius Florus says , Fatale Africae Nomen Scipionum videbatur . See more of them in Livy , Velleius Paterculus , Orosius , Appian . de Bello Civil . Lucius Florus , Aurelius Victor , & Eutropius . The Scipio's unto Carthage both one Fate : o o Vel●…eius Paterculus , l. 2. speaking of Pompey designed General in the War against the Pyrates , says , it was voted by Decree of the People and Senate , that Cn. Pompeius ad eos opprimendos mitteretur , essetque ei Imperium aequum in omnibus Provinciis cum Proconsulibus usque ad Quinquagesimum Miliarium à Mari. Quo. S. C. paene totius Terrarum Orbis Imperium uni viro deferebatur : Confirmed by Plutarch in Pomp. and further asserted by some Antient Coins , stamped in honour of the said Pompey , with this Inscription : MAGNUS . IMPERATOR . And on the Reverse of some others ( in token of his Dominion by Sea and Land ) a Scepter figur'd erect between a Dolphin and an Eagle . See Fulv. Ursin. in famil . Pomp. p. 204. Pompey , 'fore Caesar Prince of Rome's great State , And the aw'd World , which p p Commemorated by Albinus the Poet ( not the Historian ) in his Poem of the Gests of Pompey the Great , out of which Priscian l. 7. cites these Verses . Ille cui ternis Capitolia celsa Triumphis Sponte Deûm patuêre , cui freta nulla repostos Abscondêre Sinus , non tutae Moenibus Urbes . In which Verses are celebrated the three Triumphs of Pompey ; the first from Africa over King Iarbas ; the second from Spain over Sertorius ; the last from Asia over Mithridates and the Pyrates . See Popma in Schol. in Fragment . Historie . But what is to be chiefly noted , these Triumphs were permitted to Pompey contrary to the Express Decrees of the Roman State , before he had undergone any Magistracy , being only a private Knight ; which Privilege none before him ever injoyed . But it was in a Time quo silebant inter A●…ma Leges . Of the stupendious Splendour and Luxury of these Triumphs , especially of the last , see particularly Pliny l. 37. c. 2. thrice his Triumphs sung , And q q Marcus Tullius Cice●…o ; of whom it were lost Labour to speak , save in a Language equal to his own . And therefore I shall only salute him , as Pliny does l. 7. c. 30. Salve Primus omnium Pater Patriae appellate . Primus in Toga Triumphum , Linguaeque L●…uream merite ; & facundiae Lati●…rúmque literarum Parens ; atque ( ut Dictator Caesar Hostis quondam Tuus de ie s●…ipsit ) Omnium Triumphorum L●…uream ad●…pte Majorem , quanto plus est Ingenii Romani Terminos in tantum promovisse , quàm Imperii . ( i. e. ) Hail Thou who of all Men wert first saluted Father of thy Country , who first deservedst a Triumph in thy long Robe , and a Laurel Garland for thy Language . The only Father of Eloquence , and Latian Learning ; and ( as Caesar Dictator sometimes thine Enemy hath written of thee ) honoured with a Crown so much more glorious than those of other Tri●…mphs , by how much nobler it is to have enlarged the Bounds of Roman Wit than those of its Empire . Tullius worthy Heaven for his sweet Toung . There the great r r Of the Claudian Name there were two Families , one Patrician the other Plebeian . Of the first , were the several Surnames of the Pulchri , Centhones , N●…rones , Regillenses Crassini , Cae●…i , Crassi , Caudices , Hortatores , Rufi , Sabini , C●…nini . Of the latter , which yet was more signal than the first , were those of the Marcelli , Aesernini , Aselli , Cliti●… , Flaminii . All descended from Regillus a Town of the Sabines , whose Chief was Atta Tatius Clausus , who about the sixth year after the Expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus came to Rome , and was admitted into the Patrician Order ; changing his Name into Appius Claudius . Of the Original of which Family thus Virgil ( Aeneid . 7. ) more Poetically , than truly ( for he alludes to this very Appius Claudius ) Ecce Sabinorum prisco de sanguine , Magnum Agmen agens Clausus , Magnique ipse Agminis instar , Claudia nunc à Quo diffunditur & Tribus , & Gens Per Latium — See Clausus of old Sabine blood , who brings A Mighty Troop , himself as Great ; whence springs The Claudiam Tribe , and Family , now spred Through Latium — Plutarch derives them from Sparta , and makes them to have been part of a Lacedaemonian Colony planted in Italy : This Family in the Time of Tiberius ( who was of the same Race , and whom perhaps the Poet in this Place flatters , as being the designed Heir to Augustus ) was signaliz'd with 28 Consulates , 5 Dictatorships , 7 Censorships , as many Triumphs , and 2 Ovations ; as Suetonius in Tiberio witnesses . See more in Antonius Augustinus de Familiis Roman . and Andreas Schottus in his Idaea Rom. Histor. ad Pighii Annal. Claudian Progeny does shine , And all the Worthies of th' s s The Aemilian Family some derive from Mamercus the Son of Pythagoras the Philosopher call'd ' 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 from his Affability and singular Humanity , as Plutarch in Numa , and in the life of Paulus Aemilius , and Festus in voce Aemil. attest . Others , as the same Festus notes , deduce it from Ascanius who had two Sons Iülus and Aemylus , the later of whom is supposed to have given the Origine to that Name and Family . It was one of the most celebrious in all Rome , and honour'd even from the first times of the Roman Liberty until the Empire of Augustus , with the most signal Magistracies of that State . It was of Patrician Degree , and distinguished into 5 Principal Surnames , of the Barbulae , Lepidi , Mamercini , Papi , and Pauli : To these Onuphrius adds the Buae , Liviani , Marci , Porcini , and Privernates ; to whom likewise are to be added the Regilli and Scauri . See all these with their several Honours and Performances enumerated by Antonius Augustinus de Fami●… . Rom. and Pighius in Annal. Aemilian Line ; t t The Metelli were the Noblest Branch of the Caecilian Family ; which though it were Originally Plebeian , rose yet to the greatest Honours which the Roman Commonwealth could afford : Nineteen of which Name in the space of 280 years were signaliz'd with 4 Chief Priesthoods , 2 Dictatorships , 3 Presidentships of the Senate , 7 Censorships , 9 Triumphs , 20 Consulships , and 2 Masterships of the Cavalry . The most famous of the Metelli , were Metellus Maced●…nicus , so call'd from his Conquest of Macedonia , whose saying it was That he would burn his shirt if he thought it could know his Designs or Counsels . Metellus Numidicus so call'd from his Triumph over Iugurth King of Numidia , and Metellus Pius who gain'd that Surname by his assiduous Supplication and Intercession for the recalling of his Father from Banishment , which at last he effected : See Aurel. Victor de Viris Illustr. & Valer. Maximus . The Name ( notwithstanding its great Nobility ) seems to be deriv'd from some servile Military Employment , touching which thus Festus in voce Metell . Metelli dicuntur in re Militari quasi Mercenarii . Attius Annal. 17. Calones , Famulique , Metellique , Caculaeque . A quo Genere Hominum Caeciliae Familiae Cognomen putatur dictum . See more of this Family in Antonius Augustinus , and Schottus ad Pighii Annal. as likewise Ursinus in Numism . Gentis Caecil . Vide etiam de Origine hujus Nominis Meurs . Exercit. Critie . part . 2. p. 108. Metelli , signal for their Noble Name ; u u Marcus Porcius Cato call'd Uticensis from Utica the Place of his Death , and Minor , to distinguish him from Cato Major or Censorinus , thus character'd in Velleius Paterculus . Per omnia Ingenio Diis quàm Hominibus propior : Omnibus humanis vitiis immunis , semper fortunam in sua Potestate habuit . The great Assertor of the Roman Liberty in time of the Civil wars between Pompey and Caesar ; chosing rather to dy in freedom by his own Hand , than to fall a Captive into those of the Conqueror . Of whose resolute and Heroick Death , see Seneca l. de Providentia , and almost every where else . And particularly Dion Cassius l. 43. This is further observable of him , that though he himself chose rather to dy , than to submit to Caesar , yet at his Death he perswaded his Son to do so , giving for it this Reason ; That he having always liv'd in Liberty and a free State , could not in his old Age be brought to change that manner of life , and subject himself to a servile condition ; but for his Son , he being born and having lived in other Times , he advised him to comply with the Fortune that should be offered him . See Dion Cassius loco citato : Which Reason is likewise hinted at by Cicero in primo de Offi●… . Caeteris forsitan vitio datum esset , si se interemisse●…t , propterea quod eorum vita lenior , & mores fuerunt faciliores : Catoni autem cum incredibilem tribuisset Natura Gravitatem , eamque ipse perpetuâ Constantiâ corroboravisset , semperque in proposito , suscept●…que consilio permansisse●… ; moriendum potius , quàm Tyranni vultus aspiciendus fuit . Manilius elsewhere ( l. 4. ) calls him — Invictum devictâ Morte Catonem . Cato , who Fortune ev'n in Death o'rcame ; x x Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa though of a mean Family , by his Merits and Valour attained to that eminent Degree , as to be Second in the Empire under Augustus , and to become his Son in Law : Of which thus Taci●…us in primo Annal ▪ Marcum Agrippam ignobilem loco , bonum Militiae & Victoriae S●…cium geminatis Consulatibus extulit ; mox defuncto Marcello , Generum sumpsit . Vell●…ius Paterculus giving this further Elogy of him , That he was Virtutis Nobilissimae , Labore , Vigiliâ , periculo invictus , parendique , sed uni , scientissimus , aliis sanè imperandi cupidus ; & per omnia extra dilationes posi●…us , consultisque facta conjungens . To whom Augustus may justly be said to owe the Establishment of his Throne aud Empire by those 2 Memorable Victories gain'd by his Conduct and Valour , over Sextus Pompeius near Sicily , and Marcus Antonius near Actium , for which he merited a Naval Crown . Yet this great Statesman , and Souldier , the latter of which he was even born as Manilius here intimates , ( for we read with Scaliger upon his last and better thoughts — Matrisque sub Armis , not Martis , by Armis understanding Armos , i. e. Ulnas , not Arma ; as if sub ipsa Matre cum lacte imbibisset Militarem Scientiam : Though we cannot but here acknowledge the Interpretation of Spanhemius ( in Dissertat . de Numism . ) to be very ingenious , who understands by Matris , Patriae , seu Romae belligerantis , that Title of Mater being often by the Antients apply'd to Rome ) was of that equal and moderate Temper , that he never advis'd Augustus to any Actions but those of Humanity , Honour , and Publick Utility ; the Glory whereof he never arrogated to himself nor made of the great Honours and high Charges conferred upon him , any Advantages to his own private Gain and Pleasure , but converted and applyed them wholly to the profit of his Prince and Country . Indelible Characters of an excellent Subject and Patriot ▪ Agrippa , Souldier from his Mothers Brest ; ( y y Meaning Iulius Caesar , of whom 〈◊〉 P●…rculus ( l. 2. ) Nobilissimá Iuliorum genitus Familiâ , & qu●…d inter omnes Antiqu●…ssimos constabat , ab Anchise ac Venere duceus Genus . The Iulian Family taking its Name from ●…lus the Son of Aeneas , and Grand-Child of Venus ; whence Virgil ( Aeneid . l. 1. ) Niscetur pul●…râ Trojanus Origine Caesar Iu●…ius , à Magno demissum Nomen Iulo.

Confirm'd by Livy l. 1. Strabo l. 19. Appian de belio Civil . l. 2. and the Testimony of Caesar himself , in his Funeral Oration upon Iulia the Wife of Caius Marius , his Aunt ; as recorded by Sue●…onius , where he thus speaks . Amitae Meae Iuliae Maternum Genus ab Regibus orium , Paternum cum Diis Immortalibus conjunctum est . Nam ab Anco Marcio sunt Reges , quo Nomine fuit Ma●…er . A Venere Iulii , cujus Gentis Familia est Nostra . Hence the Title of VENUS GENETRIX on the Roman Coyns stamped in Honour of Iulius and Augustus ; and this Inscription mentioned in Gruterus :

VENERI GENETRICI D. JULI . IN MEMORIAM GENTIS JULIAE &c. See more to this purpose in Ursinus in Famil . Iul. And as to the Pretence of its Original see the same discussed by the 〈◊〉 B chartus in his Particular Tract entituled , Num Aeneas unquam fuerit in Italia . ) Venus her Iulian Offspring , repossest Of Heaven , whence first descended ; which now proves The Rule of great ( z z 〈◊〉 here questions Manilius for giving to Augustus , a share in the Government of Heaven before he 〈◊〉 thither . Quare dicit Coelum regi ab Augusto quod nondum tenebat ? Hoc mortuo melius conveniebat ( says 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that Illustrious Critick might have remembred , That Augustus was even in his life time ( such was the 〈◊〉 Adulation of those Times ) reputed and honoured as a God , and had his Priests , Altars , Sacrifices , and 〈◊〉 as is manifest by those Altars with their Inscriptions erected to him at Lyons and Narbon : To which 〈◊〉 ●…udes ( Epist. l. 2. ) where he says that Augustus had that Praeeminence above either Romulus , Bacchus , 〈◊〉 or Pollux , who were not honoured as Deities till after their Deaths . For this Reason Manilius while yet 〈◊〉 gives him a share in the Celestial Government , as another Iupiter . And hence Philippus in that flattering but 〈◊〉 Epigram of his ( in Antholog . l. 1. ) upon occasion of a Laurel springing out of an Altar dedicated to Au●… at Arragon in Spaine , calls him 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , JOVEM AENEADEM . Nor did Augustus ' think 〈◊〉〈◊〉 himself , as may appear by his facetious and yet tar●… Answer to the Arragonians who told him of that Pro●…y of the Laurel , or rather Palm , as Quintilian relates it : Apparet ( inquit ) quàm s●…pe accendatis . It is a sign 〈◊〉 he ) how often you kindle fire there ; taxing them thereby of Negligence in his Worship : For if they had fre●…ntly sacrificed , the Laurel or Palm could not have grown there . And that he had equal share with Iove him●… in the Vows and Addresses of Suppliants appears by this Antient Inscription found near Nismes in France : SANCTITATI JOVIS ET AUGUSTI SACRUM LUCILIUS CESTTI FIL. &c. 〈◊〉 which Gruterus ( in Inscript . ) and Guiranus ( in Explicat . Num. Nemaus . ) But of the servile and Idolatrous Adula●… of the Antients , and particularly of the Athenians and Romans towards their living Kings and Emperours ; see ●…aeus Deipn●…soph . l. 6. c. 14 and 15. and the learned Casaubon thereupon . ) Augustus joyn'd with Iove's ; Who'mong the Deathless Deities inroll'd , His Father and Quirinus doth behold . More high th' Immortal Gods have fix'd their Seat , Next whom , is This , with Godlike Men repleat . But of the Stars e're we the Laws rehearse , And fatal Changes , We the Universe Must first compleat ; and shew what does dispence Throughout the Whole , or Light , or Influence . ( a a Having finished the Description of the fixed Stars and their several Asterisms , together with the Doctrine of 〈◊〉 ●…stial Circles : The Poet to compleat his Work , adds a brief mention of the several Planets according to their 〈◊〉 and Position ; and then subjoyns ( as a Close to the Whole ) a short Enumeration of Comets , and other fie●… 〈◊〉 . Of the Planets the first is ) Some Stars there are which 'gainst the World's Course bend , The Seven Planets . And wand'ring 'twixt the Earth and Heaven suspend . As ( b b Saturn ; by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 from the slow time of his motion ; by Plato in Timae●… 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Apparens ; as being of all the Planets the least obscur'd under the Sun's Beams ; by others 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; and by Plutarch ( in facie Lunae ) 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. N●…ctis Custos . In a fragment of an Antient Astronomical Poem ( cited by Scaliger in Ausonian . Lect. ) stil'd Pollucis Pr●…les ; which by Fulgentius is thus explained . Saturn ( says he ) is called the Son of Pollux , sive à pollendo , sive à pollucibilitate , i. e. humanitate . In Hebrew this Planet is call'd Schabtai , i. e. Saturatio seu Quies . The Arabs call it Zohalo from Zahala , which signifies abscedere , recedere , vel discedere , quòd multùm retrogradus sit , says the Learned Doctour Pocock ( Not. in Carm. Tograi . ) By the Chaldeans it is called Caun , by the Egyptians Rephan , i. e. Deus Temporis , and ( according to Achilles Tatius ) 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Nemesis Stella ; by Astrologers term'd Infortuna Major . ) Saturn , ( c c This Planet is in Hebrew called Cochab Tzedeck , i. e. Stella Iustitiae & Aequitatis ; by the Greeks , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; by Plato in Timaeo , Phaëton from its brightness ; by the Latines , Iupiter , i. e. Iuvans Pater ; by the Aegyptians , Picheus , i. e. Deus vitae , answering to the Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; by Achilles Tatius ( in Isagog . ) 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Osiridis Stella ; by Hesychius , Molobobar , or rather ( as Vossius Idololatr . l. 2. conceives the word ought to be read ) 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . In the Phrygian Tongue Mazeus , ( si fides Hesychio , says Mr. Selden . ) In the Chaldee , Taus ; in Arabick , El Mes●…icri . The Antient Germans called this Planet T●…ranis , or Taran . Astrologers entitle him by that of Fortuna Major : Which they have from the Iews who call this Planet by the Name of Mazal Tob , i. e. Sidus bonum , seu fortuna bona . And therefore among them it was usual in the Marriage Ceremony for the Bridegroom to deliver to the Bride a Ring in which was inscrib'd MAZAL TOB. This Star in their Opinion conducing much to Fertility , and the Propagation of Children . As Mr. Selden ( from the Authority of Munster ) de Diis Syris , Synt●…gm . primo . ) Iove , ( d d Mars , call'd likewise by the Latines , Gradivus , seems to be derived from the Hebrew , Maratz , which signifies strong and powerful ; or from Mechares , destroying , ( as the often cited G. Vossius de Idololatr . l. 2. ) call'd also in Hebrew , Ma●…dim , from his Colour resembling Blood . In Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 from his fiery light , as also 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 or Thuras , quasi Thra●…um Deus , according to Bochartus his Interpretation ( Phaleg . l. 3. c. 2. ) By the Aegyptians called Mel●…ch , i. e. Deus Destructionis , and ( according to Vet●…ius Valens , as cited by Mr. Selden de Diis Syris Syntagm . primo ) Artes , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , as being the Destroyer of Life ; and according to Pliny and Achilles Tatius 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Herculis Stella ; by the Emissaeans , and those of Edessa styl'd Azizus , whom they believ'd to be 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Assessor Solis ( as Iulian the Apostate in his Encomiastick Oration upon the Sun ; ) by the Chaldeans call'd Ari●…z , i. e. praevalidus ; by the Arabs , El Marigh , i. e. Sanguinolentus . Astrologers stile him Infortuna Minor . ) Mars , ( e e This glorious Luminary is in Hebrew call'd Cham●…h , or Schemash from his Heat , or Adon Schemez , i. e. Dominus Sol ; by the Phoenicians , Baal Schemaim , i. e. Dominus Coeli ; in Chaldee , Schemso ; in Arabick , El Schems ; by the Greeks , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 quasi 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Lux vitae ; whence the Latine , Phoebus ; call'd likewise Titan and Apollo , Cor Coeli , Oculus Iovis , & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Oculus Aetheris . By the Aegyptians styl'd Potiris , i. e. Deus Sanctus , and Osyris from his vital and kindly Heat , as on the contrary Typhon and Seth from his violent and destructive fervor , call'd by them likewise Horus ; by the Persians call'd Mi●…hra , i. e. Dominus sive Dynasta ; by the Arabs antiently Urotalt , i. e. Lucis Deus , and Dusares , or Dai Us●…r , i. e. Deus perlustrans , as S●…bedius de Diis German . interprets those Names ; by the Syrians according to Macrobius call'd Adad , or as Scaliger and Mr. Selden would rather have it , Ahad , or Elhad , i. e. Unus , or as Pontanus ( Not. in Macrob. ) Badad , i. e. Solus , Unicus . ) Phoebus , ( f f Mercury is in Hebrew call'd Cochau , or Cochab , i. e. Stella fulgens , and Choteb , i. e. Scriba seu literatus , and Margim●… , i. e. Negotiator , and Merkolis , whence some derive the Name Mercury , though Arnobius l. 3. says he is so call'd by the Latines , quasi Medicurrius , from his Office as Messenger between the Gods and Men. In the Astronomical Fragment before cited he is called Semo , quia ferein infimis collocatus ( says Scaliger in Auson . Lect. ) as those Deities were likewise call'd S●…mmes , qui infimi censebantur , being Majores Hominibus , Minores Diis , as Fulgentius expounds the Word ; by the Phoenicians call'd Sumes , i. e. Minister says Bochar●…us ( Phaleg . l. 1. c. 2. ) call'd by them likewise Adared . By the Chaldeans , N●…bu ; and as Hesychius says , S●…ehez ; which some make the same with Sesach . He is likewise by the Emissaeans and Edessaeans call'd M●…mimus , They Holding him to be one of the Suns 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 or Assessors , as Azizus or Mars was another , according to the Testimony of Iulian before cited . By Astrologers he is stil'd Fortuna per Aspectum , or ( according to Apulcius de Mundo ) Communis Stella , as participating of the Nature of the Star , with which he is in Conjunction , good with the good , bad with the bad . Hence the Authour of the Fragment after Censorinus de Die Natal . Stella Mercurii fit similis illi quam videt . ) Maia's Son , Plac'd under these 'twixt ( g g Venus in Hebrew is call'd Nogah , i. e. Lux. The Name Venus coming from the Hebrew Word Benot , by the change of the first and last Letters ; as Mr. Selden de Diis Syris Syntagm. 2. c. 7. and Vossius Idololatr . l. 2. c. 22. derive it . By the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Phosphorus , seu Lucifer , when she is the Morning Star , as 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Hesperus , Vesper , and Vesperugo , when she is the Evening Star ; by Timaeus Locrus call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Iunonis Astrum . The Aegyptians call her Suroth ; the Chaldeans , Spharphara , and Astaroth ; by the Arabs named Elzahareth and Chabar , i. e. Magna . ) Venus and the ( h h This Planet or Luminary is in Hebrew call'd Lebanah or Laneah from its white Colour ; by the Greeks 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , from the renewing of its Light . She is by them likewise honoured with the Title of 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , as Gaulmin . notis in Psellum ( 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . ) By the Latines , Luna , quasi Lucuna or Lucina , the middle Syllable being cast away , as Isidor . ( Origin . l. 8. ) and before him Cicero ( de Natur. Deorum l. 2. ) Luna à Lucendo , eadem enim Lucina . Or as V●…ssius ( Idololatr . l. 2. ) derives it from an Oriental Original , Luna potius à Lon , i. e. pernoctavit , and Metaleptically , quie●…it : In regard as the Sun is President of the Days Labour , so the Moon is Surintendent of the Nights Rest and Quiet : By the Egyptian Copies call'd Isis Pcochos Act●…phcom , i. e. Domina Maris & humidorum ; by the Chaldeans , Scha●…ro ; by the Persians , Anai●…is ; by the Arabs , Alkamer , and Abilat , and Alitta ; by the Indians ador'd under the Name of Schendra . ) Moon . Others there are too of less usual kind ; For Suddain Flames streaming through Skies We find , And Times more rare have Comets seen to blaze Comets and ●…iery M●…teors . ( i i According to the Vulgar Belief , who conceive Comets to be fore-runners of great Troubles and Commotions ; by which Manilius here signalizes their Exstinction . ) And loose midst mighty stirs their threatning Rays . Whither as k k Alluding to the opinion of those who hold Comets to be generated of Elementary Matter , that is of Exhalation and Vapour ; the first from the Earth hot and dry ; the other from the Water , hot , moist and unctuous , carried by their Lightness above the Aiery Region , where compacted they are by Motion of the superiour Orbs set on fire . Of which Opinion is Aristotle and his followers , and ( differing only as to place ) Galilaeo 〈◊〉 , Guiduceius , and some others . See Gassendus Tom. 1. part. 2. p. 702. and Ricciolus in Almagest . Nov. Tom. 1. l. 8. and Fromond . Meteorolog . l. 3. Earth transpires its Native fumes , Those humid Spirits the hot Air consumes , Their Original . When a long Drouth from Clouds hath clear'd the Sky And Heav'n by the Sun's scorching Beams grows dry ; Whence fitting Aliment is snatch'd by Fire , And Matter like to Tinder flames acquire . And since the Principles which Air compose Are not gross Bodies , but like Smoke that flows , The fiery Substance is not permanent , But with the Comet , l l Touching the Duration of Comets , Pliny ( l. 2. c. 25. ) makes the shortest to be Septem Dierum , the longest Oct●…ginta , or rather ( as Muretus conceives the Text of Pliny ought to be read ) C. & Oct●…ginta , a 180 Days ; which Emendation Tycho Brahe Progymn . l. 1. p. 273 ( though Scaliger seem to disallow it ) approves of . And so long Seneca ( Natural . quaest. l. 7. ) affirms the duration of one seen in the beginning of Nero's Reign . Iosephus de Bello Iudaico l. 7. reports one to have continued a wh●…le year a little before the Destruction of Ierusalem in the form of that which is called Xiphias , or the Sword Comet . But this Tycho conceives to have been supernatural and extraordinary ; so that the longest Duration of Comets ( their ordinary not extending to half that space ) seems not to be above six Moneths : Of which co●…tinuance we find in History only three . The first that of Nero's beforementioned in the year of Christ 64. the second in the year 603. not long before the appearrance of the Impostor Mahomet ; and the last in the year 1240. observed by Albertus Magnus . soon as kindled , spent . Else , if its Rise and Fall were not so nigh , We should another Day in Night descry , And the couch'd Sun , when from the watery Deep Return'd , would the whole World surprize in sleep . Then since the arid Vapour is not us'd To be alike attracted , or diffus'd ; Hence m m The Word Comet though when strictly taken it signifies Stellam Crinitam , and Sidus Cincinnatum ; yet in a larger sence it is us'd as a common and general Name for all sorts of fiery Meteors : Of which Pliny ( l. 2. c. 25. ) reckons twelve several Spec●…es : Viz. Cometa , Pogonias , Acontias , Xiphias , Disceus , Pithetes , Ceratias , Lampas , Hippeus , Argenticomus , Hircus , Longchites , seu Hast●… . Divers of which are by our Poet here enumerated ; whose Explanation we shall give in the following Notes ; and shall only add the Distinction which is made by a Reverend and Learned Authour upon this Subject , who will have such Meteors to be peculiarly called Comets , as are super-Lunary , and have ( as he says ) . proprium Aetherium , Geometricum motum , qualis esse solet Planetarum ; to the others he gives the Name 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , as having some Resemblance with , but differing as to their Motion , Place , and other Affections , from Comets properly so called ; their Birth and existence being within the sublunary Sphere . Vide D. Setb . Wardi Praelect. de Cometis . several Shapes to Meteors are assign'd , Their several kinds . As in dark Nights their suddain Births they find . For now ( like long hairs flowing from some head ) The Flame is in dishevell'd n n These kind of Meteors are by the Greeks properly called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Stellae Crinitae , seu Cincinnatae , as is before noted ; whose blaze rises upward , above the Head or Body of the Comet , whence Pliny calls them 〈◊〉 modo in vertice Hispidas : But when the Cheveleure is round about equally diffused , then the Comet is called Rosa. Tresses spred ; Cometa or Stella Cincinnata . Then what a fiery Peruke first appear'd , Assumes the Figure of a blazing o o Thence called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Barbata , from the Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Barba , which the Vulgar distinguish not from that which is called Caudata , as Fromondus observes , l. 3. c. 4. That difference being caused only by its Respect to the Sun , for if it appear in the Morning before the Sun-rise it seems bearded , the Blaze tending in Anteriora , before the Sun , Westward ; but if it appear in the Evening the Sun being set , then it seems Caudata , the Train flowing from behind the Sun , Eastward : But it is more properly said to be Barbata , when the Head or Body of the Comet is above , and the Train or Stream underneath flow●…ng downward 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 More Barbae , in opposition to that which is called Crinita , whose Hair or Bash is above the Head of the Comet . See Stobaeus Eclog Physic. l. 1. And Suidas in voce 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Beard . Pogonias or Stella Barbata . Sometimes 'twixt equal-bounded Sides it flows , And a square p p This Com●… or Meteor is called in English a Beam or Post ; in Latine , Trabs ; in Greek , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Igni●…a Trabs . When extended to an extraordinary length , it was by the Greeks likewise called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Via ▪ as A●…istotle Meteorolog . l. 1. c. 6. affi●…ms . Pliny ( l. 2. c. 26 ▪ ) reports such a one to have appeared at what time the Lacedemonians ( vanqu●…shed in Fight at Sea ) lost the Empire of Greece ; and Charimand●…r in his Book of Comets , as cited by Seneca ( Natur. Quaest. l. 7. ) rela●…s the like Meteor of unusual Brightness and Greatness to have been observed by Anaxagoras , for many days continuance . Callisthenes likewise affirms such a one to have appeared a little before Buris and Helice were swallowed up in the Sea : The difference between a Trabs and Columna is this : The first is of an oblong Form in a down lying Posture , the latter appears in an erected Figure . Vide Fromond . Meteor . l. 2. c. 5. Post , or a round Pillar shows , Doki●… or Trabs . Like a big-bellied q q Call'd therefore by the Greeks 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Dolium , and thence by the Latines , Pithetes , thus described by Pliny ( l. 2. c. 25. ) Pithetes Doliorum cernitur Figurā in C●…ncavo fumidae Lucis , i. e. Pithetes is seen in the form of a Barrel or Tun , within the Concave of a fumid or smoaky Light ; which according to Seneca ( Natural . Quaest. l. 7. ) vel fertur , vel in uno loco flagrat . And to this kind is to be reduced the Meteor called Tenaculum , sub ciner●…o fumo Luridum , says Ricciolus Almag . Nov. Tom. 1. l. 8. Tun now its swoln Beams Pithetes ▪ Dilate , and then contract to narrower Streams , Like little r r Known by the Name of 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , from the Resemblance it bears to a small Lock or Curle of Hair , which in Greek is 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ; in Latine , Cincinnulus . Locks which in small Curles are ti'd , Bostruchias . Now like fir'd s s Manilius here describes these kind of Meteors by the Periphrasis of Hirta M●…ssis : They are commonly called Stipulae Ardentes , resembling the firing of Straw or Stubble in the Fields . Which appear ( as Aristotle says ) when the Exhalation that causes them is extended to a considerable breadth and length . sheafs , now like branch'd t t Called therefore Lampadias , imitating burning Lamps or Torches , which Manilius here divides into ●…issus Ram●…sos , branched sprayes , and are not seen but in their Fall . Of these kinds Pliny ( l. 2. c. 26. ) reports one to have appeared at Noon in sight of all the Roman People , at what time Caesar Germanicus exhibited a Prize or Spectacle of Fencers . He makes of them a double difference ; the first called Lampades , Lamps or Torches , which burn only at the Tops , though they draw a long fuming Train after them . The other called Bolides ( commonly englished Lances ) burning through the whole Extent or Length of their Train : Of which last sort ( says he ) there were some seen in the Calamity o●… 〈◊〉 when that City was sack'd . lamps descri'd , Stipulae Ardentes . Now falling u u Anaxagoras would have these kind of Meteors to be sparkles falling from the fiery Region . By Eunapius in Ae●…es . they are called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Effluentiae seu Trajectiones quaedam Stellarum ; by Aristotle 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , discursus , seu Stellae fluxus ; By the Arabs called Shihâb : which ( as I find in the Commentator upon Ulugh ●…eight Tables ) is expounded , Stella quae nocte incedit sicu●… Ignis ; and Stella Daemones pellens ; for the Antient Arabs and Ea●…ern People fancy'd falling Stars to be fiery Darts lanc'd from Heaven against the Devils or evil Spirits of the Aire , as is likewise observed by the Learned Golius ( notis in Alferganum . p. 65. ) But Fromondus ( Meteor . l. 2. c. 3. ) according to the Doctrine of Aristotle describes them to be a fiery Exhalation expulsed out of a Cloud , having the Resemblance of a true Star falling . They are conceived to come from the same Cause and Origine as Lightning , though they are not attended by Thunder , at least as to us perceivable ; Bearing the same Proportion to Lightning , as the firing of a Musquet does to that of a Canon . For as at a great distance we may see the Fire of a Musquet , but scarce hear its Noise ; but of a Canon within the same distance we may both see the Fire and hear the Noise : So by reason of the Exility of the Exhalation we hear not the Noyse when these falling Stars break from a Cloud , as we do Thunder when ushered by Lightning . Fromondus compares these Meteors to ou●… kind of Fireworks called Rockets ( though their Motions be different , the one being forced upward the other downward ) which run in a Train and fall in the manner of Stars . And therefore Pliny calls them Scintillas & Discursus Stellarum ; Ptolomy , Trajectiones ; both which our Poet expresses when he says they shoot and sparkle . Stars seem to shoot every where , Lampadias . Stella Cadens . When wandring Lights do sparkle in the Aire . And darted Flames swift x x Call'd in Greek ▪ 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and from thence in the Latine Acontiae , which as Pliny says Iaculi m●…do vibrantur 〈◊〉 significatu . Of which the Emperour Titus , or ( as some will ) Tiberius , is said to have written an excellent Poem . This Meteor when it appears in a shorter form is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Ensis Gladius , seu Pugio , the Head or Body of the Comet representing the Hilt , the Ray or Iubar , the Blade of a Sword , and appears of all others the most Pale . Arrows imitate , Acontiae . When the dry Train runs in a narrow Strait , For every Thing does mixed Fire infold ; That dwells in pregnant Clouds which Thunder mold , Pierces Earths Veins ; Heavens Terrors counterfeits From Aetna's Caves ; in Springs cold Water heats ; Lurks in hard Flints , and in green Bark finds Room , When Woods by their ( y y To this Accident Vitruvius ( l 2. c. 1. ) ascribes the Original of our Culmary Fire ; where he says , Ab Tempest●… & ventis densae crebri●…ibus A●…bores agitatae , & inter se 〈◊〉 Ramos , Ignem ex●…itaverunt . Which being observ'd by the Antients , they from thence derived their 〈◊〉 , by rubbing one stick against another , until being heated they catched Fire , which they fed by dry Leaves , and such like combu●…ible Fuel . This Part says Turnebus ( no●…is in Theophrast , de Igne ) was by them called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. F●…cus , or according to the Scholiast of Apollonius 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Strator . Which we may compare with our Tindar . The other parts which were the sticks the●… called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Terebrum ▪ and served instead of our Flint and Steel . The Trees most subject to this manner of taking Fire , are reckoned the Fig-Tree , Laurel , Oake and Ilex , the Tile-Tree , Ivy and Vine , but especially the Laurel . Coneparius de Atramentis c. 13. reckons up these several ways of generating and kindling Fire . Propagatione , Putredine , Coitione , Antispasi , Frictione , & Percussione . Which he reduces to these three kinds , Propagation , Coition , and Motion . In which the rest are included ; for Putredo , and Antispasis kindle fire by compelling the dispersed Heat to unite together , and therefore fall under the head of Coition , as Friction and Percussion under that of Motion . ) Collision flames assume ; So fertile every Matter is in fire . Nor suddain Flames breaking through Skies admire , Nor frequent Coruscations by Earths hot Exhaling Vapours in the Aire begot , Which the swift-feeding Flame pursues or flies ; Since trembling Lightning darted through the Skies , Thou mayst behold in midst of falling Rain , And Thunder through forc'd Clouds its way constrain : Whether from ( z z He resumes his former Arguments touching the Original of Comets , and begins with that of the Peripateticks , asserting ( as is before noted ) Comets to come from a sulphureous unctuous ignescent matter exhaling from the Earth and Sea , &c. Vide Aristotel . Meteor . l. 1. c. 7. and 10. ) fiery Seeds inclos'd in Earth , Their Causes farther enquired into . And thence emitted , Comets draw their Birth , Or Nature did those fading Lights design As ( a a The Opinion of Anaxagoras and Democritus ; who held Comets to be the Coapparition of wandring Stars or Planets , which when they approach near each other seem mutually to touch , and to become as it were all one ; or as Plutarch expresses it , A Conjunction of divers Stars meeting with their Lights together ; or according to Laertius , a Concourse of Planets emitting Flames . O●… which Opinion likewise was Zeno in Seneca Natural . Quaest. l. 7. c. 19. Our Zeno ( says he ) was of the Opinion of these who judged the Stars to concurr , and intermingle their Rays , and by that Society of Light to beget the Image of a long Star ; which Coll●…cency from the Conjunction of the Rays of divers Stars or Planets Manilius here calls Subjuncta Sidera . ) sub-united Stars in Heaven to shine , Or the ( b b The Chaldeans ( as Stobaeus Eclog. Physic. c. 3. delivers their Opinion ) held that there were other Planets besides those ordinarily observed , which are sometimes inconspicuous , in regard they move at a great distance above us . But now and then appear when they come nearer to the Earth , and run a lower Course ; at which time by those who know them not to be Stars , they are called Comets . Again , they seem to disappear and vanish , when they retire back into the Depth or Profundity of the Aetherial Region : As Fishes cease to be discerned when they sink down into the Bottom of the Sea . Of which Opinion likewise Seneca reckons Apollonius Mindius ; who held these to be aeterna Naturae Opera ; Or , to use Pli●…y's Words , esse Sydera Perpetua , suoque ambitu ire , sed non nisi relicta à sole cerni . Whence by Manilius they are said sometimes to be involved , sometimes dismissed by the Sun . See Ricciolus in Almagest . Nov. Tom. ●… . l. 8. and Gassendus Tom. 1. l. 5. c. 1. ) Sun 's rapid Course these Meteors rears And draws t' himself , his flames involving theirs , And now dismisses ; Like ( c c Mercury ; who because he makes a●… almost equal Course with the Sun , and ascends not ( as Aristotle says ) to any great Height above the Horizon , is therefore seldom seen . ) Cyllenius Light , Or fair ( d d Venus ; so called from her Mother Dione ; Daughter of Tethys and Oceanus : Whence that of Theocritus ( Eidyll . 15. ) 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Dionaea Cypris : And of Virgil. Aeneid . 3. Sacra Dionaea Matri — ) Dione's Star , Usher to Night ; Which often shine , as oft the sight delude , ( Hiding themselves ) and then again are view'd : Or God in Pity to our humane State , Sends these as ( e e The Belief of the Illiterate ; asserted lik●…wise by the Learned of divers Ages . Several of the Antient Fathers maintaining the Opinion , That Comets are made by the immediate Act and Power of God , and designed for the Terrour , D●…ruction , or 〈◊〉 at ●…ast , of the offending World , especially of Princes . 〈◊〉 of which Opinion are ●…koned Tertullian , Nicephorus , D●…scen ; and Saint A●… . Vide ●…lum A●…st . N●…v . Tem. 2. l. 8. Petit Disser●…ac . sur les C●…es , where he discourses against that Opinion ; and L'escaloperius in Ciceron . de N●…tur . Deorum , moderating the Assertion of Damascen ▪ who 〈◊〉 Comets to be sent by God as the p●…culiar ●…orerunning Signs of the Death of Kings and Potentates . ) Nuncio's of ensuing Fate , Never did Heav'n with these fires vainly burn ; Deluded Swains their blasted Labours mourn , Their Cala●… Effects . And the tir'd Husband-man to fruitless Toyl Compels his Oxen in a barren Soyl : Or the lethiferous Fire their Bodies kills , Wasting their Marrows out with lingring Ills , People consumes , whole Towns depopulates , Whilst flaming ( f f By burning of the Dead , which was customary with most Nations amongst the Antients ; especially with the Athenians , and the Greeks in general , for so says the Scholiast of Thucydides ( l. 2. ) 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . It was established by Law among the Athenians , and all the Greeks . The Ground 〈◊〉 Reason thereof proceeding from their Opinion , that what was Divine and Immortal in Man , was by that hery V●…iculum carried up to Heaven , and what ever was Terrestrial and Mortal , subsided in the Ashes . They did by that Means likewise as they conceived ( according to the Testimony of Psiny l. 7. c. 54. ) avoyd the 〈◊〉 of the Aire by the Putrefaction of buried Carkasses ; but especially the Injury or Ignominy which might be do●…e to the Bodies of the Dead , by taking them out of the Grave ere consumed . For which reason the Tyrant Sylla ordered his Corps to be burned , lest he might be served in the same kind as he before had served his Enemy ●…ius Marius ; whose Body he caused to be digged up and thrown into the River Aniene , ( now Teverone ) as Cacero in secundo de Legibus , and Plutarch in his Life testifies . This Custom of burning the Dead ceasing among the Romans about the Time of Maximinus the Tyrant , or not long before : It being hard to point out the Precise Time : Seeming to be abolished by the contrary Custom of the Iews and Christians , especially by the Prevalence of the lat●…er . Vide Kirkmanum de funere Rom. l. 1. c. 2. & Meursium de sunere , necnon Vales. Not. in Euseb. Histor. Ecclesi●…st ▪ l. 9. c. 8. ) Piles conclude the publick Fates . Through ( g g The Athenian Territories : so called either from Erectheus the Son of Vulcan and Minerva , Daughter of 〈◊〉 , or Cranaus , or from Erectheus Son of Pandion . Diodorus Siculus ( Bibliothec. l. 1. ) makes him to have b●… by Birth an Egyptian , and that in time of a general Famine , he brought great store of Corn from Egypt to Athens , and for that signal Benefit , was by the Athenians made their King . Herodotus ●… l. 8. ) calls him Earth-born , 〈◊〉 he says that in the Castle of Athens there was the Temple 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , of Erectheus the Earth-born ; alluding perhaps to the fabulous occasion of his Birth ( of which Apoliodorus Bibliothec. l. 3. ) Or in regard of the incertainty of his Parentage ; whence those whose Original was not known were by the Antients reputed 〈◊〉 filii . Vide Casaubon . in 6. Satyr . Persii upon these Words Terrae est jam 〈◊〉 — Eusebius in Chronic. makes him Brother to Perseus , but erroneously : Vide Scalig●…r . Animadvers . in Euseb. and 〈◊〉 de regno Attico l. 2. c. 1. and 7. ) Erecthean Lands as that ( h h He alludes to that Memorable Plague at Athens , which hapned in the beginning of the Peloponnesi●…n War ▪ of which Lucretius l. 6. — Mortifer Aestus Finibus in Cecropis funestos reddidit Agros , Vastavitque Vias , ex●…ausit Civibus Urben●… . Accurately described by Thucydides ( l. 2. ) and thence paraphrased in English Verse after the Pindarick Way , by 〈◊〉 excellent Pen of Doctor Spratt ; who for that Reason merits with Thucydides himself ( in 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 . ) to be stiled — Tyrannus Atticae Febris — ) Plague stray'd , i i I●… . 〈◊〉 in his particular Treause de Fo●…tuna 〈◊〉 , c. ●…o conceives the Epithete Antiquae to be here given to Athens by 〈◊〉 for distinction sake , because ( as he would have it ) that C●…ty in Man●…ius his Time ( whom he ●…iles as falsely as incons●…lerately 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Scriptorem ) was call'd N●…vae A●…henae . This he would seem to make out from the Authority of this following In●… in Gruter●… , extant at Millan ; cited likewise by Scaliger in 5. de Emendatione Tempor . & in Animadvers . in Euseb. ad Numer . MMCXLVII . IMP. CAESAR . T. AELIUS HADRIANUS ANTONINUS AUG. PIUS . COS. III. TRIB . POT . II. P. P. AQUAEDUCTUM IN NOVIS ATHENIS COEPTUM A DIVO HADRIANO PATRE SUO , CONSUMMAVIT . DEDICAVITQ . But against this his Opinion we oppose the better Judgment of Salmasius ; who ( in Not. in Aelium Spartianum ) makes it 〈◊〉 that the Grecian Athens was never call'd N●…vae Athenae . But that that Part of it which was re-edified by Hadrian , was expresly call'd 〈◊〉 ; as is clear from the Testimony of Spartianus . Besides , Quis credat Inscriptionem Latinam in Urbe Grae●… suisse posi●…am , says Salmas●…us ? Or what Relation had the Works or Structures at Athens in Greece , to Millan in 〈◊〉 ? Quid 〈◊〉 cum Athenis ? Says S●…aliger Animadvers . in Euseb. With fairer Probability therefore conclude we ( as Salm●…sius does ) that the Novae Athenae mentioned in the foregoing Inscription was a Town so called in Liguria a Region of Italy ( which comprizes part of the Dutchy of Millan ) whereof Stephanus de Urbibus ; and that Manisius by that Epithere means no more than to set out a Matter of fact of great Antiquity without any reference to the Novel Conceit , or Nominal Dis●…inction , which 〈◊〉 fancies . Old Athens waste by k k Tan●…quil Fa●…er in his Notes upon the sixth Book of 〈◊〉 by way of Collation cites these two Verses of Manilius , thus read in the Original . Qualis Erect●…eos Pestis populata Colonos Extulit Antiquas per sunera Pacis Athenas .

Which Verses he undertakes to correct or amend , but trul●…er to corrupt after this manner .

Qualis Ereth●…os olim populata Col●…nos Extulit Antiquas per funera , Pestis Athenas . He confessing that he made that Alteration for this Reason , Because he never yet saw any that could understand the meaning of 〈◊〉 P●…is . But that nimble Critick might have forborn the exposing of his own or others Ignorance in that Point , and have left M●…nilius his Elegancies unbl●…mished by so rude an Interpolation ; who ingeniously uses the expression of funera P●…eis , or Peaceful funerals in Opposition to ( cruen●…a funera , or funera Belli ) those occasioned by the Sword . For as Thu●…ydides observes , the Athenians were at once doubly afflicted , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , H●…minibus inter 〈◊〉 m●…rientibus , Terrque extrà vastatâ . Which Place his Scholiast illustrates by applying this Verse of H●…mers . 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Siquidem simul Bellumque domat & Pestis Achivos . Now the Mortality occasioned by the Plague , Manilius here describes by the Periphrasis of funera Pacis ; which had brought upon Athens , unconflicted by any Enemy within , a greater Destruction than the bloody Effects of War had done upon its Territories without . peaceful Funerals lay'd , When each contracted others Death ; whilst Art No Cure could find , nor Prayers no help impart ; Care to the Sick , and Funerals to the Dead , Ev'n l l Tears were a main part of Funeral Exequies , whence that of Servius in Virgil. Sine fle●…u non est Sepultura . The want of them being reckoned as unfortunate as the Deprivation of Funeral it self . Virgil ( in 11. Aeneid . ) joyns them as alike 〈◊〉 . N●… Animae viles , inhuma●…a , infletaque Turba .

And O●…id ( Metamorph. 11. ) brings in the drowned C●…yx appearing , and thus speaking to his Hal●…yone :

Surge , age , d●… Lacrym●…s , Lugu●…riaque indue , nec Me 〈◊〉 sub inania 〈◊〉 . Rise , weep , and put on black , nor undeplor'd , For pity , send Me to the S●…ygian Ford. G. S. The Antients believing the Dead to be comforted and delighted with the Tears of their surviving Friends . And upon this Ground it is that We meet so frequently in the Antient Epitaphs with LACRIMAS POSUIT , and CUM LACRIMIS POSUIT , and LACRIMIS ET OPOBALSAMO UDUM CONDIDIT , and TUMULUM LACRIMIS , PLENUM DEDIT . Of which Gutherius ( l. 1. de Iure Manium ) affords the Examples . Wherefore not unfitly does Manilius here , by the Defect of so mean and ordinary an Obsequie , aggravate the Miseries of a 〈◊〉 Mortality , by which Mankind is deprived of all the Resentments and Benefits of commiserating Humanity . Tears were wanting : Those no Mourners shed . The wearied Flame did from its Office cease , And Heaps of m m Thuryliles delivers the same historically . Some ( says he ) when one Body was burning , brought another , and casting it upon it went their Way . Leaving the Reliques of one fired Carkass to burn another . For as Dr. Sp●…at ingeniously paraphrases upon that part of the Story , The Woods gave Funeral Piles no more , The Dead the very ●…ire dev●…ur .

A sadder kind of Funeral than that which Virgil ( Ae●…eid . 11. ) gives to the slaughtered Latines , for they had yet Wood to burn them .

Caetera confusaeque ingentem Caedis Acervum Nec Numero , nec Honore cremant — Upon which last Words Gutherius observes , Nec Numero nec Honore cembusti dicuntur , qui confuso Lignorum Acervo , lento dabantur Igni , multis Corporibus simul congestis . And this by Macrobius , is called Tumultuarium funus , only used in calamitous Accidents . In which kind of promiscuous Funeral it is noted by Macrobius that it was usual to every ten Mens Bodies to add one Womans to make them burn the better . He gives the Reason likewise ; Quòd Muliebre Corpus juvabat ardentes Viros , non Caloris erat , sed Pinguis Carnis & Oleo similis . Vide Macrob. Saturn . l. 7. c. 7. fir'd Bones burnt dead Carkasses ; Whilst to so great a People scarce an Heir Remain'd . Such Woes dire Comets oft declare . They bring with them the Worlds n n Manilius here will have Comets to be the Ushers of the Worlds general Conflagration . Which Opinion seems to be grounded upon this supposition , That the Aether by reason of the long Consumption of its humid Aliment shall be then fitted for such fiery Productions ; at which time likewise the Sun and Stars having wasted all the Elementary Supplies , shall reduce the World into Flames . Being the Opinion of the Stoicks , especially of Zeno , Cleanthes , Chrysippus , and ( but doubtingly ) of Panaetius ; of which Cicero in secundo de Natura Deorum : Though the Doctrine be as antient as Heraclitus , Empedocles , and Hyppasus the Metapontine . Yet was it not by them believed that this Conflagration should bring with it a total , substantial Destruction , but rather a purifying Renovation of the World : For so Cicero delivers their Opinion where he says , Ad extremum Omnis Mundus ignescet . Ita relinqui nihil praeter Ignem ; à quo rursum animante ac Deo Renovatio Mundi fie●… , atque idem Ornatus orietur . Christian Philosophy likewise declaring not only the Worlds 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 or Conflagration ; but its 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 or Res●…itution . See Lipsius in Stoic . Phil. Dissertac . 22 , and 23. Delrius in Commentar. ad Octav. Senec. p. 533. Gassendus Tom. 1. Syntagm . Philosoph . part. 2. p. 178. and L'escaloperius in Ciceron . de Natur. Deorum . l. 2. Sect. 118. last Funeral Fire , In which sick Nature one Day must expire . Suppos'd to occasion the Worlds General Conflagration . Wars they proclaim too , Tumults to arise , And open Arms from secret Treacheries . So when the Nations late from Faith withdrew , When the fierce Germans our great o o Divers , and some eminently learned ( among whom is Sleydan de 4. Imper. Stadius in L. Florum , and the excellent Gassendus in vitae Epicuri ) conceive the Quintilius Varus here mentioned to be the same with that Quintilius Varus , of whose Death Horace in that consolatory Ode of his to Virgil ( Carm. l. 1. Od. 24. ) But since it is evident that Quintilius Varus who was General of the Roman Legions in Germany was not slain till twenty eight years after the Death of Virgil ( to whom that Ode is directed ) Virgil dying in the DCCXXXIV year of Rome , and Varus not till DCCLXII year of the same ( at which time neither Virgil nor Horace were living ) It must be against all Reason and Chronology to imagine him the same with that Quintilius Varus whom Horace there bewails . He being justlier conceiv'd to be the same with him mentioned by Eusebius in Chronic. in these Words . Olymp. CLXXXIX . Quintilius Cremonensis Virgilii & Horatii familiaris , moritur . Servius likewise stiling him 〈◊〉 Vir●… gilii , and therefore Horace makes this Particular Application of his Loss to Virgil. Multis ille quidem flebilis occidit , Nulli flebilior quàm Tibi Virgili . See Torrentius in his Notes upon that Ode , and Tanaquil Faber expresly discussing this Point . ( Epistol. 46. l. 2. ) But the Quintilius Varus here meant , was the Son of Sextus Quintilius Varus , who ( together with A●…ius Varus ) warred against Iul. Caesar , as we find in his Commentaries de bello Civili l. 2. and was flain afterwards in the Battle with Brutus and Cassius against Augustus by the Hand of his Freeman , Quem id facere ●…egerat cum se Insignibus Honorum velasset , as Velleius Paterculus l. 2. c. 71. relates . Whose Fate his Son followed though in a different Cause , Quippe , ( to use Paterculus his Words ) Paterni , Avitique Exempli Successor , se ipse transfixit . He was before the Generalship of the Army in Germany , Prefect of Syria ; Quam , Pauper , Divitem ingressus , Dive●… , Pauperem reliquit , as the same Velleius Paterculus testifies l. 2. c. 117. Varus slew , And Fields in p p Of this s●…d defeat of Quinti●… Varus , and the Roman Legions by the Germans under the Conduct of Arminius , ( occasioned by Varus his overweening confidence , who in the midst of an Em●…my Country , undertook to rule by the bare Formalities of Law , a fierce and warlike People whom the Power of the Sword could not ter●… or subdue . ) See Strabo l. 7. 〈◊〉 Paterculus l. 2. Lucius Florus l. 4. c. 12. Tacitus Annal. l. 1. 〈◊〉 in August . ) and Dion Cassius l. 56. A Disaster so resented by A●…uius that it brought him almost to despair ; who often in Passion knocking his Head against the wall would cry out , Quintili Vari , redde Legiones . Quintilius Varus , restore M●… my Leg●…ons ! The Place of this defeat Cluverius ( in Antiqu. German . l. 3. ) will have to be near the Town of Dietmel , antiently Th●…utoburgium ; for thus ( from the forenamed Authorities ) he describes Varus his March as he was train'd by the subtlety of Armini●…s from his Camp at Alizon , now Esen , towards the Borders of the Cherusci . First p●…ssing through the utm●…st Bounds of the Marsi towards a Town which now is called Teuten Meyer , he came to the Woody Hills , where is the Castle at this Day called Falkenberg : In the Vallies beneath which runs the River vulgarly called Beerlebeker Be●…k so named from the Town Beerlebek ' ; then entring the confines of the Cherusci , he was there between the said Mountains , and the Town of Theutmel or Dietmel , set upon , and his whole Army defeated and slain . Otho Frisingensis l. 3. reports this Defeat to have been given within the Territories of Ausburg near a Place where there is a Hill by some said to be raised by the heaped up Bones of the slaughtered Romans , and therefore called Perleich , quod ibi Legiones perierint : But that gross Errour is refuted by Velserus l. 1. Rerum August . Vindel. Ber●… in Sueton. affirms the Place where this Defeat was given , to be at this Day by the Germans in Memory of their Victory called 〈◊〉 , near the Town Horn in Westphalia , not far from Dietmel aforesaid . But one Place or Time was not sufficient to comprize so signal a Disaster , for the Fight ( or slaughter rather ) was continued for three days . The first Days Conflict was near the Head of Luppia , now called Lips-spring ; the second Days Discomfiture was carried more remote from thence toward the Castle of Falkenberg ; the third and final Defeat was in the Fields ( from their Victory by the Germans called 〈◊〉 ) between Horn and Dietmel before mentioned . Vide Monument . Paderbornens . p. 35. Blood of three whole Legions drown'd , Through all the Skies such Ominous Lights were found ; As if with Those warr'd Nature ; and 'gainst Ours , Threatning an End to All ; oppos'd her Powers . Nor wonder Men and States such Mischiefs grieve , The fault 's at Home ; We will not Heav'n believe . Oft Civil Wars , and Kindred Arms they raise , Nor more did Heaven with such fires ever blaze , Than when fierce Leaders joyning bloody hands Rang'd on q q He refers to the Civil Wars raised by Brutus and Cossius , who on th●…se Plains fought a desperate Battle against Augustus Caesar , wherein they both perished together with the Roman Liberty : Of which see Livy Epitom . l. 124. Plutarch ( in the Lives of Marcus Antonius and Brutus ) Lucius Florus , l. 4. c. 6. and Appian de Bellis Civilibus l. 4. These Plains were so called from the Town Philippi , heretofore called Bunomos or Bunomia , Datus and Crenides ; the last name being given it from the many Springs there rising , but afterwards renamed from Philip the Father of Alexander its Reedifier , particularly described by Appian ( loco citato ) a Place fatal to the Roman Common Wealth ; by most conceived the same with the Pharsalian Plains where Pompey received his last and fatal overthrow ; but erroneously . For those were in Thessaly near the River Pharsalus ; these in Thrace or the utmost Limits of Macedonia not far from the River Strimon . Vide Bunonem in Cluver . Introduct. Geograph . l. 4. c. 8. However the Poets generally , and Virgil himself , with our Manilius confounds them with the Pharsalian Plains ; as in this Verse in 1. Georgic . Romanas Acies iterum videre Philippi :

And in complyance with that Vulgar Opinion Cabellavius in this following Epigram upon the present Subject .

Pharsa●…s Ausonias frangit rursum Hasta Secures , 〈◊〉 rursum Aemathio Pulvere Roma cadit . Cred●… suum Macetum Tellus imitatu●… Alumnum : Hic Orbem , 〈◊〉 Vrbem vici●… & Orbis Heram . Once more Pharsalia routs Ausonian Bands , And Rome once more falls on Aemathian Sands . The Land sure imitates her great Son ; He The whole world vanquish'd ; the worlds Empress she . Philippick Plains confederate Bands . The Roman Souldiers on Sands yet scarce dry , Trampled fresh Reliques of Mortality . Empire , It self with its own Strength assayl'd , But Great Augustus ( Iulius-like ) r r The Memory of this Victory , which seems chiefly to be attributed to the Valour of the Praetorian Cohorts , is preserved in some an●…nt Medails , on one side whereof is the Figure of Victory standing upon a Globe , holding forth in her right Hand a Laurel Wreath with this Inscription , VICT. AUG. On the Reverse three Military Ensigns with this Inscription , COHOR . PRAET. PHIL. See Goltzius , Occo , and Patin in Numism . Imp. Rom. prevail'd . Yet ends not there : the s s The Battle of Actium was one of the most signal that ever was fought at Sea ; upon whose Success depended no less than the Empire of the whole World . The Chiefs interessed were Augustus Caesar , and Mark Anthony , abetted with all the Strength of the East and West . Plutarch reckons on Mark Antonies side no less than eleven Kings engaged , whereof six were personally present in the Action . The Battle being denominated from the Town of Actium in Epirus seated upon a Promontory of the same Name , at present call'd Capo Figalo at the Mouth of the 〈◊〉 Golf , known at this Day by the Name of Golfo de Larta ; near to which on the third of September in the 723. year after the building of Rome , ( as Brietius computes it ) the Engagement hapned . Augustus his Fle●… consisting of 400 stout Men of War , Mark Antonies being double that Number , and of much greater Burden . But by the Valour and Conduct of Agrippa the Victory after a long and dubious Dispute rested on Augustus his side ; Cleopatra first flying , and after her Antony shamefully following . See Virgil , Aeneid . l. 8. Horace Od. 37. l. 1. and Epod. 9. Plutarch in the life of Mark Antony , and particularly Fournie●… in the fifth Book of his Hydrographie , where he treats de la Puissance Navale des Anciens . p. 217 , and 218. Actian Battle 's fought ; When Armies as a fatal t t So by Sidonius Apolinaris ( in Panegyr . ad Majorian . ) the Army which Mark Anthony and Cleopatra brought against Augustus is called Dotalis Turba in this Verse , Dum venit à Phario dotalis Turba Canopo .

For Anthony had promised to Cleopatra , by the help of that Army to give her the Roman Empire for her Dowry ; confirm'd by Propertius l. 3. Eleg. 11.

Conjugis obscoeni Pretium Romana poposcit Moenia —

And Lucius Florus l. 4. c. 11. Mulier Aegyptiaca ab ebrio Imperatore Pretium Libidinis , Romanum Imperium pe●…is , & promis●… Antonius , to which Albinovanus ( speaking of M●…aenas ) alludes .

Hic modò Miles erat , ne posset Foemina Romam Dotalem stupri , turpis , habere sui .

And the Authour of this Epigram ( in Catalect . Veter . Poet. )

Venerat Eoum quatiens Antonius Orbem Et conjuncta suis Parthlea Belia gerens , Dotalemque petens Romam Cleopatra Canopo , &c. Dowry brought , Once more engag'd for the Worlds glorious Prize , And sought at Sea , a Ruler of the Skies ; When Fleets did on a Womans Sway depend : u u Manilius here calls them Isiaca Sistra , the Sistrum being a kind of Musical Instrument or Crepitaculum used in the Sacrifices of Isis to whom it was sacred ; reputed to have been her Invention , and thence so named according to Isidor , or from the Greek Word , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. quatio , because it was shaken ( when play'd on ) crispante Bracchio , as Apuleius ( l. 1. Metamorph. ) describes it . It was made in form of a Racquet , of Iron , Brass , Silver , and , sometimes , of Gold ; through the Rim , Webb , or Border thereof was put several small Rods , of the same Metal with the Sistrum , on which were hung divers Rings , which , when shaken by the Handle , made a kind of gingling Noise . The Greek Poet Hedylus in an Epigram of his cited by Athenaeus , seems to derive the Invention of the Sistrum from the murmuring Sound which Milus makes passing through the Clifts and rocky Places ; touching which , see Casaubon , Animadvers . in Athenaeum , l. 11. c. 13. It is by Scaliger ( in C pam Virgil. ) and Salmasius ( in Flav. Vopisc ) confounded with the Crotalum , but erroneously , as observed by Pignorius ( de 〈◊〉 , p. 8●… . ) where the Differences are clearly stated from their contrary Figures . It was the peculiar Instrument of Aegypt : That Land being by the Prophet Esay ( c. 8. v. 1. ) according to the Interpretation of 〈◊〉 ( in G●…ogr . Sacr. l. 4. c. 2. ) called Terra C●…mbali O●…arum , i. e. Cymbali Marginati The Land of Timbrels with Rims or Borders ( to distinguish them from the Timbrels of other Countries ) and not as our English Translation reads it , the Land shadowing with Wings . Isidore yet affirms the Amazons to have used this sort of Timbrel in their Wars instead of Trumpets , as well as the Aegyptians ; and gives the Reason , 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ejus erat Mulier ( namely Isis. ) Kirker likewise ( in Arte Magna Conson . & Disson . l. 2. ) reports the Iewish Timbrel 〈◊〉〈◊〉 call Thoph , to have been of the same Fashion with , and made in Imitation of the Aegyptian Sistrum ; And that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Virgins used it in their Solemn Dances , as he proves by the Examples of Moses his Sister , and I●…phte's Daughter : 〈◊〉 thereof being yet continued in Palestine as he affirms from the Testimony of credible Witnesses , the Figure whereof 〈◊〉〈◊〉 us correspondent to that of the Aegyptian Sistrum ; of which see more in Plutarch , ( l. de Iside & Osyride ) 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 his particular Tract entitled Isiacus seu de Sistro , Dempster in Paralipom . ad Rosin . l. 2. Pierius Hieroglyp●… . l. 4. c. 6 , and 7. 〈◊〉 ●…da in 8. Aeneid . ad Vers. 696. and Kirker in Oedip. Aegypt . Tom. 1. & alibi . Nile's Timbrels 'gainst Rome's x x Tristan in his Historical Commentaries ( Tom. 1. p. 82. ) conceives by the Thunder here mentioned , some Tempest of Thunder , which he observes to have been always favourable and auspicious to Augustus , and instances particularly ( from Appian ) in the Conflict against Sextus Pompeius ; imagining the like propitious Accident to have happened in this against Mark Anthony and Cleopatra . But his Conjecture is without Ground : for the Poet intends no more in this Place than to set forth the Engagement between the Forces of Augustus under the Protection of Iupite●… Capitolinus or Tonans , the Roman Deity ; and those of Anthony and Cleopatra under the Protection of Isis , the Aegyptian Goddess . Hence that in Catalect . Vet. Poet. — Capitolino Sistra minata Iovi .

And Propertius speaking of Cleopatra Lady General in the Battle of Actium ,

Ausa Iovi nostro latrantem opponere Anubim .

Consonant to which is that of Lucan . l. 10.

Terruit Illa suo , si fas , Capitolia S●…stro . Thunder durst contend . There yet remain'd the y y He calls it the Servile War , because the Forces of Sextus Pompeius were compos'd of Slaves and Prisoners which he had pick'd up to manage his Py●…atick War . ●…o this Lucan alludes l. 1. Accedant fatis , & quas premit aspera , Classes , Le●…cas , & a●…denti Servilia Bella sub Aetna . See Laurentius Abstemius Sylloge 4. V●…r . Annotat. . servile War behind ; When with his Countries Foes young Pompey joyn'd , Harrass'd those Seas his Father did defend . But this suffice the Fates ; now let Wars end ; And Adamantine Fetters Discord bind , To close Restraint eternally confin'd . Whilst Father of his Country z z Manilius ( as is well observed by Spanhemius ( in Dissertat . de Numism . ) alludes in this Place not unappositely to the Title of INVICTUS usually given to the Roman Emperors . Of whom perhaps Augustus was the first that enjoyed it . In after Times we find it frequent . Hence in the Coyns of Septimius Severus INVICTO IMPERATORI , and of Geta SEVERI INVICTI AUG. P. FIL. and of Alexander Severus INVICTUS AUG. So likewise in these Antient Inscriptions within the Territories of Verona collected by Panvinius : IMP. CAES. M. AUR. CLAUDIO P. F. INVICTO AUG. and IMP. CAES. M. AUR. MAXENTIO P. F. INVICTO AUG. Rome likewise being frequently honoured with the same Attribute , as in the Coyns of Constantinus , Priscus Attalus , Alexander the Tyrant , and Athalaricus , where we find the Inscriptions of ROMA INVICTA , and ROMA INVICTA ●…TERNA . Of which in Goltzius , Occo , Tristan , and Patin . ne're o'recome , Augustus lives ; such too beneath him , Rome . And when a God she to a Heavenly Throne Resigns Him up ; else in the World seek None . FINIS .

APPENDIX .

INtending the subsequent Appendix as a further Illustration of the Precedent Poem , I find my self obliged to follow the same Method which our Author himself hath laid down , and to trace him in his own steps , through the main Design of his Work ; in the very Front whereof appears , as it were lightly delineated ,

The ORIGINAL and PROGRESS of ASTRONOMY .

Of which ere we begin to speak , it will berequisite to give some Account of its NAME . It is derived 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ▪ because it teaches the Laws and Rules whereby the Motions of the Stars are regulated and determined ▪ being anciently , by a Promiscuous Community of Denomination , called also Astrology : For what is , by Plato , call'd ASTRONOMY , is , by Aristotle and others , term'd ASTROLOGY . Thus a a a Salmas . in Pli●… . Ex●…rcitat . Tom. 1. p ; 6 ; Thales is said first among the Greeks 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , to Astrologize , who never treated of the Iudiciary Art : So to Pherecydes they gave the Title of Astrologer , though he was absolutely an Astronomer ; and the Astronomical Treatise of Phocus the Samian , which some have ascribed to Thales , bears the Inscription of Nautical Astrology . On the contrary , our Manilius inscribes his Poem , which treats ( all but the First Book ) of Iudiciary Astrology , ASTRONOMICON . But this Synonymy in after-times ceased : For this Celestial Science , known anciently in Greece by that Part of it only , which was properly call'd Meteorologick , as considering the Motions of the Stars with the Reasons thereof , came , in succeeding Ages , to receive the Addition of another Part , call'd Apotelesmatick , which teaches to divine and prognosticate from the Site and Aspects of the fixed Stars and Planets , their Influence as to the Production of future Events . And when this last became transplanted into Greece , and had there taken Root , there was given to it ( as a peculiar and distinctive Appellation ) the Name of Astrology , there being reserved to the former only that of Astronomy ; which is properly understood , and so described to be , That Science which contemplates the Motion , Distance , Colour , Light , Order , Place , Magnitude , and the like Adjuncts of the fixed Stars and Planets , without any respect to the Iudiciary Part.

As Astronomy , so its Professors were doubly distinguished . Plato , in Epinomide , differences them by the Titles of 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . By the first , he means those who observe the Rising and Setting of the Stars , in Order to the Prognostication of the Seasons of the Year , and Temperature of the Air ; these he calls Astronomers , according to Hesiod : by the later , he understands those , whose study is particularly confin'd to the Theory of the Planets .

As to its ORIGINAL , we cannot reasonably refer it to a better Parent than Admiration . So says * * 〈◊〉 . Astron. Gassendus , Originem ipsi fecit Admiratio . For our Forefathers admiring the Splendour , Variety , Multitude and Magnitude of the Stars , together with their constant and regular Motion , transferred their Admiration into Observation , and that in process of time into Tables , or Parapegmata , for the Information of Posterity . And upon this Ground we may , with * * ●…rasat . in Tom. ●… . ●…lmagest . ●…ov . Ricciolus , affirm Astronomy to be as ancient almost as the Stars themselves , and that it was first ( with other divinely infused Arts ) reduced to Experiment and Practice by Adam himself , and by his Posterity perpetuated , as we find by * * L. 11. Autiq. Iud. c. 3 & 8. Iosephus , who writes that Seth , having been instructed therein by Adam , and understanding that the World was twice to perish , once by Deluge , afterward by a general Conflagration , reduc'd this Art to an Epitome , and inscrib'd it on two Pillars ; the one of Brick , against the Violence of Fire ; the other of Stone , against the Inundation of Waters : One of which ( that is the Pillar of Stone ) he affirms to have been extant in his Time , in a Place call'd Syrias or Seirath * * M●… . Is. Voss. l. de ●…tate Mundi , p. 271. conceived to be the Land bordering upon Mount Ephraim , not far from Iericho .

Astronomy being thus brought into the World , was cultivated and improved by the following Patriarchs , who , by reason of their long lives , had the Opportunity of observing and noting many Astral Revolutions . To which end chiefly ( according to the Opinion of some of the Jewish * * R●…bbi Isa●… . 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 . de lon ●…vitate prim . Patr. Doctors ) the Prolongation of their Lives was by divine Providence in a manner miraculously extended . Among whom , in this Science the most celebrated is Enoch , whose Books upon this Subiect are said to be extant at this Day ; whence Tertullian and Origen produce several Citations .

But to what Extent of Improvement this Science was brought before the Flood is uncertain .

This only from the Testimony of Origen , citing the Books of Enoch before mentioned , appears , That the Stars were then reduced into Asterisms , under peculiar and distinct Denominations : Touching which Names the said Enoch wrote many secret and mysterious things . And Scripture makes it manifest , that the Year then , as now it is , was computed by 〈◊〉 Revolutions of the Moon , to one of the Sun 's through the Zodiack . For in Genesis , it is said , that Noah entred into the Ark the 17. Day of the 2. Moneth ; there is likewise express mention of the 7. and the 10. Moneth ; and that on the 27. Day of the 2. Moneth of the Year following , Noah went out of the Ark. Whence we may infer , that the Patriarchs had then the knowledge , as well of the Sun's Course as of the Moons , with their Periods , and in probability of the other Planets . And that the Opinion of those , who conceive the Year , before the Flood , to have been only Menstrual , deserves to be exploded , as most absurd and ridiculous .

After the Flood , and the Dispersion of Mankind over the face of the Earth , the Study of Astronomy began to be improved by several Nations , who doubtless had derived the Knowledge thereof from Noah and his Posterity . So that it may seem no wonder , if at one and the same Time divers Persons in divers Regions applied themselves to the Observation and Study of this Astral Science . Hence arises among several Nations the Contest for the Glory and Honour of its Invention . But seeing it is clear beyond all Controversie , that Mankind issued and dispersed themselves out of Asia into Africk , Europe , and other parts of the World , the Glory thereof ought in the first Place to be attributed to the Asiaticks ; and among them chiefly to the Babylonians , Chaldeans and Bactrians . Among whom are principally celebrated Evahdnes , Belus , Zoroaster , and his Successor Otanes ; as likewise Cidenas , Naburian , Sudinus and Seleucus the Chaldean ; before whom yet is to be reckoned the Patriarch Abraham , and his Father Thare , as great Improvers of those Inventions , which had been handed down to them from their Forefathers , and the Sons of Noah .

From the Assyrians and Chaldeans it came in the next Place to the Egyptians , brought thither by the Patriarch Abraham , as * * L. 9. Pr●…par , Evan●… ▪ c. 16 , 17 , 18 , &c. Eusebius proves , from the Authority of Iosephus , Eupolemus , Artapanus , Melo and others , as cited by Alexander Polyhistor ; though Eupolemus seem to infer , that Abraham first taught the same to the Phenicians , before his Descent into Egypt .

There are others yet who attribute the Honour of its Invention to the Egyptians , before the Chaldeans , conceiving that Tradition of Abraham's instructing the Egyptian Priests to be inconsistent with Reason ; since Abraham's * * Vid. 〈◊〉 , in Praefa●… . ad Vit. T●…ch . Brahae●…non Dom. Io. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 , p. ●…1 . Stay in Egypt ( however Artapanus report it to have been 20 years ) seems not to have been above 3 Moneths ; most of which time was spent in Fears , Jealousies , and Dangers , which in all Probability would not permit him to communicate , at leisure and with freedom , the Mysteries of that sublime Science .

They add further , that the Egyptians were so far from receiving the Knowledge of Astronomy from the Chaldeans , that on the Contrary , they affirm the Chaldeans to have been first instructed therein by the Egyptians . To prove which they produce the Testimonies of * * 〈◊〉 l. ●… Diodorus Siculus , and a a Fabul . 271. Hyginus ; The former writing that Babylon was a Colony of the Egyptians , founded by Belus , Son of Libya , who therein instituted a College of Priests , who were to contemplate the S●…ars in the same manner as those in Egypt : The later reporting , that one Evahdnes is said to have come from beyond the Seas into Chaldea , and there to have taught Astronomy .

But it seems strange , if this Science were known to the Egyptians , before the Babylonians and Chaldeans , that yet the Egyptian Observations should be so much later than those of the Babylonians ; for we find scarce any of the Egyptians to precede the Time of Alexander the Great his Death , than which even those of the Greeks are earlier ; whereas the Observations of the Babylonians appear to have been made almost 2000 years before that Time .

Others there are who would rob both the Chaldeans and Egyptians of this Honour , and assign the Invention thereof to the Ethiopians ; of which Opinion is Lucian , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . But this Assertion seems to want much of Validity , as being opposed by the general Stream of Tradition , and that long before Lucian's Time .

Nor wants Africa , besides the Egyptians , and Ethiopians , other Pretenders to the Invention of Astronomy ; particularly the Mauritanians , who are said to have been instructed therein , by Atlas ( the Son of Libya ) their King .

From the several Nations before mentioned Astronomy seems to have been divided anciently into Three Principal Sects , that is to say , the Assyrian , comprehending the Babylonian and Chaldaick , the Egyptian , and the Atlantick : of which last yet the Greeks and Romans made no reckoning , for among them were only enumerated these 3 Sects , the Chaldaick , Egyptian and Grecian ; the Original and Progress of which last comes next to be described .

To pass by the fabulous Age , touching which there is nothing certain , we shall only confine our Discourse to the Historical , which began with the Olympiads . Nor do any Monuments of this Later inform us , that the Greeks had made any considerable Advance in Astronomy , before the Death of Alexander the Great . For , excepting some few Observations of Eclipses , made by Thales and Anaxagoras , the rest of the Greeks imployed their Studies no further , than in nothing the Rising and Setting of the fixed Stars , and accommodating the Cycles of the Sun and Moon to the Constitution of the Civil Year ; to which end they observed the Solstices and Equinoxes : Oenopides , Cleostratus , Harpalus , Democritus , Meton , Euctemon , or Eudoxus , having not delivered to us any thing of the proper Motion of the fixed Stars , or their certain Distances from one another , nor yet ( says Ricciolus ) of the Revolutions of the Planets , or the Periods determining the Apocatastasis of the Moons Anomaly and Latitude .

And yet such was their Self-conceit and Presumption , as confidently to affirm , that Astronomy ow'd its Invention to them , and particularly to the Rhodians , from whom they will have the Egyptians to have receiv'd it , as Diodorus Siculus reports in the story of the Heliadae . Others of them ascribe its Original to their Poet Orpheus . But these assertions savouring too much of the Fable , perswade us rather to conclude with the Opinion of those , who maintain Astronomy to have been first brought into Greece by Thales the Milesian , who derived it from the Egyptians .

From him it was improv'd by Anaximander , Anaximenes , Anaxagoras , Democritus , Empedocles , Euctemon , Meton , Eudoxus , and others of the Athenian School , till the Time of Alexander the Great his founding the City of Alexandria in Egypt . After which the Ptolemies , his Successors , erecting there an Academy for all manner of Studies , the Grecian Astronomy made its Retreat thither , and under those Princes flourished in equal Glory with the Egyptian . From thence we hear of the famous Names of Autolychus , Calippus , Timochares , Aristyllus , Eratosthenes , Conon , Hipparchus , Sosigenes , Theon Senior , Ptolemy , Paulus Alexandrinus , Theon Alexandrinus , and his Daughter , the Excellent , but Unfortunate , Hypatia .

Among the Romans it was long before it gain'd Acquaintance , or Professors . For though * * Orat. ●…9 . Dion Prusieus affirm the Italians to have been instructed by the Pythagoreans , and that in Probability the Doctrine of Philolaus , Timaeus , Archytas and others ( the fame of whose Learning invited even Plato himself to make a voyage into Italy ) could not be concealed from the curious and ingenious Spirits of Rome : Yet that Martial City being more addicted to Arms than Arts , slowly entertained , these kind of speculative Studies . And therefore ( to pass by the rude Essays of Numa Pompilius ) we find in the Roman Stories no Mention of any Persons considerably knowing therein , before Cains Sulpicius Gallus , who was Legate to Aemilius Paulus in the War against Perses King of Macedon , who first among them published a Discourse of Eclipses . After him we hear of Lucius Taruntius , Nigidius Figulus , Varro , and Cicero , who applied themselves to the Study of Astronomy ; But to none of the Latines is that Science so much indebted as to their Great Dictator C. Iulius Caesar , who

— media inter Praelia semper 〈◊〉 . Stellarum , Coelique Plagis , Superisque vacabat .

He with the assistance of Sosigenes , the Egyptian , reduced the Roman Year to the Course of the Sun , which we yet retain , and wrote , in Greek , of the Stars . From him Mathematical Arts , and particularly Astronomy , began to flourish among them ; his Nephew and Successor Augustus , by his Example encouraging the same . In whose Reign our Manilius wrote this his Astronomical Poem .

And thus having clearly and concisely , to Manilius his Time , deduced the History of Astronomy from its Original , I conceive it may serve as a competent Illustration of his Proemial , but brief Indication of the first Rise , Authors , and Promoters thereof .

To continue the Progress thereof down to these Times in the same Series of Discourse would perhaps be both tedious and unsatisfactory . I have therefore chosen for the better Information ( and it may be Delectation ) of the more Inquisitive and Ingenious Lovers of these Studies , to collect a Catalogue of the most Eminent Astronomers , as well Antient as Modern , their Works and Writings , according to the Succession of Time from the first Birth of Astronomy to this present , whereby the Curious Reader may perceive , when , how , and by whom it hath been improved to that Degree of Perfection wherein it now stands .

A CATALOGUE Of the most Eminent ASTRONOMERS , Ancient & Modern .

ASTRONOMERS before our SAVIOUR's Nativity . ANNI ANTE CHRISTUM juxta LXX .

ADAM , the first Authour of Astronomy , as of all 5600. other Arts and Sciences , according to Suidas ; 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Hujus sunt omnia inventa omnésque Doctrinae . That he particularly instructed Seth in this Astral Science , and that by writing , is the opinion of the Iewish and Arabian Doctours , and , among them , expressly of Gelaldinus Arabs , cited by Kircher in Obelisc . Pamphil. pag. 5. the Book which goes under the title of Liber Creationis , being own'd for his , and commented upon , as such , by Rabbi Abraham , and Rabbi Ioseph Ben Uziel ; but how far to be credited , see Bangus , Exercit. Literar . pag. 4.

SETH , the son of Adam , inscrib'd on two Pillars , one of Brick , the other of 5200. Stone , the Theory of this Celestial Science , received from his Father , and afterwards by that means perpetuated by Cainan , Mahaliel , Iared , &c. unto Enoch .

ENOCH , the seventh from Adam , wrote of Astronomy , and particularly of 4400. the Number and Names of the Stars , and their secret Vertues ; the Book reported to be yet extant in the Territories of the Queen of Sheba , as Vossius , De Scientiis Mathemat . affirms .

CHAM , the son of Noah , by some conceived the same with the first Zoroaster , 3400. by others taken for Menes , or Osyris the first King of Egypt , is famed for his skill in Astronomy , which yet he is said to have contaminated by the addition of divers ANNI ANTE CHRISTUM . Magical arts .

NEBROCH , or NEMBROTH , or NIMROD , the son of Ch●… , the 2847. son of Cham , and the first King of Babylon , is reported to have writ some things in Astronomy and Astrology , as Simler affirms in Biblioth. Gesner .

BELUS the Assyrian , King of Babylon , by Pliny ( l. 6. c. 26. ) stiled The Inventor 2346. of the Science of the Stars , to whom Semiramis his Daughter erected a Temple in the middle of Babylon , of an exceeding Height , by the Help whereof the Chaldeans , who addicted themselves there to Contemplation of the Stars , did exactly observe their risings and settings : of which Diodor. Sicul. l. 2.

ABRAHAM the Patriarch , instructed by the Posterity of Noah , ( from whom 2069. he was the tenth , as Noah was from Adam ) taught this Knowledge to the Phoenicians and Egyptians , as Eusebius attests . He is said to have inscribed on two Pillars ( as Seth before had done ) whatever related to the Astronomical Science , as Ranzovius from the Authority of Marianus Scotus affirms in Catalog . Astronom .

ZOROASTER , called PERSO-MEDUS , the first of the Magi , and a 1990. most knowing Astrologer , besides four Books , De Naturâ , left five others of Predictions , Ex inspectione Stellarum , as Suidas testifies in Voce 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which yet by G. Vossius are supposed not to be authentick , De Scient. Mathemat . p. 371.

COELUS , the most ancient of the Ethnick Gods , by the Greeks called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , 1800. which name he acquired by his continual Observations of the Heavenly Bodies . His sons were Saturn , Hyperion , Iapetus , &c.

HYPERION , the son of Coelus , is said to have demonstrated the Course of the 1750. Sun and Moon , and thence the people took occasion to call his Son , Helius , and his Daughter , Selene , as Diod. Sicul. l. 3. affirms .

MOSES , by Extraction a Chaldean , by Birth and Education an Egyptian , the 1593. Great Legislator of the Iews , and first truly Divine Philosopher , is not to be omitted in this Catalogue of Astronomers ; for Philo Iudaeus , in his life ( l. 1. ) affirms , That he received from the Assyrians the Chaldaick Learning of the Stars , and Knowledge of the Heavens ; In which likewise he improved himself from the Doctrines of the Egyptians , chiefly addicted to Mathematical Studies .

ATLAS , King of Mauritania , inventor of the Sphere , and therefore by the 1590. Poets feigned to have supported Heaven .

PROMETHEUS , Brother to Atlas , instructed the Assyrians in Astronomy , 1590. making his Observations on Mount Caucasus , with that assiduous care and sollicitous study , as gave occasion to the Fable of his being tortured by a Vultur feeding on his Liver .

HERMES , called likewise THEUT or THOTH , and MERCURIUS 1480. TRISMEGISTUS , a great Propagator of Astronomy among the Egyptians . Something bearing his name was printed at Norimberg 1532. His Books called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 did treat 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , as we find in Eusebius ; and Iamblicus , ( out of Chaeremon ) speaks of other his Writings upon the same subject .

ENDYMION , a curious Observer of the Moon 's motion : which on Mount 1445. Latmus he used to contemplate , and for that cause was fabled to have been her Paramour . ANNI ANTE CHRIST●… .

BELLEROPHON , Son of Glaucus , Prince of Corinth , who is fabled to 1360. have backed Pegasus the winged Horse , and soared up to Heaven , is by Lucian , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , reputed a great Astronomer ; for thus he writes of him . I believe not at all ( says he ) the Story of his winged Horse . But this I conceive of him , that he being much addicted to Astronomical Contemplations , and conversant in the Observation of the Stars ( 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ) was carried up to Heaven not by a Horse , but by his Mind .

CEPHEUS , King of Ethiopia , a Royal Promoter , and Advancer of Astronomical 1345. Studies , of whom we have already made mention in our Notes upon the Constellations .

HERCULES , called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , or Musarum ductor , to distinguish him from 1238. the other Hercules , was so well learned in the Doctrine of the Sphere , that he is therefore feigned to have eased Atlas of his burthen ; whence Ovid , Hercule supposito Sydera fulsit Atlas .

ATREUS , Brother to Thyestes , King of the Argives was , according to the 1205. testimomy of Lucian , ( 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ) an excellent Astronomer . For when the Argives by publick consent had decreed , That the Kingdom should be given to him of the two who should manifest himself the most learned in the knowledge of the Heavens ; Thyestes is thereupon said to have made known to them the Constellation in the Zodiack called Aries . But Atreus discovered to them the course of the Sun , with his various rising and setting , demonstrating his Motion to be contrary to that of the Heavens ; Whereupon they elected him to be their King .

PALAMEDES found out many Observables concerning the Stars , their 1200. Measures , Distances , and Motions , as we find exprest in Sophocles .

SOLOMON , King of Israel , besides his other divinely infused knowledge , 1012. was excellently skilled in the course of the Heavens , and order of the Stars , as it is said of him , Wisdom , chap. 7. v. 19.

NUMA POMPILIUS , second King of the Romans , first Authour of the 716. Roman year , which he so disposed ( to the end the Lunar might agree with the Solar year that every four years there was an Intercalation of 45 Days , which he divided and adjusted after this manner , adding to the first 2 years 22 Days , and inserting in the latter 2 years 23 Days . Vid. G. Voss. de Scient. Math.

NECEPSO , though but a petty Prince of some part of the lower Egypt , was 660. one of the greatest Instauratours of Astronomy in that Nation , and brought into practice and publick use , whatever Thoth , or the first Mercury had invented , or Siphoas , Son of Vulcan , the second Mercury had deposited in writing in the private Archives of their Temples . In which Writings of Mercury were contained ( besides Hieroglyphicks and other sacred Ceremonies ) Cosmography , Geography , the course of the Sun and Moon , and of the other five Planets ; as Clem. Alex. Strom. l. 6. testifies .

PETOSYRIS , an Egyptian Priest , and Philosopher , wrote , according to the 660. testimony of Suidas , of Astrology , collected out of the Sacred Books of the Egyptians , which he dedicated to Necepso , one of the Egyptian Kings immediately ANNI ANTE CHRISTV●… before mentioned , yet extant ( as Simler , in Biblioth. Gesneriana , affirms ) in Biblioth. Carpensi & Sancti Angeli .

PHOCUS SAMIUS wrote de Astrologia Nautica , as Diog. Laertius testifies . 600. This Phocus is conceived to be the same to whom Solon inscribed a Poem , as Plutarch writes .

THALES , the Milesian , one of the Greek Sages , first Introducer of Astronomy 590. among the Greeks . He first observed the apparent Diameter of the Sun to be the 7●…0 th part of the Orb in which he moves ; first found out , or at least denominated the Constellation of the Lesser Bear , and first foretold Eclipses , particularly that memorable one , happening in the time of the Battle between Halyaties King of Lydia , and Astyages King of Media , recorded by Herodotus . He first divided the Celestial Sphere into five Zones , and composed two Treatises , the one of the Trepicks , the other of the Aequinoctials , therein asserting the obliquity of the Zodiack , and distinguishing the Seasons of the year ; and measured the height of the Egyptian Pyramids by their shadows .

OENOPIDES , the Chian , is highly commended by Plato , Proclus , and Theon 560. Smyrnaeus , for his eminent Knowledge in Astronomy ; Eudemus asserting him to have first found out the Obliquity of the Zodiack . Aelian , in his Various Histories ( lib. 10. c. 7. ) reports , that he set up a Brass-Table at the Olympicks , having written thereon the Astronomy of LIX . years ; within which Term or space he comprized the Great Year , or the Annus magnus vertens .

ANAXIMANDER , Country man , Companion , Kinsman , and Disciple to 544. Thales , first asserted the Moon to receive light from the Sun , yet withall affirming that she hath a light of her own , but very thin . He first erected a Gnomon at Sparta , to discover by the shadow of the Sun the times of the Solstices and Equinoxes . The invention of the Zodiack's Obliquity , is likewise attributed to him .

HYSTASPES Son of Arsames , or Arsa●…es , King of Persia , and Father of 540. Darius ; of whom thus , Ammianus Marcellinus ; ( l. 24. ) Hystaspes was a most Wise Person , who boldly penetrating into the Inner Parts of upper India , came to a woody Desert , whose calm Silence was possest by those high 〈◊〉 the Brach 〈◊〉 . Of these he learnt the Discordant Concord of the Motions of the St●…rs , and ●…f Heaven ▪ and of pure Rites of Sacrifice , which , returning into Persia , he contributed as 〈◊〉 Addition and complement to Magick .

CLEOSTRATUS , the Tenedian , is said first to have studied the Parts , or 540. Division of the Zodiack , and noted the Commencement of the Sign Aries and Sagittary . He invented a Luni-Solar Cycle , consisting of eight Solar years , thence called Octaëteris , in lieu of the Tetraëteris , which the Greeks before used , touching which see Ricciolus Almagest . l. 4. c. 19.

ANAXIMENES of Miletus , Friend , Disciple , and Successour to Anaximander , 530. first demonstrated the Eclipse of the Moon to be by the Earth's Interposition between Her and the Sun , and maintained the Stars to move , not only above , but about the Earth .

HARPALUS corrected the Octaëteris of Cleostratus , according to whose opinion , 520. at the expiration of every ninth year , the New Moon returned again at the same hour , unto the same point of the Heavens , in which it was nine years before ▪ But this Cycle , proving erroneous , was afterwards corrected by Me●…on . 〈…〉 .

PYTHAGORAS , the Samian , travelled into Egypt and Chaldaea , to improve 5●…9 . himself in the study of Philosophy and Astronomy . He first discovered , that Lucifer and Hesperus ( believed before to be two several Stars ) were but one and the same , being the Planet Venus . The invention of the Zodiack's Obliquity is likewise ascribed to him . He first gave to the World the name 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , from the order and beauty of all things comprehended in it ; asserting the same to be made according to musical proportion ; and the seven Planets to have an harmonious motion and Intervals correspondent to musical Diastemes . He held the Sun ( by him and his followers termed the fiery Globe of Unity ) to be seated in the midst of the Universe , and the Earth to move about it .

ALCMAEON , of Crotona , son of Perithus , Disciple to Pythagoras , a Physician 490. and Physiologist , asserted that the Planets held an opposite course to that of the fixed Stars , as Plutarch affirms , Plac. Philosoph . l. 2. c. 16.

ANAXAGORAS CLAZOMENIUS , Disciple to Anaximenes , held 480. the Moon to be a dark Body enlightned by the Sun , and to be habitable , having Plains , Hills , and Waters , as the Earth hath .

DEMOCRITUS , of Abdera , Disciple to Anaxagoras & Leucippus , wrote 470. of the Sun and the Moon and the other Planets , of the Annus Magnus , and Astronomical Prognosticks . Of which Pliny , Hist. Nat. lib. 18. cap. 35. and the Scholiast upon Apollonii Argon . lib. 2. cites him 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Laertius mentions his 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , sive 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , his 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 .

EMPEDOCLES , who studied under Parmenides , Pythagoras , & Anaxagoras , 470. wrote ( besides his other Pieces of Philosophy ) of the Sphere , in Verse , yet extant ; though the same , by some , be ascribed , not to him , but to Demetrius Triclinius .

TIMAEUS LOCRUS , a Pythagorean Philosopher , wrote de Naturâ Mun●… ▪ 450. from which Piece Plato borrowed the greatest part of his Dialogue entituled 〈◊〉 , in the beginning whereof he commends Timaeus , as most knowing and 〈◊〉 Astronomy .

METON , an Athenian Astronomer , observed , with Euctemon , the Solstices , 432. and instead of Cleostratus's Octaeteris , introduced a Novendecennial Cycle , called Meton's Cycle , or the Golden Number .

HIPPOCRATES wrote of judging of Diseases by the Rules of Astronomy , 432. which by Gesner is said to have been published by Ioannes Ganivettus , at Lyons , in the year 1508. an imperfect MS. Copy whereof is now extant in Gonvil and Caius College in Cambridge .

EUCTEMON observed , at Athens , the Solstices 108 years before the death 432. of ▪ Alexander the Great ; see more of him in Pliny , Hist. lib. 18.

PHILOLAUS , of Croton , a Pythagorean Philosopher , maintained the opinion 430. of the Earth's motion about the Sun . Of which sentiment was likewise Seleucus , Cleanthes Samius , Leucippus , and Ecphantus , as also

HERACLIDES PONTICUS ; who wrote ( as we find it cited by 430. Chalcidius , in Timaeum ) of the Planetary Spheres , or Circles , conceived by M●…ursius , ANNI ANTE CHRISTUM . to be that Piece of his , which bears the Title 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which he inscribed to Democritus , as Laertius affirms in his Life . There is also another 〈◊〉 mentioned by the same Laertius , who writ De Astrologia .

PLATO , the Divine Athenian Philosopher , travelled into Egypt , under pr●…tence 420. of selling Oyl , but indeed to fetch from thence a far more noble Merchandise , Astronomy ; informing himself by their Priests of the Celestial motions ; and hath , in his Timaeus , Epinomis , and other his Dialogues , left sufficient testimonies of his improved knowledge , treating therein of several Parts of Astronomy , and particularly of the Celestial System .

THEAETETUS ATHENIENSIS , Disciple to Socrates , and a familiar 410. Friend of Plato's , a Philosopher and Astrologer , as Suidas affirms , who yet gives us no account of any Writings of his in Astronomy .

HERMES AEGYPTIUS , Disciple to Plato , writ De Sole ; De Imaginibus 410. Martis ; De Imaginibus Iovis ; De Imaginibus Saturni ; De Septem Annulis Planetarum ; De Medicinis & Conjunctionibus Planetarum . To him likewise is attributed the Book , De duodecim Herbis duodecim Signis attributis , & aliis her●…is septem Stellis dicatis ; as Simler . in Biblioth. Gesner .

ARCHYTAS TARENTINUS , a noble Pythagorean Philosopher , Mathematician , 405. and Cosmographer , whom Horace calls

— Maris ac Terrae , numeróque carentis Arenae Mensorem . —

He wrote several Works ( though none of them have been so happy as to escape the injury of Time ) both Physical , Moral , and Mathematical ; particularly ( to instance only what is pertinent to our subject ) a Tractate , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , De Universo , cited by Simplicius in Aristot. Categ . as noted by Meursius , in Hesych . De viris illustribus .

HELICON CYZICENUS , a familiar Friend of Plato's , and an eminent 404. Astronomer , who having foretold to Dionysius the Tyrant an Eclipse of the Sun ( which hapned at Athens 3 0 Sept. feria 6 ta hora 9. ¼ post mediam Noctem ) was , for that , rewarded by him with a Talent of Silver .

PHILOSOPHUS , one of Plato's Disciples , so called by his proper name , 390. wrote of Eclipses , of the distance and magnitude of the Sun , Moon , the Earth , and the other Planets , as also of Lightnings , and several other Pieces , mentioned by Suidas . Gesner is of opinion , his name might be corrupted , and that it ought to be read Philippus Opuntius .

EUDOXUS CNIDIUS , the Son of Aeschines , instructed by Archytas , in 368. Geometry ; in Physick , by Philistio , the Sicilian ; in Philosophy , by Plato ; travelled into Egypt , and of the Priests there learned the proper motions of the Planets , which he first communicated to his Countrymen the Greeks . He wrote De Mundo , De Coelestibus , De Phaenomenis , Astrological Fasti , with Prognosticks . He reformed the Octa●…teris of Harpalus , and introduced a new one of his own ; of which yet others make Dositheus the Authour . He wrote likewise an Astronomical Poem , as Suidas affirms . But his two most celebrated Pieces were his 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 seu Speculum , & 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , sive Apparentium , as Hipparchus ( in Arataeis ▪ ) witnessess . He is reported to have been so greatly enflamed with the love of Astronomy , ●…NI ANTE CHRISTUM . that he usually professed he would willingly ( as the Poets fable of Phaeton ) perish by the scorching beams of the Sun , provided he might first approach so near it , as clearly to discern its Figure and Magnitude . G. Voss.

XENOCRATES CHALCEDONIUS , a Platonick Philosopher , writ , 366. among divers other Works , one Book , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , De Intervallis , and six Books , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , De his quae circa Astrologiam versantur , as Laertius in his Life . There is likewise a Piece under his Name , De Influentia Planetarum in Corpora ; mentioned by Iac. Phil. Thomasinus among the MS. of Io. Rhodius ( in Bibliothec. Patavin . )

DEMOPHILUS , son of Ephorus , according to Gesner , writ certain Pieces , 360. called Astronomica ; And his Apotelesmata , as Labbeé reports , are in the French King's Library .

CALIPPUS CYZICENUS , an eminent Philosopher , of whose Systeme 350. of the Celestial Sphere Aristotle makes mention , in his Metaphysicks . He was Authour of a Luni-Solar Cycle of LXXVI . years , consisting of four Metonick Cycles reformed .

ARISTOTLE , besides his other learned Works in Philosophy , hath left 340. several testimonies of his study in Astronomy , particularly in his Book De Coelo . He left likewise a Book entitled 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , as Diog. Laertius testifies in his life . There is likewise a Treatise under his Name , De Astrologia Navali , extant in MS. in Bibliothec . Sancti Ioannis in Viridario Patav. as Thomasinus in Bibliothec. Patavin . attests .

THEOPHRASTUS , of Evessus in Lesbos , a great Philosopher , Disciple 322. and Successour to Aristotle in the Lycaeum , wrote six Books of Astrological History , and particularly of Democritus's Astrology .

EUDEMUS of Rhodes , one of Aristotle's Disciples , in emulation of Theophrastus , 322. wrote likewise some Astrological Histories , in which he described the Lives and Inventions of divers Astrologers and Astronomers , together with the Original and Progress of Astronomy , as Clemens Alexandrinus , and Laertius affirm ; and from them Ionsius , lib. 1. cap. 15. De Script . Histor. Philosoph .

ARISTYLLUS was Contemporary with Calippus , and , together with Timochares , 300. observed the Declinations of the Fixed Stars mentioned by Ptolemy in Magn. Construct . as also in the Greek Prolegomena to Aratus , where we find several others of the name famous for Astronomy .

AUTOLYCHUS PRYTANAEUS , Tutour to Arcesilaus , left two 300. Books , yet extant ; the one , De Sphaera Mobili , the other , Of the Rising and Setting of the Fixed Stars , some parts whereof are translated by G. Valla. The former published by Mersennus according to the Translation of Maurolycus , and the Propositions illustrated , in Synops. Mathemat .

TIMOCHARES the Astronomer , ( as may be collected out of Ptolemy's 294. Almagest . lib. 7. c. 2 , & 3. ) observed the Fixed Stars , and particularly , one of the eight Stars in the Constellation of Lyra ; mentioned by Theon upon Aratus .

MANETHO , an Egyptian Priest at Heliopolis , and Notarius Sacrorum Penetralium 282. per Aegyptum , writ Physiologica Apotelesmatica , in Verse , and other Astronomical Pieces , as Suidas attests , and may be proved from this Verse of 〈◊〉 . ANNI ANTE CHRISTUM .

— Arati numeros , & picta Manethonis Astra .

His Apotelesmaticks are reported to be yet extant in the Florentine Library , by Simler . in Biblioth. Gesner .

ERACUS ASTRONOMUS is said to have written something in 280. Astronomy , about the time of Ptolemaeus Philadelphus , as Gesner testifies .

ARISTARCHUS SAMIUS , following the Opinion of Pythagoras and 280. Philolaus , maintained the Earth to move about the Sun . He wrote a particular Treatise of the Distances and Magnitudes of the Sun and Moon , yet extant , translated and commented upon by Commandinus , with some Explications of Pappus Alexandrinus , and animadverted by Mr. Forster , in his Miscellanies . There is another Piece which goes under his Name , of the Mundane Systeme , its parts , and motions , published in Latine by Robervalle , and Mersennus in his Mathematical Synopsis . But the same , by Menagius , ( in Diog. Laert. ) and Descartes , in his Epistles , is censured as a supposititious Piece of Robervalle's , and not the genuine Work of Aristarchus .

ARATUS SOLENSIS , at the Command of Antigonus Gonatas , turned 280. into a Greek Poem the Phaenomena of Eudoxus , translated into Latine Verse by Cicero , Germanicus Caesar , and Avienus , and commented upon , by the several Commentatours hereafter mentioned , as they are cited at the end of the Prolegomena in the Edition of Iunta , in folio .

AGESIANAX , ALEXANDER AETOLUS , by Strabo likewise reckoned , inter Homeri Interpretes . ALEXANDER EPHESIUS , ( of whom hereafter more particularly . ) ANTIGONUS GRAMMATICUS , APOLLONIUS GRAMMATICUS , APOLLONIUS GEOMETRA , ARISTARCUS GRAMMATICUS , ARISTARCHUS SAMIUS , ARISTOPHANES , ARISTYLLUS GEOMETRA Major , ARISTYLLUS GEOMETRA Minor , ATTALUS RHODIUS , BOETHUS , CALLIMACHUS CYRENAEUS , CALLISTRATUS TENEDIUS , CRATES , DIDYMUS GNIDIUS , DIDYMUS PONEROS , five Laboriosus . DIODOTUS , perhaps the same with him mentioned by Alexander Aphrodisaeus in the first Book of his Commentaries in Meteor . Aristot. by whom he is stiled a most learned Astrologer . EVAENETUS , HELIODORUS STOICUS , HERMIPPUS , NUMENIUS GRAMMATICUS , PARMENIDES , PARMENISCUS GRAMMATICUS , mentioned by Hyginus and Pliny . PYRRHUS MAGNESIUS , SMINTHES , THALES , TIMOTHEUS , ZENO .

There are some few others who have likewise commented upon Aratus , the Mention of whom the Reader will find elsewhere in this Catalogue .

ERATOSTHENES , a Native of Cyrene , succeeded DEMETRIUS 270. PHALEREUS in the charge of the Alexandrian Library . He wrote 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , being a Comment on the several Asterisms of Aratus , lately printed ; ( perhaps the same with that Piece which is cited under the Title of Astronomica , by Suidas , Plutarch . de Placit . Philosoph . Hipparchus , Ptolemy , and Proclus in Timaeum ) Of the Zones , and of the measure of the Terrestrial Globe . He caused likewise several Armillae , and other Mathematical Instruments to be placed in a publick Portico , at Alexandria , for observation of the Celestial Motions . He was a most skilful 〈…〉 Geometer , and writ a Treatise de Medietatibus , mentioned by Pappus in his Mathematical Collections , not now extant .

