The fourth volume of letters writ by a Turkish spy who lived five and forty years undiscover'd at Paris : giving an impartial account to the Divan at Constantinople of the most remarkable transactions of Europe, and discovering several intrigues and secrets of the Christian courts (especially of that of France) continued from the year 1642 to the year 1682 / written originally in Arabick, translated into Italian, and from thence into English, by the translator of the first volume. Marana, Giovanni Paolo, 1642-1693. This text is an enriched version of the TCP digital transcription A51894 of text R35021 in the English Short Title Catalog (Wing M565CH). Textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. The text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with MorphAdorner. The annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). Textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. This text has not been fully proofread Approx. 601 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 193 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. EarlyPrint Project Evanston,IL, Notre Dame, IN, St. Louis, MO 2018 A51894 Wing M565CH ESTC R35021 14926158 ocm 14926158 102962 2240951217

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 Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 2, no. A51894) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 102962) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 1574:28) The fourth volume of letters writ by a Turkish spy who lived five and forty years undiscover'd at Paris : giving an impartial account to the Divan at Constantinople of the most remarkable transactions of Europe, and discovering several intrigues and secrets of the Christian courts (especially of that of France) continued from the year 1642 to the year 1682 / written originally in Arabick, translated into Italian, and from thence into English, by the translator of the first volume. Marana, Giovanni Paolo, 1642-1693. Bradshaw, William, fl. 1700. Midgley, Robert, 1655?-1723. [23], 359 p. Printed by J. Leake for Henry Rhodes ..., London : 1692. The first edition of this work began publication in 1684, when a volume in Italian entitled "L'esploratore Turco" and a French version entitled "L'esplou du grand seigneur" were published in Paris by C. Barbin. Authorship is disputed, but it is generally agreed that the first fifty letters (the original four volumes) were written by Marana. In the English editions, v. 1 contains the substance of the letters commonly ascribed to Marana. The continuation (i.e. v. 2-8), said to have appeared first in English, has been variously ascribed to Robert Midgley and William Bradshaw ; Bradshaw has also been attributed as the translator (from Marana's Italian manuscripts) of the entire work under Dr. Midgley's editorship. cf. DNB; also Gentleman's magazine, 1841, p. 270. Engraved frontispiece: "Mahmut the Turkish spy." Imperfect: print show-through with loss of print. Reproduction of original in the University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign Campus). Library. eng Spies -- Europe. Europe -- History -- 17th century. eebo The fourth volume of letters writ by a Turkish spy, who lived five and forty years, undiscover'd, at Paris: giving an impartial account to the Divan a Marana, Giovanni Paolo, 1692 386 98603 51 0 0 0 0 0 5.17 B The rate of 5.17 defects per 10,000 words puts this text in the B category of texts with fewer than 10 defects per 10,000 words. 2010-01 Assigned for keying and markup 2010-01 Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2010-03 Sampled and proofread 2010-03 Text and markup reviewed and edited 2010-04 Batch review (QC) and XML conversion

THE Fourth Volume OF LETTERS Writ by a Turkish Spy , Who lived Five and Forty Years , Undiscover'd , at PARIS : Giving an Impartial Account to the Divan at Constantinople , of the most Remarkable Transactions of Europe ; And discovering several Intrigues and Secrets of the Christian Courts ( especially of that of France ) continued from the Year 1649 , to the Year 1682.

Written Originally in Arabick , Translated into Italian , and from thence into English , by the Translator of the First Volume .

LONDON , Printed by J. Leake , for Henry Rhodes , near Bride-lane , in Fleet-street , 1692.

Mahmut The. Turkish Spy .

Aetatis suoe 72. F. H. van . Hove . Sculp :

TO THE READER .

EXPECT no more Commendations of our Arabian Author ; or Apologies for any Thing that may seem liable to Censure in his Letters . There is no End of answering the Cavils of those , who to gain the Character of Criticks , will create Faults where they find none ; and impute the very Oversights of the Press , to the Ignorance of the Author , rather than a Book shall escape free from Censure .

What is wanting in the Style , where it may be suppos'd to come short of the Original , must be laid to the Italian's Charge , who undertook the First Version of so Remote a Language . For , the English Translator has endeavour'd to follow him , as close as the difference of Idioms will admit . And all the World knows , That the English Tongue is none of the most Copious and Significant . But , if this shall seem an Invidious Reflection , substituted in the Room of a Passable Excuse ; the English Translator , in Honour both of the Foreign Copies , and his own Native Language ( for he is a true English-Man both by Blood and Affection ) is willing to take the Blame of all Defects on himself . Assuring you , That whatsoever Roughness or Want of Elegance ; Whatsoever Carelessness of Expression is to be found in the English Translation , though it may be a Fault indeed , yet 't is purely owing to the Candor of him who has committed it . Since , the Chief Reason of such Neglect is , because he was loath the Reader should lose the Original Sence , for the sake of a Sweet-Period , or a Delicate Cadence .

If in other Places he seems affected , as in retaining the Turkish or Arabick Words , where they might as well have been rendred English ; this also was out of Respect to his Copy , where those Words are left , as , we may suppose , they were found in the Original Arabick .

This is address'd to such Gentlemen , as have procur'd the Italian Copies of these Letters . For , we are inform'd , That they are in the Hands of some English Travellers , who had a Curiosity to compare the different Translations together .

However , to Evidence that this is not spoken in Partiality to our selves , but with Equal Regard to that Learned Foreigner , who first brought these Letters to Light ; It will not be amiss to exhibit such Probable Reasons , as might induce him to leave Some Arabick Words untranslated rather than Others , though they had both the same Sence .

The best Method of clearing up this Point , will be by producing Instances , such as that , Page 53 , at the Bottom : Where the Word [ Vizirs ] is retained by the English Translator , because it was not chang'd by the Italian . Doubtless , it had been as easie to say [ The Seven Chief Spirits , Angels , Chancellors or Ministers Above ] as [ The Seven Vizirs . ] But since the Italian Copy has not alter'd the Word [ Vizirs ] the English Translator thought fit to let it stand . And he conceives , 't is proper enough in both Versions ; because it better expresses the Thought of the Turkish Author , than any Italian or English Word can do , being a Title of Dignity peculiar to the Ottoman Empire : Where the Credulous People are made to believe , That their Monarchy , with all its Officers of State , is exactly Modell'd according to the Pattern of the Celestial Court and Kingdom . Therefore , it appears very Natural in a Turk , to call the Ministers of Heaven by the Title of Vizirs , Beglerbegs , Bassa's , or whatsoever other Appellatives are us'd by them , to express the Dignity of their Grandees on Earth . And who would go to spoil his Sence , for the sake of a Word ?

Besides , not to let this Passage fall , without due Remarks ; Is it not Common in our Bible to call God , [ Lord of Lords ? ] And how can this be otherwise expressed in Arabick , but by the Title which is appropriated to the Principal Governours of Provinces , whom in their Language they call Beglerbegs ? It is equally usual in Scripture , to style God [ King of kings ] a Title frequently assum'd by the Eastern Monarchs . Nay , in our Common Discourse , here in England , it is Customary to give to God , the Title of [ The King of Heaven . ] And why may we not as well give to the Arch-Angels and Angels , &c. the Titles which are ordinarily apply'd to the Princes and Nobles on Earth ?

But however , if this will not appear allowable in a Christian , yet no Man can wonder at a Turk , when he hears him use his Native Dialect , speaking of the Potentates Above . And if this be granted , I hope , neither the Italian will be blam'd for preserving the Peculiar Phrase of an Eastern Author ; nor the English Translator be accus'd , for following so Polite a Pattern .

This Instance had not been press'd so far , but in Hopes that what is already said , may serve as a Plea for several other Examples of like Nature in this Volume : Where it is impossible for any European , to express the Full Meaning of an Oriental Author , without reserving some Words of his very Language . And in this , the Italian Translator is chiefly vindicated ; from whose Copy , the English in such Cases , had no reason to swerve . And thus much may suffice to answer all Objections about the Style .

As to the Matter it self , it appears full of Instruction , in Historical , Moral and Political Affairs . Nor need any Man wonder , if he encounters some Passages which may be found in other Writers , both Gentile and Christian ; since the Author of these Letters professes , That he has taken much Pains to peruse the Treatises of the Ancients , both whilst he study'd in the Academies , and during his Residence at Paris , he often frequented the Libraries in that City ; whereof there is no Scarcity . He spent a great Deal of Time , in reading Modern as well as Ancient Authors . By which Means , he not only improv'd his Knowledge in the Universal History of Former Time , but grew Familiar with the most Remarkable Occurrences in Europe , during these Later Centuries . So that in some of his Letters , one would swear , he had read Sabellius , Petrus Justinianus , Philip de Comines , and other European Writers . For , he seems to come very near them , in relating some Particular Stories . And it may be suppos'd , that he took this Advantage to oblige the Turkish Grandees to whom he writ , by inserting in his Letters , such Passages as they were wholly Strangers to .

There need no more be said , but that you may expect another Volume of these Letters very speedily . Farewell .

A TABLE OF THE LETTERS and Matters contained in this Volume . VOL. IV.
BOOK I. LETTER I. MAhmut the Arabian , and Indefatigable Slave to the Grand Signior , to Mahomet , the most Illustrious Vizir Azem at the Port. p. 1

He congratulates his Assumption to the Chief Vizirate ; Remonstrates his own Grievances , and craves his Protection .

II. To the Kaimacham . p. 6

Of the New Troubles in Paris , and of Eliachim's being seiz'd , which forc'd Mahmut to abscond from his Lodgings .

III. To Nathan Ben Saddi , a Jew , at Vienna . p. 10.

He acquaints him with the same News , and forbids any Dispatches till farther Order .

IV. To Adonai , a Jew at Venice . p. 11

On the same Subject ; and of an Attempt to Rob the Treasury of Venice . A Relation of Tiepoli's Conspiracy .

V. To Mahummed , Hodgia , Dervise , Eremit , Inhabitant of the Prophetick Cave in Arabia the Happy . p. 14

Of the Contempt the Franks shew to the Beasts : Several Remarkable Instances of the Tenderness which the Ancients shew'd to the Dumb Creatures .

VI. To the Kaimacham . p. 24

Of his Return to his Former Lodgings . The true Reason of Eliachim's being seiz'd .

VII . To Nathan Ben Saddi , a Jew at Vienna . p. 27

He informs him of the same Matter , and relates the Entertainment he found at his Return ; his Hostess being newly deliver'd of a Son .

VIII . To Adonai , a Jew at Venice . p. 30

Of a Marble Statue , with a Mysterious Inscription on it .

IX . To the Reis Effendi , Chief Secretary of the Ottoman Empire . p. 32

Of a Peace Concluded between the French Court , and the Parliament of Paris . A Description of the King's House and Gardens at Ruel .

X. To Gnet Oglou . p. 36

Of the Death of Egri Boinou . Of the Eastern Jealousie . A Memorable Example of Seleucus's Justice .

XI . To the Captain Bassa . p. 40

He informs him of a League into which the Cossacks , Circassians , Mingrelians and other Nations were engag'd in against the Port. The different Character of those People . Some Remarks on the Life of Ismael Sophi .

XII . To Cara Hali , Physician to the Grand Signior . p. 46

He Congratulates his New Honour , and advises him to be Cautious of the Vizir Azem .

XIII . To Chiurgi Muhammet , Bassa . p. 49

He acquaints him with the Flight of Mahomet , the Son of the Dey of Tunis ; and his Conversion to the Christian Religion .

XIV . To Sale Tircheni Emin ; Superintendent 〈◊〉 ●he ●oyal Arsenal at Constantinop●● p. 53

Of the Wars in the Black Sea ; the History of Pachicour the Circassian Pyrate● .

XV. To Melec Amet , Bassa . p. 59

Of the Murder of Dorislaus , the English Embassador at the Hague , with other Matters .

XVI . To the Venerable Mufti . p. 62

He accuses the Septuagint and all the Christian Translations of the Bible , of Flatness , Errors , and not rightly Rendring the Original Hebrew . Some Particular Remarks on the Psalms of David , and Canticles of Solomon .

XVII . To the Chiaus Bassa . p. 70

Remarks on the German , Suedish , and English Affairs . A Discovery which Osmin the Dwarf made , of a Letter from the Captain Bassa , to Cardinal Mazarini .

XVIII . To Cara Hali , Physician to the Grand Signior . p. 76

He informs him of Great Injuries done by Lightning , in France . Discourses of the Pleasures of a Country Life ; and complains of his own Entanglements .

XIX . To Kenan Bassa , Chief Treasurer to his Highness at Constantinople . p. 80

He Congratulates his Advancement , and exhorts him to Moderation . Putting him in Mind also of the Cheats that have been committed in the Treasury .

XX. To Pesteli Hali , his Brother . p. 86

Of the Pleasure he takes in Reading his Travels . He informs him of the Progressive Conquests made in China by the Young Emperor of the Tartars . He advises him to wait on Kerker Hassan , Bassa .

XXI . To Kerker Hassan , Bassa . p. 93

He gives him a Short Account of China , to encourage him to learn more from his Brother .

XXII . To Chornezan , Bassa . p. 96

Of several Royal Marriages and Funerals , in Europe . Remarks on Eclipses , and what happen'd to the Sun in the Days of Jehoshua and Ezekiah .

BOOK II. LETTER I. TO Muhammed , Eremit , Inhabitant of the Prophetick Cave , in Arabia the Happy . p. 101

He desires his Assistance and Counsel , in several Scruples that entangle his Conscience .

II. To Minezim Aluph , Bassa . p. 111

Of the Imprisonment of Three French Princes of the Blood .

III. To the Reis Effendi , Principal Secretary of the Ottoman Empire . p. 116

He acquaints him with the Indiction of the Jubilee at Rome . Discourses of the Sabbatical Year among the Jews ; and of the Secular Games among the Ancient Romans .

IV. To the Flower of High Dignity , the Most Magnificent Vizir Azem . p. 122

Of the Valor of the Bassa of Buda and his Son . Remarks on the French Campagnes . He defends the Justice of the Ottoman Port , in Releasing the Bailo of Venice , and strangling his Interpreter .

V. To Sedrec Al' Girawn , Chief Page of the Treasury .

Of the Custom in the East , to prefer Men of Merit , though of Mean Birth , to Places of Trust . The Contrary Oversight of the Franks . A Story of Pasquil in Rome . Of the Removal of the Three Imprison'd Princes to Havre de Grace . The Revolt of Bourdeaux .

VI. To the Kaimacham . p. 131

He acquaints him with the Loss of the Box , wherein all the Letters writ by the Ministers of the Port to him were contain'd ; and what Fears he was in about it .

VII . To the same . p. 136

He informs him that a Negro , Slave to Eliachim the Jew , had stollen the Box of Letters : Who being examin'd by Tortures even to Death , confess'd he had hid it in the Earth .

VIII . To Solyman Kuslir Aga , Prince of the Black Eunuchs . p. 140

Of the Affront done to the Port in the Claim the Tartars made to the Tutelage of the young Sultan . Of the Cruelty often exercis'd on the Princes of the Ottoman Blood .

IX . To Gnet Oglou . p. 144

He complains of an unjust Reproof given him by the Reis Effendi , on the Account of Kenan Bassa , and justifies his own Conduct and Integrity .

X. To the Reis Effendi , Principal Secretary of the Ottoman Empire . p. 149

Mahmut expostulates with him about his suppos'd Crime , in writing freely to Kenan Bassa . Acquaints him with the Orders he receiv'd from the Vizir Azem , and other Principal Ministers of the Divan , to that Purpose . Of the Murder of an English Embassador at Madrid , and of a Fight between the Scotch and English .

XI . To Solyman Aga , Principal Chamberlain of the Women's Apartments in the Seraglio . p. 153

Of the Disorders and Mutinies among the Janizaries . Of the French King's Guard of Switzers . Ill News from Candia . The Bravery of the Maltese Knights . Of the Death of the Prince of Orange .

XII . To Kisur Dramelec , Secretary of the Nazarene Affairs at the Port. p. 157

He rallies him for his angry Letter .

XIII . To Minezim Aluph , Bassa . p. 161

Of the Release of the Three Imprison'd French Princes . And of Cardinal Mazarini's Private Departure from the Court.

XIV . To Isouf , his Kinsman at Fez. p. 164

He discourses with him of his Travels in Asia ; Challenges his Promise to send him an Account of Africk . Several Remarks on that Quarter of the World .

XV. To Kerker Hassan , Bassa . p. 170

He complains of the Injuries had been done him by Ikingi , Master of the Pages , and by others . Desires him to intercede for Leave to return Home , professing himself weary of this Employment .

XVI . To Chusaein , Bassa , the Magnanimous Vizir Azem , and Invincible General of the Ottoman Forces in Candia . p. 175

Mahmut complains of the Instability of all Sublunary Things . Of the Cruelties exercis'd towards some of the Sultans , Vizirs , Bassa's , and other Ministers of the Empire . Reflections on the Death of the Old Queen . Remarks on the delightful Confinement of the Ethiopian Princes of the Blood .

XVII . To Nassuf , Bassa of Natolia . p. 181

Of a Quarrel between the Dukes of Brandenburgh and Newburgh .

XVIII . ToVseph Bassa . p. 186

Of the Misunderstandings between the Queen of France and the Prince of Conde , since his Enlargement . Of the Prince's Flight from Paris .

XIX . To Solyman , his Cousin , at Constantinople . p. 190

He reproves his former Libertinism : Endeavours to rectify his Mistakes about Hell : And gives him good Counsel .

XX. To Enden Al' Zaidi Jaaf , Beglerbeg of Dierbekir . p. 193

He congratulates his Happiness , in being Lord of the Earthly Paradise . Of a Tree Five Hundred Miles High in Dierbekir . Of the First Parents of Mankind , according to the Tradition of the Indians . With other Matters .

BOOK III. LETTER I. TO Abdel Melec Muli Omar , President of the College of Sciences at Fez. p. 199

He discourses after the Manner of a Sceptick , on the Difference in Religions .

II. To the Kaimacham . p. 207

The Sentiments of Isouf Eb'n Hadrilla , an Arabian Philosopher , concerning the Original of Mankind , and their being born in a State of War . Of 150000 Livers promised as a Reward to those who shou'd bring in Cardinal Mazarini Alive or Dead . Of the Return of that Minister to the Court.

III. To the Reis Effendi , Principal Secretary of the Ottoman Empire . p. 212

More of the Domestick Troubles in France .

IV. To Cara Hali , Physician to the Grand Signior . p. 217

He relates several Examples of the Wisdom and Morality that is found in the Brutes .

V. To the Captain Bassa . p. 223

He expostulates about the Ill Success of the Mahometan Fleets : And relates to him a Vision which he had in Paris : With the Ceremonies that went before it . Advises him to make a Descent in Italy . Informs him of a Terrible Sea-Combat between the English and the Dutch.

VI. To the Kiaya Bey , or Lieutenant General of the Janisaries . p. 228

Of the Corruptions crept into the Discipline of that Order : Which he counsels him to Reform . Of an Insurrection in Paris : With other Matters .

VII . To Nathan Ben Saddi , a Jew at Vienna . p. 234

Of a Duel Fought between the Dukes of Beaufort and Nemours . The Parliament of Paris divided . The Roman Catholick Religion restor'd in Cologne .

VIII . To the Kaimacham . p. 236

Of the French King's Return to Paris , and the Vniversal Joy of his People for the same . Of the Rebellions in Syria and Egypt .

IX . To Dgnet Oglou . p. 240

Of the Vnhappiness of Kings . Particular Reflections on the Deposing of Sultan Ibrahim ; and the Minority of Sultan Mahomet .

X. To Melec Amet. p. 245

Of a French Lord , who being close pursued by his Enemies , escap'd over an Arm of the Sea , by the Strength of his Horse , for which Service he immediately Kill'd him . Of Carabuluc , Sultan Selim's Horse . Remarks on the Birth of Alexander the Great , and the Burning of Diana's Temple at Ephesus . Of the Imprisonment of Cardinal de Retz . Of the Taking of Dunkirk and Casal by the Spaniards .

XI . To the same . p. 250

He discourses of a Comet which at that Time appear'd in the Heavens , above the Sphere of the Sun .

XII . To Pesteli Hali , his Brother , Master of the Grand Signior 's Customs . p. 253

He Congratulates his New Preferment , and Counsels him not to be Hasty in growing Rich or Mighty . Of Cardinal Mazarini's Return from his Second Banishment .

XIII . To Kerker Hassan , Bassa . p. 257

He thanks him for the Favour he had shewn to his Brother . Of the Honours which the French King bestow'd on Cardinal Antonio Barbarini . Of certain Prodigies .

XIV . To Nathan Ben Saddi , a Jew at Vienna . p. 260

He endeavours to wean him from the Prejudices of Education ; and to convince him , that Other Nations are in as fair a Way to Paradise as the Jews .

XV. To the Sublimely Wise , the Senior of Excellent Dignity , Abul Recowaw'n , Grand Almoner to the Sultan . p. 267

Of the Difference between Impudent Beggars , and the Truly Indigent . A Remarkable Instance of a certain Cardinal's Charity . He recommends to him in Particular , the Case of a certain discarded Timariot .

XVI . To the Captain Bassa . p. 272

Of several Sea-Fights between the English and Dutch. And particularly of that , wherein General Trump was Kill'd .

XVII . To Sale Tircheni Emin , Superintendent of the Royal Arsenal at Constantinople . p. 274

Of a Wonderful Ship built at Rotterdam by a French Enginier , which should perform Miracles . He discourses of Spouts at Sea .

XVIII . To Murat Bassa . p. 280

Remarks on the New English Common-wealth : On the Young King of Scots , and on the French Affairs .

XIX . To Afis , Bassa . p. 282

Of divers Prodigies and Disasters in the Low-Countries . Of the Whale and its Guide . Of the Narrow Escape the French King made as he was Shooting a Partridge .

XX. To Dgebe Nafir , Bassa . p. 288

He congratulates his Succession in the Dignities of Chiurgi Muhammet , Bassa . Of the taking St. Menehoud . Of Oliver the English Protector .

BOOK IV. LETTER I. TO Bedredin Superiour of the Convent of Derviches , at Cogni in Natolia . p. 295

Remarks on the Birth and Life of the Messias . A Character of the Essenes .

II. To the Venerable Mufti . p. 302

Of a Letter sent out of Armenia by the Jesuits , to some of their Order in Spain , concerning the Opening of the Earth , and swallowing up of Mahomet's Tomb.

III. To Cara Hali , Physician to the Grand Signior . p. 305

Of the Reverend Esteem the Ancients had of the Beasts . Several Instances of this Nature .

IV. To Mustapha , Berber Aga , at the Seraglio . p. 311

Of the Imprisonment of the Duke of Lorrain .

V. To Nathan Ben Saddi , a Jew at Vienna . p. 314

Of the Unwritten Traditions of Moses , and of the Written Law . Encomiums on the Alcoran .

VI. To Dicheu Hussein , Bassa . p. 324

Of Cardinal Mazarini's Policy , in Marrying his Nieces to the French Princes of the Blood .

VII . To Dgnet Oglou . p. 328

He descants on the Accidental Loss of his Sight for Two Days . A Digression concerning the Wisdom that is to be found in Brutes .

VIII . To Afis , Bassa . p. 333

Of the Preparations for Crowning the Young King of France . Discontents renew'd at Paris , on the Death of the Arch-Bishop .

IX . To Murat , Bassa . p. 330

Of certain Witches apprehended in France . Of Pancrates , a Magician of Egypt ; and of Zyto a German Conjurer .

X. To Chornezan Mustapha , Bassa . p. 341

Of the Proposals between Queen Christina , and Charles Prince Palatine , her Successor .

XI . To Sale Tircheni Emin , Superintendent of the Royal Arsenal at Constantinople . p. 345

Of the Blowing up of Graveling by Gunpowder , and of a Mill that took Fire .

XII . To Mehemet , an Eunuch in the Seraglio . p. 348

Of Mahmut's Antipathy to Spiders . A Discourse of Antipathies . Of a People in Africa that feed altogether on Locusts .

XIII . To the Kaimacham . p. 352

Of the Coronation of the King of France . Of the Duke of Lorrain's being remov'd into Spain . With other Matters out of Sueden and Moscovy .

XIV . To Gnet Oglou . p. 354

He discourses of the Vncertainty that is to be found in History . Of the Disagreement between the Chronologies of the East and West .

LETTERS Writ by A Spy at PARIS . VOL. IV.
BOOK I.
LETTER I. Mahmut the Arabian , and Indefatigable Slave to the Grand Signior , to Mahomet , the Most Illustrious Vizir Azem , at the Port.

I Congratulate thy Ascent to that Top of Honour , the First Dignity in the Empire Ever Victorious . 'T is thy Turn to be now Exalted in the Orb of Fortune : Let not this High Station make thee forget , That that Wheel is always in Motion . But consider , That since the Advance thou hast made , was not but by the Fall of thy Predecessor , thou hast the less Reason to think thy own State secure .

I am no Fortune-Teller ; nor would I be so rude , as to Prognosticate Ill Luck to my Superiors . But , Men in Eminent Dignity , have Need of a Monitor : And , it is Recorded of a Great Monarch , That he Commanded One of his Pages , every Morning to salute him , when he first awaked , with these Words , Remember , O King , that thou art a Mortal .

Let this Example , Supreme Minister , plead my Excuse , and incline thee to pardon the Freedom which Mahmut takes ; who by this , thou seest , is no Flatterer .

Certainly , all Sublunary Things , Ebb and Flow like the Waters . And , though Men may sometimes enjoy a Spring-Tide of Felicity ; yet Fate has Hidden Sluces , which in a Moment , shall convey the Mighty Torrent to some other Channel .

I my self have in some Measure experienc'd this , who am but a Puny in Comparison with thee . Yet Destiny and Chance , are allotted to the Little , as well as to the Great . The Worm encounters as many cross Contingencies , in her humble reptile State , as does the Towring Eagle , in all her lofty Flights and Ranges , through the wide-stretch'd Air.

In my Infancy I was snatch'd from the Cradle , and from the Arms of my Mournful Mother : Mournful on Two Accounts , the Death of a Husband , and the Necessity of parting with her Child . Yet this Early Separation , turn'd to my Advantage , and her Comfort . The Sequel of my Good Fortune , invited her to forsake her Solitudes , and follow me to the Imperial City ; where she exchang'd her Melancholy Widow-Hood , for the Society and Love of a Merry Greek : Whilst Fate had another Game to play with me ; it being the Will of Heaven , That from the Delights of the Seraglio , and the Honour of serving the Greatest Sovereign in the World , I should fall into a Cruel Captivity , and be compelled Ignominiously to drudge for a Barbarous Infidel . Afterwards , I gain'd my Liberty , and apply'd my self to study in the Academies . I will not boast of the Proficiency I made : But , at my Return to Constantinople , thou knowest , my Superiors thought me capable , of doing the Port Service in this Place . Thus Providence sports with Mortals , and by an Unaccountable Clew of Discipline , leads them through the Mazes of this Life .

How I have discharged my Trust here , I dare Appeal to All ; yet can please None . Every Man will be my Judge , to give Sentence against me ; and some , I believe , would willingly be my Executioners : Which , at certain Times , carries me into so deep a Melancholy , that I even join with my Enemies , and condemn my self , though I know not for what . Surely , say I , so many perspicacious Men cannot be all in the Wrong , and I only in the Right : they must needs see some Faults in me , which I cannot discern in my self : doubtless I 'm Partial , and never chang'd the Order of Aesop's Wallet . Then I reflect on these Thoughts , as the mere Product of Melancholy : For , after the strictest Examination of my Conduct , I find my self Innocent of those Things , whereof I 'm accus'd . Yet , whilst I am justifying my Integrity towards my Great Master , my Sadness returns again , and tells me , That without Doubt , I have some Ways offended God and his Prophet , who , for that Reason , suffer the Envious to persecute me ; and drive me into a more intimate and familiar Converse with my self , that so by making a frequent Scrutiny after the Cause of my Outward Misfortunes , I may discover the Secret Crimes , which I may have committed against Heaven , and which lie hid under my Inadvertence and Oblivion .

Then I 'm fill'd with a Thousand Scruples about my telling Lyes , and taking False Oaths ; though I 'm dispens'd with for all these Immoralities , by the Sovereign Arbiter of the Law . In a Word , I know not sometimes what to think . And , were it not , that my Agency in these Parts , meets with some Success , I should often conclude , That I either lie under some Curse of God , or Charms of Men ; That either Heaven or Hell , have a Peculiar Hand in Afflicting me .

But , all this may be only the Fumes of my own Distemper'd Spleen . And , the Indulgent Judge of Men , may pass a Milder Sentence on me , than either I do my self , or my Fellow-Mortals . He is Transcendently Benign and Merciful : And , our Sins of Frailty , appear in his Eyes , but as small Atomes in the Rays of a Morning's Sun ; which , though they be Innumerable , yet the least Breath of Wind , blows them all out of Sight .

By what I have said , 't is apparent , that I have Regard both to thee and my self : To thee , as the Supreme Disposer of Life and Death , under the Grand Signior ; to my self , as one cull'd out for a Victim by the Malicious , and lying at the Feet of thy Noble Nature , begging thy Protection . My Enemies are Industrious to ruine me , and lay hold on all Opportunities to accomplish it . The Sentence which they could not procure from thy Predecessor , they may hope to draw from thee by their False Informations . This makes me use Pre-Caution in my own Defence ; hoping to forestall their Malice , by this Humble Address .

Imitate thou the Divine Nature ; and be not severe , in remarking the Peccadillo's and small Delinquencies of thy Slave . If I turn Infidel or Traytor , I crave no Favour .

That Supremely Merciful and Gracious , the First and the Last of the World , and Lord of Paradise , heap on thee as many Blessings every Day , as would employ my swiftest Wishes a Thousand Years ; and grant , That thou mayst find Admittance into the Place full of Rivers , whose Springs take their Rise , from the Bottom of the Rock of Eternity .

Paris , 17th . of the 2d . Moon , of the Year 1649. according to the Christian Style .
LETTER II. To the Kaimacham .

THE Troubles of this Kingdom , which a while ago seem'd to be compos'd , are now again broke out afresh . The Private Grudges of Some , and the Ambition of Others of the Nobility , have once more put all in Arms. This City is Block'd up by the Prince of Conde's Army , who has not been long return'd from Flanders . The King , the Queen , with Cardinal Mazarini , and the whole Court , are at St. Germains en Lay , whither they went by Night . This abrupt Departure , gave fresh Courage to the Seditious , and at the same Time , furnish'd them with new Matter of Accusation against Cardinal Mazarini , who , they say , has stole away their Sovereign from them . The Parliament have declar'd him , an Enemy to the Government . They are levying Soldiers as fast as they can ; and Provisions are laid in , as if they were to sustain a long Siege . Several Princes and Grandees , are come over to the Citizens , having deserted the Court ; among whom , is the Prince of Conty , Brother to the Prince of Conde . Yet the Parisians are distrustful of him , and have Consin'd his Sister , as a Hostage for his Fidelity ; not knowing , that his Desertion is Real , being occasion'd by some Quarrel between him and his Elder Brother .

'T is said , That Cardinal Mazarini has taken a Resolution to depart the Kingdom , that so he may avoid the Tempest that threatens him from all Hands .

The Queen has sent Orders to the Colonels , that serve under Mareschal Turenne in Germany , commanding them to abandon that General , who , they say , has declared for the Parliament , and sent to offer them his Service .

On the other Side , the Citizens endeavour to strengthen their Party , by sending to all the Parliaments of France , to desire their Conjunction , in espousing the Quarrel of this of Paris .

The Companies which the Burghers of this City have rais'd , wear this Motto in their Ensigns , WE SEEK OUR KING .

In the mean while , the Arch-Duke of Austria , keeps near the Frontiers of this Kingdom , with an Army of Twenty Thousand Men ; and sends frequent Proposals to the Parliament , in Order to a Peace .

Whilst I was writing the last Word , News was brought me , That Eliachim the Jew is seiz'd , and clapt in Prison at St. Denis , which Place is in the King's Hands . I cannot learn the Reason of his Confinement , but am apt to suspect , 't is on the Score of his late appearing among the Rabble of Paris , whereof I gave an Account in a Letter to the Aga of the Janizaries .

The Surprize I am in at this Unfortunate Accident , puts me upon a Thousand Thoughts . I know not what Course to take for my own Safety . If Eliachim's Papers should be search'd , Mahmut must be discover'd ; and then , if I tarry in the City , I cannot escape a Prison : For , tho' at this Juncture , one would think this Place , a sufficient Protection from the Court ; yet the Hatred they bear to the True Believers , and the Discovery of so Important a Commission as mine , would supersede their Intestine Animosities . I should infallibly be either deliver'd up to the Court , or sent to the Bastile . If I go out of the City , my Danger is yet greater ; all the Passes of the Country , being narrowly watch'd , and strongly guarded by the King's Soldiers . This made me at first , resolve to deferr the Conclusion of this Letter to another Time , whilst I provided for my own Safety ; as thinking it impossible , to convey any Intelligence out of France undiscover'd . But being inform'd of a Courier , that was just going from the Parliament , to the Arch-Duke of Austria ; and fearing lest I should never have the Privilege of Pen , Ink and Paper again , I have ravish'd a few Moments , from that little Time I have left to shift for my self , that so I might give thee Notice of this Accident .

I have written also to Nathan Ben Saddi at Vienna , to prevent any Dispatches from him , till farther Order . Both these Letters I venture in the Hands of a faithful Messenger , who has caused them to be sew'd up in the Heels of his Shooes , to prevent Discovery . He travels under the Protection of the Courier .

I have not a Minute left to say more , than that I am at this Instant parting from my Lodging ; my Books and other Things being packt up , and Porters ready to carry 'em away . If I get safe out of the House , I must change my Habit and Name ; and so lay the Foundation of a New Concealment , till the Issue of this Adventure , shall direct me what to do .

Adieu , Illustrious Kaimacham , and expect to hear more in my Next ; or , let my Silence convince thee , that Mahmut is no longer at Liberty .

Paris , 26th . of the 2d . Moon , of the Year 1649.
LETTER III. To Nathan Ben Saddi , a Jew at Vienna .

IF thou hast any Dispatches coming for me , and it be yet in thy Power to stop them , use Wings in doing it : for , I fear , we are discover'd in this Place . Thy Brother Eliachim , is arrested by the King's Orders . What is laid to his Charge , I know not for certain : Neither is it necessary for thee , to be inform'd in that Point . But , if his Confinement be owing to some Services he has lately done me , we are all lost . His Papers will be search'd , which must of Necessity betray our Secrets : And then , we have Nothing to expect , but the severest Execution of the Christians Fury and Revenge . I am in no small Confusion at this Accident , having scarce Time to provide for my Concealment . Send no more to Paris , till thou receivest farther Advice . We are all in Arms , this City being block'd up by the Queen's Troops ; so that I know not well which way to shift for my self , and escape a Thousand Scrutinies , which they will every where make into the Affairs of a Stranger . But , that Fate which over-rules Humane Contingencies , will , I hope , rescue me out of this Danger : To which I commend both thee and me ; bidding thee Farewel , as if I were never to write to thee again : For , so the Issue may prove .

Paris , 26th . of the 2d . Moon , of the Year 1649.
LETTER IV. To Adonai , a Jew , at Venice .

I Have something more Respite now , than when I wrote last to thy Brother Nathan at Vienna , to inform him of Eliachim's being made a Prisoner . I was in a greater Hurry at that Time , than the Ninth Sphere . All my Motions were swift . I went Backward and Forward , like the Planets ; but had no Leisure to stand still , as they do sometimes . In a Word , I have run over the whole Zodiack of Policy , to seek for a New House ; that wherein I Lodg'd , being like to prove too hot for me . At Length I have found one , wherein I hope to meet with no Malevolent Aspects , but to remain as before , in a Friendly Conjunction with the Moon ; behind whose Splendors , I may lie cover'd , from the Inquisitions of peering Mortals .

To speak more Intelligibly , I am for the Present , remov'd to other Lodgings in this City , the better to shelter my self from the Storm which seems to hang over my Head , since Eliachim was seiz'd . Yesterday , I wrote to the Kaimacham , and to Nathan Ben Saddi , to give them an Account of this Accident . This goes along with the same Messenger ; for , I durst not confide in the Posts , during the Present Disorders of this Kingdom .

I receiv'd a Letter from thee , wherein thou informest me , of an Attempt that has been lately made , to rob the Treasury of Venice : Which , according to thy Description , is very Rich and Magnificent ; not to be match'd in Europe . Perhaps , if thou hadst seen the Wealth that is preserv'd in the Church of St. Denis , a City not far from Paris , thou wouldst be of another Mind . But neither of us can make proper Comparisons , having not seen both Places . The French extol the Latter , and say , it far exceeds that of Venice . But , they may speak Partially ; it being the Humour of all People , to magnify the Grandeur of their own Nation : And , the French come not short of the Rest of the World in Vain-Glory . However it be , it was a vast Attempt , and full of Infinite Difficulties and Perils , to Rob the Vaults of a Church , in the Heart of that Great and Populous City , where all the Riches of the Seigniory were Reposited . It is an Argument of the Greatness of their Souls , who durst undertake so hazardous an Enterprize .

But , this is not the First Time the Venetians have been in Danger , to lose that Prodigious Mass of Wealth . A Poor Grecian once found a Way , through Marble Barricado's under-Ground , to enter those Golden Cells ; from whence he carried away , to the Value of Twenty Hundred Thousand Zechins in Jewels . But , making one of his Countrymen acquainted with it , the Villain betray'd him to the Doge , who caused him to be Hang'd .

That Commonwealth , has been all along very Happy in Discovery of Plots , and other Mischiefs intended against Her . I know not whether thou hast heard , of the Famous Conspiracy of Tiepoli ; who not content with the Life and Estate of a Private Gentleman , sought to render himself Sovereign of Venice . And , to this End , insinuated into the Affections of many Thousands of the Citizens ; whom he kept in constant Pension for above Nine Years together , under the Notion of assisting him , to revenge certain Injuries he had receiv'd from a Roman Gentleman . They were all to run with their Arms into the Streets , when they should hear the Name Tiepoli utter'd aloud , and often repeated .

But , when the Day was come , whereon he was to put his Designs in Execution , and the Alarm was given in the Streets , and Old Woman made such Haste to look out at her Chamber-Window , to see what was the Occasion of the Tumult , that she threw down an Earthen Vessel ; which falling directly on the Head of Tiepoli , Kill'd him , and so put an End to the Rebellion . For which happy Accident , the Senate setled a Yearly Pension of a Thousand Zechins , on the Old Woman during her Life , and the same to be paid to her Heirs and Posterity for ever .

Send me no Dispatches , till thou hast receiv'd another Letter from me , which will direct thee what to do .

Paris , 27th . of the 2d . Moon , of the Year 1649.
LETTER V. To Mahummed , Hadgia , Dervise , Eremit , Inhabitant of the Prophetick Cave , in Arabia the Happy .

THE Franks ( who are more ready to find Faults in others , than to amend their own ) censure the Mussulmans , for extending their Charity to Beasts , Birds and Fishes . They laugh at the Alms we bestow to feed Dogs , Cats and other Living Creatures ; and ridicule the Tenderness of such , as go into the Markets , and buy the Birds that are there sold , on Purpose to restore them to their Native Liberty . They say , 't is a sufficient Demonstration of Piety , to relieve the Necessities of Men ; and , that it is but a Fruitless Hypocrisy , to shew Kindness to the Brutes , who , in their Opinion , have neither Souls nor Reason , and consequently are Insensible of our Good Offices toward them .

These are the Charges of Western Raillery , the Scoffs of the Obdurate , with which they load the Generous Orientals , the Hearts transfix'd with Universal Love . What would they say , if they had heard of thy Heroick Piety , who not only affordest Protection and Relief to those Creatures whereof we have no Need , but even abstainest from the Flesh of all Animals , though the Prophet himself has indulg'd us the Use of some , for our Necessary Food , and without which many plead , that we cannot sustain Life ? Oh! excellent man , born for the Reproof and Light of the Age , how is the Soul of our Great Law-giver exhilarated , when he beholds thy Innocent and Unblemish'd Life ? The Treasury of Heaven , is enrich'd with thy Good Works , the Fertile Harvest of Vertues , the First-Fruits of the Purity of thy Nature ! From thy first Descent into that Holy Cave , the Angels who Register the Words of Men , Never heard thee utter a Syllable that could be reprehended . Thy Thoughts ravish the Heart of God himself with Joy . The Vniversal Spirit full of Eyes , Watcher of the Vniverse , would fall Asleep , were it not Rowz'd by the strong Vibrations of thy sublime Soul . Thy Contemplations , are Themes for the College of Those , who were Assistant in Forming of All Things . Were it not for such as thee , the Angel of the First Motion , would cease to Whirl the Globes of Light through the Heavens : The Orbs Above would grow Rusty , and all the Wheels and Springs of Nature , would stand still . Oh Elect Idea , before whose Purify'd Essence , the Sun himself appears full of Blemishes ! Humane Wit cannot find thy Equal on Earth : Thou art the Impress on the SEAL OF THE PROPHETS , the Soul of the Soul of Mahomet !

In thus celebrating thy High Perfections , if I have offended thy Modesty , thou hast the Goodness to ascribe it to the Excess of my Affection , which carries me beyond Human Regards . I would fain be an Imitator of thy Incorrupt Life . For , let the Christians say what they please , I will ever esteem Abstinence a Divine Vertue . I have consulted the Sages of Old , that I might learn what was the Practice of Former Times , whilst Human Nature was yet in its Infancy , before the Manners of Men were Debauch'd . I have perused the Select Writings of the Ancients , the Records of Truth , and void of Fables . And , believing that such Memoirs will not be unwelcome to thee , I presume to lay them at thy Feet , as a Mark of that Profound Veneration , I owe to the Tenant of the Darling of God .

These Historians say , That the First Inhabitants of the Earth , for above Two Thousand Years , liv'd altogether on the Vegetable Products ; of which they Offer'd the First-Fruits to God : It being esteem'd an Inexpiable Wickedness , to shed the Blood of any Animal , though it were in Sacrifice , much more to Eat of their Flesh . To this End , they relate the First Slaughter of a Bull , to have been made at Athens , on this Occasion . The Priest of the Town , whose Name was Diomus , as he was making the Accustomed Oblation of Fruits on an Altar in the Open Field ( for , as yet they had no Temples ) a Bull came running from the Herd , which was grazing hard by , and eat of the Consecrated Herbage . Upon which , Diomus the Priest , mov'd with Zeal at the Reputed Sacrilege , and snatching a Sword from one of those that were present , kill'd the Bull. But , when his Passion was over , and he consider'd , what a heinous Crime he had committed ; fearing also the Rage of the People , he persuaded them , That a God had appear'd to him , and commanded him to Offer that Bull in Sacrifice , by Burning his Flesh with Fire on the Altar , as an Atonement for his devouring the Consecrated Fruits . The Devout Multitude , acquiesc'd to the Words of their Priest , as to an Oracle . And , the Bull being flea'd , and Fire laid on the Altar , they all assisted at the New Sacrifice . From which Time , the Custom was Yearly observ'd among the Athenians , to Sacrifice a Bull. And by them , this Method of Religious Cruelty , was taught not only to all Greece , but to the Rest of the World . In Process of Time , a certain Priest , in the Midst of his Bloody Sacrifice , taking up a Piece of the Broiled Flesh , which had fall'n from the Altar on the Ground , and burning his Fingers therewith , suddainly clapt them to his Mouth , to mitigate the Pain . But , when he had once tasted the Sweetness of the Fat , not only long'd for more of it , but gave a Piece to his Assistant , and he to others : Who all pleased with the new-found Dainties , fell to Eating of Flesh greedily . And hence this Species of Gluttony , was taught to other Mortals . Neither is it Material , what the Hebrew Doctors object against these Testimonies , when they introduce the Son of Adam , Sacrificing Living Creatures , in the Infancy of the World ; since , thou knowest , many Errors are Inserted in the Written Law , from whence they take this Story .

They say also , That the First Goat that fell by the Hands of Men , was kill'd in Revenge for the Injuries it had done the Owner of a Vineyard , in browsing on his Vines ; such an Impious Deed , having never been heard of before .

This is certain , That the Egyptians , the Wisest and most Ancient People in the World , having receiv'd from the First Inhabitants of the Earth a Tradition , forbidding Men , To Kill any Living Creature ; to give the greater Force to this Primitive Law of Nature , they Form'd the Images of their Gods , in the Similitude of Beasts : That so the Vulgar , struck with Reverence at the Sacred Symbols , might learn to abstain from Killing , or so much as Hurting the Dumb Animals ; under whose Forms , they Represented whatsoever among them was esteem'd Adorable .

Yet , lest any in his Life-Time , should by Accident , or otherwise , have transgress'd the Law of Abstinence , they used a kind of Expiation for the Dead , after this Manner . The Priests took the Bowels out of the Belly of the Deceased , and putting them in an Earthen Vessel , they held it toward the Sun ; and calling Witnesses , they made the following Speech , in Behalf of the Dead : O thou Sun , whose Empire is Vniversal , and all ye Other Powers , who give Life to Men , receive me into the Society of the Immortal Gods . For , so long as I lived in this World , I Religiously persevered in the Worship of those Deities , which were made known to me by my Ancestors . I always Honour'd my Parents , who begat my Body . I never Kill'd any Man or Beast , nor have been Guilty of any Black Crime . But , if whilst I liv'd I have trespass'd , in Tasting any of those Things which are Forbidden ; it was not my Sin , but the Fault of these Entrails , which are here separated from the rest of my Body . And having said this , they cast the Vessel into the River , on the Banks of which , the Ceremony was perform'd ; Embalming the Rest of the Body , as Pure and free from Sin .

After the same Manner , the Persian Magi , or Wise Men , practised Abstinence . And , to imprint in their Disciples , a Tenderness and Friendship toward the Beasts , they called them , according to their different Stations , either Lyons , Hyaena's , Crows , Eagles , Hawks , &c. And , their Garments were Painted all over , with the Various Figures of Animals ; thereby insinuating , the Doctrine of the Soul's Transmigration ; and inculcating this Mystery , That the Spirit of Man , enters successively into all Sorts of Bodies : Which , thou knowest , is not remote from the Faith of True Believers .

It would not be amiss , as a Testimony of the Practice of the Ancients , to insert a Memorable Address , which the Reformed Priests of Crete , were wont to make before the Altar of Jupiter . O Divine Governor of the Hundred Cities , we have led a Holy Life , from the Time that we were Initiated in thy Mysteries , and forsook the Nocturnal Rites , and Bloody Feasts of Bacchus : We are now Purified , and Clothe our selves in White Vestments , the Emblems of our Innocence : We shun the Society of polluted Mortals ; neither approach we to the Sepulchres of the Dead , nor Taste of the Flesh of any Thing , which has been endued with Life .

Such also was of Old , and to this Day is , the Abstinence of the Indians ; among whom , the Brachmans perform the Office of Priesthood . These , the Ancient Grecians called Gymnosophists . They are all of one Race , neither will they admit a Stranger into their Order . They live for the most Part near to Ganges , or some other River , for the Sake of their frequent Purifications . Their Diet consists , of Milk Curdl'd with sowre Herbs . They feed also on Apples , Rice , and other Fruits of the Earth ; esteeming it the Height of Impiety , to taste of any Thing that has Life . They live in little Hutts or Cottages , every one by himself , avoiding Company and Discourse ; employing all their Time in Contemplation , and the Service of the Temple . They esteem this Life , but a Necessary Dispensation of Nature , which they Voluntarily undergo as a Penance ; ardently thirsting , after the Dissolution of their Bodies ; and firmly believing , That the Soul by Death , is released from its Prison , and launches forth into Immense Liberty and Happiness . Therefore they are always chearfully disposed to Die , bewailing those that are Alive , and Celebrating the Funerals of the Dead , with joyful Solemnities and Triumphs . Among their Good Works , it is accounted an Act of great Reputation and Virtue , to build Hospitals for Beasts as well as Men : And , in every City , there are great Numbers of such , as spend all their Life , in tending on Sick and Wounded Animals , or such as have no Sustenance elsewhere . And , this is no Novel Institution , but deliver'd down to them by Tradition , from Immemorable Ages .

The Precepts also of Triptolemus and Draco , the most Ancient Lawgivers of the Athenians , are a Testimony of the Innocence and Sincerity of the First Ages : For , they comprehended all the whole System of Piety and Virtue , in Practising these few Rules :

Let it be an Eternal Sanction to the Athenians , To Adore the Immortal Gods : To Reverence the Departed Hero's ; to Celebrate their Praises with Songs , and the First Fruits of the Earth ; To Honour their Parents ; And neither to Kill Man or Beast .

I could relate to thee , Examples of Abstinence in the Ancient Lacedaemonians , Spartans , Jews , and almost all Nations of the East : Nor are there wanting some Testimonies of it , in these Western Parts . This Kingdom of France , was in Old Times Instructed by a Kind of Prophets or Philosophers , whom they called Druids ; who took up their Usual Residence under Oaks . These taught , the Transmigration of Souls ; and therefore , prescrib'd Abstinence from Flesh ; and shew'd to Men , the Method of Worshiping God with the First-Fruits of the Earth . From hence they sail'd over into Britain , and planted themselves in that Island , propagating the same Doctrines ; and were Reverenc'd by the People , as Sacred Oracles .

By all which it is Evident , That the tender Regard which the True Faithful have for the Brutes , is no Innovation , or singular Caprice of Superstition , but the Primitive Practice of the Ancients , the Vniversal Tradition of the Whole Earth . Nay , the Eastern Christians , for the most Part , live an Abstemious Life ; such as the Grecians , Armenians , Georgians , Mingrelians , and others that are scatter'd up and down in divers Parts of Asia . These following the Examples and Traditions , of the Apostles and Primitive Fathers of their Churches , either taste not at all , or very sparingly , the Flesh of Beasts , Birds and Fishes . But , the Nazarenes of the West , boast of I know not what Liberty they have , to Eat , without Scruple , of all Things ; having the Dispensation of the Roman Mufti , whom they call the Vicar of God . Hence it is , that these Religious Libertines , are not afraid to gorge themselves , even with the Blood of Slaughter'd Beasts , which their own Law forbids 'em to taste . And they prop themselves up in their Impiety , by saying , That the Pope has Power , to Change the Traditions and Ordinances of the Apostles , and even of Jesus the Messiah himself . Hence proceeds their Derision of those , who shew any Tenderness to the Brutes ; for , they are harden'd in their Gluttonous Cruelty , and are but one Remove , from the most Salvage Cannibals .

But thou , Holy Man of God , pity these Infidels , and pray that Mahmut , may be a sincere Disciple of thy Purity .

Paris , 16th . of the 3d. Moon , of the Year 1649.
LETTER VI. To the Kaimacham .

I Am return'd to my former Lodging again , the Case of Eliachim , being not so bad as my Fears . The Occasion of his Confinement , were certain Words he spoke against the Proceedings of Cardinal Mazarini and the Court , in Company of such as were Officious to oblige that Minister . This was done at St. Denis , not far from Paris ; where they immediately caused him to be taken into Custody by the King's Guards , who quarter'd in that Town . It has cost him a considerable Sum of Money , to purchase his Liberty ; which he now enjoys , as before . I had other Thoughts , when I first heard the News of his being seized ; and that it was , for some Seditious Expressions : For then I call'd to Mind , how he had Acted last Year by my Order , during the Tumults of Paris ; and concluded , That some Unlucky Accident had now betray'd him . Which if it were so , would infallibly bring me into the same Danger . This made me so suddainly change my Habitation , and put a Stop to the Dispatches of the Sublime Port. I thought no Caution too much , to preserve the Affairs of my Commission Indemnified ; and , that it were better to offend , in being too Wary , than too Secure . If I have taken wrong Measures in thus absconding , 't is for want of fuller Instruction from my Superiors . I wish they would honour me with Particular Rules , in Case of such Emergencies : Then I should steer my Course , without running the Hazard of Rocks or Sands . I have often desir'd to know , Whether , if I were discover'd , I should own my self an Agent for the Grand Signior . But none of the Ministers have vouchsafed to direct me in this Point : Whereby , I may commit an irreparable Mistake , if such a Thing should happen .

Adonai the Jew , informs me of an Attempt lately made to rob the Treasury of Venice ; which , according to his Description , is very Rich and Magnificent . He says , there are Twelve Crowns of pure Gold , and an equal Number of Breast-plates of the same Metal , set with all Sorts of precious Stones of Inestimable Value : A Hundred Vessels of Agat : Threescore Services for the Altar , all of pure Gold , enrich'd with Diamonds , Sapphires , Emralds , and other Stones of Price . There is also an Vnicorn's Horn , above the Purchase of Money . There are Fourteen Unpolish'd Pearls , as large as a Man's Fist . The Ducal Cap , is valued at a Hundred Thousand Zechins : With many other Rareties and Costly Ornaments , too tedious to be inserted in a Letter .

Certainly , so much Wealth , was never destin'd to fall into the Hands of Little Private Thieves : It is a Booty , fit for Kings and great Generals , the Licens'd Banditi of the Earth . So many Glittering Jewels , would tempt the Honesty of an Angel : And , he would be glad to adorn the Apartments of his Heaven , with these Radiant Drops of the Sun , which he sees on Earth .

I have met with some pretty Relations of the Boldness of Robbers , but none that ever match'd the Bravery of this Enterprize ; which was no less , than to Rob one of the most Potent States in the World , of her Chiefest Treasure .

He wanted not for Impudence , who , when the Emperor Charles V. was removing his Court , and all the Officers were busy in packing up the Goods , enter'd the Chamber where the Emperor was ; and having made his Obeisance , fell roundly to pulling down the rich Hangings of Tissue , which by the Help of his Confederates , he carried away , with Abundance of Plate : No Body ever suspecting , but that he was one of the Emperor's Servants , till the Person came , whose Office it was to remove those Goods , and then the other was known to be a Thief .

I have heard of a Spaniard , who , on a Great Festival , when the Priests had finish'd the Service of the Altar , and were retir'd to their Lodgings , went very boldly and took the Golden Vessels off the Altar , and carry'd them away under his Cloak , as though he had been the Steward of that Church , no Body suspecting any other .

I kiss the Hem of thy Vest , Illustrious Kaimacham , and pray , that thou may'st monopolize the Choicest Blessings of Heaven , and have thy Share of the Riches of the Earth , without Danger of losing them to Great or Small Thieves .

Paris , 16th . of the 3d. Moon , of the Year 1649.
LETTER VII . To Nathan Ben Saddi , a Jew at Vienna .

