THE
LIVES
OF
THE
BISHOPS
and
POPES
OF
ROME
.
S.
PETER
the
Apostle
.
AFTER
the
Death
and
Resurrection
of
Christ
,
and
the
Completion
of
the
days
of
Pentecost
;
the
Disciples
received
the
Holy
Ghost
:
and
being
filled
with
the
Spirit
,
they
published
the
wonderful
works
of
God
in
divers
Tongues
,
though
most
of
them
,
especially
Peter
and
John
,
were
look'd
upon
as
utterly
illiterate
men
.
Their
manner
of
living
was
measur'd
by
the
common
Good
;
none
of
them
challenged
any
propriety
in
any
thing
;
and
whatsoever
Religious
Oblation
was
laid
at
their
feet
,
they
either
divided
it
between
themselves
for
the
supply
of
the
necessities
of
Nature
,
or
else
distributed
it
to
the
Poor
,
These
Disciples
had
each
of
them
his
Province
assigned
to
him
;
to
St.
Thomas
was
allotted
Parthia
,
to
St.
Matthew
Aethiopia
,
to
St.
Bartholomew
India
on
this
side
Ganges
,
to
St.
Andrew
Scythia
,
and
Asia
to
St.
John
;
who
after
a
long
series
of
toyl
and
care
,
died
during
his
abode
at
Ephesus
.
But
to
St.
Peter
,
the
chief
of
the
Apostles
,
were
assigned
Pontus
,
Galatia
,
Bithynia
and
Cappadocia
;
who
being
by
birth
a
Galilean
,
of
the
City
of
Bethsaida
,
the
son
of
John
,
and
Brother
of
Andrew
the
Apostle
,
sate
first
in
the
Episcopal
See
of
Antioch
for
seven
years
in
the
days
of
Tiberius
.
This
Emperour
was
Son-in-law
and
Heir
to
Augustus
,
and
for
the
space
Tiberius
.
of
twenty
three
years
his
administration
of
the
Government
had
so
much
of
change
and
variety
in
it
,
that
we
cannot
reckon
him
altogether
a
bad
,
or
absolutely
a
good
Prince
.
He
was
a
Man
of
great
Learnning
,
and
weighty
Eloquence
;
his
Wars
he
managed
not
in
Person
,
but
by
his
Lieutenants
:
and
shew'd
a
great
deal
of
Prudence
in
suppressing
any
sudden
commotions
.
Having
by
Arts
of
flattery
enticed
sevcral
Princes
to
his
Court
,
he
never
suffered
them
to
return
home
again
:
as
particularly
among
others
Archelaus
of
Cappadocia
,
whose
Kingdom
he
made
a
Province
of
the
Empire
.
Many
of
the
Senators
were
banish'd
,
and
some
of
them
slain
by
him
.
C.
Asinius
Gallus
the
Pleader
,
son
of
Asinius
Pollio
,
was
by
his
Order
put
to
death
with
the
most
exquisite
torments
;
and
Vocienus
Montanus
Narbonensis
,
one
of
the
same
profession
,
died
in
the
Baleares
,
whither
Tiberius
had
confined
him
.
Moreover
Historians
tell
us
,
that
that
his
Brother
Drusus
was
poisoned
at
his
command
.
And
yet
upon
occasion
he
exercised
so
much
lenity
,
that
when
certain
Publicans
and
Governours
of
Provinces
moved
him
to
raise
the
publick
taxes
,
he
gave
them
this
Answer
,
That
a
good
Shepherd
does
indeed
shear
,
but
not
flay
his
sheep
.
Tiberius
dying
,
C.
Coesar
,
who
,
with
a
jocular
reflection
upon
his
education
in
the
Camp
,
had
the
surname
of
Caliga
signifying
a
Common
Soldier
's
Hose
.
Caligula
,
succeeded
him
in
the
Empire
;
he
was
the
son
of
Drusus
(
son-in-law
to
Augustus
)
and
Nephew
to
Tiberius
.
The
greatest
Villain
in
the
World
,
and
one
who
never
did
any
worthy
Action
either
at
home
or
abroad
.
His
Avarice
put
him
upon
all
manner
of
Oppression
;
his
Lust
was
such
,
that
he
did
not
forbear
to
violate
the
Chastity
of
his
own
Sisters
;
and
his
cruelty
was
so
great
,
that
he
is
reported
oftentimes
to
have
cryed
out
,
Oh!
That
all
the
people
of
Rome
had
but
one
Neck
!
At
his
Command
all
who
were
under
proscription
were
put
to
Death
;
for
having
recalled
a
certain
person
from
banishment
,
and
enquiring
of
him
,
what
the
Exiles
did
chiefly
wish
for
;
the
man
imprudently
answering
,
that
they
desired
nothing
more
than
the
Death
of
the
Emperour
;
he
thereupon
gave
order
that
every
man
of
them
should
be
executed
.
He
would
often
complain
of
the
condition
of
his
times
,
that
they
were
not
rendred
remarkable
by
any
publick
Calamities
,
as
those
of
Tiberius
had
been
,
in
whose
Reign
no
less
than
20000
men
had
been
slain
by
the
fall
of
a
Theatre
at
Tarracina
.
He
express'd
so
much
envy
at
the
renown
of
Virgil
and
Livy
,
that
he
was
very
near
taking
away
their
Writings
and
Images
out
of
all
the
Libraries
;
the
former
of
which
he
would
censure
as
a
man
of
no
Wit
and
little
Learning
,
the
latter
as
a
verbose
and
negligent
Historian
;
and
it
was
his
common
by-word
concerning
Seneca
,
That
his
Writings
were
like
a
rope
of
Sand.
Agrippa
the
son
of
King
Herod
,
who
had
been
cast
into
prison
by
Tiberius
for
accusing
Herod
,
was
by
him
set
at
liberty
,
and
made
King
of
Judoea
;
while
Herod
himself
was
confin'd
to
perpetual
banishment
at
Lyons
.
He
caused
himself
to
be
translated
into
the
number
of
the
Gods
,
and
ordered
the
setting
up
Images
in
the
Temple
of
Jerusalem
.
At
last
he
was
assaulted
and
slain
by
some
of
his
own
Officers
,
in
the
third
year
,
and
tenth
month
of
his
Empire
.
Among
his
Writings
were
found
two
Rolls
or
Lists
,
one
of
which
had
a
Dagger
,
the
other
a
Sword
stamp'd
upon
it
for
a
Seal
;
they
both
contain'd
the
Names
and
Characters
of
certain
principal
men
,
both
of
the
Senatorian
and
Equestrian
Order
,
whom
he
had
design'd
to
slaughter
,
There
was
found
likewise
a
large
Chest
fill'd
with
several
sorts
of
Poisons
,
which
being
at
the
Command
of
Claudius
Coesar
,
not
long
after
,
thrown
into
the
Sea
,
't
is
reported
that
the
Waters
were
so
infected
thereby
,
that
there
died
abundance
of
Fish
,
which
the
Tide
cast
up
in
vast
numbers
upon
the
neighbouring
shores
.
I
thought
good
to
give
this
account
of
these
Monsters
of
men
,
that
thereby
it
might
the
better
appear
,
that
God
could
then
have
scarce
forborn
destroying
the
whole
World
,
unless
he
had
sent
his
Son
and
his
Apostles
;
by
whose
bloud
mankind
,
though
equal
to
Lycaon
in
impiety
,
was
yet
redeem'd
from
destruction
.
In
their
times
lived
that
St.
Peter
,
whom
our
Saviour
(
upon
his
ackowledgment
of
him
to
be
the
Christ
)
bespake
in
these
words
;
Blessed
art
thou
Simon
Bar
Jona
:
for
flesh
and
blood
hath
not
revealed
it
unto
thee
,
but
my
Father
which
is
in
Heaven
;
and
,
Thou
art
Peter
,
and
upon
this
Rock
I
will
build
my
Church
;
and
I
will
give
unto
thee
the
keyes
of
the
Kingdom
of
Heaven
,
and
the
Power
of
binding
and
loosing
.
This
Apostle
being
a
Person
of
most
unwearied
industry
,
when
he
had
sufficiently
setled
the
Churches
of
Asia
,
and
confuted
the
Opinion
of
those
who
maintained
the
necessity
of
Circumcision
,
came
into
Italy
in
the
second
year
of
Claudius
.
This
Claudius
,
who
was
Uncle
to
Caligula
,
and
had
been
all
along
very
Claudius
.
contumeliously
treated
and
bussoon'd
by
his
Nephew
,
being
now
Emperor
,
making
an
Expedition
into
Britain
,
had
the
Island
surrendred
up
to
him
;
an
Enterprise
which
none
before
Julius
Coesar
,
nor
any
after
Claudius
durst
undertake
:
he
also
added
the
Isles
of
Orkney
to
the
Roman
Empire
.
He
banish'd
out
of
the
City
of
Rome
the
seditious
Jews
,
and
suppress'd
the
tumults
in
Judoea
,
which
had
been
rais'd
by
certain
false
Prophets
.
And
while
Cumanus
was
appointed
by
him
Procurator
of
Judoea
,
there
were
crush'd
to
Death
in
the
Porches
of
the
Temple
of
Jerusalem
during
the
days
of
Unlcavened
bread
to
the
number
of
thirty
thousand
Jews
.
At
the
same
time
also
there
was
a
great
dearth
and
scarcity
of
provision
throughout
the
whole
World
;
a
Calamity
which
had
been
foretold
by
●●●gabus
the
Prophet
.
Being
secure
of
any
hostilities
from
abroad
he
finish'd
the
Aquaeduct
that
had
been
begun
by
Caligula
,
whose
ruines
are
yet
to
be
seen
in
the
Lateran
.
He
attempted
also
to
empty
the
Lake
Fucinus
,
being
prompted
thereto
by
the
hope
of
getting
not
only
honour
and
reputation
,
but
profit
and
advantage
by
it
;
since
there
was
a
certain
person
who
proffered
to
undertake
that
work
at
his
own
private
charge
,
upon
condition
that
the
Land
when
it
was
drein'd
might
have
been
granted
to
him
for
his
reward
.
The
Mountain
being
partly
undermin'd
,
partly
cut
through
,
the
length
of
three
miles
,
the
Passage
was
at
the
end
of
eleven
years
with
much
ado
finish'd
,
there
being
no
less
than
30000
labourers
continually
employ'd
in
it
.
It
was
he
likewise
that
made
the
Harbour
of
Ostia
,
by
drawing
an
Arm
of
the
Sea
on
each
hand
,
and
so
breaking
the
violence
of
the
Waves
;
a
Work
,
the
footsteps
of
which
are
not
to
be
seen
at
this
day
without
Wonder
.
Having
put
to
death
his
Wife
Messalina
for
Adultery
,
he
afterwards
,
against
all
Law
both
Humane
and
Divine
,
married
Agrippina
the
Daughter
of
his
Brother
Germanicus
,
by
whom
in
the
fourteenth
year
of
his
Empire
he
was
poison'd
with
Mushrooms
prepared
by
her
for
that
purpose
.
In
his
time
St.
Peter
came
to
Rome
the
principal
City
of
the
World
;
both
because
he
judg'd
it
a
Seat
best
accommodated
to
the
Pontifical
dignity
,
and
because
likewise
he
understood
that
Simon
Magus
,
a
certain
Simon
Magus
.
Samaritan
,
had
planted
there
;
who
by
his
Sorceries
had
so
far
seduced
the
People
,
that
they
believed
him
to
be
a
God
.
For
his
Statue
had
been
already
erected
at
Rome
,
between
the
two
Bridges
,
with
this
Latin
Inscription
Simoni
Deo
Sancto
,
i.
e.
to
Simon
the
Holy
God
.
This
man
while
he
stai'd
in
Samaria
,
pretended
Faith
in
Christ
so
far
as
to
obtain
Baptism
from
Philip
one
of
the
seven
Deacons
;
which
afterwards
abusing
to
ill
ends
,
he
laid
the
foundation
of
divers
Heresies
.
To
him
was
joyn'd
one
Sebene
a
shameless
Strumpet
,
who
was
his
Companion
and
partner
in
Villany
.
To
such
an
heighth
of
impudence
did
this
lewd
Fellow
arrive
,
that
he
challenged
St.
Peter
to
work
Miracles
with
him
;
and
particularly
he
undertook
to
raise
to
life
a
dead
child
;
which
indeed
at
first
seem'd
somewhat
to
move
at
his
Charms
:
But
it
being
manifest
presently
that
the
Child
nevertheless
continued
dead
still
,
at
St.
Peters
command
in
the
Name
of
Jesus
,
it
immediately
arose
.
Simon
being
enraged
hereat
,
profered
,
as
a
further
trial
which
of
them
was
the
more
holy
man
,
and
more
beloved
of
God
,
to
fly
from
the
Capitol
to
the
Aventine
in
the
sight
of
all
the
People
,
provided
Peter
would
follow
him
.
While
he
was
yet
flying
,
at
the
prayer
of
Peter
who
with
hands
lift
up
to
Heaven
,
beseeched
God
not
to
suffer
so
great
a
multitude
to
be
deluded
with
Magical
Arts
,
down
he
fell
and
broke
his
Leg
,
with
grief
of
which
Mis-adventure
he
not
long
after
died
at
Aricia
,
whither
his
followers
had
conveighed
him
after
this
foul
disgrace
.
From
him
the
Hereticks
called
Simoniaci
had
their
original
,
who
pretended
to
buy
and
sell
the
Gift
of
the
Holy
Ghost
,
and
who
asserted
the
Creatures
to
proceed
from
a
certain
superiour
Power
,
but
not
to
be
from
God
.
After
this
St.
Peter
applying
himself
both
by
Preaching
and
Example
S.
Mark
.
to
the
propagating
of
the
Word
of
God
,
was
by
the
Christian
Romans
earnestly
desired
,
that
John
surnamed
Mark
,
who
was
his
Son
in
Baptism
,
and
a
person
of
a
most
approved
life
and
conversation
,
might
be
employed
by
him
in
writing
a
Gospel
.
St.
Hierom
saith
that
he
being
a
Priest
in
Israel
,
a
Levite
according
to
the
flesh
,
after
his
conversion
to
the
Christian
Faith
,
wrote
his
Gospel
in
Italy
;
shewing
what
he
owed
to
his
own
Parentage
and
Extraction
,
and
what
to
Christ
.
Which
Gospel
,
as
we
now
have
it
,
was
approved
by
the
testimony
of
St.
Peter
.
Being
afterwards
sent
into
Egypt
,
as
Philo
the
Jew
a
famous
Writer
tells
us
,
after
that
by
Preaching
and
Writing
he
had
well
form'd
the
Alexandrian
Church
,
being
a
man
very
eminent
both
for
his
Life
and
Learning
,
in
the
eighth
year
of
the
Emperor
Nero
,
he
died
and
was
buried
at
Alexandria
;
in
whose
place
succeeded
Anianus
.
The
year
before
died
James
,
surnamed
Justus
,
the
Brother
of
our
James
.
Lord
,
being
the
Son
of
Joseph
by
another
Wife
,
or
,
as
some
will
have
it
,
Sisters
son
to
Mary
Christ's
Mother
.
Egefippus
,
who
lived
near
the
Apostles
times
,
affirms
of
him
that
he
was
holy
in
his
Mothers
Womb
;
that
he
drank
neither
Wine
nor
strong
drink
,
nor
ever
tasted
flesh
;
that
he
neither
shaved
,
nor
bathed
,
nor
anointed
himself
,
nor
ever
wore
any
other
but
linnen
garments
.
He
was
often
accustomed
to
enter
into
the
Holy
of
Holies
,
where
he
continued
so
incessantly
in
his
Prayers
for
the
Welfare
of
the
People
,
that
his
knees
were
grown
hard
and
callous
like
those
of
Camels
.
But
Festus
leaving
the
Government
of
Judoea
,
before
Albinus
his
successor
arrived
there
,
the
High
Priest
Ananus
,
the
son
of
Ananus
,
requiring
James
publickly
to
deny
Christ
to
be
the
Son
of
God
,
upon
his
refusal
he
gave
order
he
should
be
stoned
to
Death
;
who
,
after
he
had
been
thrown
down
headlong
from
a
pinacle
of
the
Temple
,
continuing
yet
half
alive
,
and
with
hands
stretch'd
forth
towards
Heaven
praying
for
his
persecutors
,
was
at
last
kill'd
outright
with
a
blow
of
a
Fullers
Club.
Josephus
reports
him
to
have
been
a
man
of
so
great
sanctity
,
that
it
was
the
general
belief
that
his
murder
was
the
cause
of
the
destruction
of
Jerusalem
.
This
is
that
James
,
whom
our
Lord
appeared
to
after
his
Resurrection
,
and
to
whom
,
having
blessed
Bread
and
broken
it
,
he
said
,
Brother
eat
thy
Bread
,
because
the
son
of
man
is
risen
.
He
presided
over
the
Church
of
Jerusalem
thirty
years
,
that
is
,
to
the
seventh
year
of
Nero.
His
Sepulchre
with
an
Inscription
,
hard
by
the
Temple
from
which
he
had
been
cast
down
,
was
yet
in
being
in
Andrian's
time
.
It
is
evident
likewise
that
Barnabas
,
by
birth
a
Cypriot
,
surnamed
Joses
,
Barnabas
.
a
Levite
,
died
before
St.
Peter's
martyrdom
.
He
being
chosen
together
with
Paul
an
Apostle
of
the
Gentiles
,
wrote
only
one
Epistle
of
matters
concerning
the
Church
,
and
that
too
is
reckoned
Apocryphal
There
happening
to
be
a
difference
between
him
and
Paul
occasioned
by
Mark
a
Disciple
,
he
accompanied
with
the
said
Mark
,
went
to
Cyprus
,
where
Preaching
the
faith
of
Christ
he
was
crowned
with
Martyrdom
.
Paul
,
Paul
.
first
called
Saul
,
was
descended
of
the
Tribe
of
Benjamin
,
of
a
Town
of
Judoea
,
called
Giscalis
;
which
being
taken
in
War
by
the
Romans
,
he
with
his
Parents
removed
to
Tarsus
a
City
of
Cilicia
.
And
being
sent
thence
to
Jerusalem
to
study
the
Law
,
he
had
his
Education
under
the
learned
Gamaliel
.
After
this
receiving
Letters
from
the
High
Priest
,
he
became
a
Persecutor
of
those
that
professed
Christ
to
be
the
true
God
;
and
particularly
was
present
and
assistant
at
the
death
of
St.
Stephen
the
Protomartyr
.
But
as
he
was
going
to
Damascus
,
being
by
the
Divine
Spirit
wonderfully
converted
to
the
Faith
,
he
became
a
chosen
Vessel
;
and
from
that
time
took
the
name
of
Paul
,
from
a
Pro-consul
of
Cyprus
,
whom
by
his
preaching
he
had
converted
to
Christianity
.
After
this
he
,
together
with
Barnabas
,
having
travelled
through
divers
Cities
,
upon
his
return
to
Jerusalem
,
was
by
Peter
,
John
,
and
James
,
chosen
an
Apostle
of
the
Gentiles
.
In
the
twenty
fifth
year
after
the
death
of
Christ
,
which
was
the
second
of
the
Emperor
Nero
,
and
the
time
when
Festus
succeeded
Felix
in
the
Procuratorship
of
Judoea
,
he
with
his
fellow-captive
Aristarchus
was
as
a
free
Denizon
sent
bound
to
Rome
;
where
continuing
the
space
of
two
years
under
very
little
confinement
,
he
was
daily
engaged
in
disputation
with
the
Jews
.
Being
at
length
set
at
liberty
by
Nero
,
he
both
preached
and
wrote
many
things
.
We
have
at
this
day
fourteen
of
his
Epistles
;
one
to
the
Romans
,
two
to
the
Corinthians
,
one
to
the
Galatians
,
one
to
the
Ephesians
,
one
to
the
Philippians
,
one
to
the
Colossians
,
two
to
the
Thessalonians
.
two
to
Timothy
,
one
to
Titus
,
and
one
to
Philemon
;
that
to
the
Hebrews
is
generally
said
to
be
his
,
though
because
of
the
difference
of
style
and
phrase
from
the
rest
,
it
be
uncertain
whether
it
were
so
or
no
;
and
there
have
been
anciently
divers
who
have
entituled
it
,
some
to
Luke
,
some
to
Barnabas
,
some
to
Clemens
.
St.
Peter
also
wrote
two
general
Epistles
,
though
the
latter
be
by
many
denied
to
be
his
for
the
same
reason
of
the
difference
of
style
.
But
being
so
taken
up
with
Prayer
and
Preaching
,
that
he
could
not
attend
any
other
great
variety
of
business
,
he
constituted
two
Bishops
,
viz.
Linus
and
Cletus
,
who
might
exercise
the
sacerdotal
Ministery
to
the
Romans
and
other
Christians
.
The
holy
man
applying
himself
entirely
to
these
things
,
gained
thereby
so
great
and
universal
a
Reputation
,
that
men
were
ready
to
worship
him
as
a
God
.
The
Emperor
Nero
being
displeased
hereat
,
began
to
contrive
his
death
;
whereupon
St.
Peter
,
with
the
advice
of
his
Friends
,
that
he
might
avoid
the
Emperours
envy
and
rage
,
departed
out
of
the
City
by
the
Via
Appia
;
and
at
the
end
of
the
first
mile
he
travelled
,
to
use
the
words
of
Egesippus
,
meeting
with
Christ
in
the
way
,
and
falling
down
and
worshipping
him
,
he
said
,
Lord
whither
goest
thou
?
to
whom
Christ
replied
,
I
go
to
Rome
to
be
crucified
again
.
There
is
yet
remaining
a
Chappel
built
on
the
same
place
where
these
words
were
spoken
.
Now
St.
Peter
believing
this
saying
of
our
Saviour
to
relate
to
his
own
martyrdom
,
because
Christ
might
seem
to
be
ready
to
suffer
again
in
him
,
went
back
to
the
City
,
and
forth
with
consecrated
Clemens
a
Bishop
,
and
in
these
words
recommended
to
him
his
Chair
,
and
the
Church
of
God
;
I
deliver
to
thee
the
same
power
of
binding
and
loosing
which
Christ
lest
to
me
;
do
thou
,
as
becomes
a
good
Pastor
,
promote
the
salvation
of
men
both
by
Prayer
and
Preaching
,
without
regard
to
any
hazard
of
Life
or
Fortune
.