BEROSUS , the Chalaean , of whom Iosephus ( l. 1. Antiqu. Iudaic. c. 8. & 270. in l. 1. contra Appian . ) writes , that he was , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , &c. Most celebrious among those conversant in the study of Astronomy , and the Philosophy of the Chaldeans , of which he published Books among the Grecians . He flourished in the time of Antiochus Soter , and hath left it recorded , that , among the Chaldeans , he observed Astronomical Ephemerides of 480. years , inscribed on baked Bricks or Tyles . He is said likewise to have invented divers kinds of Sun-Dyals , and , for the certainty of his Predictions , to have been rewarded by the Athenians with a Statue , having a golden Tongue in its mouth .

APOLLONIUS MYNDIUS , by Seneca ( Natur. Quaest. lib. 7. ) stiled 270. peritissimus inspiciendorum naturalium , travelled into Chaldea , to be instructed in Astronomy , and wrote particularly , De Cometis .

EPIGENES BYZANTINUS , Contemporary and Partner in Study and 270. Travels with Apollonius , by Pliny ( lib. 7. c. 56. ) joyned with Berosus and Critodemus , and reputed to have been an Authour of equal credit with the best , hath left it recorded , that , among the Babylonians , there were found Ephemerides , containing the Observation of the Stars , for the space of 780. years , inscribed in Brick and Tiles . He wrote likewise , as Seneca affirms , Of Comets .

ARCHIMEDES of Syracuse , famous , besides his other Mathematical Works , 270. for his admirable artificial Sphere of Glass , wherein the Motions of the Sun , Moon , and the other Planets were represented , to the astonishment of the Beholders , celebrated by Claudian in a particular Epigram . In his Book entituled 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ( sen Arenarius ) he examines divers Astronomical Hypotheses as to the Distances of the fixed Stars , of the Diameters of the Earth , Sun , Moon , and other Planets , according to the opinions of Aristarchus Samius , Eudoxus , and others of the Ancient Astronomers , being commented upon by Paschasius Hammel , Rivaltus , and Mersennus . The Lemmata of Archimedes recovered out of the Rubbidge of Antiquity were published in M r. Forster's Miscellanies , as likewise by Borellius at the end of the three latter Books of Apollonius .

CONON , an excellent Geometrician and Astronomer collected divers Observations 26●… . made by the Chaldeans , of the Solar and Lunar Eclipses , wrote six Books of Astrology , ( not now extant ) and invented the Constellation called Coma Berenices . Celebrated he is by Pliny and Hyginus :

C. SULPITIUS GALLUS , a Roman Tribune , by his skill in Astronomy , 168. much encouraged the Roman Army in the War against Perses . For when the Souldiers were terrified with the Eclipse of the Moon , by his Oration to them he made it appear , that what they apprehended as a Prodigy , was only the effect of a natural Cause , describing to them the Reasons of the Eclipse ; and so animated the drooping Army with fresh courage , to the attaining of a glorious Victory .

HIPPARCHUS , ( by the Arabs and Eastern Writers called Abrachys ) whom 140. some make a Native of Nice , a City in Bithynia ; others , a Rhodian , Prince of Astronomers in his time . He wrote a Catalogue of the fixed Stars , several Observations of the Aequinoxes , mentioned by Ptolemy ; of the Moon 's monthly motion , according to Latitude ; A Collection of divers Observations of the Chaldeans , touching Eclipses , by him examined and compared . Chalcidius , in Timaeum , cites ANNI ANTE CHRISTUM . a Book of his , De Secessibus atque Intervall is Solis & 〈◊〉 ; which Me●…rsius ( Not. in Chalcid . ) conceives to be the same mentioned by Poppus ( in 5. Syntax . Ptol●… . ) under the title 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. De Magnitudinibus & Distantiis . He hath left likewise ( yet extant ) three Books , by way of Comment upon Aratus , in which he shows Aratus to have taken all from Eudoxus , and to have followed him even in his Errours ; first published from a Manuscript in the Medicaean Library by Petrus Victorius , and since in Greek and Latine , by Dionysius Petavius in Uranolog .

NIGIDIUS FIGULUS wrote a Comment , De Sphaera Graecanica & Barbarica , 86. mentioned by Servius , in Georg. Virgil , whence the Commentatour in Germanici Arat. cites divers particulars .

L. TARUNTIUS FIRMANUS a familiar Friend of Varro's , and a 86. great Astronomer . He calculated the Nativity of Romulus , and the Horoscope of Rome's foundation , and wrote , in Greek , of the Stars . He is mentioned by Cicero and Plutarch , though with some small variety in the writing of his name .

MARCUS VARRO , the most learned of his time among the Romans , 86. wrote of Astronomy , of which Cassiodorus makes mention , in Mathem . Discipl .

GEMINUS , a Native of Rhodes , wrote an Isagoge in Meteora , and in Arati 83. Phaenomena ; out of which Proclus's Sphere is for the most part compiled , published by Petavius , in Uranolog .

POSIDONIUS APAMENSIS SYRUS , a Stoical Philosopher , 60. Disciple , and Successour to Panaetius , observed , at Rhodes , the Star Canopus . He is commended by Cicero , for an Artificial Sphere , by him made , representing the motions of all the Planets . Laërtius mentions a Book of his 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , De Meteoris ; and another 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . And Labbeé , in his Catalogue of Manuscripts , mentions another Piece of his , Of the Original of Comets , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , extant in the French King's Library .

M. TULLIUS CICERO translated the Phaenomena of Aratus into Latine 80. Verse .

THEODOSIUS TRIPOLITA signalized his name by his three Books 52. Sphaericorum , and his twelve Propositions , De Habitationibus , both published by Mersennus , in his Synopsis Mathemat . He wrote likewise De Diebus & Noctibus : and Sceptica capita Astrologica , as cited by Laertius .

JULIUS CAESAR , first of the Roman Emperours , according to the testimony 45. of Pliny , wrote of Astronomy in Greek ; Macrobius affirming likewise , that he left several not unlearned Books of the motions of the Stars , which he derived from the Doctrine of the Egyptians .

SOSIGENES , a famous Astronomer of Alexandria , whose assistance Iulius 45. Caesar made use of , in reforming the Roman year , and reducing it to the course of the Sun , which we yet retain . Of this Argument he writ three Discourses , as Pliny witnesseth , lib. 18. c. 25.

DIONYSIUS AFER , called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Geographus , wrote a Greek Poem ▪ 30. De situ Orbis . He was sent , by Augustus , before his adopted son Caius , into the East , the better to describe to him those Regions and Provinces .

ALEXANDER EPHESIUS , surnamed LYCHNUS , wrore besides 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . his Historical Pieces , an Astronomical Poem of the Heavens , and another of the 30. Description of the Parts of the Earth . He is mentioned by Strabo , lib. 14. and therefore cannot be less ancient than these times . He wrote likewise a Comment , in Arati Phaenomena .

P. OVIDIUS NASO , the most Ingenious of the Latine Poets , besides that 20. he translated Aratus his Phaenomena into Verse , which is lost ; hath leftfix Books , De Fastis Romanorum , yet extant , being a Calendar , describing their Year , Moneths , Festival Days ; together with the rising , and setting of the several Constellations , and the most noted of the fixed Stars ; dedicated by him first to Augustus , afterwards revised in his Exile , and addressed to Germanicus Caesar.

STRABO , the Geographer , hath left us the Description of the World in 20. seventeen Books , wherein there are divers Astronomical Disquisitions .

ARTEMIDORUS COSMOGRAPHUS was Contempora●…y 〈◊〉 20. Strabo , and wrote upon the same Subject .

MARCUS MANILIUS wrote five Books of Astronomicks , ( 〈◊〉 15. Heroicis non contemnendis , sayes Ricciolus , in Chron. Astronom . ) which he dedicated to Augustus Caesar , wherein he comprehended as well the Astronomy , as the Astrology , of the Ancients , according to the Doctrine of the Chaldaeans and Egyptians ; the first of which five Books , treating of the Sphere , is the Subject of our present Undertaking .

The few following Authours , not being reducible to the certain time wherein they flourished , either before or after our Saviour's Nativity , are , for want of authentick Testimony , in this place , ambiguously inserted .

BOLUS MENDESIUS , a Pythagorean Philosopher , wrote ( among other things ) de Signis ex Sole & Luna , & Ursa , & Lucerna , & Arcu Coelesti , as Suidas testifies in voce 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 .

LASBAS BABYLONIUS wrote of Astronomy , in a Book entituled Selech , cited by Iohannes Camaterus , in Opere Astrologico , especially in the Chapter De Canonibus Astrorum , & Sorte Fortunae ; extant in Manuscript , in the hands of my worthy Friend , M r. Thomas Gale .

ZEUCHRUS , or TEUCHRUS , or TEUCER BABYLONIUS , by Scaliger , in Manilium , and Salmasius , De Annis Climactericis , stiled an ancient Authour , wrote , De Decanis Signorum ; some Fragments of his , according to Labbeé , being extant in the French King's Library .

ALBU-BATUR is , by Iunctinus , placed in the Catalogue of Astronomers about the 500. year before Christ ; he writ De Nativitatibus , Printed at Noremberg by Iohannes Petreius , in the Year 1540 , but wanting good Authority to confirm the Time wherein he flourished , We have rather inserted him in this Place .

PAPYRIUS FABIANUS , is mentioned by Pliny in several places of his Natural History , out of whose Works he has made frequent Citations , upon several arguments and occasions , being by him stiled Astrologus & Physicus , upon which score we have given him a place in this Catalogue .

DOROTHEUS SIDONIUS wrote an Apotelesmatick Poem , as ci●…ed ANNI ANTE CHRISTUM . by Athen●…us , of which little or nothing is now extant , except what is pre●…ed in the Excerpta , mentioned in Labbeé's Bibliotheca . Simler ( in Biblioth. Ges●… ) will have Manilius to have followed aud imitated him , in his Astronomical Poem ; S●…aliger , ( in Manilium ) and Vossius , affirming the like to have been done by Omar , Messalah , and Alchabitius in their Astrological Tractates . Iulius Firmicus gives this Character of him , that he was Vir prudentissimus qui Apotelesmata veri●… & disertissimis versibus scripsit . I find likewise in Iames's Eclog. Oxon. Cant. a P●…ce under the name of Dorotheus , De esse Solis in Domibus Planetarum . But whether that Authour be the same with this Dorotheus , is altogether uncertain .

CRITON NAXIUS writ an Octaeteris , which some ( sayes Suidas ) will have to be that of Eudoxus . Gesner writes thus of him ; Ha●…a dubio est Criton Astronomus , cujus Plinius meminit , lib. 18. c. 31.

ANTIMACHUS HELIOPOLITANUS Aegyptius is by Suidas said to have written 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Mundi fabricationem , in a Poem of 3780. Verses .

SPORUS NICENUS wrote a Comment upon Aratus's Phaenomena . He is mentioned in the Isagoge of Leontius Mechanicus .

LEONTIUS MECHANICUS wrote 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Printed , inter Astronomica Veterum Scripta Isagogica Graeca & Latina , Ex Officinà St. Andraeana , 1589.

DIONYSIUS CORINTHIUS writ a Treatise of Meteorologicks , 〈◊〉 Suidas affirms .

LASUS MAGNES , in the Life of Aratus , MONOPHANTUS , by Thèon , upon Aratus , and PHILIPPUS , by Hipparchus , in his Exegesis , are mentioned for Astronomers ; as is likewise MNESISTRATUS , by Censorinus .

ANTIOCHUS wrote in Greek Thesauri Apotelesmatum , distinguished into 107. Chapters , extant at Rome in the Vaticane Library , as Simler , in Bibl. Gesner ▪ affirms . He is mentioned more than once by Firmicus .

DOSITHEUS ASTROLOGUS is mentioned by Pliny , lib. 18. c. 31. to have written Of the Rising and Setting of the Stars .

JULIANUS LAODICENSIS PHILOSOPHUS , wrote 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , as Gesner affirms .

BELINUS , a Greek Authour , seemeth to have written on this Argument , as the Title of his Book , De judiciis Futurorum , and De Imaginibus , imply . See Gesner , and something of him now extant in his Majesty's Library at St. Iames's .

GEZ , perhaps GESSIUS , a Greek Authour , wrote Libros Imaginum , Et De Stationibus , Et De Imaginibus Veneris , as Gesner testifies ; if yet those Treatise●… may not be Philological , rather than Astrological .

APOMASARIS Apotelesmata , with some other Authours of that kind , are extant in the Vaticane Library , and in that of Ausburg , as Simler affirms , in Biblioth ▪ Gesner .

HELICONIUS , according to the testimony of Suidas , writ 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 i. e. De Syderum & Tempestatum Effectis , Et De Aeris Signis .

DEMETRIUS TRICLINIUS writ De Schematismis Lunae , & Macula in ejus facie , extant in the French King's Library ; to whom is likewise ascribed that Greek Poem , De Sphaera , attributed to Empedocles , and for such translated into Latine , and published by Q. Sept. Florens Christianus . Simler in Bibl. Gesner . asc●…ibes to him another Work , under the Title of Inventum Astronomicum , written in Greek .

POLEMON ATHENIENSIS , supposed the same with Him who was Disciple to Xeno●…rates , writ a Book de Interpretatione Naturae Signorum , translated into ●…atine by Nicholaus Petreius Cor●…yraeus , and Printed at Venice , apud Gryphium 1552. cum al●…is quibusdam , as Simler , in Epitome Bibl. Gesner . testifies .

EUTHYMIUS writ , in Greek , a Synopsis of Astronomy , or as Simler entitles it , De Sphaera , extant in the French King's Library .

DION NICAENUS writ De Septem Planetis .

GIAPHAR ASTROLOGUS wrote a Book which he entituled Major Introductorius . He wrote likewise a Book of Commentaries , and another , of Experiments , mentioned by Gesner .

CAUDAS ASTROLOGUS wrote Nine Books de Annulis Astronomicis , a Book de Tribus figuris Spirituum , and another de figura Almandal . as Simler , from the Authority of Guil. Pastregicus , de Originibus Rerum , affirms .

ASTRONOMERS after our SAVIOUR's Nativity . ANNI POST CHRISTUM .

MODERATUS COLUMELLA , De Re Rustica , hath left an Astrological 10. Calendar ; with Prognosticks .

THRASYLLUS , Native of Mendes , a City of Egypt , multarum Artium scientiam 14. professus ( sayes the old Scholiast of Iuvenal ) prostremò se dedit Platonicae Sectae , ac deinde Mathesi , quâ praecipuè viguit apud Tiberium . By Mathesi , is to be understood chiefly Astronomy , or rather Astrology , according to the Doctrine of the Chald●…ns , in which he instructed Tiberius . He wrote likewise Of Musick ; out of which Porphyry , upon Ptolemy's Harmonica , and Theon Smyrnaeus cite some Pieces . See more of him in Paganinus Gaudentius , De Philosophia apud Romanos , cap. 54. and V●…ssius de Histor. Graec. l 4. c. 16.

TIBERIUS CAESAR , the Emperour , was skilful in Astronomy and 14. Astrology , instructed therein by Thrasyllus , quem ut Sapientiae Professorem contubernio adm●…verat , sayes Suetenius , especially during his recess or exile at Rhodes . He had the luck to predict many future Events , particularly to foretel , by inspecting Galba's Nativity , that he should one day be Emperour ; which he declared ( Galba being then but a Youth ) in these words , Et tu , Galba , quandoque degustabis Imperium , as Tacitus relates it , though Suetonius and others apply it to Augustus . He is also reported to have had always by him the Genitures of all his Nobility , and that according as he found his own or the Kingdom 's Horoscope to be well or ill looked upon by theirs , so he let them stand , or cut them off by Legislative Astrology ; to use the expression of the famous M r. Gregory .

GERMANICUS CAESAR , that excellent Prince , translated 〈◊〉 h●… ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Phaenomena into Latine Verse yet extant . 15.

CHAEREMON , a Philosopher of the Stoical Sect , by birth an Egypti●… . 25. Master to Dionysius Alexandrinus ; wrote of the Egyptian Astrology , as we find by the mention made of him in Iamblichus , De Mysteriis , Aegypt . although both the Latine Translatours mistook his Name . He wrote also De Cometis , as Origen and Seneca testifie , the latter of whom calls him Charimander , and not Chaeremon , which G. Vossius conceives to be a mistake in the Text. He is mentioned by Strabo ( ●…ib . 17. ) to have attended Aelius Gallus in a Voyage from Alexandria up into Egypt , whence we may conclude him to have flourished , about the latter end of Augustus , or beginning of Tiberius's Reign .

DIONYSIUS AREOPAGITA may justly be admitted into the number 34. of Astronomers , since it is reported of him , that , at Helipolis in Egypt , together with Apollophanes , he observed that miraculous Defection of the Sun , at the time of our Saviour's Passion : Whereupon he broke out into this Exclamation , Aut Deus Naturae patitur , aut Mundi machina dissolvitur . He was afterwards converted to the Christian Faith , for which he died a Venerable Martyr , being aged above one hundred years .

JULIUS HYGINUS , whom some would have to be the Freed-man of 34. Augustus , others , with more probability , of Severus and Antoninus , or of Iulia Severa the Empress , wrote the Astronomicum Poeticum , De Mundi & Sphaerae partibus , and the Fables of the several Asterisms , yet extant .

SENECA , the Philosopher , occasionally intermingles in divers of his Writings 50. several Astronomical Dissertations , and , in the seventh Book of his Natural Questions , hath expresly written of Comets .

ANDROMACHUS CRETENSIS was Physician to Nero , and about 60. the latter end of his Reign wrote ( as it is affirmed by Lucas Gauricus , and Clavius , in Sacroboscum ) the first of any touching the Theory of the Planets ; His Writing●… are much commended by Galen .

PLINY the Elder , in the second Book of his Natural History , hath written many 80. things touching the Celestial Bodies .

JARCHAS Prince of the Brachmannes was a famous Astronomer according 90. to the Testimony of St. Ierome ad Paulinum , whose Words are These , Apoll●… ( whether the Magician as vulgarly reputed , or the Philosopher according to the Tr●…dition of the Pythagoreans ) went to the Brachmannes that he might hear Jarchas fitting on a Throne of Gold , and discoursing of the daily Revolution and Motion of the Stars . Damis likewise reports that the said Iarchas gave to Apollonius seven Rings inscribed with the Names of the seven Planets , which he was to wear successively every Day One. See Rantzov . in Catalog . Astrol.

APOLLONIUS TYANAEUS wrote four Books , de Divinatione Astrologica , 90. as Philostratus relates in his Life , though none of them be now extant .

PLUTARCHUS CHAERONENSIS , in his Book , De facie in Or●…e 90. Lunae , and in his Work , De Placitis Philosophorum , hath shown himself studious and skilful in Astronomy .

MENELAUS , a most eminent Mathematician and Astronomer , was an Observer ANNI POST CHRISTUM . of the Stars for a long time , both at Rhodes and at Rome . He hath left Three 91. Books Sphaericorum , published by Mersennus , in his Synopsis Mathemat .

AGRIPPA , the Mathematician , observed ( as it is reported by Ptolemy 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . ) 92. the Conjunction of the Moon with the Pleiades , happening Anno Nabonassar . 840. Nov. 29.

ASCLETARION was an Astrologer in the time of Domitian , whose 95. fate he had predicted ; for which being questioned and avowing the Prediction , he was asked by the Emperour what his own fate would be ? To which he confidently reply'd , that he should be torn in pieces by Dogs . Whereupon Domitian commanded that he should be immediately slain , and carefully buried , that the vanity of his Art might appear : But a sudden and violent tempest happening at the enterment of him , his body was deserted , and the Dogs came and tore it in pieces . See Sueton. in Domit.

HADRIANUS the Emperour was singularly well skill'd in Astronomy , and 120. particularly in Judiciary Astrology , according to the Testimony of Aelius Spartianus in his Life , who affirms that he used yearly in the Evening of the Calends of Ianuary to calculate what ever should happen to him for the whole year following . And in the Life of Verus , His Successour , he gives us this further Testimony , which take in his own Words : Fuisse Adrianum peritum Matheseôs , Marius Maximus usque adeò demonstrat , ut eum dicat cuncta de se scîsse , sic , ut omnium dierum usque ad horam mortis futuros actus antè perscripserit .

AQUILA PONTICUS was a learned Mathematician of Synope , first a 130. Christian , but afterwards , by the Church , for his too great adherence to Judiciary Astrology , excommunicated ; whereupon he became a Iewish Proselyte , and translated the Old Testament ( though not very sincerely ) into Greek .

THEON ALEXANDRINUS Senior ( whom some would have to be 132. the same with that Theon Smyrnaeus , who wrote in Mathematica Platonis , published by Bulialdus ) made several Observations of the Planet Venus in the sixteenth year of the Emperour Hadrian , mentioned by Ptolemy cap. 10. Almagest . In the Library at Ausbourg , there is extant a Tractate of his 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 .

PHLEGON TRALLIANUS , the Freed-man of Hadrian the Emperour , 134. among other his Works , wrote De Olympiadibus , in which , according to the testimonies of Origen and Eusebius , he made a Chronological remark on the obscuration of the Sun , which happened at the time of our Saviour's Passion .

CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS a Native of Pelusium , descended as some 135. would have it of the Royal Race of the Ptolemies Kings of Egypt ; The Prince in his Time of Astronomers , Geographers , and Astrologers ; His Principal Works being eight Books of Geography , thirteen Books , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , commonly called Almagestum ; 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , seu Quadripartita Syntaxis de judiciis Astrorum ; And Parapegma de Apparentiis & Significationibus Inerrantium Stellarum , de Analemmate , &c. there are likewise ascribed to him 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. faciles & expediti , upon which Theon Alexandrinus Iun. is reported to have commented , or rather ( as Golius in Alferganum from the Authority of Keusian Gilaeus notes ) to have composed himself , and to have given them the Title of Canones Ptolemaici , because computed according to the Hypotheses of Ptolemy .

SEXTUS EMPIRICUS , Nephew to Plutarch the Philosopher , in his ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Hypotyp . Pyrrhon . writes sharply against Iudiciary Astrology . 135.

HEPHAESTION THEBANUS wrote de Configurationibus Stellarum , 140. as cited by Salmasius , De Annis Climactericis , and others . Of whom divers Excerpta , De duodecim Zodiaci Signis & eorum Effectibus , are published by Camerarius , in Greek and Latine , amongst his Astrological Collections Printed at Norimberg . Of this Authour also three Books 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 are , by Simler , affirmed to be yet extant , in Bibliotheca Strozzae .

CLAUDIUS GALENUS Native of Pergamus in Asia , the most famous 140. Physician of his time , in which Function he served three Roman Emperours , Adrianus , Lucius Verus , and Antoninus Pius . That he was learned in Astronomy and Astrology appears by his Books , de Diebus Decretoriis , his Epid. and his Mathemat . His Father likewise being well skilled therein , for thus ( according to the Testimony of Antonius Fumanellus cited by Rantzovius in Catalog . Astronom . ) he writes of Him . Pater Meus Optimus fuit Mathematicus , Exercitatus quandoque in Geometria , Arithmetica , Architectura , & Astronomia .

APULEIUS ( if the Piece bearing his name be genuine ) wrote De Sphaera , 160. now extant , with other Astronomical Tractates , amongst the Manuscripts in the Library at Westminster , and in that of Nicholaus Trivisanus of Padua , as cited by Thomasinus in Bibliothec. Patavin . under this Title , Sphaera Apuleii Platonici .

LUCIAN the Philosopher , a Native of Samosata ( at this Day Scempsat ) a 171. City in Syria , in the Province of Comagene , the facete Authour of the Ingenious Dialogues , wrote a Particular Treatise of Astrology , or Astronomy , setting forth it 's Original , Antiquity , and Excellency . In which Dissertation , and in his Saturnalia , Bourdelotius affirms he hath inserted many things taken from our Manilius .

ANDRUZAGAR , an Arabian Astrologer , is said to have flourished about 230. this time , by Iunctinus , in his Catalogue .

CENSORINUS , in his Book de Die Natali , hath written divers things 238. touching the Harmonical Systeme of the Heavens .

ANATOLIUS ALEXANDRINUS , Bishop of Laodicea , in Syria , is 283. mentioned by St. Hierome in his Book De Scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis , to have been well skilled in Astronomy .

RABBI ADDA , about the end of Dioclesian's , or beginning of Constantius's 298. Reign , composed an Hebrew Calendar , and Rules for finding out the Tekupha's , or revolution of the Equinoxes .

JULIUS MATERNUS FIRMICUS , a Sicilian , about this time 314. wrote eight Books Astronomicôn , containing Astrological Precepts , which , like an ungrateful Plagiary , he transcribed for the most part out of Manilius , without making the least mention of his name .

VETTIUS VALENS , of Antioch , by some called Vestius Valens , a famous 320. Astronomer , or rather Astrologer of the same time , who calculated , for Constantine the Great , the fate of New Rome's Foundation , as L. Taruntius had done that of Old Rome ; by G. Vossius conceived to be the same with him , of whose Works some Pieces are published by Ioachimus Camerarius , In Astrologicis Veterum opusculis , Edit. Norimberg . Anno 1532. His Anthologia is now intended for the Press , at 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Paris , by the care , as I am informed , of Mons. Huetius .

PORPHYRIUS , a famous Platonist , but bitter Enemy to Christianity , wrote 325. an Isagoge of Astronomy in three Books , as Suidas testifies . His Isagoge to Ptolemy's Apotelesmatice , is also here to be mentioned ; Printed at Basil.

MARIUS VICTORINUS AFER , Master to St. Ierome , among many 340. other Works translated Porphyrius his Astronomical Isagoge , into Latine , yet extant with the Comment of Boetius thereupon , as Gesner affirms .

THEON ALEXANDRINUS Iunior , a Philosopher , contemporary to 36●… . Pappus , and an excellent Mathematician . He observed an Eclipse of the Sun in the year of Nabonassar 1112. and besides other Mathematical Tractates , wrote ( according to Suidas ) De ortu Caniculae , Canonem expeditum in Ptolemaeum , a Commentary in parvum Astrolabium , and upon Ptolemy's Almagest , in eleven Books first published at Basile , by Ioachimus Camerarius , according to the Greek Manuscript , brought into Italy by Cardinal Bessarion , and from thence into Germany , by Regiomontanus ; as also upon Aratus's Phaenomena , this last lately Printed at the Theater in Oxford ; but upon no account so famous , as that of being Father to the excellent HYPATIA .

ABYDAS ASTRONOMUS is mentioned by Epiphanius ; against whom 375. Bardesanes the Syrian ( in his Book de fato ) writ , who flourished in the time of Antoninus Verus .

PAULUS ALEXANDRINUS wrote an Astronomical Isagoge , or Introduction ; 378. perhaps the same whom G. Vossius calls Paulus the Philosopher , who wrote likewise Apotelesmatica , sive , de Effectibus Syderum , Published by Rantzovius .

MACROBIUS-AMBROSIUS-AURELIUS-THEODOSIUS , 390. Consul of Rome , born at Parma , contemporary with Symmachus , wrote two Books , De Somnio Scipion●…s , wherein he handles divers Astronomical Arguments , as he does likewise in his Saturnalia .

CLEOMEDES , a learned Astronomer and Philosopher of the Stoical Sect , 390. wrote two Books 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. De Contemplatione Orbium Coelestium , first published , in Greek , by Conradus Neobarius , afterwards translated into Latine , by 〈◊〉 Valla , and commented upon by Robertus Balforeus , Printed at Bourde●… ●…05 . 4o .

SEXTUS AVIENUS RUFUS , an elegant Poet , by birth a Spaniard , 395. 〈◊〉 the Phaenomena of Aratus into Latine Heroick Verse , and likewise paraphrased Dionysius Afer , De Situ Orbis , and wrote , in Iambicks , De Oris Maritimis .

FLAVIUS MANLIUS , or MANLIUS THEODORUS , Consul ●…99 . of Rome is celebrated for his great Erudition , having written several Pieces both in Philosophy and Mathematicks , particularly in Astronomy , as may appear by that elegant Panegyrick Poem written in praise of him , by Claudian ; whence we have taken these following Verses to shew his Indeavours on that Subject .

— Elementa doces , sempérque fluentis Materiae causas ; quae vis animaverit Astra , Implêritque choros : quo vivit Machina Motu . Sidera cur septem retrò nitantur in Ortus ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Obluctata Polo , variisque meatibus idem Arbiter , an geminae convertant Aethera Mentes .

But the Injury of Time hath not left us any Remains of these his curious and learned Labours .

PAPPUS ALEXANDRINUS , besides other his Mathematical 400. Works , wrote a Comment upon Ptolemy's Almagest , and in his sixth Book of Mathematical Collections hath left some Explications , In Aristarchum Samium , De Magnitudinibus & Distantiis Solis & Lunae , yet extant , and translated by Commandinus ; published at Pesaro , 1572. and likewise to be found in M r. Foster's Miscellanies .

HYPATIA , Daughter to Theon Alexandrinus Iunior , and Wife to Isidorus 400. the Philosopher , which name she her self more justly merited , as being eminently learned in the Mathematicks and Philosophy , which she publickly professed and taught , till by the barbarous Christians , or Monsters rather , of Alexandria , out of meer envy for her admirable skill in Astronomy , and other Mathematical Learning , she was most inhumanely murthered and torn to pieces , in the very Cathedral Church . She wrote ( besides a Comment upon Diophantus , and another upon Apollonius's Conicks ) an Astronomical Canon , as both Hesychius and Suidas affirm .

About this Time flourished two Aegyptian Monks ; ANIANUS , who , after 400. the Example of Eusebius , writ a Chronological Work ; and PANODORUS , who to his skill in Chronology added the Knowledge of Astronomy . Out of the Fragments of which last Syncellus hath excerpted many things , as Scaliger likewise , in his Eusebian Animadversions .

SYNESIUS , first a Heathen Philosopher , afterwards a Christian , and Bishop of 410. Cyrene , writ , among other his Works , De Instrumentis Astronomicis , being a Discourse occasioned by his presenting Paeonius with an Astrolabe , and is extant in his Majesty's Library at St. Iames's . There are also extant divers Epistles of his to the before mentioned Hypatia , with this direction , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 .

AETIUS AMIDENUS ( Comes & Medicus , sayes Ricciolus ) wrote Hemerologium , 434. De Significationibus Stellarum , translated first out of Greek into Latine , by Cornarius , and since published by Petavius , Uranolog . pag. 421.

S. CYRILLUS , Bishop of Alexandria ; besides other Works of his , wrote 437. De Cyclo Paschali , mentioned by Sigebertus Gemblacensis , in Chron.

BACHARIUS MACCAEUS , a Britain , Disciple of St. Patrick , Published 460. a Book , De Prognosticis Nativitatum , according to Balaeus .

S. PROSPER AQUITANUS , Bishop of Rhegium , composed a Paschal 466. Cycle , consisting of 532. years .

VICTORINUS AQUITANUS , whom G. Vossius conceives to be more 467. truly called Victorius , composed a Paschal Cycle , being by Pope Hilarius , for his eminent skill in Astronomy , invited to Rome , to undertake the correction of the Calendar . Yet his Paschal Cycle seems to have been not long after reformed by Victor , Bishop of Capua , who likewise wrote on the same Subject .

THEODORET , Bishop of Cyrus , is by Iunctinus , in his Catalogue , put ANNI POS●… CHRISTUM . into the number of Astronomers , as also by Ricciolus , in Chron. part. 2. 469.

MAUGANTIUS , a Britain by extraction , a famous Philosopher , and Mathematician , 470. in the time of Vortigerne , to whom he was principal Physician , as Geoffry of Monmouth reports . He studied in the City of Chester , in which at that time Astronomy , and all other Arts flourished , and , from the diligent observation of the course of the Stars , and Planets , became more eminently learned in Astrology , than any of his time . He calculated the prodigious conception of Merlin , and wrote De Magia Naturali .

AMBROSIUS MERLINUS , a Britain , in the time of King Vortigern , 480. was famous for his admirable skill in Astronomy and Astrology , of whom Balaeus thus writes ; Merlinus in Urbe Legionum ( Caerlleon ) studiis diligenter in●…ubuit , & eruditis Artibus & literis operam dedit , Magiae potissimùm Naturali . Unde Astronomiae tandem peritissimus futura praedixit multa , quibus sequenti saeculo mirabilem se praebuit . He wrote a particular Treatise of a certain Comet , which appeared in his time , as Balaeus testifies , and a Book of obscure Predictions translated into Latine by Geoffry Monmouth , as Gesner affirms .

CARPUS ANTIOCHENUS wrote 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Rei Astronomicae 490. libros ; of which Proclus , in primum Euclidis , mak●…s mention . To him Mr. Selden ascribes the Books commonly entituled Ptolemaei Centiloqutum . Vid. Selden . de Diis Syr. Syntagm. 1. seu de Teraphim .

CASSIODORUS , a Person of Consular dignity , and honoured with the 490. most eminent Charges of State in the time of Anastasius the Emperour and Theodoricus King of the Goths , afterwards a Recluse in the Monastery of Cassina , wrote , amongst other things , Of Astronomy , & De Computo Ecclesiastico .

SIMPLICIUS , a Native of Phrygia , an eminent Platonick Philosopher , and 500. excellent Commentator upon Aristotle , De Coelo , merits to be here mentioned .

MARIANUS , Marci Causidici F. wrote a Metaphrasis of Aratus , in MCCCXL . 500. Iambicks . He lived in the time of Anastasius the Emperour . See Simler in Bibl. Gesner .

THIUS ATHENIENSIS wrote seven Books of Observations of the 500. mean Motions of the Stars , so much the more acceptable ( sayes G. Vossius de Scient. Mathem . ) in regard that from Ptolemy's time unto that of Albategnius , there are not any Observations of the Celestial motions extant . These , transcribed from a Manuscript in the King of France's Library , were first published by Bulialdus , at Paris , Anno 1645.

PROCLUS LYCIUS , a Platonick Philosopher , surnamed DIADOCHUS , 500. Disciple to Magnus Syrianus , taught for a long time at Athens , and writ a Comment upon the first Book of Euclid ; Of the Sphere , ( being for the most part an Epitome of Geminus ; ) Of the Astrolabe and Astronomical Hypotheses , ( being a Compendium of Ptolemy's Almagest . ) There was another Proclus surnamed Siccensis , who was Master , or Tutor , to M. Antoninus the Emperour , confounded by some with this Proclus Diadochus ; but without all reason . For Diadochus flourished not till the Reign of Anastasius , being 300. years after Siccensis . Ricciolus conceives this Proclus Diadochus to be the same with Proclus the famous Mathematician , who as Zonaras ( part . 3. Annal. ) reports , made , in imitation of Archimedes , Burning-Glasses , with which he fired Vitalianus his Fleet , at the Siege of Constantinople , and ANNI POST CHRISTUM . was employed by Anastasius the Emperour , as Interpreter of his Dreams .

MARINUS NEAPOLITANUS , Disciple to Proclus Diadochus , wrote , 500. Praevia ad Phaenomena , and Phaenoménôn Librum singularem , sayes Voss. de Scient. Math. p 166. who yet doubteth whether this be not another Marinus , who writ 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , ad Euclidem .

JOANNNES LAURENTIUS PHILADELPHENSIS LYDUS , 500. wrote in the time of Iustinian the Emperour , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , de Mensibus , with other Mathematical Tractates , mentioned by Photius , and Suidas , yet extant in MS. in the Library of my honoured and most learned Friend , M r. Isaac Vossius .

DIODORUS MONACHUS , Bishop of Tarsus in Cilicia , wrote ( according 520. to Suidas ) contra Astrologos & Fatum ; he put forth likewise a Book de Sphaera , & septem Zonis , of the Annual Progress of the Stars , and of the Sphere of Hipparchus .

DIONYSIUS EXIGUUS , by birth a Scythian , but a Roman Abbot , 526. wrote a Paschal Cycle , or rather corrected that of Victorinus , or Victorius , as Victorius had done that of Theophilus , and he , that of Cyrillus . This Computus , or Cycle was observed by the Latine Church , until the correction of the Calendar by Pope Gregory XIII . From this Dionysius , the Christians first learnt to reckon their years , from the Nativity of our Saviour , thence called Aera Dionysiana ; whereas before , they reckoned , from the Persecution of Dioclesian .

TRIBONIANUS SIDETES , a Civil Lawyer in the time of Iustinian 550. the Emperour , wrote a Comment upon Ptolemy's Canon , in Verse . He published likewise Concentum Mundanae & Harmonicae Dispositionis ; and another Book , de Planetarum domiciliis , as likewise de Mensium Permutatione , and some other Pieces ; of which Suidas .

PHILIPPUS MEDMAEUS , so called from Medme , a Town of Italy , by 550. Stephanus , in Voce Medme , stil'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which G. Vossius conceives ought to be read , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . for he wrote de Ventis , as they are foreseen or predicted , from the Position of the Stars , or Constitution of the Heavens . He also flourished in the time of Iustinian the Emperour .

PHILOPONUS , surnamed Grammaticus , deserves here to be recorded for his 574. Comment in Astrolabium planum , sive de usu Astrolabii , written in Greek , yet extant in New Colledge , Oxford , and ( as Simler in Bibl. Gesner . adds ) in the French King's Library .

BUZUR-GIUMHUR , an ancient Persian Authour , being one of the Counsellours 580. and Courtiers of Nushirvân King of Persia ( in the 42. year of whose Reign Mahomet the false Prophet was born ) wrote De Quaestionibus Astrologicis .

MARTIANUS FELIX MINAEUS CAPELLA , in his Work , 600. entituled , De Nuptiis Mercurii cum Philologiâ , wrote of Geometry , Arithmetick , Musick , and Astronomy .

ISIDORUS , Bishop of Hispalis , or Sevit , in Spain , Son to Severianus , Duke 636. of Carthage , in his Book , De Originibus , hath inserted a Compendium , or Epitome of all the Mathematicks ; and in his Book , De Mundo ; with the like brevity treated of the Sphere . The Astronomical Poem , ( of which the Fragment is published by Pythaeus ANNI POST CHRISTUM among the Ancient Latine Poets by him set forth ) under the Name of Fulgentius , is by Pythaeus conceiv'd to belong to Isidore , at the End of whose Works it is commonly inserted without any other Name to it ; if yet ( as Pythaeus adds from the Conjecture of a certain Learned Person ) it may not rather be ascribed to Varro Atacinus .

HEMOALDUS , an English man , surnamed PROVIDUS , between 640. whom and Venerable Bede there was great familiarity , to whom he addressed his Book De Rebus Mathematicis , yet extant , as Bede , on the other side , did an Epistle to him , De Ratione Quadrantis Anni , sive , de Bissexto .

THEODORUS MELITENIOTAS , Magnus Sacellarius Magnae 680. Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae , wrote of Astronomy , and particularly upon Ptolemy's Astronomical Syntaxis , or Almagest ; the Proem of which Work from a MS. out of the Library of Mr. Isaac Vossius , Bulialdus lately published , at the end of his learned Comment , upon Ptolemy's 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 .

BEDA , commonly called Venerable Bede , was renouned for his knowledge and 700. study of Astronomy , amongst whose Works there is yet extant , De Argumentis Lunae , De Ephemeride , De Embolismis , De Circulo Decennovennuali , De Cyclo Paschali , De Circulis Sphaerae & Polis , De Planetis & Signis Coelestibus , De Astrolabio , & De Aequinoctio Vernali .

ADELMUS DUROTELLUS , seu BLADUNIUS ( i. e. MALMESBURIENSIS ) 709. Son of Kenred , and Grandchild of Ina , King of the West-Saxons . Bishop of Sherburne , ( now translated to Salisbury ) wrote De Cyclo Paschali , contra Britannos , and De Astrologia , as Balaeus affirms .

FLACCUS ALBINUS , sive ALCUINUS , an English-man , born in 770. York shire , Scholar to Venerable Bede , and Tutour to Charlemaigne , to whom he was sent upon an Embassie by Off a King of the Mercians , and , for his exquisite Learning , invited by Charlemaigne , to continue with him in France ; which he did ; perswading that Prince to erect the University of Paris . He was excellently well skilled in all the Parts of the Mathematicks , which he publickly taught ; and wrote De Septem Artibus Liberalibus , and De Astrologia , as Vossius , De Scient. Mathemat . testifies .

CHARLEMAIGNE , King of France , and Emperour , instructed by Alcuinus 770. aforesaid , became excellently well skilled in the Mathematicks , particularly in Astronomy , insomuch that he wrote Ephemerides , and was extremely delighted in making observations of the Stars . He gave names to the Moneths of the Year , and to the Winds , in High-Dutch , which continue to this Day . He was , by a King of Persia his Contemporary , upon the knowledge he had of his affection to Astronomical Studies , presented with a Piece of Clock-work , showing the motion of ●…he Planets ; which the Emperour being then at Paderborne , in Westphalia , received with no less admiration than pleasure . Vid. Voss. De Scient. Mathem . c. 35.

JOHANNES CAMATERUS , Chamberlain to the Emperour Porphyrogeneta , 790. writ De Genethliis , & Syderum positione , & Astrologiam Chaldaicam , in Verse , now in the Possession of my Learned Friend Mr. Tho. Gale .

ALMAEON , whom some call ALMAMON , the deservedly renouned 827. Califfe of Babylon , ( as Mr. Graves stiles him in his Pyramidograph . ) fifty years before the time of Albategnius , observed the greatest Declination of the Sun to have ANNI POST CHRISTUM . been 23° . ( according to Elancanus and Herigone ) or 23° . and 35′ . ( according to Ricciolus , from the authority of Alfraganus . ) He first commanded Ptolemy's 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 to be translated into Arabick ; which Translation gave that Work the corrupt , but now common name of Almagest . He found by observation and measuring in the Plains of Singar , that one Degree of a great Circle on the Earth is equal to 56. miles . His Astronomical Designs were so acceptable to the Genius of that Nation , that in the Times succeeding , no less than Thirty Kings are said to have emulated his Example ; as is observed by Golius ( notis in Alfergan . )

EGMUNDUS , surnamed ASTROLOGUS , is by Ricciolus put also into 446. the Catalogue of Astronomers about this Time .

MESSHALA ARABS , sive MESSAHULACH , signalized his Name 860. by his Book De Receptionibus , & De Conjunctionibus Planetarum , & De Revolutionibus Annorum Mundi . He wrote likewise , De Elementis & Orbibus Coelestibus ; a third Book , De Ratione Circuli & Stellarum Operationibus ; and another , De Compositione & Utilitate Astrolabii : The first Printed at Venice , Anno 1493. with P●…olemy's Quadripartitum ; The second , at Norimberg , by Montanus and Neuberus ; The third , at Basil , by Hervagius , Anno 1533. And the fourth and last , by Henricus Petri , in Appendice Margaritae Philosophicae .

LEO PHILOSOPHUS writ something in Astrology , yet extant in the 879. French King's Library , as Labbeé testifies , in Catal. MS.

ALBATEGNIUS or trulier ALBATTANIUS ARACENSIS , 880. called likewise MAHUMETES TINEU , vel MAHUMETES ARACENSIS , or ( but mistakenly ) ARACTENSIS , from the City of Arrac , commonly , but corruptly , called Aracta , in Syria , Son of Geber Auchan , Son of Cruen , Prince of Syria , made diligent observations of the Stars , both at Arrac and Antioch : And finding that Ptolemy's Canons in his time dissented much from the course of the Heavens , he made new Tables of his own . He wrote a Book De Scientia Stellarum , first translated out of Arabick into Latine , by Plato Tiburtinus , and illustrated with Annotations , by Io. Regiomontanus . He observed the Sun's greatest Declination to be 23° . 35′ . and the first Star of Aries to be 18° . 2′ . in Longitude from the Equinoctial Point . His Observations were Printed at Norimberg . His Book De Numeris & Scientia Stellarum , according to a Transcript thereof , taken by Lucas Valerius ( Publick Professour of Mathematicks at Rome ) out of the Vati●…an Library , was reprinted more correctly in Latine at Bologna in the year 1645. and dedicated by Bernardinus Ugulottus to Ferdinand the second Grand Duke of Tuscany .

ACHILLES TATIUS wrote a Book De Sphaera , as Suidas affirms , part of 890. which G. Vossius conceives to be his Commentary in Aratum , Published in Greek and Latine , by Petavius , in Uranolog .

MOHAMMED IBN ZACHARIAE AL RAZI wrote many 930. Books in several Sciences , and among the rest , a Particular Astronomical Treatise , as I find it mentioned in the Catalogue of Golius his Manuscripts . He died in the year of the Hegira 320. of Christ 932.

ABDORRAHMAN AL-SUPHI , commonly ( but corruptly ) called 936. AZOPHI , or ELZUPHI , or EBENNOZOPHIM , an Arabian Astronomer , Authour of the Persian Tables , in which , sayes ricciolus , Stellarum Schemata & loca ordinata sunt . The Work transcribed by his Son , with the Delineation of the Celestial Signs in Miniature by the same hand , is extant among the ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Manuscripts of Iacobus Golius .

ALFRAGANUS MAHUMEDES , or AMETUS , or AHEMED , 950. or MUHAMED , the Son of Amet , called Alfraganus , or rather Alferganus , from the City Fergana , in the Province of Sogdiana . He wrote Elementa Astronomica , compiled chiefly out of Ptolemy , which by Rabbi Iacob Antolius were turned into Hebrew , and by Iohannes Hispalensis , in the year 1142 translated out of Arabick into Latine , but lately published in Arabick and Latine , by the famous Iacobus Golius , with learned Notes , which yet he lived not to compleat . He writ likewise de Astrolabii Descriptione & Usu , and a Book of Dialing , as Golius in his Notes asserts . G. Pastregicus mentions another Treatise of Alfraganus , entitled De Aggregationibus Stellarum . V. Simler . Bibl. Gesner .

HALI BEN RAGEL is about this time , by Ricciolus , inserted into the 956. number of Astronomers .

ARZAHEL ALA BEN writ Tables and Canons of the Motions of the 970. Celestial Bodies , preserved in MS. in the Library of Merton Colledge in Oxford , and in that of Caius and Gonvil in Cambridge , according to Iamesius Eclog. Oxon. Cant. Whether the same with Arzahel Hispanus ( of whom in the next Century ) we leave to be considered .

ALI IBNO'L HOZEIN , a Persian , wrote of the Theory of the Planets , 980. as Abul Pharagius in Hist. Dynast . witnesses , and De Demonstratione Planisphaerii , as Hottinger , in Smegm . Orient .

ALFARABIUS Arabs , stiled by Blancanus , Astronomus celebris , called likewise 980. ABUNASR , according to Abul Pharagius , in Histor. Dynast . under whose Name Simler , in Bibl. Gesner . affirms , there is extant a Piece entitled de Compositione Astrolabii .

ETHEL WOLDUS WENTANUS , of the Race of the West-Saxon 984. Kings , sometime Abbot of Abington , afterwards Bishop of Winchester , wrote , among other Works of different Subjects , a Treatise de Planetis , & de Climatibus Mundi , as Balaeus affirms .

MUHAMMED IB'N AHMED ALBIROUNI , a Persian Astronomer , 995. wrote De modo mensurandi Altitudinem Stellarum ; as also an Explication of the use of the Astrolabe , extant amongst the Manuscripts of Iacobus Golius .

IB'N JUNES , or JOUNIS , an Egyptian , wrote Astronomical Tables , together 996. with a History of Various Observations , and the reason of Calculating the Celestial Motions ; which he dedicated to Hakein , perhaps Elhacain King of Egypt , who flourished about the year 373. of the Hegira , of Christ , 996.

ABBO FLORIACENSIS , so called as being Abbot of the Monastery 1004. of Fleury , in Burgundy , a French man , Native of Orleans , among other Works , wrote De Motibus Stellarum , De Planetarum cursu , & Demonstrationes Astronomicae .

CAMPANUS NOVARIENSIS , an eminent Astrologer and Astronomer . 1030. He found a peculiar way of erecting a Celestial Scheme , by division of the prime vertical Circle , which way Gazulus followed . He wrote , besides Theoricas Planetarum , De Sphaera , & De Computo ; Another Piece , de Compositione Astrolabii ; and a Calendar . Simler mentions another Piece of his entitled Breviloquium duodecim ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Signorum Zodiaci , which he sayes in his Time was extant , apud M. Dresserum in MS.

ABU-ALI-IBN SINA , commonly called AVICENNA , a famous Physician , 1032. whose life is exactly written and prefixed to Plempius's Translation of the second Books of Avicen's Canon Medicinae , and of whom an excellent account is given in Abul Pharagius his History of the Dynasties . He writ De Astronomia & Chronologia , mentioned amongst the Manuscripts of Iacobus Golius . He was born in the year of the Hegira 370. and died in the year 428. which are the years of Christ , 980. and 1036.

IB'N HAITEM wrote touching the motion of the Center of the Moon 's 1035. Epicycle ; Of the difference of the Solar and Lunar Year ; Of the Dimensions of the Earth , Sun , and Moon ; And De Motu Circulari : As also touching the exact method of taking the Elevation of the Pole . He died at Grand-Cairo about the Year of Christ , 1038.

HERMANNUS CONTRACTUS a Monk , but of noble Extraction , 1050. as being Son of Wolferad , Earl of Varinge in Suaben , ( which Surname of Contractus he gained à membrorum contractione , as G. Vossius affirms ) wrote three Books De Compositione Astrolabii , and one De Utilitate Astrolabii . He wrote likewise another De Eclipsibus , and translated the Works of several Arabian Astronomers into Latine .

ISAACIUS ARGYRUS MONACHUS wrote de Cyclis Solis & 1050. Lunae , and de Computo Ecclesiastico ; which last Petavius hath published in Greek and Latine , in Uranolog . His Astronomical Tractates are said to be kept in MS. in the Library at Auspurg ; and what other Mathematical Pieces he wrote , will appear in Simler's Epitome of Gesner's Bibliotheca .

OLIVERIUS MALMESBURIENSIS , by some called ELMERUS , 1060. wrote Astrologorum Dogmata quaedam , and another Book , De Signis Planetarum ; as Balaeus testifies .

GULIELMUS , Abbas Coenobii Hirsaugiensis , in the Diocess of Spires , composed 1070. Three Books Rerum Philosophicarum , & Astronomicarum ; Printed at Basile , 1431.

ARZACHEL HISPANUS , an Arabian by extraction , 190. years after 1070. Albategnius , observed the greatest Declination of the Sun to be 23° . 34′ . Some make him a Native of Toledo , being called likewise Abraham Elzara Keel . Georgius Ioachimus Rheticus , in the Preface to his Ephemerides , makes him to be the Authour Toletanarum Tabularum , and that he left 402. Observations , touching the Sun 's Apogaeum . Vid. Ricciol . in Chronol. Astron.

ROBERTUS LORRAINE , so called by the English , by reason he was 1071. Originally a Lorrainer , Profest and taught both in the Schools of France and Belgia , Philosophy , Rhetorick , and Mathematicks , for which Reason he was well esteemed by William the Conquerour , and advanced to the Bishoprick of Hereford ; He wrote de Stellarum Motibus , Tabulae Mathematicae , & de Lunari Computo . See Balaeus .

ALHAZEN ARABS , wrote , besides seven Books of Opticks , one De Crepusculis , 1072. in which , sayes Blancanus , Aeris suprema maltitudinem acutissimè rimatur . Fredericus Risner published and illustrated his Works with a Comment and Sculps , A●…I 〈◊〉 CHRISTUM . and makes mention of three other Signal Arabians of the same name , as Ricciolus ( Chronic. Astron. ) affirms .

GEBER HISPALENSIS ARABS , explained Ptolemy's Almagest , in 1090. nine Books , first Printed at Norimberg by Petreius , Anno 1533. together with Petrus Apianus , his Scheme or Instrument of the Primum mobile . In the beginning of which Work he treats of Spherical Triangles , as far as requisite to Astronomical Calculations ; from whence , ( sayes Mersennus , in Synops. Mathemat . ) Purbacchius and Regiomontanus excerpted many things in their Epitome of Ptolemy's Almagest . His chief study was to amend what he found defective in Ptolemy . However Copernicus stiles him Ptolemaei Calumniatorem .

ALKINDUS , a Philosopher and Astrologer , wrote , much about this time , a 1100. Piece entitled , De Temporum mutationibus : And about the Year 1235. Iacobus Alkindus wrote , among other things , De Radiis Stellarum , yet extant in France . See Labbeé's Bibliotheca .

RABBI ABRAHAM wrote de Sphaera , sayes Blancanus , from the Authority 1115. of Christmannus in Alfraganum .

ATHELARDUS , Bathoniensis Coenobii Monachus , Philosophus , Astronomus , 1130. Rhetor , ac Poeta non vulgariter eruditus ( sayes Balaeus Cent. 2. ) leaving England , out of a desire to enrich himself by the Acquisition of Forreign ( especially the Eastern ) Learning , travelled into the Oriental Parts , and having made a Peregrination through Egypt and Arabia , and in a great measure satisfied his curious and learned Appetite , he returned into his own Country , and published , among other Works of his , a Treatise of Ezychiafarim , of the seven Planets , by him translated out of Arabick ; he wrote likewise a Book de septem Artibus Liberalibus , and another , de Astrolabio .

RICHARDUS , Monachus Eboracensis , wrote upon Arzahel's Tables , now 1132. extant in the Publick Library at Oxford .

ALMAEON ALMANSORIUS , in the year 1140. observed the greatest 1140. Declination of the Sun to be 23° . 33′ . His Aphorisms , Propositions , or Astrological Sentences , Hervagius published in the year 1530. together with Iulius Firmicus . This Almaeon , Vossius conceives to be different from Almaeon King of the Arabs , of whom before .

JOANNES HISPALENSIS first translated into Latine , Alfraganus , as 1142. Blancanus , from Christmannus , and from them both Vossius , de Scient. Mathem . c. 35. affirm . He likewise translated Alcabicius his Isagoge ad Magisterium Iudiciorum Astron. He writ likewise Epitome totius Astrologiae , first Printed at Norimberg 1548. with Ioachimus Hellerus his Preface , contra Astrologiae Adversarios , as Simler . Bibl. Gesner . hath noted .

RODOLPHUS BRUGENSIS , a Mathematician of Tholouze , translated 1144. into Latine , and Published Ptolemy's Planisphere , which he dedicated to his Master , Theodoricus Platonicus , ( as Gesner testifies ) Printed together with Aratus , by Valderus , at Bafile , 1536.

ALPETRAGIUS , an Astronomer of Marocco , as Ricciolus affirms . He 1149. wrote Theorica Physica , translated out of Latine by Calo Calonymus Parthenopaeus , and likewise , De Astrologia , sayes Vossius , who conceives him to be the same with ANNI POST CHRISTUM . him mentioned in Summa Alberti Magni . He observed the Declination of the Sun to be the same with that of Almaeon .

ABRAHAM ABEN-EZRA , or , according to others , AVEN-HESRE , 1150. a great Astronomer and Philosopher , wrote a Book entitled Mispatho Hamazzaloth , i. e. De Iudiciis Signorum ; and another , called Ta●…min , i. e. Rationum Astronomicarum ; and a third , De Luminaribus & Diebus Criticis , sayes Ricciolus . This last was revised and published at Rome by Angelus Blondus , as Vossius , in Addend ad L. de Scient. Mathemat . affirms . There is likewise extant under his name , a Book , amongst the Manuscripts of Iacobus Golius , entitled , De Anni magnitudine , and Indorum Astronomia .

MANUEL COMNENUS , Emperour of Constantinople , wrote several 1150. Astronomical Tractates , yet preserved in the Vatican Library ; as Simler . in Bibl. Gesner . testifies .

JOHANNES DE HEXHAM , so called from the place of his Nativity ; 1160. a Town in-the Bishoprick of Durham , a Benedictine Monk , wrote , among other things , De Signis . & Cometis .

RABBI MOSES BEN-MAIMON , commonly , from the initial Letters 1160. of his Name , called Rambam , among many other Works , writ De Astrologia , sive Siderum Viribus & Effectis , first published in Hebrew , afterwards translated into Latine , by Ioannes Isaac Levita Germanus , Professour of the Hebrew Tongue in the University of Colen , and there Printed by Maternus Cholinus , in the Year 1555.

AVERROES , an Arabian Physician of Corduba , for his diligence in commenting 1160. upon all the Works of Aristotle , called Commentator Magnus , and simply Commentator , reduced Ptolemy's Almagest into an Epitome .

SIMEON , Monk of Durham , wrote De Cometa , & Combustione London , & 1164. aliis injuriis , as I find it cited by Iames's Eclog. Oxon. Cant. who affirms the same to be extant in Benet ▪ Colledge Library in Cambridge . Balaeus sayes of him , that he was Vir suo saeculo in multis Scientiis eleganter instructus , praesertim Mathematicis .

ALBUMAZAR , otherwise called ABU-ASSAR , and JAPHAR , wrote 1166. Eight Books De Magnis Conjunctionibus , & Annorum Revolutionibus , and is reported to have observed a Comet , in his time , to have been above the Orb of Venus . He wrote likewise Introductio in Astronomiam , Printed in the Year 1489.

ROGERUS HEREFORDIENSIS , of whom Balaeus sayes , That he 1170. was , Astrorum Peritus , & Metallorum Indagator Maximus , wrote In Artem Iudiciariam ; Theoricam Planetarum ; De Ortu & Occasu Signorum , and Collectaneum Annorum Planet .

CLEMENS LANTHONIENSIS , so called from the Town of Lanthony 1170. near Gloucester , an Augustine Fryer , wrote , among other things , De Orbibus Astrologicis , and flourished about the same time .

HUMENIUS AEGYPTIUS , about this time , wrote Astronomical Tables , 1170. which Christmannus , in Alferganum , affirms to be yet extant in the Palatine ( now the Vaticane ) Library , as also in the Publick Library at Oxford .

DANIEL MORLEY , so named from the place of his birth , a Town in ANNI POST CH●…ISTUM . Norfolk , out of his great inclination to promote and advance Mathematical Learning , 1190. having sometime studied in the University of Oxon , travelled to Toledo , in Spain , to instruct himself in the Language and Learning of the Arabians , which there chiefly flourished , and , after his return home , wrote De Inferiori Mundo , One Book ; Another , De Superiori Mundo ; and a Third , entitled , Principia Mathematices .

OMAR ASTROLOGUS , or HOAMAR or HOMAR , Son of 1199. Belnal Fargardian , a Native of Tyberias , wrote Three Books Of Nativities , published by Hervagius , together with Firmicus , 1532.

HALY ABEN RODOHAM , an Arabian , or according to G. Vossius , 1200. an Egyptian , wrote a Commentary upon Ptolemy's Centiloquium and Quadripartitum , Published by Octavianus Scotus , at Venice , together with other Arabian Astrologers . He wrote likewise De Radiorum Projectionibus , and Three Nativities , whereof one his own , annexed to his other Works . This very Year he observed a Comet in the fifteenth Degree of Scorpio ; of which more in the History of Comets .

LEOPOLDUS DE AUSTRIA , Son of the Duke of Austria , Episcopus 1200. Frisingensis , writ Ten Tracts , De Astrorum Scientia , Printed at Augsbourg , 1489.

GILBERTUS LEGLEY , Philosophus & Mathematicus suae Aetatis non 1210. vulgaris ( sayes Balaeus ) wrote Compendium in Astronomia , & in Prognostica Hippocratis . He was Physician in Ordinary to Hubert , Archbishop of Canterbury .

JOANNES AEGIDIUS , vel de SANCTO AEGIDIO , born at St. 1224. Albans , Philosophus Summus , Physician to Philip King of France , Professour of Physick and Philosophy , both in the University of Paris and Montpelier ; He wrote Prognostica Futurorum , and another Book , de Materia Coeli . Balaeus , de Scriptor Brit.

ALEXANDER DE VILLLA DEI , Dolensis , wrote of the Sphere . 1240. He published likewise a Book of Arithmetick , and Computum Ecclesiasticum ; as G. Vossius , De Scient Math. affirms .

GEORGIUS MEDICUS CHRYSOCOCCA , writ De Inventione 1240. Feriae , and an Exposition Syntaxeos Persarum , with several Tables Mediorum Motuum , published by Bulialdus , at the end of his Astronomia Philolaica .

RABBI IASAAC HAZAN , i. e. Cantor , as being Chaunter to the Iewish 1252. Synagogue at Toledo , was one of the Principal Compilers of the Alphonsine Tables .

ALBERTUS MAGNUS , Bishop of Ratisbon , one of the most learned 1252. Persons of his Age , among other the various Monuments of his Wit and Learning , wrote De Sphaera , De Astris , De Astronomia , and Speculum Astronomicum ; as Simler . in Bibl. Gesner .

ROBERTUS LINCOLNIENSIS , Bishop of Lincoln , commonly 1253. called Grossa Testa , in English , Grouthead , writ a Compendium of the Sphere , Published first by Lucas Gauricus , 1531. He wrote likewise De Coelo & Mundo , De Sphaera Coelesti , Theoricam Planetarum , and In Astrologiam , as Balaeus affirms .

ROGERUS BACON , a Franciscan Fryer of Oxford , a most acute Philosopher 1255. and admirable Mathematician , insomuch that he was reputed , but falsely , a ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Necromancer . Out of whose vast number of Books written upon several subjects , by which he hath eternized his name , we shall select only what is proper to our purpose , as they are enumerated by Balaeus . He wrote a particular Treatise , De Utilitate Astronomiae ; Introductio in Astrologiam ; De Coelo & Mundo ; De Cosmographia ; De Radiis Solaribus ; De Locis Stellarum ; De Aspectibus Lunae ; Et Prognostica ex Siderum cursu , with other Pieces of Opticks very considerable in that Age.

ALBUASSIN , or ALBOAZEN HALY , Son of Aben Ragel , wrote 1255. De Stellarum Fixarum motu ac locis ( according to Ricciolus , Chron. Astron. ) as also De Iudiciis & Fatis Astrorum , translated at the command of Alphonsus King of Castile , out of Arabick into Spanish , by Iudas Ben Musce , and out of Spanish into Latine , by Aegidius de Thebaldis , of Parma , Printed at Basile 1550. He writ likewise another Book Signalium Astronomiae , as Simler . in Bibl. Gesner . affirms .

JOHANNES DE SACRO BOSCO , an English man , born at Hallifax , 1256. anciently called Holy-wood , from which he took his name . After some time of study at Oxford , he became a Doctour of the University of Paris , and compiled , out of Ptolemy , Albategnius , Alfraganus , and others of the Ancients ; his Four Books De Sphaera , commented upon by Vinetus , Iunctinus , Clavius , Barocius , and divers others . And though Barocius hath detected and published no less than 84. Errours in that Work of Sacroboscus , yet it still keeps up its credit in the Schools , as a Classick Piece .

ALPHONSUS x. King of Castile and Leon , having sent for the most learned 1256. among the Moors , Arabs , and Iews , began the Instauration of Astronomical Tables , which in the Year 1252. he first published , having , in Books , Instruments , and other Necessaries , relating to that Work , expended no less than four hundred thousand Crowns . These Tables , from his Name called Alphonsine , being defective , grounded partly upon Cabalistick Figments , he afterwards ( viz. Anno 1256. ) Published more correct . He observed in the Year 1250. the first Star of Aries , to have been distant from the Equinoctial Point 23° . 40′ . as Blancanus reports . Ricciolus affirms , that Egnatius Dantes , in the fourth Part of his Astrolabe , reports , that he saw a Book of all the Alphonsine Instruments , translated out of Arabick into Spanish , and thence into Latine .

PROFATIUS , a Iew , about this time , applyed his study to the Observation 1260. of the Stars . He writ Tables of the Motion of the Eighth Sphere , as Balaeus affirms , and found the Sun 's greatest Declination to be 23° . 32′ . His Almanack Perpetuum is now extant in several of our Libraries .

JOHANNES PECKHAM , a Franciscan Fryer , and Archbishop of Canterbury , 1260. wrote among other learned Works of his , De Sphaera , and Theoricam Planetarum .

VITELLIO THURINGO-POLONUS , an excellent Mathematician , 1269. wrote Ten Books 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. of the nature , reason , and projection of Visual rayes , &c. commonly called Perspective ; Printed first at Norimberg by Petreius , Anno 1535. and afterwards reprinted , and adorned with Figures , by Frederick Risner , at Basile , 1572. a Work subservient to Astronomy .

— ODINTON , a Benedictine Monk in the Abbey of Evesham , and 1270. an English man , Scholar to Profatius the Iew and of Iewish Extraction , endeavoured to vindicate his Name from Oblivion by his Book , De Motibus Planetarum , and De Mutatione Aeris ; as Balaeus affirms .

COGIA ▪ NASIR EDDIN . TUSAEUS , wrote Astronomical Tables , ANNI POST CHRISTUM . which he dedicated to Ile-Chan , Prince of the Tartars , and a Treatise of the Astrolabe , 1272. in twenty Chapters , as I find mentioned in the Catalogue of Golius's Manuscripts . He died in the year of the Hegira 675. of Christ , 1276.

KOTBODDINUS SHIRAZITA , wrote a Book entitled Donum Regium 1272. seu Universae Astronomiae Syntagma . He was contemporary with Nasir Eddin Tusaeus .

THEBIT BEN CHORA , i. e. the Son of Chora , by Profession a Iew , and 1275. according to ●…eland , born in England , though others make him a Native of Spain , first introduced the motion of Trepidation in the Eighth Sphere ( by some called Motus Accessus & Recessus ) from North to South ; and observed the Sun's greatest Declination to be 23° . 33′ . He wrote likewise De significationibus Planetarum ; De Capite & Cauda Draconis ; Demonstrationes in Almagestum , and Additiones in Sphaerica Menelai , as they are particularized by Balaeus . There are mentioned likewise other Treatises of his Writing , as Practica Planetarum ; Ganones Astronomici , and De Prognosticatione Temporum , said to be extant in his Majesties Library at St. Iames's .

GUIDO BONATUS FORO-JULIENSIS , wrote Theoricae Planetarum , 1282. Published at Venice , 1506. He wrote likewise , De Astrologia Iudiciaria .

HENRICUS BATEN of Mechlin , Dr. in Theology , Chancellour of the 1290. University of Paris , and Chaunter and Canon of Liege , Published a Book , De Erroribus Tabularum Alphonsinarum , as Ricciolus affirms , in Catal. Astronom .

MICHAEL SCOTUS , surnamed Mathematicus , for his eminent skill in 1290. that kind of Learning , by Balaeus stiled , Eximius Physicorum Motuum , Cursúsque Siderei Indagator , Published a Comment , super Authorem Sphaerae ; Four Books , De Constitutione Mundi ; Two Books , De Coelo & Mundo ; Imagines Astronomicae ; And Dogmata Astrologorum ; De Signis Planetarum , l. 1. De Natura Solis & Lunae , l. 1. Printed at Venice 1546. He wrote likewise other Opera Astrologica , of which the MS. is extant in the Bodleian Library . 1293.

GULIELMUS DE SANCTO GODIALDO gained about this time the honour and repute of an able Astronomer , that is , as G. Vossius notes , twenty years and more after the Publication of the Alphonsine Tables . 1300.

PETRUS DACIUS , or DE DACIA , as G. Vossius , from the Authority of Trithemius , calls him , Published Astronomical Tables , extant in MS. in the Library of Benet-Colledge in Cambridge . He wrote likewise , De Calculo , sive Computo ; and set forth a Calendar . 1310.

ISAAC ISRAELITA , wrote a Book entitled Iessod Holam , i. e. De Fundamento Mundi ; in which he often takes occasion to treat of the Motion of the Eighth Sphere . 1320.

PETRUS ▪ DE APONO , called likewise CONCILIATOR , Ob Librum , quo Veterum Medicorum Scripta conciliat , ( sayes G. Vossius , de Scient. Mathemat . ) wrote De Astrolabio Plano , Published at Venice , 1502. 1320.

NICHOLAUS TRIVET , a Dominican Frier , Son of Sir Thomas Trivet Knight , one of the Judges of the Courts of Common Law in Edward the Third's time , among other learned Works , wrote De Astronomia . ANNI POST CHRISTUM .

JOHANNES BACONTHORP , a Carmel●…e Fryer in the Monastery 1320. of Blackney , in Norfolk , reputed one of the most learned of his time , stiled Doctor Resolutus , wrote four Books , De Coelo & Mundo ; One , De Sphaera Iudiciali ; and another , De Astrorum Scientiis .

NICHOLAUS OCKHAM , a Franciscan Fryer , in Coenobia Oxoniensi , 1320. Praelector Publicus ( sayes Balaeus ) wrote , De Latitudine Oppositionum , and another Book , entitled , Astrologi Iudicium .

ISMAEL ABULFEDA , Sultan of Syria , Assyria , and Persia , an illustrious 1322. Cosmographer , and Geographer , whose Tables the learned Mr. Graves published in the year 1650. in Arabick and Latine .

CICHUS ASCULANUS , Dr. of Physick , Philosopher , and Publick 1322. Professour of Astronomy at Bologna , was accused for a Necromancer , and burnt at Florence ( being LXX . years of age ) Anno 1328.

RICHARDUS WALLINGFORD , so called from the Town of 1326. Wallingford , where he was born ; Son of a Blacksmith ; after some time of Study in Oxford , betook himself to a Monastick life , in the Abby of St. Alban , whereof he had the Honour to be Abbot . He was excellently well skilled in Arithmetick , Astronomy , and Geometry . He caused to be made a famous Clock or Horologe , for the use of the Monastery , being ( according to the Words of Leland ) a miraculous Fabrick , sive quis Cursum Solis seu Lunae , seu fixa Sidera notet , sive iterum Maris Incrementa & Decrementa , seu Lineas unà cum figuris ac Demonstrationibus , ad infinitum penè variis , consideret . For the better Explanation of which Curious Piece , and the orderly regulating thereof ; he published Canons or Rules , in a particular Treatise , which he entitled Albion . Alluding something to the Name of the Monastery ; But thereby chiefly expressing this sence or meaning , in English , All by One , i. e. Omnia per Unum , as Balaeus reports . He wrote besides his forementioned Canones in Albionem ; a Book ; De Iudiciis Astronomicis ; and another , De Rebus Astronomicis .

JOHANNES DANK , a Native of Saxony , writ Canones Eclipsales , Canones 1330. Tabularum , & De Astrolabio , as Gesner testifies .

GUALTERUS CATTON , an English Fryer in the Convent of Cordeliers 1330. at Norwich , a learned Theologue and Philosopher , published a Treatise Adversus Astrologos .

RABBI LEVI , eminent in all kind of Learning , and particularly in Astronomy , 1335. wrote a Book called Milhamot-Hessem , i. e. Defensionem Dei .

JOHANNES BARWICK , by some ( but corruptly ) called 1340. BRENLANTIUS , surnamed likewise BRITANNUS , a learned English Franciscan Fryer , published several Books , De Astrologorum Praenotionibus ; in which he impugnes Judiciary Astrology .

ROBERTUS HOLCOTH , a Dominican Fryer , of Northampton , of 1340. whom Balaeus sayes , that he was penè infinitae lectionis Homo , atque ingenii solidissimi , wrote De Effectibus Stellarum ; and another Treatise , De Motibus Stellarum , as G. Vossius affirms , out of Possevinus .

GAUFREDUS DE MELDIS , published a Treatise , entitled Iudicium 〈◊〉 POST CH●…ISTUM . Stellae Comatae Anno Dom. 1330. and of two other Comets , which appeared in 1340. the years 1337. and 1338. preserved yet in Manuscripts in the Library of Pembroke Colledge in Cambridge . See Iames , Eclog. Oxon. Cant.

RABBI DAVID ABUDERKEM , writ a Treatise , entitled , Ordo Intercalationis . 1341.

JOHANNES MANDOVICH , sometime Fellow of Merton Colledge 1342. in Oxford , a learned Physician and Astronomer , published Astronomical Tables .

JOANNES ESTWOOD , or ESTWED , or ESCHU●…D of 1347. Ashenden , sometimes Fellow of Merton Colledge in Oxford , highly commended by Io. Picus Count of Mirandula , wrote a Book , which he entitled Iudiciale Astronomicum , sive Summa Iudicialis . He published likewise Elucidarium Planetarum , Tabulae Planetarum , and Canons of their Utility and Practice ; of the Conjunction of Saturn and Mars in Cancer 1357. and of the Conjunction of Saturn and Iupiter , & de Signis Conjunctionum . His Iudiciale Astronomicum sive Summa Anglicana , or Iudicialis , vel de Accidentibus Mundi ( for those several Titles it bears ) was Printed at Venice in the year 1442. and is yet extant in MS. in the Publick Library at Oxford , and in that of Oriel Colledge . It was afterward Printed at Venice in the year 1489. and elegantly for that Age , at the Charge of a Patrician , for the Honour of whose Name ( because Noblemen in those Dayes would be at the charge of Printing of good Books ) I will subscribe what follows , as I received it from my very deserving and ingenious Friend , Mr. Francis Bernard , in whose Possession the said Book ( among other curious ones with which he is stored ) now is . Summa Anglicana Iohannis Eschuid , Opus factum est tum Diligentiâ , tum Impensâ Francisci Bolani Patritii Veneti , Viri certè bonarum Artium studiosi , Clarissimi quondam Oratoris Candiani ; Nec defuit Impressoris Iohannis Lucilii Santritter Herbronensis Germani maxima Lucubratio , maximus Labor , & Diligentia .

NICHOLAUS CABASILAS , a Grecian , Archbishop of Thessalonica , 1350. wrote a Comment upon Ptolemy's Almagest .

JOANNES ELIGERUS of Gondersleven , a German , writ de Compositione 1350. Astrolabii ; de Utilitate Astrolabii ; de Utilitate Quadrantis ; Two Books de Magnete , and One de Astrogemetro ; and several other Pieces , as Simler in Bibl. Gesner . affirms .

JOHANNES DE SAXONIA , and JOHANNES DE LIGNERIIS , 1350. both Germane Astronomers , and Contemporaries . The latter put forth Canones Primi Mobilis , together with Tables , and a Book De Sphaera . He is reckoned by Petrus Cirvellus Daiocensis , in his Preface in Sphaeram Mundi , to have been one of the four most celebrious Astronomers , that had flourished between the times of Alphonsus and Purbacchius ; as cited by Vossius in Addend . ad Scient. Mathemat .

GUILELMUS GRIZAUNT , an English man , Fellow of Merton Colledge 1350. in Oxford , and Dr. of Physick , leaving England , setled at Marseilles in France , where he dyed in much Esteem for his Knowledge and Practice in Physick , leaving behind him a Son of his own Name ; who was first Abbot of the Canons Regular at Marseilles , afterward Pope of Rome , by the Name of Urban the Fifth : Of the Issue of his Brain , I find these following , mentioned by Balaeus , relating to our Purpose . Speculum Astrologiae ; De Magnitudine Solis ; De Qualitatibus Astrorum ; ANNI POST CHRISTUM . De Significationibus Eorundem .

JOHANNES KILLINGWORTH , Fellow of Merton Colledge in 1360. Oxford ; wrote De Iudicio Astronomiae ; Canones & Tabulae Astronomicae ; De Crepusculis ; & De Nubium Ascensionibus .

NICEPHORUS GREGORAS writ De Astrolabio , extant in the King's 1360. Library at St. Iames's . Gesner mentions another Piece of his , De Calumniatoribus Astronomi●… , & De Astronomia . Andreas Cellarius , in Praeloquio Harmon . Macrocosm . reports that in the 27th year of his Age he applied himself to Andronicus Palaeologus , Emperour of Constantinople , offering to him Reasons for the Emendation of the Roman Calendar .

LUDOVICUS CAERLION , so called from the Town of Caerlion in 1360. Wales , where he was born , a learned Theologue and Physician , wrote De Eclipsi Solis & Lunae ; Tabulae Eclipsium Solis & Lunae , secundum Diametros Richardi Wallingfordi , now extant in his Majesty's Library at St. Iames's ; Canones Eclipsium ; De Tabulis Umbrarum ; and Fragmenta Astronomica .

IB'N SHATER DAMASCENUS , stiled by Mr. Graves , Sedulus Coeli 1363. Siderúmque Inspector , by many Observations made at Damascus , found the Obliquity of the Zodiack to be 23° . 31′ . He wrote likewise Canons , and universal Precepts of Astronomy , and Of Astronomical Instruments , and their use ; as likewise De extruendis Coeli Thematibus , as cited by Hottinger , Smegm . Orient . His Tables are extant in the Publick Library , at Oxford .

JOHANNES BOCCACIUS is about this time numbred among Astronomers 1370. by Gualterus , in Chronico , as cited by Ricciolus , in Catalog . Astron.

THEOPHRASTUS PARACELSUS , besides his many other Works 1370. in Physick and Chymistry , hath left some Astronomical and Astrological Fragments , published by Gerardus Dornus , together with his Book , De Meteoris & Tribus Principiis : He writ De Astronomia Magna , & Astronomiae Magnae Compendium , Printed in the year 1584.

RICHARDUS LAVINGHAM , of Suffolk , Professour of Mathematicks , 1370. Philosophy , and Theology in the University of Oxford , composed a Book , De Planetarum Distantia ; Compendium Meteororum , in four Books , and two Books , De Coelo & Mundo . He was killed in that Popular Tumult ; wherein Simon Sudbury , Archbishop of Canterbury , was murthered .

SIMON BREDON , or BRIDON , alias BIRIDANIUS , born at 1370. Winchcomb in Gloucester-shire ; Fellow of Merton Colledge in Oxford , Dr. of Physick , and Professour of Astronomy , wrote , according to Balaeus , Two Books In Demonstrationes Almagesti ; One , In quaedam Capita Ptolemaei ; De Rebus Astronomicis ; Aequationes Planetarum ; De Latitudine Planetarum ; Super Introductorio Alcabitii ; Astronomia Calculatoria ; and Astronomia Iudiciaria . His Book De Aequationibus Planetarum , is yet extant in Manuscript , in the Library of Peter-House in Cambridge .

NICHOLAUS DE LYNN , so named from the Town where he was 1370. born , in Norfolk , a Carmelite Fryer , Astrologorum sui Temporis in Anglia celeberrimus ac maximus , sayes Balaeus : He wrote Canones Tabularum ; De Natura Zodiaci ; De Planetarum Domibus ; De Sphaera Iudiciali ; Astrologorum Dogmata ; De Figuris ANNI POST CHRISTUM . & Signis ; De Mundi Revolutione ; De Usu Astrolabii , De Eclipsi Solis ; De Astrorum Iudiciis ; & de Variis Genituris .

BLASIUS PELACANIS , or ( as the Italians write him ) BIAGIO 1378. PELACANO , of Parma , by Alberto Leandro ( in Descript. Ital. ) stiled an Excellent Philosopher and Astronomer ; left ( sayes Simler from the Authority of Iovius ) Quaestiones Subtilissimae , in Astronomia & Optica . He taught at Pavy under Io. Galeazzo first Duke of Millain ; His Book being yet extant in MS ▪ in the Medicean Library .

LEO Emperour of Constantinople , Son of Basilius Macedo was very learned in 1385. Mathematicks . His Tactica , sive de Acie ordinanda , are yet extant , Printed at Basile , 1554. And some MSS. of his are in the French King's Library , entitled Logarica ( an Obsolete Word instead of Logistica ) and are supposed to contain some Astronomical Computations , and an Exercise upon Diophantus .

HENRICUS DE HASSIA , a Germane , Professour of Theology and 1390. Astronomy at Vienna , having shewn his Knowledge in the latter , in his Comment upon Genesis , lib. 1. and in Theoricis Planetarum , as Ricciolus affirms .

JOHANNES CHYLMARK , Fellow of Merton Colledge in Oxford , 1390. Mathematicus insigniter doctus , as Balaeus characters him , published a small Treatise , De Accidentiis Planetarum .

JOHANNES SOMER , a Franciscan Fryer , in the Convent of that Order 1390. at Bridgewater , wrote Calendarii Castigationes ; Tertium Calendarii ; Astrorum Canones ; and De Quantitate Anni .

RICHARD the Second , King of England , wrote something in Astronomy 1390. or Astrology , now extant in his Majesty's Library at St. Iames's .

JOANNES DE LINERIIS , or DE LINARIIS , Siculus , wrote 1396. Canones primi Mobilis , of which mention is made by Zacutus in his Tables . He wrote likewise Canones Quadrantis compositivi & operativi ; which Pieces of his are extant in MS. in the Library of Nicholaus Trivisanus of Padua , as I find in Thomasinus his Bibliothec. Patavin .

GERARDUS CREMONENSIS translated Geber , out of Arabick into 1400. Latine , and put forth Theoricae Planetarum ; but such as are severely censured by Io. Regiomontanus .

JOHANNES DE EGMUNDA , Professour of Astronomy at Vienna , 1400. Published Tables , De Motibus Planetarum , & de Luminarium Eclipsibus , calculated for the Meridian of Vienna . He wrote likewise De Astrolabio , together with other Works , which are said to be yet extant in the Library at Vienna .

GALFRIDUS CHAUCER , a learned Knight , and Prince of English 1402. Poets , Cui Veneres debet Patria lingua suas , to use Leland's Encomium of him , merits a place in this Catalogue , for his Book of the Astrolabe , which he composed for the use and instruction of his Son .

JOHANNES WALTERUS , Scholar , at first , in the Colledge of Winchester , 1410. afterwards , Fellow of New-Colledge in Oxford , where he chiefly applied himself to Mathematical Studies , and published Tabulae Aequationis Domorum , and ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Tabulae Ascensionum Universalium , as they are cited by Balaeus .

GULIELMUS BATECUMB , alias BADECON , Professour of 1410. Mathematicks in the University of Oxford , wrote De Sphaera Concava ; De fabrica & usu ejusdem ; De operatione Astrolabit , and D●… Sphaera Solida . He is said to have flourished in the Reign of King Henry V. by G. Vossius ; and by Balaeus he is ranged among the Authours of this time .

PETRUS ALIACENSIS , Cardinal and Bishop of Cambray , and Chancellour 1410. of the University of Paris , wrote , besides his other Theological Works , Quaestiones in Sphaeram Sacrobosci ; De Reformatione Calendarii ; and another Tractate , entitled , Concordia Theologiae & Astronomiae .

JOHANNES GERSON , Chancellour of the University of Paris , put 1419. forth at Lyons , Trilogium Astrologiae Theologizatae ; or as G. Vossius mends the Title , Trilogium Astrologiae ad Theologiae Trutinam expensae .

PROSDOCIMUS DE BELDEMANDO of Padua , some time before 1434. Io. Baptista Capuanus , Published a Comment in Sphaeram Sacrobosci , which Lucas Gauricus caused to be Printed in the year 1531. He writ likewise Canones Operativi & Compositivi Astrolabii , and Canones de Motibus corporum Coelestium , written in the year 1434. Whereof a MS. transcribed by Candus Master of Arts and Doctour of Physick , Nephew to the said Beldemandus , is extant in Bibliotheca Candorum , as Thomasinus affirms in Bibliothe●… . Patavin .

GEORGIUS TRAPEZUNTIUS , born in Creet , but taking his name 1436. from Trapezond , a City in Cappadocia , translated into Latine , Ptolemy's Almagest ; to which he added , of his own , an Isagoge , together with a Comment. He commented likewise upon Ptolemy's Centiloquium , and wrote a Book , De Antisciis ; and another with this Title , Cur Astrologorum judicia plerunque fallant ? as Voss. de Scient. Mathemat . affirms .

ULUGH BEIG , Nephew to the Great Tamerlane , put forth most exact 1437. Astronomical Tables in Arabick , of the Longitude , and Latitude of the Fixed Stars , calculated for the Meridian of Samarcand . To which were added the Commentary of Ali ▪ Cushgi . But the said Tables , collated with Three Persian Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library , about the year 1665. were translated into Latine , and Printed with the Arabick at Oxford , by Doctour Hyde , Keeper of the said Library , to which he added his own most learned Commentary , together with Mohammedes Tizinus his Tables , of the Declination and Ascension of the Fixed Stars , in Arabick and Latine .

ALI CUSHGI wrote Astronomica , extant among the Manuscripts of Iacobus 1437. Golius : He flourished in the time of Ulugh Beig , to whom he was assistant in composing his Tables .

KADI ZADA , or as the Persians pronounce it , KAZI ZADE , whose 1437. name more fully expressed is MULANA SALAH EDDIN MUSA , surnamed Cadi-Zadi Rumaeus , was one of the Assistants to Ulugh Beig , in calculating his Astronomical Tables .

MULANA GIJATH EDDIN GIEMSHID Published a Piece , 1437. by him entitled Scala Coeli ; or Of the Distances and Magnitudes of the Celestia●… Bodies . He was likewise an Assistant to Ulugh Beig . ANNI POST CHRISTUM .

JOHANNES GAZULUS , of Ragusa , a great Astronomer and Astrologer , 1438. flourished about this time ; of him Simler writes , that Nescio quid Astronomicum scripsit ; He is named by Ioannes Regiomontanus , in his Tables of Directions ; and what he writ was a Method of the erecting a Celestial Figure or Scheme , which is now called the Way of Campanus and Gazulus .

HUMPHREY , Duke of Gloucester , surnamed The Good , Son of Henry the 1440. Fourth , King of England , Nobilitatis omnis , atque Eruditionis Phoenix planè Unicus , as he is stiled by Balaeus , was a great Lover of Astronomical and Astrological Learning , and set forth Tables of Directions , of his own Composing .

GEORGIUS THEMISTUS PLETHO CONSTANTINOPOLITANUS 1440. composed a Book , entitled , De Mensium ac Annorum Ordine●… Dierúmque Recensione .

NICHOLAUS CUSANUS , born at Cusa , a Town seated upon the 1440. Moselle , in the Diocess of Treves , known by the title of Cardinal of St. Peter's ad Vincula , a most subtile Divine , Philosopher and Mathematician , wrote ( besides other his Works , not relating to our Subject ) De emendatione Calendarii ; and De Stellarum Fixarum Canone .

GEORGIUS PURBACCHIUS , so called from the Town of Peurbach 1450. ( the Place of his birth ) in the Confines of Bavaria and Austria , was publick Professour of Mathematicks both at Ferrara and Vienna , and a great Instauratour of Astronomy . His first Essayes were several Tractates of Dyalling , with Tables fitted for the variety of Climates ; a Small Piece , with a Table thereto , of the Sun's Altitude ; Astrolabial Canons ( as Gassendus terms them ) with a Table of Parallels , proportioned to every Degree of the Equinoctial . The making and use of Solid Spheres , or Globes , especially the Celestial , to which he added a New Table of all the Fixed Stars ▪ with their augmentation of Longitude , from Ptolemy's time , to his own . But his chiefest Work ( after his Theory of the Planets , and Tables of Eclipses ) by which he intended to signalize his Name , was the Reducing of Ptolemy's Almagest into a correct Epitome , or Compendium , being chiefly encouraged thereunto by Cardinal Bessarion , which he lived not to complete , but left the same , by Testament , to be fulfilled by his Scholar Iohannes Regiomontanus .

JOHANNES FUSOR , or FUSORIUS , contemporary with Purbacchius , 1450. published Tables of Sines and Chords ; and by command of Charles VII . King of France , made Observations for the better composing of new Tables of the Celestial Motions , as Gassendus , in the Life of Purbacchius , testifies , extant in MS. in the Library of Nicholaus Trivisanus of Padua , as Thomasinus in Bibliothec. Patavin . affirms .

GUILELMUS BOTONER , an English Knight , noble by Extraction , 1460. but much more ennobled by his Learning , as well in History , Physick , as Mathematicks , Published with other Works , upon several Subjects , a Book , De Astrologiae Valore .

JOHANNES JOVIANUS PONTANUS , a Neapolitane , acquired 1460. no little honour and esteem , by his Astronomical Studies and Writings . He translated into Latine , Ptolemy's Centiloquium , and published it with an Exposition or Comment thereupon , and wrote XIV . Books , De Rebus Coelestibus , and Five others , in elegant Latine Verse , entitled , Urania , sive , De Stellis ; and One other , in ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Verse , De Meteoris .

MICHAEL SCOTUS , a diligent Observer of the Stars , at the desire of 1460. the Emperour Frederick the Third , put forth , ( about this Time ) Quaestiones in Sphaeram Ioh. de Sacro Bosco , as Ricciolus , Chronol. Astronom . affirms ; which certainly is a great mistake : for Frederick the Third came to the Empire much earlier , and was deposed in the year 1323. Scotus flourishing according to Balaeus in the year 1290. about which time the Reader will find him already inserted in this Catalogue .

JOHANNES MULLERUS , commonly called JOHANNES REGIOMONTANUS , 1460. or DE MONTE REGIO ; from Cunisberg a Town in Franconia , where he was born , Disciple to Purbacchius , finished the Epitome ( begun by his Master ) of Ptolemy's Almagest . He published likewise Tables of Directions and Eclipses , and first of all in that Age set forth Astronomical Ephemerides , of many years duration , Printed at Augsburg 1488. He wrote likewise De Theoricis Planetarum , & De Cometis , and published a Treatise De Triangulis , Printed at Basile in folio , by Daniel Santbech , and is still a Book of good accompt , as containing in it divers extraordinary Cases about plain Triangles . He assisted Sixtus IV. ( by whom he was honourably to that end invited ) in the emendation of the Iulian Calendar , though he lived not to perfect what he had begun . He dedicated his Tables of the Primum Mobile , to Matthias Corvinus , King of Hungary , who not only rewarded him with 800. Hungarian Crowns , but also made him his dayly Guest , for some time , at his Table , justly deserving to be honoured by Posterity , as the great Advancer of all Mathematical Learning , especially of Astronomy , as well by his own Labours , as the publishing in Print , at Norimberg , the most eminent Authours among the Ancients in that Science ; particularly our Manilius , Ptolemy , Theon , Proclus , Menelaus , Theodorus , Firmicus , Hyginus , and others , to the number of Thirty at least . He observed the Sun's greatest Declination to be 23° . 30′ . He died , as some write , at the 33d. or , as others , at the 40th. year of his Age , not without the suspicion of being poysoned by the Sons of Georgius Trapezuntius , the envious opposers of his merits , and lies buried at Rome , in the Pantheon . See more of him in Gassendus , who writ his Life .

JOHANNES BLANCHINUS , was , as Blancanus affirms , of Ferrara , 1462. but more truly , as Ricciolus , of Bologna , and composed Astronomical Tables , which he dedicated to the Emperour Frederick the Third , to whom he was both well known and acceptable . These Tables , with new ones of his own , and more correct Canons , and several Additions , were by Lucas Gauricus published at Venice , 1526.

EBERHARDUS SCHLUSINGERUS of Gasmanstorfe in Franconia , 1470. Doctour of Physick at Zurick , writ a Treatise of Comets , and of their Significations ; particularly of a Comet which appeared at Zurick in the year 1472. He writ likewise an Introduction to Astrology , chiefly relating to Medical Elections .

BESSARION , by birth a Grecian , Cardinal of the Roman Church , and Patriarck 1473. of Constantinople , a great Favourer of Astronomical Studies : He left ( among other his various and learned Works ) a small Tractate , whereof the Manuscript is extant in the Emperour's Library at Vienna , entitled Methodus cognoscendi quot horis , singulis Noctibus Luna fulgeat ; as the same is cited by Simler in Biblioth , Gesner .

ABRAHAM ZAGUT , or ZACUTI , was first publick Professour of 1474. Astronomy at Carthage , afterwards at Salamanca , of whom Ricciolus affirms , that 〈…〉 he was Astronomiae consultissimus . Vossius sayes he was Astrologer to Emanuel King of Portugal . He wrote Fasti , sive Almanach perpetuum omnium coeli Motuum , Printed at Venice 1502. In the Preface of which Work he makes mention of Abenverga , a Iew , his Astronomical Tables , but without giving any account of the Time wherein he flourished . In the year 1474. he observed the Star called Spica Virginis to be in the 17° . 10′ . of Libra , as Ricciolus from the Authority of Augustinus Riccius affirms . His Almanach Perpetuum sive Ephemerides were calculated for Salamanca , the Radix they began from was the year 1472. but the Places of the Planets were taken from Regiomontanus his Ephemerides ; his first part ( which whether ever Printed is uncertain ) beginning from that year . He writ the Preface to the Bishop of Salamanca , ( who he was doth not appear ) Ioannes Michael Germanus made the Problems before it , Alphonsus de Corduba Hispalensis made a Canon of the Equation of Venus , and discourses a little of the Errours of Zacutus . In the same Book one Octavius Sfortiades Episcopus Aretinus , sayes , that Marcus Antonius Grimanus Patricius Venetus , Iuntae Calcographiae imprimendam tradidit Novam Tabellam , utpote Supplementum Aequationis Veneris in 30 Revolutionibus , quam suae Celsitudini Abraham Zacutus ex Damasco destinaverat paululum antequam Diem clauderet Novissimum . Gauricus ( being but a young Man ) corrected and put out the Book at Venice Anno 1515.

JOANNES ODDI , of Padua , by Ia. Phil. Thomasinus ( in Bibl. Patav. ) 1475. stiled Physicus , & Astronomus ( upon the Score of which last , We give him place in this Catalogue ) wrote a Book which he dedicated to Frederick Duke of Urbine , de Impressionibus Elementorum , de Copia rerum , & Pretio , de Bello , de Religione , de Principibus , de Civitatibus ; which I conceive to be some Astrological Discourse , or Prognostick , extant in MS. in the Library of Hippolytus Oddi of Padua Knight of St. Mark .

JOHANNES BAPTISTA CAPUANUS SIPONTINUS , De 1475. Manfredonia , and as Ricciolus affirms , Canon Regular of the Church of Lateran , while he was a secular Person ▪ his name was Franciscus Capuanus , and he was publick Professour of Astronomy at Padua , at which time he wrote an Exposition , In Sphaeram Sacrobosci . Being afterwards made a Bishop he revised it , and dedicated it to his Fellow-Canons , sometime his Auditours . He wrote likewise In Theoricas Purbacchii , Computus Ecclesiasticus , and a Book , De Compositione Quadrantis .

ANDALO of Genua , a most excellent Mathematician , wrote of the Astrolabe , 1475. Printed at Ferrara 1475.

THEODORUS GAZA wrote in Greek , De Mensibus , & De Anno , in 1478. which sayes Ricciolus , Astronomiae non inscium se ostendit ; Published by Petavius , in Uranolog .

CHRISTIANUS MOLITOR , of Clagenfurt , was , as Ricciolus affirms , 1480. Astronomus insignis , and wrote , at Vienna , Opuscula Astrologica , which , according to the testimony of Vossius , apud Doctos in magno pretio habentur .

NICHOLAUS ORESMIUS wrote a particular Treatise , by way of 1480. Commentary , against the Superstition of Iudiciary Astrology . He is cited by Iohannes Picus Mirandula , by the name of Nicholaus Orem , to have written a Book , De Proportionibus Proportionum , as Simler in Biblioth. Gesner attests .

ALEXANDER ACHILLINUS , of Bologna , Professour of Philosophy , 1480. wrote De Orbibus Coelestibus .

ALCHABITIUS , or ALCABITIUS , called likewise ABDILAZUS , ANNI POST CHRISTUM . an Arabian , composed an Isagoge , or Introduction , Ad scrutanda Astrorum 1480. judicia , and writ De Planetarum Conjunctionibus . Ricciolus affirms he wrote four Tractates , in which he comprized the Elements of Astrology , commented upon by Naiboda . Iohannes Hispalensis first translated him into Latine , Printed at Venice in the year 1491. and 1521. together with the exposition of Ioannes de Saxonia , and the Emendations of Antonius de Fantis , Doctour of Physick at Trevigi in Italy . He wrote likewise of Opticks , of which see Vossius , De Scient. Mathemat . There is a MS. Treatise in the Bodleian Library , entitled Introductio ad Iudicia Astronom . under the Name of Algabicus ; I know not whether mistaken for Alchabitius .

MARCILIUS FICINUS , an eminent Florentine Physician , Philosopher , 1480. and Astronomer , who both in his Notes In Timaeum Platonis , and other his Dialogues , discourses learnedly , as occasion requires , upon several Astronomical Subjects , having likewise put forth an Apology , De Medicina Astrologiae ▪ jungenda ; a Disputation Contra Iudicia Astrologorum ; and a Book , De Sole & Lumine . In his Book , De vita coelitùs comparanda , he shews himself very Learned in Astrology , though he writ against the Astrologasters .

JOHANNES KENT , alias KAYLEG , Native of Caermarden in South-Wales , 1482. a Great Philosopher , Botanist , and Mathematician , of which Studies he was Professour in the University of Cambridge , put forth Astronomical Tables .

JOANNES ANGELUS put forth Opus Astrolabii Plani cum Tabulis , 1488. Printed August . Vindel. 1488.

JOHANNES ERGHOM , of York , an Augustine Fryar , having , at Oxford , 1490. professed Logick , Natural Philosophy and Theology , gained to himself the repute of an eminent Scholar , and put forth a Book of Astrological Calculations .

JOHANNES PICUS , Count of Mirandula , Ingeniorum Phoenix , as some 1490. have stiled him , besides other Works of exquisite and profound Learning , wrote Twelve Books Against Iudiciary Astrology .

NICHOLAUS COMES DE COMITIBUS , a Noble Italian , 1490. wrote a Tractate , De Motu & Recessu Octavae Sphaerae , extant in MS. among those of Nicholaus Trivisanus of Padua , recorded by Iac. Phil. Thomasinus in Bibliothec. Patavin .

PONTICUS VIRMIUS , alias VIRUNNIUS , Native of Trevigi 1490. in Italy , Professour of Philosophy , writ , besides many other Works upon different Subjects , a Commentary In Sphaeram Iohannis Sacrobosci .

JACOBUS SCHONHEINTZ , Professour of Mathematicks and Philosophy , 1490. in Academia Herbipoli , writ an Apology in vindication of Astrology , against Io. Picus Count of Mirandula .

DOMINICUS MARIA NOVARAS FERRARIENSIS , Professour 1490. of Astronomy in Bologna , and Master to Copernicus , is said to have observed the Sun's greatest Declination to have been 23° . 29′ . He was a great Promoter of Astronomical Observations , both by his teaching and practice .

BERNARDUS WALTHERUS , of Norimberg , Disciple to Regiomontanus , 1491. and a Continuatour of his Observations , wh●…ch with his own were published , first at Norimberg ; afterwards together with the Hassian and Tychonick , by Willebrodus ANNI POST . CHRISTUM Snellius . He was a great Observer of the Stars , and partly from the Authority of Alhazen and Vitellio , partly by his own experience , made it appear of how great moment the Doctrine of Refractions is , in relation to the Stars , when near the Horizon .

HERMOLAUS BARBARUS , a Noble Patrician of Venice , and Patriarch 1492. of Aquileia , besides his other eminent Works , both in Historical and Critical Learning , writ a Book , De convenientia Astronomiae & Medicinae .

CHRISTOPHORUS COLUMBUS , a Native of Genua , by Blancanus 1493. stiled Argonautarum Princeps , trusting to his skill in Astronomy and Geography , by a high and daring , yet a happy and successful undertaking , discovered , to the Old , a New World .

JOHANNES ABIOSUS , of Naples , Doctour of Physick , and Professour 1494. of Mathematicks , writ Dialogues in defence of Iudiciary Astrology , in which he predicts many Schismes and future Changes to happen in the Church . He dedicated his Books to Alphonsus King of Sicily .

JOANNES LUCILIUS SANTRITTER HEILBRONNENSIS , 1494. reduced the Alphonsine Tables into a most easie Order and Method , to which he added Tables of his own , with Rules or Canons ▪ thereunto . He writ likewise a Book of the Judgements of Nativities , Printed at his own Shop in Venice , 1494.

JOANNES ANGELUS BAVARUS , of Aichen , put forth a Correction 1494. of the Romane Calendar , a Plain Astrolabe , a Treatise of Nativities , and of unequal Hours in each Climate of the World , as also Ephemerides , and various Prognosticks , Printed at Venice in the year 1494. He died in the year 1512. at which time he was about finishing Purbacchius's Table , of the Equations of the Planets Motions .

LAURENTIUS BONINCONTRIUS MINIATENSIS , writ 1494. Three Books , De Rebus Coelestibus , in Heroick Verse , Printed by Robert Winter , at Basile , in the year 1540. with the accession of divers Observations of the Eclipses of the Sun and Moon , made by Philippus Melancthon , Iohannes Stigelius , M. Acontius , Ioachimus Camerarius , and Georgius Aemilius . He was the first that wrote a Comment upon Manilius's Astronomica , Printed both at Bologna , and at Basile .

JACOBUS FABER , besides his Arithmetical Epitome of Boetius , and 1495. his Comment upon Iordanus Nemorarius , wrote also a Commentary , In Sphaeram Sacrobosci .

RAPHAEL VOLATERRANUS , a Chronologer and Cosmographer , 1495. who in the third Tome of his XXXVIII . Books Urbanorum Commentariorum , collected ( as himself affirms ) out of more than a thousand Greek and Latine Authours , hath written , De Philologia , sive Artium Rudimentis , in which those of Astronomy are included .

LUCIUS BELLANTIUS , of Siena , wrote Twenty Questions touching 1495. the truth of Astrology , and Twelve Books in defence of Astrology , against Picus Mirandula , Printed at Florence and Basile . To which are annexed the Dialogues of Gabriel Pirovanus , De Veritate Astrologiae .

CONRADUS COCUS WIMPINAE DE BUCHONIA , Professour ANNI POST CHRISTUM . of Theology at Francfort , and Leipsick , writ , among divers other Tractates , 1497. six Books De Corporibus Coelestibus , as Simler testifies .

STEPHANUS ROSINUS of Ausbourg , Professour of Philosophy , 1500. Batchelour of Divinity , and Canon , at Vienna , taught Astronomy there , and published Tables of the Declinations of the fixed Stars , with Prognosticks .

JOHANNES MANTZ , of Plabeim , a famous Theologue , and Astronomer , 1500. in his time , wrote Prognostica ex Stellis .

ANDREAS STIBORIUS , a Bohemian , Canon and Professour of Mathematicks 1500. at Vienna , a most acute Astronomer . He composed an Epitome of Ptolomy's Almagest , Albategnius , and Geber ; wrote five Books touching Shadows ; a Book of Astronomical Instruments , of the first and second Mobile , with his own Canons , and those of the Ancients ; an Introduction in sensilem Astronomiam ; a Book of Mathematical Authours ; and of the Primum Mobile divided into four parts , and handled Geometricè , Arithmeticè , Exemplariter , & Instrumentaliter . See more of him in Vossius , de Scient. Mathemat .