NOW thou may'st continue thy Dispatches as before . Our Fears are vanish'd : Eliachim is releas'd , and all Things are in Safety . Thou hast no Reason to tax me with Timorousness , in so abruptly forsaking my Habitation , on the bare Foresight of far-fetch'd Possibilities ; when thou shalt consider , that there is no arming against Contingencies in the Moment they arrive , and that he who trusts all Things to Chance , makes a Lottery of his Life , wherein , for One Happy Event , he shall meet with Ten Unlucky Ones . To what Use serves that Apprehensive Faculty , which Nature has posted as the Corps du Guard of our Lives and Fortunes , allowing it the Sences for Scouts and Sentinells ? To what End , I say , serves this Watchful Faculty , but to take the Alarm at doubtful Emergencies ; to rouze our Caution , that so we may make Provision , and be in a Posture of Defence , against whatsoever may happen ?

News came , that Eliachim was seiz'd , for Seditious Words against the Government . I was conscious , that both he and I , had been Guilty of more than bare Words in that Kind . Therefore , what had happen'd to him , I look'd upon as due to my self also ; and , that my Confinement would soon follow , if I took not speedy Care to prevent it , by seasonably absconding . This was the Reason of my sudden Departure , which cannot justly be ascrib'd to Cowardise , since 't was the Effect of Common Prudence .

Now I 'm return'd to my Old Lodging again , where the Joy they are in for the Birth of a Son , will not give them Leisure to reflect on my Affairs : So that I am receiv'd by my Host , without the least Jealousie or suspicious Animadversions . Brim-full of Mirth and Jovial Thougts , the Good Man Compliments me , and proclaims his better Fortune : Invites me to sit down with his Friends , and partake of the Gifts of Ceres and Bacchus . This thou knowest , is the Custom of the whole Earth , at the Birth of Mortals . They make merry over one , that is born to the same Miseries as themselves ; who , the first Moment he draws the Breath of Life , is enrolled in the Register of Death ; and from the Womb , makes swift and direct Advances to the Grave .

However , I sate down with the Rest , to comply with the exhilarated Humour of my Host . I eat , drank , and seem'd Merry with the Company . Yet , at the same Time , I could not but nauseate my Entertainment , and disdain the extravagant Profusion of Spirit , which appear'd in every one of this vain Assembly . They all talk'd eagerly ; and , one Man's Words , drown'd those of another : Whilst an Universal Laughter , confounded the Sence of all . Then I prais'd in my self , the Modesty and Order observ'd in our Eastern Banquets and Feasts , where no uncomely Gestures or Actions , escape the well-nurtur'd Guests ; no loud talking or Braying like Asses , but every one strives to suppress the Motions and Appearances of a too forward and Indulgent Mirth , and contain themselves within the Bounds of a decent and civil Reserve . Such were the Feasts instituted by Lycurgus , among the Ancient Lacedaemonians ; where , such as were Friends and Acquaintance , met together and refresh'd themselves , without Riot and Luxury . They convers'd together interchangeably , after the Manner of Philosophers , or Men of the Law : Discoursing soberly either of Natural Things , or Civil Affairs : Mixing facetious and witty Jests , with their more serious Talk , without Clamour , Scurrility or giving any Offence . But , these Western People , think themselves not Merry till they are Drunk , nor Witty unless they be Rude . They play a Thousand Wanton Tricks , like Apes ; and , the greatest Buffoon , is the best Company .

Wherefore , sick to see Men so much degenerate from themselves , I made my Excuses , and retir'd to my Chamber , where I presently set Pen to Paper , to give thee an Account of my Return .

If thou continuest thy former Resolution , of following the Dictates of Reason , in Matters of Religion , thou wilt quickly find , that thy Rabbi's have taught thee to believe in Fables , which accord neither with Reason , nor Common Sence . Follow the best Guide , and be Happy .

Paris , 16th . of the 3d. Moon , of the Year 1649.
LETTER VIII . To Adonai , a Jew at Venice .

THY Pen is now free again : Write as soon and as often as thou wilt ; our Fears are dissipated , and all goes well . If thou canst inform me of any more Remarkable Passages and Adventures , spare not to oblige me with frequent Letters . And , to encourage thee , I will relate to thee a Story , which is Recorded in the Histories of Naples .

In former Times , there was a Statue of Marble , standing on the Top of a Mountain in Apulia , with this Inscription on the Head , which was of Brass , ON MAY-DAY AT SVN-RISING , I SHALL HAVE A HEAD OF GOLD . No Man in all those Parts could be found , who was able to unriddle this Mysterious Expression ; and therefore , it was not regarded for many Ages . But at length , in the Reign of a certain Prince , there was a Saracen , who having seen and consider'd the Statue , with the Inscription , propos'd to explain it for a certain Reward . The Prince hearing of this , and being greedy of the Novelty , sent for the Saracen ; and bargain'd with him for a Thousand Crowns , to unfold this Riddle . He waited till May-Day came , and watching the Image that Morning Early , he observ'd the Place where the Head cast its Shadow , just as the Sun rose . There he order'd certain Men to dig : Which when they had done , and were got pretty deep in the Earth , they encounter'd a Prodigious Treasure of Silver , Gold , and Jewels . With which the Prince was so well satisfy'd , that he doubl'd the Saracens Reward , and sent him Home into his own Country , laden with rich Presents . Doubtless , there is much Wealth bury'd by Men in the Earth . For , in Former Times , they were of Opinion , That if they should die suddainly , in the Wars or otherwise , such Riches as they had hidden in the Earth , would serve them in the Other World . And this is the Practice of the Indians to this Day ; as my Brother informs me , who has been among them .

Strange Blindness ! that Men should think the Immortal Soul , needed the Assistance of Silver , Gold , or any Material Substance , after she herself is divested of the Body , and become a Naked Spirit .

Let thou and I have a Nobler Idea of our Selves , than to phancy we shall be in Want of the Glittering Dross , in that Invisible State , whither we are all hastening . There are no Mony-Changers in that World of Spirits . If thou hast Superfluity , hide it not in the Earth , but give it to the Poor , and thou shalt receive it again , transform'd into a Substance more refin'd and radiant than the Stars .

Paris , 16th . of the 3d. Moon , of the Year 1649.
LETTER IX . To the Reis Effendi , Chief Secretary of the Ottoman Empire .

THE Intestine Quarrels of the French , seem to be like those of Lovers ; whose Cholerick Intervals , serve but to give a new Edge to the Returns of their Affection . As if One of these Passions , was made to whet the Other , and make it more sprightly : Or , as if Love would grow dull and feculent , were it not sometimes rowz'd and fermented by Anger .

But , I believe , there is a greater Mystery , in the Reconciliation between the French-Court and the Parliament of Paris . Some Ends of Policy , have hasten'd both Parties to clap up a Peace , while the secret Rancour remains unpurg'd .

Perhaps the Union of so many Princes and Nobles with the Parliament , might incline the Queen to milder Counsels , than her own Spanish Genius . Besides , the Conjunction of the other Parliaments of the Kingdom , the Revolt of Normandy , Gascoigne and Provence , with many Eminent Cities , were very prevailing Motives . But , that which was of greatest Force , was the Want of Money and Men to carry on the War , which could not be rais'd without vast Difficulty , during these Publick Alienations .

Whatever were the Inducements , a Peace was concluded about the latter End of the Third Moon , at a Place call'd Ruel , not far from Paris , where the King has a House of Pleasure , seated in the Midst of a little Paradise . In one of my Letters to the Kaimacham , I formerly describ'd the King's House and Garden , at St. German en Lay. This is but a little Chiosc or Bower , in Comparison of that Stately Palace . Yet what is wanting in the Grandeur of the Fabrick , is supply'd in its elegant Contrivance , and the Richness of its Ornaments . And , as for the Garden , it comes not far short of the other ; there being in it all Manner of curious Water-works , Groves , Solitudes , Fountains , Statues , and whatsoever the Ingenuity of these Western Artists could suggest , as proper to render this Place agreeable to the Melancholy Humour of the late Queen-Mother , Mary de Medicis , to whom it belong'd during her Life .

When you enter this delicious Eden , your Eyes and Ears are presently deceiv'd , by the Counterfeit Notes and Motions of all kinds of Birds , which perpetually Sing , as the Water tunes their Throats . A little farther , you see several old Gentile Statues , adorning Two Fountains : And , among the rest , a Crocodile , big as the Life ; who by the Harmony he makes , seems to have a Consort of Musick in his Belly , as Regular and Sweet , as that of the Italian Society at Constantinople , which thou hast often heard .

As we depart from this , full of Complacency and Admiration at the Exquisite Imitation of Nature in these Contrivances , we fall insensibly into a Place exactly like what the Poets describe when they speak of Elysium . It is a Grove , the Tops of whose Trees are so thick interwoven , that the Sun appears no otherwise through them , than as if he were behind a Cloud or in an Eclipse . So that the Darkness of this Place , and solemn Murmur the Winds make on high among the Tops of the Trees , fills it with a Kind of Sacred Horror . Which has often made me think this Wilderness , something like that which Historians describe , when they speak of the Avenues to the Temple of Jupiter Ammon in Egypt . For , in the very Center of this Grove , stands the House . A Place , one would think , fitter for a Convent than a Prince's Court. At best , it appears but like a Royal Hermitage , a Cell consecrated to Kingly Melancholy .

I could not forbear making this Digression , when I mention'd Ruel to be the Place where the Peace was concluded , between the Court and the Parliament . This Encomium , is a Tribute which I ow'd , for the Satisfaction and Pleasure I have often receiv'd in this Retirement . Besides , I thought an Idea of such a Garden , would not be unwelcom to thee , who art a Lover of Solitude .

The Coadjutor of Paris , who is an Arch-Bishop , is highly affronted , that this Peace was concluded without him , who had a chief Hand in beginning the War . He labours to inflame the People again , and reduce all to the old Confusion , being an Irreconcileable Enemy of Cardinal Mazarini . So that we expect another Insurrection in a short Time : For the French cannot be long Idle .

Happy Minister , I leave thee under the Wings of that Spirit which guards the Elect , and bid thee Farewel .

Paris , 15th . of the 4th . Moon , of the Year 1649.
LETTER X. To Dgnet Oglou .

SHall I tell thee , I mourn for the Death of our Friend Egry Boinou , whom thou sayest , a Fever snatch'd from us the First Day of the Moon Regib ? That Fever , it seems , was the Effect of his continual and excessive Grief for the Loss of his Eyes ; so that we may say , he has been dying ever since the Hour that Fatal Sentence was put in Execution . And , shall we grudge our Friend a Release from so lingring a Death ? At best , it was but the Winter of Life , wrapt up in Clouds and Darkness : Now like the Serpent , he has cast his Slough , lifts up his Head with new Vigor , sports himself in the Meadows of Paradise , and basks in the Warmth of an Eternal Spring .

'T will not therefore be a Mark of our Affection to him , but only a Discovery of our Self-Love , to condole the Occasion of His Happiness , because it has lessen'd Ours , by robbing us of his beloved Company and Friendship . Besides , we know not , but that he may still continue to be our Friend , even in that Invisible State ; and either manage our Interests Above , or at least protect us from Dangers here Below . We are ignorant of the Laws , and Constitution of that Kingdom of Spirits ; and , for ought we know , the Souls of just Men after Death , may become the Tutelar Genii , or Guardian Angels of their Surviving Friends and Relations . Let it be how it will , doubtless Egry is Immortal and Happy ; and , 't will be Envy in us , to repine at it . Rather let us congratulate the Time of his Decease , as the Day of his Nativity ; and leave Mourning , to the Crowd of Mortals , who do a Thousand Things , without ever thinking what they are about . They tread in the Steps of their Fathers , never examining , whether they be Right or Wrong : Custom and Education have almost banish'd Reason from the Earth . Is it not a pleasant Spectacle , to see the Kindred of an Old Rich Miser ( for whose Death they had long waited , like Harpies for their Prey ) now flock about his Lifeless Carcase , howling out a Thousand forc'd Lamentations ; whilst in the mean Time , their Blood dances in their Veins for Joy ? Yet however , this carries a Shew of Civiliz'd Manners , and is better than the Barbarous Custom of the Scythians and Massagetes , who when their Old Men grew Useless and Troublesome , were wont to Sacrifice them , and make a Banquet with their Flesh ; or the Thebarenes , who threw their Aged Friends alive down Precipices . These were Salvages : But , much more so were the Hircanians and Bactrians , who cast their Aged Parents yet living , to be devour'd by Dogs : Which Inhumanity when Stasanor , the Deputy of Alexander the Great , endeavour'd to suppress , they had like to have Depos'd him from the Government : So prevalent is the Force of a Receiv'd Custom , on the Minds of the Unthinking Herd .

Let thou and I therefore , not supinely take up with Common Practices ; but , like Men of Reason , let us adjust the Last Offices we owe to our Friend , whilst we pour forth some Devout Oraisons for the Health of his Soul , without disturbing his and our own Repose , with fruitless Lamentations . And , since we are bereav'd of his Society on Earth , let us prepare to follow him , and render our selves agreeable Company at our next Rendezvous in Heaven .

It was an Unjustifiable Rigor in Sultan Ibrahim , to deprive him of his Eyes , because he had only cast 'em unhappily on one of the Sultana's , as she enter'd the Garden . This Jealousy , is the peculiar Vice of the East . Yet they are more severe in Persia , where 't is present Death , to be within Two Leagues of the King's Women , when they travel the Road. But , I never knew , that Eunuchs were thus punish'd . Or , is there such a Difference between a White and a Black Eunuch , That the One deserves to lose his Eyes for beholding that by Chance , which the Other is honourably rewarded for having Access to , and seldom being out of their Sight ?

This was the worst Punishment that Seleucus , the Law-Giver of the Locrians , impos'd on them that were Actually caught in Adultery . Which puts me in Mind of a Notable Instance of this Man's Justice : For , when his own Son was accus'd , and prov'd Guilty of this Crime ; at once to shew the Tenderness of a Father , and the Incorruptible Severity of a Judge , he first caus'd One of his own Eyes to be put out , and then One of his Sons : Thus taking on himself , Half the Penalty ; that so , the Law might be satisfy'd in the Whole , and yet his Son not be Totally depriv'd of his Sight .

Thou tellest me no News of our Armies , nor what Alterations have been made amongst the Ministers of the Port , since the Death of Sultan Ibrahim . We have various Reports here ; and some say , that the New Vizir Azem will be no long-liv'd Man . I desire thee , to write often to me , and send me what Intelligence thou can'st .

Let nothing slip the Knot , which has fast'ned us so many Years together , in an entire Friendship : But , let us carry that Magnet with us to our Graves ; that , at what Distance soever we may be buried , our Souls may by the Force of that Attractive , find one another out , and converse together , in that Region of Silence and Shadows .

Paris , 9th . of the 5th . Moon , of the Year 1649.
LETTER XI . To the Captain Bassa .

I Know not where this Letter will find thee ; on the Shore , or at Sea . If thou art in the Watry Wilderness , I have no Art to trace thee . There are no certain Roads in that Inconstant Element . It is a mighty Plain , without Path or Track . And though there be certain Stages in it , yet thy Arrival at them , is tim'd at the Pleasure of the Winds and Waves , which will not obey even the Orders thou hast received from the Grand Signior , Lord of the Four Seas . Perhaps , thou art in pursuit of some Venetian Ships , or other Christian Vessels , the Corsairs of the Mediterranean . Or , thou mayst be Careening thy Fleet , in the securer Retreats of the Archipelago . Thou may'st be within a Minute of a Wreck , or just entring a Harbor . Wherever thou art , may Heaven preserve thee from the Dangers , which always threaten such , as trust their Lives to a piece of Wood : For , there will be great Need of thee , if our Intelligence be true in these Parts .

It is reported here , That the Cossacks , Circassians , Mingrelians , and other People who Border on the Black Sea , and Obey not the Law brought down from Heaven , are entred into a League against the Blessed Port , and have covered those Seas with a Mighty Fleet ; while the Prince of Georgia , rushes down from his Mountains , with an Army of Forty Thousand Armenians , Persians , and Borderers of Mount Caucasus : That the Former have taken a Thousand of our Trading Saicks , and are advanc'd as far as the Ferry of the Bull , which thou knowest , is but Six Hours Sail from the Imperial City : That the Latter , have made Incursions into the Territories of the Grand Signior ; put all to the Sword who resisted 'em , as they march'd along ; burnt and laid waste the Country : And , that all the Greeks and Armenians , flock to them , threatning an Universal Defection from the Ottoman Empire .

As to the Truth of these Reports , I can ascertain Nothing ; but am inclin'd to believe , the Cossacks are troublesome at Sea , and that they may have drawn some of their Neighbours into a League , those Pilfering Nations , who live by Rapine and Spoil , on both Elements . Our small Vessels trading on the Black Sea , full of Riches and empty of Arms , must needs be a Temptation to those Pirates , who are the most dextrous at a Robbery , and the boldest Fellows in the World . The Merchants of these Parts , who have had some Traffick at Caffa , and other Towns on the Banks of the Black Sea , give a frightful Description of those Tempestuous Waters , and no Good Character of the People that Border on them . The Cossacks , they say , are Valiant and Mercenary ; the Circassians Hardy and Bold ; the Mingrelians Sly and Crafty ; and the Georgians , of an Astral Complexion , capable of all Virtues and Vices . The First seldom act , unless encourag'd by the King of Poland , or the Czar of Moscovy ; and then they are content with their Pay , and the Lawful Plunder of War . The Second are never Idle , when there is hope of Prey , whether they fight their own Cause , or are employ'd by others ; and fear neither Hunger , Cold , nor any other Extremity , for the Sake of a Prize . The Third are Good at a Stratagem , and would steal a Man's Teeth out of his Gums , if he be not wary ; Great Cowards , yet desperate in their own Defence , when they see no Medium between Fighting and Death . As for the Fourth , they seem to be a kind of Mungrels , a Medly Race , whose Character is compounded of the Other Three .

They are Stout and Witty , Dext'rous at a Cheat , and no Bunglers at an Ingenious Theft ; Great Liars ; full of Compliments and External Civilities , but Perfidious and Implacable in their Revenges .

Yet , after all , I cannot believe the Prince of this Country , who is a Tributary to the King of Persia , would venture his Government at Two such desperate Stakes , by breaking the Peace , concluded by his Sovereign with the Grand Signior , and so drawing upon himself the Vengeance of them both . Therefore , he is either secretly abetted by that Monarch , or else the News is false .

Wouldst thou know , how this Country came to be Subject to the Crown of Persia ? It was Conquer'd by Ismael Sophi , to whom the Persian Historians , in Flattery , give the Epithet of Great . He was the First of that Name , and of the Persian Kings , that refus'd to obey the Orthodox Successors of the Sent of God . This Prince , was Valiant in the Field ; and no Coward at Wine , if we may believe one of his Courtiers , who wrote Memoirs of his Life . He Records Sixteen Battles , wherein he always got the Victory ; and Twice that Number of Royal Debauches , when he shew'd the Strength of his Brain , in the Company of Foreign Ambassadors ; with whom he would always Carouse , before they departed his Court , that he might sound the Depth of their Instructions ; for , none were able to cope with him , at the Juice of the Grape . And he always esteem'd that Liquor , a Friend to Truth .

If he suspected his Ministers of State , or any of the Governors of Provinces , he us'd to invite them to a Banquet ; where , in the Midst of his Drinking , he unravell'd their Secret Inclinations and Counsels ; being the most dextrous at picking the Locks of a Man's Heart , of any one living . They never went Alive from his Presence , if by one false Step in their Carriage , though it were but a Word too passionate , or a Look less composed to Resignation , he could discover or frame to himself the Grounds of a just Jealousy . It being ever his Maxim , That Credulity , was the only Vice , could ruin a Happy Prince . He had another Saying also , That Persia was Fertile of Men , but Barren of Faithful Officers .

I cannot admire these Cruel Strains of Policy . Yet Kings have Reasons for their Actions and Words , which we cannot comprehend . The Philosophers say , That Wine was given Vs by the Gods , to mitigate our Cares ; and , for a Time , to make Vs Equal to their Divinities , in the free Enjoyment of Our Selves . And , tho' as a Mussulman , I am not bound to subscribe to the Principles of Pagans ; yet as a Man , Partaker of Flesh and Blood , I think he doubly mis-uses that Liquor , who perverts it to the Ends of Cruelty .

But , this Monarch had other Thoughts , when by the Assistance of the Georgian Forces , having subdu'd the Regions Bordering on the Caspian Sea , at that Time in the Hands of the Ottomans , he invited the King of Georgia to his Tent , under Pretence of a Festival Joy for their mutual Success . The Unwary Prince , trusting to his own Merit , and the Faith of his Neighbour , ventures him self with a Small Guard to the Camp of Ismael . The Persian entertain'd him , with all the Outward Demonstrations of Affection and Gratitude , for his repeated Aids : But , in the End of the Feast , taking Exceptions at some Words the King of Georgia spoke , in Praise of his own Soldiers , he commanded his Eunuchs to seize on him , and carry him to the Tent of the Vnfortunate ( so they call'd the Pavilion , or Cage of the Grandees fallen into Disgrace . ) Then he gave swift Orders , for the Georgian Soldiers to be Manacled . And , having thus done , he bestow'd the Government of Georgia , on one Luarzab ; on Condition , that he and his Successors , would embrace the Faith of Hali , and pay Tribute to the Crown of Persia .

From this Luarzab , has the Government of Georgia descended , not in a Line of Blood , but at the Pleasure of the Persian Kings , to him who now holds it , Shanavas-Can ; Who , I believe , has more Wit , than to hazard his Possessions , for the Sake of a Chimaera .

In thus roving from my first Point , thou canst not blame me , since thou thy self actest by the Rules of Navigation , which vary according to the Byass of the Needle . Thou followest one Magnet , and I another : Yet , let us both meet in the Center of Duty , we owe the Grand Signior .

Paris , 23d . of the 6th . Moon , of the Year 1649.
LETTER XII . To Cara Hali , Physician to the Grand Signior .

THou wilt say , 't is an unmannerly Way of Congratulating thy New Advance , to begin my Address with Complaints . Yet , Friendship overlooks Punctilio's . 'T is not the first Time , I have trespass'd on thy Generous Temper . I am indispos'd , and cannot act the Courtier , though I am ravish'd to hear the News . It is some Support to my Languishing Spirits , that whilst I am crumbling and dwindling away into the Little Principles of which I was made , thou my Friend art growing in the Bulk of Mortal Greatness , in the Favour of our Glorious Sultan .

However , I cannot but suspect the pretended Kindness of him who rais'd thee , I mean the New Vizir . Neither hast thou much Reason , to take this suddain Reconciliation for any other , than a Masque of his Old Malice . He cannot forget the Quarrel between thy Father and him , on the Account of Dara Meseck , the Lieutenant General of the Janizaries ; when the brave Old Cheik , put a Stop to the designed Revenge of this Inhumane Upstart .

Assure thy self , that he who has made his Steps , to the Grandeur he now possesses , o'er the Neck of his Master , will not spare any , from whose Wit or Power he may fear a Shock : And , he knows both thy Experience and Interest too great , not to mistrust the Son of his Enemy .

Besides , the eminent Command thy Brother has over the Spahi's , must needs be an Additional Caution to the Man , whose Name sounds no where so sweetly , as in the Chamber of the Janizaries .

Thou art sensible , that the newly reviv'd Animosity , between these Military Orders , threatens a Calamity to the Ottoman Empire , which cannot be diverted , without a Sacrifice on one Side or other . And , since the Spahi's have engag'd so many Potent Bassa's in their Quarrels ; who can expect to fall , but the Mighty Favourite of the Infantry ?

He knows this very well ; and , to prevent his own Ruin , he resolves on Thine and thy Brothers : Thine , under the Masque of Friendship , till by his Wheadle , he has drawn thy Brother to Constantinople ; where he will not fail to be strangled , that so a Creature of the Vizir , may be promoted in his Room . And , what will become of thee after this , I leave to thy own Judgment .

Perhaps , thou wilt despise the Advice of a Sick Man , and impute my Fears to an Excess of Melancholy ; from which Distemper , thou knowest , I am seldom free . But , I tell thee , my Reason labours under no Hypochondriac Disorders , though my Body may . I am no Enthusiast , when I counsel my Friend to avoid an Apparent Danger . However , if thou thinkest it needless for me to busy my self in such Cases , I have done . But I shall never cease to pray for thy Prosperity , as often as I comply with the Law , in Kissing the Floor Five Times a-Day , and Repeating the appointed Oraisons of Faith .

Methinks , when I write to thee now , my Pen is at a Loss . I am puzzl'd for a Style suitable to thy New Honour , and our Old Friendship .

But , if I take too much Liberty , ascribe it to the Sincerity of my Affection , which knows not how to be reserv'd or strange to a Person , whom once I could call my Other self : For , no Wider is the Distance between Friends .

Paris , 5th . of the 7th . Moon , of the Year 1649.
LETTER XIII . To Chiurgi Muhammet , Bassa .

I Know not , whether what I am going to relate , will be News to thee , or to any of the Ministers Residing at the Sublime Port. However , 't is so to me ; and I am commanded , to conceal nothing of Moment that comes to my Ears .

Mahomet , Eldest Son of Achmet , the Dey of Tunis , is now at Rome , having embraced the Christian Religion . People relate variously , the Motives that induced him to this Change . Some say , 't was Interest ; he having held a Private Correspondence with the Viceroy of Sicily , who promised him , in the King of Spain's Name , to make him Lord of several large Territories in the West-Indies .

Others say , 't was Discontent at his Father's Government , and Austere Carriage towards him ; the Old Man , having forced him to marry the Bassa of Tripoli's Daughter against his Inclination .

But the greatest Part , ascribe this Change in Religion , to the Force of his Conscience ; which , they say , was convinced by a Miracle , of the Truth of the Christian Faith . For , as they relate , being once at Sea in a Vessel , wherein were many Christians , and a Dreadful Tempest arising , the Mariners , who were all Mussulmans , seeing the Havock that the Winds and Waves had made of the Ship-Tackle , gave over all for lost ; and fainting under so much Labour , Watching and Terrour as they had undergone , lay down , and let the Ship drive where-ever the Storm would carry her . But , there being a Christian Priest aboard , Esteemed a very Holy and Blameless Man , he excited the Christians , to appease the Wrath of God by some extraordinary Acts of Devotion . Then they all made a solemn Procession on the Decks of the Ship , the Priest carrying before them , that which they call the Sacrament , Imploring the Mercy of God , and often calling on Jesus and Mary . When behold , as the Priest stood aloft on the Poop , reading aloud Part of the Gospel , the Storm suddenly ceas'd , the Clouds were dispers'd , the Air grew Serene and Calm , and the Vessel got safe into Harbour . Upon this , they say , Mahomet , when he came ashore , took that Priest along with him , desiring to be instructed in the Christian Belief ; making a Vow also , That he would renounce the Law of the Mussulmans , and embrace that of Jesus .

This is what such , as are Zealous for the Honour of the Christian Faith , relate concerning this Princes Conversion . However it be , it is certain , That he privately made his Escape from Tunis by Sea , and bent his Course directly for Sicily ; where , in a few Days he landed , and was receiv'd by the Vice-Roy , according to the Dignity of a Prince . A while after , he was baptized by an Arch-Bishop , who gave him the Name of Don Philippo , by which he is called in all Places .

They say , he was a little scandalized at first , when he saw with what Freedom , the Sicilian Women appeared abroad in the Streets , and convers'd with Men ; but , that afterwards , he took a great Delight in their Company , especially those that could sing well , or play on any Instrument of Musick , to which he is much addicted . And therefore , he chuses to frequent those Temples , where their Service is perform'd with Variety of excellent Musick , as it is in all great Cities . And for ought we know , the Character which the Christian Priest gave him , of this Harmonious Manner of Worshipping God , might have no small Influence , on a Man naturally affected with that Science . Certainly , Musick has a mighty Force on our Affections ; and , it is a Proverb here in the West , That he who does not love Musick , has no Soul . One of the Ancient Philosophers , defined the Soul it self , to be a Harmony . And another , was so sensible of the various Effects of this Science , in raising Different Passions in Men , that he left it as an Aphorism , Such as the Musick is , such are the People of a Commonwealth . Whence , it was the Great Care of such , as took upon them to form the Manners of Youth , That no Tunes should be played in their Hearing , which Naturally provoked to Levity and Wantonness ; but Grave and Martial Strains , such as prompted Heroick Thoughts , and disposed them to Vertue . The Italians , are great Masters of this Science ; and the Airs which they compose for their Church-Service , are very deep and ravishing . Which causes their New Proselyte , Don Philippo , to pass his Time very attentively , during the Celebration of their High-Mass , and their Even-Song . They report , that he will turn Jesuit .

He went from Sicily , loaded with Gifts and Presents , and came to Rome , the Seat of the Christians Chief Mufti , whom they call the Pope . He is much honoured and caressed by the Holy Father , and all the Cardinals , who have told him so many fair Things of the Nazarene Faith , and shew'd him so many Sacred Reliques of Antiquity , that he thinks himself already within the Verge of Heaven , and that Rome is no other , than the Suburbs of Paradise . There is something very charming and sweet , in the Conversation of the Christian Prelates , if they be Men of Learning , as most generally they are . And , 't is no wonder that such Polite Company , should prevail much on the flexible Temper of a young Prince , who is as a Pilgrim in a strange Country , where he can hear Nothing , but perpetual Eulogies of the Christian Religion ; nor see any Thing , but Objects , which serve only to confirm in his Mind , a Venerable Idea of that Faith he has embraced . Besides , they say , he is fallen deeply in Love with a young Roman Lady . So that there is no Hope , of rescuing him from the Power of so many Enchantments .

Therefore , giving him over as lost , let us pray the Omnipotent , to establish Vs in his Truth ; That neither Interest , Passion , nor an Erroneous Conscience , may ever be able to make us swerve from the Law written in Heaven ; but , that we may adhere to God and his Prophet , with a Thousand Souls .

Paris , 5th . of the 7th . Moon , of the Year 1649.
LETTER XIV . To Sala , Tircheni Emin , Superintendent of the Royal Arsenal at Constantinople .

WE are all alarm'd here , with the News of I know not what boisterous Adventures of the Cossacks , and their Neighbours , that possess the Ancient Kingdom of Colchis . Had I not a firm Faith in the Alcoran , 't would fill me with Panick Fears . But , no Attempts can prevail , against the Men fighting under the Shadow of the Prophet . He descended with a Consummate Authority , from the Monarch who commands all Things . The Mandate of Heaven , will disperse the Infidels . The Seven Vizirs Above , were Witnesses to the Words , whose Eccho's caus'd Thunder , when the Prophet retir'd from the Steps of the Throne . Had not Moses given him warning ( who remembred the Noise in the Mount ) the Apostle had lost his Address , and been confounded before the Angels . But , encourag'd with the Whisper of the Man with Horns , he made no Default in his Conge : And , with little Loss of Time , arriv'd to the Ninth Sphere , where he proclaim'd the Nesiraum ; and , all the Inhabitants of that Orb , resorted to the Banner which he had in his Hands . The Prophet told 'em , 'T was only for a Tryal of their Fidelity . They made Obeisance , and retir'd . From that Place , he made no Scruple , but that the Elect in Heaven and Earth , would obey the Divine Patent . He finish'd his Descent Triumphantly , and pitch'd his Feet on Mount Vriel . Those that believe Hali , say , T was on the Top of the Ragged Rock . But let Hereticks alone in their Infidelity . Be it where it pleas'd God , he spoke the Words that shall ne'er be Revers'd , when he display'd the Heavenly Silk , and said , Whoever takes up Arms against this Banner , shall be reputed an Infidel ; He shall be exterminated from the Earth .

I often think on these Passages in the Holy Memoirs , the Collections of the Life full of Wonders . Then I comfort my self with this Thought , That if all the Vncircumcis'd in the World , should enter into a Combination , they would not succeed against the Men , fighting under the Commission with the Seal .

I have sent a Letter to the Bassa of the Sea , acquainting him with the News of this Expedition of the Cossacks . Since which I am informed , that these People are Headed by a famous Pirate in those Parts , a Man of a daring Spirit , and capable of the boldest Undertakings . The French Merchants , who have traded in the Black Sea , give him a High Character ; and portend great Injuries to the Ottoman Empire , from the Success of his Arms : For , they say , he is a Good Captain , both by Sea and Land . I have heard several different Stories of his Birth and Education : But , this I am going to relate , comes from the best Hands , and seems most probable .

His Name is Pachicour , a Circassian by Birth , but bred up in a Sea-Town of the Vkrain , near the Mouth of the Niester . He left his Native Country , at the Age of Twelve Years , out of a Desire to see Foreign Parts ; Embarking himself , unknown to his Parents , in a Vessel of Podolia , which then was ready to set sail from Bala-Clag . He carry'd with him a small Sum of Money , which he had purloyn'd from his Father , and serv'd as a Fund of his future Fortune : For , arriving at a certain Town in Podolia , he frequented the Keys , and offer'd his Service to several Merchants ; one of which , observing in his Face the Marks of a Promising Genius , entertain'd him in his House . He liv'd with him Seven Years , and perform'd his Office so well , that he made him his Factor to Constantinople .

Pachicour discharg'd his Trust there , with much Profit to his Master , and Honour to himself . So that at his Return , several Merchants entrusted him with their Goods ; and sent him to trade at Caffa , and other Towns on the Black Sea . His Judgment and Reputation encreasing with his Years , he became in Time famous in all the Trading Towns . And , such was his Credit in the Vkrain , that all the Merchants put their Vessels and Goods into his Hands : So that he sail'd many Times with a Fleet of Twenty Ships , having the Disposal of all the Goods , committed to his Management . He grew so Rich in Time by his Dealings , that he was able to drive a Considerable Trade for himself . And then it was , he began to lay the Foundation of a Design , which he has since executed . His Genius was too Active , always to be confin'd to this slow Way of growing Great : Therefore he was resolv'd at one Blow , to raise his Fortune to the Pitch he aim'd at . He was the only Broker , Banquier and Merchant , where-ever he came .

It was no difficult Thing , for a Man of so vast a Credit , to raise an extraordinary Stock ; and Pachicour could easily silence the Alarms of Conscience . There happen'd also a Juncture , very proper for his Design . For , while he was at Isgaou , a Port of Circassia , Day and Night projecting how to exalt himself , a War broke out between his Countrymen and the Mingrelians . The Latter appear'd with a Navy at Sea , which alarm'd all the Maritime time Parts of Circassia . Pachicour whose Invention was always busy , took a Hint from this , to accomplish his Plot. Expedition was his chiefest Game . Therefore he speedily made the utmost Use of his Credit , among the Podolian Merchants , and other Foreigners residing at Isgaou . And , when he had amass'd together prodigious Sums of Gold , for which he only gave them Bills of Exchange , he privately sends away this huge Treasure , with all his Jewels , Tissues , and other Rich Merchandise , to his Fathers House , who liv'd not many Leagues from this Town .

Within Two Days after this , the Mingrelian Fleet made a Descent at Isgaou , sack'd it , carry'd away Two Thousand Captives , and went to their Vessels again .

Pachicour , who knew how to make an Advantage of this Opportunity , privately fled after his Wealth , as soon as the Mingrelian Fleet appear'd before the Place . And it happ'ned , that most of his Creditors were made Slaves , and transported to Mingrelia . He had no Need to take any farther Care , but how to secure his Riches from his Pilfering Neighbours : For , the Circassians , are all Profess'd Thieves . He therefore makes haste to his Father ; and having gratified him for his Trouble , he in a short Time purchas'd Four Men of War , with which he sets up for a Pirate , infesting those Seas , and Robbing all the Merchants , except those who had formerly entrusted him . His Bounty and Valour , charm'd all that serv'd him . And , his Fame spreading with his wonderful Success , many Circassians put out to Sea , and join'd with him : So that in a little Time , he made no small Figure in the Kingdom of Neptune . Seeing himself Commander of a Powerful Navy , he found out quickly the Mingrelian Fleet , and engaging with them , got a Glorious Victory .

Soon after , a Peace was concluded , and Pachicour was declar'd Admiral of all the Circassian Sea-Forces : To whom the Mingrelians were oblig'd by Treaty to join theirs , and to obey Pachicour's Orders . In a little Time , this fortunate General became so famous , that the Cossacks sent to him an Agent , and enter'd into a League ; furnish'd out Three Hundred Vessels , and join'd the Circassian and Mingrelian Fleets .

This is the Bottom of the New Expedition , which makes so loud a Noise in these Parts .

Thou who art Master of the Arsenal , wilt know what Measures are fittest to be taken , against this bold Infidel , if he persists to break the Peace of the most Serene Empire . Yet , though he is an Enemy , let us not envy him the Praises , that are due to his Wit and Courage . He seems to surpass the Sneaking Thieves of his own Nation ; and undertakes Nothing but Sovereign Cheats , and Noble Thefts , such as would pass for Vertuous Actions , in a Man of a Higher Birth .

I do not plead for Robbery , nor take the Part of an Infidel ; but , if I had Time to tell thee , some Heroick Passages of this Pirate , thou wouldst say , he is worthy of a Generous and Favourable Usage , should he become a Captive . In another Letter , I will oblige thee with a Relation , which will not be unwelcome to a Man , who gives not Sentence with the Vulgar . I had more to say on another Subject , but I am interrupted . Pardon the Effect of my Duty to the Grand Signior .

Paris , 19th . of the 8th . Moon , of the Year 1649.
LETTER XV. To Melec Amet , Bassa .

THere is News arrived here lately , of the Murder of the English Embassador at the Hague . His Name was Dorislaus . He was sent by the New Governors in England , to make an Alliance with the States of Holland , and to satisfie them in Reference to their late Proceedings against their Sovereign . 'T is said , his Negotiation would have had but little Success , in Regard the Prince of Orange , who is President or Chief over the States , and who married the Daughter of the English King , takes to Heart the untimely Death of his Father-in-Law , and cannot be reconciled to his Murderers . Yet , 't is to be thought , that Princes are no farther touch'd with one anothers Misfortunes , than concerns their Interest .

However , on the 3d. Day of the 5th . Moon , some Scots enter'd into the Lodgings of the Embassador , and having dispatch'd him with several Wounds , made their Escape . It is not certainly known , who set these Assassins at Work . People descant variously , as their Affections byass them . Some reflect on it , as a Judgment Justly inflicted by God , though by an Vnjust Act of Men , on one who had been a Notorious Promoter of his Sovereign's Death . Others censure it , as a most Impious Sacrilege , in Regard the Persons of Embassadors , are by the Law of Nations , esteem'd Sacred and Inviolable ; and , the Injuries which they suffer , are interpreted , not only as done to their Masters who send them , but to all Mankind : As if Human Nature it self were wrong'd , in the Persons of Publick Ministers .

Indeed , there is no Method of establishing or conserving Friendships and Alliances between different Nations , if their Agents be not secured with an Immunity from Affronts and Violences .

The French relate a pretty Passage of one of their Kings , who before he came to the Crown , being Duke of Orleans , had receiv'd very ill Usage in his Travels from a certain Italian Lord , call'd the Baron of Benevento . After this Prince was possess'd of the Kingdom , the same Italian Lord was sent Embassador from the Viceroy of Naples , to congratulate his Accession to the Throne of his Ancestors . Some French Courtiers , who had been Witnesses of the Injuries this Lord had formerly done to their Master , now perswaded the King to Revenge himself , by causing some gross Indignities to be done him , whilst he had him in his Power . To whom the Wise Monarch reply'd , It becomes not the King of France , to revenge on the Embassador of Naples , the Injuries which the Duke of Orleans receiv'd from the Baron of Benevento .

'T is said , the English Nation have demanded Satisfaction of the Hollanders , for the Murder of their Embassador ; but were answer'd , That they themselves , ought first to Expiate the Murther of their King .

The Scots have Revolted from the New Government in England , and are yet in Suspence , Whether they shall set up the Son of the Late King , or Form themselves into an Independent Republick . The Irish are stedfast to the Interests of the Crown . And many Islands in America , subject to the Kings of England , have now deny'd all Obedience to the New English Government , which seems to tend towards a Democracy .

There is much Talk of one Cromwel , the General of the English Forces in Ireland . This Man from a Private and Obscure Estate , is ascended to the Dignity of a General , having purchas'd this Command , by his Conduct and Valour . The French extol him , for the Greatest Souldier of this Age : And , if Fame be true , he is no less Statesman .

As a Mark of the Respect I owe thee , thou wilt receive with this Letter , a Pistol of Curious Workmanship , which being once charg'd , will deliver Six Bullets , one after another . If thou acceptest this small Present , it will be an Argument of thy Friendship .

Paris , 19th . of the 8th . Moon , of the Year 1649.
LETTER XVI . To the Venerable Mufti .

I Have often wondred at the Lethargy , wherein the Nazarenes seem to be drown'd . They forget what they read in their own Bibles : They there encounter with Expressions , which savour of the East . Every Page of the Written Law , relishes of the Dialect which is Pure and Lively ; though the Translators , have cropt the Flower of the Sence . I have read their Bible in Greek , Latin , and French ; but none of these Languages , express to the Life the Original Hebrew : Nor can it be expected . It is impossible to screw up the Dull Phrases of Europe , to the Significant Idioms of Asia . We may as well expect Dates to spring from a Reed : And for that Reason , it is forbidden the True faithful , to Translate the Volume of Light from the Original Arabick : Which is no other , than Hebrew in its Ancient Purity .

This is the Language of those , who dwell above the Seventh Orb. 'T is the Dialect , wherein God converses with the Pages of his Divine Seraglio : Wherein all the Records of the Celestial Empire are writ . And when he issues out Orders to the Ministers and Bassa's of Heaven , Hasmariel the Secretary of the Immortal Divan , uses no other Character or Speech , but that which is peculiar on Earth , to the Sons of Ismael , the Inhabitants of the Region on the East of the Red Sea . In fine , this is the Language , wherein the Omnipotent thought fit to discover his Pleasure to Mortals .

Believe Mahmut , when he tells thee with profound Submission , that he has taken some Pains to pry into those Languages , which have been the Channels of Divine Knowledge . I have been peculiarly ambitious , to study the Anatomy of Oriental Words : And it would be no Hyperbole to say , I have learn'd to dissect even the very Syllables : Wherein the various placing of Points and Letters , alters the Sence , or at least makes it Ambiguous . So Significant and Mysterious , are Our Sacred Characters .

I speak not this in Peevishness , or to vindicate my self , from the Contempt which Ichingi Cap' Oglani has put upon me . I have no Emulation in that Point . Nor can any little Spur of Pedantick Ambition , make me forward to contend with a Man , whose whole Talent consists , in knowing and remembring other Mens Works ; as if he had studied at Athens , only for this End , to learn the facetious Art , of turning his Brains into a Catalogue of Books : But I reflect on the Learned among the Nazarenes , who are chiefly to blame , having the Custody of the Book delivered to 'em from the Jews . And among them , the Translators of that Volume , are past Excuse ; for , they have deflowr'd the Original , and robb'd the Virgin Language , of its Beauty and Honour : While the Rest are Witnesses , and silent Abettors of the Rape , in concealing the Indignity has been done to the Letters Form'd by the Finger of God , and full of Divine Mysteries .

In thus accusing the Christian Interpreters of the Bible , I do not patronize the Critical Whimsies of the Jewish Caballists . They are exploded by all Men of Sence . Yet there is a Medium , between the Excess of that affected Niceness , which has rendred the One Ridiculous , and of that study'd Carelessness , to which the Obscurity of the Other is owing . As the Hebrews , by pressing the Letters too close , have squeez'd out Divine Chimaera's ; so the Christians , in using too slack a Hand , have scarce gain'd a gross Draught of Common Human Sence , leaving the Genuine Elixir of the Writer's Meaning behind .

I will not lay much to the Charge of the Translators , employ'd by Ptolomy Philadelphus , King of Aegypt . These were no Christians ; nor yet in the Number of those , who Adored the Celestial Bodies and Elements : Nor did any of them , pay their Devotions at the same Altar with that Aegyptian Monarch , who was a Worshipper of the God Serapis : But they were Jews , Seventy , or Two more in Number , as the Tradition goes . And , being every one Commanded severally to Translate those Manuscripts , which the Jews esteem'd the Oracles of God , without conversing with , or seeing each other ; 't is said , their Versions all agree'd to a Syllable .

This is the Story of the Jews , and seems to be Credited by the Christians : Yet some have found many Errors and Incongruities , in that Celebrated Copy . And , 't is easy for an Impartial Eye , especially in the Head of an Oriental , to spy many more .

But the Latin , which they call the Vulgar Translation , is full of Mistakes . And the Pretended Saint who made it , should have gone farther than Palestine , for his Intelligence in Ancient Hebrew . His Name ( if I mistake not ) was Hieronymus . He pass'd many Years , in a Cell near the suppos'd Tomb of the Christians Messiah , in the Holy Land : Where , they say , he was Inspir'd with the Knowledge of Hebrew ; and from thence , ventur'd upon a Translation of the Old Testament .

Thou wilt not expect a Certificate of these Things from Mahmut , who only tells thee what he has read in Christian Authors , whom they call the Historians of their Church .

But , I can assure thee , 't was no Spirit of the East , assisted this Ecclesiastick in his Version . For , he comes far short of rightly rendring the Lofty Hyperboles , Apposite Similitudes , Elegant Figures , and other Ornaments of Speech , peculiar to the Writings of those , who first see the Rising Sun . Such are all those , penn'd in the East : From which we must not exclude the Manuscripts of Moses , and the Rest of the Hebrew Prophets , Poets , Historians and Philosophers . Of these does the Old Testament consist ; except one Book , writ by my Coutryman Jub , who Five Times foil'd the Devil , in so many set Combats before God .

What shall I say then , of the Translations that have been made of their Bible in other Languages , not so Copious and Significant as the Latin ?

Since the Division arose , between the Roman-Catholicks and Protestants , their Bible has been taught to speak the Dialect of all or most Nations in Europe . Yet , such is the Unhappiness of the Franks , that the more they tamper with the Language of Great Purity , the worse they succeed . Which has occasion'd some Learned Men , as I am inforrn'd , to mark above a Thousand Faults , in the Last French Version of that Mysterious Book .

What Room will they leave for the Censures of the Mussulmans , if the Christians themselves are thus Critical , upon the Grand Patent of their Salvation ?

It would be an endless Task , to recount all the Errors that may be discern'd in the Various Traducts of the Bible , by any Man that has Convers'd in the East . Neither will I entrench on thy Patience , to gain the Character of a Critick .

Permit me to glance only on the Psalter , or the Odes of Sultan David . How flat and dull are the Measures of the Christian Translators ? How low have they sunk the Sence of that Royal Poet ? He never begun to warble forth any of those Divine Songs , till first Inspired by a Seraph , whom he had lur'd down from Paradise , by the Melody of his Harp . That Seraph , was Master of the Musick Above , as the Hebrew Doctors teach . Every Time David play'd on his Instrument , Ariel ( for so was the Spirit call'd ) made his Descent , and sung with a Grace which cannot be express'd . The Docile Poet , soon learn'd both his Notes and Words . Seven Hundred Times , David touch'd his Harmonious Strings , and so often the Angel stood by him with the Book of the Quire . He taught him Seven Hundred Sonnets , that are Chanted by the Lovers in Paradise . But the Devil stole 'em from the King , whilst he was gazing on another Man's Wife , bathing her self in an adjoining Garden .

Yet there are above a Hundred Hymns remaining , which David compos'd by Memory out of the Former . But , some Sects among the Christians , have turn'd 'em to the Ballads of the Vulgar .

So have they dealt by that surpassing Poem of Solyman , taught him by the Etherial Tutor of his Father . For Ariel was enamour'd of One of the Virgins of Paradise , at the same Time , that Solyman enjoy'd Pharaoh's Daughter , and had newly built for her a Seraglio of Cedar . The Heavenly Lover therefore , to accommodate himself to the Passion of the Mortal , taught him One of the Pastorals of Eden , a Song peculiar to his Own Amour .

But the Nazarenes , have turn'd it to a dry and Insignificant Allegory , by their Glosses : Putting an Affront also upon Rhetorick and Poetry , in Wording their Translation .

If I should go on , and number the Mistakes they have made in the Writings of the Prophets , and other Books of the Old Testament , though it were but in this General Manner , I should tire thee out : But to recount the Particulars , would be a Thirteenth Task for Hercules .

Yet after all these Defaults of the Learned , neither they nor the Ignorant can be excus'd from Wilful Blindness , in shutting their Eyes against the Twilight , which appears in the Worst Translation , and is sufficient to direct any Man to the East , where Wisdom shines in her Perfect Splendor .

There are Expressions all over the Scriptures , which point to the Laws , Customs , Habits , Diet and Manner of Life , us'd in the Regions First Visited by the Morning-Sun . These are the same Now , as they were of Old . And the Mussulmans of this Age , observe no other Rule of Life , but what was practis'd by the Patriarch Ibrahim , above Three Thousand Years ago , and by all the Faithful of those Times . Our Marriages , Circumcisions , Funerals , Prayers , Washings , and all other Ceremonies , of Religion or Civility , are the same Now as Then. There is Nothing added or diminished , save the Faith and Obedience we owe to Mahomet , the Ambassador of God , and to the Volume put into his Hands by Gabriel , Prince of the Divine Messengers .

Our very Habits , and the Manner of our Building ; our Salutations , and whole Address , are the same at this Day , as the Scripture tells us , were in Use in those Ages next after the Flood , among the Patriarchs and Prophets , and among all the True Believers , the Posterity of Ibrahim : Especially the Descendants by the Right Line , the Stem of Ismael , the Eldest Son of him , who entertain'd Three Angels at Once in his Tent.

Yet the Infidels will not consider it : But perswade themselves , they are the Only Children of the Faithful Ibrahim ; pretending to practise , in I know not what Figurative Sense , the Life we lead in Truth : Cheating themselves with Empty Symbols , while we enjoy the Substance .

But thou , Great Successor of Ibrahim and the Prophets , vouchsafe to pray for Mahmut , That whilst his Duty to the Grand Signior obliges him to dwell here in the West , and to converse with none but Infidels , he may still retain the Faith of the East , the Devotion of an Ismaelite , and the Purity of a True Believer . Still crying in his Heart , even in the Temples of the Infidels ; There is but One God , and Mahomet his Messenger .

Paris , 5th . of the 9th . Moon , of the Year 1649.
LETTER XVII . To the Chiaus Bassa .

THE Peace agreed on last Year between the Germans and Suedes , is not yet fully establish'd and confirm'd . There has been a Cessation of Arms since that Time . And now the Duke Amalfe , on the Emperor's Side , the Duke of Vandort for the King of France , and he of Ersken for the Crown of Suedeland , are met at Norimbergh , to conclude a Final Ratification of the Articles .

During this Consult , the Suedish Army , are permitted by the Emperour's Agreement , to Quarter up and down in Seven Circles of the Empire , and not to be discharg'd , till all their Arrears are paid at the Cost of the Germans . 'T is said , it will amount to Three Millions of Sequins . This War has lasted near Thirty Years ; in which , above Three Hundred Thousand Men have lost their Lives .

As to the English Affairs , the Prevailing Party there , have declar'd that Ancient Kingdom to be a Free State , and the Monarchy is Abolish'd by a Publick Act. Nevertheless , after Charles was beheaded , his Eldest Son was Proclaimed King , both in England and Ireland , by some of the Nobles and Gentry , that were Friends to that Royal Family . And in Ireland , a certain great Duke appear'd at the Head of a Numerous Army , in Behalf of the Young King's Interest , having laid Siege to the Metropolis of that Kingdom ; which , with one other Town , were the only strong Holds , that resisted the King's Party . But in the 8th . Moon , the Army which the English States had newly sent over to that Island , engag'd with the Forces of this Duke , entirely routed them , killing Two Thousand Men on the Spot , and taking many Thousand Prisoners , with all their Ammunition and Baggage . This being seconded with other Victories , in a short Time , reduc'd that Kingdom , under the Obedience of the English States .

In the mean Time , I hear no pleasing News from the Levant . Vessels daily arrive in the Havens of France , who confirm each other's Relations , of a Dreadful Naval Combat , between Our Fleet and that of the Venetians ; wherein they say , we have lost Seventy Two Gallies , Threescore Merchant-Vessels , and Eighteen Ships of War : That in this Fight , Six Thousand Five Hundred Mussulmans have lost their Lives , and near Ten Thousand were taken Prisoners .

I tell thee , these are great Breaches in the Navy , which , belonging to the Lord of the Sea and Land , has assum'd to it self the Epithet of INVINCIBLE . These are Blemishes in the Ensigns of high Renown ; Reproaches to the Empire , which we believe is to subdue All Nations . I reflect not on the Courage , or Conduct , of the Captain Bassa . Neither am I willing to help forward the Ruine of a Man , who cannot expect to be honour'd with a Vest , a Sword , or any other Marks of the Sultan's Favour for his Service in this Sea - Campagne . I am Naturally compassionate . 'T is not in my Praise I speak it ; for , I believe this Tenderness , to be rather a Vice of my Constitution , than to have any Rank in the Morals , much less to be of Kin to the Family of Vertues . I pity a Man falling into Disgrace , on whom the Weather of the Seraglio changes , from which he must expect Nothing but Clouds and Storms . Those Tempests will prove more Fatal to him , than any that ever toss'd his Fleet on the Ruffled Ocean . In all Probability , he will suffer a Shipwreck of his Fortune , if not of his Life . Therefore , 't is with extreme Regret , I must say that which may hasten his Fall .

But I am commanded , not to conceal any Intelligence that relates to the Interest of the Sublime Port ; nor to spare the Son of my Mother , if I know him Guilty of Criminal Practices .

All that I have to lay to the Charge of the Bassa of the Sea , is , a Private Correspondence which he holds with Cardinal Mazarini . This I discover'd by the Assistance of a Dwarf , whom I have often mention'd in my Letters to the Grandees of the Port. I need not repeat to thee , what I have said already to them , of the Birth , Education and Genius of Osmin , ( for , so is the little Spark call'd ) nor of the Method I have put him upon , to wind himself into the Secrets of the Publick Ministers . Onely thou mayst report to the Divan , That this diminutive Man , continues to pursue his Advantages of Access to the Closets of the French Ministers , whereof I gave an Account last Year , in a Letter to Chiurgi Muhamm●t Bassa .