Having
set
these
things
thus
in
order
,
at
the
Command
of
Nero
in
the
last
year
of
his
Empire
,
He
was
put
to
death
together
with
St.
Paul
,
though
the
kinds
of
their
Punishment
were
different
.
For
St.
Peter
was
crucified
with
his
Head
towards
the
ground
,
and
his
Feet
upwards
,
for
so
he
desired
it
might
be
,
saying
,
That
he
was
unworthy
to
undergo
the
same
kind
of
death
with
his
Saviour
.
He
was
buried
in
the
Vatican
,
in
the
Via
Aurelia
,
near
Nero's
Gardens
,
not
far
from
the
Via
Triumphalis
which
leads
to
the
Temple
of
Apollo
.
He
continued
in
the
See
25
years
.
But
St.
Paul
being
on
the
same
day
beheaded
,
was
interred
in
the
Via
Ostiensis
,
in
the
37th
year
after
the
death
of
Christ
.
This
is
confirmed
by
the
testimony
of
Caius
the
Historian
,
who
in
a
Disputation
against
one
Proculus
a
Montanist
has
these
words
;
I
,
says
he
,
can
shew
you
the
Victorious
Ensigns
of
the
Apostles
;
for
you
cannot
pass
the
Via
Regalis
that
leads
to
the
Vatican
,
nor
the
Via
Ostiensis
,
but
you
will
find
the
Trophies
of
those
Hero's
that
established
this
Church
:
where
certainly
he
refers
to
these
two
St.
Peter
and
St.
Paul
.
In
the
fore-mentioned
Gardens
of
Nero
,
were
reposited
the
ashes
of
a
multitude
of
holy
Martyrs
.
For
a
Fire
happening
in
the
time
of
Nero
,
which
raging
for
six
days
together
,
had
wasted
a
great
part
of
the
City
,
and
devoured
the
substance
of
many
wealthy
Citizens
,
the
blame
of
all
which
was
laid
upon
the
Emperour
;
He
,
as
Tacitus
tells
us
,
being
very
desirous
to
quell
the
rumour
,
suborn'd
false
Witnesses
to
accuse
,
and
lay
all
the
blame
of
that
Calamity
upon
the
Christians
.
Whereupon
so
great
a
number
of
them
were
seiz'd
and
put
to
death
,
that
it
is
said
the
flame
of
their
empaled
bodies
supplied
the
room
of
lights
for
some
nights
together
.
There
are
those
who
say
this
Fire
was
kindled
by
Nero
,
either
that
he
might
have
before
his
Eyes
the
Resemblance
of
burning
Troy
,
or
else
because
he
had
taken
offence
at
the
irregularity
of
the
old
Houses
,
and
the
narrowness
and
windings
of
the
streets
;
neither
of
which
are
improbable
of
such
a
man
as
he
,
who
was
profligately
self-will'd
,
intemperate
and
cruel
,
and
in
all
respects
more
lewd
and
wicked
than
his
Uncle
Caligula
.
For
he
both
put
to
death
a
great
part
of
the
Senate
,
and
also
without
any
regard
to
Decency
would
in
the
fight
of
the
People
sing
and
dance
in
the
publique
Theatre
.
His
dissolute
Luxury
was
such
,
that
he
made
use
of
perfum'd
cold
Baths
,
and
fished
with
golden
Nets
,
which
were
drag'd
with
Purple
Cords
.
Yet
he
took
such
care
to
conceal
all
these
Vices
in
the
beginning
of
his
Empire
,
that
men
had
generally
great
hopes
of
him
.
For
being
put
in
mind
to
sign
a
Warrant
according
to
Custom
for
the
Execution
of
one
that
was
condemn'd
to
die
,
How
glad
,
says
he
,
should
I
be
that
I
had
never
learnt
to
write
.
Howas
very
sumptuous
in
his
Buildings
both
in
the
City
and
elsewhere
;
for
the
Baths
called
by
his
Name
,
and
the
Aurea
Domus
,
and
the
Portico
three
miles
long
were
finish'd
by
him
with
with
wondrous
magnificence
;
besides
which
he
was
at
a
vast
expence
to
make
the
Haven
at
Antium
,
at
the
sight
of
which
I
my self
not
long
since
was
wonderfully
pleased
.
I
return
to
his
Cruelty
,
which
he
exercised
towards
his
Master
Seneca
,
towards
M.
Annoeus
Lucanus
the
famous
Poet
,
towards
his
Mother
Agrippina
,
and
his
Wife
Octavia
,
towards
Cornutus
the
Philosopher
Perfius's
Master
,
whom
he
banish'd
,
towards
Piso
,
and
in
a
word
towards
all
those
who
were
in
any
reputation
among
the
Citizens
.
In
the
end
,
he
so
highly
provok'd
the
rage
and
hatred
of
the
people
against
him
,
that
most
diligent
search
was
made
after
him
to
bring
him
to
condign
punishment
:
Which
punishment
was
,
that
being
bound
,
he
should
be
led
up
and
down
with
a
Gallows
upon
his
neck
;
and
being
whipped
with
Rods
to
Death
,
his
body
should
be
thrown
into
the
River
Tyber
.
But
he
making
his
escape
four
miles
out
of
the
City
,
laid
violent
hands
upon
himself
in
the
Countrey-house
of
one
of
his
Freemen
;
between
the
Via
Salaria
,
and
Nomentana
,
in
the
thirty
second
year
of
his
Age
,
and
of
his
Reign
the
fourteenth
.
S.
LINUS
.
LINUS
,
by
Nation
a
Tuscan
,
his
Father's
name
Herculeanus
,
was
in
the
Chair
from
the
last
year
of
Nero
to
the
times
of
Vespasian
,
and
from
the
Consulship
of
Saturninus
and
Scipio
,
to
that
of
Capito
and
Rufus
.
In
this
space
of
time
there
were
no
less
than
three
Emperours
,
Galba
,
Otho
,
and
Vitellius
,
each
of
them
reigning
but
a
very
little
while
.
Galba
,
a
Person
descended
of
the
most
ancient
Nobility
,
being
created
Galba
.
Emperour
by
the
Soldiers
in
Spain
,
assoon
as
he
heard
of
the
death
of
Nero
,
came
immediatey
to
Rome
.
But
rendring
himself
obnoxious
to
all
men
by
his
Avarice
and
Sloth
,
through
the
treachery
of
Otho
,
he
was
slain
at
Rome
near
Curtius's
Lake
in
the
seventh
month
of
his
Reign
;
together
with
Piso
a
Noble
Youth
whom
he
had
adopted
for
his
Son
.
He
was
doubtless
a
man
,
who
before
he
came
to
the
Empire
,
was
very
eminent
in
the
management
both
of
Military
and
Civil
affairs
;
being
often
Consul
,
often
Proconsul
,
and
several
times
General
in
the
most
important
Wars
.
That
which
makes
me
speak
this
in
his
praise
,
is
the
Learning
of
M.
Fabius
Quintilianus
,
whom
Galba
brought
with
him
out
of
Spain
to
Rome
.
Otho
,
a
man
of
better
extraction
by
his
Mother
's
than
by
his
Father's
Otbc.
side
,
who
while
he
led
a
private
life
was
very
loose
and
effeminate
,
as
being
a
great
and
intimate
Friend
of
Nero's
,
in
the
midst
of
tumults
and
slaughters
,
as
I
hinted
before
,
invaded
the
Empire
.
But
being
ingaged
in
a
Civil
War
against
Vitellius
,
who
had
been
created
Emperour
in
Germany
,
though
he
got
the
better
in
three
small
Skirmishes
,
one
at
the
Alps
,
another
at
Placentia
,
the
third
at
Castor
;
yet
losing
the
day
in
the
last
and
most
considerable
,
which
was
at
Bebriacum
,
he
thereupon
fell
into
so
deep
a
melancholly
,
that
,
in
the
third
month
of
his
Empire
he
stab'd
himself
.
Vitellius
,
concerning
whose
Extraction
there
are
different
Opinions
,
Vitellius
.
coming
to
Rome
,
and
obtaining
the
Empire
,
soon
degenerated
into
all
manner
of
lewdness
,
cruelty
and
gluttony
,
being
used
to
make
several
Meals
in
a
day
,
and
some
of
them
to
such
an
height
of
Luxury
,
that
there
have
been
at
one
Supper
no
less
than
two
thousand
Fishes
,
and
seven
thousand
Fowl
serv'd
up
to
his
Table
.
But
having
intelligence
that
Vespasian
,
who
had
been
created
Emperour
by
the
Army
in
Judoea
,
was
advancing
with
his
Legions
,
he
at
first
determin'd
to
quit
the
Empire
;
yet
being
afterwards
encouraged
by
those
about
him
,
he
took
up
Arms
,
and
forc'd
Sabinus
,
Vespasian's
Brother
,
with
his
Flavian
Soldiers
into
the
Capitol
;
which
being
set
on
fire
,
they
were
all
burnt
.
Hereupon
being
surpriz'd
by
Vespasian
,
and
having
no
hope
of
pardon
left
him
,
he
hid
himself
in
a
private
Chamber
in
the
Palace
,
from
whence
he
was
most
ignominiously
drag'd
and
carried
naked
through
the
Via
Sacra
to
the
Scaloe
Gemonioe
,
where
being
quartered
he
was
thrown
into
the
River
Tyber
.
During
this
time
Linus
was
Successor
to
St.
Peter
,
though
there
are
some
who
place
Clemens
here
,
and
wholly
leave
out
Linus
and
Cletus
;
who
yet
are
sufficiently
confuted
not
only
by
History
,
but
also
by
the
authority
of
S.
Hierom
,
who
tells
us
,
that
Clemens
was
the
fourth
Bishop
of
Rome
after
Peter
,
for
Linus
was
accounted
the
second
,
and
Cletus
the
third
,
notwithstanding
that
most
of
the
Romans
immediately
after
Peter
reckon
Clemens
.
To
whom
,
though
St.
Peter
had
as
it
were
by
Will
bequeath'd
the
Right
of
Succession
,
yet
his
modesty
was
so
great
that
he
compelled
Linus
and
Cletus
to
take
upon
them
the
Pontifical
Dignity
before
him
,
lest
any
ambition
of
preheminence
might
be
of
ill
example
to
after
Ages
.
This
Linus
by
Commission
from
St.
Peter
,
ordained
that
no
Woman
should
enter
the
Church
but
with
her
Head
veiled
.
Moreover
,
at
two
Ordinations
which
he
held
in
the
City
,
he
made
eighteen
Presbyters
and
eleven
Bishops
.
He
wrote
also
the
Memoirs
of
St.
Peter
,
and
particularly
the
Contention
he
had
with
Sinion
Magus
.
In
his
time
lived
Philo
,
a
Jew
,
by
Nation
of
Alexandria
,
in
whose
Writings
there
is
Philo
Judoeus
.
so
much
Wit
and
Judgment
,
that
,
from
the
likeness
there
appears
between
them
,
he
deserv'd
to
have
it
proverbially
said
,
Either
Plato
does
Philonize
,
or
Philo
does
Platonize
.
By
his
Learning
and
Eloquence
he
corrected
the
rashness
of
Appion
,
who
had
been
sent
Ambassadour
from
the
Alexandrians
with
Complaints
against
the
Jews
.
While
he
was
at
Rome
,
in
Claudius
his
time
,
he
contracted
an
acquaintance
with
St.
Peter
,
and
thereupon
wrote
several
things
in
praise
of
the
Christians
.
Josephus
also
,
the
son
of
Matathias
,
a
Priest
at
Hierusalem
,
Josephus
.
being
taken
Prisoner
by
Vespasian
,
and
committed
to
the
custody
of
his
son
Titus
till
that
City
was
taken
,
coming
to
Rome
during
the
Pontificate
of
Linus
,
presented
to
the
Father
and
the
Son
seven
Books
of
the
Jewish
War
,
which
were
laid
up
in
the
publick
Library
,
and
the
Author
himself
,
as
a
reward
for
that
performance
,
had
most
deservedly
a
Statue
erected
to
him
.
He
wrote
likewise
twenty
four
other
Books
of
Antiquities
,
from
the
beginning
of
the
World
to
the
fourteenth
year
of
the
Emperour
Domitian
.
As
for
Linus
himself
,
though
he
had
gain'd
a
mighty
reputation
by
the
sanctity
of
his
Life
,
by
his
Power
of
casting
out
Devils
and
raising
the
Dead
,
yet
was
he
put
to
Death
by
Saturninus
the
Consul
,
whose
very
Daughter
he
had
dispossess'd
;
and
was
buried
in
the
Vatican
near
the
Body
of
St.
Peter
,
on
the
twenty
first
day
of
September
,
when
he
had
sat
in
the
Pontifical
See
eleven
years
,
three
months
,
and
twelve
days
.
There
are
some
who
affirm
that
Gregory
Bishop
of
Ostia
,
did
,
according
to
a
Vow
which
he
had
made
,
remove
the
Body
of
this
holy
Bishop
to
that
place
,
and
solemnly
interr
it
in
the
Church
of
St.
Laurence
.
S.
CLETUS
.
CLETUS
,
born
in
Rome
in
the
Vicopatrician
[
](A55007-e17000-b)*
*
One
of
the
Divisions
of
the
City
of
Rome
,
answering
to
one
of
our
Wards
in
London
.
Region
,
Son
of
Aemilianus
,
through
the
persuasion
of
Clemens
,
unwillingly
took
upon
him
the
burden
of
the
Pontificate
,
though
for
his
Learning
,
Life
and
Quality
he
was
a
Person
of
very
great
esteem
and
Authority
among
all
that
knew
him
.
He
lived
in
the
time
of
Vespasian
and
Titus
,
from
the
seventh
Consulship
of
Vespasian
,
and
the
fifth
of
Domitian
,
to
Domitian
and
Rufus
Coss
.
according
to
Damasus
.
Vespasian
,
as
I
said
before
,
succeeding
Vitellius
,
committed
the
management
Vespasianus
.
of
the
Jewish
War
,
which
had
been
carrying
on
two
years
before
,
to
his
Son
Titus
,
which
he
within
two
years
after
,
with
great
resolution
finished
.
For
all
Judoea
being
conquer'd
,
the
City
Hierusalem
destroyed
,
and
the
Temple
levelled
to
the
ground
,
it
is
reported
that
no
less
than
six
hundred
thousand
Jews
were
slain
;
nay
Josephus
a
Jew
,
who
was
a
Captive
in
that
War
,
and
had
his
life
given
him
because
he
foretold
the
death
of
Nero
,
and
that
Vespasian
should
in
a
short
time
be
Emperor
,
relates
that
eleven
hundred
thousand
perished
therein
by
sword
and
famine
,
and
that
a
hundred
thousand
were
taken
Prisoners
,
and
publickly
exposed
to
sale
.
Nor
will
it
seem
improbable
,
if
we
consider
that
he
tells
us
this
happened
at
the
time
of
the
Feast
of
Unleavened
Bread
,
when
they
came
from
all
parts
of
Judoea
to
Jerusalem
,
as
into
a
publick
Prison
;
and
especially
on
the
day
of
the
Passeover
,
upon
which
they
crucified
Christ
:
being
now
to
undergo
the
deserved
punishment
,
both
of
their
frequent
revolts
from
the
Roman
Government
;
and
also
of
their
villany
and
perfidiousness
in
putting
to
death
the
innocent
Jesus
.
Upon
this
Victory
over
the
Jews
,
the
Father
and
Son
were
honoured
with
a
Triumph
,
both
riding
in
the
same
Chariot
,
and
Domitian
upon
a
white
Horse
following
them
.
The
Monuments
of
this
Triumph
remain
still
in
the
Via
Nova
,
where
are
to
be
seen
engraven
the
Candesticks
and
the
Tables
of
the
old
Law
that
were
taken
out
of
the
Temple
and
triumphantly
brought
away
.
Yet
Vespasian
exercised
so
much
humanity
towards
the
Jews
,
even
when
they
were
conquered
,
that
for
all
those
whom
he
found
among
them
remaining
of
the
House
of
David
,
as
being
of
Royal
descent
,
he
had
a
very
good
esteem
.
And
indeed
he
always
used
his
Power
with
great
Moderation
,
being
of
so
mild
and
merciful
a
Temper
,
as
to
discharge
even
Traytors
with
no
other
than
a
verbal
Correction
,
and
to
slight
the
Discourses
of
insolent
and
talkative
people
,
and
in
general
to
be
forgetful
of
Faults
and
Injuries
.
He
was
look'd
upon
as
too
much
enclin'd
to
Avarice
;
and
yet
he
used
no
oppression
for
the
getting
of
Money
,
and
what
he
had
he
employed
in
Bounty
and
Magnificence
.
For
he
both
finish'd
the
Temple
of
Peace
adjoyning
to
the
Forum
,
that
had
been
begun
by
Claudius
;
and
began
that
Amphitheatre
,
a
part
of
which
is
yet
to
be
seen
with
admiration
.
He
had
so
great
an
opinion
of
the
Bravery
and
Merit
of
his
Son
Titus
,
that
upon
occasion
of
certain
tumults
,
rais'd
by
some
ambitious
men
who
aspir'd
to
the
Empire
,
he
said
publickly
,
That
either
his
Son
,
or
no
man
,
would
be
his
Successor
in
the
Empire
.
And
good
ground
he
had
to
say
so
,
for
that
Titus
,
both
Titus
.
for
his
Courage
and
Integrity
was
accounted
the
Darling
and
Delight
of
Mankind
.
He
was
endued
with
an
Eloquence
excellency
suited
to
the
times
of
Peace
,
and
with
a
Courage
to
those
of
War
;
he
was
very
merciful
to
Offenders
,
and
so
kind
and
bountiful
to
all
,
that
he
never
denied
any
man
any
thing
.
Upon
which
occasion
when
some
of
his
Friends
took
the
liberty
to
find
fault
with
him
as
too
profuse
;
he
told
them
,
It
was
not
fit
that
any
man
should
depart
sad
out
of
the
presence
of
a
Prince
.
And
remembring
at
a
certain
time
that
he
had
not
conferr'd
any
benefit
in
a
whole
day
,
he
thereupon
cried
out
to
those
about
him
,
My
Friends
,
I
have
lost
a
Day
.
Never
any
Emperour
was
superiour
to
him
in
Magnificence
;
the
Amphitheatre
,
together
with
the
Baths
near
adjoyning
,
being
perfectly
compleated
and
dedicated
,
and
an
Hunting
of
five
thousand
wild
Beasts
exhibited
by
him
.
He
recall'd
from
Exile
Mursonius
Rufus
a
famous
Philosopher
,
and
was
much
pleased
with
the
conversation
of
Asconius
Poedianus
a
most
learned
man
.
He
died
in
the
second
year
of
his
Empire
,
and
was
carried
to
his
Sepulchre
with
so
great
and
universal
a
lamentation
,
as
if
every
man
had
lost
a
Father
.
There
are
some
who
write
that
Cletus
succeeded
Linus
in
the
second
year
of
Vespasian
,
who
held
the
Empire
ten
years
.
Whether
that
were
so
or
no
,
't
is
certain
that
Cletus
was
a
most
holy
and
good
man
,
and
that
he
left
nothing
undone
that
might
contribute
to
the
enlargement
and
increase
of
the
Church
of
God
.
In
his
time
lived
Luke
,
a
Physitian
of
Antioch
,
Luke
.
one
extraordinarily
well
skilled
in
the
Greek
Language
,
a
follower
of
S.
Paul
the
Apostle
,
and
his
constant
attendant
and
Companion
in
his
Travels
.
He
pen'd
the
Gospel
,
which
is
commended
by
S.
Paul
,
and
which
S.
Paul
for
a
good
reason
calls
his
Gospel
.
He
wrote
also
the
Acts
of
the
Apostles
,
being
himself
an
Eye-witness
of
them
.
He
lived
eighty
four
years
,
was
married
in
Bithynia
,
and
buried
at
Constantinople
,
whither
his
bones
,
together
with
those
of
Andrew
the
Apostle
,
were
in
the
tenth
year
of
Constantius
,
conveyed
out
of
Achaia
.
At
the
same
time
likewise
Philip
returning
out
of
Scythia
,
which
by
his
Example
and
Philip.
Preaching
he
had
kept
stedfast
in
the
faith
for
twenty
years
together
,
into
Asia
,
died
at
Jerusalem
.
As
for
Cletus
himself
,
having
setled
the
Church
as
well
as
the
Times
would
bear
,
and
ordain'd
according
to
St.
Peter's
command
twenty
five
Presbyters
,
he
was
crown'd
with
Martyrdom
in
the
Reign
of
Domitian
,
and
buried
near
the
body
of
S.
Peter
in
the
Vatican
,
April
27.
There
were
many
other
Martyrs
about
the
same
time
,
among
whom
is
reckoned
Flavia
Domicilla
,
Sisters
Daughter
to
Flavius
Clemens
the
Consul
who
was
banish'd
into
the
Island
Pontia
for
the
profession
of
Christianity
.
Cletus
sate
in
the
Chair
twelve
years
,
one
month
,
eleven
days
;
and
by
his
Death
the
See
was
vacant
twenty
days
.
S.
CLEMENS
.
CLEMENS
,
born
in
Rome
,
in
the
Region
of
Mons
Coelius
,
his
Fathers
name
Faustinus
,
lived
in
the
time
of
Titus
his
Successor
Domitian
,
Who
was
more
like
to
Nero
or
Caligula
than
to
his
Father
Vespasian
or
Domitian
.
his
Brother
;
yet
at
the
beginning
of
his
Empire
he
kept
within
some
tolerable
bounds
,
but
soon
after
he
broke
out
into
very
great
enormities
of
Lust
,
Idleness
,
Rage
and
Cruelty
;
crimes
which
brought
upon
him
so
great
an
Odium
,
as
almost
quite
defac'd
the
Memory
and
Renown
of
his
Father
and
his
Brother
.
Many
of
the
Nobility
he
put
to
death
,
whereof
most
were
by
his
order
assassined
in
the
places
whither
he
had
banish'd
them
.
He
was
so
industriously
idle
as
to
spend
the
time
of
his
privacy
and
retirement
in
killing
Flies
with
a
Bodkin
;
for
which
reason
when
a
certain
person
coming
out
of
his
Presence
was
asked
,
whether
any
one
were
with
Coesar
,
he
answer'd
merrily
,
No
,
not
so
much
as
a
Fly
.