MARCUS BENEVENTANUS , a Celestine-Monk , wrote upon Thebit , 1507. De Octava Sphaera . He likewise corrected Ptolemy's Planisphere , and together with Iohannes Cota of Verona , Scipio Carteromachus , of Pistoia , and Cornelius Benig●…us , of Viterbo , sedulam navavit operam in Geographia Ptolemaei corrigenda , sayes G. Voss. De Scient. Mathemat .

BARTHOLOMAEUS VESPUCIUS , a Florentine , publick Professour 1507. of Astronomy in the University of Padua , where he drew many into admiration of his Learning . He commented in Sphaeram Sacrobosci , and put forth an Oration , in Laudem Quadrivii , sive , Quatuor Disciplinarum Mathematicarum , chiefly of Astrology .

JOHANNES GANIVETUS , of the Order of Minime Fryars at Vienna , 1508. put forth a small Astronomical Treatise , beginning with these words , Quod Coeli enarrant , &c. To which he added an Abbreviation of Aben-Ezra , De Luminaribus & Diebus Criticis , with the Astrology of Hippocrates , as Gesner affirms , Printed at Lyons , in the year 1508.

JOHANNES EZLER , of Mentz , published a Piece entitled Speculum 1509. Astronomicum , in which he treats of the Causes of the Errours in Astrology proceeding from the neglect of the Equation of Time . He put forth likewise the Theory of the Planets , and of the Eighth Sphere ; Printed at Basil , by Henricus Petri , 1509. Unà cum Theoricis Purbacchii .

JACOBUS LOCHER , PHILOMUSUS GERMANUS , wrote 1510. among other things , a Treatise De Cometa , mentioned by Simler . in Bibl. Gesner .

AUGUSTINUS RICCIUS , of Casal , wrote a learned Treatise , Of the 1513. Motion of the Eighth Sphere , in which he professes to have learnt Astronomy of Abraham Zaguti , at Carthage and Salamanca . He wrote likewise an Epistle touching the Authours of Astronomy , wherein he shews the same to have come originally from the Hebrews . In which Work of his ( sayes Simler . in Bibl. Gesner . ) are contained Platonica quaedam & antiqua Magiae Dogmata .

JOHANNES VERNERUS , of Norimberg , Successour to Ioh. Regiomontanus , ANNI POST CHRISTUM . and Bernardus Walterus , commented upon Ptolemy's Geography , wrote 1514. De motu Octavae Sphaerae , and published Astronomical Tables . In the year 1514. he observed the Sun's greatest Declination to have been 23° . 28′ . and the distance of the first Star in Aries , from the Equinoctial Point , 26° .

LUDOVICUS VITALIS , a Bolognian Astronomer , flourished about 1514. this time , as Ricciolus ( Chronolog. Astronom . ) affirms , though without any mention of his Works .

JOHANNES HEREMITA , of Ferrara , is by Ricciolus in Chronic. 1515. Astronom . stiled Geometra & Astronomus non vulgaris , but he gives no particular account of his Works or Writings .

PAULUS MIDDLEBURGENSIS , Bishop of Fossombrone , or Forum 1515. Sempronii , wrote XIV . Books of the Emendation of the Calendar and Observation of Easter , in which Work he not only treats of the Romane Account , but also of the Iewish , Egyptian , and Arabian Years , having therein designed the exact Doctrine of all Times . He wrote likewise XIX . Books of the Year and Day of our Saviour's Nativity and Passion , and other Pieces of like Argument , Voss. de Scient. Mathemat . He writ Prognosticon ostendens Anno Dom. 1524. Nullum neque Universale neque Particulare Diluvium futurum . Forum Sempronii 1523.

JOANNES STOEFLERUS JUSTINGENSIS , Professour of 1516. Mathematicks at Tubingue , wrote a Treatise De fabrica & usu Astrolabii . He likewise composed Ephemerides , Calendarium Romanum Magnum , dedicated to Maximilian the Emperour , and Astronomical Tables , and wrote a large Commentary in Sphaeram Procli . His Death , or the occasion thereof at least , was very remarkable ( if the Story be true . ) Having found by calculation , that upon a certain Day his life was like to be endangered by some ruinous accident , and the day being come , to divert his thoughts from the apprehension of the danger threatning him , he invites some Friends of his into his Study , where , after discourse , entring into some dispute , he , to decide the controversie reaches for a Book , but the Shelf on which it stood being loose came down with all the Books upon him , and with its fall so bruised him , that he died soon after of the hurt , Voss. in Addend . ad Scient. Mathemat . But the whole Story of his Death , of which some make Calvisius the Authour , is false by the Testimony of Io. Rudolphus Camerarius Genitur . 69. Centur. 2. who had it from Andreas Ruttellius his Auditour ; for he died of the Plague at Blabira Febr. 16. 1531. in the 78th year of his Age , happening ( according to Calculation if you will believe it ) from the Direction of ☉ to ♂ .

ALBERTUS PIGHIUS , besides his other learned Historical Works , 1518. wrote of the Observation of the Solstices and Equinoxes ; Of the Restitution , or Emendation of the Calendar , and a Defence of Astrology , against some Prognosticatours of his Time , particularly an Apology against the New Astronomy of Marcus Beneventanus , a Celestine-Monk , traducing the Opinions of all Modern Astronomers , touching the motion of the Eighth Sphere .

JOHANNES HASFURT VIRDUNGUS , a Germane Astronomer , 1521. set forth Tables , ( by him entitled Tabulae Resolutae ) for supputation of the Celestial Motions , Printed at Norimberg by Iohannes Petreius , in the year 1542. He published likewise in the year 1521. Prognosticon , upon the stupendious Conjunction of the Planets , which was to happen in the year 1524. following ; with some other Prognosticks of his , written in High-Dutch , as Gesner . affirms . He writ likewise Novam Medicinae Methodum quâ ex Mathematica ratione curandi rationem ANNI POST CHRISTUM . ostendit , Printed Helingae & Hagenoae 1532. and set out afterwards with a Commentary by Ioannes Paulus Galluccius Venet. 1580 :

GEORGIUS COLLIMITIUS TANNESLETTERUS was 1522. Scholar to Andreas Stiborius , as Gesner affirms . He writ De Applicatione Astrologiae ad Medicinam ; De Natura & Proprietatibus Planetarum , out of Haly , Firmicus , and Alchabitius , and some other Tracts upon those Arguments , Printed at Basil , 1524.

MOHAMMED IBNO'L ATTAR , published Astronomical Tables 1523. of the Motions of the Planets , calculated for the Longitude of Damascus ; written in the year of the Hegira 930. and of Christ 1523. and preserved in Manuscript in the Publick Library at Oxford .

ALBERTUS BRUDZEVIUS , Professour of Mathematicks in the 1524. University of Cracovia , was the first Master and Instructour of Copernicus in Astronomy , as we find it mentioned by Gassendus , in the life of Copernicus .

PETRUS APPIANUS , of Leipsick , called in the Germane Tongue , Binewilt , 1524. Professour of Mathematicks at Ingolstadt , ( in intimate favour with the Emperour Charles the Fifth , who not only invited him to his Court , but also honoured him with Knighthood ) wrote a Book of Cosmography , revised and augmented by Gemma Frisius , together with Observations of several Eclipses . He put forth likewise an Instrument , or Table of the Primum Mobile , with 100 Problems thereupon ; and another Piece entituled Opus Caesareum , in which , to use Ricciolus's Expression , Rotulis & Automatis ingeniosissimis docet expedire omnia ferè Problemata Astronomica . Of his several other Works , not proper to this place , see Vossius , De Scient. Mathemat .

FRANCISCUS SARZOSUS of Xelsa in Arragon , wrote two Books 1525. in Aequator●…m Planetarum Alphonsinae Hypothesi superstructum , as Ricciol . affirms , Chron. Astronom . Part. 2.

JOHANNES VOGELLINUS was Disciple to Ioh. Regiomontanus , 1527. and made Observations on the Comets appearing in the years 1527. and 1532.

PETRUS CIRVELLUS , besides his Cursus Mathem . Artium , Published 1528. a Treatise De Correctione Calendarii , Printed Compl. 1528.

HENRICUS BAERSIUS , alias , VEKENSTYL , a Mathematician 1528. and Printer to the University of Lovaine , put forth , but not under his own Name , Tabulae perpetuae Longitudinum & Latitudinum Planetarum , calculated for the Meridian of Lovaine . And under his own name he likewise set forth a Book , De Compositione & Usu Decretorii Planetarum ; and another , De Compositione & Usu Quadrantis .

OTHO BRUNFELSIUS , Doctour of Physick at Mentz , totius 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , 1528. cultor , a great Student likewise in Divinity and the Sacred Scriptures , out of which he endeavoured to refute Iudiciary Astrology . He prefixed likewise to the Edition of Firmicus , Printed by Hervagius , and dedicated to him by Nicholaus Prucnerus , a small Treatise not unuseful to young Beginners , De Definitionibus & Terminis Astrologiae .

JOANNES FERNELIUS of Ambois , a famous French Physician , and ANNI POST , CHRISTUM as eminent a Geometrician and Astronomer , wrote besides other his Learned 1528. Works , a particular Treatise , entituled , Cosmotheoria , in which he explains the Motions , Site , Magnitude and Theory of the Celestial Bodies ; and another Piece , called Monalosphaerium .

JOHANNES CARIO , besides his Chronological Work , left , as Vossius 1530. terms them , Practicas Astrologicas , nec non Ephemerides , beginning with the year 1536 , and ending in the year 1550.

JACOBUS MILICHIUS , Professour of Mathematicks at Wittemberg , 1530. and Tutour to Erasmus Reinholdus , wrote a Commentary upon the Second Book of Plinius Secundus , the Subject whereof is chiefly Astronomical .

ORONTIUS FINAEUS , of Dauphiné , Regius Professor of Mathematicks 1530. at Paris , wrote De Sphaera ; Of Cosmography ; Of the Theory of the Planets ; Astronomical Canons , or Problems of the Primum Mobile ; Of the difference of Longitude , to be found by the Moon ; and several other Pieces ; which ( as Blancanus advises ) ought to be read cum Antidoto Petri Nonnii de Erroribus Orontii .

HIERONYMUS FRACASTORIUS , a Native of Verona , an excellent 1530. Poet , Physician , Philosopher , and Astronomer , Published a Book De Orbibus Excentricis & Homocentricis , which he dedicated to Pope Paul III.

SEBASTIANUS MUNSTERUS was famous for two things , as Vossius 1530. affirms , to wit , Hebraeis Literis , & Mathesi . As to what concerns our purpose , he wrote Notes , In Geographiam Ptolemaei , & Universalem Cosmographiam , and of Dyalling ; as also Organum Uranicum , wherein the Theories of the Planets , and their Motions were computed for an hundred years and more . He was also Authour of the Canones super novo Luminarium Instrumento .

JOACHIMUS FORTIUS RINGELBERGIUS of Antwerp , writ 1530. De Horoscopo , De Tempore , De Cosmographia , and Three Books of Astrological Institutions .

JOHANNES ROBINUS , in English , Robins , was a great Astrologer , and 1530. put forth a Book , De Portentosis Cometis , dedicated by him to King Henry VIII . which Balaeus calls , Opus valde Lucidum , now extant in Manuscript , in the hands of Mr. Thomas Gale .

SIMON GRYNAEUS , Native of Viring , a Town in Suevia , or Suaben , 1530. merited eminently in all kind of Learning , particularly by publishing , in Greek , the 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Ptolemy , to which he added a Preface of his own touching the use thereof , Dedicated to King Henry the Eighth of England , Printed at Basil , 1538.

HENRICUS GLAREANUS , a Geographer , Chronologer , Musician , 1531. and Physician , Native of Glarona , commonly called Glarys , a Town in Swisserland , put forth a Book De Geographia , induced chiefly thereunto , as he pretends in his Preface , because he found the Sphere of Proclus to be too concise , and only fitted to the Horizon of Greece , and erroneous , as to the Description of some Circles ; and Sacroboscus in his Parallels and Climates , mutilous and defective . He published likewise other Pieces , both in Astrology and Cosmography , being ( according to the testimony of G. Vossius ) Vir undequaque doctissimus .

ACHILLES P. GASSARUS of Lindaw , by Gesner stiled Medicus & ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Mathematicus praestantissimus , put forth a Chronology from the beginning of the 1532. World to the year of Christ 1532. He published likewise a Mathematical Table , entituled , Sciaterion Pedarium , Printed at Zurick .

JODOCUS CLITCHTHOVEUS NEOPORTICENSIS , 1533. writ a Comment upon Iacobus Faber his Theory of the Planets .

GEORGIUS PRUCNER , of Ruspach , left behind him ( sayes Simler in 1533. Bibl. Gesner . ) very fair and exquisite Astronomical Instruments , and several Books collected by him , in Astrorum Scientia , yet preserved at Vienna , in Bibliotheca Facultatis Artium .

JACOBUS CEPORINUS of Zurick , eminently learned in the Hebrew , 1534. Greek , and Latine Languages , put forth a Commentary upon Dionysius his Periegesis , and Aratus his Astronomicon , Printed at Basil , by Wolphius , in the year before mentioned , as Gesner testifies .

LUDOVICUS DE RIGIIS , published Astrological Aphorisms , addressed 1535. to the Patriarch of Constantinople , Printed at Norimberg , in the year 1535. together with Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos .

JOHANNES STIGELIUS , Native of Gota , a City in the Province of 1535. Thuringen , in Germany , an ingenious Poet and Mathematician , Professour at Wittemberg and Iena , put forth Prognosticks upon the Eclipse of the Moon happening in the year 1536 , as likewise others upon one of the Sun in the year following , and upon one of the Moon , and another of the Sun , in the year 1551.

JACOBUS KAEBELIUS , besides an Arithmetical Treatise , Published 1536. another of the Astrolabe , in High-Dutch , which was Printed afterwards in Latine , at Paris .

JACOBUS ZIGLERUS , of Landaw , a City in the Province of Vasgow , 1536. in the lower Alsatia , set forth Constructionem Solidae Sphaerae , Printed at Basil , by Valderus , together with Aratus and his Scholiast , in the year 1536. He wrote likewise Scholia in Procli Lycii Sphaeram ; and De Canonica per Sphaeram operatione ; and De Hemicyclio Berosi , mentioned by Vitruvius , l. 9. c. 9. He published likewise a Comment upon the Second Book of Pliny's Natural History ; in which he explains the most obscure , especially Astronomical , Places therein .

NICHOLAUS COPERNICUS , by Bulialdus , not without reason , 1536. stiled Vir absolutae subtilitatis , a Native of Thorne in Prussia , and Canon of the Church of Frawenburg , the Cathedral of Warmerlandt , Scholar to Dominicus Maria , of Ferrara , to whom he was Assistant in making his Astronomical Observations at Bologna ; and Professour of the Mathematicks at Rome , honoured at his Publick Lectures with the Assembly of the most Illustrious Persons in that City , whence returning into his own Country , he wholly applyed himself to the study and instauration of Astronomy , finding the Sun's greatest Declination to be 23° . 28′ . The year before his Death , at the instance of the Cardinals , Schomberg , and Ghisi , he published his Noble Work , De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium , in Six Books , in which he not only revived , but most happily united , and formed into an Hypothesis of his own , the several Opinions of Philolaus , Heraclides Ponticus , and Ecphantus Pythagoreus . For according to the opinion of Philolaus , he made the Earth to move about the Sun , as the Center , whence its Annual Motion . ; And with Heraclides and Ecphantus , he likewise gave it a Motion like that of a Wheel about ANNI POST CHRISTUM . its own Axis , whence its Diurnal Motion ; an Hypothesis so near the Truth , that like that when persecuted , maugre all Opposition ,

Per damna , per caedes , ab ipso Sumit opes animúmque ferro ;

As Ricciolus ( though a Dissenter from it ) observes .

ANDREAS OSIANDER took not only care in publishing the first Edition 1536. of Copernicus his Book De Revolutionibus , but condescended to be Overseer of the Press , while it was Printing , to which he added a brief Preface of his own , therein chiefly endeavouring , because of the seeming Novelty of the Opinion , to perswade the Reader , to look upon it as an assumed Hypothesis , rather than an asserted Tenet . To which purpose , about that time was published this Distich ,

Quid tum si mihi Terra movetur , Solque quiescit Et Coelum ? Constat Calculus inde Mihi .

Of which Gassendus , in Vitâ Copernici .

JOHANNES SCHONERUS , a Native of Carolostadt , Professour of Mathematicks 1536. at Norimberg , put forth Astronomical Tables for their perspicuity called Resolutae , and a Book De usu Globi Stelliferi , De Compositione Clobi Coelestis , De Usu Globi Terrestris & de Compositione Ejusdem ; as also another Piece , called Aequatorium Astronomicum ; Libellus de Distantiis Locorum per Instrumentum & numeros investigandis ; De Compositione Torqueti ; In Constructionem & Usum Rectanguli sive Radii Astronomici Annotationes ; Horarii Cylindri Canones ; Planisphaerium seu Meteoroscopium ; Organum Uranicum ; Instrumentum Impedimentorum Lunae . All Printed at Norimberg in fol. 1551.

GEORGIUS VALLA , an Italian , Native of Piacenza ; among other his 1536. Learned Works , wrote a Treatise in four Books De tota Astrologia , In which , Fabrica Ususque Astrolabii exaratur , & quae Signorum in exhibendis Medicaminibus sit habenda Observatio . He writ likewise a Commentary in Almagestum & Quadripartitum Ptolemaei , and translated out of Greek into Latine , Proclus Diadochus his Hypotyposes Astronomicarum Positionum , and Cleomedes de Contemplatione Orbium Coelestium . V. Simler . in Biblioth. Gesner .

JOHANNES BAPTISTA AMICUS COSENTINUS , wrote 1537. De motu Coelestium , juxta Principia Peripatetica , Published in the year 1532.

PETRUS PITATUS , of Verona , wrote Isagogen ad Ephemerides , and De 1537. novo Calendario instituendo , which he addressed to Pope Paul III. He wrote likewise an Explication of the Rising and Setting , of the Fixed Stars , Printed at Basil , 1568.

JOHANNES LUCIDUS SAMOSATHEUS , about this time 1537. put forth his learned Chronological Labours , non sine Eruditae Caveae Applausu , sayes G. Vossius ; in which are contained Emendationes Temporum ab Orbe condito , with Canons in perpetuam Temporum Tabulam ; Of the true Day of our Saviour's Passion ; And an Epitome of the Emendation of the Romane Calendar , Printed at Venice by Iunta , 1537.

BONETTUS a Iew , put forth a small Treatise De Annulo sive Instrumento ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Astronomico , Printed at Marpurg 1537. 1537.

SYMPHORIANUS CAMPEGIUS ( alias CHAMPERIUS ) 1537. Eques Auratus Lugdunensis , a French-man , among other Learned Works of his in Physick and Philosophy , put forth several Mathematical Treatises , and particularly One of Astronomy , Printed by Henricus Petrus , at Basil 1537.

JOHANNES GIGAS STAINFORTENSIS , Published Enchiridion 1538. Sphaericum , seu Systema Cosmographicum compendiosum . He wrote likewise , according to the Testimony of Simler in Bibl. Gesner , an Elegy upon two notable Eclipses of the Moon , which happened in the year 1538. Whereof the former was on the fourteenth of May , the latter on the sixth of November . His Enchiridion Sphaericum was Printed at Oxford in the year 1664.

MAURUS FLORENTINUS , first , a Monk , of the Order of the Humiliati , 1538. afterwards , of the Fraternity of the Servants of the Blessed Virgin , of whom Gerardus Vossius sayes , That he was most learned in the Latine , Greek , and Hebrew Tongues , and excellently well skilled in Cosmography , and other Sciences , Published in his own Language ( the Italian ) divers Pieces , as his Annotations in Sphaeram Sacrobosci ; and ( besides his Sphaera Theologica & Christiana ) Sphaera Platonica , which he dedicated to Cosmo de Medicis . He wrote likewise De Arte Navigatoria ; and an Epitome of Musick .

GASPAR BORNERUS , Professour of Phylosophy at Leipsick , among 1539. other Tractates , put forth a Book , De Stellis .

JOHANNES PENA , a French-man , Regius Professor of Mathematicks in 1540. the University of Paris , translated Euclid's Opticks into Latine ; to which he prefixed an Encomium of Opticks , wherein ( to use Gesner's Words ) there are Iucundissimae Disceptationes & imprimis arduae , touching the Epicycles , Excentricks , Apsides , Apogaeums , and Perigaeum's of the Planets , as likewise of their Parallaxes ; together with ingenious Arguments concerning the Earths Rest or Motion , drawn from the Principles of that Art . He first maintained the Heavens to consist of no other Substance than that diffused through the Aery Region , and discovered some Comets to have been above the Moon ; as Gassendus , in the life of Tycho , observes .

JOHANNES PIERIUS VALERIANUS , the noble Authour of 1540. Hieroglyphicks , wrote and dedicated to Cardinal Alexander Farneze , being but yet young and much addicted to Astronomical Studies , an elegant Compendium Of the Sphere .

PETRUS CATENA a Venetian , Doctour in Theology and Professour of 1540. Mathematicks at Padua , about the same time with Pierius , wrote upon the same Subject of the Sphere ; and other Mathematical Peeces .

JULIANUS RISTORIUS DE PRATO , a Carmelite Fryar , Doctour 1540. in Theology , and an eminent Astronomer , Tutour to Iunctinus , by whom , in his Preface to his Tabulae Resolutae , he is reported to have observed the Planets for several years , viz. from the year 1536. to 1542.

PAULUS CRUSIUS published a Treatise , wherein he sets forth the 1540. Doctrine of the Sun's Revolutions , and Tables of the mean Conversions of ●…ime , and of the Sun's motion , in Annis Tropicis & Sideriis . 〈…〉

ANGELUS FORTIUS Doctour of Physick , is by Gesner , in Biblioth. 1540. reckoned as an eminent Astrologer .

ANTONIUS DE MONTULMO , Doctour of Arts and Physick , 1540. published a Book De judiciis Nativitatum , illustrated with the additions of Io. Monteregi●…s ; Printed at Norimberg , 1540.

JOHANNES MASSAEUS , put forth twenty Books of Chronology , from 1540. the beginning of the World to the year now mentioned , to which he prefixed a fourfold Calendar , to wit , the Egyptian , Hebrew , Macedonick , and Roman . Voss. De Scient. Mathemat .

FRANCISCUS MAUROLYCUS , Abbot of Messena in Sicily , whom 1540. Ricciolus calls Siciliae Lumen clarissimum , wrote three Books of Cosmography , intended as a Comment upon Ptolemy's Almagest . To him we are beholding for Theodosius's Sphaerica , and those of Menelaus , which he first of all published . He put forth a Piece , De Lineis Horariis , Fabricam Astrolabii , and divers other Works , mentioned in the beginning of his Cosmography . He was the first that wrote of Secant Lines , as Blancanus affirms . He left likewise behind him a Posthume Work , entituled , De Lumine & Umbra , and many Treatises unprinted , as appears at the End of his Opus●…ula , and though it be beside our Argument , yet in regard it is not well known , we think fit to mention that Alphonsus Borellius published in Sicily about 1656. the Comment of Maurolycus on the first four Books of Apollonius his Conicks , with two more of the said Authours , of which if there were Copies they would be grateful to Students , and more acceptable than that of Commandinus , in which the Text and Comment lie dispersed , which Inconvenience is avoyded in that of Maurolycus ; the said Borellius is likewise now about publishing Maurolycus his Archimedes at Rome .

JOHANNES ANTONIUS DELPHINUS , of Casal , Provincial 1540. of the Franciscan Order , wrote , and dedicated to Camillus Palaeottus , a Senator of Bologna ; a Book , De Caelestibus Globis , & Motibus , full of Erudition , as Ricciolus affirms .

PHILIPPUS MELANCTHON , among other the numerous Volumes 1540. by him published , set forth Tabula de Mensibus Graecorum , & Descriptiones Eclipsium Solis & Lunae , annis jam aliquot visarum , usque ad Annum 1540. and translated out of Greek into Latine , Ptolemy's four Books , De Syderum effectionibus . V. Simler .

AUGUSTINUS NIPHUS PHILOTHEUS SUESSANUS , 1540. who by his great Learning gained to himself the Title of Philosophus Magnus , among other the various Works by him published , writ ( as to our purpose ) a particular Treatise , De figuris Stellarum Helionoricis , in two Books ; Another , De Diebus Criticis , seu Decretoriis ; a third , De falsa Diluvii Prognosticatione quae ex conventu omnium Planetarum ( qui in Piscibus contingeret anno 1524. ) divulgata est , in three Books , addressed to the Emperour Charles the Fifth . He wrote likewise Eruditiones in Apotelesmata Ptolemaei , & Annotationes in Librum secundum Ejusdem Quadripartiti , mentioned , wi●…h the rest , by Simler , in Bibl. Gesner .

JACOBUS PELETARIUS , a French man , besides his Geometrical 1540. Works , wrote De Constitutione Horoscopi . He published likewise Astronomical Tables , ●…and a Compendium of Astronomical Fractions ; as also of the Sun's place , and ▪ ANXI POST CHRISTUM ▪ that of the Moon , in the Zodiack .

ERASMUS OSWALDUS SKREKENFUSIUS , of Austria , Disciple , 1541. according to Ricciolus , to Henricus Glareanus , according to Vossius , to Se●…stianus Munsterus , Professor , at Freiburg in Brisgaw , of the Hebrew Tongue and Mathematicks , wrote a Comment in Sphaeram Sacrobosci , Annotations on 〈◊〉 Almagest , put forth a Book De Primo Mobili , and of the Theory of the Plan●… ▪ Another De Gentium Calendariis , and translated , out of Hebrew into Latine , the Sphere of Rabbi Abraham Cai.

JOACHINUS CAMERARIUS , of Bamberg , a Town in Franconia , 1541. . put forth , at Norimberg , in the year 1532. several Greek Astrological Authours , by him translated into Latine , as 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , sive , Rationem Orbis Solaris ; likewise , Excerpta ex Hephaestione Thebano , De Duodecim Signis & eorum effectis , also 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Quid Stellae Erraticae , sive Quinque Planetae , in unoquoque Zodiaci Signo significent . These Pieces he set forth in Greek and Latine . And in Latine only , he published a Fragment of the first Book of Vettius Valens , his Florida ; and in Greek only Mercurius Irismegistus his 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Medicationes rationibus Astrologicis convenientes . In the year 1535 ▪ he set forth , at Norimberg , in Verse , Tùm Phaenomena , sive Siderum ac Stellarum Historiolam , tùm Prognostica . And in the year 1541. he published the two first Books of Ptolemy , De Iudiciis Astrologicis , by him translated into Latine , and illustrated with Annotations . We are obliged to him likewise , for the first publication of Theon Alexandrinus , his eleven Books of Commentaries upon Ptolemy's Almagest , which he caused to be Printed at Basil , by Walderus , from a MS. of Cardinal Bessarion's , brought into Germany by Regiomontanus . See more of this eminently learned Person , in G. Vossius , L. de Scient. Mathemat .

RAINERUS GEMMA FRIZIUS , Physician and Professor of Mathematicks 1542. at Lovaine , put forth a Book of the use of the Globe , and the Astronomical Ring ; De Principiis Astronomiae & Cosmographiae ; De Astrolabio Catholico , &c ▪ He left his Son Cornelius Gemma , his Successour in the Professor's Place .

JOANNES GUIDO wrote , De Observat. Temporis Astrorum , Printed at 1543. Paris 1543.

CLAUDIUS MARIUS ARETIUS a Patrician of Syracuse , and 1544. Historiographer to the King of Spain , wrote a Comment , by way of Dialogue , upon this Verse of Virgil's . Defectus Lunae varios , Solisque labores .

BUCHARDUS MITHOBIUS , wrote a Piece entituled Compositi●…●…li 1544. Astronomici , Printed together with the Treatise of Iohannes Driander , De Annul●… Astronomicis ; as Simler affirms .

MICHAEL ANGELUS BLONDUS , Doctour of Physick , w●…ote 1544. and dedicated to Pope Paul III. a Book De Diebus Criticis ; and to Rudolphus Cardinal of Carpegna another , De Anticipatione Stellarum fixarum cu●… 〈◊〉 significationibus .

COELIUS CALCAGNINUS , among the various Works by him published , 1544. set forth a Paraphrase on the three Books of Aristotle's Meteors ; A Commentation , Quod Coelum stet , Terra moveatur ; De Mensibus , & De Re Nautica ▪ ANNI POST 〈◊〉 See more of him in Simler . Bibl. Gesner .

GEORGIUS PILANDER published a Book De Annulo Astronomico , 1544. aut Sphaerico .

POMPILIUS AZALUS writ De omnibus Rebus naturalibus quae continentur 1544. in Mundo , viz. De Coelestibus , de Terrestribus , & Mathematicis , Printed at Venice in Folio ; as Simler in Bibl. Gesner . testifies .

JOHANNES STADIUS , Professour of the Mathematicks and History , 1545. first , at Paris , afterwards at Lovaine , put forth among other his Mathematical Works , Ephemerides , which he entituled Tabulae Bergenses , in honour of Robertus à Bergis , Bishop of Liege . He put forth likewise other Ephemerides , from the year 1654. to the year 1606. with an Isagoge in Astronomiam & Astrologiam . He left Tabulas aequabilis & apparentis Motus Coelestium Corporum , as G. Vossius stiles them , and Prognostica Stellarum fixarum , cum Tabulis , in the beginning whereof he hath prefixed the History of Astronomy .

NICHOLAUS SOPHIANUS CORCYRAEUS , wrote in Greek 1548. of the Astrolabe , and by Gesner is said to have flourished about this Time .

VICTORINUS STRIGELIUS of Kaufbeurn , a Town in Suaben , 1548. published , at Wittemberg , an Epitome of the Doctrine of the Primum Mobile , illustrated with Demonstrations . He was Scholar to Melancthon .

AUGERIUS FERRERIUS of Tholouse , Doctor of Physick , whom 1548. Scaliger the Father entirely loved and consulted in all his learned Designs , writ , as I find mentioned in Gesner Castigationes Practicae , & De Diebus Decretoriis secundum Pithagoricam Observationem .

JOHANNES MERCURIUS MORSHEIMERUS , put forth at 1548. Heidelberg , a Dissertation of the Name of Astronomy , it 's Division and Causes ; to which he adjoyned a Table of the Species of ●…ontinued Quantity , serving only for the use of young Beginners . He professes himself to have been Scholar to Melancthon .

JOACHIMUS HELLERUS corrected and published several Astrological 1548. Authors , before which he prefixed Prefaces of his own , at Norimberg .

ANDREAS GERARDUS HYPERIUS , Professor of Divinity in 1548. the University of Marpurg , writ , besides other various Tractates , Geometrica , Optica , Cosmographica quaedam , as Simler affirms , in Bibl. Gesner .

ERASMUS REYNOLDUS , Native of Salfieldt , a Town in Thuringe , a 1549. Province in the Upper Saxony , Son to Iohannes Reynoldus , and Scholar to Iacobus Milichius , was Professor of Mathematicks in the University at Wittemberg , and wrote a most learned Commentary on Purbacchius's Theory of the Planets . He composed likewise , and dedicated to Albert , Marquess of Brandeburg , and Duke of Prussia , Astronomical Tables , according to the Hypothesis of Copernicus , which he called Prutenick Tables , in honour of the said Prince , as also Tables of Directions . He endeavoured likewise to illustrate and establish Chronology from the Eclipses of the Luminaries , and the great Conjunctions of the Planets ; but his Death prevented the finishing of that Work . He had also a Son , called after his own Name , an eminent Mathematician and Physician , who wrote upon the new Star in Cassiopaea , 〈…〉 as Tycho Brahe testifies ; Progymnasm . Tom. 1.

ARIEL BICHARDUS put forth a Collection of Questions , In Sphaeram 1549. Iohannis De Sacro Bosco , which he dedicated to his Godfather , Antonius Mullerus , sayes Ricciolus , in Part. 2. Chronic. Astronom .

JOHANNES ROIAS wrote , and dedicated to the Emperour Charles the 1550. Fifth , certain Commentaries upon the Astrolabe or Planisphere .

JOHANNES MARIA TOLOSAS , of the Order of the Predicants , 1550. wrote something of the Sun 's greatest Declination . He published likewise a short Correction of the Roman Calendar , touching the due celebration of Easter .

JOHANNES BAVARUS , Medicus & Mathematicus , put forth Ephemerides , 1550. beginning in the year 1551. and ending in the year 1560. This Bavarus , is different from Iohannes Angelus Bavarus , mentioned in the year 1494.

GEORGIUS JOACHIMUS RHETICUS , Disciple to Copernicus , 1550. and Professor of Mathematicks in the University of Wittemberg , where he interpreted and explained Alfraganus . But hearing of the new Hypothesis of Copernicus , he quitted his Professor's place , and went to Copernicus , whom he ceased not to exhort to perfect his Work , De Revolutionibus , which after his death he made publick , illustrating his Hypothesis by a particular narration , which he dedicated to Iohannes Schonerus , published by Maestlinus , and annexed to Kepler his Mysterium Cosmographicum , in the year 1621. He likewise set forth Ephemerides , according to the Doctrine of Copernicus , until the year 1551. What other Astronomical or Astrological Works he had either perfected or designed , will appear by his Epistle written to Petrus Ramus .

LUCAS GAURICUS , a Neopolitan , first , Professor of Mathematicks at 1550. Ferrara , afterwards Bishop of Civita Reale , corrected the ▪ Alphonsine Tables , as also those of Regiomontanus , and Blanchinus , and published Tables of his own of the Primum Mobile , commonly called Tables of Directions , and Laurentius Bonincontriu ▪ s his Book , De Rebus Coelestibus , and Zacutus his Tables , together with Astrological Precepts and Problems . He illustrated with Annotations Ptolemy's Almagest , put forth a learned Dissertation touching the miraculous Defect of the Sun at the time of our Saviour's Passion , and composed a new Ecclesiastical Calendar , compiled out of the Sacred Scriptures , and Ancient Synods , which last was Printed at Venice 1552. at which time like wise he published at Venice a Book called Tractatus Astrologicus , wherein are many Astrological Judgments on the Nativities of the most eminent Persons of his Time . V. Simler . Bibl. Gesner .

TOBIAS MARMORARIUS , a Florentine , and Monk of the Cistertian 1550. Order , Vir Mathesios studiis egregiè excultus , as Vossius sayes of him , wrote yearly Prognosticks , of the Seasons of the year , and future Events .

ANTONIUS MYZALDUS writ Phaenomena , sive , Tempestatum Signa , 1550. quatuor Aphorismorum Sectiunculis Methodicè concinnata ; Cometographia ; Aesculapii & Uraniae Conjugium ; Planetologia ; Three Books of the Sphere , illustrated with Figures and Demonstrations ; Zodi●…cus , sive duodecim Signorum Coeli Hortulus , Libris tribus concinnatus ; Planetarum Collegium , and some other Tractates of like Argument , as Simler , in Bibl ▪ Gesner .

JACOBUS HOMELIUS is , about this time , reckoned , by Ricciolus , 〈◊〉 POST CHRISTUM in the Catalogue of Astronomers , but without any mention of his Works . There 1550. was also one Iohannes Homelius , who wrote concerning the New Star in Cassiopea , and is mentioned by Ticho Brahe , in Progymn . Tom. 1.

JOANNES STABIUS , of Austria , Poet Laureat , Cosmographer , and 1550. Historiographer , to the Emperour Maximilian the First , Professor of Mathematicks at Vienna , wrote a Piece entituled Horoscopicum Universale ; and several other Works , mentioned by his Scholar Georgius Collimitius , in Gesner's Bibliotheca , Tom. 1.

PAULUS EBERUS KYTZINGENSIS , put forth Calendarium Historicum , 1550. in the Preface to which he treats , De ejus Utilitate , & de Mensium apud diversas Gentes varietate . See more of him in Gesner's Bibliotheca .

GASPAR PEUCERUS , Son-in-Law to Philip Melancthon , wrote of the 1551. Doctrine of the Celestial Circles , and the Primum Mobile , and De praecipuis Divinationum generibus , and among them , De Praedictionibus Astronomicis , as it is affirmed by Vossius , De Scient. Mathemat . He wrote also Hypotheses Astronomicas , seu Theorias Planetarum , ex Ptolem●…i & aliorum Veterum Doctrinâ , ad Observationes Copernici , & Canones Motuum ab eo conditos , accommodatas , Printed , as Draudius affirms , at Wittemberg , 1572.

JOHANNES SCHRAETERUS VINARIENSIS , published , at 1551. Vienna in Austria , Astrological Tables , designing to gain himself , a repute by his predictions ; of whom see Gesner's Biblioth.

HIEREMIAS BROTHEIEL , put forth various Prognosticks mentioned 1551. by Simler . in Addit . Bibl. Gesner .

ANDREAS PERLACHIUS of Stiria , Doctor of Physick and Professor 1551. of Mathematicks in the University at Vienna , set forth , as Gesner stiles them , G●…mentaria Ephemeridum , ita conscripta , ut quisque absque Praeceptore , ex sola Lectione integram inde Artem consequi possit , Printed by Aegidius Aquila at Vienna 1551.

FRANCISCUS RAPALDUS , Doctor of Physick at Bruges in Flanders , 1552. wrote against Astrology as altogether useless to a Physician , to whom Petrus Haschardus , of Lisle , a Chirurgeon , replied in a Discourse by him entituled , Clipeum Astrologicum .

ROBERTUS RECORD , a Learned Doctor of Physick , and an excellent 1552. Mathematician , descended of a generous Family in Wales , illustrated by his learned Labours , Cosmography , Geometry , Musick and Astronomy . He published Cosmographiae Isagogen , wrote a Book , De Arte faciendi Horologium ; and another , De usu Globorum , & de statu Temporum . All which with several others he writ in the English Tongue .

PETRUS NONIUS , a Portuguez , Professor of Mathematicks in the Colledge 1552. at Conimbra , wrote ‛ De Crepusculis ; De Erratis Orontii ; Astronomical Problems , and Rules for Observation , together with Annotations in Theoricas Purbacchii , commendable , sayes Vossius , not only for their Acumen and Perspicuity , but for discovering divers things omitted , and detecting several Errors committed by others .

HIERONYMUS CARDANUS , a Native of Milan , Professor of Physick 1553. and Mathematicks at Bologna , commented upon Ptolemy's Quadripartitum , De ANNI POST CHRISTUM Iudiciis Astrorum , and put forth several other Tracts , as 1. De Supplimento Almanach . 2. De Restitutione Temporum , & Motuum Coelestium . 3. De Iudiciis Geniturarum . 4. De Revolutionibus . 5. De Exemplis Centum Geniturarum . Aphorismi Astronomici : Not to mention his many other Works , not relating to our purpose .

LEVINUS LEMNIUS , Medicus Zirizaeus , writ three elegant Tractates , 1554. in the first whereof he treats of Astrology , shewing the verity or falsity of that Art , in which , sayes Gesner , multae amoenissimaeque causae explicantur , and particularly the Original of the Proverb , Quartâ Lunânati .

MICHAEL NOSTRADAMUS , Physician to Henry II. Francis II. and 1555. Charles IX . Kings of France , is famous for the several Centuries of Prophetical Prognostications extant under his Name ( lately Englished with large Annotations ) which in his Epistle Dedicatory of some part of them to Henry II. he affirms to have calculated by Astronomical Doctrine . But whether he were a greater Trifler or Astronomer , is by some questioned ; but especially by Iodelé an ingenious French Poet , who hath bestowed on him this Distich ; NOSTRA DAMUS cum falsa damus , nam fallere nostrum est , Et cum falsa damus , nil nisi NOSTRA DAMUS .

NICHOLAUS SIMUS , Professor of Mathematicks in the Univertsiy of 1555. Bologna , set forth the Theories of the Planets , reduced to a Compendium , illustrated with divers Sculps and Figures . He put forth likewise Ephemerides for 15. years , calculated for the Meridian of Bologna , with Canons expounding the use of the said Ephemerides .

MARCUS FRITSCHIUS LAUBANUS HEXAPOLENSIS , 1555. wrote a Book De Meteoris , with a Catalogue of Prodigies and Ostents ; Printed at Norimberg , 1555. as Gesner attests .

ANDREAS SCHONERUS , Son of Iohannes Schonerus of Carolostadt , 1556. published Tables of the Primum Mobile , according to the Fundamentals of Regiomontanus .

HADRIANUS JUNIUS HORNANUS , for his Learning merited 1556. to be stiled , Alterum ab Erasmo Hollandiae Lumen . He published a Commentary , De Anno & Mensibus , likewise Fastorum Liber sive 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , rerum Memorabilium qualibet Anni die actarum apud Hebraeos , Graecos , Romanos , gentesque exteras , also Calendarium Syllabicum , so called , because the dayes of the year , Vocabulorum Syllabis respondeant ; besides these he put forth Fasti Caesariani & Calendarium . These as he writ them were from hand to hand presented to Edward the Sixth King of England , afterwards being enlarged and corrected , dedicated to his Sister Queen Mary . See more of him in Meursius in Athen. Batav . and G. Vossius de Scient. Mathemat . p. 398.

JOANNES GARCAEUS , a Brandeburgher wrote a Piece entituled Methodus 1556. Astrologiae , illustrated with 400. Genitures , as Ricciolus affirms . To which Vossius adds , that he put forth , at Wittemberg , a Commentary consisting of XXII . Propositions , in which he comprizes the Doctrine of erecting a Celestial Scheme , and computing the Motions of the Planets . Draudius sayes , he put forth a small Treatise , De Tempore , sive De Ortu & Occasu Stellarum , & De usu Globi Coelestis , Printed at Wittemberg 1565. He was Scholar to Gaspar Peucerus .

JOSEPHUS ZARLINUS , a Native of Fossa Clodia ( commonly called ANNI POST CHRISTUM . da Chioggia ) an excellent Musician , who in his Institutioni Harmoniche , published 1557. in Italian , treats likewise of the Harmonick System of the Spheres .

RODOLPHUS BATTINGIUS , a Friezlander , published Methodum 1557. Astrolabii , according to Vossius , De Scient. Math.

CORNELIUS VALERIUS VETERAQUINAS , Successor to 1557. Petrus Nonnius at Lovaine , in Collegio Trilingui , put forth an Encyclopaedia , in which he treats of the Sphere , and the Elements of Astronomy , and Geography , succinctly and elegantly .

JEAN PIERRE DE MESMES , a French Gentleman , writ in his own 1557. Language , Astronomical Institutions , Printed at Paris , in folio , 1557.

CONRADUS DASYPODIUS , Professor of Mathematicks at Strasbourg , 1557. put forth Astronomical Precepts , and wrote a brief Treatise of Comets and their Effects , famous for being Author of the Astronomical Horologe set up in the Great Church at Strasbourg , the Description whereof he published in the year 1578.

GULIELMUS XYLANDER , Successour to Iacobus Mycillus in the 1558. Greek Professor's place at Heidelberg , a Person of good repute for his Philosophical and Mathematical Studies , among other Tractates of the later kind , put forth a small Treatise , De usu Globi & Planisperii , Printed at Heidelberg .

DANIEL BARBARUS , a noble Venetian , and Patriarch of Aquileia , 1559. hath sufficiently manifested his excellent knowledge in all Parts of the Mathematicks , and particularly in Astronomy , by his learned Commentary upon Vitruvius his ninth and tenth Books .

JOHANNES TEMPORARIUS wrote an Astronomical Treatise , 1560. which he entituled Organum Astronomicum , grounded upon the Prutenick Tables , in which the whole Work of Astronomical Calculation is contracted to two Operations , to wit , only Addition and Substraction . All Proportional Scruples are laid aside , in the search after which much time is fruitlesly spent . The true Precession of the Equinox , which by the Alphonsine Astronomers is called the Motion of the Auges of the fixed Stars , is exposed to view for some Ages to come . The places as well of the Planets as the fixed Stars are with little or no trouble found for any time given . The Conjunctions and Defects of the Luminaries , with their Quantities and Durations , are most exquisitely defined , not only ●…n one Climate , but in any Parallel whatsoever . The Parallaxes , whose invention gives trouble to the most experienced Artists , are by a wonderful compendious way found out and cleared , as to Latitude and Longitude , without the trouble of Calculation . Whence any one may frame to himself Ephemerides without any pains or labour . The Original Manuscript of which Work is at present in the possession of my worthy Friend , George Wharton Esquire .

PHILIPPUS FANTONIUS , a Florentine Monk , afterwards Abbot of 1560. Camaldolat , published a Book in Italian , of the reason of reducing the Year , to its true Form and Measure ; of whom G. Vossius sayes , that he was Matheseos Scientia egregius , which he publickly professed in the Academy at Pisa. See more of him in Simler . Bibl. Gesner .

CYPRIANUS LEOVITIUS , of the Leonitian Family in Bohemia , 1●…60 . Mathematician to Otho-Henry , Prince Palatine of the Rhine , put forth Astronomical ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Observations , with Astrological Prognosticks , upon the new Star in Cassiopaea . He likewise accurately described ( to render Vossius's words ) several Eclipses from the year 1556. to the year 1606. and published Ephemerides , and several other Works , mentioned by Simlerus , in his Bibliotheca Gesneriana , among the rest , Brevis & perspicua Ratio judicandi Genituras ex Physicis Causis & vera Experientia extracta , &c. to which is prefixed Admonitio de vero & licito Astrologiae usu per Hieronymum Wolphium , Printed at London 1558. Of Him Tycho Brahe ( in Progymnasm . l. 1. ) writes at large , adding withall , that , Pleraque ipsius Manuscripta opera , ad supputationes Astronomicas , praesertim primi Mobilis Tabulas copiosiores & faciliores reddendas facientia ; Augustae in Fuggeorum Bibliotheca non sine harum A●…ium promovendarum Incommodo , detinentur .

JOHANNES DRIANDER , Doctor of Physick , and Professor of Mathematicks , 1560. which he illustrated by his learned Writings , particularly by his Book of the various Composition of Sun-Dyals ; by his Description of a nocturnal Instrument , for taking the hour of the Night from the inspection of the Stars ; Astrolabial Canons , and the Explication of the Quadrant ; with several other Astronomical Inventions ; as it is testified by the excellent Thuanus , and Draudius in Bibl ▪ Classica .

GEORGIUS BUCHANANUS , that learned Scotch-man , hath written 1560. Five Books of the Sphere , in a Latine Poem ; to which Iohannes Pincierus hath added a Supplement of the fourth and fifth Books , and Arguments to them all .

RABBI ORI , filius Simeonis , a Iew of Palaestine , put forth Calendarium 1560. Palaestinorum , & omnium Iudaeorum , computed for forty years , first Printed at Venice , in Hebrew , afterwards translated into Latine , and illustrated with Annotations by Iacobus Christmannus ; and published at Francfort , 1594.

FEDERICUS COMMANDINUS of Urbino , optimè meritus , si quisquam 1560. alius , de Mathematicis , sayes Blancanus . For besides the many other excellent Monuments of Greek Learning , which we owe to his happy Traduction , we are beholding to him for Aristarchus Samius , De Magnitudinibus & Distantiis Solis a●… Lunae , which he illustrated by a Comment of his own . He put forth likewise Ptolemy's Analemma , and wrote De Lineis Horariis .

MICHAEL BEUTHERUS , Native of Carolostadt in Westphalia , not 1560. far distant from Wurstburgh , Scholar to Erasmus Reinholdus , afterwards Professor of Poetry , History , and Mathematicks ; in the University of Gripswaldt , in the Dukedom of Pomerania , read at Paris publick Lectures , De Annorum Supputatione . He wrote De Globo Astronomico ; De Circulis ; Of the Correction of the Gregorian Calendar ; Of the seventy weeks in Daniel ; Of the time of the World's Creation , and the day of our Saviour's Passion . He was Library-Keeper to Otho-Henry , Prince Palatine of the Rhine , and of his Council in Ecclesiastical Affairs , and restored to the same Charges afterwards by Frederick the Third .

ELIAS VINETUS , Professor at Bourdeaux , besides his Notes on Pomponius 1560. Mela , De situ Orbis , wrote a Commentary in Sphaeram Sacrobosci ; for which he justly merits a room in this Astronomical Catalogue .

JOHANNES HONTERUS CORONENSIS , of Cronstadt ( in 1560. Transylvania ) anciently called Zarmigethusa , writ Four Books , in Verse , De Rudimentis Cosmographiae , which he adorned with several Land-Tables or Maps . To which he adjoyned , in Prose , a Treatise of the Principles of Astronomy and Geography . ANNI POST . CHRISTUM

PETRUS RAMUS , first Disciple to Orontius Finaeus , afterwards Regius 1560. Professor of Mathematicks in the University of Paris , besides his Two Books of Arithmetick , and XXVII . of Geometry , put forth XXXII . Scholarum Mathematicarum , in the first of which he treats of many things relating to the Rise and Advancement of Astronomy .

MICHAEL NEANDER , è valle Ioachimica , put forth Elementa Doctrinae 1561. Sphaericae , & Materiam Computi Astronomici , as Ricciolus affirms in Chronolog. Astron.

DANIEL SANTBECH , of Nimmeghen , put forth , according to Ricciolus , 1561. Praeclara Problemata Astronomica & Geometrica , in VII . Sectiones distributa : In the first whereof he treats of several Observations of the Phaenomena of the Sun , Moon , and fixed Stars ; In the second , he exhibits Canons of the Primum Mobile , extracted from the Tables of Regiomontanus ; The third is of the Reasons of Gnomons and Shadows . The other Four are upon Geometrical Subjects .

JOSEPHUS MOLETIUS Professor of Mathematicks at Padua , besides 1562. his Comment upon Ptolemy's Geography , composed out of the Prutenick Tables , others , which he called Tabulae Gregorianae ; for which by the Senate of Venice , he was rewarded with 200. Ducats , and promised by Pope Gregory XIII . for the continuation of them 300. Crowns more . He published likewise Introductio ad Ephemerides , Printed together with the Ephemerides of Iosephus Scala , of Sicily , in the year 1589.

LUCILLUS PHILALTHAEUS , Doctor of Physick , wrote as Ricciolus 1563. terms them , Luculentos Commentarios , upon Aristotle , De Coelo .

LEONARDUS DIGGES , of a generous Family in Kent , besides his 1564. Stratiotices , and his Mathematical Discourse of Geometrical Solids , wrote an Astronomical Prognostication , then Printed .

ALEXANDER PICOLOMINAEUS , of Siena , wrote Four Books , 1565. De Sphaera Mundi ; as also a Treatise of the Fixed Stars in Italian , in which Language he likewise published another , of the Theory of the Planets , and dedicated the same to Cosmus de Medicis ; and farther another , De Magnitudine Terrae & Aquae ; all rendred into Latine by Nicholaus Stupanus , and Printed at Basil , 1568.

SAMUEL SYDEROCRATES wrote De usu Partium Coeli , in Commendationem 1567. Astronomiae , Printed at Strasbourg , as Draudius affirms , 1567.

TITUS à POPMA , a Friezlander , wrote Tabellas in Sphaeram , & Elementa 1568. Astronomiae .

EDO HILDERICUS writ a small Treatise entituled Logistice Astronomica , 1568. Printed at Wittenberg 1568. mentioned by Simler , in Bibl. Gesner .

CHRISTIANUS VURSTISIUS , of Basil , Professor of Mathematicks 1568. in the University of Zurich , wrote learned Questions in Theoricas Purbacchii ; whereto he prefixed an Introduction of his own , Printed at Basil , by Henricus Petri , 1586.

ABRAHAMUS ORTELIUS , of Antwerp , Geographer to Philip II ▪ ANNI POST CHRISTUM . King of Spain , most deservedly challenges a place in this Catalogue , especially for 1570. that great Work of his , Theatrum Orbis Terrarum , with it's Parergon , and his Thesaurus Geographicus .

GERARDUS MERCATOR , a Native of Rupelmonde in Flanders , 1570. made several Mathematical Instruments for the Emperour Charles the Fifth , particularly a Globe , in which was comprized the Constitution of the Planets , and the Celestial Signs and Constellations . He likewise made for the said Emperour two other Globes ; the one Celestial of Chrystal , the other Terrestrial , of Wood. He put forth a Cronology from the beginning of the World to the year 1568. exactly composed and calculated , as well from Eclipses , and other Astronomical Observations of all Times , as from the Sacred Scriptures , and other Authentick Authors , highly commended by Onuphrius Panvinius . Not to mention his other Geographical Works .

HUGO , sive HUO HELTILIUS , of Groeningen , in Friezland , wrote 1570. in Spanish of the Planisphere .

HENRICUS BRUCAEUS of Alost in Flanders , Doctor of Physick and 1570. Professor of Mathematicks at Rome and Rostoch , put forth Three Books of the Primum Mobile , and the Institutions of the Sphere , of whom Vossius , De Scient. Math. gives an ample Account .

FRANCISCUS BAROCCIUS , a Patrician of Venice , wrote ( besides 1570. his other Works in Mechanicks and Geometry ) Four Books of Cosmography , in the Preface to which he detects no less than LXXXIV . Errors of Io. de Sacrobosco , and his Followers .

JOANNES LALAMANTIUS , of Antun in Burgundy , a Physician published 1571. a Tractate entituled , Collatio Rationis Anni exterarum ferè Omnium & Praecipuarum Gentium cum Romano Anno , Printed at Geneva apud Crispinum 1571. 8o .

ADAMUS URSINUS , of Norimberg , wrote Prognosticks upon the new 1572. Star in Cassiopaea , touching which , see Tycho , Progymn . Tom. 1.

ANDREAS NOLTHIUS , of Embeck , wrote concerning the Star in 1572. Cassiopaea about the same time as the Landtgrave of Hesse , as is likewise noted by Tycho , Progymnas . Tom. 1.

BARTHOLOMAEUS RASACHERUS , Professor of Mathematicks 1572. at Vienna , wrote also touching the Star in Cassiopaea .

CORNELIUS GEMMA , of Lovaine , wrote likewise upon the same 1572. Subject : So also did

CORNELIUS FRANGIPANUS , whose Censure see in Tycho Brahe , 1572. Progymnas . Tom. 1.

HIERONYMUS MUNOSIUS , Professor of the Hebrew Tongue and 1572. Mathematicks in the University of Valentia , and Physician to the Emperor Maximilian the Second , put forth his Observations upon the New Star in Cassiopaea .

ELIAS CAMERARIUS , Professor of Mathematicks at Francfort , upon 1572. Oder , wrote De Nova Stella Cassiopaeae .

GUL●…ELMUS POSTELLUS , Native of Barenton , a Town in Normandy , ANNI POST CHRISTUM ▪ about this time put forth his Cosmography , sive , De Universitate , and wrote , 1572. De Nova Stella Cassiopaeae .

JOHANNES DEE , Doctor of Physick and an excellent Mathematician 1572. ( besides other his learned Works , whereby he hath honoured our Nation , not pertinent to our present purpose ) wrote , upon occasion of the New Star in Cassiopaea , a small Treatise , by him entituled Parallacticae Commentationis & Praxeos nucleus , highly commended by Tycho Brahe , in Progymnasm . Tom. 1. He published in the year 1558. a Treatise entituled , De Praestantioribus quibusdam Naturae Virtutibus , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , containing several curious Astronomical and Astrological Aphorisms ; In the Preface to which Piece , he makes mention of the several Astronomical Tractates following , by him intended for the Publick , but whether ever yet Printed is uncertain ; as first , De Planetarum , inerrantium Stellarum , Nubiumque à Centro Terrae Distantiis , & Stellarum omnium veris inveniendis Magnitudinibus in two Books , De praecipua Perspectivae Parte , quae de Radiorum Fractione tractat , in three Books , De Caelestis Globi amplissimis Commoditatibus , in two Books , De Nova Navigationum Ratione , in two Books , and one Book , De Annuli Astronomici multiplici usu , divided into a hundred Chapters , besides some other Mathematical Pieces , among which , his Apology for Fryar Bacon . A farther Account of the Works and Writings of this Stupendious Person the Reader may happily e're long meet with in his Life ; intended to be written ( if Providence second his Design ) by my worthy Friend Elias Ashmole Esquire , whose singular Affection to Astronomical and Astrological Studies may justly entitle him to a Place in this Catalogue .

PAULUS HAINZELIUS , Consul of Ausbourg , diligently observed , at 1572. Gegginge , near the City of Ausbourg aforesaid , the motions of the Stars and Planets , using in his Observations a Quadrant of fourteen Cubits , as Ricciolus , in Chronol. Astron. affirms . His Prayses and Commendations may be seen in Tycho Brahe , Progymn . Tom. 1.

PAULUS FABRITIUS , a Mathematician and Physician to the Emperour 1572. of Germany , wrote De Nova Stella Cassiopaeae 1572.

THEODORUS GRAMINEUS , Professor of Mathematicks at Colen , 1572. published a Prolix and tedious Commentary , or ( as Tycho more truly terms it ) Commentum , upon the New Star in Cassiopaea .

MICHAEL MAESTLINUS GOEPINGENSIS , at first Parish-Priest , 1572. or Curate of a little Town called Bachnang , afterwards Professor of Mathematicks in the Universities of Heidelberg , and Tubinge , and Master or Tutor to Kepler , wrote De Stella Nova Cassiopaeae , and of the Comet which appeared in the year 1576. as also Ephemerides according to the Prutenick Tables , and Additions to the first Narration of Rheticus , with an Appendix ; De Dimensionibus Orbium Coelestium , according to the Opinion of Copernicus . He published likewise Theses De Eclipsibus , and an Epitome of Astronomy , and wrote against the Gregorian Calendar , in which he was opposed by Clavius ; yet happy in this , that he was not only Master to the learned Kepler , but first Motor to the famous Galilaeo ( addicted before that time entirely to Aristotle and Ptolemy ) of his embracing the Copernican Hypothesis , perswaded thereunto by the force of his Arguments , which in a Publick Lecture upon that Subject he used at the time of his being in Italy .

GELLIUS SASSERIDES , a Dane , of Copenhagen , was one of those 1572. who assisted the noble Tycho Brahe in his Celestial Observations ; some of whose Epistles are extant in Maginus , De Directionibus .

JOHANNES HECKIUS , of Daventer , Doctor of Physick , wrote a small ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Treatise upon the New Star in Cassiopaea , termed by Ricciolus , Opus non inelegans . 1572.

TYCHO BRAHE , descended of an illustrious Family among the Danes , 1572. as being eldest Son to Otto Brahe , Lord of Knudsthorp , in the Island Schonen , not far from Elzinbourg , who was Son of another Tycho , Son of Axilius Brahe , Lord of the said Place ; the Hipparchus of his Age , who even from his Childhood being addicted to Astronomical Studies , though diverted from them by the Advice of his Friends and morose humour of his Tutour , grew by his own Ingenuity and Industry without any Instructor , so great a Proficient therein , that in the time of his Minority , and without the help of other Instruments , than a small Globe little bigger than a Man's Fist , and a large pair of Compasses , with which by applying his Eye to the Head of the Compasses , and opening the shanks thereof , he used by stealth to take the Distances of the Stars , he made a shift to detect divers considerable Errors , both in the Alphonsine and Prutenick Tables . At length by his Studies and Travels , having consummated his Knowledge in Astronomy . He was by Frederick the Second King of Denmark ( at what time he resolved to make his Retreat into Switzerland , the better to apply himself entirely to the Contemplation of the Stars ) invited to fix his Studies at Home , and to honour his own Country with his Learned Labours and Observations . To which end the King gave him the Island Huena , commonly called Ween , between Scania and Zeland , in the Baltick Sound , as a Place for his Retirement and Studies . Where causing to be built a Stately Pallace , to which he gave the Name of Uranoburgum , procuring most costly and exquisite Instruments for observing , and calling to his Assistance the most learned Astronomers of that Age , he happily began and made his glorious Progress in the Instauration of Astronomy . In which Work he is said to have expended no less than two hundred thousand Crowns . And as Copernicus had corrected many things in Ptolemy , so did Tycho no less in Copernicus . So that from thence the Learned World began to look upon only three chief Sects of Astronomers , whereof the Tychonick was the mean and middle between the Pythagorean or Copernican , and the Aristolean or Ptolemaick . Of his Works there are published Astronomiae Instauratae Progymnasmata , in three Parts ; whereof the first treats of the Restitution of the Sun's Motion , as also of the Moon 's , and the fixed Stars ; chiefly of the new Star which appeared in the Constellation of Cassiopaea , 1572. The second of several new Phaenomena's of the Aetherial World , more particularly of the Comet which appeared in the year 1577. The third and last contains his Astronomical Epistles to divers Persons . There is extant likewise a Book of his entituled Astronomiae Instauratae Mechanica , dedicated by him to the Emperor Rudolphus the Second , describing the several stupendious and costly Instruments , by him used in his Astronomical Instauration . To these is to be added his Historia Coelestis , being a Collection of twenty years Observations preserved in MS. by three mighty Emperors , Rudolph the Second , Ferdinand the Second , and Ferdinand the Third , and lately by Command of his Imperial Majesty Leopold , made publick at Ausburg . Which said Observations are ushered by a Liber Prolegomen●… , compendiously representing the Observations made from the time of the Infancy of Astronomy unto that of it's Restauration by the Illustrous Tycho , reduced into 7. Class . containing the Babylonian Observations , the Grecian , the Alexandrian , the Syro-Persian , the Norimbergian , the Borussian , and mixt Observations from the year 1529. to the year 1582. After which begin the Tychonick Observations in twenty Books , containing as many Annual Observations ending in the year 1601. which was the last of Tycho's life : A correct Copy of these Observations ( transcribed from the Original , by Erasmus Bartholinus ) being now likewise in the Press at Paris . See more of him , in his life , written by the excellent Gassendus , in six Books .

PETRUS BEAUSARDUS , Doctor of Physick , and Regius Professor of 1573. Mathematicks in the University of Lovain , wrote of the Astronomical Ring , or the ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Armilla .

THADDAEUS HAGGECIUS of Haic , Disciple to Ioachimus Camerarius , 1573. and Physician to the Emperour Maximilian the Second , put forth a Piece , entituled Dialexis , touching the New Star in Cassiopaea , whose several Arguments see reported and examined by Tycho , Progymn . Tom. 1.

JOHANNES RASEH , at Munichen , wrote De Cometarum Significationibus , 1573. about the year 1573. About the same time

GEORGIUS BUSCHIUS , Pictor & Astronomus Erfordiensis , as Ricciolus 1573. stiles him , wrote of the Star which appeared in Cassiopaea . And

ANTONIUS SANTUTIUS , Professor of Mathematicks at Pisa , wrote 1573. De Cometis , in which he treats of the same Star .

WOLFANGUS SCHULERUS , Professor of Mathematicks in the University 1573. of Wittemberg , wrote upon the same Subject , in answer to Caspar Peucerus , the Younger , his Proposals touching the said New Star .

FRANCISCUS BORDINUS , of Correggio , Doctor of Arts and Physick , 1573. and Publick Professor of Mathematicks in the University of Bologna , published Chilias Quaestionum & Responsorum Mathematicorum ad cognitionem Universi pertinentium , divided into three Parts ; the first treating of Geometry , the second of Geography , and the last in a more ample manner of Astronomy , Printed at Bologna .

JACOBUS SCHOL , of Strasbourg , Doctor of Physick , set forth a Book , 1573. wherein he reduces Theses aliquot rei Medicae simplicioris , Integritati Astronomicae . He published likewise a Book , De brevi applicatione Astrologiae ad Medicinam ; with Canons of their conveniency and agreement ; Extant in the King's Library at St. Iames's .

JOHANNES FRANCISCUS OFFUSIUS , wrote De Divina Astrorum 1574. Facultate , in Larvatam Astrologiam , Printed at Paris , in the year 1574.

HERMANNUS WITTEKINDUS , Professor of Mathematicks at 1574. Heidelberg , published a small Tractate , De Sphera Mundi , & Temporis Ratione apud Christianos , Printed at Newstadt , in the year 1590. He put forth also a Piece entituled , Conformatio Horologiorum in superficiebus planis utcunque sitis ; with a Horological Quadrant , Printed at Heidelberg .

ADAMUS à BODENSTEIN , Son of Andreas , Doctor of Physick , at 1574. Basil , writ De Herbis duodecim Zodiaci signis dicatis , as Simler affirms , in Bibl. Gesner .

LUDOVICUS LAVATERUS , of Zurich , besides his Book , De Spectris , 1574. Lemuribus , & magnis atque insolitis fragoribus , variisque Praesagitionibus , quae plerunque Hominum magnas clades , mutationésque Imperiorum praecedunt , wrote a large Catalogue of Comets , published at Zurich , by Gesner .

ANDREAS ROSA SINGFURDENSIS MEDICUS , in his 1574. Prognostick , published 1574. made some Observations upon the Star in Cassiopaea .

JOSIAS SIMLERUS , Author of the Epitome of Gesner's Bibliotheca , ANNI POST CHRISTUM . put forth two Books , De Principiis Astronomiae . 1574.

FRANCISCUS JUNCTINUS , a Florentine , Doctor in Theology , Professor 1574. of Philosophy and Astronomy , put forth Speculum Astrologicum , Tabulis Astronomicis , & multiplici eruditione refertum , according to the Judgement of Ricciolus ; and wrote accurate Commentaries in Sphaeram Sacrobosci , as Vossius calls them . He left likewise two Treatises , Ad judicandum De Revolutionibus Astrorum ; and a large Commentary upon Ptolemy's Quadripartite , with a Catalogue of the most famous Persons of his Time , and some Ages before him , Printed together in folio .

GODESCALCUS EBERBACHIUS , wrote of the Eclipse of the 1576. Moon , which happened in December 1573. with a brief Prognostick thereupon according to the Doctrine of Ptolemy . He published likewise the Reason of another Eclipse of the Moon , which happened in the year 1576. demonstrated Geometrically , and Printed at Erford , as Draudius affirms .

SIXTUS SENENSIS , of the Order of Preaching Fryars , put forth , by 1576. way of Comment , upon the Scripture , one Book of Geographical ; another of Astronomical Questions .

EGNATIUS DANTES , of Perugio , a Dominican , and publick Professor 1576. of Mathematicks in the University of Bologna , wrote of the use of the Astrolabe , and the making of Astronomical Instruments , and reduced Astronomy , with other Mathematical Sciences , into a Compendium . He erected a Gnomon , in the Church of St. Petronio at Bologna , for observing the Sun's Declination , and Equinoctial Armillae in the Church-wall of St. Maria Novella at Florence , for the observation of the Equinox . He first published the Optick Fragments of Heliodorus Larissaeus in Italian , in which there is something Astronomical ; of which , another Edition hath been published in Greek and Latine , at Paris in 1657. by Erasmus Bartholinus in 4ᵒ. and lately at Cambridge another in 8ᵒ. Greek and Latine , ad Hetrus●…i Codicis fidem , ex Bibliotheca Fr. Lindenbrogii , Printed at the end of the Opucsula Mythologica Ethica & Physica , set forth by Mr. Tho. Gale , 1670.

THOMAS BLEBELIUS , wrote of the Sphere , and of the first Rudiments 1576. of Astronomy , Printed at Wittemberg in the year 1576.

BARTHOLOMAEUS SCULTETUS GORLICIENSIS , wrote 1577. of the Comet which appeared in the year 1557. Astronomicè & Astrologicè ; of which see Tycho's censure , lib. 2. p. 175.

JOHANNES MARIA FIORNOVELLUS , of Ferrara , upon occasion 1577. of the Comet appearing in the year 1577. Published a small , but learned Treatise , De Cometis .

GUID ' UBALDUS , or GUIDUS UBALDUS , a Noble Italian 1577. Marquess , of the Family DE MONTE , besides other Signal Monuments of his great Skill in Mathematicks , especially in Mechanicks , set forth a Treatise of the Astrolabe and Perspective , and left behind him ( being a Posthume Work ) divers Astronomical Problems , as Ricciolus in Catalog . Astron. and Vossius , De Scient. Mathemat . testifie .

NICHOLAUS WINKLERUS of Hall , or Hala , in Suabe , commonly 1577. called Schwabishe Hall , to distinguish it from a Town of the same Name in Saxony , ANNI POST CHRISTUM . wrote a small Piece , wherein he proposes to demonstrate the Parallax and distance of the former Comet from the Center of the Earth ; but censured by Tycho , to be a work full of enormous absurdities .

JOHANNES PRAETORIUS JOACHIMICUS , wrote likewise 1577. upon the Comet appearing 1577. and occasionally upon the New Star in Cassiopaea happening not long before ; of which Tycho , in Progymnas . Tom. 1.

HELIZAEUS ROESLINUS , Published a Treatise entituled Theoria Coelestium 1578. 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , in which ( sayes Draudius in Bibl. Classica ) from the Phaenomena of divers Comets , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , quaedam afferuntur de Novis cujusdam Miraculi Tertiae Sphaerae Circulis , Polis , & Axi ; Printed at Strasbourg 1578. He assumed to himself , as Raimarus Dithmarsus had done , the Invention of the Tychonick System , to which he added the ( exploded ) Solidity of the Celestial Orbs , as Gassendus , in vita Tychon . testifies .

PAULUS CRUSIUS COBURGENSIS , put forth a Treatise , De 1578. Doctrina Revolutionum Solis , cum Tabulis Mediarum Conversionum Temporis , & Motuum Solis in Annis Tropicis & Sidereis , Printed at Iena 1567. and another , De Epochis seu Aeris , Printed at Basil in 8ᵒ. 1578.

GEORGIUS CAESIUS , put forth a Catalogue , according to the Series of 1579. Time , of all the Comets which appeared from the Flood , until the year 1579. Printed at Norimberg the same year .

ANDREAS DUDITIUS , wrote a small Comment , De Cometarum significationibus ; 1579. to which is adjoyned the Opinion of Thomas Erastus , Printed at Basil 1579.

ALKAS CURIACUS , in the year of Hegira 950. and of Christ 1580. 1580. writ Tables , or Computus Astronomicus , now extant in the Publick Library at Oxford .

VALENTINUS NAIBODA , Professor of Mathematicks at Colen and 1580. Padua , wrote Three Books of Astronomical Institutions , and put forth an enarration of the Elements of Astrology , collected out of Alchabitius , and other Authors . He was found dead in his House , at Padua transfixed with many wounds , having predicted that he should die by the Sword . Vide Ricciol . in Append. ad Tom. prim . Almagest . Nov. & Campanellae Astrolog .

MARCUS ALBERTUS LONICERUS , wrote of the Theory of 1580. the Celestial Motions , according to the Hypothesis of Copernicus , Printed at Colen , 1583.

JOHANNES BAPTISTA CARELLUS , of Piacenza , wrote Ephemerides , 1580. together with a Treatise or Introduction to Astrology ; as Ricciol . in Astron. Chron. affirms .

MAURITIUS BRESSIUS , put forth Four Books , Metrices Astronomicae , 1581. Printed at Paris , 1581.

MATTHAEUS RICCIUS , Native of Macerata , a Town in Italy , a Iesuit , 1532. famous as well for his Travels into the East - Indies and China , as for his eminent Skill in the Mathematicks . To ingratiate himself with the Chineses , he is said to have Composed a Cosmographical Map , of an Oval Form , in which he ordered ANNI POST CHRISTUM . the Kingdom of China to be placed at large in the midst , and the other Kingdoms and Territories about the skirts thereof in little , the better to humour that proud conceited Nation . He wrote likewise , in the Chinese Tongue , a Cosmographical Table , which he illustrated with a Comment , together with Cosmographical and Astrological Rules , and divers other things for the benefit of that Nation .

ALOYSIUS LILIUS ; of Verona , Doctor of Physick , by Blancanus stiled , 1582. Alter nostri aevi Sosigenes , whose assistance Gregory XIII . made use of in correcting and reforming the Iulian Calendar . He invented a perpetual Cycle of the Moon , and established the immutable and fixed seats of the Aequinoxes .

THOMAS ERASTUS , an eminent Philosopher and Physician , writ some 1583. thing upon the Subject of Astrology , or rather against the Iudiciary Part , Quam validis Argumentis confutavit , sayes the excellent Thuanus , in Histor. ad Ann. 1583. ▪

SIXTUS ab HEMINGA , called likewise by Vossius , Simon ab Heminga , a 1583. Native of Friezland , of a Noble Family , Doctor of Physick , and an excellent Astronomer , in his Youth much addicted to Judiciary Astrology , but afterwards having detected the falsity of that vain Study by his inspection into the Genitures of thirty most eminent Persons , he put forth a Book in confutation thereof ; wherein he chiefly oppugns Cyprianus Leovitius , Hieronymus Cardanus , and Lucas Gauricus .

JOHANNES PADUANUS , wrote of the various Composition and use 1583. of Sun-Dials , together with a Method , or Tables for supputation of the Hours , according to the several Regions of the World , and distinguishing the Places of the Stars ; Printed at Venice and Verona , in the years 1582. and 1583. as Draudius affirms .

ALBERTUS LEONINUS , sive LEUWIUS , a Groenwood , Native of 1583. Utrecht , of a generous Family , Doctor of the Civil Law , and eminently learned in the Mathematicks , put forth the Theory of the Celestial Motions , according to the Doctrine of Copernicus . In which he likewise treats of the true Quantity of the Tropical year , and of the Reason of the Reformation , or Restitution of the Civil year . In the same Work likewise he gives an Introduction to Astronomy , Geography , and Horography . He wrote also against Judiciary Astrology .

REMBERTUS DODONAEUS , Published a Cosmographical Institution 1584. of the Sphere , comprehending the Principles of Astronomy and Geography ; Printed at Antwerp , 1584.

JOANNES BAPTISTA BENEDICTUS , a Noble Venetian , invited 1585. from Parma to Turin , by the Duke of Savoy , in the year 1566. to answer several Questions proposed in Arithmetick , Geometry , Astronomy , Opticks , and Musick , to which he endeavoured to give satisfaction and solution , by his learned Epistles , published in the year 1585. He was an Excellent Geometer and ▪ Tutor to Clavius .

NICHODEMUS FRISCHLINUS , wrote Five Books , De Astronomicae 1586. Artis cum Doctrinâ Coelesti , & Naturali Philosophiâ congruentiâ , Printed at Francfori , in the year 1586.

SALOMON PLEPPIUS , wrote a new Explication of the Motion of the 1587. utmost Heaven , called the Prime Mover , Printed in the year 1587.

HENRICUS DECIMATOR , put forth a small Treatise , as well of the ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Fixed Stars as Planets , serving not only for the use of Astronomers , but also Poets ; 1587. Printed at Magdeburg , 1587.

JOSEPHUS SCALA , a Sicilian , composed Ephemerides , continuing from 1589. the year of Christ , 1589. to the year 1600.

JOSEPHUS AURIA , a Neopolitane , whom Blancanus commends , as if he 1590. were another Commandinus , for his learned Labours , in translating divers of the Ancient Greek Mathematicians , in particular ( and to our purpose ) Autolycus De Sphaera Mobili , Euclidis Phaenomena , & Theodosius Tripolita , De Habitationibus , & De Diebus & Noctibus .

CHRISTOPHORUS ROTHMANNUS , was Mathematician to the 1590. Illustrious William , Landtgrave of Hesse . He made his Celestial Observations at Cassels , at the same time , as Tycho did his at Uranoburg ; and besides his accurate Piece upon the Comet which appeared in the year 1585. There are extant in the first Tome of Tycho Brahe's Epistles , divers Letters of his to Tycho , with Tycho Brahe's Answers to him , touching several Controversies in Astronomy .

SIMON STEVINUS , of Bruges , Mathematician to Maurice ▪ Prince of 1590. Aurange , put forth , among other Works of his , Theories of the Planets , and Tables of the Celestial Motions , in Three Books .

DAVID WOLKENSTEIN VRATISLAVIENSIS , a Silesian , 1590. writ an accurate Description of the Astronomical Horologe at Strasbourg , where he was Professor of Mathematicks , extant in Manuscript in the hands of my worthy Friend , Mr. Thomas Gale ,

JACOBUS CHRISTMANNUS , Publick Professor of Mathematicks , 1590. and the learned Languages at Heidelberg , translated into Latine , out of a Manuscript in the Elector Palatine's Library , Alfraganus's Chronological and Astronomical Elements , which he supplied and illustrated with various Scholia ; to which he annexed a Comment , wherein he explained the Roman , Egyptian , Arabian , Persian , Syriac , and Hebrew Calendar . He put forth likewise divers Solar Observations , therein explicating the true Motion of the Sun in the Zodiack , accommodating the Doctrine of Triangles to the apparent motion of the Heavens . He wrote likewise of the Theory of the Moon , grounded upon a new Hypothesis , for finding out the Moon 's true place in the Zodiack ; and several other Pieces , as well in Astronomy and Chronology , as in Geometry .

JOHANNES BAPTISTA PORTA , a Noble Neapolitane , published 1590. an Interpretation of the first Book of Ptolemy's Almagest with the Commentary of Theon thereupon ; not to mention his twenty Books of Natural Magick , Printed in most of the Europaean Languages . He writ also an Excellent Book of Opticks , and of Celestial Physiognomy .

FRANCISCUS VIETA , a French-man , Native of Fontenay , whom Ricciolus 1590. entitles Gallicanae Matheseos insigne decus , besides his many other excellent Works in Geometry , and other Parts of the Mathematicks . He exhibited to Pope Clement VIII . a new form of the Gregorian Calendar , to which he added perpetual Canons , and an Explication thereof against Clavius , whom he accused to have Deformed the true Lilian Reformation , by not rightly understanding the Reason of it ; touching which Controversie Thuanus , in the 129th Book of his History , writes more particularly . But the Work of his chiefly pertinent to our Subject , ANNI POST CHRISTUM . and whose Loss cannot be sufficiently deplored , was his Harmonicon Coeleste , which being communicated to Mersennus , was , by some perfidious Acquaintance of that honest-minded Person , surreptitiously taken from him , and irrecoverably lost or suppressed , to the unspeakable detriment of the Letter'd World . Vide Buliald . Prolegom . in Astron. Phil. The learned Golius had it , and Sir Alexander Hume from hence imparted another Copy ; both which , 't is feared , are lost , there being no Impression made thereof , and Golius being since dead , his Collections ( whereof he had many in Arabick ) are said to be dispersed , and ( which is to be pitied ) carried back by a Iew into Turkey .

JANUS DOUZA , the Learned Son of as Learned a Father , sometim●… Tutor 1590. to Henry Frederick , Prince of Orange , and the first Keeper of the Publick Library in the University of Leyden . Published among other his Writings , Rerum Coelestium Libri , & De Umbra , sive Umbrae Encomium , Printed at Leiden apud Raphelengium 1590. 8o .

JOHANNES BUSAEUS NOVIOMA GENSIS , of the Society of 1590. Iesus , wrote an Apologetical Disputation in behalf of the Gregorian Calendar , against Iacobus Herbrandus , a Divine of Tubingue ; of whom more in Ribadeneira , lib. De Scriptor . Soc. Iesu.

GULIELMUS ADOLPHUS SCRIBONIUS , wrote a Spherical Institution , 1591. published together with Zacharias Parthenius his Notes , at Francfort , 1591.

PETRUS RYFF , wrote concerning the Sphere , as also touching the Principles 1591. of Astronomy and Geography , Published in the year 1591.

THOMAS DIGGES , Son of Leonard Digges , before mentioned , of 1591. whom Tycho Brahe ( Progymnasm . l. 1. ) gives this Elogy , that he was ( ●…nerosi Stemmatis Vir , & Eximius Mathematicus ; wrote a Book entituled , Alae & S●…alae Mathematicae , being a Treatise about calculating Parallaxes , Printed 1573. He published likewise his Pantometria , and some other Mathematical Tractates in the year 1591.

ANTONIUS LUPICINUS , an Italian , writ ( in that Language ) D●…lle 1591. Verghe Astronomiche , Printed at Florence 1591.

GEORGIUS BACHMANNUS , put forth an Epitome of the Doctrine 1592. of the Primum Mobile ; comprehending a brief exposition of all the Celestial Circles and Appearances ; to which is added a small Treatise , De Doctrina Sphaerica , Printed at Wittemberg , 1591.

HENRICUS RANTZOVIUS , a Noble Dane , and Viceroy in the 1593. Dutchy of Schleswick , Holsatia , and Ditmars , put forth Calendarium , Romanum , Oeconomicum , Ecclesiasticum , Astronomicum , & fere perpetuum ; and an Astrological Treatise , collected out of the most ancient and best Authors of Judiciary Astrology ; Printed at Francfort , by Wechelius ; also Locorum Hylegi●…lium ad quodvis Tempus datum Directiones . He writ also a Catalogue of Emperours , Princes , and other Illustrious Persons , who had either affected , promoted , or studied Astrology ; A Treatise , De Veritate Astrologica , and another , De Annis Climactericis , &c. Printed at Leipsick 1584.

JOANNES PAULUS GALLUCIUS , Published Theatrum Mundi ANNI POST . CHRISTUM . & Temporis , Printed at Venice 1589. Likewise Speculum Uranicum , there Printed in 1593. the year 1593. And Della Fabrica & Uso di diversi Stromenti di Astronomia & Cosmographia , Printed in the year 1597. Also , De Figura Coelesti erigenda , with some other Tractates of like Nature .

FEDERICUS BONAVENTURA , wrote , De Affectionibus Meteorologicis ; 1594. De vero Ortu & Occasu Siderum ; De Stellarum significationibus , &c. Printed at Venice , 1594. He hath written also upon Theophrastus De Ventis , and upon Ptolemy De Siderum Ortu & Occasu , and in his Book , De Octomestri Partu , shews himself not ill affected to Astrology .

GULIELMUS HARTGILL , an English-man put forth Tabulae Astronomicae 1594. Universales , Printed at London 1594 and Reprinted 16 with Additions by Iohn Gadbury of London .

BERNARDINUS BALDUS , Disciple to Federicus Commandinus , of 1595. whom Vossius gives this Charecter , that he was Vir non solum Mathesios universae peritissimus , sed etiam , ( ut Germanicam , Gallicam , & Slavonicam Linguam omittam ) Latinè , Graecè , Hebraicè , Chaldaicè , & Arabicè Doctissimus . Not to mention his many curious Works in other Parts of the Mathematicks , well known to the Learned ; We shall only insist on what more nearly relates to our present Subject ; as his five Books , Novae Gnomonices , Horologium universale , & de Firmamento . He writ likewise upon the Phaenomena of Aratus ; and hath composed a History of the Lives of all the famous Mathematicians from Thales Milesius to Commandinus , with a Chronology of the Times wherein they flourished , and their several Eulogies . Of which , if we may judge ( as of Hercules by his Foot ) by that Life he hath written of Hero , already published with his Belopoica . We cannot but conclude them worthy of that Honour which they yet want , that is , a speedy Publication to the view of the Learned World . And if the Manuscript now in possession of some of his Family , or a Copy thereof may be obtained ; we may have then hopes that er'e long the Work will be communicated to the Curious of this Nation .

GERARDUS RUPELMUND ANUS , set forth a Book , which he 1595. entituled Atlas , or Cosmographical Meditations , De fabrica Mundi , & fabricati figura ; Printed at Duisberg , in the year 1595. according to Draudius , whom I conceive to be the same with Mercator .

JOSEPHUS ACOSTA , in the year 1597. published the use of an Instrument , 1597. called a Cylinder , together with Astronomical Tables ; Printed at Colen .

GULIELMUS , Landtgrave of Hassia , merits an Elogium beyond what can 1597. be here given , for his assiduous Observations for many years of the Celestial Bodies ; to which end , at Cassells , he erected an Observatory , with excellent Instruments , calling to his assistance two eminent Artists , Christophorus Rothmannus , and Iustus Byrgius . His Observations were published at Leyden , in the year 1618. by Willebrodus Snellius , and are in part mentioned by Tycho , as well in his Epistles , as in the second Tome of his Progymnasm . A signal example to all Princely and Heroick Minds , to undertake the promoting and advancing of this truly Noble and Celestial Science .

NICHOLAUS RAIMARUS DITHMARSUS URSUS , one 1597. of Tycho Brahe's Scholars , published a Piece under the Title of Astronomical Hypotheses , with a Defence thereof , Printed at Prague , 1597. In which he endeavours to prove himself Author , or at least first Reviver of the pretended Brahean Hypothesis , ANNI POST CHRISTUM . which he will have to be ancient , ascribing the same to Apollonius Pergaeus , as its first Inventor , ingratefully seeking to deprive Tycho of the due honour thereof . But he is answered by Tycho , who hath vindicated and asserted his own right .

JOSEPHUS SCALIGER , the Great Prince or Monarch of Universal 1598. Learning . As to what concerns our present Subject , his elaborate Work , De Emendatione Temporum , his exquisite Animadversions on Eusebius , with his Canon Isagogicus Chronologiae , and his accurate Comment upon Manilius's Astronomicks , sufficiently evidence his admirable knowledge , as well in Astronomy , as in other the Mathematical Learning of the Ancients ; whom , if we may trust the Judgment of the incomparable Vieta , he alone , above all others , perfectly understood , as the same is reported by the Learned Casaubon , Epist. 586. He wrote likewise Cyclometrica , Et Diatriba De Aequinoctiorum Anticipatione .

FEDERICUS SAMINIATUS , published Astronomical Tables , at Anwerp , 1599. in the year 1599. 4o .

CHRISTOPHORUS FEMILLUS , put forth Synoptical Tables , for 1599. finding out the true place of the Planets , derived from the Prutenick Tables ; together with the Investigation of the Festival Dayes of either Calendar , Printed at Wittemberg , 1599.

MELCHIOR JOESTELIUS , published Observations of an Eclipse 1599. of the Moon , happening in the year 1599. for his Skill in Astronomy well esteemed by Tycho Brahe , with whom he lived sometime a Domestick , and to whom he was an Assistant in his Astronomical Observations .

SIBRANDUS à SICCAMA , wrote , De Veteri Anno Romano Antitheses , 1599. and Fasti Calendar .

Having Successively deduced this Astronomical Catalogue thus far ; I hold it fit , before I proceed to the next Century , to insert in this Place the Names of divers Jewish , Persian , Arabian , and some other Astronomers , whose Times are Dubious , and uncertain ( at least to me ) of whom yet Mention is made in Simler ; Hottinger's Smegm . Orient . Abul-Pharagius his Dynasties ; James his Eclog. Oxon-Cant . Labbee , and the Catalogue of Golius his Manuscripts , &c.

DANIEL surnamed SAPIENS , wrote an Astronomical Tractate in Syriack , extant in the publick Library at Oxford .

RABBI JACOB BEN-MACHIR , wrote De Quadrante Astrolabii , Vestimentum Lucis , & Iter Stellarum .

R. JEHUDA BAR BARZILEI , wrote a Book , teaching the supputation of Times , according to the Celestial motions .

R. ISAAC BEN LATAPH , an eminent Philosopher , wrote of the Figure of the World .

R. ABRAZARTH , a learned Astrologer , mentioned by Gesner , from the authority of Pastregicus , lib. De rerum Inventoribus .

R. AB RUSAK , a great Astronomer , mentioned by Gesner .

R. ABRAHAM , an eminent Astronomer wrote a Treatise entituled , Liber Intercalationis ; as also another , called Intercalatio Annorum ; De Solstitiis & Aequinoctiis ; De Lunae motu , & Mensibus , & totius Calendarii ratione . Quaere whether the same with R. Abraham , who wrote De Sphaera , mentioned by Christmannus in Alfraganum , of whom already , ad annum 1115.

R. ISAASCHAR BEN SUSAN , writ a Treatise entituled , Correctio vel Ordinatio Calendarii .

R. ISAAC ALCHADEB , published a Work entituled , Via Strata , De Calendario , De Festis , &c.

R. SALOMON , writ a Treatise , entituled Sex Alae ; as also another , under the title of Talmid . Ephemerides , comprehended in six Tables , as Hottinger , in Smeg●… . Orient . There is likewise a Treatise under his Name , called Tabula Lunae , extant in MS. in the Library of Marcus Mantua Benavidius of Padua , mentioned by Thomasinus in Bibl. Patav.

ALGAZEL ABUHAMAD , a Iewish Philosopher and Astronomer , writ in Hebrew , a Book , De Luminibus , entituled Haoroth , as the same is cited by Ricciolus , in Catalog . Astron.

JOSEPHUS CHALDAEUS , wrote De Planetis , as testifies Habede-Iesu in his Catalogue of Chaldeé Ecclesiastick Writers , Printed at Rome .

R. SIMCHA , Disciple to R. Solomon , put forth an Astronomical Treatise .

KUSIANUS or KEUXIAN GILAEUS , composed Universal Astronomical Tables , with Demonstrations of their Canons . He is cited by Golius in Alferganum .

ABU-SEHEL , published a Treatise touching the Demonstration of the Planisphere .

ABDORRACHMAN of Damascus , wrote Tabulae 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , sive Resolutiones ex Tabulis Ulug Beigi , brought by the learned Golius from Constantinople . He wrote likewise , De Astrothesia , Imaginum formis variisque Nominibus .

IBN-JAHIA ABBASIDES AFER , published a Treatise , of the Doubts and Errors of Astronomers , and of the Astrolabe .

IBN-OMAR SOPHY , wrote of Horology , or Dialling .

ABU-SHUKER AFRICANUS , wrote of the Theory of the Planets , demonstrated and amended , according to the newest and latest Observations .

MAHUMEDES CHARIKAEUS , put forth a System of the Doctrine of the Sphere .

GEORGIANUS , wrote a Treatise of the Orbe or Circle called Aequans , and of the Obliquity , Inclination , or Reflection of Epicycles .

ABI ZELTUS DANITA , an Andaluzian , put forth an Astrological Treatise .

ABU MESUD , wrote De Corporum Coelestium Contemplatione , mentioned in Golius his Catalogue MS.

IB'N SINA , wrote touching the best Instruments , for making of Celestial Observations , perhaps the same with Avicenna .

ALKASRANUS ; MAHMOUD IB'N MESAUD ASSIJTARI ; IBRAHIM IB'N ALI ALABASHI ALGJMDE ; OMMAR ALFARESKOURI ; ALI IB'N ALHAZEN IB'N IBRAHIM IB'N MAHAMMED IB'N ALHUMAM ; HAKIM ALMUGJAREITI ; CHALIN ALFAKI ; IB'N SARCALI ; SJAHAB ADDIN ; ALI ALHAZEN IB'N ALI IB'N MUHAMMED IB'N IBRAHIM ALMERWAZI ; all Arabian and Persian Authors , wrote upon the Subject of Astronomy , and are mentioned in Iacobus Golius his Catalogue of Manuscripts , to which may be added HELVENOR Astrologus , and GERGIRO De Significatione Planetarum , mentioned by Simler .

ABI'L ASSAKER ABDOL AZIZ IB'N KOBERSI , wrote an Astronomical Introduction , mentioned in the foresaid Catalogue of Golius .

OMAD EDDIN ALBOCHARI , an Arabian , wrote a Treatise of the Figure and Motion of the Moon and Mercury .

ABU'L ALI ALMARASKOSJI , wrote a most accurate Treatise of the use of the Astrolabe .

ALCAJIM put forth very exquisite Astronomical Tables .

MUHAMMED IB'N ALI CHAR ARMIOUNI , put forth an Astronomical Institution , touching the supputation of Time and the motion of the Sun .

There is also among the same Manuscripts of Golius an anonymous Treatise , in the Persian Language , Of the Figures and Motion of the Stars , together with a Latine Version thereof by JUSTUS RAPHELENGIUS .

ABEN MERGIOUR , wrote Virtutes Oppositionum & Conjunctionum Saturni & Iovis juxta Sententias Antiquorum , mentioned in the Catalogue of Golius his Manuscripts .

NEDAMENIN , wrote a Treatise , De variis Annorum formis , & Rebus Coelestibus .

TEILESANUS published Astronomical Canons .

SIDIN SHERIFFUS , wrote Elementa Astronomica , perhaps the same with Ali Escheriff , who put forth likewise Tabulae expeditae Motuum Coelestium , extant among Golius his MS.

JOHANNES LEBDEBENHAZER , writ De Iudiciis Astrorum , said to be in his Majesties Library at St. Iames's .

JARDAGIRD ALEXANDRINUS , otherwise called CHILVENUZ , wrote De Scientia Annorum Arabum , the Manuscript whereof is extant in Caius Colledge at Cambridge .

THOMAS , De Iudiciis Astrorum , a Manuscript extant in the Library of Merton Colledge at Oxford , and in that of Gonvil and Caius Colledge in Cambridge .

HELIODORUS LARISSAEUS , writ Optica , & De Septem Planetis , his Opticks lately Printed at Cambridge .

HERACLIDES his Apotelesmata , are by Labbeé said to be in Bibliotheca Cardinal Carpens . and that of the French King .

AEGIDIUS ROMANUS , wrote a Treatise De essentia , motu , & significatione Cometarum ; extant in MS. in the Publick Library , as also in that of Pembroke-Hall , at Cambridge .

PETRUS LEMONIENSIS , a Canon of the Cathedral of York , wrote a Piece entituled , Iudicium De Stella Cometa , extant in MS. in the Publick Library at Cambridge .

CHRISTIANUS ROLIANUS , put forth totius Orbis Generalis Descriptio , & Sphaera , extant in the French King's Library .

BERNARDUS SYLVESTRIS , wrote a Treatise entituled Megacosmus , seu De Majori Mundo ; as also of Cosmography , a MS. whereof is extant in Benet-Colledge in Cambridge .

JACOBUS ZALESE ; wrote De Dierum Aequationibus contra Propositiones Bartholomaei De Valentia , extant in MS. in the Library of Nicolaus Trevisanus of Padua , and mentioned by Thomasinus in Bibl. Patavin .

JOHANNES DE INERIIS , a Picard , of the Dlocese of Amiens , wrote a Treatise , entituled Canones super magnum Almanach omnium Planetarum , calculated for the Meridian of Paris , of which a Manuscript is in Caius and Gonvil . Coll.

ARCANDAM , or ARCANDUM , and ALCANDRINUS , ( as some name him ) writa Book . De Veritatibus & Praedictionibus Astrologiae , Printed at Paris in the year 1542. 8o . Published by Richard Roussat Canon of Lingon .

HABASH MERWAZENSIS , wrote three Books of Astronomical Tables ; the first composed according to the Rules Send Hend ; the second called Montahen , i. e. approved by experience ; the last , Tabularum minorum , entituled Alshah , as Abulpharagius , in Histor. Dynast .

ABDALLA EB'N SAHEL EB'N NUBACHT , wrote likewise upon the same Subject .

ALEXANDER , an Astronomer , wrote De Influentia Planetarum in Herbas , extant in MS. in the Library of Io. Rhodius of Padua , of which Thomasinus in Bibliothec . Patavin .

MAHOMED AL-BUZIANI , besides several Books , which he set forth in Arithmetick , composed a Treatise which he entituled Almagestum , sive Systema Astronomicum ; as Abulpharagius attests .

MOSES EB'N MAIMON of Corduba , a Iew , together with Yuseph Eb'n Yahya , corrected the Astronomy of Eb'n Aphla Hispanus ; as the same Abulpharagius affirms .

ANDALIUS DE NIGRIS , wrote De Sphaera , in Theorias Planetarum , Planisphaerium Ptolemei , and Astrolabium , mentioned by Thomasinus in Bibliothec. Patavin . yet extant among the MS. of Nicolaus Trivisanus .

GHAMINAEUS , an Arabian Astrologer , wrote in Arabick , of Astrology , with a twofold Prolix Commentary in the Moorish Character , a Book commended by Scaliger , and remaining in the Library at Leyden , among the Manuscripts by him bequeathed to that University ; as Hottinger affirms in Append. Smegmat . Orient .

ABENHAM writ De Astronomia , now extant in MS. in the Cottonian Library .

JOANNES LAURATIUS , or LAURENTIUS DE FUNDIS , wrote De Sphaera , & Theorica Planetarum , extant in MS. in the Library of Io. Rhodius of Padua , of which Thomasinus in Bibliothec. Patavin .

AVIENUS , or as others , ABIENUS wrote a Tract , De Cometis , as Simler in Bibl. Gesner . affirms .

MICHAEL HAVEMAN put forth a Treatise entituled Astraea ; in qua de Hypothesibus Astrosophorum disseritur .

AMBROSIUS LACHER , according to the Testimony of Ge●…ner , writ quaedam De Astronomia , who makes no mention of the Time wherein he flourished , nor of the particular Subject he wrote upon .

HENRICUS DOPELSTIN , or TOPELSTEIN , Doctor of Physick wrote a Book , De Iudiciis Astrorum , mentioned by Simler in Bibl. Gesner .

JOHANNES ZINERIS , is mentioned by Gesner among the Astronomers , and he farther affirms , that his Astronomical Tables are extant , but assigns not the time wherein he flourished .

ALACENUS , a Mathematician , an ancient English Author , of whom Balaeus writes , that he deserved Astrologi Peritissimi nomen , wrote Of Perspective , and De Ascensione Nubium Of the time wherein he flourished no Author , we can meet withal , gives any account .

ARNOLDUS DE VILLA NOVA , wrote Compendium Astrologiae ad Utilitatem Medicorum ; extant in MS. in the Library of the Canons of St. Io. Lateran of Padua . See Thomasinus in Bibliothec. Patavin .

ALDILAZITH ASTROLOGUS , writ a Book entituled Archibia , as Gesner , from the authority of Gulielmus Pastregicus ( L. De Inventoribus rerum ) affirms ; Printed at Venice , in the year 1547. by Nicholaus Bascorinus .

MASLEM , an Astronomer , translated Ptolemy's Planispaerium out of the Greek , into the Arabian Tongue , as Rudolphus Brugensis relates in the Preface of his Latine Translation of the same Work .

MORIENTES , a certain Greek Author , writ De Zonis & Climatibus Mundi , extant , as the Author Luminis Animae affirms , in his Preface , adding that it was by him translated out of Greek into Latine . See Simler . in Bibl. Gesner .

RAYMYRUS GADITANUS , wrote a Treatise , which he entituled , Divinatio Sideralis , mentioned by Gesner .

STANTONIUS , an expert English Mathematician , wrote In Canones Tabularum Arzahelis , as Leland and Gesner affirm .

TRECHINDUS , an Astronomer and Astrologer , is often mentioned by Haly Aben-Ragel , as Simler testifies in Bibl. Gesner .

ZAHEL , sive ZAEL , or ZEEL BEBIS , an Arabian Astrologer , writ De Interrogationibus ; De Electionibus ; De Temporum Significationibus in Iudiciis ; Printed at Venice 1493. together with Ptolemy's Quadripartitum ; vid. Gesner's Biblioth. There is also under his name a Treatise , entituled De Revolutionibus Annorum Mundi , extant in Manuscript , in the Publick Library at Cambridge , and in that of Pembroke-Hall .

MAHUMED BEN MALUD , wrote learned Commentaries on the Book of Tap Phatis Scihajah de Astronomia , extant in the Vatican Library , of which mention is made by Labbeé in Bibliothec. MS.

NECTARIUS , Bishop of Hydrusa , turned the Book called Laxeuterion ( treating of Astrological Predictions according to the Chaldaick Doctrine ) into Greek , now extant in the Library of Trinity Colledge in Cambridge , and in that of the French King . Scaliger ( L. 1. Epist. 67. ) gives to that Piece likewise the Name of Raboulion , and the Publisher of the Florentine Library makes an Author of it ; citing him by the Name of Laxeuterius Pythagoricus , sive Rabolius .

GULIELMUS READ , sometime Fellow of Merton-Colledge in Oxford , ( to the Library whereof he liberally contributed ) afterwards Bishop of Chichester , writ Tables of the mean motions of the Planets , and Canons of those Tables , extant in the Publick Library at Oxford .

HALPERICUS , wrote a Treatise De Arte calculatoria , extant in Manuscript in Caius-Colledge in Cambridge .

JACOBUS ZALES , wrote De Dierum Aequationibus contrà Propositiones Bartholomaei de Valentia , as cited by Ia. Phil. Thomasinus , inter MS. Nicolai Trivisani , biblioth . Patav.

BERNARDUS DE TRYLLIA , a Dominican Fryar , and a Spaniard wrote Quaestiones super Totam Astrologiam ; as cited by Simler in Bibl. Gesner .

There is a Book entituled , NOVEM IUDICUM IN ASTRONOMIA , said to be sent by the Soldan of Babylon to Frederick the German Emperor ; Printed in the year 1509. and extant in his Majesty's Library at St. Iames's , and in the Bodleian at Oxford .

Proceed we now in our former Order and Method to the ASTRONOMERS flourishing in the Seventeenth Century , in which the first Author appearing is ANNI POST CHRISTUM .

CHRISTOPHORUS CLAVIUS , of Bamberg , a Iesuit , Scholar to 1600. Io. Baptista Benedictus , and Master to Blancanus , and Griembergerus , a most profound Mathematician and Astronomer . The Works whereby he hath signalized his Name upon the Subject of Astronomy , are these : His Commentary in Sphaeram Sacrobosci , & in Sphaerica Theodosii ; De Forma & Usu Astrolabii ; His Apology for the Gregorian Calendar , against the two Oppugners thereof , Michael Maestlinus , and Ioseph Scaliger , and his Problemata Astronomica , Printed at Rome 1599.

HUGO GROTIUS , the great Ornament of Learning , and of his Country , 1600. put forth Aratus his Phaenomena , & Diosemeia , in Greek , with Cicero , Germanicus Caesar , and Avienus their Translations thereof , with Cuts of the several Constellations ; to which he added his own learned Notes , and the names of the Stars , in Hebrew , Arabick , Greek , and Latine , Printed in the year 1600.

THEODOSIUS RUBEUS Published Diarum Universale perpetuum , 1600. for finding out the Quantity of the Day or Night in any Part of the World , together with the Rising and Setting of the Sun , according to the Italick , Babylonian , and Astronomical Hours .

CHERUBINUS SAND●…LINUS , is likewise numbred amongst the 1600. Astronomers of this Time , as having written something upon the same Subject with the former .

HENRICUS SAMERIUS , of Luxemburg , a Iesuit , stiled by Ricciolus , 1600. Egregius Temporum Supputator , Published a Chronology from the beginning of the World to the time of our Saviour's Nativity , and is by Ricciolus inserted in his Catalogue of Astronomers .

JOHN CHAMBER , Prebendary of Windsor , and Fellow of Eaton-Colledge , 1601. put forth a Treatise against Iudicial Astrology , together with the Encomium or Praise of Astronomy , made by him some years before , upon Occasion of his Publick Lectures on Ptolemy's Almagest in the University of Oxford , Printed in Latine and English 1601. 4o . London .

ABRAHAMUS ROCHENBACKIUS , at Wittenberg , wrote De Cometis , 1602. of which he published a Catalogue .