Thou mayst assure them also , that when he was Yesterday in the Chamber of Cardinal Mazarini , he cast his Eye on a Letter , which lay open on the Table ; whilst the Cardinal was in earnest Discourse , with an Extraordinary Courier from Rome . He had not Opportunity to read more than the Superscription , and a Line or two of the Matter ; which contain'd these Words :

The Mild Commander , The humble Shadow of the Bright Star of the Sea , Bilal Captain Bassa . To the most Illustrious Prince of the Kingdom of the Messiah , Eminent among the High Lords of Holy Honour , the Sublime Directors of the People of Jesus , Assistant to the Chair of Sovereign Dignity , the Seat of the Roman Caliph , Julio Mazarini , Cardinal , and our Friend . May whose later Days , encrease in Happiness .

THY affectionate Letter and Presents , were deliver'd safe to me , as I lay at Anchor with the Fleet under my Command , not far from the Island of Chios . And as a Mark of my Acknowledgment , and good Will to thee , and all the Nazarenes ; I embrac'd in my Arms , the Noble Captain , Signior Antonio Maratelli , who had the Honour to be trusted with this Negotiation . I immediately disrob'd my self , and caus'd that brave Italian , thy Messenger , to be vested with my own Garment , as a Pledge of —

Before Osmin cou'd read farther , the Cardinal approach'd the Table , and took up the Letter , letting fall some Words to the Courier , by which the Dwarf was confirmed in his Suspicion of the Bassa's Perfidiousness , and that this Letter newly came from him . He posted immediately to give me an Account of this Passage ; believing it to be , as it is , of great Import . For , he has a singular Regard for the Family , which first exterminated the Greeks from Constantinople .

Thou know'st what Use to make of this Intelligence . I am not Cruelly inclin'd , but I must do my Duty . The Rest I refer to thy Prudence .

I will only advertise thee of One farther Remark of Osmin ; who by comparing what he has seen now , with a Discourse he once before over-heard between Mazarini and a French Nobleman , whilst he lay under the Cardinal's Table , ( which I have inserted in one of my Letters ) concludes , That the Bassa there mention'd by the Cardinal , was this same Bilal Bassa , who was at the Instance of the Janizaries , made Bassa of the Sea .

I could not without making my self an Accomplice , conceal so foul an Ingratitude to the Grand Signior , and so Villainous a Treason against the Empire , which holds the First Rank among all the Dominions on Earth .

Paris , 24th . of the 9th . Moon , of the Year 1649.
LETTER XVIII . To Cara Hali , Physician to the Grand Signior .

WE have had a violent hot Summer in these Parts , with much Thunder and Lightning ; which has done considerable Damage to the Farmers , in burning their Hay and Corn in their Granaries . Complaints arrive here daily from all the Provinces , That Heaven has consum'd their Harvests .

This the Court-Party interpret , as a Judgment on them for their Rebellions ; causing it to be iudustriously spread about in all Companies , That Heaven is Angry with the Inhabitants of Guyenne , Bourdeaux , and other Provinces , for taking up Arms this Year against their Sovereign . I know not how far this Censure is Justifiable : But , 't is observ'd , That the People of these Rebellious Provinces , have received more Apparent and Irreparable Injuries by the Lightning , than those of other Parts . Several Members of the Parliament of Aix , were found dead in their Beds , after a Tempestuous Night of Lightning . And , next Day , the Roof of the House where they Assembled , fell down and kill'd several .

In the Great Church of Bourdeaux , as they were Celebrating their Mass , a Ball of Fire broke in from behind the Altar , smote down several Images , and filling the Church with an Intolerable Stink , flew out at a Window , without doing any farther Harm . And a great Bank of Money , rais'd by this City to pay their Soldiers , was all melted down by Lightning , to the Astonishment of those who saw it ; for , it was done in the Day-Time , the Grandees of Bourdeaux being present . It would be endless , to recount all the Mischiefs that have been done in those Parts . We had no great Harm here , save that almost all the Wine in the City , was turn'd to a Kind of Vinegar in one Night . Which the Philosophers attribute to the Peculiar Energy of Lightning ; which plays the Chymist with this Liquor , and in a Moment separates and drinks up its Vital Spirits , leaving only a Mortuum Caput behind .

The Season has been so hot during the Dog-Days , that the Air it self seem'd Combustible ; and the very Winds , from whence we look'd for Refreshment , were like the Breath of a Stove : All Things seem'd ready to take Fire , as if the Elements waited for the Grand Conflagration . Heat was the Cry every where . Men's Bodies were scalded with Internal Flames ; the Shade of Trees afforded no Relief ; the Fountains could not allay their Thirst . All Nature seem'd to be in a Fever , ready to expire .

Now those Fervors are abated , and we begin to have Frosty Mornings . The Nitrous Air , restores Mens Appetites ; Abundance of Rain , has new-moulded the gaping parch'd Earth , and produc'd a Second Spring . The Husbandman comforts himself with the Hopes of Another Crop of Hay , to repair the Loss of the Former , which the Lightning robb'd him of . In the mean Time , the Winds are very busy , in disrobing the Trees , and scattering not only their Leaves , but also the Fruit that is not gather'd , on the Ground ; whereby a Banquet is prepar'd for the Hogs in every Orchard , who claim as much Right to feed on what lies on the Common Table , as their Owners . And 't is no Unpleasant Musick , to hear a Herd of Swine , set their Teeth at Work on the Wind-fallen Apples . At least , this Spectacle and Noise , is delightful to me , who have been without Appetite these Three Moons , and but just begin to recover my Stomach . I often ride out of Paris , on Purpose to take the Country Air , where my Bread tastes more savourly , than in the City . There appears something so Harmless and Innocent in the Faces and Behaviour of the Rusticks , as Effectually relieves my Melancholy . I cannot discern in them , any Signatures of Court-Craft and Villainy . Their Conversation , chears my Spirits . I love to hear them talk of their Rural Affairs . My Eye follows the Ploughmen with Envy . Then I could wish it had been my Lot , to have been bred up in some homely Cottage , where I might have tended Oxlen , Sheep or Asses ; all which , act Regu●arly according to their Nature : Whereas , he that is the Servant of Princes , is compell'd to do many Things contrary to his Reason ; which is the greatest Unhappiness can befall a Man . How sweet is the Sleep of the Husbandman by Night , and how void is his Mind of imbittering Cares by Day ? He rises with the Lark , and is as chearful as that pretty Bird , saluting Aurora with a Song or a Lesson on his Pipe . He snuffs up the wholsome and fragrant Dew of the Morning , as he walks over his Lands . He beholds with Admiration and Pleasure , the Gilded Clouds and Tops of Mountains , when the Sun comes forth of his Bed-Chamber in the East . He spurs himself on to his daily Labour , by the Example of that Active Planet , following his Work with Content and Joy . His Food is Pleasant both in his Mouth and his Belly ; he feels no after-Pangs through Satiety ; but well refresh'd and nourish'd with his Homely Diet , he lies down with the Lamb , and sleeps in Peace , never dreaming of State-Intrigues , or the Plots of the Mighty . Thus he passes his Life , in a Circle of Delights .

Tell me , Dear Hali , are not these proper Objects of Envy , to a Man in my Circumstances ? Or , can'st thou blame Mahmut , who has neither Health of Body , nor Peace of Mind , for wishing himself in a Condition , which would entitle him to both ? I am entangled in a Thousand Snares : My Employment is a Perfect Riddle . I must say and unsay the same Things , as often as Occasion requires . I must tell an Hundred Lyes , swear and forswear my self everry Hour , if the Interest of the Grand Signior be at Stake . I must be a Mahometan , Christian , Jew or any Thing that will serve a Turn ; Dissemble with God and Man , Blaspheme the Prophets , Curse the True Believers , and my self too , rather than baulk the Cause I am engag'd in . And yet , all this while they will perswade me , I am a Good Man , and shall go to Paradise . As if the Mufti 's Dispensation , were available to cancel the Express , Positive Law of God! Do they think to amuse me with such Umbrages , and send me muzzl'd to Hell with my Eyes open ? I tell thee , I have a Conscience , and such a Conscience , as will not let me be at Rest in this Manner of Life . It were better to die , than to live stain'd with so many Prevarications . I know not what to do , amidst so many Terrors : I feel my Body decay apace , and hastening towards its Dissolution ; What will become of me , if I should die under the Burthen of so many Sins ? What Answer shall I be able to make , to the Two Inquisitors of the Grave , the Angels who shall Examine me , Who is my God ? and , Who is my Prophet ? and , What is my Faith ? The Darkness of that Region of Shadows , will not be sufficient to hide my Blushes , and the Confusion I shall be in at so pressing a Tryal .

All my Comfort is , that I have yet Friends left , to whom I may freely vent my Thoughts , and ask their Counsel .

If thou hast any Remains of that Friendship that has been between us , weigh my Case throughly , and tell me , Whether I am not lost for Ever , without a Change of Life ? Flatter me not , neither use the Artifices of Civility , in palliating my Crimes . But , search my Wounds , and give me thy Advice without a Veil ; and Mahmut shall esteem thee , the Physician of his Soul .

Paris , 24th . of the 9th . Moon , of the Year 1649.
LETTER XIX . To Kenan Bassa , Chief Treasurer to his Highness at Constantinople .

IF I have not addressed to thee before , attribute it to my Ignorance of thy Quality and Person . As soon as I heard of thy Advancement to this Important Trust , I resolv'd to salute thee , as becomes a Slave in my Post , and to wish thee all the Happiness thou canst desire . Yet , when I congratulate thy Rise , remember , I do but welcome thee to a Precipice , a meer Pinnacle of Fortune , where thou hast no Reason to expect secure Footing . The Blast of an Envious Mouth , will make thee totter . Thou breathest in an Element , full of Tempests . The sly Practices of a Rival , may undermine thee ; or , the more open Frowns of thy Sovereign , may cast thee down . Thou art ever liable to the Malice of the Vulgar , and not a little in Danger of thy own Weakness , the Inseparable Companion of Humanity . If thou shouldest once look with Disdain on those that are beneath thee , the vast Distance and Height of the Prospect , may make thee Giddy . Therefore , it will be good for thee , to have thy Eyes always fixt on thy self . That will prove the best Chart , by which to steer thy Course , through the Rocks and Sands , which on all Hands threaten the Life of a Courtier . It will not be amiss also , to place before thee , the Examples of Wise Men , thy Predecessors . There is a greater Force in these , than in the best Counsels ; because , Matter of Fact , leaves no Room for Distrust : Whereas , Men are Naturally jealous of those who pretend to instruct them . We are all fond of our own Reason and Judgment ; and are apt to suspect him of some Design , who seeks to perswade us , though to our Good . Besides , there is a Species of Pride , a Punctilio of Honour in Mortals , which will hardly permit us to yield our selves in a Condition , to need anothers Advice : Whence comes the Arabian Proverb , which says , A Man prosits more by the Sight of an Idiot , than by the Orations of the Learned . We all love to make our own Experiments , and sooner trust any Sence than our Ears . Therefore , the Lacedaemonians caused their Slaves to be made drunk in the Presence of their Children ; that from the Squalidness of the Spectacle , they might conceive a Hatred against that Vice , which by all the Instructions in the World , they would never learn to abhor .

The Crimes of some in thy Station , have more of Sobriety in them , but less Honesty . Wonder not at the Expression , nor accuse me of Impudence . I reflect only on the Wicked : Number not thy self among them .

Thou knowest , it has been an Ancient Custom for our Renowned Emperors , to divert themselves at certain Times , with the Sight of their Inestimable Treasury . I am no Stranger to the Ceremonies used at such Times . One would think it impossible , amidst so much Caution , that the Grand Signior should be defrauded of the least Part of his Wealth . I do not speak of the Chamber of Arms , or those others which make up the Imperial Wardrobe . The Bulk and Weight of those Rich Velvet Broccades , and other Furniture of Gold and Silver , discourages the Theft . But who can number the Robberies that have been committed among the Jewels , and Invaluable Rareties of the Mysterious Closet ? It has been found easy to conceal and transport from thence , whole Beds of Diamonds and Chains of Pearl , undiscovered , I will not say unsuspected , at the Times when Anakdar-Agasi gives Three Knocks , on the Cabinet of the Keys .

These are Hours of Munificence and Royal Bounty , when the August Lord of the Mines , is pleas'd to gratifie his Slaves with Gifts , and make them sensible they serve Him , who commands this Vpper World , and that Vnderneath .

No Prince can discommend this Domestick Sport of our Sovereign , when he makes his Pages scramble for Diamonds and Rubies ; since it gives him a Taste of his own Humanity : Nothing being more agreeable , in Cases on this Side of Amorous Jealousy , than to let others partake of our Pleasures . And , 't is the peculiar Delight of Kings , sometimes to lay aside their State and Grandeur , to be familiar with their Attendants ; making them their Companions , or at least , their Proxies in many Enjoyments .

But , 't is Pity this Favour should be abused , as it has been in the Instance I mention'd . Thou art no Stranger to the Records of the Hasna , which tell us , That when Gelep Chiaus-Bassa , was made Chief Treasurer in the Reign of Sultan Mustapha , the Lucre of the Glittering Jewels had tempted him to defraud his Master , to the Value of Five Hundred Thousand Sequins . Which , upon the Information of Three Pages , and a diligent Search , were found in his Trunks .

It has been whisper'd also , That few have enjoyed that Office , who have not purloyn'd Something from the Imperial Coffers . They say , 't is an Hereditary Theft , deliver'd by Tradition from one to another . Every Hasnadarbassi being advanc'd to that Honour , by the Recommendation of his Predecessor , for the Service he has done him in conniving at these Practices , which cannot be hid from any of the Sixty who Guard the Royal Wealth .

Thou canst not blame me , for putting thee in Mind of these Things ; in Regard I am commanded , to write with all Freedom to the Sublime Ministers , whatever concerns the Interest of Our Great Master .

I have no more to say , but to desire thee , in transmitting what Money is appointed for me , to be Timely and Punctual ; to send Duplicates by different Posts , that if one should miscarry , I may not be at a Loss : For , there is no Credit for a Mussulman in Paris . Eliachim would supply me with what may suffice a Dervich ; but , it belongs to thee to take Care , that I want not what is requisite for an Agent of the Grand Signior .

Paris , 22d . of the 10th . Moon , of the Year 1649.
LETTER XX. To Pestelihali , his Brother .

I Unwillingly Concluded my last Letter , before I had vented Half my Thoughts on those Oriental Subjects , so full of Instruction and Pleasure . Thy Journal is become my Pocket-Companion . I carry it with me to the Gardens and Solitudes , and even to the Libraries , and Churches : To which Last , I am obliged to go sometimes , That I may avoid Suspicion .

The Christians , when they enter the most Delightful Gardens of Paris , spend their Time , and weary themselves , in walking forward and backward . They will measure Several Leagues , in traversing one Alley : Which vain Custom , thou knowest , is contrary to the Practice of the Eastern People , who love to solace themselves , in sitting still under the cool Shades , and feeding their Eyes with the Grateful Verdure of Trees , their Noses with the frequent Smell of Herbs and Flowers , and their Ears with the pretty Melody of the Birds : All which , serve as Helps to their Contemplation .

After this Manner , I many Times pass away some Hours in the Gardens of this City , whereof there are great Plenty . And , when I am cloy'd with the forementioned Pleasures , then I take out thy Journal , and fall to Reading ; which winds up my Thoughts afresh ' like a Watch that is down : Nay , it opens new Sources of Contemplation , and serves as a Miraculous Talisman , to bring China , India , and all the East , into the Place where I am ; so Lively and Natural , are thy Discourses of those Parts .

When I am in the Churches , it serves me instead of a Prayer-Book : And , whilst Others are babbling over they know not what , or , at least , they care not what ; I offer up to God the First Fruit of my Reason and Knowledge , which he has given me to distinguish me from all Sorts of Beasts ; whether in Humane Shape , or not .

When I go to the Libraries , I compare thy Journal with the Writings of Others who treat of the same Matters ; and find , that thou agreest with some , correctest the Mistakes of others , and in all , shewest a Genius elevated above all others of the Common Historians and Travellers , who seek rather to amuse the Reader with uncouth Stories and Adventures , than to Instruct him with what is really Useful and Profitable .

Thus thy Journal , is become the Companion of my Solitudes , the Object of my Studies , and the Help to my Devotions Abroad ; and , it is no less , the Diversion of my Retirement and Melancholy at Home . I am a great Admirer of Antiquity : And therefore an old Craggy Rock , o'er-grown with Moss , and full of gaping Chasms , is a more agreeable Sight to me , than the Flow'ry Meadows or Verdant Groves ; because the Former , looks like a Relique of the Primitive Chaos ; whereas , I know the Latter , to be only the Product of the Last Spring . 'T is for this Reason , thy Narrative affords me so vast a Delight , because it treats of the most Ancient Kingdoms and Governments in the World : And is not stuffed , with Chimaera's and Fables , as most Relations of those Countries are ; but , gives a sincere and true Account of whatever is Considerable , without touching on Impertinencies .

But , above all , I am delighted with that Part , which relates thy Travels in China : That Country , being of so vast an Extent , so Rich , so Populous ; the People so Industrious , Learned and Politick ( besides the Antiquity of their Empire , which cannot in that Point be matched by any Government under the Heavens ; ) that the exact Knowledge of these Things , seems to me of greater Moment , than any other Discoveries whatsoever .

What thou sayest of the Chinese Letters and Words , shews , that thou hast made some Inspection into that Language . And , thy Remarks on the long Succession and Series of their Kings , is an Argument , That thou art no Stranger to their Chronology , which takes in many Thousands of Years before Noah's Flood . Thou art very exact in enumerating their Publick Tribunals and Courts of Justice ; as also , in describing some Remarkable Bridges , Temples , Palaces , and other Structures : Which serves to give the Reader a true Idea , of the Magnificence and Grandeur of the Chinese Emperors ; and of the Ingenuity of the People , who seem to excel all others in Arts and Sciences . In a Word , it is evident , That thou didst not pass thy Time with thy Arms folded , whilst thou wert in that Kingdom . And ; I know not how better to express the Esteem I have for thee , on the Account of the Pains thou hast taken , to Inform both thy self and me in Matters of so great Importance , than by giving thee an Account of what Progress the Tartars have made in the Conquest of that Empire , since thy Return to Constantinople . In my Last , I acquainted thee , with the Coronation of the Tartar-King at Pekin . Since which , Other Vessels are arrived from those Parts , which bring an Account , that the Young Tartarian Conquerour , soon pushed forward his Victories . And marching with an Army into Corea , ( which Kingdom , thou knowest , borders on China ) the King of that Country , made his Submissions ; and entering into a League with Zunchi , held his Crown in Fee of that Victorious Emperour .

Afterwards , he hastened to subdue the Provinces which remained Unconquered . His Method in accomplishing this Great Work , was by swift Marches , like another Alexander the Great ; and by laying Siege to the Principal City of a Province , which he never failed , either to take by Force , or compelled to surrender , that so they might escape Famine . And when this was done , he took Possession , both of it and the whole Province , summoning the Cities of Lesser Note to surrender ; which they seldom refused , after they had beheld the Fate of the First . Thus in a little Time , he became Master of all that spacious Empire .

The Fame of his Success , quickly brought Innumerable Tartars out of their Native Country , to follow the Fortune of their Emperour . To these he gave the Chief Offices of his Army , and continued the Chineses in the Administration of Civil Affairs . And , as a Token of their Subjection , he commanded all the Chineses , to cut their Hair short , and to Cloath themselves after the Fashion of the Tartars .

They give a High Character of this Young Prince , who amidst so many Successes and Triumphs , discovers not the least vain Glory , but contains himself within the Bounds of a vertuous Moderation , ascribes all to the Decrees of Destiny , and , is not in the least puffed up , with any of his Glorious Actions ; which is an Argument , of a Spirit truly Heroick . And yet , this Prince is an Idolater , as are all the Tartars of that Nation ; or rather , they are Men of no Religion , which makes their Morals the more admirable . For , according to the Relation of those who came last from China , the Tartars are a very Temperate and Continent People , abhorring those Vices , which are but too common in other Parts of the World , and from which the True Believers them selves are not Free . They are Rigorously Just also , and punish all Manner of Fraud and Deceit , with Immediate Death . As for their Conduct and Courage in the Wars , there is no Nation surpasses them , Few are their equals . They are Passionate Lovers of an Active Life , spending most of their Time on Horse-back , either in Hunting Wild Beasts , or fighting with their Enemies . And their Horses are the best and most Courageous in the World . There is Nothing the Tartars so much despise , as the Sedentary Life of Students and Learned Men ; accounting them , the Burden of a Common-Wealth , Lazy Drones , fit only to be sold for Slaves . But Men of Service and Merit in the Wars , they have in great Esteem ; never failing , to reward such with Dignities and Commands , proportionable to their Deserts and Capacities . Nay , such is the Martial Genius of this Nation , That the very Women Ride to the Wars with the Men , and perform Exploits above what is expected from that soft and delicate Sex . Both Men and Women , are habituated from their Infancy , to live in Tents or Waggons , there being very few Cities in all Tartary . There they are inur'd to Hunger , Cold , Thirst , and all the Methods of a Frugal and Hardy Life . This is that , which renders them Excellent Souldiers , and a Terrour to all the Nations round about them . This is that , which so soon Reduced all China to their Obedience ; the Chineses , among all their Vertues and Accomplishments , being the most Effeminate People on Earth . This , no doubt , thou hast observed .

Brother , I advise thee , to go to Kerker Hassan , Bassa , our Countryman , and present to him these Observations on the Tartars ; which thou mayst easily do , by transcribing what is for thy turn , out of this Letter . He Inherits his Fathers Genius ; who , thou knowest , was one of the Greatest Hunters in all Arabia , and had a Character , not much different from what I have here given thee of the Tartars . That Bassa , will take great Delight in these Memoirs , and will think himself obliged , to make thee some proper Acknowledgment . He is Generous and Great , and it lies in his Power to promote thee . I have writ to him already , and have given him an Encomium of thy Ability . I will second it with another Letter , in Answer to one I lately receiv'd from him , wherein he desires a farther Account of China . I will inform him therefore , of several Passages out of thy Journal . He , no doubt , to make a farther Tryal of thy Knowledge , will ask thee several Questions , relating to these Matters . So shalt thou have a fair Opportunity , of rendering thy self Conspicuous , and of gaining his Esteem . Follow my Advice ; take Time by the Fore-Lock , and the Event shall prove Happy .

Paris , 8th . of the 11th . Moon , of the Year 1649.
LETTER XXI . To Kerker Hassan , Bassa .

I Received thy Commands , and am proud of the Honour thou hast done me , in requiring the smallest Service at my Hands ; especially , one of this Nature : Which is an Argument , that my Former Relation of China , was acceptable to thee . This I account my Honour and Happiness , that I have a Brother , who has made such considerable Improvements in his Travels : For , 't is to him , I owe the Knowledge I have of that Country , and the other Parts of the East . As for my Cousin Isouf , he would never vouchsafe to send me a Syllable , relating to his Travels , though he had rambled throughout all Asia .

I desired this Favour of him in several Letters , but have receiv'd no Answer ; so that I know not , whether he be Dead or Alive . My Friends are very backward in writing to me : And , unless it be some of the Ministers of State , who sometimes honour me with a Dispatch , though very rarely , I hardly receive a Letter from my familiar Friends and Relations in Twenty Moons . Which makes me conclude , that Absence of so long a Date , has quite blotted me out of their Minds .

As to what thou desirest farther to know concerning China , my Brother says , That Empire contains 4400 wall'd Towns and Cities ; 3000 Castles and Towers of Defence on the Frontiers , wherein are always Garrisoned a Million of Souldiers , who are relieved at due Times , by others of equal Number . There are a Million also constantly kept in Pay , to guard the Governours of Provinces , Embassadors , and other Officers of State . The Emperour of China , maintaining Five Hundred Thousand Horse , to attend his Person . All this is , in Time of Peace . But , upon any Revolt or Invasion , the Forces are Innumerable . There are in China 331 Bridges , Remarkable for their Strength and Magnificence , beyond all others in the World . 2099 Mountains ; Lakes and Medicinal Fountains 1472 ; 1159 Triumphal Arches and other Monuments , erected in Honour of Valiant : and Learned Men ; 272 Libraries , abounding with all Manner of Excellent Books . Temples 300000 , and as many Priests , besides the Convents of their Religious . They reverence 3036 Male - Saints , and 208 Female . All which have Temples dedicated to their Honour , besides those which are consecrated to the Sun , Moon , and Stars , Fire , Air , Earth and Water , and to the Heavens which comprehend All , and to the Celestial Gods who rule All , and to the Supreme God , Creator of the Worlds . In these Temples , they celebrate the Praises of their Gods and Heroes , with Musick and Songs , Incense and Sacrifices ; believing , that all Things which are conspicuous for the Excellency of their Nature , or from which Mankind receives any General or Extraordinary Benefit , ought to be worshipped with Divine Honours . In this , they differ not from the Ancient Pagans of Greece and Rome , who had almost as Many Gods and Goddesses , as there were several Creatures in the World ; so that there was no Beginning nor Ending of their Superstitions : And , the most Learned , and Contemplative of their Priests , found the Ceremonies of their Religion , to be an Inextricable Labyrinth , where they were often lost . Certainly , happy are the Faithful Mussulmans , who Adore but One God , the Fountain of the Vniverse , without entangling themselves , in the Absurdities of Infidels .

The Chineses , are great Admirers of Themselves , and their Own Nation ; believing , that no People can stand in Competition with them , for Learning , Wisdom and Riches . They have a very contemptible Idea of all other Countries , with their Inhabitants ; Esteeming them , either as Ideots , or Monsters .

This Conceitedness , is owing to their Ignorance of the Rest of the World ; for , they seldom or never , travel beyond the Limits of their own Empire .

I could say a great Deal more of this People ; but , it will be better for thee , to hear it from my Brother , who has been there , and can give thee ample Satisfaction in all Things , relating to that Empire . I have wrote to him , to go and kiss the Dust before thy Feet . If thou makest Tryal of his Abilities , thou wilt find him improved by his Travels , a Man sit for Business , and one in whom thou mayst confide ; Which is a Vertue , never enough to be prized in these corrupt Times .

In these Things however , mingle thy own Discretion , with the Kindness of a Country-Man , and the Affection of a Friend .

Paris , 8th . of the 11th . Moon , of the Year 1649.
LETTER XXII . To Chornezan Bassa .

WEre Ovid alive , the Events of this Year , wou'd afford him Matter for New Fictions . He would either tell us , that the Goddess of Love had set a Spell upon Mars , and charm'd him into Good Nature ; or , that he had drank so large a Draught of Nepenthe , as had made him forget his Old Trade , of embroiling Mortals in Wars . However it be , Hymen seems to have the greatest Share in this Years Actions . For , instead of Battels and Sieges , the Nazarene Princes have been engaged in Encounters of a Softer Character , the Gentle Affairs of Love and Marriage .

In the First Moon , the New King of Poland , whom they call John Casimir , Married the Widow of his Deceased Brother . In the Ninth , the Prince of Hanault , Espous'd the Duke of Holstein's Daughter . And the last Moon was Remarkable for Two Matches ; One of the King of Spain with Anna Maria , the German Emperor's Daughter ; the Other , of the Duke of Mantua , with Isabella Clara of Austria .

These are all brushing forward in the Crowd of the Living ; they are busy in augmenting the Generations of Men : Whilst others of as High Blood , are gone to encrease the Number of the Dead ; being enroll'd amongst the Ghosts , and made Denizons in the Region of Shadows .

The Empress of Germany , died in the Fifth Moon . The Duke of Braganza , in the Ninth . The Dutchess of Modena , in the Eighth . And a certain German Prince , whose Name I have forgot , died in the Moon of October . Besides these , Death has also Arrested Ossalmski , the Great Chancellor of Poland ; Wrangel , General of the Suedish Army ; Frederick , the German Embassador at Rome ; Ferdinand , Elector of Cologne ; and the Vice-Roy of Bohemia , who was by his Enemies thrown out of a Window , and had his Brains dash'd out . So that tho' Mars may have seem'd to lie Dormant this Year , yet his Companion in Mischief , Old Saturn , has been very Active , as the Astrologers say , who attribute all Events , to the Influx of the Stars . Some are also of Opinion , that the Eclipses of the Sun and Moon this Year , were Presages of the Death of these Great Persons . They might as well plead , That the Daily Rising and Setting of those Luminaries , Portended all the Tragical Events that happen'd on Earth ; since it is not more Natural for them , to continue Unalterably Moving from East to West , than it is for them to be Obscur'd , at certain determin'd Stations , in their Journey , by Interpositions which happen of Course .

We are Strangers to the Chronologies of the Chinese and Indian Gentiles . Neither can any good Account be now given , of the Ancient Egyptian and Assyrian Records . They run many Ages back , beyond the Common Epocha , of the Beginning of the World .

But the whole System of Known History , relates but Two Extraordinary or Preternatural Changes in the Course of the Sun , during these Six Thousand Years .

One , when that Luminary stood still in the Time of Jehoshua , General of the Israelites , to serve the Ends of Destiny , and prolong the Light of the Day to a double Proportion , till the Opposite Army was quite destroy'd , and not one of the Vncircumcis'd could escape the Swords of the Victorious Sons of Jacob.

That Day prov'd a long Night to their Antipodes . They turn'd themselves in their Beds , when they had out-slept the Usual Hours of Night , and said in their Hearts , Surely the Sun is fall'n Asleep , or is Banqueting with the Gods of the Sea . Perhaps Thetis detains him in her Embraces , whilst the Tritons fasten his Slumbers with their softest Musick : Or Neptune regales him in the Palaces of the Deep . Thus the Disconsolate Nations argu'd in their Chambers . They were alarm'd with Fears of Unknown Events .

Such as dwelt on the Borders of the Earth , and were accustom'd to mark the constant Ebbing and Flowing of the Sea , admir'd the Delay of the Usual Tides , and ask'd , What what was become of the Moon ? for , that Planet also , stood still with the Sun .

The Light of their Souls was Eclips'd , and their Reason labour'd under a greater Darkness , than that which troubl'd their Eyes . They were Ignorant of the Works of God ; and knew not , that the Celestial Orbs stood still at the Command of the Spirit which formed them , even at the Word of the Prophet Inspir'd from Above .

So in the Days of Hezekiah , King of the Jews , the Sun went back in his Circuit , and all the Frame of Heaven was Retrograde , to confirm the Prophet's Good News , when he told the Sick King , That Fate had prolong'd his Life for Fifteen Years . This was in the Days of Merodach Baladan , the King of Babylon , who sent Ambassadors to congratulate Hezekiah's Miraculous Recovery .

Besides these , nothing has happen'd to the Sun , or any of the Heavenly Bodies , beyond the Ordinary Course of Nature . A Man may as well Prognosticate from Cloudy Weather , the Calamities of Emperors and Meaner Men , as from the Eclipses of the Sun and Moon : Since , the One as well as the Other , obscures the Light of mose Heavenly Bodies : And the Former , quite hides them from Us ; which is the greater Eclipse of the Two .

Let us pray Heaven , to grant us the continual Use of our Senses , and not to Eclipse the Light of our Reason ; and we need fear no Disasters , from the Common Appearances of Nature .

Paris , 7th . of the Moon Chaban , of the Year 1649.
The End of the First Book .
LETTERS Writ by A Spy at PARIS . VOL. IV. BOOK II.
LETTER I. To Muhammed Eremit , Inhabitant of the Prophetick Cave , in Arabia the Happy .

PArdon my Importunity , if I this once trouble thee with an Address of Scruples , begging thy Counsel in the Affairs of my Soul . I seem to my self as a Traveller lost in a Wilderness of Doubts and Uncertainties , without Guide or Conduct . Not that I question the Truth of our Holy Religion , or mistrust the Authority of the Sent of God . Certainly , I revere the Book of Glory , whose Sacred Versicles , are transcribed on my Heart . But , there is wanting to every Man , a particular Conduct in the Intricacies of this Life . I have not the Art of applying the General Precepts of the Law , to my Own Personal Occasions and Necessities . Infinite Difficulties arise from my daily Affairs . My Conversation with Infidels , and the Duty I owe my Great Master , entangle my Conscience . I am embarassed on all Hands ; and whilst I study to conserve Purity , I find my self still defiled .

I am no Heretick , nor in the Number of those who are Predestinated to be Damned , for the Injurious Love they bear to Hali ; Injurious , I say , because it derogates from the Honour they owe to Omar , Osman and Ebubecher , the True Successors of the Apostle of God .

As I firmly believe the Alcoran , so I give an entire Faith to the Book of Assonah , or the Agreement of the Wise ; with the Writings of the Four Principal Imaums , Haniff , Schasi , Melechi and Hambeli . And I am resigned to the Sentence of the Mufti , as our Fathers were of Old , to the Oraculous Determinations of the Babylonion Califfs . I Curse the Kyzilbaschi with as much Devotion , as I pray for the Health and Felicity of True Believers . I spit at the Naming of them , who deny the Chapter of the Covering , and the Versicles brought down by the Squire of Gabriel , in Honour of the Prophet's Wife . I never lifted up my Hand against any who descended from the Divine Messenger . And if in my Passion , I have ever Curs'd a Mussulman , I took of the Dust under his Feet , and laid it on my Lips , before the Shadow of the Sun had advanc'd a Hairs-Breadth ; and so I hindred the swift Recorder of our Words , from Registring the Imprecation . For , that Dust , I believe , has Power to blot out the Memorials , of our Evil Words and Works .

When I meet a Santone , or one of those Divinely Mad , I put in Practice the Lesson of Orchanes ; and honouring the Holy Frantick , I fall down and Adore Vertue , in that Contemptible Disguise .

I neglect none of the Purifications , Commanded by Our Holy Lawgiver ; but rather add those , that we Arabians have received by Tradition from our Fathers , the Sons of Ismael : Yet , I hope , in Case of Neglect , some Indulgence is allowable to a Mussulman , in a Country of Infidels . I use the Washing of Abdest at all Times in my Chamber , where no Curious Eye can observe my Cleanliness ; or Suspicious Apprehension , draw Conclusions of my being a Mahometan . But I cannot thus practise the Washing of Taharet ; there being not such Conveniences for that Purpose in Paris , as in Constantinople . Yet , I am careful to supply this Want , by other Methods of Purity ; otherwise , I should be an Abomination to my self . There is no Necessity , that I should frequent the Bath , who never touched a Woman : Yet , I often go into the River , taking a Boat with me for that End , and causing my self to be rowed half a League from the City , where in a little Bay or Creek , I wash my whole Body , that I may do something beyond the Obligations of the Law , to expiate the Involuntary Breaches of my Duty . Yet , after all this , I cannot call my self Clean.

I Pray at the Appointed Hours ; Or , at least , if the Affairs of my Commission hinder me from complying with the Law , as to the exact Times of the Day , I atone for that Neglect , by Watching the greatest Part of the Night . And , to the Oraisons appointed by Authority , I add Supernumerary Prayers of my own , to evidence the Sincerity of my Devotion .

I Fast , and give Alms , according to my Ability . I bestow much Time , in Reading and Meditating on the Alcoran . In a word , I do all that my Reason tells me is Necessary , to render me a Good Mussulman ; and yet , I have no Peace in my Mind . Methinks , I see Our Holy Prophet furrowing his Brows at me , and darting angry Looks from his Paradise . He seems to reproach me with Uncleanness and Infidelity . By Day my Imagination troubles me ; and at Night , I am Terrify'd with Fearful Dreams . Which makes me conclude , That notwithstanding all my Obedience to the Law , and the strictest Care I take , to acquit my self a True Believer , yet I am far short of my Aim ; and therefore , I number my self with those , with whom God is displeased .

It is impossible to express the Horror , which this Thought creates in me . I am overwhelmed sometimes , with Melancholy and Despair . And , because I am forc'd to keep my Grief to my self , without having the Privilege of Venting it to a Bosom Friend , it is ready to burst my Heart .

This is my Condition at Certain Seasons ; which I esteem as bad , or worse , than those who are Doom'd to Aaraf . For as they cannot enjoy the Felicities of Paradise , so they are secured from the Torments of the Damn'd : Whereas , for ought I know , my Portion may be in Hell . Wilt thou know how I redress this Evil Temper of Mind , and what Method I take to cure my Melancholy ? Receive it not as Flattery , when I tell thee , Thou art my Physician , and the Idea of thy Innocent Life , my Medicine . When I have rowl'd over Ten Thousand Thoughts , which afford me no Ease or Relief , no sooner do I fix my Contemplation on the Solitary of Mount Vriel , but a sudden Beam of Light and Comfort , glances through my Soul . I promise my self greater Satisfaction from thy Advice , than from all the Imaums and Mollahs of the Empire .

Tell me therefore , O Holy and Pious Eremit , how I shall dissipate these Mists of Grief and Sadness , which envelop my Mind , and threaten to suffocate my Intellect .

If in this Darkness and Confusion , I should apply my self to the Disciples of Alhazan for Instruction , they will puzzle me with Intricate Niceties , about the Essence and Vnity of God : Whereas , I am too much troubled already , with distracting Speculations . I seek not to dive into that which is Incomprehensible , but to be Instructed in the Plain and Intelligible Way to Happiness . What Imports it , Whether God be Good by his Goodness , or by his Essence ? This is , to throw Metaphysical Dust in my Eyes , and so leave me in a worse Condition than they found me .

No better Light , must I expect from the Momsconderan : For , if they are strict Observers of the Law , so am I , where the Precepts are applicable to my Condition and Circumstances . But , I want a Direction in many Emergencies , for which the Alcoran seems to have made no Provision , but leaves every Man , to the Conduct of his own Prudence . And , I must confess , I dare not trust mine , in all Cases of this Nature . Besides , instead of Interpreting to me in a plain Style the Statutes of the Law , they will Confound me with High and Unintelligible Notions of the Divine Attributes , which are sufficient to dazle the Intellect of the Brightest Seraphim . And , if they could once perswade me to be zealous for their Speculations , I might in Time turn such another Religious Fool , as was one of their Followers , the Poet Namisi , who being wrapt in his profound Speculations of the Divine Vnity , and hearing an Imaum pronounce the Sacred Sentence , God is One , gave him the Lye , and told him , That he multiply'd the Divinity , in assigning it any Attribute , though it were onely that which expressed his Vnity . For which Impudent Assertion , he was flea'd Alive .

In as bad a Condition should I be , if I ask'd the Advice of the Muserin , those Infidels in Masquerade , who under the Disguise of Mussulmans , deny the Being of a God , assert all Things to come by Chance , and live without Hope or Faith of Another Life . For , if this were true , that there were no Reward or Punishment of Good or Bad Works , I would either soon make my Way to Earthly Happiness , by not boggling at any Vice that would conduce to that End ; Or , if I fail'd in that Attempt , I would not tamely wait for a Martyrdom from Men , but bravely rid my self of a Life , which was attended with Nothing but Misery .

Almost as bad as these , are the Hairet , those Mahometan Scepticks , who dare not trust their own Reason , but are ever Wavering and Irresolute . If I should seek for Instruction at their Hands , they would answer me , God knows best what I ought to do , and so leave me in the same Suspence as I was before .

Much Worse are the Guaid , those Morose Interpreters of the Law of Mercy , who damn a Man Irrecoverably to Hell , for committing one Mortal Sin . This is enough to drive all Mankind to Despair .

Indeed , the Morals of the Sabin please me , who seem to be perfect Mahometan Stoicks , ascribing all Events to Destiny , and the Influence of the Stars . I could willingly embrace the Advice of Philosophers , who appear so void of Passion ; but I could never join with them , in Adoring the Sun , Moon and Constellations of Heaven , because the Alcoran has expresly forbidden it . And , were there no such Prohibition , my own Reason would convince me , that I ought as well to Adore the Fire for warming me and serving my other Necessities , or the Water for quenching my Thirst and Purifying me , or my own Hands for feeding me , as to pay these Divine Honours to the Celestial Bodies ; since the one , as well as the other , Act according to their Nature .

In a Word , of all the Innumerable Sects , into which the Mussulman Empire is divided , I cannot expect entire Satisfaction from any ; for , if they appear Orthodox in Some Tenets , in Others they are manifestly Heretical . Yet , I cannot but set a higher Value on Some , than Others , as their Doctrines and Practices approach nearer to Reason and Truth . For , I am not yet such an Academick , as to ask that Mock-Question , What is Truth .

Doubtless , our Fathers knew it , and the Messenger of God was sent to Divulge it on Earth . But , if Ignorance , Superstition and Error have banished it from Courts and Cities , let us seek it in the Desarts . Perhaps we may find this Wanderer among the Rocks and Woods ; or , 't is possible She has sheltered her self in some Den or Cave , as hoping for greater Favour from the Wild Beasts , than from the Society of Men.

If Truth be no where to be found Entire , but has divided her self among the Different Religions and Sects in the World , then , rather than miss of this Divine Jewel , I will search for it in Fragments ; and whatsoever is Rational and Pious in any Sect , I will embrace , without concerning my self in their Follies and Vices .

After all , the Munasihi seem to me , the onely Orthodox and Illuminated of God , who declining the private By-Ways of Schismaticks , walk in the High Road of Pristine Justice and Piety , following the Steps of the Ancients , and obeying the Traditions which know no Origin . Among these , thou appearest as another Pythagoras ; confirming them by thy Example in an Innocent Life ; enduring the utmost Severities of Abstinence , rather than be Guilty of shedding the Blood of those Creatures , which the Great Lord of All Things Created , to enjoy the Herbage of the Field , and to partake of the Common Blessings of Nature , as well as We.

To thee therefore I have Recourse , as to an Oracle . Tell me , O Sacred Sylvan , am I not obliged to obey the Inspirations of my Nature , or Better Genius , which tells me , 'T is a Butcherly and Inhuman Life , to feed on slaughtered Animals ? Did not all those who aim'd at Perfection , among the Primitive Disciples of the Prophet , abstain from Murdering the Brutes ? 'T is true , the Messenger of God , did not positively enjoin Abstinence from Flesh ; yet he recommended it , as a Divine Counsel . And , those to whom he Indulged the Liberty of Eating it , he ty'd up to certain Conditions . Do not all the Religious Orders Preach up Abstinence , both in their Sermons and Lives ? I make no longer Doubt , but the Corruption of Manners , and Voluptuousness of Men , are the Causes , that this Ancient Sobriety is now disus'd and slighted . My own Experience confirms me in this Opinion , who have often attempted to live in Abstinence ; but , by the Force of a Voracious Appetite , suffered my self to be carry'd back to my Old Intemperance .

Yet , in Eating Flesh , I have been precisely careful , to observe the Prohibitions of our Holy Prophet , so long as it was in my Power . I never Knowingly tasted of Blood , nor of any Thing Strangled or knocked down . But , it is Impossible for me to Assure my self of this ; or that all the Flesh I Eat , was kill'd , in Pronouncing that Tremendous Name which gave it Life . Neither could I Once escape a Necessity , of Eating Swines Flesh .

But , I abominate my self for this Involuntary Crime . And , to obviate the like Temptation for the Future , I will taste of Nothing , that has Breath'd the Common Air ; being inclined to believe the Metempsychosis : Which , if it be true , I wish for no greater Happiness , than that in my Next Change , my Soul may pass into the Body of the Camel , which shall carry thee to Mecha .

Paris , 14th . of the 1st . Moon , of the Year 1650.
LETTER II. To Minezim Aluph , Bassa .

MY Intelligence from the Imperial Port , sometimes arrives late ; either through the Neglect of Kisur Dramelec , to whom that Care is committed , or through the Badness of the Roads , which many Times are Impassable . Besides the frequent Stops and Interceptions of the Posts , in this Time of War . Which is the Reason , I do not always hear of the Alterations at the Seraglio , and the Changes that are made in the Governments of the Shining Empire , till many Moons are pass'd . Who is exalted , or who made Mansoul , are Things to which Mahmut is for a Time a great Stranger .

Therefore , thou hast no Reason to be offended , that I am thus late in sending to thee my Congratulatory Address . But rest confident , that I wish thee encrease of Happiness , like the Sprouting of the Palm .

As a Mark of my Duty and Affection , I shall now acquaint thee with News , which though it may seem of small Import to the Divan , yet has startl'd all Europe .

It is the Imprisonment of Three of the French Princes ; not those of the Ordinary Rank , but Branches of the Royal Stem , whose Names are not unknown in the Seraglio , the Residence of Fame . They are , the Princes of Conde and Conti , Brothers , and the Duke of Longueville , Husband to their Sister . They are the Principal Subjects in this Nation ; all Three , having the Majestick Blood of the Kings of France , running in their Veins .

They owe their Confinement to Cardinal Mazarini , or rather to their own Inartificial Conduct . The Prince of Conde , is a Passionate Man ; and has never learn'd , how to conceal his Resentments . When he first return'd from the Battel of Lens in Flanders , whereof I formerly gave an Account , the Insurrection in Paris began . The Prince block'd up the City , and promis'd the Cardinal ( against whom alone all this Storm was rais'd ) that he wou'd either bring him back in Triumph to Paris , or die in the Attempt . He perform'd his Word ; and the Cardinal rode through the Streets of Paris , in the same Coach with the King , Queen , and all the Royal Blood after the Siege was rais'd , and a Peace concluded . And the Prince , when he alighted out of the Coach , address'd himself thus to the Cardinal : Now , Sir , I esteem my self the happiest Man in the World , in that I have been able to perform my Engagement , in bringing Your Eminence back to Paris ; and that by my Presence , the Hatred which the Multitude have for your Person , was repress'd whilst we pass'd through the Streets .

This too nearly touch'd the Cardinal . And indeed the Queen , with all the Rest , were sensible , that the Prince had too far over-shot himself , in this last Expression . However , the Cardinal reply'd in a Kind of Modesty , not wholly void of Choler and Disdain ; Sir , You have not only oblig'd me to that Height , but have done the Kingdom so considerable a Service in this Action , That I fear , neither their Majesties nor my self , shall be ever in a State , to make you answerable Compensation .

Those who stood by , and heard these interchangeable Discourses , were apt to interpret the First for a Reproach , and the Second as a Menace . Since it is not unusual for Great Men , to over-value the Services they do their King and Country ; and for Princes , when they cannot duely reward an Eminent Performance , to turn their Gratitude into Hatred .

This is certain , that the Prince of Conde has presum'd much , on the Merit of his late Services ; and , it was not easy for the Queen or the Cardinal , to invent such Acknowledgments as he expected . For he imagin'd , they ought to deny him Nothing , who had so often hazarded his Life for their Interest .

It was on this Ground , he thought he had a Right to interpose in a Marriage , which Mazarini design'd to make between one of his Nieces , and the Duke of Mercaeur .

This Duke is of a Family , which has been a long Time at Variance with that of the Prince of Conde : And therefore , the Prince was jealous lest the Cardinal , by the intended Match , should fortifie his Interest among the Prince's Enemies ; and so be in a Condition , not to want his Protection ; the onely Thing he was ambitious of . For , cou'd he have once reduc'd the Cardinal to this Necessity , he himself had been absolute Master at Court . Therefore , he oppos'd the Match , with all Vigor and Industry . This netled the Cardinal . He complains to the Queen , of the Prince's Unkindness . She intercedes , and uses her utmost Endeavours , to reconcile the Prince to this Marriage . But his Brother , the Duke of Longueville , had so possess'd the Prince with a Jealousy of the Cardinal's Proceedings , that no Arguments cou'd prevail on him , or overcome his fix'd Aversion for Mazarini's designed Alliance with the House of Vendosme ( so they call the Family , from whence the Duke of Mercaeur is sprung . ) He rails at the Cardinal , and lampoons him in all Companies . This begets ill Blood in the Supreme Minister of State , who secretly resolves the Prince's Ruin .

In this , his Policy and Malice , exceeded the petty Revenges of the Prince ; who being of a frank , open Heart , contented himself with Railleries , and Satyrical Expressions , whilst the Cardinal conceal'd his Anger , under the Masque of extraordinary Civilities ; returning all the Contempts of the Prince , with a Respect , which seem'd to speak much Affection and Devoir .

He has been a long Time tampering with a Faction , which goes by the Name of the Frondeurs . These were his Enemies , not so much in Hatred of his Person , as out of a Zeal to serve their Country , which they imagin'd , was oppress'd under the the Conduct of this Minister .

These he has lately gain'd over to his Party , by representing to them the Prince of Conde , as the Author of all those Evils , which they ascrib'd to himself : Whilst at the same Time , he perswaded the Prince , that they had some Design against his Person . Thus he artificially blinded both Parties , and engag'd them in mutual Revenges ; privately animating the Frondeurs against the Prince , and provoking the Prince , to seek the Ruin of the Frondeurs . By this Trap , the Prince was inveigl'd to consent , and give Orders for his own Imprisonment , whilst he was made to believe , the Arrest was design'd against his Enemies ; and the People were satisfy'd , since they were perswaded , the Faction of the Frondeurs had a Hand in the Plot.

The 18th . of the last Moon , the Three Princes were taken into Custody , and sent to a Place , they call the Castle of the Wood of Vinciennes , some Leagues from Paris . The same Day , the Queen sent for the Dutchess of Longueville to come to her ; but , the wary Dutchess , wou'd not put herself into a Cage . She immediately fled in Disguise , to a Sea-Town belonging to her Husband .

'T is said , the Prince of Conde had Notice given him , of his Design'd Imprisonment ; but that he wou'd not escape , projecting to himself some greater Advantages , from the Discontents of the People ( who now behold him as a Patriot ) than from a Clandestine , or Fugitive Liberty . This is certain , his Coach broke on the Road , between Paris and Vinciennes ; and 't is thought , his Friends might easily have rescu'd him : For , this Accident , occasion'd a Stop of Six Hours in their Journey ; Time enough to have rais'd a Thousand Men to his Relief , being onely guarded by Sixteen Cavaliers . But it seems , he courts the Cardinal's Persecution , that he may have deeper Grounds for Revenge . I know not , whether his Policy is justifiable , or no : But if I were in his Circumstances , I shou'd hardly take this Method to gratify my Resentments ; which in all Probability I shou'd not be in a Condition to accomplish , till the Greek Calends , that is , Never .

Paris , 4th . of the 2d . Moon , of the Year 1650.
LETTER III. To the Reis Effendi , Principal Secretary of the Ottoman Empire .

THE Devotees among the Franks , talk much of the Jubilee that is to be Celebrated this Year at Rome . They enrich their Phancies , with the Hopes of I know not what Spiritual Treasure , which the Roman Mufti or Pontiff , will distribute among the Pilgrims that resort to Rome , during this Holy Year .

This , as I am told , is Celebrated in Imitation of the Sabbatical Year , formerly observed by the Jews , when they possess'd the Holy Land . The Hebrew Writers , such as Josephus and others , call That also the Year of Jubilee . Their Cabbalists , like the Pythagoreans , pretended to derive Great Mysteries from certain Numbers : And the Number Seven , was had in particular Veneration by the Hebrews : Therefore they kept every Seventh Day , Week and Year , Holy . In the Seventh Year it was not Lawful to till the Ground , plant Vineyards , or sow any Seed . And when Seven Times Seven Years were expired , the Year of Jubilee was proclaim'd , being always the Fiftieth . They proclaim'd it by Trumpets , throughout the whole Country of Palestine , in the Forty Ninth Year . And the Muezins cry'd in the Gates of their Cities and Synagogues , at the Beginning of the Jubilee : Let every Man return this Year to his Own Possession and Tribe , whether he be a Slave or Free . He that has sold his Houses or Lands , if he was not before able to redeem them , let him this Year take Possession of his Inheritance . He that is become another Man's Slave , and neither himself nor his Friends can redeem him , let him this Year be dismiss'd , and sent Home to the Family to which he belongs ; for , henceforth he is Free , by the Indulgence of the Law . Let no Man sow the Ground , nor gather the Fruits that grow of themselves this Year . But , let the Earth as well as its Inhabitants , enjoy Liberty and Rest ; for , this is the Year of Grace and Divine Bounty .

After this Manner was the Hebrew Jubilee Proclaim'd , and Observ'd . And , they say , from hence arose the Custom amongst the Christians , who in many Things may be styl'd the Jews Apes . But others say , that the present Roman Jubilee , is deriv'd from the Secular Games , Celebrated by their Pagan Ancestors ; In Regard , This was renew'd every Hundred Years at first , even as Those Games were . Whence it was , that the Cryer in those Days , at the Indiction of the Secular Games , said , " Come to the Plays which no Man Living has yet seen , nor shall ever see again . For , Man's Life being Generally so Short , they thought it improbable , that any Mortal should live to see this Solemnity repeated .

The Modern Jubilee , was first Publish'd by Boniface IX . Bishop of Rome , in the Year 1300 of the Christians Hegyra . At which Time , he promis'd Full and Entire Remission of Sins , to all who should resort in Pilgrimage to Rome that Year . After him , it was Celebrated every Hundred Year , accoring to his Institution , till the Days of Clement VI. Who , at the Instance of the Roman Citizens , reduc'd it to every Fiftieth Year . Then Vrban VI. another Pope , reduc'd it to the Thirty Third Year . And last of all , Paul II. contracted the Interval to Five and Twenty Years . Which Space of Time , has been observ'd by all his Successors to this Day .

If thou wouldst know the Reason , why they have thus alter'd the Periods ; It is for Profit . For , in the Year of Jubilee , there is a vast Conflux of People , from all Parts of Europe : Who bring a far greater Treasure into the Roman Coffers , than they carry away from that City . Though the Pope , 't is said , is very Liberal of that which they call the Treasure of the Church : Which is a certain Fund of Merits , and Superabundant Graces , left by the Messiah and his Saints , in the Custody of this Prelate , to supply the Defects and Infirmities of Sinful Men. And they believe , 't is only in his Power , to dispose of this Heavenly Wealth to whom he pleases . They talk also of Indulgencies and Pardons , whereby the Holy Father can redeem Men from all Sin , and the Punishments that are due to it . And this Wonderful Prerogative , they say , does not only benefit the Living , but extends even to the Souls Departed ; whom the Pope , according to their Persuasion , can free from the Torments of Purgatory , and at his Pleasure admit into the Gates of Paradise .

We that are Mussulmans , cannot declaim against the Doctrine of Praying for the Dead , since it is practis'd by all the Faithful . Neither have we Reason to inveigh against Indulgencies , or Releases from Penance . But that the Power of granting and dispensing these Favours , should be only reposited in the Christian Mufti , will not accord with the Faith of a True Believer . We know who swore by the Hoofs of his Swift and Faithful Elborach , which in One Night carry'd him a Journey of Six Moons , that from thenceforth the Key of Aaraf , or the Place of Prisons , was committed to him . Doubtless , the Omnipotent can transfer his Commissions , when and to whom he pleases . If he once gave this Authority , of Remitting Sins , to the Messiah , and Peter his Lieutenant , does it follow , that all Peter's Successors , the Califfs of Rome , have retain'd this Privilege ? There have been many Good Men in that Seat , and not a Few Wicked : Some Prophets , and some Magicians : A Catalogue interpers'd with Saints , Martyrs , Butchers and Devils .