He
arriv'd
to
such
an
heighth
of
Folly
and
arrogance
,
as
to
expect
divine
Honours
,
and
command
that
in
all
Discourses
and
Writings
concerning
him
,
the
Title
of
Lord
and
God
should
be
given
him
.
He
was
the
second
from
Nero
that
rais'd
a
Persecution
against
the
Christians
.
Moreover
,
he
gave
order
that
all
those
of
the
Linage
of
David
among
the
Jews
,
should
by
Interrogatories
and
racking
them
to
Confession
be
diligently
search'd
after
,
and
being
found
utterly
destroy'd
and
extin
guish'd
.
In
the
end
,
the
divine
Vengeance
overtaking
him
,
he
was
in
the
fifteenth
year
of
his
Empire
stab'd
to
death
in
the
Palace
by
his
own
servants
.
His
Body
was
carried
out
by
the
common
Bearers
and
ingloriously
buried
by
Philix
at
her
Countrey-house
in
the
Via
Latina
.
Clemens
was
now
(
as
I
have
said
)
the
fourth
Bishop
of
Rome
from
S.
Peter
,
Linus
being
accounted
the
second
and
Cletus
the
third
,
though
the
Latins
generally
reckon
Clemens
next
after
Peter
;
and
that
he
was
design'd
so
appears
from
his
own
Letter
to
James
Bishop
of
Jerusalem
,
wherein
he
gives
him
the
following
account
of
that
matter
;
Simon
Peter
being
apprehensive
of
his
approaching
Death
,
in
the
presence
of
several
Brethren
,
taking
hold
of
my
hand
,
This
,
says
he
,
is
the
person
,
whom
having
been
my
assistant
in
all
affairs
since
I
came
to
Rome
,
I
constitute
Bishop
of
that
City
;
and
when
I
shewed
my
willingness
eo
decline
so
great
a
Burden
,
he
exposulated
with
me
in
this
manner
,
Wilt
thou
consult
only
thine
own
convenience
;
and
deny
thy
assistance
to
the
poor
fluctuating
Church
of
God
when
it
is
in
thy
power
to
steer
it
?
But
he
being
a
person
of
wonderful
modesty
,
did
freely
prefer
Linus
and
Cletus
to
that
dignity
before
himself
undertook
it
.
He
wrote
in
the
name
of
the
Roman
Church
a
very
useful
Epistle
to
the
Corinthians
,
not
differing
in
style
from
that
of
the
Hebrews
,
which
is
said
to
be
St.
Pauls
.
This
Epistle
was
formerly
read
publickly
in
several
Churches
:
there
is
another
bearing
his
name
which
the
Ancients
did
not
thing
authentick
;
and
Eufebius
in
the
third
Book
of
his
History
,
does
find
fault
with
a
long
Disputation
between
St.
Peter
and
Appion
,
said
to
be
written
by
our
Clement
,
'T
is
certain
that
John
S.
John
.
the
Apostle
,
son
of
Zebedee
and
Brother
of
James
lived
till
this
time
,
who
was
the
last
Penman
of
the
Gospel
,
and
confirmed
what
had
been
before
written
by
Matthew
,
Mark
and
Luke
.
The
reason
why
he
wrote
last
is
said
to
be
,
that
he
might
confront
and
defeat
the
Heresie
of
the
Ebionites
,
who
impudently
denied
Christ
to
have
had
a
being
before
his
Birth
of
the
Blessed
Virgin
;
and
accordingly
we
find
him
very
particular
in
demonstrating
the
Divinity
of
our
Saviour
.
He
wrote
several
other
things
,
and
among
the
rest
his
Revelation
,
during
his
banishment
into
the
Island
Patmos
by
Domitian
;
who
being
afterwards
slain
and
his
Acts
for
their
excessive
severity
rescinded
by
the
Senate
,
he
returned
to
Ephesus
in
the
time
of
Nerva
;
where
he
continued
till
the
Reign
of
Trajan
,
supporting
the
Churches
of
Asia
by
his
Counsel
and
Writings
,
till
at
last
being
worn
out
with
Age
he
rested
in
the
Lord
the
sixty
eighth
year
after
the
Passion
of
Christ
.
Our
Clemens
by
his
Piety
,
Religion
and
Learning
made
daily
many
Proselytes
to
Christianity
;
whereupon
P.
Tarquinius
the
High
Priest
,
and
Mamertinus
the
City
Praefect
stir'd
up
the
Emperour
against
the
Christians
;
at
whose
command
Clement
was
banish'd
to
an
Island
,
where
he
found
near
two
thousand
Christians
condemn'd
to
hew
Marble
in
the
Quarries
.
In
this
Island
there
being
at
that
time
a
great
scarcity
of
water
,
which
they
were
forced
to
fetch
at
six
miles
distance
,
Clement
going
going
to
the
top
of
a
little
Hill
hard
by
,
sees
there
a
Lamb
,
under
whose
right
foot
flowed
miraculously
a
plentiful
Spring
,
with
which
all
the
Islanders
were
refresh'd
,
and
many
of
them
thereupon
converted
to
the
Christian
faith
.
At
which
Trajan
being
enraged
,
sent
some
of
his
Guards
,
who
threw
Clement
into
the
Sea
,
with
an
Anchor
tied
about
his
neck
.
But
his
blessed
Body
was
not
long
after
cast
on
the
shore
,
and
being
buried
at
the
place
where
this
miraculous
fountain
had
sprung
up
,
a
Temple
was
built
over
it
.
This
is
said
to
have
happened
September
the
fourteenth
in
the
third
year
of
the
Emperor
Trajan
.
He
was
in
the
Chair
nine
years
,
two
months
,
and
ten
days
;
he
divided
the
Wards
of
the
City
among
seven
Notaries
,
who
were
to
register
the
Acts
of
the
Martyrs
;
and
at
the
Ordinations
which
he
held
according
to
Custom
in
the
Month
of
December
,
he
made
ten
Presbyters
,
two
Deacons
,
and
fifteen
Bishops
.
By
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
two
and
twenty
days
.
S.
ANACLETUS
.
ANACLETUS
,
an
Athenian
,
son
of
Antiochus
,
was
successor
to
Clement
in
the
time
of
Trajanus
.
This
Trajans
Predecessor
Nerva
Cocceius
,
was
an
excellent
Nerva
.
person
both
in
his
private
and
publick
capacity
,
just
and
equal
in
all
his
proceedings
,
and
one
whose
Government
was
very
advantageous
to
the
Republick
.
Through
his
procurement
the
Acts
of
Domitian
being
repeal'd
by
Decree
of
the
Senate
,
multitudes
thereupon
return'd
from
banishment
,
and
several
by
his
bounty
had
the
Goods
of
which
they
had
before
been
plundered
,
restor'd
to
them
.
But
being
now
very
old
,
and
drawing
near
to
the
time
of
his
Death
,
out
of
his
care
of
the
Publick
Weal
,
he
adopted
Trajan
,
and
then
died
in
the
sixteenth
Month
of
his
Reign
,
and
of
his
Age
the
seventy
second
year
.
Trajan
himself
,
a
Spaniard
,
surnamed
Ulpius
Crinitus
,
coming
to
the
Trajanus
.
Empire
surpassed
the
best
of
Princes
in
in
the
glory
of
his
Arms
,
the
the
Goodness
of
his
Temper
,
and
the
moderation
of
his
Government
.
He
extended
the
bounds
of
the
Empire
far
and
wide
,
reduced
that
part
of
Getmany
beyond
the
Rhine
to
its
former
state
,
subdued
Dacia
,
and
several
other
Nations
beyond
the
Danow
;
recovered
Parthia
;
gave
a
King
to
the
Albanians
;
made
Provinces
beyond
Euphrates
and
Tygris
;
overcame
and
kept
Armenia
,
Assyria
,
Mesopotamia
,
Seleucia
,
Ctesiphon
and
Babylon
;
and
proceeded
as
far
as
the
borders
of
India
,
and
the
Red
Sea
,
where
he
left
a
Fleet
to
infest
those
Borders
.
The
Ecclesiastical
Laws
and
Constitutions
of
Anacletus
were
as
followeth
;
viz.
That
no
Prelate
or
other
Clerk
should
suffer
his
beard
or
hair
to
grow
long
;
that
no
Bishop
should
be
ordained
by
less
than
three
other
Bishops
;
that
the
Clergy
should
be
admitted
into
holy
Orders
in
publick
only
;
and
that
all
the
faithful
should
after
Consecration
communicate
or
be
put
out
of
the
Church
.
By
this
means
the
Christian
interest
encreas'd
,
that
Trajan
fearing
lest
the
Roman
State
might
be
impaired
thereby
,
gave
allowance
to
a
third
Persecution
of
the
Christians
,
in
which
multitudes
were
put
to
Death
,
and
particularly
Ignatius
Ignatius
.
the
third
Bishop
of
the
Church
of
Antioch
after
St.
Peter
.
Who
being
taken
and
condemn'd
to
suffer
by
wild
beasts
,
as
he
was
carried
to
Rome
by
his
Guards
,
whom
he
called
his
Ten
Leopards
,
he
all
along
in
his
passage
encourag'd
and
confirm'd
the
Christians
,
by
Discourse
with
some
,
and
by
Epistle
to
others
;
declaring
his
readiness
to
suffer
in
this
manner
;
Come
Cross
,
come
Beasts
,
come
Wrack
,
come
the
torture
of
my
whole
body
,
and
the
torments
of
the
Devil
upon
me
,
so
I
may
enjoy
Christ
.
And
upon
the
occasion
of
his
hearing
the
Lions
roar
,
Corn
,
says
he
,
I
am
,
let
me
be
ground
by
the
teeth
of
these
beasts
,
that
I
may
be
found
fine
bread
.
He
died
in
Trajan's
eleventh
year
,
and
his
bones
were
afterwards
buried
in
the
Suburbs
of
Antioch
.
But
Plinius
Secundus
,
who
was
then
Governour
of
that
Province
,
being
moved
with
compassion
to
see
so
many
executed
,
wrote
to
the
Emperour
Trajan
,
informing
him
that
incredible
numbers
of
men
were
daily
put
to
Death
,
who
were
persons
of
an
unblameable
life
,
and
who
in
no
point
transgressed
the
Roman
Laws
,
save
only
that
before
day-break
,
they
would
sing
Hymns
to
Christ
their
God
,
but
that
Adulteries
and
the
like
Crimes
were
disallowed
and
abominated
by
them
.
Hereupon
Trajan
gave
order
,
that
the
Magistrates
should
not
make
search
after
the
Christians
,
but
only
punish
those
who
voluntarily
offered
themselves
.
During
this
Persecution
Simeon
,
the
kinsman
of
our
Lord
,
son
of
Cleophas
and
Bishop
of
Jerusalem
,
was
crucified
in
the
hundred
and
twentieth
year
of
his
Age.
These
things
which
we
have
spoken
were
acted
in
the
time
of
this
Bishop
and
not
of
Cletus
,
as
Eusebius
in
the
third
book
of
his
History
would
have
it
;
for
Damasus
makes
out
that
Cletus
and
Anacletus
differed
both
as
to
their
Countrey
and
manner
of
Death
,
Cletus
being
a
Roman
and
suffering
under
Domitian
,
but
Anacletus
and
Athenian
and
suffering
under
Trajan
.
Our
Anacletus
having
erected
an
Oratory
to
St.
Peter
,
and
assigned
places
of
burial
for
the
Martyrs
distinct
from
those
of
other
men
,
and
at
one
Decembrian
Ordination
made
five
Presbyters
,
three
Deacons
,
and
six
Bishops
;
upon
his
Martyrdom
the
See
was
vacant
thirteen
days
,
after
he
had
sat
in
it
nine
years
,
two
months
and
ten
days
.
S.
EUARISTUS
.
EUARISTUS
,
by
birth
a
Grecian
,
his
Father
a
Jew
,
named
Juda
,
of
the
City
of
Bethleem
,
lived
in
the
time
of
Trajan
.
A
Prince
whom
I
take
delight
to
mention
,
because
of
his
singular
Trajan
.
Justice
and
Humanity
.
Who
behav'd
himself
so
acceptably
towards
all
men
,
that
as
far
as
the
times
of
Justinian
the
usual
acclamation
of
the
People
at
the
Creation
of
an
Emperour
was
this
,
Let
him
be
more
prosperous
than
Augustus
and
better
than
Trajan
.
He
was
of
a
temper
so
courteous
and
condescending
in
visiting
the
Sick
,
in
saluting
his
Friends
,
in
keeping
Festivals
,
and
being
present
at
Collations
to
which
he
was
invited
,
that
the
fault
which
some
found
with
him
for
that
very
reason
,
gave
the
occasion
of
that
worthy
noble
saying
of
his
,
That
a
Prince
ought
to
be
such
to
his
Subjects
,
as
he
desires
they
should
be
to
him
.
He
impartially
distributed
Honours
,
Riches
,
and
Rewards
to
all
that
deserved
well
;
never
oppress'd
any
man
to
fill
his
own
Exchequer
;
granted
advantageous
immunities
to
poor
Cities
;
repaired
the
High-ways
,
and
made
the
passages
of
Rivers
secure
;
made
a
high
large
Mole
at
the
Haven
of
Ancona
,
to
break
the
violence
of
the
Waves
;
and
indeed
neither
acted
nor
designed
any
thing
in
his
whole
life
but
what
tended
to
the
publick
Good
.
Having
gain'd
such
Renown
both
in
War
and
in
Peace
,
he
died
of
a
Flux
,
at
Seleucia
a
City
of
Isauria
,
in
the
eighteenth
year
and
sixth
month
of
his
Reign
.
His
bones
were
afterward
convey'd
to
Rome
,
and
there
buried
in
an
Urn
of
Gold
,
in
the
Forum
which
himself
had
built
,
under
the
winding
Pillar
of
an
hundred
forty
foot
high
,
which
is
yet
to
beseen
.
But
we
return
to
Euaristus
,
who
,
as
Damasus
tells
us
,
divided
the
City
of
Rome
among
the
Presbyters
into
Parishes
;
ordained
that
seven
Deacons
should
attend
the
Bishop
when
ever
he
preached
to
be
witnesses
of
the
truth
of
his
Doctrine
;
and
moreover
that
the
accusation
of
a
Lay-man
should
not
be
admitted
against
a
Bishop
.
He
held
Decembrian
Ordinations
,
at
which
he
made
six
Presbyters
,
two
Deacons
and
five
Bishops
.
In
his
time
lived
Papias
,
Bishop
of
Hierapolis
,
an
Auditor
of
Papias
.
John
,
a
person
who
took
not
so
much
delight
in
the
Records
of
the
ancient
Disciples
of
our
Lord
,
as
in
the
living
Conversation
of
Aristion
and
John
the
Elder
.
And
it
is
manifest
from
the
order
he
observes
in
setting
down
the
names
of
these
two
after
the
mention
of
almost
all
the
Apostles
,
that
the
John
whom
he
places
among
the
Apostles
,
was
a
distinct
Person
from
this
John
the
Aged
,
whom
hereckons
after
Aristion
.
He
was
certainly
a
very
learned
man
,
and
followed
by
many
,
as
particularly
Irenaeus
,
Apollinarius
,
Tertullian
,
Victorinus
Pictaviensis
,
and
Lactantius
Firmianus
.
Now
also
Quadratus
,
a
Disciple
of
the
Apostles
,
did
by
his
Industry
Quadratus
.
and
Courage
support
the
Church
of
God
as
much
as
might
be
in
such
dangerous
times
.
For
when
Adrian
,
who
now
passed
the
Winter
at
Athens
,
and
was
admitted
a
Priest
to
the
Goddess
Eleusina
,
began
to
persecute
the
Christians
,
Quadratus
with
his
own
hand
presented
to
him
a
very
honest
and
rational
Book
of
the
Excellency
of
the
Christian
Religion
.
The
like
did
Aristides
,
and
Athenian
Philosopher
,
converted
to
Aristides
:
Christianity
;
who
at
the
same
time
with
Quadratus
,
presented
to
Adrian
a
Treatise
,
containing
an
account
of
our
Religion
.
The
effect
of
which
Apologeticks
was
,
that
Adrian
being
convinc'd
of
the
injustice
of
putting
the
Christians
to
death
without
their
being
heard
,
wrote
to
Minutius
Fundanus
the
Proconsul
of
Asia
,
ordering
that
no
Christian
should
be
executed
,
unless
his
guilt
were
proved
by
a
credible
Witness
.
As
for
our
Euaristus
,
some
tell
us
that
he
was
martyr'd
in
the
last
year
of
Trajan
;
but
they
are
more
in
the
right
,
who
are
of
opinion
that
he
suffered
under
Adrian
before
his
being
reconciled
to
the
Christians
.
For
he
was
in
the
Chair
nine
years
,
ten
months
,
two
days
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Vatican
,
near
the
body
of
S.
Peter
,
October
the
twenty
seventh
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
nineteen
days
.
S.
ALEXANDER
I.
ALEXANDER
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Alexander
,
a
Person
of
Wisdom
and
Gravity
far
exceeding
his
years
,
held
the
Pontificate
in
the
time
of
Aelius
Adrianus
.
This
Adrian
,
who
was
Son
to
Trajan's
Cosin-German
,
at
his
first
coming
Adrian
.
to
the
Empire
proved
an
Enemy
to
the
Christians
,
but
afterwards
(
as
shall
be
said
anon
)
upon
knowledg
of
their
Religion
and
Devotion
,
became
very
kind
and
propitious
to
them
.
From
the
great
benefits
which
the
Roman
State
receiv'd
by
his
Government
,
he
was
called
the
Father
of
his
Countrey
,
and
his
Wife
had
the
Title
of
Augusta
.
He
was
excellently
well
skil'd
both
in
the
Roman
and
Greek
Languages
,
made
many
Laws
,
created
a
goodly
Library
at
Athens
,
being
mightily
pleased
with
the
Learning
and
Conversation
of
Plutarch
,
Sixtus
,
Agathocles
and
Oenomaus
the
Philosopher
;
and
at
the
request
of
the
Athenians
compiled
Laws
for
them
according
to
the
Model
of
Draco
and
Solen
.
Being
admitted
to
the
Eleusinian
Mysteries
,
he
was
very
bountiful
to
the
Citizens
of
Athens
,
and
repair'd
their
bridg
broken
down
by
an
Innundation
of
the
River
Cephysus
.
He
built
also
a
Bridg
at
Rome
,
called
by
his
own
name
,
remaining
to
this
day
,
and
a
stately
Sepulchre
in
the
Vatican
near
the
River
Tyber
,
which
the
Popes
now
make
use
of
for
a
Citadel
.
Moreover
,
he
made
that
most
sumptuous
and
stately
Villa
,
now
called
Old
Tiber
,
to
the
several
parts
of
which
he
gave
the
names
of
Provinces
,
and
the
most
celebrated
parts
of
the
World
.
Coming
to
Pelusium
,
he
was
at
great
expence
in
adorning
Pompey's
Tomb
,
and
in
Britain
he
built
a
Wall
of
sixty
miles
to
sever
the
Romans
from
the
Natives
.
And
because
Septicius
Clarus
the
Captain
of
his
Guards
,
and
Suetonius
Tranquillus
his
Secretary
,
with
several
others
,
had
without
his
leave
conversed
somewhat
more
familiarly
with
his
Empress
Sabina
than
the
Reverence
of
a
Court
admitted
of
,
he
remov'd
them
all
and
put
others
into
their
Offices
.
But
to
return
to
our
Alexander
,
He
was
the
first
who
for
the
remembrance
of
Christs
Passion
at
the
Communion
added
those
words
,
Qui
pridie
quam
pateretur
,
to
the
Clause
Hoc
est
corpus
meum
.
He
ordained
likewise
that
the
Holy
Water
(
as
it
is
called
)
mix'd
with
Salt
and
consecrated
by
Prayer
,
should
be
kept
in
Churches
and
in
private
Houses
,
as
a
guard
against
evil
Spirits
.
Moreover
,
he
instituted
that
Water
should
be
mingled
with
the
Wine
,
at
the
consecration
of
the
Elements
,
to
signifie
the
Union
of
Christ
with
his
Church
;
and
that
the
Host
should
not
be
of
leavened
bread
as
was
formerly
used
,
but
of
unleavened
only
,
as
being
the
more
pure
,
and
by
which
all
occasion
of
cavilling
would
be
taken
away
from
the
Ebionite
Hereticks
,
who
were
very
much
addicted
to
Judaism
.
In
his
time
lived
Agrippa
Castor
,
who
learnedly
and
Agrippa
Castor
.
effectually
confuted
the
books
which
Basilides
the
Heretick
wrote
against
Bafilides
.
the
Holy
Gospel
;
exposing
to
derision
his
Prophets
Barcabas
and
Barthecab
,
and
his
great
God
Abraxas
,
names
invented
by
him
to
amuse
and
terrifie
the
ignorant
.
This
Basilides
died
at
that
time
when
the
Christians
were
very
much
persecuted
and
tormented
by
Cochebas
,
the
Head
of
the
Jewish
Faction
.
But
Adrian
soon
repress'd
the
pertinacy
of
this
Rebel
and
the
whole
Nation
of
the
Jews
,
by
an
almost
incredible
slaughter
of
them
;
and
then
commanded
that
no
Jew
should
be
suffered
to
enter
Jerusalem
,
permitting
only
Christians
to
inhabit
that
City
,
and
having
repaired
the
Walls
and
buildings
of
it
,
he
called
it
after
his
own
name
Aelia
;
Marcus
being
after
the
expulsion
of
the
Jews
,
chosen
the
first
Gentile
Bishop
of
it
.
In
the
time
of
this
Bishop
also
Sapphira
of
Antioch
,
and
Sabina
a
Roman
Lady
suffer'd
martyrdom
for
the
faith
of
Christ
;
and
Favorinus
,
Palaemon
,
Herodes
Atheniensis
and
Marcus
Byzantius
were
famous
Rhetoricians
.
Our
Alexander
having
at
three
Decembrian
Ordinations
made
five
Presbyters
,
three
Deacons
,
five
Bishops
,
was
,
together
with
his
Deacons
Euentius
and
Theodulus
,
crowned
with
Martyrdom
,
on
the
third
day
of
May
,
and
buried
in
the
Via
Nomentana
,
where
he
suffered
,
seven
miles
from
the
City
.
He
was
in
the
Chair
ten
years
,
seven
months
,
two
days
.
After
his
Death
the
See
was
vacant
twenty
five
days
.
S.
SIXTUS
I.