NATHANIEL TORPORLEY , an English man born in Shropshire , 1602. set forth a Treatise , entituled Diclides Coelo-Metricae , seu Valvae Astronomicae Universales , in two Books , Printed at London . The first shewing the Composition of Astronomical Tables , with their Application , as to Directions ; comprized in a new Universal and most easie Method . The second teaching to calculate the Prostaphaereses of the Planets Motions , without the Subdititious Aid of Proportional Scruples ; and setting forth the Doctrine of Spherical Triangles most fully and easily ; the whole Artifice being reduced to Six Words in a Tractable Order , represented in the Form or Figure of a Mitre . He was sometime Amanuensis to the famous Vieta , and merits commendation for the Legacy he bequeathed of many choice Books toward furnishing the Library at Sion ▪ Colledge London .

ANTONIUS GREVENSTEIN put forth a Supputation of all the ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Eclipses which happened from the year of Christ 1593. to this year 1601. together 1603. with the Tract of Proclus Diadochus , touching the signification of Eclipses , Printed at Breme , by Bernardus Petri.

JOHANNES BAYERUS RHEINANUS , Doctor of the Civil 1603. Law , and an eminent Astronomer , exhibited elegant Schemes of all the Stars and Celestial Constellations , with their several Situations , according to the Descriptions of Hipparchus , Ptolemy , Alphonsus , and Copernicus , reduced to the Scale of Truth by Tycho Brahe , together with their distinct Denominations in Latine , Greek , Arabick , Chaldee , Persian .

Sir CHRISTOPHER HEYDON Knight , a Person of great Worth 1603. and Learning , wrote a Defence of Iudicial Astrology , in Answer to the Treatise of Chambers published against it , a Work full of no common Reading , and carried on with no mean Arguments , Printed at Cambridge 1603. 4o .

THOMAS LYDYAT , an English man , in the year 1605. Published a 1605. Book entituled Praelectio Astronomica , De Natura Coeli & Elementorum ; and the same year another Piece , De variis Annorum formis , &c. cum refutatione Anni Novitii Gregoriani . In the year 1607. he writ Defensio Tractatus de variis Annorum Formis , praesertim Antiquissima & Optima , contra Iosephi Scaligeri Obtrectationem , Unà cum Examine Ejus Canonum Chronologiae Isagogicorum . Another Book called Solis & Lunae Periodus Eruditae Antiquitati Appellatus ANNUS MAGNUS constans Octodesexcentis Annis vertentibus , Printed at London 1620. Epistola Astronomica ad D. H. Savilium Equit. Auratum de Anni Solaris Mensura pro Confirmatione Periodi Octodesexcentenariae Solis & Lunae , 8o . Lond. 1621.

BALTHAZAR CAPRA Published at Padua , a Book entituled Tyrocinia 1606. Astronomica .

ADRIANUS ROMANUS Published in the year 1591. a Book entituled 1606. Ouranographia , sive de Coelorum Numero & Ordine , Printed at Antwerp . He set forth likewise in the year 1595. Theoria Calendariorum in five Parts , Printed at Wirteberg . 4ᵒ. And in the year 1602. Universae Mathesis Idaea , Printed Herbipol . In the year 1606. he published Speculum Astronomicum , wherein he represented the Motions of the Primum Mobile , Printed at Lovaine , 4o . See more of him in Andreas Desselius his Bibliotheca Belgica .

JOANNES RUDOLPHUS CAMERARIUS , a learned Physician , 1607. and descended from the Great Ioachimus , a good Astronomer , though he chiefly applied himself to Astrological Studies , Published a Century of Genitures , wherein he spoke of the violent Death of Henry the Fourth King of France , and in 1610. published another Century with Iudgments thereupon .

JOHANNES TALENTONIUS , besides his Thesaurus Rerum Reconditarum , 1608. published a Treatise , of which Draudius gives this Character , that it was , De Supremae Sphaerae loco Disceptatio gravissima .

HENRICUS LINDOUGHT , of Brussels , Doctor of Physick , and Professor 1608. of Philosophy , set forth a Book which he called , Speculum Astrologiae , being an Introduction in Scientiam Genethliacam , sive Physicam Iudiciariam ; in which he endeavours to distinguish between the vanity and the verity of Astrology ; Printed at Francfort , with a Preface of Gothardus Arthurus of Dantzick , De Astrologiae praestantia & utilitate , in the year 1608.

BERNARDINUS SALINUS , a Iesuit , wrote among other things , De ANNI POST CHRISTUM . variis Problematibus Astronomicis ; which with other his Works are preserved in 1608. the Iesuits Library at Genua .

GEORGIUS HENISCHIUS , Doctor of Physick , and Professor of 1609. Mathematicks at Ausbourg , put forth Proclus De Sphaera , in Greek and Latine , which he illustrated , ( to use Ricciolus's expression ) with an egregious Commentary .

JOHANNES BASSANTINUS , a Scotch-man , published a Treatise 1609. of Astronomy , in French , though he scarce understood that Language , much less Latine or Greek , and yet , In Astronomia ita excelluit , ut inter primos Aetatis suae habitus sit , sayes Ioannes Tornaesius , who translated that Work of his into Latine , and published the same at Geneva .

DAVID ORIGANUS , born at Glatz , a Town in Silesia , Professor of 1609. Mathematicks at Francfort upon Oder , set forth New Ephemerides , in Three Tomes , continuing from the year 1595. to the year 1654. with a most ample Preliminary Introduction , in which are explained the Grounds or Principles of Chronology , Astronomy , and Astrology .

JOANNES ANTONIUS MAGINUS , of Padua , Professor of Mathematicks 1610. in that University ; as also at Bologna , was Author of the several Works hereafter mentioned : Ephemerides , according to the Prutenick Tables for fifty years . Tables Secundorum Mobilium Coelestium . New Theories of the Planets , according to the Copernican Hypothesis . Tables of the Primum Mobile , or of Directions . De Astrologica ratione & usu Dierum Criticorum ; as also ( though he was a severe Impugner of the common Judiciary Astrology ) De legitimo Astrologiae in Medicina usu . He commented upon Galen De Diebus Decretoriis , in the Astrological Part , Printed at Venice 1607. He wrote likwise a Book against Scaliger's Diatriba , De Aequinoctiorum Processione , and several other Pieces in Cosmography , and Geography , being stiled by Ricciolus , Insignis Astronomus & Cosmographus .

BARTHOLOMAEUS KECKERMANNUS wrote among other 1610. things Systemata Astronomiae , and Problemata Nautica , Printed at Hannov. 1610.

JOHANNES FABRICIUS put forth a Treatise entituled , De Maculis 1611. in Sole , & Modo Eductionis Specierum Visibilium , Dubitatio , Printed at Witteberg . 4ᵒ. 1611.

NICHOLAUS MULLERUS , of Bruges , Doctor of Physick , and 1611. chief Moderator of the School at Leovard , afterwards Publick Professor of Mathematicks in the University at Groningen , put forth hi●… Tabulae Frisicae Lunae-Solares Quadruplices , Printed at Alcmaire ; which Title he gave them , because composed in Friezland , and fitted to the Meridian of Leovard , containing the Calculation of the Conjunctions and Eclipses of the Sun and Moon , in Four Parts , according to the Ptolemaick , Alphonsine , Copernican , and Brahaean Astronomy ; together with an Introduction and Appendix thereunto ; represented by Vossius to be Opus omnino eruditum atque accuratum . He published likewise Solis totidem Tabulae , wherein he proves the Iewish year to be Luni-Solaris , that of the Turks merè Lunaris , Printed at Groning . 1630. He set forth also Calendarium vetus Romanum cum Methodo Paschali emendata .

JOSEPHUS LANGIUS , Professor of the Greek Tongue and Mathematicks 1612. in the Arch-Duke's Academy at Friburg in Brisgaw , put forth a Work entituled , Elementale Mathematicum , in which , besides Vulgar Arithmetick , Geometry ANNI POST CHRISTUM . and Geography , he treats De Logistice-Astronomica , Astronomica Sphaerica , & Theorica Planetarum . Which Work Isaac Habrechtus not only enlarged , but also explained with Annotations , and illustrated with Figures , causing the same to be Printed at Strasbourg .

CHRISTOPHORUS GRIEMBERGERUS , a Iesuit , native of 1612. Hale in Tiroll , at first Scholar to Clavius , afterwards his Successor in the Mathematical Chair in the Roman Colledge , put forth a Catalogue of the Longitudes and Latitudes of the Fixed Stars according to the Ancients , compared with the Modern ; together with a new Perspective of the Heavens . He wrote likewise a Book , De Speculo Ustorio Elliptico , and a new Invention of delineating all sorts of hours ; as also a Treatise for the describing of all manner of Astrolabes , in which Argument Clavius acknowledged the assistance of this his Scholar . What is found Geometrical in Villalpandus of Solomon's Temple , Claudius Rickardus , and others ascribe to Griembergerus , of whose worth and commendation Bettinus , in Aerario , hath made a Digression , Philip Alegambe , in his Catalogue of Iesuit-Writers affirming , that he left Elementa Conica , and other Geometrical Pieces , not proper for this place .

JOANNES PAULUS RESENIUS put forth Initia Geometrica , Arithmetica , 1612. Astronomica , Printed at Wittemberg 1612. 8o .

JULIUS CAESAR LA GALLA Published a Discourse touching the 1612. New Phaenomena discovered in the Moon by the help of the Telescope .

OCTAVIUS PISANUS Published in a very large but thin foli●… , a T●…atise 1613. entituled Astrologia , seu Motus & Loca Syderum . In which Astrology , or ●…ather Astronomy is reduced to Method , and Ocular Demonstration by the Means of a Planisphere , and an Instrument which he calls Sphaera Materialis & Instrumentalis . Whose ●…se is exprest by several Chartaceous Instruments exquisitely cut and printed ; the whole grounded upon the Ptolemaick Hypotheses ; the Industry , Labour and Pains of which costly Design ( if you will take his own Word for it ) he conceives may be reputed Archimedis Laboribus non Dissimiles . He dedicated his Works to Cosmus the Second Duke of Florence , being printed at Antwerp ex Officina Roberti Brunea●… .

JOHANNES NEPERUS , Lord of Merkinstone in Scotland , Inventor of 1614. Logarithms , or Artificial Numbers , which , by bare Substraction or Addition , perform the Rule of Three , and by a wonderful facility of operation , resolve as well Plain , as Spherical Triangles , an incredible help to Astronomical Calculations , and for that respect alone , meriting a place in this Catalogue , and eternal Commendations .

PETRUS LAURENBERGIUS is mentioned by G. Vossius , to have 1615. published at Hamborough a Book , entituled Amphilychus , being a Dissertation of the Nature of Twilights .

JOSEPHUS BLANCANUS , of Bologna , a Iesuit , Professor of Mathematicks 1615. at Parma , wrote ( besides his Book , In Loca Mathematica Aristotelis , & De Natura Mathematicarum , and his Chronology of Mathematicians ) a Book De Sphaera Mundi , according to the 〈◊〉 and most recent Observations , with an Introduction to Geography , and an Apparatus ad Mathematicas Artes. He wrote likew●…e De Echometria , and another 〈◊〉 , entituled , Instrumentum Horologiorum , first published by Ricciolus ▪ ( his Scholar . )

GALILAEUS GALILAEI , the most excellent Philosopher and Mathematician ANNI POST CHRISTUM . of his Time , was Son of Vincentius Galilaeus , a Gentleman of Florence , whose 1615. Ancestors for many Descents had the Honour to be reckoned among the Patricii of that City ; to which Name of Galilaeus Authors usually add that of Linceus , from a famous Academy of Noble and Ingenuous Persons , calling themselves the Lyncei ( instituted by the Illustrious Prince , and Generous Maecenas Angelo Caesi , Duke of Aqua Sparta ) of which he was a Member and singular Ornament . The Works and Writings , by which he hath eternized his Name are many , both in Philosophy and Mathematicks ; of which , such as are Pertinent to our Purpose , we shall briefly enumerate . He first applied the Belgick Perspective Glass , by him meliorated , to Celestial Objects , by which he discovered that Iupiter was invironed with four smaller Stars or Planets , commonly called his Guards or Satellites ; to whom in Honour of his Prince and Patron , the Grand Duke of Thuscany , he gave the Names of Sidera Medicaea . By that he likewise discovered the different Phases of Saturn appearing now round , now in an oblong form , with two Handles or Ansae : That Venus , like the Moon , had her waining , and increasing ; and that the Moon 's Supersicies was like that of the Earth rising with Mountains , and deprest into Vallies and Seas ; that the Fountain of Light the Sun had its Spots , by which likewise he evinced that the Sun had a Circular Motion about its own Axis . That the Via Lactea was a Congeries of numberless Lights or small Stars ; and that the nebulous Stars , as that in the Head of Orion , and that in the Praesepe , or Manger of the Aselli , are composed of such . For which admirable Inventions , and many more , altogether unknown to the Ancients , he merits eternal Honour , especially for having communicated them to Posterity , and so excellently and clearly demonstrated them by his learned Writings ; particularly by his Nuncius Sidereus , and its Continuation , by his History and Demonstration of the Solar Spots , in three Letters to Marcus Velserus , by his Letters to Signore Alfonso Antonini , touching La Titubatione Lunare . To which is to be added his Systema Cosmicum , asserting the Copernican Hypothesis , with his Defence thereof in Answer to the Objections brought from Scriptures , Fathers , and School-men , written first in Italian , and addressed to Katherine of Lorrain , Grand Dutchess of Thuscany , and since published in Latin and Italian together . Not to mention his many other exquisite Tractates in Philosophy , Geometry , and other the most abstruse Parts of Mathematicks , as not immediately relating to our Subject . A farther Account of his Inventions or Discoveries is to be had in his life , published , by his Scholar Signore Viviani , which we have not yet seen .

RUDOLPHUS GOCLENIUS , Doctor of Physick , and Professor in 1615. the University of Marpurg , published in the present year 1615. his Urania , with her two Daughters , Astronomy and Astrology . He likewise put forth a Cosmographical Treatise , seu Sphaerae Mundi Descriptionis Rudimenta , Printed at Cologne 1605.

JOHANNES MICRAELLIUS Published a Manuduction to the use of 1616. the Celestial and Terrestrial Globe , &c. as Vossius affirms .

DAVID FABRICIUS , a Friezlander , Professor of Astronomy , wrote 1617. Prognosticks of the years 1615 , 1616 , and 1617. mentioned by Kepler in his Ephemerides .

DOMINIQUE JAQUINOT , a French-man , writ in his own Language 1617. of the Use of the Astrolabe , together with a small Treatise of the Sphere , Printed at Paris .

FRANCISCUS AGUILONIUS , a Iesuit of Brussels , was Professor ANNI POST CHRISTUM . of Philosophy at Doway , and of Theology at Antwerp , and one of the first that introduced 1617. Mathematical Studies into Flanders . How far ( though not directly & ex professo ) he contributed to Astronomy , may appear by his six Books of Opticks , and his Excellent Treatise of Projections of the Sphere .

REDEMPTUS BARANZANUS , of Serravalle , Professor , at Annesium , 1617. in Savoy , of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy . He wrote a Book entituled , Uranoscopia , sive Universa Coelorum Doctrina .

EMANUEL DIAZ , a Iesuit , at Cochine in India , observed the Comet , 1618. which appeared in the year 1618. and set forth a Treatise against the Opinion of those , who conceive Comets to be sublunary and elementary Bodies .

JOHANNES LEUTECHOMIUS , a Lorrainer , of the Society of Iesus , 1618. wrote Hilaria Mathematica , De Horologiis , & De Cometa .

CAROLUS PISO , a French man , wrote in his own Language , Speculum 1618. Cometae , Anno 1618.

WILLEBRODUS SNELLIUS , à Royen , Son of Radolphus Snellius , 1618. published , besides divers other Mathematical Treatises , Eratosthenes Batavus , sive De mensura Terrae ; and Tiphys Batavus , sive Histiodromice . He wrote likewise of the Comet which appeared in the year 1618. and published the Hessian and Bohemian Observations , with his own Notes thereupon ; together with the Observations of Regiomontanus and Waltherus .

HORATIUS GRASSUS , a Iesuit , Native of Savona , sometime Professor 1619. of Mathematicks in the Iesuits Colledge at Rome , put forth an Astronomical Disputation , touching Three Comets in the year 1618. And a Book , entituled Libra Astronomica & Philosophica , wherein he undertakes to weigh and censure the Opinion of Galileo , concerning Comets .

CAMILLUS GLORIOSUS , Professor of Mathematicks at Padua , wrote 1619. learnedly in a Treatise entituled Dissertatio Astronomico-Physica de Cometis , and in another Piece , entituled , Responsio ad Controversias de Cometis Peripateticas , and in some other things written against Claramontius and Licetus .

BENJAMIN URSINUS , Mathematician to the Elector of Brandenburg , 1619. put forth a new Canon of Logarithms and Trigonometry ; of which Work Crugerus gives this Character , that it is Opus aestimationis immensae .

JOANNES DEKERIUS , a Iesuit , Native of Haesbruch , in Flanders , 1619. Professor of Philosophy sometime at Doway , and of Divinity at Lovaine , and Chancellour of Gratz , wrote Theorems , touching the year of our Saviour's Birth and Passion ; and Chronological Tables from the taking of Ierusalem by Pompey , to its final eversion by Titus ; and several other Chronological Works not published .

ALEXANDER DE ANGELIS , of Spoleto , a Iesuit , Professor of 1619. Theology , and Prefect . of the Schools in the Roman Colledge , wrote Five Books , In Astrologos Conjectores .

LIBERTUS FROIDMONT , sive FROMONDUS , vindicated his 1619. Name from Oblivion , by his Dissertation upon the Comet which appeared in the year 1618. He writ likewise a Book entituled Anti-Aristarchus , sive De Orbe Terrae ANNI POST CHRI●…TUM immobili , against Philippus Lansbergius ; as also a Reply , entituled Vesta , sive Anti-Aristarchi Vindex , in answer to Lansbergius .

DAVID HERLICIUS , lately Doctor of Physick at Stetin in Pomerania , 1619. hath published many things relating to Astronomy and Astrology in the German Tongue . In the Latin there is nothing of his come to my Notice more than his Prognosticon Astrologicum for the year 1619. which is done with so much Skill and Pains , that it shews ●…e does not write like one of your Common Prognosticators .

JOHANNES BAPTISTA CYSATUS , a Iesuit of Lucerne in Switzerland , 1619. and Professor of Mathematicks in the University of Ingolstadt , published Mathematica Astronomica , upon the occasion of the Comet which appeared in the year 1618.

VINCISLAUS PANTALEO , a Iesuit of Austria , travelled into China , 1620. and put forth the several Observations made by those of that Society in the East-Indies , upon the Comets appearing in the year 1618.

SIMON MARIUS wrote a Book , of the Satellites of Iupiter , to which he 1620. gave the title of Mundus Iovialis , as Ricciolus affirms , in Chronic. Astronom .

JOHANNES TARDE , Canon of the Cathedral Church of Sarlat , in 1620. Aquitaine , wrote a Treatise , by him entituled Bourbonia Sidera , in which he endeavours to prove , that the Solar Spots are Planets , moving by a proper and regular Motion about the Sun , and not inherent in the Body thereof , as the Telescopes represent . To which Work are subjoyned Optical Demonstrations teaching the way of making those Instruments fit to discover Objects more distinctly at a great distance . He wrote another Treatise of the Use of the Magnetical Quadrant , by which he resolves divers Astronomical Problems .

MICHAEL ZANARDUS put forth a Tractate containing Universum 1620. Coeleste ; wherein he disputes and concludes , De omnibus & singulis , quae ad Naturam Coelestium Sphaerarum , ab Empyraeousque ad Sphaeram Elementorum faciunt , Printed at Colen .

CHRISTOPHORUS LONGOMONTANUS , Son of Severinus 1620. Longomontanus , a Dane , Assistant to Tycho Brahe in his Celestial Observations , for the space of eight years together ; afterwards Professor of Mathematicks in the University of Copenhagen . The Work , by which he signalized his Name , was his Astrologia Danica ; the first part whereof treats , in Two Books , of the Doctrine of the Sphere ; and the latter , in as many of the Theory of the Planets , according to the threefold Hypotheses of Ptolemy , Copernicus , and Tycho Brahe , together with an Appendix of Adscititious Phaenomena , as New Stars , and Comets .

JOANNES KEPLERUS WITTEMBER GICUS , Disciple to 〈◊〉 . Maestlinus , and Principal Mathematician to three Emperours , Matthias , Rudolphus , and Ferdinand the Second , stiled by Ricciolus , Sagacissimi & ardentissimi Vir Ingenii , & Astronomicarum Subtilitatum scrutator acutissimus . In the year 1596. he put forth his Prodromus Dissertationum Cosmographicarum , seu Mysterium Cosmographicum : In the year 1604. Paralipomena ad Vitellionem , seu Astronomiae Pars Optica . In which he gives Directions for using of Instruments in making of Observations . In the year 1605. De Nova Stella Serpentarii . In the year 1609. he published Astronomica Nova , seu Physica Coelestis , cum Commentariis Stellae Martis , ex Observationibus Tychonis ; in which , according to the Judgment of the knowing ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Mr. Flamstead , he hath so well considered the Motions of that Star , and ordered his Numbers so well , that though his method of Calculation be troublesome , no Tables answer his Appearances and Transits by Fixed Stars half so well as his . In the year 1610. he set forth Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sydereo Galilaei . In the year 1616. he published Ephemerides Nova , cum Fundamentis earum , from the year 1617. to the year 1620. In the year 1618. he set forth the three first Books of his Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae ; and in the year 1619. Five Books De Harmonia Mundi , and three Books De Cometis . In the year 1621. he reprinted his Mysterium Cosmographicum , illustrated with Annotations ; and the year following , he published the IV. V. and VI. Books of his Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae . In the year 1625. he set forth , in vindication of Tycho Brahe , against Scipio Claramontius , a Treatise , entituled , Hyperaspistes , cum Appendice ex Trutinatore Galilaei , and in the year 1627. Tabulae Rudolphinae Tychonicis Observationibus superstructae . In which Work he had spent no less than 26. years study . The Appendix which is added to the first Tome of Tycho's Progymnasmata , is likewise his . He writ also Eclogae Chronologicae , a Book , De vero nati Christi Anno , Stereometria & Trigonometria Logarithmetica . The first in somethings censured by Guldinus in Centrobaricis . There is extant a Posthume Piece of his , called Somnium , sive Lunaris Astronomia , which whilst he endeavoured to publish at Zeigan in Silesia , he died , as did also his Son-in-Law Iacobus Bartschius , prosecuting , at the same place , the same Design . But it was afterwards happily compassed , by his own Son Ludovicus Kepler , and we could have wished he had done the like by other the Learned Remains of his incomparable Parent . But 't is hoped that Defect will be now supplied , and made good by the Care and Industry of the Learned Hevelius , into whose Hands all the Remains of that Admirable Person are at last happily fallen . And among them all his Epistles written ( upon the Subject of Astronomy , and other Mathematical Arguments ) to divers Eminent and Learned Persons , together with their Answers ; more Particularly his Book entituled Hipparchus , containing ( according to the Testimony of Hevelius , Praefat. Machin . Coelest . ) plurimùm Laboris , ac Ingenii Acuminis ; though wanting in many Places the finishing Hand of the Author , upon which yet , in his other Works he seems to set a very valuable esteem . The Publication whereof , the studious in Astronomy earnestly expect .

THOMAS CAMPANELLA , a Calabrian ; of the Order of Preaching 1620. Fryars , put forth seven Books Astrologicorum , in which Astrology , separated from Iewish and Arabian Superstitions , is Physiologically handled . He set forth likewise four Books De sensu Rerum , & Magia , in the third of which . he treats of the Heavens , and the Celestial Bodies .

GEORGIUS SCHOMBERGERUS , Professor of Mathematicks in 1622. the University of Freiburg in Brisgaw , a Iesuit , put forth a Book , entituled Sol illustratus , wherein he treats of the several Accidents of the Sun , of the Solar Stars , and of the liquidity of the Heavens . He published likewise a Century of Optical Problems , and a new way of Dialling , as well by direct , refracted , as reflected Rayes .

SIMEON PARTLICIUS put forth Astronomici Apologetici Pars prior , 1623. Printed in 8ᵒ. 1623. as I find in Iames his Appendix to the Catalogue of the Bodleian Library .

JOHANNES ADAMUS , a German , of the Society of the Iesuits , travelled 1624. into China , and in the Language of that Country wrote a Table of all the Stars . He put forth likewise a Treatise , De Calculo Eclipsis Lunae , in the year 1624.

HENRICUS BRIGGIUS , Savilian Professor of Geometry in the University ●…NNI ●…OST CHRISTUM . of Oxford , pursuing what Nepier had invented and begun , put forth two Books 1624. of Logarithms , after a more commodious Method ; the first , entituled Arithmetica Logarithmetica ; the other Trigonometria Britannica ; the former shewing the Construction of Logarithmetical Tables ; the latter , the Construction of the Tables of Sines , Tangents and Secants , and the Doctrine of Triangles , to the great advantage of Astronomy , and Astronomical Operations .

Mr. EDWARD WRIGHT , Contemporary with Mr. Briggs before mentioned , 1624. having spent sometime in Cambridge , and being naturally addicted to Mathematical Studies , was perswaded to accompany , and went along with the Right Honourable George Earle of Cumberland , in his Expedition to the Azores , in the year 1589. on purpose to add the Practice of Navigation to the Theory ; and in the year 1599. he published his Book called the Errors in Navigation . A most excellent Work for the true describing a Sea-Chart ; which Invention of his , Gerardus Mercator published without owning the Author . Before the Publication of this Work , in the year 1594 , 1595 , and 1596. He , by a large Quadrant of six foot Radius , made Observation of the Sun's Meridian Altitude , and thereby not only left the best Theory of the Sun's Motion at that Time , but new made exquisite Tables , for the Sun's Declination . He held Intelligence with the most Able Artists abroad , and being chosen Tutor in the Mathematicks to Prince Henry , he , by the help of some German Workmen , caused to be made for that hopeful Prince , a large Sphere with curious Movements , which by the help of Spring-Work , not only represented the Motion of the whole Celestial Sphere , but shewed likewise the Particular Systems of the Sun and Moon , and their Circular Motions , together with their Places , and possibilities of eclipsing each other . There is in it a Work by Wheel and Pinion for a Motion of 17100 years , certainly effected , if the Sphere should be so long kept in Motion . This Sphere , though thus made at a great Expence of Mony and ingenious Industry , was in the late Times of Devastation , cast aside among other Rubbidge , and had been utterly lost and destroyed , had it not in the year 1646. been found out by Sir Ionas Moore Knight , my worthy Friend , and at his great cost and charge restored to its Pristine Perfection , remaining now at his House in the Tower , among other Mathematical Instruments and Curiosities in his Possession . Besides the Book of the Errors in Navigation before mentioned , the said Mr. Wright writ a Book of the Use of the Sphere ; a Piece of Dialling , and a Book of Navigation , called the Haven finding Art ; in all which he hath shewn himself not only a Sedulous , but a Knowing Astronomer .

MARTINUS HORTENSIUS , of Delpht in Holland , Professor of Mathematicks 1624. at Amsterdam , Companion and Adjutor to Philippus Lansbergius , in his Astronomical Studies , and no mean Observator of the Stars , undertook to answer something which Kepler had inserted in the Preface to his Ephemerides , and put forth a Dissertation , De Mercurio sub Sole viso , & Venere invisâ ; which he addressed to Gassendus , who had written upon the same Subject .

ROBERTUS HUGHES Professor of Mathematicks in Gresham-Colledge 1624. London , set forth a Treatise of the Use of the Celestial and Terrestial Globes , illustrated with Figures and Annotations , by Iohannes Isaac Pontanus , Professor of Philosophy at Harderwick in Gelderland .

ANDREAS ZERGOL , Native of Sancta Cruce in Carniola , a Iesuit , 1625. Professor of Mathematicks and Theology at Gratz in Styria , put forth Chronological Theorems , of the year of our Saviour's Nativity and Passion .

CAROLUS ANTONIUS MANZINUS , Professor of Philosophy ●…NNI POST CHRISTUM . at Bologna , a learned Mathematician , put forth Tables of the Primum Mobile , cum 1626. nova Arte dirigendi , with a compendious Method of Directions . He writ likewise of the Theory of the Planets ; and was , at the time Ricciolus published his Almagest ; a diligent Observer of the Celestial Motions .

D. HENRION , Professor of Mathematicks at Paris , put forth in French the 1626. Problems of Regiomontanus touching the Use and Practise of his Tables of Directions , to which he added large Annotations and Explications of his own , together with Regiomontanus his Tables , by him corrected and augmented . In the Preface to which Work he hath laid down the Doctrine of Spherical Triangles : He set forth in French Theodosius his Sphericks , published a Treatise of the Use of the Globes , and Compass of Proportion , of Cosmography , and a Canon Manuel des Sinus , &c. besides his Mathematical Collections , and Euclid's Elements .

JULIUS SCHILLERIUS , of Ausburg , Dr. of the Laws , put forth Coelum 1627. Stellatum Christianum , reducing the fabulous Morphoses of the several Constellations , and changing their Profane Names into those of Christian Saints and Martyrs ; Bayerus adding thereto a new and more accurate Uranometria .

ALBERTUS CURTIUS , a Iesuit , Native of Munichen in Bavaria , proposed 1627. in the year 1627. a New System of Heaven to be disputed on at Dining ; whose ingenuity in the Theory of the Moon , his Aemulator Kepler not only admired , but commended , in his Rudolphine Tables , c. 25.

ADRIANUS ULACK , of Gouda , challenges a place in this Catalogue , 1628. for his Chiliads of Logarithms , resolving , by an admirable Compendium , Astronomical , Geometrical , and Arithmetical Problems .

JACOBUS ROSIUS BIBERACENSIS put forth Ephemerides , 1628. or a General Calendar Astronomical and Astrological , in which the rising and setting of the Stars , with their several Effects for every Day of the Moneth are set forth ; A Work collected out of Ancient and Modern Authors , with no mean Industry , as G. Vossius sayes of it . He stiles himself Mathematician , and Publick Imperial Notary , which Office he executed at Biennae , or Biel , a Town in Switzerland .

GULIELMUS JANSONSIUS CAESIUS , alias BLAEU , of 1628. Amsterdam , an Excellent Artist , as well for his Geographical Tables , as his Celestial Globes and Spheres , whereof he was the first Composer , according to the Copernican System ; of which G. Vossius affirms the World not to have seen the like since Archimedes's . time . He likewise put forth a twofold Astronomical Institution , according to the Ptolemaick and Copernican Hypothesis , which being written in his own Language , was translated into Latin by Martinus Horten●…ius .

JACOBUS BARTSCHIUS of Lauban , a City in the upper Lusa●…ia o●… 1629. Lausnitz , a Province adjoyning to Bohemia , now under the Dominion of the Duke of Saxe , Doctor of Physick , and Son-in-Law to the famous Kepler , set forth Uran●…burgum Strasburgicum sive Motuum Coelestium Ephemeris , Printed at ●… eipsick in the year 1629. He published likewise Planisphaerium Stellatum seu vice-globus Coelestis in Plano Delineatus . He wrote also another Treatise , De Indice Astronomico cum se●…tem Rotulis Planetarum aliisque figuris , imprimis Phases Lunares , Eclipses , & apparentes Planetarum Magnitud●…es adumbrantes , Printed at Norimberg in 4o , 1661.

CAROLUS MALAPERTIUS , a Flemming of Montz , and a Iesuit , ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Professor of Mathematicks at Doway , among other his Mathematical Works , put 1630. forth a small Piece , De Maculis Solaribus , which he stiled Sidera Austriaca .

LE SIEUR BOULENGER , a French-man , Reader in Ordinary to the 1630. late King of France , hath written a Treatise , in his own Language , of the Sphere , in four Books , to which he hath added a fifth , touching the use thereof ; the third Edition whereof was Printed at Paris , 1648.

CHRISTOPHORUS SCHEINERUS , of the Society of Iesus , a 1630. Native of Mundeilhen in Swaben , Professor , sometime of the Hebrew Tongue and Mathematicks at Fribourg and Ingolstadt , afterwards Rector of the Colledge of Nisse or Nissa in Silesia , observed , about the same time with Galilaeo , the Spots in the Sun . The most Eminent Pieces by which he hath signalized his Name , are these ; Oculus , seu Fundamentum Opticum ; Sol Ellipticus , Disquisitiones Mathematicae , De Controversiis & Novitatibus Astronomicis , Apelles post Tabulam ; and lastly Rosa Ursina , in which he hath so excellently and learnedly written of the Solar Spots , that , according to the Judgment of Des Cartes and Hevelius , nothing can be expected in that kind more satisfactory .

DIONYSIUS PETAVIUS , Native of Orleans in France , of the Society 1630. of Iesus , the Varro of our Age , as Ricciolus stiles him , hath not only merited much by his Studies in Theology , but in Chronology likewise , and the Reason of Times , and particularly in Astronomy ; as his two Volumes , the one , De Doctrina Temporum , the other Rationarium Temporum , and his Uranologium sufficiently evidence .

JOANNES BAPTISTA MORINUS , Regius Professor of Mathematicks 1630. at Paris , put forth several Astronomical Tractates ; as first , Nova Mundi Sublunaris Anatomia ; Another with this Title , Famosi Problematis De Telluris Motu vel Quiete , hactenus optata Solutio . A third was entituled , Arae Telluris fractae , written in opposition to Gassendus's Book , De Motu impresso à Motore Translato . Three Books of the Doctrine of the Sphere . Tabulae Rudolphinae ad accuratum & facile Compendium redactae , to which is annexed a Compendium of Trigonometry , Plain and Spherical . Constructio Figurae Coelestis ; Nova Dirigendi Methodus ; Et de Planetarum Revolutionibus tàm Mundanis , quàm Genethliacis . He published a Book in French called Remarques Astrologiques , being a Commentary on Ptolemy's Centiloquium . He put forth likewise Nine Books of Longitude , under the title of Astronomia à Fundamentis integrè & exactè restituta . To which is to be added his long-studied Work , entituled , Astrologia Gallica , published after his death .

HENRICUS PHILIPPI , a Iesuit , Professor of Philosophy and Theology 1630. at Gratz , Vienna and Prague , of whom Ricciolus reports , that Plurimis Operibus , Chronologiam Universam , praesertim sacram , illustravit . The Works by him put forth are , first , Chronological Questions , for reconciling the Iulian years of our Lord , and those of Nabonassar , with the Iewish Aera : Likewise Chronological Questions , touching the year of our Saviour's Birth and Passion ; in the first of which is explained the Roman Calendar , with the Epacts , Calends , Ides , Nones , and Beginnings of the Moneths , as well of the Greeks , Syro-Chaldeans , and Aegyptians ; as also of the Feriae , Cycles of the Sun and Moon , and of Indictions , &c. G. Voss. 1632.

ADAMUS TANNERUS , a Iesuit of Inspruck , Professor of Mathematicks at Munichen , Ingolstadt , and Vienna , wrote a most learned dissertation De Caelo ; as also another Piece , entituled Astrologia Sacra .

PHILIPPUS LANSBERGIUS , of Gaunt , put forth at Middleburgh , ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Tables of the Celestial Motions , fitted to the Meridian of Goese ; together with 1632. a Thesaurus of Observations , and the Theory of the Planets . He put forth also Progymnasmata ▪ Astronomiae restitutae , and three Books Uranometriae . Whereto may be added his Commentationes in Motum Diurnum & Annuum , grounded partly on his own , partly upon Martinus Hortensius's Observations .

JACOBUS LANSBERGIUS , Doctor of Physick , wrote an Apology 1633. for Philippus Lansbergius his Commentary In Motum Diurnum & Annuum Terrae , against Fromondus .

MELCHIOR INCHOFER , a Iesuit , sometime Professor of Mathematicks , 1633. Philosophy , and Theology , at Messina in Sicily , wrote a Treatise entituled , Tractatus Syllepticus De Statione Terrae , & Motu Solis , secundum Sacram Scripturam , & SS. Patres : And an Examen Thematum Coelestium variorum Astronomorum usque ad Tychonem ; the Reason of calculating Eclipses , and of the Theory of the Planets ; these three last published not under his own Name , but that of Academicus Vertumnius .

EVERARDUS WELPERUS , of Strasbourgh , put forth a Compendium 1634. of Astronomy , as well Spherical as Theorical , collected out of various Authors , from whom ( says G. Voss. ) much more might have been expected , had he not been opprest by a low and necessitous Fortune .

PETRUS CRUGERUS , Professor of Mathematicks at Dantzick , and 1634. Master to Hevelius , besides his Logarithmical Tables , undertook to write Astronomia Dantiscana , which yet he lived not to finish , as his Scholar Hevelius testifies . He wrote likewise another Piece , entituled Uranodromus Cometicus .

ANDREAS ARZET , a Iesuit of Constance , put forth a Mathematical Clavis , 1634. and diligently observed the Stars , as Ricciolus affirms , as long as either his Occasions or the Gout would permit ; many of whose Observations , especially about Eclipses , he freely communicated to Ricciolus .

BONA VENTURA CAVALLERIUS , Iesuatus Mediolanensis , Disciple 1635. to the Excellent Galilaeo , and Primary-Professor of Mathematicks in the University of Bologna , put forth Directorium Generale Uranometricum , Practica Astrologia , and a Century of Mathematical ( and among them Astronomical ) Problem●… a Person of an acute Wit and Judgment , and by Ricciolus acknowledged to have been no mean Assistant and Promotor of his Astronomical Studies . He w●… Trigonometria , wherein are some Astronomical Problems more exquisitly demonstrated than are else where to be met with .

PAULUS GULDINUS , Native of S. Gal , of the Society of Iesu●… , 1635. taught Philosophy and Mathematicks at Rome , Gratz and Vienna . He wrote in defence of the Roman Calendar , against Sethus Calvisius ; in which Work he also opposes Scaliger's Diatriba , De Aequinoctiorum Praecessione . He also published a Geographical Problem , touching the difference in numbring the dayes , between those that sail hence to the New World , and those that inhabit there . Not to mention his Centrobarica , and other Geometrical Pieces , of which Ricciolus in Chronolog●… Astronom .

HUGO SEMPILIUS , by Birth a Scotch-man , by Profession a Iesuit in the 1635. Colledge at Madrid , writ twelve Books De Mathematicis Disciplinis . In the three ▪ last of which he treats distinctly , De Astronomia , De Astrologia , & De Calendario , ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Printed at Antwerp in folio in the year 1635. and dedicated to Philip the Fourth King of Spain . In the End of which Work he hath annexed several Catalogues of Mathematical Authors , and among them of Astronomers and Astrologers , but giving no more of them than their bare Names .

NATHANIEL CARPENTER , sometimes Fellow of Exeter-Colledge 1635. in Oxford , put forth Geography Delineated-in two Books ; in the first of which ( containing the Spherical Part ) among other things , he treats of the Magnetical Affections and Motion of the Earth , of its Site and Proportion in respect of the Heavens ; of the Longitudes and Latitudes of Places , and their several Wayes of Invention . In the second ( containing the Topical Part ) he treats likewise among other things of the Adjuncts of Place in relation to the Heavens , either Northward , Southward , Eastward , Westward , with the Differences of the respective Hemispheres . ; and several other things worthy the Knowledge of a young Student in Astronomy , Printed at Oxford 1635.4o. Upon the same Accompt may be here inserted Varinius his Geography , being much after the same Method , and a very useful Piece , especially since lately reprinted at Cambridge , with the Addition of the several Schemes wanting in the former Edition ..

JOHANNES PHOCYLLIDES HOLWARDA wrote an Epitome 1635. Astronomiae Reformatae , and a succinct Examen of Lanbergius's Astronomy .

ABDIAS TREW , Professor of Mathematicks at Nuremberg , Astronomiae 1637. partem Sphaericam accurata ibidem Methodo consignabat , sayes G. Vossius , L. De Scient. Mathemat . to which is to be added his Nucleus Astrologiae correctae , written in High Dutch , and Printed at Norimberg 1651.4o. and his Tota Mathesis there likewise Printed in the year 1657 . .4o .

JACOBUS HUMIUS , a Scotch-man , Professor of Mathematicks at Paris , 1637. liath published , besides divers other Mathematical Pieces , a Treatise of the Sphere , according to the Hypotheses of Ptolemy and Copernicus ; and another , of the Theory of the Planets , according to the Doctrine of Ptolemy , both written in French .

ANDREAS ARGOLUS ; Professor of Mathematicks in the University of 1638. Padua , put forth Ephemerides , continuing from the year 1630. to the year 1700. and another Work , entituled Pandosium Sphaericum . He writ likewise De Diebus Criticis , De Decubitu Aegrorum , with above a hundred Genitures of Popes , Cardinals and Princes . Also a Piece of Genethliacal Astrology called Ptolemaeus Parvus Arabibus junctus . Tables of oblique Ascensions , and the whole Art of Direction , he calls it Tabulae Primi Mobilis ; some Astrologick Aphorisms , and others , under the Title of Astrologia Aphoristica .

FORTUNIUS LICETUS , of Genua , an eminent Philosopher , among 1640. other his learned Works , put forth a Treatise De Novis Astris & De Cometis . Item , Controversiae . De Cometis , De Motu & Parallaxi Cometarum ; of the Comet seen in the years 1642. and 1643. De Lucidis in Sublimi ; De Regulari Motu Planetarum ; De Lunae subobscuurâ luce , prope Conjunctiones , & in Eclipsibus observatâ ; De Terrae unico Centro Motûs , &c.

CAROLUS GONTRANUS , Doctor of Sorbonne , and General of the 1640. Oratorian Order , put forth a small Piece , Pro Astrologia , sed sana , as Ricciol . in Chronol. Astron. affirms .

BALTHAZAR GONRADUS , a Iesuit , born at Nisse , Professor of ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Philosophy and Mathematicks at Olmutz , the Metropolis of Moravia , published a 1640. New Reason of Cosmographical Tables , Described in a right Angled Cone , whose Basis is the Aequator ; and made some Observations of Eclipses , which he communicated to Ricciolus .

HADRIANUS METIUS , of Alcmaire , wrote learnedly of the Use of the 1640. Globe , saies Ricciolus , and in the first Book of his Geometry resolves divers Astronomical Problems , Geometrically and Arithmetically . He published likewise his Primum Mobile , wherein he treats De Sphaera , Planisphaerio , sive Astrolabio , &c. His Brother Iacobus Metius being one of the first Inventors of the Telescope . G. Voss.

Doctor JOHN WILKINS , sometimes Warden of Wadham Colledge in 1640. Oxford , afterward Bishop of Chester , wrote about the year 1638. Two Tractates , in one indeavouring to prove the Moon a World , in the other the Earth a Planet , without putting his Name to either of them ; yet they were so well known to be his , that Langrenus in his Map of the Moon ( dedicated to the King of Spain ) names one of the Spots of his Selenographick Map after his Name . He highly promoted the Study and Perfecting of Astronomy both at Oxford , whilst he was Warden , and at London whilst he was Bishop , and Fellow of the Royal Society ; he died in November 1672.

NICOLAUS CABAEUS , a Native of Ferrara , of the Society of Iesus , 1640. Professor of Philosophy at Parma , besides his Magnetick Philosophy , wrote a Comment In Aristotelis Meteora , and other Pieces of abstruse Learning , wherein he treats of many things well deserving the Knowledge of an Astronomer or Cosmographer , especially touching Comets , the Galaxie , &c. He died at Genua , where also with great applause he had publickly taught and professed Mathematicks .

NICHOLAUS CAUSSINUS , a Iesuit , Native of Troyes in France , 1640. wrote a particular Treatise De Domo Dei , that is , of the Heavens , and the Celestial Bodies , wherein he learnedly and acutely argues against the Professors of Judiciary Astrology .

JOHANNES ANTONIUS ROFFENUS , of Bologna , Disciple to 1640. Maginus , and an eminent Astronomer and Astrologer , whom Ricciolus affirms to have published many Astrological Discourses , but gives not the particulars thereof .

GULIELMUS SCHICKARDUS , Professor of the Oriental Languages 1640. and Astronomy at Tubinge , put forth a little Piece , entituled Astroscopium , with a Synoptical Table , for the easier investigation of the Places of the Planets . He published likewise a Dissertation , addressed to Gassendus , De Mercurio sub Sole viso , with other Celestial Observations , and particularly touching Eclipses . His Astroscopium was published by Iohannes Ruffius , at Nordling in the year 1655.

WILLIAM MILBOURN Master of Arts , Curate at Brancespeth near 1640. Dunham , aged about forty years , was very knowing in Arithmetick , particularly in Algebra ( having in the year 1628. extracted the Root of this Equation , 1,000 = aaaaa − aaaa − 4aaa + 3aa + 3a . before he had seen Hariott's Praxis ) and in Geometry . But his greatest Labours were in Astronomy , and in his Observation of the Stars , he used a good Cross Staff , and a Sextans of five foot Radius , he discovered the weakness of Lansbergius his Astronomy , and verified Kepler's Tables , which he turned into Decimals , and made Tables after Kepler's subsidiary way ( pag. 97. Tab. Rudolph . ) which were sent to his Brother Mr. Milbourn a Stationer in ANNI POST CHRISTUM London , to be Printed ; but never passed the Press , being yet preserved in MS. in the hands of Sir Ionas Moore Knight . All his Observations and other Papers , &c. were most unhappily lost , by the coming in of the Scots , in the year 1639.

HIEREMIAS HORROX , born at Toxteth , a small Village near Liverpoole 1640. in ●…ancashire , after some time of Study at Emanuel Colledge in Cambridge , about the year 1633. first applied himself to Astronomical Observations , having by his industry considerably advanced that Science ; as first by his excellent Tractate of Venus discovered in the Sun , an Observation which never had been made by any before , published by the famous Hevelius , together with his own Mercurius in Sole visus , and illustrated with his accurate Annotations . His other Posthume Works , or rather his imperfect Papers were lately digested and published , by the great care and labour of that learned Mathematician , Doctor Iohn Wallis , Savilian Professor of Geometry in the University of Oxford . Wherein he first asserts and promotes the Keplerian Astronomy , against the Hypotheses of Lansbergius , which he proves to be inconsistent among themselves ; not agreeable with former Observations exactly made ; nor the Precepts of them well demonstrated . He likewise disputes of the Celestial Bodies and their Motions , and answers the Cavils of Hortensius against Ty●…ho ; gives a new Theory of the Moon , to which are added the Lunar Numbers of Mr. Flamstead . There are also Extracts of several Letters of his to his Friend and Associate in Study Mr. Crabtree , upon divers Astronomical Subjects , with a Catalogue of Astronomical Observations made by the said Horrox , without allowance of the Excentricity of the Eye , which he afterwards castigated by a correction fairly written with his own hand .

WILLIAM CRABTREE , a Clothier of Broughton near Manchester , in 1640. Lancashire , was a diligent Observer of the Stars , as appears by his Observations printed by Doctor Wallis 1673. in the Edition of Mr Horrox his Works , which amount not to the tenth part of what he had made . He converted Kepler's Rudolphine Tables into Decimals , for his own use whereof there is now a MS. Copy remaining with the said Sir Ionas Moore . Mr. Horrox and this Mr. Crabtree died in the year 1641. having about a year before had the happy accquaintance of the most incomparable and ingenious Gentleman ,

WILLIAM GASCOYGNE of Middleton in the County of York Esquire , 1640. who for some years before , had taken much pains in Astronomical Observations , and invented wayes to grind Glasses . He was the first that used two convex Glasses ; had at that time a Tube that drew out fifteen foot in length , of his own working . The Object-glass was a Meniscus . He invented wayes to measure small Angles by the Prospect-Glass to a second ; and had he lived , he had certainly brought great perfection to Telescopes . Mr. Crabtree taking a Journey into York shire in the year 1639. writ thence to Mr. Horrox , as followeth . The first thing Mr. Gascoygne shewed me was a large Telescope amplified and adorned with new Inventions of his own , whereby he can take the Diameters of the Sun or Moon , or any small Angle in the Heavens , or upon the Earth most exactly through the Glass to a second . A device much desired , but little expected , &c. In the year 1641. Mr. Gascoygne writ to Mr. Crab-tree , that he questioned not to provide an Instrument to take at once the Distances of three Points in the Periphery of the Earth's shade of the Moon , the Diameters of the Planets , &c. But he and all his excellent Inventions and Labours were lost by his Death , which was in his late Majesty's Service , in the Fight at Marston Moore .

These Four , were Lights of the first Magnitude , in the Northern Hemisphere , who were happily brought to the Acquaintance of one another by the means of Christopher Townley of Carr in Lancoshire Esquire , who stuck not for any cost o●… ANNI POST CHRISTUM . labour to promote as well Astronomical as other Mathematical Studies by a diligent Correspondence kept and maintained with the learned Professors in those Sciences , ; upon which Account he was very dear to All the Four ; and for which Reason , as for the Particular respect I owe him , he merits to be named in thi●… Catalògue . The others that follow , though they were not so conspicuous as the former , were yet of considerable Lustre , and afforded no mean Influence towards carrying on the Work of Astronomy in those Parts .

In the first Place , Sir JONAS MOORE Knight , Surveyor General of His 1640. Majesty's Ordnance , my Worthy Friend and Collegue , born at Whitebee , in Lancashire , by his diligent endeavours , contributed not a little to the advancement of the Astronomical Design , so well begun and prosecuted by the much deserving Persons before mentioned . He turned Bulialdus his Tables into Decimals , after Mr. Milbourn's Method , and writ of the Sphere , and its several Projections ; which Work he hath now by him , though it were to be wished , he would rather , by the publication thereof , afford the ingenious Lovers of these Studies an opportunity at once of witnessing , and receiving the benefit of his Labours .

GEORGE WHARTON Esquire , born at Kirby-Kendal in the County 1640. of Westmerland , my ancient kind Friend , and now Treasurer and Pay-master to the Office of His Majesty's Ordnance , complying with the incitements of the said Mr. William Milbourn , addicted himself very assiduously to the Calculation and Observation of the Celestial Motions ; till the late Rebellious Times , deprived him of his Liberty ; and since that , the frequent Accesses of the Gout , have taken from him , the opportunity of prosecuting those Studies with that Assiduity as formerly .

Mr. JEREMIAH SHACKERLEY a great Pains-taker in calculating 1640. and comparing several Observations , he writ Tabulae Britannicae grounded chiefly upon the Theories and Observations of Mr. Horrox , which were Printed in 8ᵒ. about the year 1647. he dyed in the East-Indies .

Mr. NATHAN PIGHELLS , a very diligent Observer , &c. to whom may 1640. be added some others , which for Brevities sake I here omit . All which Examples may serve as very inducive Arguments to perswade the learned Doctor Wallis to be of another Opinion than that , which ( I presume through want of due Information ) he declared in his Preface to Mr. Horrox his Works , where he saith ; ●…atendum est paucissimos tunc Dierum in Anglia , partibus saltem Borealibus , Studiis illis Animum sedulo applicuisse ; when as it is more than probable , that if some of the Persons before mentioned had not been overtaken by too untimely Death , others of them by the fatal Calamities of the late horrid Rebellion , Astronomy had by their Labours been most considerably advanced . And I question whether so many Able Artists were to be met with again at the same time , in any one Province in England , beside .

FRANCISCUS MONTEBRUNUS , a Noble Genouese , and Doctor 1641. of the Civil and Canon Laws , composed out of Lansbergius's Tables , Ephemerides , calculated for the Meridian of Bologna , commencing in the year 1641. and ending in the year 1660.

JOHANNES GEORGIUS HERVARTUS , of Howenburgh , 1642. Doctor in the Laws , set forth a new kind of Chronology , grounded upon the Calculation of Eclipses ; which yet both Petavius and Ricciolus have undertaken to refute .

EMANUEL PORTUS set forth a Treatise , entituled Dipluranologia , ANNI POST CHRISTUM . giving an account of the going back of the Sun in the time of Hezekias , and of 1643. the standing still of the Luminaries in the time of Ioshua ; Printed at Padua in the year 1642.

ANTONIUS DEUSINGIUS writ a Dissertation De vero Systemate 1643. Mundi , Printed at Amsterdam in the year 1643. In which the Copernican System is reformed ; and those numberless Orbs in that of Ptolemy , by which human Apprehension is so distracted , are quite taken away .

GEORGIUS FOURNERIUS , a Iesuit , Professor of Mathematicks at 1643. Paris , published about this time his famed Piece of Hydrography ; out of which saies Ricciolus , Doctrina profundior hauritur , quàm Mare ipsum , quod Monumento adeo nobili illustravit . Of his skill in observing the Celestial Phoenomena , especially Eclipses , Ricciolus gives ample testimony .

PETRUS HERIGONUS , Professor of Mathematicks at Paris , wrote a 1644. Cursus Mathematicus , in several Tomes ; in the Fourth of which he treats De Sphaera Mundi , and De usu Mappae Geographic●… ; and in the Fifth , of the Theory of the Planets .

JOHANNES SELDENUS sometime the Great Dictator of Learning 1644. in this Nation , besides his other Works of admirable value , hath gained no mean Esteem by his Dissertation De Anno Civili , & Calendario Veteris Ecclesiae seu Reipublicae Iudaicae , Printed at London by Richard Bishop 1644. 4o .

MICHAEL FLORENTIUS LANGRENUS , Cosmographer and 1644. Mathematician to Philip IV. King of Spain , wrote a Treatise of the Observation of the Longitude by Sea and Land , from the Obscuration , or Illumination of the Spots of the Moon . To which end he designed a New Selenography , under the Title of Selenographia Langreniana , sive Lumina Austriaca Philippica ; of whom see more in Ricciolus , Chron. Astronom .

JOHANNES GREGORY , Native of Amersham in Buckinghamshire , 1644. and sometime Chaplain of Christ-Church in Oxford , merits a place in this Catalogue , for his learned Tractates De Aeris & Epochis , and his Description and Use of the Terrestial Globe , and of Charts and Mapps , published in his Posthume Works , among other Pieces of exquisite erudition , and some Astronomical and Astrological Discourses in his Annotations upon the Scripture , in which he shews no Vulgar Learning .

GEORGIUS POLACCUS , a Venetian , set forth Anticopernicum Catholicum , 1644. in which he maintains the Stability of the Earth , and the Sun's motion .

ALBERTUS LINEMANUS of Prussia , Professor of Mathematicks in 1644. the Academy of Konningsberg , put forth a small Tract of Astronomical Observations , especially of Eclipses , to which he gave the Title of Memoria Saecularis , as Ricciolus affirms .

JACOBUS GRANDAMICUS , a Iesuit , put forth a Treatise , entituled 1645. Nova Demonstratio Immobilitatis Terrae petita ex virtute Magnetica , Printed at La Fleche in France 4ᵒ. He writ likewise a Treatise of the Nature , Motion , and Effects of the Comet , which appeared in the year 1665. mentioned in the Iournal des Seavants .

EMANUEL MAIGNANUS , a Fryar of the Order of St. Francis de ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Paula , put forth an excellent Piece , under the Title of Perspectivae 〈◊〉 ; in 1645. the First and Fourth Book whereof , he treats of many things touching Refractions , Scitu digna & Astronomis Utilia , sayes Ricciolus .

LAURENTIUS EICHSTADIUS , Doctor of Physick , Native of Stetin , 1645. in Pomerania , and Professor of Mathematicks at Dantzick , reckoned by Bulialdus , ( in Prologo Astro Philol. ) among the most eminent Astronomers of his Time , put forth among other his Works Paedia Astrologica , and Ephemerides of thirty years , ending in the year 1665. to which he added a Compendious Canon of Logarithms and Mesologarithms ; together with Tables of the Primum Mobile , Calculation of Eclipses , and the like . He likewise published Tabulae Harmonicae Coelestium Motuum , tum Primi , tum Secundorum , chiefly grounded upon the Observations and Hypotheses of Tycho Brahe . Likewise a Century of Astrologick Aphorisms .

MARINUS MERSENNUS , a French-man , a Minime Fryar , of the Order 1645. of St. Francis de Paula , hath , in his learned Comment upon Genesis , added many curious Astronomical Observations ; and in his Mathematical Synopsis , not only by his own Industry , but also by the publication of others learned Labours , hath much contributed to the advancement of Astronomy .

PETRUS GASSENDUS , Dean of the Cathedral Church of Digne in 1645. Provence , and Regius Professor of Mathematicks in the University of Paris , the learned Restorer and Vindicator of the Epicurean Philosophy , among other the eternal Monuments of his Erudition , hath left divers Astronomical Tractates ; as first , four Epistles , De apparente Magnitudine Solis humilis & sublimis ; three , De Motu impresso à Motore translato , wherein he defends the Copernican ▪ Hypothesis , of the Earth's motion ; another De ●…arheliis , seu Solibus quatuor spuriis Romae circa verum visis , Anno 1629. He put forth also , about the time of his admission into the Mathematical Chair at Paris , an Astronomical Institution , Printed lately at London , with the addition of Kepler's Dioptricks ; and hath left , among other his Works , a Volume of Celestial Observations , which from the year 1621. to the year 1655. he made with assiduous care and accurate speculation . A Treatise also entituled , Mercurius in Sole visus & Venus invisa , Printed at Paris in the year 1631. His Judgment about nine pretended Satellites of Iupiter , in Answer to Rheita . Solstitialis Altitudo Massiliensis , seu Proportio Gnomonis ad Solstitialem Umbram observata Massiliae , 1636. in an Epistle to Vendelinus . The Lives of Purbacchius and Regiomontanus , as likewise those of Copernicus and Tycho Brahe , the most illustrious Astronomers of their Times ; and a Compendious Exposition of the Roman Calendar . Besides the Life of the incomparable Peireskius ; and his Epistles to divers eminent and learned Persons , wherein he frequently treats , upon occasion given , of Astronomical Subjects .

RENATUS DES CARTES , Native of La Hay en Touraine , a Town on 1645. the Confines of Poicton in France , of a Generous Extraction ( his Father having been President of the Parliament at Rennes in Britanny ) one of the most Signal Philosophers and Mathematicians , which this last , or ( happily ) former Ages have produced . Who having given new Life and Light to Philosophy ; added likewise no mean Lustre to Mathematical Arts , and particularly to that of Astronomy . For in the third Part of his Principles of Philosophy , ( the Subject whereof is De Mun●… Aspectabili . ) He treats of the Distances and Magnitudes of the Sun , Moon , and the other Planets ; examins the several Hypotheses of Ptolemy , Copernicus , and Ty●… Brahe , Discourses of the Maculae and faculae Solares , of Comets , and their several Phaenomena , of the Moon , her various Phases , and different Motions , with divers other Particulars relating to Astronomy ; to which likewise he contributed in his ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Dioptricks by his curious Inventions for the more exact polishing of Glasses , and bringing Telescopes to a greater Perfection , for the Contemplation and Observation of the Celestial Bodies . Of which Subject likewise he sometimes treats in his Epistles , particularly in the 67th Epistle of his Second Tome ( to Mersennus ) the Argument whereof is , De Astrorum Observatione , & utilitate quae indè capi potest . See more of this Excellent Person in the brief Summary of his Life drawn by the accurate Pen of Lipstorpius in his Specim . Philosoph . Cartes ; and in that written by Petrus Borellius , wherein he gives a particular Catalogue of all his Works and Writings .

ANTONIUS MARIA SCHYRLAEUS DE REITHA , a Capucine 1645. Fryar , & Astronomus non ignobilis , according to Ricciolus , wrote an Astronomical Treatise , entituled Oculus Enoch & Eliae , seu Radius Sydereomysticus , Printed in the year 1645.

ISMAEL BULIALDUS , Son of Ismael Bulialdus , and Native of Loudun , 1645. a Town in the Province of Poictou in France , by Ricciolus stiled , Astronomus profundae indaginis , hath highly merited , as well by his publication of several ancient Mathematical and Astronomical Authors ( some of whom we have already mentioned ) as by his own most learned Labours , having first published his Dissertation , entituled Philolaus , sive De vero Systemate Mundi . Afterwards in the year 1645. he set forth his Astronomia Philolaica , grounded upon the Hypothesis of the Earth's motion , and the Elliptical Orbit described by the Planets motion about a Cone ; illustrated with solid Demonstrations , to which he hath added Tables , by him entituled Tabulae Philolaicae , in which the motions of Saturn , Iupiter , and Mercury are more accurately represented than in the Rudolphine Tables , being for the most part much easier than those , a Work , sayes Ricciolus , Omnibus Astronomiae studiosis , sed non sine attentione , legendum . He likewise published about the year 1666. Monita duo ad Astronomos ; the first , touching a New Star , in the Neck of the Whale , appearing at some times , at others , disappearing ; the other , touching a cloudy Star in the Northern part of Andromeda's Girdle , not discovered by any of the Ancients , sometimes appearing , and sometimes not . Which Phaenomena he recommends to the Observation of all curious Astronomers .

FRANCISCO GENERINI set forth in Italian the Design of a 1645. Moving Globe , composed by him , to demonstrate the diurnal and annual motion of the Moon , together with the inequality of dayes ; to which is annexed a Discourse of Natural and Artificial Houres , declaring the meaning of the said Author touching the said Invention , and an account of many other Operations to be wrought by the said Globe , besides those before mentioned , Printed at Florence , in 4ᵒ. 1645.

JOHANNES BAINBRIDGE , sometime Savilian Professor of Astronomy 1645. in the University of Oxford , writ a Treatise , of the Dog-Star , and of the Canicular dayes , ( published by Mr. Graves , together with a Demonstration of the Heliacal Rising of Sirius , or the Dog-Star , for the Parallel of the Lower Egypt ) Printed at Oxford in the year , 1648. He writ likewise of the Comet in 1618. and published Procli Sphaera , with Ptolemy's Chronological Canon .

ATHANASIUS KIRCHERUS , a Iesuit , Native of Buchon , within 1645. the Territories of the Abbot of Fulda , in Germany , sometime Professor of the Oriental Languages ( in which , by Ricciolus , he is said to be ad stuporem usque peritus ) as also of Mathematicks at Wirtsberg , and Avignon , afterwards Ordinary Professor of Mathematicks in the Iesuits Colledge at Rome , hath in most of his Works treated largely upon the Subject of Astronomy ; as in his Oedipus Aegyptiacus , where ANNI POST CHRISTUM . he displayes Systematica Mundorum , sive de Mundo , Mundorúmque varietate ex mente Aegyptiorum ; De Astrologia Aegyptiorum & Chaldaeorum Hieroglyphica ; and more particularly in his Musurgia , where he treats De Coelorum Symphonismo ; De admiranda Mundanorum Corporum ad invicem proportione ; De particulari Symphonismo Planetarum ; De Choro Ioviali ; De Choro Solari & Martio ; De Harmonia Stellarum Fixarum ; In his Book De Magnete , where he fully handles the Subject of Magnetick Astronomy , under the several Heads of Sphaera Magnetica , Uranographia Sciotherico-Magnetica , and Horologiographia Magnetica ; In his Book entituled Ars magna Lucis & Umbrae ; wherein besides his various Horography he treats De Astrolabiographia , & Geographia Gnomonica , Gnomonica Physico-Astrologica ; De Arte Anacamptica , sive Astronomia Reflexa ; De Arte Anaclastica , sive Astronomia Refracta , & De Cosmometria Gnomonica , hoc est , De Mundi Lucumbris Dimensione , &c. as also in his Itinerarium Ecstaticum Coeleste , in which to express him in his own words , Mundi Opificium , i. e. Caelestis Expansi , Siderúmque tàm errantium quàm fixorum natura , vires , proprietates , singulorumque compositio & structura , ab infimo Telluris Globo usque ad ultima Mundi confinia perfecti Raptus Integumentum explorata novà Hypothesi exponitur ad veritatem , Printed at Rome 1656.

JOHANNES DE EPIERES , Doctor of Divinity and Grand Prior of 1645. the Monastery of Aquicintinum , put forth an Universal Calendar , wherein he proposes an easie Method for finding out the Golden Number , Epact , Dominical Letter , Moveable Feasts , and Indictions , for any year proposed , and promises a larger Work under the Title of Astronomia Aquicinctina , which whether ever published , does not yet appear to me .

DIRK REMBRANTZ , in his Netherlandish Astronomy , treats of Planet-Wisers , 1646. and gives the Reader an Eclipsigraphia , shewing when an Eclipse of the Sun happens , what and how great a part of the Earth will be obscured thereby .

ROBERTUS DUDLEY , an English-man , known abroad , especially in 1646. Italy , by the pretended Title of Duke of Northumberland , published three Volumes in folio , entituled Arcano del Mare , in which are Sea-Charts , Directions for the building of Galleys , and a Description of many Planetary Instruments .

SAMUEL FOSTER , a learned Professor of Astronomy in Gresham-Colledge , 1646. contrived several ingenious Planetary Instruments , published afterwards in his Posthumous Miscellanies .

SILVIO PHILOMANTIO , an Italian , under that feigned Name , and 1646. in that Language put forth Ruota Planetaria , which Ricciolus ascribes to Bonaventura Cavallerio .

PHILIPPUS LABBEE , a learned French Iesuit , Native of Bourges en 1647. Berry , put forth , in his own Language , L'Abbregé de la Sphere , being a compendious Treatise of the Sphere , reduced by an easie and short Method into XII . Chapters , with some important Advertisements thereupon , Printed in the year 1647.

JACOBUS USSERIUS , the late most learned and Reverend Archbishop 1648. of Armagh , published a Dissertation of the Macedonian and Asiatick Solar year , together with a Parapegma of Greek Astronomers , accommodated to the Reasons of the Macedonian and Iulian years ; Vide Voss. L. De Scient. Mathemat .

GOTHOFREDUS WENDELINUS , Canon of the Collegiate 1648. Church of Conde in Flanders , published Idaea Atlanticarum Tabularum , grounded ANNI POST CHRISTUM . upon the Observations of divers Eclipses . He set forth likewise Lampas Arcanorum Coelestium , and wrote upon several other Astronomical Subjects , as may appear by his Epistles to Gassendus , and those of Gassendus to him , published in his Works .

AEGIDIUS MATROPTUS composed something of the Sphere , & 1648. Machinationem conversionibus Secundorum Mobilium repraesentandis , commended by Gassendus , in his Epistles .

CLAUDIUS SALMASIUS having signalized his Name by divers 1648. learned Works , hath also endeavoured to give honour thereto by his Diatribes De Annis Climactericis , & De Antiqua Astrologia , Printed at Leiden 1648. He hath interspersed likewise in his Plinian Exercitations sundry Astronomical Arguments , and some Critical Observations upon Manilius , but such as are now and then severely met with by Petavius in Uranolog .

Mr. WILLIAM OUGHTRED , a learned Divine , and most eminent 1648. Mathematician ; famous for his Clavis Mathematicae ; at the End whereof is a Treatise of Dialling , which is an Astronomical Subject . He was likewise the Author of the Circles of Proportion , where ( not to mention the Double Horizontal Dial ) there is a Treatise of Navigation , besides divers Astronomical Propositions . He likewise published a Treatise of Trigonometry , being the first Author that demonstrated two Proportions for finding both the Angles , at the Base of an oblique Spherical Triangle , at two Operations , when two Sides with the Angle are given .

PHILIPPUS FINELLA wrote in Italian Planetaria Physionomia , Printed 1649. at Naples 1649. 4o .

SCIPIO CLARAMONTIUS , of Caesena , a Knight , and formerly Professor 1650. of Philosophy in the University of Pisa , a most expert Mathematician , put forth many learned Pieces , among which the chief are these ; Anti-Tycho , in defence of the Sublunary Place of Comets , with its Apology , and Supplement ; but answered by Kepler , in his Hyperaspistes . Of three New Stars , against the Opinion of Tycho Brahe , which is yet defended by Galilaeo , in his Mundane System ; And XVI . Books De Universo Anno , published in the year 1644 as also a particular Treatise , De Phasibus Lunae , Geometrically demonstrated ; and another entituled Anti-Philolaus . He wrote also against the truth of Telescopes , asserting that the Earth cannot reflect a Light to the Moon ; but is answered by Zucchius , in his Opticks .

MARIUS BETTINUS , a Native of Bologna , of the Society of Iesus , 1650. Professor of Moral Philosophy and Mathematicks at Parma , among other his Works , published Apiarium , seu Paradoxa universae Philosophiae Mathematicae , in the Eighth Book whereof he treats chiefly touching matters Astronomical ; which Subject he also handles in his Aerarium Mathematicum . He writ likewise in Vindication of himself , being accused by Ricciolus , of committing many Errors in Astronomy , a thin folio Book published in Latin .

JOHANNES MARCUS MARCI , Counsellor and Physician to the 1650. Emperor Ferdinand the Third , and primary Professor of Physick in the University of Prague , wrote , among other Physico-Mathematical Tractates , a Particular Treatise , De Longitudine , seu Differentia inter duos Meridianos , unà cum Motu vero Lunae . inveniendo ad tempus datae Observationis , Printed at Prague in the year 1650. 8o .

JOHANNES GRAVES sometime Savilian Professor of Astronomy in the ANNI POST CHRISTUM . University of Oxford ; A Person who as well by his Forraign Travels , as his learned 1650. Labours , hath gained to himself an unperishing Reputation ; as his Pyramidegraphia , & de Pede & Denario Romano sufficiently testifie , and as to our present Subject , his Discourse or Demonstration of the Heliacal rising of Sirius , or the Dog-star for the Parallel of the Lower Egypt , published together with Doctor Bambridge his Canicularia likewise evinces ; to which is subjoyned out of Ulugh Beigh the Longitudes and Latitudes of the chiefest of the fixed Stars . He published likewise in Arabick and Latin , Epochae Celebriores Astronomis , Historicis , Chronologis Chataiorum , Syro-Graecorum , Arabum , Persarum , Chorasmiorum Usitatae , ex Traditione Ulugh Beigh , together with Abul Feda's Geographical Tables , both which Pieces he illustrated with his learned Notes . In like manner he set forth Astronomica Shah Cholgii Persae unà cum Hypothesibus Planetarum , to which likewise he subjoyned the Geographical Tables of Nassir Eddinus the Persian , and of Ulugh Beigh . And from whom the learned World might justly have expected yet greater things , had not Death by a too hasty End of his Life , put a stop to the Course of his Ingenious Studies .

LEO ALLATIUS , a Graecian , of the Isle of of Chios , lately Keeper of 1650. the Vatican Library at Rome , a Person most eminently learned , hath published ( among other his various Works of most profound and diffusive Reading ) an Exercitation , proper to our present Subject , entituled , Mensura Temporum Antiquorum , & praecipuè Graecorum . He likewise designed another Treatise , under the Title of Historia Astrologica , and Three Books De Magnete , as I find in the Catalogue of his Works , as well already Printed , as to be Published , set forth by Bartoldus Nihusius ; but whether the two last have yet passed the Press , is to me uncertain . He translated the Paraphrase of Proclus Diadochus upon Ptolemie's Quadripartite , and caused it to be elegantly Printed .

JOHANNES BECHET put forth a new Theory of the Planets Geometrically 1650. demonstrated , by Concentrick and Excentrick Circles , Printed at Paris .

MARIA CUNITIA , Daughter to Henricus Cunitius Doctor of Physick , 1650. by Birth a Silesian , highly meriting for her excellent Skill in Languages , and History , more especially for her admirable Knowledge ( like another Hypatia ) in Mathematical Learning , particularly in Astronomy and Astrology ; of which she hath given Signal Testimony by her Exquisite and curious Work , entituled Urania Propitia , wherein she hath set forth Astronomical Tables , of wonderful facility and exactness , grounded upon Kepler's Hypotheses , and satisfying the Celestial Phaenomenae by a most easie and Compendious way of Calculation ; expressing and performing by explicite Numbers , what the Rudolphine Tables contain implicitely in Logarithmical Numbers , and thence require to be effected . Dedicated by her Self and Husband , Elias à Leonibus , to Ferdinand the Third Emperor of Germany , and Printed in fol. ( Bicini Silesiorum ) 1650. in Latin and High Dutch.

JOHANNES GARIBUS writ De Phaenomenis Ostentis , from the year 1650. 1641. to the year 1650.

VINCENTIUS MUTUS , of Majorca , a most expert Astronomer , and 1651. sedulous Observer of the Stars , hath added honour to his Name by his signal Work , De Sole Alphonsino .

JOHANNES DRIENES , of Dieppe , a Iesuit , and Professor of Mathematicks 1651. at Paris , wrote Tabulae Canorienses , seu Doctrina Luminarium .

NICOLAUS ZUCCHIUS , Native of Parma , of the Society of Iesus , ANNI POST CHRISTUM was an eminent Philosopher and Divine . He , at Rome , assisted Scheinerus in his Observations 1651. of the Solar Spots ; having published his Philosophia Optica , in which he treats of Refractions , and Celestial appearances by the Telescope .

JOANNES BAPTISTA RICCIOLUS , of Ferrara , a Learned 1651. Iesuit , sometime Professor of Rhetorick and Poetry , then of Philosophy and School-Divinity , partly at Parma , partly at Bologna ; but being chiefly addicticted to Geographical , Chronological , and Astronomical Studies , hath ennobled his Name by his excellent Work , entituled Almagestum Novum , divided into three Tomes ; in the first whereof he treats of the Sphere , of the Sun and Moon , and their Eclipses , of the fixed Stars , of the lesser Planets ; of Comets and New Stars , of the several Mundane Systems , &c. In the second , he handles Trigonometry , or the Doctrine of Plain and Spherical Triangles , promises a Treatise of Astronomical Instruments , and the Optical part of Astronomy ; ( which yet he never published ) of Latitude and Longitude , and Hydrography , the Reason of Times , with a Chronological Epitome confirmed by Astronomical Characters . In the third he comprehends Observations of the Sun , Moon , Eclipses , of the fixed Stars and lesser Planets , with Precepts and Tables , Primi & Secundorum Mobilium , and other Astronomical Tables . He put forth likewise another Work , entituled Astronomia Reformata ; the design of which is ( considering the various Hypotheses of several Astronomers , and the difficulty thence arising of concluding any thing certain ) by comparing together all the best Observations , and examining what they have most certain in them , to reform upon that measure the Principles of Astronomy . Not to mention his Chronology , Published likewise by him , in folio .

FRANCISCUS MARIA GRIMALDI of an Illustrious Family , 1651. a Iesuit of Bologna , partly by his joynt Indeavours and Observations with Ricciolus , partly by his own Inventions and Discoveries , hath greatly illustrated and improved Astronomy . The chiefest of his joynt Observations are these , De Quantitate Crepusculi , De Dimensione Ambitus Terrae , De Solis Distantia per Dichotomiam Lunae , De Solis Diametro apparenti , De Obliquitate Eclipticae seu maxima Solis Declinatione , De Altitudine Lunarium Montium , De Parallaxibus Lunae , De Diametro Apparenti Lunae , De Fixarum Distantiis inter se , De earum Ascensione recta & Declinatione , De Venere falcata , De Iovis Fasciis ac earum Parallelismo cum Aequatore , De Diametris apparentibus Planetarum Minorum ; & Fixarum . Those of his proper Invention are these ; his Problema aemulum Aristarchi pro Distantia Solis ; Opinio de Lunae Maculis ; Modus observandi Parallaxes . His Selenographia , his Industrious and Select Observations of the Motions of the Moons Spots , and his Detection of Hevelius his double Error touching the Moon 's Libration : All which with several others , are mentioned in the first Tome of Ricciolus his Almagest : He writ likewise a Treatise , De Lumine , Coloribus & Iride , mentioned in the Iournal des Scavans , Tom. 3. p. 175.

JOHANNES WENDELINUS writ De Hora Passionis & Triduo Mortis 1651. Christi , Printed at Leipick in the year 1651.

HONORATUS DE MEYNIER , a French-man , besides his Paradoxes 1652. ( wherein he maintains , that Experience ought to precede Science , and Theorical Learning to be acquired by Practice ) put forth a small Treatise of the Sphere .

PETRUS COURCIER , a French Iesuit , put forth a Treatise , entituled 1653. Astronomia Practica , containing Practical Observations of the Celestial Motions by certain Astrolabes ; by which the Places and Motions of any Star may easily , at any time be known .

DANIEL LIPSTORPIUS , Professor of Philosophy , and the Liberal ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Sciences at Lubeck , put forth a Treatise , entituled Copernicus Redivivus seu de vero 1653. Systemate Mundi , wherein his Design is , not by new Astronomical Calculations , or Geometrical Demonstrations to confirm and establish the Copernican Hypothesis , but by rational , explanatory , and Physico-Astronomical Arguments to lead the Lovers of Truth to an easie and clear understanding of what is delivered by Copernicus , Galilaeo , Longomontanus , Kepler , Bulialdus , in their more diffusive Writings ; answering all the Objections of the Adversary Party , and clearing what ever may seem difficult in the Doctrine proposed by the Assertors of that Hypothesis , and that chiefly to this End , ( to use his own Words ) Ut Stabilitâ & suppositâ Nova hac Mundi Dispositione Copernicanâ , Verissimâ & Solidissimâ , Omnes promiscuè ad veram Philosophandi Rationem & Nobilissima Cartesiana Monumenta legenda invitentur . Of which he gives the Specimina in a particular Tractate explained 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Philosophandi Ratione ; whereunto is annexed an Appendix , in which there are divers Arguments relating to Astronomical Hypotheses of no vulgar strain .

MONSIEUR P. PETIT , Surintendant of the Fortifications of his most 1654. Christian Majesty Lewis XIV . published , in his own Language , a Dissertation touching Comets , and particular Observations of the Comets appearing in the year 1654. &c. And upon the Eclipse of the Sun , which happened in the same year , 1654. Of the Exact Method of taking the Diameters of the Planets in a Letter to Monsieur Auzout mentioned in the Iournal des Scavants .

The Reverend Doctor SETH WARD , sometime Savilian Professor of 1654. Astronomy in the University of Oxford , afterwards Bishop of Excester , and at present Lord Bishop of Salisbury , and Chancellour of the most noble Order of the Garter , hath honoured and illustrated Astronomy by his learned Labours , having published first , his Prelection De Cometis , wherein the Nature of Comets is discoursed of , a new Theory of them proposed , and the History of a late Comet , which appeared between the 19th. and the 30th. of December , 1652. declared . He put forth likewise a brief Inquision into the Grounds of Bulialdus his Philolaical Astronomy , wherein is detected Bulialdus's Error , in the Method of the Calculating the double Inequality of the Planets Motion , Geometrically evinced . But the Work , by which he hath chiefly ( on this Subject ) signalized his Name , is his Astronomia Geometrica , wherein a Method is proposed of Geometrically resolving the Astronomy of the Primary Planets , either Elliptical or Circular .

And having mentioned this learned Prelate , we cannot but here subjoyn his worthy Friend ,

Sir PAUL NEILE Knight , one of the Gentlemen Ushers of His Majesty's 1654. Privy Chamber ; who , by his Liberal Expences , great Ingenuity , vigilant Observations , excellent Erudition , and Indefatigable Study ( for I cannot speak him better than by repeating this Signal Character already given him ) hath exceedingly contributed toward the Advancement of Astronomy . To which may be added his exquisite Skill in fitting and ordering of Glasses for Telescopes , thereby discovering many new Phaenomena hitherto unknown to others ; his not contenting himself with the exact Knowledge of the ancient Systems and Hypotheses , but indeavouring a Plus ultrae by moulding and framing New Ones of his own for the future Benefit ( as is hoped ) and Improvement of Astronomy ; if at least he shall be pleased by the Publication of these and other his worthy Indeavours in this kind , to do himself that Honour , which cannot be given him by this Imperfect Commemoration .

LEONARDUS DU LIRIS , a French-man , and a Recollect-Fryar , put 1655. forth in the year 1655. in his own Language , a Treatise entituled Ephemeride Maritime , ANNI ●…OST CHRISTUM . calculated for the Observation of the Latitude and Longitude at Sea , with a new Method of perpetuating the Ephemeris of the Sun , by which , at all times , his Declination may be exactly found . To which is added the Invention of an Instrument , termed La Spire Solaire , for finding out , at any hour of the day , by the Sun-beams , the Height of the Equator , and the Elevation of the Pole .

Doctor JOHN PELL , sometime Professor of Mathematicks in the Colledge at 1655. Breda , and before that , in the Colledge at Amsterdam , where his learned Collegue Ger. Io. Vossius ( as he testifies , De Scientiis Matth. c. 10. ) heard him with Admiration read his Publick Lectures upon Diophantus ; by whom likewise he is stiled a Person of various Erudition , and a most acute Mathematician ; published his Refutation of Longomontanus his Quadratures of the Circle , in which he hath a Digression or Exercise , showing the Errors or Failings of the greatest Part of Astronomers for want of better Knowledge in Geometry . He published likewise a little Anonymous Exercitation concerning Easter . And he would further extreamly oblige the Learned World , by making good what he propounds in his Idea of Mathematicks , viz. by laying down such a Method , as by that , in an orderly way to deduce not only all that ever is to be found in our Antecessors Writings , and whatsoever they may seem to have thought on , but also all the Mathematical Inventions , Theorems , Problems or Precepts , that it is possible for the working Wits of our Successors to light upon ; and that in one certain unchanged Order from the first Seeds of Mathematicks to their highest and noblest Applications , as well as to the meanest and most Ordinary . See his Idea of Mathematicks , Printed at the end of Durie's and Hartlib's Reformed School , in 12o .

JOHANNES CARAMUEL LOBKOWITZ , Bishop of Campagna 1655. and Satrianum , in the Kingdom of Naples , hath written largely through the whole course of the Mathematicks , particularly , as to our purpose , the several Tractates following ; Pandoxium Physico-Ethicum , in three Tomes , in the second whereof , besides Philosophy , Physick , and the Law , he treats of Astronomy . Solis & Artis Adulteria , in which he treats of Dialling . Coelestes Metamorphoses , wherein he resolves the Circular Theories of the Planets into other Forms . Mathesis Biceps , Vetus , & Nova , in two Volumes , fol. wherein among other various Mathematical Subjects , he handles Astronomical Trigonometry , and gives a particular Treatise , which he entitles Interim-Astronomicum , comprizing the Theory of the Planets in three Parts ; the first describing the same by Circles ; the second , by Perpendicular Oscillations ; the third , by right Lines . To which , by way of Appendix are added three Tractates ; the first exhibiting most easie Tables of the Celestial Motions , as well of the Planets as of the fixed Stars ; the next , teaching the composing of Ephemerides , and demonstrating that an Astronomer may attain to the exact knowledge of the Planets Places , both as to Longitude and Latitude , without Calculation ; the last shewing to delineate upon a Plane , by a pair of Compasses only , the Eclipses of either the Sun or Moon ; thereby ( at least as pretended ) freeing Astronomers from the tedious trouble of Supputation .

GEORGIUS HILARIUS , a Dane , published Praecepta Doctrinae Sphaericae , 1656. Printed at Copenhagen , 1656.

JOHANNES BAPTISTA HODIERNA , a Sicilian , and Mathematician 1656. to the Duke of Palma , first of any , published Theories of the Satellites of Iupiter . He writ likewise De admirandis Phasibus in Sole & Lunâ visis ponderationes Opticae , Physicae , & Astronomicae ; Protei Coelestis vertigines , seu Saturni Systema ; Il Microcosmo del Sole ; Rerum Coelestium peculiares Observationes ; De Magnitudinibus Stellarum inerrantium Visis ; Il Coelo Stellato distinto in cento Mappe , O Tavole , doue con faciltà si insegna à conoscer tutte le Costellationi stellificati nel Firmamento . ANNI POST CHRISTUM . He published some other pretty Tractates in Italian , among which some thing erroneous in a Treatise of his , wherein he makes the Earth bigger than all the other Planets , the Sun only excepted .

JOHANNES NEWTON D. D. and at present one of His Majesty's 1657. Chaplains , set forth a Treatise entituled Astronomia Britannica , exhibiting the Doctrine of the Sphere , and Theory of the Planets decimally by Trigonometry , and by Tables according to the Copernican System , as it is illustrated by Bullialdus . He published likewise a Mathematical Institution , shewing the Construction and Use of the Natural and Artificial Sines , Tangents , and Secants , in Decimal Numbers , and also of the Table of Logarithms , in the general Solution of any Triangle , whether Plain or Spherical ; with their particular Application in Astronomy , Dialling , and Navigation .

BLASIUS FRANCISCUS COMES PAGANUS writ , among 1657. other Mathematical Tractates ( as his Fortifications and Geometrical Theorems . ) Of the Theory of the Planets , with very neat Tables upon the Foundation of the Rudolphine , in which all the Motions of the Celestial Bodies ( to use his own terms ) are ranged within the limits of pure Geometry ; Printed at Paris , in the year 1657. He published likewise a Book of Spherical Triangles , as also Astrologie Naturelle ; all in French ; he writ likewise a little Discourse of the Longitude , and promises Geographical Tables .

ERHARDUS WEIGELIUS Professor of Philosophy and Mathematicks 1657. in the University of Iena , put forth Astronomia Sphaerica , digested into the Method of Euclid , and Astronomical Exercitations , De Motu & Tempore . He wrote likewise Cosmologia , a Treatise succinctly handling the Principles of Astronomy , Geography , the Use of the Globe . And is Author of divers Mechanical Engines and Instruments , serving to the Use and Advancement of Astronomy , as his Pancosmus , being a large Engine or Machine , capable to receive a Man on Horse-back , representing the whole Mundane System , together with the Motions of the Celestial Spheres , Stars , and Planets ; Astrodicticum Majus , being another great Machine , able to receive at once 200 Observers , and so fitted with Dioptrick Instruments , that the several Observers may at one instant take the view of one and the same Star . Astrodicticum Minus , a Rule to be applied to the Celestial Globe for the pointing out of any Star aimed at , as likewise Goniometrum , Horographum , Topometrum , Globus Hydrostaticus , and Astrocosmus , being the Names of several Engines and Instruments ( among others ) by him invented for Astronomical Uses , which for Brevities sake we forbear to explain , particular mention and description of them being made at the end of the third Volume of the Miscellanea Medico-Physica Academiae Naturae Curiosorum German . Printed 1673.

GABRIEL DULLENDIUS put forth Astronomical Tables , to which 1658. he gave the title of Tabulae Ambianenses , seu , Theoriae Planetarum , tàm in forma Tychonica quàm-Copernicana , per unicam cujusque Ellipsim ex proprio Centro Descriptam , Plano-Geometrica Delineatio ; Printed at Paris in 4ᵒ. 1658.

CHRISTIANUS HUGENIUS ( Son of Constantinus Hugenius of 1659. Zulichem ) a Gentleman of great Worth and Reputation for his singular Knowledge in all manner of polite Literature , especially in the Mathematicks , as not only his excellent Book of Pendulums , and some Essayes in Dioptricks , but what relates more nearly to our present Subject , his Systema Saturnium sive de Causis mirandorum Saturni Phaenomenôn , & Comite ejus Planetâ novo , sufficiently declare . In which Work are detected the various Phases of that Celestial Proteus , shewing that ANNI POST CHRISTUM his Brachia or Ansae are no other than a Luminous Annulus or Ring about the Body of that Planet , every way alike distant from it , whose Plane●… keeps in a certain and constant inclination to the Ecliptick , appearing ( according to its diversity of Aspect ) now like a large Ellipsis , now like a more contracted one , at other times like a streight Line ; discovering likewise a Lunula or small Planet to move about Saturn , and to finish its Course in sixteen dayes , and that Saturn in a less space of Time turns about his own Axis , carrying about with him the whole Aetherial Body or Matter interjected between him and the said Satellite or Planet , together with the said Annulus , in a Motion not much slower than his own . Printed by Adrian Ulacq at the Hague 1659. To which is to be added his Brevis ejusdem Systematis Assertio , Printed at the Hague 1660.

Mr. VINCENT WING born at North Luffenham in the County of Rutland , 1660. a very Industrious Mathematician and Astronomer ; as the several Works , by him published , declare , of which we shall mention only such as relate to our present Design , as his Urania Practica , or Practical Astronomy , published by Him , and Mr. William Leiburn , about the year 1649. wherein ( contrary to his Later Sentiments ) is asserted the Earth's Stability : Against which Mr. Ieremy Shakerley writ ; to which Mr. Wing replied in a small Treatise entituled Ens fictum Shakerlaei . About the year 1652. He published his Harmonicon Coeleste , therein asserting , contrary to his former Opinion , The Earth's Mobility . He put forth likewise Astronomia Instaurata in four Parts ; and Ephemerides of the Celestial Motions , for twenty years , with an Introduction to the Knowledge of all Mundane Alterations ; also Examen Astronomiae Carolinae . Having likewise left two Posthume Works , viz. Astronomia Britannica , Printed in fol. in Latin , and Computatio Catholica , published about a year after his Death , which was in September 1668. See more of him in the Remarks on his Life and Death , published by Mr. Gadbury .

GASPAR SCHOTTUS REGISCURIANUS , a Iesuit , sometime 1661. Professor of Mathematicks in the Iesuits Colledge at Palermo , in Sicily , afterwards at Wirtsberg in Franconia , set forth Cursus Mathematicus , sive absolut a omnium Mathematicarum Disciplinarum Encyclopaedia , in 28 Books . In the seventh , eighth and ninth of which Books he treats of Astronomy ; the first comprizing Astronomia Elementaris , or the Description of the Sphere , the Celestial Circles , &c. the next handling Astronomia Theorica , the Theory of the Planets ; the third Astronomia Practica , resolving divers Astronomical Problems , as well Organically as Geometrically . The whole Work Printed in folio , at Wirtsberg 1661. He published likewise Kircher's Iter Ecstaticum Coeleste , adorned and augmented with several Prelusions , Scholia's and Schemes , and promises the Edition of a greater Work by him entituled Mundus Mirabilis , which whether it were ever finished or published I know not .

THOMAS STREET Student in Astronomy and Mathematicks , put forth 1661. a New easie Geometrical and Harmonious Theory of the Celestial Motions , under the Title of ASTRONOMIA CAROLINA , with Astronomical Tables , and their Uses , exhibiting most plain and easie Examples of finding the true Places , of the fixed Stars and Planets , and the Eclipes of the Luminaries at all times ; the several Calculations therein being compared with all the best and most certain Observations both Ancient and Modern . In which likewise more particularly is asserted the Verity of the Equation of Time for the inequality of Natural Dayes , and the near Agreement of the Lunar Theory ( therein proposed ) to the Phaenomenon , whence the Science of the Longitude , or Difference of Meridians as well at Sea as Land , may be far more truly obtained than formerly it hath been , Printed at London 1661. 4ᵒ. To which he added an Appendix in the year 1664. and in 1667. put forth ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Memorial Verses on the Ecclesiastical and Civil Calendar , with an Epitome of the Heavenly Motions . He is now about publishing Planetary Instruments .

PLACIDUS DE TITIS of Perugio , Professor of Astronomy in the 1661. University of Pavy , in Italy , put forth Ephemerides of the Celestial Motions , beginning in the year 1661. and continued to the end of the year 1675. calculated according to the Lansbergian Hypotheses , for the Longitude of 35° . together with a Treatise of the Efficient , Proximate , and Remote Causes of the Transmutation of the Elements , with a Method of erecting a Celestial Scheme or Figure , and some Observations upon Earth-Quakes , Printed at Pavy 1661.

Mr. LAURENCE ROOK , first Astronomy and then Geometry Professor 1661. of Gresham Colledge , and Fellow of the Royal Society ; had begun to make exact Observations of the Immersions and Emersions of the Satellites of Iapiter , besides many others of other Celestial Bodies , but was snatched away from his Studies and Labours in th●… year 1662. shortly after the Establishment of the Royal Society , whose Institution he had zealously promoted , and it was a Deplorable Accident in his Death ( as is noted by the ingenious Authour of the History of the Royal Society ) that he deceased the very Night , which he had for some years expected , wherein to finish his accurate Observations on the said Satellites . His Loss was regretted by all that knew his Extraordinary Worth both for Knowledge , and Probity ; deservedly celebrated by that excellent Prelate the now Lord Bishop of Sarum , Doctor Seth Ward , ( at the Time of Mr Rook's Decease Lord Bishop of Exon ) by this Sepulcral Monument .

M. S. Hìc subtùs sive dormit , sive contemplatur , Qui jamdiu Animo metitus est Quicquid aut Vita aut Mors habet , Vir Cl. LAURENTIUS ROOK è Cantio Oriundus , In Collegio Greshamensi Astronomiae primò , deìn Geometriae Professor , Utriusque Ornamentum , & Spes Maxima , Quem altissima Indoles , Artesque Omnifariae , Mores pellucidi , & ad amussim probi , Consuetudo facilis & accommoda , Bonis , Doctisque Omnibus fecere Commendatissimum . Vir totus Teres , & sui Plenus , Cui Virtus & Pietas , & summa Ratio Desideria Metusque omnes sub pedibus dabant . Ne se penitus seculo subducere mortuus possit Qui iniquissima Modestiâ vixerat , SETHUS WARD Episcopus Exoniensis Sodalis , & Symmystae desideratissimi Longas suavesque Amicitias , Hoc Saxo prosecutus est . Obiit Iunii 27ᵒ. A. D. MDCLXII Aetat . XL.

There is extant in the Philosophical Transactions Nᵒ. 22. p. 388. his Method for observing the Eclipses of the Moon free from the common Inconveniencies . His Astronomical Papers are ( if I am not misinformed ) in the Hands of the above mentioned ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Lord Bishop of Sarum , who will doubtless take care of seeing them digested and published .

ANDREAS CELLARIUS PALATINUS , Scholae Hornanae in 1661. Hollandia Boreali Rector , set forth a large Work in folio with this Title , Harmonia Macrocosmica , seu Atlas Universalis , & Novus , totius Universi Creati Cosmographiam Generalem exhibens . In qua Omnium totius Mundi Orbium Harmonica Constructio secundum diversas Diversorum Authorum Opiniones ; Ut & Uranometria , seu totius Orbis Coelestis , ac Planetarum Theoriae , &c. ob oculos ponuntur ; Printed at Amsterdam , with curious Sculps , and dedicated to his present Majesty Charles the Second .

JOHANNES HECKERUS , of Dantzick , set forth Ephemerides of the 1662. Celestial Motions , beginning in the year 1666. and continued to the year 1680. calculated for the Meridian of Uranoburgum , from the correct Observations of the Noble Tycho Brahe , the Physical Hypotheses of Kepler , and the Rudolphine Tables . To which he prefixed an Introduction , Printed at Dantzick , 1662. Having gained good Repute among the most nice and skilful Astronomers .

CORNELIUS MALVASIA , Marquess of Bismantua , and General of 1662. the Artillery to the Duke of Modena , set forth Ephemerides of the Celestial Motions , by him stiled Ephemerides Novissimae , calculated according to the Hypothesis of Philippus Lansbergius , for the Longitude of Modena , being 34° . 5′ . beginning in the year 1661. and ending with the year 1666. together with the Author 's own Observations of Saturn , Iupiter , Mars , Venus , the Sun and Moon for the year 1662. reduced to Calculation , wherein he shews the Excess or Defects of the Lansbergian Tables . To which are added Ephemerides of the Sun , and Tables of Refractions , according to the latest Hypotheses of the famous Cassini , at present Regius Professor of Mathematicks at Paris .

JACOBUS GREGORY , a Scotch-man , Professor of Mathematicks in the 1663. University of St. Andrew's in Scotland , put forth his Optica Promota , Printed at London , in the year 1663. in which Work there are divers difficult useful Problems relating to Astronomy . The same Author hath prepared a Treatise of Dioptricks and Astronomy , which may supply and doubtless much exceed a second Edition of the forementioned Optica Promota .

NICHOLAUS MERCATOR published a Piece entituled Hypothesis 1663. Astronomica nova ; Printed at London , in a thin folio , in the year 1664. And two Diatribes De Emendatione Annua ; and hath prepared for the Press a Treatise of Astronomy , in which his design is to render Astronomy Geometrical . He hath likewise prepared for the Press , at Cambridge , an Astronomical Institution or Introduction resembling that of Gassendus , but much more to the Purpose , as not only discovering the several Theories of the Planets , but leading a Tyro to the Calculation of their Places , upon the Principal Hypotheses both Ancient and Modern .

FRANCISCUS LEVERA a Roman , put forth Prodromus Universae 1663. Astronomiae Restitutae de Anni Solaris & Siderei ac Dierum Magnitudine in Omni Aevo , & de reliquis Periodis , Motibus & Circulationibus Solaribus admirandis adhuc incognitis , ac etiam Sideriis , ab Authore exploratis , & inventis , ac plenè dilucidatis , per Demonstrationes Arithmeticas , aliasque plures Probationes ; with the Radixes , and divers Tables of the said Motions , calculated for the Longitude of Rome , with a new Method of Supputation . He put forth likewise a Treatise , De Inerrantium Stellarum Viribus & Excellentia , with a Table of their Declinations and right Ascensions , &c. Printed At Rome by Angelo Bernabo . ANNI POST CHRISTUM .

SAVINIUS MUTUS put forth a Treatise by way of Dialogue , in which 1664. he replies to two Letters , the one of Ricciolus , the other of Cassini , written against the aforesaid Prodromus of Levera ; wherein the Doctrine and Use of the said Prodromus is asserted , Printed at Rome , Typis Angeli Bernabo 1664.

PETRUS PALATIUS BRIXIENSIS published Novae Ephemerides 1664. Motuum Solis ab Anno 1664. usque ad Annum 1670. calculated for the Longitude of Rome according to Levera's Tables , Printed at Rome in fol. 1664. Typis Angeli Bernabo .

SAMUEL DANTFORTH , Master of Arts , set forth an Astronomical 1657. Description of the Comet in 1664. as it appeared in New-England ; Printed at Cambridge there .

PIETRO MARIA MUTOLO , published at Pisa a small Tractate of 1665. the Motion and Place of the Comet which appeared in December 1664. shewing that the said Comet was above the Moon , it having been found without a sensible Parallax . For the observing of which he shews an easie way , which needs no Quadrants or Sextants curiously made ; nor a precise taking of the Meridian Altitudes , nor the Situation of the Comet in the Zodiack ; nor the noting of the Precise Time of the Observation ; nor lastly , needs to fear to be prejudiced by the Consideration of the various refractions ; for as much as he works not by the way of taking several Altitudes from the Horizon ; but by observing the Position of the Comet among some neighbouring fixed Stars ; for the doing of which , he employed only a Simple Thread stretched out by an Arch , to make it Evident whether this Comet had a sensible Parallax or no. See Philos. Transact . Nᵒ. 53. p. 1070.

ANTONIUS FRANCISCUS PAYEN , an eminent Mathematician 1666. and Astronomer , hath published all or most of the several Treatises ensuing . Paradoxon Astronomicon , De Tabularum Omnium à Coelo dissensu ; Aenigma Astronomicum , Adulterium Solis & Lunae ; Emblema Astronomicum , Sol Larvatus ; Monopolion Coeleste , Conjunctio Saturni & Iovis 1663. Et alia Conjunctio Saturni & Martis 1666. Tabulas omnes enormiter fallens ; Selenelion , ou Apparition Luni Solaire observée en l' Isle de Gorgonne , le 16. Iuin 1666. Eclipse du Soleil , observée à Paris , l●… 1. Iuillet , 1666. Specula Parisiensis Astronomica ; De Tabularum Motibus ad Observationum trutinam observandis ; Nova Dissertatio adversus Astrologiam Gallicam , cum Mantissa Astronomica , De Plagio Morini circa Doctrinam Longitudinum Indicata unica Possibili Methodo Universali . He writ likewise these following Treatises , by him intended for the Press , viz. Sportula Ecliptica Compendiaria , cum Appendice Praeceptorum supputandi Selenelii Phases , Durationem & Digitos Lunae deficientis in ortu visibili ; Paradoxa Physico-Astronomica Spiralis Systematis Prodroma , circa naturam Atmosphaerae & causarum Physicarum Astronomica Phaenomena alterantium ; Catacrisis Cometica , statuens Cometoidas inter Meteora sublunaria , Cometas verò inter superlunaria , viamque non Linealem vel Circularem , aut Conicam , sed spiralem & flexuosam Meteoris Coelestibus propriam , variis Observationibus comprobatam ; Ecloge Prostaphaeretica , De Quadruplice Aequatione Astronomica temporis Meridianorum Centri & Orbis Planetarum , cum novis ad Calculum Locorum Planetarum & Eclipsium tabulis , exulatâ cruciformi parte proportionali . Upon the occasion of an Eclipse of the Moon happening near Sun-set , in Iuly 1666. both Luminaries appearing visibly above the Horizon , elevated by Refractions , the Author published his Treatise entituled Selenelion , from whence this account was taken , which being about six or seven years since , and divers of these Tractats then extant , as appears by the Iournal S●…avans , it is probable the rest , or most of them are since published . ANNI POST 〈◊〉 .

The Right Honourable the Late EARL OF SANDWICH , even in the 1666. midst of his weighty State Negotiations was pleased sometime to imploy himself in making considerable Observations both Astronomical and Physiological , and to communicate the same to the Royal Society ; as his Observation of an E●…lipse of the Sun , Iune 22. 1666. at Madrid ; the Sun's Height in the Solstice ; also the Latitude of Madrid ; esteeming by the Sun's Altitude in the Solstice , and by other Meridian Altitudes ; the Latitude of Madrid to be 40 Degrees , 10 Minutes , which differs considerably from that assigned by others ; the General Chart of Europe , giving to it 41° . 30′ . the General Map of Spain 40° . 27′ . A large Provincial Map of Castile 40° . 38′ . He likewise made some Observations of the Immersions of the Satellites of Iupiter , and on December 25th. old style 1666. observed at Madrid a great Halo about the Moon , the Semidiameter whereof was about 23° . 30′ . Aldebaran being just in the North-East Part of the Circle , and the two Horns of Aries just enclosed by the South-West of the Circle , the Moon being in the Center : and about five or six years before , viz. Nov. 21. old stile 1661. an hour after Sun-set , he observed a great Halo about the Moon , of the same Semidiameter , at Tangier , the Moon being very near the same Place . See Phil. Transact . Nᵒ. 21. p. 390.

ERASMIUS BARTHOLINUS , a Dane writ on the Comets which appeared 1666. in the years 1664. and 1665. He put forth like wise Astronomical Considerations of the great Conjunction of Saturn and Iupiter , happening in the year 1663. Printed at Copenhagen . He published likewise Heliodorus Larissaeus his Optical Fragments in Greek and Latin , with his Learned Animad versions thereupon , Printed at Paris by Cramoisy 1657. 4o .

JOHANNES ALPHONSUS BORELLIUS , published a Treatise 1666. of the Satellites of Iupiter , about fitting Theories to their Motions , and some Contestations , about the nature of that curve Line , that is described by the falling of a Stone from the Earth's surface to its Center , supposing the Earth's motion .