But 't is evident , they forfeited their Authority , when they declin'd from the Truth , from the unblameable Profession of the Divine Vnity , and resisted the Messenger of Heaven , sent to correct their Errors , reform their Vices , and reduce Mankind to One Law of Purity and Light .

I write not Partially , nor am I imbitter'd against the Patriarch of the Romans . He is a Man like others , subject to the Will of Destiny . The Babylonian Califfs and those of Egypt , Successively enjoy'd the same Power , transmitted to them from the Prophet , who seal'd up all the Former Dispensations . Yet in Time , through their Sins , they forfeited their Authority , together with their Empire , when the Bright Osmans Conquer'd All Things . Then was the Prophetick Office translated to our Mufti , the Guide of those who possess the Sepulchre of Mahomet . To him all the World ought to have Recourse for Solution of their Doubts , Direction in their Lives , Absolution from their Sins , and for the Passport of Immortality , the Fefta requir'd of all that enter the Gates of Paradise .

But all Mortals , are Naturally tenacious of whatsoever advances their Honour and Interest . Kings hug Empty Titles , that yield them no Profit . And the Roman Bishops , are unwilling to acknowledge themselves divested of the Privileges , which were once annex'd to that Chair of Peter . They shew the Keys , the Symbols of a Power , which they have lost . And the Credulous Nazarenes believe , that Heaven and Hell are Open'd and Shut at their Pleasure . On the Eve of the Messiah's Nativity , the Present Pope Knock'd Three Times with a Golden Hammer , at the Gates of the Principal Mosque in Rome . Which were then Open'd , to signifie the ensuing Year of Jubilee ; when the Christians are persuaded , that Heaven is open to all that visit Rome in this Holy Time .

I wish thee a Life of many Jubilee's .

Paris , 9th . of the 3d. Moon , of the Year 1650.
LETTER IV. To the Flower of High Dignity , the Most Magnificent Vizir Azem .

WHEN I first heard the News of the Troubles that have been at Constantinople , the Deposition of Mahomet , the late Vizir Azem , and the Advancement of the Janizar-Aga to that Dignity , I imagin'd it had been Cassim Hali. But , it seems , that Brave Old Soldier , is elevated to a more Lofty Station : He has enter'd the Immortal Possessions , being translated to an High Seat : For , I understand , he has his Rest in Paradise . On that Hero , be the Mercies of the Supremely Indulgent : Whilst I turn my self to thee , his late Successor in that Military Honour , but now the Lieutenant of the Shadow of God . I touch the Earth Thrice with my Forehead , when I salute thee , Great Prince of the Vizirs , in Token of my Humility and Reverence ; and , in Remembrance of my Original : That I , who am but the Product of Dust , a meer Worm , may not commit an Indecency , when I address to the Bright Image of our August Emperor , who is the Type of the Sun .

In speaking to Persons of thy Immense Power , I strive equally to shun Flattery , and Disrespect ; endeavouring to deport my self with an Even Course , between those Two Extremes , as Mariners steer between Scylla and Charybdis . These are dangerous Places in the Sycilian Seas .

All Europe Celebrates thy Praises , and Extols thy Justice , for releasing the Ambassador of Venice , Imprison'd in the 4th Moon of this Year . They say , since thy Assumption to this Important Trust , the Ottoman Port is Reform'd , and grown more Civiliz'd : ( For , the Franks esteem all the Followers , of the Prophet who could neither Write nor Read , as Barbarians . )

Here is much Talk , about the Defeat given to Our Forces in Hungary . The French spare for no Encomium's on the Bassa of Buda , who fought valiantly , till his Legs were shot off ; and then caus'd himself to be carry'd up and down through the Army , to encourage his Soldiers . Neither do they diminish the Glory that is due to his Son , who receiv'd his Death , in defending his Father , at what Time the Old Captain was taken Prisoner .

But they blame the Conduct of him who Besieg'd the Fort of Clissa , in Regard he undertook it in the Wrong Season of the Year . The Defect of a General's Judgment in such Cases , is many Times Fatal to an Army . The French are the best in the World , at spying Advantages , and the most dextrous in making Use of them . Most of their Campagnes , are spent in their Trenches , or in light Skirmishes ; seldom hazarding a Battle , unless on some unequal Terms , to their own Interest ; and then they never let slip the Opportunity . This commends their Policy , but is no great Argument of their Courage : For , true Valour never regards Dangers .

Adonai the Jew , sends me Word , That the Venetians are put in great Hopes , of accommodating their Affairs with the Mysterious Divan , since the Release of their Bailo : Yet , both they and all the Nazarenes , resent highly the Strangling of his Interpreter .

They understand not the Measures of the Sublime Port , full of Wisdom and Justice ; and , that by the Terror of such Examples , the Ministers of the Righteous Throne , seek to prevent future Wickedness .

In these Western Courts , a little Gold , or a great Friend , shall easily palliate and procure a Pardon for the Greatest Crimes . Their Processes here , are slow in the Execution of Justice : Being Strangers to the Impetuous Orders , and swift Performance practis'd in the East . Besides , this Interpreter sported himself to Death , by the Licentiousness of his Tongue . He delighted to play upon Majesty , and with an Insolent Lasciviousness of Speech , to deceive Him , whose high , sublime and remote Intellect , uses no other Expressions of his Wrath , but the Hands of his Mutes . It does not become the Emperor of the World , to be profuse in Words , as the Christian Princes are , who take great Pains to satisfie their Vassals , of the Justice of their Proceedings . They cannot Condemn the Wicked without a Formal Process , wherein various Wits shew their Skill in canvassing the Cause , which , upon sincere Evidence , may be decided in Two Words . This is the Masquerade of Christian Justice , a mere Trap for Gold , the Secret of the Western Lawyers , who enrich themselves , at the Price of other Mens Folly , and to the Disgrace of the Monarch , who there pretends to Command .

Should those Men of Law see this Letter , and know who wrote it , how would they not Circumcise and Flay the minutest Dash of my Pen , to find Arguments of Revenge against a Mussulman ?

All Men are full of themselves , and their Own Principles : And the Nazarenes of the West , are so brimming with them , that there is no Room left for Instruction or Amendment . Like the Chineses , they boast of their own Science and Wisdom , reputing all the Rest of the World Ignorant and Blind .

They are so Narrow in their Tenets , so Dogmatical in their Decisions , and so conceited of All , that it is difficult for a Man who has convers'd in a freer Air , to frame himself to their Rules .

By what I have said , thou mayst determine , That it is no Easie Task for an Arabian Native , bred in the Seraglio , to conform himself adroit , to the Humours and Fashions of France . Yet , I curb all the Natural Propensions of my Birth , Blood and Education , as much as in me lies , that I may serve the Grand Signior . I am Incognito in all Respects , save those wherein I cannot be hid . And , I would change my Masque a Hundred Times over , rather than fail of my Ends.

What can I say more to him , who only values a Slave for his Deeds ?

I turn not my Back on thee , Sublime Idea of Absolute Power : but , retiring after the most Respectful Manner of the East , I make a Thousand Obeisances , till the Antiport has cover'd me from thy Illustrious Presence .

Paris , 17th . of the 4th . Moon , of the Year 1650.
LETTER V. To Sedrec Al' Girawn , Chief Page of the Treasury .

THOU wilt have Reason to wonder at a Man pretending Acquaintance with thee , whom thou canst not remember to have seen . 'T is from my Brother Pestelihali , thy former Master , I received the News of thy late Preferment , who art thy self but Early in Years . Yet no Time is Unseasonable , to a Man Mature in Vertue and Wisdom .

I knew thee an Infant , in the Arms of thy Mother , the Widow of an Arabian Souldier , who served my Brother in the Wars of Persia . There appeared then , such Evident Symptoms of thy future Wit and Dexterity , as prompted thy Father's Captain , to take thee into his Protection and Care ; and thy Mother by her Charms , soon found a Way to his Bosom .

I write not these Things , to Reproach thee with the Meanness of thy Birth . Thy Merits equal thee with those who are born of Nobles . It is not the Custom of the East , to Prefer Men for their Parentage , or because they can shew the Dusty Statues of their Ancestors . That is the peculiar Oversight of the Infidels , to give that Honour to Names , and Men of a Noisy Descent , which is only due to Vertue . There are Families in Rome at this Day , who boast of their Pedigrees , and that they spring from the Renowned Hero's , that are Recorded in the Histories of that Empire . But , they Glory in their Shame ; since they are quite degenerated from the brave Qualities , which ennobled their Progenitors ; and by their sordid Actions , are become a daily Subject for the Descants of Pasquil . This is an Image in a certain Publick Place in Rome , to which in the Night-Time , they affix the Libels which they dare not own : A kind of dumb Satyr , on the Vices of the Grandees ; not sparing even the Chief Mufti of the Christians , if he is Guilty of any Follies , which merit to come within the Verge of a Lampoon .

It was no Contemptible Jest , which was in this Manner put upon the present Pope , and one of his Nephews , at the latter End of the last Year . It seems , the Good Old Father had advanced this Spark , from a Poor Ignorant Taylor , to the Dignity of a Roman Baron ; bestowing on him Offices , which brought him a Revenue , sufficient to maintain his Title and Port. All the Ancient Nobility , were disgusted at this : And some arch Wag was set at Work , to ridicule the Pope's Conduct , and the New Baron's Honour . Wherefore , on the Day which the Nazarenes Celebrate , with Great Solemnity , for the Birth-Day of Jesus the Son of Mary ; Early in the Morning , the forementioned Image , Pasquil , was observed to be Apparell'd all in Rags , and a very nasty Habit , with a Schedule of Paper in his Hand , wherein was writ , How now Pasquil ; what ! all in Rags on a Christmas - Day ? ( for , so they call the Nativity of their Messias . ) And Underneath was Inscribed this Answer : Alas , I cannot help it ; for my TAYLOR is become a LORD .

Yet , notwithstanding the Obscurity of this Man's Birth , and the Meanness of his Former Trade , he became an Eminent Statesman , after the Pope had exalted him to that Dignity ; and lived with an Unblemished Reputation , whilst he saw all or most of the Ancient Nobility , Pasquill'd every Day , for their Effeminate Vices .

By what I have said , thou may'st be assured , that I have not the Less Esteem for thee , because thou wast not the Son of a Bassa ; since , had thy Father liv'd , his Fortune and Courage might have promoted him to that Honour , or a Command equal to it ; and thou thy self art in a fair Way , to supply some Future Vacancy , in those Great Charges of the Empire .

I have no News at present to send thee , save that the Three French Princes , of whose Imprisonment I gave an Account to Minezim Aluph , are removed by Cardinal Mazarini's Order , from the Castle of Vinciennes , to a Sea-Town called Havre de Grace , for Fear they should be rescued by Marshall Turenne , who is much Devoted to their Interests . The Princess of Conde , is retired to Bourdeaux , a City at this Time in Arms against the King , having also with her the Young Duke of Enguien , her Son .

The Marshal de la Meilleray , is gone with his Army to besiege this Place ; and , 't is said , the King will soon Follow with the Whole Court . All Things seem to protend another Relapse of this State , into the Old Disorders .

But this is not of so near a Concern to us that are Mussulmans , as the Quarrels that I hear are broached between the Janizaries and Spahi's . They say , the whole Ottoman Empire , is warp'd this Way and that Way , into Contrary Factions ; and that the Seraglio it self , is full of different Cabals , on the Account of these Military Orders . It afflicts me with extreme Grief , to receive Nothing but sad News from the Port , which is , or at least ought to be , a Fountain of Joy to the Whole Earth . I pray Heaven avert the Omen ; for it looks with an Ill Presage , when the Champions of the Divine Vnity , are thus divided against themselves .

If thou wilt take my Advice , enter not thy self into the Secret of either Party ; but poising thy Affections with Prudence , stand Neuter to all Things , but the Grand Signior's Interest . In that be as Zealous as thou canst . As for the Rest , wait the Decrees of Destiny .

Paris , 29th . of the 5th . Moon , of the Year 1650.
LETTER VI. To the Kaimacham .

GRaphul Eben Shahenshah , the Arabian Philosopher has said it , and every Mans Experience confirms it , That no Humane Care can prevent the Accomplishment of what Heaven has Decreed . There are certain Moments of our Lives , wherein Fate delights to mock our Wit and Prudence , to baffle our strictest Caution , and ridicule all our Conduct ; That we may learn the Lesson of Resignation , and not trust too much to our selves .

When I first saluted the Light of this Morning Sun , my Spirits were Serene and Joyful : No melancholy Dreams , had left their Black Impressions on my Mind ; no sadning Thoughts , possess'd my Soul : I awak'd cheerful and sprightly as the Lark . After I had Ador'd the Omnipotent , and perform'd my Accustom'd Holy Things , I began to reflect on my own Happiness , in that I had so many Years serv'd the Sublime Port , in this Station , full of Difficulties and Perils , yet by no Misfortune , had ever betray'd the least Secret of my Commission . It pleas'd me to think , I still pass'd for Titus of Moldavia , among the French , who are the most apprehensive People in the World ; and even in the Opinion of Cardinal Mazarini , who , like Janus , has more Eyes than Two . I Embrac'd my self ( if I may so speak ) in the Conceit of my Good Success ; concluding , I was born under Fortunate Stars , and that no Disaster could ever hurt me .

But I took wrong Measures of the Ways of Destiny , which are as Untraceable as the Winds . For before Mid-Day , my Sun was Eclips'd ; the Air of my Soul ruffl'd with Storms , and all my Joy turn'd to Mourning and Sadness .

Wilt thou know the Occasion of my Grief ? It was this . In the Year 1645 , according to the Style of the Nazarenes , I received some particular Instructions from the then Vizir Azem , putting me in Mind of the Hazards I run in this Post , and giving me strict Charge , to bestow all my Letters in a secure Place , whether the Transcripts of those I write to the Ministers of the Port , ( for I always retain'd a Copy of the Original ) or the Dispatches I receive from thence .

That Minister was afraid , lest I might some Time or other be discover'd ; and consequently , that my Chamber would be search'd . Therefore obeying his Hint , I immediately carry'd all my Writings to Eliachim the Jew ; knowing his House to be free from any Jealousie of the State , and that the most Important Secrets in the World , might be there an Age unreveal'd .

The Letters of my Writing , were enclos'd in One Box , and those which I received from the Invincible Port , in Another . And this was my Constant Custom from that Time : As oft as I writ to the Ministers of the Divan , or had perus'd the Dispatches which came from them , I dispos'd of both in their proper Places , leaving all to the Care of Eliachim .

But , neither his Caution nor mine , were sufficient to prevent the Resolves of Heaven . It was determin'd Above , That we should lose some of these Papers . Eliachim came to me to Day , before the Hour of Vlanamisi , all in Passion , astonish'd , raving and staring like a Mad-Man . As soon as he enter'd my Chamber , he tore his Inner Vest , which was of Crimson Silk , fring'd round with Gold ; and cry'd , We are undone , betray'd and ruin'd !

I presently thought of my Writings ; and ask'd him , Whether they were safe . In a Word , he told me he had lost the Box , which contain'd the Letters sent from the Ministers of the Port to me , and that his Slave a Negro , whom he kept in his House , was missing . Thou mayst imagine , Sage Minister , that this News put me into no small Confusion . I presently suspected , that this Villain of a Negro , had got the Writings , and was gone to Cardinal Mazarini with 'em : But then recollecting with Cooler Thoughts , That this African understood not Arabick , in which Language alone Eliachim and I us'd to converse ; and , that consequently , he never could know our Affairs , or read the Letters , which might tempt him to such a Treason , I was at a Loss what to think of it : Neither am I better satisfy'd now , though I have ruminated on it these Twelve Hours . Onely I think , if Cardinal Mazarini has these Papers in his Custody , he would have given Orders before this Time , to seize the supposed Titus of Moldavia . For , some of these Letters , take Notice of my having assumed that Name . But I cannot perceive any Attempt has been made in that Kind , or that any Body has been to enquire for me at my Lodging . For , I set Spies to observe , as soon as I departed thence with Eliachim , which was about Noon . We are now together in a Friend's House , where we shall continue till we hear farther of this Event . As yet , we are in the Dark , and full of Fears : But Time , which brings all Things to Light , will convince us , what we have to Trust to .

In the mean While , there is little News , save a Discourse of a certain Convention at Norimbergh , and the Great Jubilee which is Celebrated at Rome ; where , they say , the Christians Chief Mufti , the Week before their Beiram , or Easter , wash'd the Feet of Twelve Pilgrims ; and that Cardinal Ludovisio , entertain'd Nine Thousand of these Devotees at once , with a very Magnificent Feast . They say also , That the Pope will get this Year Two Millions of Sequins , by the Resort of Pilgrims to that City .

The King of Denmark's Resident at this Court , has received a Letter , which Certifies him , that his Master has declar'd Prince Christian his Son , Successor in the Throne .

They talk also , of a Marriage lately Solemniz'd between Charles , a German Count , and Charlotte , Sister to the Lantgrave of Hesse-Cassel .

But that which most takes up Mens Ears , and employs their Tongues and Thoughts , are the Civil Wars of this Kingdom ; which is all in a Flame , by Occasion of the Imprisonment of the Prince of Conde , and his Brothers . The Citizens of Paris are very jocund , at the repeated News of the King 's Ill Success : For , they wish not well to his Arms , whilst employed against the Malecontents .

Illustrious Old Grandee , I wish thee the Years of Nestor , and those Calculated by Full Moons of Prosperity . But I pray Heaven avert from thee , some of his Moments ; wherein , they say , he was tormented with the Gout , as I am at this Instant . It is a Pain hardly to be supported .

Paris , 11th . of the 6th . Moon , of the Year 1650.
LETTER VII . To the same .

BY the God whom I Adore , and by his Shadow , I swear , There is no Disloyalty in Mahmut : Yet his Life is full of Temptations and Perils . The Box of Letters I mention'd in my Last , is irrecoverably gone , and laid up in the Bowels of the Earth ; if we may believe the Confession of a Man , every Angle of whose Heart , has been search'd with exquisite Torments , even to Death .

Eliachim's Slave , the Negro whom I spoke of , mistook that Box , for one very like it , out of which he had often seen his Master take Jewels : For , this is the particular Merchandise of that Jew . And the Weight of each was not so Unequal , as to rectifie his Error . Lucre tempted him , and the desire of Liberty . Whilst the Darkness ( for he committed this Villainy before Sun-rising ) and his own Guilty Fears , conspir'd to baffle his intended Theft . The Boxes stood together ( so Careful was Eliachim of the Sublime Secrets , as not to venture 'em in a Place less secure , than that of his Jewels ) and the Villain hasty to be gone , and confounded for want of Light , took up that wherein were the Writings , instead of his design'd Prey , the Jewels . He went directly into the Fields , purposing to bury this suppos'd Treasure in the Earth , in some private Place , where he might take it forth at Discretion . But first opening the Box , to supply himself with such Stones as he thought would be unquestionable Pawns for Money , to answer his present Necessities , that so he might the better provide for his Concealment ; he was astonish'd , and his Heart became like Lead , when he found Nothing but Papers , full of Characters , to which he was wholly a Stranger . A Thousand Resolutions presented themselves to him , in that Agony of his Mind , and he knew not which to fix on . Sometimes he thought to carry the Box back again as he found it ; and since his Design had been thus strangely baulked , to Content himself till another Opportunity . But then he consider'd , 't was too late to return before his Master would miss both his Slave and Box ; for the Sun was now far advanced in our Hemisphere , and Eliachim is an early Riser . In a Word , therefore he thought it the safest Way , to bury it in the Ground , as he first intended had it been the Box of Jewels , and so shift for himself . Proposing to himself this Advantage , in hiding the Papers in a secure Place , That if they were of Value , he might at any Time make Composition with his Master , by discovering where they were .

All that I have here related , is drawn from his own Mouth in the Midst of Tortures . For Eliachim soon heard of his Fugitive Negro , who was seiz'd on the Rode to Lyons , by some Correspondents of this Jew . Who having Intelligence of it , took Horse immediately , and went to the Place . He did not think it safe to make a publick Business of it , or to arraign him before the appointed Judges of the Country ; But relying on the Justice of his Cause , and the Right of a Master , he privately put him to Tortures of divers Kinds , in a House where he cou'd command any Thing .

The stout African , at first deny'd that he had medl'd with any Box ; saying , he escap'd purely for the Sake of Liberty . But when a Succession of divers Torments had quite overthrown his Constancy , he confessed all that I have already related . Eliachim still suspecting worse , and that he only fram'd this as a plausible Story to be freed from , or at least to respite the Pains he suffered , caus'd sharp Thorns to be thrust under the Nails of his Fingers and Toes ; believing , that the Extremity of so sensible a Pain , wou'd extort the true Secret from him . But he cou'd get Nothing else from the poor excruciated Negro , though now almost ready to expire , than that he had hid the Box under-Ground in a certain Corner of a Field , out of the City : To which he knew not how to direct Eliachim , but promis'd to shew it him , if he wou'd carry him alive to Paris .

This was no hard Task to perform , in the Opinion of the Jew ; it being but a Days Journey to this City , from the Place where they then were . But he was deceived in his Hopes ; and now all the Applications and Cordials they cou'd use , came too late : For , that very Night , the Negro breath'd out his Soul .

However , when Eliachim came to Paris , he follow'd the Directions of his dead Slave as well as he cou'd , in searching every Corner of the Fields on that Side of the City , where this Black had been seen to go out . But all to no Purpose . He cou'd find nothing ; nor have we any Hopes , ever to see that Box again . Yet I have many Qualms of Fear , lest some Time or other it should come to Light , to our Disadvantage and Ruine .

I desire thy Instructions , Sage Governour of the Capital City , how I shall deport my self , if it be my Lot to be discover'd . As to the Remaining Box , which has in it the Transcripts of my own Dispatches , I have taken it Home to my Lodging . Believing it will be as safe here , as in the House of Eliachim ; since that faithful Jew , is no more exempted from Contingencies , than my self : And I have no Servant to betray me .

This Kingdom abounds at present , in Treasons and Rebellions . The French spare not to massacre one another , for the Sake of a Passion : While the Spaniards make their Advantages of these Intestine Feuds . For , under Pretence of assisting the Princes of the Blood , they get Footing in Picardy , from whence it will not be easy to expel them . Leopold , Arch-Duke of Austria , is at the Head of the Spanish Army ; and has taken several Towns , belonging to the French King .

When the Quarrels of these Infidels will end , I am not sollicitous ; my Thoughts being ever taken up , in the Service which I owe to the Empire of True Believers .

I cannot bid thee Adieu , Illustrious Kaimacham , till I have assur'd thee , I am macerated with Zeal for the Grand Signior .

Paris , 23d . of the 9th . Moon , of the Year 1650.
LETTER VIII . To Solyman , Kuslir Aga , Prince of the Black Eunuchs .

AFter I had perus'd thy Dispatch , wherewith thou hast honoured the Slave Mahmut ; as I was full of Joy for the continued Demonstrations of thy Friendship and Protection , so my Breast conceiv'd an Indignation at the Affront , which has been offer'd to the Sublime Port by the Cham of the Tartars , in presuming to demand the Tutelage of our August Emperour . It is an Indignity to the Ministers of Supreme Justice and Honour , Lights of the Imperial Divan , to whom is committed the Cognizance of all Human Events ; The Illustrious Vizirs , who manage the Affairs of the Mighty and Invincible Sultan Mahomet , whose Throne may God fortify , till the Moon shall no more appear in the Heavens .

Those People have been ever thirsty of Rule ; and 't is number'd among the Vertues of their Ancestors , that they enlarg'd their Dominions by the keen Edge of their Swords . But in all the Registers and Archives of the Empire , it has not been found , that any of that Nation challeng'd a Right to Govern our Sultans , though during their Minority . It is sufficient , That they shall have the Honour ( according to the Ancient Capitulations ) to succeed in the Throne of the Osman Princes , if ever that Sacred Line shou'd be extinct : Which God avert , till the Final Consummation .

It is a Wonder , they demanded not also his Royal Brothers , the other Sons of Sultan Ibrahim ; that so they might at one Blow , cut off the whole Osman Race , and take Possession of the Vacant Throne .

I have not heard any Thing these many Moons , what is become of those High-born Infants ; whether they are alive , or sacrific'd to the Jealousie of the Sultan , as has been the Custom . Here are various flying Reports concerning them . Some say , that thou hast convey'd away Sultan Achmet , and that he is privately Educated in the House of a certain Georgian . The Blessing of Mahomet be upon thee , and refresh thy Heart , if thou hast taken this Care to preserve the Life of an Osman Prince , which is more precious than a Hundred Thousand of Common Birth .

As for Solyman and the Rest of that Sublime Race , the French give 'em over for lost ; And I cannot contradict 'em , for Want of true Intelligence . Besides , I have Reason to fear it is too true : In Regard it has been the cruel Practice of all , or most of our late Emperours , either to slaughter their Brethren as soon as they ascend the Throne , or to put 'em to a more lingring Death and Martyrdom in a Prison .

'T is true indeed , our present Sovereign is not yet arriv'd to those Years , wherein Children commonly lose their Native Innocence . I believe , he suspects none of his Brethren , nor harbours any unkind Thoughts against their Lives . Yet Cruelty may be insinuated into his Tender Years , by the Artifices of his Mother ; especially against those of his Father's Blood , that did not also partake of hers . For Sultan Ibrahim , thou know'st , had Children by other Women , beside the Sultana Valede .

The Malteses think they have one of these Royal Infants in their Possession : Thou knowest the whole Story of thy Predecessor's Voyage toward Egypt , with his Beautiful Slave and her Son , whom these Infidels honour as the Off-spring of the Grand Signior . Thou art not Ignorant also , that this Infant with his Mother were Banish'd , out of Jealousy , by the Order of Her who bore in her Womb Sultan Mahomet , our Glorious Sovereign . The Remembrance of which makes me tremble , for the Sake of the Young Princes , if there be any yet remaining alive . It is in thy Power to certify me , and in doing so thou wilt rid me of much Anxiety .

I am but a Slave of the Slaves who serve the Grand Signior ; and it is not decent for me to descant on the Actions of our most Absolute Monarch , whose Will is not to be controul'd . But I am still a Man , and have some Share of Humanity and Reason . Thou also art my particular Friend , and wilt permit me to discourse with Freedom . Was it not a Bloody Feast , to which our King 's Great Grandfather , Mahomet III. invited Nineteen of his Brethren , on the Day of his Inauguration ? Was it not a cruel Act , to cause those Royal Guests , in whose Veins ran the Blood of his Own Father , to be strangled , before they departed from his Table ? No less Inhuman was it of Mahomet , the late Vizir Azem , to guide the Hand of this our Present Sovereign , when but Six Years Old , and incapable of knowing what he did , to sign a Warrant , for the Execution of his Father . Well may the Nazarenes call us Barbarians , when they contemplate the Empire of the Mussulmans , supported by such Vnnatural Methods .

Thou that hast the Superlative Honour , of being the Immediate Guardian of our Young Emperour , wilt pardon the Liberty I take . Ascribe all to the Force of my Zeal and Loyalty . Thou art valiant and wise . Protect thy Charge , as the Crystal of thine Eyes , which thou wilt not suffer to be hurt by the Dust of the Streets .

Paris , 14th . of the 10th . Moon , of the Year 1650.
LETTER IX . To Gnet Oglou .

NOtwithstanding all my Philosophy , I have not Command enough of my Passion , to conceal it from thee , who hast always been the Partaker of my Unequal Fortunes . What ever Magnanimity of Spirit I pretended to formerly in my Sickness , 't is at present overcome by the Desire of Ease . At that Time , I remember , some Stoical Considerations made me industriously hide from thee the tormenting Pains I felt . I endeavoured to disguize my Sufferings , and to paint my Misery in such Colours , that it could hardly be distinguished from Happiness . But now I have not Courage enough , to hide from thee my Fears and Apprehensions : And all Seneca's Morals , are too little to hinder me , from complaining of the Uncertainty that we daily experience in Human Affairs . This is a Theme so Popular , that were not my particular Misfortunes very pressing , 't wou'd make me sick to say any Thing on a Subject , that has been in every Man's Mouth , since the Time that our First Father appear'd among the Trees . Therefore thou may'st be assured , I am not going about to make a Declamation , or play the Orator ; to expatiate and make large Descants , on the Instability of all Things . What I have to say , refers to my self , and no body else , save to those who are the Occasion of my Melaneholy .

In the 10th . Moon of the last Year , I sent a Letter to Kenan Bassa , the New Hasnadar-Bassy . I have a Copy of it by me , as I always retain of whatever Dispatches I send to the Sublime Port , whether to the Publick Ministers , or my Private Friends .

I have perus'd this Letter several Times within these Eight and Forty Hours , and can find no just Ground of Offence , which that Grandee cou'd take thereat : Unless he was angry with me , for desiring him to be careful in transmitting my Money . As for the Rest , I onely obey'd the particular Instructions , I received from Mahomet the late Vizir Azem : Who commanded me , not to spare the Greatest Minister of the Port , if I had reason either to counsel or reprehend him . For , said he in his Letter , To this End art thou plac'd at such a Distance , that besides the Service thou dost our Sovereign in disclosing the Secrets of the Infidels , thou mayst also be free to write , whatever thou thinkest will conduce to his Interest , without standing in Fear of the Revenge of the Grandees . These were the very Words , of the Prime Minister of the Ottoman Empire .

Now I only told him of some Miscarriages in his Predecessors , warning him to be wary in his Station . Either he was offended at this Freedom I took , or because I presum'd to advise him how to order my Bills . Be it which it will . I have had a severe Reprimand from the Reis Effendi , whom I have the greatest Reason in the World , to esteem my Friend .

It wou'd never have vex'd me , had he wrote plainly , and not disguised his Sentiments . But all was obscure , saving One blunt Expression , which convinc'd me , That the real Ground of all this Anger , was my Letter to Kenan , wherein I desir'd his Care as to my Money .

Can that Minister blame me , for being apprehensive of Want in a Foreign Country , a Region of Infidels , where I have no other Commerce , but with Courtiers and Strangers ; where if I should be in the least suspected , they wou'd presently put me in Prison , which wou'd hazard a Discovery of the Sublime Secrets ? Does he not know , That Money commands all Things ; and that the Greatest Potentates , obey the Power of Gold ? It cannot be imagin'd , but that a Man in my Post , has a Thousand pressing Occasions for Money , which 't is troublesome to express . And I have had very wrong Notions of my Employment , if I deserve on this Account , to be reprov'd and threaten'd with such Politick Circumlocutions : For , the Secretary charges me , with Unwillingness to continue in the Service of the Ever Happy Port : As if he thought my Fidelity were corrupted , or that I had an Inclination to the Nazarene Interest .

I tell thee , my Gnet , Perfidy I ever abhorr'd . This appears to me , the most terrible and odious of all Vices . I cou'd bear the Guilt and Reproach of a great many Crimes , which have less of Malice in their Constitution . I am not asham'd of many Venial Frailties , which I daily commit , though the Law is severe against them . But , cou'd any Man accuse me of Willful Treachery , and Ingratitude , I wou'd pray instantly , That the Luminaries of Heaven might be extinguish't , and that no Terrene Substance , might henceforth have in it the least Potential Light : That so I might neither be capable of seeing my self , or of being expos'd to the Eyes of Others . And the better to escape the Confusion , which wou'd attend that Horrid Guilt , I would not only avoid Human Society , but if it were possible , I wou'd run away from my self .

After all this , methinks such a Temper need not be suspected , as averse from the Interest , to which he has so solemnly sworn .

I wou'd not have troubled thee with the News of any other Affliction ; but , to be suspected of what I never was Guilty of , and to be menac'd in dark Mysterious Terms , not by an Enemy , but by my Friend , and one who has in his Keeping the Immortal Records of my Zeal and Integrity ; This cuts me to the Heart . And I had no other Way to ease my self , but by venting my Anguish to thee .

If any of the Ministers will charge me with Weakness , or want of Ability to act in this Station , I should have no Reason to repine : Since none of them can think so meanly of Mahmut , as he does of himself . I boast of Nothing , but a Loyalty to my Trust , incapable of being corrupted .

But I forget that I am a Mussulman , and therefore ought to be resign'd to the Will of Heaven in all Things , without Complaint or Murmur . Besides , I am infinitely oblig'd , in many Regards , to the Reis Effendi ; and therefore , he may be allow'd to take his own Advantages . Perhaps his Reproofs may be Just , and 't is my own Peevishness that hinders me from discerning it . However , I cou'd wish he wou'd henceforth express his Resentments with less Obscurity , and not give me Grounds to apprehend the Loss of his Friendship .

For , where I once love , I hate a Changes . And if thou beest of the same Mind , We Two shall continue our Friendship , to the Other Side of the Grave .

Paris , 30th . of the 11th . Moon , of the Year 1650.
LETTER X. To the Reis Effendi , Principal Secretary of the Ottoman Empire .

IF thou wilt permit me to learn Something from Husbandmen , They say , 't is not profitable to plough the Fields whose barren Glebe brings forth Nothing but Briars and Thorns . Such are the Grounds of Passion and Anger among Friends . Let 'em lie Fallow for ever . Perhaps , thou wilt call it Presumption in me , to challenge such a Relation between us . Or , if thou ownest the Title of a Friend , thou wilt claim a Right to reprove me . Be it how it will , Reproofs make the best Impression , when they are given with Mildness and Moderation . Especially they ought not to be founded on a Mistake , or false Apprehension . For they appear like Arrows discharg'd in the Dark , which being shot at Random , may by giving on undeserved Wound , make an Enemy of a Friend , or at least render a Friend suspected to be an Enemy .

But I tell thee , I will not blow up the Embers of a Fire , whose Flame is extinguish'd long ago , and whereof by this Time , I hope , there remains not the least Smoak . I never lov'd to add Fuel in such Cases : Otherwise , had I return'd an Answer to thy angry Letter , in the Heat of my Resentments , I might have play'd the Incendiary : For I had both Matter enough , and Passion sufficient , to ventilate the already kindled Sparks . And , of this , I know thou art sensible .

Well! to make the best Construction of it . The Hasnadarbassy was affronted , I believe , at the Freedom I took in advising him ; not knowing that I had Positive Orders to do so , even to the First Minister of State , if I saw Occasion . And to vent his Choler , he misrepresented the Business to thee , hoping by thy Means , to awe me into a fawning Acknowledgment of my supposed Crime . If this was thy Intention in writing that sharp Letter , I smile at his Mistake ; but am sorry for thine , because I esteem thee my Friend . 'T was but an Oversight in you both ; and so let it pass .

Thy Friendship I court , and refuse not his , nor that of any Officer of the Seraglio . I honour all the Bassa's and Ministers of the Imperial Port : I shew to every one the Respect that is due to his Quality : But I am commanded to write with Freedom to all , and not to speak , as if I had the Bearded Head of a Barly-Stalk on my Tongue , which is apt to slip down a Man's Throat , and threatens to choak him that speaks whilst it is in his Mouth . This Charge I first receiv'd from the late Vizir Azem , Mahomet , and it has been since renew'd with fresh Instructions from others of Great Authority . They all tell me with much Assurance , That one chief End of my being plac'd here , is , that being out of the Limits of the Ottoman Empire , yet holding a constant Intelligence , I may freely and without Fear , reprove the Vices and encourage the Virtues of the Greatest Governors and Princes among the Mussulmans . Nay , I am threat'ned with Punishment and the Sultan's Displeasure , if I neglect any Opportunity of this Nature , or appear Partial and Timorous in my Reprehensions .

For , it seems , this is judged the most ready and effectual Method , to reform the Corruptions that are crept into Court , Camp , and City : Since every Man is oblig'd to communicate the Letters which he receives from me : And they are all Registred by thy Care : Whereby the Grandees are compell'd , either to live within the Limits of Justice , and their Duty , or else to be the Discoverers of their own Faults : Which will unavoidably bring them into Disgrace , if not to the Loss of their Liberty and Lives ; or at least put them to the Expence of costly Presents , to make their Attonement . And , thou knowest , some Men would almost as willingly part with their Lives , as their Money , which is their God .

After all this , I hope thou wilt not be displeased , if I perform my Duty . It is not for me to be frightned with Menaces , or softned with Bribes . My Integrity is Proof against the Pride of the one , and Baseness of the other . Yet I have a great Esteem for the Treasurer and thee , with other Ministers who are my Friends . I could , to serve such , freely hazard my Liberty , Fortune , and any Thing but my Honour , which I value at a far higher Rate than my Life .

Thou may'st Register it for a Truth , That an English Embassador was in the 6th . Moon of this Year , murder'd by Villains in his Chamber at Madrid , the Capital City of Spain . There has been also a Great Battle fought in Scotland , between the Army of that Nation , who maintain their King's Interest , and the Forces of the New English Common-Wealth ; wherein the Latter obtain'd a Signal Victory , having kill'd Three Thousand on the Spot , taken Nine Thousand Prisoners , Fifteen Thousand Arms , Two Hundred Ensigns , and all their Cannon and Baggage . These are Prosperous Beginnings of that Republick , and redound much to the Honour of the English General , Oliver , whom every Body extols for a Gallant Man . And I can assure thee , these Western Nations are not barren of Hero's .

Principal Scribe of the Mussulmans , I wish thy Heart may be a Transcript of the Best Copies .

Paris , 1st . of the 12th . Moon , of the Year 1650.
LETTER XI . To Solyman Aga , Principal Chamberlain of the Womens Apartments in the Seraglio .

THese Tartars , of whom I spake to thee in my last , are a strange Sort of People in their Manner of Life . But we must not censure 'em , because we are of Kin. I speak not of my self : For , though I am an Arab , yet the greatest part of those who serve in the Armies of the Grand Signior , are descended from the Crims . I mean , the Spahi's and Timariots . Thou know'st the Originals of these Military Orders , and that they are more Honourable than the Janizaries ; who being Strangers by Blood , are brought up to the Lure of the Seraglio . They know neither Father nor Mother , ( I speak of the Tributary Youths ) nor have they any Partial Fondness for their Native Country . They are Educated in a perfect Resignation to the Grand Signior , and his Chief Ministers : Yet often disobey both , and not seldom put 'em in Hazard of their Lives . How many Vizirs , have been sacrificed to a cunning Janizar-Aga ; who to prevent his own Ruine , has tempted those under his Command to Mutiny , and accept of no Attonement for their pretended Grievances , less than the Life of the First Deputy . The Rigid Fate of Sultan Osman , Uncle to our present Sovereign , will not be forgot by those who love the Ottoman Family better than these Bastard-Hectors . Shall the Empire of True Believers , be ruin'd by Renegades ? Besides , their Discipline is extreamly corrupted ; they marry , and follow Mechanick Trades , repugnant to the Austere Manners of the Primitive Guards , who were wholly attentive to Martial Exercises .

Were this to come to the Hands of a Janizary , he would curse me to the Pains which have neither Medium nor End . Yet I had once a Friend of that Order , Cassim Hali , the Chief Aga , a brave Man , and of the same Sentiments as my self . He sought to reform that Disorderly Militia , but was oppos'd by the Wise Men in Power . He wou'd freely have sacrific'd his own Grandeur and Interest , for the Good of the Mussulman Empire ; but was over-aw'd by those , who had no other Interest , but in its Ruine .

Thou know'st who I mean ; Neither am I a Stranger to the Heroick Bravery of the Faithful Solyman , when he bearded the Bostangi Aga on that Account . That Gardiner was of the Faction , being the Son of a Janizany , and train'd up in all the Practices of the Seditious . It makes me asham'd , when I hear the Infidels upbraid the Wisest of the Wise , the Supreme Monarch on Earth with Folly , for permitting this Insolent and Mutinous Soldiery , to continue in the Empire . And I tremble to think , That one Time or other , the Renown'd Off-spring of Ertogriel , will owe its Ruine and Catastrophe , to these Disloyal Vipers , whom it cherishes in the Seraglio .

Much more assur'd is the French King , of his Guard of Switzers ; whose Fidelity was never stain'd , with the least Infamous Brand of Perfidiousness , in taking up Arms against their Master , whose Bread they eat . These are Mercenary Soldiers , who travel out of their Native Country , to serve Foreign Princes ; and will shed the last drop of their Blood , rather than betray their Trust . Therefore they are admitted into the Palaces , and nigh the Bed Chambers of the Pope , and the King of France , with full Confidence of their Valour and Integrity .

As for their Country , it is barren and poor , consisting chiefly of Rocks and Desarts : Which occasions the Youth , who are generally very strong and hardy , to seek their Subsistence Abroad , by serving in the Guards and Armies of Neighbouring Monarchs and States .

Some Regiments of the Switzers , now serve in the Wars of Candy , under the Standard of Venice .

There are Vessels arriv'd lately in some of the French Harbours , which bring News of the Ill Success of our Arms in the Siege of Candia , the Chief City of that Island . They talk , as if above Two Thousand Mussulmans were blown up in the Ninth Moon ; and that Chusaein Bassa , discourag'd by this Loss , and with the Inconveniencies of the approaching Winter , was forc'd to raise the Siege , in the Moon of October .

The French magnify the Valour of the Knights of Malta , who signaliz'd themselves by many brave Actions , during this Siege . And if all be true , that is related of these Christian Champions , we cannot in common Justice deny 'em their due Character , and number some of them at least among the Heroes .

Otherwise , we shou'd come short of these Western Nazarenes in Generosity , who with no less honourable Expressions , extol the repeated Courage , and Invincible Constancy of the Illustrious Chusaein , and the Alacrity of all the Mussulman Soldiers , in the Service of our Great Master .

Yet they cannot forbear reflecting on the Cowardise of the Janizaries ; who after that fatal Blow , had they stoutly maintain'd their other Posts , that brave Bassa wou'd not so soon have quitted the Siege of this Important Place .

As for other News , I have little to acquaint thee with , save a seeming Calm at present in this Kingdom of France , which has for the greatest Part of the Year , been harrass'd with Civil Discords and Slaughters . Bourdeaux , the Chief City which held out against the King , is now reduc'd to Obedience , the pacify'd Monarch retir'd , and an Appearance of Peace .

The Queen of Sueden , we hear , was solemnly Crown'd in the Tenth Moon of the last Year , having declar'd for her Successor , Carolus Gustavus , Prince - Palatine , and her Cousin .

In the same Moon , died the Prince of Orange ; and soon after , the Count d' Avaux , a French Grandee , and Minister of State .

In the mean Time , I rejoice to hear , that my old Friends are Alive and Flourishing ; and , that the Knot is not loosen'd , which was ty'd in our Youth . May it continue firm , to the Day of the Earthquake , and to a Term Vnlimited .

Paris , 29th . of the 1st . Moon , of the Year 1651.
LETTER XII . To Kisur Dramelec , Secretary of the Nazarene Affairs , at the Port.

IN the Name of God and his Prophet , what Occasion hadst thou to send me such an angry Letter ? Thou that art thy self but a Slave , as I am , to the Slaves of him , whose Throne is above the Flight of the Eagle ! Dost thou think to frighten Mahmut into a sordid Compliance with thy Ambition , whom Nothing can terrify , so long as he preserves himself free from any Stain of Disloyalty ? I tell thee , I 'm another Achilles , Invulnerable all over , save the Soles of my Feet , which are the Emblems of our most tender Affections . There thou may'st wound me , with the soft Arrows of pretended Friendship . But if once thou appearest , with the Naked Face of an Enemy , I 'm presently on my Guard .

Thou accusest me of many Crimes , whereof I was never Guilty ; loadest me with a Thousand undeserved Reproaches , and all to vent thy Choler : Threatning me with Revenge , because I once excus'd the Lateness of my Address to Minezim Aluph Bassa , then newly Vested by our Munificent Sultan , by laying the Blame on the Badness of the Ways , or the Insolence of Soldiers by whom the Posts are often intercepted in Time of War : or , in Fine , on thy Neglect in not supplying me with more early Intelligence . Wherein 't is easie to discern , That thou wert the last I wou'd accuse to that Minister , though thou wert Principally in the Fault . For I was afterwards inform'd , That the Posts were neither retarded by any Impassable Roads , or stopp'd by the Orders of Military Men , but arriv'd here at their accustom'd Seasons . Wherefore thou hast no Reason to be offended at me , unless it be for the Shortness of my Accusation , and that it was defective in Malice .

Thou wouldst take it ill , if in my own Defence I shou'd complain to the Vizir Azem , of thy frequent Neglects in this Kind . But I scorn to vindicate my self , at the Price of another Man's Disgrace and Peril . Onely I advise thee , to forbear threatning . It is a Reflection on thy Prudence , to menace a Man who has no other Resentments of thy Passion , than to own himself oblig'd to thee , for so open a Discovery of it . Woud'st have the very Spleen of my Humour ? I smile at thee . Thou hast made me as Jocund as Democritus . If thou know'st not who I mean ; He was a pleasant sort of a Philosopher , to whom all Human Actions , were Objects of Mirth . There was another Whining Sage , that perpetually Wept . The most Comical Passages , and such as mov'd all Men to Laughter , drew Floods of Tears from his Eyes . His Name was Heraclitus . It is hard to determine , which of these Two was in the Right . But I think I am not much in the Wrong , to be a little pleasant with thee . Perhaps , it may put thee into a better Humour . However , I wou'd not have thee be displeas'd with thy self , for being of so peevish a Disposition . 'T is observ'd , That Passionate Men are always best Natur'd , and free from secret Malice . Choler is as necessary as our Blood . Without the Latter , we cou'd not live ; and if we were void of the Former , our Lives wou'd be as Vnactive , as that of Snails and Oysters . We shou'd be absolute Drones .

Hippocrates , the famous Physician , says , This Complexion is the most Noble of all the Four , transforming Men to Heroes , and refining our Earthly Mold , to a Constitution like that of the Immortal Gods ; whose Bodies , according to the Poets , consist wholly of an Ethereal Flame .

Therefore be not discouraged , neither repine at a Temper , which ranks thee among those , to whom Sacrifices are made . On the other Side , take it not amiss from Mahmut , if he tells thee , he has not Devotion enough , to become thy Voluntary Victim .

Yet if I cannot be so Obsequious , as to throw my self away , by acknowledging Crimes wherein I was never concern'd , and for which I have a Natural Abhorrence ; rest satisfy'd at least , That I will serve thee as far as I can , without entrenching on the Duty I owe to the Grand Signior . And be assur'd , I will do thee no Harm , so long as thou observest that Rule .

In fine , I advise thee to order thy Steps , like a Man that is walking in the Bogs of Egypt , where if he observe the Track of those who have gone before him , he may be safe ; but if his Foot slips , he Sinks in the Mire . Such is the Life of Courtiers .

Paris , 18th . of the 2d . Moon , of the Year 1651.
LETTER XIII . To Minezim Aluph , Bassa .

IN the Beginning of the last Year I sent thee a Dispatch , wherein I acquainted thee with the Imprisonment of Three Princes of the Royal Blood of France . Now thou shalt receive the News of their Liberty .

They were releas'd by an Order from the King , on the 13th . Day of this Moon , and arriv'd in this City on the 16th , which was Yesterday , attended by a numerous Cavalcade , consisting of some Princes , divers of the Nobility and Gentry , and one wou'd think , of Half the Citizens of Paris . Even those who triumph'd last Year , and made Bonfires for their Confinement ; Yesterday throng'd out of the City , to welcome them Home with Acclamations of Joy , and to congratulate their Release . So fickle and inconstant a Thing is the Multitude , driven hither and thither , with every Artificial Declaration of Statesmen or Pretence of Faction .

But there were divers Princes and Noblemen , who from the First Hour of their being seiz'd , resolv'd not to leave a Stone unturn'd , to procure their Freedom . The Grandees that were their Friends , retir'd to their Governments , and rais'd Rebellions in the Provinces . All the Kingdom was harass'd with Civil Wars . The Parliaments decreed against the Court : And there wanted not Cabals of Seditious Courtiers , even in the Palace of the King , to undermine the Royal Authority ; which the Cardinal Minister thought to establish , by the Imprisonment of the Princes . In all Places , the King's Interest ran Retrograde .

Thou wilt not wonder at this when thou shalt know , that the Princes of France are not Slaves to the King , like the Bassa's of the most Serene Empire , who owe all their Greatness , to the sole Favour of our Munificent Sultans . These Princes , enjoy all that and more by Inheritance , which our Grandees acquire only by their Merits , and the Smiles of their Sovereign . Hence it is , that their Interest is rivetted in the Hearts of the People , who revere the Blood Royal , in whatsoever Channels it runs .

Therefore thinking Men blame the Cardinal's Conduct in this Affair ; saying , There was neither Justice nor Policy in it . Indeed , if a Mans Wit is to be measur'd by the Success of his Contrivances , the Censure of these People is true . For the Cardinal seems to have made a Trap for himself .

As soon as he perceived the King was prevail'd on by the Importunity of his Uncle , the Duke of Orleans , and the Parliament of Paris , to release the Princes , and that they had at the same Time earnestly begg'd of him , that this Minister might be remov'd from the Court ; he suddenly pack'd up his Moveables , and with-drew privately towards the Place , where the Princes were Confin'd : Hoping , that though he had lost his First Point , yet he might make an indifferent After-Game , by going in Person to the Royal Prisoners , and assuring them , 't was to him they ow'd their Release ; since it was in his Power to carry 'em away with him , as also those who brought 'em the King's Mandate . For , he travell'd not without a considerable Guard .

'T is said , the Princes receiv'd him with seeming Compliments and Addresses of Civility ; promising their Friendship to the Cardinal , now a Voluntary Exile , and in a worse Condition than themselves .

It is very strange that so great a Minister , who Inherited all that Absolute Power , which his Predecessor Richlieu had at this Court , should thus on a sudden abandon his Fortune . But it is thought , he is not gone to pick Straws .

However , he has by this timely Flight , avoided the Displeasure of seeing himself compell'd to depart by an Arrest of Parliament , which was publish'd within Two Days after he was gone ; commanding him to depart the Kingdom , within Fifteen Days .

The Wise Minister , foresaw this Disgrace approaching , and therefore thought it more becoming his Honour , to depart of his own Accord : Having still the Advantage , to reproach the State with Ingratitude , in that they have reduced to such Streights , the Man by whose Auspicious Conduct , France had been elevated to an Extraordinary Grandeur in Europe .

By this thou mayst comprehend , Illustrious Bassa , that there is no Stability in Human Greatness ; but that the Wheels of a Courtier's Life , run through Vnequal Tracks , often sticking in the Mire of the Valley , and not seldom threatning to overthrow a Man , and cast him Headlong from the Precipice of a Mountain . Against these Inconstant Turns of Fortune , I advise thee to be arm'd with Moderation ; since no Man can avoid his Destiny .

Paris , 14th . of the 3d. Moon , of the Year 1651.
LETTER XIV . To Isouf , his Kinsman , at Fez.

I Am glad to hear thou art alive . Thy Letter came in a good Hour ; for I bear a true Affection to those of my Blood , and have been particularly anxious for thee these many Years . The Sun has Nine Times measur'd the Twelve Signs of the Zodiack , since I received thy last Letter before this , or heard any News of thee . It seems , thou hast travell'd a great Part of the Earth , during that Time .

'T was kindly done of thee , to remember thy Sick Vncle's Request , when thou wert at Aleppo , in making Oblations for his Health to Sheigh Bonbac , the Santone ; and distributing Corban to the Poor , in Honour of Syntana Fissa .

Thou hast sent me a large and satisfactory Account of thy Observations in Asia : Yet I am sorry , thou hadst not Time to penetrate into the Religion and Secrets of the Indian Bramins . I am more ambitious , to pry into the Wisdom and Learning of those Philosophers , than into any other Species of Knowledge whatsoever . Methinks , 't is pity the Records of so vast an Antiquity , shou'd be conceal'd from the Rest of the World , and onely known to those Happy Priests . I protest , 't is impossible for me to think of it without Envy . But perhaps , it is the Will of Heaven , to lock up those Mysteries in the Remotest Provinces of the East , as a Reward of their Constancy , in adhering to the Traditions of their Fathers , which know no Origin ; and as a Reproach to all other Nations , who in Matters of Religion , have been Mutable as the Winds .

I have convers'd with several Jesuits and others , who have been in the Indies ; but they seem to relate all Things Partially , out of a Natural Aversion for the Manners of the East : And I knew not how to disprove 'em , till my Brother Pestelihali undeceived me . He has also visited those Parts , and resided a considerable Time in China . It is a difficult Thing for a Traveller , to keep himself within the Bounds of Truth in his Relations ; but , I believe , he has not exceeded . Thy Journal , touches but lightly the Indian Affairs , not having Leisure , as thou tellest me , to observe much . However , thou hast made Amends in thy Relations of Persia , Tartary , and the Land of the Curds .

I depend much on thy Promise of sending me a Journal of thy Travels in Africk . To that Quarter of the World , I am much a Stranger ; not having met with any Authentick Relation , of the Regions in the South .

It seems , thou hast been in Aethiopia , Lybia , Egypt ; and , in Fine , all over the Torrid Zone .

Historians tell Wonderful Things of these Parts . Herodotus mentions a Sort of People in Africk , whose Bodies were more Venomous than Serpents . These affronted once at the Winds , for driving the Sands of Lybia into their Country , and filling up all their Wells and Streams , enter'd into a War against the Kingdom of Aeolus ; but the South Wind met 'em in their March , and bury'd 'em under Mountains of Dust .

I do not represent this to thee as a Truth , though related by that Learn'd Grecian . Thou mayst repute it for a Fable , as I do . But let this Passage be a Hint , that I expect from thee none but Solid Remarks .

It wou'd please me to be assur'd of one Thing , which perhaps thou hast heard of when thou wast in Barbary . Very credible Authors report , that when the Phoenicians were expell'd by the Israelites , and driven into this Corner of Africk , they set up Two Pillars of Marble , whereon they Engrav'd these Words , as a Lasting Monument of their Expulsion , WE ARE A REMNANT OF THOSE , WHO FLED FROM THE FACE OF JOSHUA , THE ROBBER , THE SON OF NUN .