SIXTUS
a
Roman
,
the
Son
of
Pastor
,
or
as
others
will
have
it
,
of
Helvidius
,
held
the
Pontificate
in
the
time
of
Adrian
,
to
the
Consulship
of
Verus
and
Anniculus
.
Which
Adrian
is
reckoned
in
the
number
of
the
good
Emperours
,
upon
the
account
of
his
Liberality
,
Splendour
,
Magnificence
and
Clemency
;
an
eminent
instance
of
the
last
of
which
good
qualities
was
this
,
That
when
a
Servant
run
madly
upon
him
with
his
Sword
,
he
took
no
farther
notice
of
the
Action
than
to
order
him
a
Physician
to
cure
his
Phrenzy
.
He
visited
the
Sick
twice
or
thrice
in
a
day
;
at
his
own
charge
he
repair'd
Alexandria
when
it
had
been
ruined
by
the
Romans
;
he
rebuilt
the
Pantheon
in
Rome
,
and
made
Aromatick
Presents
to
the
People
.
Being
at
the
point
of
Death
,
he
is
said
to
have
uttered
these
Verses
;
Animula
,
vagula
,
blandula
,
Hospes
,
comesque
corporis
,
Quae
nunc
abibis
in
loca
,
Pallidula
,
rigida
,
nudula
,
Nec
,
ut
soles
,
dabis
,
jocos
.
He
died
of
a
Dropsy
in
the
two
and
twentieth
year
of
his
Reign
,
and
was
buried
at
Puteoli
in
Cicero's
Villa
.
Sixtus
out
of
his
care
of
the
Church
,
ordained
,
that
the
Elements
and
Vessels
of
the
Altar
should
not
be
touched
by
any
but
the
Ministers
,
but
especially
not
by
Women
;
and
that
the
Corporal
,
as
it
is
called
,
should
be
made
of
Linnen-cloth
only
,
and
that
of
the
finest
sort
.
That
no
Bishop
who
had
been
cited
to
appear
before
the
Apostolick
See
,
should
at
his
return
be
received
by
his
Flock
,
unless
he
brought
with
him
Letters
Communicatory
to
the
People
.
At
the
Celebration
he
instituted
the
Hymn
,
Holy
,
holy
,
holy
,
Lord
God
of
Sabaoth
.
Anciently
the
Office
of
the
Communion
was
performed
in
a
plain
manner
,
and
unclog'd
with
humane
mixtures
.
St.
Peter
after
Consecration
used
the
Paternoster
;
James
Bishop
of
Jerusalem
added
some
Rites
,
Bazil
more
,
and
others
more
still
.
For
Celestine
brought
in
the
Introitus
of
the
Mass
,
Gregory
the
Kyrie
Eleyson
,
Telesphorus
The
Glory
be
to
God
on
High
,
Gelasius
the
first
the
Collects
,
and
Hierom
the
Epistle
and
Gospel
.
The
Alelujah
was
taken
from
the
Church
of
Jerusalem
,
the
Creed
was
instituted
by
the
Council
of
Nice
,
Pelagius
introduced
the
Commemoration
of
the
Dead
,
Leo
the
third
the
Incense
,
Innocent
the
first
the
Kiss
of
Peace
,
and
Sergius
ordered
the
Agnus
Dei
to
be
sung
.
During
the
time
of
Sixtus
the
Persecution
being
so
sharp
,
that
few
had
courage
enough
to
own
the
Profession
of
Christianity
,
and
the
Christian
Gauls
desiring
a
Bishop
,
to
them
he
sends
Peregrine
a
Citizen
of
Rome
,
who
having
confirmed
them
in
the
Faith
,
at
his
return
suffered
Martyrdom
in
the
Via
Appia
,
at
the
place
where
Christ
appeared
to
Peter
as
he
was
leaving
the
City
.
His
body
was
by
the
faithful
carried
into
the
Vatican
,
and
buried
near
S.
Peter
.
Aquila
also
by
birth
a
Jew
of
Pontus
,
who
with
his
Wife
Priscilla
had
been
banish'd
by
the
Edict
of
Claudius
,
is
said
by
some
to
have
lived
till
this
time
;
he
was
the
second
Translatour
of
the
Old
Testament
,
after
the
Seventy
who
lived
in
the
time
of
Ptolomey
Philadelphus
.
As
for
Sixtus
,
having
at
three
Decembrian
Ordinations
,
made
eleven
Presbyters
,
eleven
Deacons
,
and
four
Bishops
,
he
was
crowned
with
Martyrdom
,
and
buried
in
the
Vatican
near
St.
Peter
,
having
been
in
the
Chair
ten
years
,
three
months
,
and
one
and
twenty
days
.
Upon
his
Death
the
See
was
vacant
only
two
days
.
S.
TELESPHORUS
.
TELEPHORUS
,
a
Grecian
,
the
Son
of
an
Anchorete
,
lived
in
the
time
of
Antoninus
Pius
.
Antoninus
Pius
.
This
Emperour
was
by
his
Fathers
side
a
Cisalpine
Gaul
,
and
together
with
his
Sons
Aurelius
and
Verus
,
he
ruled
twenty
two
years
and
three
months
with
so
much
moderation
and
Clemency
that
he
deservedly
gain'd
the
name
of
Pius
,
and
Father
of
his
Countrey
.
He
was
never
severe
or
rigorous
towards
any
man
in
the
recovery
of
his
own
private
Debts
,
or
the
exaction
of
publick
Taxes
,
but
would
sometimes
wholly
remit
them
by
burning
the
Bonds
of
his
Debtors
.
What
shall
I
need
say
more
of
this
Prince
,
who
in
the
opinion
of
all
good
men
was
for
Religion
,
Devotion
,
Humanity
,
Clemency
,
Justice
,
and
Modesty
equal
to
Numa
Pompilius
himself
.
When
the
River
Tiber
had
by
an
inundation
much
impaired
many
private
and
publick
buildings
,
he
was
at
vast
expence
to
assist
the
Citizens
in
restoring
the
City
to
its
former
state
again
.
Moreover
,
it
was
he
who
carried
on
those
prodigious
Works
which
appear
to
this
day
,
for
improving
the
Havens
of
Tarracina
and
Cajeta
;
and
I
believe
that
the
famous
winding
Pillar
,
from
which
the
principal
Ward
of
the
City
is
denominated
,
was
built
at
his
charge
.
As
for
our
Telesphorus
,
he
ordained
that
a
Quadragesimal
Fast
should
be
observed
before
Easter
;
and
that
on
the
Feast
of
the
Nativity
of
our
Lord
there
should
be
three
Masses
;
one
at
Midnight
,
at
which
time
Christ
was
born
in
Bethelehem
,
another
at
break
of
Day
when
he
was
discovered
to
the
Shepherds
,
the
third
at
that
hour
wherein
the
light
of
Truth
and
our
Redemption
shone
in
the
World
(
i.
e.
when
our
Saviour
was
crucified
)
whereas
at
other
times
the
celebration
of
the
Mass
was
forbidden
till
the
third
hour
,
or
between
the
hours
of
nine
and
twelve
a
Clock
,
the
time
when
,
as
St.
Mark
tells
us
,
he
was
fastned
to
the
Cross.
He
also
appointed
that
the
Hymn
,
Glory
be
to
God
on
High
,
Justin
Martyr
.
should
be
sung
before
the
Sacrifice
.
In
his
time
Justinus
,
a
Philosopher
of
Neapolis
a
City
of
Palestine
,
labour'd
successfully
in
the
defending
Christianity
;
presented
to
Antoninus
and
his
Sons
a
book
which
he
had
written
against
the
Gentiles
;
and
held
a
Dialogue
with
Tryphon
a
principal
Jew
.
He
wrote
also
very
warmly
against
Marcion
,
who
adhering
to
the
Heresie
of
Cerdo
,
affirmed
that
there
were
two
Gods
,
the
one
good
,
the
other
just
,
as
two
contrary
principles
of
Creation
and
Goodness
.
He
opposed
likewise
Crescens
the
Cynick
,
as
a
person
gluttonous
,
fearful
of
Death
,
given
over
to
Luxury
and
lust
,
and
a
blasphemer
of
Christ
.
But
being
at
length
by
this
mans
treacherous
practices
betray'd
,
he
suffered
in
the
cause
of
Christianity
Eusebius
writing
of
this
Cynick
,
allows
him
only
to
have
been
a
vain-glorious
Pretender
,
but
not
a
Philosopher
.
At
the
same
time
the
Valentinian
Hereticks
prevail'd
,
who
were
the
followers
of
one
Valentinus
a
Platonist
;
and
held
that
Christ
took
nothing
of
the
body
of
the
Virgin
,
but
passed
clean
through
her
,
as
through
a
Pipe
.
Now
also
Photinus
Bishop
of
Lyons
,
a
man
of
singular
Learning
and
Piety
,
as
Isidore
tells
us
,
suffered
Martyrdom
with
great
resolution
,
being
ninety
years
old
.
Telesphorus
having
at
four
Decembrian
Ordinations
,
made
fifteen
Presbyters
,
eight
Deacons
,
thirteen
Bishops
,
died
a
Martyr
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Vatican
near
Saint
Peter
.
He
was
in
the
Chair
eleven
years
,
three
months
,
twenty
two
days
.
By
his
Death
the
See
was
vacant
seven
days
.
S.
HYGINUS
.
HYGINUS
an
Athenian
,
Son
of
a
Philosopher
,
succeeded
Telesphorus
,
during
the
Empire
of
Antoninus
Pius
,
W●●●se
extraordinary
merit
compels
me
to
add
something
farther
Antonimus
Pius
.
in
his
praise
,
〈…〉
I
come
to
give
an
account
of
Hyginus
.
He
was
so
far
from
the
vanity
of
valuing
himself
upon
the
glory
of
his
Arms
,
that
he
made
it
his
business
rather
to
defend
the
Provinces
of
the
Empire
,
than
to
encrease
them
;
and
had
often
that
saying
of
Scipio
in
his
mouth
,
that
he
had
rather
save
one
Citizen
than
destroy
a
thousand
Enemies
:
being
herein
of
a
quite
contrary
temper
to
that
of
Domitian
,
who
from
a
consciousness
of
his
own
cruelty
did
so
hate
and
fear
a
multitude
,
that
he
would
expose
the
Roman
Army
to
the
fury
of
its
Enemies
,
on
purpose
that
it
might
return
home
thinner
and
less
formidable
.
Moreover
,
Pius
was
so
famous
for
his
Justice
,
that
several
Princes
and
Nations
did
at
his
Command
cease
their
Hostilities
,
making
him
the
Arbitratour
of
their
differences
,
and
standing
to
his
determination
as
to
the
Justice
of
their
Pretensions
.
For
these
admirable
qualities
,
the
Romans
after
his
much
lamented
death
,
in
honor
to
his
memory
,
appointed
Cirque-shews
,
built
a
Temple
,
and
〈…〉
a
Flamen
,
with
an
Order
,
called
by
his
name
.
At
this
time
Hyginus
prudently
setled
and
confirm'd
the
several
Orders
and
Degrees
of
the
Clergy
;
and
ordain'd
the
Solemn
Consecration
of
Churches
,
the
number
of
which
he
would
not
have
encreas'd
or
diminish'd
without
leave
of
the
Metropolitan
or
Bishop
.
He
forbad
also
that
the
Timber
or
other
Materials
prepared
for
the
building
any
Church
,
should
be
converted
to
prophane
uses
;
yet
allowing
that
with
the
Bishop's
consent
,
they
might
be
made
use
of
towards
the
erecting
any
other
Church
or
Religious
House
.
He
likewise
ordained
that
at
least
one
Godfather
or
one
Godmother
should
be
present
at
Baptism
;
and
that
no
Metropolitan
should
condemn
or
censure
any
Bishop
of
his
Province
,
until
the
cause
were
first
heard
and
discussed
by
the
other
Bishops
of
the
Province
;
though
some
make
this
latter
an
Institution
of
Pelagius
,
not
Hyginus
.
In
his
time
lived
Polycarp
,
a
Disciple
of
St.
Polycarp
.
John
the
Apostle
,
and
by
him
made
Bishop
of
Smyrna
;
the
most
celebrated
man
for
Religion
and
learning
in
all
Asia
.
He
coming
to
Rome
,
reduc'd
to
the
Orthodox
Faith
multitudes
who
had
been
seduc'd
into
the
Errours
of
Marcion
and
Valentinus
;
the
former
of
which
by
chance
meeting
him
,
and
asking
whether
he
knew
him
;
Polycarp
answered
,
that
he
knew
him
to
be
the
first-born
of
the
Devil
.
For
this
Heretick
denied
the
Father
of
our
blessed
Saviour
to
be
God
the
Creatour
,
who
by
his
Son
made
the
World
.
But
afterwards
in
the
time
of
M.
Antoninus
,
and
L.
Aurclius
Commodus
,
who
raised
the
fourth
Persecution
,
Polycarp
was
burnt
at
Smyrna
by
order
of
the
Proconsul
.
Melito
also
an
Asian
,
Bishop
of
Sardis
,
and
a
Disciple
of
Fronto
the
Oratour
,
presented
to
M.
Antoninus
,
a
book
written
in
desence
of
the
Christian
Doctrine
.
Tertullian
highly
extols
his
Parts
,
and
says
,
that
most
of
the
Christians
look'd
upon
him
as
a
Prophet
.
Moreover
,
Theophilus
Bishop
of
Antioch
wrote
a
book
against
the
Heresie
of
Hermogenes
,
who
asserted
an
uncreated
eternal
matter
,
co-eval
to
God
himself
.
As
for
Hyginus
himself
,
having
deserved
well
of
the
Church
,
and
at
three
Decembrian
Ordinations
,
made
fifteen
Presbyters
,
five
Deacons
,
six
Bishops
,
he
died
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Vatican
by
S.
Peter
,
January
11.
He
was
in
the
Chair
four
years
,
three
months
,
four
days
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
four
days
.
S.
PIUS
I.
PIUS
,
an
Italian
of
Aquileia
,
son
of
Ruffinus
,
lived
to
the
time
of
M.
Antoninus
Verus
,
who
together
with
his
Brother
L.
Aurelius
Commodus
jointly
exercis'd
the
Government
nineteen
years
.
These
two
Princes
undertook
a
War
against
the
Parthians
,
and
manag'd
Verus
and
Commodus
.
it
with
such
admirable
courage
and
success
,
that
they
had
the
honour
of
a
Triumph
decreed
to
them
.
But
not
long
after
Commodus
dying
of
an
Apoplexy
,
Antoninus
was
sole
Emperour
;
a
person
who
so
excell'd
in
all
good
qualities
,
that
it
is
more
easie
to
admire
than
to
describe
him
;
for
both
because
from
his
very
youth
no
change
of
his
Fortune
made
any
alteration
in
his
mind
or
his
countenance
,
and
because
it
is
hard
to
determine
whether
the
sweetness
of
his
natural
temper
,
or
the
knowledg
he
learnt
from
Cornelius
Fronto
,
were
more
conspicuous
in
him
,
he
deservedly
gain'd
the
surname
of
Philosopher
.
And
indeed
(
as
Capitolinus
tells
us
)
he
was
often
wont
to
use
that
saying
of
Plato
,
That
then
the
World
would
be
happy
,
when
either
Philosophers
were
Princes
,
or
Princes
would
be
Philosophers
.
He
was
so
great
a
lover
of
Learning
,
that
even
when
he
was
Emperour
he
would
be
present
at
the
Lectures
of
Apollonius
the
Philosopher
,
and
Sextus
Plutarch's
Nephew
;
and
he
set
up
the
Statue
of
his
Tutour
Fronto
in
the
Senate-house
as
a
Testimony
of
the
Honour
he
had
for
him
.
At
this
time
Pius
maintain'd
a
strict
friendship
and
familiarity
with
Hermes
who
wrote
the
book
called
Pastor
;
in
which
book
he
introduces
Hermes
.
an
Angel
in
the
form
of
a
Shepherd
.
who
commanded
him
to
persuade
all
Christians
to
keep
the
Feast
of
Easter
on
a
Sunday
,
which
Pius
accordingly
did
.
Moreover
,
he
ordained
that
every
Convert
from
the
Cerinthian
Heresie
should
at
his
reception
into
the
Church
be
baptized
.
At
the
request
of
Praxedes
a
devout
Woman
,
he
dedicated
a
Church
at
the
Baths
of
Novatus
to
her
Sister
S.
Pudentiana
;
to
which
himself
made
several
donations
,
oftentimes
celebrated
Mass
in
it
,
and
built
a
Font
which
he
blessed
and
consecrated
,
and
at
which
he
baptized
a
great
number
of
Proselytes
.
He
also
appointed
a
punishment
upon
those
who
were
negligent
in
handling
the
body
and
blood
of
Christ
.
If
through
the
Priests
carelesness
any
of
the
Cup
had
fallen
upon
the
ground
,
he
was
to
undergo
a
Penance
of
forty
days
;
if
it
fell
upon
the
Altar
,
of
three
days
;
if
upon
the
Altar-cloth
,
of
four
days
;
it
upon
any
other
Cloth
,
of
nine
days
.
Whithersoever
it
fell
,
he
was
to
lick
it
up
if
he
could
,
if
not
,
the
board
or
stone
to
be
wash'd
or
scraped
,
and
what
of
it
could
be
recovered
thereby
either
burnt
or
laid
up
in
the
Sacrary
.
In
his
time
Apollinaris
Bishop
of
Hierapolis
in
Asia
was
much
esteem'd
,
Apollinaris
.
who
wrote
an
excellent
Apology
for
Christianity
,
and
presented
it
to
Antoninus
the
second
.
He
wrote
also
against
the
Montanists
,
who
with
their
two
fanatick
Prophetesses
Priscillia
and
Maximilla
,
pretended
that
the
descent
of
the
Holy
Ghost
was
not
upon
the
Apostles
,
but
themselves
;
an
opinion
which
they
had
learn'd
from
their
Leader
Montanus
.
At
this
time
also
the
learned
Tatianus
was
in
good
reputation
,
so
long
Tatianus
.
as
he
swerved
not
from
the
Doctrine
of
his
Master
Justin
Martyr
;
but
afterwards
being
puff'd
up
with
a
great
conceit
of
himself
,
he
became
the
Author
of
a
new
Heresie
,
which
being
propagated
by
one
Severus
,
the
followers
of
it
were
from
him
called
Severians
.
They
drank
no
Wine
,
ate
no
Flesh
,
rejected
the
Old
Testament
,
and
believed
not
the
Resurrection
.
Moreover
,
Philip
Bishop
of
Crete
now
published
an
excellent
book
against
Marcion
and
his
followers
,
whose
Errours
were
the
same
with
those
of
Cerdo
.
Musanus
also
wrote
a
book
against
the
Hereticks
called
Encratitoe
,
or
the
Abstemious
,
who
agreed
in
opinion
with
the
Severians
,
looking
upon
all
carnal
copulation
as
filthy
and
unclean
,
and
condemning
those
Meats
which
God
hath
given
for
the
use
of
mankind
.
But
to
return
to
Pius
,
having
at
five
Decembrian
Ordinations
,
made
nineteen
Presbyters
,
twenty
one
Deacons
,
ten
Bishops
,
he
died
and
was
buried
in
the
Vatican
near
S.
Peter
,
July
11.
He
was
in
the
Chair
eleven
years
,
four
months
,
three
days
;
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
thirteen
days
.
S.
ANICETUS
.
ANICETUS
,
a
Syrian
,
the
son
of
one
John
de
Vicomurco
,
lived
in
the
time
of
Antoninus
Verus
,
concerning
whom
we
have
spoken
in
the
Life
of
Pius
.
Which
Antoninus
though
he
were
a
great
Phisopher
,
yet
neglected
not
the
pursuit
of
Military
glory
.
For
together
with
his
Son
Commodus
Antoninus
,
he
did
with
great
courage
and
success
gain
a
Victory
and
a
Triumph
over
the
Germans
,
Marcomanni
,
Quadi
,
and
Sarmatoe
.
At
his
first
enterprizing
this
War
,
his
Exchequer
being
so
low
that
he
had
not
money
to
pay
his
Soldiers
,
he
expos'd
to
publick
sale
in
the
Forum
Trajani
all
the
furniture
of
his
Palace
,
and
all
the
Jewels
of
his
Empress
,
But
afterwards
returning
home
victoriously
,
to
those
who
were
willing
to
restore
the
Goods
they
had
bought
,
he
refunded
what
they
paid
for
them
;
but
used
no
force
against
those
who
refus'd
to
relinquish
their
bargains
.
Upon
this
Victory
,
he
was
very
liberal
to
all
who
had
done
any
good
service
to
the
publick
;
to
some
Provinces
he
remitted
their
accustomed
Tribute
;
he
caused
to
be
publickly
burnt
in
the
Forum
the
Writings
by
which
any
man
was
made
a
Debtor
to
the
Exchequer
;
and
by
new
Constitutions
moderated
the
severity
of
the
old
Laws
.
By
this
means
he
became
so
much
the
darling
of
the
People
,
that
any
man
had
a
particular
brand
of
infamy
set
upon
him
,
who
had
not
Antoninus
his
Effigies
in
his
House
.
Anicetus
,
that
the
reputation
of
the
Church
might
not
suffer
by
the
extravagancy
of
a
few
men
,
ordained
that
no
Clergyman
should
upon
any
pretence
wear
long
hair
;
and
that
no
Bishop
should
be
consecrated
by
fewer
than
three
of
the
same
Order
(
a
Constitution
which
was
afterwards
confirmed
by
the
Council
of
Nice
;
)
and
that
at
the
Consecration
of
a
Metropolitan
all
the
Bishops
of
the
Province
should
be
present
.
Moreover
he
ordained
(
as
Ptolomy
tells
us
)
that
no
Bishop
should
implead
his
Metropolitan
but
before
the
Primate
or
the
See
Apostolick
;
(
this
being
also
a
Constitution
which
was
afterwards
confirm'd
by
the
Council
of
Nice
,
and
several
succeeding
Bishops
of
Rome
;
)
and
that
all
Arch-bishops
should
not
be
called
Primates
,
but
only
those
of
them
who
have
a
particular
title
to
that
denomination
;
the
Primates
having
also
the
〈…〉
of
Patriarchs
,
whereas
the
others
are
simply
Arch-bishops
Egesippus
.
or
Metropolitans
.