PETRUS GALTRUCHIUS , of Orleans , a Iesuit , put forth ( to use 1668. his own Terms ) Clara , Brevis , & Accurata Institutio Mathematicae totius , in gratiam studiosae Iuventutis adornata . In which among the rest he treats De Sphaera Mundi , De Astronomia & De Principiis cognitionum Caelestium , De Chronologia , & Cnomonica , Printed lately at Cambridge .

HIERONYMUS VITALIS , of the Order of the Regulars commonly 1668. called Theatins of Capua , put forth Lexicon Mathematicum , Astronomicum , Geometricum , containing a Collection , and Explication of all Things relating to either of those Parts of the Mathematicks , more especially as to Astronomy , with a brief Consideration , and Declaration of divers new Theorems , and a Dilucidation of several exotick Terms therein used . Printed at Paris 1668.

ANDREAS TACQUET , a Iesuit , sometime Professor of Mathematicks 1669. in the Roman Colledge , put forth , in his Works , entituled Opera Mathematica , Eight Books of Astronomy , in which he explains the whole Doctrine of that Science , in such a gradual Scientifick Order , that a Student , without the aid of a Master , may learn the whole by his own Study , not formerly attained by the best Instructions . He therein likewise argues against Ricciolus his Opinion , touching the Farth's rest , from the Descent of heavy Bodies ; and shews that the Eclipses of the Sun may be calculated without the aid of Parallax , and that the Sun's Parallax , as to the determination of Celestial Motions , may be safely neglected . He rejects also the sensible inequality of the Solar or Tropical Years , and the irregularity of the ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Obliquity of the Ecliptick , of the Procession of the Equinoxes and Excentricity . To the end of which Eight Books are annexed Propositions for twenty eight Cases of Sphaerical Trigonometry .

PIETRO M. CAVINA of Fienza , in Italy , published in the Language 1669. of that Country , Congietture Physico-Astronomiche della Natura dell Universo , Printed at Faenza 1669. in 4ᵒ. Which Conjectures were raised by the Author upon some Observations made about the fixed Stars at Faenza ; the whole Tractate consisting of three Parts , Considerations , Observations , and Reflections . In the first , he considers the unreasonableness of the Aristotelean Opinon , touching the Ingenera●…ility , and Incorruptibility of the Celestial Bodies ; whence he proceeds to the second Part containing the Observations themselves ; whereby he affirms to have found considerable Changes in divers of the fixed Stars , from what Baye●…s , and others have remarked of them as to Magnitude and Number , instancing in Ursa Major and Minor , in the Dragon , Cepheus , Bootes , Corona Septentrionalis , Hercules , Lyra , Cygnus , Cassiopaea , Perseus , and the Via Lactea . From which he deduceth these Conjectures ; First , that the Heaven of the sixed Stars is liquid ; Secondly , that it is generable and corruptible ; Thirdly , that the Motion of the Earth is ( as he fancies ) improbable ; Fourthly , that the Changes and Variations of the fixed Stars , are Effects of the Sun , from which ( he conceives ) they are but moderately distant ; Fifthly , that those Stars are of a Matter easily Dissipable and like unto Lamps which for want of Aliment are extinguished , and by Accession of Aliment are magnified ; Sixthly , that all the fixed Stars are in the Concave Superficies of their Heavens ; with some other ( such like ) Conjectures : Of which see further in Phil. Transact . Nᵒ. 65. p. 2112 and p. 2113.

FRANCISCUS TRAVAGINI , an eminent Venetian Philosopher put 1669. forth a Tractate entituled Physica Disquisitio super Observationibus à Se factis Tempore ultimorum Terrae Motuum , seu Gyri Terrae Diurni Indicium . In which ( from the Observations by him made in some late Earthquakes , especially in the last about Ragusa ) he affirms , that he noted , besides a Subsulting Perpendicular Motion , a Concomitant Lateral Vibration of the Earth from West to East , whence he conceive●… it may validly be inferred that the Earth hath a progressive Motion from West to East . See Phil. Transactions Nᵒ. 6. p. 1084. and 1085. The Tractate itself was Printed at Leyden in Holland 1669. in 4o .

AEGIDIUS STRAUCH , Publick Professor of History and Philosophy 1669. in the University of Wittemberg , besides his Breviarium Chronologicum , set forth a small Treatise entituled , Astrognosia , Synopticè & Methodicè , in usum Academi●…um adornata . To which are added Schemes of the several Asterisms cut in Brass , Printed at Wittemberg , in the year 1669.

JOHANNES OTT , of Schafhuysen , an Helvetian , in a small Treatise of 1670. Vision , Printed at Heidelberg , in the year 1670. asserts this Thesis ; Motus Medius Siderum Astronomorum est figmentum , in rei natura non existens , neque in Hypothes●… Elliptica super altero focorum peragitur ; Quocirca computi Astronomica Geometrica accuratio , in Problemate adhuc nondum determinato sita est ; viz. Datum Circulum ex Puncto extra Centrum dato , in data ratione secare ; & quamvis ope Cycloidis construi suo modo possit , attamen cum Punctum , per quod Perpendicularis ad Axes ducitur , indeterminatum sit , etiam ipsa Sectio indeterminata manet , ejus tamen Problematis Solutionem ex supposito Tetragonismo tam accuratè D. Stephanus Spleissius Gymnasii Scaph Rector , & Astronomus Subtilssimus expediit , quam certae sunt Sinu●… Tabulae , quarum accuratio ad Astronomicum Calculum abundè sufficit . But if Spleissius solve the Problem no otherwise than by tentative work , by ayd of a Table of Sines ANNI POST CHRISTUM . ( and Arks ) he hath done no more than what was well known here . But however , without the use of any Tables , the Problem is solved by Mr. Iames Gregory , Professor of Mathematicks in the University of St. Andrews in Scotland ; as I am informed by the Ingenious and Industrious Promoter of Mathematical Studies , Mr. Iohn Collins .

GABRIEL MOUTONUS published Observations of the apparent Diameters 1670. of the Sun and Moon , and of the Meridian Altitudes of the Sun , and some few of the fixed Stars ; together with a Table of the Sun's Declinations , calculated to each prime scruple of a Degree . To which is annexed a brief Dissertation of the Inequality of Natural Dayes , and of the Equation of Time , with a new Idaea of Geometrical Measures ; and a new Method of communicating and preserving them , for the future , without any alteration .

JOHANNES CHRISTOPHORUS STURMIUS , Professor of 1670. Mathematicks and Natural Philosophy in the University of Altdorf in Franconia , published a brief Treatise in folio , entituled , Scientia Cosmica , sive Astronomia tam Theorica quam Sphaerica , paucis Tabulis in usum Incipientium comprehensa , Printed at Altdorf in the year 1670.

JOHANNES HEVELIUS , Consul of Dantzick , an Excellent Mathematician 1670. and Astronomer , hath ennobled his Name by several curious and learned Works ; as his Selenographia , or Description of the Moon , containing an accurate Delineation of the several Spots therein visible , and of the various Motions , Changes , and Appearances discovered by the Telescope , as well in that as in the Sun , and other Planets . His Cometographia , representing the whole Nature of Comets , their Situation , Parallaxes , Distances , diverse Appearances , and admirable Motions ; with a History of all the Comets , from the beginning of the World to this present , either noted by Historians , or observed by Philosophers or Astronomers ; both the said Works being enriched with exquisite Sculps of his own Graving . To these is to be added his Treatise of Mercury discovered in the Sun at Dantzick in the year 1661. May 3. stilo novo , with the History of a New Star appearing in the Neck of Cetus , and another in the Beak of Cycnus , and his Illustration of our Countryman Horrox his Tractate upon Venus seen in the Sun , in the year 1639. on the 24th of November , old style ; being the Noblest , and since the beginning of the World till then , unpractised Observation ; with a Discourse of some rare Paraselenae , and Parhelii , by him discovered at Dantzick ; as likewise two Epistles to Ricciolus , De Lunae motu Libratorio in certas Tabulas redacto , and other Astronomical Pieces , whereof mention is made in the Philosophical Transactions . He put forth this present year 1673. The first Part of his Machina Coelestis , containing an accurate Delineation and Description of all the Astronomical Instruments by him used in his Celestial Observations fairly cut in Brass ; the Construction of Telescopes , and Direction for the most commodious Way of managing those of Extraordinary Length ; with the Reason of grinding Glasses of an Hyperbolical Form . He promises likewise Prodromus Astronomiae cum Integro fixarum Catalago , atque Globis Coelestibus reformatis ; As likewise the latter Part of his Machina Coelestis ( of which that published is but the first Book ) containing the second , third , and fourth Books ; the second comprizing all his Celestial Observations , as well of Eclipses , as of the Occultations of the Planets and fixed Stars from the Year 1630. to this Present ; the third shewing his Observations of the Meridian Altitudes of the Sun , and of the Equinoxes and Solstices from the year 1632. hitherto ; as likewise special Observations of every Planet ; the fourth and last exhibiting a Catalogue or Index of the Distances of the fixed Stars taken by his great Brass Sextants and Octants ; together with those noted by the Landt-Grave of Hesse , Tycho , Gassendus , and Ricciolus . All which are now ANNI POST CHRISTUM . in the Press , and will e're long ( 't is hoped ) come to Publick View .

PIETRO MENGOLI an Italian ; Prior of Sancta Maddalena , and 1670. Reader of Mechanicks , in the Bolognan Academy ; published among other ingenious Pieces in the Mathematicks , a small Quarto Treatise in Italian , entituled Refra●…tioni , & Parallasse del Sole . In which , besides his Observations and Tables of the said Refractions , Parallaxes , Declinations of the several Points of the Ecliptick , and right Ascensions ; these several following Conclusions , are by him undertaken to be demonstrated , viz. First , The Sun 's Horizontal Refraction to be 1′ . 58″ . 6‴ . Secondly , The Estival Horizontal Parallax thereof 38″ . 49‴ . Thirdly , It 's Hibernal Horizontal Parallax 40″ . 4‴ . Fourthly , The Height of the Pole at Santo Petronio in Bologna in the beginning of the year 1656. to have been 44° . 28′ . 56″ . Fifthly , The Height of the Pole at Uraniburgh in the beginning of the year 1582 , to have been 55° . 53′ . 27″ . Lastly , The Obliquity of the Ecliptick , or the Sun 's greatest Declination to be 23° . 28′ . 24″ .

LE PERE CHERUBIN a Capuchin Fryar in the Convent of that Order 1671. in Orleans , put forth a large and elegant Volume in French , entituled La Dioptrique Oculaire ; the Ocular Dioptrick , concerning the Theory , Use , and Mechanism of Telescopes , divided into three Principal Parts ; the first contai●… 〈◊〉 Doctrine of Opticks , and Dioptricks , or of simple Vision Direct , and that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 made by Rays refracted ; the second delivering the Theory of the Telescope in 〈◊〉 kinds , which is ushered in by a History of the Invention , and Antiquity of Telescopes , and by a Discourse concerning the Difference of the Antient Glasses from the Modern . The third and last Part , being doubly divided into the Positive and Mechanical : The Positive teaching the actual Construction of Telescopes , and their Uses in the Observations of Celestial Objects : The Mechanical shewing the way of polishing and forming all sorts of Glasses that serve for Telescopes ; giving likewise an Account of many excellent Discoveries that by their means have been made by Modern Astronomers . The Work adorned with most curious and elegant Cuts , and Printed in an answerable Letter in folio at Paris 1671.

OTTO DE GUERRICK , Councellor to the Elector of Brandenburg , 1672. and Consul of the City of Magdeburg , or Meydburg , put forth Experimenta nova Magdeburgica , De vacuo spatio , in which he occasionally treats of the several Mundane Systems , of the Planets , and of the Fixed Stars , their Magnitudes and Distances , Printed at Amsterdam in folio 1672.

Doctor JOHN WALLIS Savilian Professor of Geometry in Oxford , Fellow 1672. of the Royal Society , and Chaplain to His Majesty , famous for his many learned Mathematical Works , as his two Volumes of Arithmetick , the latter whereof is entituled Arithmetica Infinitorum , his Commercium Epistolicum , his Tract De Cycloide , his Treatises of Mechanicks , & De Calculo Centri Gravitatis , at the latter end of Arithmetica Infinitorum , is a Scheme and a Narrative concerning an Eclipse of the Sun 2. August 1654 by him observed at Oxford ; to whom likewise we are beholding for his Care in digesting and publishing Mr. Horrox and Crabtrec's Astronomical Remains . He hath likewise a learned desirable Treatise of Angular Sections ready for the Press , a due Knowledge of which Doctrine cannot but conduce much to the facilitating of difficult Sphaerical Problems , and consequently to the Advancement of Astronomy .

AEGIDIUS DE GOTTIGNIES the Scholar of the eminent Geometer 1672. Gregory of St. Vincent ; is the Author of a Treatise of Dioptricks concerning the Foundation , Construction , and Use of Telescopes in order to Astronomical Observations , ANNI POST CHRISTUM . as also of Microscopes . The Treatise ( written in Latin ) is common in MS. in Italy : whereof a Copy came over lately into England , and here meets with the Applause of the learned , which we hope will e're long be translated and published in English .

Sir CHRISTOPHER WRENN Knight , sometime Astronomy Professor 1673. in Gresham Colledge , afterwards Savilian Professor of Astronomy in the University of Oxford , and now Surveyor General of His Majesty's Works and Buildings , is here deservedly to be remembred ; whose learned Labours , and curious Discoveries both in Philosophy and Mathematicks , being already recorded by the excellent Pen of the Ingenious Author of the History of the Royal Society , I shall from thence collect such Particulars as are pertinent to our present purpose , and whose mention may give Honour to this Catologue . He hath invented many Wayes to make Astronomical Observations more accurate and easie , hath fitted and hung Quadrants , Sextants , and Radii more commodiously than formerly , hath made two Telescopes to open with a joynt like a Sector , by which observers may infallibly take Distances to half a Minute , hath added many Sorts of Retes skrews , and other Devices to Telescopes for taking small Distances , and apparent Diameters to Seconds . He hath added much to the Theory of Dioptricks ; much to the Manufacture it self of grinding good Glasses : He hath made constant Observations on Saturn , and a Theory of that Planet truly answering all Observations , and that before the Printed Discourse of Mr. Hugenius on that Subject appeared He hath essayed to make a true Selenography by Measure ; the World having nothing yet but Pictures , rather than Surveys or Maps of the Moon . He hath stated the Theory of the Moon 's Libration as far as Observations could carry him . Hath composed a Lunar Globe , representing not only the Spots and various degrees of Whiteness upon the Surface , but the Hills Eminencies and Cavities moulded in solid Work ; the Globe thus fashioned into a true model of the Moon , as you turn it to the Light , represents all the menstrual Phases with the variety of Appearances that happen from the Shadows of the Mountains and Valleys . Hath made Maps of the Pleiades and other Telescopical Stars , and proposed Methods to determine the great Doubt of the Earth's motion or rest , by the small Stars about the Pole to be seen in large Telescopes ; which few Instances may serve in part ( at present ) to shew his exquisite Skill and Indeavours in Astronomy , until such Time as he shall please on that Score further to oblige the World by other excellent Productions of his great Industry and Learning .

Doctor ISAAC BARROW , formerly Geometry Professor in Gresham Colledge , 1673. afterwards Lucasian Professor of Mathematicks in the University of Cambridge , and now Master of Trinity Colledge there ; hath lately published eighteen Optick Lectures ; Theodosius his Sphericks , and hath other Lectures concerning the Projections of the Sphere , ready for the Press . All which conduce much to the Advancement of Astronomy , as his Geometrical Lectures already published , together with his Apollonius , and Archimedes ready to come forth , besides others which we hope may follow , do to the Advancement of Geometry ; which not to mention ( though somewhat beside our Purpose ) were very Injurious to a Person that hath so much enriched the Commonwealth of Learning .

Mr. ROBERT HOOK the Learned and Ingenious Curator of the Royal 1673. Society , and Professor of Geometry in Gresham Colledge , exceedingly well versed , as in all Mathematical and Mechanical , so particularly in Astronomical Knowledge . He was the first that discovered in the year 1664. ( May the ninth ) a permanent Spot in the biggest of the three obscurer Belts of Iupiter , and by observing it for some Hours together , found that within two hours after , the said Spot hadmoved from East to West , about half the length of the Diameter of Iupiter . See Philosophical ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Transactions , Nᵒ. 1. p. 3. and Nᵒ. 8. p. 143. which Discovery of a Permanent Spot in Iupiter was since confirmed by that famous Astronomer Cassini , of which see Phil. Trans . Nᵒ. 8. p. 143. and Nᵒ. 10. p. 171.

The same Mr. Hook discovered in the Month of February and March , Anno ( 1665/6 ) in the face of Mars several Maculae or spotted Parts changing their Place , and not returning to the same Position 'till the next ensuing Night , near about the same time : See Ph. Transact . Nᵒ. 11. p. 198. and Nᵒ. 14. p. 239.

He also made divers considerable Observations concerning the Planet Iupiter , his apparent Diameter , the various Degrees of Light in the Parts of his Phasis , his several Belts , &c. See Phil. Transact . Nᵒ. 14. p. 245. 246. where also are to be found his Observations of the Body of Saturn , his Shape , Ring of a brighter Light than that of his Body , and some black Lines crossing the Ring and others crossing the Body .

The same was the Proposer of that Method ( inserted in Nᵒ. 9. p. 151. of the Phil. Transactions ) directing how a Correspondency may be setled for the finding out the true Distance of the Sun and Moon from the Earth by the Parallaxes observed under or near the same Meridian .

Nor is to be passed by what contrivances he hath made of measuring the Diameters of the Planets to the exactness of a Second by the help of a Telescope , as also of taking the Position and Distance of the small fixed Stars one from another , or from any of the less bright Planets , if the Distance be not above two or three Degrees . See Nᵒ. 25. of the Phil. Transact . p. 459.

He published his Micrographia in the year 1664. wherein amongst other Astronomical Matters , he hath explained the Reason of the Redness , Oval Figure , and Undulation of the Sun and and Moon , and the twinckling of the Stars by a new Property of the Air called by him Inflection , differing from Refraction and Reflection . He hath mentioned several wayes of improving Telescopes ; he hath given two Specimina of the Discovery of a fifteen Foot Glass among the smaller Stars ; one , by a Description of the Pleiades , and the second by a Declination of one small spot in the Moon described by Hevelius and Ricciolus . He hath made many Astronomical Instruments , by which an Angle may be taken to the Exactness of 1/10 part of a Minute . He in the year 1670. detected the Parallax of the Orb of the Earth amongst the fixed Stars by observing the Transits of several Stars near our Zenith , and comparing the Measures so found . He first observed the Stars with a Telescope at the the same time that the Sun shone above the Horizon and into the Room where the Observation was made ; of which see more in his Excellent Attempt to prove the Motion of the Earth lately published .

Doctor WALTER POPE Professor of Astronomy in Gresham Colledge ▪ 1673. the Successor of Sir Christopher Wrenn and Mr. Rook ; with whom he hath spent much Time in observing the Motions and Appearances of the Heavens ; the Result of which he hath delivered in his Astronomical Lectures there read , which 't is hoped he may be prevailed with to make publick hereafter .

Mr. JOHN GOAD , late of St. Iohn's in Oxford , hath an Elaborate Treatise 1673. now in the Press , entituled Astro-Meteorologica , i. e. Aphorisms Physical and Astrological in two Parts : The first whereof inquires into the Natures of the Planets , Sun , Moon , &c. The second observes the Nature also of the fixed Stars in their several Asterisms , as they are clearly found to be joynt Producers of the Meteors ANNI POST CHRISTUM . below , Storms , Tempests , &c. The whole Discourse founded on sacred Authority , Reason , and the Experience of twenty years last past .

RICHARD TOWNLEY of Townley in Lancashire Esquire ( whom for 1673. Honours sake I here mention ) Nephew to the before named Christopher Townley ; hath , among other his much commendable Indeavours in the Mathematicks , perfected the Instrument of Mr. Gascoyns before-mentioned ▪ , now called a Micrometer , and fitted it that any small Angle may be taken by his Tube to a Second . Having for some years past been a diligent Observer of the Satellites about Iupiter , whose Motions he hath reduced to Exactness of Rule and Order . He is an Excellent Arithmetician and Geometer , and from whom great Things may justly be expected .

MONSIEUR ADRIAN AUZOUR , a very ingenious and candid 1673. Philosopher and Astronomer of Paris , Fellow of the Royal Society of London , published his Ephemerides concerning the Motion of the two Comets which appeared Anno 1664/5 ) and of which he predicted the Places , through which they should pass , and where they should cease to appear , after he had seen them but four or five times .

The same Person entertains hopes that a Motion of Comets exactly observed may in time clear that grand Question , whether the Earth moves or not . He also hath taken Notice , by making Reflections upon former Comets , that more of them enter into our System by the Sign of Libra , and about the Spica Virginis , than by all the other Parts of the Heavens : See the Phil. Transact . Nᵒ. 1. p. 3. Nᵒ. 2. p. 18 , 19. Nᵒ. 3. p. 36 , 39. And being very well versed in Opticks and Dioptricks , he hath given us the Proportions of the Apertures of Telescopes , and reduced them to Tables ibid. Nᵒ. 4. p. 55. as he hath also delivered a Means to illuminate an Object in what Proportion one pleaseth ibid. Nᵒ. 4. p. 68. And we doubt not , but he will upon his Return out of Italy where he hath spent some years of late , impart to the World as well the Astronomical as other the learned Observations , he-hath there made .

SIGNOR GIOVANNI DOMINICO CASSINI a deservedly 1673. Famous Astronomer of Italy ; now entertained by His most Christian Majesty in the Royal Observatory at Paris , and withall a Member of the Royal Society of London ; doth continually oblige the learned World by his excellent and most important Astronomical Observations , of which there are recorded in the Phil. Transact . First , that of the permanent Spot in Iupiter arguing the Rotation of that Planet about it's Axis ; Secondly , those of the Shadows cast by the Satellites of Iupiter upon his Disque , and Ephemerides of their Motions . Thirdly , those of the Spots in Mars arguing the Conversion of that Planet also about it's Axis . Fourthly , those of the Spots in Venus evincing the Revolution of that Body likewise about it's Axis , as well as that of Iupiter and Mars . Fifthly , those of the Spots in the Sun . Sixthly , those of the change of Saturns Figure . Seventhly , those of some new Stars discovered by him , and especially of the two new Planets about Saturn . Of all which , see the Phil. Transact . Nᵒ. 4. p. 75. Nᵒ. 8. p. 143. Nᵒ. 10. p. 171. Nᵒ. 12. p. 209. Nᵒ. 14. p. 242. Nᵒ. 32. p. 615. Nᵒ. 78. p. 2201. Nᵒ. 78. p. 2250. Nᵒ. 78. p. 3020 , 3024. Nᵒ. 102. p. 4039. Nᵒ. 92. p. 5175. To which add his Calculations for the Eclipses of the Satellites of Iupiter for Anno 1671. in Nᵒ. 74. p. 2238. Neither ought we to pass by his three excellent Letters concerning the Hypothesis of the Sun's Motions and his Doctrine of Refraction , of which an Account is given in Nᵒ. 84. p. 5001. What other Observations and Discoveries he hath made concerning the Heavens , we hope he will in due time likewise publish . ANNI POST CHRISTUM .

SIGNOR GEMINIANO MONTANARI the learned Professor of 1673. Mathematicks at Bologna hath taken particular Care and Pains in acquainting us with the Total Disappearance of divers Stars that appeared formerly ▪ and intends to write upon this Argument a Book to be entituled Firmamentum Instabile . See Philosoph . Transact . Nᵒ , 73. p. 2202. and Nᵒ. 89. p. 5125. Where 't is intimated that this Author doubts not but to make it out to the Assertors of the Incorruptibility of the Visible Heavens , that even in the Stars anciently described there are observed such Changes as would be sufficient to make Aristotle himself , if alive , change his Opinion in this Point .

Mr. JO. FLAMSTED of Derby , an Industrious and accurate Astronomer , 1673. and Observer of the Heavens ; hath of late endeavoured to advance Astronomy , by publishing yearly his Calculations of the more notable Celestial Appearances conspicuous in these Parts ; of which see the Phil. Transactions Nᵒ. 55. p. 1099. Nᵒ. 66. p. 2029. Nᵒ. 77. p. 2297. Nᵒ. 79. p. 3061. Nᵒ. 89. p. 5118. To which may be added his Observations of the Transits of Iupiter and Mars near certain fixed Stars , Nᵒ. 82. p. 4036. Nᵒ. 86. p. 5034. As also those for determining the Inclination of Iupiter to the Ecliptick , Nᵒ. 94. p. 6033. together with those lately described in a Letter of his to Signor Cassini , that were made by Him after a New and exquisite Way , about the farthest Elongations of the Medicean Stars from the Centre of Iupiter , and others concerning the Diameters of the Planets and their Distances from the fixed Stars , as also the Parallax of Mars , Nᵒ. 96. p. 6094. which Communications were with much Applause received by the said Signor Cassini , Witness his Answer , which we hope will also be published e're long , together with the sequel of more Letters lately exchanged between these two eminent Astronomers .

Mr. EDWARD BERNARD Successor to Sir Christopher Wrenn , in the 1673. Savilian Professor's Place of Astronomy in the University of Oxford , merits here a due Remembrance ; from whom , besides those future Improvements Astronomy is like to receive by his learned Lectures , and Observations ; we are incouraged to expect the Publication of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , or ( as Pappus terms it ) 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , of the Alexandrian School , restored to it's Pristine Splendor , being a Book so called by way of Distinction from Ptolemy's Almagest , commonly by the Alexandrians call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which two Books were the only or at least the chief Astronomical Pieces usually read in that University . The first whereof consists of nine Books , containing

Theodosii Sphaerica , ( with Euclids Opticks and Phaenomena ) in three Books . Theodosius de Habitationibus , & de Diebus & Noctibus in two Books . Autolycus de Sphaera Mota , & de Ortu & Occasu siderum inerrantium in two Books , Aristarchus Samius de Magnitudinibus & Distantiis Solis & Lunae , & Hypsicles ▪ his 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 sive de Ascensionibus .

Which nine Books collected into one Volume , and remaining in several Libraries in Italy and France , were by Sir Henry Savile , partly in Print , partly in MS. given to the University of Oxford , and now hope for New Life from this learned Persons Hand , who intends ( as I am informed ) further to oblige the learned World by publishing the three remaining Books of Apollonius Pergaeus from the MS. Copies of Beni Musa , and Aldelmelech , with the Annotations of Eutocius upon one of them , whereas the Copy used in the Version of Abraham Ecchellensis , and illustrated with the learned Annotations of Alphonsus Borellius seems to be a Stream from a more impure Fountain : and this Supplement is to be subjoyned to the first ANNI POST CHRISTUM . four Books put forth , or ready to be put forth by the most Learned and Reverend Doctor Isaac Barrow .

Mr. ISAAC NEWTON Lucasian Professor of Mathematicks in the University 1673. of Cambridge , and Fellow of Trinity Colledge , hath lately published his reflecting Telescope ; New Theories of Light and Colours ; hath ●…ready for the Press a Treatise of Dioptricks , and divers Astronomical Exercises , which are to be subjoyned to Mr. Nicholas Mercator's Epitome of Astronomy , and to be Printed at Cambridge . From him besides is to be expected a New General Analytical Method by infinite Series for the Quadrature of Curvilinear Figures , the finding of their Centers of Gravity , their Round Solids , and the Surfaces thereof , the straitning of curved Lines ; so that giving an Ordinate in any Figure as well such as Des Cartes calls Geometrical , as others , to find , the Length of the Arch Line , and the Converse ; Such an Invention , to wit , but in one particular Figure the Circle , the Learned Snellius thinks transcendent to any thing yet published ; and how much conducing to the Benefit of Astronomy , and the Mathematical Sciences in General , such an Universal Method is , I leave others , together with my self to admire , and earnectly expect .

Mr. JOHN COLLINS Accomptant , and a Member of the Royal Society , 1673. published in the year 1658. his Treatise entituled The Sector on a Quadrant , in which there are very curious Prints of two great Quadrants , and of two small Quadrants with particular Projections on them , serving for the Latitude of London ; Albeit by Aid of other Lines each of those Quadrants is rendred Universal for Astronomical Use , as , finding the Hour and Azimuth , and all other Spherical Proportions ; The Author's chief Design in publishing such Prints , was to shew the World that the said Prints might be pasted on Copper or Brass , and so varnished , as to be rendred preservable from Dirt , or sullying , and sold at a cheap Rate , as now they are .

In 1659. he published his Treatise of Navigation , entituled the Mariners Plain Scale new Plained . In which , besides Projections of the Sphere , there are Constructions for many Astronomical Problems , and Spherical Proportions . The Book hath found good Acceptance , and is now like to become a Common Theme to the Scholars of Christ's Hospital London , whereof forty ( by His Majesty's Bounty , and to His Immortal Renown in Establishing a Lecturer to instruct them ) are constantly to be taught Navigation , and e're long 't is to be hoped the Author will reprint the same with considerable Additions .

The same year he published a Treatise of Geometrical Dyalling , of good Esteem , both for the Newness and easiness of Method in situating the Requisites , and drawing the Hour-Lines . In which there being Spherical Proportions , and some Astronomical Problems , it deserves to be remembred in this Catalogue .

In the year 1667. he published in the Philosophical Transactions the Solution of a Problem concerning Time , to wit , about the Iulian Period , with divers Perpetual Almanacks in single Verses ; a Chronological Problem , and divers other Things since , in the said Transactions , which we mention not , as being irrelative to the Sphere or Astronomy ( viz. concerning Merchants Accompts , compound Interest , and Annuities , &c. )

We should be injurious to him , if we did not farther inlarge , by telling the World how much it is obliged for his Pains in exciting the Learned to publish their Works , and in acting the Part of an Ingenious Obstetrix at the Press , in correcting and in drawing of Schemes ; So that he hath been Instrumental in furnishing the World with the many learned Mathematical Books here lately published ANNI POST CHRISTUM . ( for which , his chief Reward hitherto hath been to obtain from the Learned the Title of Mersennus Anglicanus ) and many more may be expected , if moderate Encouragements towards Printing such Works , and Leisure for such an Affair be not impeded through the necessary Avocations for a livelyhood , and though it be besides my Design , yet I cannot but digress in giving him and others like minded ( which are very rare to be found ) their due commendations , in promoting the laudable Design of getting Learned Men to impart their Labours to be Printed ; and exciting others to encourage the same , as being of singular Use and advantage to the Republick of Learning ; through the want whereof many Learned Mens Works of much worth have been lost , suppressed or long delayed . As those of Maurolycus , Abbot of Messina , a large Catalogue whereof is to be seen at the End of his Opuscula , but by the Care of the learned Mathematician Alphonsus Borellius some of them have been published in this Age , ninety years after the Author's Death ; as his Apollonius at Messina in 1656. containing the substance of the four first Books of the Apollonius of Commandinus , and two more Additional Books of Maurolycus , and all in less Room , and at a much cheaper price . And now by the like Diligence the said Borellius is publishing Maurolycus his Archimedes in Latin , reputed a Good one , after we have been long tired with the Common Latin bad one .

Through want of such care the many learned Works of Vernalion of Naples , Master to Iosephus Auria , have not hitherto come to light , as his Commentaries upon all Archimedes , Apollonius , Serenus , Euclid , Ptolemaeus , and divers others of the Ancients ; which is much to be lamented ; seeing he was , according to the Testimony of the said Auria , Vir , Divinitate quadam Ingenii Ornatus .

Nor those of the learned Bernardinus Baldus , Abbot of Guastalla , mentioned at the End of his Comment on Aristotle's Mechanicks , amongst which are two Volums of the Lives of Mathematicians , whereof Bartholinus in his Preface to the Edition of the Optick Fragments of Heliodorus Larissaeus , Printed at Paris 1657. gives an honourable Elogium .

Varenius could find no Stationer or Printer in Holland to undertake his Treatise of Conicks and curved Lines . See the Preface to his History of Iapan .

If Sir Charles Cavendish deceased , Brother to the present Duke of Newcastle , had not ( as 't is credibly reported ) given liberally toward the Printing of Mydorgius his four first Books of Conicks , they had never come to publick view ; the four last , as likewise those of Paschal the Younger , yet remaining unprinted upon the same Accompt , of whom Mersennus gives this Censure , quòd Unicâ Propositione Universalissimâ , quadringentis Corrolariis armatā , totum Apollonium complexus est . The Manuscript as yet remaining unprinted ( as I am informed ) in the Hands , or at the Disposal of Monsieur Du Prez a Bookseller in Paris ; the want whereof is the most considerable in regard the Author ( besides the ordinary method ) treats of the Conick Sections , as projected from lesser Circles of the Sphere -

Erasmius Bartholinus well known by his Additions to the second Volume of Des Cartes , as it is commonly termed ; could find none to undertake the Printing of De Beaunes Treatise De Angulo solido , and other Treatises both of that Authors , and his own .

Iungius his Phoranomicks , and Treatise De locis Planis , &c. and other Algebraical Tractates ; have remained at Hamborough above ten years since the Author's Death unprinted , for want of due Encouragement : Albeit a Iesuit , who writes his Life , makes him , although a Physician , equal in Mathematical Knowledge to ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Des Cartes .

On the like Reasons we may conceive we want the many learned Algebraical Works of our famous Countryman Mr. Thomas Harriot , ( and of Mr. Warner , into whose Hands they fell ) who is esteemed by some of the most knowing Persons alive to have been much Superiour to all that ever writ ; and , that equivalent to what of his might have been forty or fifty years since known , is not readily to be expected .

For want of the like Encouragement , we have lost that most excellent Piece of the incomparable Vieta , his Harmonicon Coeleste ; as likewise the Remains of Alexander Anderson the Scot , as his Conicks , Stereometria Solidorum , & Triangul . Sphaerie . the want whereof Guldinus much bewails and excites the ingenious to enquire after them .

On the same Accompt the Remains of Griembergerus , as his Conicks , Dialling , and Projections of the Sphere have not come to light ; and for the very same Reason the second Tome of Galilaeus in English doth , and is like to remain , unprinted .

With the like Remora in France , have met the Works of the Excellent Monsieur Fermat , viz. Euclidis Porismata restituta ; his Treatise De Locis Planis Solidis Linearibus & ad Superficiem , and his Treatise De Contactibus Sphaericis .

As also the Remains of the much knowing Lalovera , as his Geometrical Dictionary ▪ sive Explieatio vocum Geometricarum , four Books Problematum Illustrium , four Books Problematum Physico-Mathematicorum , and a Collection of Letters between him and the learned , containing the Solution of many Problems of great Curiosity and Difficulty , which seeing they are not like to get Printed there , they have written over to know if they would be undertaken here ; promising to send the MS. Copies . And having hinted thus much at the Instance of this Ingenious and Industrious Person , to the Curious , and Generously learned ; I come now again further to acquaint the Reader , that we have more particularly obtained from him an Accompt of two of his own Designs , relative to the Sphere and Astronomy .

The one of Geometrical Dialling , whereby reflex Dyalling is rendred Geometrical , and reduced to a Method of Calculation ; so that if a Glass were placed at Random , and ●…ines drawn on the Plain by chance , by either Method , Points might be found in the said Lines which joyned should be the Hour Lines ; and the like when the Gl●…ss is so placed , that the Hour Lines may be drawn in that Part of the Room which is most capable of them ; and as a Corollary of this Doctrine a Dial for any Latitude may be suddainly divided from a Line of Tangents parallel to any Line proposed , and that without any Calculation for the Horary Divisions .

The other a Treatise of Projections of the Sphere , and concerning Spherical Trigonometry ; in which many extraordinary Cases will be solved ; those Proportions mentioned before in the Narrative concerning Mr. William Oughtred , several wayes more easily demonstrated , and all Spherical Triangles measured by a new Method ( not by him formerly insisted on ) after the manner of Plain Triangles ; all which perchance may be handled in some little Tractates concerning the Use of Prints of several other Instruments designed to be cut , pasted , and varnished , as before mentioned ; viz. the Analemma , the double Horizontal Dial , the Logarithmical Serpentine Line , Prints of Logarithmical Rulers ; whereof if there be three , they may be so placed as to lie still all Day , and as fast as the Hight of the Sun is given , shall find either the Hour or Azimuth universally by bare Inspection .

The hasty Collection , and uncorrect transcribing of the foregoing CATALOGUE , hath occasioned the omission of some considerable Persons , and Authors , which should therein have been inserted in their Proper Times , and Places , The Reader therefore is desired to take Notice of them as We have here set Anni Ante Christum secundum vulgatam Epocham . them down ( according to Order of Time ) in the following SUPPLEMENT .

FOHIUS the first Emperor of China , was greatly addicted to the Study of 2952. Astronomy , and first ( of all the Chineses ) reduced the Motions of the Celestial Bodies into Tables , as Martinius in his History of China affirms .

TANAUS chief Minister of State to Hoantgius the third Emperor of China , 2697. contemporary with Methusalem ( as Martinius in his History of China reports ) composed a Solar Cycle of sixty years , which the Chineses use at this Day .

YUMCHINIUS another chief Minister of State to the former Emperor 2513. about the 28th year of his Reign , first of all observed the Pole and the Stars about it , and composed a Sphere or Globe representing that of the Heavens .

CHUENHIOUS the Fifth Emperor of the Chineses was the first who 2513. published a Calendar for the common Use of his Subjects . He wrote likewise Ephemerides of the five Planets , which he saw at one time all in Conjunction , upon the same Day that he observed a Conjunction of the Sun and Moon ( which Day he ordered to be observed as the first Day of the Year ) in the Sign or Constellation Xe , which is now reckoned from the eighteenth Degree of Pisces to the fourth of Aries . This Admirable Conjunction of the Planets , is perhaps the same with that which the European Chronologers affirm to have hapned in the Time of Noah sayes Martinius in his History of China , p. 33.

ANDUBARIUS a certain Indian of the Race of Arphaxad is said to have 2400. flourished near the Time of the Building of the Tower of Babel , and to have been very knowing in Astronomy , and first of all to have taught the same to the Indians , as the Chronicon Alexandrinum attests .

JAUS the seventh Emperor of China , whom Kepler ( in Commentatiune . in 2357. Epistolium R. Patr. Terrentii ex Sinar . Regn. Miss. ) supposes the same with Ion , or Iavan , or Iaon Son of Iaphet , is reported to have been extreamly addicted to Astronomical Observations , and to have corrected the Chinese Calendar ; to have caused divers Instruments to be made for observing the Motions of the Celestial Bodies , and to have exactly noted the Winter Solstice , which the Chinese Writers affirm to have then been in the first Degree of the Sign or Constellation Hiu , which at present is about the first Degree of Aquarius . V. Martin . Histor. Sinic . p. 25.

XUNUS the Eighth Emperour of China , caused to be made out of the Gold and 2258. Jewels of his Imperial Treasury a Sphere of Admirable Workmanship , shewing the Motion of the seven Planets , each of which were represented by a precious Stone resembling their respective Natures , in the midst of which was a large Jewel placed representing the Earth . See Martinius Histor. Sinic .

CHUMKANG the Fourth Emperor of China , of the Family of Hia , about a 2158. year after Noah's Death , observed a Memorable Eclipse of the Sun to have hapned in the Sign or Constellation called Fang , which now ( sayes Martinius ) is about the 28th Degree of Scorpio ; he put to Death the Astronomers of that Time for their ANNI ANTE CHRISTUM . Negligence in not observing the same .

CHEUCUNGUS a great Astronomer and Mathematician among the Chineses 1120. caused to be made an Ample Instrument or Rule erected perpendicularly upon a large Plain of Brass , and divided into certain Parts , upon the Superficies of which Plain was likewise a Line drawn divided into several Parts , by which Instrument he used to take the Meridian Altitude of the Sun , as likewise the Elevation of the Pole , and made other such kind of Observations . The said Instrúment being still preserved in the City Tengfang , where likewise is yet standing a Tower , on which he used to make his Observations , called Quensing Tai , or the Starry Specula , as Martinius in his Atlas attests .

By which several Instances it may appear , that the Chineses of all the Asiaticks , have seemingly the most Reason to claim Precedence and Priority in Point of Antiquity as to the Study of Astronomy and Celestial Observations , even before the Egyptians and Chaldeans themselves : If any Credit may be given to the Histories and Chronologies of that Nation .

GERYON a famous Trojan Augur , Companion to Brutus or Britus at his first 1100. Entrance into this Island , as Pitsaeus ( from the Authority of Ponticus Virunnius ) affirms , wrote , among other things De Astronmia .

PERDIX a Britain , surnamed PRAESAGUS , by Pitsaeus stiled Mathematicus 960. Insignis , atque Observatione Stellarum ac Coelestium Corporum supra quam dici potest Curiosus . Of his Writings I find no other mention than of one Book of Predictions .

HESIODUS ASCRAEUS a Poet supposed contemporary with Homer , 760. by Ioseph Scaliger stiled the most Ancient Astrologer , and Theologue of the Greeks . ( A Specimen of his Astrology , yet remaining in his Poem entituled 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , of his Theology , in that entituled 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ) merits a Place in this Catalogue ; and therefore , being omitted by the oversight of the Transcriber in his due Place ; we have inserted him in this Supplement .

DEMOCRITUS besides what we have already mentioned , is said to have 470. written the several Works following relative to our present Subject , although no Remains of them be now left ; as his Magnus Diacosmus , and Parvus Diacosmus , in which he not only treated of the Fabrick of this Visible World ; but of other Worlds , which he held to be innumerable ; De Sideribus Vagis seu Planetis , which he asserted to be more than the Seaven commonly observed and taken notice of ; which Assertion of his , Modern Experience hath since confirmed Phanae Causae , i. e. De Sole vel Apparentiis , wherein he took Cognizance of the Solar Maculae , or Spots , as Magnenus ( in his life ) affirms ; for Phana or Phanes is the same with the Sun , so called quòd maximè appareat ; of which Macrobius . Certamen C●…epsydrae , which Magne●… stiles a most subtle Piece , because he thereby examined the Motion of the Hea●…ns , and made as it were a commensuration , or Comparison of Motion and Time , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , sive Poli Descriptio , qua voce nihil aliud intelligitur , sayes Salmasius Exercit. Plin. p. 740 ) quam 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Descriptio ; for these Ancient Sorts of ●…ials , if we may relie upon Salmasius his Authority , were called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , à rotunda Poli Forma , cujus Medio Gnomon infigebatur .

ORONIUS a Britain , surnamed MODESTUS is by Pitsaeus from the Authority of Ponticus Virunnius about this time affirmed to have flourished ; of whom he thus writes ; Dicunt eum in Astronomia & in Poesi Plenidium superasse . ANNI ANTE CHRISTUM . ( Plenidius was a learned British Philosopher , of the same time ) He writ both in Greek and Latin several Works , among them divers Poems , not now extant .

PROTAGORAS ASTROLOGUS ( not the same with Protagor●… 224. the Philosopher of Adbera ) is celebrated by Euphorion Chaleidensis ( who was Keeper of the famous Library of Antiochus Magnus King of Syria , and a great Historian and Poet ) in an Epicedium which he wrote upon his Death , mentioned by Diogenes Laertius in the Life of Protagoras Abderit . ANNI POST CHRISTUM .

HYPSICLES of Alexandria in Egypt , Disciple to the great Isidorus , flourished 140. in the Reign of Ptolemaeus Physion . He writ De Dodecaedri & Icosaedri in eadem Sphaera Descriptorum comparatione atque inter se Proportione , as likewise a Treatise entituled 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , sive de Ascensionibus , or as some MS. entitle it , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 this last published in Greek and Latin , by Iacobus Mentelius , Printed at Paris by Cramoisy , together with Heliodorus Larissaeus his Opticks , 1657. in 4o .

ATHELSTAN King of England was learned in Astronomy , and among other 930. Writings , of which he was Author , wrote one Book De Rebus Astrologicis , as Pitsaeus testifies .

MICHAEL PSELLUS of Constantinople , is by some conceived to be Author 1100. of those Astronomical Pieces ascribed to Enthymius , of whom before among the Authors of uncertain Times ( who perhaps is the same with Euthymius Zygabenus Monachus , who was in a manner Contemporary with Psellus ) viz. Synopsis Astronomiae . De Sphaera ; & Quod Rotunda sit Terra .

AVERROES , besides what he wrote upon Ptolemy's Almagest already mentioned ; 1160. writ likewise Astrologica translated into Hebrew by R. Iacob Ben Samson extant in the French King's Library . See Labbée Bibliothec. MS.

NICHOLAS TREVET , already mentioned in the Catalogue at this 1320. year , wrote besides what is there exprest ) Canones de Conjunctionibus , Oppositionibus & Eclipsibus Solis & Lunae ; as they are cited by Pitsaeus .

GEORGIUS MEDICUS CHRYSOCOCCA , is by us already 1346. mentioned in the year 1240. But Scaliger ( l. 1. Epist. 80. ) places him in the year 1346. at which time he published his 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , sive 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , at Tibena Chasariae , quae Regio erat in finibus Imperii Trapezuntici in the longitude of 72° . according to the said Scaliger , whose Authority we willingly submit to .

ROGERUS SWINSETTUS , or rather Swineshead , vulgarly ( but erroneously ) 1350. Suisset ; surnamed for his Eminent Skill in Algebra , Calculator , Fellow of Merton Colledge in Oxford , afterwards , Monk of the Cistertian Order , a most subtle Mathematician ; of whom the great Master of Subtlety , Iul. Caesar Scaliger ( Exercitat . 324. ) thus wrtes , pene Modum excessit Ingenii humani . And ( Exercitat . 340. ) gives this further Elogy of him , Dignus profectò quem neque Senium Senem faceret , neque Naturae Lex vitâ privaret , nisi meliorem Vitam apparasset . He wrote two Books De Coelo & Mundo , one Book entituled Descriptiones Motuum Coel. stium , said to be extant in MS. in the Library of Caius and Gonvile Colledge in Cambridge . He put forth likewise Ephemerides and Calculationes Astronomieae , this last said to have been Printed by Iohannes de Cypro at Padua . Vide Pitsaeum .

GUALTERUS BRITHUS , or BRITTE , an English-man , Fellow 1390. of Merton Colledge Oxon ; of whom Leland sayes , Celebre sibi Nomen acquisivit ANNI POST CHRISTUM . maximè quod Astrorum Motus & Corporum Coelestium Naturas , Proprietates , Affectiones , curi●…sissima Sedulitate scrutatus fuerit . He writ Theoremata Planetarum , & de Rebus Mathematicis , &c. Vide Pitsaeum .

JOANNES DE SACRO FONTE ; Anglicè HOLYBROOK , 14●… . an English man born in Surrey , reduced Alphonsus his Astronomical Tables into a clear and easie Method , and published Tabulae Novae Mediorum Motuum & Aequationis Dierum ; according to the Testimony of Leland very accurately computed . He put forth likewise Canones Astronomici , said by Pitsaeus to be extant in the Publick Library at Oxford .

ALBERTUS DE PRUSA POLONUS writ a Book of Commentaries 1494. upon Peurbachius his Theory of the Planets , and another upon Regiomontanus his Ephemerides , and some other Pieces , as Simler in Epitom . Gesner . attests .

JOANNES PENA , besides what is already mentioned of him , published 1558. Theodosius his Sphaerica in Greek and Latin , with Explanations and Notes , Printed at Paris 1558. in 8o .

FRANCISCUS SANCTIUS BROCENSIS , a Spaniard , Professor 1583. of Rhet●…ck and the Learned Languages in the University of Salamanca , pu●… forth ( among other Works ) a Treatise De Sphaera Mundi , collected out of various Authors , of which mention is made by Peregrinus in his Bibliotheca Hispaniae p. 578.

JOANNES MENA CORDUBENSIS , a learned Spanish Poet is about thi●… time ( by the said Author Bibliothecae Hispan . ) reported to have written in Latin , De Planetis , which Ferdinandus Pintianus , the worthy Commentator upon Pliny , in his younger dayes translated into Spanish .

JOANNES BENEDICTUS , besides what we have already mentioned 1585. wrote De Gnomonum , Umbrarumque Solarium Usu , Printed Augustae Taurin. 1574.

SEBASTIANUS VERRO HELVETIUS wrote ten Books Physicorum , 1590. in the second whereof he treats particularly of Astronomy , Printed at London 1590. in 8o .

JOSEPHUS AURIA over and above the Works by him published , and 1590. of which we have already spoken ; promises the publication of the two Books of Autolycus de Ortu & Occasu Siderum Inerrantium , which , whether he ever performed I yet know not .

To PETRUS RYFFE his Elementa Sphaerae Mundi sive Cosmographiae , is 1598. added a Treatise De Structura & Usu Planisperii , by Ludovicus Lucius of Bafile ; and there Printed 1598. in 8o .

NICHOLAUS RAIMARUS published in the year 1588. before he put forth his Astronomical Hypotheses ( already mentioned ) a Treatise entituled Fundamentum Astronomicum , i. e. Nova Doctrina Sinuum & Triangulorum ; to which among other things is adjoyned Hypotheses Novae ac Verae Motuum Corporum Mundanorum .

ASCANIUS MARTINENGUS Brixianus , Canonicorum Lateranensium 1600. Generalis Abbas , is by Ricciolus about this Time inserted in the Catalogue of Astronomers ; of whom he thus writes ; Praeter Ea quae in Glossa Magna de Coelo & ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Sideribus à Deo conditis , eruditissimè vulgavit Anno circiter 1600. scripsit etiam Geographiam Terrae Sanctae , & Chronologiam insignem adornavit .

Doctor HOOD Publick Professor of Astronomy and Mathematicks in London , published two Celestial Hemispheres projected upon the Poles of the Ecliptick , and laid down in two large Schemes ; together with a Treatise annexed of the Uses of the said Hemispheres , touching the Longitude and Latitude of the Stars ; and a Table of their right Ascensions , Declinations , Culminations , coming to the Meridian , Horary Distance , &c. He writ likewise of the Cross Staff .

GUILLAUME DE NAUTONIER , a French-man , wrote a Treatise 1603. entituled La Mecometrie de l' Aimant , ou la Maniere de mesurer les Longitudes par le Moyen de l' Aimant , Printed at Vence . 1603.

ANTHONY LINTON , sometime Parson of Worth in Sussex , set forth 1609. a small Treatise , by him entituled , News of the Complement of the Art of Navigation , &c. In which among other things ; he offers in 26 Propositions , by means of the Magnet to discover the secret of perfecting the said Art of Navigation ; and particularly for finding out of Longitudes , which according to his Project depends upon the Poles of the Magnetical Globe , for the finding out the Places of which Poles he pretends to have devised a Way , how any Man having some Knowledge and Practice in the Mathematicks , may by his own Observations exactly find-out the true Longitude and Latitude of the said Poles , and may also fit the same most Commodiously unto the Art of Navigation , and it unto them ; as likewise ( besides the Magnetical Globe and Chard by him proposed ) how all other the Instruments commonly used in the Art of Navigation , as the Compass , the Astrolabe , the Quadrant , the Cross Staff , and the Traverse Board may be excellently well amended and perfected . But these his Commendable Designs dying with him left Posterity deprived of the Benefit intended by them , which yet in these Dayes seems to be revived , and is promised with advantage to be made good , by

HENRY BOND Senior , an Ancient and Industrious Professor of the Mathematicks in this City , who undertakes to shew the Cause of the Varietating of the Variation of the Magnetical Needle or Compass by the Motion of two Magnetical Poles , how these Poles are found , and what their distance is from the Poles of the Earth .

What their Annual Motion is , and from whence it proceeds .

By Calculation he finds all the Variations that have been observed at or near London for above Ninety years past , and so by Consequence it may be found at London to the End of the World .

He hath calculated a Table to every five Minutes of the Inclination of the Inclinatory Needle ; so that by the Needles Inclination , that Table , and the Latitude of the Place he can find the Longitude of any Place in the World .

Also by that Table he finds Mr. Robert Normans Inclination that he found in the year 1576. And can shew what will be the greatest and least Inclination of the Inclinatory Needle in any Latitude in the World .

He hath four Examples of finding the Longitude by the help of the Inclinatory Needle ; One at Balsore , in East-India in the year 1657. Another at Cape Charles , on the Coast of Virginia , before that Time ; another at the Cape of Good Hope ; another at the Straits of Magellan . This is the Conclusion of thirty eight years Magnetick Study spent with much Pains in Supputations grounded on the Observations of himself , and of others ( not easily procured ) and the Author is willing and ready ( as we are credibly informed ) to impart the Result of these his many years Thoughts on this Subject , upon moderate and reasonable Encouragement for the ANNI POST CHRISTUM . same .

SETHUS CALVISIUS published Elenchus Calendarii Gregoriani in quo 1612. Errores qui passim in Anni Quantitate & Epactis committuntur , manifestè demonstrantur , Printed Francofurti Marchionum 1612.

JOANNES TERRENTIUS a Iesuit , wrote from the City of Changtscheu 1623. in China in the year 1623. an Epistle to the Mathematicians of Ingolstadt in Germany , wherein he gives an Accompt of some Astronomical Designs of the Chineses , more particularly touching the Emendation of their Calendar , Praediction of Eclipses , and Procession of the Equinoxes , desiring the Assistance of the European Astronomers in promoting the Progress of that Science among those People . Which Epistle Kepler published in Print in the year 1630. with his own brief , but learned Comment thereupon , Printed at Sagan in Silesia in 4o .

SAMUEL PETIT a learned French-man , among other Works by him 1632. published , set forth Eclogae Chronologicae , in quibus de variis Annorum Iudaeorum , Samaritanorum , Graecorum , Macedonum , Romanorum Typis , Cyclisque Veterum Christianorum Paschalibus , disputatur , Printed at Paris 1632.

OCTAVIANUS MARINIUS put forth a Treatise entituled Statera 1633. Temporum , sive de Praestantia Kalendarii Gregoriani , & ejus facili Usu , Printed at Bologna , 1633.

DAVID GOUBARD put forth Perpetual Tables of the Celestial Motions , 1634. in French , Printed at Middleburgh , 1634.

NATALIS DURET a French-man , published New Ephemerides of the 1637. Celestial Motions , to which he gave the Title of Tabulae Richelianae , Printed at Paris , 1637.

ERICUS OLAUS TORMIUS Publick Professor of Mathematicks 1648. at Copenhagen , published a small Treatise with this Specious Title , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Sive Disquisitio Mechanica , wherein he Disputes of , and asserts the Necessity , and Possibility of Instruments , their Number , and Amplitude , requisite in Astronomical Observations , Printed Hafniae , 1643. in 4o .

JACOB RAVENSPERG Professor of Mathematicks in the University 1643. of Utretch , published about the years 1640. and 1643. divers small Latin Astronomical and Meteorological Disputations of the Spots of the Sun , Moon , and Planets , as likewise several Theses about Light , Lightning , Thunder , and some concerning Optical Problems , and Telescopes .

BENEDICTUS HEDRAEUS a Swede , put forth Nova & accurata 1643. Astrolabii Geometrici Structura , ubi Gradus horumque singula Minuta prima , nec non Quadrantis Astronomici Azimuthalis , quo non solum prima , sed & singula minuta secunda distinctè observari possunt ; together with a Treatise of the Use of the same illustrated with clear and perspicuous Examples , Printed at Leyden , 1643. in 8o .

GEORGIUS FROMMIUS set forth a Dissertation Astronomical De 1645. mediis quibusdam ad Astronomiam restituendam necessariis , Printed at Copenhagen , 1642. in 4ᵒ. He published likewise an Answer to Io. Baptista Morinus his Defence of his Astronomia restituta , Printed at the same Place 1645. in 4o .

JOANNES BECHETT Professor of Mathematicks in the University of ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Paris , to his Theory of the Planets before mentioned , hath added Tables of the mean 1650. Motions , and a Parecbasis explaining the Doctrine of Directions according to the Rational Way ; as also an Appendix for finding out and computing the Lunary Periods .

JOHANNES JACOBUS HAINLINIUS Superintendant General 1653. of the Diocess of Aldeberg in Saxony ; put forth a Mathematical Synopsis , wherein the chief Parts of the whole Mathematicks , both abstract and Concrete , that is to say , Arithmetick , Geometry , Astronomy , Geography , Opticks , &c. are methodically proposed by Definitions , Axioms , Postulates , Theorems , Problems , &c. very useful not only for young beginners , but for those also who have already made some Progress in those Sciences . In the Astronomical Part he treats particularly and distinctly De Astronomia Sphaerica , Theorica , & Chronologica , adding withall the Praxis and Use of those Parts Problematically laid down , and briefly and clearly explained , Printed at Tubinge 1653. in 8o .

JACOBUS DU BOIS , published by Way of Dialogue , a Theological-Astronomical 1653. Treatise , Printed at Leiden , 1653. in 4ᵒ. wherein he opposes Copernicus his Hypothesis , and Des Cartes his Philosophy . Against which

AN ANONYMUS Author put forth a Reply under this following Tide , Demonstratio Mathematica Ineptiarum & Ignorantiae Iacobi du Bois Ecclesiastae , Leidensis , in Oppugnanda Hypothesi Copernicana , & Philosophia Cartesiana , Printed at Roterdam 1656. in 4o .

JOANNES HERBINIUS a Silesian , Master of Arts , and Professor of Philosophy 1655. at Utrecht , undertook the like Controversie as Du Bois , and published a Treatise thereupon entituled , Famosae de Solis vel Telluris Motu Controversiae Examen , Theologico-Philosophicum , ad S. Sanctam Normam institutum , to which he hath annexed the Grounds of his said undertaking , in an Epistle addressed to the Excellently learned Maria Cunitia .

GEORGIUS HILARIUS , besides what we have already mentioned , 1656. put forth Enchiridion Progymnasmatum Mathematicorum , containing , first , Apospasmation Primi Elementi Euclidaei Gr. Lat. Secondly , Praecepta Sphaerica . Thirdly , Globi Coelestis & Terrestris Explicatio & Usus . Fourthly , Geographiae Rudimonta . Fifthly , Computi Ecclesiastici Epitome , Printed at Copenhagen 1656. in 12o .

PETRUS BORELLUS , Councellour and Physician to the King of France , 1656. put forth a Treatise De vero Telescopii Inventore , wherein he treats of the History of Telescopes , and other Optick Glasses , their Matter , Fashion , Working , several Kinds or Species , and Uses ; as also of several Discoveries made by the said Author , as well with Telescopes as Microscopes ; ( of the later of which , he gives a Century of Observations ) and treats of what may yet be further found out by the means of Telescopes , where occasionally he speaks of the finding out of Longitudes , Printed at the Hague 1655. and 1656. in 4o .

EUSTACHIO DIVINI , an Excellent Worker of Telescopical Glasses 1660. at Rome , put forth something against Monsieur Hugens his Systema Saturnium , Printed at the Hague in Holland in 4o .

The Reverend and Learned Mr. WILLIAM BEVEREGE , late of St. 1669. Iohn's Colledge in Cambridge , is to be added to the number of those whose mention gives Honour to this Catalogue , for his excellent Piece of Chronological Institutions in two Books . In the first whereof he treats of the Nature of Chronology , and its ANNI POST CHRISTUM . Parts , of Time , and its various Distributions into Scruples , Hours , Dayes , Weeks , Moneths , Years ; in the second , of the Syzygies , and Eclipses of the Luminaries , of the Equinoxes and Solstices , Cycles of the Sun and Moon , Indictions , Epacts , and of the several Periods , Aera's and Epocha's of the Ancients , to which he hath likewise added two Books of Chronological Arithmetick ; all which are of great Use and Advantage to the Students in Astronomy , Printed at London 1669. in 4o .

AN ANONIMOUS French-man about this Time published in his own 1671. Language a Treatise entituled Discours sur les Influences des Astres selon les Principes de Monsieur des Cartes , Printed at Paris in 12o .

GUARINUS GUARINUS , of the Order of Clerks regular ( commonly 1671. called Theatins ) of Mutina ; Professor of Philosophy and Divinity , and Mathematician to the Duke of Savoy , published and Dedicated to the said Prince a large Mathematical Treatise in folio , entituled Euclides adauctus , & Methodicus , Mathematicaque Universalis : In which with great Perspicuity , and exactness of Method , he treats of all things falling under the Notion of Quantity , as well Discrete , continuous , as abstracted ; divided into 35. Tractates . In the 23th whereof he handles the Doctrine of the Sphere , in two Parts ; the first , treating De Sphaerae Contactibus & Sectionibus in Genere ; the second , De Sectionibus Maximorum Circulorum Invicem , which being of great Use in Astronomical Operations , we have for that Reason in this Place made mention thereof .

Mr. PATRICK MATHEWS Arch-Beadle to the Universiry of St. Andrews , 1672. published a small Treatise in 12ᵒ. ( lately come up from Scotland ) under the Title of the Great and New Art of weighing Vanity , written against a Book intituled , Ars Magna & Nova Gravitatis & Levitatis . To which are annexed some Tentamina de Motu Penduli & Projectorum ; In which there being some Ingenious Debates about Astronomical Affairs , and the Theory of Pendulums for the exact measuring of Time , and Analytical Series's or Equations of great Ingenuity suited to the Motion thereof , and of Projects ; We thought the same worthy to be mentioned in this Catalogue , the said Treatise was Printed at Glasco 1670.

JOHN GADBURY of London , Student in Physick and Astronomy , put 1673. forth Ephemerides of the Celestial Motions for ten years , beginning Anno 1672. and ending Anno 1681. compared with the most correct Observations of Tycho , Kepler , Mr. Wright , and other approved Astronomers , with an Introduction to the Use thereof , Printed 1673. in 4o .

By late Letters from Paris Information is given that the SIEURS AVOCATE and DE ROYER intend to write fully of Astronomy , and of the Theories of the Planets .

And here , for a Close , we cannot but acquaint the learned World with the most praise-worthy Design of the BISHOPS , NOBLEMEN , and GENTRY of Scotland , who have nobly and liberally contributed toward the erecting an Astronomical Observatory in the University of St. Andrews , and furnishing the same with Books and Instruments for Observation to the value of above 500 l. Sterling , which Heroick Example we hope may animate those of like Condition and Abilities in this Nation to incourage the promoting of the same Laudable Design amongst us .

And thus much of the Original and Progress of Astronomy , and of Astronomers .

OF THE COSMICAL SYSTEM .

THe next thing , according to the Method of our Author , to be considered , is the Cosmical or Mundane System , which is nothing else but the Coordination of the Parts of the World ; whose Matter is the Number of the Elements and Heavenly Orbs ; its Form , the Order and Disposition of them among themselves , and relatively , as to the Centre of the Universe . Of this Manilius gives but a short hint . For having told , how humane Reason had scaled Heaven , and contemplated the various Phoenomena within the Elementary Region , and Those to their proper Causes having brought , He adds next ,

That on the whole Worlds Mass she cast her thought , Of which the System in her self she fram'd .

But not giving any particular Description thereof , either as to its Matter or Form , we conceive it requisite , for the Reader 's greater satisfaction , to explain and illustrate this Subject , by representing the several Opinions , as well of the Ancients as Moderns , touching the same .

And seeing the Matter of this System , which is the Number of the Heavens , is variously and with much confusion discoursed of by the Learned ; some diminishing , others increasing them ; it will not be amiss , in the first place , to exhibit this short following Synopsis of the Number and Distribution of the Heavens , with the several Authors or Assertors thereof ; as the same is represented by Ricciolus , Almagest , Nov. Lib. 9. Sect. 3.

A SYNOPSIS of the Number of the HEAVENS , according to several AUTHORS . I. One Heaven , that is , one World , according to Aristotle . NUMBER OF THE HEAVENS . One Heaven , and that Sydereal and Fluid , according to S. Chrysostom , Tertullian , S. Bonaventure , Tycho Brahe , Longomontanus , Kepler , Bulialdus , and Tellez . One Heaven , and that Sydereal , but Solid , according to Aegidius , Hurtadus , Cisalpinus , and Aversa . II. Two Heavens , that is , the Empyraeum created the first Day , and the Firmament created NUMBER OF THE HEAVENS . the second Day ; according to Clemens , Acacius , Theodoret , Anastasius Synaita , Procopius , Suidas , S. Bruno , and Claudianus Mamertus . Two Heavens , that is the Sydereal and Aereal , according to Iustin Martyr . Two Heavens , that is , one of the Fixed Stars , the other of the Planets , according to S. Gregory Nyssene . Two Heavens , that is , the Primum Mobile , and the Sydereal , according to Mastrius , and Bellutus . III. Three Heavens , to wit , the Empyraeum , Sydereal , and Aereal , according to S. Basil , S. Ambrose , Damascene , Cassiodorus , Genebrardus , Suarez , Tannerus , Hurtadus , Oviedus , Tellez , Borrus . Three Heavens , that is , one of the Fixed Stars , one of the Planets , and the other Aereal , according to S. Gregory Nyssene . Three Heavens , the Empyraeum , Watery , and Sydereal according to Thomas Aquinas . Three Heavens , that is , the Watery , Sydereal and Aereal , according to Cajetan . IV. Four Heavens , that is , the Empyraeum ; that of the Fixed Stars ; that of the Planets ; and the Aereal , according to S. Athanasis . V. Five Heavens , and all Sydereal and Solid , viz. of the Fixed Stars , of Saturn , Iupiter , and the Sun ( with Mars , Venus , and Mercury included ) and of the Moon , according to Oviedus . Five Heavens , that is , the Empyraeum , the Watery , that of the Fixed Stars , that of the Planets , and the Aereal ; according to Ricciolus . VII . Seven Heavens , but confusedly reckoned by Philastrius . Seven Heavens , that is , the Aer , the Aether , Olympus , the fiery Heaven , the Firmament , the Angelical Heaven , and the Heaven of the Trinity , are reckoned by Beda . Seven Heavens , that is , the lower Region of the Air ; the upper Region thereof ; the lower Region of the Fire ; the upper Region thereof ; the Sydereal Heaven ; the Chrystalline ; and Empyraeum ; according to Rabanus . VIII . Eight Heavens , and all Sydereal , that is , the Heaven , or Sphere of the Fixed Stars , and the several Spheres of the Seven Planets , according to the Babylonians , Egyptians , Eudoxus , Plato , Calippus , Aristotle , Cicero , Philo , S. Basil , S. Ambrose , Damascene , Bonaventure , Remigius , Thomas Aquinas , Aben-Ezra , Carthusianus , Lyranus , Tostatus , Brugensis , Riccius , Crontius , Cremoninus , Philalthaeus , Amicus , Ruvius . IX . Nine Heavens , that is , the Empyraeum , and eight Sydereal solid Heavens , according to Arriaga . Nine Heavens , that is , the Primum Mobile , the eight Sydereal Heavens , according to Macrobius , Haly , Alpetragius , Rabbi Iosue , Rabbi Moyses , Scotus , Abraham Zagutus , Sacroboscus , Claromontius , and , as some ( but falsely ) conjecture Hipparchus , and Ptolemy . X. Ten Heavens , that is , the Primum Mobile ; the Sphere for the Motion of the Fixed Stars ; the Eighth Sphere , for the Motion of Trepidation in Longitude ; and that of the Seven Planets ; according to Alphonsus and his followers , Fernelius , Purbachius Regiomontanus , Amicus , Appianus , Maurolycus , and Langius . Ten Heavens , that is , the Primum Mobile ; the Sphere of the Motion of Trepidation in Longitude ; that of the Fixed Stars ; and the Spheres of the Seven Planets ; according to Arzahel , Thebit , and Isaac Israelita . Ten Heavens , that is , the Empyraeum ; the Primum Mobile ; and Eight Sydereal Heavens ; according to Gulielmus Parisiensis , and Iohannes Antonius Delphiuus . XI . Eleven Heavens , that is , the Empyraeum , and the ten moveable Spheres of Alphonsus and NUMBER OF THE HEAVENS . his Followers , before mentioned , according to Petrus Alliacensis , the Colledge of Conimbra ▪ Martinengus , and ( sometime ) Clavius . Eleven Heavens , to wit , the Primum Mobile ; the Sphere of the first Libration in Latitude ; the Sphere of the second Libration in Longitude ; the Sphere of the Fixed Stars ; and those of the Seven Planets ; according to Iohannes Vernerus , Leopoldus de Austria ▪ Iohannes Antonius Maginus , and ( in his latter dayes ) Clavius . XII . To these foregoing , if you add the Empyraeum , there will be XII . Heavens . XIV . Iohannes Baptista Turrianus , and Fracastorius make XIV Heavens , that is Seven Spheres , or Orbs , counting from the Primum Mobile , to the Aplané , or Sphere of the Fixed Stars ; and Seven of the Planets .

Having , by the foregoing Synopsis , sufficiently explained the Number of the Heavens , which is the Matter of the Mundane System ; we are in the next place to give an account of their Order and Disposition , which is the Form thereof .

According to it's Form , the Mundane System is considered under a double Hypothesis ; either as having the Earth seated in the Centre of the Universe , immoveable , and the Sun and Heavens moving about it ; or having the Sun in the Centre , exempt from any Motion of Lation , and the Earth moving about it in the Solar Orb.

And it is worthy Observation ( as Ricciolus notes ) that the Two Sects of Philosophers and Mathematicians , the one maintaining the Earth's Mobility , the other , its Immobility , have had in the Schools , through several Ages , like Castor and Pollux , alternately their Rise and their Fall . For first , Pythagoras , with some others of his Sect , placing the Earth in the Centre of the World , makeing use of Excentricks and Epicycles , seated the Sun in the midst of the Planets . But others of the Pythagoreans , retaining Epicycles and Excentricks , placed the Sun in the Centre of the World , and the Earth in the midst of the Seven Planets .

Afterwards Plato , placing the Earth in the Centre of the World , seated the Sun in the midst of the Planets , yet so as for the most part he supposed Venus and Mercury to be carried above him ; whom Eudoxus , Calippus , and Aristotle followed , endeavouring to explain the Motion of the Planets , by Concentrick Circles . So that they conceived neither Venus nor Mercury moved in Epicycles , above and beneath the Sun ; but either alwayes above , or alwayes beneath the Sun .

After this , Others again , reducing Excentricks and Epicycles , placed the Earth in the midst of the World , as Archimedes , Hipparchus , Sosigenes , Cicero , Vitruvius , Pliny , Macrobius , and Capella ; but differed among themselves , as to the various Order and Disposition of the Planets . Others again , as Aristarchus , Philolaus , and some Pythagoreans , removed the Earth out of its Central Position , and made it move about the Sun , by them placed in the midst of the World : But what their Opinion was touching Excentricks and Epicycles , they have not explained or delivered to Posterity .

In process of time , Ptolemy , reviving the first and ancient Pythagorean System , re-established Excentricks and Epicycles , placing the Earth in the midst of the World , and the Sun in the midst of the Planets . Which Opinion continued , and was embraced by the greatest part of Astronomers , until the XIV . Century after Christ ; though the Order of the Planets were changed by Alpetragius and Geber . On the other side , Turrianus and Fracastorius , retaining the Ptolemaick Order , brought in again Concentrick Circles , and those more in number by many , than either Aristotle or Eudoxus had introduced . About which time , Copernicus , raising , as it were from the Grave , the Hypothesis of Philolaus and Aristarchus , touching the Earth's annual Motion about the Sun , in the Centre of the Universe , set forth and illustrated the same with such fair and probable Arguments , that it hath prevailed with most Astronomers at this Day . He made Venus and Mercury , with Plato , Vitruvius , Macrobius , Capella , and Bede , to move , now above , now beneath the Sun ▪ Hence Tycho Brahe ; and with him Longomontanus , took occasion of introducing another System ; wherein not only Venus and Mercury , but also Mars , Iupiter and Saturn are supposed to move about the Sun ; and the Sun and Moon , with the Fixed Stars about the Earth , immoveable in the Centre of the Universe , retaining the Excentricks , but rejecting the Epicycles of Ptolemy . At length Argolus , altering the Tychonick System , makes the three Superiour Planets to move about the Earth ; Venus and Mercury about the Sun ; seating the Earth in the midst of the World . From whom yet Ricciolus dissents , making Saturn , Iupiter , the Sun , Moon , and Fixed Stars , to move about the Earth , and Venus , Mercury , and Mars about the Sun . These various Sentiments of the Learned , touching the Order and Disposition of the several Parts of the Mundane System , ( as they have been in Divers Ages successively asserted ) being thus briefly enumerated , we shall next give somewhat a more ample Description and Illustration of the several Hypotheses , and exhibit withall to the Reader 's view the Schemes of each particular System ; beginning with the most Ancient , that of Pythagoras , which is this .

SYSTEMA ANTIQVISSIMVM COMMVNE PYTHAGORAE PTOLEMAEI ET PLVRIMORVM . 1

In this System the Terraqueous Globe is seated in the midst or Centre ; about it , the Elementary Region ; next above that , the Moon ; then Mercury ; next above him , Venus ; the Sun , as Moderator of all , being placed , as in a Throne in the midst of the Planets , environed not only by the three foregoing , called the Inferiour , but by Mars likewise , Iupiter , and Saturn , called the Superiour Planets . Above Saturn is the Sphere of the Fixed Stars , called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Aplane , or Unerring ; by some , the Firmament . The reason of this System is thus explained by Pliny , Lib. 2. c. 22. Pythagoras ex Musicâ ratione appellat Tonum quantum absit à Terra Luna , &c. i. e. Pythagoras from Musical Reason , calls the space between the Earth and the Moon , a Tone ; the space from the Moon to Mercury , he will have to be half a Tone ; as much in a manner from him , to Venus ; from Venus to the Sun , as much and half again ; but from the Sun to Mars , as much as from the Earth to the Moon , that is a Tone ; from him to Jupiter , half a Tone ; from Jupiter to Saturn , another half Tone ; and from thence to the fixed Stars , as much and a half again . Thus are composed Seven Tones , which Harmony they call Diapason , that is , the generality or whole state of Consent or Concord . Now a Tone is by some interpreted the same as an Unite or Integer , and contains in Measure according to the Opinion of Pythagoras 125000 Stadia ; according to which Measure ; not only the foregoing space , but extent of the whole System , may be computed . And this was the first Pythagorean System , embraced by Archimedes , the Chaldeans , Aristotle , Cicero , Livy , Ptolemy , Alphonsus , Purbachius , and the greatest part of Astronomers , until the time of Maginus and Clavius .

The next System is that which is called the Platonick . Touching which , thus Ricciolus , Lib. 9. c. 3. As Discord oftentimes produces Concord ; so on the other side Concord often begets Discord . For between Pythagoras and Plato , there was thus far a wonderful Concordancy , that they both conceived the Intervals and Order of the Planets ought to be constituted according to the Laws of Musick . But from their agreement sprung their dissent ; by reason the Platonists and Pythagoreans differed in their Opinions about the Harmonical Diastem . And as Plato differed from Pythagoras , so some of his own followers differed from him , as ( among others ) Porphyrius , Apuleius , and Mareilius Ficinus . Whosē difference will appear in the following Scheme .

SYSTEMA PLATONICVM . 2

In which , in the first place , according to Plato , the Earth with the Elementary Region is placed ; above that , the Moon , and immediately above that , the Sun ; above him Mercury , then , Venus ; above Her , Mars ; then Iupiter ; lastly Saturn . In the second place is that of Porphyrius , and some other Platonists before mentioned , agreeing in all but this , That whereas Plato immediately above the Sun , placed Mercury , and then Venus , they immediately , above the Sun , placed Venus , and then Mercury above her . Of which last , Macrobius lib. 1. in Somn. Scip. c. 3. gives this accompt . The late Platonists ( sayes he ) repudiated the Dintensions of Archimedes , as not observing double and triple Intervals . For , they held , that what was the Distance , or Interval , from the Earth to the Moon , the same was double from the Earth to the Sun ; and the Distance from the Earth to Venus , was triple . to that from the Earth to the Sun ; and from the Earth to Mercury four times that from the Earth to Venus ; and how far the Distance was from the Earth to Mercury , nine times that was the Distance from the Earth to Mars ; and the Distance from the Earth to Jupiter , eight times that from the Earth to Mars ; and the Distance from the Earth to Saturn , seven and twenty times that from the Earth to Jupiter . The same Order is likewise asserted by the Author of the Book De Mundo . These three foregoing Systems are composed all of Concentrick Orbs. The next , which is the Egyptian , followed by Vitruvius , Martianus Capella , Macrobius , Beda , and Argol , is composed partly of Concentrick Orbs , partly of Excentrick , as may appear by the subsequent Scheme .

SYSTEMA AEGPTIVM . 3

Wherein we may perceive the Earth seated in the midst of the World , with the Elements , and immediately above them the Moon , then the Sun , about whom , as their Centre , first Mercury , then Venus are supposed to move in Epicycles ; above these Mars , next Iupiter , and then Saturn . Of this System , thus Macrobius , in Somn. Scipion. l. 1. c. 19. The Egyptian subtlety is not without reason , which is this ; the Circle wherein the Sun runs his course is surrounded with the Circle of Mercury , as Interior , and by that of Venus as Exteriour . And hence it is that these two Stars , when they are in the upper part of their Circles , are understood to be above the Sun ; but when they are in the inferiour part of their Orbs , or Circles , the Sun is held to be above them . Those therefore who affirm the Spheres of these Planets to be under the Sun , are perswaded to believe it , from this Appearance of their Course , when they run in the Inferiour part of their Orbits , which is more remarkable and more clearly discernible , for when they are in the upper part of their Circles , they are more concealed . And therefore this perswasion of theirs hath prevailed , and accordingly the Order of those Planets hath been received almost by all Persons ; but more perspicacious Observation discovered this better Order . And justly does he stile it a perspicacious Observation , which so many Ages since by the only Sagacity of Wit so clearly discovered , what we find now really detected by the help of the Telescope . And therefore Ricciolus sayes of this System , that it is Pulcherrimum , ac pro hac quidem parte , Verissimum Systema .

We come now to the most celebrious , and at this day most generally received Mundane System , from it's Reviver , called the Copernican , but owing it's original to the Samian and Italick School , as being proposed and asserted , in the one , by Philolaus , of Crotona , in the other , by Aristarchus Samius , both Pythagoreans , whence it is called the second Pythagorick System , as differing from the former before described ; That , fixing the Earth immoveable in the midst of the World ; This , on the contrary giving to the Earth , not only a Diurnal Motion about its Axis , but also an Annual , about the Sun , as the Centre of the Universe . An Hypothesis not unknown to the Romans ; and therefore Seneca , in his Natural Questions ( Lib. 7. ) proposes it as a thing necessary to be discussed ; To know whether the Earth standing still , the Heavens be moved about it ; or the Heavens standing still , the Earth be carried round . And again , It is a thing worthy contemplation to be assured , sayes he , in what condition We are ; whether in a Seat of all others most slow , or the most swift ? Whether God turns all things about us , or we our selves are turned about ? This System , about two Ages since , was resuscitated from Oblivion and the Grave , by Cardinal Cusanus , but imperfectly , until Copernicus came and gave it a perfect consummation , followed by the greatest Wits of this and the foregoing Age , to wit , Georgius Ioachimus Rheticus , Moestlinus , Rothmannus , Stevinus , Kepler , Galilaeo , Schickardus , Iordanus Brunus , Coelius Calcagninus , Didacus Astunica , Foscarinus , Herigonus , Renatus Des Cartes , Lansbergius , Bullialdus , Antonius Laurentius Politianus , Wendelinus and Gassendus ; Lansbergius and Bullialdus , only differing in this from Copernicus , that they allow to the Fixed Stars a proper Motion , which Copernicus denies . Take the same represented in the following Scheme .

SYSTEMA PHILOLAI ET COPERNICI . 4

In this System , we may perceive the Sun placed in the Centre of the World ; next above him , Mercury , finishing his Course in the space of eighty dayes , or thereabouts ; then Venus , making her Revolution in nine Moneths time ; above her , the Earth , with the Elementary Sphere , in the Annual Orb , which it runs through in 365. dayes and half , by a Motion from West to East ; that is in the same Circle , wherein the Egyptian and Ptolemaick System place the Sun . Besides which Annual Motion , Copernicus assigns to the Earth a Diurnal Revolution , in which it turns about its own Centre and Axis , inclined in the Plane of the Ecliptick , in the space of 24. hours , from West to East : The Moon by a Menstrual Revolution being carryed about the Earth , as in an Epicicle ; Mars running about the Sun , as the Centre of the Universe in two years ; Iupiter above him in twelve ; and Saturn in thirty . The Sphere of the Fixed Stars being distant by so vast an Interval from the Sphere of Saturn , that the Annual Orb , in which the Earth moves , appears , in respect to it , no other than a Point .

This System , though , in appearance , of all others , the most rationally grounded , could not yet give so general a satisfaction to the Curious , but that some of them conceived it might admit of Alteration , or Emendation . And thence the illustrious Tycho took occasion to introduce the following System of his , which is no other than a certain Transfiguration of the Copernican , after this manner .

SYSTEMA TYCHONICVM . 5

First , the Earth is supposed fix'd without Motion in the Centre of the Universe , Concentrick to which is , first the Sphere or Circle of the Moon's Motion ; next , that of the Sun's Annual Course ; then the Sphere of the Fixed Stars . The Sun being placed as the Centre of the other Planets , in whose Orb ( as it were two Epycicles ) are drawn the Circles of Mercury and Venus . At a greater Distance is that of Mars , intersecting , when in Opposition to the Sun , part of the Solar Sphere , and therefore being Achronical is nearer to the Earth than the Sun . Above Mars is the Sphere of Iupiter ; above Iupiter , that of Saturn ; above that , the Fixed Stars . So that , in this System , the Sun is the Centre of five Planets ; that is , not only of Mercury and Venus , according to the Egyptian System , but also of Mars , Iupiter , and Saturn , according to the Copernican ; which likewise it resembles , as supposing fewer Conversions , and rejecting the Solidity of the Ptolemaick or Purbachian Orbs. But the Copernican , even in the Opinion of Ricciolus , seems to carry with it a greater simplicity and concinnity . Nicholaus Raimarus Ursus seemed to challenge this System , as first introduced by him , ascribing the Original of the Hypothesis , to Apollonius Pergaeus . But Tycho , in his Epistles , hath vindicated and asserted his own Right , and hath gained for his Followers Longomontanus ( who yet gives to the Earth a Motion about its Axis ) Scheinerus , Blancanus , and generally the Astronomers of the Iesuitical School . And the Reason of their adherence to this System , rather than to the Ptolemaick or Copernican , is given by Caramuel , in his Interim-Astronomicum ; which is , that Demonstration condemns the Ptolemaick , shewing it to be impossible and inconsistent with Modern Observations ; and as for the Copernican , that it stands condemned by a congregation of Cardinals , who have ( if you will believe them ) defined the same to be repugnant to the Sacred Scriptures .

Among the several Systems either of the Ancients or Moderns which are grounded upon the Earth's Immobility , there are two ( besides the Tychonick ) which seem to Ricciolus the most probable ; the One is Semi-Ptolemaick , the other Semi-Tychonick .

The Form of the first , admits the Centre of the Earth as the Term from whence the Excentricity of the several Orbs are measured , supposing Venus and Mercury to be carried about the Sun in Epicycles and the Excentricities of the other five Planets , as also their Epicycles , not to be alwayes of the same Quantity , which may be apprehended by the Figure of the Egyptian System already described , supposing only that Mars in Opposition to the Sun , be made to approach nearer to the Earth , than the Sun does .

The Form of the second is represented in the following Scheme , and ows its Invention to Ricciolus , wherein the Sun is supposed to be the Centre of the Sphere of Mercury , Venus and Mars ; And the Earth , the Centre of the Circle of the Moon 's Motion , and of the Fixed Stars , as also of those of Saturn and Iupiter . The Reasons impelling him to embrace this Hypothesis , being these .

First , he observed that Saturn and Iupiter had Secundary Planets moving about them , but Mars , Venus , and Mercury none ; whence he conceived it probable that Saturn and Iupiter exercised as it were their proper Monarchies in the Heavens ; and were no Attendants or Satellites of the Sun ; but moving about the Earth as their Centre . That Mars was one of the Sun 's greatest or utmost Satellites , including within his Sphere that of the Earth ; but Venus and Mercury his nearer and more interiour Gaurds .

Secondly , Because in the Variation of the Excentricities of the Planets , he observed a greater Connexion of Mars , Venus , and Mercury with the Sun , then of Saturn and Iupiter .

Thirdly , Because he conceived Saturn and Iupiter , being more slow and ponderous Planets , to have a greater Affinity to the slow Sphere of the Fixed Stars ; and to respect ( as do the Fixed Stars ) the Earth rather than the Sun as the Centre of their Motions .

Fourthly , Seeing that Mars , Venus , and Mercury in their Courses or Circumgyrations enter into the Solar Heaven , he conceived it more probable that those Planets should have the Sun for the Centre of their Motions , and not to have any Distinct Aethereal Regions assigned them , but to move All in one common Region . But Saturn and Iupiter to have their Distinct Dominions and Regions allotted them .

Fifthly , Because it seems very probable that among the Planets there should be one as it were a Mean or Middle , between the Superiour and the Inferiour , and which in his Motions should have some things common with Saturn and Iupiter , and some with Venus and Mercury ; to wit Mars . But see the Scheme it self .

SYSTEMA SEMITYCHONICV̄ RICCIOLI . 6

In which is to be noted that the Intervals of the several Orbs are so ordered , that the lowest of the Concave Heaven of Saturn , does not touch the upper part of the Convex of Iupiter , or the lowest of Iupiters , the uppermost of Mars , as in the P●…olemaick , but there is a voyd Interval between the Fixed Stars , and the uppermost Convex of Saturn's Orb , of 9824 Semidiameters of the Earth , and between the Concave of Saturn and the Convex of Iupiter , an Interval of 10045 of the like Semidiameters , and between the Concave of Iupiter and Convex of Mars , an Interval of 5310 such Semidiameters , and between the Concave of Venus and Convex of the Moon's Orb 1850 Semidiameters . Besides , the Thickness of the whole Heaven of Saturn computed together with his Satellites is supposed 32454 Semidiameters , and that of Iupiter with his Satellites 21361 Semidiameters ; That of the Sun , Mars , Venus and Mercury ; being but as one Heaven , is supposed to contain 19091 of the Earth's Semidiameters .

These three last Systems suppose the Heavens , or the Aetherial Region to be pervious , fluid , and of a thin , liquid , and transparent Substance like the Air , but more pure , and not consisting of Solid Orbs , as the Peripateticks , and those of the Ptolemaick School affirm . This Fluidity of the Heavens being manifested , by the Maculae Solares , whether they be considered as Planets moving tumultuously about the Sun , or as Clouds , Vapours , and Fumosities issuing from the Solar Body ; Likewise by the Librating Motion of the Firmament it self , in which the Sun moves , as also by the Libration of the Moon ; and by the Satellites of Iupiter , not long since discovered to move about that Planet , as also those about Saturn , and the Extravagant Motion of Mars , as also that of Venus and Mercury running now above , now beneath the Sun . No less evidenced by the Production of Comets , and their divers Motions , which beginning in One , make their Progress through several Aetherial Regions ; which they could not do if the Celestial Orbs through which they pass were solid ; from which supposition several other Inconveniencies would likewise ensue by reason their Convexities and Concavities , as also those of so many Epi●…ycles and Excentricks would necessarily produce a Multiplicity of various Refractions of the several Rayes of the Sun , of the other Planets , and of the Fixed Stars . Lastly , it seems as incongruous that the Stars and Planets should be carried about in such vast solid Orbs , ( to which they bear no other proportion than a drop of Water to the Ocean ) as it is for the Earth to be imagined to move only to carry about a Fly or a Pissmire . Neither do those Celestial Bodies gravitate or need any Support , but move regularly within their several Sphericities , as having no Appetency of Motion beyond those Bounds . See Tycho Brahe , Progymnasm . Tom. 1. and Ricciolus repeating the several Arguments to this Purpose ( of Kepler , Lansbergius , Maginus , Galilaeo , Gassendus and Bulialdus ) Almag . Nov. Tom. 2. p. 24●… . and 243.

Of the Constellations , We have in our Notes treated so particularly and so fully , that We shall not need to add any thing ( by way of further Illustration ) thereunto . Only whereas Manilius hath omitted among the Northern Constellations Coma Berenices , Ganymed or Antinous , and Equuleus or the lesser Horse , and in the Southern Hemisphere , Eridanus or Fluvius Orionis , and Corona Australis , besides those , which having been but lately detected by Modern Discoveries , could not therefore be known to the Ancients . We are obliged , according to the References given in our Notes , to satisfie the Readers Curiosity , by making a Particular Description of them in the same manner as we have done of the others .

COMA BERENICES ; is by Bayerus called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Coma , Spicarum Manipulus , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 seu Crines , called likewise by the Greeks 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Colus ; as being fashioned like to a Distaff of Flax ; by the Arab's it is called Alhaud , i. e. Lacus seu Cisterna , sayes Doctor Hyde in his Notes upon Ulugh Beigh's Table . It consists according to Proclus and Stoester of seven Stars , according to Kepler of fifteen . The Original of this Constellation was from Berenice the Wife of Ptolemaeus Euergetes , who vowed if her Husband returned Victorious from his Asian Expedition , she would shave her Head and offer her Hair ( one of her most beauteous Ornaments ) to Venus to be hung up in her Temple ; which having accordingly performed , it was the next Day after the offering thereof found missing , whereupon Conon to flatter King Ptolemy , discovered to him that the Head of Hair was translated to Heaven , and made a Celestial Constellation , celebrated by Callimachus in a particular Greek Poem ; turned into Latine Verse by Catullus . Pliny l. 2. c. 27. seems to make this a Southern Constellation , but Ptolemy places it to the North of the Sign Leo , not far from the Tayl thereof , whose Situation likewise is thus represented by Catullus in the forementioned Poem .

Saevi contingens namque Leonis Lumina , Callisto juxta Lycaonida , Vertor in Occasum tardum dux ante Booten , Qui vix serò alto mergitur Oceano .

ANTINOUS and GANYMED are one and the same Constellation for the Asterism which by the Greeks is feigned to represent Ganymed rap'd by the Eagle and carried up to Heaven to serve Iupiter as a Cup-bearer ; the Romans in Honour of Antinous ( the beloved Favourite of Hadrian the Emperour ) will have to be the Representation of that beautiful Bithynian , who dying a voluntary Death for the Welfare of the Emperor , was by him honoured with Statues , Temples , Priests , and a Place among the Celestial Constellations ; between the Eagle and Sagittary . It consists according to Kepler of seven Stars , according to Baierus of eleven , and comes to the Meridian at Midnight about the Middle of Iuly .

EQUULEUS , or the Lesser Horse is by Ptolemy called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , by others 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Sectio Equi , in Chrysococca's Tables 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Caput Equi . By Ulugh Beigh Kit'a Al Pháras , i. e. Sectio , Praecisio , vel Segmentum Equi , by others of the Arabs called Al Pharas al Auwal , i. e. Equus Primus , consisting of four Stars in Form of a Horses Head and Neck ; it comes to the Meridian at Midnight about the Beginning of August .

To these Northern Constellations some late Astronomers have added several other Asterisms composed out of the Inform Stars or Sporades . As of those between the greater Bear and the Sign Leo , they have formed the River Iordan . Of those between the North Pole , Perseus and Auriga an Asterism called Camelo Pardalis and Gyraffa . Of the four Stars interposed between the Triangle and the Tail of the Ram , another called Vespa , by some Apes , i. e. the Wasp or the Bees . Of the Tract of Stars running between the Swan and the Eagle , as far as Serpentarius , they have formed the River Tigris or Euphrates , and to a single Star of the second Magnitude , placed in the midst between Charles his Wain , and Coma Berenices ( from which if a right Line be drawn through the first Star in the Tayl of Ursa Major , towards the Pole , it will point directly to the Pole Star ) they have given , in Memory of the most Glorious Prince and Martyr , Charles the First , King of England , the Name of Cor Caroli . The Primary Invention and Denomination thereof being owing to the most Loyal and truly Learned , Sir Charles Scarborough Knight , Physician to His Majesty , and my Honoured Friend .

ERIDANUS or PADUS is a Southern Asterism , which some will have to be made a Constellation in Memory of Phaeton , who was drowned therein ; the Egyptians challenge it for their Nilus . It is called by the Greeks 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Fluvius , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Fluvius Orionis , because it springs from the left foot of Orion , and runs from thence in a flexuous Course Southward : Lycophron calls it Aetuse . It is called likewise Gyhon , and by those of Fetz ( sayes Ricciolus ) Vardi , i. e. Fluvius , by the Moores Guad , and by the Arabs Nah'r in the same sence . The Thuscans call it Botignon , the Ligurians Botigum , seu Bodintum , as Bayerus in Uranometr . Schilleriana affirms . It consists according to Ptolemy of 34 Stars , according to Baierus of 43. Kepler reckons therein 39. In which the 34th Star ( of the first Magnitude ) is by the Arabs called Al Dalim , i. e. Agger , or as Doctor Hyde from the Authority of Golius Interprets it . Terra fossi primitus Putei , or Agger in Aquae Extremitate ; Hence in Chrysococca's Persian Tables ; it is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Sulcus . Porca . It is likewise called in Arabick Acher Nah'r , i. e. Ultima Fluminis , whence the common Name Acarnar . It passes by the Meridian at Midnight in November .

CORONA AUSTRALIS sive Notia , called by the Greeks 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Coronae Australis Asterismus ; and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Corona Secunda , likewise 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Parvum Coelum , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Caduceum . It is called by the Greek Poets , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Rota Ixionis . The Arabs give it different Denominations , as Al Kubba , i. e. Testitudo vel Tabernaculum , propter circularem formam , and Az'ha Al Naâm , i. e. Nidus Struthionis , as being near two Stars in the Leg of Sagittarius called Al Naâim , whereof one is called Al Naâm al Sadir , i. e. Struthio adiens aquam , the other Al Naâm Al Wârid , i. e. Struthio rediens ab Aqua . Ulugh Beigh calls them in the Plural Number Al Naâim , which Doctor Hyde translates Pecora , because in Tizinus his Tables he finds them pourtrayed with a Shepheard near them , as reposing under the Al Kubba or Testudo . The Constellation confists , according to the joynt Computation of Ptolemy , Bayerus and Kepler , of thirteen Stars . It is fabled to have been made a Constellation by Bacchus in Honour and Remembrance of his Mother Semele . It comes to the Meridian at Mid-Night , ( but not visible in our Hemisphere ) in the beginning of Iuly .

Besides these Southern Constellations omitted by our Poet , but known to the Ancients ; there are several other Southern Asterisms lately invented by Modern Astronomers ; whereof some were composed out of divers inform Stars heretofore known : Others out of such as have been newly discovered , and were never known in any former Ages : Of the first kind are the three following .

First , Monoceros or Unicornus , placed between Orion the greater Dog and Hydra .

Secondly , Alect●…r , i. e. Gallus , or the Cock , between the greater Dog and the Ship Argo ; which Stars yet Bayerus , and others reckon as belonging ad Scutulum Navis .

Thirdly , Columba , or the Dove of Noah , with an Olive Branch in her Beak , not far from the greater Dog , which appears not above though it run near our Horizon .

Of the other kind are these twelve Constellations following , first found out and denominated by some eminent Navigators sayling beyond the Line , as particularly by Americus Vespucius , Andreas Corsalius , Petrus Medina , but principally by Fredericus Houthman , who during his Abode in the Island Sumatra , made exact Observation of them , being by Petrus Theodorus , and Iacobus Bartschius reduced into Order , and by Iansonius , Hondius , and Iacobus Florentinus inserted in the Celestial Globes by them made and published .

1. GRUS or the Crane consisting of thirtteen Stars according to Kepler and Bayerus , whereof three of the second Magnitude , one in the Head , one in the Tail or Train , and another in the Southern Wing . It is called likewise Phaenicopterus and Geranos , but ( as Schillerus observes ) noviter , & affectatè cum notum sit Graecos , animalia haec circa Polum Meridionalem nunquam somniasse ; it is seated under the Southern Fish . 2. PHOENIX . on her Spicy Pyre , consisting of fifteen Stars , among which one of the Second Magnitude in the Neck thereof , and two Nebulous . It is placed between the Southern Fish , and Eridanus , sub Cauda Ceti . 3. TOUCAN or the American Goose called likewise , Pica Brasilica seu Indica , and Ramphestes , consisting of eight Stars , whereof four of the Second Magnitude ; according to Bayerus , though Kepler allow them to be but of the third . It is placed in the midst between the Phoenix and Indus . 4. INDUS , or the Indian , in the Figure of an Indian , holding in either Hand a Dart , and therefore likewise called Sagittifer , consisting of twelve Stars , seated between Toucan , and the Constellation called Pavo . 5. PAVO , or the Peacock , to which some have given the Greek Name 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , consisting according to Bayerus of sixteen Stars , as Kepler reckons of 23. Whereof one in the Head thereof is of the Second Magnitude , and two Nebulous . It is placed near to Indus , under Sagittarius . 6. APOUS , or Apis 〈◊〉 Avis Indica , Avis Paradisi , & Manu codiata , consisting of twelve Stars according to Bayerus , according to Kepler but of eleven , following after the Peacock with its Tail toward the Antartick Pole . 7. APIS , Musca , or Muia , called likewise Crabro Indicus , consisting of four Stars placed under the Feet of the Centaur . 8. TRIANGULUM AUSTRALE , Trigonum Notius sive Deltoton , to whom some likewise have given the affected Arabick Name of Almutabet Algenubi , consisting of five Stars , in each Angle one of the Second Magnitude , and two others . It is seated sub fera Centauri & Ara , called by Schillerus Signum Tau , sive Imago crucis , by the Spaniards el Cruziero . 9. CHAMAELEON placed directly in Opposition to the Lesser Bear , and whose Form , ( according to the Disposition of the Stars that compose it ) it represents ; consisting according to Kepler's Accompt of ten Stars , according to Bayerus but of nine . It is placed directly under the Constellation Musca or the Fly , in quam ( as Bartschius describs it ) Linguam vibrat . 10. PISCIS VOLANS , Volucris , & Volatilis , called likewise Passer Marinus , and Hirundo Marina , in which last sence it is noted by a new Greek Name , Chelidon Thalassia , consisting of seven Stars , seated under the Ship Argo , next to Dorado , or the Sword Fish . 11. DORADO , ( as the Spaniards call it ) Piscis auratus , Chrysophris , or the Golden Fish , called likewise Xiphias seu Gladius , or the Sword Fish , consisting of six Stars , or as Bartschius reckons of five , with which it describes and circumscribes the Pole of the Ecliptick . 12. HYDRUS , by the Dutch called the Wasser Schlange , consisting of fifteen Stars according to Bayerus , Kepler yet reckoning twenty , the Last Star in the Tayl whereof , was in the year 1600 distant two Degrees 30′ . from the Southern Pole , but at present as Ricciolus notes at a nearer Distance .

To these are to be added the two NUBECULAE ; the Greater and the Lesser , and between them both ,

RHOMBUS , which Habrechtus hath formed in his Globe out of four Stars constituting each Angle thereof .

And thus much touching the several Constellations Ancient and Modern . But since some have endeavoured to abrogate , the Ancient Ethnick Names and Figures of the several Asterisms , and to introduce a new Uranography , by representing the Celestial Constellations under Sacred and Christian Figures and Denominations , as Schillerus in his Coelum Stellatum Christianum , and Bartschius in his Celestial Globe ; We shall here for the Satisfaction of such as have not yet seen the same , add the following Synopsis of that Christian Astronomical Design , shewing first the new Morphoses of the Zodiacal Signs , next Those of the Northern Constellations , then of the Southern ; Lastly of the Planets .

ZodiacalSigns. Old Names . New Names . Aries , Saint Petre , according to Schillerus ; according 〈◊〉 Schickardus , Abraham's Ram offered in the Room of Isaac . Taurus , Saint Andrew , or according to Harsdorfius , the offering or Burnt-Sacrifice commanded , Leviticus 1. 3. Gemini , Saint Iames the Elder , as Schillerus ; as Schickardus , Iacob and Esau. Cancer , Saint Iohn the Evangelist . Leo , Saint Thomas , or according to Schickardus , the Lion of the Tribe of Iuda . Virgo , Saint Iames the Younger , according to Schillerus ; or as Schickardus will have it the Virgin Mary . Libra , Saint Philip , or according to Hartsdorfius , the Tekel or Ballance of Belshasar , Daniel 5. 27. Scorpius , Saint Bartholomew . Sagittarius , Saint Matthew ; or as some will , Ismael , Genes. 21. 20. Capricornus , Saint Simon . Aquarius , Saint Iude , or Naaman , 1 Kings 25. 14. Pisces . Saint Mathias , or according to Schikardus the two Fishes in the Gospel , Iohn 6. 9.

NorthernConstellations. Old Names . New Names . Ursa Minor , Saint Michael , or according to Hartsdorfius , one of Elisa's Bears , 2 Kings 2. 24. or the Wagon of Iacob , or Chariot of Ioseph , Gen. 45. 27. and 46. 29. Ursa Major , Saint Petres Fisher Boat , or according to Hartsdorfius , the other of Elisa's Bears , or the Chariot of Elias , 2 Kings 2. 11. Draco , The Innocents , according to Schillerus , according to Schickardus Draco Infernus . Bootes , Saint Sylvester as Schillerus ; as Schickardus Nimrod . Coma Berenices . The Scourge wherewith our Saviour was whipp'd , or according to Harsdorfius , Absolon's Head of Hair ; or Samson's according to Schichardus . Corona Septentrionalis sive Ariadne , Our Saviour's Crown of Thorns ; or according to Harsdorfius , Queen Hester's Crown , Hester 2. 17. Hercules seu Engonast , The three Kings or Wise men that came to worship , at our Saviour's Birth according to Schillerus , or according to Schickardus , Samson . Lyra , The Manger wherein our Saviour was laid according to Schillerus ; or as Harsdorfius hath fancied it , David's Harp , 1 Sam. 16. 23. Cygnus , The Cross of Christ according to Schickardus , to which Schillerus adds Saint Helena its ▪ Repertrix . Cassiopea , Saint Mary Magdalen , as Schillerus , as Harsdorfius Bathsheba . Cepheus , Saint Stephen , as fancied by Schillerus , or Solomon according to Harsdorfius ▪ Perseus cum Capite Medusae . David with the head of Goliah , according to Schickardus , according to Schillerus Saint Paul . Andromeda , The Sepulchre of Christ according to Schillerus ; Harsdorfius will have it to be Abigal , 1 Sam. 30. 5. Auriga sive Heniochus . Iacob the Patriark according to Harsdorfius , Schillerus transforms it into Saint Ierome . Ophiuchus sive Serpentarius . Sanctus Benedictus inter spinas , according to Schillerus , or Saint Paul and the Viper , Acts 28. 7. Sagitta , The Nails , and Lance that wounded our Saviour , according to Schillerus , Schickardus makes it the Arrow of Ionathan . Aquila , Saint Katherine Martyr , or according to Schickardus , the Ensign or Standard of the Roman Empire . Ganimides seu Antinous , Part of Saint Katherine . Delphinus , The Pitcher of the Canaanitish Woman according to Schillerius ; Harsdorfius makes it the Leviathan mentioned , Psalm 104. 26. Equuleus , Mystica Rosa ; Schiller . Pegasus , Saint Gabriel according to Schillerus ; Harsdorfius makes of it the King of Babylon mentioned , Ierem. 4. 13. Triangulum seu Delta , The Mitre of Saint Peter ( Schiller . ) or Emblem of the blessed Trinity ( Schickard . )

SouthernConstellationsAncient. Old Names . New Names . Cetus , Saint Ioachim and Anna ( Schiller . ) or Ionas his Whale according to Schickardus . Eridanus , The Passage of the Israelites through the Red Sea ( Schiller . ) or the Brook Cedron ( Schickard . ) Orion , Saint Ioseph ( Schiller . ) or Ioshua , ( Schickard . ) Lepus , Gideon's Fleece , Schillerus . Canis Major , Tobias his Dog ( Schikard . ) or Saint David ( Schiller . ) Canicula seu Canis Minor , The Paschal Lamb. ( Schiller . ) Argo Navis , Noah's Ark ( Schiller . ) Hydra , The River Iordan ( Schiller . ) Crater , The Ark of the Covenant according to Schillerus ; or Ioseph's Cup , or that of Saul according to Schickardus . Corvus , Part of the Ark of the Covenant ( Schillerus ) or the Crow sent out by Noah , or that of Elias ( Schickard . ) Centaurus , Abraham and Isaac ( Schiller . ) Lupus sive fera Centauri , Iacob the Patriark ( Schiller . ) Ara , The Altar of Incense . Corona Australis , David's Crown according to Harsdorfius , 2 Sam. 11. 30. or Solomon's Crown according to Schillerus . Piscis Notius . The Barrel of Meal of the Widdow of Sarephtha , or according to Schikardus the Fish taken by St. Peter with a Piece of Mony in its Mouth , Matth. 17. 27.