The First Invention of Ships , is by some ascrib'd to these People , whom Necessity taught to seek Rest on the Unquiet Ocean ; since the more Turbulent Sons of Jacob , wou'd not permit them to enjoy any Repose on the Land , having harass'd 'em from one Place to another , till at length they drove 'em to the very Borders of the Earth . But , thou know'st , the Chineses pretend to the Vse of Ships , many Thousand Years before this Depredation of the Israelites . Every Nation aims to be esteem'd the most Ancient . And when there was formerly a Dispute between the Egyptians and Scythians on this Point , it was adjusted in Favour of the Latter ; but the Chronologies of the Chinese and Indians , far oxceed all others in the World . For they seem to out-strip Time it self in Antiquity ; at least , they transcend the Common Date of the World's Creation .

I have heard a Traveller assert , That as he was journeying through the Desarts of Lybia , he discover'd an Altar of Stone , with this Inscription on it , in Grecian Characters , I POLYSTRATUS OF ATHENS , HAVE CONSECRATED THIS ALTAR , TO ALL THAT IS GOOD IN HE AVEN ; AND IF THAT ALL BE BVT ONE , AS SOME SAY , MAY THAT ONE ACCEPT MY VOWS .

I desire thee to inform me , Whether thou hast ever seen or heard of such an Altar , when thou wert in those Parts . You Travellers , must expect this Kind of Trouble from your Friends . Every Body is Naturally Inquisitive , and Desirous of Knowledge .

'T will be acceptable also , to send me an Abstract of the Present State of Fez. I should be glad to hear of the Health of Abdel Melee Muli Omar , the Superiour of the Magnificent Colledge in that City , built by Al' Habu Ennor , King of the Country . They say , it cost him Two Hundred and Forty Thousand Sequins .

'T is added , That in Fez there is a Mosque , near Half a League in Circuit : In which are as many Gates , as there be Days in the Revolution of a Moon . And that the Number of the Pillars which support it , is equal to the Year of the Hegira wherein it was Founded ; being encompass'd also , by Seventeen High Minarets ; besides Innumerable Domes and Terasses . Having also 900 Lamps burning in it by Night , and 300 Windows to let in the Light of the Day . The Revenue of this famous Mosque , is said to be 36500 Sequins a Year . They relate many other things of Fez , and the Provinces belonging to it . Of all which , I desire thee to send me a Distinct Account .

I had almost forgot one Passage , which I have read in the Ancients , concerning a certain subtle African , whose Name was Psaphon . This Man had train'd up a Parrot , to repeat very frequently these Words , Psaphon is a Great God . When the Bird had perfectly learn'd his Lesson , he let it loose ; which being accustom'd to a Domestick Life in a Cage , fled not presently to the Fields , but perch'd on the Temple of the Town , where it was heard by the People , to utter the aforesaid Sentence aloud , and very often . They Ignorant of the Quality of Parrots , and led with Native Superstition , esteem'd it an Oracle from Heaven . Wherefore immediately flocking to the House of Psaphon , they offer'd Sacrifice to him , and in all Respects treated him as a Divinity .

Whether this Story be true or no , 't is certain , Idolatry had no better Foundation , than Artifice and Lyes : Unless we shall conclude with the Poet , That Fear made the First Gods in the World . Cousin , let there be a frequent Intercourse between us . It will be profitable to thee and me .

Paris , 5th . of the 4th . Moon , of the Year 1651.
LETTER XV. To Kerker Hassan , Bassa .

'T IS a Custom in the Court of Rome , that every Nation of the West , has a Protector among the Cardinals there , who are Princes of the Roman Church . Such I esteem thee , in the most Exalted Court of the East .

Arabia gave thee thy first Breath : But thy own Merits have lifted thee up to the Dignity of a Bassa , a Prince of the Ottoman Empire , whose Limits far exceed those of Modern , or even of Ancient Rome .

'T is from hence , our Countrymen address to thee , as to their Patron ; using thy Power and Mediation with the Grand Signior , in all their Necessities .

Among the Rest , wonder not that the humblest of thy Slaves , Mahmut , the Son of thy Father's Neighbour , falls at thy Feet , in a Time of great Distress ; in the Agonies of his Spirit , the Hazard of his Fortune , and Peril of his Honour , which he values more than his Life .

I complain not of the many repeated Abuses and Contempts I have receiv'd from some in the Seraglio , to whom it belongs not , to meddle with Things out of their Sphere , much less to discourage the Faithful Agents and Missioners of the Grand Signior . Yet the Persecutions I have felt from their Hands , are such as wou'd drive another Man , less patient of Injuries , either to Revenge or Despair .

They have vilify'd all my Conduct in this Station ; reproach'd my best Actions , with the odious Characters of Imprudence and Disloyalty ; and misrepresented the smallest Peccadillo's ( for which also , I have the Mufti's Dispensation ) under the Ignominious Title of Infidelity and Atheism . In a Word , they thirst after my Blood : Nothing will satisfy their greedy Malice , but my Life .

I never was afraid to die , since I perfectly understood what it is to live . Nor can I be fond of protracting my Breath , when my Great Master shall please to call for a Surrender of it , for whose Service onely it was given me . But it would render the Scene of my Death Tragical , and strew my Passage into the Other World with Thorns , to be sent out of This , under the Notion of a Traytor , who have acted my Part , without a real Blemish .

Ikingi , that Learn'd Tutor of the Royal Pages , was the first that broach'd this Enmity against me ; ( for I have forgot the Prevarication of Shashim Istham , the Black Eunuch , since the Time he acknowledg'd his Fault with much Candor and Ingenuity . ) 'T was that Athenian Sophist , who debauch'd the Integrity of my Cousin Solyman ; and perswaded the Unwary Youth , to enter into a Conspiracy against his Uncle . But I reprehended my Kinsman's Folly in one Letter ; and his Answer , though late , convinc'd me , That he was not guilty of Malice , so much as of Rashness and Credulity . I was extreamly oblig'd to the Kaimacham , for his Benignity and Friendship in this Affair . The good old Minister had a real Kindness for me , and took no small Pains to penetrate into the Causes of my Cousin's eager Passion , and Malice against me . At length he found it to be only the Practices of Ikingi , who took Advantage of Solyman's Temper , equally Loyal and Flexible ; insinuated into his Youthful Mind , Monstrous Idea's of me ; and , in fine , set him a railing at me with a fierce kind of Liberty , wherever he came . The wise Bassa soon open'd my Kinsman's Eyes ; brought him to his Sense ; and the Issue of all was , that Solyman writ me a Letter of Apology .

But since this , the Master of the Pages has laid new Trains for me , and drawn a great many more to his Party . He has corrupted Mustapha Guir , an Eunuch , and Page to the Old Queen ; with whom I once held a Correspondence , and , as I thought , had contracted a Familiarity and Friendship . But , it seems , it was only an Appearance , without Reality . I could give thee a long List of those , whom this Academick has taught to slander Mahmut : But I will not appear so Revengeful . Besides , this is not the only Grievance of which I complain .

Shall I remonstrate to thee , most Excellent and Serene Bassa , the true Cause of my Uneasiness ? I am weary of living among Infidels . Favour me with thy Assistance and Intercession , that I may have leave to retire from this Place , and vindicate my self before the Faces of my Enemies . And having had that Honour , rend'ring also a just Account of the Affairs wherewith I am entrusted , I may visit my Native Country , and spend the Residue of my Days in Arabia , the Scene of all our Prophet's Great Actions ; the Place where I first drew my Breath . I languish for the Aromatick Air of Admoim , the Crystal Fountains , and Cooler Shades of that Happy Province . I long to see the Groves which encompass the Village of my Nativity , the Turrets of thy Father's House , and the Mosque of Hasen the Prophet . For , tho' I took no Notice of these Things in my Infancy ; yet having once seen 'em in my Riper Years , when I were able to make more lasting Reflections , I shall never forget these delightful Objects , so long as I live .

If this be an Infirmity , pardon it , Illustrious Arab , since it is Natural to all Men. Thou thy self , hast enjoy'd the Pleasure of revisiting that sweet Region : Pity Mahmut , who burns with Desire to taste the same .

Or , if this shall be thought too great an Indulgence , to the poor Exil'd Mahmut ; yet it will be easy for thee , who art a Favourite , to obtain of the Grand Signior , that I may at least be recall'd from this Employment , and some body else substituted in my Place . There are those among my Enemies , who are Ambitious of the Fatigue ; and Ikingi , my Old Friend , would exchange all the Honours he is possess'd of in the Seraglio , for this Obscure , yet Hazardous Post . 'T is Pity but such a Man's Thirst of Perils , should be gratify'd .

But if after all that I have said , my Superiours shall think it expedient to continue me here , I am resign'd : Only desiring , that from henceforth my Slanderers may be suspected , as Men ill affected to the Sublime Port , for traducing a Man that has waded through a Thousand Difficulties , Temptations and Perils ; and serv'd the Ottoman Empire in this Station , fourteen Years , without making a false Step , or Transgressing the least Point of his Instructions .

I hear that Chusaein Bassa , is made Vizir Azem . The French have a very great Opinion of his Valour . They are generally Impartial Criticks in Martial Affairs , scorning to deny a Brave Enemy his Due Character .

We are at present barren of other News , save a New Arrest of Parliament against Cardinal Mazarini , and all his Kindred and Creatures ; whereby they are declared Enemies to the State , and charg'd with a long Catalogue of Crimes , whereof perhaps they were never Guilty .

Here are also some flying Reports of the Cardinal's Death : who , they say , has poyson'd himself for Grief of his ill Success in this Court . But I esteem this , only as the Froth of his Enemies Malice , who really wish him Dead ; and , to discourage his Friends , give it out that he is so .

Serene Bassa , I commit my Affairs to thy Protection , beseeching thee , to do the Office of a Countryman and a Friend , to the betray'd for God .

Paris , 26th . of the 5th . Moon , of the Year 1651.
LETTER XVI . To Chusaein Bassa , the Magnanimous Vizir Azem , and Invincible General of the Ottoman Forces in Candia .

I Am not much above Forty Three Years Old , yet have seen Great Changes in the World , mighty Revolutions in Kingdoms and States , and the Death of many Sovereign Monarchs , Illustrious Generals , and Wise Statesmen . Doubtless , all Sublunary Things , are subject to Vicissitude . There appears Nothing Constant and Settled , but the Heavens and Stars . They indeed persevere in their Immutable Courses , never change their Orbs , nor start from their Eternal Posts . The Sun rises and sets at his accustom'd Hours , and the Moon exactly observes the determin'd Periods of her Encrease and Wane ; These vary only , as the Seasons of the Year , with Exquisite Regularity , and Constant Returns .

But here below , there is an Universal Transmigration and Metempsychosis of States , and Forms of Things : A Perpetual Flux and Reflux of Human Events . Men die hourly , and others are hourly born to supply their Places . One Age treads close upon the Heels of another . And we who live at present , as we walk in the Steps of our Fathers , so shall we follow them down to the Grave , where our Flesh by a new Metamorphosis , shall be turn'd into the Bodies of Worms , Insects and Serpents : And what shall become of our Souls , is Uncertain .

I was born in the Reign of Sultan Achmet , from whom our present Sovereign is the Sixth Emperour , that has ascended the Glorious Throne of the Ottomans . May God grant him a Long Life , and a Series of Years bless'd with Continual Health , and Victory over his Enemies . I pray Heaven also , to perpetuate thy New Office , to the last Period of the Sultan's Life ; and in wishing this , I say all that can be expected .

But when I reflect on the frequent and bloody Tragedies , that have been acted in the Seraglio since I can remember , and the many Sacrifices that have been made of Sultan's , Vizir's , Bassa's , and Principal Ministers of State , besides the Massacres and Butcheries of Meaner Persons ; It makes me melancholy , amidst the Joys I conceive for thy late Exaltation ; and fills me with Fears , lest my good Wishes to the Grand Signior and Thee , who art his Right Hand , shou'd by some sinister Decree of Fate , be almost as soon disannull'd as pronounc'd . I pray Heaven avert my melancholy Presages .

The Death of the Old Queen ( the News of which is lately arriv'd at this Court ) does but revive and encrease my Apprehension , of Greater Tragedies to come : Because one Act of Cruelty , still propagates another . Revenge is Prolifick , and Mischief is never at a Stand. 'T is true indeed , as it is not decent to insult o'er the Ashes of Illustrious Persons ; so neither has a Loyal Mussulman , any great Reason to mourn for the Fall of a Woman , by whose Connivance her Royal Son , and our late Great Master , Sultan Ibrahim , fell a Sacrifice to the Mufti's Indignation . 'T was an Unnatural Part in a Mother : And we may say , the Divine Justice has overtaken her , in making her Grandson sign the Warrant for her Death , with the Consent of that very Mufti , at whose Instigation she had consented to the Murder of his Father .

Yet after all , may not she have left behind her a Party in the Seraglio , or at least in the State , who will study to revenge her Fall ; or , however , do some Mischief to prevent their own ? Let me not seem to contradict my own Arguments ; and whilst I plead against Revenge and Cruelty , appear an Advocate for those Inhuman Passions . I do not mention the surviving Creatures of this Unhappy Queen , to excite in thee , false Sentiments of Justice , suspicious Chimaera's of a possible Conspiracy , and so stimulate thee to punish them by Anticipation , for Crimes of which perhaps they never will be Guilty . I rather suggest these Things , that after so many Tragedies in the Royal Family , a Stop may be now put to future Mischiefs ; lest , whilst Men pursue a particular and self-Interess'd Revenge , the Contagion shou'd spread , and Cruelty become Universal , and Infinite .

Let it suffice , that no less than Three of our Sultans , have been Depos'd and Strangl'd within these Thirty Years : Not to mention the Deluge of Royal Blood , that has overflow'd the Private Chambers of the Seraglio , the Prisons of the Ottoman Princes Brothers , or Sons to the Emperours formerly Reigning .

These were Barbarous Cures of untimely Jealousies ; and it is Pity that such Royal Massacres , shou'd ever be repeated again . Why shou'd the Posterity of Ottoman , be in this Regard the only Vnfortunate Princes on Earth ? Were it not much more Noble , and equally Wise , to take the Measures of Aethiopian Policy , where , to prevent Sedition and Discords about Succession , the Princes of the Blood are confin'd indeed , but to a very Pleasing Liberty : Whilst they have Palaces , Parks , and Large Fields at Command ; are serv'd by a Princely Train , and deny'd no Lawful Pleasures , within the Pale of their Restraint : For there is an exceeding high Mountain in the Country , the Top of which is very Spacious , containing large Tracts of Ground , many beautiful Seraglio's , furnish'd with whatsoever can contribute to the Enjoyment of these Princes , or at least to compensate for their Want of greater Liberty . This Mountain , is environ'd with a high and strong Wall , having but one Entrance , and that guarded by Soldiers ; so that no Man can go in or out , who has not the Emperor's Warrant , or at least a Permission from the Prime Minister of State : For he , upon the Death of the Emperor , immediately calls a Council of the Supreme Officers , who from among these Imprison'd Princes , chuse him whom they think most worthy to succeed . The rest , who never felt the Appetite to Reign ( for they are carry'd to this Place in their Infancy , and kept in perpetual Ignorance of State-Affairs ) pass away their Time without Envy , or repining at the Exaltation of their Brother . Addicting themselves wholly to the Innocent Delights of that Rural Life , or to the Study of Books , whereof they have great Plenty in their Libraries , and those altogether treating of Matters of Divine or Natural Speculation . Whereby , though they know nothing of State-Artifices , and Intrigues of Courts , yet they become able Philosophers , and vers'd in all the Liberal Sciences .

Wou'd to God our Ottoman Princes ( I mean the Younger Brothers ) had but half this Liberty granted them . Then the Infidels wou'd have no reason to call the Exalted Port , a Nest of Vulturs .

But we must not find Fault with the Actions of our Sovereigns , though they tend to the Scandal and Ruine of the Mussulman Empire . Yet I know to whom I write these Things ; having often heard thee declaim against this Barbarous Custom , of shutting up the Royal Off-spring in a Dungeon , without Light or Comfort during their Lives ; which many Times are also Cruelly shorten'd , by the Hands of the Executioner .

But , turning our Eyes from the Tragedies of the East , let us fix 'em on the Affairs of the Nazarenes in the West .

The chief Discourse at present is , about a Marriage lately solemniz'd between the Emperour of Germany , and the Dutchess of Mantua . She is his Third Wife successively ; for Polygamy is not allow'd , even to the Sovereigns , in these Parts , where the Priests bear all the Sway.

The Posts from Sueden inform us , of the Death of General Torstenson , of whose Exploits in Germany thou hast often heard . That Empire is very Unfortunate , spending its Time and Vitals , in Unprofitable Assemblies and Consults , whilst her Active Enemies , take whole Provinces from her with Ease : But this need not grieve Us.

Great Atlas of the Mussulman Empire , I wish thee the Continence of Scipio , the Fortune of Alexander , and the Temperance of Cato ; who when he was marching through the Sands of Lybia with his Army , all ready to expire with Thirst , and one of his Soldiers brought him his Helmet full of Water , as a rare present in that General Distress gratify'd the Soldier for his Gift , but spilt the Water on the Ground , saying , That since there was not enough to satisfy the Whole Army , he wou'd not taste a Drop , and that he was Unworthy to be a General , who wou'd not endure as much Hardship as the meanest Soldier .

Paris , 26th . of the 5th . Moon , of the Year 1651.
LETTER XVII . To Nassuf , Bassa of Natolia .

PRaise be to God , Lord of the Seven Heavens , and of all that is within their Circumference : These Western Nazarenes , are always a quarrelling . They are resolved to do their Parts toward the fulfilling the Mussulman Predictions , and those of their own Prophets . It makes me smile , to see these Infidels employing their Arms against each other , contending about Petty Rights and Possessions , whilst they neglect the General Conservation and Defence of Christendom , from the Impetuous Torrents of our Invincible Armies .

The Elector of Brandenburgh , is enter'd into the Dutchy of Mons with considerable Forces , pretending to adjust , I know not what Differences , between those whom they call Catholicks and Protestants .

'T would be too tedious for a Letter , to run back to the First Original of this War , and trace it down from above a Hundred Years ago to the present Time . Besides , 't is of no Import to a Mussulman , to hear a long Story of the Marriages , Deaths , Heirs , and Law-Disputes of these Petty Infidel-Princes . Yet , that thou may'st know something of it , I will relate the whole Business as briefly as I can .

In the Year 1546. William Duke of Mons , Juliers and Cleves , marry'd Mary the Daughter of Ferdinand I. Emperour of Germany , and by this March obtain'd of the Emperour ( whom they call Caesar , as they did the Ancient Emperours of Rome , whose Successor he pretends to be ) some Privileges , touching the Succession of his Children , and their Right to his Dominions : and particularly , that this vast Estate should not be Divided , but rest in the entire Possession of One Heir-Male , or in Default of that , it should descend to the next Female , which , as I am told , is a Custom in Germany ; that so the Grandezza and Authority of Princely Families , may be supported .

I will not trouble thee with the Particulars , which would take up a Volume . But in short , it appears , that notwithstanding all the strict Provision that was , or could be made ; this great Estate , after it had remain'd Sixty Years Vnited , was at Length Divided between Two Princes , both claiming an Equal Right to the Whole ; Yet to prevent Wars , and Effusion of Blood , each was contented with Half . These were Wolfgang , Duke of Newburgh ; and Ernest , Marquess of Brandenburgh . In whose Families , the Parted Succession has continued to this Day .

The Occasion of the present Quarrel , is their Difference of Religion ; the Duke of Newburgh being a Catholick , and he of Brandenburgh a Protestant . It seems , the Brandenburghers had formerly made Inrodes on those of Mons and Juliers , carrying away Captive their Priests and Dervises from their Altars and Convents , and detaining them in Servitude , for many Years , contrary to certain Articles that had been drawn up between 'em . They also used them with great Cruelty , and committed a Thousand Insolences on the Roman Imaums , wherever they got 'em in their Power .

Thus their Affairs continu'd , till the late Agreement at Munster . Since which Time , the Duke of Newburgh endeavoured to free his Subjects from their former Calamities , and restore things to their Ancient State .

The Elector of Brandenburgh , making this an Occasion of War , has now invaded the Dominions of the said Duke . He is not gone in Person , but has sent a good Soldier , whom they call Otho Sparr , with Four Thousand Men to begin the Campaign ; who , 't is said , will be follow'd by a greater Army .

But before he took the Field , the Elector of Brandenburgh had an Interview and Conference with the Duke of Saxony about this Affair , who is also a Protestant : So that 't is thought , no small Disturbance will arise in the Empire . All Joy and Peace to True Believers !

He of Brandenburgh , has caus'd a Declaration to be spread abroad full of Specious Pretences , that so his Conquests may be the more easy . He talks of nothing , but restoring the People of Juliers and Mons to their Ancient Liberties and Rights , both in Civil and Religious Matters ; promising the fairest Things in the World , to those that obey him , and receive his Armies with Friendship : On the other side , threatning to treat those who resist him , with the utmost Severity that is due to Traytors and Rebels . And all this , for the Sake of Two or Three Insignificant Ceremonies and Opinions , wherein they differ ; mere Trifles , Litteral Whimsies , the Sport of their Doctors , the Spawn of Wanton and Luxuriant Brains . For , no greater was the Original Difference between the Lutherans , and those of the Roman Church . One will be sav'd by the Strength of his Phancy , which he calls Faith , without doing any Good Work toward it : The Other toils all his Life-Time to merit Heaven , and thinks he can never do enough to obtain his End . He wears out the Pavement of Churches , and makes the Skin of his Knees like that of a Camel , with perpetual Kneeling , and Praying to Images and Pictures . And after all , they may be both damn'd , for ought I know , for their Ill Lives . They tear and devour one another like Wild Beasts , and think to gain Paradise by their Unnatural Zeal .

The Duke of Newburgh has publish'd a Manifesto against the Proceedings of Brandenburgh , and sollicited the Duke of Lorrain's Aid , as also that of Leopold , Arch-Duke of Austria . What will be the Issue , no Man knows ; but oft-times , a small Spark kindles great Fires : And it is not impossible , that this little Feud , may set the whole Empire in a Flame .

Mighty Bassa , I pray Heaven bless thee with Peace , Health , and thy due Revenue . If these be not enough to make thee Happy , I wish thee an Encrease of Honours , and all the Glorious Fatigues which Mortals court as their Way to Bliss .

Paris , 20th . of the 7th . Moon , of the Year 1651.
LETTER XVIII . To Useph Bassa .

SUspect me not : I have an equal Esteem for thee , as I have for the other Bassa's and Ministers of the Divan . But I find it difficult to please any . They are Captious , and every one wou'd have all my Letters address'd to himself : As if I were plac'd here to serve Particular Interests , and not the Publick . However , I cannot but acknowledge the tacit Honour they do me , in being so covetous of poor Mahmut's Correspondence . I wish I were in a Condition to be more Partial : Then I would quickly make thee and some others sensible , which are the Persons , for whom I have a peculiar Regard .

But as the Case is at present , I must observe the Instructions I have receiv'd ; and , by Turns , write to All.

Wherein , if I fail of Arithmetical Proportions , I will make Amends by the Rules of Geometry : If I write but seldom to some , I desire that the Length of my Letters , and Solidity of the Matter , may be accepted as a proper Supplement .

But , thou hast no Reason to complain on this Score , unless it be of thy self , for travelling into Remote Countries , whither I knew not how to follow thee with Letters , or any other Way . Besides , the former Friendship that has been between us , is a sufficient Counterscarp against all Suspicion of Neglect on my Part , who am a Thousand Times obliged to thee for so many repeated Favours . For the sake of God therefore , and All that is Good , wound my Heart no more with these Undeserv'd Reproaches : But believe stedfastly , That Mahmut can never be ungrateful and false .

Thy Letter is a Miscellany , of Friendly Complaints and Compliments . Thou givest me a Character , to which I do not pretend . 'T is true , indeed , and I thank God and my Good Stars for it , that I was not born Blind , Deaf , or Dumb. Nature gave me my Senses free from any Manifest Defect ; and I have an Indifferent good Memory . When I was Young , I had an Inclination to read Books ; and Fortune has since favour'd me , with many Opportunities for that Purpose . But I found the most profitable Study to be , that of MY SELF , to which all the Laborious Pains of the Schools and Academies , serve only as a certain Gradation and Discipline . Nay , without these , a Man may attain all the Knowledge that is Necessary to the Accomplishment of his Nature ; For so did the First Philosophers , before Books or Letters were extant . If thou wilt be perfectly Wise , read the ALCORAN , and the VNIVERSE ; After that , peruse THYSELF . Thou wilt find , Matter of Wonder and Improvement in Each ; but most of all , in the Last : For , Man is a Medley of all Things .

Were this Lesson well learn'd and practis'd in the Court of France , there wou'd not be so many little Quarrels among these Infidels ; or at least , such Petty Originals , wou'd not produce so many Fatal Consequences .

From the first Time the Prince of Conde with his Brothers , were releas'd from their Imprisonment ( whereof I have given an Account to Minezim Aluph ) there appear'd much Coldness in the Queen's Reception of 'em , and their Addresses to her . On both sides they were at a Loss , how to behave themselves : For , all their Civilities were forc'd . 'T is true , there was a Splendid Umbrage of Reconciliation ; but it soon vanish'd . Their suppress'd Passions , discover'd themselves by Degrees , and at length broke out into open Enmity .

The Queen appear'd full of Condescensions , and Favours : But Young Conde , is as full of his Merits and brave Exploits ; remembring what Services , he has done to this Crown . Besides , he is not void of Suspicion and Jealousie , lest all those Excesses of Royal Kindness are strain'd , only to render him more secure , and so entrap him a second Time with greater Advantage . The Horror of his First Imprisonment , is yet fix'd in his Mind ; from whence it will not be easy to efface it . Three Principal Servants of the Queen , were Banish'd , to remove his Fears : For , he imagin'd them to be Instruments of Correspondence between the Queen and his old Enemy , Cardinal Mazarini . Yet she publish'd a Declaration , signifying , That the Cardinal should be for ever Banish'd , not only from the Court , but from the Kingdom .

And this Moon , the King being come of Age , invited the Prince to the Ceremonies usual on such Occasions : Which Conde apprehended as a Snare , and so fled out of Paris .

The Event of these Emergencies , is yet in the Secret Pages of Destiny : But in all Likelyhood , a Civil War will follow . People are whispering , caballing and making Parties on both Sides . All the Powder in Paris , is engrossed and gone ; but no body knows by whom . Some say , the Prince is posted into Flanders ; others report , that he is retir'd to his own Government , there to raise an Army . The most knowing averr , That wherever he is , he has Two Hundred Thousand Sequins in Bank , to give Life to his New Designs , let them be what they will .

Think not this News of small Importance , Serene Bassa : But when thou hearest of the Civil Wars among Christians , especially in the Realm of France , the First and most Victorious Empire of the West , look on thy Right Hand and on thy Left ; for our Holy Prophet , or his Herald , is near at Hand .

Paris , 22d . of the 9th . Moon , the Year 1651.
LETTER XIX . To Solyman , his Cousin , at Constantinople .

THou seest , what thy Libertinism has brought on thee . For my Part , I am Sick in reading thy Letter , full of Melancholy , and the worst Kind of Enthusiasm .

Hadst thou follow'd my Advice , or if that be contemn'd , hadst thou but obey'd the Precepts of thy Father , an honest Man , and one that went down to the Grave in Peace , thou would'st have Liv'd as happily as other Men ; but now thou art overwhelm'd with Hypochondriack Vapours , and Dreams of a sickly Brain . I counsel thee , to purge thy self with Hellebor ; for thou hast more Need of that , than of Books . In all my Life , I never heard such Religious Nonsence from a Mussulman , as thy last Letter is stuff'd with .

I have not Patience to make Repetitions , or answer every Particular Whimsie of thine . But in God's Name , what makes thee fright thy self with such a Wrong Notion of Hell ? It is a Common Maxim in Nature , That Nothing Violent , is Permanent . Either therefore , the Pains of the Damn'd are not Infinitely Intense , or else they are not Eternal in their Duration . Thou wilt say , The Alcoran it self asserts the Eternity of those Torments . But dost thou understand the Figurative Manner of Speech us'd in that Divine Book , and in all our Eastern Writings ? Is it not Common to call a very High Mountain , the Mountain of God ? As if all the Mountains and Valleys of the Earth , were not equally his . So , to express an Uncertain Length of Time , 't is Customary to use the Epithet [ Eternal . ] Thus , we in ordinary Conversation say in Arabia , I love You Eternally , I will serve You , fight for You , &c. Eternally ; and the same of the Contrary Passions : And yet we all know , we shall live but a few Years .

But , granting that the Alcoran speaks in a Literal Sence ; it does not follow , That those Pains are without Intervals of Rest . We read of the Tree Zacon , which grows in the Center of Hell : But who will interpret , what is understood by this Plant ?

Cousin , make use of thy Reason ; and practise the best Things . As for our Condition after this Life , trouble not thy self ; for no Man knows , what will become of him when he goes Hence . However , we cannot believe , the Supremely Merciful Delights in Cruelty .

There is a Path , which the Eagle has not winged , nor the Serpent trac'd , though 't is obvious to both . But their own Rashness blinds them , and they cannot discern the Way of the Wise . There are Men of towring Speculations , and others very Crafty ; yet neither one or 'tother , can grope out the Direct Road to Bliss . If I may advise thee , let Nature be thy Guide . Do nothing , but what Humanity prompts thee to : 'T is this alone , distinguishes thee from other Animals . Honour the Memory of thy deceas'd Parents , love thy Friends , and be generous to thy Enemies : Do Justice to all Men : Observe the Purifications and Prayers prescrib'd by the Law : But give no Credit to the Fables of Infidels . It is common here among the Christians , to paint Hell with Horrid Flames , and Devils flying up and down with red-hot Prongs , to toss the Damn'd from Fire to Fire . And their Preachers make long and direful Harangues , on the same Subject : When all the while , neither they nor we know , What or Where Hell is , or after what Manner the Wicked shall be Chastis'd .

Only the Illuminated of God have this Standard of Truth ; That both our Pains and Pleasures after this Life , shall be Exactly proportion'd to our Vertues and Vices . There is no Malice or Injustice , in the Good Creator of All Things .

Cousin , once again , let thy Sences be awake , and suffer not thy Reason to dream of Things , which have no Existence . For assuredly , God is the most Impartial Judge of the Vniverse .

Paris , the 22d . of the 10th . Moon , of the Year 1651.
LETTER XX. To Enden Al' Zadi Jaaf , Beglerbeg of Dierbekir .

I Have not the Honour to know thee in Person , but have heard of thy Fame . So Mortals are unacquainted with the Secrets of the Fixed Stars ; yet we observe their Lustre and Rank , and the Figure they make in those Remote Worlds .

Thy Exploits among the Curds and Georgians , are not unknown in these Parts . The Franks that travel in the East , have transported hither such a Character of thy Magnanimous Actions , as makes all Men of Honour in Love with thee : And I have conceiv'd a particular Veneration for thy Vertues . May God encrease them with thy Hours , and grant thee a Monopoly of Bliss .

Thou art plac'd in an Eminent Seat , and may'st with Reason be call'd Lord of Lords , as thy Title imports ; for thou art Possessor of the Terrestrial Paradise , if we may give . Credit to the Tradition of the Ancients . They tell us , that for a Time Adam dwelt there , with his Second Wife , and that the particular Place of his Abode was an Island , encompass'd with the Rivers Euphrates , Tygris , Pison , and Gihon . From whence it was call'd Mesopotamia by the Greeks ; Which signifies , A Region environ'd with Rivers .

All the West of Asia , have a profound Respect for this Country . And the Jews relate strange Stories of a Tree in Dierbekir , which grew Five Hundred Miles high , in the Days of Adam ; which they say , was cut down by an Angel , lest Man , should climb to Heaven by it before his Time . For , it seems , Ambition was a Vice , early as our Nature ; and Adam was no sooner sensible that he was a Man , but he aspir'd to be a God , or something like One : So great a Charm there is in Honour and Authority .

They say also , that Abraham was born in this Region . However , 't is certain , if there be any Certainty in Records and Histories , that he resided there a considerable Time . But thou knowest best , what Traditions thy Subjects have of these Things .

The Chinese and Indians laugh at all this , as a Romance of Later Date , than their Chronicles ; which make those Extremities of the East , to be the Stage of the first Mortals . Instead of Adam and Eve , or Alileth , they assert the Names of the Original Parents of Mankind , to be Panzon and Panzona : Whose Off-spring , they say , continu'd Ten Millions of Years ; but at length , were all destroy'd from the Earth , by a Tempest from Heaven . After whom , they tell us , God created Lontizam , a Man with Two Horns , each as big and tall as a Tree in that Country , which they call the Plant of God , being the Largest and First of all Vegetables . This Man's Horns being Prolifick , according to their Tradition ; out of the Right , sprang a Thousand Men every Day for a Hundred Years ; and as many Women out of the Left , in the same Space . From whom descended all Mortals of both Sexes to this Day ; tho' we are much diminish'd in Bulk , through the General Decay of Human Nature . For , these People affirm , That the First Race of Men , were all Gyants : But that through Intemperance and other Vices , their Off-spring shrunk by degrees into smaller Dimensions , till at Length they arriv'd at the present Stature , and appear'd like Pigmies in Comparison of the Primitive Sons of Loutizam . In Confirmation of this the Indians shew to Travellers , some of their Temples hewn out of vast Rocks , with the Images of those Gigantick Men , who they say , were employ'd in the Work . These they honour , as Hero's or Demi-Gods .

I do not relate this for Truth , but only to divert thee , in representing the different Opinions of Men. God only knows , how to separate the Truth from Falshood in Histories .

But to return to Dierbekir : This Country is Famous for the Tower of Babel , built by Nimrod and his Followers ; at what Time , the Languages were confounded , as Moses relates . 'T is Remarkable also , for the Battel fought between the Parthians and Romans at Harran , and for the Death of Caracalla , the Son of Severus , Emperour of Rome , who was Murdered by Macrinus , the Roman General . These Emperors were all call'd Caesars , as the Kings of Egypt were call'd Pharaoh's and Ptolomies ▪ It seems , the Word Caesar , was first apply'd to Julius the Roman Dictator , for that his Mother dying under the Pains which were to give him Life , her Belly was ript up , and he drawn forth from her Womb by the Hands of a Surgeon . In Memory of which , he and all his Successors were call'd Caesars ; that Word signifying [ drawn forth by Violence ] But , whatsoever the Manner of his Birth was , this is Certain , that he and Forty of his Successors , were hurri'd out of the World , by untimely Death : For , they either laid Violent Hands on themselves , or were Murder'd by Traytors .

If thou wou'dst have any News out of these Parts , the Chief Discourse at Present is , of a great Victory obtain'd by the Polanders against the Cossacks and Tartars . And I cou'd wish this were all : But the Nazarenes are continually made joyful , with the Success of the Venetians against the Arms of the Invincible Empire . They beat us by Sea , and baffle all our Attempts by Land . We have not got an Inch of Ground in Candia , during the last Campaigne , but lost many Thousands of Men , and brought the Name of the Sublime Port and Victorious Mussulmans , into Contempt and Scorn . Where the Fault lies , God knows . 'T is too Melancholy a Theme , to insist on Particulars .

Don Juan of Austria , has also besieged Barcelona by Sea and Land .

Several Arrests of Parliament , are here publish'd against the Prince of Conde and his Adherents ; and , 't is reported , the King will recall Cardinal Mazarini from his Banishment .

Illustrious Prince , and Governour of a Happy Region , I beg thy favourable Construction of this Address . And thus in Reverence I desist , full of Dutiful and Affectionate Vows for thy Prosperity .

Paris , 19th . of the 12th . Moon , of the Year 1651.
The End of the Second Book .
LETTERS Writ by A Spy at PARIS . VOL. IV. BOOK III.
LETTER I. To Abdel Melech Muli Omar , President of the College of Sciences at Fez.

THou hast formerly received a Letter from me , wherein I mentioned the Tenets of a certain French Philosopher who maintains , That the Earth moves like the Rest of the Planets , and the Sun stands still , being the Center of this our World : For he asserts , that there are Many .

The Name of this Sage is Des Cartes , Renowned throughout the World for his Learning and Knowledge . H● lays as a Basis of all his Philosophy , this short Position and Inference , I THINK ; THEREFORE I AM. In this alone he is Dogmatical , allowing a Lawful Scepticism , in all the Uncertain Deductions which may be drawn from it .

Pardon me , Oraculous Sage , if I expose before thee my Infirmities . I am Naturally distrustful of all Things . This Temper puts me upon Perpetual Thinking . And that very Act convinces me , of the Truth of my Being , according to the Method of this Philosopher . But What I am , I know not . Sometimes I Phancy my self , no more than a Dream or Idea of all those other Things , which Men commonly believe do Really Exist : A mere Imagination of Possibilities . And , that all which we call the World , is but One Grand Chimaera , or Nothing in Masquerade .

At other Times , when these wild Thoughts are vanished , and my Spirits tired in the Pursuit of such Abstracted Whimsies begin to flag , and that my Lower Sence awak'd by some present Pain or Pleasure , rouzes my sleeping Appetites : When I am touch'd with Hunger , Thirst , or Cold , or Heat , and find experimentally , I am Something that cannot be a mere Thought or Dream , but of a Composition which stands in Need of Meat , Drink , Garments , and other Necessaries : Then , rather than fret my self with Vain and Endless Scrutinies , I tamely conclude , I am that which they call a Man , I lay the Sceptick aside , and without ●ny farther Scruples or Doubts , fall roundly to eating , drinking , or any other Refreshments my Nature craves for .

But no sooner have I tasted these Delights , when my Old Distemper returns again . I then consider my self as a Being , capable of Happiness or Misery in some Degree , as I shall possess or Want those very Delights I just before enjoyed . This is a sufficient Damp to a Thinking Man , when he knows , that he stands in Need of any Thing out of himself . But 't is far greater , when he will take the Pains to number all the Train of his Particular Necessities , which he is not sure he shall always be able to supply .

This makes me presently conclude , That as I am Indebted to Other Creatures for my sensible Happiness , so I owe my very Being to Something beside my self . I examine my Original , and find I am born of Men and Women , who were in the same Indigent Circumstances as my self : And that it is not only so with my Particular Family , but with all Mankind ; our whole Human Race , being born Natural Mendicants from the Womb. As soon as we breath the Vital Air , we Cry ; and with those Inarticulate Prayers , beg for Help and Protection from others , without whose generous Aid we could not subsist a Moment : So poor and beggarly a Thing is Man , from his Birth . This is the Condition of all : Neither is a King any more exempt from this Common Character of Mortals than the Slave who sweeps the Streets .

If I could have rested in this Thought , I should have been happy : For it would have had this Influence on me , either to convince me , that I ought to be content with the Condition to which I was born , or to rid my self out of so despicable a State by Death .

But alas , one Thought produces another : And from the Contemplation of our present Misery in this Life , I fall to thinking what will become of us after Death . For , as we know not What , or Where we were before we came into this World ; so there is no Human Certainty , Whither we shall go , or in What Condition we shall be , when we leave it : And therefore , it would be an unpardonable Madness , to throw my self headlong into a State of which I have no Account : And , to avoid the Little Miseries of this Life , which must have an End one Time or other , cast my self down a Precipice ( for ought I know ) of Intolerable Torments , which has no Bottom .

I hear the Philosophers talk of Immortality , the Poets of Elyzium , the Christian Priests of Heaven , Hell , and Pargatory ; the Indian Bramins of Transmigration . But I know not what , or which I have Reason to believe , of all these .

I speak after the Manner of Philosophers ; for , if we come to Faith , the Case is altered . Think not , I beseech thee , that I call in Question the Sacred Oracles , the Revelations of the sent of God . But I only acquaint thee , how my Natural Reason hatters me with Doubts .

I see Men every where professing some Religion or other ; paying Divine Honours to some Superiour Being , or Beings , according as they have been Educated : Which many Times tempts me to think , that Religion is Nothing but the Effect of Education .

Then I wonder , how Men when they come to Years of Discretion , and their Reason is able to Distinguish between Things probable , and mere Romances , can still retain the Errors of their Infancy . 'T is Natural for Children , to be wheadled or aw'd into a Belief of what their Parents , Nurses , or Tutors teach them . But when they come of Age , they soon rectify their misled Understandings , in all Things , save the Affairs of Religion . In this they are Children still , tenacious of the Sacred Fables of their Priests , and Obstinate in maintaining them , sometimes even to Death .

It puzzles me to find out the Cause of so strange an Effect , That Men otherwise endu'd with Mature Judgments , and an extraordinary Sagacity in all Things else , should yet be Fools in Matters of Religion , and believe Things Inconsistent with the Common Sence and Reason of Mankind .

I could never give Credit to the Histories of the Ancient Pagans , which acquaint us with the devout Adoration they paid to the Creatures of the Painter or Carver , did not I see the same practised among the Christians : Or , that those Wise Men of Old , cou'd swallow the Forgeries of their Priests concerning their Gods and Goddesses , were I not an Eye-Witness , how bigotted the Modern Nazarenes are to the Legends of their Saints , and the Jews to those more Ridiculous Figments of the Talmud .

It perplexes me , to see Mankind generally labouring under so great a Darkness , not so much the Effect of Ignorance , as of Superstition : To behold Men well vers'd in Sciences , and all kinds of Humane Learning ; yet Zealous Assertors of manifest Contradictions in Matters of Divinity , rather than oppose , or so much as examine the Traditions of their Fathers .

When I behold Mankind divided into so many innumerable Different Religions in the World , all vigorously propagating their own Tenets , either by Subtilty or Violence , yet few or none seeming by their Practice to believe what they with so much Ardour profess ; I could almost think , that these various Ways of Worship , were first invented by Politicians ; each accommodating his Model , to the Inclinations of the People whom he design'd to Circumvent .

But when on the other side I consider , there appears something so Natural and Vndisguis'd , in the Furious Zeal , and Vnconquerable Obstinacy of the Greatest Part ; I am as ready to Joyn with Cardan , and conclude , That all this Variety of Religions , depends on the Different Influence of the Stars . This was a famous Philosopher in Europe ; and held , That the Religion of the Jews , ow'd its Original to the Force of Saturn , that of the Christians to Jupiter , and Ours to Mars . As for the Pagans , he assigns to them many Constellations and Aspects .

Thus there is so equal an Appearance of Truth and Falshood in Every Religion , that I should not know how , in Human Reason , to fix on any .

Superstition renders a Man a Fool , and Scepticism is enough to make him Mad. To believe All Things , is above Reason ; to give Credit to Nothing , is below it . I will keep the Middle Path , and direct my Faith by my Reason .

That Faculty tells me , that if I were in inclined to Adore the Sun , Moon and Stars for their Beauty and Influence , I might on the same Ground Worship my own Eyes , without which I could not behold their tempting Splendors : Or , I might as well pay Divine Honour to that more Intimate Sence , my Feeling , or any of my other Sences , which only render me capable to know the Vertue of these Luminaries . The fame may be said of the Elements , and of all Visible Beings .

What then shall I Adore , or to whom shall I return Thanks for all the Blessings I enjoy ( for , even in this Miserable Life , I taste some Happiness ? ) To that Being , I say , shall I address my Vows and Supplications , for all the Good that I possess and want ? Is it to any Thing that I have seen or can see , or that I can represent to my self under a Figure ? Is it to any Part of the Vniverse , or no ? No : To the whole Complex together ? No. I have a Thousand kind Thoughts for the Sun , Moon and Stars , for the Elements , and many other Compound Creatures . My Soul , and that of the World , are Vnisons . But 't is the Profound Depth of Eternity , the Infinite and Immortal , who is the Diapason , and makes perfect Harmony .

To that Being which has no Resemblance , neither is Divided into Parts , nor Circumscrib'd with Limits ; whose Center is every where , Circumference no where ; Who hath neither Beginning nor End : To the only Omnipotent , from whom all other Things flow , and to whom they all return ; To him I owe all that I have , and will pay what I can . And something by his Determination , I am Indebted , and will discharge to thee , Orient Light of the Moresco Mussulmans ; that is , the Duty of an Humble Slave , in begging Pardon for this Presumption .

Paris , 14th . of the 2d . Moon , of the Year 1652.
LETTER II. To the Kaimacham .

'T Was the Contemplation of Isouf Eb'n Hadrilla , an Arabian Philosopher , That all Men were at First Created in a State of War : For this Sage , gave no Credit to the Writings of Moses , the Jewish Historian and Prophet ; neither cou'd any Arguments perswade him to believe , That all Mortals descended from Adam . 'T was an Article of his Faith , That in the Infancy of the World , Men were Form'd of the Prolifick Slime of the Earth , Impregnated by the Vigorous Warmth of the Sun , and that all other Animals had their Original in the same Manner : But that in Process of Time , the Richness of the Seminal Soyl being exhausted by a continual Spontaneons Production of Living Creatures , there was no other Way to perpetuate the Various Kinds of Beings , and multiply the Individuals , but by the Ordinary Method of Generation . For which Reason , Nature seems to have subdivided every Species into Two Sexes .

Hence , this Philosopher concludes , That at First there was no nearer Relation between Man and Man , than there is now betwixt a Lyon and a Sheep , or any other different Kinds of Animals : Saving onely , that as these are distinguish'd by their Forms , into Four-Footed Beasts , Fowls , Fishes , and Creeping Things ; so Men assum'd to themselves , the Character of Rational Creatures : And a Principle of Self-Preservation , was the First Ground of a Tacite and Common League between Men , against the Rest of their Fellow-Animals : Especially against those , which made a more frightful Figure on Earth than we do , and seem'd more Rapacious and Inclin'd to Mischief ; such as Dragons , Tygers , Bears , Lions , &c.

But notwithstanding this General Association of our Race , against the more Salvage and Fierce Troops of Beasts ; yet one Man still stood upon his Guard against another . And all the Sons of the Earth , endeavour'd to maintain the Posts , which Nature had alotted each Man ; That is , the Place where he was first Form'd , and drew Breath . But Things cou'd not last long in this State : For , either by Instinct or Reason ( call it which you will , says this Author ) Men being streightened for want of Fruits , or spurr'd on by some secret Desire of Novelty , soon went out of their Bounds , and encounter'd each other , more by Chance than Design : Whence arose , the First Occasions of Actual War . For , every Stranger , appear'd like an Invader : They Naturally startled and suspected each other . Reciprocal Passions of Choler sprung in their Breasts ; and every Man to prevent the Effect of his own Fears and Apprehensions , rush'd on his Neighbour , who was on the same Ground as ready for an Assault as himself . Thus , an Vniversal War Commenc'd in the World which by various Methods of Improvement , was carry'd on by the Succeeding Generations , and continu'd to the Present Times .

As for the Original of Governments , the Particular Time cannot be determin'd ; but it may be supposed , That Men Generally finding the Inconvenience of these private Personal Combats , and by Degrees arriving to greater Maturity of Experience , form'd themselves at First into little Societies and Friendships , or as they dwelt near one another , or as they agreed in some Common Inclinations , Principles , and Interests . From which Small Associations , they gradually spread into Larger Communities , living under certain Laws and Obligations of Mutual Peace , Justice and Assistance toward each other , and of Defence against their Common Enemies : Some living under the Form of a Common-Wealth , Others of a Monarchy ; each Body of Men , setting up such a Model , as best suited their own Interests and Necessities . From hence sprung the Distinction of Nations , Kingdoms , and Empires . Thus far the Arabian Philosopher .

But without enquiring into the Truth of his Principles , one wou'd think , that some of these Western Nazarenes were his Disciples . And indeed , all Civil Dissentions , seem to be grounded on the same Maxims : Whilst Men on the least Discontent or Jealousie , lay aside the Obedience they owe to their Sovereigns , claiming I know not what Natural Right , to defend themselves against the Encroachments and Usurpations of others .

Thus , no sooner was it suppos'd here , that the King intended to recall Cardinal Mazarini from his Exile ; bu● the Parliament of Paris , who are secret Friends to the Prince of Conde , publish'd an Arrest against the Cardinal , whereby all Persons are forbid to contribute toward the Return of this Minister ; and Ordering , That his Library , with all his Moveables , shou'd be sold to raise a Sum of a Hundred and Fifty Thousand Livres , which is promis'd as a Reward to those who shall either take him Prisoner , or kill him . They also Petition'd the Duke of Orleans , to make the utmost Use of his Authority against the Cardinal . Who , thereupon rais'd Considerable Troops , and gave the Command of them to the Duke of Beaufort .

In the mean Time , the Cardinal is not Idle ; but with what Forces he has , performs some Considerable Actions , in his own Defence . He has taken Prisoner , an Eminent Councellor of Parliament . The Parliament sent a Trumpet to demand his Release . This Messenger was rejected . Whereupon , the Parliament are taking New Methods .

The Prince of Conde has sent a Letter and Request to the Parliament , desiring them to suspend the Execution of the Arrest publish'd against him ; since the Time given him to lay down his Arms , was not yet expir'd , and that the Cardinal was returned into the Kingdom , contrary to a Prohibition , sign'd by the , King .

But , notwithstanding all these Traverses , Mazarini is come again to the Court , which is now kept at P●●ctiers ; Where he was receiv'd with Infinite Respect and Caresses , by the King , the Queen , and all his Friends . Animosities daily encrease between the different Parties : Private Grudges are improv'd to Publick Factions : An Universal Peevishness , has possess'd the Hearts of the French Nation : They are alarm'd and offended , at one another's Looks . If a Man smiles too much or too little , in conversing with his Friend , 't is enough to give him the Character of an Enemy , or at least to render him suspected . So that he who wou'd live peaceably here at this Juncture , had need to be well skill'd in all the Secrets of Physiognomy , and make frequent Use of his Looking-Glass ; lest any Oblique Cast of his Eye , or Satyrical writhing of his Nose , shou'd be Interpreted for Symptoms of Hidden Malice . For now they 'll spy Treason , in every Feature of a Man's Face .

As for me , when I go abroad , I conform to all Companies ; yet alter not my Address . I neither play the Ape , nor counterfeit a Statue : But observing a Medium , I pay a Civil Respect to all , without being Courtly or Rude : For this Carriage , best Suits with my Circumstances . Hence it is , that no Body suspects the plain , deform'd , blunt , Crook-back'd Titus of Moldavia , to be what I am really , Mahmut the Slave of the Exalted Port.

Paris , 14th . of the 2d . Moon , of the Year 1652.
LETTER III. To the Reis Effendi , Principal Secretary of the Ottoman Empire .

THE Prince of Conde's taking up Arms , has more puzzl'd the Counsels of the King of France , and more embarass'd his Affairs , than any Occurrence that has happen'd since the Death of his Father .

I have already inform'd the Kaimacham and others , of all Passages hitherto , relating to these Intestine Broils . Since which they seem to be improv'd into a War , wherein Foreign Nations take a Part. After the Return of Cardinal Mazarini to this Court , the Prince of Conde was driven to great Streights , being compell'd by the swift Marches of the King's Army , to retire to Bourdeaux . Where , considering that it would not be so much his Interest to keep this Place , as to encrease his Forces , he sent Envoys to the King of Spain , and Arch-Duke Leopold in Flanders , to desire their Assistance .

The Former immediately dispatched away Orders for a considerable Body of Men to approach the Confides of Gascoigne where the Prince had a great Interest ; And the Latter lent him Eight Thousand Men , to act on the side of Flanders and towards Paris , as Occasion offer'd .

This is the particular Game of the Spaniards , to take Advantage of the Civil Wars in this Kingdom , that so by assisting the weaker Party , they may balance the Contesting Powers of the Nation , and keep 'em in a perpetual Quarrel : Whilst in the Interim , they gain Ground ; recover the Places which the French took from 'em in Time of Domestick Peace , and so pave the Way to New Conquests .

In the mean Time , the Parliament sent Deputies to the King , beseeching him to remember his Royal Word , by which he had for ever banish'd Cardinal Mazarini ; and representing to him the Fatal Consequences , which were like to proceed from his Return . But the King , instead of complying with their Requests , caus'd an Edict of Council to be Publish'd , which justify'd his Conduct in this Matter .

He also writ a Letter to the Parliament , full of Complaints , that they had not yet publish'd any Order , to hinder the Entrance of a Foreign Army into the Kingdom . But all signified Nothing , to Men passionately bent , to maintain the Prince of Conde's Quarrel against their Sovereign . He has but few trusty Men in that Senate , and they are over-aw'd by the Rest . Besides , the Duke of Orleans bears a strange Sway both in the Parliament and Country .

At the Instigation of the Prince , the Citizens of Orleans shut up their Gates , when they heard the King was coming that Way in his return to Paris . Yet the Country was open for the Prince of Conde , a Subject : He travell'd up and down the Provinces , to make New Interests , and confirm the Old ; leaving the Command of his Army in Gascoigne , to his Brother the Prince of Conti.

There have been many Skirmishes and Encounters , between the King's Forces , and those of the Male-contents ; and one fierce Combat , wherein the Prince of Conde defeated the Vanguard of the King's Army , as he was marching to this City . Whereby getting the Start of his Sovereign , he arriv'd here , and was receiv'd in the Parliament , whilst the Monarch was forc'd to lie encamp'd in the Field .

The Prince found a different Reception , according to the various Humours of People . The Greatest Part favour'd him , and he receiv'd infinite Caresses from the Citizens of Paris : But met with some Opposition from Persons of Higher Rank , and more stedfast Loyalty to the Crown . The Duke of Orleans is his greatest Friend , and one for whom the Parliament have a great Deference : Not so much in Contemplation of his Wit and Policy , as for the Sake of his near Relation to the Crown ; he being Vncle to the present King : Whereby he has a Right to assume more Authority than others , in regulating the Disorders of the Court ; among which , the greatest is esteem'd , that of Cardinal Mazarini's Return .

In a Word , both Parties serve themselves of those who have the greatest Interest , and are most likely to compose the Quarrel . The Exil'd Queen of England , and her Son , who have taken Sanctuary in this Kingdom from the Persecutions of their Own Subjects , make it their Business , to mediate between the Court-Party , and the Faction of the Princes .

The Prince of Conde also , sent Deputies to the King to represent to him , That the only Means to give Quiet to the State , was to banish the Cardinal-Minister ; And as they were delivering their Address , Mazarini came in ; at the Sight of whom , they aggravated their Charge , and said to his Face , That he was the Cause of all the EVILS , which the Kingdom suffer'd . The Cardinal Interrupting them , turn'd to the King , and said , Sir , It will not be Just , that so Flourishing a Kingdom , and , to whose Grandeur I have contributed all that lay in my Power , should ruin it self for my Sake : Therefore I humbly entreat your Majesty to grant , that I may return to my own Country , or whithersoever my Fortune shall call me . No , no , reply'd the Queen ( not without some Passion ) This cannot be granted ; The King had never more need of your Counsels , than at this Juncture . We cannot consent , that so Serviceable a Man should be Banish'd , only to humour his Enemies . Therefore , let us hear no more of that .