In
his
time
Egestippus
was
a
great
propugner
of
the
Christian
〈…〉
,
who
,
as
an
imitator
of
their
manner
of
speaking
,
of
whose
lives
he
had
been
a
diligent
observer
,
in
a
very
plain
unaffected
style
wrote
a
History
of
Ecclesiastical
affairs
from
the
Passion
of
our
Lord
to
the
Age
in
which
he
lived
.
He
says
of
himself
that
he
came
to
Rome
in
the
time
of
Anicetus
,
whom
he
calls
the
tenth
Bishop
from
St.
Peter
,
and
that
he
staid
there
to
the
time
of
Ele
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
who
had
been
Deacon
to
Anicetus
.
He
inveighed
much
against
Idolators
for
building
sumptuous
Monuments
and
Temples
to
the
Dead
;
as
particularly
Adrian
the
Emperour
,
who
in
honour
to
his
darling
Antinous
,
had
instituted
solemn
Games
and
Prizes
at
the
City
which
he
built
and
called
by
his
name
Antinoe
,
and
also
erected
a
Temple
and
appointed
priests
for
his
Worship
.
Some
say
that
Dionysius
lived
in
the
Pontificat
of
Anicetus
but
Writers
are
in
this
place
very
confused
in
their
Chronology
,
some
placing
Pius
first
,
others
Anicetus
,
and
so
they
are
in
their
〈…〉
too
.
However
,
in
an
History
of
things
so
remote
,
and
of
which
through
the
negligence
of
the
Ancients
we
have
so
slender
an
account
,
it
will
be
better
to
say
something
of
the
matters
themselves
,
though
it
be
some
time
before
or
after
they
were
transacted
,
than
altogether
to
pass
them
by
in
silence
.
As
for
Anicetus
,
having
at
five
Decembrian
Ordinations
made
nineteen
Presbyters
,
four
Deacons
,
nine
Bishops
,
he
received
a
Crown
of
Martyrdom
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Sepulchre
of
〈◊〉
in
the
Via
Appia
,
April
the
seventeenth
.
He
was
in
the
Chair
eleven
years
,
four
months
and
three
days
,
and
by
his
Death
the
See
was
vacant
seventeen
days
.
S.
SOTER
SOTER
,
a
Campanian
of
Fundi
,
Son
of
Concordius
,
lived
in
the
time
of
L.
Antoninus
Commodus
.
This
Commodus
was
,
(
as
Lampridius
plays
upon
his
name
)
Commodus
.
very
〈◊〉
and
hurtful
to
all
his
Subjects
;
being
in
nothing
like
his
Father
,
save
that
he
also
,
thanks
to
the
Christian
Soldiers
for
it
,
fought
successfully
against
the
Germans
.
In
that
War
,
when
the
Army
of
Commodus
was
in
great
straits
for
want
of
Water
,
't
is
said
that
at
the
Prayers
of
the
Christian
Legion
,
God
supplied
and
refreshed
the
Romans
with
rain
from
Heaven
,
and
at
the
same
time
destroyed
the
Germans
with
Thundershot
.
The
truth
of
which
the
Emperour
himself
testified
by
his
Letters
.
But
at
his
return
to
Rome
,
he
utterly
renounced
all
Virtue
and
goodness
,
and
shamefully
gave
himself
up
to
all
manner
of
Luxury
and
uncleanness
.
He
used
,
in
imitation
of
Nero
,
to
combat
with
the
Gladiators
,
and
oftentimes
encountred
with
wild
beasts
in
the
Amphitheatre
;
many
of
the
Senatours
he
put
to
death
,
and
those
especially
whom
he
observed
to
be
more
conspicuous
for
extraction
or
merit
.
Soter
diverting
his
mind
from
the
contemplation
of
this
wretched
Scene
of
things
to
the
care
of
Ecclesiastical
affairs
,
decreed
,
That
no
Deaconess
should
touch
the
Altar-cloth
,
or
put
the
Incense
upon
the
Censer
,
at
the
time
of
celebration
.
There
is
extant
an
Epistle
of
his
concerning
that
matter
,
written
to
the
Bishops
of
Italy
.
He
ordained
likewise
that
no
Woman
should
be
accounted
a
lawful
Wife
,
but
she
whom
the
Priest
had
formally
blessed
,
and
whom
her
Parents
had
with
the
usual
Christian
solemnities
given
to
her
Husband
.
This
Constitution
he
made
,
to
remove
the
danger
and
scandal
that
was
incident
to
new-married
persons
,
from
the
jugling
Magical
tricks
of
lewd
Fellows
.
Indeed
,
Gratian
ascribes
this
Decree
to
Euaristus
,
but
whose
due
it
is
I
leave
the
Reader
to
judg
,
for
it
matters
not
much
whether
it
be
attributed
to
the
one
or
the
other
.
During
the
Pontificat
of
Soter
,
as
Eusebius
tells
us
,
lived
Dionysius
Bishop
of
Corinth
,
a
person
of
so
great
parts
and
Industry
,
that
he
instructed
not
only
the
people
of
his
own
City
and
Province
,
but
also
by
his
Epistles
the
Bishops
of
other
Cities
and
Provinces
,
For
being
throughly
acquainted
with
the
Writings
of
St.
Paul
,
he
could
the
more
easily
keep
others
within
the
bounds
of
their
duty
by
the
Authority
which
his
Learning
and
Sanctity
had
gained
him
.
〈◊〉
also
,
an
Asian
,
Scholar
to
Tatianus
,
wrote
several
things
in
defence
of
our
Religion
;
and
in
particular
he
very
handsomly
exposed
Apelles
the
Heretick
,
for
worshipping
a
God
whom
he
Apelles
.
professed
he
did
not
know
;
for
he
denied
Christ
to
be
truly
a
God
,
and
affirmed
him
to
be
only
in
appearance
a
Man
.
Some
say
that
the
Cataphrygian
Heresie
was
at
this
time
set
on
foot
by
Montanus
.
Moreover
,
Cataphrygae
.
Clemens
a
Presbyter
of
Alexandria
,
and
Master
to
Origen
,
was
now
a
great
Writer
;
among
other
things
he
was
Author
of
Strom.
lib.
9.
〈◊〉
,
lib.
8.
and
one
book
against
the
Gentiles
.
There
are
some
who
make
Pinytus
,
a
person
of
admirable
Eloquence
:
〈◊〉
,
a
famous
Poet
,
who
wrote
the
Halieutics
or
books
concerning
Fishes
;
and
Herodian
the
Grammarian
Contemporaries
to
our
Bishop
Soter
;
who
having
at
five
Decembrian
Ordinations
made
eight
Presbyters
,
nine
Deacons
,
eleven
Bishops
,
he
died
and
was
buried
in
the
Via
Appia
,
in
the
Sepulchre
of
Calistus
.
He
was
in
the
Chair
nine
years
,
three
months
,
twenty
one
days
.
And
the
See
was
vacant
twenty
one
days
.
S.
ELEUTHERIUS
.
ELEUTHERIUS
,
a
Grecian
of
Nicopolis
,
Son
of
Habundius
,
lived
also
in
the
Reign
of
L.
Antoninus
Commodus
.
For
whose
flagitious
Life
the
City
of
Rome
smarted
sorely
;
〈◊〉
.
for
in
his
time
the
Capitol
,
being
fired
with
Lightning
,
together
with
the
famous
Library
which
had
cost
the
Ancients
so
much
care
in
collecting
,
were
consumed
;
nor
did
the
Neighbouring
Houses
escape
the
same
calamity
.
Not
long
after
another
Fire
brake
forth
,
in
which
the
Temple
of
Vesta
,
the
Palace
,
and
a
good
part
of
the
City
were
burnt
to
the
ground
.
He
was
of
so
rash
and
freakish
a
humour
,
that
he
caused
the
Head
of
a
vast
Colosse
to
be
taken
off
,
and
that
of
his
own
Statue
to
be
placed
in
the
room
of
it
;
and
in
imitation
of
Augustus
,
he
would
needs
have
a
month
of
his
own
name
,
ordering
December
to
be
called
Commodus
.
But
these
things
were
soon
changed
after
his
Death
,
and
himself
adjudged
an
Enemy
to
mankind
,
such
an
hatred
and
detestation
did
all
men
entertain
of
his
Villanies
.
He
was
strangled
in
the
twelfth
year
and
seventh
month
of
his
Reign
.
Eleutherius
,
soon
after
his
entrance
upon
the
Pontificate
,
received
a
Lucius
Rex
.
Message
from
Lucius
King
of
Britain
;
wherein
he
expressed
a
desire
that
〈◊〉
and
his
Subjects
might
become
Christians
.
Hereupon
Eleutherius
sends
Fugatius
and
Damianus
,
two
very
religious
men
,
to
that
Island
to
baptize
the
King
and
his
People
;
there
were
at
that
time
in
Britain
twenty
five
Heathen
Priests
called
Flamens
,
and
among
them
three
styled
Arch-flamens
,
in
the
place
of
which
,
as
Ptolomy
says
,
were
constituted
three
Arch-bishops
;
the
ancient
Church
being
wont
to
fix
Patriarchs
there
,
where
in
the
time
of
Gentilism
Proto-flamens
had
been
seated
.
Furthermore
,
Eleutherius
ordained
that
no
person
should
superstitiously
abstain
from
any
sort
of
meat
which
was
commonly
eaten
:
and
that
no
Clergy-man
should
be
degraded
before
he
were
legally
found
guilty
of
the
Crime
laid
to
his
Charge
;
following
herein
the
Example
of
our
Saviour
,
who
so
patiently
bore
the
fault
of
Judas
,
being
not
yet
convicted
,
though
really
guilty
,
that
whatsoever
he
acted
in
the
mean
time
by
virtue
of
his
Apostleship
,
remained
firm
and
valid
.
He
also
prohibited
the
passing
sentence
against
any
person
accused
,
unless
he
were
present
to
make
his
defence
;
which
was
afterwards
confirmed
by
Damasus
and
the
Pontifical
Laws
.
In
his
Pontificate
the
Church
enjoy'd
peace
and
tranquility
,
and
Christianity
was
wonderfully
propagated
in
the
World
,
but
especially
at
Rome
,
where
many
of
the
best
quality
with
their
Wives
and
Children
received
the
Faith
and
were
baptized
.
Only
Apollonius
,
a
great
Oratour
,
was
now
a
Martyr
,
having
first
in
the
Apollonius
.
Senate
made
an
excellent
Speech
in
favour
of
Christianity
,
the
doing
of
which
was
then
a
capital
Crime
.
Apollonius
being
dead
,
several
Heresies
very
much
prevailed
.
For
the
Sect
of
the
Marcionites
was
divided
into
several
Parties
;
some
of
them
owning
but
one
Principle
,
or
God
;
others
two
;
others
three
;
thereby
utterly
undermining
the
credit
of
the
Prophets
and
other
discoverers
of
revealed
Religion
.
Moreover
Florinus
and
Blastus
set
up
new
Figments
against
the
Truth
,
asserting
God
to
be
the
Author
of
all
kinds
of
evil
,
in
contradiction
to
that
Text
,
that
every
thing
which
God
made
was
good
.
Opposite
to
these
Gen.
1.
were
the
Quotiliani
,
who
denied
God
to
be
the
author
of
any
kind
of
evil
,
in
equal
contradiction
to
that
other
Text
,
I
the
Lord
create
evil
.
Esay
45.
Some
are
of
Opinion
that
Galen
of
Pergamus
the
famous
Physician
,
and
Julian
the
great
Lawyer
,
and
Fronto
the
Rhetorician
,
lived
at
this
time
;
though
whether
they
did
or
no
,
in
so
great
a
confusion
of
time
and
Story
,
I
shall
neither
affirm
nor
deny
.
But
I
dare
be
confident
concerning
Modestus
and
Bardesanes
,
the
former
of
which
wrote
against
Marcion
,
the
latter
against
Valentinus
,
being
now
as
strenuous
an
opposer
,
as
he
had
been
formerly
a
zealous
follower
of
that
Heretick
.
S.
〈◊〉
upon
the
perusal
of
his
books
,
translated
out
of
the
Syriack
language
into
Greek
,
affirms
this
Bardesanes
to
have
been
a
wonderfully
brisk
ingenious
Writer
;
And
if
,
says
he
,
there
be
so
much
smartness
in
the
Translation
,
how
much
more
shall
we
judg
to
be
in
the
Original
?
As
for
〈◊〉
,
having
at
three
Decembrian
Ordinations
,
made
twelve
Presbyters
,
eight
Deacons
,
fifteen
Bishops
,
he
died
and
was
buried
near
S.
Peter
in
the
Vatican
,
May
26.
He
was
in
the
Chair
fifteen
years
,
three
months
,
two
days
,
and
the
See
was
vacant
five
days
.
S.
VICTOR
I.
VICTOR
,
an
Asian
,
Son
of
Felix
,
was
,
as
I
believe
,
in
the
time
of
Aelius
Pertinax
.
Which
Aelius
being
seventy
years
of
Age
,
was
from
the
Office
Aelius
Pertinax
.
of
City-praefect
created
Emperour
,
by
a
Decree
of
the
Senate
.
Being
afterwards
desired
to
declare
his
Lady
Augusta
,
and
his
Son
Coesar
,
he
refused
both
,
saying
,
it
was
enough
that
he
himself
was
Emperour
against
his
Will.
But
undergoing
the
reproach
of
that
unprincely
Vice
,
Covetousnes
,
being
so
sordid
as
to
cause
the
half
of
a
Lettuce
or
Artichoke
to
be
served
up
to
his
Table
,
he
was
without
any
opposition
slain
in
the
Palace
by
Didius
Julianus
the
Lawyer
,
in
the
sixth
month
of
his
Reign
.
This
is
that
Julian
,
who
made
the
perpetual
Edict
,
Julianus
.
and
who
in
the
seventh
month
after
his
coming
to
the
Empire
was
vanquished
and
slain
in
a
Civil
War
by
Severus
at
Pons
Milvius
.
Victor
out
of
his
care
of
the
Affairs
of
the
Church
,
decreed
,
that
according
to
a
former
constitution
of
Eleutherius
,
as
Damasus
tells
us
,
Easter
should
be
kept
upon
the
Sunday
,
which
fell
between
the
fourteenth
and
twenty
first
day
after
the
Phasis
or
appearance
of
the
Moon
in
the
first
Month.
Theophilus
Bishop
of
Coesarea
Palestinoe
was
obedient
to
this
Decree
,
and
wrote
against
those
who
observed
that
Feast
,
as
the
Jews
did
their
〈◊〉
,
always
upon
the
fourteenth
day
of
the
Moon
,
whatever
day
of
the
Week
it
happened
to
be
.
But
Polycrates
Bishop
of
Ephesus
very
hotly
declaimed
against
this
Constitution
,
stifly
contending
,
that
according
to
ancient
Custom
it
ought
to
be
celebrated
precisely
on
that
day
on
which
the
Jews
kept
their
〈◊〉
.
For
he
maintain'd
that
herein
he
〈◊〉
the
Example
of
S.
〈◊〉
the
Apostle
and
others
the
Ancients
.
We
,
says
he
,
observe
the
exact
day
,
neither
anticipating
nor
protracting
it
.
Thus
did
Philip
who
died
at
Hierapolis
;
thus
did
John
who
leaned
on
our
Lords
bosom
;
thus
did
Polycarp
,
Thraseas
,
Melito
and
Narcissus
Bishop
of
Hierusalem
.
〈◊〉
some
tell
us
,
that
a
Council
was
held
in
Palestine
,
at
which
were
present
〈◊〉
,
Irenoeus
,
Narcissus
,
Polycarp
,
Bacchylus
,
all
Bishops
of
great
Note
in
Asia
.
But
the
whole
matter
was
afterwards
refer'd
to
the
Council
of
Nice
,
in
which
it
was
decreed
that
Easter
should
be
kept
on
the
Sunday
following
the
fourteenth
day
of
the
Moon
,
to
avoid
all
appearance
of
Judaizing
.
〈◊〉
also
ordained
that
in
cases
of
necessity
Proselytes
might
at
their
〈◊〉
be
baptized
in
any
kind
of
Water
or
at
any
time
of
the
year
.
〈◊〉
his
Pontificate
there
flourished
many
learned
men
.
As
for
instance
,
Appion
,
who
wrote
the
Hexaëmeron
,
or
account
of
the
six
days
work
of
Creation
;
〈◊〉
Samosatenus
,
who
together
,
with
Theodotus
,
held
our
Saviour
to
have
been
a
meer
man
;
Sixtus
,
who
wrote
of
the
〈◊〉
,
and
Arabianus
,
who
published
several
Treatises
of
Christian
Doctrine
.
Now
also
one
Judas
wrote
a
Cronology
to
the
tenth
year
of
Severus
the
Emperor
;
wherein
yet
he
is
guilty
of
a
mistake
in
asserting
that
Antichrist
would
come
in
his
time
;
an
Errour
into
which
I
suppose
him
to
have
fallen
from
the
observation
he
had
made
of
the
Cruelty
and
other
Vices
of
the
Age
,
which
he
saw
now
grown
to
such
an
heighth
,
that
he
thought
Almighty
God
could
not
bear
with
mankind
any
longer
.
By
which
very
thing
Lactantius
and
S.
Austin
themselves
were
after
deceived
.
Our
Victor
,
having
first
written
some
books
concerning
Religion
,
died
and
was
buried
near
S.
〈◊〉
in
the
Vatican
,
whose
Feast
we
observe
on
the
twenty
eighth
of
July
.
He
was
in
the
Chair
ten
years
;
three
months
,
ten
days
,
And
the
See
was
vacant
twelve
days
.
S.
ZEPHYRINUS
.
ZEPHERINUS
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Habundius
,
lived
in
the
time
of
Severus
the
Emperour
.
Who
being
by
birth
an
Asrican
,
of
the
Town
of
Leptis
,
upon
〈◊〉
.
the
death
of
Julian
succeeded
in
the
Empire
,
and
took
the
Surname
of
Pertinax
.
He
was
first
an
Officer
of
the
Exchequer
,
then
a
Colonel
in
the
Army
,
till
by
several
steps
he
advanced
himself
to
the
Dignity
of
Imperator
.
He
was
of
a
very
frugal
temper
;
the
cruelty
of
his
nature
was
heightened
by
the
many
Wars
he
had
been
engaged
in
;
and
he
exercised
great
Valour
in
defending
,
and
great
care
in
governing
his
Subjects
.
He
was
eminent
not
only
for
his
skill
in
Arms
,
but
in
Letters
too
,
taking
very
much
delight
in
the
study
of
Philosophy
.
He
conquer'd
the
Parthians
and
Adiabeni
,
and
made
Arabia
Interior
a
Province
of
the
Roman
Empire
.
For
this
Atchievement
he
triumphed
,
and
upon
the
Arch
erected
to
him
in
the
Capitol
he
was
styled
Parthicus
Arabicus
and
Adiabenicus
.
Moreover
,
he
adorned
the
City
with
publick
buildings
.
For
he
made
those
〈◊〉
from
his
own
name
are
called
the
Severian
Baths
,
and
erected
the
famous
Septizonium
;
that
part
of
which
noble
Pile
that
is
now
remaining
,
hardly
〈◊〉
being
pull'd
down
some
years
ago
by
order
of
Pope
Paul
the
second
,
to
make
the
best
of
the
stones
.
But
Bishop
Zephyrinus
〈◊〉
more
intent
upon
Ecclesiastical
than
secular
Affairs
,
decreed
,
that
every
Deacon
and
Priest
should
be
ordained
in
the
presence
of
the
Faithful
both
Clergy
and
Laity
:
which
was
afterwards
〈◊〉
in
the
Council
of
Chalcedon
.
He
decreed
likewise
that
the
〈◊〉
at
the
Communion
should
not
be
consecrated
,
as
had
been
〈◊〉
used
,
in
a
wooden
Chalice
,
but
in
Glass
.
Though
this
〈◊〉
was
altered
in
following
times
;
wherein
order
was
given
that
it
should
〈◊〉
be
in
Wood
,
because
of
its
spunginess
,
whereby
some
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
might
soak
into
it
;
nor
of
Glass
,
because
of
its
brittleness
,
and
the
〈◊〉
of
its
being
broken
;
nor
of
any
ordinary
course
mettal
by
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
the
ill
taste
it
might
contract
from
it
;
but
only
in
〈◊〉
of
Gold
or
Silver
,
or
at
least
of
Pewter
;
as
appears
in
the
Canons
of
〈◊〉
Councils
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
and
Reims
.
He
also
ordained
,
that
all
〈◊〉
of
fourteen
years
of
Age
should
communicate
every
year
upon
Easter-day
,
which
in
after-times
Innocent
the
third
extended
not
only
to
Communion
,
but
Confession
too
.
He
commanded
likewise
,
that
no
Bishop
being
〈◊〉
by
his
Patriarch
,
or
Primate
,
or
Metropolitan
,
should
have
sentence
pass'd
against
him
but
by
the
Authority
of
the
See
〈◊〉
.
Lastly
,
he
ordained
that
when
the
Bishop
celebrated
,
all
his
Presbyters
should
be
present
.
In
his
time
flourished
Heraclius
,
who
wrote
a
Comment
upon
the
Apostle
;
Maximus
who
in
a
〈◊〉
.
large
book
〈◊〉
the
great
Controversie
of
this
Age
(
viz.
concerning
Maximus
.
the
Author
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
and
the
Original
of
Matter
;
)
Candidus
who
com
Candidus
.
posed
an
〈◊〉
;
and
Origen
,
who
in
the
tenth
year
of
Severus
〈◊〉
.
〈◊〉
,
a
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
being
rais'd
against
the
Christians
,
and
his
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
put
to
death
for
his
Religion
,
whom
he
himself
being
yet
a
Youth
,
did
very
much
confirm
in
his
constancy
and
Resolution
,
was
left
with
his
Mother
a
Widow
and
six
Brethren
in
a
very
low
condition
;
all
his
Fathers
Estate
being
confiscated
,
because
they
owned
Christ
to
be
the
true
God
.
Hereupon
he
was
forced
to
teach
a
Grammar-School
to
get
a
livelihood
for
himself
and
his
Relations
;
and
among
others
he
had
for
his
Scholar
Plutarchus
,
who
afterwards
became
a
Martyr
.
Not
long
after
applying
himself
wholly
to
Religion
,
he
undertook
the
Office
of
a
Catechist
or
Preacher
.
He
was
a
person
of
very
great
parts
and
skil'd
in
all
Languages
and
kinds
of
Learning
.