SouthernConstellationslatelydiscovered. The Names first given them . The New Names . Grus , Aaron the High Priest . Phoenix , Indus , Iob. Pavo , Apus , Camaeleon , & . Eve . Schillerus . Piscis volans , Triangulum , Christ's Cross. Dorado cum Nube ; Toucan & Hydrus cum Nube . Saint Raphael .

ThePlanets. Old Names . New Names . Saturnus , Adam , Iupiter , Moses , Mars , Iosua , Sol , Christ the Sun of Righteousness , according to Schillerus . Venus , Saint Iohn Baptist , Mercurius , Elias , Luna , The Virgin Mary ,

We shall only add the Number of the Stars in the several Signs and Constellations observed by the bare Eye without the help of a Telescope , according to

Order of the Signs and Constellations . Ptolemy , Alphonsus , Copernicus , and Clavius . Griembergerus from Clavius , Tycho and Pifferus . Bayerus from divers others . Keplerus and Bulialdus . The Northern Signs of the Zodiack . Aries 18 22 29 23 Taurus 44 52 48 52 Gemini 25 30 31 30 Cancer 13 16 35 17 Leo 35 40 43 40 Virgo . 32 41 42 43 The Southern Signs of the Zodiack . Libra 17 20 15 20 Scorpius 24 24 29 27 Sagittarius 31 31 31 31 Capricornus 28 28 29 28 Aquarius 45 45 41 45 Pisces 34 40 37 42 The Northern Constellations . Ursa Minor 7 21 8 20 Ursa Major 35 57 32 56 Draco 31 30 33 32 Cepheus 13 13 17 12 Bootes 23 29 34 29 Corona 8 8 20 8 Hercules 28 31 48 31 Lyra 10 11 13 11 Cygnus 19 20 35 28 Cassiopea 13 26 25 45 Perseus 29 35 38 34 Auriga 14 27 32 27 Ophiuchus 29 24 30 56 Serpens 18 13 37 26 Sagitta 5 8 8 8 Aquila 15 12 32 12 Antinous 0 7 0 7 Delphin 10 10 10 10 Equiculus 4 4 4 4 Pegasus 20 23 20 24 Andromeda 23 26 26 26 Triangulum 4 4 5 4 Coma Berenices 0 14 0 15 The Southern Constellations . Cetus 22 25 27 25 Orion 38 62 49 62 Eridanus 34 39 42 39 Lepus 12 13 13 13 Canis Major 29 29 19 29 Canis Minor 2 5 8 5 Argo Navis 45 50 63 53 Centaurus 37 37 40 37 Lupus 19 19 20 19 Hydra 27 34 29 33 Crater 7 8 11 8 Corvus 7 7 7 7 Ara 7 7 8 7 Corona Austr . 13 13 13 13 Pisis Notius 18 17 12 17 Grus — — 13 13 Phoenix — — 14 15 Indus — — 12 12 Pavo — — 16 23 Apus — — 12 11 Apis — — 4 4 Camaeleon — — 8 10 Triangulum Austr . — — 5 5 Piscis volans — — 7 7 Dorado — — 7 7 Toucan — — 8 8 Hydrus — — 15 21

SumTotaloftheNumberoftheFixedStarsof Magnitude Ptol. Griemb . Bayer . Kepler . 1 15 15 17 15 2 45 55 63 58 3 208 201 196 218 4 474 456 415 494 5 217 304 348 354 6 49 186 341 240 Obscure and Nebulous 14 08 03 13 Inform or Sporades In the Zodiack 45 Northern 200 Southern 81 In All 1022 1225 1709 1392

See more of the Number of the Fixed Stars hereafter under that particular Head .

The Celestial Circles come next to be treated of ; for the fuller Understanding whereof , besides what is already delivered in the Annotations , take the following Cosmographical-Astronomical Synopsis , for the most Part according to Mersennus .

A Cosmographical-Astronomical SYNOPSIS .

PROP. I.

THe Equinoctial Circle , parting both the Celestial and Terrestrial The Equinoctial Circle . Globes , into two equal Portions is , divided into 360 Degrees , as every other Circle greater or lesser , by reason of the facile Division of this Number into a Moyety , a third , fourth , fifth , sixth , or eighth ; its sixth part being sixty , which admits of many more Divisions , without any Fractions .

II.

The Equinoctial , when the Sun is therein posited , makes the Dayes and Nights eaven , and divides the Sphere into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres , whose Poles are the Poles of the World ; fifteen Degrees of this Circle hourly rise on one part , and as many on the other hourly set ; so that one Degree thereof rises every four minutes of an Hour . Wherefore the Equinoctial is said to be the measure of the Primum Mobile .

III.

This Circle shows the Equinoctial Points , which happen twice in a year , at the Sun's entrance into Aries and Libra . It divides the Zodiack into two Moyeties , the Southern and the Northern ; and thence the Signs are distinguished into Southern and Northern . It is the Measure of Time , and shows what Declination the Stars , or the Parts of the Ecliptick have , either Northern , or Southern . Moreover in this Circle are observed the Ascensions and Descensions of the Zodiacal Signs .

IV.

A Line perpendicular to the Meridian Line represents the Equator , and so on the contrary : Which yet may be described without the Meridian Line , if a Right Line be drawn from a Stile or Gnomon by the Points of the Shadows Extremity , on the Day of the Vernal or Autumnal Equinox . For the Altitude of the Pole being given , the Altitude of the Equinox is likewise given , as being the Complement of the Quadrant of a Circle . As for example ; The Altitude of the Pole at London , is 51° . 32′ . Therefore the Altitude of the Equinoctial , and consequently of the Sun in the first degree of Aries or Libra , is , 38° . 28′ . And contrary wise , the Altitude of the Equinoctial being given , the Elevation of the Pole is likewise given . Moreover , the State of the whole Heaven and Earth , from the given Elevation of any one of these Circles may be known , provided the Longitude of the Place be known .

The Equator in a right Sphere passes by the Zenith or Pole of the Horizon ; in a Parallel Sphere The Equator considered as to the several Positions of the Sphere . it is coincident with the Horizon , and is the Horizon it self . In an oblique Sphere it makes acute Angles with the Horizon , and in a right Sphere it makes Rectangles ; in which Position of the Sphere , all the Points of the Heaven dayly rise and set , excepting the Poles of the World . Wherefore to the Inhabitants in a right Sphere , there is perpetual Equinox , a double Summer and double Winter , and different Meridian Shadows , to wit , sometimes Northern , sometimes Southern . Hence they are called Amphiscii , or Amphiumbrae ; which happens likewise to those in an oblique Sphere , whose Vertex is between the Equator , and one of the Tropicks .

VI.

In an oblique Sphere , whose Vertex is in one of the Tropicks , the Equator is raised 66° . and ●… . and consequently the Pole 23° . and ½ . and the Polar Circles constitutes the greatest Circle of the alwayes-apparent , and the alwayes-latent . The Inhabitants of this Sphere have one Summer and one Winter , and one and the same Meridian Shadow , that is to say , alwayes to the North under the Northern , alwayes to the South under the Southern Tropick ; thence called Heteroscii , or Alteriumbrae . These three Spheres , that is to say , the Right , and the two last Oblique , are in the torrid Zone , which is terminated by either Tropick , and which the Equator cuts in the middle , as the Ecliptick does the Zodiack .

VII .

In an Oblique Sphere , whose Vertex is in the midst , between the Tropick and the Polar Circle , the Equator and the Pole have both equal Elevations of 45° . Hence the heat of the Summer is as great as is the cold of the Winter ; the higher the Equator is , the greater being the heat , and the cold more intense , by how much the Pole is more elevated . But in an Oblique Sphere , whose Vertex is in the Polar Circle , the Equator is elevated 23° . and ½ . and the Pole 66° . and ½ . and the length of the greatest Day there is 24 hours , by which the temperate Zone is terminated towards the Pole , as it is towards the Equator by the Tropick .

VIII .

The frigid Zone begins from the Polar Circle , in which the greatest Nights and Dayes are made so much greater , by how much the Vertex of the several Habitations therein approaches nearer to the Pole , until such time as it becomes a Parallel-Sphere . In which they in the Northern Parts have this privilege , that their longest day is seven dayes , and more , longer than the greatest day , which they in the South enjoy , by reason of the Sun 's longer stay in the Septentrional Signs , wherein he moves more slowly to the place of his Apogaeum in Cancer . To which if we add the Twilight ( which is made by the Sun eighteen Degrees depressed beneath the Horizon ) as also the Refractions , the Artificial Day with the Inhabitants of such a Parallel-Sphere will be nine Months and twelve Dayes . But on the contrary , they in the South have their Night seven dayes longer than they in the North. These are called Periscii , or Circumumbrae .

IX .

The Zodiack cuts the Equator in two opposite Points at 〈◊〉 Angles , whose Latitude extends The Zodiack . to near 20° . through the midst whereof runs the Ecliptick ; so called because the two great Luminaries , the Sun and Moon , when in Conjunction , diametrically opposed to one another , directly under the said Line , are then eclipsed .

The Ecliptick indivisible as to Latitude , obliquely intersects the Aequator in two Points ; which The Ecliptick . two Points of Intersection are called the Equinoctial Points . Of which that ( in the first Degree of Aries ) which gives beginning to the Northern Semi-Circle of the Ecliptick , is called the Vernal ; The other ( in the first Degree of Libra ) whence the Southern Semi-Circle of the Ecliptick begins , is called the Autumnal . Equinoctial Point ; The two Points of its greatest Declination from the Equator are called the Solstitial Points , whereof the Northern ( in the first Degree of Cancer ) is called the Summer Solstice ; the Southern ( in the first Degree of Capricorn ) is called the Winter Solstice . In regard of which the Signs in the Zodiack are said to be Descendant from Cancer to Capricorn , and Ascendant from Capricorn to Cancer , because the Sun ascends in these , and descends in those Signs .

XI .

The twelve Natural Signs , into which the Zodiack is divided , begin from the common Section of the Equator , the Equinoctial Colure , and the Ecliptick , proceeding Eastward ; the first of which is Aries , the second Taurus , &c. which order they call the Succession or Sequence of the Signs ; as the contrary Order the Precedence of the Signs : The Zodiack and the Ecliptick measure the Secondary Motions of the Planets , as the Equator does the First . The Longitude of the Stars is numbred in the Ecliptick , from the beginning of Aries , according to the sequence of the Signs , unto a greater Circle , passing by the Poles of the Ecliptick , and place of the Star ; as the Longitude of a Place on the Earth is reckoned in the Equator , from the first Western Meridian unto the Meridian passing by the Place proposed .

XII .

From the Ecliptick to the Poles are reckoned the Latitudes of the Stars . Which Latitude is an Arch of a great Circle passing by the Poles of the Ecliptick and Center of the Star , intercepted between the Ecliptick and the Star . Those Arches are called the Circles of Latitude . The Points between the Equator and the Ecliptick , in respect of the Equator , are Northern ; in respect of the Ecliptick , Southern , or contrariwise .

XIII .

The Ecliptick contains the Place of all the Stars . For a Star is said to be in that Degree of the Ecliptick , through which the Circle of Latitude of the said Star passes : So the Star●… being in the Solstitial Colures are said to be in the first Degree of Cancer or Capricorn . By which reason , all the Stars in the Firmament are referred to some one of the twelve Signs .

XIV .

The Colures , passing by the Poles of the World , and the four Cardinal Points of the Zodiack , The Colures ▪ intersect each other at Spherical right Angles in the Poles of the World . They are so called , because in an oblique Sphere they seem mutilate and defective , since one part of them is alwayes depressed beneath , whilst the other is elevated above the Horizon . One of th●…se is called the Equinoctial Colure , which passing by the Points of the Intersection of the Equator and Ecliptick , constitutes the Equinoctial Points of Aries and Libra . The other being the Colur●… of the Solstices , dividing the Equator at right Angles in the Points wherein the Sun commences Winter and Summer , that is to say , in the first Degrees of Cancer and Capricorn , measures the Sun 's greatest Declinations , hath in it the Poles of the Zodiack , and shows the Distance of th●…se Poles from the Poles of the World . There may be likewise infinite Colures supposed , for the better demonstrating the particular Declinations of the Stars from the Equator .

XV.

The Meridian , in any Position of Sphere whatsoever , makes Mid-day and Mid-night , and hath The Meridian . in it the Zenith and Nadir Points , directly opposite to one another . The first Meridian is vulgarly placed in the Fortunate Islands , or the Canaries , by others in the Islands called the Azores . There are reckoned 36. Meridians , or rather 18. since the same Meridians of one Hemisphere , may serve the other Hemisphere likewise , each being distant ten Degrees from one another . But Geometrically speaking , there are as many Meridians as there are Vertical Points ; as there are on Earth so many Horizons , as there are divers Points upon the Terrestrial Globe . They who assign a Meridian to every Degree , make of them 180.

XVI .

The Meridian to those that travel directly North and South is still the same , as to Latitude . It shews likewise the greatest Altitude of the Sun and Stars , their distance from the Equator , the Elevation of the Pole , and measures the Latitude of all Places upon Earth . Of which in the two following Propositions .

XVII .

The Latitude of a Place is numbred in the Meridian from the Equator towards either of the Poles , and shews how much every Point is distant from the Equator , one Pole being elevated the other depressed . The Latitude of any Place being the Arch of a Meridian , intercepted between the Zenith of the said Place and the Equator , equal to the Elevation of the Pole above the Horizon . Which Elevation is an Arch of a Meridian , drawn from the Horizon to the Pole of the World ,

XVIII .

As the Latitude of the Earth is numbred in the prime Meridian , or any other more oriental ; so the Declination of the Stars may be numbred in those Meridians , which are therefore called the Circles of Declination , because they shew how far the Fixed Stars , or Planets are distant from the Equator , or decline from it to either of the Poles . They are likewise called Vertical , inasmuch as passing by the Vertex of any Place , and descending perpendicularly by each Point of the Horizon , they measure the Altitude of the Stars above , or their Depression beneath the same ; and in Arabick they are called Azimuths , because they shew in what part of the World any Star rises or sets . The beginning likewise of the Astronomical Day is computed from the Meridian Circle .

XIX .

The Astronomical , or true Horizon divides the Sphere of the World into two equal Parts , that The Horizon . is to say , the upper , or the visible , and the lower or invisible Hemisphere , whose Centre is the same with the Centre of the World , and its Poles , the Zenith and Nadir Points . The Physical or sensible and visible Horizon , equidistant from the Astronomical , is that Part of the Earth as far as can be discerned by Sight , whose Semidiameter in an even Plane ( the Eye being placed at six foot height above the Level ) is about a League ; but if the Eye be elevated a League high , then the Semidiameter of the sensible Horizon will be 51. Leagues .

XX.

The Horizon concurs to the stating of all the forenamed Spheres , that is to say , either Right , Oblique , or Parallel ; whence it is denominated and distinguished into Right , Oblique and Parallel . It determines the rising and setting of the Stars , the Ortive and Occasive Amplitudes , beginning from the Eastern and Western Equinoctial Points , shews the Quantity of Day and Night , and the four Cardinal Points , East , West , North and South ; as likewise the Quantity of the two Circles parallel to the Equator and Tropicks , described from the Poles of the World , touching the Horizon in a Point ; of which that drawn from the Pole , to us conspicuous , is termed the greatest of the all-wayes-apparent , the other , opposite to it , the greatest of the not-apparent , that is to say , the Artick and Antartick Circles .

XXI .

The Circles parallel to the Horizon , which shew the Altitudes and Depressions of the Stars , are in the Astrolabe called Almicantarah , or Circles of Progression ; among which is numbred the Crepuscular Circle , or Circle of Twilight , which is Parallel to the Horizon , and depressed beneath it eighteen Degrees .

Thus much of the Great Circles ; the Lesser follow .

XXII .

The Tropicks are lesser Circles Parallel to the Equator ; from whence they are in this present The Tropicks . Age distant 23. Degrees and ½ , which Distance , according to the diversity of Times is diversly computed ; the variation hitherto being reckoned 24′ . These two Tropicks shew the Sun 's or the Ecliptick's greatest Declination from the Equator ; the Tropick of Cancer it 's Northern , the Tropick of Capricorn its Southern ; the former shewing the Sun's greatest , the latter its least Meridional Altitude ; this , the longest Day and shortest Night in the Summer Solstice ; the other , the longest Night and shortest Day in the Winter Solstice . Which said Quantities of Day and Night are not shewn by the Tropicks in a Right , or an Oblique Sphere beyond 66° . and ½ , of the Pole's Elevation . For in the first the Diurnal and Nocturnal Arches are alwayes equal ; in the latter , the said Quantities are shown by the Ecliptick , and in the Altitude of 66° . and ½ . One of the Tropicks is raised wholly above the Horizon ; the other is wholly depressed beneath it .

XXIII .

The Polar Circles are made by the Diurnal Conversion of the Poles of the Ecliptick about those The P●…lar Circles . of the Equator , from which they are distant 23° . and ½ , being the same with the distance of the Solsticial Points , or the Tropicks from the Equator . From which the five Zones may easily be apprehended , as being contained within four Circles , Parallel to the Equator . That which is called the Zones . Torrid Zone is between the two Tropicks ; the two Temperate Zones are between the Tropicks and the Polar Circles ; the two Frigid are comprehended within the two Polar Circles .

XXIV .

The Parallels are Circles on either side the Equator , Parallel thereto ; being seated at such a Parallels . Distance from One Another , that the greatest Day of one differs from the greatest Day of another Parallel by the Quantity of one Quarter of an Hour , they are reckoned on either side of the Equator to the Polar Circles , or the 66th Degree of the Poles Elevation 24. In All 48.

XXV .

The Climates are Spaces Parallel to the Equator , containing three Parallels , the Middlemost dividing Climates . the same into two Parts : The Latitude of each Climate from its Southern to its Northern Limit , is of that Extent , that the longest Day encreases half an Hour .

The Climates are denominated from the chief Cities and Places by or through which they pass , as the first by Meroe , the second by Alexandria , the third by Rhodus and Babylon , the fourth by Rome , Corsica and the Hellespont , the fifth by Venice , the sixth by Podel●…a , the seventh by W●…teberg , the eighth by Rostoch , the ninth by Ireland , the tenth by Bohuse in Norway , the eleventh by Gothland , the twelfth by Wyburgh in Finland , the thirteenth by Arotia in Sweden , the fou●…eenth by the Mouth or Outlet of the River Darecally in Sweden , and the rest by other places of Norway , Sweden , Alba Russia , and the Adjacent Islands . And these are the Northern Climates ; the Southern are distinguished by the Title of Anti , as Anti-Meroes , Anti-Alexandrias , &c. in regard of their Opposite Position to the Northern Climates . But for the better understanding of the Climates , and what appertains to them see the following Tables divided into five Columns , the first shewing the Number of the Parallels , the second of the Climates , the third the longest Day in every Parallel , the fourth the Elevations of the Pole , or Latitudes of the respective Regions , the fifth the Amplitude of the Climates .

Parall. Climates Longest Day in each Par. Altitude of the Pole Amplitude of each Cli. Hor. Min. Degr. Min. Degr. Min. 1 I 12 15 4 18 0 0 2 12 30 8 34 3 II 12 45 12 43 7 50 4 13 00 16 43 5 III 13 15 20 33 7 3 6 13 30 23 11 7 IV 13 45 27 36 6 9 8 14 0 30 47 9 V 14 15 33 45 5 17 10 14 30 36 30 11 VI 14 45 39 20 4 30 12 15 00 41 12 13 VII 15 15 43 32 3 48 14 15 30 44 29 15 VIII 15 45 47 20 3 13 16 16 0 49 1 17 IX 16 15 50 53 2 44 18 16 30 51 58 19 X 16 45 53 17 2 17 20 17 0 54 29 21 XI 17 15 55 34 2 0 22 17 30 56 37 23 XII 17 45 57 34 1 40 24 18 00 58 26 25 XIII 18 15 59 14 1 16 26 18 30 59 59 27 XIV 18 45 60 40 1 13 28 19 0 61 18 29 XV 19 15 61 53 1 1 30 19 30 62 25 31 XVI 19 45 62 54 0 52 32 20 0 63 22 33 XVII 20 15 63 46 0 44 34 20 30 64 6 35 XVIII 20 45 64 30 0 36 36 21 0 64 49 37 XIX 21 15 65 9 0 29 38 21 30 65 21 39 XX 21 45 65 35 0 22 40 22 0 65 47 41 XXI 22 15 65 57 0 16 42 22 30 66 6 43 XXII 22 45 66 14 0 11 44 23 0 66 20 45 23 15 66 25 0 6 46 23 30 66 28 47 XXIII 23 45 66 30 0 0 48 24 0 66 31

And here it is to be noted , that the Parallel Circles grow lesser and lesser , and the Climates narrower and more Contracted , by how much they recede from the Equator toward the Poles ; for one Degree , which in the Equator contains 51 German miles , contains but 14 of those Miles in the Latitude of 21 Degrees , and but 13 in the Latitude of 30. 12. in 37. 11 in 48 and ½ , and 6 in 66 Degrees of Latitude . Whence it is easie to compute how many German Miles is contained in every Parallel Circle ; For the Number of Degrees in any Parallel , viz. 360. being multiplied by the Miles comprized in every Degree , will give the number of Miles sought .

It rests that something be said of the several Terrestrial Inhabitants , as they are differenced and distinguished by reason of their Situation and their Shadows . As to their Situation they are distinguished into Perioeci , Antoeci and Antipodes .

The Perioeci are those which inhabit under one and the same Parallel and Meridian , but in Points directly opposite .

These have the same Elevation of the Pole ; Equal Arches both Diurnal and Nocturnal ; the same Appearance of the Stars and Constellations , the same Occultations rising , and setting , Night and Day , but at contrary times , have Winter and Summer alike ; the same Meridian Shadows ▪

The Antoeci are those who inhabit under equal and opposite Parallels ; that is equally distant from the Equator Southward and Northward under a Portion of the same Meridian , to these the Elevation of the different Poles is equal , as the opposite Diurnal and Nocturnal Arches ; the same Appearance of the Stars and Signs , but opposite ; the same Occultation , rising , and setting : When it is Summer to These , it is Winter to Those , and Spring to the one , when it is Autumn to the others ; they have likewise equal Meridian Shadows , but diversly and oppositely projected .

The Antipodes are those who dwell not only under equal but opposite Parallels , and in places diametrically opposed the one to the other ; the Feet of the one being directly against the Feet of the other . Insomuch that a right Line drawn from the one to the other must necessarily pass through the Centre of the Earth . therefore the same Accidents which happen to the Antoeci , happen likewise to the Antipodes . Only this is proper to the Antipodes , that they have one Common Horizon , and different Hemispheres ; have likewise different and opposite Zeniths : What rises to the one sets to the other ; what is apparent to these is hidden to those . The Noon of one is Midnight to the other .

As to their Shadows they are distinguished into Amphiscii , Periscii , and Heteroscii .

The Amphiscii are those who inhabit the Torrid Zone within the Tropicks , especially near or under the Equator .

These have their Meridian shadows at different times of the year diversly projected ; now to the North , now to the South , according to the Course of the Sun on this , or that side of the Equator : when the Sun is in their Zenith they have no Noon Shadow at All. They have two Summers and two Winters .

The Periscii are they which inhabit the Frigid Zones , especially near the Poles of the World , whose Shadows are carried round about them upon the Plain of their Horizon .

The Heteroscii are they which inhabit the Temperate Zones ; they in the Northern temperate Zone having their Meridian Shadows alwayes projected toward the North Pole , those in the Southern , alwayes to the South .

And this may suffice to compleat this Cosmographical-Astronomical Synopsis ; to which yet for the further Satisfaction of the more Curious Reader , we have thought fit to add the Twelve Propositions of Theodosius , de Habitationibus , in English .

THEODOSIUS De Habitationibus .

PROPOS. I.

TO those that inhabit under the North Pole , one and the same Hemisphere of the World is alwayes apparent , but the other Hemisphere is alwayes hidden : Nor do any Stars either rise or set to them ; but those which are in the apparent Hemisphere are alwayes conspicuous , and contrarily those in that , which is hidden , never appear .

Prop. II.

To those that inhabit under the Equinoctial Circle , all the Stars both arise and set : And are moved in equal time [ of twelve hours ] above the Horizon , and beneath it .

Prop. III.

In every place within the middle Zone , the Zodiack Circle is at some certain time of the Day at right Angles to the Horizon of the place .

For the Circle parallel to the Equator , drawn through the Vertex or Zenith of the Place , cuts the Zodiack Circle in two Points . When therefore the Point of either Intersection is co-united with the Zenith , then the Zodiack Circle passes through the Poles of the Horizon , and therefore , by the XV of the first of Theodosius Sphaerics , cuts the Horizon at right Angles , and this is done twice in one Diurnal Revolution . But to those inhabiting under either Tropick , only once in a day , that is , when the Solstitial Points in which the Zodiack Circle touches both the Tropicks come to the Zenith of that Place .

Prop. IV.

To those whose Zenith is as far distant from the Pole , as the Tropick from the Equator , six Signs shall at once happen to rise and six to set , in one Diurnal Revolution .

That is , to those whose Zenith is in the Arctick or Antartick Circle . For whereas the Poles of the Zodiack are carried in the Peripheries of those Circles , therefore in one Diurnal Revolution the Pole is once co-united with the Zenith , that is , the Pole of the Zodiack with the Pole of the Horizon : And therefore the Zodiack also is co-united with the Horizon . Which Co-union is made in an instant , and after that instant the Zodiack is forthwith divided into two parts by the Horizon ; so that in an instant one Semicircle of the Zodiack rises , and the other Semicircle sets .

Prop. V.

To those Inhabiting under the Equinoctial Circle , the Meridian shall cut above the Horizon the Semicircle of the Zodiack into two equal Parts , when the Points of Contact of the Tropicks and Zodiack come to be in the Horizon , and then also the Zodiack shall be at right Angles to the Horizon .

For , the Horizon passing then through the Poles of the Tropicks , and the Points of the Contact of the Tropicks and Zodiack shall ( by the VI. of the Second of Theodosius his Sphericks ) pass likewise through the Poles of the Zodiack , and therefore ( by tbe XV. of the First ) ●…all cut the same at right Angles . And so likewise the Zodiack shall passby the Poles of the Horizon , by which the Meridian also passes . From whence the Arches as well of the Meridian as of the Zodiack , Intercepted between the Pole of the Horizon , and the Horizon , are Quadrants .

Prop. VI.

To those inhabiting under the Equinoctial , all Semicircles of the Zodiack arise in equal time , as likewise do their opposite Peripheries .

For there , every Semicircle of the Zodiack arises with the Diurnal Arch of its beginning ; ( but by the second of this Present ) all the Diurnal Arches are Semicircles , by which is manifest the first part of this Proposition : the other part is clear , seeing not only the opposite Peripheries of the Zodiack , but those likewise equally distant from the Equinoctial Point ascend , with equal Arches of the Equinoctial .

Prop. VII .

To those whose Horizons differ by a more Easterly Position ; the Stars neither arise together , nor set together , but by how much sooner they arise to those who live more Easterly , by so much sooner do they set .

For the Horizons of such Places , by reason of the equal Altitudes of the Pole , touch the same Parallels of the Equator , wherefore ( by the XIII . of the Second of Theodosius's Sphericks ) the Arch from any Parallel of the Semicircle of the Horizons interjected , as well between the Places Eastward , as those Westward , are the same . Therefore every Star in a place Eastward by the same Arch , anticipates its rising , and thence its setting , and consequently in the same interval of time .

Prop. VIII .

To those inhabiting under the same Meridian , whatever Stars are between the greatest of the alwayes apparent Parallels and the Equinoctial , appear longer above the Horizon to those inhabiting Northward , then they do to those inhabiting Southward . And how much sooner they arise to those inhabiting Northward , so much later they set . But those Stars which are between the greatest of the Parallels alwayes latent , and the Equinoctial , appear longer above the Horizon , to those inhabiting Southward , then they do to those inhabiting Northward ; And how much sooner they rise to those inhabiting Southward , so much later they set .

For to one travelling toward the apparent Pole , the Diurnal Arch of a Star declining that way from the Equator , increases ; and to one going toward the Pole that is depressed and unapparent , the Diurnal Arch of a Star , declining thitherward increases likewise : But by collating the Arches increasing on either side , that is to say , towards the East , or towards the West , the rest of the Proposition is manifest .

Prop. IX .

But if the Horizon's be neither under one Parallel , nor under the same Meridian , there will follow only an Inequallity of the Arches raised above the Horizon , after the manner as before expressed , but no Anticipation of risings or settings .

This , as the premised , is manifest , by reason of the greater or lesser inclination of the Horizon .

Prop. X.

To those inhabiting under either Pole , the Sun is carried constantly for six Moneths above the Horizon , and as long underneath it .

This appears by the first Propos. of this present Treatise . Since one half of the Zodiack is alwayes apparent , and the other alwayes latent , either of which by the Sun in near about six Months time is run through ; neither does the difference of the Sun's Motion , occasioned by his Excentricity , here come to be considered , for the Motion of the Sun is alwayes supposed equal in reference to the Arks of his first Motion .

Prop. XI .

To those going from the Pole toward the Artick or Antartick Circles , this constant stay of the Sun either above or under the Horizon , for six Months , grows lesser and lesser , until it be reduced to the space of twenty four hours either under the Artick or Antartick Circles .

For , the Horizon of those Habitations , touches two Parallels of the Equator greater than the Tropicks , which on either side cut from the Zodiack two equal Peripheries ; And that Periphery which the Parallel alwayes apparent cuts off , never sets , and that which the alwayes latent abscinds , never rises .

Prop. XII .

To those inhabiting under the Artick or Antartick Circles , the longest Day is 24 hours , and the Night but an instant ; and on the contrary , the longest Night 24 hours , and the Day but an instant . The other Arks increase and decrease until they come to the equality of the Equinox .

The Order of the Poem , leads us in the next place , after having treated of the several Mundane Systems , the Additional Constellations , the Celestial Circles , and the Appendages thereunto ( delivered , and explained in the former Discourses , and the foregoing Synopsis ) to consider with our Manilius , what yet remaens to compleat the Universe , and with Him ,

— To shew what does dispense Throughout the Whole , or Light , or Influence .

And these by our Poet are reckoned to be , besides the fixed Stars ; the Luminaries , and the other Planets , fiery Meteors and Comets .

OF THE Fixed STARS .

HAving already treated sufficiently both in our Notes , and in this Appendix of the Fixed Stars , as reduced into Signs and Constellations ; We shall now consider them distinctly , and apart , as they are several Mundane Bodies disseminated and dispersed through the Immense Space of the Etherial Region , which We call Heaven .

They are said to be fixed , because they alwayes keep ( at least seemingly ) the same invariable Distance from one another , and from the Ecliptick , as if they were so many Studs of Gold fixed in the Chrystal Firmament , as Empedocles and Anaximenes ( according to the Testimony of Plutarch De Placit . Philosoph . l. ●… . c. 13. ) held . Hence the Sphere wherein they are conceived to be ranged , is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. inerrans in regard of the unalterable Order observed in their Intervals or Interstitia . And for this Reason chiefly , Ricciolus conceives the Multitude of the Fixed Stars ( as it were an Army drawn up in Battle Array ) might be called the Militia of Heaven .

The Particulars to which We shall confine our Enquiries , touching these Glorious and splendid Bodies , shall be These following :

First , Their Substance . Secondly , Their Light , Colour , and Scintillation . Thirdly , Their Number . Fourthly , Their Figure . Fifthly , Their Magnitude . Sixthly , Their Place and Distance from the Earth , or rather the Sun .

As to their Substance , the Opinions of the Ancients are various , Zoroaster maintained the Stars to be of a fiery Nature ; Thales held them to be Earthly , yet withall fiery : Empedocles maintained them to be siery , and to consist of that Fire which the Aether containing in it self , struck forth in its first Secretion . Anaxagoras affirmed ( but very extravagantly ) that the Ambient Aether being of a fiery Nature , by the Swiftness of its Motion snatcheth up Stones from the Earth , which being set on Fire become Stars , and are carried from East to West . Diogenes conceived them to be of the Substance of Pumice Stones set on Fire , and to be the Spiracula or breathing Holes of the World . Plato with more Reason held them to be for the most Part of a fiery Nature , yet to admit of the mixture of other Elements , as it were Cement , to knit and consolidate them . Xenophanes supposed them to be Clouds , set on Fire in the manner of Coals , quenched in the Day Time , and in the Night rekindled . Heraclides and the Pythagoreans held every Star , to be a World by it self , existing in the Infinite Etherial Space , and containing an Earth , an Air and a Sky ; which Opinion is found in the Works of Orpheus , for his Followers affirmed the Stars to be so many Worlds . Aristotle and his Followers maintain them to be of the same Substance as the Heavens , but only more condensed ; and to be simple Bodies without the Mixture of any Elements . The Stoicks , and with them our Manilius , make them to be of a fiery Substance . Others conceive them to be composed of the same Matter as Exhalations and Vapours , and consequently to consist of a Substance partly Aqueous , partly Aerial , of which see Pliny l. 2. c. 9. Petrus Comestor , Hugo Victorinus , and Eugubinus .

Of all These the most celebrated , and most probable Opinion , is , that the Stars are fiery Bodies . An Opinion which wants not the Authority of the Ancient Christian Church to back it , which ( in Hymn , seria secunda ad Vesper . of which Saint Ambrose is held to be the Composer ) sings after this Manner .

Immense Caeli Conditor Qui mixta ne confunderent Aquae fluenta dividens Coelum dedisti Limitem Firmans Locum Coelestibus Simulque Terrae Rivulis Ut unda flammas temperet . Terrae solum nec dissipent , &c.

Where we find the Reason why the Waters are placed above the Heavens , viz. to restrain and temper the excessive fervor of the Sun and Stars . Again in Hymn . fer. quarta ad Vesper . the same Church thus sings .

Coeli Deus sanctissime Qui Lucidum Centrum Poli Candore pingis igneo .

Of the same Sentiment are most of the Fathers , not only of the Latin , but the Greek Church , as Cyrillus Hierosolimitanus and Caesarius , who speaking of the Firmament , sayes , recepturum erat Subjectorum Luminarium Splendorem , Solem inquam , ( & Lunam ) & reliquum Astrorum Caetum , ex Igne Naturam habentem . Theodoretus likewise to the same Purpose ; Bifariam Deus Omnium divisit Aquarum Naturam , & quasdam sursum collocavit , quae suo liquore ▪ ac frigiditate non sinerent corrumpi Firmamentum ab Igne Luminarium . St. Chrysostom is positive for the fiery Nature of the Stars , with whom concurr Gregory Nissen . Procopius , and Anastasius Sinaita ; Conform to whose Opinions is that of Tertullian , St. Ambrose , St. Augustin , Arnobius , Lactantius , Anselmus , Alcuinus , Beda . Conclude we therefore , induced as well by the Authority of these Ancient Fathers , as perswaded by the concordant Sentiments of divers eminent Modern Philosophers , and Astronomers , that the Stars are compound , and not simple Bodies , made up of Elementary Matter , formed into fiery Globes , and consisting ex Solido & liquido , as this Terraqueous Globe of ours , and consequently Subject to Corruption and Alteration . See Franciscus Patricius l. 15. Pancosmias ; Ricciolus Almagest Nov. l. 9. Sect. 1. Scheinerus in Rosa Ursina l. 4. Part. 2. c. 22 , 23 , & 24. Kircherus in Itinerar . Extatic . & Schottus upon Him . From whom the more Curious Reader may receive further Satisfaction in his Enquiry touching the Igneous Nature and Substance of

Those tremulous Tapers of the Skies Which burn at the Dayes Obsequies . Resplendent Sparks of the first Fire ! In which the Beauty We admire And Light of those eternal Rayes , The uncreated Mind displayes . Visible Prints by which We trace Time in it's Invisible Race ! Pure bright Idaea's that direct To the first Cause our Intellect . Iewels that deck with their rich Light The Sable Garment of the Night , Mirrors ▪ in whose clear polish●…d Faces , Nature sees hers : Th' World's Looking-Glasses .

To express them in some of those Poetical Characters , which the Ingenious Marino hath given of them . The next thing We are to take Notice of is

Their Light .

As to their Light , that which is chiefly to be considered , is , whether it be innate , given them by God at their Creation , or Mutuatitious , borrowed from the Sun ? The latter is maintained by Metrodorus in Plutarch de Placit . Philosoph . l. 2. c. 17. with whom concurr Albategnius and Vitellio , and divers others both Philosophers and Astronomers at this Day .

But the first Opinion seems to carry more of Truth in it , and is by Macrobius asserted in Somn. Scip. l. 1. c. 17. where he affirms Omnes Stellas ( i. e. fixas ) Lumine lucere suo , quod illae supra Solem locatae in ipso purissimo Aethere sunt ; in quo Omne quicquid est , Lux Naturalis & sua est . And this seems consequent to what hath already been declared touching their Igneous Nature ; for Fire cannot be without Light ; and indeed it appears altogether improbable that the Sun should illuminate the Fixed Stars , seeing as Bulialdus ( in Astronom . Philolaic . l. 1. c. 11. ) observes , the Sun's Diameter if beheld from Saturn would not appear greater than 3′ . 24″ . and therefore must needs afford too weak and extenuated a Light sufficiently to illustrate even that Planet , much less is it able to give Light to the Fixed Stars removed to so great a Distance beyond Saturn . Wherefore with Aristarchus Samius de Systemate Mundi ( if at least that Piece revived by Roberval , and published by Mersennus in Observat. Physico-Mathemat . be genuine ) We may reasonably imagine each of the Fixed Stars to be the Head and chief Part of a distinct Mundane System ; as the Sun is the Head and chief Part of our Visible System , and as the Sun hath several Planets constituted and carried about him ; so likewise every one of the Fixed Stars hath other Mundane Bodies like Planets disposed and moving about them , though not to be discerned by us by reason of their great Distance from our Earthly Habitation . And accordingly Galilaeo ( Dialog . 3. System . Cosmic . ) doubts not to assert that the fixed Stars are so many Suns , conform and like unto this Sun of ours ; serving to illuminate the innumerable other Planetary and Lunary Bodies within their respective Systems ; and there fore indued with innate and Original Light . Of the same Opinion is Antonius Maria de Reitha ( in suo Radio Sydereomystico p. 177. ) with whom Ricciolus ( Almagest Nov. l. 6. c. 2. ) concurrs , where he sayes , Mihi longe Probabilior horum Opinio videtur ( Bruni Galilaei Renati Des Cartes & Reithaei ) quia magis congruit Opisicis Numinis Majestati , ut non unicam Stellarum à se ipsa Lucentem , sed plures instar Solis accenderit ; Nec alium sui Luminis fontem agnoscerent quam omnium Luminum Patrem , Deum . See to this Effect more fully , Gassendus Syntagmat . Physic. part. 2. l. 4. c. 4. Kircherus Itinerar . Extatica Dialog. 1. c. 9. Hevelius in Cometograph . l. 7. and Otto de Gueriek l. 7. De vacuo spatio , where he treats , De Stellis Fixis . As to

Their Colour .

It is visibly various according to the Difference of their Light , attempered by the divers Constitution of their Matter or Substance ; some appearing of a ruddy , others of a gold colour ; some of a silver white , some pallid , others of a leaden hue ; whence some have made an Estimate of their Natures , and ranged them under the several Planets , of whose qualities they conceived them to be participant , according to the proportion they carry of Resemblance in their Colours , as for Example ; of the Nature of ♄ , they reckon Propus , and that in the Belly of the Southern Fish , and in the Belly and Tail of Cetus ; of the Nature partly of ♄ , partly of ♃ , they reckon that in the right shoulder of Cepheus , and in his left Foot , and those in the Girdle of Orion , Of the Nature of ♄ and ♂ , the first Star in Anes , that in the Beak of the Crow , and in the Head of Ophiu●…hus . Of ♄ and ♀ the Pole Star , those in the Head of the Dragon and Medusa , those in the Breast of Cassiopaea and Hydra , in the Side of Perseus , that in the Wing of Virgo , called Praevindemiarix , and in the Back and Tail of Leo. of ♄ and ☿ , those in the left shoulder of Bootes , in the Belly of the Hare , and in the Northern Scale of Libra . Of the Nature of ♄ , they count those in the Nodus or Commissura Piscium , of the Nature partly of ♃ , partly of ♂ . Arcturus , the Eagle and the Thigh of Pegasus , Regulus or Cor Leonis , Syrius and Cor Scorpii . Of the Nature of ♃ and ♀ , that in the Head of Andromeda , in the Thigh of Aquarius , and Achar Nahr sive ultima fluminis Orionis . Of the Nature of ♄ and ☿ , that in the Mouth and Shoulder of Pegasus , and the Southern Scale of Libra . Of the Nature of ♂ , the three in the Tail , and the four in the side of the greater Bear , Aldebaran , the Hyades , and Pollux ( one of the Twins . ) Of the Nature of ♂ and ☉ , the Aselli , and Oculus Sagittarii . Of the Nature of ♂ and ♀ , Spica Virginis . Of the Nature of ♂ and ☿ , the Head of Hercules , the Goat with the Kid , and those in either Shoulder of Orion . Of ♂ and ☽ , the Pleiades , and those in the Praesepe or Manger . Of ♀ , that in the Navel of Andromeda . Of ♀ and ☿ ; that in the shoulder Blade of Andromeda , those in the Lyra , in Corona Guossia in the Beak and Tail of the Swan , the Cup , and Fomalhaut . Of the Nature of ☿ , Procyon or the lesser Dog , as by Schikardus ( in Astroscopio ) we find them ranged and distinguished .

Their Scintillation .

Is that Pathos by which they are particularly distiguished from the Planets , for the Planets have no such Vibration , twinckling or glimering of Light ; but generally all the Fixed Stars , more or less ; and at sometimes more than at others , especially ( flante Euro ) while the wind blows ●…asterly , as Schickardus ( in Astroscop ) observes . The Cause of this their Scintillation is variously discoursed of , both by Philosophers and Astronomers . Aristotle among the Ancients ( l. 1. poster . c. 13. ) assigns the cause thereof to their Remoteness from our sight , by which they are weakly , and as it were by a trembling weariness reached , which Opinion Pontanus following , thus asserts the same in his Urania l. 2.

Scilicet alta illis Regio , sedesque repostae , Quo postquam advenit de fesso Lumine Visus , Defessus tremit ipse , tamen tremere ipsa videntur .

But this Reason is not at all convincing , for then Iupiter and Saturn , by reason of their great Distance should in some Proportion affect our Sight with such a kind of Tremor or Scintillation ; which yet we find they do not in their greatest Altitude . Blancanus ( in Sphaera Mundi ) ascribes the Cause thereof only to Refraction ; and therefore ( sayes he ) Syrius and Procyon twinckle or glimmer more than any of the rest , because they never ascend beyond 45° . above the Horizon : But then why does not Iupiter which is nearer to us , ( especially when within the Limits of Refraction ) do the like ? Schikardus is much of the same Opinion , and conceives this Phaenomenon to arise from the unequal Superficies of the fluctuating Air or Medium , as Stones in the Bottom of a River by the rapid Course of the Water , seem to have a kind of tremulous Motion , which is only in the crisped and uneven Undulation of the Stream . But if this Reason were true , not only the Fixed Stars , but the Planets , nay the Moon it self would be liable to the like Scintillation . Gassendus more probably conceives this Scintillation of the Fixed Stars to proceed from that Native and Primigenial Light they are indued with , like that of the Sun , sparkling , and casting forth ●…uch quick darted Rayes , as our Weaker Sight cannot behold without that trembling 〈◊〉 . To which likewise may be added the most swift and quick Motion of theirs about their own Axes , by that means making a more suddain and nimble variation in those radiant Objects than the Eye can pursue . From which Opinion yet the learned Scheinerus in his Mathematical Disquisitions clearly dissents . The Scintillation of the Stars ( sayes he ) is not their proper Revolution or C●…nvolution not any intern exestuating Commotion : No tremulous revibrating of the Sun beams proceeding 〈◊〉 their first or second Motions ; no unquiet or unequal Ejaculation of their Proper Rad●…i ; no ●…remor of the wearied Sight ; not any of These , nor all of These ; but the only and sole Intercision of their several Species falling upon the Eye , occasioned by the unquiet Intercursation of Vapours variously affected . But this Reason of his will not satisfie the more Curious Hevelius , who yet allows that of their Circumgyration about their proper Axes , instanced by Gassendus , yet only as an adjuvant not the sole Cause of their Scintillation , he imputing it rather to a constant Evibration of Lucid Matter , or a continual Exspiration of fiery Vapours and Effluvia from those Celestial bodies , in the same manner as we perceive those fulgurations and Ebullitions in the Body of the Sun , which by how much the grosser , and in greater plenty they are ejaculated , by so much the greater and more signal Scintillation is caused by them . And with this Reason , and that of Gassendus we may reasonably rest satisfied , until further Observation and Inquisition shall produce one more convincing . As to

Their Number .

If we look to those only which are most notable and visible , as being reduced to the six Vulgar Degrees of Magnitude , we shall find them according to Ptolemic's Computation to amount to but 1022. Pliny yet ( l. 2. c. 4. ) reckons them to be 1600. But if we reflect upon the absolute Number of all the Stars in the Firmament , we may conclude them ( though not with Iordanus Brunus to be infinite yet ) to be innumerable , at least by humane Calculation , either as looked upon by the bare Eye only , or by the Help of a Telescope ; by the means of which last Galilaeo ( in Nuncio Sidereo ) reports , that he discovered in the Cloudy Star in Orion , no less than 21. others ; in the Nebulous Star in the Praesepe , or Manger 36. In the Asterism of the Pleiades above 40. In the space between the Girdle and Sword of Orion , no fewer than 80 , and within little more than one Degrees Space in the Constellation of Orion above 500 Stars , by which numerous Discovery he was deterred from making out and describing that Constellation , which he had particularly intended to have done . Reitha likewise ( in suo Radio Sydereomystic . p. 197. ) affirms that he observed in the same Constellation above 2000. Stars . Whereupon Ricciolus thus argues , that if the Constellation of Orion take up in the Heavens the space of 500 square Degrees , as it is found to do , and that every square space whose side is but two Degrees , shall contain no less than 500 Stars , according to the observation of Galilaeo before mentioned , there will be found in the whole Constellation of Orion , at least 62500 Stars , whereas look'd upon by the Bare Eye only there appear not therein above 63 Stars . According to which Proportion if the rest of the Constellations were examined and the Difference computed of the number of the Stars appearing by the Telescope over and above those discerned by the bare Eye ; there might be reckoned above Ten hundred thousand Stars , besides those in the Via Lactea . Nay , if one should reckon them above twenty hundred thousand , Mihi quidem nihil inopinabile finxerit ( sayes Ricciol . Almagest . Nov. Tom. 1. l. 6. p. 413. )

Some of the Iewish Doctors reckon not above 12000 Stars in all , but those of the Cabala , no less than 29000 Myriads , which Number Schickardus conceives to be too transcendent ; and believes that the whole Area of the Heavens would not receiue above 26712 Myriads , though they were placed contiguous to one another , & but 1‴ . of a minute allowed for the space that every one should take up . But as to this Particular conclude we rather with Schottus in Praelus . in Firmament . Itiner . Exstatic . Kircheri . in Schol. 1. Punctum est Terra quam incolimus , &c. This Globe of the Earth which We inhabit , which We harrass with so many Armies , so many Warlike Fleets , and which We divide with such Insatiable Avarice , is but a Point , and yet We have not overrun every Kingdom , nor penetrated every Region thereof , although enriched with the Accession of America . There are greater Tracts from the Straits of Magellan to the Southern Pole which be yet undiscovered . What think We then remains undetected in the Vast Immensity of the Heavens , in that great Kingdom of the Almighty Creatour hardly to be approached by our Weak Eyes . It is intolerable Arrogance therefore to Imagine that our Sight though never so strengthened by the help of Tellescopes can discover all the Stars in the Celestial Expansum , and extream folly to go about to range them within the Limits of any definit Number ; That being the Work of God alone , who Numbers the Multitude of the Stars , and calls them by their Names .

Their Figures .

As to their Figure , it is apparently Spherical or round ; maintained to be such by the Stoicks , and with them by our Manilius , Plutarch yet ( De Placit . Plilisoph . l. 2. c. 14. ) gives us the different opinions of some of the Ancients , for Cleanthes held them to be Pyramidal or pointed ; Anaximenes conceived them to be like Studs or Nails fixed in the Chrystalline Firmament ; others imagined them to be fiery or lucid Plates or Laminae , like so many flat Pictures , not of any thickness or Profundity ; Scheinerus , and Antonius Maria de Reitha , will have them to be of divers Figures or Faces , of a Poly-angular shape , and such the larger sort of Telescopes represent them , or as Kepler in Epitom . Astron. ( p. 498. ) describes them , like so many Lucid Points or Sparks casting forth every way their Rayes , of Light ; so that we are to apprehend their Figure to be only Physically Spherical , not Mathematically such ; for in the first Acceptation they may be said to be round Bodies , however according to the later , their superficies may be found to be uneven , and to consist of many Angles and Sides .

Their Magnitudes

Before We undertake to say any thing as to the Magnitudes of the Stars , it will not be amiss in the first place , which Schickardus ingeniously to acknowledge , that Veras illorum Magnitudines verè ignoramus .

But that we may in some measure satisfie the Readers Expectation . We shall in the following Tables , give some Accompt thereof , according to the divers Calculations made by several Eminent Astronomers ; the first of which Tables shews how many Minutes or Seconds their Apparent Diameters contain ; the second how many Diameters of the Earth their true Diameters contain ; the third , what is the Solidity of their Bodies to that of the Earth . In which Tables may be observed a great Diversity ; arising partly , from the various Distances assigned to them by several Authors from the Earth , the supposed Mundane Center ; partly , from the divers Estimate of their Apparent Diameters , made by the bare Eye , by Tycho and others more Ancient , and by Telescopes by Modern Astronomers .

I.TableoftheApparentDiametersoftheFixedStars. Their several Magnitudes . 1 2 3 4 5 6 According to Maginus 10′ 0″ 5′ 30″ 4′ 0″ 3′ 0″ 2′ 0″ 1′ 0″ Tycho , Longom . Blanc . 2 0 1 30 1 5 0 45 0 30 0 20 Lansbergius 1 0 0 40 0 30 0 20 0 10 0 5 Hortensius 0 8 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 Kepler 3 0 2 0

II.TableofthetrueDiametersoftheFixedStars,andhowmanyDiametersoftheEartheachcontains. Their several Magnitudes . 1 2 3 4 5 6 According to Maurolicus and Clavi●…s 4 ¾ 4 20/90 4 1/●… .3 ⅘ 3 11/3●… 2 5/8 Fernelius 4 3/6 4 ½ 4 7/60 3 ¾ 3 ¼ 2 7/●…2 Tycho 4 1⅓ 3 1/1●… 2 ⅕ 1 19/30 1 1/49 0 ⅖ Lansbergius 40712 27132 20356 13580 6776 3388

III.TableoftheSolidityoftheFixedStarstothatoftheEarth. Their several Magnitudes 1 2 3 4 5 6 According to As to As to As to As to As to As to Alfraganus 100 1 90 1 72 1 54 1 36 1 18 1 Fernel . Maurolyc . Clav. 107 1 90 1 72 1 55 1 36 1 18 1 Tycho , Boyer . Blancan . 68 1 28½ 1 11 1 4½ 1 1 1/1●… 1 0 1/●… 1

To these we shall add .

IV.TablefromtheObservationsofRicciolusshewingaswelltheirApparentMagnitudes,astheirtrueMagnitudes,deducedfromtheirundermentionedsupposedDistancesfromtheEarth. Degrees of Magnitude Names of the Stars of the several Degrees of Magnitude Apparent Diameter The greatest Distance according to Ricciolus of 210000 Semidiameters of the Earth The least Distance according to Ricciolus of 100000 Semidiameters of the Earth The greatest Distance according to the Ptolemaick 40000 Semidiameters of the Earth The greatest Distance according to Tycho 14000 Semi-Diameters The true Diameter contains the Earths Diameter The Body contains the Earths Body The true Diameter contains the Earths Diameter The Body contains the Earths Body The true Diameter contains the Earths Diameter The Body contains the Earths Body The true Diameter contains the Earths Diameter The Body contains the Earths Body 1 Sirius 18″ 0‴ 17 45/100 5355 8 7/10 815 3 ½ 42 0 61/100 0 1/7 1 Arcturus 16 42 16 ⅔ 3932 8 0 512 3 ⅕ 32 0 46/100 0 1/9 1 Aldebaran 15 24 14 ⅕ 2810 7 ⅗ 402 3 0 27 0 57/100 0 ⅛ 1 Spica 15 5 13 9/10 2660 7 ⅓ 374 2 7/10 18 0 47/100 0 1/10 1 Regulus 14 5 13 3/5 2202 6 ⅘ 249 2 6/10 16 0 43/100 0 1/1●… 1 Rigil 13 40 13 0 2197 6 ⅖ 220 2 ½ 15 ½ 0 1/2 0 41/100 2 Procyon 12 20 12 0 1728 6 0 216 2 3/10 12 0 39/100 0 1/1●… 2 Aquila 11 0 10 ⅗ 1120 5 7/25 137 2 1/10 8 ⅖ 0 37/100 0 1/20 2 Polaris 7 53 7 ⅗ 402 3 9/10 62 1 55/100 3 ¼ 0 27/100 0 1/50 3 Algol 7 3 6 ⅗ 260 3 2/5 34 1 35/100 2 ⅕ 0 24/100 0 7/500 4 Propus 6 10 6 0 216 2 9/10 26 1 15/100 1 ½ 0 20/100 0 4/500 5 Pleias 4 ⅘ 4 ⅘ 92 2 7/10 18 1 8/100 1 ¼ 0 18/100 0 3/500 6 Alcor 4 0 4 0 64 2 15/100 9 0 86/100 0 7/10 0 15/100 0 3/1000

But seeing the Astronomers of the Copernican Opinion , maintain the Magnitudes of the Fixed Stars to be far greater than the former Tables show them to be : It will not be amiss to annex the following One.

V.TableshewingthetrueMagnitudeoftheFixedStars,thatisofOneoftheGreatest,andOneoftheLeast, viz. Sirius andAlcor;supposingtheApparentDiameterofSiriustobe18″.ofAlcor,4″.accordingtotheDistanceinthe Copernican Hypothesis ,maintainingtheParallaxoftheFixedStarsmadebytheEarthsMotion,nottoexceed10″.andimaginingtheDiameteroftheAnnualOrb,tobesuchasuponthosePrinciplesitisstatedtobe. According to The Distances to be asserted in The true Magnitude of Sirius The true Magnitude of Alcor Semidiameters of the Earth The Diameters of Sirius contains Diameters of the Earth The Body of Sirius contains the Earths Body The Diameter of Alcor contains Diameters of the Earth Its Body contains the Earths Body Copernicus 47 , 439 , 800 4170 71 , 6771 , 713 , 000 1992 4 , 378 , 454 , 048 Herigonius 49 , 502 , 400 4350 82 , 312 , 875 , 000 2068 8 , 844 , 058 , 432 Galilaeus 49 , 832 , 416 4380 8 , 427 , 672 , 000 2092 9 , 155 , 362 , 688 Bulialdus 60 , 227 , 920 5300 148 , 877 , 000 , 000 2530 15 , 941 , 277 , 000 Lansbergius 61 , 616 , 122 5424 159 , 371 , 956 , 024 2588 17 , 333 , 761 , 472 Keplerus 142 , 746 , 428 12550 1 , 967 , 656 , 371 , 000 6000 216 , 000 , 000 , 000 Vendelinus 604 , 589 , 312 53200 15 , 056 , 882 , 800 , 000 25380 1 , 767 , 384 , 872 , 000

These Magnitudes may to some ( happily ) seem Exorbitant ; but in the Judgment of the Intelligent Schikardus , Eorum Speculationes qui Coelum Stellatum longissimè à Nobis removent , & consequenter Astra plurimum amplificant , Veritati sunt propiores quoniam Minora neutiquam admittit concessa Orbis Annui Parallaxis . ( Astrocop . p. 14 ▪ )

Of their Place and Distance from the Earth ( or rather the Sun . )

This seems a Question of that Difficulty , that Pliny pronounced the Investigation thereof to be no less than a Piece of Madness . And therefore Ricciolus ( Almagest . Nov. l. 6. c. 7. ) treating upon this Subject , thought fit in the Front of his Discourse to prefix this Theorem , as a most certain Truth , that , Parallaxis & Distantia fixarum non potest certâ & evidenti Observatione humanitùs comprehendi .

For we know not whether the Stars are all in the same Spherical Superficies equally distant from the Centre of the World , or whether they be placed at unequal Distances , some higher , some lower . This latter yet was the Sentiment of the Ancient Stoical Philosophers , who conceived the difference of their Lustre and Apparent Magnitudes , to proceed from their diversity of Situation , as more or less removed from our Sight . And this Opinion our Manilius long since declared , where speaking of some Stars in Orion , appearing more obscure than the rest , he gives the reason of that Phoenomenon to be

Non quod clara minus , sed quod magis alta recedunt .

An Hypothesis so seemingly rational , that the Famous Tycho , Galileo , and Kepler have readily imbraced the same ; and therefore we may reasonably suppose , that their Distances are as divers as those of the Planets , how ever our weak sight unable to distinguish their divers Intervals , judges them to be all inherent in the same Concave Spherical Superficies . Ricciolus in Almagest . Nov. l. 6. c. 7. reckons up five manner of wayes of attaining in some Probability to the Knowledge of their Immense and hitherto incomprehensible Distances , which I shall only reckon up ; referring the Reader to be further satisfied from the more Ample Discourse of that Author : The first is from the Supposition of their least sensible Parallax : The second is from the Proportion of the Periodical Motion , and Distance of some of the more certainly known Celestial Lights . The third , from the difference of Refractions of the Sun , Moon , or other of the Planets , and that of the Fixed Stars . The fourth , from the Computation of the bare Distance of Saturn from the Earth , without any regard to his shaddow : The fifth , from the Distance of Saturn joyned with the length of its shaddow , which Method Ricciolus supposes the most probable . As for example ; The shadow of Saturn is supposed ( according to Ricciolus ) to extend to 118680 Semidiameters of the Earth , which joyned with the greatest Distance of Saturn , being according to the said Author 90155 Semidiameters of the Earth . The Distance of the Fixed Stars can be computed no less than 200000. of those Semidiameters , or rather 208835. that they may be clearly exempt from the Reach of Saturns shadow , and although there is no fear of their being obscured by the same , in regard they are not illuminated by the Sun , but shine by their own innate Light ; yet it is supposed they are seated beyond it , by the wise and great Architect of Nature ; and ( if you will take the Opinion of Des Cartes ) for this Reason ; that there might be a convenient space between the Planetary Heaven , and that of the Fixed Stars , for the Production and Ascent of Comets and New Stars . Wherefore ( according to the computation of Ricciolus ) the least Distance that may be assigned to the Fixed Stars , to raise them beyond the shadow of Saturn and its Satellites , will be found to amount to 210000. Semidiameters of the Earth . The greatest being altogether uncertain , by reason the Crassitude or Profundity of their Heaven is not to be determined ; and that they are as well by their Extreme Parts , as by their Centers , unequally removed from us . But let the Reader for his more particular Satisfaction , look upon the following Tables .

TableoftheDistanceoftheFixedStarsfromtheEarth(orrathertheSun.) According to the several Authors following . Semidiameters of the Earth . Horizontal Parallax of the Fixed Stars . Least Distance Greatest Distance ″ ‴ Albategnius , Iunctinus 19000 Uncertain 10 58 Alfraganus , Barocius 20220 40440 10 14 Maurolycus 20077 20086 10 16 Fernelius , Clavius 22612 45225 9 08 Maginus 20110 40220 10 15 Tycho 13000 14000 15 6 Marius Bettinus 2290 90 0 Ant. Mar. Rheita . 20000000 00 1 Ricciolus according to the fourth Method 100000 Uncertain 2 0 To the fifth Method 210000 1 ferè

The Parallaxes placed in the last Column answer to their least Distances , for according to their greatest Distances assigned by Alfraganus , Maginus , Fernelius , and Clavius , 5″ . or 6″ . would be sufficient .

DISTANCEoftheFixedStarsassertedbythefollowersofCopernicusin Semidiameters of the Earth The greatest Parallax of the Fixed Stars made from the Annual Motion of the Earth Authours The Half from the Semidiameter The whole from the Diameter of the Annual Orb ′ ″ ′ ″ Copernicus Indefinite * * * * Galilaeus 13,046,400 0 20 0 40 Kepler formerly 34,077,067 0 9 0 17 Kepler afterward 60,000,000 0 12 0 24 Lansbergius formerly 10,312,227 0 30 1 00 Lansbergius later dayes 41,958,000 0 07 0 15 Hortensius 10,312,227 0 30 1 00 Herigon 144,0000 3 0 6 00

DistanceoftheFixedStars,supposingtheEarth'sAnnualMotionabouttheSun,andtheCopernicanDistanceoftheEarthfromtheSun. According to the Calculation of Semidiameters of the Earth Total Parallax of the Fixed Stars ′ ″ Tycho and Maginus 7850,000 1 00 Longomontanus 7906,818 1 00 Scheinerus 13,133,376 0 40 10,320,000 0 48

DistanceoftheFixedStarsfromtheEarth,supposingtheEarthsMotion,andthegreatestParallaxoftheFixedStarstobe10″.andtheDistancesoftheSunandEarth,asunderwritten. According to the several Authors following . Distance of * and Earth in Semidiameters of the Earth Distance of the Fixed Stars in Semidiameters of the Earth Copernicus 1150 47,439,800 Maestlinus , Galilaeus 1208 49,832,416 Keplerus 3469 142,746,428 Lansbergius 1498½ 61,616,122 Bullialdus 1460 60,227,920 Herigonius 1200 49,502,400 Vendelinus 14656 604,589,312

It rests that something be said of the Proper Motion of the Fixed Stars , which is double .

The first is their Circumrotation about their own Centers , termed Motus Vertiginis ; in which they are carried about with extraordinary Celerity ; whence the Reason in part ( as already hinted ) of their Scintillation .

The second is their Motion of Revolution from West to East , Secundum Ductum Eclipticae , in which they are observed to move , but very slowly . Touching this , it will not be amiss to insert the three following Conclusions of Ricciolus in his Astronom . Reformat . p. 259.

The first is , that the Motion of the Fixed Stars is equal and uniform .

Secondly , That their Annual Motion is not less than 49″ . nor greater than 51″ .

Third , That it seems most Probable that their Annual Motion is 50″ . 40‴ . though the Opinion of those who compute it to be within 50″ . or 51″ . wants not fair Probability .

From the Supposition of their Annual Motion of 50″ . 40‴ . It follows that they complete not one Degree in the Ecliptick sooner than in 71 years and 16/304 , or 19 dayes and 12 Houres in a manner ; but the whole Circle of 360 Degrees they run not through save in 25579 years , which is the Annus Magnus Platonicus ( though by the Ancients computed to extend to no less than 36000 years ) which 25579 Sidereal years , are equal to 25580 Equinoctial years . But this will be clearlier manifested by the following Table .

TableoftheMotionoftheFixedStarsinLongitude. Years ′ ″ ‴ Years ′ ″ ‴ Years Gr. ′ ″ ‴ 1 0 50 40 43 36 18 40 83 1 10 5 20 2 1 41 20 44 37 9 20 84 1 10 56 0 3 2 22 00 45 38 0 0 85 1 11 46 40 4 3 22 40 46 38 50 40 86 1 12 37 20 5 4 13 20 47 39 41 20 87 1 13 28 0 6 5 4 0 48 40 32 0 88 1 14 18 40 7 5 54 40 49 41 22 40 89 1 15 09 20 8 6 45 20 50 42 13 20 90 1 16 0 0 9 7 36 00 51 43 04 0 91 1 16 50 40 10 8 26 40 52 43 54 40 92 1 17 41 20 11 9 17 20 53 44 45 20 93 1 18 32 0 12 10 8 0 54 45 36 0 94 1 19 22 40 13 10 58 40 55 46 26 40 95 1 20 13 20 14 11 49 20 56 47 17 20 96 1 21 4 0 15 12 40 0 57 48 8 0 97 1 21 54 40 16 13 30 40 58 48 58 40 98 1 22 45 20 17 14 21 20 59 49 49 20 99 1 23 36 0 18 15 12 0 60 50 40 0 100 1 24 26 40 19 16 2 40 200 2 48 53 20 20 16 53 20 Gr. ′ ″ ‴ 300 4 13 20 0 21 17 44 0 61 0 51 30 40 400 5 37 46 40 22 18 34 40 62 0 52 21 20 500 7 2 13 20 23 19 25 20 63 0 53 12 0 600 8 26 40 0 24 20 16 0 64 0 54 2 40 700 9 51 6 40 25 21 6 40 65 0 54 53 20 800 11 15 33 20 26 21 57 20 66 0 55 44 0 900 12 40 0 0 27 22 48 0 67 0 56 34 40 1000 14 4 26 40 28 23 38 40 68 0 57 25 20 2000 28 8 53 20 29 24 29 20 69 0 58 16 0 3000 42 13 20 0 30 25 20 0 70 0 59 6 40 4000 56 17 46 40 31 26 10 40 71 0 59 57 20 5000 70 22 13 20 32 27 1 20 72 1 0 48 0 6000 84 26 40 0 33 27 52 0 73 1 1 38 40 7000 98 31 6 40 34 28 42 40 74 1 2 29 20 8000 112 35 33 20 35 29 33 20 75 1 3 20 0 9000 126 46 0 0 36 30 24 00 76 1 4 10 40 10000 140 44 26 40 37 31 14 40 77 1 5 01 20 20000 281 28 13 20 38 32 5 20 78 1 5 52 0 25579 360 0 0 0 39 32 56 0 79 1 6 42 40 40 33 46 40 80 1 7 33 20 41 34 37 20 81 1 8 24 0 42 35 28 0 82 1 9 14 40

Table of the Right Ascension and Declination of 100 of the Fixed Stars for the year of Christ 1700 completed : according to Ricciolus in Astronom . Reformat . Names of the fixed Stars . Right Ascention for the year 1700. Declination for the year 1700. Difference of Ascention in 100 years Declination in 100 years Gr. ′ ″ Gr. ′ ″ Gr. ′ ′ Head of Andromeda 358 14 8 27 27 26 B 1 17 34 A Girdle of Andromeda 13 11 20 34 2 40 1 23 33 A Southern Foot of Andromeda 26 21 51 40 52 30 1 29 30 A Fomalhaut of ♒ 340 11 0 31 8 10 A 1 25 31 S Right Shoulder of ♒ 327 36 55 1 43 44 1 20 29 S Left Shoulder of ♒ 318 55 54 6 48 46 1 21 26 S Left Hand of ♒ 307 45 54 10 33 44 1 26 19 S Bright one in the Eagle 294 2 47 8 6 32 B 1 27 13 A First in ♈ Horn 24 17 2 17 48 24 B 1 23 31 A Second in ♈ Horn 24 30 3 19 19 24 1 22 31 A Bright one in Aries 27 35 58 22 1 30 1 25 30 A Goat of Auriga 73 35 56 45 40 0 1 49 10 A Right Shoulder of Auriga 84 29 42 44 51 30 1 58 4 ⅙ A Arcturus in Bootes 210 33 2 20 48 2 B 1 11 29 ½ S Left Shoulder of Bootes 215 2 33 39 35 12 1 2 27 S Praesepe in S 125 46 2 20 43 4 B 1 28 19 S Northern Asinego in S 126 26 0 22 3 0 1 30 20 S Southern Asinego in S 126 54 3 19 15 0 1 27 20 S Great Dog , Sirius 97 57 6 16 18 6 A 1 7 4 A Little Dog , Procyon 110 54 33 5 59 12 B 1 20 12 S Upper Horn of ♑ 300 24 34 13 22 6 A 1 25 16 S Lower Horn of ♑ 301 7 29 15 38 2 1 27 17 S First in the Tayl of ♑ 320 56 29 17 54 21 1 26 26 S Second in the Tayl of ♑ 322 43 30 17 22 22 1 25 27 S Bright one in Cassiopea's Chair 358 14 33 57 32 16 B 1 15 34 A Scheder or the Breast of Cassiopea 5 56 0 54 55 16 1 22 34 A In the flexure of Cassiopea 9 45 58 59 7 36 1 27 34 A In Cassiopea's Knee 16 36 0 58 40 22 1 35 33 A Cepheus his Girdle 321 6 20 69 17 10 0 22 26 A Bright one in the Whales Jaw 41 38 7 2 53 50 B 1 15 25 A Northern Whales Belly 24 12 0 11 44 50 A 1 15 31 S Southern in the Whales Tayl 7 5 8 19 35 40 1 18 34 S Northern in Whales Tayl 1 4 12 10 24 54 1 17 34 S Bright one in the Northern Crown 230 39 0 27 45 20 B 1 5 21 S In the Beak of the Swan 289 39 48 27 22 40 1 1 11 A In the Swans Breast 302 55 52 39 20 5 0 53 ½ 18 A In the Swans Tayl 307 47 17 44 14 51 0 51 ½ 20 ½ A Upper Wing of the Swan 293 56 2 44 26 21 0 48 14 A Lower Wing of the Swan 308 29 10 32 51 24 0 0 21 A Bright one of the Dragon 267 25 20 51 35 2 0 35 2 S In the Head of Castor 108 50 46 32 30 26 B 1 44 11 S In the Head of Pollux 111 43 36 28 43 2 1 34 12 S Bright one Foot of the Twins 95 3 32 16 37 32 1 28 2 S Head of Hercules 255 21 37 14 46 48 B 1 8 8 S Right Shoulder Hercules 244 19 35 22 11 40 1 5 15 S Left Shoulder Hercules 255 31 33 25 15 48 0 52 8 S Heart of Hydra 138 12 22 7 21 30 A 1 15 25 A Lions Heart Regulus 148 4 15 13 25 16 B 1 22 ½ 28 ½ S Lions Tayl 175 25 34 16 14 4 1 19 34 S Bright one in Iuba Leonis 150 48 47 21 21 0 1 25 ½ 29 S Bright one in Lumbis Leonis 164 32 20 22 7 44 1 27 34 S Uppermost in the Neck 149 58 52 24 53 54 1 28 29 S Lowest in the Neck 147 47 52 18 13 33 1 28 28 S Thigh of the Hare 78 51 30 20 59 0 A 1 5 7 S Northern Scale of Libra 225 15 26 8 14 46 1 21 ½ 24 A

The rest of the Table of the Right Ascension , &c. Names of the fixed Stars . Right Ascension for the year 1700. Declination for the year 1700. Difference of Ascension in 100 years Declination in 100 years Gr. ′ ″ Gr. ′ ″ Gr. ′ ′ Southern Scale of Libra 218 38 12 14 45 18 1 25 27 A Bright one in Lyra 276 39 32 38 32 16 B 0 50 4 A Head of Ophiuchus 260 15 38 12 49 22 B 1 11 7 S Left Hand of Ophiuchus 239 47 37 2 52 2 A 1 23 18 A Right Knee of Ophiuchus 252 39 40 9 53 30 0 50 10 A Left Knee of Ophiuchus 245 11 37 15 16 30 1 23 15 A Right Shoulder of Ophiuchus 162 8 38 4 44 40 B 1 13 5 S Uppermost in the Head of Orion 79 41 10 9 34 38 B 1 22 7 A Right Shoulder of Orion 84 43 4 7 18 20 1 22 4 A Left Shoulder of Orion 97 16 40 6 3 2 1 19 8 A Foot of Orion Rigel ▪ 75 2 50 8 33 42 A 1 15½ 9½ S 1. in the Belt of Orion 79 9 48 0 32 50 1 17 7 S 2. in the Belt of Orion 80 12 54 1 25 46 1 17 6 S 3. in the Belt of Orion 81 18 25 2 8 20 1 16 5 S Mouth of Pegasus 322 27 36 8 32 14 B 1 18 26 A Sa'd Alpharas in the Leg 342 20 36 26 28 38 1 12 32 A Markab in the joyning of the Wing 342 28 10 13 35 58 1 15 32 A End of Pegasus Wing 359 27 25 13 32 56 1 16 34 A Bright one in the side of Perseus 45 32 18 48 44 54 1 28 12 A Ras Al Gol of Perseus 42 12 42 39 46 30 1 37 25 A The Hindermost in the Head of the Southern Fish 345 24 5 1 40 2 1 17 33 A In the Knot in the Line of ♓ 26 38 5 1 19 0 1 18 30 A Bright one in the Head of ♐ 283 1 5 21 22 48 A 1 31 8 S Antares , Heart of Scorpius 242 47 28 25 39 54 1 32 16 A Northern Front of Scorpius 236 58 15 18 53 36 1 28 19 A Middlemost 236 14 34 21 41 40 1 30 20 A Southern Front of Scorpius 235 18 0 25 9 54 1 37½ 21 A Bright one in the Neck of the Serp. 232 24 0 7 24 36 B 1 15 21 S Aldebaran , or Southern Eye ♉ 64 41 35 15 52 10 B 1 26½ 15 A In the Northern Horn of ♉ 76 51 18 28 19 2 1 37 8 A Southern Horn of ♉ 79 55 20 20 55 58 1 31 7 A Northern Eye of ♉ 62 43 36 18 30 28 1 24 17 A Lowest of the Hyades ♉ 60 39 35 14 55 38 1 25 17 A Bright one of Pleiades ♉ 52 27 35 23 9 24 1 29 21 A Spica Virginis 197 22 55 9 33 30 1 19½ 32½ A Girdle of Virgo 190 10 22 5 2 54 B 1 18 34 S Vindemiatrix in Virgo 191 52 20 12 34 58 1 17 33 S The bright one in the Shoulder of the greater Bear 161 17 5 63 22 2 B 1 41 32 S The bright one in its Side 160 52 20 57 59 2 1 37 32 S The bright one in the hindermost Thigh 174 23 34 55 23 42 1 23 34 S On the Back near the Tayl 180 8 2 58 41 42 1 20 34 S 1. in the Tayl 190 7 56 57 36 58 1 9 33 S The 2. in the Tayl 197 55 2 56 30 52 1 3 32 S Last in the Tayl 203 53 50 50 50 56 1 2 31 S The last in the Tayl of the lesser Bear now the Pole-Star 9 52 10 87 42 51 3 10 34⅙ A The bright one in the Shoulder heretofore called Cynosura 222 39 20 75 37 30 1 15 2½ A The right Ascension of this still decreases .

To what we have already said of the Fixed Stars , it will not be amiss to add something touching those , which in regard they are now and then visible at other times disappear , are called New Stars , as that in Cassiopea observed by Tycho ; and three others in the same Constellation lately discovered by Signeur Cassini , that in Serpentarius by Kepler and others ; two more in the beginning of the Constellation Eridanus detected by Cassini . That in the Whale's Neck , and in the Northern Part of Andromeda's Girdle , by Bullialdus ; that in the Swan's Breast , and another near its Beak , by Hevelius and Don Anthelm a Carthusian of Dijon ; and four others near the Artick Pole lately taken Notice of by Cassini . The Nature , Substance and Generation of which Stars are diversly discoursed of both by Philosophers and Astronomers ▪ Some conceiving them to be generated of Sublunary Matter , and to be Comets wanting their Bush or Train ; others conceive them to be generated of Celestial Matter by Condensation , as the other of the Fixed Stars at the first Creation ; but not so compact and solid as those other Fixed Stars are , and therefore by degrees come to lose their Consistence , and with the Dissipation of their Substance , their Light . Some imagine them to be of the same Nature , Substance , and of equal continuance with other of the Fixed Stars , but assign to them a different Motion ; by which Motion of theirs they sometime approach nearer to , sometimes recede further from the Earth ; by means of their first Motion becoming visible and solving the different Appearances of their Light and Magnitude ; by the latter , shewing the Reason of their Disappearance . But this Motion is by others denied ; but because they find even in the Fixed Stars themselves , the like Alteration of their Lights and Magnitudes , which sometimes appear so small , as if they were Stars of the last , at other Times so bright , as if they were of the first Degree ; they allow of some Alteration to be made in the very Bodies of these Stars ; and as the Sun appears sometimes over-cast with Spots ; so they conceive these Stars to be sometimes ore-clouded with such kind of Spots at what time they disappear ; at other times to recover their Light , and become visible ; others are of Opinion , that the Globes of these kind of Stars are so made , that but one side of them , shines , the other being altogether obscure ( the first Authour of which Opinion seems to be Ricciolus , as he affirms of himself , Almagest . Nov. Tom. 2. l. 8. c. 17. ) and that they move and have a Circumrotation about their own proper Axes , now turning their bright sides to us , at another time their dark ; And for this Reason they are by Le Pere Cherubin termed Stellae Versatiles . The Periods of their several Motions not being yet clearly determined ; but by the Observations hitherto made , it appears , that , that in the Whales Neck makes its Revolution in Eleven Moneths ; that in the Swans Breast is supposed not to finish the Period of its Revolution sooner then in fourteen Years , that near the Beak of the Swan compleating hers in about ten Months Time ; the Periods of the others Revolutions not being yet certainly known .

Of the SUN .

What seemed requisite to be added touching the Fixed Stars being dispatched ; Something is to be said concerning those which are commonly termed Erratick or Planets ; and among them in the first Place of the most glorious Luminary the Sun .

Whose Nature or Substance , with Anaxagoras , Democritus , Metrodorus , Epicurus , Pythagoras It s Nature and Substance . and Plato of old , and with Kepler , Scheinerus , Rheita , Bullialdus , Kircher , Ricciolus , and others of late , We cannot with fairer probability conjecture to be other than a formal fiery Body , consisting of true proper Elementary Fire , partly liquid , partly solid . The liquid , being an Ocean of Light , and moving with fiery Billows , and flaming Ebullitions , as is manifest to those that look upon it through a Telescope . The solid Parts , being like the Land in our Terraqueous Globe , divided into Continents , Islands , Mountains , Rocks , that thereby the Vehement Motion of the exestuating Solar Ocean , might be restrained , and by frequent Allisions , repulsed , dissipated , and broken , to the end it might more efficaciously communicate its Panspermatick Virtue to all those Bodies , to which it is to afford Light and Influence . We may likewise probably conceive , that the Solar Globe , is , as this Earth of ours , hollowed with vast Subterraneous Caverns and Receptacles of Fire , which break forth out of the Solar Ignivomous Mountains , in the same manner as we find our Subterranean Fires to break out of Etna , Hecla , and Vesuvius . And it is in all Appearance as probable , that the solid Parts of the Sun within which the fluid and liquid Fire is contained , as Mettal in a Furnace , are thoroughly ignified in the same manner as we find the Bricks in the Roofs and sides of Furnaces , are made red hot , and look of the same colour as the fiery Mass of melted matter within them . We may further probably infer , that the earthly or solid Parts of the Sun are of an Asbestinous and incombustible Nature , and far better able to resist the Voracity of the Fire then this Earth of ours ; And though it should be supposed that some Parts here and there should be consumed , and perhaps whole Mountains be levelled and wasted ; yet it follows not that the Globe of the Sun should therefore be totally destroyed , more than this Earth of ours is , by the frequent Accidents of such kind of partial Ruines and Decayes . It is also evident that the Splendor as well of the fluid , as the solid Fire of the Solar Globe , is far more bright than our Earthly Fire or Flame . The End for which it was made necessarily requiring the same , as being intended for the Fountain of Light , and Lamp , if not of the whole World , at least , of the Planetary System .

This fire , as well the Liquid , or Solar Sea , as that which breaks out of the Caverns and Mountains , exhales constantly fuliginous Vapours , not black and sooty , like the Smoak of our Fire ; but bright and pure , which collected together and condensed in the Circumambient Aether , do in a manner overcast the Sun , as Clouds overshadow the Earth . But all this will be clearlier represented in the annexed Scheme , taken from the joynt Observations of Scheinerus and Kircherus .

From what hath been said , and the Evidence of frequent Observations lately made by help of the Telescope , it is manifest , that the Sun is not ( as Aristotle and his Followers fancy it to be ) of an unalterable Substance , but Subject to divers Changes and Alterations , as not only the Generation and Production , but the Dissolution and Corruption of several strange Phaenomena , in the Body thereof ( altogether unknown to the Ancients ) clearly demonstrate . Among which the most Eminent are those by later Astronomers termed the

Maculae , & Faculae Solares .

The Maculae or Spots , are certain Cloudy Obscurities appearing upon the Disque of the Sun ; Maculae , or Spots . supposed by some Astronomers , to be a fuliginous obscure Matter or Vapour , sometime closely compacted into one ; sometimes dispersed and dissipated into several Parcels issuing from its fervent fiery Body , by force of its extream Heat . And though it cannot be certainly determined ( by reason of the Want of Parallax ) whether they be in the Sun it self , or distant from it some space ; yet if one consider , their first Appearance or Birth , their Decay or Disappearance , their Shape or Figure , Increase , Diminution , Separation , Conjunction , Motion , and other like Accidents ; It is credible , and ( by what Observation makes out ) most probable , that they are in the very Body of the Sun , at least not far from the Superficies thereof ; in regard that when they are observed near the Border or Edge of the Sun 's Disque going off from its visible Hemisphere , and turning about to the other ( at what time they begin to disappear ) they cannot be perceived to be raised above the Superficies of the Sun , or to shew any apparent Space or Distance between them and the Edge of the Sun's Globe , as in reason they would , and indeed ( if it were so ) they ought to do .

Their Shapes and Figures , are of unequal Form and Grandeur , and most irregular , which argues Their Shapes and Figures . them not to be Stars or Planets moving about the Body of the Sun , as Tarde and Malapertius have supposed ; the one entituling them Sidera Borbonia , the other Sidera Austriaca . Some of these are more durable and lasting than others , and those are conceived to be the solid Parts of the Sun , shewing themselves variously figured , and of different Magnitudes , by reason of the vertiginous Motion of the Sun about its own Axis representing them to our Sight diversly situated , which diversity of their Appearance arises likewise from the Manner of the Sun's Circumgyration , which is such , that its Axis does not alwayes keep the same Inclination to the Plane of the Ecliptick .

They have a Motion from the Oriental Part of the Sun 's Disque , to the Occidental , which Their Motion . Course they ordinarily finish within the space of thirteen Dayes more or less , according to their greater or lesser Latitude , for they make by their Motion as it it were a Zodiack of about sixty Degrees broad , that is , about thirty Degrees on each side of the Sun 's Ecliptick .

The Faculae Solares

Are conceived to be partly Massie fiery Globes bursting forth out of the Ignivomous Solar Mountains ; and by reason of their Brightness shining amidst the Fuliginous Cloudy Vapours , or Maculae , at sometimes suddenly disappearing , at others , making a long continuance or Duration . Partly Effervencies of the exestuating Solar Ocean : Which by reason of the excessive innate Fervour of the Sun's Globe , boyls up into mighty Waves like Mountains of Light , scattering and dispersing the darker Maculae , and discovering as it were a fiery Ocean fluctuating and agitated with Flaming Billows and unusual Splendour ; or as Scheinerus ( in Disquisit . Mathem . ) defines them . Faculae , sunt Areolae in Sole Lucidiores reliquo ejusdem Corpore , i. e. they are certain small Plats or Spaces in the Sun , brighter than the rest of its Body , thus described by Galilaeo ( in Letter . 3. Delle Macchie Solar . ) In the face of the Sun their appear certain Marks , brighter than the rest , in which is observed the same Motion as in the Maculae , which that they are inherent in the very Body of the Sun , cannot be doubted , in regard it is not credible there can be any other Substance beside brighter than that of the Sun ; In which few Words he hath comprized much .

Of the Sun's Vertiginous Motion .

The Observation of the Motion of the Sun's Spots and Lights , hath given Occasion to Astronomers to remark that the Sun hath a Motion about its own Axis , from East to West , which Conversion is finished in the space of twenty seven Dayes , or thereabouts , though there be some who will have it to move much faster , * * Kepler . making its Period of Circumrotation to be compleated in twenty four Hours . Others assigning to it a much more wonderful Celerity , and affirming its Vertiginous

Schema corporis SOLARIS ▪ prout a P. P. Kirchero et Scheinero . Romae Anno 1635 observatum fuit . Course to be finished in a * * Otto de Guerick . Moments space . Of its Motion of Revolution Diurnal and Annual according to the Hypothesis of the Earth's Immobility , We shall here say nothing . Leaving likewise the Reader to be further satisfied as to what We have already briefly indicated touching this glorious Luminary from the larger Arguments of Galilaeo , Scheinerus in Rosa. Ursina . Kepler , Gassendus , Hevelius , Bullialdus . Kircherus in his Iter. Extatic . and Schottus upon him Ricciol . Almagest . Nov. l. 3. Hodierna in Ponderation . De Admirandis Phasibus in Sole & Luna Visis , &c. Otto de Guerick in Experiment . Magdeburg . and Le Pere Cherubin in his Dioptricks . Only adding something touching

The Sun's Magnitude , and Distance from the Earth .

The true Magnitude of the Sun ( sayes Ricciolus Almagest . l. 3. c. 11. ) is to be had from its true Semidiameter ; for that being doubled gives its true Diameter , whence it s other Species of Magnitudes are derived , according to the Rule of Proportion . Of which take the following Table .

ThetrueMagnitudeoftheSuncomparedwiththeEarth. The Suns True Diameter contains Its Circumference contains The Area of its greatest Circle contains Its convex superficies contains Its solidity contains According to the following Authors Simple Diameters of the Earth Simple Diameters of the Earth Square Diameters of the Earth Square Diameters of the Earth The Solidity of the Earth Ptolemy , Maurolycus Clavius and Barocius 5 ½ 17 2/7 24 0 134 0 166 3/2 Aristarchus more than 6 1/3 20 1/7 30 ⅔ 127 0 254 1/17 Aristarchus less than 7 ⅙ 22 3/7 38 0 155 0 368 1/11 Albategnius 5 7/10 18 5/7 26 0 108 0 186 0 Copernicus 5 27/60 16 ½ 22 0 91 0 161 ●… Tycho and Blancanus 5 ●… 16 2/7 22 0 85 0 140 0 Longomontanus 5 807/1000 18 1/15 26 0 95 0 196 0 Keplerus 15 0 47 1/10 176 0 706 0 3375 0 Lansbergius 7 17/30 24 0 46 0 176 0 434 0 Bullialdus 7 0 22 2/7 39 0 156 0 343 0 Wendelinus 64 0 200 96/100 3216 0 12864 0 262144 0 Kircherus 5 ⅕ 16 0 21 0 83 0 140 0 Rheita 10 0 31 4/10 78 0 314 0 1000 0 Ricciolus 33 5/6 106 15/100 885 0 30056 0 38600 0

Times

The Distance of the Sun from the Earth is such , that , if you will believe Pliny , to search after it , penè dementis otii est . Ricciolus likewise acknowledging its Sublimity to exceed the Subtlety of all Astronomers hitherto . Who yet proposes three several Methods or Wayes of finding it out . The first by means of the Horizontal or any other Parallax of the Sun ; the second by the Eclipses of the Sun and Moon ; the third by the Moon 's Dichotomy , and its Distance from the Earth . But however the Investigation thereof be made , this is to be considered , that the Sun is sometimes in Apogaeo , or its furthest Distance from the Earth , sometimes in Perigaeo , or its nearest Proximity to the Earth ; by the half of the Difference of which two Distances , the mean Distance of the Sun is determined . But it will be worth the while to represent to the Readers view in the following Table , the several Opinions as well of the Ancient as Modern Astronomers touching this matter .

TableoftheSun'sDistancefromtheCenteroftheEarthinSemidiametersofthesame. AUTHORS Greatest Distance of the Sun in Apogaeo Mean Distance Least Distance in Perigaeo According to Hipparchus his Data 1586 1472 1357 Or 1429 1379 1231 Posidonius 13141 † † Ptolemaeus and Maurolycus 1210 1168 1126 Clavius and Barocius 1216 1168 1126 Albategnius and Alphonsus 1146 1107 1068 From the Data of Albategnius as Lansberg . 7936 † † Alfraganus 1220 1215 1210 Fernelius 1309 1256 1204 Copernicus and Maginus 1179 1142 1105 From the Data of Copernicus Lansberg . 0942 † † Michael Neander 1197 1160 1122 Maestlinus in Max. Excentr . 1208 ½ 1160 1111 ¾ Maestlinus in Min. Excentr . 1197 ½ 1160 1122 ¾ Io. Offusius † 1152 † Tycho and Blancanus 1182 1150 1117 Longomontanus 1334 1288 1242 Kepler in Ephemer . 1800 1768 1736 Kepler in Coment . Martis — — — Kepler in Stella Nova — 1432 — Kepler in Epitome Astronom . 3469 — — Kepler ex Parallax . in Tabul . Rudolphin . 3438 3381 3327 Lansberg . in Min. Excentr . 1550 52/60 1498 3●…/60 1446 1●…/60 Ismael Bullialdus 1485 56/60 1460 1433 ●…/60 Athanas. Kircherus 1940 ¾ 1906 ¼ 1872 〈◊〉 Anton. Maria de Rheita 2073 2000 1927 Godefridus Vendelinus 14905 14656 14407 Galilaeus † 1208 † Marius Bettinus † 1145 † Langrenus † 3420 † Ricciolus 7580 7327 7074 Or 7600 7300 7000

Of the MOON .

THE MOON the nearest Neighbour of all the Planets to this our Elementary Sphere comes next to be considered ; whose Nature , Composition , and Constitution , may best be judged of by its Opacity , Asperity , and Heterogeneity of Parts .

The first shews it to be altogether deprived of any innate or proper Light , evidenced in its Total Eclipses , wherein She altogether looses her Lustre , which contrarily ( if She had any of her own ) would rather in the greatest darkness become more conspicuous . Hence it may be inferred the Light She hath is from the Sun , and that the Moon as She is an opacous , so She is a dense Body , apt to receive and reflect the Sun's Light .

The second argues the Globe of the Moon to be full of Eminencies , and Depressions , like our Hills and Valleys , estimated to be such by the Conjectures of the Ancients , ( mentioned by Plutarch l. de facie in Orbe Lunae ) but at present manifest to sight by help of the Telescope , and ascertained to reason by those lesser Spots , which are called New ones , varying their Scituation and Magnitude , according to the divers Access and Recess of the Sun , to which their Site is alwayes opposite , thence evidencing them to be the Shadows of the more eminent Parts of the Moons Globe , emulating our Alps , Hills , and Mountains , and here and there surpassing them for Height .

The third , viz. The Heterogeneity of its Parts was long since believed by the Ancients , as may appear by Plutarch ( l. 2. De Placit . Philosoph . c. 25. ) but at this day certainly demonstrated by the various Reflections of its Light ; whence We may conclude the brighter and more splendid Parts of the Moon , to be those which are more dense , solid , and opacous , like our Earth , in regard they reflect a greater Portion of Light ; but the obscurer Parts commonly called the Ancient Spots , for as much as they reflect a less , and absorbe a greater Quantity of Light , to be therefore Pellucid and Diaphanous , and Analogous to our Ocean , Seas , Lakes , and Rivers .

From what hath been already said , We may probably inferr that the Moon is composed of Solid and Liquid Parts , as this our Terraqueous Globe which we inhabit ; above which it is placed in such a ●…itting Degree of Neighbourhood , that thereby the Light and Influence of the Celestial Bodies , especially of the Sun 's fervent Rayes , might by the Celerity of its Motion be so tempered , and by the Asperity and Inequality of its Superficies so received , and thence reflected , that they might be transmitted to us with less Incommodity than otherwise they would , if they were directly projected without that temperating Medium .

We are not yet to imagine , though most Astronomers as well Ancient as Modern conceive the Moon to be as it were another Earth , that it is composed of the same Sand , Clay , Stones , as this Terrestrial Globe , or that the Lunary Seas , Lakes , Pools , &c. are of the same Water with our Seas , Lakes , or Pools ; but happily of a quite different Matter , and to us incomprehensible . And therefore as to its Nature and Substance , We shall forbear with Anaximander to determine that its Concave Orb is full of Fire , breathing out at one Part as out of a Tunnel ; or with Xenophanes , that it is a Constipated Cloud , or with Pythagoras , that it is a stony Body , or with the Stoicks , that it is composed of Fire and Air , or as Plato will of a terrene Composition , or as Anaxagoras pretends of a mixture cold and earthly , darkness being mixed with her fiery Nature , whence She is called a Star of false Light ; or with Heraclitus that it is another Earth inveloped within a misty dim Cloud ; or with Pliny and some of the Moderns , that it is of a Watery Substance , or as * * Experiment . Magdeburg l. ●… ▪ c. 1. & 6. Otto de Guerrick conjectures , that it is a Globe of Ice . But shall leave these Opinions as being dubious and uncertain to the further Disquisition of the learned , and give the Reader a view of its Figure and several Phases in the Annexed Scheme , according to the Observations of Ricciolus and Grimaldus .

And seeing mention hath been made of the Maculae , or Spots appearing in the Face or Body of the Moon ; as well those obvious to the Bare Eye , as the others discernable by help of the Telescope ; We hold it necessary to make a more particular Description of them .

They are distinguished into the ANCIENT and the NEW .

The Ancient Spots , are those greater and larger Spots at all Times discernable without the Help of a Telescope , resembling , large Seas , Lakes and Bayes ; Heretofore known and taken Notice of by the Ancients , of which Plutarch hath written a Particular Treatise under the Title , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , &c. i. e. De facie in Orbe Lunae , translated and commented upon by Kepler , and annexed to his Somnium Lunare .

The New Ones , are those Lesser Spots , which are not discernable but by the help of a Telescope , which are various ; differing in Magnitude , Figure , Scituation , Colour , &c. observed and with exactness described by sundry eminent Modern Astronomers : Some of whom have imposed , as well upon the Old as New , distinct Names and Appellations for the better Knowledge of them . Among whom Langrenus in his Selenographia , hath noted them by the Names of several Persons eminent either for their Skill in the Mathematicks , or their Dignity and Honours , or their Particular Friendship and Favour to him and his Studies . Hevelius , as if the Moon were another Earth , hath described and distinguished them by Geographical Marks and Denominations , transferring to them the Names proper to our Terrestrial Continents , Promontories , Mountains , Islands , Seas , Lakes , &c. Grimaldus hath signalized them by the Names ( for the most Part ) of Persons peculiarly addicted to , and eminent in the Study of Astronomy . The Scheme and Tables of the two last ( that of Langrenus not yet come to my hand ) the Reader may here take notice of , as being of great Use and Advantage to all Students in Astronomy , and very Necessary not only for making their own , but better Understanding others Observations .

The first Scheme is that of Hevelius , whereof the Alphabetical Table follows .

The Names of HEVELIUS his Selenographical TABLE . A. ABarim , a Mountain , called likewise Nebo and Phasga where Moses died . Acabe , a Mountain of Egypt , near the Arabian Gulf. Aconitus , a Hill , where likewise is the Acherusian Cave . Adriaticum Mare , at this day called Golfo di Venetia , by Vitruvius Gallicae Paludes ; the Inmost Recess of the Adriatick Sea , where Venice is seated , at this Day called Lagume di Venetia . Aea , an Island , at this day called Satabella . Aegyptus a famous Region of Africa , heretofore known by the Names of Aeria , Aetia , Ogygia , Hephaestia and Chemia , according to Herodotus , by the Iews called Chus , by the Turks Elchebitz , in the Egyptian Tongue Cam. Aegyptiacum Mare , the Egyptian Sea . Africae Pars , Part of Africa . Aemus or Haemus , a Mountain of Thrace called by some Catena Mundi , by the Italians Monte Argentario , by the Turks Balkan . Aerii Montes , Mountains of Sicily anciently so called . Aetna , a Mountain of Sicily , called by Pindar the Celestial Pillar , by Silius Italicus the Tiphaean Mountain ; at present Mongibello , anciently called Inesia . Aethusa , an Island not far from Sicily otherwise called Aegusa , Limoza , Aegates . Ajax , a Mountain of Egypt . Agarum , a Promontory of Sarmatia Europaea . Alabastrinus Mons , a Mountain of Africa . Alani Montes , sive Roxolani , Mountains near the River Tanais , and the Lake Maeotis . Alopecia , an Island in the Lake Maeotis ; called likewise Tanais , and Calarus , at present L'Isle des Renards . A●…aunus , a Mountain of Sarmatia . Alpes , a long Tract of Mountains dividing Italy from Germany and France . Amarae Paludes , about Arsinoe not far from the the Arabian Gulf. Amari Fontes , in Egypt . Amadoca , Palus , in Sarmatia Europaea . Amanus Mons , a Mountain of Syria , which it divides from Cilicia , called likewise Cedrenus and Monte Nero●… , and Monte di Scanderona , from the City Scanderoon seated at the Foot of the said Mountain . Ambenus Mons , a Mountain near the Outlet of Ister in Sarmatia Europaea , otherwise called Ambolus and Embolus . Animusa , an Island lying between Leopadusa and Aethusa , which in the African Tables are called the Pelagian and Taricinian Islands . Anna , a Mountain in Arabia Deserta . Antilibanus , a Mountain in Syria , or Phaenicia , between which and Libanus stretches along and fertile Valley well peopled and called by the Inhabitants Abellinas . Antitaurus , a Mountain in the Lesser Armenia , called according to Thevet , Roham Thoura . Apenninus Mons , a Ridge of mighty Hills , running through the middest of Italy from the Maritime Alps as far as the Brutii . Apollinis Promontorium , a Promontory of Mauritania Caesariensis , called at this Day Cabo de Tenes , or Cabo de tres Forcas . Apollonia , an Island called likewise Thynias . Apollonia Minor , an Island in the Euxine Sea . Arabia , at this Day called Aden , by some Aiman , by the Saracens Mamotta . Arabiae Paludes , the Moors or Fens of Arabia . Archerusia Palus , or Anthemois is not far from the Euxine Sea . Archerusia Promontorium , a Promontory not far from Apollo's Island in the Euxine Sea . Areesa Palus , or Arsina , or Arethusa in Armenia Major . Argentarius Mons , a Peninsula or Promontory of Thuscany ; at this day called Monte Argentaro , where once was the Town or Harbour , called Portus Herculis . Arietis frons seu Promontorium , a Promontory in the Taurick Chersonesus , of old called Brixaba , or Acroma , now Fanar , or Famar . Armeniae Montes , the Armenian , or Gordiaean Mountains . Arrhentias , an Island about the Cappadocian Sea . Asiae Pars , Part of Asia , by Sacred Writers called Semia , by the Asiaticks Siana . Atheniensis Sinus , the Bay of Athens in Cappadocia , not that of Greece ; called otherwise Themis , and Syrium , at this Day Cacari . Athos Mons , a Mountain of Greece ; now called Monte Santo ; by the Turks Monastir . Atlas Minor , a Mountain of Africa , Part of Atlas Major . Atlas Major , one of the greatest Mountains of Africa . Audus Mons , a Mountain of Africa , upon the Confines of Mauritania Caesariensis , by the Moores called Aurais . Aureus Mons , a Mountain in Maesia ; of which Name are several others in divers Regions . B. BAronisus , a Mountain within the Kingdom of Fesse and Marocco in Africa . Besbicus , an Island in the Propontick Sea , at this Day called Calomio , or Calolino , and Izola del Principe . Berosus , a Mountain of Scythia , where Pliny writes there were three Fountains , which if drunk of , killed without Pain or Remedy . Bontas Mons , or Tabas , seated about the Serrian Mountains . Borysthenes , a Lake near the Euxine Sea , into which the River Borysthenes discharges it self . Byces Palus , a Lake and River flowing into the Lake Maeotis , which is Part of the Euxine Sea , otherwise called Buges , and Suza Morsi . Byzantium , or Constantinople .

TABVLA SELENOGRAPHICA Seu Vera adminiculo tubi Orthographica delineato Marium Sinuum Insularū Continent Promont . Lacuū Paludū Montium Planit Vallium in visibilis Lunae hemispherio existent 〈…〉 Autore Iohanno Helvelio . Aᵒ. 1645.