The Deputies perceiving nothing of Hopes , return'd to Paris . Then the Parliament deputed others to go to the King , and Remonstrate the Deplorable Crate of the Realm . This was done a few Days agoe .

In the mean Time , we have been alarm'd here in this City , with daily Insurrections of the Multitude . The Occasion was , some private Orders which the Duke of Orleans had given to the Provost of the Merchants , relating to his Charge , and the Welfare of the City . This being misunderstood by the People , who have not the Sence to distinguish the Good Offices of their Governours from Injuries , put 'em all into a Tumult . They assaulted the Provost in his Coach , as he was passing the Streets : And had he not escaped into an Apothecary's Shop , they wou'd perhaps in their Fury , have torn him in Pieces ; For so they serv'd his Coach , as an after . Revenge .

I am weary of beholding the Malicious Quarrels of these Infidels . But when I consider , that their Discords will be Instrumental to the Future Conquests of the True Believers , I am Patient and Resign'd .

However , 't is one Comfort to me in this Thorny Station , that one Time or other , instead of the perpetual jangling of Bells in Paris , I may again have the Happiness , to hear the Muezins cry on the Minarets in Constantinople , There is but One God , and Mahomet his Prophet . Or , if I shall not live to enjoy this Wish ; yet , in the Invisible State , I shall hear the same Cry , and shall be past Doubt of those Things , whereof I have no Certainty in this Life .

Paris , 29th . of the 4th . Moon , of the Year 1652.
LETTER IV. To Cara Hali , Physician to the Grand Signior .

THE Christians seem to have too proud an Opinion of themselves , and set a greater Value on Humane Nature than suits with Reason . They assert , That all Things were made for Man , and style him Lord of his Fellow-Creatures ; as if God had given him an Absolute Dominion over the Rest of his Works , especially over the Animal-Generations ; and that all the Birds of the Air , Beasts of the Earth , and Fish of the Sea , were Created onely to serve his Appetite and other Necessities of Life . I remember a Letter I formerly sent to thee , wherein I discours'd of the Cartesian Philosophers , and their Contempt of the Beasts , in denying them Souls , or the Vse of Reason .

Give me leave to entertain thee now , and divert my self with some farther Remarks on this Subject . 'T is a Refuge from Melancholy , when I can thus freely discover my Thoughts to a Friend , who I know will not be Partial to the Truth .

I have been long an Advocate for the Brutes , and have endeavour'd both to abstain from injuring them my self , and to inculcate this Fundamental Point of Justice to others . This is owing to the Example and Philosophy of Mahummed , the Eremite in Arabia , that Light and Glory of Religious Men. And were it not that my Humour is to be doubtful in all Things , the Influence of his Conversation would make me a profess'd Pythagorean , a Disciple of the Indian Brachmans , a Champion for the Transmigration of Souls .

The last Letter save one I writ to that Solitary , was upon this Subject : Such an one as wou'd divert him in his Cave . It contain'd an Account of the Primitive Manner of Life practis'd by the Ancients , a Narrative of the Golden Age , a History of Human Innocence , and the Steps which Men first took , to use Violence and Cruelty to their Fellow-Creatures . Now I will present thee with some Additional Observations , some Remnants of Antiquated Truth , glean'd from Philosophers and Historians , and winnow'd from the Chaff of Error and Superstition .

Who wou'd not believe the Beasts to be endu'd with Reason , when he beholds them perform all the Actions of Rational Creatures , with more Caution , tho' less Pride than Men ? They are more Provident than We , and much more subtile in avoiding any Affliction or Danger . Witness Thales the Philosopher's Mule , which he often employ'd to carry Salt to a certain Market ; but the Cunning Beast finding herself over-loaded , when she was passing through a River lay down , whereby the Water penetrating into the Sacks of Salt , melted it away and lightned her Burden . And this was her Constant Practice ; till the Philosopher perceiving himself thus outwitted by his Beast , was resolv'd to circumvent her another way . Wherefore , instead of Salt he loaded her with Wool , which he knew would grow heavier by being Wet . But the wary Mule , sensible of the Difference of her Burden , wou'd couch no more in the Water ; but seeing no other Remedy , went forward on her Journey .

Who will not admire the Wisdom of the Fox in Cold Countreys , which the Inhabitants use as a Guide when they would pass over any Frozen Lake or River . For this Creature going before them , lays her Ears close down to the Ice , and listens to try if she can hear any Motion or Noise of the Water running underneath : Which if she does , she will not venture on the Ice ; but if all be still , then by a Logical Deduction she concludes , The Ice is thick enough to bear Passengers ; and so she leads the Way , whilst the Men follow .

When a Dog is hunting in the thick Woods , and by chance comes to a Place where Three Paths meet , he first Scents the One , then the Other : And perceiving that the Game is not gone by any of those Two Ways ; he throws himself swiftly forward in the Third , without such a particular Application of his Nose . Which is an evident Argument , that he makes use of the like Case we our Selves should do .

And now I have mention'd this Creature , I cannot forbear celebrating their Virtue and Fidelity : Whereof we have daily Experience ; and there are many pleasant Examples , recorded by grave Historians .

Such is that of Hircanus , a Dog belonging to Lysimachus , who would never depart from the Body of his dead Master , but following it to the Funeral Pile , leapt into the Fire , and was burned for Company .

But the Gratitude of a Lyon to a certain Slave in Rome , is beyond all Parallel . This Slave was one of those , who were appointed to combat with Wild Beasts in the Amphitheatre , according to the Custom of the Ancient Romans , in the Publick Shews which were exhibited to the People . As soon as the Lyon was let loose in the Pavement , he ran furiously at the Slave , but coming nearer , he stop'd on a sudden , as one astonished : Then he came gently toward the Slave , fawning upon him , and licking his Hand , which caus'd all the People to give a Shout . The Emperour being present , and taking Notice of the seeming Friendship and Acquaintance that was between the Slave and the Lyon , sent for the Slave , and enquired the Occasion of so strange an Accident . To whom the Slave made the following Relation :

My Name , said he , is Andredus , and I am Slave to a certain Proconsul , who having determined to Kill me , I made my Escape , and hid my self in a Cave : Where I had not lain long , before this Lyon , which you now see , came in , being very lame of one Foot . As soon as he spy'd me , he came limping toward me , and stretch'd forth the Paw that was Wounded , as tho' he begg'd of me to ease him . Affrighted as I was , I took his Paw in my Hand , and pull'd out a great ragged Thorn , which stuck fast in it . Then I wash'd the Wound with my own Water , whilst he lay very patiently till I throughly dress'd it . The Ease he found by my Application , made him fall asleep ; and when he wak'd , he lick'd my Hands , and shew'd other Signs of Affection and Gratitude . I liv'd with him thus , Three Years in that Cave , and every Day he brought me a Share of his Prey , on which I sustain'd my Self . But at Length Tyr'd with this Manner of Life , I took my Opportunity , when he was gone abroad , to make my Escape . I wander'd up and down Three days , when a Company of Soldiers meeting with me , and knowing to whom I belong'd , took me and brought me hither to my Old Master , who has Condemn'd me to this Cruel Death . But it seems , Fortune so order'd it , that this Lyon should be taken about the same Time , and appointed to be my Executioner this Day . Yet you see , he refuses to perform his Office , out of Gratitude to me for my former Kindness .

The Emperour astonish'd and pleas'd at this Passage , gave the Slave his Life and Freedom , bestowing also the Lyon on him , which brought him in a Constant Livelyhood , by shewing him to all People ; who having heard of this Wonderful Accident , were desirous to see both the Lyon and his Tenant : For so they styl'd the Slave ; and some call'd him , the Lyons Physician .

I should think I had said enough already to tire thy Patience , and make thee forswear reading my Letters for the future , were I not well acquainted with thy Genius , and know that thou delightest in Relations of this Nature , being no Enemy to the harmless Brutes .

Whatever thy Sentiments are towards these , I dare be sure , thou art my Friend , and wilt bear with my Importunity , when I strive to convince all Men , and confirm my self in this Truth , That the Wild Beasts are not void of Reason and Moral Vertue .

Paris , 20th . of the 7th . Moon , of the Year 1652.
LETTER V. To the Captain Bassa .

IN the Name of God , Superlatively Indulgent and Benign , Lord of Armies which cannot be Numbred , Conservator of the Empire founded on his Own Vnity ; Praise be to him , that has neither Beginning , nor End ! What is the Reason , that we are always Baffl'd by the Infidels ? Every Year our August Emperour sends out mighty Armies by Land , and our Fleets by Sea are term'd INVINCIBLE , yet they are still overcome by the Christians . Where the Fault lies , is best known to thee , and the Generals to whom the Command of all is committed .

My Spirit is disquieted about these Things , and I am uneasy by Day , neither does the Night accord me any Repose . This hot Weather , I go up to the Terrass of my House at the Hour of Sleep , thinking that the Coolness of the Air would incline me to Rest ; but I can find none . I turn my self on the Leads to the Right-Hand and to the Left , yet all Postures are alike . Sleep has abandon'd my Eyes . My Zeal for the Empire of the Faithful will consume me .

One Night I made Solemn Preparations to welcome the First Appearance of the Moon , after the Manner of my Countrymen . I sprinkl'd Water on the Floor of the Terrass , and with a New Besom swept away all Vncleanness : I fill'd a Lamp with the most precious Oyl I could get in Paris , which having lighted at the going down of the Sun , I plac'd directly on that Part which is nearest to Meccha . Then I fell on my Face , and pray'd the Eternal Source of Lights , That at the Moment , when the Moon first Ascended our Horizen , an Intellectual Splendor might shine in my Breast : That I might there , as in a Mirror , behold the Future Fate of the Mussulmans , and the Events , which as yet , were hid in the Dark Womb of Possibility .

My Petition was granted : The Night was in her Shady Course ; the Stars on their Watch ; and Time , as from a Limbeck , destill'd the Silent Minutes , till the Moment wherein the Neighbour - Planet , first peep'd on the ●ops of Mountains . At that Instant I saw , and heard Things ( or at least I thought so ) which I never so much as dreamt of before , neither can I remember the Thousandth Part.

Believe me , Supreme Commander of the Marine , I do not boast , or Joy in this . For , I think there can be no greater Affliction , than to be once made Partaker of such a Bliss , and then to lose it , almost as soon as gain'd . Yet there are some Footsteps of the Vision remaining on my Memory .

Methinks I beheld Armies of Mussulmans ( for I thought 'em to be such by their Turbants ) making several Descents on the Shores of Italy : Methought I saw them prostrate themselves on the Ground , and after a considerable Space of Silence , the Air eccho'd with the Sound of Allah , Allah , much like the Noise of great Cascades , or Falls of Water .

Then they seem'd to disperse themselves all over the Countrey in divers Bodies . The Inhabitants of Rome , appear'd all in a great Consternation . The Chief Mufti of that Place , went forthwith into the Streets , follow'd by his Cardinals , and Dervises , accompanied by an Innumerable Multitude of People . They carried their Gods of Gold and Silver along with them ; and being apparell'd with Garments of coarse Hair , they sprinkled Ashes on their Foreheads , in Token of their Humility , and to pacify the Indignation that was kindled against them .

But , Heaven was deaf to their Clamorous Vows , neither could all the Pomp of their Superstitious Solemnity , dazle the Eyes which are a Thousand Times brighter than the Sun , penetrating into the darkest Corners of the Heart . In a word , these Infidels seem'd a while after to be in a great Confusion and Hurry , running this Way and that Way to hide their Goods , and save themselves from the Victorious Strangers . In fine , I saw the Crosses taken down from the Minarets of the Mosques in Rome , and Crescents advanc'd in their place .

I do not relate this , as if I gave Credit to Visions and Trances : Perhaps all this might be but a Waking Dream . Yet such Visionary Entertainments , happen of Course to our Countrymen , when they observe the foresaid Ceremonies . But I tell thee , I am not asleep at this Moment ; and yet it appears to me a very Probable Undertaking , for the Mussulmans to fit out a Mighty Fleet , which having a sufficient Army of Land-Men aboard , might deliver them with little or no Opposition , on some of the Wealthy Shores of Italy : And if it is not thought worth the Labour to make New Conquests , which would be difficult to maintain ; yet at least our Soldiers by plundering only the Rich Temples and Convents of the Nazarenes , might carry away Inestimable Treasures .

I wrote formerly to one of thy Predecessors about the same Matter , proposing the Surprize of Loretto , as a very easy Attempt , and that the Booty wou'd infinitely surpass the Expence and Trouble : But Mahmut's Advices are never regarded , till 't is too late . We squander away Thousands of Men , and Millions of Money to purchase little insignificant Islands , which are defended indeed with seeming Vigour by the Christians ; but 't is rather to amuse us , than out of any real Value they have for those Places .

It is only a Maxim of Western Policy , thus to give Diversion to the Arms which are destin'd to subdue All Nations . They sport themselves , to see the Flower of the Eastern Militia consum'd in their Trenches , before the Impregnable Fortress of Candia , which if won will not quit the Cost of so tedious a Siege . Whereas , in half that Time , our Invincible Forces might have over-run all Italy .

Thou wilt not think this an Impracticable Enterprize , when thou shalt consider the Divisions of the Italian Princes , the Universal Security and Voluptuousness of the Inhabitants , and yet the Oppressions and Tyranny they live under , being fleec'd and poll'd of all their Substance , to maintain the Grandeur of their Governors , and the Pride of the Clergy ; which renders 'em equally disgusted , at their present Slavish Manner of Life , and desirous of a Change . It is not hard to surmise after all this , that a Conquest wou'd be easy to the Victorious Mussulmans ; or at least such Depredations , as would mightily enrich them .

The most proper News that I can send thee , is of a Combat lately fought at Sea , between the English and the Dutch. The Generals on both Sides , are said to be brave Men. He of Britain is call'd Blake , the Other 's Name is Trump . Which had the best on 't , is not certainly known . Men speak as they are byass'd . Yet the Dutch lost Two Ships in this Engagement , tho' their Fleet was far more Numerous than that of the English .

If I were worthy to advise my Superiours , I would propose some Notable Exploit by Land ; for God has given the Earth to the True Believers , but the Sea to the Christians .

Paris , 14th . of the 6th . Moon , of the Year 1652.
LETTER VI. To the Kiaya Bey , or Lieutenant General of the Janizaries .

I HAD once a great Intimacy with Cassim Hali , the brave Aga , who now is no more on Earth . That Honest Old General , merited all Men's Love : Follow thou his Example , and in Time his Post will fall to thy Lot . Thou art already in the last Advance to it ; let no Airy Vice make thee Giddy , and give thee a Fall . 'T is a Common Aphorism , That Health , long Life , and Honour descend from Above . But if they do , I tell thee , 't is like the Rain , which only then does good , when it penetrates the Earth , and moistens to the Root . An Humble Heart , is like a kindly Mold , receiving the Dews of Heaven with Advantage and Profit : but Pride is a Rock , which spatters away the Blessings showr'd down on it .

Perhaps thou wilt be affronted at my blunt Way of Writing . Yet assure thy self , I honour thee more than a Thousand Flatterers . I am not sent hither to study Nice Expressions , but to serve ●he Grand Signior with Integrity . Besides , I know thou hast not been accustom'd to the soft Entertainments of Ladies Chambers , but the Rough Dialect of War . It is thy Honour to be unacquainted with the Delicacies of Discourse , Diet , or Dressing ; Things only fit to enervate a Man's Courage , and change his Heart into that of a Woman . Thou know'st how to handle the Curiass and Lance , the Sabre and Shield , the Bow and Gun ; and art perfectly vers'd , in all the Military Terms of Art . A Discourse of Sieges and Campaigns , storming of Forts , and plundering of Camps , is more agreeable to thee , than all Tully's Oratory , or the finest Strains of the Persian Poets . I am therefore confident , thou wilt not take it ill , that I address to thee in a Style void of Artifice , yet full of Real Respect and Love .

If I counsel thee , 't is for thy Good ; and I am commanded to express my Sentiments with Freedom . Besides , I have a Personal Privilege to advise thee , the Right of a Friend : Which thou wilt acknowledge , when I tell thee , that I once had the Happiness to save thy Life , as we travell'd together in Arabia .

Thou canst not but remember that Passage , and how that in heat of Youthful Blood , thou had'st provok'd an Emir to kill thee in the Sight of the whole Caravan , had not I fallen at his Feet , and told him , Thou wert a Stranger to the Customs of the Country .

Believe me , I do not reproach thee with this , but only make Use of it , as an Argument to convince thee , That the same Motive which prompted me 〈◊〉 interpose my self at that Time , between thee and Certain Death , induces me now to give thee Warning of a Precipice , of which thou art in Danger . Every one gives thee the Character of a brave Man , and no Body dislikes thee the Worse , for being of an Air as Fierce as a Tartar . All this becomes a Man of the Sword ; And they say , thou dost every Thing with a Martial Grace .

But I am told likewise , that thou art Guilty of Avarice : and that for the Lucre of Presents , thou enrollest Men in the List of the Janizaries , who are not fit to serve in the Wars ; such as are House-keepers , Persons entangl'd with Wives and Children , with Debts and other Encumbrances : That they only appear on certain Days in the Military Habit , and then return to their Domestick Business , without ever regarding the Discipline of the Royal Chambers , or thinking themselves oblig'd to learn the Art of War : That thou in the mean Time takest their Pay , and many Additional Bribes , whilst they are only contented with the Title and Privilege of a Janizary , to shelter themselves from Justice , and protect them in their Rapine and Villanies .

I tell thee , shou'd this be known and prov'd against thee , it wou'd be to thy Ruine . But I hope better Things , and that these are only the Surmizes of thy Enemies . For , thou knowest , that none ought to be admitted into that Ancient Order , but the Tributary Sons of the Nazarenes ; who being in their Infancy listed in ●he College , know neither Father nor Patron , save the Grand Signior , who is the Common Parent and Protector of the Osman Empire . On his Service is all their Zeal and Courage fix'd , having no private Byass , no partial Inclinations , to warp them from the Fidelity they owe their Great Master . They are devoted to Indefatigable Toils and Hardship , during their whole Life .

This was the First Institution of the Janizaries , though through the Corruption of the Times , they have much degenerated from their Primitive Rules . But thou , who art honour'd with an High Command , wilt signalize thy Vertue and Loyalty , in reforming these Abuses , and in not suffering the College of Men of War , to become a Receptacle of Rogues and Drones .

Such Disorders as these , have promoted the Intestine Broils of this Kingdom . I say not , that they are the Original Causes : Yet 't is a great Diminution of Sovereign Majesty , when a King shall find his Own Armies fighting against him , as they do at present here in France . How many Mutinies and Rebellions have been rais'd by the licentious Janizaries at Constantinople : When laying aside all Respect and Duty , they have not spar'd to violate the Seraglio it self ; but entring within those Sacred Walls with Bands of Arm'd Men , have turn'd all things Topsy-Turvey , seiz'd on the Imperial Treasure , chang'd the Domestick Officers of their Sovereign , and sometimes chas'd him from his O●●n Palace , to the Hazard , if not to the Los● of his Life ?

If thou would'st know what they are doing here in France , the Men of Arms are cutting one anothers Throats , whilst the Rabble are burning their Neighbours out of their Houses .

Two Days agoe , the Multitude assembled in the Streets , and having beset a certain Palace in this City , they put Fire to it , resolving to kill all that should attempt to make their Escape out of the Flames . A Person of Quality coming out to pacify them , fell a Victim to their unbridl'd Rage : And had not the Duke of Beaufort ( of whom I have often made mention in my Letters ) interpos'd his Authority , they had murder'd all that were within those suspected Walls .

Sometime before this , the Mareschal Turenne took a Place of Strength from the Prince of Conde ; who in Lieu of it took St. Denis , a Town not far from Paris , wherein there is a Temple , which the French say , is the Richest in Europe . But they are laught at by the Italians , who boast of far Richer Mosques in Venice , Milan , Naples , and Rome .

The Duke of Lorain plays fast and loose with the Prince of Conde . He enter'd the Kingdom with an Army , pretending to espouse the Prince's Quarrel , but was quickly bought off by the Queen , so that he is now gone to Flanders again ; by this Action leaving a Free Passage to the King's Army under Marshal Turenne , to ●ange whither they please , which were before block'd up by his Forces .

Four Days agoe there was a Bloody Encounter , between the Troops of the Prince , and those of Marshal Turenne , in one of the Suburbs of Paris . Neither cou'd boast of the Victory , though the Battel lasted Five Hours . But at length , the Prince of Conde's Troops retir'd into the City , being frighten'd with the Main Body of the King's Army , which appear'd on the Neighbouring Hills .

Illustrious Janizary , fortify thy Heart with all the Necessary Retrenchments of Heroick Vertue : And rather than Surrender to Temptations of Vice on dishonourable Terms , run the Hazard of a Storm .

Paris , 6th . of the 7th . Moon , of the Year 1652.
LETTER VII . To Nathan Ben Saddi , a Jew at Vienna .

WE are all together by the Ears in this Kingdom ; killing , burning and destroying one another : Whilst you in Germany enjoy Abundance of Peace . The Occasion of our Quarrels here , is , the Return of Cardinal Mazarini , against whom the Duke of Orleans and Prince of Conde are Inveterate Enemies . The Former is declar'd Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom , by the Parliament of Paris ; Who give it out , That the King is Cardinal Mazarini's Prisoner . They have also bestow'd the Command of all the Forces , under the Authority of the said Duke , on the Prince of Conde .

Their Principal and only Pretence is , the Removal of the Cardinal from the King and his Councils . What will be the Issue , Time will demonstrate .

There has been a Duel lately fought , between the Dukes of Beaufort and Nemours , Two Eminent Friends to the Prince of Conde .

The King going to a Town call'd Pontoise , some Leagues from Paris , drew a great many Counsellors and Presidents of Parliament thither , Men who are Loyal and Stedfast to his Cause . This encourag'd the King to put forth a Declaration , commanding the Parliament to meet at Pontoise . They , on the other Side , publish'd a● Arrest against this Declaration . Thus t●ey continue pickeering one at another .

But here is News arriv'd from Cologne , which surprizes People very much . I know not the true Ground of their Astonishment : but the Priests seem to be Mad for Joy . All that I can hear about it is , The Restauration of the Roman Catholick Religion in that Province , which is a Novelty unexpected ; especially the Ecclesiastick Grandeur , which it seems , has been laid aside above these Hundred Years . I tell thee only as I am inform'd my self : It lies in thy Power to certify me of the Truth of Matters .

They say also , That the famous General John de Werdt is dead : As likewise the Arch-Bishop of Treves . It is added , that Frankendal is surrendred to the Elector of Heidelberg , according to the late Agreement at Munster ; And that there is a Diet begun at Ratisbon .

I desire thee to inform me of all these Things particularly , and of whatsoever else occurs in the Court where thou residest .

As to Matters of Religion , be not over-sedulous : Piety is compriz'd in a Few Rules . Yet , the Soul of Man is Naturally Inquisitive , and would fain be acquainted with All Things . I advise thee to cast thy Eyes frequently on the Earth that is under thy Feet ; survey the Groves and Fields ; the Mountains and Valleys , Rocks and Rivers . Then look up to the Heavens , and take a stedfast View of the Stars : C●nsider the Beauty and Order of All thing● And after this , tell me , if thou canst imagine , That the Great and Immense Creator of this Wonderful Fabrick , Form'd all the Nations of the Earth , to Damn 'em Eternally , save only those of Your Race .

Son of Israel , I wish thee heartily Adieu .

Paris , 11th . of the 8th . Moon , of the Year 1652.
LETTER VIII . To the Kaimacham .

THE Parisians seem to be all in a Dream or Trance . They know not what they say or do , or at least they care not . Such is the Immense Joy , for the Return of the King to this City . The Steps to this suddain Change , were the Retiring of Cardinal Mazarini from the Court. Which was seconded with a Declaration of Indemnity , or a General Pardon for all that had pass'd during these Troubles , save some particular Reserves of Sacriledge , Fires , and such like . This work'd strangely on the Inhabitants of Paris . But the Prince of Conde not finding any Satisfaction , as to his own Person , in his Amnesty , call'd in the Duke of Lorrai●'s Army to his Assistance . These reduc'd the King's Forces to so great a Streight and Extremity , that the Parliament being sensible of the Advantage , made use of it , and sent Deputies to the King , beseeching him to continue in the same good Resolution he had taken before this Misfortune .

The Monarch suffer'd himself to be overcome , by a Violence mix'd with so much Submission , and yielded to their Requests . Immediately , the Hearts of the Prince of Conde's Friends grew cold , and began to change their Sentiments . In a word , they were resolv'd to desert their New Master , and cast themselves at the Feet of their Lawful Sovereign . The Grandees , who had most affected Conde's Interest , laid down their Offices . The Foreign Armies of Spaniards and Lorrainers , retir'd out of the Kingdom . The Citizens of Paris sent a Deputation consisting of Sixty Six Persons of Honour , to invite the King to this City , and assure him of their Future Allegiance . All the Officers of the Militia , did the like . The King being satisfy'd with the timely Penitence of his Subjects , and having commanded some Preparatory Alterations in Places of Trust , enter'd this City on the Twenty First of the last Moon , with all the Joy and Acclamation which cou'd express the Love of his People . and the Regret they had abour'd under , during his Absence●

Thou seest , Illustrious Minister , that tho' by the Artifices of a Fac●●on , a King may be render'd odious to his Subjects , be banish'd from his Palace , and have the Gates of his Cities shut against him , as befell to this King : Yet the Inconveniences they feel in taking up Arms against him , sooner or later bring 'em to Repentance ; and they are glad to court his Return , whom but a while agoe they forc'd away by their Undutifulness , to gratify the Ambition of a bold Young Prince of the Blood , who promis'd , and ventur'd all . Things in Hopes of a Crown . For , it cannot be suppos'd , That the Prince of Conde had less Aims , when he first began this War ; tho' his Pretences were specious , only to remove Cardinal Mazarini , and other evil Ministers from the King , and to protect the French , from the Machinations of Spanish and Italian Counsels : Whilst it is evident , that all along he and his Party , have been supported by the King of Spain in their Rebellion . One wou'd wonder , how the French , a Sensible and Witty Nation , could be thus impos'd upon . But the Arabian Proverb says , There are none so blind , as those that willfully shut their Eyes .

Yet , whatever Stupidity reigns among the Franks , methinks Nothing but Light and Reason ought to appear in the Actions of the Mussulmans . I am confounded , to hear of the Rebellions in Syria and Egypt . Will they never give Rest to the Banner of the Prophet ? Must the Supreme Minister , be ever employ'd in proclaiming the Nesiraum ? What offence has been given to the Bassa of Damascus , or 〈◊〉 him of Caire ?

Sage President of the Imperial City , I am abash'd before the Infidels , when I hear these Tragical Reports out of the East .

But what can be expected , when the Manners of the Faithful are quite estrang'd from those of their Fathers . The Mussulmans almost out-do the Franks in Vice and Debauchery .

When thou readest this , draw thy Cymetar , and make a Scabbard of the next Man , who mutters a Word against 〈◊〉 Lawful Sovereign .

Paris , 2d . of the 10th . Moon , of the Year 1652.
LETTER IX . To Dgnet Oglou .

I Tell thee , I am neither Melancholy nor Merry ; but in a kind of a Mungrel Humour between both . I am half Democritus , and t'other half Heraclitus ; being Equally dispos'd to Laugh and Weep , at the Vanity of All Things here below . That Thought touches me sensibly , yet not enough to carry me into Extreams . The Misery and Happiness of the Whole Life of Mortals , are Themes ●carce worth a Passion . Whatever we endure as an Evil , or possess as a Good , are both so short , that as the one need not sink us to an Excess of Grief , so neither does the other deserve a Paroxysm of Joy . A Sigh or a Tear , are enough for the First ; and a Smile is too much for the Last . My Mind at present is an Equilibrium .

What signifies the Birth of the Greatest Monarch , or that he can boast of a Long Descent of Kings , his Progenitors ? He is born to Labour and Trouble , as well as other Men ; and all the Charming Pleasures that attend a Crown , are scarce sufficient to recompence his Cares and Fatigues , his Hazards and Toils , and the Perpetual Risques he runs both in Peace and War .

If from the Cradle he make an Early Step to a Throne , 't is but a Mock-Honour , to be Crown'd with a Wreath of Briars , squeez'd and press'd into h●● tender Temples , by the deceitful Hands of his Guardians and Ministers , who strive only to lay the Foundation of their own Honour in his Ruine , by improving the Time of his Minority , and making Oppression Chymical ; that during their present Authority , they may extract the Life and Elixir of his Subjects Wealth , and hoard it in their own Coffers , leaving only the Lees to him , when he comes of Age , and these generally compounded with the Ill-will of his People . I wish the Case prove not the same in our Present Sovereign , Sultan Mahomet ; who , thou know'st , was lifted to his Father's Throne before his Time , and by Methods which cannot be justify'd . It was the Mufti's Plot , who is the Oracle of the Law ; and so the Mussulmans acquiesc'd . But mark the End . Such Treasons seldom escape unpunish'd . Tho' Sultan-Ibrahim was Depos'd and Imprison'd , ( not to mention that which grates the Ears of any Loyal Ottoman : ) Tho' his Eldest Son be plac'd on his Throne , to serve the Ends of a Faction : Yet a Younger than he , may live to revenge the Wrongs that were done to his Father , and restore the Empire of the Faithful to its Pristine Grandeur . There are now above Three Years elaps'd , since the change of Affairs at the Seraglio . In the mean time , dost thou not observe the Discontents of the People ? Is there not a General Coldness and Neutrality to be discern'd in the Conversation of those , who at first were most forward to approve the Mufti's Proceedings ? Men begin every where to reflect o● the Present Revolution , and its Fatal Consequences . The Venetian-War , they say , has quite impoverish'd the Empire . Decay of Trade , Want of Money , and a Thousand other Things , are the daily Complaints in Constantinople : This I am told from very good Hands , Men of several Nations , Merchants who Trade ir that City , Persons altogether unbyass'd . They , as Strangers , have been Inquisitive , during their Residence there , into the Humours of People , to find how the Mussulmans stand affected to the Present State of the Ottoman Affairs . I , who approve not the Presumption of those Infidels , yet make Use of it to inform my self of several Material Passages , which I cou'd not otherwise learn , at this Distance from the August Port.

They tell me , the Soldiers murmur that so many Thousands of Men have been sacrific'd in Candia , and Dalmatia ; Whilst what they gain in the Island , they lose on the Continent : For , it seems , the Venetians are still too hard for us one Way or other . They grumble also for Want of their due Pay , and that they have not Bread enough to keep 'em from starving . A certain Greek assur'd me , he had heard several of the Spahi's swear solemnly , That it was agreed amongst them , not to go into Dalmatia , the next Campaign . But this I took as a Strain of the Grecian's Natural Faculty , who , thou know'st , are much given to Romancing . However , I hear enough both from them and other Travellers , of East and West , to ●onvince me , That some of the Grandees 〈◊〉 the Imperial City are in a tottering Condition .

All which serves but to confirm my first Discourse , That hardly any Thing on Earth is worth a Thought , since all Things are of so short Duration .

In a Word , the World seems to be a Garden intermingled with Roses and Weeds . The First are so close encompass'd with Thorns , that a Man cannot gather 'em without wounding himself : And if there be more Ease in cropping the Latter , yet they are unwholesome and stink ; putting a Man to as frequent Purifications , as the Times he touches 'em .

Let thou and I , Dear Gnet , pass along the Alleys of this Garden , view her Beauties and Deformities with an Even Mind ; not putting our selves to the Fatigue of gathering her Flowers , or suffering our selves to be tempted with her softer Pleasures . But let every Thing we see and hear in this Enchanted Ground , serve the Ends of our Contemplation , being stedfastly mindful of this Truth , That all those Things which appear so Gay and full of Charms , are Nothing but mere Empty Idea's and Fleeting Shadows , of that Substantial and Permanent Pleasure , which has her Residence only in Paradise .

Thou may'st tell the Kaimacham , our Friend , that now the King of France begins to play the Monar●h on the Bottom of his own Wit and Courage , without the Assistance or Counsel of Tutors . He has brought the Parliament to an Absolute Compliance with his Will , having purg'd that Senate of disaffected Members , and banish'd from the Court the Duke of Orleans , who pretended a Right to Rule his Sovereign . In the mean Time , the Prince of Conde has taken Rethel and St. Menehoud , whilst Barcelona is surrendred to the Spaniards . Thus what is gain'd in one Point , is lost in another . Doubtless , there is nothing stable on Earth .

Paris , 8th . of the 11th . Moon , of the Year 1652.
LETTER X. To Melec Amet.

THY Adventure and Miraculous Escape over the Danube , puts me in Mind of a certain French Nobleman of the Prince of Conde's Party , who last Summer , being closely pursu'd by some of the King's Horse , and himself excellently mounted , leap'd Hedges and Ditches to avoid Captivity . At length , they had chas'd him into a Corner of the Land ; from whence it was Impossible for him to escape , but by swimming o'er a small Arm of the Sea . What Risques will not a Man run , for the Love of Liberty ? This Person , like an over-heated Stagg , perceiving his Hunters close at his Heels , boldly leap'd on Horse-back into the Sea ; chusing rather to perish in the Waters , than fall into his Enemies Hands .

None were so hardy , as to follow him through the Uncertain Waves . However , his Horse being of matchless Strength , carry'd him safe over to the Opposite Shore . As soon as he arriv'd at the next Town , where he had many Friends , he related this Wonderful Passage . But instead of cherishing his Horse , for so Faithful and Invaluable a Service , he drew his Sword , and immediately kill'd the Beast that had sav'd his Life : Saying , he did it for the Sake of Fame , being resolv'd , that his Horse shou'd never p●●form the like Service to any other Mortal .

This was an Ungrateful Caprice , and far from the Morality of Sultan Seli●● , the Son of Bajazet , who when his Trusty Horse , Carabuluc , had once sav'd his Life by his extraordinary Swiftness ; he in Token of his Thankfulness , built a Stable on Purpose for him in a Large Enclosure of Meadows , allowing a Pension to a Groom to wait on the Meritorious Beast , and give him his free Delight in all Things , as long as he liv'd ; Commanding , that he shou'd never more be forc'd to labour or travel . And to compleat the Happiness of the Beast , he cull'd out some of the Beautifull'st Mares of Arabia to accompany him ; charging also , that the Doors of the Stable shou'd be always open , for the Horse to go in or out , and range when and where he pleas'd . This was a Generosity worthy of an Eastern Monarch , whom , as thy Letter informs me , thou hast in Part imitated .

But such is some Men's Ambition , and vain Desire to be talk'd of , that they care not by what barbarous Methods , they accomplish their Aim : It was a Motive of this Nature , which tempted Erostratus to set Fire to the Famous Temple of Ephesus ; which had been Two Hundred Years in Building , and was number'd among the Seven Wonders of the World .

This happen'd on the very Night , that Alexander the Great was born . And the Villain being ask'd , Why he committed so destructive a Sacrilege ; answer'd , That it was to acquire an Immort●l Fame by so stupendous a Wickedness , since he ●ou'd not hope to be Recorded for his Vertue .

Plutarch mentions a Jest , that was made on this Destruction of Diana's Temple . For it was common in every Bodies Mouth , That the Goddess being call'd that Night to the Labour of Olympias , the Mother of Alexander , cou'd not be present at Home to save her House from Burning . For the Gentiles believed , that Diana ( whom they also call'd Lucina ) was Invisibly assistant at the Birth of Children .

However , the Priests made no Jest on 't ; but ran up and down howling and making Gashes in their Flesh , presaging that Fate was that Day busied , in signing the Decree of Asia's Ruine . This is certain , That that very Night , the Man was born , who was destin'd to subdue all Asia , and on the Ruines of the Persian Empire , raise the Monarchy of the Macedonians . However , the Villain who burnt the Temple , had not his Desire . For it was Decreed throughout all Asia , That his Name shou'd never be mention'd in History , or any Publick Writings .

It is Recorded of a certain Governour of a City in Italy , That being on the Top of an high Tower with only the Pope , the German Emperour , and an Ambassador from Venice in his Company , he was tempted to throw the Two former over the Battlements , as they were taking a Survey of the City : Which he might have easily done , for they were both Aged , and Incapable of re●●sting his Strength . This Passage he confess'd ●o his Ghostly Father : And being ask'd , What Induc'd him to think of such a Horrid Treason ? He answer'd , That it might be said , He did a Thing which never was done before , nor in all Probability wou'd ever be done again : Since no Prince having heard such a Story , wou'd ever venture himself into the same Danger , without a sufficient Guard of his own . But however , he had not Resolution enough to go through with his Project .

I hear thou art like to acquire Fame by other Methods than these , being in a fair Way , to rise by thy Vertues , to some Considerable Employments in the Empire . For which , I equally rejoice with thy self .

In the mean Time , 't will perhaps be obliging , to tell thee some News out of these Parts . Which will make thy Company welcome to the Grandees . They love to converse with Men , who can furnish 'em with Intelligence of Foreign Affairs .

The freshest Discourse here is , of the Imprisonment of the Cardinal de Retz , who was arrested by the King's Order on the Nineteenth of this Moon . What his Crime is , I cannot inform thee , unless it be , that he is an Enemy to Cardinal Mazarini . People generally give him the Character , of a very honest Man . But , thou know'st , Honesty is counted a Vice in the Courts of these Western Princes . The Crafty , are the only Men of Vertue and Merit among the Infidels .

Thou may'st also report for a Certainty , That the Spania●ds have taken Dunkirk in Flanders , and C●zal in the Dukedom of Mantua . This Town , is said to be the Key of all Italy . I cannot tell thee , which is the Lock it belongs to ; nor , I believe , they themselves . But , this I observe , That when the King of France sits down before any Place with his Army , whoever has the Key , neither Locks nor Bolts can keep him out long . And 't is Ten to One , if he do not find an Entrance into this Place again very speedily , when the Spanish King has pleas'd himself for a while , with an Imaginary Possession of it .

I conclude my Letter , just at the Hour when the Old Year expires , according to the Account of the Christians , Wishing thee a Scene of New Felicities .

Paris , 31st . of the 12th . Moon , of the Year 1652.
LETTER XI . To the same .

HAving the Opportunity of a Day or two more , before the Post goes out of Town , I make use of it to ask thee , Whether there be any Notice taken in your Parts , of a Comet newly appearing above the Orb of the Sun ? It has not been observ'd here till within these few Nights . And the Astronomers , notwithstanding the Coldness of the Season , ( which I assure thee is sharp enough ) are very busy with their Telescopes , to pry into the Figure of this Meteor , and observe its Motions . They take great Pains , and endure all the Rigour of the Frost and Snow , in Hopes of making some new Discovery .

The Vulgarlook on it , as a great Prodigy : There are a Thousand Opinions among them about its Consequences : Every Body sets up for a Judicial Astrologer . Nay , the Learn'd themselves , and such as are esteem'd Great Philophers , cannot agree in their Judgment concerning it . Some assert , That the Matter of the Heavens is subject to Corruption and Change , and that this Comet is generated after that Manner : Whilst others hold a Contrary Opinion . They are all divided , and dispute hotly in as Vnintelligible Terms , as the Languages of America are to us of this Continent . They amuse one another , and themselves , with far-fetch'd Words : And all this while , for ought I know , the Wisest among 'em may be as much under a Mistake , as those who never study'd such Things . All the Instruments of the Opticks , are sought out to help their Sight ; and yet they may be as much in the Dark , as the Men in Plato's Cave . It is an Article of my Faith , That we Mortals know very little of those far distant Beings . But , these Franks are the most opinionated People in the World ; no Man has the Modesty , to allow another as much Right to Reason as himself . Every one sets up for a Dogmatist , and requires the Intellects of all others to be resign'd to his ; tho' perhaps , that be only form'd by the Rules of his Parents , the Impressions of his Early Years , the Force of Education , the Fashion of his Country , or by some Notable Accident in his Life : All which , are equally liable to Falshood and Truth . How many Sects were there of the Ancient Philosophers , stiffly defending their several Opinions ? One says , the Heavens are made of Brass ; Another , of Iron ; a Third , of Smoke . This will have 'em to be Solid , That Fluid : There is no End of their Controversies .

In the mean Time , no Man knows What they are made of , or What is the Figure of the World , Whether Round or Square , or beyond all Dimensions : Whether Matter be Divisible , or Indivisible in the last Atome . Who can assure me , If there be onely One World , or Whether there may not as well be a Thousand Millions ? Whether the Stars be Opake Bodies as this Earth , and Inhabited , or no ? I tell thee again , there is ●o Certainty of these Things . Man's Sences are too weak , his Imagination too frail , and all his Faculties far too short , to comprehend the Works of the Omnipotent , who alone is Wise and Perfect in Science .

Wilt thou have my Opinion of this Comet ? I am apt to think , 'T is some such Globe of Combustible Matter , as Our Earth appears to be , and perhaps burden'd with as many Sinners : That either by the Course of Nature , or Decree of Destiny , the Enclos'd Fire has broke its Bounds , and spread its Consuming Flames o'er the Surface : Which embodying themselves in the Pyramid of Smoke , arising from so vast a Conflagration , cause that Appearance which we call the Tail of a Blazing-Star . And , for ought I know , after the same Manner shall our Globe appear to the Inhabitants of those Remote Worlds , at our Day of Judgment .

I am not positive in these Matters , nor will I shut up my Soul from Future Lights : but leaving Things , as I find 'em , full of Mystery , and double Faces , I will expect no better Fate than that of Socrates , That as I have liv'd , so shall I die in Doubt , onely hoping for Plenary Satisfaction in the Next World .

Paris , the 2d . of the 1st . Moon , of the Year 1653.
LETTER XII . To Pesteli-Hali , his Brother , Master of the Grand Signior 's Customs .

NOW thou beginnest to reap the Fruit of thy Travels . May'st thou live to have a Full Harvest . I esteem my self infinitely oblig'd to the Illustrious Bassa , our Countryman , for his particular Friendship in this Business . 'T is true , thy own Merits were a sufficient Recommendation : But what Light can a Candle give , that is shut up close in a Dark-Lanthorn ? So thick was the Veil , which thy own Modesty had drawn o'er the Splendor of the most Accomplish'd Vertues .

Son of my Mother , let not what I have said , pass for the Words of a Flatterer . Thou know'st , I am as free from that Vice , as I am from Envy . 'T is Affection only guides my Pen , when I tell thee , I heartily rejoice in my Brother's Prosperity ; and that the Grand Signior has a Faithful Servant . I hope , that Sovereign of Sovereigns , will in Time find Reasons to acknowledge to the Noble Kerker Hassan , the Good Office he has done him , in presenting such a Slave . Let no Error of thine , baulk my Expectation .

'T will be an Eternal Honour , to the House and Tribe from which we descend , if by acquitting thy self fairly in this Post , our Great Master shall think thee worthy of a more Sublime Station . Therefore esteem this only as a Tryal of thy Fidelity , and how far thou art Capable of serving the Sultan . Be Industrious , but not Affected , in disclosing thy Abilities . Observe a Gradation : For the slowest Steps to Greatness , are the most secure . Aim not to be Rich and Mighty on a sudden . Swift Rises , are often attended with precipitate Falls . If , in other Cases , 't is commendable to be niggardly of Time , and squeeze every Minute to an Improvement in Vertue ; yet thou wilt find it expedient to follow other Maxims , in the Way of growing Great : And that to be Liberal in Years of Patience , will be no Unprofitable Frugality in the Main ; since what is soonest got , is generally short in the Possession : And he that monopolizes Honours or Wealth , is most Times envy'd to his Ruine .

Nature it self shall convince thee of this , if thou wilt but contemplate her most Obvious Works . Cast thy Eye on the Oak among the Plants ; What Vegetable is more Permanent , or of greater Service to Men ? Yet the Tree , of so vast a Bulk , in whose Aged , Hollow Trunk , I have seen Sixteen Men sitting round a Table ; under whose wide spread Branches , the House of Arom Eb'niel Eben Sherophaim , the Chief Emir of Arabia is built , and stands at this Day ; I say , this Tree in its First Original , was not so big as the Thumb of thy Right Hand : And if Naturalists speak Truth , 't was a Hundred Years a growing to these Dimensions ; as many in a Fix'd and Flouri●hing Condition ; and that it will not take up a less Time in decaying to its last Rottenness .

They say also , That an Elephant , the Biggest and Strongest of all the Beasts on the Earth , lives Two Hundred Years , and continues encreasing in its Stature , the greatest Part of that Term. The like they relate of Crocodiles and Dragons .

But not to tire thee with Examples of this Nature , let us consider , that whatsoever is great and durable among Men , whatsoever is Illustrious and Excellent , is slow in the Production , and makes not hasty Leaps to Maturity . View all the Monarchies that have made so much Noise on Earth , and thou wilt find , that in Proportion to the Time of their Growing Greatness , was the Term of their Duration . How swift was the Rise and Fall of the Persian Empire ? Equally precipitate was that of the Macedonians . None could ever boast of so Permanent and Universal a Sway as the City of Rome , of which it is commonly said , Rome was not built in a Day .

To come nearer Home ; How Lasting and perpetually Victorious , is the Sacred Empire of the Mussulmans ? Yet it took its First Rise from very small Beginnings , met with frequent Repulses , and has made a slow Progression to the present Formidable Height of Sovereign Power it now possesses . For , thou know'st , This is the Thousand'th , Sixtieth and Third Year , since the Holy Flight of the Messenger of God .

What I have said , may be apply'd with Proportion , to Men's Personal Advances in the Honours and Fortunes of this World . Be content therefore with the Seasons wherein Destiny shall think fit to raise thee , and strive not to out-run thy Fate .

All the News I can tell thee is , That Cardinal Mazarini return'd , the 13th . of the last Moon , from his Second Banishment : Which thou mayst report for a Truth , to the Ministers of State .

We are all Exiles here on Earth . God restore us to a Region more Agreeable , and admit us to the Caresses of our Friends in Paradise .

Paris , the 25th . of the 3d. Moon , of the Year 1653.
LETTER XIII . To Kerker Hassan , Bassa .

THE Blessings of God and his Prophet , descend upon thee from a Thousand Sources . Thou art a true Friend , and our whole Family are oblig'd to thee for Favours which have no Number : But none more than my Brother and I. Our Engagements to thee are Equal ; since what Kindness thou hast shew'd to him , in recommending him to the Sultan's Favour , and to a Place of Honour and Profit , I take as done to my self ; we being Naturally sharers in each others Prosperity or Adverse Fortu●● . For such is the Method of strict Relations and Friendships . And , I have a particular Reason to thank thee , because it was at my Instance thou promoted'st him . Yet tho he is my Brother , I should not be so Partial as to say these Things in his Behalf , did I not know him to be a Man of Merit . For Places of Trust , ought not to be bestowed for Favour or Affection . We are bound to sacrifice all Private Regards , to the Interest of the Grand Signior : And not act like the French , who get Offices of the Greatest Importance , many Times , by being of a Faction or Party , opposite to their King .

Since the Return of Cardinal Mazarini to this Court , which was in the foregoing Moon , the King has reform'd many Abuses of this Kind . He begins to feel his own Strength and Authority , every Day more and more .

In the Moon of December , dy'd Cardinal Richlieu's Brother , who was Bishop of Lyons , and Grand Almoner of France . The King has bestow'd these Honours on Cardinal Antonio Barberini , who took Sanctuary in this Court , from the Persecutions of the Present Roman Pontiff , almost Ten Years ago . He has always espoused the King of France's Interests in Rome . And the grateful Monarch , receiv'd him with much Affection ; and as an Additional Honour , has made him a Knight of the Holy Spirit . This is the Chiefest Order of Knighthood in France .

It is freshly reported here , that the Duke of Newburgh , a Great Prince in Germany , is dead . They talk also of certain Prodigies that have been lately seen in England , Ireland , and other Parts of Europe ; As Raining of warm Blood , Tin and Copper . And 't is affirm'd for certain , That Three Suns were lately seen at Dublin , the Chief City of Ireland .

There has been a Sea-Combat between the English and Hollanders on the Coasts of Italy . Wherein , they say , the Dutch had the Victory , having sunk Two of their Enemies Ships , and taken One , without any Considerable Loss on their own Side .

Here is no other News stirring at present worth the Knowledge of a Mussulman Grandee . The Eyes of all the Western Nazarenes are fix'd on that Refuge of the World , where thou residest , and on the Actions of our Invincible Vizir in Candia .

They discourse of some Overtures of Peace , which that Great General has made to the Venetians , if they will forthwith surrender the City of Candia to the Victorious Osmans .

If this be true , one would think , so great Clemency must needs tempt the Proud Infidels to Submission and Compliance . But , if Destiny has otherwise Decreed , I wish they may feel the Force of our Arms , which appear more keen , than even the Soythe of Time , that Devourer of all Things .

Paris , 27th . of the 3d. Moon , of the Year 1653.
LETTER XIV . To Nathan Ben Saddi , a Jew at Vienna .

THY last Letter speaks thee at once willing to be Enlightened , yet Tenacious of thy Old Prepossessions . I wonder not at the Difficulty thou findest , in shaking off the Precepts of thy Rabbi's , those Religious Triflers . The Influence of Education , is forcible as that of our Birth : And the Habits that are rooted in us in our Tender Years , are harder to be displanted , than the Inhorent Affections of our Blood : This is signify'd by the Arabian Proverb , which says , The Tutors of Youth , have an Ascendant over the Stars of their Nativity .

I know it has been esteem'd the peculiar Glory of thy Nation , that you have been Rigid Observers of the Traditions of your Fathers : From which , rather than deviate a Title , there have not been wanting such as freely expos'd themselves , and have bravely endur'd Racks , Scourgings , Burnings , and all Sorts of Torments , even the most exquisitely cruel Deaths , that the Malice of Tyrants cou'd invent . But do not I know also , that in some of the most Weighty Points of your Law , your Zeal has exceeded your Prudence ? I speak not of the private Bigotry of one Man , or a few ; but of the Representative Body of your Whole Nation . How foolishly Superstitious were your Armies in the Days of Mattathias , when being assaulted by their Enemies on the Sabbath Day , they refus'd to draw a Sword in their own Defence , and so were all cut off by the Army of Antiochus ? This is no Invidious Remark of your Adversaries in Religion , but the Observation of Josephus , a Man of the same Faith , and sprung from the Stock of Israel , as well as thy Self .

Now tell me thy Opinion , did your Fathers do well in thus Sacrificing themselves , and the whole Interest of Israel to a Mistaken Punctilio of that Obedience they ow'd the Law , or no ? If thou allowest the Former , then Mattathias did Wickedly in making a Decree , That from thenceforth , it should be Lawful on the Sabbath-Day to resist their Enemies ; and all the Jews were guilty of many Notorious Breaches of the Law , in obeying this Decree , and fighting on the Sabbath-Day : But if thou say'st , They did Ill in not fighting , tho' at a prohibited Time , and prohibited under the Severest Curses ; then it follows , That there is no Point of your Law , which may not , nay which ought not to be dispens'd with , and give way to the Interests of State , and the Good of the Commonwealth . So that at this Rate , the Religion for which you are all so Zealous , will appear to be but a Form of Government , Divinely contriv'd for Humane Regards . I do not call in Question , the Miraculous Delivery of your Law on Mount Sinai . Suffer me to plead without Suspicion of Partiality : I do not go about to invalidate the Testimony of Moses , and the Prophets . Doubtless , the Most High came down through the Heavens , attended with Myriads of Angels , and Thirty Two Thousand Chariots of Fire ; and when he stood on the Top of the Mountain , the Rear of his Train had not passed the Silver Gates of the Moon . The Sun appear'd in his Circuit , as one astonish'd ; he blush'd , and fled away from the Eternal Brightness , not able to endure the Lustre of a Glory so far surpassing his own . The Stars were dazl'd at the Immortal Splendor , and mistook their Courses ; they run against one another in their affrighted Careers . And as a Lasting Memorial of that Glorious Descent , the Angels left the bright Impression of their Footsteps in the Path : That Heavenly Road , is to this Day distinguish'd from all the Rest of the Sky by its Whiteness , which makes the Astronomers call it THE MILKY WAY .

The Nations of the Earth were amaz'd at the Tremendous Vision and Noise ; for the Mountain was all on Fire , whose Flames reach'd up to the Clouds , and its Smoke to the Mid-Heaven . The Globe Trembled and Quak'd at the Dreadful Thundrings , and the Lightnings penetrated the Abyss of Hell . The Infernal Spirits were startled at the Vncouth Flashes ; and ask'd one another , If the Day of Judgment were come : The Waters hid themselves in their Fountains , and the Ocean utter'd a deep Murmur . Every Thing in Nature was surpriz'd with Wonder and Dread , and Moses himself when he came down from the Mountain , was all Transform'd into Light .

Thou seest , Nathan , I am no Infidel , but believe , as thou dost , That the Law of Moses was brought down from Heaven . But does it therefore follow , That this Law is Vniversal and Eternal ? Can none be sav'd but the Sons of Israel , and such as are Proselyted to their Religion ? Doubtless this is an Error , as thou thy self wilt acknowledge , when thou hast well examin'd the Matter . Remove thy Post a little , if it be only in Imagination : Rise from the Feet of thy Doctors , who have instill'd into thee Prejudices against all the Sons of Adam , except those of your Own Race . Stand aloof for a while , and look round about thee to the Four Winds : but fix thine Eyes on the East , for from thence Wisdom takes her Origin . Did not the same God , who Greated the Jews , also Create all the Nations of the Earth ? And canst thou be so blind and obdurate as to think , that Sovereignty Merciful made so many Millions of Souls on Purpose to Damn them ? Or that it shall be Imputed to them for Sin , that they were not born of the Seed of Jacob ? Was it in their Power to chuse the Father that shou'd beget them , or the Mother that shou'd conceive them ? How Absurd are the Consequences of this Narrow Opinion ? It is an unpardonable Pride and Malice , thus to contemn and Judge those that are compounded of the same Ingredients as your selves .