He
was
wonderfully
temperate
and
abstemious
as
to
meat
and
drink
and
all
other
things
;
imitating
the
poverty
of
Christ
,
and
for
many
years
walking
bare-foot
;
and
moreover
in
his
younger
days
he
made
himself
an
Example
of
that
passage
in
the
Gospel
,
there
be
Eunuchs
which
have
made
Mat.
19.
12.
themselves
Eunuchs
for
the
Kingdom
of
Heavens
sake
.
Many
were
so
encouraged
in
Religion
by
his
Pattern
,
that
they
did
with
great
〈◊〉
lay
down
their
lives
for
Christianity
,
and
particularly
a
Woman
named
〈◊〉
,
who
was
put
to
death
by
pouring
scalding
Pitch
upon
her
Head
.
As
for
Zephyrinus
,
having
at
four
Decembrian
Ordinations
,
made
thirteen
Presbyters
,
seven
Deacons
,
thirteen
Bishops
;
he
died
in
the
time
of
Severus
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Via
Appia
,
not
〈◊〉
from
the
Sepulchre
of
Calistus
,
August
the
26th
.
He
was
in
the
Chair
eight
years
,
seven
months
,
ten
days
,
and
the
See
was
vacant
six
days
.
S.
CALISTUS
I.
CALISTUS
,
an
Italian
of
〈◊〉
,
Son
of
Domitius
,
lived
in
the
time
of
Severus
,
an
Emperour
whose
fortune
changed
with
his
mind
;
For
no
sooner
did
he
raise
the
fifth
Persecution
against
the
Christians
,
〈◊〉
.
but
he
was
presently
exposed
to
a
multitude
of
dangers
,
and
engaged
in
several
Wars
;
on
the
one
side
by
Piscennius
Niger
who
was
the
cause
of
great
Commotions
in
Syria
,
on
the
other
by
Clodius
Albinus
,
whom
yet
he
vanquish'd
with
great
slaughter
in
Gaul
.
But
passing
over
from
thence
into
Britain
,
being
deserted
of
his
Friends
,
and
accompanied
only
with
calamities
,
he
died
at
〈◊〉
in
the
fifth
year
of
his
Empire
,
leaving
behind
him
two
Sons
,
Bassianus
and
Geta
;
the
latter
of
which
was
look'd
upon
and
put
to
death
as
a
publick
Enemy
,
both
because
of
his
abominably
dissolute
〈◊〉
,
but
especially
because
he
had
with
his
own
hand
slain
Papinian
the
great
Asylum
of
the
Civil
Law
.
But
Bassianus
receiving
from
the
〈◊〉
the
name
of
Antoninus
,
became
possess'd
of
the
Empire
;
and
took
the
〈◊〉
of
Caracalla
from
a
kind
of
long
Vests
〈◊〉
.
which
he
bestow'd
by
way
of
largess
among
the
〈◊〉
.
He
was
of
a
nature
more
cruel
than
his
Father
;
and
so
impotently
vicious
,
thatthere
was
no
kind
of
Villany
which
he
was
not
guilty
of
.
He
is
said
to
have
slain
his
Brother
Geta
,
and
to
have
married
his
own
Step-mother
.
He
left
behind
him
nothing
great
and
magnificent
to
perpetuate
his
memory
,
save
only
the
Antoninian
Baths
,
(
which
bore
his
name
as
being
begun
by
him
,
but
were
indeed
finish'd
by
the
Emperour
Alexander
Severus
)
and
the
Causey
he
made
in
the
Via
Nova
.
He
made
it
Capital
for
any
to
wear
Amulets
about
their
necks
for
the
cure
of
Quartan
or
Tertian
Agues
.
But
at
length
undertaking
a
War
against
the
Parthians
,
he
was
surprized
by
his
Enemies
between
Edessa
and
Charroe
,
and
stab'd
in
the
seventh
year
of
his
Reign
,
as
he
was
alighting
off
his
Horse
to
ease
Nature
.
But
during
the
most
confused
state
of
things
and
〈◊〉
the
Government
of
the
most
dissolute
Emperours
,
Calistus
was
not
at
all
diverted
from
his
purpose
of
Establishing
a
solemn
Fast
three
times
in
the
year
,
to
be
observed
on
the
Sabbath
or
Saturday
,
particularly
to
implore
a
blessing
upon
the
fruits
of
the
Earth
,
Corn
,
Wine
and
Oyl
;
viz.
in
the
fourth
month
,
the
seventh
and
the
tenth
,
beginning
the
year
according
to
the
custom
of
the
Jews
.
Though
afterwards
he
changed
his
opinion
,
and
appointed
it
at
the
four
seasons
of
the
year
,
viz.
Spring
,
Summer
,
Autumn
,
and
Winter
;
at
which
times
in
succeeding
Ages
holy
Orders
were
〈◊〉
,
which
before
was
used
to
be
only
in
the
month
of
December
.
He
also
ordained
that
Accusations
against
Clergymen
should
not
be
admitted
of
in
any
Court
if
the
informers
were
either
infamous
,
or
liable
to
just
suspicion
,
or
avowed
Enemies
of
the
accused
.
Moreover
,
he
adjudged
those
to
be
Hereticks
,
who
maintained
,
that
Priests
after
they
〈◊〉
once
convicted
of
any
notorious
Crime
,
were
not
to
be
restored
to
their
former
Dignity
,
though
they
shewed
never
so
great
signs
of
their
repentance
.
Damasus
tells
us
,
that
he
built
Saint
Maries
Church
in
Trastevere
;
but
I
cannot
imagine
that
of
his
founding
to
be
the
magnificent
vast
one
which
continues
there
at
this
time
,
since
in
those
days
of
frequent
Persecution
all
things
were
carried
secretly
,
and
the
Christians
had
only
small
Chappels
,
and
those
private
and
hidden
,
and
for
the
most
part
under-ground
.
He
likewise
built
a
Burial-place
,
〈◊〉
by
his
own
name
,
in
the
Via
Appia
,
at
the
very
place
where
the
ashes
of
a
multitude
of
Martyrs
had
been
formerly
reposited
;
so
that
〈◊〉
Reader
must
not
think
it
strange
that
we
have
already
said
of
several
that
they
were
〈◊〉
in
the
Coemetery
of
〈◊〉
,
though
it
had
not
that
name
till
now
.
I
〈◊〉
self
with
some
of
my
Friends
have
religiously
went
to
view
it
,
〈◊〉
the
ashes
and
bones
of
the
Martyrs
are
〈◊〉
to
be
seen
,
and
〈◊〉
and
Chappels
in
which
the
Christians
privately
communicated
,
when
through
the
Edicts
of
some
Emperours
they
could
not
do
it
publickly
.
In
his
time
lived
Tertullian
,
an
Tertullian
.
African
,
the
Son
of
a
Proconsular
Centurion
,
whom
S.
Hierom
reckoneth
next
to
〈◊〉
and
Apollonius
the
principal
of
the
Latin
Writers
.
He
was
a
man
of
excellent
Parts
,
and
wrote
a
multitude
of
books
.
I
have
〈◊〉
(
saith
〈◊〉
)
at
Concordia
a
little
Town
in
Italy
one
Paul
,
who
said
,
that
when
he
was
very
young
he
was
at
Rome
acquainted
with
S.
Cyprian's
Amanuensis
,
who
assured
him
,
that
S.
Cyprian
never
passed
a
day
without
the
reading
of
Tertullian
.
But
having
continued
half
his
life-time
a
Presbyter
at
Rome
,
through
the
Envy
and
Reproaches
of
the
Roman
Clergy
he
afterwards
〈◊〉
Montanist
,
and
wrote
several
Pieces
against
the
Orthodox
Doctrine
,
particularly
those
de
Pudicitiâ
de
Monogamiâ
,
and
de
〈◊〉
.
He
also
composed
six
Books
against
Apollonius
.
At
the
same
time
likewise
Origen
flourished
,
and
did
great
Origen
.
service
for
the
Church
.
For
he
opposed
the
Heresie
of
the
Ebionites
,
who
asserted
our
〈◊〉
to
be
a
〈◊〉
Man
,
the
Son
of
Joseph
and
Mary
,
and
press'd
the
observation
of
Mosaical
Rites
;
both
which
Errours
were
〈◊〉
by
Symmachus
.
Moreover
,
by
his
Learning
he
brought
over
to
the
Orthodox
faith
one
Ambrosius
,
who
had
been
(
as
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
)
a
〈◊〉
,
or
(
as
Hierom
will
have
it
)
a
Marcionite
;
to
whom
with
〈◊〉
a
Presbyter
,
he
dedicated
his
book
de
〈◊〉
.
〈◊〉
that
violent
opposer
of
Christianity
,
and
who
was
Origen's
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
cannot
yet
sometimes
〈◊〉
commending
him
;
calling
him
〈◊〉
most
learned
and
Prince
of
Philosophers
,
acknowledging
〈◊〉
he
was
prosoundly
skill'd
in
Platonism
,
and
finding
no
fault
in
him
but
his
〈◊〉
a
Christian.
S.
Hierom
himself
says
that
he
wrote
six
thousand
Volumes
;
though
that
Father
and
S.
Austin
too
tell
us
,
that
he
was
erroneous
in
most
〈◊〉
them
,
and
particularly
in
his
book
of
Government
,
entituled
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
;
yet
Pamphilus
the
Martyr
,
and
Eusebius
,
and
Russinus
a
Priest
of
Aquileia
,
appear
very
much
in
his
Praise
and
Defence
.
As
for
Calistus
,
having
at
five
Decembrian
Ordinations
,
made
sixteen
Presbyters
,
four
Deacons
,
eight
Bishops
:
he
was
crown'd
with
Martyrdom
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Coemetery
of
Calepodius
,
in
the
Via
Aurelia
,
three
miles
distant
from
the
City
,
October
14th
.
He
was
in
the
Chair
six
years
,
ten
months
,
ten
days
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
six
days
.
S.
URBANUS
I.
VRBANUS
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Pontianus
,
was
Bishop
of
Rome
in
the
time
of
the
Emperour
M.
Aurelius
Antoninus
,
Anno
Dom.
226.
U.
C.
970.
This
Antoninus
,
supposed
to
be
the
base
Son
of
〈◊〉
,
coming
to
Antoninus
.
Rome
,
and
being
advanced
to
the
Empire
not
without
an
universal
expectation
of
good
from
him
,
took
the
name
of
Heliogabalus
from
the
Sun
,
so
called
by
the
Phoenicians
,
to
which
he
built
a
Temple
and
was
himself
a
Priest
of
it
.
But
he
led
a
life
so
contrary
to
the
hopes
and
opinion
men
had
entertain'd
of
him
,
that
he
has
left
no
other
memory
of
himself
,
than
that
of
his
exorbitant
Villanies
and
all
kinds
of
debauchery
.
For
he
violated
the
chastity
of
the
Vestal
Virgins
,
made
his
Palace
no
better
than
a
Stews
,
and
in
a
rage
commanded
Sabinus
,
a
man
of
consular
dignity
(
and
to
whom
Ulpian
the
famous
Civilian
wrote
)
to
be
immediately
put
to
death
.
He
conferred
all
places
of
trust
and
honour
upon
the
vilest
of
men
,
with
whom
he
was
wont
sometimes
to
make
himself
sport
after
this
manner
:
he
would
make
them
lie
down
with
him
at
Supper
,
but
it
should
be
upon
large
bellows
,
which
being
raised
and
distended
,
they
would
all
of
a
sudden
tumble
down
under
the
Table
.
He
had
such
a
loud
and
undecent
way
of
laughing
,
that
in
a
full
Theatre
his
Voice
might
be
heard
above
all
the
Company
.
He
was
the
first
among
the
Romans
who
wore
Velvet
,
and
used
Tables
and
other
Utensils
of
Silver
.
When
some
of
his
Friends
advised
him
to
beware
that
by
his
luxury
he
did
not
reduce
himself
to
want
;
Can
I
do
better
,
says
he
,
than
to
make
my self
my
own
and
my
Wives
Heir
?
He
was
once
so
extravagantly
freakish
as
to
cause
a
Collection
to
be
made
of
ten
thousand
pound
weight
of
Spiders
,
from
whence
he
pretended
an
estimate
might
be
taken
of
the
bigness
of
the
City
of
Rome
;
and
to
get
together
ten
thousand
Mice
,
and
as
many
Weazels
,
and
Rats
.
These
mad
pranks
by
degrees
rendred
him
so
contemptible
in
the
eyes
of
all
men
,
that
himself
and
his
Mother
were
both
slain
in
a
Military
Tumult
.
'T
is
said
that
some
Syrian
Priests
having
told
him
,
that
he
should
undergo
a
violent
death
;
he
〈◊〉
fairly
provided
himself
of
a
decent
Scarlet
Silken
Halter
to
do
his
own
work
withal
.
He
died
in
the
fourth
year
of
his
Reign
,
at
the
same
time
when
the
City
of
Nicopolis
in
Palestine
(
formerly
called
(
Emmaus
)
was
built
;
Africanus
the
Historian
and
Chronologer
,
undertaking
an
Embassie
to
promote
that
Affair
.
Urban
,
who
lived
in
the
time
of
this
Monster
,
not
of
Dioclesian
(
as
some
would
have
it
)
by
his
eminent
Piety
and
Learning
proselyted
multitudes
to
the
Christian
Faith
;
and
among
others
particularly
Valerianus
,
an
excelient
Person
,
and
contracted
to
S.
Cecilia
,
with
his
Brother
Tiburtius
,
both
which
afterwards
suffered
Martyrdom
with
great
constancy
of
mind
;
as
did
also
the
espoused
Virgin
her self
,
in
her
Fathers
house
,
which
was
at
her
request
consecrated
and
made
a
Church
by
Urban
.
The
same
Urban
also
ordained
that
the
Church
might
receive
Estates
in
Land
or
Houses
,
given
and
bequeathed
to
her
by
any
of
the
Faithful
,
but
that
the
Revenues
of
them
should
not
be
any
ones
property
,
but
for
the
common
good
be
distributed
among
the
whole
Clergy
to
every
one
his
share
;
a
Constitution
long
since
antiquated
through
the
coverousness
and
rapacity
of
following
Ages
.
Some
attribute
to
him
the
distinction
of
the
four
stated
annual
Times
of
Fasting
or
Ember-weeks
,
which
through
mens
ignorance
were
before
kept
very
confusedly
.
In
his
time
lived
Tryphon
one
of
Origen's
Disciples
,
remarkable
Tryphon
.
markable
for
the
book
he
composed
concerning
the
red
Heiser
in
Deuteronomy
.
Minutius
Felix
also
a
famous
Pleader
at
Rome
,
wrote
a
Dialogue
,
Minutius
Felix
.
in
which
he
introduces
a
Christian
and
an
Heathen
disputing
;
besides
another
book
against
the
Mathematicians
,
of
which
Lactantius
makes
mention
.
Moreover
Alexander
,
Bishop
of
Hierusalem
,
at
this
Alexander
.
time
founded
the
famous
Library
there
,
by
which
he
has
gained
so
great
a
reputation
.
As
for
Urban
himself
,
having
at
five
Decembrian
Ordinations
,
made
nine
Presbyters
,
five
Deacons
,
nine
Bishops
;
he
received
a
Crown
of
Martyrdom
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Coemetery
of
Pretexatus
,
in
the
Via
Tiburtina
;
having
been
in
the
Chair
four
years
,
ten
months
,
twelve
days
.
And
the
See
was
vacant
thirty
days
.
S.
PONTIANUS
.
PONTIANUS
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Calphurnius
,
lived
in
the
time
of
the
Emperour
Alexander
,
in
the
Year
nine
hundred
seventy
four
from
the
building
of
Rome
,
and
the
Year
of
our
Lord
two
hundred
forty
five
.
But
between
the
Reign
of
Heliogabalus
and
Alexander
there
are
reckoned
three
other
Emperours
,
Macrinus
,
Diadumenus
and
Albinus
;
whose
Names
I
intended
to
have
left
out
,
not
only
because
they
governed
but
a
very
little
while
,
but
chiefly
because
they
did
nothing
memorable
:
only
Albinus
became
notorious
to
Posterity
for
his
Gluttony
,
eating
,
if
we
may
believe
the
Authority
of
Cordus
,
an
hundred
large
Peaches
,
ten
choice
Melons
,
five
hundred
dryed
Figs
,
and
four
hundred
Oysters
at
one
Meal
.
But
to
pass
by
these
Monsters
of
men
,
I
come
to
Alexander
,
a
singular
pattern
of
Virtue
,
who
being
created
Alexander
Severus
.
Emperour
by
the
favour
of
the
Senate
and
the
Army
,
immediately
applyed
himself
to
the
setling
of
the
Commonwealth
,
which
had
been
very
much
impaired
by
the
miscarriages
of
former
Princes
.
To
which
end
he
made
use
of
Julius
Frontinus
a
vert
learned
Man
,
and
Ulpian
and
Paul
,
two
excellent
Civilians
,
as
Assistants
and
Coadjutors
in
that
Affair
.
He
was
so
upright
in
all
his
dealings
,
that
no
man
could
ever
complain
of
any
Injury
receiv'd
from
him
:
and
so
far
removed
from
any
kind
of
Vanity
or
Ostentation
,
that
he
appear'd
but
once
in
the
costly
Robes
belonging
to
his
Office
,
while
he
was
Consul
.
All
those
who
in
their
Addresses
to
him
were
sneakingly
obsequious
in
their
carriage
,
or
affectedly
complaisant
in
their
words
,
he
would
reject
as
fawning
Fellows
;
for
he
was
so
wise
and
discerning
that
no
man
could
impose
upon
him
;
one
instance
of
which
was
his
proceeding
with
Turinus
,
to
whom
,
for
his
taking
Bribes
upon
the
appearance
of
his
being
the
Emperours
mighty
Favourite
,
he
allotted
this
remarkable
punishment
;
that
being
bound
to
a
Stake
in
the
Transitory
Forum
,
a
place
of
greatest
Concourse
,
and
the
most
publick
thorow-fare
,
he
should
be
suffocated
with
smoak
;
the
common
Cryer
in
the
mean
time
proclaiming
these
words
,
He
that
sold
smoak
,
is
punish'd
with
smoak
.
Though
his
Mother
Mammoea
,
as
she
was
a
Woman
,
had
a
great
love
for
Money
,
yet
he
was
altogether
above
it
;
and
for
Jewels
,
he
slighted
them
,
as
feminine
Trifles
,
being
often
wont
to
say
,
that
in
Virgil
(
whom
he
called
the
Plato
of
the
Poets
)
there
were
more
,
and
more
precious
Gems
to
be
found
.
The
Revenue
which
arose
from
Bawds
,
and
Whores
,
and
Catamites
,
he
forbad
to
be
laid
up
in
the
sacred
Treasury
,
and
judg'd
it
more
fit
to
be
assign'd
to
the
defraying
some
publick
Charge
,
as
the
repairing
of
the
Theatre
,
the
Cirque
,
the
Amphitheatre
,
and
the
Stadium
.
Having
after
great
search
gotten
a
Collection
of
the
Images
of
Famous
Men
,
he
caus'd
them
to
be
set
up
in
the
Transitory
Forum
;
and
likewise
finish'd
and
beautified
those
which
are
at
this
time
call'd
the
Antonian
Baths
,
having
been
begun
by
Antoninus
Caracalla
.
He
had
it
in
his
design
to
acknowledg
our
Saviour
to
be
a
God
,
and
build
a
Temple
to
him
;
and
did
actually
set
up
the
Effigies
of
Christ
and
Abraham
,
and
Orpheus
in
his
Domestick
Chappel
.
Being
renowned
for
so
many
excellent
qualities
,
and
created
Emperour
while
he
was
very
young
,
he
immediately
engag'd
in
a
War
against
the
Persians
,
and
bravely
vanquish'd
their
King
Xerxes
.
In
reforming
the
Military
Discipline
he
was
so
strict
,
that
he
cashier'd
some
whole
Legions
at
once
;
which
severity
of
his
was
the
occasion
of
his
being
slain
in
a
tumult
of
the
Soldiers
at
Mentz
.
Pontianus
being
now
Bishop
of
Rome
,
at
the
instigation
of
the
Idol-Priests
,
both
he
and
Philip
a
Presbyter
,
were
at
the
Emperours
Command
transported
from
the
City
of
Rome
to
the
Island
Sardinia
,
much
about
that
time
when
Germanus
a
Presbyter
of
Antioch
,
and
Beryllus
a
Bishop
of
Arabia
,
were
converted
to
the
Truth
by
Origen
.
The
Heresie
of
Beryllus
was
his
denial
that
Christ
had
any
Being
before
his
Incarnation
.
He
wrote
some
small
Pieces
,
and
particularly
certain
Epistles
,
in
which
he
returns
thanks
to
Origen
for
his
sound
Doctrine
.
There
is
extant
likewise
a
Dialogue
between
them
,
wherein
Origen
convicts
Beryllus
of
Heresie
.
As
for
Origen
himself
,
he
was
a
Person
of
so
Origen
.
great
Wit
and
Learning
that
seven
Amanuenses
taking
their
turns
,
were
scarce
sufficient
for
him
.
He
had
also
as
many
Transcribers
,
and
young
Women
well-skill'd
in
Writing
,
all
which
he
wearied
out
with
the
copiousness
and
fertility
of
his
Inventions
.
Being
sent
for
from
Antioch
to
Rome
by
Mammoea
the
pious
Emperours
Mother
;
he
was
in
great
esteem
with
her
,
and
having
fully
instructed
her
in
the
Christian
Faith
,
he
returned
to
Antioch
.
But
Pontianus
,
having
suffered
divers
calamities
and
severe
Torments
for
the
Faith
of
Christ
,
at
length
died
in
Sardinia
;
his
body
being
afterward
at
the
request
of
the
whole
Clergy
brought
back
with
great
Veneration
to
Rome
by
Bishop
Fabian
,
and
interred
in
the
Via
Appia
in
the
Coemetery
of
Calistus
.
At
the
Ordinations
which
he
held
twice
in
the
Month
of
December
,
he
made
six
Presbyters
,
five
Deacons
,
and
six
Bishops
.
He
was
in
the
Chair
nine
years
,
five
months
,
two
days
,
and
from
his
Martyrdom
the
See
was
vacant
ten
days
.
S.
ANTERUS
.