C. CAdmus , a Mountain of Lydia , not far from Laodicea , whence the River Lycus springs . Calabraria , or rather Colubraria , at this day called Mont Colibre , and as some will , Dragonera , an Island in the Mediterranean Sea , under the Spanish Dominion , not far from Majorca . Calathe , an Island in the African Sea ; by some conceived to be the same with Goletta not far from Tunis . Calchistan , anciently Paropamissus , a Mountain of Persia. Capraria , an Island in the Tyrrhen Sea , now called Cabraia . Carpates , a mighty Mountain , or Ridge of Hills , dividing Moravia , Polonia , and Russia from Hungary and Transylvania , at this day called Crapack . Carpathus , an Island between Creet and Rhodes , one of the Sporades , known likewise by the Names of Porphyris and Tetrapolis , at present by that of Scarpanto . Caput de Tornese , a Promontory of Peloponesus , happily Promontorium Taenaria , or Taenarus , at present called Capo Matapan , and Capo Maina . Carcinites Sinus , a Bay between the Outlet of Borysthenes , and the Bosphorus Cymmerius ; known likewise by the Name of Tamyraces , at this day called Golfo di Nigropoli . Cassiotis , a Region in Egypt or Syria . Casius Mons , a Mountain on the Coast of Egypt , at this day Larissa ; where was the Sepulchre or Monument of Pompey the Great . Caspium Mare ; the Caspian Sea ; called likewise the Hyrcanian , Albanian , and Tartarian Sea , at present Abachu , Sala , Cunsar . Cataractes , a Mountain of Egypt ; not far from Nilus . Caucasius Sinus , a Bay of the Euxine Sea . Caucasus , or Caucasii Montes , Part of Mount Taurus , between the Euxine and the Caspian Sea , otherwise called Marpesia Cautes , at this day Cochias . Celenorum Tumulus , Mountains of Pamphilia , not far from Apamia . Cercinna , an Island in the African Sea , at this Day called Gamelaria , and Querquenes , by the Italians Chercara . Chadisia Promontorium , a Promontory otherwise called Phadisana on the Coast of the Euxine Sea . Cha●…idici Montes , Mountains of Sicily , at this day vulgarly called S. Riti , or S. Rici , Part of the N●…ptunian Mountain or Pelorus . Cilicum , an Island in the Euxine Sea . Cimmerius Mons , a Mountain or Promontory of the Taurick Chersonesus . Cimmeriae Paludes , the Moors or Fens of the Cimmerii . Cimaeus , a Mountain of Asia , near Troas . Circaeum Promontorium , a Promontory of Campania in Italy , now called Monte Circello . Cirna , a Mountain of Africa , Climax , a Mountain on the South of the Lower Egypt , as also of Phaenicia , not far from the City Biblus , called Passo di Cane ; there is another of the same Name in Arabia Felix . Coibacarani Montes , Mountains of Persia ; known likewise by the name of Bagous Mons , seated in the Region Aria , now Chorazan . Colchis , a Region of Asia , bordering on the Euxine Sea , now called Mengrelia , and by the Turks Caracomulu . Corax , a Mountain of Sarmatia Asiatica . Corocondametis Lacus , a Lake so called from the City Corocondame , scituate near the Euxine Sea , into which the said Lake falls . Corsica , an Island in the Tyrrhene Sea , anciently called Cyrnus , Corsis and Cerneatis , lying against Italy , not far from Sardinia ; at present by the Italians called Corsica , by the French La Corse . Cossyra , or Cossura , an Island in the Mediterranean , reckoned among the African Islands , called likewise Pantalerea . Cratas Mons , or Craton , a Mountain of Sicily , called likewise Nebrodes , at present Madonia . Crathis , or Chelidoreus Mons , a Mountain of Peloponesus , whence springs a River of the same Name . Cragus , a Mountain of Cilicia , or as others will of Lycia , now called Monte di Gorante , and Li Sette Cavi . Creta Insula , the Island of Creet or Candy , heretofore Aeria , Curetis , Macaros , and Macaronesus . Creticum Mare , the Cretan Sea ; that Part of the Aegean and Ionian Seas which surrounds Creet . Cydises , a Mountain about Armenia . Cyprus , an Island in the Mediterranean Sea ; heretofore known by the divers Names of Acamantis , Cerastis , Aspelia , Macaria , Cryptus , Colinia , Spechia , Mejonis , Erosa , Paphus , Chetima , Citica , &c. Cyanea Europaea , an Island near the Thracian Bosphorus . D. DElanguer , a Mountain of Scythia , rising from the Foot of Taurus , by Ptolomy called Chemantini Montes , anciently Imaus , running as far as India , which it divides from Scythia , called by several Names ; In Tartary , Moreghar , Belgyan and Althai ; by the Indians Dalanguer , and Naugracut . Didymae , small Islands in the Mediterranean Sea so called . Didymus , or Dindimus , a Mountain of the lesser Asia , of which Name likewise there are several others . E. EBissus , an Island in the Balearick Sea , now Yvica . Echinades , Islands in the Ionian Sea , at present called Cozzulari . Eos , a Mountain of Egypt . Eoum Mare , the Eastern or Indian Sea . Ericht ini Scopuli , Rocks in the Euxine Sea . Erroris Insula , an Island in the Mediterranean Sea , called likewise Albusama , and at this Day Alboran . Eryx Mons , a Mountain in Sicily , at this Day Monte S. Iuliano . Evila , a Desert in Palaestina . F. FIcaria , an Island not far from Sardinia , at this Day Serpentaria . Fontes Amari , Fountains so called near Nilus in Egypt , already mentioned . Fretum Ponticum , the Pontick Straits , the same with the Bosphorus Cimmerius . Fortis Mons. G. GAllicus Sinus , the Gallick Bay ; that Part of the Mediterranean Sea into which Rhodanus or the Rhosne discharges it self ; called likewise Angulus Gallicus & Salsus . Germanicianus , a Mountain of Africa , otherwise called Mons Iovis : H. HAjalon , a Vally in Palaestine , otherwise called Vallis Lunae , at present Val di Luna . Herculeus Lacus , a Lake in Sicily not far from Aetna , in the Leontine Region , at this Day Lago di Leontini . Herculis Mons , a Mountain near the Heraclean Promontory . Hereus Mons , a Mountain of Sicily , otherwise called Artisino and Tavis . Herculeum Promontorium , stretching into the Palus Maeotis . Heracleum Promontorium , a Promontory of the Euxine Sea . Hermo Mons , the Hill Hermon in Palaestina , called likewise Gal●…ad . Hier●… , an Island near Sicily , called likewise Maritima , at this Day Maretamo , not far from the Lylibaean Promontory . Hippici Montes , Mountains of Asia , near Tartary , at this Day Mazarisci . Hippolai Promontorium , in Europaean S●…ythia , near Borysthenes . Hipponiates Sinus , a Bay on the Calabrian Coast , at this Day Golfo di Taranto . Hor , a Mountain in Palaestine on the Borders of Edom , where Aaron dyed and was buried . Horminius Mons , or Ormenius , a Mountain in Asia near Pontus . Horeb , a Mountain in the Desert of Madian , and contiguous to Mount Sinai . Hiblaei Montes , Mountains of Sicily , of which Name Stephanus reckons three . Hyperboreum Mare , the Northern Frozen Sea . Hyperborei Montes , the Riphaean Mountains to the North of Russia Alba , or Muscovia , called at this Day Camenopoias , whose Summit or Top is called Stolp , they are known likewise by the Names of Doffrini , and Doffrafiel . Hyperboreus Lacus Superior , the upper Hyperborean Fenns . Hyperboreus Lacus Inferior , the lower Hyperborean Fenns . Hyperborei Scopuli , the Hyperborean Rocks . Hyperborea Regio , the Hyperborean Region . I. IDa Mons , a Mountain of Phrygia in the lesser Asia . Insula Orientalior , the Eastern Island in the Carpathian Sea . Insula Occidentalior , the Western Island in the same Sea . Insula , an Island near the Promontory of Aries in the Pontick Sea . Insula Major , the greater Island in the Caspian Sea . Insula Minor , the lesser Island in the Caspian Sea . Italia , heretofore called Ausonia , Hesperia , O●…notria , Saturnia , &c. L. LAcus Major Occidentalis , the greater Western Lake near the Palus Maeotis ; known more particularly by the Name of Odojum , and Iwanow . Lacus Minor Occidentalis , the lesser Western Lake ; more particularly called Ploto . Lacus Meridionalis , the Southern Lake . Lacus Niger Major , the greater black Lake . Lacus Niger Minor , the lesser black Lake . Lathmus Mons , a Mountain of Caria , famous for the Loves of Luna and Endymion , at this Day called Monte di Palatia . Lea , an Island on the Coast of Barbary . Lemnos , an Island in the Aegaean Sea , at this Day Stalimene . Lesbos , an Island in the Aegaean Sea , at this Day Metellino . Letoa , an Island in the Mediterranean not far from Creet , otherwise called Christiana . Leucopetra Promontorium , a Promontory of Italy on the Southern Coast of Calabria , called Capo Dell' Armi , which yet Brietius conceives to be that called Punta Della Saetta . Libanus Mons , a Mountain of Syria , at this Day Libano . Ligustinus Mons , a Mountain of Italy , perhaps the Ligustick Alps called Montagna di Tenda . Lion sive Leonum Mons , a Mountain of Africa so called , near the Sea Coast of Guinne , heretofore by the Greeks called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. the Chariot of the Gods , by the Portugals Sierra Liona , from the continual Noise of Thunder there heard , resembling the roaring of Lions ; by the Natives it is called Boulombel . Lipulus Mons. Loca Paludosa , the Moores or Fenns in the Island Cercinna , in whose midst in an eminent Hill . Lunae Promontorium , a Promontory on the Coast of Thuscany so called . Lybicum Mare , the Libian or Aegyptian Sea . Lychnitis , a Moore or Fenn in A●…menia Major , called Exsechia . Lybiae Pars , Part of Africa heretofore known by the Names of Olympia , Oceania , Hesperia , and Cepheni●… . M. MAcra Insula , called likewise Achillis , and Leuce , seated in the Bay of Carcinites . Macrocemnii Montes , Mountains so called , in Sarmatia Europaea , not far from the Rivers Ister and Tyras . Malta , or Melita , an Island in the African Sea between Sicily and Africa , famous for the Order of Knights of St. Iohns of Ierusalem there residing . Majorca , an Island in the Balearick Sea . Mampsarus , a Mountain of Africa so called . Mantiana Palus , a large Meere or Pool , in Media on the Confines of Armenia , called by some Actamar , Van , and Vastan , by others Abaunias , and as Paulus Venetus affirms , Geluchalat . Marinus Lacus , a Lake in Thuscany , not far from Porto Ercole , at this Day called Lago d' Orbitello . Masicytus , a Mountain of the lesser Asia , by Strabo called Clymax . Mauritania , a Region of Africa , in Hebrew Phut ; at this Day called Regno d' Algier , and Regno di Tremessin , and by a more peculiar Name Barbary . Mediterraneum Mare , the Mediterranean Sea ; by the Italians and Spaniards called Mare di Levanto , by the Turks Actenitz , i. e. the White Sea , by the Arabs , Bohar Rumi , i. e. the Grecian Sea . Melos Insula , an Island in the Aegaean Sea , now Milo . Menyx Insula , an Island in the African Sea , known likewise heretofore by the Names of Lotophagitis , and Cyra . Mercurii Promontorium , a Promontory on the African Coast , over against Sicily , now called Capo Bon. Mesogys , a Mountain of Lydia . Mycale , a Mountain of Ionia . Mimas , a Mountain and Promontory of Ionia ; now Capo Stillari . Mingui , the same with Carmania Deserta , a Region of Asia . Minorca , an Island in the Balearick Sea . Miris , vel Maeris , a great Lake in Egypt , famous for King Maeris his Sepulcher . Mons Meridionalis . Montana Pharan , in Palaestina . Montana Seir , in Palaestina , or Idumaea , now Sardinay . Montuniates , a Mountain of Thuscany . Mortuum Mare , the dead Sea in Palaestina , called by the Greek and Latine Writers Asphaltites Lacus . Myconius Mons , a Mountain of Sicily , not far from Messana . Moesia , a Region of Europe , otherwise called , Servia , Bosnia , and Moldavia . Mysius Mons , a Mountain of Asia , heretofore called Collis Saturni ; by the Turks at this Day Geschisdage . N. NEptunius Mons , a Mountain of Sicily not far from Messana ; now Monte di Namari , heretofore Pelorus . Nerossus , a Mountain of Tartary . Nilus , or the River Triton . Nitria , a Mountain of Egypt . O. OLympus , here taken for a Mountain of Asia in the Province of Mysia ; known to the Turks at present by the several Names of Anatolaidag , Emerdag , or Emiodag , and Keschisdag . Ophiusa , an Island in the Balearick Sea , under the Dominion of Spain , now Formentera . P. PPaludes circa Mare Mortuum , the Moors or Fenns about the Dead Sea . Paludes Palaestinae , the Moors or Fenns of Palaestina . Paludes Superiores Ponti Euxini , the upper Moors or Fenns of the Euxine Sea . Paludes Inferiores Ponti Euxini , the lower Moors or Fenns of the Euxine Sea . Palus Maraeotis , the Lake , Moor , or Fenn Maraeotis in Egypt , now Lago di Buchiara . Palus Maeotis , the Lake , Moor , or Fenn Maeotis , at this Day called Mar Della Sabacche , Mar Della Tana , and Mar Bianco . Pamphylium Mare seu Phaselicum , the Pamphylian Sea , at this Day Mar di Carmania . Pangaeus Mons , a Mountain of Thrace , now called Malacca , and Castagna . Paestanus Sinus , sive Posidoniates , a Bay of the Mediterranean , at this Day Golfo Agropolitano , and Golfo di Salerno . Paropamisus Mons , Part of Mount Taurus , where it rises to the greatest Height ; by Aristotle called Parnassus , at present Pamer , by some Calchistan . Parthenius Mons , a Mountain of Peloponesus in Arcadia . Poloponesus , a Grecian Peninsula , at this Day Morea . Pentadactylus , a Mountain of Egypt , near the Red Sea . Peronticus Sinus , a Bay of the Euxine Sea , now Cabo de Manco . Persia a Region of Asia , at this Day Farsi , Azamia , and Curazan . S. Petro , an Island near Sardinia , heretofore called Herculis Insula . Petra Pyramidalis , seu Pyramis , sive Mons Faronianus , perhaps the same with Petra Santa in Tuscany , heretofore Fanum Feroniae . Petra Sogdiana , near the Hyrcanian Sea . Peuce , a Mountain in Sarmatia Europaea . Phasianus Sinus , a Bay ▪ so called in the Euxine Sea . Pherme , a Mountain of Egypt . Philyra , an Island of the Euxine Sea . Phaenix , a Mountain of Caria on the Coast over against Rhodes . Pontia , an Island of the Mediterranean Sea ; under the Dominion of Naples , at this Day Ponza . Pontus Euxinus , the Euxine Sea ; at this Day Mar de Marmora , Mar Majore , Caradenis , and Mauro-thalassa . Porphyrites Mons , a Mountain so called from its Colour , which tincture according to Agatharchides it receives from the Minium with which it abounds , of which Colour likewise is this of the Moon . Promontorium freti Pontici , a Promontory of the Pontick Straits . Propontis Sinus , a Bay between the Hellespont and the Euxine Sea ; heretofore known by the Names of Mare Bebricium , and Mare Thracium . Prophetarum Mons , a Mountain so called in Palaestine . R. RAphidim , a Desert in Palestine , not far from Mount Horeb. Rhodus , an Island in the Carpathian Sea , famous heretofore for the Colossus of the Sun . Riphaei Montes . Rupes in Sinu Atheniensi . S. SAcer Mons , a Mountain of Egypt so called . Sagaricus Sinus , a Bay of Scythia Europaea , into which the Rivers Sagaris and Tyras discharge themselves . Salmidessus Sinus , a Bay of the Euxine Sea , so called from the Town Salmidessus , at this Day Stagnara ; others make it Philia , a Promontory of Thrace , at the Mouth of the Pontick Sea . Sanctus Mon ▪ s , a Mountain near the Palus Maeotis . Sardinia Insula , an Island in the Tyrrhene Sea , under the Dominion of Spain , by the Italians called Sardegna , by the Spaniards Zerdegna . Sarmatiae Europaeae Pars , Part of Sarmatia Europaea . Sarmatici Montes , Mountains of Sarmatia Europaea , at this Day called Montes Scepusienses . Sarmatiae Asiaticae Pars , Part of Sarmatia Asiatica . Scithiae Pars , Part of Scythia at this Day Tartary . Sepher Mons , a Mountain of Palaestine ; but there is another so called in India , of an exceeding Height , as this likewise of the Moon is . S●…rrorum Mons , a Mountain of Sarmatia Europaea . Sicilia , the greatest Island in all the Mediterranean , heretofore called Sicania , Trinacria , Triquetra . Sinai Mons , Mount Sinai in Arabia Petraea , at this Day called S. Catharina , by the Turks Turla , and Gibel Thor , and Gibel Mousa ; that is , the Mountain of Moses . Sinopium Mons , a Mountain of Egypt , otherwise called Memphidis Mons , or the Mountain of Memphis . Sinus Orientalis Maris Hyperborei , the Eastern Bay of the Hyperborean Sea . Sinus Inferior Maris Caspii , the Inferior Bay of the Caspian Sea , in which there is seen a signal Rock . Sinus extremus Ponti Euxini , the utmost Bay of the Euxine Sea . Sinus ad Bosphorum Thracium Propontidis , the Bay of Propontis at the Thracian Bosphorus . Sinus ad Hellespontum Propontidis , the Bay of Propontis at the Hellespont . Sipylus , a Mountain of the lesser Asia ; of which Name likewise there are divers others . Sirbonidis Eruptio , the Sirbonick Straits . Sirbonis Sinus , a great Lake in Palaestina , upon the Confines of Egypt ; called at this Day by the several Names of Stagnone , Golfo di Tenesse , Golfo di Damiata , Camet Esturnel , and Baranguerlis . Sogdiani Montes , the Sogdian Mountains , the Boundaries of Media , and Assyria , at this Day Cabusco . Strobilus Mons , a Mountain so called , Part of Caucasus . Strophades , two small Islands in the Ionian Sea , at this Day Strivali . Strimonicus Sinus , the Bay of Strymon in the Aegaean Sea , or Archipelago , now Golfo di Contessa , from an adjacent Town of that Name . Syrticus Sinus Minor , the Bay of the lesser Syrtis in the Mediterranean , upon the Coast of Africa , at this Day Golfo de Capes . Syrticum Mare , the Bay of the great Syrtis in the Mediterranean extended between the Regions of Cyrene and Tripolis , now by the French called Les Seiches de Barbarie ▪ by the Spaniards Baxos de Barbaria , by the Italians , Golfo di Sidra . T. TAbor Mons , Mount Tabor in Iudaea , famous for the Transfiguration of our Saviour , at this day retaining its old Name . Taygetus , a Mountain of Laconia near Sparta ; now Portes . Tancon Mons , a Mountain so called near the Caspian Sea . Tarantinus Sinus , a Bay in the Mediterranean Sea , at this day Golfo di Taranto . Taurus Mons ; Mount Taurus the greatest of the whole Earth , as this of the Moon . Taurica Chersonesus , the Taurick Chersonesus ; at this Day Chrimski , Precopska , and Gazaria . Taraciniae Insulae . Techisandum Mons , a Mountain of Persia. Thambes Mons , a Mountain of Africa .

FIGURA PRO NOMENCLATURA , ET LIBRATIONE LUNARI Tenarium Promontorium , the. Promontory of Taenarus in Peloponesus , now Capo Matapan . Thospitis Lacus , a great Lake or Meer in Armenia on the Borders of Mesopotamia , now Gabacu . Tmolus Mons , or Timolus , a Mountain of Phrygia , at this Day Tomalitze . Trapezus Mons , a Mountain in the Taurick Chersonesus , at this Day called Lustra , and Trebizonde , by the Turks Tarabossan . Trasimenus Lacus , a famous Lake of Italy , at this Day Lago di Perugia . Troicus Mons , a Mountain whence the Aegyptian Pyramids were hewen . U. VUlcania Insula , an Island in the Mediterranean Sea , near Lipara , on the right hand of Sicily not far from Italy , now Vulcano . Uxii Montes , Mountains so called in Armenia Major , whence Tygris hath its Source . Z. ZAcynthus , an Island near Peloponesus , at this Day Zante .

And thus much as to the Explanation of the several Names of the Lunary Spots , according to the Design of HEVELIUS in his Selenographick Scheme or Mapp .

To the Scheme of Hevelius , We shall add that of Grimaldi , as the same is represented by Ricciolus in his Almagest . l. 4. p. 204. divided into Eight Parts or Octants , and describing the several Parts , or Spots of the Moon , not according to the Geographical Design of Hevelius ; but by the Names of the most Eminent Philosophers , and Astronomers , as well Ancient as Modern , as may appear by the following Nomenclature , wherein the Synonyma of such Spots , or Parts as are added from the Selenography of Langrenus , and Hevelius , are respectively marked with the first Letters of their Names , L. and H.

Nomenclature of the Parts of the Moon for the Selenography of P. Maria Grimaldi . 1. OCTANS . Anaximander Aristarchus L. Balthassar Cleostratus Ecphantus Eratosthenes L. Gassendus L. Haro Harpalus Helicon Cyzicenus Heraclides Ponticus Oenopides Pitheas Massil . L. Pythagoras Timocharis Xenophanes . 2. OCTANS . Anaxagoras Aratus Archimedes L. Roma H. Corsica Archytas Aristillus Aristoteles L. Brahe Autolycus Calippus Conon Democritus Epigenes Euctemon Eudoxus L. Pozzo Meton L. Amalsi Philolaus Plato L. Panciroli Lacus H. Lacus Niger Thales L. Xenophanes Theaetetus Timaeus . 3. OCTANS . Atlas Berosus Cepheus Endymion Geminus Hercules Hermes Hyginus Manilius L. Isabella R. Hisp : H. Insula Besbicus Menelaus L. Maria Imperatrix Mercurius Messala Arabs Osymandiez Posidonius L. Lafailli Sulpicius Gallus Zoroaster 4. OCTANS . Agrippa Alcuinus Ariadaeus Beda Cleomedes Dionysius Exiguus Firmicus Goclenius Iul. Caesar Langrenus Macrobius Plinius Plutarchus Proclus L. Puteanus Seneca Sosigenes Taruntius Vitruvius . 5. OCTANS . Aben Ezra Abulfeda Alfraganus Almaeon Azophi S. Catharina L. Picolomini S. Cyrillus Alex. S. Dionysius Areop . Fabricius Fracastorius Fournerius S. I. Geber Hypparchus Hypatia S. Isidorus Hisp. Rab. Levi Mart. Capella Metius Mulerius Neander Petavius S. I. Pontanus Picolomineus Reitha Riccius Sacroboscus Santbechius Snellius Stevinus Stiborius Tatius Achill . Theon Sen. Theon . Iun. S. Theophilus Alex. Vendelinus Zagutus 6. OCTANS . Albategnius L. Ferdinandus Imp. Aliacensis Alpetragius Alfonsus Rex L. Ludovicus 14. Apianus Arzachel Arzet S. I. Barocius Bettin●…s S. I. Blancanus S. I. Blanchinus Cabaeus S. I. Clavius S. I. L. Maximilianus Curtius S. I. Cysatus S. I. Daniel Bartolus S. I. Fernelius Gauricus Gemma Frisius Griembergerus S. I. Gulielm . Hassiae Princ. Hagecius Homelius Kircherus S. I. Licetus Lilii Fratres Longomontanus Maginus L. Visilii Manzinus Malapertius S. I. Maurolycus H. Estensis Dux Moretus S. I. Mutus Nonius Orontius Pitatus Pitiscus Ptolemaeus L. Innocentius X. H. Mons Sypilus Purbachius Regiomontanus Sasserides Scheinerus S. I. Schomberger S. I. Simpelius S. I. Stoeflerus Tannerus Waltherus Vernerus Zucchius S. I. 7. OCTANS . Bayerus Bullialdus L. Medicaei Byrgius Campanus Capuanus Cichus Asculanus Crugerus Dersennis S. I. Eichstadius Fontana Gassendus L. Annullus Neptuni Hainzelius Herigonus Iunctinus Kristmannus Mersennus Morinus Munosius Origanus Phocylides Profacius Rothmannus Schikardus Schillerus Vieta Zupus S. I. 8. OCTANS . Anton. Rocca Bessarion Billy S. I. Cardanus Cavallerius Copernicus L. Philippus 4. H. Mons Aetna Cusanus Dominicus Maria Egnatius Dantes Eustachius Galilaeus Grimaldus S. I. L. Lacus Posidonii H. Lacus Maeotis Hortensius Hevelius Keplerus Lansbergius Linemannus Milichius Moletius Reinerus Reinholdus Rheticus Ricciolus S. I. Seleucus Simon Marius Sirsalis S. I. Stadius . Nomenclature of the Lunary Regions , whereto is added the Number of the respective Octants to which they appertain . Insula Ventorum , 8. Lacus Mortis , 3. Lacus Somniorum , 3. L. Lacus Scientiae H. Palus Hyperborea Littus Eclipticum , 1 , & 8. L. Littus Philippicum Mare Crisium , 4. L. Mare Caspium H. Palus Maeotis Mare faeeunditatis , 4 , 5. L. Mare Langreni Mare Frigoris , 2. L. Mare Astronomicum Mare Humorum , 7. L. Mare Venetum Mare Imbrium , 1 , 2. L. Mare Austriacum Mare Nubium , 7. L. Mare Borbonicum Mare Nectaris , 5. L. Sinus Batavicus Mare Serenitatis , 3 ▪ L. Mare Eugenianum H. Mare Euxinum Mare Tranquillitatis , 4. L. Mare Belgicum H. Euxinus Mare Vaporum , 3. Oceanus Procellarum , 1 , 8. L. Oceanus Philippicus H. Mare Eoum Palus Nebularum , 2. L. Terra Virtutis Palus Nimborum , 7. Palus Putredinis , 2. Palus Somni , 4. L. Aestuaria Bamelr . Peninsula Deliriorum , 7. Peninsula Fulgurum , 7. Peninsula fulminum , 7. Sinus Aestuum , 7. L. Sinus Medius H. Mare Hadriaticum Sinus Epidemiarum ▪ 7 L. Mare Populorum Sinus Iridum , 1. L. Sinus Geometricus H. Sinus Apollinis Sinus Roris , 1. L. Sinus Principis Stagnum Glaciei , 2. Terra Caloris , 7. Terra Iustitiae Terra Fertilitatis , 5 , 6. L. Terra Dignitatis H. Asia Terra Grandinis , 2. Terra Mannae , 4 , 5. L. Terra Temperantiae . H. Cholchis Terra Nivium , 2. L. Montes Austriaci H. Ital. Apenninus Terra P●…uinae , 1. L. Terra Laboris H. Mauritania Terrra Sanitatis , 5. L. Terra Dignitatis H. Asiae Pars Terra Siccitatis , 1 , 2. L. Terra Honoris Terra Sterilitatis , 7. Terra Vitae , 3 , 4. L. Terra Sapientiae H. Sarmatia Terra Vigoris , 4 , 5. L. Terra Pacis .

Of its motion either of Revolution or Libration , We shall not here say any thing , it being beside our present Design . But as to its Distance , Apparent Diameter and Magnitude , We have thought fit to add the following Tables .

TableoftheMoonsDistancefromtheCenteroftheEarthinSemidiametersofthesame,anditsHorizontalParallax. In Opposition , or Conjunction Distance from the Center of the Earth Horizontal Parallax According to the following Authors Apog . Med. Perig. Apog . Med. Perig. Semid . ′ Semid . ′ Semid . ′ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ Ptolemaeus 64 10 59 0 53 50 53 34 58 16 63 51 Copernicus 65 30 60 19 55 8 52 56 57 0 62 54 Tycho 58 8 56 30 54 52 59 9 60 51 62 39 Longomontanus 57 38 56 0 54 23 59 37 61 26 63 14 Lansbergius 64 10 59 5 54 0 53 34 58 8 63 39 Bulialdus 61 40 59 5 56 30 55 56 58 16 60 52 Ricciolus 64 15 59 0 53 45 53 30 58 16 63 55 Kepler . in Ephemerid . 62 52 59 0 55 8 54 41 58 16 62 20 Kepler . in Epit. Astr. & Tab. Rudolph . 59 0 56 28 54 0 58 22 60 53 63 41 Hipparchus for sometime 83 0 77 0 71 0 41 30 45 0 48 30 Afterwards 72 30 67 30 62 30 47 30 51 30 55 30 Alphonsus 61 8 57 45 54 23 53 19 59 21 63 17 Argolus 60 4 56 0 51 57 56 45 61 17 65 36 Vendelinus 63 56 60 0 56 4 53 46 57 18 61 18 Kircherus . 67 50 62 37 57 24 — — — — — —

InitsQuadratures. Distance from the Center of the Earth Horizontal Parallax Authors Apog . Med. Perig. Apog . Med. Perig. Semid . ′ Semid . ′ Semid . ′ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ Ptolemaeus 43 53 38 43 33 33 60 19 89 0 103 0 Copernicus 68 21 60 19 52 17 50 19 57 0 65 48 Tycho 60 36 56 30 52 24 56 44 60 51 65 36 Longomontanus 60 4 56 0 51 57 57 15 61 26 66 9 Lansbergius 66 58 56 5 51 12 51 20 58 8 67 6 Bulialdus 64 15 59 5 53 55 53 30 58 8 63 43 Ricciolus 66 42 59 0 51 20 51 32 58 16 66 56 Kepler . in Ephemerid . 61 36 59 0 56 24 55 26 58 16 60 58 Kepler . in Epit. Astr. & Tab. Rudolph . 59 0 56 28 54 0 58 22 60 53 63 41

As to the Apparent Diameter of the Moon ( not saying any thing of the several Methods of attaining the same from the Observation of Eclipses , of which Ricciolus l. 4. Almagest . N. c. 16. ) the following Table ( taken from the said Ricciolus ) will shew the several Opinions of the Ancient and Modern Astronomers .

Synopsis of the Apparent Diameters of the Moon In Opposition , Conjunction , and square Aspects Apparent Diameter of the Moon Apog . Perig. Authours ′ ″ ′ ″ Ptolemaeus in ☌ and ☍ 31 20 35 20 in □ 42 8 55 0 Albategnius in ☌ and ☍ 29 30 35 20 Alphonsus and Purbacchius in ☌ and ☍ 29 0 36 8 Copernicus , Reinholdus , and sometime Maginus in ☌ and ☍ 30 0 35 38 in □ 28 45 36 44 Maginus in Suppl . Ephemer . in conjunction ; and ☍ 30 30 34 40 Clavius and Herigonius in ☌ and ☍ 30 0 36 8 Tycho , Origanus , and Mulerius in ☌ 25 36 28 48 in ☍ 32 0 36 0 in □ 32 32 36 0 Longomontanus Physice in ☌ and ☍ 32 0 34 0 Keplerus in Ephemer . in ☌ and ☍ 30 0 34 10 In Epit. and Tab. Rudolph in ☌ and ☍ 30 0 32 44 Lansbergius in ☌ and ☍ 30 0 35 38 Petr. Gassendus in ☌ and ☍ 26 36 31 06 Ism. Bulialdus in ☌ and ☍ 31 10 34 0 in □ 29 56 36 4 Got. Vendelinus in ☌ and ☍ 28 40 32 42 Sed in Vertice in ☌ and ☍ 29 10 33 18 Kircherus in ☌ and ☍ 29 22 34 40 Ricciolus in ☌ and ☍ 28 0 33 30 in □ 27 0 35 6

From the Distances of the Moon , and apparent Diameters already given , the true Magnitude thereof may methodically be deduced ; which ( without the trouble of calculating ) the Reader may see plainly exhibited , in the following Table , according to the Opinions of the several Authours therein mentioned .

ThetrueMagnitudeoftheMooncomparedwiththatoftheEarthandSun. According to The true Diameters of the Moon and Sun unto that of the Earth supposed to be 100. The Solidity of the Moon to the Earth Sun Moon Earth Sun as to as to Aristarchus more than 31 2/4 100 633 1 16 1 5832 Aristarchus less than 39 4/5 100 716 1 32 1 8000 Ptolemaeus 29 2/6 100 550 1 40 1 6648 Copernicus 28 4/7 100 545 1 42 ●… 1 6999 1/60 Moestlinus 28 ●… 100 546 1 44 1 7300 Tycho 29 1/6 100 520 1 41 11/12 1 5848 Longomontanus 26 5/6 100 580 1 51 1/49 1 10000 Keplerus 25 7/10 100 1500 1 59 1 204671 Lansbergius 28 100 757 1 45 11/20 1 19770 Bullinldus 27 11/12 100 700 1 45 29/30 1 15765 1/3 Vendelinus 26 5/8 100 6400 1 53 1 13833632 Kircherus 29 7/17 100 520 1 40 1 5600 Schyrlaeus 28 3/7 100 1000 1 42 19/20 1 42875 Ricciolus in Alm. 26 1/5 100 3383 1 55 1 2123000 Ricciolus Astr. Ref. 27 1/2

Whether the MOON be Habitable .

That the Moon is inhabited , is by divers as well Philosophers as Astronomers at this Day maintained and asserted ; from the Appearance of Mountains , Vallies , Woods , Lakes , Seas and Rivers discovered therein by help of the Telescope , which Opinion was long since embraced by the Ancients , as Cicero testifies , ( Academ . Quaest. l. 4. ) where he cites the Authority of Xenophanes . Habitari ait Xenophanes in Luna , Eamque esse Terram multarum Urbium & Montium . Plutarch likewise De Placit . Philosophicis l. 2. c. 30. reports that the Pythagoreans affirm , the Moon to be an other Earth , and that she is inhabited round about like this Earth of ours , and peopled with Living Creatures fifteen times larger than those with us . These Inhabitants were by the Ancients called Antichtones , in regard they dwelt in an Earth opposite to ours . And in that noted Piece of his , De faciè in Orbe Lunae . He sayes that there are Caverns in the Moon which are called Penetralia Hecates , and that the Upper Parts of the Moon which alwayes respect the Heavens are the Elysian Fields ; that it is likewise inhabited by Genii , which dwell not alwayes there , but sometime descend to the Earth to the Assistance or Punishment of Mankind , &c. Macrobius likewise in Somn. Scipionis l. 1. and Achilles Tatius in Isagog . report the like of the Moon 's being habitable . The Words of Macrobius are these , Lunam , Aetheream Terram Physici vocaverunt , & Habitatores Ejus Lunares populos nuncuparunt ; quod ita esse plurimis Argumentis , quae nunc longum est enumerare , docuerunt . See to this Purpose more in Kepler in his Astronomia Optica , and particularly in that marvellously ingenious Posthume Piece of his called Somnium , sive de Lunari Astronomia ; and in his Learned Annotations thereupon , and on Plutarch his Book , De facie in Orbe Lunae , thereto annexed : Nor will this seem an extravagant Opinion to those who shall upon due consideration , be perswaded to admit that the Moon enjoys as favourable an Aspect from the Sun as this Earth of ours ; though their Dayes and Nights be answerable to our half Months , in regard it is skreened with Hills and Mountains , under which lie deep and shady Vallies , with Hollow Caves and Recesses , equally advantagious against the Extremities of Heat and Cold , watered likewise with great Lakes and Rivers , and consequently by Nature furnished with all things requisite for sustentation of life , and therefore it cannot reasonably be thought , that these Advantages and Benefits should be conferred by Nature for no Use or End ; or that the Moon should only be made to reflect the Sun's Light to us . See the Learned Dr. Isaac Vossius in his Treatise De Natura & Propriet . Lucis . c. 19.

But what kind of Creatures these Lunary Inhabitants are , is not agreed upon , though Kepler be something Positive , Concludendum videtur ( sayes he , in Not. ad Appendic . Selenograph . ) in Luna Creaturas esse Viventes , Rationis , ad Ordinata facienda , Capaces . The like is affirmed by him as to the other Planets , nay the Sun it self , touching which last , in the Epilogue to his Fifth Book , ▪ De Mundi Harmonia , he breaks out into this Expression , Vel Sensus ipsi exclamant , ignea hic habitare corpora , Mentium Simplic●…um Capacia , Veréque Solem esse 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Si non Regem , at saltem Regiam .

This cannot perhaps seem more strange to some , than the following Assertion to Others , which maintains the Moon to be the Paradise wherein Our first Parents were created , and from whence for their Transgression they were thrust down to this Earth of ours ; and yet this from Reason and the Authority of Fathers and Schoolmen , is endeavoured to be proved by Hieronymus Vitalis in Lexic . Mathemat . in Voce Paradisus ; where he sayes , fateor id novum , Singulare & hactenus inauditum ; at non per hoc temerarium , atque intolerabile dixeris ; for , as he urges , modò partâ tantâ rerum Notitiâ , Lunae facie Telescopio penitissimè observatâ , Veterum dictis Expensis , Locis ( super hanc Terram ) investigatis , Paradisum in Lunae superficie collocare , Ratio ipsa compellit . To whose large Discourse upon that Subject we refer the Reader .

MERCURY .

The next Planet in order is Mercury ; of whose Place , Figure , Nature , and Substance something , according to our Method is briefly to be added .

It is carried in an Epicycle about the Sun , as the Center of its Motion and Orb : Now running above , now beneath the Sun ; Sometimes higher than Venus , sometimes lower : For when these two Planets ( Venus and Mercury ) are in their Apogaea , and above the Sun , then Mercury is beneath Venus ; when in their Perigaea and beneath the Sun , then Mercury is above Venus : So when Venus is in her Apogaeum , and Mercury in his Perigaeum , then is he beneath Venus ; when Venus is in her Perigaeum , and Mercury in his Apogaeum , then is he above Venus , as may appear by the Egyptian and Tychonick Systems .

It s Figure is orbicular or round , not Mathematically but Physically such , rising here and there with extuberating Hills and Mountains , in the same manner as this Earthly Globe of ours ; being , like that , an opacous Body , and receiving its Illumination from the Sun ; whence at several times it is seen under several Phases or Appearances ; for in it's greatest Digression from the Sun , ( which is never above 28° . ) it appears Dichotomous ; but when he is retrograde , and approaching to an Opposition with the Sun , he appears in a Figure like that of the New Moon , when distant about 60° . Degrees from the Sun ; though this Phasis be very rarely discerned by reason of his small Digression from the Sun , and the quick Vibration of his Rayes , ( whence by the Greeks he is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , ) the Vivacity of his Light exceeding that of Venus and Iupiter , and thence impeding the Sight from rightly beholding that Phaenomenon , unless fortified by an excellent Telescope , as likewise in regard of the great Refractions made by Vapours near the Horizon , especially in Climates more obliquely posited , as is noted by Regiomontanus and Copernicus , who for that Reason could never be so happy as duly to observe these Mercurial Phases . Riccciolus ( in Astr. Reform . l. 10. ) reports that he , together with Franciscus Maria Grimaldi in the year 1643. the fifth of March , when Mercury was in the Upper Part of his Epicycle , and Vespertine at 15° . of Elongation from the Sun , beheld him in a Gibbous Figure , like the Moon when more than half full ; the like in the year 1656. December 16th. In the year 1643. August 25th. the same Persons , beheld him being Matutine , and 19° . distant from the Sun , in a Figure like that of a Sickle or Sy●…he ; so likewise in the year 1644. August the 6th. being distant from the Sun 20° . But in the year 1647. April 30th. being Vespertine , and distant from the Sun 20° . they beheld him in a like Sythe-like Figure , but more approaching toward a Dichotomy , in the same Figure likewise they beheld him in the year 1650. when Vespertine and distant 18° . from the Sun . There are observed in him likewise several Spots successively following one another , some light , some duskish ; which light Spots are by Kircherus ( in Itiner . Exstatic . Dial. 1. c. 4. ) conceived to be the said Terrestrial and Mountanous Parts of the Mercurial Globe illuminated by the Sun , the dusky ones to be the liquid or watery Parts thereof , which by their Successive Motion likewise evince that he hath a Vertiginous Rotation about its own Axis , determined within the space of six Hours , or thereabouts , as Rheita affirms .

As to its Distance from the Earth , the same is by Tycho computed to be in its greatest Distance 1660. Semidiameters of the Earth , in its mean Distance 1150. in its least 630. but according to the Calculation of Ricciolus , in its greatest Distance 10868. Semidiameters , in its mean 8057. in its least 5246.

It s Apparent Diameter in its mean Distance is by Tycho computed to be 2′ . 10″ . by Ricciolus in its greatest Distance to be only 9″ in its least Distance 25″ .

It s true Magnitude , according to Ricciolus ( supposing its mean Distance to be as before exprest , and its Diameter to contain ¼ part of the Earth's Diameter ) is concluded to be less than the Earth's Body by 1/256 part . Which being reduced to the Measures of Kepler , its Diameter may be reckoned to contain 377 Italian Miles , the Solidity of its Body 21253933 Cubical Italian Miles , or thereabout .

VENUS .

The most illustrious of all the lesser Planets , hath been observed by the curious from all Antiquity : The chief Remarks made by the Ancients are these : First , they observed her sometime to precede the Sun , rising in the Morning before him , sometime to follow the Sun , setting in the Evening after him , now to be in Conjunction with the Sun , that is in the same right Line drawn from the Observers Eye to the Center of the Sun , at other times receeding from him , to the Distance of 48 Degrees , and this was the first and most obvious Phaenomenon .

They observed her likewise to differ in Magnitude , appearing sometimes greater , sometimes less , sometime of a mean or middle Size , whence they concluded her to approach sometime nearer to the Earth , and to be in Perigaeo , at other times to recede further from it , and to be in Apogaeo , and this was the second Phaenomenon ; but not commonly observed or obvious to All.

As to her rising and setting they observed that she was never so remote from the Sun , as that she ever set Cosmically , or rose Acronychally ; that is , that she ( the Sun rising in the Eastern Horizon ) never set at the same time in the West , or ( the Sun setting in the West ) never rose at the same time in the East ; for Venus cannot be opposed Diametrically to the Sun , in regard she never digresses from him above 48° . or thereabout : Whence , Venus rising in the Morning Heliacally , that is emerging out of the Sun's Beams , under which she lay hid , digresses more and more from him , and ( he rising ) appears higher and higher above the Horizon , until she comes to the Terms of her greatest Digression aforesaid ; thence reapproaching the Sun , is hidden in the Morning Heliacally , that is , is obscured under the Sun's Beams , until such time as emerging Heliacally in the Evening , she rises ( the Sun setting ) higher and higher above the Horizon , until she comes to the aforesaid Terms of her greatest Elongation ; which past , she again approaches toward the Sun until such time as in the Evening she sets Heliacally . And this is the third Phoenomenon , observable by All , but noted only by the curious , sayes Schottus ( in Praelus . in Vener . in Itiner . Exstat . Kircheri . )

Besides these Observations of the Ancients , Modern Astronomers by the help of the Telescope have noted several other signal Phaenomena , as that she is lyable to the same variety of Changes as the Moon , sometimes almost full , at other Times gibbous , and now and then horned , as well when she is Vespertine as Matutine , manifested by the various Observations of Galilaeo , Scheinerus , Fontana , Hortensius , Keplerus , Rheita , Gassendus , and Hevelius . She is sometime likewise seen by Day , at which time according to Galilaeus and Hevelius , her true Figure is best to be discerned in regard she is despoyled of those Adventitious Rayes , with which in the Night time she is invested . Ricciolus and Grimaldus in the year 1649. on the first of April beheld her of a Gibbous Figure ; and on the twentieth of the same Moneth bisected or dichotomised ; and on the first of May , and first of September the same year , horned , and so continued until the fourth Day , two Hours after Noon , and so to the eighth Day of the same Moneth from the Sun 's rising 'till Noon . On the eighteenth she was exactly Bisected or Dichotomised ; on the twenty sixth growing toward a Gibbous Figure . But the rarest and most Signal Phaenomenon of Venus ( sayes Ricciolus ) is when she hath greatest Latitude , near her Lowest Conjunction with the Sun : For being then seen by a good Telescope she appears horned , as big as the New Moon to the bare Eye .

Of the Structure , Nature and Substance of this Planet from the Phaenomena already recited , it may be concluded that it is an opacous Body , and hath its Light from the Sun ; that it is spherical , because it is spherically illuminated ; that it is of a solid and consistent Substance in regard , though carried in a rapid Course through the liquid Aether it is not dissolved or dissipated : It is of a rough and uneven Superficies , in regard it is represented to be such by the Telescope , and otherwise , could not in such abundance reflect the Sun's Light upon the Earth , which it is observed sometimes to do to such an eminent Degree , that Bodies objected to its Rayes are seen to cast a shadow , it is made up of solid and liquid Matter , as our Terraqueous Globe , and is found to have a Vertiginous Motion about its own Axis and Center , which it compleats within the space of fourteen Hours , according to Rheita .

As to its Apparent and true Diameter , its Solidity and Proportion to the Body of the Earth , as likewise its Distance from thence , Authours extreamly vary . Ricciolus in the Seventh Book of his Almagest , Sect. Sixth , hath collected their several Opinions into one Table , to which for Brevities sake We refer the Reader ; contenting our selves only to note that according to the said Ricciolus .

The Apparent Diameter of Venus in its greatest Distance from the Earth , is , 0′ . 33″ . 30‴ . in its mean Distance 1′ . 44″ . 12‴ . in its least 4′ . 8″ . 0‴ .

It s true Diameter contains of the Earth's Diameters 1. 15 / 1000. It s Circumference three Diameters of the Earth and ⅗ . the Area of its greatest Circle , square Diameters of the Earth 1. 4/1000 . Its convex Superficies square Diameters 4. 15/1000 . The Body of Venus that of the Earth 1. ½ .

It s Distance from the Earth he makes to be when greatest 12919 Semidiameters of the Earth ; It s mean Distance 7580 , it s least 2241 of the same Semidiameters .

MARS .

Though of all the rest the most inobservable Planet ( as both Pliny and Kepler affirm ) hath not yet been able to lie hid from the subtle Discoveries of Astronomical Spies ; who have observed that he moves in a large Orbit about the Sun , as the Center of its Motion , in which Circle or Orbit he includes the Earth with the Moon , Mercury and Venus , and takes up a great Part of the Solar Region , and when in his Perigaeum , becomes nearer to the Earth than the Sun , as may appear by his Parallax , at that time greater than the Suns ; and the notable increase of his Light , by reason of which he is sometimes taken for a Comet or New Star .

As to his Figure , it is without doubt ( as the other Planets ) Spherical ; and is observed by Kepler ( l. 6. Epit. Astr. ) when in □ with the Sun , to be almost bisected or Dichotomous , at other times between □ and ☍ to the Sun to be gibbous , and rarely perfectly round as Rheita affirms . Hevelius denies that it can ever be seen horned . Fontana in his Observations represents it , as by him viewed in the year 1636. in a round Figure with a black Spot in the Middle , which he conceives to be a Cavity , and not a rising or swelling . Nicholaus Zucchius , as Ricciolus ( in Astronom . Reform . ) reports , beheld him in the year 1640. between △ and □ with the Sun to be gibbous or bossed without any such Spot , perhaps by reason of his vertiginous Motion or Libration about his own Center changing its Position . Daniel Bartolus in the year 1644. ( as he writes to Ricciolus ) affirms , that Father Sirsalis the Jesuite at Naples beheld him with an excellent Telescope to be almost round with two Spots a little beneath the Middle of his Globe . Ricciolus likewise together which Grimaldus in the year 1651. on the fourth , fifth , and sixth of April beheld that black spot in him ; which appeared to them as if composed of divers smaller ones ; the same Phoenomenon being by them afterwards often observed in the years 1653 , 1655 , and 1657. which black or ruddy Macula or Spot Kircherus ( in Itiner . Exstat . ) conceives to be a great Vorago or Gulf , of no less Extent than all Africa ; the ingenuous Mounsieur Hugens in the year 1656. observed a broad obscure Zone or Belt , to shadow or obfuscate half the Disque of the said Planet . From the several Phases before mentioned of his Dichotomy and Gibbosity , Astronomers argue his light to be derived from the Sun , as that of the Moon ; and Ricciolus is of opinion that if he could be seen in ♂ with the Sun , We might discern him to be horned .

As to the Structure and Nature of his Globe , it is as the rest of the Planets , composed ex Solido & Liquido . The Solid Parts by Kircherus ( in Itiner . Exstatic . ) supposed to consist of a fuliginous Substance like that of Sulphur , Arsenick or Orpiment , hard , and incombustible , evapourating malignant and destructive Qualities , and sweating out in great plenty a kind of bituminous Matter , not unlike to Naphtha . It s liquid Parts he imagines to consist of a soft and clammy Substance , like to our melted Pitch mixt with Sulphur . He hath a Vertiginous Motion about its own Center , which is compleated according to Rheita in the space of forty five Hours , six Minutes .

It s apparent Diameter according to Ricciolus , being in its greatest Distance from the Earth 10″ . 6‴ . in its mean Distance 22″ . in its least 1′ . 32″ .

It s true Diameter contains of the Earth's Diameter 0. 12 / 1000. Parts , the solidity of his Body , the Earth's Body 0. 14 / 1000.

It s greatest Distance from the Center of the Earth , being by the said Ricciolus computed to be 21005 Semidiameters of the Earth , its Mean Distance 11000 , and its least 2373 of the said Semidiameters .

JUPITER .

One of the most noted and Beneficent Planets , is carried in an Orbit above Mars , as is manifest in the mutual Conjunctions of those Planets , at which time he is obscured and hidden from our Sight by the Interposition of Mars , as the Sun is by that of the Moon 's Body .

Rheita affirms that he observed Iupiter to be invested round with a vapid Atmosphere . And Leander Bandtius Abbot of Duisburgh ( as Ricciolus in Astron. Reform . ) reports in the year 1643. observed the Edges or Margins of his Globe to be very rough and uneven , rising with Tumours like Hills and Mountains , and discovered in his Body by the help of an excellent Telescope , two small Maculae or Spots , and two great Ones , like hollow Caverns , one Round , the other Oval , equalling in Longitude the seaventh Part of his Diameter , as the Scheme thereof transmitted by the said Bandtius from Flanders to Ricciolus is said to have represented the same . Hevelius likewise in his Selenography ( p. 44 ) affirms , that the Face of Iupiter is variegated with Spots in a manner like that of the Moon , and rugged with uneven Swellings and Asperities as that is . But leaving these to further Discovery ; We shall only take Notice of the more Ordinary Phaenomena , manifested by frequent Observations . And those are :

First , Certain Fasciae , or Belts , girdling as it were the Disque of Iupiter , whether eminent Parts of his Body like Ridges , or rather hollow Furrows or Trenches , is uncertain . But they are said first to have been discovered at Naples by Io. Baptista Zuppus , and Daniel Bartolus Jesuits ; since by Fontana , Grimaldi , Ricciolus , and others frequently discerned and distinguished . They appear sometimes three , sometimes two , at other times single , and bordered with two other smaller Welts like a Bend Cottize ( as the Heralds term it ) sometimes only with one of those small Welts . They are now and then beheld in the Middle of its Disque , now above it , at other Times below it , not alwayes strait , but sometimes crooked and bending ; their Convexities appearing turned sometimes upward , sometimes downward ; Evident Marks of the Vertiginous Motion or Rotation of that Planet about its Center . These sometimes cease to appear , and therefore being at such times observed by Gassendus , no marvail if in his Astronomical Institutions ( l. 3. ) he seems to suspect those Phaenomena , as denying that they ever could be discerned by him , though he made use of a very good Telescope , and one of Galilaeo's making .

Secondly , His Satellites , being four Stars so called moving about the Body of Iupiter , as his Guards ; discovered first in Italy by Galilaeo in the year 1610. In Germany by Simon Marius by means of the Telescope ; without which by Reason of Iupiter's Splendor , and their small Distance from him ( None of them receding above twelve Degrees from the Body of Iupiter ) they are not to be discerned ; and therefore altogether unknown to the Ancients . The Number of these have by some Astronomers been questioned , Rheita maintaining them to be no less than nine . Io. Baptista Zuppus affirming he observed in the year 1644. no less than twelve smaller Stars moving about Iupiter , whereof he verily believed eight to be Jovial Guards . But the Number of four only is by Gassendus , Hevelius , and Vincentius Reinerus , who for ten years together most diligently observed them , as also by Vendelinus , Io. Phocylides Olwarda , Ricciolus , and Grimaldus upon surer Grounds defended and asserted . These by Galilaeus their first discoverer were called Sidera Medicaea . The first or inmost next to Iupiter he called Cosmus Minor ; the next or Penintimous Cosmus Major ; the third or Penextimus Maria Medicaea ; the fourth or outermost Katherina Medicaea ; Simon Marius giving yet to the Inmost the Name of Iovial Mercury , to the next Venus ; to the Third Iupiter ; to the Fourth Saturn : But Io. Baptista Hodierna , who lately first of all published Ephemerides of the Motions of the said Stars , names the first or inmost ( from the Young Prince of Tuscany ) Principharus ; the Second ( from Victoria Dutchess to the Grand Duke ) Victripharus ; the Third ( from Cosmus the first Duke of Florence ) Cosmipharus ; the Last ( from Ferdinand the late Duke ) Fernandipharus .

OfthesethegreatestDigressionsfromtheBodyofJupitercomputedinSemidiametersofthesame,areasfolloweth. Satellties 1 2 3 4 Authours Sem. ′ Sem. ′ Sem. ′ Sem. ′ Galilaeus 3 0 5 0 8 0 12 0 Sim. Marius 3 0 5 0 8 0 13 0 Rheita 3 0 4 0 6 0 10 0 Vendelinus 3 0 5 0 8 0 14 0 Hodierna 3 30 5 30 9 0 14 30

Their Periodical Revolutions in their several Orbits . Of the According to Dayes Hours ′ ″ 1 Galilaeus 1 18 30 fere Marius 1 18 28 30 Rheita 1 18 30 0 Hevelius 1 18 28 0 Hodierna 1 18 28 44 Vendelinus 1 769/1000 — 2 Galilaeus 3 13 20 circiter Marius 3 13 18 0 Rheita 3 13 20 0 Hevelius 3 13 18 0 Hodierna 3 13 18 15 Vendelinus 3 554/1000 — 3 Galilaeus 7 4 0 fere Marius 7 3 56 34 Rheita 7 4 0 0 Hevelius 7 3 57 0 Hodierna 7 4 1 26 Vendelinus 7 164/1000 — 4 Galilaeus 16 18 0 fere Marius 16 18 9 15 Rheita 16 18 0 0 Hevelius 16 18 9 0 Hodierna 16 18 14 33 Vendelinus 16 756/1000 —

TheirDiurnalandHoraryMotionintheirrespectiveOrbitseachdividedinto360°. Of the According to Diurnal Horary 1 Gr. ′ ″ Gr. ′ ″ Galilaeus — — — 8 29 circiter Marius 203 25 0 8 28 30 Hodierna 203 23 44 8 28 29½ 2 Galilaeus — — — 4 13 fere Marius 101 17 22 4 13 0 Hodierna 101 17 21 4 13 13 3 Galilaeus — — — 2 6 circiter Marius 50 14 57 2 6 30 Hodierna 50 13 32 2 5 34 4 Galilaeus — — — 0 54 30 Marius 21 29 3½ 0 53 30 Hodierna 21 28 48 0 53 42

As to Iupiter's Distance from the Center of the Earth , the same is computed by Ricciolus , in its greatest Distance to be removed from thence 47552 Terrestrial Semidiameters ; in its Mean Distance 36500 , and in its least 26441 of the said Semidiameters .

It s Apparent Diameter according to the said Ricciolus , being when least , in Apogaeo , 0′ . 38″ . ●…8‴ . when mean , in its mean Distance from the Earth , 0′ . 49″ . 46‴ . when greatest , in his Perigaeum , 1′ . 08″ . 46‴ .

It s true Diameter contains of the Earth's Diameters Eight and 4/5. It s Circumference 27 , 63/100 of the said Diameters . The Area of his greatest Circle 64 square Diameters of the Earth : It s Convex Superficies 242 of the said square Diameters . The Solidity of its Body , contains that of the Earths 685 Times .

As to the structure of its Globe , We may conclude it with the rest of the Planets , to be composed of Solid and Liquid Parts , and by what hath been already said , that it is of a Body though Physically Round , full of uneven Asperities , invested with a vapid Atmosphere , carried about its own Center by a Vertiginous Motion , finished according to Rheita in 11 Dayes , 20 Hours , 1 Minute 15″ . and that its Zones or Belts are solid Parts less capable of Light than the rest of its solid or liquid Parts are .

SATURN .

The Highest , and of all the Primary Planets ( hitherto known ) the most remote from the Earth , runs his Course above all the rest , and beneath the Fixed Stars ; as is collected from his Parallax , ( of all the Planets ) the least , and in a manner none at all . Nor are there any either of the Fixed or Erratick Stars that afford to the observing Eye , by means of the Telescope such strange and admirable Phaenomena :

The chiefest and most worthy of Note are Three .

First , That he appears girdled about , with a certain Fascia or Zone , or rather encompassed about with an Armilla or Ring of Light .

Second , That he hath several Lunulae , or lesser Planets , like the Jovial Satellites moving about his Body .

Third , That his Figure appears variously and incredibly diversified , being sometimes beheld solitary in a round Form , at other Times represented with two Rundles adhering to each side , which again alter their Figure , and appear like certain Ansae or Handles .

As to the first Phaenomenon , the ingenious Mounsieur Hugens ( in his System . Saturn . p. 46. ) hath noted that the said Ring about the Body of Saturn is every way alike distant from it , the Plane whereof alwayes keeps in a certain and constant Inclination to the Ecliptick , appearing ( according to its diversity of Aspect ) now like a large Ellipsis , now like a more contracted one ; at other times like a strait Line , and now and then like two Brachia or Ansae , as it were on each side the Body of the said Planet . This Hypothesis of his he laid down in the following Proposition by him published in the year 1656.

Annulo cingitur , tenui , plano , nusquam cohaerente , ad Eclipticam inclinato . But Ricciolus conceives the said Saturnian Phaenomena may be as well salved , if instead of Monsieur Hugens his Annulus or Ring distant from the Body of Saturn , there were an Elliptical Armilla supposed coherent to it at the Extremities of the Lesser Diameter of the Ellipsis , which his Hypothesis he delivers in this Proposition .

Armilla cingitur tenui , plana , Elliptica , duobus locis cohaerente ; sive Parallela Aequatori ; sive in se circumvolubili , aut Libratili , Versus Mundi Polos . But of this let the learned Judge .

As to the second Phaenomenon ; the forementioned Monsieur Hugens in the year 1655. on the 25th of March , discovered a small Star or Planet moving about the Body of Saturn ; which Star Hevelius likewise observed at Danzick , and Sir Paul Neal , together with Sir Christopher Wrenn here in England , much about the same time ; but took it not to be a Planet , 'till ascertained of its being such by the Information of the said Monsieur Hugens .

This Saturnian Companion , after several Moneths Observation , he found to finish his Periodical Revolution it its Orbit about the Body of Saturn , in the space of sixteen dayes .

Since which the excellent Signiour Cassini hath lately made in the Royal Parisian Observatory , a Discovery of two other Planets moving about Saturn , the one nearer to the Body thereof than the Hugenian , the other farther removed from him than that . The Revolution of which interiour Planet he found to be compleated in four Dayes and an half , or rather four Dayes thirteen Hours . The Exteriour in something more than eighty Dayes .

Touching the last and various Phaenomenon ; Hevelius in a Particular Treatise , De Nativâ Saturni facie , hath endeavoured to give the Reason . He conceiving that diversity of Appearance to proceed from the Diversity of Aspect , as he is more directly or more obliquely b●…ld by Us : For seeing according to the Rules of Opticks , a Cylinder and an Ellipsis being beheld at a Distance or obliquely , seem to be circular ; Hence he inferrs , that Saturn as well when in the Apogaeum as Perigaeum of his Excentrick appears , as he terms it , Elliptico Ansatus , but in his mean Distance either from the Earth or Sun , he appears Monosphaericus , solitary and round , in other positions he appears Sphaerico-Ansatus , but diversly figured according to his divers Latitude and Situation in his Epicycle . And seeing at this Time Saturn's Apogaeum is in the 27th Degree of ♐ his Perigaeum in the 27th of ♊ , and his Mean Distance in 27th Degrees of ♍ and ♓ , he hath accordingly distributed the various Phases , and different Appearances of that Planet quite through his Excentrick . Of which see the following Table taken from Ricciolus in Paralip ▪ Astronom ▪ Reformat ▪ something differing from that of Hevelius inserted in his forementioned Treatise .

TableofthediversPhasesofSaturnaccordingtotheOpinionofHEVELIUS. Sign . Gr. Denominations of the Figures Apog . ♐ 27 Elliptico-ansatus plenus Decreasing . ♑ 12 ♑ 27 ♒ 12 Sphaerico-cuspidatus Major ♒ 27 Sphaerico-cuspidatus Minor ♓ 12 Trisphaericus Mean Distance ♓ 27 Mono-sphaericus Increasing . ♈ 12 Trisphaericus ♈ 27 Sphaerico-cuspidatus Minor ♉ 12 Sphaerico-cuspidatus Major ♉ 27 Sphaerico-ansatus ♊ 12 Elliptico-ansatus Diminutus Perig. ♊ 27 Elliptico-ansatus Plenus Decreasing . ♋ 12 Elliptico-ansatus Diminutus ♋ 27 Sphaerico-ansatus ♌ 12 Sphaerico-cuspidatus Major ♌ 27 Sphaerico-cuspidatus Minor ♍ 12 Trisphaericus Mean Distance ♍ 27 Mono-sphaericus Phases increasing . ♎ 12 Trisphaericus ♎ 27 Sphaerico-cuspidatus Minor ♒ 12 Sphaerico-cuspidatus Major ♒ 27 Sphaerico-ansatus ♐ 12 Elliptico-ansatus Diminutus

By the help of the foregoing Table and Ephemerides , the true Place of Saturn being given , it may be known ( sayes Hevelius ) what the Phases of Saturn will be for any Year to come , of which , for the greater Ease of such as would avoyd the trouble of Calculation , he hath composed the following Ephemerid ending in the Year 1701.

EPHEMERISPHASIUMSATURNI. Year Moneth Phases of Saturn 1674 Tricorpor 1677 Ansatus 1678 1679 1680 1682 From November to Iuly Tricorpor 1683 1684 1685 From September To October Rotundus perfecte 1686 1687 Tricorpor 1688 1690 Ansatus 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1699 Tricorpor 1700 1701 Rotundus .

But whether these Phases may exactly answer the Hypothesis , We leave to the Discovery of the Curious , and shall only add what we find reported by Ricciolus ( in Paralipom . ad Astronom . R●…mat . ) touching some Mechanical Trials , made by Signior Campani for the better discovering the various Face of this Celestial Proteus , being as follows . He caused a round white Ball or Globe to be inserted within an Armilla of the same colour , a Wire being made to pass through the Armilla , and the said Globe as a Diameter , so that the Armilla could be raised or deprest at Pleasure . This being placed in a convenient Light , and at a fitting Distance looked upon through a small Telescope , gave to him according to the divers Elevation or Depression of the said Armilla , all the Phases that were not only then ( viz. 1664. ) by him really observed in Saturn , but what likewise for the future might hereafter be observable . The same Tryal is also affirmed to have been made by Ricciolus by inserting a Globe as aforesaid , within an Armilla of an Elliptical Form .

Touching the Structure , Nature , and Substance of this Planet , it may be probably concluded : First , That it is composed ex solido & liquido , of a plumbeous or leaden temper and colour ; that it is Spherical , but withall full of uneven Asperities . Secondly , That it is an Opacous Body , and illuminated ab extra , and although the Sun's Light may approach it , yet it is not sufficient to give a requisite Lustre to so great and so distant a Body , and therefore must needs receive its Light from some other Fountain . Thirdly , That his Companions or Satellites , have their proper light , and thereby administer Supplies to that of their Prince : Fourthly , that he hath a gyration about its own Center and Axis , compleated according to Rheita in 29 Dayes , 10 Hours , 1′ . 16″ .

His Distance from the Earth is by divers Astronomers diversly computed , but according to Ricciolus , in his greatest Distance he is found to be distant from the Center of the Earth 90155 Semidiameters thereof , in his Mean Distance 73000 , in his least 57743 of the said Semidiameters .

His apparent Diameter , according to Ricciolus , when least in his Apogaeo cum Comitib ▪ is reckoned to be 46″ . when in his Mean Distance from the Earth 57″ . when greatest in his Perigaeo 1′ . 12″ .

His true Diameter cum Comitibus , contains of the Earth's Diameters 20. 1/6 6 . His Body that of the Earth 891 Times .

We are now come to the Conclusion of the Poem , wherein Manilius for the more perfect Consummation of this Work , by way of Corollary , hath inserted a brief but not unelegant Description

Of Fiery Meteors and Comets .

Touching the first of These , it will be needless to say much ; We shall only reckon them up . The several sorts of fiery Meteors . Those whose Place and Generation is in the Lower Region of the Aire , are Draco volans , Ignis Fatuus , Ignis Lambens , Sidus Helenae , Castor & Pollux : Those whose Birth is in the middle Region , are , Stella cadens , Lancea ardens , Fulmen , &c. In the Upper Region of the Air are reckoned , Fax , Ignis Perpendicularis , Bolis , Capra Saltans , Scintillae Volantes , Trabs &c. All which arise from Vapours and Exhalations which the Earth continually exspires , and diffuses round about through its ambient Atmosphere .

Of the second Sort something more is to be said ; but with that Brevity as may suit with our Method ; it being not our Design to amass together what ever might be collected upon this Subject , but only to hint so much as may serve either to explain what our Author hath written thereon , or to supply in some measure what he hath omitted , referring the more Inquisitive Reader to what among the Ancients , Aristotle , Seneca , Pliny , Plutarch and Ptolemy have written ; among the Modern , to what Tycho , Blancanus , Cabaeus , Fortunius Licetus , Camillus Gloriosus , Longomontanus , Keplerus , Galilaeo , Fromondus , and divers others have largely and learnedly discoursed of ; more especially to what the Learned and Reverend Prelate , Seth Lord Bishop of Sarum , hath published in his Dissertation De Cometis , to what Monsieur Petit hath discoursed in his Piece of the Nature of Comets , as likewise Lubieniecius in his Theatrum Cometicum ; Hevelius in his accurate Cometographia , and Ricciolus in Almagest ▪ Nov. Tom. 2. de Cometis .

Touching the Matter , Place , and efficient Cause of Comets , both the Ancient and Modern Of the Matter , Place , and eff●…cient Cause of Comets . Philosophers and Astronomers differ much ; We shall here give the Reader their several Opinions , collected from divers of the forementioned Authours , which may be reduced to Twelve distinct Heads .

The first will have Comets not to be any thing real , or distinct from other pre-existent Celestial Bodies , but rather a meer Emphasis or Appearance made by the Reflexion or Refraction of the Sun's Beams , or those of the Moon , in the same manner almost as is the Halo , Parelii , Paraselene and Rainbow . Of this Opinion was Panaetius , and some others mentioned by Seneca ( Natural . Quaest. ) and Plutarch ( De Pl●…it . Philosoph . )

The second likewise denies Comets to be any thing De Novo , existing in the Heavens ; but to be a 〈◊〉 Sympha●…s or Coappearance of divers Stars already known , joyned together in corporal Conjunction ▪ as Astrologers use to speak , and so making a kind of a long Star , as if it were ( as Sen●… expresses it ) duaru●… ( vel plurium ) Stellarum Ignis extensus , which Opinion is by some ascribed to Democritus , Anaxago●…as and Z●…no ; this is touched at by Manilius , where he sayes ,

Nature did those fading Lights design As subunited Stars in Heaven to shine .

Which see already explained in our Notes .

The third Opinion makes Comets to be some New and extraordinary Planets differing from the seven commonly known , being seldom seen , by reason either of their nearness to the Sun , or their too great Distance from the Earth , which after some space of time , emerging out of the Sun's Beams under which they lay hid , or approaching nearer to the Earth , become visible . This was the Opinion of the Pythagorean Italick Philosophers , Hippocrates , Diogenes , and generally of the Chaldaean Astronomers , and is likewise taken notice of by our Manilius .

The fourth Opinion maintains Comets to be an Aggregate of many small but ancient Stars composed into one Body , which afterwards parting asunder vanish and disappear ; which Opinion Ricciolus conceives ought more properly to be ascribed to Democritus , Anaxagoras and Zeno , than that already under the second Head attributed to them .

The fifth Opinion is that of Aristotle , and divers of his Interpreters , asserting Com●…ts to be Fiery Meteors , generated anew of copious Exhalations from the Earth and Sea , and elevated to the supream Region of the Aire ; which being closely compacted together , and hurried abou●… by the swift Motion of the primum Mobile , take fire , and last as long , as the Sulphur●… , Unc●…uous , Fat , Oleaginous , or Nitrous Matter of which they consist , affords them Fuel to burn and shine ; nor is this omitted by our Authour .

The sixth Opinion allows Comets to be formed of Sublunary Vapours and Exhalations , but not to be set on fire ; only to be illustrated by the Sun , by reason of the Diaphaneity of their Matter , like Phials of Glass full of Water of a red or yellow Colour ; or as Scaliger ( Exercit. 79. ) Opines : That Comets are composed of a subtle Vapour raised by its own Levity , or attracted by the Stars , into the Upper Region of the Aire , and so attenuated , that it not only receives but transmits the Sun Beams , like those thin Clouds which in the time of twilight are discerned not far above the Horizon ; which Opinion seems to be derived from Heraclides Ponticus and Metrodorus .

The seventh maintains Comets to be formed of Elementary Matter , that is to say of thin and subtle Exhalations , mounting by their Levity above the Orb of the Moon , and by reason of their Diaphaneity drinking up the Rayes of the Planets , chiefly of the Sun ; and afterwards transmitting them into a long Train , Bush , or Beard . Authours of this Opinion among the Moderns , are Guiduccius , Galilaeus , and Rothmannus .

The eighth Opinion , affirms Comets to be made anew of Celestial Matter ; not by Generation of a new substantial Form , but by Condensation , with a Mixture of Darkness and Diaphaneity , aptly receiving the Light of the Sun , and transmitting it again , of which Opinion are Libavius , Licetus , Camillus gloriosus , Tannerus and Resta .

The ninth Opinion conceives Comets to be generated a new of Celestial Matter , which after a Time corrupts and is dissolved . Of this Opinion are most of the Eminent Astronomers from Tycho to this present : Differing yet among themselves as to the Manner of this Generation ; Some conceiving the Generation of Comets to be made of that Celestial Matter , which is in the Via Lactea ; as being of all the other Parts of the Heavens more nearly prepared and disposed for such Productions . And that Comets are not Flagrant , but rather pespicuous , and tralucent Bodies . Kepler yet and with him Hevelius , and some others will have the Aetherial Region to be full of gross Fumes or Fuliginous Effluvia from the Bodies of the Stars , and Planets ( and more particularly of the Sun congregated as it were into one Aposthem ) and that their Origine and Matter is in a manner the same with that of the Solar Maculae and Faculae .

The tenth Opinion is ( as Ricciolus notes ) peculiar only to Kepler ; which asserts Comets to be formed anew of Celestial Matter , but that some of them are abased and thrust down below the Orb of the Moon ; as on the contrary , the seventh Opinion ( before mentioned ) maintained them to be formed of Elementary Matter , yet notwithstanding to be carried up above the Orb of the Moon ; and certainly ( sayes the same Ricciolus ) I see no reason why Comets , being composed of the Effluvia of the Planets in their Perigaea's , may not sometimes be carried beneath the Moon .

The eleventh Opinion supposes that Comets , if not All , yet the most Part , are created by God of Nothing , or at least formed of such Matter as best pleases him , whether Celestial or Elementary , and of such Shape and Figure , as may serve to terrifie , or admonish mankind and presignifie Calamities to ensue , which Opinion is likewise delivered by Manilius in these Verses

Or God in pitty to our humane state , Sends these as Nuncio's of ensuing Fate .

Touching which enough is already said in our Notes .

The twelfth Opinion is not distinct from all the former , but rather distinctive of the Matter and Place of Comets . Of which it admits some to be composed of Terrestrial Exhalations beneath the Orb of the Moon , whether inflamed or set on fire , or only enlightned . Others to be generated of Celestial Matter after the manner already delivered in the tenth Opinion .

And seeing mention hath been made in the ninth Head or Opinion , that the Origine and Matter of Comets is in a manner the same with the Solar Maculae . It will not be amiss here to add the Particulars in which they agree ; as by Hevelius in the seventh Book of his Cometographia , they are compendiously exhibited in the following Aphorisms .

1. Comets ( as the Maculae ) have both a Physical and Astronomical Rising ; but few of them Cometical Aphorisms ▪ have both Astronomical rising and setting , in regard they last not long , but are dissolved before they attain the Western Horizon . Others have neither Astronomical rising nor setting , but Physical only , as being produced and dissipated above the Horizon . 2. As the Maculae are composed , of the grosser Solar Matter , or more dense Effluvia , so Comets are formed of the Evaporations of divers Planetary Bodies . 3. Comets have a threefold Age ; their green and growing Age , their full grown or ripe Age , and their declining or decaying Age ; that is to say their time of Augmentation , Duration , and Decay . 4. Comets have their Augmentation and Decrement , as well Physical as Optical , not in a certain Part of the Heavens , but in any Part thereof ; and that without Intermission , successively , sensibly , and unequally . Hence it happens sometimes , that a Comet increasing slowly and more durably , is on a suddain extinguished , and on the contrary , another that suddainly shews it self , lasts a long time , and is slowly dissolved . 5. Comets ( as the Maculae ) are generated , and increase by the Accession of similar Matter , through Condensation , Adgeneration , substantial Generation , and Aggregation of Minute Bodies , and by contrary Means are dissipated , aud decay . 6. Comets ( as the Maculae ) are by no means spherical Bodies , but Plane , and of different thickness ; sometimes represented to our view like round or regular Figures , at other times appearing in irregular Forms , and differ in Magnitude , Crassitude , Colour , Obscurity , Density , and Rarity , and have their Nuclei ( Kernels or Knots of Light ) of divers Magnitudes , Crassitudes , Density and Colour . 7. The Nuclei , Kernels , or Knots of Comets sensibly increase and decrease . And those which suddainly increase are of shortest Duration , and are soonest dissolved ; Those which by Degrees augment , are of longest Continuance . 8. These Nuclei are composed of Dense and rare Parts ; That is , are generated of the most dilute Planetary Vapours and Exhalations , and of certain smallest Particles ; and sometimes grow together from many into one ; and not seldome from one are divided into two or three , or more . 9. Comets as they seldom and very rarely consist of one single Nucleus ; so the greater of these Nuclei is seldom seen , precisely placed in the middle of the Cometical Body , but declines toward the sides , drawing along with it the thinner Mass. 10. The Nuclei , as their rarer Parts by a Flux of Matter and Condensation , increase and become more splendid ; so by difflux of Matter and rarefaction they become more pale , wan , and dull . 11. Every Comet , as each Solar Macula , is circumvested with an other kind of Body , less obscure and more rare , as it were a peculiar Atmosphere , in which the Sun's Rayes are lodged , whence its Tayl or Bush is produced . 12. It seems likewise consonant to Reason , that the rarer Parts are procreated before the Nuclei or Kernels , and that in the Dissolution of a Comet , the Nuclei sensibly first decay ; so that the solid and more Dense Parts are sooner dissolved than the more rare . 13. The Nuclei of Comets ( as of the Solar Maculae ) have not their Generation or Corruption in one Part of the Heavens only , but every where indifferently . And of these some are more lasting than others , by reason of their more Unctuous and Dense Matter ; some of them likewise are formed about the beginning or Birth of the Comet ; others about the middle , and some toward the End . Yet sometime the same Nucleus lasts from the beginning to the End of the Comet now increasing , at other times decreasing . But in this , both Comets and their Nuclei altogether differ from the Solar Maculae , for that Comets , by reason of their Proper Motion in their Orbits never return again , and a second time ascend above our Horizon , that is to say rise again Astronomically ( except in their Diurnal Motion , which is not here considered ) insomuch as a Comet being once extinguished , cannot be again produced or continued . 14. Oftentimes divers Comets which seem at the same time to begin , and to be almost equal as to their Density and Magnitude ; have not yet the same Dissolution , but differ both as to the Time and Place ; the same is to be understood of their Nuclei . 15. Every Comet , as each Solar Macula , consists of an opacous , dense , and ( of it self ) obscure Matter , drawing all its Light wholly from the Sun . 16. Comets are alwayes greater than they seem to be ; be their Apparent Diameter greater or less than the Apparent Diameter of the Sun , which is the Body that illuminates them . 17. No Comet whatsoever either as to its Whole or Parts , or Nuclei , hath a Gyration about its Axis ; but alwayes turns the same face to the Earth and Sun , unless happily it may be carried in an equal librating or reciprocal Motion , according as it is more or less distant from the Earth . 18. The Nuclei of Comets ( as of the Solar Maculae ) have a peculiar Motion , but alwayes Irregular or Anomalous . Hence those Corpuscula or Nuclei , of which the Comet is composed , have Motions among themselves , as to their Accession , Conjunction , or separation , quite different from that proper Motion of the Comet in its Orbit , and thence proceed the suddain Coalitions , Digressions , and inordinate Deviations , as also the various Transformations of the Figures of the said Nuclei . 19. Comets : although sometime , as to their Diameter or Disque , or the Area of their greater Circle , they exceed in Magnitude the Moon and Earth ; yet do they not for all that exhaust the Planets , nor do those Bodies suffer any Detriment or Diminution , no more than the Sun does by Generation of his Maculae : for every Celestial Body calls back unto it self that Matter which by Dissolution or Attenuation issues from it . 20. Comets are never at one and the same equal Distance removed from the Earth or Sun ; but are sometimes higher , sometimes lower , as is evident ; in regard they are sometimes found to have a sensible Parallax , at other times to have none at All. 21. As the Sun does not constantly , but at certain times produce his Maculae ; So neither does the Aether at all times by reason of the defect of Matter , produce Comets . Since that tenuous Matter of which they are composed , being diffused beyond the Atmosphere of the several Planetary Bodies , whence it flows through the vast Aether , and most distant Parts of the Heavens ; it is not likely that those thin Exspirations can find so easie a Congress ; but that they concurr and are aggregated as it were by chance ; whence it comes to pass that Comets are so seldom seen .

Of the Tayl , Train , or Bush of Comets , and the Causes thereof something is likewise to be Of the Tayl , Train , or Bush of Comets . said , touching which there are as many different Opinions produced by Ricciolus and Hevelius , as those already mentioned touching Comets .

The first is that of Aristotle and his followers , asserting the Bush or Train of a Comet to be an Exhalation set on fire , in a more rare and less constipated Matter than that of its Head , and diversified , according to the divers Disposition of the Matter that feeds its Flame .

The second is that of Seneca ; who conceives the Cauda or Bush to be no part of the Comet , nor a Flame , but the Rayes or Light which the Comet by its Native Vigour sends forth .

The third is that of Gemma Frisius , who will have it to be a Fire of a simple Celestial Body , kindled by the Sun in the Head of the Comet , and by the Violent Action thereof thrust forth and expelled into the Opposite Part.

The fourth is that of Petrus Apianus , who makes the Bush of a Comet to be nothing else , but the Rayes of the Sun , transmitted through the Semidiaphanous Head thereof , as it were through a Globe of Glass .

The fifth is Tycho Brahe's , who conceives it to be nothing else but the Beams of the Sun penetrating the Head of the Comet , and terminated in some Matter not altogether Perspicuous , and reflected towards us ; for he supposes the Substance of the Aether not to be thoroughly Diaphanous .

The sixth is that of Kepler ; who endeavours to give a double reason of this Phaenomenon ; for he supposes , First , that the Tayl or Bush may be enlightned by the Sun-Beams passing through the Body of the Comet , which he imagines to be purely pellucid , yet withall Dense , in such manner as the Sun's Beams are thereby conduplicated and coloured . In the second he makes the Comet to expire a certain Lucid Matter from its Head , toward that Part where the Sun's Beams break forth . With him in a manner Gassendus consents , who conceives the Tayl or Bush to be of the same Matter with the Head , only to differ in rarity , which rare and tenuous matter is by the force of the Sun's Beams expelled into the Part directly turned from the Sun ; and this Opinion is likewise embraced by Camillus Gloriosus , and Franciscus Reita .

The seventh is that of Galilaeo ; viz. that the Tayl of a Comet is of its own Nature straight ; as being produced by the Sun-Beams , but appears to us to be crooked when near the Horizon , and inclined thereunto by reason of the Refraction of the Species , or of the Visual Rayes , made in the Spherical Superficies of the Aire , which near the Earth is filled with gross Vapours . This he illustrates by the Example of an Oar , which though straight , seems in the Water by the force of Refraction to be crooked .

The eighth is that of Io. Baptista Cysatus , who conceives the Tayl of a Comet not to be a Flame , but a radious Cone or Pyramid , made by the Sun's Beams , transmitted through the Head of the Comet , in the same manner as the Sun 's Light passing through a Hole , or Convex Glass , illustrates a Room or Chamber , which he sayes is done partly by Refraction , partly by Reflexion from the Poly-angular Sides of the Corpuscula , that forme the Head of the Comet .

The ninth is of Nichol. Cabaeus , who makes the Tayl of the Comet to be the Sun-Beams shineing through the Head of the Comet and refracted ; but since all Beams however refracted are propagated by right Lines , he affirms the Tayl of a Comet cannot possibly be really crooked , but only apparently such ; and the Cause of this apparent Crookedness he refers to the divers Site or Plane of the Eye , and of the Tayl or Bush of the Comet .

The tenth is that of Fromondus Meteor . l. 3. c. 4. where he affirms the Tayl of a Comet to be the Sun-Beams transverberated per Cerebrum Capitis Cometae , as he terms it ; and at the beginning not to be of any Length , nor directly to tend toward the Part turned from the Sun , in regard of the various Diversion it meets with , by reason of the Profundity and Opacity of the Head of the Comet ; but after that Opacity is a little cleared , and the Matter better digested , then the Sun-Beams issue forth directly , and stream into a long Bush or Train .

The eleventh is that of Fortunius Licetus , who conceives that to the Body of the Comet there is a certain Matter that adheres , by some Extrinsecal Appulse , and hath its coagmentation and generation near the Body of the Comet , from the same Cause that formed the Comet ; and either by the innate or proper Light of its Head , or by the Sun Beams is illuminated , and becomes visible in the shadow of the Comet , that is in that part of it which is directly turned from the Sun .

The twelfth is that of Ricciolus , who first conceives it not improbable , that the Tayl or Train of a Comet is of the same Substance with the Comet , and to shine by its own Light propagated from its Head . The Face of which is alwayes converted to the Sun like a Heliotrope , or as a Magnet to the Pole ; and by a slow Vertiginous Motion about the Center of its Head to be so moved , that the more perfect part of the Comet alwayes respects the Sun , the other part to be turned from the Sun ; and to have divers Shapes and Figures , according to the several Species of Comets , and the diversity of its Matter and Configuration . Secondly , he holds it very probable , that the Train or Bush of a Comet , is a Multitude of most subtle Corpuscula in the Air or Aether , flying about the Head of the Comet , not such as We see through a Chink dancing in the Sun-Beams , nor like those Exhalations which make the Crepusculum or Twilight , but much more subtle and higher , nor apt by reason of their smallness , their little opacity and great distance from the Sun , to be discerned by us through the Reflexion of the Sun's Beams , unless very strongly illuminated ; that , that strong Illumination is made by the Collection of the Sun's Beams by the Power of Refraction into one , though not precisely after the same Manner as they unite after their trajection through a Sphere of Glass . He likewise conceives the Head of the Comet to consist of divers minute Bodies Homogenial , partly Polyangular , partly Spherical , partly Spheroeidal . Hence by the Benefit of these various Superficies , the Sun Beams passing after a divers Manner through the Head of the Comet , according to the Rules as well of Refraction as Reflexion , come forth much more multiplyed and collected together than otherwise they would do , if they passed not through the Head of the Comet , or were not refracted .

To these We might add the different Opinions of the Excellent Des Cartes , and the much knowing Doctor Isaac Vossius , but that We are obliged to keep within the Bounds of our prescribed Brevity , and therefore shall referr the curious Reader to receive further satisfaction in this particular from their own better Pens ; as delivered by the first in Princip. Philosoph . Part. 3. by the other in his Learned Treatise De Natura & Propriet . Lucis . c. 32. and in his Appendix thereunto , c. 8.

From the divers Figures and Appearances of these Trains or Bushes , Comets are distinguished Of the several Kinds of Comets . into several Kinds or Species ; reducible to two chief Heads , that is to say , Criniti seu Comati , and Barbati ; to the first Head or Classis , relate these following , viz. 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , seu Hircus ; to the latter 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Veru , seu Pertica , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 .

1. Disceus , sive Disci-formis Cometa , is a Comet resembling in Shape or Form a round Dish or Platter , among these kind the chief is that which is called Rosa , sive Chryseus ; bright shining , and of a Silver Colour , mixed with Gold or Amber Colour . Those of this sort which are not absolutely round , resemble the Figure of a Shield , and are accordingly called Clypei-Formes . 2. Pitheus sive Doli-formis , resembles the Form or Shape of a Tun , of which there are divers Kinds ; some of an Oval Figure ; some like a Tun or Barrel erect or set on End ; some like one inclining , and cut short off ; others have a Bush or Train annexed . 3. Hippeus seu Equinus , resembles a Horses Main , not alwayes of the same Shape or Figure ; for now it spreads its Syrma or Train from the Fore-part or Front ; now from the hinder Part ; now of an Oval Figure ; now like a Rhomboides , and therefore it is distinguished into Equinus Barbatus , Equinus Angularis , sive Quadrangularis , and Equinus Ellipticus . Of this Pliny sayes , it is very swift in Motion , and turneth round about it self . 4. Argyrocomus , sive Argenticomus , is not much different from that which is called Solaris sive Rosa , but that it is of a whiter Colour , and shines with such a dazling silver haired Light , as it can scarce be looked upon . 5. Hircus , or the Goat is environed with a kind of Main , seemingly rough and hairy by the slender Fibrae of its Beams or Rayes ; it is sometimes of a round Figure without any Train or Bush. 6. Lampadias , sive Lampadi-formis , is a Comet resembling burning Lamps or Torches , and is of several Shapes , for sometimes it hath its Flame or Blaze carried upward like a Sword , sometimes double and treble pointed ; which Phaenomenon is yet very rare . 7. Ceratia , or the horned Comet , sometimes appears Bearded , sometimes with a Tayl or Train . Some have the Figure of a New Moon ; those that are tayled have sometimes a crooked Tayl bending upward , sometimes downward ; others have the Tayl of an unequal Breadth and thickness every Way ; some have their Hare or Bush pointed , others like a Horn or Trumpet . 8. Acontiae , are Comets formed like a Dart , or Javelin , with an oblong and close compressed Head , and prolix extenuated Tayl or Train . 9. Xiphias , sive Ensi-formis , is a Comet resembling a Sword ; the Head being fashioned like to a Hilt , the Tayl being long , straight , and pointed ; yet sometimes bending like a Cimitar ; when it is of a lesser and more contracted Form , it resembles a Dagger or Knife . 10. Lonchites seu hasti-formis , is a Comet resembling a Lance , its Head being of an Elliptical Figure , its stream of Light , or Tayl , being very long , thin and pointed . 11. Veru seu Pertica , is almost of the same Species with the Former , save that its Head is rounder , and its Train of Light longer and sharper pointed . 12. Tetragonias , seu Quadratus , is a Comet whose Head is for the most Part Quadrangular . It hath a long Train very thick and uniform , and is not unlike that Meteor called Trabs , or a fiery Beam . But all these will better appear by the several Schemes hereunto annexed , to which We referr the Reader , and shall forbear to add those Distinctions which some have given them in reference to the Planets ; making some Solar , others Lunar , Mercurial , Venerial , Martial , Iovial , and Saturnine , or of their Magnitudes , Duration , Motion , Prognosticks , or final Causes , of which Authours are full ; but give the Reader an Historical Abstract of the Times of the several Appearances of THESE SPLENDID AENIGMA'S , PROPOSED BY GOD , BUT NEVER TO BE RESOLVED BY HUMANE WIT ; as Ricciolus ingeniously sayes of them .