Doubtless , God has sent Prophets into all Nations , to guide them into the Right Way , and not into the Way of Infidels . Those who believe the Prophets and obey their Precepts , shall be Sav'd : For they preach the Vnity of the Divine Essence , the Resurrection of the Dead , the Day of Judgment , the Joys of Paradise , and the Torments of the Damn'd . They teach the Necessity of Justice , Purity , and Good Works ; exhorting all to practise the Golden Rule , without entangling their Minds in endless Niceties , which are but the Superfetation of Piety , the Excrementitious Burdens of a Religious Life . Such are most of the Troublesom and Ridiculous Ceremonies observ'd by the Zealots of your Law , at which I have known the Wiser Sort of Jews to laugh . These little Superstitions , like Vnprofitable Suckers , exhaust the Vitals of Religion , and leave it only a Sapless Trunk , from which no Fruit can be expected . Were they commanded in the Law of Moses , something might be pleaded in their Defence ; but as they are only the Dreams of your Rabbi's , a Wise Man would beware how he put on a Needless Yoke , the Stratagem of your Crafty Guides , to keep you in Subjection , and a servile Awe of their Authority , and a Religious Timerousness of you know not what .

Thy Letter replies to this by Anticipation : For , supposing that I should argue thus , and charge you with adding Traditions of your own , to the Positive Injunctions of the Law ; Thou tellest me , That those are greatly mistaken , who think that all which was deliver'd to Moses in the Mount , was Written in the Two Tables , or compriz'd even in the Pentateuch ; as if the Prophet spent those Forty Days and Nights only in keeping of Geese . For it is evident , say'st thou , That if God had Nothing else to give him but the Written Law , he might have dispatch'd him in an Hour or a Day at Most . Therefore thou addest , That by Day he gave to him the Written Law , and by Night the Mysterious Explanation of it , call'd , The Oral Law : Which Explanation , Moses taught by Word of Mouth to Joshua his Successor , Joshua to the Seventy Two Seniors ; and that they transmitted this Oral Traditionary Comment down to their Posterity , even to the Last of the Prophets , from whom the Great Sanhedrim receiv'd it . After this every one deliver'd it to his Son , as he had receiv'd it from his Ancestors ; and so it continues to this Day , to be the Rule of your Lives , in those Cases where the Written Law is Silent . I tell thee Nathan , there appears a great Shew of Reason in what thou sayest : And indeed it cannot be suppos'd , that Moses spent all that Time , only in receiving the Written Law . But on the other side , I cannot believe that the Eternal Mind was busied so many Days , in prescribing those Ridiculous Rules and Ceremonies , which are found in the Talmud , and the Writings of your Rabbi's . If thou canst convince me of that , I will cease to Perswade thee to a Change .

I have a great deal more to say , but the Hour of the Post calls on me to conclude my Letter . In my next , I will fully answer all thy Arguments . In the mean Time , let not Custom , and the Dictates of the Synagogue supplant thy Reason , but remember thou art a Man .

Paris , 27th . of the 3d. Moon , of the Year 1653.
LETTER XV. To the Sublimely Wise , the Senior of Excellent Dignity , Abul-Recowawn ' , Grand Almoner to the Sultan .

THou art placed on a High Seat , Eminent among the Faithful ; and the Eyes of the Distress'd , are fix'd on thee . Thou art the Patron of all the Miserable . To thee , as to a Sanctuary , flies the Man , whose Misfortunes have bereav'd him of all other Hope : Whose drooping Spirits can find no Comfort from the Rest of Mortals . His last and only Refuge is to thee , who art the Faithful Steward of the Grand Signior's Liberalities . Let not too much Prudence supersede thy Charity . The Wicked and the Innocent , have Equal Access to thee : And it ought to be so ; for , no Man , at first , can distinguish between the One and the Other by their Outward Aspect . Yet a little Examination and Converse , will shew the Difference .

There are those , who get large Possessions under the Masque of Poverty . There are Impudent Beggars , who make a Trade of imposing on Human Compassion , and sport themselves in this humble Method of cheating People of their Money ; whilst , imagining they bestow it on Persons really Indigent , it is thrown away on Counterfeits , Villains and Infidels .

On the other side , I have seen true Objects of Pity , Men reduc'd to the last Extremities , who wou'd rather perish , than expose their Condition to any , save the Great and Noble . They esteem such to be Wise Men , Generous , and Considerate of the Accidents which commonly befall Mortals . They think , to these they may freely unbosom themselves , tell their Wants , and claim Relief , without the Hazard of a Reproach , which wounds more deeply than a short Denial .

Thou mayst know them by the Modesty which appears in their Faces , ( says our Holy Prophet ) and that they are soon repuls'd . To such as these give plentiful Alms , and do not repine . For it is as a Profitable Merchandize , sent to Remote Countries ; which though ventur'd on the Uncertain Waters , yet in Time by the special Blessing of Heaven , shall return with Seven-fold Interest .

Nay , give to all that ask : For , it is better to misplace our Charity on Nine Unworthy Persons , than to deny an Alms to One that is really in Need. Besides , it is not for the Honour of a Sovereign Monarch , that any Person in Distress shou'd depart from his Court , sad or discontented , for Want of Relief .

I have in some of my Letters , glanc'd at the Vices of these Western Nazarenes ; and have not been altogether silent as to their Vertues . Among which , their Charity is very Conspicuous .

The French relate a pretty Passage of a certain Cardinal , a very Good Man , and one that by the Multitude of his Generous Actions , gave Occasion for the World to call him , the Patron of the Poor .

This Ecclesiastick Prince , had a constant Custom , Once or Twice a Week , to give Publick Audience to all Indigent People in the Hall of his Palace , and to relieve every one according to their various Necessities , or the Motions of his own Bounty .

One Day , a poor Widow encourag'd with the Fame of his Generosity , came into the Hall of this Cardinal , with her only Daughter , a beautiful Maid , about Fifteen Years of Age. When her Turn came to be heard , among the Crowd of Petitioners ; the Cardinal discerning the Marks of an extraordinary Modesty in her Face and Carriage , as also in her Daughter , he encourag'd her to tell her Wants freely . She blushing , and not without Tears , thus address'd her self to him ; My Lord , I owe for the Rent of my House Five Crowns , and such is my Misfortune , that I have no other Means to pay it , save what wou'd break my Heart , since my Landlord threatens to force me to it , that is , to Prostitute this my only Daughter , whom I have hitherto with great Care Educated in Vertue , and an Abhorrence of that Odious Crime . What I beg of your Eminence is , That you wou'd please to interpose your Sacred Authority , and protect us from the Violence of this Cruel Man , till by our honest Industry , we can procure the Money for him .

The Cardinal mov'd with Admiration of the Woman's Vertue and Innocent Modesty , bid her be of good Courag● . Then he immediately wrote a Billet , and giving it into the Widows Hands , Go , said he , to my Steward with this Paper , and he shall deliver thee Five Crowns to pay thy Rent .

The poor Woman over-joy'd , and returning the Cardinal a Thousand Thanks , went directly to his Steward , and gave him the Note : Which when he had read , he told her out Fifty Crowns . She astonish'd at the Meaning of it , and fearing this was only the Steward's Trick to try her Honesty , refus'd to take above Five , saying , She ask'd the Cardinal for no more , and she was sure 't was some Mistake .

On the other side , the Steward insisted on his Master's Order , not daring to call it in Question . But all the Arguments he cou'd use , were insufficient to prevail on her , to take any more than Five Crowns . Wherefore , to end the Controversy , he offer'd to go back with her to the Cardinal , and refer it to him . When they came before that Munificent Prince , and he was fully inform'd of the Business . 'T is true , said he , I mistook in writing Fifty Crowns . Give me the Paper and I will rectify it . Thereupon he wrote again ; Saying thus to the Woman , So much Candor and Vertue , deserves a Recompence . Here I have order'd you Five Hundred Crowns , What you can spare of it , lay up as a Dowry to give with your Daughter in Marriage .

If I mistake not , this Cardinal was call'd Farnese . But , whatever his Name was , this was an Action truly Heroick , and which has but few Parallels .

It will be much for the Glory and Interest of the Shining Port , if thou sometimes by an extraordinary Largess , raisest the Fortune of deserving Men ; and puttest them in a Capacity to serve the Grand Signior . At least , such Bounty will oblige 'em not to dis-serve him .

Among the Rest , permit me to recommend the Case of Ebnol Berwana Kayemas , thy Countryman . He was once Possessor of a fair Timariot , but was turn'd out by Sultan Ibrahim , to gratify a Creature of Shechir Para. Thou know'st the Life of that Infamous Woman . I say no more .

Paris , 2d . of the 5th . Moon , of the Year 1653.
LETTER XVI . To the Captain Bassa .

THou that art a Man of War , delightest , no Doubt , to hear of Combats and Battels . And I tell thee , That since the Beginning of the World , there have never been known such dreadful Sea-Fights , as during the present War between the English and Dutch. It seems , there is an Emulation sprung up in the Latter : They grudge the Inhabitants of Britain the Character , which has been given 'em from all Antiquity , Of being the most Victorious on that Element , of any Nation on the Earth .

'T is possible there may be some more particular Grounds of their present Quarrel , to which I am a Stranger . But assuredly , they have pursu'd their Animosities very eagerly on both Sides . And , let the Occasion be what it will , the Dutch are still Losers .

I sent thee an Account of a Combat between their Fleets last Year , since which they have had many other Engagements . And 't is said here , that during this War , the English have taken from the Dutch , near Two Thousand Merchant Vessels ; have Sunk and Burnt many of their Ships of War , slain some of their Chief Commanders , spoil'd their Trade , and reduc'd 'em almost to as great Streights , as when they first courted the Protection of the English against their Sovereign , the King of Spain , from whom they had then newly Revolted .

But the most terrible Conflict was , on the Second of this Moon , wherein the Dutch had Seven and Twenty of their Greatest Ships , either sunk or burnt , Two Thousand of their Seamen and Soldiers kill'd , and a Thousand taken Prisoners , with many Captains . That Great General Trump , whom I mention'd in my Last , was slain in this Fight , after he had perform'd Prodigies of Valour .

The French say , that during the Heat of this Engagement , Trump being excessive Thirsty , call'd for a Bowl of Wine ; which his Servant had no sooner deliver'd to him , but a Cannon-Bullet took his Hand off , just as he was retiring from his Master . The brave General touch'd with a Noble Compassion , spilt the Wine on the Deck , saying , It is not fit that I should quench my Thirst , with the Blood of a Faithful Slave . And as soon as he had spoke these Words , another Bullet took from him , the Power of ever drinking again .

If such an Accident should happen to thee , when thou fightest against the Infidels , know for certain , that thou shalt be immediately transported to the Green and Shady Banks of the Rivers of Wine in Paradise , where thou may'st drink thy Fill in Eternal Security . For he that dies fighting for the Faith , is a Martyr .

Paris , 12th . of the 8th . Moon , of the Year 1653.
LETTER XVII . To Sale Tircheni Emin , Superintendent of the Royal Arsenal at Constantinople .

I Remember I promised in my Last , to give thee a farther account of Pachicour , the famous Pyrate of the Black-Sea , 'T were easy to perform it , but a Temptation diverts my Pen another Way .

I remember when thou wert Chiaus , I have heard thee speak of the Kingdom of Tunis , whither thou wast sent by Sultan Amurat , to compose the Differences that happen'd between the Dey and the Divan of that City . At the same Time , thou mad'st Mention of a certain Admirable Engine , contriv'd to draw up Ships or any Thing else from the Bottom of the Sea : And , that the Divan of Tunis , gave to the Artist who fram'd it , an Hundred Thousand Piasters , as a Reward of his Ingenuity .

I have read in a certain French Author , of such another Device at Venice , made on purpose to draw up the Famous Carrack , which they call'd the Castle of the Sea . This Gallion was built of a Monstrous Bulk , more for State than Service ; and was overturn'd by her own Unweildiness , as she lay at Anchor , and sunk to the Bottom : From whence , neither that foremention'd Engine , nor all the Art of Man could raise . Yet the Skill of the Enginier was highly commended , and the Senate honour'd him with the Title of Clarissimo , and settled a Noble Pension on him during Life .

It is question'd , whether the States of Holland will be so Liberal to a certain French Enginier , who has made a Ship at Rotterdam , which they say , will out-do all the Miracles of Noah's Ark.

This Ship is at present all the Talk at Paris . Our Merchants receive Letters full of Wonders from the Low-Countreys , concerning this Whirligig of a Vessel , which is to move by Clockwork , without Sails , Oars , Rudder , or any Common Marine Tackle ; Yet , shall cut her Way through the Sea , with a swifter Progress than the Moon glides along the Sky , or a Bullet out of a Cannon . This is the Discourse of those who love to advance all that they hear , to the Height of a Miracle or Romance . Yet 't is certain , the Artist has promis'd , it shall equal the Motion of some Birds , and run Twelve Leagues an Hour . Neither Winds nor Tides shall forward or hinder its Course , which depending on an Internal Principle of Perpetual Motion , is to be directed only at the Pleasure of him who manages the Springs and Wheels . So that the Master of this Vessel , shall be able with a single touch of Hand , to turn it to any Point of the Compass , in the most Boisterous Weather that blows .

This Enginier farther engages , that his Vessel shall make a Voyage to the East-Inaies in the Revolution of a Moon , and to some Regions of America , in a fourth Part of that Time . If he be as good at Performance , as he is at Promising , he will Sail round the Globe , at this Rate , in Three Moons .

In farther Commendation of this wonderful Machine , 't is said , That by a New-Invented Art , it shall secretly under-Water disable any Ship , provided she be within Cannon-Shot ; and this with so sudden a force , that in the Space of Six Hours , it will successively sink a Fleet of a Hundred Ships of War .

Moreover , this Artist , to appear not less subtle against the Efforts of Heaven , than in surpassing all the Inventions on Earth , promises that his Miraculous Vessel , shall at the Distance of a League , cut asunder any Spouts or Cataracts of Waters , which usually threaten Mariners in the Mediterranean and other Seas .

'T is possible thou art very well acquainted with the Nature of these Spouts , and the Danger of Ships that Sail near them . Yet give me Leave to inform thee , what I have heard from a certain Corsair , who has often met with 'em in the Levant .

This Pyrate tells me , that a Spout is a kind of Aqueduct between the Clouds and the Sea , by which those Pendulous Cysterns Above , are replenish'd with Water from the Ocean , drawing it up , as through a Pipe ; Which seems to be let down for that End , at certain Seasons , and in some Particular Places , where the Water boyls up first above the Surface of the Briny Plain , as a Signal to those Thirsty Bladders , to make a Descent there and suck their fill .

If this be true , who knows but that all the Rain , to which the Earth is indebted for its Fertility , comes thus Originally from the Sea ? For , it may be made fresh , either in its first Ascent through the Roscid Air , or after its Reception into the Clouds , by some hidden Energy of that Element , or the Natural Force of the Middle Region : Or at least by some Unknown Vertue , perhaps not inferiour to that by which the Waters of a Bitter Lake in the Desert , became Sweet at the Intercession of our Holy Prophet , when the whole Army of the Primitive Mussulmans , was like to have perish'd of Thirst .

And then how will the Western Philosophers dispose of all the Vapours , which they say are Exhal'd from this Globe , and afterwards Condens'd into Clouds ? I tell thee , that 's but a Loose Notion of such Retentive Bodies , as the Clouds seem to be . And 't wou'd tempt one to ask , What the Vessels are made of which hold those Condens'd Exhalations , so that they do not fall at once upon our Heads and overwhelm us , but only destil in small successive Showers Drop by Drop , to refresh the Barren Parts of the Earth , and serve the Necessities of Men ? And why the Rains fall in the Indies , and other Regions of the East , whole Moons together without Intermission , the Rest of the Year being dry : Whereas , in other Countries , the Periods of the Weather's Alteration are uncertain , and in some Parts , it seldom or never rains at all ?

Doubtless , the Works of the Omnipotent are Inscrutable : And tho' it may be an Argument of a great Wit , to give Ingenious Reasons for many Wonderful Appearances in Nature ; yet 't is an Evidence of small Piety or Judgment , to be positive in any Thing , but the Acknowledgment of our own Ignorance .

Now I have made as Wide an Excursion from my first Discourse , as the Moulia did , who began an Oration in Praise of Noah's Ark , and ended with telling a Tale of an Armenian Wheel-Barrow .

But I will not forget , that I was speaking of the Promise which the Rotterdam Enginier has made of his Machine , That it shou'd Effectually break all the Force of Spouts , which wou'd render him very Serviceable to Merchants , as a Convoy to defend them from those Terrible Bug bears to Sailers . For the Corsair tells me , that these Spouts very often occasion Ship-wrecks ; either by entangling the Masts of a Ship , and so overturning it ; or , by breaking in the Encounter , overwhelm it with water , and so sink it .

He says likewise , that the Christian Pyrates are accustom'd to use a certain Charm against these Spouts . They have a Knife , whose Haft is made of the Bone of a Man's Right Arm : And every Vessel , is bound to provide One or Two of these Knives , when they loose from the Shore . They buy 'em of certain Persons , who have the Character of Magicians . And when they see a Spout at some Distance from 'em at Sea , the Master of the Vessel or any Body else , takes this Enchanted Knife in his Right Hand , and holding the Book of their Gospel in his Left , reads some Part of it ; And when he comes to a certain Versicle , which mentions the Incarnation of their Messiah , he makes a Motion with his Knife towards the Spout , as if he wou'd cut it in Two . Whereupon , immediately the Spout breaks in the Middle ; and all the inclos'd Water falls into the Sea .

But I tell thee , he who gives Credit to the Stories of Charms , or the Projects of Men pretending to excell all the Rest of their Race ; has more Faith , than is requisite to him who reads Aesop's Fables , since in perusing that Ingenious Figment , we are only desired to believe the MORAL .

'T is thought by some , That this Enginier will , by the Natural Clockwork of his Heels , be much more nimble than his Vessel , in flying the Disgrace which will attend him , if his Phantastick Project prove unsuccessful . In my next thou shalt hear of Pachicour .

Paris , 12th . of the 8th . Moon , of the Year 1653.
LETTER XVIII . To Murat Bassa .

THE English , at present , make the greatest Figure and Noise , of all the Nations in the West . Spain , Portugal , and even France it self court the Friendship of that Island , since the Inhabitants have form'd themselves into a Commonwealth . It appears , as if the English were but newly awaken'd to a Sence of their own Strength , and by thus rouzing themselves had alarm'd all their Neighbours .

However it be , This King has sent an Embassador to the English Court , to break the Negotiation of the Spaniards there , and to establish a Peace between England and France , if possible .

One cannot tell what to make of the Maxims of these Infidels . For , at the same Time , the Banish'd Heir of the English Crown , takes his Sanctuary in this Court . Where he is caress'd , and made to believe , Great Things they will do toward his Restauration . But Interest supersedes all Arguments of Affection and Consanguinity . They are more sollicitous here for the Success of their Embassy , than for the Right of the poor Exil'd Prince . He is call'd the King of Scotland , having been solemnly Crown'd in that Kingdom , since the Death of his Father ; And entring into England with an Army of Scots , was routed ; and having narrowly escaped the Trains that were laid for his Liberty and Life , at length landed in this Kingdom ; where he has been entertain'd with much seeming Affection . But the Dread they are under , of the Victorious New English Commonwealth , makes 'em begin to talk of his Departure from hence .

The Prince of Conde has taken Rocroy : Which was the first Place where he signaliz'd his Arms , and the Infant-Reign of this King about Ten Years ago . Which the Superstitious interpret , as an Omen of Ill Luck to the King . This Sort of People are led by Maxims void of Reason : And so there is no Regard to be given to their Observations . Yet , some of the Wiser Sort , think this will prove a long War .

That which amuses People most , is the small Concern the Prince of Conti and the Dutchess of Longueville shew for their Brother's Cause . For while the King was on his March against the Prince of Conde , they came and submitted themselves to him , and were received to Favour . Those who are apt to suspect an Intrigue in every Thing , say , That this Reconciliation is only feigned on their Part , it being a Means to serve their persecuted Brother with greater Security and Success . Others are of Opinion , that it is Real , especially on the Prince of Conti's Part : Since he and his Brother , had never any good Understanding .

There has been a Battle lately fought between the French and Spanish Forces in Italy . Wherein , the Spa●iards lost Twelve Hundred Men , and the French above Half that Number , of their best Soldiers . So that the King of France may say with a Famous General , Victories attended with so little Advantage , will ruine , rather than enlarge , an Empire .

Bassa , in the midst of thy Grandeur , I wish thee Health , which sweetens the Worst Events . As for me , I 'm like one hovering between Two Worlds .

Paris , 15th . of the 9th . Moon , of the Year 1653.
LETTER XIX . To Afis Bassa .

THE Gods of the Nazarenes , one wou'd think , were studying how to perplex their Adorers . These Western Parts , abound with Prodigies , and Surprizing Events . More especially , the Low Countries feel the Strokes of a Hand , which by making ' ern smart , seems to put 'em in Mind , They 're too high in their own Conceit .

For several Weeks we have been alarm'd from thence , with the Tragical Stories of Ship-wrecks , Inundations , Tempests of Thunder and Lightning , not usual at this Time of Year ; Monstrous Spectres seen rising out of the Seas , Lakes and Rivers ; Armies in the Air , with Comets and other Wonderful Apparitions .

The States of the Vnited Provinces , have lost by Wreck Sixteen Ships of War , and Thirty Seven Merchant Vessels . It looks , as if Aeolus and Neptune , the Chief Gods of the Hollanders , had enter'd into a League , to punish 'em for struggling against their Fate ; whilst they maintain a Fleet to brave and plunder the English , under whose Shadow they first rose to the Power they so Ungratefully now possess .

For , besides these Losses at Sea , the Winds and Waves have conspir'd to break down their very Banks , the onely Guards they have against that Encroaching Element . All the Low Countries , are overwhelm'd with Water : Insomuch , as Five Miles within Land from Ostend , there has been found a Whale newly cast up , Seven Times as long as a Man .

This the Infidels look on as a Great Prodigy , and the Fore-runner of some Strange Revolution ; Though it is but a Natural Event , and frequently happens in those Seas , where Whales are more plentiful . The Naturalists say , That this King of the Scaly Nations , never makes his Progress through the Seas without his Guide ; which is a certain small Fish , that always swims before him , and gives him Warning of Flats and Shallows , upon which he often strikes , and sometimes on the main Shores , if his little Guide chance to be devour'd by any other Fish , or come to other Mishap . And this may be the Reason , why so many Whales are found on the Sands when the Tide Ebbs. They say also , That when this little Fish is inclin'd to Rest , it retires into the Whale's Belly , reposing it self there for some Time ; during which the Whale rests also , not daring to venture forward , till his Guide comes forth and leads the Way . If this be true , it seems as if there were a League or Friendship contracted between these Two , they Mutually performing all the necessary Offices of Love and Gratitude . And how this can be done without some Species of Reason , I cannot comprehend .

Let them at the Port call me Mynesih , or what they please , I cannot forbear doing this Justice to the Fish of the Sea , as well as to the Animals on Earth , to acknowledge , That either they are indu'd with a Kind of Reason ; or , that Faculty which we call so in Men , is no other than Sence . If the Brutes perform many Things without any Deliberation or Counsel , so do most Men : And no Man can demonstrate , That even those Dumb Beings , do not advise and project , before they attempt any Thing of Moment towards their own Preservation , or the Service of others . And if they seem to do many Things rashly , it may be attributed to the Quickness and Vivacity of their Sence , which needs not the Slow and Flegmatick Methods of Human Counsel .

Suffer these Digressions , Courteous Bassa ; and since I have led thee so far out of the Road , take but another Step , and I 'll shew thee a Great Monarch , who commands Millions of Men , carry'd away Captive by a Silly Beast .

The King of France , t'other Day as he was a-hunting , discharg'd a Fowling-Piece at a Partridge on the Wing . The Bird dropt , and the Monarch eager to take up his Game , gave the Reins to his Horse , who ran away with him over a great Plain , for the Space of half a League : And had not the King fallen off , within Six Paces of a great Chasme or Hole in the Earth , he wou'd have been Carry'd , for ought I know , to keep Company with Horatius Curtius , the Venturous Roman , of whose Exploit thou hast heard : For , the furious Steed not being aware of the Danger before him , as soon as he had cast the King , gallop'd full Speed into the gaping Precipice , and was never more heard of .

This , the Priests cry up for a Miraculous Escape , and presage , That the King is reserv'd by Providence for Great Things .

The King of Portugal has an Embassador here , who in his Master's Name proposes a Match between this King and the Infanta of Portugal , proffering Four Millions of Crowns as her Dowry . But the Court entertains this Motion coldly ; the Cardinal being averse , for what Reason is not known : For the Infanta has an Illustrious Character , and known to be a Princess of Incomparable Vertue .

This Minister is managing a Match of nearer Concern to himself , designing to marry One of his Nieces to the Prince of Conti , Brother to the Prince of Conde . And 't is said , this Prince receives the Cardinal's Proposals with less Scorn , than did the Count of Soissons those of Cardinal Richlieu , on the like Occasion .

Here is a Rumour , as if the Prince of Conde , wou'd be condemned by a Process of Parliament , and that he will be put to Death in Effigie .

This Indignity is Common among the Infidels , who esteem whatsoever Honour or Disgrace is shewn to Images , as done to the Persons whom they represent . They have no other Excuse for their Worship of Things made by the Hands of Men like themselves , but that it is purely Relative , and centers in the Prototype .

In the mean Time , the Prince of Conde's Friends and Well-Wishers , smile at his Imaginary Death ; knowing , that if no Effectual Stroke of Fate carry him out of the World , he will be at the Head of a Potent Army in the Spring , to put many to Death in Reality , and by the Edge of the Sword , who fight for his Enemies .

A while agoe , a Man was Imprison'd here by his own Folly ; having voluntarily declar'd , That he was hir'd by this Prince to assassinate Cardinal Mazarini .

I have spoken formerly of the Count d' Harcourt , and the Disgrace he was in at this Court , for not continuing the Siege of Londa , a Strong - Hold of the Spaniards in Catalonia . This General is a brave Man , and has done Eminent Services to the Crown of France . It is no Wonder therefore , that he laid to Heart the Coldness and Contempt , with which he was receiv'd at his Return from that Vnfortunate Campaign . Great Souls , are to be Caress'd with more than ordinary Affection in their Adverse Fortunes ; and Faithful Servants , ought not to be reproach'd with every false Step , or ill Success in their Affairs . The Count resenting ill the King's Carriage toward him , remov'd himself from the Court , and then out of the Kingdom ; designing , as is suppos'd , to serve the Emperour of Germany .

Last Week , his Two Sons that were detain'd as Hostages in this City , made their Escape , the Duke of Loraine having promised , to give the Eldest his Daughter in Marriage .

That Duke roves up and down like a Free-Booter , with an Army of Banditti at his Heels .

Renown'd Afis , I make an Humble and Affectionate Obeisance ; wishing thee as many Years of Life , as thou can'st pass without languishing for Death .

Paris , the 17th . of the 11th . Moon , of the Year 1653.
LETTER XX. To Dgebe Nafir , Bassa .

THOU succeedest a Righteous Minister , Chiurgi Muhammet . I wish thee a Surplusage of Happiness : Which thou wilt not fail to possess , if thou inheritest the Vertues of that Bassa , as well as his Office . May his Soul now taste the Reward of his Just Life . And I doubt not , but he has made an happy Experience of my Wishes . He sits down in Quiet , under the Trees of Eden . His Head encompass'd with a Garland of Flowers , which never fade . Vested with the Immarcescible Crimson and Purple of Paradise . He reposes on his Bed of Delights , whilst Beautiful Pages serve him in Vessels of Gold , set round with Sapphires and Emeralds : He drinks the delectable Wine which never Inebriates ; and eats of the Fruits , every Morsel of which , prolongs his Life for a Thousand Ages . He hears Nothing but the Voices of such , as are full of Benediction and Joy . The Virgins of Paradise , salute him with a Grace which cannot be express'd . They chaunt to the New-come Guest , Songs of Immortal Love . To the Stranger from Earth , they tell their Passion in Strains , which ravish his Heart . He is dissolv'd in a Thousand Ecstasies . This is the Reward of a Pious Mussulman , a Wise Minister , a Just Judge of the Faithful . Follow his Example , and thou shalt be translated into his Company : For he is in a Goodly Place , near the Spring-Head of Perfect Bliss .

Thou wilt expect some News from me , as a Testimony of my Respect . And I cannot pretend there is none stirring , at a Juncture when all this Part of the World is so full of Action , or at least of Counsels .

Here has been great Rejoicings lately for the taking of St. Menehoud , a Strong Town in the Hands of the Prince of Conde . All the Officers of the French King's Army , endeavour'd to dissuade him from the Siege of this Place ; but Cardinal Mazarini over-rul'd their Arguments , and having reprov'd their groundless Fears , caus'd it to be invested and attacqu'd the 22d . of the 10th . Moon . Some say , he had a Party there . Yet it held out till the 27th . of the last Moon , at which Time it was surrender'd upon Articles to the King , who was there in Person with his Brother , the young Duke of Anjou , the Queen , the Cardinal and the whole Court . They return'd to this City , the Ninth of this present Moon .

They were receiv'd with great Acclamations and seeming Joy , by those who wou'd have triumph'd more heartily , had they been defeated , or forc'd to raise the Siege . For the Citizens of Paris , wish well to the Prince of Conde's Arms : Not so much out of Love to him , as in Hatred of his Enemy , the Cardinal-Minister . And they are sensible , that this Successful Siege , will redound wholly to the Cardinal's Honour , by whose sole Orders the Place was invested .

It is discours'd , as if this Minister has some new Design on Foot , to conquer the Kingdom of Naples . This is certain , a Mighty Fleet is fitting out to Sea : Whither bound , no Man knows , but those of the Cabinet , among whom the Cardinal is Chief .

In the mean while , the Common People listen after certain Prodigies , that have been seen in the Air. They say , a Flaming Sword appear'd lately to rise in the North , and take its Course South-Eastward : From whence People make various Prognosticks , as their Passions or Interests inspire 'em . Some are of Opinion , it presages the Conquest of Naples by this King's Arms. Others apply it to the New Common-Wealth of England , and to the Victorious Sword of Oliver ; who from General of the English Army , is now in this very Moon exalted to the Height of Sovereign Power , Governing the Nations of England , Scotland and Ireland , under the Title of their Protector .

Here are divers of his Subjects in this City ; and other English , Scots , and Irish , who embrace the Interest of Charles , the Son of their late Murder'd King , who has been since Crown'd King of the Scots . They give a different Character of Oliver ; yet all agree , that he is a Wise Statesman , and a Great General .

The Scotch King's Party , speak contemptibly of Oliver's Birth and Education : Yet thou know'st , this hinders not , but he may be a Man of Courage and Vertue . They relate many odd Passages of his Youth , which seem to me so many Evidences of an extraordinary Genius , and that he is a Person of a deep Reach .

He tamper'd with several Religious Factions in England , counterfeiting an Exquisite Piety ; whereby he first rais'd himself a Name among the Zealots of that Nation , who look'd upon him there , as a very Holy Person , and one mark'd out by Destiny for Great Undertakings .

He soon got a Considerable Command , in the Army of the Revolters : Where he signaliz'd himself by many brave Actions , which spoke him a Man of an Invincible Courage , and Admirable Conduct . So that at Length , none was thought more fit than he to be General . In fine , he acquitted himself so gallantly in that High Office , and has so wrought himself into the Affections of the People , that they now look upon him as a Prophet , or Saviour ; and the Divan or Parliament of that Nation , have conferr'd on him the Sovereign Authority .

Those of the English which are Affected to his Interest , speak Great Things in his Praise ; They call him another Moses or Joshua : They prefer him to Hannibal , Scipio , and even to the Great Alexander . It is difficult for them , to speak of him without Hyperbole's . 'T is said , the King of France will court his Friendship . Indeed , all the Neighbouring Countries , stand in Awe of this successful Hero . And the Hollanders , who are the only People that durst engage in a War with the English Common-Wealth , now seek for Peace , since he is invested with the Supreme Authority .

In the mean Time , the Poor Exil'd King of the Scots , takes Sanctuary in this Court , with his Mother the Late Queen of England , and his Brother , whom they call the Duke of York . The French King allows them all very Considerable Pensions . And the Latter has some Command in the Army in Flanders . There is another Brother also ; but , little talk'd of as yet , being the Youngest of the Three .

They are Generously entertain'd here , it being the peculiar Honour of this Court , to be a Hospitable Refuge to Princes in Distress . Yet Observing Men say , The King will in Time grow Weary of his Royal Guests : It being very Chargeable to maintain them , and their Burdensome Retinue . Besides , he will have some Reason of State to discard them , if he enters into a League with Oliver , the New English Sovereign , who is courted on all Hands .

Eliachim the Jew ( of whom thou wilt hear in the Divan ) is just come into my Chamber , and brings me Word , that there is an Express newly arriv'd , who informs the Queen of a Defeat given to the Spaniards near a City call'd Rozes , which they had besieg'd in Catalonia . The French were going to the Relief of this Place , and the Spaniards set upon them in their March , but were beaten into their Trenches ; from whence they fled by Night , leaving Three Hundred Spaniards on the Spot , almost Two Thousand Prisoners , and all their Cannon and Baggage .

This has put the Court into a Jolly Humour . Nothing but revelling and dancing , employs their Time : The Young , King taking great Delight in Balls , Masques and such Recreations ; having left off Hunting , ever since his Horse ran away with him in the Tenth Moon of this Year , after he had shot a Partridge . Whereof I have spoken already in one of my Letters .

The Great God preserve thee from Precipices , Poison , the Glances of a Witch , and from being Canoniz'd a Martyr in a String : And , for other Deaths , thou hast Vertues enough to encounter 'em bravely .

Paris , 30th . of the 12th . Moon , of the Year 1653.
The End of the Third Book .
LETTERS Writ by A Spy at PARIS . VOL. IV. BOOK IV.
LETTER I. To Bedredin , Superiour of the Convent of Derviches at Cogni in Natolia .

WHEN I first open'd thy Venerable Letter , my Heart on a sudden became fresh as a Garden of Roses , or a Field of Cinnamon and Myrrh , whose Odours are Exhal'd by the West-Wind . In my Breast there sprung up a Fountain of Joy , serene as Crystal , and refreshing as the Waters of Euphrates .

I contemplate thee as a Cedar among the Trees of the Forest , or as the Durable Oak of the Desart . May Heaven prolong thy Life , till the Sound of the Trumpet .

The Commands with which thou hast honour'd me , came in an Acceptable Hour . I have receiv'd them with a Complacency which I cannot express . My Eyes were so fix'd on the Lines of Great Purity , that I could not for a long Time take them off . Thou hast hit the Mark of my Affection , in employing me to write what the most Impartial Historians say of Jesus , the Son of Mary , the Christians Messias .

That Holy Prophet , was Honour'd by his very Enemies . Josephus a Learned Jew , who liv'd in his Time , and wrote the History of that Nation , makes worthy Mention of him .

So did many of the Gentile Philosophers , though they oppos'd his Disciples and Followers . Porphyry , whom the Christians commonly repute as a bitter Enemy to their Profession , yet calls Jesus , Wise , Blessed and Divine . That Sage , was exasperated against a certain Sect of Nazarenes in his Time , whom they call'd Gnosticks . These corrupted the Doctrines of Plato , and the Theology of the Ancients ; wantonly mixing Humane Fables with Divine Truths . Against these , Porphyry sharpen'd his Pen , and not making a Difference between them and other Christians , drew upon himself the Ill-Will of them all . Yet he retain'd a Profound Attach for the Messias .

Wouldst thou know the Circumstances of this Holy Prophet's Birth ? They were Glorious , even in Obscurity . For , though his Father and Mother were then upon the Road to Jerusalem , Strangers at Bethlehem , and forc'd for want of Room in the Carvansera , to lodge in a Stable with an Ox and an Ass , where the Messias was born , and laid in a Manger ; Yet in this Contemptible State , there came some of the Magi out of Persia and Chaldaea , who brought Presents to the Holy Infant ; And having laid at his Feet Gold , Myrrh and Incense , they prostrated themselves on the Ground , and praised God , the Most High King of All , in that he had honour'd them with a Sight of the Messias .

This was in the 43d Year of the Reign of Augustus Caesar , the Roman Emperor . At which Time , one Herod was President of Judaea . This Man being inform'd , That certain Noble Strangers were come out of the East to Jerusalem , he sent for them , and enquiring the Occasion of so tedious a Journey , they gave him this Answer .

Peace be to thee , O Sultan ; There was of Old Time a Prophet of Great Fame in our Nation , who , among other Predictions that have since come to pass , left also this in Writing :

That in Palestine should be born a Child of Heavenly Race , who should Rule over the Greatest Part of the World . And by this Sign , Ye shall know the Time and Place of his Birth : A strange Star shall appear in the Firmament , which shall direct you to the very House where you may find him . When therefore Ye shall behold this Star , take Gold , Myrrh and Incenss ; and following the Conduct of the Star , go and offer these Gifts to the Young Child ; Then return immediately to your Own Country , lest some Grievous Calamity befal you .

Now this Star has appeared to us , We are come to perform what was commanded Us.

Herod said to them , Ye have done well . Go therefore and seek diligently for the Infant ; and when Ye have found him , come and tell me , that I may go and pay him Homage also .

But they never return'd to him again . Wherefore , Herod in his Anger and Jealousie , commanded all the Infants in Bethlehem to be Strangl'd , that had not been Born above Four and Twenty Moons . But the Father and the Mother of the Holy Infant , fled away with him into the Land where it never Rains , the same Night that the Magi came .

What I here relate to thee , Sage Bedredin , is taken out of approv'd Historians : For , many among the Gentiles , wrote of these Things besides the Christians .

There was a Roman Philosopher , much about the same Time ; a Man in great Esteem with Caesar . To whom he wrote a Letter , wherein he mentions the coming of the Magi after this manner . Certain Oriental Persians , says he , have set Foot within the Limits of thy Empire , bringing Presents fit only for Kings , to a certain Child , newly born in the Country of the Jews . But who this Infant is , or whose Son , We are yet Ignorant .

Thou seest , O Pious Dervich , that the Messias appear'd with no small Lustre , even in his Cradle . And in his Early Years , he enter'd into the Temple , and disputed with the Hebrew Rabbi's , convincing them of an Universal Defection from the Primitive Law of Moses ; declaring himself the Messias , and yet in Profound Humility acknowledging , That a Prophet should come after him , who should be preferred before him , the Dust of whose Feet he was not worthy to kiss . This Passage the Christians have perverted to another Sense ; but the True Faithful , know it was spoken only of Mahomet , the SEAL of the PROPHETS .

The Time would fail me , to recount all the Stupendous Actions of this Man's Life : And in calling him MAN , I imitate his own Example ; Since throughout the Gospel , he never call'd himself God , or the Son of God , as the Christians do , but most frequently gave himself the Title , of the Son of Man . He turn'd Water into Wine , fed Five Thousand People with Five Cakes and Two small Tenches : Heal'd all Diseases , restor'd Sight to them that were born Blind , Rais'd the Dead , went Invisible through Crowds of his Enemies , and Finally , was taken up into Paradise .

If thou wouldst know more of this Holy Prophet ; There are Historians who say , he was Initiated in the Mysteries of the Essenes , a certain Sect among the Jews .

That Nation , it seems , was then divided into Seven Classes . Among which , this of the Essenes was none of the least considerable , as being the most Religious Observers of the Law . Their Conversation was full of Humanity , both among themselves , and toward Strangers : Avoiding Pleasures , as Enemies to the Mind , and esteeming Chastity the very Cement of all Virtues . Therefore they despis'd Marriage , as an Entanglement to Men devoted to Contemplation . They had also an Equal Contempt for Riches . No Man of this Sect call'd any Thing his Own , though 't were his Lawful Inheritance : But their Possessions were in Common , and Equally distributed .

It was among their Mysteries , to Anoint their Bodies frequently with Oyl , and as often to wash 'em with Running Water . They neither bought , nor sold ; nor frequented the Publick Places : But every one communicated freely such Things as he possess'd , to him that stood in Need. Thus there was a Reciprocal Exchange of Kindnesses and Assistance , according to every ones Faculty and Power . They were very Assiduous in Watching , Fasting and Prayer : Curious in observing the Various Names of the Angels , which they frequently repeated , Invocating those Happy Beings , as the Ministers of the King Eternal . And those who were exercis'd in this Kind of Religious Life , arriv'd to so great a Constancy of Mind , that neither Racks , Fire , Sword , or any other Tortures could ever move 'em to Renounce their Law , or speak the least Word in Contempt of their Institution . Nay , they would rather suffer Martyrdom , than be prevail'd on to taste of any Thing that had Life in it . For they were strict Observers of the Law , which commands Perpetual Abstinence from the Flesh of Animals .

It was an Establish'd Article of their Faith , That as soon as the Vnion of Soul and Body was dissolv'd by Death , the Former by a Natural Inclination ascends to the Skies ; even as Sparks flie Upward , when freed from the Gross Earthy Matter in which they lay Imprison'd .

I have here given thee a short and true Character of the Essenes . Of which Sect , all Christians own the Messias to be a Favourer , if not a Member ; in Regard he no where is Recorded to have upbraided them , as he often did the Pharisees , Sadduces , Herodians and the Rest .

Time will not permit me to say more at Present , concerning that Venerable Prophet . But if thou would'st have a Perfect Idea of all his Vertues and Sanctity of Life turn thy Eyes Inward , and fix 'em on thy self . For thou art a Lively Transcript of the Holy Jesus .

Paris , 1st . of the 1st . Moon , of the Year 1654.
LETTER . II. To the Venerable Mufti .

THOU hast heard of the Jesuits , an Order of Nazarene Dervises . All Europe abounds with them ; and they have attempted to settle themselves at the Sublime Port , and several Places of Asia : Besides their Actual Possessions in the Indies , where they are very Numerous and Powerful . They are esteem'd the Richest Order of the Roman Church , tho' the Constitutions of their Founder , oblige them to Perpetual Poverty . But what will not the Sacred Hunger of Gold tempt Men to ? For the sake of this Charming Metal , they can Dispense with Antiquated Laws , and Dull Melancholy Vows .

These Religious Persons , have lately spread about a Letter in Print , which they pretend comes from one of their Order in Armenia .

This Dispatch relates a Strange Accident , that has happen'd at the Sepulchre of our Holy Prophet ( upon whom rest the Favours of the Eternal . ) For it affirms , that in the Eighth Moon of the last Year , the Shrine which contains the Body of the Heavenly Missioner , fell from the Roof of the Sacred Mosque ( to which , they say , it adher'd by Vertue of a Magnet , fasten'd in the Cantrel of the Arch ; ) And that at the same Time , the Pavement of the Temple open'd , and swallow'd up that Venerable Ark , wh●●●in were Reposited the most Holy Reliques in the World . And that from the Chasme , there issu'd out a Flame , like that of Sulphur , accompany'd with such a Smoak and Intolerable Stench , as caus'd all the Pilgrims that were present to swoon away . Whereupon , many of them are since turn'd Christians .

This Forgery is believ'd here by those , who never examine any Thing their Priests tell 'em , but take all on Trust . The Common People bless themselves , in that they were born of Christian Parents , and not of the Disciples of that Wicked Impostor : So they blaspheme the Man , in whom the Promises of their Messias are verify'd , when he said , He wou'd Intercede with God to send a Prophet , who shou'd lead 'em into all Truth .

They wou'd never be at the Pains or Cost to examine , whether the Foundation of this Story be true or false . All the Mussulmans who have been at that Holy of Holies , know , That the Body of our Divine Lawgiver reposes in a Sepulchre , built after the same Manner as the Tombs of our August Emperours , and other Dormitories of the Great : Only with this Difference , That it surpasses all the Monuments of the World , in the Invaluable Richness of its Ornaments , the Gifts of devout Mussulman Princes . There appears always , such an Insupportable Lustre of Gold and Precious Stones , in every Angle of that Mysterious Recess , as may well dazle the Eyes of Mortal Spectators ; since the Angels themselves , are forc'd to 〈◊〉 Veil'd within those Majestick Walls .

Hence it is not hard to suppose , That the Circular Refractions of such a Glittering Orb of Jewels , might create the Resemblance of a Tomb suspended in the Air , or cleaving to the Roof of that Glorious Edifice , deceiving the Eyes of some Ignorant , but Devout Mussulmans , from whom this Magnetick Fable first took its Origine . However it be , no Man of Common Faith , or but Ordinary Sense will believe , That God , who has for so many Ages protected the Sepulchre of his Apostle and Favourite , verifying therein the Prophecy of Mahomet himself , who foretold , as did other Prophets before him , That the Place of his Rest should be Glorious , and that the Greatest Monarchs of the Earth , shou'd visit it : I say , no Man will believe , that God would at Length suffer so vile a Disgrace , to happen to the Tomb of his Messenger , the Resuge of Sinners .

But the Nazarenes will believe any Thing , save the Truth . They are given up to a Spirit of Delusion and Error , Incapable of Light and Instruction .

Thus Heave 'em till the Day of Alarm , and the Hour of Scrutiny : When the Angels of the Test , shall enter the Graves , and having made Experiment of every Man's Works and Faith , shall give the Just a Register of their Vertues in their Right Hand , but to the Wicked in their Left Hand , a Black Record of their Sins ▪

In the mean Time , I prostrate my self before thee ; begging , That when thou turnest thy Face to the House of Ibrahim , and the Tomb of the Prophet , thou wilt send up One Ejaculation for Mahmut , that he may persevere in shunning the Errors of the Infidels .

Paris , 19th . of the 1st . Moon , of the Year 1654.
LETTER III. To Cara Hali , Physician to the Grand Signior .

SINCE what I wrote last in behalf of the Brute Animals is so Acceptable to thee , I will comply with thy Request , in continuing that Discourse .

'T is certain the Ancients had another Opinion of the Beasts , than these French Philosophers , who deny 'em the Use of Reason . Socrates us'd to swear by the Animal Generations , and so did Rhadamanthus before him . The Egyptians Form'd the Images of their Gods , in the Similitude of Beasts . or Birds , or Fishes . So the Grecians fix'd the Horns of a Ram on the Head of Jupiter's Statue , and those of a Bull on the Image of Bacchus . They compounded the Image of Pan of a Man and a Goat , and painted the Muses and Graces with Wings : And the Poet Pindar makes all the Gods Winged , and disguises them in the Shapes of several Beasts , when in his Hymns he introduces them chas'd by Tryphon . Thou knowest also , That our Holy Doctors affirm the Angel Gabriel to have Wings , with One of which he once gave a Mark to the Moon .

When the Poets bring in Jupiter courting Pasiphae , he appears in the Form of a Bull. And in his other Amours , if we may believe them , he chang'd himself sometimes into a Swan , then into an Eagle . They report also , That he was suckl'd by a Goat .

For these and other Reasons , the Ancients not only forbore to injure their Fellow-Animals , but entertain'd them with singular Affection and Friendship . A Dove was the Darling of Semiramis . A Dog was the Joy of Cyrus . Philip , King of Macedon , made a Swan his Companion . And our Holy Law-giver , was often wont to sport himself with a Cat. He lov'd this Creature , for its Cleanlyness and Activity ; and therefore we Mussulmans , generally have a Cat in great Esteem and Veneration .

That Favourite of God , understood the Languages of Beasts , and convers'd as familiarly with them as with Men. So it is fam'd of Melampus and Tyresias of Old , as also of Apollonius Tyanaeus , who affirm'd to his Friend sitting by him , that a Sparrow which he heard chirping to his Fellows , told them of an Ass which he had seen fall down with his Load , a little Way off from that Place . It is also recorded of a Boy , who understood all the Voices of Birds , and by that Means could foretel Things to come , That his Mother , by pouring Urine into his Ears when he was asleep , deprived him of this Incomparable Gift , for Fear he should be taken from her , and presented to the King . There is no Question , but several Nations have a certain Knowldge of the Speech of some Animals . My Countrymen , by a Peculiar Gift bestow'd on our Fathers and their Posterity for ever , understand the Language of Crows and Eagles . And the Ancients were so well vers'd in this Knowledge , that when they convers'd with the Birds , or at least when they heard them in their Language utter Presages of what shou'd shortly happen on Earth , they perswaded themselves , that those Birds were the Messengers of the Gods . Therefore the Eagle was suppos'd to be the Messenger of Jupiter , the Crow and Hawk of Apollo , the Stork of Juno , the Owl of Minerva , and so of others .

It is evident , that our Common Huntsmen understand the Different Voices of their Dogs , when at a Distance they signifie by One Kind of Cry , that they are questing after the Hare ; by Another , that they have found her ; by a Third , that they have taken her , or that she is turn'd to the Right Hand or to the Left . So those who look after Cattel , know by the Voice of the Bull , when he is Hungry , Thirsty or Weary , or when he is stung with Lust . So by the Roaring of the Lyon , the Howling of , Wolves , the Baaing of Sheep , Men are made sensible of the various Wants , Inclinations and Passions of those Creatures .

Nor are these Animals Ignorant of our Language , but by our Voice and Words they know when we are angry or pleas'd , when we call them to us , or drive them from us : And our Domestick Animals obey accordingly , with as much Promptness and Alacrity , as a Man or Maid-Servant . All which cou'd not be , if they were not endu'd with Faculties conformable to ours . They also teach their Young ones , to sing Artificially . In a Litter of Dogs , Huntsmen chuse the Best by this Experiment . They take all the Whelps from the Bitch , and carry them to some Place a little distant ; Then they observe , which she first carries back again , and those always prove the Best Dogs . What is this Distinguishing Faculty in the Bitch , but Reason , or something like it ?

We see apparently , that every Living Creature knows its own Weakness or Strength , and knows how to use most dextrously those Weapons with which Nature has furnish'd it for its Own Defence . They are also sensible , what Places are most Convenient for them to dwell in , and which not . Thus the Weakest Creatures , as Dogs and Cats , live altogether in Houses and Cities with Men : Whilst the Lyons , Tygers and such Fierce Animals , dwell in the Desert . Thus Sparrows and Swallows make themselves almost Domesticks with Men , whilst Eagles , Hawks , Vultures and other Birds of Prey , build their Nests in Woods or Rocks , remote from Humane Society . Some Birds change their Habitations at certain S●asons of the Year , as best suits with their Convenience : Others always remain in the same Place . The same is observ'd in Fishes . And in all Living Creatures , it is easie to trace the Footsteps of Prudence and Forecast , in order to their Own Preservation . Let Men call this what they Please , Instinct or Nature , or Sence ; it is evident , that there is an Exact Conformity and Resemblance between these Faculties in Brutes , and what we call Reason , Wisdom or Prudence in Men. And we have no more Ground to conclude them void of Reason , because they do not enjoy it in that Perfection as our selves ; than we have to conclude our selves blind or deaf , because we see not so clearly , and hear not so readily as the Brutes : And , that we have no Legs , because we run not so swiftly as some of them do .

Doubtless , the Brutes are endu'd with a Faculty of Reason as well as we ; but this Faculty in them , is Weak and Imperfect for want of Discipline and Art , which polish all things . This is manifest , from those Creatures which are Taught to dance , and play a Thousand Tricks ; to tell Money , to shoot off Guns , to find out hidden Things , and bring them some Miles to their Masters , as well Educated Spaniels will do . What can be a greater Argument , of the Proficiency they make in Reason and Knowledge ? Are not Elephants taught all the Arts of War , and plac'd in the very Front of the Battle ? Do not the Indian Princes repose as much Trust in their Carriage and Conduct , as in the Service of their Stoutest and Wisest Commanders ? This Creature is as tractable and prompt to learn any Thing when Young , as a Boy at School ; which cannot be done , without the Use of Reason .

To conclude , I have omitted Five Hundred Arguments , which might be brought to prove the Brute Animals to have Souls as well as We , to have Faculties and Affections conform to Ours . And therefore , it is little less Injustice to Kill and Eat them , because they cannot speak and converse with us , than it would be for a Cannibal to murder and devour thee or me , because we understood not his Language nor he ours .

God who Locketh up the Winds during the Time the Halcyon hatcheth her Young , thereby shewing , that this Bird is his Favourite ; will assuredly grant us a Perpetual Tranquility , if we abstain from injuring our Fellow-Animals .

Paris , the 2d . of the 1st . Moon , of the Year 1654.
LETTER IV. To Mustapha , Berber Aga , at the Seraglio .

THOU hast formerly heard me speak of the Duke of Lorrain , and his several Losses : Which most People thought , wou'd have ended with the Excommunication pronounc'd against him by the Roman Mufti ; whereof I gave thee Intelligence . But Experience teaches us , That Misfortunes seldom set upon any Man singly ; but assault him in Troops , whom Fate has mark'd out for Ruine .

Yet this Prince owes his Sufferings chiefly to his own Inconstancy , whilst he has all along play'd fast and loose with the Kings of France and Spain ; taking up Arms by successive Turns for One , and at the same Time underhand practising with the Other ; always Unfaithful to Both ; and only driving on an Independant Interest of his Own .

This is his true Character . To which we may add , an Ungovernable Disposition , and an Insatiable Thirst of Money ; which has prompted him , by all the Methods of Rapine and Violence , to heap up an Incredible Treasure of Gold and Jewels . So that having procur'd the Enmity of several Monarchs , the Jealousie of his last Master the King of Spain , the Ill-Will of his own Brother , ( whom they call Duke Francis ) and the Curses of all People where-ever his Army has been quarter'd ; He is at Length seiz'd and Imprison'd by Arch-Duke Leopold , in the Castle of Antwerp . For which Joyful News , the Inhabitants of the Spanish Netherlands , every where made Bone-fires of Joy . He was Confin'd on the 25th of the last Moon . And soon after , his Second Wife was Taken into Custody , that by her Means , they may discover his Papers and Money : This latter being the Chief Thing they aim at ; he being reputed prodigiously Rich ; and the Spanish Coffers want a Supply . They conniv'd at his Robberies , whilst there was any Thing left for him to plunder , and that they saw he hoarded up . But now he has done his Work , they punish him for the Crimes , which they themselves encourag'd ; that so they may become Masters of his Wealth . 'T is said , he brook'd his Restraint very well at first : But a while agoe , being deny'd the Liberty of the Castle-Walls , he grew Raving Mad ; flung a Candlestick ( which was all the Weapons they allow'd him ) at the Governour's Head , and broke the Windows of his Lodgings . So that they have been forc'd to Confine him to a Hole without any Light , save a little that finds Admittance through an Iron Grate at the Top of the Room .

His Brother Francis of Lorrain , is to command the Army in his Stead ; who pretends great Fidelity to the House of Austria , yet may in the Issue prove as wavering as his Brother . For , the King of France has Baits wou'd tempt the Vertue of an Angel : Yet nothing shall ever corrupt the Integrity of Mahmut , the Mussulman , on whose Forehead Fate has Engraven this Motto , Prepar'd to Suffer .