ANTERUS
,
a
Grecian
,
the
Son
of
Romulus
,
was
made
Bishop
of
Rome
in
the
time
of
Maximine
;
who
Anno
U.
C.
987.
having
fortunately
managed
the
War
in
Germany
,
was
elected
〈◊〉
by
the
Army
without
any
Authority
of
the
Senate
.
He
was
a
Man
of
a
mighty
Stature
,
being
above
eight
foot
high
;
Maximine
.
and
had
a
Foot
of
such
a
magnitude
,
that
it
is
since
become
Proverbial
,
when
men
speak
of
a
tall
Silly
Fellow
,
to
say
,
he
needs
Maximine's
Hose
.
His
Wives
Bracelet
served
him
only
for
a
Ring
;
and
his
Appetite
was
so
large
,
that
he
would
drink
a
Rundlet
of
nine
Gallons
of
Wine
at
a
Sitting
.
He
raised
the
sixth
Persecution
against
the
Christians
,
but
in
the
third
year
of
his
Reign
himself
together
with
his
Son
Maximine
was
slain
by
Pupienus
at
Aquileia
a
City
which
he
besieged
,
and
so
an
end
was
put
to
his
Life
and
that
Persecution
together
;
by
which
means
Mammea
a
Christian
Lady
,
and
the
famous
Origene
,
the
blood
of
both
which
he
very
much
thirsted
for
,
escaped
his
Cruelty
.
'T
is
reported
,
that
during
this
Siege
of
Aquileia
,
when
their
bowstrings
failed
,
the
Women
of
the
City
supplied
that
want
with
their
hair
;
for
which
reason
in
honour
to
those
Matrons
the
Senate
dedicated
a
Temple
to
Venus
the
Bald.
Anterus
was
the
first
who
,
for
the
sake
of
one
Maximus
a
Martyr
,
ordained
that
the
Acts
of
the
Martyrs
diligently
search'd
after
should
be
committed
to
Writing
by
certain
Notaries
appointed
to
that
purpose
,
and
being
written
should
be
reposited
in
the
Treasury
of
the
Church
,
that
so
the
memory
of
good
men
might
not
perish
with
their
Lives
.
He
ordered
likewise
that
no
Bishop
should
be
translated
from
his
first
Bishoprick
to
another
for
his
private
Need
or
Benefit
,
but
only
for
the
sake
of
the
Flock
committed
to
him
,
and
by
the
leave
of
the
Supreme
Bishop
.
A
Constitution
which
at
this
day
is
made
void
by
common
Practice
;
for
now
the
Prelates
being
intent
upon
their
own
Profit
and
Pleasure
,
are
always
looking
out
for
a
fatter
;
Not
that
they
are
at
all
inquisitive
how
they
may
feed
a
larger
Flock
,
but
the
great
Enquiry
is
,
how
much
any
See
may
be
made
worth
yearly
.
There
is
very
little
discourse
among
them
concerning
the
care
of
Souls
,
but
very
much
concerning
the
encrease
of
their
Revenues
;
that
thereby
they
may
be
able
to
keep
more
Horses
,
and
have
a
greater
Retinue
of
Julius
Africanus
.
useless
lubberly
Servants
.
In
his
time
flourished
Julius
Africanus
,
an
eminent
Writer
,
who
as
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
tells
us
,
founded
a
famous
Library
at
Coesarea
,
This
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
the
Reign
of
M.
Aurelius
Antoninus
,
undertook
an
Embassie
for
the
rebuilding
the
City
of
Emmaus
,
which
as
I
have
already
said
,
was
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Nicopolis
.
He
wrote
also
an
Epistle
to
Origen
,
shewing
that
the
story
of
Susanna
was
not
received
among
the
Jews
:
against
whom
Origen
afterwards
penn'd
a
large
Epistle
upon
that
Argument
.
At
this
time
likewise
flourished
Geminus
,
a
Presbyter
of
the
Church
of
Antioch
,
and
Heraclas
Patriarch
of
the
Church
of
Alexandria
.
As
for
Anterus
himself
,
having
consecrated
only
one
Bishop
,
he
suffered
Martyrdom
,
and
was
interr'd
in
the
Coemetery
of
Calistus
in
the
Via
Appia
,
on
the
third
of
January
.
He
was
in
the
Chair
eleven
years
,
one
month
,
twelve
days
,
and
the
See
was
then
vacant
thirteen
days
.
S.
FABIANUS
.
FABIANUS
,
a
Roman
,
the
Son
of
Fabius
,
continued
from
the
Reign
of
Gordianus
and
Philip
to
that
of
the
Emperour
Decius
.
Gordianus
getting
the
Empire
,
and
having
given
a
mighty
Defeat
to
Gordianus
.
the
Parthians
that
made
head
against
him
,
in
his
return
home
to
Triumph
was
slain
by
the
two
Philips
.
His
chief
commendation
was
,
that
he
is
reported
to
have
had
sixty
two
thousand
books
in
his
Library
.
Philip
,
Anno
U.
C.
997.
having
brought
home
his
Army
out
of
Syria
Philip.
into
Italy
,
reigned
together
with
his
Son
,
whom
he
joyned
to
him
as
a
Partner
in
the
Empire
,
five
years
.
He
was
the
first
Christian
Emperour
,
and
't
is
said
of
him
,
that
he
never
presumed
to
go
to
the
holy
Mysteries
,
before
he
had
confessed
.
After
the
third
year
of
his
Reign
,
the
thousandth
year
from
the
building
of
the
City
being
compleated
,
he
caused
to
be
celebrated
the
Secular
Games
,
which
were
wont
to
be
repeated
every
hundredth
year
.
They
were
first
instituted
by
Valerius
〈◊〉
after
the
expulsion
of
the
Kings
,
and
had
their
name
from
the
Latin
word
seculum
,
which
signifies
the
space
of
an
hundred
years
.
But
by
the
fraud
of
Decius
,
both
the
Philips
were
slain
,
though
in
divers
places
;
the
Father
being
put
to
death
at
Verona
,
the
Son
at
Rome
.
Fabianus
distributed
the
several
Regions
of
the
City
among
the
seven
Deacons
,
by
whom
the
Acts
of
the
Martyrs
written
by
the
Notaries
were
to
be
collected
and
digested
,
for
the
example
of
others
who
professed
the
Faith
of
Christ
.
He
also
built
Monuments
in
the
Coemeteries
for
the
honour
of
the
Martyrs
.
Further
,
he
ordained
,
that
every
year
at
some
Sacrament
the
Chrism
or
holy
Oyl
should
be
new
consecrated
,
and
the
old
burnt
in
the
Church
.
In
his
time
sprang
up
the
Novatian
Heresie
.
For
Novatianus
a
Presbyter
of
the
City
of
Rome
,
out
of
an
Novatianus
.
eager
desire
of
being
Bishop
put
all
things
into
a
great
disorder
,
that
the
Pontificate
might
not
come
into
the
hands
of
Cornelius
,
who
was
Successor
to
Fabianus
.
Having
separated
himself
from
the
Church
,
he
gave
to
himself
and
his
Followers
the
Denomination
of
the
Pure
;
and
denied
that
Apostates
,
though
truly
penitent
,
ought
to
be
received
into
the
Church
.
Upon
this
occasion
a
Council
of
sixty
Bishops
,
as
many
Presbyters
,
and
several
Deacons
was
held
at
Rome
,
in
which
the
opinion
of
Novatianus
was
condemned
as
false
,
for
that
according
to
the
example
of
our
Saviour
,
Pardon
is
to
be
denied
to
no
man
that
repents
.
At
the
same
time
Origen
opposed
the
heretical
Doctrine
of
certain
persons
,
who
affirmed
,
that
the
Souls
of
men
died
with
their
bodies
,
and
were
both
together
to
be
raised
again
at
the
Resurrection
;
as
also
that
of
the
Helchesaites
,
who
altogether
rejected
the
Apostle
S.
Paul
,
and
asserted
,
that
though
a
man
in
his
Torments
should
outwardly
deny
Christ
,
yet
he
might
be
free
from
Guilt
,
provided
his
heart
were
upright
.
The
same
Author
wrote
against
Celsus
an
Epicurean
,
who
opposed
the
Christians
;
and
sent
Letters
concerning
Religion
to
the
Emperour
Philip
and
his
Wife
Severa
;
and
wrote
also
many
things
concerning
the
order
of
Faith
to
Fabianus
.
Alexander
Bishop
of
Cappadocia
,
having
from
a
desire
to
see
the
holy
Places
,
made
a
Journey
to
Jerusalem
,
was
there
compell'd
by
Narcissus
Bishop
of
that
City
and
now
grown
old
,
to
be
his
Assistant
in
the
Administration
of
that
Bishoprick
.
But
the
Persecution
under
Decius
growing
hot
,
at
the
same
that
Babylas
suffered
Martyrdom
at
Antioch
,
he
being
carried
to
Coesarea
,
was
there
put
to
death
for
the
faith
of
Christ
.
As
for
Fabianus
(
concerning
whom
it
is
commonly
believed
,
that
,
when
enquiry
was
made
for
a
Successour
to
Anterus
,
a
Dove
lighted
upon
his
head
in
the
same
shape
with
that
which
descended
upon
the
head
of
Jesus
at
Jordan
)
he
received
a
Crown
of
Martyrdom
,
after
that
at
five
Ordinations
,
which
he
held
in
the
month
of
December
,
he
had
ordained
twenty
two
Presbyters
,
seven
Deacons
,
eleven
Bishops
;
and
was
interr'd
in
the
Coemetery
of
Calistus
in
the
Via
Appia
,
Jan.
the
19th
.
He
was
in
the
Chair
fourteen
years
,
eleven
months
,
eleven
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
six
days
.
S.
CORNELIUS
.
CORNELIUS
,
a
Romam
,
the
Son
of
Castinus
,
lived
in
the
times
of
the
Emperour
Decius
,
Who
being
born
at
Buda
in
Hungary
,
upon
the
death
of
the
Decius
.
two
Philips
,
assumed
the
Empire
,
proving
a
bitter
Enemy
to
the
Christians
,
because
those
Philips
had
been
favourers
of
their
Religion
.
But
having
with
his
Son
Caesar
reigned
only
two
years
,
he
was
so
suddenly
cut
off
by
the
Goths
,
that
not
so
much
as
his
dead
body
was
ever
found
.
A
just
Judgment
upon
him
,
who
raising
the
seventh
Persecution
,
had
put
to
death
a
multitude
of
most
holy
Men.
During
the
Pontificate
of
Cornelius
,
whose
Judgment
was
,
that
Apostates
upon
their
Repentance
ought
to
be
received
,
Novatus
irregularly
ordained
Novatianus
and
Nicostratus
;
upon
which
occasion
the
Confessour's
who
had
fallen
off
from
Cornelius
,
being
of
the
same
opinion
with
Maximus
the
Presbyter
and
Moyses
,
reconciled
themselves
to
the
Church
again
,
and
thereby
gained
the
name
of
Confessours
indeed
.
But
not
long
after
,
these
Hereticks
pressing
hard
upon
him
,
Cornelius
is
banished
to
Centumcelioe
;
to
him
Cyprian
Bishop
of
Carthage
,
being
himself
imprison'd
,
wrote
Letters
,
by
which
he
came
to
understand
both
the
calamity
of
his
Friend
and
the
confirmation
of
his
own
Exile
.
There
are
extant
〈◊〉
other
Epistles
of
Cyprian
to
Cornelius
,
full
of
Religion
and
Piety
,
but
the
choicest
of
them
is
accounted
to
be
that
wherein
he
accuses
and
condemns
Novatus
a
certain
Disciple
of
his
.
Concerning
the
same
Heresie
,
Dionysius
B.
of
Alexandria
,
who
had
once
been
Scholar
to
Origen
,
wrote
to
Cornelius
;
and
in
another
Epislle
reproves
Novatianus
,
for
having
deserted
the
Communion
of
the
Roman
Church
,
and
pretending
that
he
was
forced
against
his
will
to
take
the
〈◊〉
upon
him
;
to
whom
he
thus
replies
,
That
thou
wert
(
says
he
)
O
Novatian
,
chosen
to
that
Dignity
against
thy
Will
,
will
appear
when
thou
dost
voluntarily
leave
it
.
Cornelius
,
before
he
went
into
banishment
,
at
the
Instance
of
Lucina
a
holy
〈◊〉
,
by
night
removed
the
bodies
of
S.
〈◊〉
and
S.
〈◊〉
out
〈◊〉
the
publick
burial
places
,
where
they
seemed
to
be
less
secure
,
that
of
S.
Paul
was
by
Lucina
her self
reposited
in
ground
of
her
own
in
the
〈◊〉
Oxiensis
,
near
the
place
where
he
suffer'd
,
and
that
of
Peter
was
by
〈◊〉
laid
near
the
place
where
he
also
was
Martyr'd
,
not
far
〈◊〉
the
Temple
of
Apollo
.
But
when
Decius
came
to
understand
that
〈◊〉
had
received
Leters
from
Cyprian
,
he
caused
him
to
be
brought
from
Ceutumcelioe
to
Rome
;
and
in
the
Temple
of
Tellus
,
the
〈◊〉
Praefect
being
〈◊〉
,
he
thus
〈◊〉
with
him
,
Are
〈◊〉
(
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
)
〈◊〉
to
〈◊〉
thus
〈◊〉
,
that
neither
regarding
the
gods
,
nor
fearing
the
commands
and
threatning
of
Princes
,
you
keep
a
〈◊〉
tending
to
endanger
the
publick
Weal
?
To
whom
Cornelius
replied
,
That
the
Letters
which
he
receiv'd
and
return'd
,
were
only
concerning
the
Praises
of
Christ
,
and
the
Design
of
the
Redemption
of
Souls
,
lut
contain'd
nothing
in
them
tending
to
the
Diminution
of
the
Empire
.
At
this
Decius
being
enraged
,
gave
order
that
the
holy
man
should
first
be
scourged
with
a
kind
of
Whips
that
had
small
globes
of
Lead
〈◊〉
to
the
end
of
them
;
that
afterwards
he
should
be
carried
to
the
Temple
of
Mars
to
pay
Adoration
to
his
Image
,
and
upon
his
refusal
so
to
do
,
that
he
should
be
put
to
death
.
The
good
man
,
as
they
were
leading
him
to
Punishment
,
disposed
of
what
he
had
to
Stephen
the
Arch-deacon
;
and
afterwards
upon
the
fifth
of
May
was
beheaded
.
Lucina
,
with
some
of
the
Clergy
,
buried
his
body
by
night
in
a
Grotto
of
hers
in
the
Via
Appia
,
nor
far
from
the
Coemetery
of
Calistus
.
There
are
some
who
write
that
the
Bishop
suffered
under
Gallus
and
Volusianus
,
but
I
rather
give
credit
to
Damasus
,
who
affirms
Decius
to
have
been
the
Author
of
his
Martyrdom
.
Cornelius
held
two
Ordinations
in
the
Month
of
December
,
in
which
he
made
four
Presbyters
,
four
Deacons
,
seven
Bishops
.
He
sat
in
the
Chair
two
years
,
three
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
thirty
five
days
.
S.
LUCIUS
I.
LUCIUS
,
by
birth
a
Roman
,
his
Father's
Name
Porphyrius
,
was
chosen
Bishop
,
when
Gallus
Hostilianus
was
Emperour
.
Gallus
associated
to
himself
in
the
Government
his
Son
Volusianus
;
Gallus
.
in
whose
times
there
arose
so
great
a
Plague
to
revenge
the
cause
of
Christianity
,
that
there
were
few
Families
,
much
less
Cities
and
Provinces
,
which
had
not
their
share
in
the
publick
Calamity
.
But
while
Gallus
and
Volusianus
were
engaging
in
a
Civil
War
against
Aemilianus
,
who
had
attempted
an
alteration
of
the
Government
,
they
were
both
kill'd
at
〈◊〉
,
before
they
had
compleated
the
second
year
of
their
Empire
.
Aemilianus
,
a
person
of
obscure
birth
,
was
slain
e're
he
had
possess'd
his
Aemilianus
usurped
Power
three
months
;
and
soon
after
Valerianus
and
Gallienus
were
chosen
Emperours
,
the
former
by
the
Army
in
Rhetia
and
Noricum
,
the
latter
at
Rome
by
the
Senate
.
Their
Government
proved
very
pernicious
to
the
Roman
State
,
by
the
means
of
their
own
Pusillanimity
and
the
〈◊〉
they
exercised
against
the
Christians
.
For
both
the
Germans
had
marched
forward
as
far
as
Ravenna
,
laying
all
〈◊〉
where
ever
they
came
with
Fire
and
Sword
,
and
also
Valerianus
himself
making
Valerianus
.
War
in
Mesopotamia
,
was
taken
Prisoner
by
the
Parthians
and
forced
to
live
in
the
most
ignominious
servitude
;
for
Sapores
King
of
Persia
made
use
of
him
for
a
Footstool
when
he
got
up
on
Horseback
.
A
Punishment
which
justly
〈◊〉
him
for
this
reason
,
that
as
soon
as
he
was
seiz'd
of
the
Empire
,
he
was
the
eighth
from
Nero
who
commanded
that
the
Christians
should
be
put
to
Tortures
,
be
made
to
worship
Idols
,
or
upon
their
refusal
be
put
to
death
.
Gallienus
,
being
terrisied
〈◊〉
.
by
this
manifest
Judgment
of
God
,
suffered
the
Christians
to
live
quietly
.
But
it
was
now
too
late
,
for
by
the
Divine
Permission
,
the
Barbarians
had
already
made
Inroads
upon
the
Roman
borders
,
and
certain
pernicious
Tyrants
arose
;
who
overthrew
at
home
what
was
left
undestroyed
by
the
forein
Enemy
.
〈◊〉
hereupon
leaves
the
care
of
the
Publick
,
and
spending
his
time
very
dissolutely
at
〈◊〉
,
was
there
slain
.
Lucius
,
upon
the
death
of
Volusianus
,
being
released
from
banishment
,
at
his
return
to
Rome
,
ordained
,
that
every
Bishop
〈◊〉
be
accompanied
where-ever
he
went
with
two
Presbyters
and
three
Deacons
,
as
witnesses
of
his
Life
and
Actions
.
In
his
time
suffered
Saint
Cyprian
;
who
was
first
a
Professor
of
Rhetorick
,
and
afterward
,
as
St.
S.
Cyprian
.
Hierem
tells
us
,
at
the
persuasion
of
Coecilius
the
Presbyter
from
whom
he
took
his
〈◊〉
-
〈◊〉
,
becoming
a
Christian
,
he
gave
his
Estate
to
the
Poor
.
Having
〈◊〉
first
ordained
a
Presbyter
,
and
then
Bishop
of
Carthage
,
he
was
〈◊〉
to
death
under
〈◊〉
and
Volusianus
.
His
Life
and
Martyrdom
were
〈◊〉
well
written
by
Pontius
a
Presbyter
and
his
Companion
in
〈◊〉
.
And
it
ought
not
to
be
forgotten
,
that
Cyprian
before
he
〈◊〉
was
reconciled
to
the
Opinion
of
the
Church
of
Rome
,
that
〈◊〉
were
not
to
be
re-baptized
,
but
to
be
receiv'd
without
any
further
Ceremony
than
that
of
Imposition
of
Hands
;
a
matter
about
which
there
had
been
formerly
a
great
Controversie
between
him
and
Cornelius
.
But
to
return
to
Lucius
;
before
his
Martyrdom
,
which
he
suffered
at
the
command
of
Valerianus
,
he
delivered
up
his
Ecclesiastical
Power
to
〈◊〉
the
Arch-deacon
.
He
conferred
holy
Orders
thrice
in
the
month
of
December
,
ordaining
four
Presbyters
,
four
Deacons
,
seven
Bishops
.
He
was
interred
in
the
Coemetery
of
Calistus
in
the
Via
Appia
,
Aug.
the
25th
.
He
was
in
the
Chair
three
years
,
three
months
,
three
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
thirty
five
days
.
S.
STEPHANUS
I.
STEPHANUS
,
a
Roman
,
the
Son
of
Julius
,
was
chosen
Bishop
when
the
Roman
Empire
seem'd
to
be
utterly
ruin'd
;
and
particularly
at
the
time
when
Posthumus
〈◊〉
his
Usurped
Power
in
Gallia
,
though
not
without
great
advantage
to
the
Publick
.
For
he
governed
very
well
ten
years
together
,
freed
the
Countrey
Posthumus
.
from
Hostility
,
and
restored
that
Province
to
its
ancient
Form
.
But
being
afterwards
kill'd
at
Mentz
in
a
tumult
of
the
Soldiers
,
Victorinus
succeeded
him
,
who
was
indeed
an
excellent
Soldier
,
but
being
exces
Victorinus
.
ssively
incontinent
and
adulterous
,
was
slain
at
Cologne
.
Stephanus
applying
himself
to
the
Regulation
of
the
Church
,
ordained
that
the
Priests
and
other
Ministers
should
not
use
their
sacred
Vestments
any
where
but
in
the
Church
,
and
during
the
performance
of
Divine
Offices
;
lest
otherwise
they
should
incur
the
Punishment
of
Belshazzar
King
of
Babylon
for
touching
the
holy
Vessels
with
prophane
hands
.
Concerning
the
Re-baptization
of
those
who
returned
to
the
Faith
,
he
was
of
the
same
Judgment
with
Cornelius
his
Predecessor
,
and
thought
it
by
no
means
lawful
to
communicate
with
those
who
re-baptized
them
;
Whereupon
Dionysius
,
who
had
formerly
concurred
in
opinion
about
the
matter
with
those
of
Carthage
and
the
East
,
both
his
and
their
Sentiments
of
it
being
now
altered
,
writes
to
Stephen
,
and
encourages
him
from
the
assurance
that
both
the
Asian
and
African
Churches
were
now
reconciled
to
the
Judgment
of
the
Roman
See
concerning
it
.
About
the
same
time
Malchion
a
Presbyter
of
Antioch
,
a
person
Malchion
of
extraordinary
Eloquence
,
became
very
useful
to
the
Church
of
God
,
in
Presbyter
.
writing
against
Paulus
Samosatenus
the
Bishop
of
that
place
,
who
endeavoured
to
revive
the
Opinion
of
Artemon
,
affirming
Christ
to
have
been
a
meer
man
,
and
that
he
had
no
Existence
till
he
was
conceived
by
the
Virgin
Mary
.