Table exhibiting ( according to the Series of Time ) the several Comets that have appeared , together with their Principal Phaenomena ; Collected for the most from Hevelius and Lubieniecius ▪ Anni ante Christ . The time of first Appearing The time of Duration and Disappearance The time of Day or Night The Place or Region of the World The Motion , Direct or Retrograde , swift or slow The Nature , Magnitude , Figure & colour of the Head The length , shape , and scituation of the Bush or Tayl 2292 About three dayes before the Death of Methusaiem a Comet appeared Visible by the space of one Month , and disappearing the sixteenth of April Rochen●…ch In Pisces under Iupiter . Passed through the twelve Signs of the Zodiack Iovial 2191 A little before the Confusion of Tongues at Balel La●…ed sixty five Dayes In Capricorn visible in Egypt Passed three Signs in the Zodiack Saturnine 1920 in the 80 ▪ year of Abraham's life 5 years after his Departure from Ha●…an Shined for the space of twenty two days In Aries visible in Chaldaea Martial 182●… In the fifth year after Abraham's Death Lasted nine dayes Under Leo in Egypt The Head like an Imperfect Circle or Globe very fiery 1718 According to 〈◊〉 ( though 〈◊〉 will have ●…t to be in the year 1●…32 . ) not long before the seven years scarcity in the time of Ioseph In Sagittary under Iupiter visible all over Arabia Of a dreadful Aspect , called Typhon , by an Egyptian King then reigning , and resembling a Wheel . 1495 A little before the Children of Israel departed out of E●…ypt for the Land of Promise Under Capricorn seen in Syria , Babyloniae ; and India Like a Wheel 1200 In the Moneth of August , not long after which followed the Death of the impious Amenem●… King of Egypt , the Trojan War , and a great Sedition among the Israelites wherein 42000 of the Tribe of Ephraim were destroyed In Cemint visible in Assyria Of a dreadful Aspect 1100 In the Reign of ●…eutamus King of Assyria , contemporary with Samps●…n Lasted forty three Nights Under Aries visible all over Greece 479 At which time according to Calvisius there hapned an extraordinary Eclipse of the Sun , and Nerues marched from Sardis against the Greeks , or rather ( according to Pliny ) incountred them in the Sea-fight at Salamis Lasted twenty two dayes Like that called Ceratias , being crooked like a Horn 〈◊〉 Seventy five dayes After San-set Fiery , and Martial , of a great and unusual Splendor , like a huge Beam 411 In the Month of Ianuary Towards the North 371 In the Winter about the Time of the great Earthquake , and Inundation in Achaia , Aristaus being Archon at Athens In the Evening after Sun-set It ascended as high as the Girdle of Orion , and there vanished , and consequently its Motion was direct At the beginning it was like a Beam , and extended its Rayes to the third Part of the Heavens , and was therefore , as Aristotle ( l. 1. Met. c. 6. ) affirms , called the Way ▪ in the End it parted into two Stars At the first Day of its Appearance , it ▪ Tayl was seen and not the Head 354 About the time of Alexander the Great his Birth , and the burning of the Temple of Diana at Ephesus In Leo At first Bushy , or as some affirm , representing a kind of Beard , afterwards turned into the Figure of a Spear 339 About the beginning of Alexander's Reign , Nich●…machus being Archon at Athens Lasted 19 dayes Never rose in the Evening Appeared near the Equinoctial Circle about the 19° of Sagittary 220 Lasted twenty two dayes In Aries 196 Two Comets ; first The second Lasted but few days nineteen dayes In Capricorn In Cancer Of a stupendious Magnitude 194 About the Birth of Mithridates King of Pontus Lasted eighty dayes Of an extraordinary Bigness 183 A little before the Death of Scipio , Africanus Lasted eighty eight dayes In Pisces Exceeding the Sun in Brightness Taking up near the fourth part of the Heavens 174 Lasted thirty two Nights In Aries 172 Lasted fifty five Weeks 166 September fourth In Taurus Of the Nature of that called Hircus 154 Lasted nine dayes 144 Lasted twenty two dayes In Capricorn Not less in appearance than the Sun , fiery red , bright shining , and dispelling the darkness of the Night ; but by degrees diminishing 134 Lasted eighty three dayes In Gemini seen at Praneste in Italy At first small , but in few dayes spread so , as to reach the Equinoctial Circle , and to be equal to that Part of the Heavens called the Via Lactea ▪ 122 Lasted eighty dayes It was so bright , that the Heavens seemed to be on Fire , and of that Magnitude as to take up the fourth Part of the Heavens , was more conspicuous than the Sun , and four Hours in rising and setting 111 Lasted fifteen dayes Appeared in the Evening In Cancer Shedding a very conspicuous Train of Light . 65 Lasted ninety five dayes In Virgo A terrible and mighty Comet 60 Lasted nine dayes The Sun totally losing its Light , it was seen ; whereas before it lay hid under its Beams 41 Lasted seven dayes Rising before Sun-set In Scorpio toward the North Of a dreadful Magnitude Xiphias , with a long and sharp pointed Blade 29 Lasted ninety five dayes In Libra 27 Lasted seven dayes Appeared about 11 of the Clock In the North Clear and most Conspicuous 23 Lasted a few dayes In Taurus Anni post N. Christ . 1 Lasted three Nights In Leo Like to a flaming Torch or Firebrand 10 Lasted 32 Nights In Aries 14 Lasted twenty days In Aries 40 In Gemini 54 Lasted four Months In Cancer Rose from the North towards the Heaven Eastward Every Day obscurer and obscurer 60 Lasted six Moneths In the North Tending from the North , Westward , inclining toward the South ; and run through half the Heavens Growing every day more obscure 64 A hairy Comet 66 In Gemini 71 On Easter Day the eighth of April Lasted a whole year In Virgo over the City of Ierusalem Xiphias , or Ensiformis 76 in Taurus toward the East Rockenbach Acontias , sive Iaculi-formis , of which the Emperour Titus wrote an excellent Poem , it is mentioned by Sextus Aurelius Victor in Vespas . 79 Lasted 180 dayes In Scorpio 128 Lasted 39 Nights In Aquarius and Capricorn 145 Lasted six Nights In Aquarius 188 Of the Nature of that which from its Figure is termed Pogonias , or a B●…ard 204 Lasted many dayes Seen at Rome 218 Lasted 18 dayes In Pisces Moving from West to East , as Lycosthenes and Eichstormius out of Xiphilinus affirm 323 In Virgo 335 Lasted six Moneths three dayes In Aries Of an Immense and terrible Grandeur 367 Of many dayes continuance seen in the day time 370 Lasted 11 Weeks In Aries 380 Appeared in the beginning of May Lasted four Months In Libra Of a round Figure bigger than the Planet Venus , and illuminating the whole Horizon 384 Like that which appeared over Hierusalem 389 Lasted twenty days Rose about Cock-crowing In Gemini toward the North Shining like Lucifer , or the Morning-Star 390 Lasted thirty dayes Hanging like a Pigeon or Dove of Light hovering in the Sky 392 Lasted forty dayes Rose about Midnight Near Venus , about the Zodiack Ascending sensibly from the Place of Venus towards Ursa Major , in the midst of which it disappeared Large and shining as bright as Venus , unto which divers other Stars assembling , compposed the Form or Figure of a Sword , whose Hilt was made of the former bright Star 396 The Figure not described by Aretius who affirms its Appearance 409 or 402 A Sword Comet , of extraordinary brightness , and of that Grandeur that it reached from Heaven down to the Earth 408 A little before the Death of Arcadius , Lubieneci . Lasted from Midsummer to the end of Autumn . In Capricorn , Rockenboch 409 or 413 About the time when the Sun was totally Eclipsed Lasted four Months and more In Virgo Moved from the Eastern Equinoctial Point by the Tayl of Ursa Major toward the West Its Light seemed to present the Figure of a Cone , not like a Star , but rather like a great Lanthorn , or Lamp , the Top of its Flame running into a great length , and pointed ; so that sometimes it varied from the proportion of a Cone , at other times again contracted it self into a Conick Figure 418 August the fourteenth Lasted till Septemtember In Libra 423 A horrible Comet Of the Nature of those called Criniti 442 Lasted many dayes At Night the Moon being eclipsed 448 Lasted many dayes In the East in Leo 454 or 457 Of a wonderful Magnitude , to whose Beám or Train of Light , adhered a Fiery Dragon , from whose Mouth issued two Rayes , the one extending beyond France , the other stretch'd toward Ireland , ending in seven other lesser Rayes 459 or 488 Of an unusual Figure and Magnitude surrounded with a dark cloud , but casting forth a bright Ray 504 Lasted many Nights The Tayl very long crowned with the Figure of a fiery Dragon 519 Lasted twenty nine dayes In the East Of the Figure of a Beard , or Pogonias , the Rayes streaming Westward 531 Lasted twenty days Its Beams ascending upward like that called Lampadias 539 In December In Sagittary Running against the Course of the Moon 541 Upon Easter Day A dreadful Comet 555 or 556 Seen at Constantinople Moving from North to South In Form of a Lance 570 The Figure is not described by Ricciolus , who makes mention of it 589 Lasted a Moneth Seen at Constantinople Surrounded with a Duskish Cloud , and casting forth a single Ray 594 or 597 In Ianuary Lasted a Moneth Seen Morning and Evening Of a Terrible Aspect 599 Its Figure not described either by Aimonius or Calvi●…s who mention its Appearance 601 In September Lasted many dayes Of an extraordinary Magnitude Like a bright Sword without any Rayes 604 April and May , November and December Lasted many dayes Very bright , its Figure not described 613 Lasted a Moneth Martial 633 Lasted thirty dayes Toward the South Xiphias , or Ens●…formis 676 In August Lasted 3 Moneths Seen from Cock-crowing to Sun-rising In the East Casting forth a great Flame like a fiery Trabs or Pillar 684 Between Christmas ▪ Day and Twelftide Lasted 3 Moneths Seen as well by Day as Night In the East near the Pleiades Moved from South to North Of a Duskish Colour like the Moon appearing through a Cloud 729 In Ianuary Lasted 14 dayes ▪ Seen in the Mornning before Sun-rising , and in the Evening after Sun-set Like to a flaming Torch , or Firebrand streaming Northward 745 About the End of the Year Seen in Syria 761 Appeared 10 dayes And 21 dayes In the East In the West 763 In the East Terrible to behold Like to a Beam 800 A little before the the time , the Empire of Rome was transferred to Charlemain The Figure not described 814 In November immediately before the Death of Charlemain A singular and terrible Comet , of a wonderful Figure , resembling two half Moons , now sensibly joyning together , anon parting asunder , and between them both exhibiting the Figure of a Man without a Head 830 In Aries 837 At Easter Lasted twenty five dayes In Virgo , in that Part where her feet touch the Tayl of the Serpent and the Crow Ran through Leo , Cancer , and Gemini in a Retrograde Motion , and in the Head of Taurus vanished 838 In Autumne Seen in the Morning before Sun-rising In Libra Dreadful to behold 839 In the Spring Lasted but a few dayes In the Evening after Sun-setting In Aries 842 In Aquarius 844 Above Venus , as observed by Albumazar 868 Its Figure not described by Lavaterus and Rockinbach 874 In the beginning of April Lasted a Moneth Preceding the Moon Dreadfully red and fiery , and projecting a long Train of Light 875 On the sixth of Iune Lasted a few nights Shining by Day as well as Night Preceding the Moon Extraordinary sparkling , and more than usually red ▪ and flaring with long hairy . Beams 882 In the eighteenth of Ianuary Its Bush or Tayl of a great length 902 Lasted forty dayes Its Tayl projected toward the East 904 In the Moneth of May Its Duration not mentioned Nor its Figure described by any 908 More than ordinary bright and glistring 930 In Cancer 942 On the seventeenth of November Lasted 14 Nights Seen about Constance a City in upper Germany 945 Of a wonderful Magnitude and Procerity , scattering about fiery Rayes or Beams 962 In Italy Of an unusual Grandeur 975 In August Lasted 8 Moneths 979 In Virgo 983 Its Duration not mentioned Nor Figure described 999 or 1000 In the beginning of December Seen about nine of the Clock in the Evening Of a most stupendious Magnitude 1005 or 1009 About the end of May In the South Of a terrible Aspect 1017 Lasted four Months In Leo More strange than usual Like a mighty Beam 1027 Their Duration not mentioned Nor Figures described 1031 1038 1042 On the sixth of October Lasted a Moneth Seen in the Mornning Moving retrograde from East to West With long flaming Hairs 1058 In Easter Week Lasted the whole Week Seen in Polonia Casting forth a long Train of Fire 1066 In Easter Week Lasted forty dayes Following the setting Sun At first equal in appearance to the Moon , afterward as its Tayl or Bush increased it diminished 1067 or 1068 Extreamly fiery 1071 Lasted twenty five dayes Seen in the Morning In the East Its hair long and flaming 1096 or 1097 About the beginning of October Lasted a Week In the West in Capricorn Duskish Casting forth a single Ray or Beam 1098 or 1099 About the Nones of October Lasted 15 Dayes In the Southern Part of the Heavens . Like a Sword , but obliquely waved , casting forth long Haires toward the East , and shorter toward the South 1101 Soon after Sun-setting In the West Of a wonderful greatness 1102 or 1103 February the twenty second In the East Changing its Place by Leaps , and long Interstitia's Broad spread and bright flaming 1104 Like burning Torches or fiery Darts 1106 In the first Week of Lent Lasted until Good-Fryday after , being twenty five dayes Seen in the Evening first Afterward in the Morning South west Eastward Great and horrible to sight A Splendor issuing from it very clear , like a great Beam 1109 Lasted some few dayes 1110 On the sixth of Iune , as Calvisius , or of Iuly , as Myzaldus Lasted six Moneths Its Motion Retrograde Its Rayes directed to the South 1113 In the Moneth of May A huge Comet 1132 or 1133 On the eighth of the Ides of October Of a stupendious Greatness 1141 1145 In the Moneth of May 1146 Lasted a whole Moneth In the West Illuminating with its bright Rayes the circumambient Air 1165 Two Cem●…ts at the same time Seen before Sun-rising In Libra , One in the South , the other in the North Two together , or one with two long projected Rayes 1168 Two Comets together On the twenty fourth of December Disappeared after being seperated at a great Distance . Seen in the West One great , the other small , of a fiery colour 1180 Lasted only the remainder of the day of its first Appearance , and the Night following 1200 In the fifteenth of Scorpio Moving contrary to the Course of the Celestial Signs Appearing thrice bigger than Venus , of a round Figure , Casting as great a Light , as the Moon in her Quarter 1211 In the Moneth of May Lasted eighteen dayes Near the North Pole Its Tayl or Train directed in the Evening to the East , in the Morning to the West 1214 Two Comets In March One appearing before Sun-rising ; the other after Sun-setting Of a terrible Aspect 1217 In Autunme In the South a little declining toward the West over against Ariadne's Crown A Ray issuing from it like a Beam which seemed to ascend up to the Mid-heaven 1219 Seen in England Of a vast Grandeur 1223 Conspicuous all over France Of a dreadful Appearance , and of a bloody Colour 1238 Lasted some dayes Seen before Sun-rising Of a vast Magnitude Sending forth Fire before it , and smoke behind it 1240 In February observed by Albertu ▪ Magnus Lasted six Moneths the last of any Conet , as noted by Lubieniecius , which ●…ad so long a dura ion Seen in the Evening Westward near the North Pole Duskish A long Train casting its Rayes between East and South 1241 In Ianuary Lasted thirty dayes Terrible to behold 1245 About the Feast of the Ascension , whic●… according to Calvisius was the twenty fifth of May In Capricorn toward the South Of a great Magnitude , clear but reddish like Mars , without a Tayl , perhaps mistaken ( as Hevelius supposes ) for that Planet 1254 or 1255 Lasted for some Moneths Seen in Germany and in England Of an Immense Grandeur 1264 In Iuly , much about the time of Pope Urban the fourth , his Decumbiture : observed by Palaeologus Lasted 3 Moneths and disappeared the very Night that Pope Urban the fourth dyed Rose in the Morning In Taurus behind Venus , or the Morning-Star Moving from East to West , and at length preceding the Morning Star Of a most signal Magnitude Its Tayl long and broad appeared before the Head , and extended its Rayes from the East unto the Mid-heaven 1267 On the eighteenth of Iuly Lasted not long A little before Sun-rising Near the Moon Running from the Moon by a swift Course Eastward to the Mid-heavens Of great brightness Leaving a white and fiery hairiness behind it 1268 Lasted many dayes Seen about Noon Of a wonderful greatness 1284 Of a signal Magnitude Projecting its hairy Blaze to the West 1298 In Summer 1300 A dreadful Comet 1301 In the Kalends of December , or as some will at Michaelmas Lasted 15 Nights ▪ Rose after Sun-set , and set after Midnight In Aquarius and Pisces Moved from the East Northward Its Blaze directed toward the East 1304 Lasted 3 Moneths Toward the North 1305 About the Holy Week as some , as others about Easter 1307 Its Appearance Duration Or Figure not described 1312 Lasted 14 dayes Running its Course from North to South Of a stupendious greatness 1313 Moving from North to South , according to the Motion of Mars 1314 In Autumne in the Moneth of October Lasted as some will three Moneths , as others but six Weeks Toward the North , in the last degrees of Virgo Of a terrible As pect Its Flaming Train directed to the North 1315 In December Lasted 'till February In Cancer Taking its Course the Pole Terrible to Sight Casting forth Rayes resembling a Broom one while Eastward , another Westward , and sometime Northward 1318 In Cancer , as Lubieniecius from the Authority of Herlicius 1337 Two Comets The first in April , The second in May Together with the first continuing , May , Iune , and Iuly The first seen in Taurus 1338 In Iune In the Evening About the Feet of Pegasus Moving toward the North , and ascending every day three degrees , by the lesser Bear , right Foot of Hercules , and left Hand of Ophiuchus Barbed After the Figure of a Sword , extended Eastward 1339 or 1340 or 1341 In March Near Spica Virg. Moving every Day a degree , and coming to the Sign Leo disappeared Xiphias or Ensiformis 1347 In August Lasted 2 Moneths In Taurus toward the North 1351 or 1352 In December say some In September others Far North Like a fiery Beam 1353 Mentioned , but not described by Praetorius , and out of him by Alstedius and Ricciolus 1362 On the eleventh of March Lasted five Weeks Seen all Night In the End of Aquarius , with signal North Latitude Its Tayl spread in the Evening toward the East 1375 In Aquarius Of the Nature of those Comets called Criniti 1380 Lasted 3 Moneths 1382 In August Lasted 14 dayes 1394 Seen in the Evening In the West Passing toward the North Having the Resemblance of that called Veru or Pertica , very remarkable with its Rayes standing upwards , and the Head hanging down below them 1399 Three Comets at once The Heads not visible But three great fiery Tayls appearing 1400 In the time of Lent Seen toward the North in the Oriental Angle Moving with great swiftness toward the East A most fiery and dreadful Comet Its Tayl long and projected toward the West 1401 In the End of February In the West A great , terrible , and most splendid Comet . It s Tayl expanded and stretched out like that of a Peacock , casting its Rayes like a Dart or Jayelin from West to East , and after Sun-set shining so bright , that hardly any Part of the World was not enlightned by its Beams ; which were of that brightness as hindred the Stars from shining , and quite expelled the darkness of the Night 1402 A little before Car nival Time Lasted many dayes Seen after Sun-set Towards the Northwest Its Tayl erected like a Lance , about the thickness of three feet , sometimes more , sometimes less 1403 About the latter end of March , o●… beginning of April Seen North-east Its Tayl pointing toward the North 1407 or 1408 In Iune Several Comets , of which we have no particular description 1426 On the ninth of Iune Continued near a Week Seen directly over the City of Leige Its Tayl pointing toward the Market-Place , as if it threatned that City 1432 In February , abou●… the beginning of the Moneth A very small one Its Tayl or Train projected to the North 1433 Lasted 3 Moneths Seen from Evening till Morning glistering bright and very great 1435 In Autumne 1439 or 1444 In the Summer Sel stice In the West in Leo Its Tayl extended toward the South 1450 In the Summer time Seen immediately after Sun-setting Moved from West to East , and passing under the Moon eclipsed the same Like a two-handed Sword 1456 Two Comets In Iune Lasted a Moneth In Cancer and Leo , one toward the West , the other toward the East Their Tayls extending beyond sixty degrees 1457 In Iune ▪ Lasted 30 dayes In the twentieth degree of Pisces Black and dusky 1458 In Iuly In Tauru●… 1460 A most bright , shinning and dreadful Comet 1463 The day before the Death of Iames the Second King of Scotland Very clear and bright 1467 After Michaelmas Seldom seen by reason of rainy Weather In Pisces oc Cancer perhaps , instead of Cancer should be put Capricorn It cast its Rayes toward the East , the Sun being in the midst of Libra 1468 Two Comets Lasted fifteen dayes each The latter brighter than the first 1472 About the End of December , or beginning of Ianuary , observed by Regiomontanus Lasted eighty dayes At the beginning it appeared in the Morning , about the End in the Evening , at the middle shining all Night It past from Virgo , by Bootes , the Dragon , Ursa Major , feet of Cepheus , Breast of Cassiopaea , Belly of Andromeda , the Northern Fish , and came to the Whale ; where setting hellacally it disappeared : At first , and at its End moving slowly , in the middle extremely swift , in so much as it ran through in one day forty Degrees of the Circle it moved in At the beginning its Head was small and thin , afterwards grew to a wonderful greatness , and then less and less ; sometime pale and white , sometime of a flame colour Its Tayl at the beginning short , about the middle stretching about fifty degrees in length resembling a Pertica , or Javelin , and directed at divers times to divers Quarters of the World 1473 Ianuary the seventeenth Lasted till the eighteenth of February following Toward the South in Cancer 1475 In Libra , as Herlicicius , Rockenbach and Alstedius Its Tayl alwayes directed towards Gemini , as Lubieniecius , citing Gassendus 1476 In Iune , as Lubieniecius from Schulerus in Disquis . Phi●…soph , De Comet . 1477 Of a pale Caerulean Colour inclining to Black . 1479 Seen in Arabia In Form of a sharp Beam or Pillar ▪ wherein divers Points might be observed 1491 About the Feast of the Epiphany Seen in the Evening . In the third Face or Decanate of Pisce ▪ or beginning of Aries with South Latitude Its Head not great Its Tayl long but thin , casting but a small Light directed to the East 1492 In December Lasted two Months Seen after Sun-set 1500 Two Comets One in April The other in Ianuary Lasted four Months Lasted ten Dayes Seen as well by Day as Night In the North in Pisces , as also in Sagittarius & Aquarius 1505 About the Feast of St. Michael Lasted until Shrovetide following Seen from four in the Morning until eight before Sun-rising , or from four before Sun-rising until eight after Sun-set Moving from the South toward the West Very large and shining , almost as bright as the Moon 1506 Two Comets One on the twelfth of April The other in the beginning of August The first lasted twenty five dayes . Continued 'till ▪ the fifteenth of August The latter seen at first near the Pole above Ursa Major , the next day among the Stars of the Wain , till at length it came to touch the Horizon and disappeared The first passed from West to East . The other ran through the Signs Cancer , Leo and Virgo Of a hideous dark colour Its Tayl bright and splendid , and spread like that of a Peacock , whence it was so called 1510 From it fell certain small Sulphurious Stones of an ill Scent , as Cardan relates , sayes Lubieniecius citing Kecherman . System . Phys. l. 6. c. 5. 1511 or 1512 May the eleventh March and April Lasted till the third of Iuly In Leo Of a sanguine Colour 1513 In December Lasted from the End of December , to the nineteenth of 〈◊〉 ▪ following Shined all Night Moved from the End of Cancer to the End of Virgo Variously coloured Its Tayl long 1515 or 1516 Seen in Italy , Roch. and Myzald . Ran in a short space through the twelve Signs Of the Nature of the Moon 1521 In April In the End of Cancer Cleer , and like the Moon in its Dichotomy Having short Rayes or Hair 1522 Toward the West Of the Nature of Saturn . 1523 In November Seen in the Kingdom of Naples 1526 August the twenty third Lasted until the twenty third of September Like to a flaming Sword 1528 Ianuary the eighteenth In Pisces in Opposition with Saturn 1529 Four Comets at ou●… Mutually opposed to each other Hevelius doubts whether they were genuine Comets Their Tayls pointed directly toward the four Quarters of the World 1530 In Iune 1531 August the sixth observed by P. Apianus Lasted till the third of September At first seen in the Morning before Sun-rising , at last in the Evening after Sun-set Seen all over Germany , Italy , and France Ran from the beginning of Leo , to the beginning of Libra in North Latitude Of a ruddy or rather yellow Colour 1532 September the twenty fifth observed by P. Apianus Lasted 'till the twentieth of November Seen in the Morning before Sun-rising Ran from the beginning of Virgo to the beginning of Scorpio , at first in South , at last in North Latitude Thrice bigger than Iupiter , but of a pale obscure colour Its Tayl very long and radiant , stretching Southwest 1533 In the beginning of Iune observed by P. Apianus It appeared first in Gemini near Perseus Thence moved retrograde unto Taurus encreasing dayly Bigger than Iupiter Its Tayl extending fifteen Degrees in length , like to a Military Spear ; by others resembled to a two-handed Sword 1538 In Ianuary observed by P. Apianus Lasted three Weeks Seene in the Evening In the West in the beginning of Pisces in seventeen Degrees of Northern Latitude Of a fiery Colour , some yet make it obscure and pale Its Tayl extending thirty Degrees in length toward the East 1539 On May the sixth Lasted till May the seventeenth In Leo in North Latitude at first , at last in South Latitude Moved according to the Course of the Signs direct ; but from North to South Its Head small and obscure Its Tayl short 1541 August the twenty first Resembling the shape of a Dragon With a fiery Tayl 1542 Lasted forty dayes Seen over Constantinople Dreadful to behold 1545 Lasted a few dayes In the West Of a sanguine Colour 1554 Lasted some few dayes Of the colour of Fire Its Tayl pointing to the West 1556 The fifth of March From the left Wing of Virgo it passed by Bootes , and ascended to the Northern Pole of the Eclip tick , thence by Andromeda it came to the Northern Fish , where it was extinguished . In its middle Course most swift , running through fifteen Degrees dayly ; at first its Motion was retrograde , at last direct . Its Rayes and Colour changed It seemed like a bright Globe of Flame , equal to the Half Moon Its Tayl rare and thin , casting forth rather a pale than ruddy Light , straiter near the Head , and extending Westward 1557 In the Moneth of October Seen in the West in Sagittarie In the Form of a Dagger , of a pale Colour , and its light thin and weak 1558 In August Lasted till the Nones of September Seen in the Evening Under Coma Berenices , above Leo in the East Moved Eastward Of a pallid Colour 1559 About the End of May Lasted to the second of Iune 1560 December the twenty eight Lasted twenty eight dayes Seen over most Parts of France 1564 On the twenty fifth of Iuly Its. Duration not mentioned Its Figure not described 1569 About the beginning of November Lasted to the End of the Moneth Seen in the Evening In 5° . of Capricorn near the bright Star of Sagittary ; but Ricciolus affirms it appeared in Serpentar●…s , and in the Signs Sagittarie and Capricorn It passed from Cancer , and declining from its right Course , went aside to the 4° . of Virgo , where it became Stationary Of a very bright Colour Streaming with fiery Rayes , directed to the East 1577 On the ninth of November sayes Hevelius , on the twelfth Rockenbach , on the tenth Ecstorm . Lasted 3 Moneths Appearing about five of the Clock in the Evening About the beginning of Capricorn , in the highest Heavens ; for its Parallax at the beginning was 19′ . 12″ . at the End 2′ . So that its Distance from the Earth at first was 173. at last 1733. Seinidiameters of the Earth It moved from the beginning of Capricorn by the Contact of the Equator , and the Meridian Line , passing the Pole of the Zodiack between Equiculus and the Dolphin , unto the Breast of Pegasus , its Motion continually decreasing . It ran through Capricorn and Aquarius to the middle of Pisces Its Colour was like the purest Silver , a little glittering , its apparent Magnitude exceeding that of Venus or Iupiter Its Tayl was of the colour of Blood , projected to a great length toward that part of the Heavens opposite to the Sun , in the mid●… crooked , the convexity thereof respecting the Zenith . It s concavity the Horizon , Its length extended to thirty Degrees , its Breadth to five 1578 On the sixteenth of May Appeared about nine houres after Sun-set , at which time Iupiter and the Moon were in Conjunction in Libra Toward Southwest Its Tayl long and directed to the North 1580 October the second sayes He●…l . eighth at Nortmberg . tenth at Gorlic . sayes Bucol●…rus I asted above three Moneths In the Evening about seven of the Clock , until the fourteenth of November , and then matutine till the sixth of December , whence only seen in the Morning Between the Zodiack and the Aequator , about the fifth degree of Pisces , distant from the Earth 157 S. D. thereof : So that ( as Hevelius notes , ) it was in the Orbe of Mercury or Confines of that of Venus At first moving in a slow and retrograde Motion , afterwards in a swifter Course it ran through Aquarius , Capricorn , and Sagittary . At the End its Motion was more remiss , and almost Stationary , at length direct , creeping forward from Aries , by the Aequator behind the Stars in the left hand of Aquarius to the Head of Pegasus , by Equiculus and the Dolphin , 'till in the Constellation of Serpentarius it disappeared Its looks sad , mournful , obscure , wan , and dull , exceeding in Magnitude ( as to appearance ) the Stars of the first Magnitude for its apparent Diameter on the fifteenth of October was found to be 16′ . 30″ . At first it wanted a Tayl , but afterward about the ninth of October it acquired a Tayl , but rare and thin , and alwayes extending precisely against that part of the Heaven opposed to the Sun 1582 On May the fourteenth Lasted to May the eighteenth In the Evening after Sun-set Between West and North Its Motion retrograde and swift , ascending toward the North Of a vast Magnitude , and dreadful to behold Its Tayl extended between the right and left shoulder of Auriga , ascending toward the Sun 1585 October the eighth Lasted 'till the fifth of November In the Evening about nine of the Clock In the 23° . 9′ . of Pisces , and in 13° . 52′ of Southern Latitude It moved continually in direct Motion , but something slow from Pisces to Aries , 'till toward the middle of Taurus , where about the eighteenth degree of that Sign it disappeared Its light obscure , rare , and cloudy , formed like a Crab ; It s apparent Magnitude , equalling that of Iupiter's . In the middle part of its Body shone a more compact Light , about the extremities thereof thin , and less appearing It had no Tayl or Beard , unless about the twentieth and twenty second of October , at which time there appeared some slight Marks thereof 1590 February the twenty third Lasted 'till the sixth of March Seen in the Evening Between the Constellations of Andromeda , and the Ram , near the Northern Fish . Its Place being in the highest Heavens , and not nearer to the Earth than the Sun It described by its Motion an Arch of a greater Circle , and measured in its Course a fourth part of the Hemisphere Its head small , shining with a pale and obscure light ; at the first biggest , but then not exceeding 3′ . in Diameter , and successively diminishing both in Magnitude and Light It cast forth some small Rayes , but thin and rare , and extended toward that part of the Heavens , opposite to the Sun 1593 Iuly the tenth Lasted 'till the twenty first of August Conspicuous before Sun-rising In the Cardinal Solstitial Signs By its Motion , it went from the Tropick of Cancer , to the Artick Circle , contrary to the Series of the Signs , that is from Cancer through Gemini and Taurus , and in Cepheus disappeared 1596 On the ninth of Iuly In the Evening about the Prime of Night In the North among the Stars of Ursa Major By its Motion going forward a little toward the hinder Parts of the greater Bear , so that it ran through Cancer , Leo and Virgo , and at last became Stationary as to longitude , declining its course to the fourth Degree of Virgo Of the Colour of Saturn Its Tayl stretching to the Part opposed to the Sun toward the Pole of the Ecliptick , yet with some little deviatiation 1597 About the sixteenth of Iuly Lasted 'till the ninth of August 1607 On the twenty fifth on twenty sixth of September Lasted 'till the fifth of November Seen in the Evening about seven of the Clock , and from thence all Night Under the greater Bear a little higher than that Star which is toward the Square , in the 30° . of Leo , and 36° . of Northern Latitude ; its Parallax being found , not to exceed 3′ . and consequently its Place in the Highest Heaven or Aether It moved in direct Motion from the formost foot of the greater Bear under its Belly , passing by the midst of Bootes , and strook through the Serpent , coming under the Hand of Ophiuchus arrived at his formost foot and stayed in his Leg. The Orbit in which it was carried seemed to be a greater Circle ; at last extreamly bent or bowed toward the Ecliptick . On the thirtieth of September , its Diurnal Motion was thirteen Degrees ; but both before anc after , its Motion was slower ; at length Retrograd ▪ and Stationary , a to longitude Its Head was not of ●…n even or equal roundness , but here and there extuberating . It s apparent Magnitude greater than any of the Fixed Stars ; o●… than that of Iupiter . It s Light weak , p●…le and waterish , like that of the Moon when near the shadow of the Earth , towards its End diminishing more and more Its Tayl was something long and thick , projected with some little Deviation against that part of the Heavens opposite to the Sun . Vend●…nus saw it like a flameing Lance o●… Sword , seven Degrees in length 1618 The first Comet August the twenty fifth Lasted 'till the twenty fifth of September Appearing about three of the Clock before Sun-rising A little beneath the left fore-foot of Ursa Major inclining toward the Head of Leo , in the tenth Degree of the said Sign , and in the twenty second Degree of Northern Latitude The second of September it proceeded in Motion retrograde in Antecedence of the Signs ▪ one Degree afterwards in its Course more remi●…s It ●…ppeared ( as observed by a Telescope ) to be hairy ; Its Light not clear , shining , but cloudy and duskish Its Tayl short and broad , spreading toward the West 1618 The second Comet On the tenth of November Lasted to the eighteenth or twenty third of the same Moneth Appearing two hours before Sun-rising Between the Autumnal Section , and the eighteenth Degree of Libra Declining from the Ecliptick Southward 15° . It s Motion retrograde Its Head was not distinctly observed by the Europaeans , by reason of its vicinity to the Sun . But in Persia its colour was found to be like the Vapour of Flower of Brimstone set on fire Its Tayl was like that of an Estrid●…bowed ; In length forty five Degree●… In Persia it was observed to be like : Cymit●…r , or rathe●… like a young Palm-tree who●…e top Bowes bend but little 1618 The third Comet November the twenty second or twenty third Lasted to the thirteenth of December Seen in the Morning It took its Rise from the Equinoctial Eastern Point Its Motion wa●… Northward Its Colour was like that of Ve●…us , whose Magnitude it equalled if not exceeded It had a long Mai●… or Tresses 1618 The 4th ▪ and last Comet On the twenty fourth of November Lasted sixty dayes , viz. until the twenty fourth of Ianury next following Seen in the Morning before Sun-rising On the twenty ninth of November it was seen between the Scales of Libra , more Eastward than a Line drawn directly between the said Scales , and more approaching to the Northern Scale . It s true place being in the Aether , for at first it was distant from the Earth , seventy one of its Semidiameters . At last it was higher than the Sun it self , for its Parallax was found to be less than that of the Sun Its Motion was to the North , with some Inclination Westward ; for it passed by the middle of Libra and by Bootes , and when it had advanced as far as his Head , it shined all Night , thence proceeded above his Wrist , and over Ursa Major . It s Motion becoming every day flower and flower . As to its progress in the Ecliptick , it ran from the End of Scorpio to the middle of Cae●…er above one third part of the Heavens . At first Southern , at last Northern Its colour was palish , the lower part of its Head was perfectly round ; ●…e upper part whence the Tayl issued was uneven , and as it were indented ; It s light languid , whitish and cloudy , yet sometimes a little twinkling . In the midst of the Head at first was one single Kernel or Nucleus , afterwards separated into three or more , and at length parting into more lesser and lesser , was dissolved . It s apparent as well as true Magnitude being various , and unconstant Its Tayl toward the Head was very narrow , about the Middle , and its Extremity , prett●… large ; it was extended with some Incurvation , now to the 〈◊〉 , now to the 〈◊〉 , but not precisely in oppo●…ion to the Sun , through its middle , according to Longitude ran a clear Line like the Pith of a Tree , not seldom the whole Bush or Train ▪ seemed to have a kind of Scintillation an●… Fluctuation ; its Head likewise darting forth Ra●…es , and suddainly withdrawing them . It length was sometimes extended to 45 , 60 , 75 ▪ n●…y to 104 Degrees its Breadth to 〈◊〉 Degrees . It s C●…lour near the Head 〈◊〉 and fiery , toward the End pale and whitith 1647 On the twenty ninth of November Lasted but two dayes Seen in the Evening at half an hour past Eight In the Constellation of Berenice's hair , not so far as five Degrees from the left Leg of Bootes , about 10° ▪ from Arcturus , in the eighth degree of Libra , and in the twenty sixth Degree of Northern Latitude Its Motion was contrary to the Series of the Signs , viz. from the Head of Bootes towards the Ecliptick , and Spica Virginis It was something less in Appearance than Arcturus , but sufficiently bright and splendid Its Tayl was erected upwards toward the Zenith ; in length twelve Degrees , like to a Broom , conspicuous and splendid enough where it issued from the Head , towards its Extremity , more thin and dilute 1652 On the twentieth of December Lasted 'till Ianuary the tenth Appearing about six of the Clock in the Evening In 9° of Gemini , and 31° of Southern Latitude , not far from Rigel , in the left foot of Orion . So that by its Situation with the said Star , and another above the foot of Orion in Eridanus , it made in a manner an equilateral Triangle . It s true place was in the Aether or highest Heaven : for when it was nearest the Earth , its Distance thence was 110 Semidiameters thereof . It s Parallax at first being found to be 31′ . 15″ . but about the twelfth of Ianuary , it was distant from the Earth 22509 of the Earths Semidiameters ; its Parallax not above 9″ . and consequently it was as high as the Orb of Iupiter . It s Motion was constantly retrograde , from South to North , by the Hare , Foot of Orion , Taurus , to the Pleiades , and from thence as far as Perseus ; not directly but obliquely from East South East to North Northwest , in a great Circle inclined to the Ecliptick , and Aequator : At first by its Diurnal Motion compleating 11° . 16′ . at last 30′ . it ran through in the Time of its Duration 65° . 51′ . passing beyond and beside the Course of the Annual Orb. At first , distant from the Earth , ninety four S. D. thereof , at last seventy two of the said Semidiameters Its Head was round , and little less than the Moon at full . It s Light pale and dull , like that of the Moon , o'recast by a thin cloud In it were observed by the Telescope several Nuclei or Kernels every day varying their Situation . It s apparent Magnitude was not alwayes the same , being found at first to be 30′ . afterwards but 3′ . 30″ . It s Tayl at the beginning extended Eastward toward the Part of Heaven opposed to the Sun , ( yet with some small Deviation ) as far as to the handle of Orion's Sword , like to a sharp pointed Cone , in length 7° . of a whitish , but something obscure Colour , casting forth thin small Hairs or Rayes , which about the seventh of Ianuary it quite lost . It s Tayl still increast in Length , being at first only 3440. at last 163000 German Miles ▪ 1661 On the third of February Lasted fifty three dayes Seen in the Morning 47′ . after five of the Clock Eastward , beneath the Dolphin , between the Eagles Head , and that of the lesser Horse in 10° ▪ of Aquarius , and 22° . of Northern Latitude . In the very Aether or highest Heaven ; at first two thousand , at last nine thousand Semidiameters of the Earth distant from it , and consequently ( according to the Opinion of Hevelius ) higher than the Sun it self Its Course was from the East , Westward , by the Head , Neck , and neather Wing of Aquila , in a line almost parallel to the Ecliptick and Aequator but retrograde , and not in a greater Circle Its Head was round , and of a yellowish Colour , clear and conspicuous , in the middle whereof at first was a ruddy Nucleus or Kernel , equal almost to Iupiter , encompassed with a certain thin , and more dilute Matter Its Tayl extended above six Degrees in Length toward the Dolphin , narrower where it joyned to the Head , than in its Extremity , and pointing to that part of the Heaven , opposite to the Sun , but with some kind of Deflection . 1664 On the fourteenth of December Lasted almost three Moneths Seen at first in the Morning about five of the Clock afterwards in the Evening Near the Beak of the Crow , in 8° . of Libra and 22° . of Southern Latitude , in the highest Aether . It s Parallax at the beginning 59″ . in the Middle 4′ . and in the End 16″ . So that at first it was three thousand five hundred , then a thousand , and lastly one hundred twenty thousand Semidiameters of the Earth distant from the terrestial Globe , and higher than Mars Its Motion was Retrograde from Corvus by Hydra , Argus , the great Dog , the Hare , Eridanus , and Whales Head , unto Aries ▪ yet was not the Line of its Course carried altogether under that of a great Circle , it deflecting notably Northward . It ran through more than five Signs of the Zodiack , viz. Libra , Virgo , Leo , Cancer , Gemini , Taurus even unto Aries ; and in respect of its Orbit made a Progress of one hundred fifty four Degrees Its Head was very conspicuous : It●… Colour somewhat yellow : In the midst whereof was discerned a clea●… Light , surrounded with another more obscure , composed of sundry corpuscu la interspersed with other more subtle Matter of a divers Density , mixing at first with the Nuclei , after separating and dividing As to its apparent Magnitude , it exceeded six times the Diameter of the Earth Its Tayl extended fourteen Degrees in length Southwest ; sometimes ▪ longer , sometimes shorter ▪ On the eighth of December , it spread its Rayes upward in manner of a Peacocks Tayl ; from which time after it was directed toward the East All the time of its Duration extending it as far as the Sign Gemini , toward that Part of the Heavens opposed to the Sun , yet with some Deviation ▪ now Northward , now Southward ; towards its End it was sometimes quite lost , and then again recovered 1665 April the sixth Lasted fourteen Dayes Seen in the Morning half an hour after one In the Breast of Pegasus , in fifteen Degrees of Pisces , and 27° . of Northern Latitude . It s Parallax at the beginning having been found to be 69″ ▪ which decreased successively to 41″ . whence its Distance from the Earth at first could not be less than three thousand Semidiameters of the Earth , toward the End five thousand of the said S , D. distant from it and consequently sixty times higher than the Moon at first , and at last equal in height with the Sun it self Its Progress was by Pegasus under the Head of Andromeda , by the Northern Fish , as far as unto Aries ; in a Motion continually direct , at the beginning it ran through in one Day four Degrees and six Minutes , at last two Degrees twenthree Minutes Its Head was round of a yellowish Colour . It s Light quick and bright . In the very middle whereof was a single ▪ Nucleus of a conspicuous Magnitude , of a Gold Colour encompassed equally about with another thinner kind of Matter . the apparent Diameter of the Head was six Minutes Its Tayl at the beginning extended almost 17° . in length projected between the Mouth and the foremost Foot of Pegasus Westward ; where it issued from the Head , it was thick and lucid , and of the same dense Matter with that of the Head ; but toward the End or Cuspi●… , it was more thin and dilute . It stretched sometimes in length to 25° . streaming toward the Part opposed to the Sun , yet with some little Deviation Southward 1668 Fifth and tenth of March observed by Signior Cassini at Bologna About the first hour of the Night after the Italian way of counting The Head or Body was not seen , being hid under the Horizon The Tayl was of a stupendious length , being extended ( as it appeared at Lisbon in Portugal ) over almost the fourth Part of the Visible Heaven , from West to East , from the Whale through Eridanus to the Star which precedes the Eare of Lepus , as observed at Bologna in Italy by Signior Cassini 1672 Second of March Lasted till about the End of April , as Signior Cassini hath computed Seen both Mornings and Evenings At first between the Head of Medusa and the Pleiades , afterwards having continued his Course towards the Root of the Southern Horn of Taurus , and having passed the Ecliptick , went on above the Top of Orion's Head , to the Milky Way Its Motion falling into a Line little differing from an Arch of a great Circle , cutting the Ecliptick in the tenth Degree 45′ . of Gemini , its greatest Latitude in the tenth Degree 45′ . of Pisces , that is between 39° . and 40° . Northward , the same Circle cut the Aequator at 101° . of the Vernal Section Eastward , and its greatest Declination from the Aequator Northward was 38° . ½ . He made about 2° . 32′ , a day in the great Circle of his apparent Motion His Head seen with a Telescope of seventeen , foot appeared almost round , but well distinguished from the Mistiness which formed a kind of Chevelure wherewith it was encompassed ; and even the Middle was a little confused , and seemed to have inequalities , as are seen in Clouds The Tayl was almost imperceptible ; yet by the Telescope it was seen turned opposite to the Sun , and appeared of the length of two Diameters of the Head , or thereabout ; for it was not easie to measure it precisely , because being thinner according as it was farther from the Head , its Extremity was insensibly lost , and so the whole Comet Tayl , and Chevelure taken altogether , took up no more than three or four Minutes of a Degree

fig : G.

Cometae Discei seu Chrisei .

1. Solaris sive Rosa.

2. Disciformis .

3. Clypeiformis .

4. Clypeus ardens .

Cometae Pithei

5. Doliiformis erectus .

6. Doliiformis truncatus .

7. Doliiformis caudatus .

Hippei sive Equini

8. Equinus barbatus .

9. Equinus quadrangularis .

10. Equinus Ellipticus .

Lampadiae

11. Lampadiformis .

12. Lampadiformis .

13. Lampadiformis .

14. Hircus .

15. Fusca nube circumdatus

16. Barbatus .

fig. H.

Ceratiae seu Cometae Cornuti .

17 Corniformis Lunatus

18. Corniformis .

19. Cornutus biscuspidatus .

20. Curvatus Divaricatus .

21. Tubiformis .

Acontiae .

22. Jaculiformis Lunatus .

23. Jaculi-formis Ellipticus .

24. Iaculi-formis rotundus .

fig. I.

Xiphiae .

25. Ensiformis 1.

26. Ensiformis . 2.

27. Ensiformis . 3.

28. Ensiformis incurvatus .

Longites .

30. Hastiformis . 1.

29. Ensiformis . 4.

31. Hastiformis . 2.

fig K. Acontiae

32. Veru .

33. Pertica bifurcata

34. Cometa quadratus .

35. Coniformis .

36. Cometa Pyramidatus .

37. Cometa Monstriferus . 1.

38. Cometa Monstriferus . 2.

39. Cometa Monstriferus . 3.

fig. L.

40. Cometa 1577. Die 17 Nov. à Tychone observ.

41. Cometa 1577. Die 28 nov. et 3 dec . à Cornel. Gemma . observ.

42. Cometa 1590.

43. Cometa 1607.

46. Cometa 1647.

44. Cometa 1618 Die 1. Dec. à Cysato observ.

45. Cometa 1618. Die 17. 18. et 20 Dec. observatus .

47. Cometa 1652. ab Autore observ.

ADDITIONS and AMENDMENTS to be inserted , as followeth , VIZ.

PAge 11. In the Annotat. Line 36. after Capricorn , add . But as to the Aspects as well the Antient , as those added by later Astronomers . See Bartschius his Usus Astronomicus Indicis Aspectuum , &c. Printed at Norimberg , 1661.

Ibidem Line 43. after now lost ; add . except what is preserved in the Excerpta mentioned in Labbés Bibliotheca ; and what Ioannes Camaterus hath left on the same Subject , collected out of the Babylonian Writers .

Page 12. Line 4. Annot. after Mochus the Sidonian , add . as Iamblicus in the Life of Pythagoras , and Damascius out of Eudemus call him .

Ibidem Line 39. after resolve , add . Damascius allotted three Principles , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , i. e. Ignis , Aer , & Aqua .

Page 15. Annot. Line 13. after idem nasceris , add . And for this Reason the Sun is called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , quia Sol quotidie renovat sese . Hence that of Virgil ( Georg. l. 3. ) Manè Novum , vide Macrobium Saturnal . l. 1. & Festum in Voce Manare .

Page 17. Annot. Line 41. add , the Chineses hold it Piacular not to relieve the Sun and Moon when eclipsed , ( at which time they believe them to be ready to be devoured by some Dog or Dragon ) by offering Solemn Sacrifices , and making a great Noise . See Martinius Histor. Sinic . p. 58.

Page 18. Line ultim . add , The Chineses divide the Zodiack into 28 Constellations , according to the Arabs , who call them the Mansions of the Moon ; which Number Kepler ( in Comment atiuncula in P. Terrentii S. I. Epistolium ) conceives to arise from the Periodical Motion of the Moon , which is compleated in so many Dayes .

Page 24. Line 36. Annot. after North Star , add . By the Chineses it is called REX , or the Kingly Star , quia olim ( according to their Imagination and Belief ) erat prope polum immobilis , quam Reliquae Omnes Stellae venerabantur , as Terrentius the Jesuit in his Epistle from China , anno 1623. affirms .

Ibidem Line ultim . add . See likewise Io. Francisc. Grandis , in Dissertat . Philosoph . & Critic . p. 112. where he cites this Maxim from the Authority of Rambam , in More Nevochim .

Page 31. Line 42. Annot , after Oculus Tauri , add , by Theon in his Treatise De Geodaesia , called Lambauras , i. e. fax ardens , as Barocius renders it in the Translation of that Piece .

Page 33. Line 39. Annot. after Ulugh Beighs Table , add , and in Doctor Pocock's Notes in Specim . Histor. Arab. p. 132.

Page 39. post Line 32. Annot. after derived , add . But it will be requisite further to explain this Place . The Antient Philosophers , especially those of Democritus his School , and most of the Mathematicians of those Times , asserted the Universe to be Infinite , and to be divided into two chief Portions ; whereof the One they held to be the World , or rather Worlds , finite as to Bulk and Dimension , but infinite as to Number . The other Part or Portion , they extended beyond the Worlds , which they fancied to be a Congeries of infinite Atoms . Out of which not only the Worlds already made received their Sustenance , but new Ones also were produced . And therefore the Cosmical System according to them was , or may be imagined to be as followeth . First , the Place of the Planets and the Earth ; then the Starry Firmament marked A. B. C. D. embracing within its Circumference the Planetary and Elementary System ; beyond which , a certain infinite Chaos of Atoms , in which this World of ours is supposed to float , and of which it was composed , and into which in time it is to be resolved . But see the Scheme as taken from Scheinerus his Disquisit . Mathemat . p. 17.

SYSTEMA ANTIQVORVM .

Planetarium Terraeque locus

Coellum Stellatum .

CHAOS INFINITVM EX ATOMIS .

Page 43. Line 29. Annot. after Antients , add . See Hypsicles his 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . seu De Ascension . who lived in the Time of Ptolemaeus Physcon . Propos. 4. where he divides the Zodiack into 360 Parts .

Page 50. Line 17. Annot. after Iuno . add . But see this in Eratosthenes at the End of Aratus , lately Printed at Oxford .

Page 54. Line 68. Annot. after Sword of Rome , add . The Honour of which Title is still preserved in an Antient Marble erected to his Memory at Nola , at this Day affixed to the Outer Wall of the House of Signior Marco Mastrilli , having therein this following Inscription transcribed by Gualterus in his Tabul . Antiqu.

M. CL. MARCELLO ROMANORUM ENSI FUGATO HANNIBALE V. CONS. S. P. Q. NOLANUS .

Page 55. Line 35. Annot. After the Chair , add , AS OFTEN QUESTOR .

Page 59. Line 15. Annot. after Quies , add , by Proclus ( in his Paraphrase on Ptolemies Tetrabibl . ) said to be called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 .

Ibidem Line 30. Annot. after powerful , add . See the Notes upon Cornutus , lately Printed at Cambridge p. 59.

Ibidem Line 44. Annot. after Names ; add . See Doctor Pocock's Notes in Specim . Histor. Arab. p. 103.

Ibidem Line 48. after Negotiator , add . In which Sence by the Arabs he is called Otared ( monente Almakrizio sayes Doctor Pocock . )

Ibidem Line 55. after cited , add . He is also called 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 from the bright and quick Vibration of his Rayes .

Ibidem Line 58. after videt , add ; for which Reason by the Arabian Astrologers he is called Menapheck , i. e. Hypocrita , vel Simulator ; teste Alkaswini . vid. D. Pocock : ut supra .

Page 62. Line 40. Annot. after Motion , add ; the Learned Doctor Isaac Vossius in his Book De Natura Lucis , reduces them to the only means of Constipation and Attrition of solid Matter , for that of Propagation or kindling Fire by Fire , or by contraction of Radii in Burning-Glasses , is not properly generating of Fire , but multiplying and propagating it already actually existing .

In the APPENDIX .

Page 10. Line 3. after Astronomy , add . In which he was more particularly instructed by Sonches , chief Prophet of the Egyptians , as Clem. Alex. ( Stromat . l. 1. ) testifies .

Page 11. Line 7. after Priests , add , especially Senchnouphis the Heliopolitan .

Ibidem Line 38 ▪ after there ; add ; particularly of Konouphis , as Clem. Alexandr . ( Stromat . l. 1. ) attests .

Page 12. Line 42. after Aratus , add , and found that Spica Virginis then preceded the Autumnal Equinoctial Point eight Degrees .

Page 23. Line 8. after Explications , add . In Theodosii Sphaerica , &c.

Page 29. Line 4. after Avicenna , add : whom some will have to be a Spaniard , descended of the Race of the Moores ; but others make him to be a Native of Bucara , a Town in Persia , upon the Confines of Tartary , and Son of a Chinese , as his Name imports . vide Perronian . p. 23.

Page 29. Line 20. after into , add , very good Latine , as appears from the Astronomical Pieces extant in the Bodleian Library under his Name .

Page 30. Line 15. after in France ; add , and at Oxford . Erasmius Bartholinus in his Learned Animadversions upon Heliodorus Larissaeus his Opticks , reports that he saw in Bulialdus his Library a MS. of Alkindus De Aspectibus ; which I conceive to be the same with that De Radiis Stellarum .

Ibidem Line 17. after Alfraganum ; add ; and of the Disposition of the Celestial Orbs , and Motion of the Stars , conceived to be the same with Aben Ezra , of whom hereafter

Page 31. Line 11. after Astronomia , add ; which is likewise to be found in Latine in the Bodleian Library .

Page 33. Line 7. after that Age , add , many of his Works are preserved in the Bodleian and other the Oxonian Libraries , and also ( as I am informed ) in that of Mr. Theyer of Gloucestershire .

Page 34. Line 4. after Manuscripts , add . As also an Institution of Astronomy extant in the Oxonian Libraries both in Persian and Arabick .

Page 35. Line 1. after De Astronomia , add , and Canones de Conjunctionibus , Oppositionibus & Eclipsibus Solis & Lunae , as they are cited by Pitsaeus .

Ibidem Line 10. after Geographer , add , a Specimen of &c.

Ibidem Line 11. after Latine , add . The whole Work hath been essayed , or promised by many Learned Men , as , Schikardus , Erpinnius , Hornius , the learned Mr. Clerk of Oxford , and the ingenious Monsieur Thevenote .

Ibidem Line 29. after Astronomicis , add . His Tables and Astronomical Pieces are yet preserved in the Libraries of Oxford .

Ibidem Line 35. after Defensionem Dei , add . In the fifth Tractate of which Book , he affirms the Stars Spica Virginis and Regulus , to have been in the same Places in the Heavens in his Time , as they ought to have been in , according to Albategnius , as Riccius reports in his Treatise De Octava Sphaera .

Page 36. Line 28. after Diligentia , add . His Observations of the change of the Weather at Oxford for several years together , are in MS. in the Bodleian Library .

Page 37. Line 40. after Iudiciaria , add . Part whereof are in Print , and &c.

Page 39. Line 29. and 33. for Arabick , read Persian .

Page 46. after Line 42. add . 1520. NICHOLAUS KRATZERUS Native of Munichen in Bavaria , and Fellow of Corpus Christi Colledge in Oxford , read there by Command of Henry the Eighth , Lectures upon the Sphere of Io. Sacroboscus ; and wrote De Compositione Astrolabii , & in Geograph . Ptolemaei , likewise Canones horopti .

Page 48. Line 29. after Robinus , add , sometime Fellow of All-Souls Colledge in Oxford , add likewise ibidem , Line 32. he wrote likewise De Culminatione fixarum Stellarum , and De Ortu & Occasu fixarum Stellarum , as also Annotationes Astrologicae in three Books ; All which are yet extant in MS. in the Bodleian Library , as I find in the Oxford Antiquities , l. 2. p. 178.

Page 50. Line 38. after 1568. add ; He writ also a Treatise , De Anno & Die Passionis Christi , as Onuphrius Panvinius l. 6. Antiqu ▪ Veronens . affirms .

Page 51. Line 32. after observes , add ; He put forth likewise Theodosius his Sphaerica in Greek and Latine , with Explanations and Notes , Printed at Paris 1558. 4o .

Page 56. Line 34. after Wales , add , and sometimes Fellow of All-Souls Colledge in Oxford .

Ibidem Line 39. after Portuguez , add , an Eminent Professor , and Line 40. after Conimbra , add , who besides his Algebra .

Page 57. post Line ult . add . 1556. JOANNES MARTINUS POBLACION , put forth a small Treatise entituled Compendium de Usu Astrolabii Schematibus commodissimis illustratum , Printed at Paris in the year 1556. 8o .

Page 60. Line 27. after Astronomical , add ; perpetual ; and after Printed , add , afterwards corrected and augmented , with an accurate Description of the Copernican System , and reprinted in the Year , 1592.

Page 66. Line 28. after Authors , add ; he wrote a very large Comment upon Ptolemie's Quadripartite in Latine , which remains in a fair MS. in St. Iohn's Library Oxford ; together with the Scheme of his Nativity , and a remarkable Narration concerning his Death .

Page 74. Line 23. after Cambridge ; add : and published at Paris in Greek and Latine by Erasmius Bartholinus , with his Learned Animadversions thereon , 1657. 4o .

Page 76. Line 18. after Work ; add , and also Commandinus in his Excellent Edition of the Ptolemaick Planisphere .

Page 77. Line 4. after Oxford , add : He died in the year 1385 ▪ as I since find in the Author of the Oxford Antiquities , l. 2. p. 87.

Page 78. add . 1600. THOMAS ALLEN sometime of Trinity Colledge in Oxford , afterward of Glocester-Hall in the same University , a Learned Antiquary , Philosopher , Mythologist and Mathematician ; In which last Concern he was by some conceived to be Equal to the Famous Roger Bacon , being stiled not only Princops & Coryphaeus , sed ipsa Anima , & Sol , omnium sui Aevi Mathematicorum , as Burton , sometimes his Fellow-Collegiate , in his Funeral Sermon sayes of him . Whose Learned Collections , and Observations Astronomical ( besides his other Mathematical and Philosophical Labours ) at this Day enrich the private Libraries of several Curious Persons ; The greatest Part falling to the share of the Noble Sir Kenelm Digby : His Exposition on the second and third Book of Ptolemy , De Astrorum Iudiciis , being at this Day preserved in MS. in the Hands of my worthy Friend , Elias Ashmole Esquire : See more in the Author of the Oxford Antiquities , l. 2. p. 382.

Page 78. Line 19. after Hours ; add ; he wrote likewise , De Anni Crrrectione , ejusque Necessitate , de Kalendario Gregoriano , which is commonly Printed at the End of the Breviary set forth by the Authority of Urban the Eighth : Also ‛ De Novo ' Quadrante , ejusque Usu , nec non de Horologiis Solaribus peregrinis in Cylindro stabili concavo , & in Globo Descripto cum stilo fixo ad Solis Motum mobili . Horologii etiam Hydraulici Fabricam , in quo per Tabulam Refractionis Universalem ab ipso nunc primùm laboriose supputatam , Horariae Lineae , artificio in Depressiori parte Hemispherii concavi Descriptae Aquae Beneficio elevatae , à Solis Radio refracto per Gnomonem indicantur , as Leo Allatius describes the same in his Apes Urban . p. 240.

Ibid em Line 30. after Oxford , add , many of which are yet preserved in MS.

Page 79. Line 24. after 1621. add , and a Treatise published at Geneva , 1613. De Annis Nativitatis , Baptismi , & Passionis Christi , contra Scaligerum , Baronium , Deckerum , Susligam , & Keplerum . He wrote also divers other Pieces Astronomical and Chronological , which ( as I am informed by my Learned Friend Mr. Bernard Savilian , Professor of Astronomy in Oxford ) are yet preserved in several Volumes in the Hands of Doctor Camphire , History Professor in the said University ; and do well merit the Publick view . He was a Person that deserved the Esteem which the Famous Peirese bare him , and the Character which his good Colleagues of New Colledge have bestowed on Him in a fair Monument .

Page 81. After Line 21. add . FRANCISCUS SITIUS a Florentine , published a Tractate entituled Dianoia Astronomica , Optica , Physica ; wherein he endeavours to refute the Nuncius Sidereus of Galilaeo ; touching the four Satellites of Iupiter , Printed at Venice , 4ᵒ. 1611.

Page 82. Line 35. after Scholar , add the Excellent .

Ibidem Line 44. after mentioned , add , and taxed .

Page 83. Line 26. after Padua , add , besides his Geometrical , and Algebraical Exercitations .

Page 85. Line 38. after Celestial Bodies , add ; His Works are divided by some into ten Tomes : In the seventh whereof he treats De Astronomia , cum Examine Tychonis , Copernici , & Ptolemaei ; there is likewise attributed to Him among other his Opuscula , a small Treatise entituled Apologia pro Galilaeo de Motu Terrae , Printed at Franck fort apud Tambachium in 4ᵒ. the year I find not . Vide Leon , Allatii Apes Urban . p. 242.

Page 90. Line 19. after Holwarda , add , a very acute and Learned Person .

Ibidem Line 37. after Aphoristica , add : besides these he put forth Astronomicorum Libri Tres , Printed at Rome 1629. and before that Problemata Astronomica ; likewise Catholicae & Probatae Astronomiae Epitome , treating of the Sphere , and Theory of the Planets , according to the Observations and Hypotheses of Tycho Brahé and Ephemerides Coperniceae & Tychonicae from the year 1640. to 1660. also Commentaries in Tetrabibl . Ptolemaei , with the Greek Text , and Latine Version , a Treatise De Novis Stellis nostro Aevo genitis , aliisque Phaenomen : Of which , with others , particular mention is made by Leo Allatius in his Apes Urban .

Page 89. after Line 34. add . OSWALDUS KRUGER , by Birth a Prusian , by Profession a Jesuit , Doctor of Theology , and Reader of the Hebrew Tongue and Mathematicks at Vilna , put forth Theoremata & Problemata Mathematica ex Opticis , Geometria , Astromomia , Sphaera Elementari , Computo Ecclesiastico , Printed 1633. likewise Calendarium Romanum , published 1637. also Centuria Astronomica , and Horographia Practica ; with some other Mathematical Pieces mentioned by Alegambe in his Catalogue .

Page 91. Line 35. after Tubinge , add : a most learned and ingenious Person , as by his Epistles to Gassendus , and his Celestial Observations , Printed by Curtius to supply Tycho's in the late Volume published in Germany , sufficiently appears : not to mention his Version of Abulfeda , and other Pieces yet preserved at Tubinge , nor his excellent Oriental Tractates .

Page 92. Line 28. after made , add : He was a Person very expert and accurate at Calculations .

Ibidem Line 37. after Meniscus , add : He made several good Observations to be found in his Letters now in the Hands of Richard Townley of Townley in Lancashire Esquire , or in their extracts by Mr. Io. Flamsteed ; and was questionless the first that ever exactly observed the Moon 's Diameter in a Telescope by the help of Skrews , which were not before thought of .

Page 93. Line 30. after omit , add , only I think fit to add , that among the Letters of the Lancashire Correspondents , there are found some of one Tillitson to this Mr. Pighels , and mention of some others , who seeme to have been very able Astronomers by their Papers .

Page 96. Line 45. after Ptolemy , add : his Hypothesis of the Planets . And after Canon , add : in Greek and Latine .

Page 99. Line 17. after Studies , add : His Pyramidography and Roman Foot , will shortly be Printed at Oxford in Latine , together with his Life .

Page 100. Line 41. after 175. add : and Printed in a large 4ᵒ. at Bologna , ex Typograph . Hered . Victor . Benatii .

Page 106. Line 16. after Astronomers , add . He published likewise in the Year 1672. Admonitio ad Astronomos , Geographos , rerumque caelestium curiosos , de Incursu Mercurii in Discum solis observando , Anno Christi , 1674. sexto Maii Stil . Nov.

Ibidem Line 34. after Annua , add ; In which the Cycles of the Sun and Moon from the hitherto best known Principles of Astronomy are most accurately demonstrated .

Page 115. Line 22. after Mars , add , by Observations of the Distances of Mars from three contiguous fixed Stars in the Water of Aquarius taken within his Tube September 1672. he discovered the Parallax of Mars at that Time , and thence the Sun's Parallax 9●…″ . which gives his Distance 22 thousand S. D. T.

Page 123. Line 9. after Cross-Staff , add : and the making and Use of the Geometrical Instrument called a S●…ctor , Printed in the year 1598. in 4o . London .

Page 124. Line 18. after Marinius , add : Native of Terni in Italy ; and after Line 20. add ; penes se habet Globum sine Globo , in quo fere omnes Operationes Mathematicae facillimè perficiuntur , tam Geometrice auxilio Circini , quam per Supputationem Linearum medio Sinuum Tangentium ac Secantium . Sphaericorum Triangulorum Dimensionem ex paucis Regulis facillimè Memoria retinendis ita ut Operationibus non sint requirendae tot Formae . De Ephemeridum facili usu absque Auxilio aliarum Tabularum . Vide Leonem Allatium in Apibus Urban . p. 206.

CHRISTOPHORUS BORRUS of Millan at first a Jesuit , after a Monk of the Cistertian Order ; Published a Piece entituled , Doctrina de tribus Coelis , Aereo , Sydereo , Empyraeo ; which Leo Allatius in Apes Urban . describes to be Opus Astronomis , Philosophis & Theologis favens , Printed at Lisbon by Alvarus Ferrera his Scholar in 4ᵒ. 1632.

DID A CUS PERESIUS MENSA , a Spaniard , published among divers other Works a Book De Cosmographia , seu Sphaera Mundi cum Omnibus suis Conclusionibus , & Demonstrationibus ex primis veris & immediatis . Also Ars Navigandi cum omnibus Demonstrationibus Geometricis : Likewise a Tractate De Incertitudine Iudiciorum Astrolog . See Leo Allatius his Apes Urban .

FEDERICUS CAESIUS Duke of Aqua Sparta , and the Noble Founder of the Lyncean Academy ; wrote among other Curious and Learned Pieces , a Treatise De Coelo ; wherein he proves the Heavens to be fluid and not solid , published at the End of Scheinerus his Rosa Ursina . He likewise writ another Piece entituled Coelestis Natura exposita , in several Books ; whereof Leo Allatius in Ap. Urban .

FLAMINIUS FIGLIUCCIUS the Familiar Friend of Cardinal Pietro Aldobrandini , published in Italian Stanze sopra le Stelle , & Macchie Solari scoverte co'l Nuovo Occhiale , Printed at Rome in 4ᵒ. 1615.

Dr. WASMUTH Professor of the Oriental Languages at Kiel in Holsace ; promises ( as Mr. Hevelius intimates in his Letter to the Ingenious Author of the Philosophical Transactions published Nᵒ. 104. p. 74. ) to give the Learned World a new Astronomico-Chronological Work now by him preparing for the Press under the following Title , viz. Annales Coeli & Temporum Perpetui , sive Mysteria Astronomo-Chronologica , à Seculo abscondita , nunc per Dei Gratiam detecta , & evidenter Asserta , libris tribus . Of which the Learned Hevelius gives this Censure . Num res ipsa Promissis responsura sit , est quod valdè dubitem . Profectò si praestare ea posset , Omnes Astronomos maximâ curâ & Molestiâ , multoque labore qui nos diu Noctuque torquet liberaret ; nec foret opus imposterum Coelos tanto studio contemplari . But see the whole Design particularized in the Accompt before mentioned .

Page 139. Line 27. after Signum Crucis , add ; not that by the Spaniards called Elcruziero ; for that is placed near the hinder Feet of Centaurus , the Stars that compose it being not unknown to Ptolemy , as our Countryman Mr. Hues ( who had seen and observed them ) in his Book De Globis affirms : However Corsalius make of it a wonderful and late discovered Phaenomenon .

The Fable of ANDROMEDA and PERSEUS , Paraphrased ; to be referred to the Annotations , Page 28. after Line 45. MANILIUS L. 5. WHen the swoln Sea did with a Deluge Sack Phoenicia's Coast , and the Land fear'd a Wrack : Andromeda t' appease th' incensed Flood To a Sea Monster destin'd was for Food . These were her Nuptials ; and for Children , She Is only grac'd by Punishment to be A Weeping Victime for the publick Woes ; Deck'd in a Vest , prepar'd for other Vows . Hal'd to her Death 's sad Pomp , e're her Lifes Fall , A Funeral without a * * Optimis linguae Latiae Conditoribus , funus non saepius ipsam Sepulturam aut ejus Pompam significat , quam Cadaver , sic accipitur à Virgilio , & enarratur à Servio , in 3. Aeneid . Funus propriè est incensum Cadaver . vide . Barthii Adversar . l. 6. ●… . 9. Funeral . Soon as the angry Seas rough Shore they reach , Against the Rocks , her tender Arms they stretch , And her soft Feet with galling Fetters tie ; So leave the crucifixed Maid to die . Amid'st her Pains yet , her sweet Looks still shin'd , Her Sufferings more became her ; She inclin'd Gently her Snowy Neck , as if 't had been To keep a Guard on what she could not skreen . Her Mantle from her Sides and Shoulders fled , And 'gainst the Rocks were her loose Tresses spred . The pitying Halcyons hovering near the Shore , Did in sad Notes thy wretched Fate deplore , And with joyn'd Wings a plum'd Umbrella made : At Sight of Thee , his Waves the Ocean stay'd , And ceas'd his wonted Banks to overflow . The Sea Nymphs rising from their Beds below , Their Faces and the Waves with Tears bedew . The Wind which to refresh thee gently blew , In mournful murmurs made the Rocks complain . But loe ! from Conquest of the Gorgon slain That Day returning Perseus brought to Land . Seeing the Virgin fetter'd on the Strand , Pale grew He , whom no Foe could e're affright , His Hand scarce held his Spoyl ; and at first Sight , Medusa's Victor by Andromeda Is vanquish'd ; now the Rocks he envies ; They , They and her Fetters , happy are , he cries , That hold such Limbs ; then of her Miseries Hearing from her the Cause ; he vows to gain Her Bed by Combat , nor to quit the Main , Though thence another Gorgon should arise . Gliding through Air to her sad Friends he flies , And chears them with the Promise of her Life , On terms , when sav'd , to have her for his Wife . Then to the Shore returns ; where now he spies The Sea , by the huge Monster prest , to rise . The frighted Waves in heaps before him run , And strive , the Weight of what they bear , to shun . Above the Waters his fear'd Head appears , As he to Shore through foming Billows steers . Dash'd 'gainst his rocky Teeth , the Waves resound , And in his Gulphy Jaws the Sea is drown'd . In mighty Rolles he coyls his Lengthful Train , Whilst his Back swells above the scanty Main . The Sea turns Whirle-pool , roars on every side , The Mountains dread his coming to abide , Rocks as he rushes by , shrink as afraid . Ah then what Heart hadst Thou distressed Maid ! Though such a Champion by thee ; how then fled Thy frighted Blood , and left thy Limbs half dead ? When from the hollow Cliffs , thy Destiny , And floating Death , thou saw'st through Seas draw nigh , For the vast Ocean ( 'las ! ) how small a Prey ? But Nimble Perseus without longer stay Mounts up into the Skies on soaring Wings , Whence , dipt in Gorgon's blood , his Darts he flings . The Monster struck , raises his Head , and raves , And lifting his vast Body 'bove the Waves , Rests on his Sterns wreath'd Folds ; but the more still He rises up , the more with Nimble Skill Perseus gives back , and round about him plays , Whilst cleaving Blows on his hard Skull he lays . Yet yields he not , but the Air , raging , snapps , And makes vain wounds with his deluded chapps . Seas high as Heaven he spouts , which falling poure Upon his winged Foe a blood-stain'd shower : The Fight , the Cause of it , the Virgin views , And now her self forgetting , only rues Her Champions Fate , for him alone now fears ; And more in Mind than Body rack'd appears . Transfix'd with Shafts , at length , the Monster slain , Sinks down , and through his Wounds drinks in the Main ; Then rising up , floats on the Waves quite dead , Whose stretch'd-out Bulk does the wide Seas o'respread ; Ev'n then t' Andromeda too fear'd a Sight . His Limbs the conquering Hero soyl'd in Fight , In the Seas liquid Chrystal plunging , Laves ; Straight re-ascending greater from the Waves , Flies to his Mistress ; looses her rude Bands , And then , in those of Hymen , links her Hands . FINIS .

THE TABLE Of AUTHORS mentioned in the CATALOGUE .

A. Names Page ABbasides Ibn' Jahia 73 Abdalla Ebn' Sahel , &c. 75 Abdorrachman 73 Abdorrachman Al-Suphi 27 Abenham 75 Abi L Assaker Abdoll , &c. 73 Abiosus Johannes 44 Abraham 7 Abraham Aben-Ezra , or Aven-Hesre 31 Abu-Sheliel 73 Abu-Shuker Affricanus 73 Abu-alli Ibn' Sina 29 Abydas Astronomus 22 Achilles Tatius 27 Achillinus Alexander 42 Acosta Josephus 70 Adam 6 Adamus Johannes 85 Adda Rabbi 21 Addin Sjaheb 73 Aetius Amidenus 23 Agesianax , Alexander Aetolus 13 Agrippa 20 Aguilonius Franciscus 83 Alacenus 76 Albu-batur 16 Albategnius , or Albattanius Aracensis 27 Albumazar 31 Albertus Magnus 32 Albuassen , or Alboazen Haly 33 Albochary Omad Eedin 73 Alcmaeon 10 Alchabitius 43 Aldilazith Astrologus 76 Alexander Ephesius 16 Alexandrinus Jardagrid 74 Alexander 75 Alfraganus Mahumides 28 Alfarabius 28 Alfarr●…skonzi Ommaz 73 Alfaki Chalin 73 Algazel Abuhamad 72 Algimde Ibrahaim Ibn' Ali-Alabashi 73 Alhazen Arabs 29 Ali Ibno'l Hozein 28 Aliacensis Petrus 39 Ali Cushgi 39 Ali Ibn' Alhazen , &c. 73 Ali Alhazen Ib'n Ali , &c. 73 Alkindus 30 Alkasranus 73 Allatius Leo 99 Almaeon , or Almamon 26 Almeon Almansorius 30 Almugjareiti Harim 73 Almaraskolii 73 Al●…ajim 73 Alpetragius 30 Alphonsus 33 Amicus Cozentinus Johannes Baptista 50 Anaximander 9 Anaximenes 9 Anaxagoras Claromenius 10 Anatolius Alexandrinus 21 Andromachus Cretensis 19 Andruzagar 21 Andalo 42 Andubarius 119 Angelus Johannes 43 De Angelis Alexander 83 Anianus 23 Anonymus 125 ; 126 Antiochus 17 Antonius Delphinus Johannes 52 Apollonius Tyanaeus 19 Appianus Petrus 47 Apomasaris 17 De Apono Petrus 34 Apuleius 21 Aquila Ponticus 20 Aratus Solensis 13 Arcandam , or Arcandum , and Alcandrinus 75 Architas Tarentinus 11 Archimedes 14 Argyrus Isaacius Monachus 29 Argolus Andreas 90 Ariel Richardus 55 Aristotle 12 Aristyllus 12 Aristarchus Samius 13 Artemidorus Cosmographus 16 Arza●…l Ala Ben 28 Arzachel Hispanus 29 Arzet Andreas 89 Ascletarion 20 Asculanus Cichus 35 Ass●…itari Mahmond Ib'n Mesand 73 Athelardus 30 Athelstan R. Angl. 121 Atlas 7 Atreus 8 Aubderkem Rabbi David 36 Averroes 31 , 121 Avienus 75 Sieur . Avocate 26 Auria Josephus 68 , 122 Auzout Adrian 114 Azalus Pompilius 54

B. Names Page BAccarius Macceus 23 Bacon Rogerus 32 Baconthorp Johannes : 35 Bachmannus Georgius 69 Baersius alias Vekenstyl Henricus 47 Bainbridge Johannes 96 Baldus Bernardinus 70 Barwick Johannes 35 Barbarus Hermolaus 44 Barbarus Daniel 58 Baroccius Franciscus 61 Baranzanus Redemptus 83 Bartschius Jacobus 87 Bartholinus Erasmius 108 Barrow Isaac Doctor 112 Bassantinus Johannes 80 Baten Henricus 34 Batecumb alias Badecon 39 Battingius Rodolphus 58 Bavarus Angelus Joannes 44 Bavarus Johannes 55 Bayerus Johannes Rheinanus 79 Beausardus Petrus 63 Bechet Johannes 99 , 125 Beda 26 Belus 7 Bellerophon 8 Belinus 17 Bellantius Lucius 44 Ben-Maimon Rabbi Moses 31 Beneventanus Marcus 45 Bentherus Michael 59 Benedictus Johannes Baptista 67 , 122 Berosus 14 Bernard Edward 115 Bessarion 41 Bettinus Marius 98 Beverege William 125 Blanchinus Johannes 41 Blancanus Josephus 81 Blaeu vide Gul ▪ Jan Caesius 8●… Blebelius Thomas 65 Blondus Michael Angelus 53 Boccasius Johannes 37 Bodeinstein Adamus 64 Bolus Mendesius 16 Bonatus Guido Foro Juliensis 34 Bonincontrius Laurentius Hellbronensis 44 Bonettus 51 Bonaventura Fredricus . 70 Bond Henry 123 Bordinus Franciscus 64 Borellius Johannes 108 Borellus Petrus 125 Bornerus Gasper 51 Botener Gulielmus 40 Boulenger 88 Du Boys Jacobus 125 Brahe Tycho 63 Bredon , or Bridon Simon 37 Bressius Mauritius 66 Briggius Henricus 86 Brithus Gualterus 121 Brotheiel Hieremias 56 Brundzevius Albertus 47 Brunfelsius Otho 47 Brucaeus Henricus 61 Buchananus Georgius 59 Bulialdus Ismael 96 Buschius Georgius 64 Busaeus Johannes 69 Buzur Giumhur 25

C. Names Page CAbasilas Nicolaus 36 Cabaeus Nicolaus 91 Caerlion Ludovicus 37 Calippus Cyzicenus 12 Calvisius Sethus 124 Camaterus Johannes 26 Campanus Novariensis 28 Campegius Symphorianus 51 Camerarius Joachimus 53 Camerarius Elias 61 Camerarius Johannes Rudolphus 79 Campanella Thomas 85 Capuanus Johannes Baptista Sipontinus 42 Capra Balthazar 79 Carpus Antiochenus 24 Cario Johannes 48 Cardanus Hieronymus 56 Carellius Johannes Baptista 66 Carpenter Nathanael 90 Des Cartes Renatus 95 Cassiodorus 24 Cassini Giovan Dominico 114 Catton Gualterus 35 Catena Petrus 51 Caudas Astrologus 18 Caussinus Nicolaus 91 Cavallerius Bonaventura 89 Cavina Pietro M. 109 Caelus 7 Caelius Calcagninus 53 Caesius Georgius 66 Caesius Gulielmus Jansonius vide Blaen 87 Cellarius Andreas 106 Censorinus 21 Cepheus 8 Ceporinus Jacobus 49 Cham 6 Charlemaigne 26 Chaucer Galfridus 38 Charikaeus Mahumides 73 Chamber John 78 Chaeremon 19 Cherubin 111 Cheucungus 120 Chilvenuz vide Jardagird Alexandrinus 74 Ben Chora Thebit 34 Christmannus Jacobus 68 Chrysococca Georgius 121 Chuenhious 119 Chumcang 119 Chylmark Johannes 38 Cirvellus Petrus 47 Claramontius Scipio 98 Clavius Christopherus 78 Claudius Ptolomaeus 20 Claudius Galenus 21 Clemens Lanthoniensis 31 Cleomedes 22 Cleostratus 9 Clitchthoveus Jodocus Neoporticensis 49 Collins John 116 Columbus Christophorus 44 Colinitius Tannesletterus Georgius 47 Comnenus Manuel 31 Comes de Comitibus Nicolaus 43 Commandinus Fredericus 59 Conon 14 Conradus Cocus Wimpinae de Buchonia 45 Conradus Balthazar 91 Copernicus Nicolaus 49 Courcier Petrus 100 Crabtree William 92 Cremonensis Gerardus 38 Criton Naxius 17 Crusius Paulus 51 , 66 Crugerus Petrus 89 Cunitia Maria 99 Curiacus Alkas 66 Curtius Albertus 87 Cusanus Nicolaus 40 S. Cyrillus 23 Cysatus Johannes Baptista 84

D. Names Page DAcius Petrus 34 Damascenus Ib'n Shater 37 Daniel Surnamed Sapiens 72 Dank Johannes 35 Dantes Egnasius 65 Dantforth Samuel 107 Dasypodius Conradus 58 Dee Johannes 62 Decimator Henricus 68 Dekerius Johannes 83 Democritus 10 , 120 Demophilus 12 Demetrius Triclinius 18 Deusingius Antonius 94 Diaz Emanuel 83 Digges Leonardus 60 Digges Thomas 69 Dion Nicaenus 18 Diodorus Monachus 25 Divini Eustachio 125 Dodonaeus Rembertus 67 Dopelstein Henricus 75 Dorotheus Sidonius 17 Dositheus Astrologus 17 Douza Janus 69 Driander Johannes 59 Drienes Johannes 99 Duditius Andreas 66 Dudley Robertus 97 Dullendius Gabriel 103 Duretellus Adelmus 26 Duret Natalis 124 Dyonisius Afer 15 Dyonisius Corinthius 17 Dyonisius Areopagita 19 Dyonisius Exiguus 25

E. Names Page EBerus Paulus Kytzingensis 56 Eberbachius Godescalcus 65 De Egmunda Johannes 38 Egmundus Astrologus 27 Egydius Johannes 32 Eichstadius Laurentius 95 Eligerus Johannes 36 Empedocles 10 Endymion 7 Enoch 6 De Epieres Johannes 97 Epigenes Byzantinus 14 Eracus Astronomus 13 Erastus Thomas 67 Eratosthenes 13 Ergom Johannes 43 Ethelwoldus Wentanus 28 Euctemon 10 Eudemus 12 Eudoxus Cnidius 11 Euthymius . 18 Ezler Johannes 45

F. Names Page FAber Jacobus 44 Fabritius Paulus 62 Fabricius Johannes 80 Fabricius David 82 Fantonius Philippus 58 Femillus Christophorus 71 Fernelius Johannes 48 Ferrerius Augerius 54 Ficinus Marsillius 43 Fineus Orontius 48 Finella Philippus 98 Fiornovellus Johannes Maria 65 Flaccus Albinus , or Alcuinus 26 Flavius Manlius , vide Manlius Theodorus 22 Flamsted John 115 Florentinus Maurus 51 Floriacensis Abbo 28 Foius Imp. Chin 119 Fortius Joachimus Ringelbergius 48 Fortius Angelus 52 Foster Samuel 97 Fournerius Georgius 94 Fracastorius Hieronymus 48 Frangipanus Cornelius 61 Frischlinus Nicodemus 67 Fritschius Marcus 57 Froidmont Libertus 83 Frommius Georgius 124 Fusor , or Fusorius Johannes 40

G. Names Page GAdbury John 126 Gadytanus Raymyrus 76 Galilaeus Galilaei 82 Galtruchius Petrus 108 Gallucius Johannes Paulus 70 Ganivetus Johannes 45 Garcaeus Johannes 57 Garibus Johannes 99 P , Gassarus Achilles 49 Gascoygn William 92 Gassendus Petrus 95 Gauricus Lucas 55 Gaza Theodorus 42 Gazulus Johannes 40 Geber Hispalensis Arabs 30 Geminus 15 Gemma Rainerus Frisius 53 Gemma Cornelius 61 Generini Francisco 96 Georgianus 73 Gerardus Rupelmundanus 70 Germanicus Caesar 19 Gerson Joannes 39 Gergiro 73 Geryon 120 Gez , or Gessius 17 Ghaminaeus 75 Giaphar Astrologus 18 Gigas Johannes Stainfortensis 51 Glareanus Henricus 48 Gloriosus Camillus 83 Goad John 113 Goclenius Rudolphus 82 Gontranus Carolus 90 De Gottignies Aegydius 111 Goubard David 124 Gramineus Theodorus 62 Grassus Horatius 83 Grandamicus Jacobus 94 Graves Johannes 99 Grevenstein Antonius 79 Gregory Johannes 94 Gregory Jaeobus 106 Griembergerus Cristopho●…us 81 Grimaldi Franciscus Maria 100 Grizaunt Gulielmus 36 Grotius Hugo 78 Grynaeus Simon 48 Guarinus , Guarinus 126 Guido Johannes 53 Guldinus Paulus 89 Gulielmus , Abbas Caenobii Hirsaugiensis 29 Gulielmus de Sancto Godialdo 34 Gulielmus Landtgrave of Hassia 70

H. Names Page HAbash Mcrwazensis 75 Hadrianus 20 Haggesius Thaddaeus 64 Hainlinius Jo. Jacobus 125 Hainzelius Paulus 62 Haly Ben Ragel 28 Halpericus 77 Haly Aben Rodoham 32 Harpalus 9 Hasfurt Johannes Virgundus 46 Haveman Michael . 75 Hazan Rabbi Isaac 32 Heckerus Johannes 106 Heckius Johannes 63 Hedraeus Benedictus 124 Helicon Cyzicenus 11 Heliconius 18 Hellerus Joachimus 54 Helvino 73 Henricus de Hassia 38 Henischius Georgius 80 Henrion Doctor 87 Hephaestion Thebanus 21 Heraclides 74 Haraclides Ponticus 10 Herbinius Johannes 125 Hercules 8 Heremita Johannes 46 Herigonius Petrus 94 Herlicius David 84 Hermes 7 Hermes Aegyptius 11 Hermanus Contractus 29 Hervartus Johannes Georgius 93 Hesiod 120 Hevelius Johannes 110 Heydon Sir Christopher 79 De Hexam Johannes 31 Hilarius Georgius 102 , 125 Hildericus Edo 60 Hipparchus 14 Hippocrates 10 Hodierna Johannes Baptista 102 Holcoth Robertus 35 Holwarda Johannes Phocylides 90 Homelius Jacobus 56 Honterus Johannes 59 H●…d Doctor Thomas 123 Hook Robert 112 Horma●…us Hadrianus 57 Horrox Hieremias 92 Hortensius Martinus 86 Hugenius Christianus 103 Hughes Robertus 86 Hugo sive Huo Heltilius 61 Humenius Aegyptius 31 Humius Jacobus 90 Humphrey Duke of Glocester 40 Hypatia 23 Hyperion 7 Hyperius Andreas Gerardus 54 Hypsicles 121 Hystaspes 9

I. Names Page JAquinot Dominique 82 Jarchas 19 Jaus 119 De Ineriis Johannes 75 Ib'n Junes , or Jounis 28 Ib'n Haitem 29 Ib'n Sina 73 Ib'n Sarcali 73 Inchofer Melchior 89 Joachimicus Johannes praetorius 66 Johannes Hispalensis 30 Joestelius Melchior 71 Josephus Chaldaeus 72 Isaac Israelita 34 Isidorus 25 Julius Caesar 15 Julianus Laodicensis Philosophus 17 Julius Hyginus 19 Julius Maternus Firmicus 21 Julius Caesar La Galla 81 Junctinus Franciscus 65

K. Names Page KAdi Zada 39 Kaebelius Jacobus 49 Keckermannus Bartholomaeus 80 Kent alias Kayleg Johannes 43 Keplerus Johannes 84 Killingworth Johannes 37 Kircherus Athanasius 96 Knitl . Balthazar Kratzerus Nicolaus Kusianus , or Keuxian Gilaeus 73

L. Names Page LAbbee Philippus 97 Lacher Ambrosius 75 Lalamantius Johannes 61 Langius Josephus 80 Langrenus Michael Florentius 94 Lansbergius Philippus 89 Lansbergius Jacobus 89 Larissaeus Heliodorus 74 Lasbas Babilonius 16 Lasus Magnes 17 Lavingham Richardus 37 Laurentius Joannes Philadelphensis Lydus 25 Laurenbergius Petrus 81 Lebdebenhazer Johannes 74 Legley Gilbertus 32 Lemoniensis Petrus 74 Leo 38 Leo Philosophus 27 Leoninus sive Leuwius Albertus 67 Leontius Mechanicus 17 Leopoldus de Austria 32 Leovitius Cyprianus 58 Levinus Lemnius 57 Leuterchomius Johannes 83 Levy Rabbi 35 Levera Franciscus 106 Licetus Fortunius 90 De Ligneriis Joannes 36 Lilius Aloysius 67 Lindought Henricus 79 De Lineriis Joannes 38 Linemanus Albertus 94 Linton ▪ Anthony 123 Lipstorpius Daniel 101 Du Liris Leonardus 101 Lobkowitz Johannes Caramuel 102 Locher Jacobus Philo-Musus Germ. 45 Longomontanus Chistopherus 84 Lonicerus Marcus Albertus 66 Lucian 21 Lucilius Santritter Heilbronensis 44 Lucidus Johannes Samosatheus 50 Ludovicus Lavaterus 64 Lupicinus Antonius 69 Lydiat Thomas 79 De Lynn Nicolaus 37

M. Names Page MAcrobius Ambrosius Aurelius Theodosius 22 Maginus Johannes Antonius 80 Mahommed Al-buziani 75 Mahumed Ben Malud 76 Maignanus Emanuel 95 Malapertus Carolus 88 Malvasia Cornelius 106 Manetho 12 Manilius Marcus 16 Manlius Theodorus vide Flav. Manlius 22 Mandovich Johannes 36 Mantz Johannes 45 Manzinus Carolus Antonius 87 Marius Victorinus Afer 22 Marianus 24 Marinus Neapolitanus 25 Martianus Foelix Minaeus Capella 25 Marius Aretius 53 Marmorarius Tobias 55 Marius Simon 84 Marinus Mersennus 95 Marcus Marci Johannes 98 Martinengus Ascanius 122 Marin●…ius Octavianus 124 Maslem 76 Massius Johannes 52 Mathers Patrick 126 Matroptus Aegidius 98 Maugantius 24 Maurolycus Franciscus 52 Medicus Georgius Chrysococca 32 Medmaeus Philippus 25 Meliteniotas Theodorus 26 De Meldis Gaufridus 36 Melancthon Philippus 52 Menelaus 20 Mengoli Pietro 111 Mena Joannes 122 Mercurius Trismegistus vid. Hermes 7 Merlinus Ambrosius 24 Mercurius Morsheimerus Johannes 54 Mercator Gerardus 61 Mergiouz Aben 74 Mercator Nicolaus 106 Messhala Arabs , or Messahulach 27 Mestlinus Goepingensis Michael 62 Mesud 73 Meton 10 Metius Hadrianus 91 De Meynier Honoratus 100 Milbourn William 91 Milichius Jacobus 48 Mercaellius Johannes 82 Mithobius Buchardus 53. Moderatus Columella 18 Mohammed Ibno'l Attar 47 Mohammed Ib'n Zachariae Alkazzi 27 Moletius Josephus 60 Molitor Christianus 42 Montanari Geminiano 115 Montebrunus Franciscus 93 De Montulmo Antonius 52 Moore Sir Jonas 93 Morientes 76 Morinus Johannes Baptista 88 Morley Daniel 32 Moses 7 Moses Eb'n Maimon 75 Moutonus Gabriel 110 Muhammed Ib'n Ahmed Aliberouni 28 Muhammed Ib'n Ali Chaz , &c. 74 Mulana Gijath Eddin Giemshed 39 Mullerus Johannes 41 Mullerus Nicolaus 80 Munsterus Sebastianus 48 Munosius Hieronymus 61 Mutolo Pietro Maria 107 Mutus Vincentius 99 Mutus Savinius 107 Myndius Apollonius 14 Myzaldus Antonius 55

N. Names Pages NAiboda Valentinus 66 Nasir Eddin Tusaeus 34 De Nautonier Guillaume 123 Neander Michael 60 Nebroch , or Nembroth , or Nimrod 7 Necepso 8 Nectarius 76 Nedaminen 74 Neil Sir Paul 101 Neperus Johannes 81 Newton Johannes 103 Newton Isaac 116 Nigidius Figulus 15 De Nigris Andalius 75 Niphus Augustinus Philotheus Suessanus 52 Nolthius Andreas 61 Nonius Petrus 56 Nostradamus Michael 57 Novaras Ferrariensis 43 Numa Pompilius 8

O. Names Pages OCkham Nicolaus 35 Oddi Johannes . 42 Odinton 33 Oenopides 9 Offusius Johannes Franciscus 64 Oliverius Malmsburiensis 29 Omar Astrologus , or Hoamar 32 Oresmius Nicolaus 42 Ori Rabbi 59 Origanus David 80 Oronius 120 Ortelius Abrahamus 61 Osiander Andreas 50 Oswaldus Shr●…kenfufius Erasmus 53 Ott Johannes 109 Otto de Guerrick 111 Oughtred William 98 P. Ovidius Nafo 16

P. Names Pages PAduanus Johannes 67 Paganus Comes 103 Palamedes 8 Palatius Petrus Brixiensis 107 Panodorus 23 Pantaleo Vincislaus 84 Pappus Alexandrinus 23 Papyrius Fabianus 16 Paracelsus Theophrastus 37 Partlicius Simeon 85 Paulus Alexandrinus 22 Paulus Middleburgensis 46 Payen Antonius Franciscus 107 Peckham Johannes 33 Pelacanis Blasius 38 Peletarius Jacobus 52 Doctor Pell 102 Pena Johannes 51 , 122 Perdix 120 Perlachius Andreas 56 Perso-Medus vide Zoroaster 7 Petavius Dionysius 88 P. Petit 101 Petit Samuel 124 Petosyris 8 Peucerus Gasper 56 Philalthaeus Lucillus 60 Philippi Henricus 88 Philolaus 10 Philomantio 97 Philoponus 25 Philosophus 11 Phlegon Trallianus 20 Phocus Samius 9 Picolomineus Alexander 60 Picus Johannes 43 Pierius Valerianus Johannes 51 Pierre Jean de Mesmes 58 Pighels Nathan 93 Pighius Albertus 46 Pilander Georgius 54 Pilatus Petrus 50 Pisanus Octavius 81 Piso Carolus 83 Plato 11 Pleppius Salomon 67 Pliny 19 Plutarchus Chaeronensis 19 Polaccus Georgius 94 Polemon Atheniensis 18 Pontanus Joannes Jovianus 40 Pope Walter Doctor 113 A Popma Titus 60 Porphyrius 22 Porta Johannes Baptista 68 Portus Emanuel 94 Possidonius Apamensis Syrus 15 Postellus Gulielmus 62 Proclus Lycius 24 Profatius 33 Prometheus 7 Prosdocimus De Beldemando 39 Protagoras 121 Providus Hemoaldus 26 Prucner Georgius 49 De Prusa Albertus 122 Prytaneus Autolychus 12 Psellus Michael 121 Purbacchius Georgius 40 Pythagoras 10

R. Names Pages RAbbi Jacob Ben-Machir 72 Rabbi Jehuda Bar Barzilei 72 Rabbi Isaac Ben Lataph 72 Rabbi Abrazarth 72 Rabbi ab Rusack 72 Rabbi Abraham 72 Rabbi Isaachar Ben Susan 72 Rabbi Isaac Alchadeb 72 Rabbi Solomon 72 Rabbi Simcha 72 Raimarus Nicolaus 70 , 122 Ramus Petrus 60 Rantzovius Henricus 69 Rapaldus Franciscus 56 Raphelengius Justus 74 Rasacherus Bartholomaeus 61 Raseh Johannes 64 Ravenspurg Jacob 124 Read Gulielmus 77 Record Robertus 56 Rembrantz Dirk 97 Resenius Johannes Paulus 81 Reynoldus Erasmus 54 Rhetius Georgius Joachimus 55 Richardus Monachus Eboracensis 30 Richard the Second King of England 38 Ricciolus 100 Riccius Augustinus 45 Riccius Matthaeus 66 De Rigiis Ludovicus 49 Ristorius Julianus de Prato 51 Robertus Lorrain 29 Robertus Lincolniensis 32 Robinus Johannes 48 Rochenbackius Abrahamus 78 Rodulphus Brugensis 30 Roeslinus Helizaeus 66 Roffenus Johannes . Antonius 91 Rogerus Herefordiensis 31 Roias Johannes 55 Rolianus Christianus 74 Romanus Adrianus 79 Romanus Aegidius 74 Rook Laurence 105 Rosa Andreas 64 Rosinus Stephanus 45 Rosius Jacobus Biberacensis 87 Rothmannus Christopherus 68 De Royer 126 Rubeus Theodosius 78 Ryff Petrus 69 , 122

S. Names Pages SAcroboscus Johannes 33 De Sacro Fonte Johannes 122 Salinus Bernardinus 80 Salmatius Claudius 98 Saminiatus Federicus 71 Samerius Henricus 78 Sanctius Brocensis Franciscus 122 Sandelinus Cherubinus 78 Sandwich Earle 108 Santbeck Daniel 60 Santutius Antonius 64 Sarzosus Franciscus 47 Sassarides Gellius 62 De Saxonia Johannes 36 Scala Josephus 68 Scaliger Josephus 71 Scheinerus Christophorus 88 Schickardus Gulielmus 91 Schillerius Julius 87 Schonheintz Jacobus 43 Schonerus Johannes 50 Schonerus Andreas 57 Schol Jacobus 64 Schombergerus Georgius 85 Schottus Regis Curianus Gaspar 104 Schraeterus Johannes Vinariensis 56 Schlusingerus Everhardus 41 Schulerus Wolfangus 64 Schyrlaeus De Reitha 96 Scribonius Gulielmus Adolphus 69 Scotus Michael 34 , 41 Scultetus Bartholomaeus . 65 Seldenus Johannes 94 Sempilius Hugo ●…9 Seneca 19 Seth 6 Sextus Empiricus 21 Sextus Avienus Rufus 22 Shackerley Jeremiah 93 Shirazita Kotboddinus 34 Sibrandus a Siccama 71 Sidin Sheriffus 74 Simeon 31 Simlerus Josias 65 Simplicius 24 Simus Nicolaus 57 Sixtus Senensis 65 Sixtus ab Heminga 67 Snellius Willebrodus 83 Solomon 8 Somer Johannes 38 Sophianus Nicolaus 54 Sosigenes 15 Stabius Johannes 56 Stadius Johannes 54 S●…antonius 76 Stevinus Simon 68 Stiborius Andreas 45 Stigellius Johannes 49 Stoeflerus Johannes Justingensis 46 S●…rabo 16 Strauch Aegidius 109 Street Thomas 104 Strigellius Victorinus 54 Sturmius Johannes Christopherus 110 Sulpitius Gallus 14 Swinsett , or Suissett George 121 Syderocrates Samuel 60 Synesius 23

T. Names Page TAlentonius Johannes 79 Tanaus 117 Tannerus Adamus 88 Tarde Johannes 84 Tacquet Andreas 108 Taruntius Firmanus 15 Teilesanus 74 Temporarius Johannes 58 Teucer Babilonius vide Zeucrus 16 Thales 9 Theaetetus Atheniensis 11 Themistus Pletho Constantinopolitanus 40 Theodoret 23 Theodosius Tripolita 15 Th●…on Alexandrinus Senior 20 Theon Alexandrinus Iunior 22 Theophrastus 12 Theut , or Thoth , vide Hermes 7 Thius Atheniensis 24 Thomas 74 Thrasyllus 18 Tiberius Caesar 18 Timeus 10 Timochares 12 De Titis Placidus 105 Tolosas Johannes Maria 55 Tormius Ericus Olaus 124 Torperley Nathanael 78 Townley Christopher Esquire 93 Townley Richard Esquire 114 Trapezuntius Georgius 39 Travagini Franciscus 109 Trechindus 76 Trew Abdias 9●… Tribonianus Sidetes 25 Trivett Nicolaus 34 , 121 De Tryllia Bernardus 77 Tullius Cicero 15

V. Names Page VAlerius Cornelius Veteraquinas 58 Valla Georgius 49 Varro Marcus 15 Ubaldus Guid' , or Guidus 65 Vernerus Johannes 46 Verro Sebastianus 122 Vesputius Bartholomaeus 45 Vettius Valens 21 Victorinus Acquitanus 23 Vieta Franciscus 68 De Villa Nova Arnoldus 7●… De Villa Dei Alexander 32 Vinetus Elias 59 Virmius alias Virunnius Ponticus 43 Vitalis Ludovicus 46 Vitalis Hieronymus 108 Vitellio Thuringo-Polonus 33 Ulack Adrianus 87 Ulugh Beig 39 Vogellinus Johannes 47 Volaterranus Raphael 44 Uisinus Adamus 61 Ursinus Benjamin 83 Usserus Jacobus 97 Vuestisius Christianus 60

W. Names Page WAllingford Richard 35 Wallis Doctor John 111 Walterus Johannes 38 Waltherus Barnardus 43 Ward Seth L. Bishop Sarum 101 Weigellius Erhardus 103 Welperus Everardus 89 Wendelinus Gothofredus 97 Wendelinus Johannes 100 Wharton George Esquire 93 Wilkins John late Lord Bishop of Chester 91 Wing Vincent 104 Winkerus Nicolaus 65 Wittekindus Hermannus 64 Wolkenstein David 68 Wrenn Sir Christopher 112 Wright Edward 86

X. Names Page XEnocrates Calcedonius 12 Xunus 119 Xylander Gulielmus 58

Y. Names Page YUmchinius 119

Z. Names Page ZAgut , or Zacuti Abraham 41 Zahel sive Zael , or Zeel Bebis 76 Zalese Jacobus 74 Zanardus Michael 84 Zarlinus Josephus 58 Zeltus Danita 73 Zergol Andreas 86 Zeuchrus , or Teuchrus 16 Ziglerus Jacobus 49 Zineris Johannes 75 Zoroafter vide Perso-Medus 7 Zucchius Nicolaus 100

INDEX or TABLE of the Principal Matters contained in the ANNOTATIONS and APPENDIX .

A. Annot. Page Append. Page ABraham the Patriarch erected Astronomical Pillars , as Seth ●…ad done : Said to have taught Astronomy to the Egyptians , &c. 7 Acontiae , Comtes so called 61 193 Actian , Fight described 67 Adonysia , whence their Original 5 Aegyptian Priests , great Promoters of Astronomy 4 Their Hierogliphical Statue of the Sun 44 Aequinoctial Circle , its description 44 145 Aemilia Familia 57 Agriculture , by whom invented 7 Agrippa , his Character 57 Altar , the Asterism so called 35 One dedicated to Penury and Art in the Temple of Hercules at Gades 6 Amalthaean Goat , the Constellation 30 Andromeda , Constellation 28 , 36 The Fable of her Exposure and Rescue Antarctick Circle 44 Aquarius , the Constellation 22 Aquila , or the Eagle Constellation 27 Artick Circle 43 Arcturus 25 Argo Constellatio 33 Ariadnes Crown 25 Aries , the Constellation 19 Arrow , Constellation 27 Arts , their Kinds 5 Astrology , its Authors 4 , 5 Astronomy , its first Authors 3 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 Studied by Princes 3 Authors that have written therein , vide Catalog . Asterismes , by ●…hom first found out 10 Those of the Chaldeans , Persians , Egyptians , Arabians , Indians , Chinese and Tartars , differing from the Greek , which are conceived the newest and latest Ibidem Christian Asterismes 140 Atomes 12 , 39 Athenae Antiquae & Novae 64 Augury 8 Auriga Constellatio 29 Axis of the World 22 , 23

B. Annot. Page Append. Page BIrds and Beasts reputed to have Language 8 Believed by credulous Antiquity to have been understood by Magicians Ibidem Bird , called a Hoop , said to be sent by Salomon with a Message to the Queen of Ethiopia Ibidem Birds , whether Terrestrial , or Aereal Creatures 17 Bootes Constellation 25 Britain , known to the Ancients long before the Romans 5 Burning the dead 12 , 63 , 65 When given over Ibidem

C. Annot. Page Append. Page Cabiri Dii , by way of Distinction from the Dii Casmilli , Camilli , or Camiri ; who they were 35 Camillus , his Elogium 53 Cancer , the Constellation 20 Supposed by the Chaldaick and Platonick Philosophers to have been the Gate . by which Souls descended into humane Bodies Ibidem Canis Sirius , or the Dog-star 32 , 33 Canopus , a noted Star in the Rudder of the Ship Argo 16 Not seen to rise in Italy , the reason Ibidem Capricornus 22 Ascendant in the Horoscope of Augustus , reputed , by the Pythagoreans and Platonists , the Gate by which Souls entered into Heaven , and therefore stil'd Porta Deorum Ibidem Cassiopea , Constellation 29 Cato Uticensis , his Character 57 Cepheus Constellation 34 La Creda his Mistake in interpreting the greater Bend of Helice and lesser of Cynosura 23 Cete Constellation 36 Chaos , the Place , Region , or Receptacle of Universal Matter : The Fable thereof whence derived 11 Chariots drawn by four Horses , by whom first invented ; the manner of joyning the Horses , &c. 29 , 30 Chariot of the Moon how drawn 14 Cicero his Encomium 56 Cincinnulus Cometa 61 Cleopatra 67 Claudia Familia 57 Cloelia 53 Climates 45 149 Coluri Aequinoctialis 45 147 Coluri Solstitiorum 46 Comets , their Original 60 189 Duration 60 Presignification 63 Names 60 Kinds 60 192 , 193 History 194 Constellations 10 137 Northern omitted 31 Described 137 , 138 Southern how imagined by the Ancients 37 Those near the Southern Pole lately discovered 138 Christian , v. Asterisms Corvus , or the Crow Constellation 34 Cossus 55 Crater , or the Cup , Constellation 34 Curius Dentatus ●…4 Cy●…nus , or the Swan Constellation 27 Cyllenius , vide Mercury Cynosura , or the lesser Bear 24

D. Annot. Page Append. Page DEcii , not two only but three are said to have devoted themselves for the good of their Country 55 Deifying of Julius Caesar 2 Of Augustus 2,58 Delphinus Constellation 27 Deltoton , or the Triangle Constellation 28 Dials , their Invention 40 Dii Majores 35 Divination , from the Inspection of the Entrails of sacrificed Beasts 8 The Parts inspected Ibidem Despised by the Romans in time of their Greatness Ibidem Draco , Constellation 24,34

E. Annot. Page Append. Page EArth , Element 13 Its Place 14 Suspended in the Air 15 Earthquakes , the several kinds 9 Engonasi sive Ingeniculus Constell . 25 Erectheus King of Athens 63 Eventus , the proper Term among the Romans , by which they expressed the Product of Fruit , for which they sacrificed to the Deity called Bonus Eventus 32 Euphrates , its Description 3 Exotica Sidera , why so called 37 Exstispicium , vide Divination , &c.

F. Annot. Page Append. Page FAbius Maximus , his Elogy 55 Fabricius , Exemplary for his Iustice , Valour , and Conduct 54 Fire , Element , not confined within the Convex of the Lunary Sphere according to Aristotle and his Followers , but with the Stoicks transmitted to the Etherial Region 13 Culinary , its Original 62 Several wayes of generating fire Ibidem Subterranean 9 Fish , the Southern , a Constellation 37 Funera Pacis , interpreted contrary to the conjecture of Tanaquil Faber 64 Fusio Aquae , a Starry Stream running from the Urn of Aquarius , and Mouth of the Southern Fish 37

G. Annot. Page Append. Page GAlaxie 48 Supposed by the Ancients to afford to all Plants their Milkie Iuice and Nourishment Ibidem The Storehouse of most of the New Phaenomena's in these later Ages Ibidem Gemini , Constellation 20 Goat , the Amalthaean , a bright Star in the Shoulder of Heniochus 30 Gods ; those called the great Gods , or Dii Majores 35 Gold , by whom invented 5 Gyants , the Fable 36

H. Annot. Page Append. Page HAil 9 Hare , the Constellation 33 Heavens , their Name 41 Their Substance 15 Number 157 , 158 , 159 Fluid , and not solid 136 , 137 Helice Constellation 23 Helicon 1 Hesper 14 Hoedi Constellatio 30 Horatii & Curiatii 52 Horatius Cocles 53 Horizon 47 148 Horologes , Clocks , and Watches , how ancient 40 Hostifer , how interpreted 36 Hours , whether taken for the twelve Parts of the Day among the Ancients 40 Not used so among the Romans 'till 300 years post R. C. Ibidem Derived from the Babylonians , and Egyptians Ibidem Names of the Egyptian hours Ibidem Chinese and Turkish Astronomers , their Division of the Natural Day Ibidem Hyades Constellation 31

I. Annot. Page Append. Page INvictus , a Title given to the Roman Emperour , and to Rome 68 Jupiter Tonans 10 The Planet 59 182 His Satellites 183 Julia Familia 38 Junius Brutus 54

K, Annot. Page Append. Page KIngdoms , their Vicissitudes 40 , 41

L. Annot. Page Append. Page LAmpadias , a fiery Meteor so called 61 Laws of Augustus 2 Leo , Constellation 20 Lepus Constellation , vide Hare Letters , by whom invented 6 Libra Constellation 21 Livius Salinator 56 Lucifer , or the Morning Star 14 Lycurgus 52 Lyra Constellation 26

M. Annot. Page Append. Page MAgick 8 Marcellus 54 The Sword of Rome 214 Mars , the Planet 59 182 Medusae Caput , Constellation 29 Memnon 51 Mercury 3 Planet 59 , 62 180 Meridian 46 Metelli 57 Moon , her Chariot 14 When Eclipsed , believed by the Ancients to be drawn from her Sphere by Charms ; by the Indians supposed to be whipped till she bleed ; by the Chinese to be in danger of being devoured by a Dragon or great Dog . Brazen Vessels beaten in her Relief , practised by the Turks and Chinese Ibidem Her Spots Old 169 Her Spots New Selenography , according to Hevelius 170 according to Grimaldi , and Ricciolus 175 Whether inhabited 179 Conceived by some the Paradise of our first Parents 180 Mota Astra , misinterpreted by Salmasius 47 Mutius Scaevola 52

N. Annot. Page Append. Page NAvigation , by whom invented 7,33 Nestor 51 Nilus , its several Denominations 4

O. Annot. Page Append. Page OPhiuchus Constellation 26 Orion Constellation 31 Orpheus his Lyra , Constellation 26

P. Annot. Page Append. Page PApyrii 54 Parallel Circles 45 148 , 149 Pegasus Constellation 28 Penthesilea 51 Perseus Constellation 28 Persidis Victor ; of whom meant 52 Phases , of the Moon 41 Phaenicians , their Voyages into the Atlantick Ocean 24 Their Discovery of the Western Coasts of Africa , and a large Island supposed some Part of America Ibidem Piscis Notius 37 Pisces Constellation 22 Pithetes , a kind of Comet so named 61 193 Philippick Plains confounded with Pharsalian 66 The Battle of Philippi Ibidem Planets 47 Their Particular Descriptions 165 & deinceps ▪ Plato 52 Pleiades Constellation 31 Pogonias , a kind of Comet 60 193 Pompeius Magnus 56 His Triumphs Ibidem Princeps Aries , the reason of that Title 19 Principles Natural , first Chaos 11 Atomes 12 , 39 Fire 12 Water Ibidem Elements Ibidem Their Discordant Concord Ibidem Procyon Constellation 33

Q. Annot. Page Append. Page QUadriga , by whom invented 29 Quintilius Varus , his Defeat 65 , 66

R. Annot. Page Append. Page RAin 10 Ram , the Constellation , vide Aries

S. Annot. Page Append. Page SAgitta Constellation 27 Sagittarius , Zodiacal Sign 21 Sarpedon 51 Saturn 59 185 His various Phaenomena 186 His Satellites Ibidem Scipio ' s , Fatal to Africa 56 Scorpius , Zodiacal Sign 21 Sea , held by Anaximander to be the Remainder of Primitive Moisture , after its Exclusion from the Earth 13 Supposed to round the Earth like a Girdle 17 Called by the Phaenicians Ogg Ibidem Serpents , said to be burst by the Power of Incantations 8 Their faculty to dissolve the Charm , if aware of the Charmer Ibidem Servile Bellum ; why so called ? 68 Sexta Hora , how called the first and last 46 Shadows , their Increase and Decrease whence ? 5 , 7 Sirius , or the Dog-star 32 Held to be another Sun 33 Sistra Isiaca , their Description 67 Sphere , how divided by the Ancients 43 , 44 Socrates 52 Solon Ibidem Solstices 43 Sow , honoured by the Cretans as sacred 30 Snow , its Original Cause 9 Why compared to Wool Ibidem By Anaxagoras maintained to be black . In Armenia of a ruddy colour Ibidem Contexture and Figure of its Parts Sexangular Ibidem Spirits evocated 8 Spiritus Diei , what ? 47 Spolia Opima 54 By whom won Ibidem Stars , whence named 41 Their Prescience 1 Influence 24 Names 10 Aspects 11 Rising and setting 14 Motion 15 Nourishment 38 Fixed Stars , their Substance , Light , Colour , Scintillation , Number , Figure , Magnitude , Place , and Distance from the Earth , or rather the Sun 155 Stars falling 61 Stipulae Ardentes , fiery Meteors so called Ibidem Sun , by Xenophanes supposed to be extinguished every Night , and rekindled every Morning 14 His several Denominations 59 His Maculae & Faculae 166 Substance 165 Magnitude and Distance 166

T. Annot. Page Append. Page TAu Signum , sive Triangulum Australe 139 Taurus , Zodiacal Sign 19 Trabs , a Meteor and Comet so called 61 Traffick , its Original 7 Themistocles 52 Thunder 9 Triangulum , seu Deltoton 28 Tropicks of Cancer 43 Tropicks of Capricorn 44 Hieroglyphically deciphered by the Ancient Aegyptians under the Figure of two Dogs Ibidem

V. Annot. Page Append. Page VAlerius Corvinus 53 His Story Ibidem Venus 59 , 62 181 Vigiliae Constellation 39 Virgo , Zodiacal Sign 21 Ulisses 51 Universe , according to the Pythagoreans subsists by the Conjunction of two Natures , the one alwayes Active , the other alwayes Passive 18

W. Annot. Page Append. Page WAter , the first Principle of all Natural Bodies according to Thales and Pherecydes 12 Weeping in Exequies 64 The dead supposed by the Ancients to be delighted with the Tears of their living Friends Ibidem Whale , the Constellation 36 Wind , its Original reckoned among the Abscondita of Nature 10 Its Causes reduced to several Heads Ibidem World , a Rational Creature according to the Stoicks 1 Eternal 11 Disproved to be such 41 Its Soul 1 , 18 Its Eyes 12 A Secondary God 38 The Fusion or Extent of the Divine Mind Ibidem Above it nothing either of Body , Place , Vacuum or Time according to Aristotle 42 The Stoicks yet allowing a certain Vacuity or Imaginary Space , in which it is by them said to suspend Ibidem Called Nature's Publick House Ibidem

Z. Annot. Page Append. Page ZOdiack 18 , 47 , 48 147 Zones 45

ERRATA .

PReface . Page 2. line 17. for have read hath .

Annotations .

Page 3. line ult . for Ptolomy r. Ptolemy ▪ and so else where . p. 4. l. 64. for X●…ophantus r. X●…ophantes . p. 5. l. 〈◊〉 for saying that this r. saying this . p. 10. l. 22. for 〈◊〉 r. 〈◊〉 . p. 12. l. 33. for Scyrus r. Syr●… . p. 21. l. 39. for Ta●…uncius r. Taruntiu●… . p. 28. l. 48. for was the Grandchild ●… . the Grandchild . p. 29. l. 61. for Mir●…ilus r. Myrtilus . ibidem l. 73. for 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ibid. for 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . p. 30. l. 60. for 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ibid. l. 61. for 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . ibid. l. 63. for 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ibid. for 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . p. 31. l. 34. for Co●…ymo r. Co●…ymo . ibid. l. 52. for 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . p. 34. l. 53. for Chyron r. Chiron . ibid. for Phellyra r. Ph●…lyra . p. 35. l. 4. for Ba●…hilus r. Batilus . p. 39. for 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . ibid. l. 54. for 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . p. 41. l. 23. for 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . p. 51. l. 3. for 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 .

Appendix .

Page 9. lin●… 28. for Ars●…s r. Ars●… . p. 23. l. 2. for Oblectata r. Obluctata . p. 38. l. 10. L●…o Emperour of Constantinople is misplaced ▪ to be inserted before in p. 27. at No. 879. ( which ought rather to be 886. ) under the Title of L●…o Philosophus . p. 39. l. 29 , 33. for Arabick r. P●…rsian . p. 5●… . l. 26. for Civit●… 〈◊〉 r. Civita Castellana . p 56. l. 35. del●…atur in . p. 77. l. 7. del●…atur Iacobus Zales , &c. p , 93. l. 10. for White Be●… r. White Le●… . p. 104. l. 3. for Planet r. Plane . p. 116. l. 6. for already r. ready . p. 126. l. 12. for Mathews r. Mathers p. 139. l. 27. for by the Spaniards r. not that by the Spaniards , &c. p. 146. l. 28. for right Angles ●… . Oblique Angles . p. 158. l. 16. for which r. with . p. 193. l. 38. for no●… r. or .

FINIS .

Notes, typically marginal, from the original text

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