I blush , Serene Aga , when I think I am so barren of Vertues , that I have Nothing else to boast of , but my Loyalty . Whilst Thousands of Illustrious Souls , Crown'd with a Circle of Merits , daily ascend to Paradise : And tho' they made but an Obscure Figure on Earth , even as Contemptible as the Exil'd Arabian in his Hutch at Paris ; yet now take their Seats , among the Hundred and Twenty Four Thousand Prophets , Favourites of the Eternal .

Mayst thou encrease that Happy Number , but not till thou hast had thy Fill of Bliss on Earth ; and that all thy Enjoyments here , seem like the Perfume of Oyntments , which tho' they please for a Time , yet at Length cloy the Sence .

Paris , 22d . of the 3d. Moon , of the Year 1654.
LETTER V. To Nathan Ben Saddi , a Jew at Vienna .

DO not suspect me of Partiality , or that I am fond of making Proselytes , because I take such Pains to restore thee to Reason , and make thee sensible thou art a Man . I have no Design or Self-Interest , in doing thee this Good Office : And 't is remote from my Humour , to busy my self in gaining Converts . Onely the Love of Truth , sets my Pen at Work in this Manner ; being ever of the Mind , That a Free Disquisition in Matters either of Religion or Philosophy , is the only way to get quit of Errors . Perhaps my Case may be the same as thine ; and , for ought thou knowest , I seek not more to undeceive thee , than to satisfie my self , by thus frankly venting my Thoughts : Since Nothing is more commonly observ'd , than that whilst a Man is teaching another , he improves himself . Our Memories are frail and treacherous ; and we Think many Excellent Things , which for Want of making a deep Impression , we can never recover afterwards . In vain we hunt for the stragling Idea , and rummage all the Solitudes and Retirements of our Soul for a lost Thought , which has left no Track or Footsteps behind it . The swift Off-spring of the Mind is gone ; 't is dead as soon as born ; nay , often proves Abortive , in the Moment it was Conceiv'd . The onely Way therefore to retain our Thoughts , is to fasten them in Words , and chain them in Writing . This is one Cause that I trouble thee with Letters of this Nature , that whilst I am instructing thee , I may establish my own Reason , and confirm my self in the Method I have taken , To live according to my Nature ; that is , by not suffering my Rational Faculties to fall asleep , whilst my Passions are Active and Vigorous in working my Ruine . For I reckon no greater Shame or Misfortune can befall a Man , than to be depriv'd of his Humanity , that is , his Reason .

What I have said concerning the Perfidiousness of our Memories , may serve as proper Introduction to the Objections I shall make against your Traditionary Laws .

If one ask you , Why these Laws were not Written , as well as the other ; You answer , That God took Care in this , lest the Gentiles getting Copies of them , should corrupt and pervert their Sence , even as they have done the Written Laws . But how then came he to suffer any to be Written ? Had he not equal Care of One Part , as of the Other ? Or , could the Gentiles do more harm , by altering and corrupting the less Substantial Traditions , than the very Fundamental Statutes ? For , that these Vnwritten Laws contain'd only Circumstantials , your Doctors themselves confess . What Man of Common Sence then , can sit down contented with so trivial an Answer ? Or , will you say , That God took more Care to preserve these Traditions Incorrupt from the Gentiles , than to retain them in their Purity among the Jews ? For , that committing them to Writing , had been the surest Way to retain them in their Original Purity , is evident by the Preservation of the Written Law ; of which there was so great Care taken in Transcribing it , that if but a Letter or a Point were added , diminish'd , or misplac'd , they took it for a Fatal Omen of some Calamity , and the Faulty Scribes were severely punish'd ; Nay , the whole Congregation , were bound to expiate the Offence by Fasting , Prayers , and Alms. So that it was in a Manner Impossible , that with all this Circumspection , the least Corruption or Alteration shou'd creep into the Written Law .

I appeal now to thy own Reason , Whether this was not a much securer Way of preserving the Laws Uncorrupt , than by trusting them to the fickle Memories of Men ?

Besides , I wou'd fain know , What became of these Traditions during the Various Captivities of the Jews , and Depopulations of the Holy Land ? Who took Care to deliver these Traditions Unalter'd to Posterity , when they were without Priests , Prophets or Synagogues ? When they were dispers'd over the Remote Provinces of Media , Persia , Egypt and Babylon ? In those Days , your Fathers were Slaves to the Gentile Kings of Asia ; There were then no Seniors sitting in Sanhedrim , who might take Care of these Things . Neither do I find , that Esdras the Scribe was any Ways concern'd for these Traditions , when he with his Brethren the Jews , return'd from their Long Captivity in Persia and Babylon . All his most strenuous Endeavours , were employ'd in recovering the Lost Books of the Written Law , without so much as regarding or mentioning the Other . From whence I gather , That either these Traditions were of no great Importance ; or , if they were , yet they were wholly , or for the most Part chang'd or lost , many Hundreds of Years before the Talmud was first compos'd ; which , thou say'st , is the Grand Repository of these Sacred Instructions . And in saying so , thou contradictest thy own Arguments : For , if these Traditions were appointed to be transmitted by Word of Mouth from Father to Son to all Generations , as you suppose ; then what need was there of writing them in the Talmud , or any other Book ? And yet the Writings of your Rabbi's are full of them . Thus thou confoundest thy self , and runnest blindfold round in a Circle of Absurdities .

Rowze up therefore thy Reason , and suffer not thy self to be hood wink'd by the Fables of your Rabbi's , those Industrious Midwives of Old Womens Tales . Doubtless these Traditions , about which you make such a Bustle , are no other than the Whimsies of your Cabbalists , who pretend to spie more Mysteries in the Order of Two or Three Hebrew Letters or Points , than they are able to unfold in whole Volumes . They crack their Brains , in Conjuring up far-fetch'd Interpretations , from the particular Fashion and Placing of one single Dash of a Pen. They puzzle and amuse their Disciples , with teaching them more knotty and Romantick Divinity out of the Four and Twenty Letters , than ever Pythagoras did with all his Mystick Numbers . The Alphabet to them , is the Oracle of Theology . They have turn'd the Law into a perfect Riddle .

Believe not therefore , these Religious Mountebanks , these Holy Jugglers , who with their sanctify'd Legerdemain , wou'd turn you into Apes , that they may laugh in Secret at your Folly ; while they behold , how precisely devout you are in cringing , jumping , dancing , howling , braying , and all your other Antick Postures and Actions in the Synagogue ; in the Practice of which , you have bestow'd so much Care , and are so exact , that you quite neglect the Weighty Points of the Law .

I hope what I have said , is sufficient to convince thee , that those Traditions , which you are taught to believe were deliver'd to Moses in the Mount of God , are no other , than the Impositions of your Blind Guides ; who are studious of Nothing more , than to entangle you in a perpetual Labyrinth of Superstition and Error .

It will not be a greater Difficulty to demonstrate , That the Written Law it self , though Divine in its Original , is not of Vniversal Obligation to all People ; but onely calculated for your Particular Nation , and such as were willing to enter into your Interests , among the Nations adjacent to the Holy Land .

And because my Time hastens me , I will onely suggest one Argument for all , and leave it to thy Deliberation ; Whether it was possible for all Mankind to repair once a Year to Jerusalem , to sacrifice in Solomon's Temple , as is requir'd in your Law ? For , that it was not lawful to sacrifice any where else , is evident , both from the Law it self , which expressly forbids it ; and from the Examples of your Fathers in their several Captivities ; and from your own Practice at this Day , who have made no Sacrifice since the Days of Titus Vespatian , the Roman Emperour , who laid waste your City , and burnt your Temple to Ashes .

And this also may serve to convince thee , that the Law of Moses was not of Perpetual Obligation even to the Jews themselves ; since 't is evident from Matters of Fact , that for these Sixteen Hundred Years , you have not been in a Capacity to keep it : And doubtless , God wou'd never require any Thing of Men , which he foresaw , they wou'd not be able to perform .

Cease then to think so highly of thy Nation , as if none but they were the Elect of God , or Capable of his Favours : Cease to insult over the Rest of Mankind , and to curse thy Brethren , the Sons of One Father , even Noah the Just Man , and Prophet of God . Behold the Sun and Moon , with all the Constellations in Heaven : Their Influences are equally dispers'd to all of Humane Race . Behold the Elements , they serve all the Sons of Adam alike ; They are not Partial to Mortals , neither does any Faction byass the Winds and Rain . These happen all at their Appointed Time and Place . And the Four Seasons of the Year , return with even Courses to the Inhabitants of the Four Quarters of the World . The Plants know no Difference between the Circumcis'd and the Vncircumcis'd ; but yield their Encrease with Equal Indifferency , to the One and the Other : And the Brute Animals , equally acknowledge both for their Lords . The Birds of the Air , are as soon caught by a Heathen , Christian , or Mahometan Fowler , as by one that is a Jew . And the Fish of the Sea when they swallow the Hook , or plung themselves into the Net , regard not the Difference of Religion in those that catch them . All Things happen to every Man according to their Nature , and the Pleasure of Destiny : Onely Man himself transgresses the Condition of his Being . But those that obey the Internal Lawgiver , let them be of what Nation or Religion soever , doubtless they live Happily , and die in Peace .

However , lest Men shou'd err for Want of Knowledge , a Light is sprung forth in the East , even the Book of Glory , which confirms the Written Law , and instructs Men in the Truth . Doubtless , this Book was brought down from Heaven . It carries its own Evidence , and a Testimony of its Divine Original , in the Majesty of the Style : There is a Spirit and Energy in every Word , sublimating the Intellect of the devout Reader , and purifying his Affections : It is written in Arabick , in a Dialect so pure and perfect , that the most Accurate Criticks can find no Blemish from the Beginning to the End . One Part coheres exactly with the other ; 't is void of Contradiction . All the Chapters in this Glorious Volume , are of a Piece . Which Excellencies cou'd not have thus met together without a Miracle , in a Book divulg'd by a Man , who cou'd neither Write nor Read .

The Success it has had in the World , speaks it of Celestial Descent . The Greatest Part of Asia and Africk , with many Kingdoms in Europe , have obey'd the Alcoran for above these Thousand Years : Cou'd such a Thing come to pass , without the Decree of Heaven ? When the Prophet and Favourite of God first receiv'd his Divine Commission , he was like a Pelican in the Wilderness , Solitary , and without Companion . Nevertheless , he was not discouraged , but obey'd the Orders of Heaven . He saw himself in the midst of Rocks and Sands , encompass'd on all Sides with Terrible Beasts . Yet he despair'd not of Assistance from Above , but comforted himself in the Promise of the Eternal . He first preach'd to the Savage Lyons and Tygers ; who , as if they had heard another Orpheus , grew tame and sociable at his Powerful Words . Those fierce Inhabitants of the Woods , came and prostrated themselves before the Sent of God ; they lick'd his Feet in Token of Submission ; they environ'd the Place of his Repose , as his Guards , and brought him Food Morning and Evening . The Prophet wonder'd that so great Grace was given to the Beasts of the Earth . He prais'd the Creator of All Things , and his Mouth was full of Benedictions . He bless'd the Day and the Night , and the Obscurity that comes between them . He bless'd the Dews that fall at the Rising of the Odoriferous Star , and the Refreshing Winds that stir the Leaves of the Trees at Midnight . And in the Morning he pray'd , That all Men might become True Believers . Doubtless , God had granted his Petition , had not the Angel who carry'd up his Prayers to Heaven , met with the Devil , a little on this Side the Orb of the Moon , who stole from him some of Mahomet's Words , so that the Prayer ascended Imperfect to the Throne of the Merciful . Nevertheless , a Great Part of Men became Believers : And more shall be added to the Number .

In a little Time , the Solitary Prophet saw himself at the Head of a Numerous Army , all Voluntiers , who resorted to him in the Wilderness , as they were Inspir'd from Above . The Mighty Men of Arabia , oppos'd the Sacred Hero : They led the Flow'r of the East against him : But they accelerated their own Fate , and Incens'd their Angry Stars . The Elements took up Arms against them , and the Meteors fought in Defence of the Messenger of God . Lightning and Hail , with Stones of Fire , blasted the Troops of the Infidels : And terrible Storm● of Wind , buried whole Armies in the Sands . Thus the Host of the Mussulmans , became Victorious , without drawing a Sword ; and the Empires of the Wicked , fell to the Possession of True Believers . Persia , Babylon , and Egypt , were subdued , and embrac'd the Vndefiled Truth . The Alcoran was receiv'd from India to the Mauritanian Shore : From the Rising of the Sun , to the Going down thereof , this Holy Profession is made with one Consent , There is but One God , and Mahomet his Prophet .

Now Nathan , consider , whether ever the Law of Moses had such Footing in the World , or the Children of Israel cou'd boast of such Vniversal Conquests ? Your Little Kingdom , has had its Period long agoe ; and both that , and all the Empires of Asia and Africk , are swallow'd up in the All-conquering Monarchy of the Osmans . Your Tabernacle , Temple , City , and Sacrifices , are quite Extinct . Your Nation is Scatter'd over the whole World , without Lands or Possessions that they can call their own . Neither is there Prince , Priest , or Prophet , to whom you can have Recourse for Delivery from your Misfortunes .

Come out therefore from the Synagogue , which lies under the Scourge of Heaven : Shake off the Malediction : And being Purified , join thy self to the True Believers , who are Bless'd in this World , and shall be Happy in Paradise . Or at least stand by thy self , and follow thy Own Light . Adieu .

Paris , 22d . of the 3d. Moon , of the Year 1654.
LETTER VI. To Dicheu Hussein , Bassa .

THE Policies of Cardinal Mazarini , are no Secrets at the Imperial City . Now he is about to play his Master-piece . He has all along maintain'd Pensioners in the Service of the French Grandees . No Man of Prime Quality , cou'd be sure he entertain'd not at his Table , some Creature of this Minister . Disguizes of all Sorts , both for Body and Mind , were never Wanting to Men dextrous at Treachery , and Officious to do Mischief .

But now he is setting Spies of another Character on the Princes of the Blood , and the Chief Nobility of France . Women are to become his Private Agents ; Females of his Own Blood ; true Italians ; and brought up , under his particular Care and Management . In a Word , his Sisters and Nieces .

Five of them are newly come to this City , having been Conducted hither by the Cardinal's Secretary , accompany'd with a Considerable Retinue of Courtiers , who went to meet them some Leagues from Paris . 'T is said , That one of those Ladies is a great Beauty , and that the Young King , having seen her Picture , fell in Love with her .

This is certain , the Prince of Conti has Married one of them : With whom the Cardinal has given his Palace , and Two Hundred Thousand Crowns in Dowry .

They talk , as if Another of them was to be Married to the Duke of Candale ; and a Third , to the Son of General Harcourt . And , as if Mazarini were Emulous of Joseph's Character and Authority in Pharaoh's Court , he has sent for his Father also , with all his Family , to come and reside in France . He is resolv'd to stock this Kingdom with Sicilian Blood , a Race of Mazarini's : Who by Instinct , as well as by Rules , shall carry on the Design he has laid ; and either raise this tottering State to the Height of his Model , or absolutely ruine it . For , that Active Spirit , cannot take up with Mediums .

'T is said , That the Duke of Orleans resents very Ill the Cardinal's Ambition , in Marrying his Nieces into the Blood-Royal . That Prince , will not be prevail'd on to come near the Court : But rather favours the Prince of Conde , and the other Malecontents . Whence some People are apt to presage , another Turn of Affairs , before-long : For , the Generality of the French , are Inclin'd to the Prince's Party .

There is great Caballing all over the Kingdom : and the Cardinal strives to push his Interest forward , by all the Methods of a Cunning Statesman . He knows the Prince of Conde's Spirit too well , to dream of a Reconciliation . And he has a double Interest , in the Ruine of that Unfortunate General ; his own Preservation , and the Aggrandizing his Niece , the Princess of Conti : Who by the Fall of her Brother-in-Law , will be Mistress of his Estate .

He is endeavouring also , to make an Alliance with the Cardinal de Retz , his profess'd Enemy , and one rais'd by the Pope to that Dignity , on Purpose to counter-balance Mazarini's Power at this Court , where he is suspected to animate the King against the Court of Rome .

That Cardinal de Retz , is now a Prisoner of State , and has been so a long Time ; being first Confin'd by Mazarini's Orders . But the Wise Minister , now thinks it safer to compound with a Man , whom he cannot longer persecute , without drawing on himself the Revenge of all the Ecclesiasticks , and especially the Thunder of the Roman Court.

Therefore , to reconcile Matters and fortifie himself , he has propos'd a Match between his Nephew , and de Retz his Niece . The Court is wholly taken up , with making Friendships of this Nature : Which is an evident Sign , they feel their Power at an Ebb , and fear it will be much Lower , if the Prince of Conde , shou'd once take the Field in France .

'T is nothing to the Mussulman-Interest , which Side gets the Advantage . For , they are all equally Enemies to the Sent of God .

If I can by any successful Artifice promote the Divisions of these Infidels , I shall not disserve the Shining Port. However , I will still pray , That those Swords may be turn'd against each Other ; which United , wou'd hazard the State of the True Faithfull .

Illustrious Friend , let thy Presence in the Divan , be as a strong Bastion , under the Covert of which , Mahmut may be shelter'd from the Artillery of Evil Tongues , and Sycophants .

Paris , the 14th . of the 4th . Moon , of the Year 1654.
LETTER VII . To Dgnet Oglou .

THOU art not Ignorant , that when I first heard of the Cruel Sentence executed on our late Friend Egri Boinou ( on whom be the Mercies of the Creator ) I wrote to his Successor , Ismael Mouta Faraca , a Letter of Condoleance : Wherein , to keep a Medium between the Tenderness I ow'd to the Loss which my Friend had sustained of his Eyes , and the distrust I had of a Stranger ; I filled up my Letter to Ismael , with Consolatory Expressions ; such as I wou'd have used to Egri himself , had I been in his Company . Believing , that Ismael would read my Letter , to his Blind Predecessor .

I plaid the Stoick , and encouraged the Doctrine of Apathy : Or at least , I abounded in Philosophical Counsels , almost as Impracticable as the other . Nothing but severe Morality dropt from my Pen. And , all this , to cover my real Concern and Passion for Egri's Sufferings ; who , thou Knowest , was beloved by more than thee and me . I told thee in a former Letter , That I did not dare to trust my Sentiments , though disguized , to a Man , who on the score of his new Preferment might become more quick-sighted than before , and would soon penetrate the thin Veil of Words , and Spy something , in that Dispatch to my Disadvantage , should I have ventured to descant on the Sultan's Severity , or Egri's Merits .

Therefore , I thought it best to pretend an Indifferency , to which I am as much a Stranger as any Man , in Cases that too nearly touch our Sence . 'T is easie to give Counsel to another , which in the same Circumstances , we are far from practising our selves . Then we can be full of Wisdom and grave Morals ; but , when it once comes Home , all our Philosophy vanishes : There remains Nothing to be seen , but a meer Sensitive Animal , without Vertue or Patience .

My own Experience , but two Days agoe , forces this Confession from me , when by an unlucky Blow , I lost the Sight of both my Eyes , for the Space of Eight and Fourty Hours . 'T is true , I should not have used them much during a Third Part of that Time , had they not been hurt : Unless thou wilt say , they are serviceable in our Dreams , and help our Souls to spy the Dark Chimaera's of the Night . However , I remember 't was no small Grief , even in that Absence of the Sun , to be only Sensible of the Privation by my Ears : For , whilst the Windows of my Soul were shut , 't was in vain for those of my Chamber to be open ; which before this Misfortune , would by letting in the Light of the Moon or Stars , have convinc'd me , that it was Night , without being beholden to the Clocks and Bells of the Convents for my Intelligence , as I was under this Affliction .

Then it was , that in my Heart I unsaid all that I had written to the Eunuch on the Subject of Blindness , and cursed the Philosopher for a Fool or a Madman , who put out his own Eyes , for the Sake of his Thoughts . I envyed those more Happy Fools , who are without Thoughts , but enjoy their Sight , which helps to form and regulate the Conceits of the most Wise and Thinking Men.

Nay , such was my Passion and Melancholy , during this short Eclipse of my Eyes , that I preferr'd to mine , even the Life of those Dumb Animals , whom Men have learned to call Irrational , because they express their Sentiments by Inarticulate Sounds , a Dialect which we don't Understand . And , I could have almost wished my self Metamorphos'd , though it were into a Dog , provided I might but have that Sense , the Want of which renders our Humanity Imperfect and a Burden to it self . Or , if thou wilt blame me for such a Wish , I cannot forbear thinking that Dog happier than his Master , whom I have seen leading a Blind Man in a String along the Streets of Paris . How prudently did that Faithful Creature act the Guide , in crossing the Way , if any Danger threatned his Charge , as a Cart , Coach , or Throng of People ? And , all this Conduct was oweing to his Eyes , which made him Wiser than his Master ; who , had he enjoy'd this Sence , might not , for ought I know , have Surpassed his Kind Brute in the Exercise of Reason .

And now I am fallen on this Subject , of the Wisdom of Brutes , I must not forget a Story which I have read in Plutarch , as also in a certain French Author , of a Dog in the Court of the Roman Emperor , Vespasian , which would act to the Life , all the Agonies and Symptoms of Death at the Command of a Mountebank , who had taught him many such Comical Tricks , to divert the Grandees of Rome .

The same Frenchman mentions certain Oxen , which it seems had Learned Arithmetick : For , being employ'd in turning the Wheel of a Well an Hundred Times every Day , when they had finished that Task , would not stir a step more ; but having revolved that Number in their Minds , desisted of their own Accord ; nor could any Violence compel 'em to farther Labour . Who will deny now , that these Oxen were Mathematicians ; Or , That that Ship - Dog had any need to study Euclid's Elements , who having a great Desire to taste of some Oil , that he saw in a deep Earthen Vessel , and not being able to put his Head in far enough , by Reason of the long streight Neck of the Pot , after some Study ran to the Hold of the Ship , which was Balasted with Gravel-Stones . From thence he brought in his Mouth , at several Times , as many of those little Stones , as half filling the Pot , forced the Oil up to the Mouth , so that he could Lap his Belly full . Of this , Plutarch says he was an Eye Witness . Was not this , thinkest thou , an Archimedes among the Dogs ? Are not the Goats of Candy absolute Physicians , when being wounded , they never cease ranging the Plains of that Fertile Island , till they have four'd the Herb Dittany , with which they restore themselves to Health .

Should the French read these Lines , and those others I have writ on this Subject to Cara Hali , and the Great Mahummed of the Desart , they would censure me as a Heretick , a Fool , or a Madman : Or , at least , they would conclude , I am too Importunate an Advocate for the Beasts . They would call me Brute my self , and fix my Pedigree among some of the Dumb Generations .

But thou , who hast been Educated in the serener Principles of the East , and hast had the Honour to pour Water on the Hands of the Abstemious Eremit , wilt have another Opinion of what I say , in Defence of our Kindred Animals .

He that has given Wisdom and Language to the Pismires , and Instructed them to converse together by Mute Signs , so that when the Signal was given , the Alarm was taken throughout their humble Territories , and they all fled away with their Bag and Baggage , when the Army of Solomon approached : Inspire us with Grace , to understand the Language of the Beasts , or at least , not to think our Selves Wiser than them who understand Ours .

Paris , 14th . of the 4th . Moon , of the Year 1654.
LETTER VIII . To Afis , Bassa .

THIS Court is wholly taken up at present , with the Preparations that are making to Crown the Young King . The Place design'd for that Ceremony , is a City call'd Rhemes . 'T is said , the Duke of Orleans will not be there , though the King has Summon'd all the Princes and Nobility to attend at his Inauguration , according to the Ancient Custom . But that Prince , stomacks the great Sway Cardinal Mazarini bears at Court . Besides , his Daughter , who has no small Power over him , is affected to the Party of Malecontents . 'T is through her Perswasions , the Duke her Father , absents himself from the King , his Nephew . Yet there are that say , his Mind will change , before the Time appointed for the Coronation : And , that he will rather dissemble his Grudge , that so he may more advantageously ruine the Cardinal : Who keeps the King lull'd in a Circle of Pleasures , agreeable to his Youth ; that so he may not have Time or Inclination , to pry into his Management of Affairs .

The Court is at present at Fontainbleau , a House of Pleasure belonging to the King . They pass their Time away in Delights , drown'd in Security . Whilst the Wakeful Princes of the Blood , are plotting new Methods to rowze 'em from their Lethargy , and teach the Young Monarch , That the Sound of the Trumpet and Beat of the Drum , will , in a short time , be a more , Necessary Musick , than the soft Airs of the Lute , and such Chamber-Melody .

In the mean Time , the Prince of Conde , being Condemn'd , the Princess , his Wife has petition'd the Parliament , that her Dowry may be secur'd to her : But they have referr'd the Matter to the King . Her Husband seems to be lost in all Respects , save those of the People's Affections , who favour any that are Enemies to Cardinal Mazarini .

Monsieur Broussel , one of the Councellors of Parliament , whose Imprisonment I formerly mention'd to be the Cause of the First Sedition at Paris , is newly dead : Yet the Cause whereof he was a Patriot , dies not with him ; but rather takes fresh Vigour , from daily Grounds of Discontent .

It was more particularly reviv'd , upon the Death of the late Arch-Bishop of Paris : The Clergy chusing for his Successor , the Cardinal de Retz , a Prisoner of State , and under the severe Displeasure of the King . This Election was countermanded , by a Declaration from the Council-Royal . Nevertheless , the Ecclesiasticks persist in their First Choice ; Whilst Cardinal Mazarini threatens 'em , with the Punishments due to those who contemn the King's Authority . But they slight his Menaces , trusting to the Arms of the Prince of Conde ; which , they hope , will deliver 'em , in Time , from the Oppressions of that Great Minister .

The Men of Ability Cabal , whilst the Vulgar are easily drawn into Parties , as their Affections byass'em . Here is Nothing but Murmuring and Whispering against the Government . Every Man endeavours to purchase Arms , and lay 'em up privately as against some Publick Invasion . Nay , the Citizens walk not abroad without Daggers hid under their Garments : As if they either intended a Massacre , or were afraid of one . All things seem to portend some sudden Eruption of Popular Fury . And the Wisest know not , what will be the Issue of so many Threatning Occurrences .

Only Mahmut ( surrounded with Infidels ) is resign'd to Destiny . Knowing , that no Human Counsel can hasten or retard the Decrees Sign'd Above .

Paris , the 17th . of the 5th . Moon , of the Year 1654.
LETTER IX . To Murat Bassa .

IT seems the Devils have been lately let loose in these Western Parts , if we may give Credit to the Deposition of such , as have accus'd certain suppos'd Witches .

In Bretagne , and Province of this Kingdom , above Forty Old Women have been seiz'd and Imprison'd , for holding Correspondence with Infernal Powers : And above half of them , condemn'd to Death ; God knows with what Justice .

Some of them are accus'd , of Enchanting the Persons of their Neighbours ; Others for Bewitching their Cattle ; And a Third Sort , for dissolving the Mischievous Charms of the First and Second : All of them for assembling in the Night-Time , and using certain Diabolical Ceremonies ; which they say , begin and end in kissing the Posteriors of a Goat , or the Devil in that Form .

I know not how far these poor superannuated Figures of Mortality may be wrong'd . 'T is a Question , whether their Judges are always in the Right . A shrivell'd meagre Face , a hollow Eye , join'd with irrecoverable Poverty , are many Times the Chief Grounds of Suspicion : Which improv'd by Superstition , Mistakes and Malice , have often prevail'd on those who ought to administer Justice , to condemn poor Wretches more Innocent than themselves , as Guilty of Witchcraft .

Yet it cannot be deny'd , but that there have been both Men and Women vers'd in Magical Arts , as they are commonly call'd , which I take to be only the more Mysterious Science of Nature . Such was Zoroaster , the Great Grand-Child of Noah , and King of that Part of Asia which was then call'd Bactria . Such was Apollonius Tyaneus , Philistides Syracusanus , with many others of Ancient Date : These understood the Hidden Force of the Elements , the Influence of the Stars , the Specifick Operation of Metals , Minerals , and other Subterranean Bodies , with the Virtues of all Vegetables . They knew exactly how to frame Astral Images and Talismans , by the Help of which they were able to effect Wonders . And all this perhaps , without once dreaming of Infernal Spirits , or having the least Society with Devils .

Yet I believe , Lucian , an Ancient Writer , who never spoke seriously of any Thing , scarce believ'd himself , when he related the Story of Pancrates , a Famous Magician of Egypt , who by these Talismans , was able to transform Inanimate things into the Appearance at least of Living Creatures . Thus he wou'd turn a Stick or Piece of Wood into a seeming Man , who shou'd walk , discourse , and perform all the Actions of a Rational Being .

A certain Stranger travelling with him once to Memphis , and lying with him in the same Carvansera , as soon as they were alighted from their Camels , Pancrates took a Plank of Oak , and having touch'd it with his Talisman , and pronounc'd Two or Three Syllables , incontinently the Stock mov'd , stood upright , walk'd , and taking the Camels by the Bridle , led them to the Stables : After which , this Wooden Man came in and prepar'd their Pillaw ; went of whatsoever Errands Pancrates sent him . And when they departed , the Magician using a certain Private Ceremony , this Officious Servant return'd to a Plank again . This was his Practice all along the Road.

One Day his Fellow-Traveller being resolv'd to try the Experiment , took Advantage of the Magician's Absence , who was gone to the Temple , and had left his Talisman behind him . The Curious Travelle , having been often an Eye Witness of this Trick , takes a Piece of Wood , and touches it with Pancrates's Talisman , repeating the Syllables he had heard him utter . Immediately the Inanimate Timber became a Man , asking his Pleasure . The Traveller astonish'd at the Event , commanded his new Servant to bring him a Bucket of Water . The Enchanted Spark obeys . The Traveller told him it was enough , and bid him return to a Piece of Wood again ; but instead of that , he continu'd drawing of Water , and bringing it in till the House was full . The Traveller fearing the Anger of Pancrates , thought to dissolve the Enchamment , by cleaving the Wooden Animal in Two . But this augmented his Trouble : For , each Piece taking a Bucket , fell to drawing of Water ; so that of One Servant he had made Two . This continued till the Magician came to his Rescue , who having sternly rebuk'd the Traveller's Rashness , at a Word turn'd the Two busie Drudges , to their Primitive Loggishness and Inactivity again .

I do not tell this Story , as if I would have thee believe it , or that I give Credit to it my self . Let us imitate the Author of it , who laughs at all that delight in such Fables . But the Christians , who believe a Piece of Bread is Transform'd to Flesh and Blood , and becomes an Immortal God , at the pronouncing of Four Words by the Priest , may be excus'd , if they put Confidence in the Figments of Poets and Orators .

I have in my Custody the Journal of Carcoa , who formerly resided at Vienna , a Private Agent for the Ever Happy Port. Some of his Letters speak of the Superstition and Credulity of the Germans , in this Kind . Yet in a Letter to the Mufti , he acknowledges himself overcome by the Unquestionable Testimonies , of such as had been Eye-Witnesses of the Life and Death of one Faustus , a German Magician , who play'd a Thousand Infernal Pranks ( as he calls them ) even before the Emperour himself .

He tells also of another Magician call'd Zyto , who liv'd in the Days of the Emperour Charles IV. And when the Emperour's Son to whom Zyto belong'd , was to Marry the Duke of Bavaria's Daughter ; the Duke to oblige his Son-in-Law , who was much taken with Magical Tricks , as were all the Germans , sent for a great many Famous Sorcerers to the Wedding . Among the Rest , while One was performing a rare Exploit , on a sudden Zyto the Prince's Conjurer , came up to him with a Mouth seeming as Wide as that of an Old Crocodile , and swallows him up at a Morsel . When he thus had done , he retires and voids him again in a Bash , and brings him thus drench'd , into the Company , challenging any of the other Magicians , to do a Feat like that ; but they were all silent .

I hear of no such Tricks done by those French Witches , who cause so much Discourse at present . The worst they are accus'd of , is , Bewitching their neighbours Hogs to Madness , which thou knowest may be only a Natural Malady .

I pray Heaven defend us from the Enchantments of a deluded Phansy , that Domestick Incubus of every Mortal , and we need fear neither Witch nor Wizard .

Paris , 20th . of the 5th . Moon , of the Year 1654.
LETTER X. To Cornezan Mustapha , Bassa .

THE Fame of Christina Queen of Sueden , has , no doubt , reach'd thy Ears : I have made Mention of her in several of my Letters . That Royal Virgin , is now about to surrender her Crown to her Cousin , whom they call Charles Prince Palatine . This is a Voluntary Resignation : And her Motive is said to be , a strong Inclination to Solitude and a Private Life ; being esteem'd , the most Accomplish'd and Learn'd Princess of this Age. But those who pretend to know more than others , say , That the True Ground of her abandoning the Kingdom , is a Resolution she has taken to change her Religion , and embrace the Faith of the Roman Mufti , which is forbidden by the Laws of Sueden .

Thou wilt smile at the Proposals , which this Queen sent to her design'd Successor ; and his Answer to them .

In the first Place , She will keep the Greatest Part of the Kingdom and Revenues in her own Hands .

Secondly , She will be no Subject ; but altogether Independent and Free .

Thirdly , She will have Liberty to travelinto Foreign Countries , or into any Part of that Dominion .

Lastly , She will not have the Offices of Trust , or any other Gifts that she shall have disposed of to her Favourites , revok'd by her Successor .

To these Articles , Prince Charles Answer'd ,

First , That he will not be a mere Titular King , without Dominions , nor without such a Revenue as is Necessary to defray the Royal Expences , both in Peace and War . Secondly , That he will suffer no Competitor , Equal , or Sovereign in his Kingdom . Thirdly , That he will not run the Hazard of her Intrigues in Foreign Courts . Lastly , That if he be King , he will dispose of Preferments as he thinks fit . And , in Fine , That he will not be the Shadow of a King , without the Substantial Prerogatives of Sovereignty .

'T is added , That when the Queen heard his Reply , she said aloud , I propos'd those Articles only to try his Spirit . Now I esteem him Worthy to Reign , who so well understands the Incommunicable Rights of a Monarch .

This Intelligence comes by a Secretary to the Spanish Embassador who is newly come out of Sueden , to Negotiate at this Court a Ten Years Truce between France and Spain .

Here is likewise an Embassador from Portugal , who acquaints the Court , That the Portugueze have Expell'd the Hollanders out of the Places they held in the East Indies . But , if our Merchants bring true Intelligence , the Tartars will Exterminate all the Franks that are in China .

In the mean Time , the Young King of France , passes away his Hours in Dancing , seeing of Plays , and other Recreations , provided with vast Expence by Cardinal Mazarini , to divert him from medling with Publick Affairs , and from thinking too seriously on the Sentence he has Pronounc'd in Parliament , against the Prince of Conde .

One knows not well , how to blame the Prince of Conde's Proceedings ; nor yet , to accuse the King of Injustice . Neither is it proper for a Mussulman-Slave , to decide the Controversy : Our Principles and Laws , are different from Theirs : And he that is esteem'd a Patriot here in the West , wou'd be Condemn'd for a Rebel , without Hesitation , in any Part of the East ; where but One God in Heaven , and One Sovereign on Earth , is acknowledg'd by the Subjects of every Kingdom and Empire .

But in France , the Princes of the Royal Blood , are Invested with such a Power as renders it difficult for those under their Command , to distinguish 'em from Supream Monarchs . Yet , not One of them possesses a Government , Equal to that of the Bassa of Egypt ; or Superiour to his of Aleppo .

I have spoken of these Princes formerly , in some of my Letters to the Happy Ministers of Him , who when he pleases , can make the Greatest Sovereigns , the Squires of his Stirrup .

And therefore , 't will be needless to say any more on that Subject , but only to acquaint thee , That the French Court , tho' they cannot relent of the Rigour they have us'd toward the Prince of Conde , yet seem willing to compound the Business with his Son , the Young Duke of Enguien ; and by a Subtle Artifice , to strike Two strokes for the State at once . A Great Duke of this Realm , has been lately dispatch'd to the Duke of Orleans , to propose a Match between his Daughter and Conde's Heir . Whereby the Estate of the Prince of Conde , will fall to the Duke of Orleans's Possession , during the Minority of the Young Couple . This is a Wheedle to reconcile the King's Uncle to the Court , who has been a long Time estrang'd . But 't is thought , his Displeasure is of too deep a Dye , to be wash'd off with Court-Holy-Water .

I have no more News to tell thee , save the Death of a certain Prince , whom they call the Duke of Elboeuf . And it is of no Import to the Divan , whether a Hundred of these Infidel Princes die every Day , or no , so long as the Grand Signior lives , and is ever supply'd with Faithful Ministers .

For His Health I pray , before the Sun peeps o'er the Tops of the Eastern Mountains , and after he hides himself in the Valleys of the West . Neither do I rise from my Knees at the Five appointed Hours , without an Oraison for Chornesan , and the other Bassa's of the Port.

Paris , 10th . of the 6th . Moon , of the Year 1654.
LETTER XI . To Sale Tircheni Emin , Superintendant of the Royal Arsenal at Constantinople .

THOU that hast the Charge of the Ammunition design'd for the Conquest of the World , art fittest to receive the News of a Terrible Blow lately given to a City of the Infidels in Flanders .

This Place is called Gravelines , whereof I have made Mention in some of my former Letters . On the 29th of the last Moon , the Powder of the Magazine there took Fire , whether by Accident or Design , is not certainly known . But the Damage it has done , is very great . It is reported , That a Third Part of the City is blown up , and the Chief Fortifications about it , with the Outworks of the Cittadel . Three Thousand Mortals , had their Breath exhausted by the Violent Convulsion of the Air , and were sent into Another World , well season'd with Salt-Peter : Besides a vast Multitude of all Sorts , that were bury'd in the Ruines of the Houses .

Some say , a certain Person coming to buy some Powder of the Steward of the Magazine ; as they were knocking out the Head of a Powder-Barrel , the Hammer struck Fire . Others report , That this Person who pretended to buy Powder , was a Spy or Private Agent of Cardinal Mazarini in those Parts : And that by his Master's Order , he had prepar'd a certain Artificial Fire , enclos'd in a Shell or Box ; and that at a certain determin'd Period of Time , it would cause the Box to flie in Pieces , and scatter Flames almost as subtle and penetrating as those of Lightning .

Having therefore this little Instrument of Mischief ready , and being instructed in all Things , he with the Steward enter'd the Vaults where the Powder lay , under Pretence of buying some for the Governour of Brussels . And when they had open'd one of the Barrels , he thrust his Hand among the Powder , as though he wou'd take up some to look upon ; at the same Time dextrously conveying his little Shell or Box into the Barrel , knowing , that in an Hours Time it wou'd work its Effect . In the mean while , seeming to dislike that Barrel , they open'd another ; which he bought , and so departed . Within an Hour afterwards , all the Countries round about , were astonish'd at the Dreadful Blow which made the Earth to tremble : They say , it was heard beyond the Seas into England .

Thus the Contrivance of this Tragedy , is fasten'd on Mazarini ; and such is the Hatred the People bear to this Minister , That if an Earthquake shou'd happen in these Parts , I believe they wou'd accuse him as the Author of it .

But it seems , as if all the Elements were at War against the Netherland Provinces . I have already acquainted the Ministers of the Ever Happy Por● , what Disasters befell these People by Storms at Sea , and Inundations on Land . After which , the Element of Fire took its turn to Chastise them . For , in the First Moon of this Year , a certain Wind-mill in the Low Countries , whirling round with extraordinary Violence , by Reason of a Furious Storm ; the Stone at Length , by its Rapid Motion , became so Intensely hot , as to fire the Mill ; from whence the Flames being dispersed by the High Winds to the Neighbouring Houses , set a whole Town on Fire .

And now the Wrath of Heaven has been kindl'd again , to destroy these Infidels : Yet those that survive , will not be Converted . Perhaps they will be ruin'd Piece-Meal , even to a Final Extermination , like the People of Aad and Thamod , of whom at this Day there remain no Footsteps .

I pray God guard the Imperial City and Arsenal , from all Casualties of Fire , from Inundations of Water , and from Earthquakes : And thy own Watchful Care and Prudence , will defend the Magazines in thy Custody , from the Sly Attempts of Traytors and Villains .

Paris , 10th . of the 6th . Moon , of the Year 1654.
LETTER XII . To Mehemet , an Eunuch in the Seraglio .

I Acquainted thee formerly with the first Necessity I had to drink Wine , that I might the better conceal my being a Mussulman , when I was made a Prisoner by Cardinal Mazarini's Order . I tell thee now , this Liquor is grown Habitual to me ; it being the Natural Beverage of the Country where I am . But the French temper it with Water , the better to allay their Thirst , and prevent Fevers : Which Custom agrees not with the Stomach of a Mahometan , who when he drinks either Water or Wine , loves to have them Pure without Mixture . I use it moderately for my Health , and to create an Appetite . But this Evening , I drank a Glass of Wine , which is like to make me abhorr it for Ever . In all Probability , I shall turn as strict and precise as an Hodgia . For , in the Midst of my Draught , I had almost swallowed a Great Spider , which lay drowned in the Wine . The little Beast , had pass'd my Lips ; but I soon clear'd my Mouth , of so Ungrateful a Morsel . I wish I could as easily discharge my Imagination , of the hated Idea's it has imbibed with this Fatal Potion . Not that I think I am poisoned , or have received any Real Damage from the Spider : The worst Venom , lies in my own Phancy . It will be Impossible for all the Water in France , to wash away the Prejudices I have Conceiv'd against this little Insect . I have a perfect Antipathy against it . The Sight of a Spider , would always make me sweat and tremble . Now , if ever I should taste of Wine again , I should imagine every Mouthful I swallowed , had a Spider in it . My Reason tells me , there were no Danger , if I had one in my Stomach ; having seen a Physician , without the Use of any Antidote , swallow Two or Three large Spiders in a Glass of Wine : And this was his ordinary Practice every Morning . And most of that Profession maintain , That Spiders so drank , can do no harm . Yet my Antipathy overcomes my Reason in this Point . And if Galen or Hippocrates were alive , they would not be able with all their Learned Demonstrations , to reconcile me to a Creature , for which I have an Invincible Aversion and Abhorrence . I had rather encounter with a Lyon or a Tyger , in the Deserts of Arabia , provided I had but a Sword in my Hand , than to have a Spider crawling about me in the Dark . And therefore , I have often envied the Happiness of the Irish-Men ; for , in that Island , they say no Venomous Creature will live . The same is reported , of the Isle of Malta . Which Wonderful Privilege , both these Islands ascribe , to the Prayers of certain Saints .

There is no Reason to be given for these secret Antipathies , which are discovered in many Men. Some will sweat and faint away , if there be a Cat in the Room where they are , though they know Nothing of it , any otherwise than by the Secret Intimations of this Vnaccountable Sence , which Nature has added to their other Five . I have seen a Gentleman drop down in a Swoon , as soon as he entered a Chamber , where there was a Squirrel kept in a Cage . And those that knew him , said , It was his constant Infirmity .

If there be any Truth in the Doctrine of the Soul's Transmigration , I should think the best Reasons for these private Antipathies , might be drawn from some Former State of the Soul . And according to that Supposition , I should conclude , That I had been a Flie , before I came into this Body ; and having been frequently persecuted by Spiders in that State , do still retain the Dread of my Old Enemy , which all the Circumstances of my present Metamorphosis , are not able to efface . But if this be so , I wonder I shou'd have no distinct Remembrance of my former little Volatile Life ; since Pythagoras , the Great Patron of the Metempsychosis declares , That he could remember several Changes he had undergone . And particularly recounts , how he led a Merrier Life when he was a Frog , than since he became a Philosopher .

It affords me Matter of Thought and is no small Diversion , to behold the Contrariety that is in Mens Dier . One Man never tastes of Fish all his days , another abhorrs Flesh ; this faints if his Bread be cut with a Knife that has touched Cheese , that swoons at the Smell of Mutton . Men have as different Appetites , as they have Faces . Some are squeamish , and almost nauseate every Thing that others eat freely of . Again , there are others to whom nothing comes amiss . For my Part , I have many Aversions in Point of Diet : And , above all Things , I can never be reconciled to the eating of Insects , Serpents and other Reptile Creatures . Yet here are Men in this Kingdom , who live upon Frogs , Vipers , Grashoppers , and such Kind of Loathsome Animals . And I have read of a People in the Southern Parts of Africa , who had no other Diet but salted Locusts , which they catch in the Spring : When certain Winds , bring Innumerable swarms of them over the Land , so that all the Country is covered . These People are very Lean , Active and Black . They run swift as Stags , and will climb Trees and jump from one Bough and Tree to another as nimbly as Apes or Squirrels . But they are short Liv'd , never exceeding Forty Years of Age. For , about that Time , they feel a Violent Itching all over their Bodies : Which tempting them to scratch themselves , they never cease till they make Holes in their Flesh , where certain Winged Insects breed ; which multiply so fast , that in a little Time they devour the poor Wretches . This is thought to be the Result of their Ill Diet.

Let not what I have said , create any Squeamishness in thee , but eat thy Pillaw with a good Stomach : For , that Food , has the Benediction of God and his Prophet .

Paris , 23d . of the 6th . Moon , of the Year 1654.
LETTER XIII . To the Kaimacham .

THE King of France , has been solemnly Crown'd at Rhemes : Where were present , his Mother and Brother , Cardinal Mazarini , with divers Princes and Nobles , and Foreign Ministers . But Nothing could perswade the King's Uncle the Duke of Orleans , to grace this Ceremony with his Presence . He has declar'd , He will never come to the Court , so long as Cardinal Mazarini is there .

Marshal Turenne has receiv'd private Orders , to repair speedily to his Army in Flanders . What the Design is , we are not certain . Some say , he is gone to surprize Gravelines , a City in Flanders , which was lately so ruin'd by the Blowing up of the Magazine , that it is not in a Condition to resist the French , should they assault it .

Others say , the King has commanded his General to lay Siege to Stenay , a City belonging to the Prince of Conde , a Place of Great Strength , and exquisitely Fortify'd .

'T is reported , That Cardinal Mazarini holds a Correspondence with the Governour of this Strong Hold : And that on this Ground it was , he promis'd the King , on the Honour of his Purple , That if he would suffer his Army to lie down before it , it should by such a Day be deliver'd into his Hands .

The Duke of Lorrain , of whose Imprisonment at Antwerp , I inform'd Mustapha Berber Aga , is now remov'd from thence , and sent to Spain , from whence 't is believ'd he will never come back .

From the North the Post brings News , of the Resignation which Christina , Queen of Sweden , has made of her Crown to her Cousin , Prince Charles . They add , That she caus'd a Crown to be made , with this Inscription , FROM GOD , AND CHRISTINA : And , that she plac'd this Crown on the Prince's Head with her own Hands , having before Absolv'd all her Subjects from their Oaths of Fidelity to her .

The same Post also tells us , of a Mighty Army of Moscovites , which are enter'd into Poland , destroying and laying desolate where-ever they come . The pretended Cause of this Invasion , is said to be , a Disgust the Czar has taken at a certain Historian and Poet of Poland ; Who in reciting the Wars between those Nations , had made a Mistake in the Genealogy of the Moscovite Emperours , naming the Father for the Son . The Czar being inform'd of this , demanded the Head of the Writer , as an Atonement : Which being deny'd , he rush'd into the Territories of Poland , to revenge himself by Fire and Sword .

These are the Actions of such , as pretend to follow the Example of Jesus , the Messias ; Who commanded Men , To forgive Injuries , even as did our Holy Prophet : Yet they scruple not to accuse us , of what they themselves are onely Guilty . Thus , whilst they are Christians in Name , we shew by our Practice , that we are True Disciples of the Venerable Jesus .

Doubtless , all Men are Just or Wicked , by Nature . Every Mans Fate is Engraven in his Forehead . And neither the Precepts or Examples of Jesus or Mahomet , can alter the Inclinations of those , whose Stars have Sign'd 'em in their Nativity , with the Indelible Characters of Vice .

Paris , 30th . of the 6th . Moon , of the Year 1654.
LETTER XIV . To Dgnet Oglou .

HItherto I have been in a Wilderness , or at least I 'll suppose it , wandring up and down , lost and confounded in the Dark , without Sun , Star , Land-Mark , or any Faithful Guide to direct me . What shall I do in this Case ? I am tyr'd with Perpetual Rambling ; and rest I dare not , neither can I , such is my Uneasiness , even in the only Circumstance which gives to other Men Repose .

Thus I discourse with my self when I am alone , and consider my Prefent State as a Mortal . The Miseries of this Life , are the Themes of my First Contemplation : And 't is but Reason it should be so , because we feel 'em every Moment . They touch our Sence nearly , and afflict us with sharp Pains . Yet they are but like the Sting of a Wasp , Violent for a Time , but last not long .

This Thought carries me farther , and puts me upon an Endless Meditation , what will befall me after I 'm Dead . When I have contemplated all that I can , run over a Thousand Paths of Phaney , and track'd all the Footsteps of the Wise , or of such as were esteem'd so , still I find my self in a Desert , more entangl'd than a Traveller lost in the Forest , of Hercynia , which extends from the most Northerly Part of Moscovy , to some Provinces in the German Empire , and is reputed Five Hundred Leagues in Length .

In this bewilder'd Condition , I meet with many pretending Guides , One telling me this is the Way , Another that . But because they do not agree in their Advice , I know not which to trust : And am inclin'd to suspect some for Cheats , and the Rest for Fools , as much at a Loss , if not more than my self .

Permit me to discourse with Freedom , my Dear Gnet , and let us unmask like Friends . What signifies all that the Imaum's and Mollahs can say of Paradise and Hell , since none of 'em have been there to make an Experiment ? Why should we suffer our selves to be amus'd with Notions of Things , which , for ought we know , have no other Existence , but in the Harangues of the Preachers , and the Phansies of the Credulous ?

Think not that I am going to perswade thee to the Heresy of the Muserin , who deny the Being of a God . I tell thee , I am no Atheist . From Every Thing I behold , my Thought soon flies up to a First Cause : And there 't is dash'd into a Thousand Queries . This I lay as a Solid Foundation , All Things were not Always in the same State as they are Now. ( My Experience demonstrates to the Contrary . ) But how much longer they have been otherwise , than my own Remembrance , I cannot be assur'd , but by the Confidence which I repose in People that are Older than my self , and the Faith I give to Books . Both which agree in this , That they are Guilty of Contradictions without Number .

Those that were born before me , and Liv'd in the Days of Sultan Mahomet III tell me many Passages of his Reign , quite different from the Relations of others , who also Liv'd in those Times , and remark'd the Transactions of their Age.

A like Disagreement I find among Authors , who have committed to Writing , the Histories of Former Times . 'T is difficult to encounter with Two Men of the same Opinion , even as to Matters of Fact . Some take a Pride in disguizing the Truth ; Whilst others have not Skill to take off the Mask . There are a Sort of Persons in the World , Men of Supine and Easie Judgments , Credulous , and not daring to call in Question what has been transmitted to them from the Authority of Such and Such a Writer . They Superstitiously revere as an Oracle , the Manuscripts of a Mortal Man like themselves , and Subject to as many Frailties and Mistakes . And all this , only because they have been taught to do so from their Infancy : So Forcible is the Influence of Education . Thus the Hebrews believe the Records of their Nation to be of Divine Original , though they want not Verbal Contradictions , and abound with Logical and Philosophical Inconsistencies . But , that which is of Greatest Moment is , that neither they , nor any other Nation , no not even the Assyrian or Egyptian Records , come near the Immense Chronologies of the Chinese and Indians . So that amidst such a Variety of Accounts , a Man knows not where to fix his Belief . But , Whether the World be only Five or Six Thousand Years Old , or of a more Indefinite Antiquity , this is a sure Maxim , That Something is Eternal . Even the Jews and Christians , who deny the Eternity of Matter , and assert the Creation of the World out of NOTHING , in a Determin'd Period of Time , must of Necessity own , There was an Eternal , and Infinite Emptyness or Vacuity , which is the same as Moses calls by the Name of NOTHING . Which will sound as harsh in Philosophy , as the Eternity of Matter does in their Divinity . Nay , if I mistake not , 't is of a worse Consequence , even in the Doctrines of Religion , to assert an Infinite Privation , or Want of Existence , to be Coeternal with the Substantial God , who is Omnipotent , Living and Strong ; than to affirm Matter it self to be Coeternal with Him : Since This is an Actual Substance , and may with Reason be suppos'd , as a Necessary Emanation of his Power and Goodness ; Whereas the Other , is a mere Naked Potentiality , a Non-Entity , as the Western Philosophers call it , and therefore cannot be conceived to flow from the Divine Nature , which is Essential Life and Being . Yet , in these Nice and Remote Speculations , I am Timorous , and dare not be Positive ; lest I should prophane the Honour of that Sovereignly Good , who is the Breath of our Nostrils . To speak the Truth , I am Wavering in All Things , but this , That there is an Eternal Mind , Every-where Present , the Root and Basis of All Things Visible and Invisible , whom we call Alla , the Support of Infinite Ages , the Rook and Stay of the Vniverse .

Let thou and I , Dear Friend , persevere in Adoring that Superlative , Essence of Essences , with Internal and Profound Devotion . Let our Thoughts be Pure , our Words Few , and those full of Innocent and Grateful Flames . For assuredly , God delights not in the Babling of the Tongue .

As for the Rest , let us live according to our Nature and Reason , as we are Men. For we may believe , that the Indulgent Father of All Things , will accept us , if we square our Actions according to this Rule , without aiming at the Perfection of Angels .

In a Word , let us love all of Human Race , and shew Justice and Mercy to the Brutes . For in so doing , we shall not be Unkind to our selves .

Paris , 13th of the 7th Moon , of the Year 1654. according to the Christian Style .
The End of the Fourth Volume .
ADVERTISEMENT .

PROPOSALS , having been lately made for Printing The Great Historical , Geographical , and Poetical Dictionary : Being a Curious Miscellany of Sacred and Prophane History , &c. Collected from the best Historians , Chronologers and Dictionaries , more especially out of Lewis Morery , D. D. The Sixth Edition Corrected and Enlarged by Monsieur Le Clerk . Done into English by several Learned Men. With Large Additions , by way of Suppliment ( Intermix'd throughout the Alphabet ) Relating to England , &c. Wherein great Encouragement has already been given by several Noblemen , Gentlemen , &c. It is desired , that those who will promote so useful a Work , will send in their First Payment with what speed they can , To the Vndertakers Henry Rhodes , Luke Meredith , John Harris , and Thomas Newborough . Where are to be had Proposals and Specimens at Large , and of most Booksellers in London and the Country .