An
Opinion
which
being
afterwards
condemned
in
the
Council
of
Antioch
by
general
consent
,
this
Malchion
in
the
name
of
the
Synod
wrote
a
large
Epistle
to
the
Christians
concerning
it
.
As
for
Stephanus
,
when
he
had
by
his
Example
and
Persuasion
converted
a
multitude
of
Gentiles
to
Christianity
,
being
seized
by
Gallienus
,
as
some
say
,
or
else
by
those
who
upon
the
Edict
of
Decius
were
appointed
to
persecute
the
Christians
,
he
himself
,
together
with
many
others
his
Proselytes
,
was
hurried
away
to
Martyrdom
;
and
having
suffered
,
he
was
interred
in
the
Coemetery
of
Calistus
in
the
Via
Appia
,
August
the
2d
,
after
that
he
had
at
two
Decembrian
Ordinations
,
made
six
Presbyters
,
five
Deacons
,
three
Bishops
.
He
was
in
the
Chair
seven
years
,
five
months
,
two
days
;
and
the
See
was
vacant
two
and
twenty
days
.
S.
SIXTUS
II.
SIXTUS
,
an
Athenian
,
of
a
Philosopher
became
a
Christian
the
Decian
and
Valerian
Persecution
yet
continuing
.
But
it
will
not
be
foreign
to
our
present
purpose
to
go
on
,
as
we
have
begun
,
to
give
some
account
of
the
other
Tyrants
,
till
we
come
to
the
true
Successour
.
Victorinus
therefore
being
slain
in
Gallia
,
Tetricus
a
Senator
,
being
at
that
time
Governour
of
Aquitain
,
was
in
his
absence
chosen
Emperour
by
the
Soldiers
.
But
while
these
things
were
transacting
in
Gallia
,
Odenatus
overcomes
the
the
Persians
,
defends
Syria
,
and
〈◊〉
Mesopotamia
as
far
as
Ctesiphon
.
At
this
time
in
Ptolemais
,
anciently
called
Barce
,
a
City
of
Pentapolis
,
there
was
broach'd
a
Doctrine
,
full
of
blasphemies
against
God
the
Father
,
and
against
Christ
,
whom
it
denied
to
be
the
Son
of
the
most
high
God
and
the
first-born
of
every
Creature
,
and
against
the
Holy
Ghost
,
whose
being
it
disowned
.
The
Assertors
of
it
were
called
〈◊〉
,
from
Sabellius
the
author
of
this
perverse
Sect.
What
shall
I
Sabellius
.
say
of
that
carnal
opinion
of
Cerinthus
?
who
affirmed
,
that
Christ
Cerinthus
,
should
personally
Reign
upon
the
earth
a
thousand
years
,
(
from
whence
by
the
Greeks
he
was
called
a
Chiliast
.
)
Being
himself
a
man
of
unbounded
Lust
and
Luxury
,
he
feigned
a
great
plenty
of
delicious
Viands
and
a
great
variety
of
beautiful
Women
to
be
the
principal
Ingredients
of
the
happiness
of
that
Kingdom
,
Of
the
same
opinion
likewise
was
Nepos
,
a
Bishop
in
some
parts
of
Egypt
,
who
affirmed
,
that
the
Saints
Nepos
.
were
to
Reign
with
Christ
on
the
Earth
,
in
the
highest
enjoyment
of
all
sensual
delights
and
pleasures
;
(
from
whom
his
brutish
followers
were
called
Nepotiani
.
)
Sixtus
had
it
some
time
in
his
mind
to
baffle
and
suppress
these
opinions
,
but
being
accused
for
preaching
the
faith
of
Christ
contrary
to
the
Emperours
Edict
,
he
was
taken
and
led
to
the
Temple
of
Mars
,
where
he
must
either
offer
sacrifice
to
the
Idol
,
or
upon
his
〈◊〉
be
put
to
death
.
As
he
was
going
forth
to
punishment
,
Laurence
his
Arch-deacon
thus
bespake
him
;
Whither
art
thou
going
,
O
my
Father
,
without
thy
Son
?
Whither
,
O
best
of
Bishops
,
art
thou
hastning
without
thy
Attendants
?
To
whom
Sixtus
answered
,
I
do
not
forsake
thee
,
O
my
Son
;
there
are
yet
greater
conflicts
behind
which
thou
art
to
undergo
for
the
faith
of
Christ
;
within
three
days
,
thou
as
a
dutiful
Deacon
shalt
follow
me
thy
Bishop
;
in
the
mean
time
,
if
thou
hast
any
stock
lying
by
thee
,
distribute
it
all
to
the
Poor
.
On
the
same
day
with
Sixtus
,
which
was
the
eighth
of
August
,
there
were
executed
six
Deacons
,
viz.
Felicissimus
,
Agapetus
,
Januarius
,
Magus
,
Innocentius
,
Stephanus
.
And
on
the
third
day
after
,
August
the
tenth
,
the
same
Lawrence
,
with
Claudius
the
Sub-deacon
,
and
Seuerus
the
Presbyter
,
and
Crescentius
the
Reader
,
and
Romanus
the
Door-keeper
,
were
all
put
to
death
together
,
though
with
several
kinds
of
Tortures
;
among
which
it
is
said
that
Laurence
was
broiled
upon
a
Gridiron
.
Vincentius
,
who
had
been
Scholar
to
Sixtus
,
being
gone
into
Spain
,
could
not
be
present
at
this
Martyrdom
.
Sixtus
,
during
his
Pontificate
having
at
two
Decembrian
Ordinations
made
four
Presbyters
,
seven
Deacons
,
two
Bishops
,
his
body
was
interr'd
in
the
Coemetery
of
Calistus
in
the
Via
Appia
.
The
other
Martyrs
lye
in
the
Coemetery
of
Proetextatus
in
the
Via
Tiburtina
,
Sixtus
sat
in
the
Chair
two
years
,
ten
months
,
twenty
three
days
.
And
the
See
was
vacant
thirty
five
days
.
S.
DIONYSIUS
.
DIONYSIUS
,
whose
original
Damasus
could
not
trace
,
being
of
a
Monk
advanced
to
the
Pontifical
Dignity
,
forthwith
allotted
to
the
several
Presbyters
in
the
City
of
Rome
their
several
Churches
and
Coemeteries
,
and
to
others
elsewhere
〈◊〉
their
respective
Parishes
and
Dioceses
;
that
so
every
one
might
be
confined
within
his
own
bounds
and
limits
.
His
contemporary
Emperour
I
take
to
have
been
Claudius
,
who
Claudius
.
when
by
consent
of
the
Senate
he
had
undertaken
the
Government
,
made
War
upon
,
and
with
incredible
slaughter
defeated
the
Goths
who
had
for
fifteen
years
together
wasted
Illyricum
and
Macedonia
.
Hereupon
it
was
decreed
by
the
Senate
,
that
in
the
Council-house
a
golden
Shicld
,
in
the
Capital
a
golden
Statue
should
be
erected
to
his
Honour
.
But
falling
sick
at
Sirmium
,
he
died
before
the
second
year
of
his
Empire
was
compleated
.
Upon
his
death
Quintillus
his
Brother
Quintillus
.
was
straightway
chosen
Emperour
by
the
Army
;
a
person
of
singular
moderation
,
and
the
only
man
who
deserved
to
succeed
his
Brother
;
but
he
also
governed
a
very
little
time
,
being
slain
in
the
seventeenth
day
of
his
Reign
.
During
the
Pontificate
of
Dionysius
,
Paulus
Samosatenus
deserting
the
Paulus
Samosatenus
.
Orthodox
Faith
,
revived
the
Heresie
of
Artemon
.
This
Paul
being
made
Bishop
of
Antioch
in
the
room
of
Demetrianus
,
behaved
himself
with
excessive
haughtiness
and
affectation
;
for
as
he
passed
along
he
affected
to
read
and
dictate
Letters
,
a
great
throng
of
Attendants
going
before
and
following
him
;
so
that
for
the
sake
of
his
Arrogance
,
multitudes
were
very
strongly
prejudiced
against
the
Christian
Religion
.
But
had
they
lived
in
our
times
,
wherein
Pride
and
Pomp
,
not
to
say
Luxury
it self
,
are
at
their
heighth
;
what
would
they
think
to
see
Prelates
led
on
by
so
many
young
Sparks
,
and
brought
up
by
a
crowd
of
Presbyters
,
all
mounted
upon
high-fed
and
gay-trapped
Horses
?
Certain
I
am
they
would
abhor
and
execrate
them
,
and
say
,
that
they
were
false
and
hypocritical
pretenders
to
the
Religion
of
the
blessed
Jesus
.
But
I
return
to
Paul
,
whom
I
may
more
securely
reprove
.
He
was
highly
self-opinionated
and
ambitious
,
and
denied
our
Saviours
eternal
Generation
,
or
that
he
had
a
being
till
his
conception
of
the
blessed
Virgin
.
For
this
reason
at
the
Council
of
〈◊〉
,
he
was
publickly
condemned
by
the
consent
of
all
the
Bishops
that
were
present
;
but
especially
by
the
sentence
of
Gregory
Bishop
of
Coesarea
,
a
most
holy
man
who
was
present
at
the
Council
,
and
afterwards
suffered
Martyrdom
for
the
faith
of
Christ
.
Malchion
also
a
Presbyter
of
Antioch
disputed
and
wrote
much
against
this
Paul
,
for
the
reason
that
I
have
already
mentioned
.
Dionysius
himself
could
not
be
at
this
Council
because
of
his
great
Age
,
but
of
all
the
transactions
there
he
had
full
intelligence
given
him
by
Maximus
Bishop
of
Alexandria
.
Dionysius
dying
,
was
buried
in
the
Coemetery
of
Calistus
;
after
that
at
two
Decembrian
Ordinations
he
had
made
twelve
Presbyters
,
six
Deacons
,
seven
Bishops
.
He
sat
in
the
Chair
six
years
,
two
months
,
four
days
;
and
the
See
was
vacant
six
days
.
S.
FELIX
I.
FELIX
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Constantinus
,
lived
in
the
time
of
Aurelianus
,
Who
came
to
the
Empire
A.U.C.
1027
,
and
being
an
excellent
Aurelianus
.
Soldier
gain'd
a
great
Victory
over
the
Goths
at
the
River
Danow
.
From
thence
passing
into
Asia
,
at
a
place
not
far
from
Antioch
,
by
the
terrour
of
his
name
rather
than
by
fighting
,
he
overcame
Zenobia
,
who
from
the
time
that
her
Husband
Odenatus
had
been
slain
was
possess'd
of
the
Eastern
Empire
.
Her
he
led
in
Triumph
together
with
Tetricus
,
by
his
defeating
of
whom
at
Chaalons
,
Gallia
was
again
recovered
.
Yet
by
the
Humanity
and
Clemency
of
Aurelianus
,
Zenobia
lived
all
her
time
very
honourably
in
the
City
,
from
whom
the
Zenobian
Family
in
Rome
derives
its
Original
;
and
Tetricus
being
saved
,
was
afterwards
made
Governour
of
the
Lucani
.
The
Emperour
now
applying
himself
to
works
of
peace
,
repaired
the
Temple
of
Apollo
,
and
the
Walls
of
the
City
with
great
Magnificence
.
But
not
long
after
raising
the
ninth
Persecution
against
the
Christians
,
the
divine
Vengeance
meeting
with
him
,
he
was
slain
at
a
small
Fort
between
Constantinople
and
Heraclea
,
called
Zenophrurium
.
Felix
out
of
the
great
regard
he
had
to
the
honour
of
the
Martyrs
,
ordained
,
that
upon
their
account
Masses
should
be
celebrated
yearly
;
and
that
the
Sacrifice
of
the
Mass
should
be
celebrated
by
no
other
persons
but
such
as
were
in
holy
Orders
,
and
in
no
places
but
such
as
were
consecrated
,
cases
of
necessity
being
always
excepted
.
But
if
through
the
age
or
loss
of
Records
it
were
doubtsul
concerning
any
Church
whether
it
had
been
consecrated
or
no
,
he
commanded
that
it
should
be
consecrated
anew
;
saying
,
that
nothing
could
properly
be
said
to
be
repeated
,
of
which
it
is
uncertain
whether
ever
it
were
once
done
at
all
.
During
his
Pontificate
one
Manes
a
Persian
,
had
the
Impudence
Manes
.
to
profess
himself
to
be
the
Christ
,
and
that
he
might
gain
the
greater
credit
to
his
Imposture
,
he
associated
to
himself
twelve
Disciples
.
But
as
that
Manes
was
detested
and
abhorred
for
his
pride
and
blasphemy
,
so
Anatolius
the
Bishop
of
Laodicoea
was
as
much
extolled
and
magnified
for
his
Religion
and
Learning
.
At
the
same
time
also
Saturninus
,
relying
upon
the
assistance
of
his
Army
,
enterpriz'd
the
building
of
a
new
Antioch
;
but
when
it
appeared
that
he
designed
to
invade
the
Empire
too
,
he
was
slain
at
Apemoea
.
Felix
,
after
that
at
several
Decembrian
Ordinations
,
he
had
made
nine
Presbyters
,
seven
Deacons
,
five
Bishops
,
suffered
Martyrdom
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Via
Aurelia
,
May
the
30th
.
in
a
Church
which
he
had
built
,
two
miles
distant
from
the
City
.
He
sat
in
the
Chair
four
years
,
three
months
,
〈◊〉
days
;
and
the
See
was
vacant
seven
days
.
S.
EUTYCHIANUS
.
EUTYCHIANUS
,
a
Tuscan
,
his
Fathers
name
Maximus
,
was
in
the
time
of
the
Emperour
Aurelianus
.
Who
being
slain
was
succeeded
by
Tacitus
,
a
man
who
both
Tacitus
.
for
his
Valour
and
Justice
,
was
certainly
very
fit
for
Government
,
but
he
was
slain
in
Pontus
in
the
sixth
month
after
he
came
to
the
Empire
;
as
was
also
his
Successour
Florianus
in
Tarsus
,
before
he
had
reigned
Florianus
.
three
months
.
Eutychianus
ordained
,
that
the
fruits
of
the
Earth
,
as
Beans
and
Grapes
,
&c.
should
be
blessed
upon
the
Altar
;
and
also
that
no
persons
should
bury
the
Martyrs
in
any
but
Purple
Vestments
;
unless
with
his
knowledg
and
leave
.
Some
write
that
in
his
time
Dorotheus
the
Eunuch
Dorotheus
.
flourished
,
a
man
questionless
of
very
great
skill
in
the
Greek
and
Hebrew
Language
;
and
with
whose
Learning
't
is
said
,
the
Emperour
Aurelianus
was
wonderfully
delighted
.
For
in
the
beginning
of
his
Reign
he
was
such
a
Favourer
of
the
Christians
,
that
he
severely
censured
the
Sect
of
Paulus
Samosatenus
.
But
being
afterwards
corrupted
by
evil
Counsels
;
and
,
as
hath
been
said
,
raising
a
Persecution
against
the
Christians
,
having
sent
Dispatches
concerning
that
Affair
to
the
several
Governours
of
Provinces
,
he
was
cut
off
by
the
Divine
Hand
.
Eusebius
when
he
was
young
was
an
Auditor
of
Dorotheus
at
his
Expositions
of
Scripture
.
At
this
time
also
Anatolius
an
Alexandrian
,
Bishop
Anatolius
.
of
Laodicea
,
a
man
of
great
Learning
,
wrote
several
excellent
things
in
Mathematicks
and
Divinity
;
and
was
very
severe
against
the
Manichoean
Heresie
which
then
very
much
prevailed
.
These
Manichees
to
their
other
Errours
,
brought
in
two
Substances
,
the
one
good
,
the
other
evil
,
and
held
that
Souls
flowed
from
God
,
as
from
a
Fountain
.
The
Old
Testament
they
all
together
disown'd
,
and
receiv'd
but
some
parts
of
the
New
.
Eutychianus
,
after
that
at
several
Ordinations
,
he
had
consecrated
fourteen
Presbyters
,
five
Deacons
,
nine
Bishops
,
was
crowned
with
Martyrdom
,
and
buried
in
the
Coemetery
of
Calistus
,
July
the
25th
.
He
sat
in
the
Chair
one
year
,
one
month
,
one
day
;
and
by
his
death
theSee
was
vacant
eight
days
.
There
are
some
who
say
he
lived
in
the
Pontificate
eight
years
,
ten
months
;
but
I
rather
give
credit
to
Damasus
,
who
is
the
author
of
the
former
Assertion
.
S.
CAIUS
.
CAIUS
,
a
Dalmatian
,
the
Son
of
Caius
,
a
kinsman
of
the
Emperour
Diocletian
,
lived
in
the
times
of
Probus
,
Carus
and
Carinus
.
〈◊〉
,
a
person
renowned
for
Military
skill
,
having
undertaken
the
Probus
.
Government
,
was
very
successful
in
recovering
〈◊〉
that
had
been
possess'd
by
the
Barbarians
.
He
also
vanquish'd
Saturninus
,
who
was
attempting
to
usurp
the
Empire
in
the
East
,
and
Proculus
and
Bonosus
at
〈◊〉
.
But
this
Valiant
and
Just
man
was
notwithstanding
slain
in
a
Tumult
of
the
Soldiers
at
〈◊〉
,
in
the
sixth
year
of
his
Reign
.
After
whom
Carus
Narbonensis
entred
upon
the
Empire
,
and
held
it
two
〈◊〉
.
years
.
He
having
admitted
his
two
Sons
Carinus
and
Numerianus
to
a
thare
in
the
Government
,
and
having
in
the
Parthian
War
taken
〈◊〉
and
〈◊〉
two
famous
Cities
,
was
in
the
Camp
slain
by
a
Thunderbolt
.
Numerianus
,
who
was
returning
with
his
Father
,
was
murthered
by
the
fraud
of
his
Father-in-law
Arrius
Aper
.
But
Carinus
a
person
most
dissolutely
lewd
,
was
overcome
after
a
sharp
and
doubtful
Engagement
,
by
〈◊〉
in
〈◊〉
;
and
at
length
suffered
the
just
punishment
of
his
Villanies
.
Caius
stated
the
several
Orders
in
the
Church
,
by
which
as
by
certain
steps
and
degrees
the
Clergy
were
to
rise
to
the
Episcopal
Dignity
.
These
were
the
Door-keeper
,
the
Reader
,
the
Exorcist
,
the
Acolythus
,
the
Sub-deacon
,
the
Deacon
,
the
Presbyter
,
and
the
Bishop
.
He
also
,
as
〈◊〉
had
done
before
him
,
allotted
several
Regions
to
the
Deacons
,
who
were
to
Register
and
compile
the
Acts
of
the
Martyrs
.
He
ordained
likewise
,
that
no
Laick
should
commence
a
Suit
of
Law
against
a
〈◊〉
-
man
,
and
that
no
Pagan
or
Heretick
should
have
power
to
accuse
a
Christian.
In
his
time
lived
Victorinus
Bishop
of
Poictiers
,
who
Victorinus
.
〈◊〉
divers
Commentaries
on
the
Scriptures
;
and
was
very
sharp
and
severe
against
the
Heresies
then
prevailing
,
though
he
had
greater
skill
in
the
Latin
than
the
Greek
Tongue
,
as
Hierom
will
have
it
,
who
tells
us
,
that
the
sense
of
his
Writings
was
great
,
but
the
style
mean
.
Pamphilus
also
a
Presbyter
and
the
intimate
Friend
of
Eusebius
Bishop
〈◊〉
.
of
Coesarea
,
was
so
eagerly
greedy
of
divine
Learning
,
that
with
his
own
hand
he
transcribed
a
great
part
of
Origen's
Books
;
which
Books
Eusebius
affirms
himself
to
have
seen
in
the
Library
of
Coesarea
,
with
as
great
satisfaction
as
if
he
had
gained
the
Riches
of
Croesus
.
The
same
Pamphilus
wrote
the
Defence
of
Origen
,
as
Eusebius
himself
also
did
not
long
after
.
But
in
the
Reign
of
Diocletian
,
there
arising
against
the
Christians
a
Persecution
sharper
than
ever
was
before
,
Caius
lay
a
long
time
concealed
in
certain
Grotts
and
Vaults
underground
;
but
being
at
length
discovered
and
taken
from
thence
by
the
Persecutors
,
together
with
his
Brother
Gabinius
and
his
Niece
Susanna
,
he
was
crowned
with
Martyrdom
,
and
buried
in
the
Coemetery
of
Calistus
in
the
Via
Appia
,
〈◊〉
the
22d
.
Some
write
that
Lucia
,
Agatha
,
and
Agnes
became
Martyrs
not
long
〈◊〉
.
Caius
sat
in
the
Chair
eleven
years
,
four
months
,
twelve
days
;
in
which
time
at
four
several
Decembrian
Ordinations
,
he
made
twenty
five
Presbyters
,
eight
Deacons
,
five
Bishops
;
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
eleven
days
.
S.
MARCELLINUS
.
MARCELLINUS
,
a
Roman
,
the
Son
of
Projectus
,
was
in
the
times
of
Diocletian
,
a
Dalmatian
of
obscure
birth
,
and
Maximian
.
Diocletian
,
A.
U.
C.
1041.
being
elected
Emperour
by
the
Army
,
Diocletian
.
slew
that
Aper
who
had
murdered
Numerianus
.
But
a
Commotion
arising
in
Gallia
,
which
was
a
Sedition
rather
than
a
War
,
thither
Diocletian
sent
Maximianus
Herculeus
,
by
whom
the
Peasants
were
soon
quell'd
.
But
Wars
breaking
out
on
every
side
,
Diocletian
not
being
able
singly
to
bear
the
〈◊〉
of
so
many
dangers
,
associates
Maximian
by
the
name
of
Augustus
,
and
Constantius
,
and
Maximian
Galerius
by
the
name
of
Coesars
.
Maximian
Herculeus
,
after
that
Carausius
was
kill'd
by
the
treachery
of
Alectus
,
in
ten
years
time
makes
himself
Master
of
Britain
.
And
Constantius
,
after
one
unsuccessful
Engagement
in
Gallia
,
renewing
the
Fight
a
second
time
,
flew
several
thousand
Germans
,
who
were
Mercenaries
there
,
and
thereby
restored
peace
to
that
Province
.
In
the
mean
time
Diocletian
took
Alexandria
,
which
being
bravely
defended
by
Achilleus
,
held
out
a
Siege
of
eight
months
,
and
gratified
his
Soldiers
with
the
plunder
of
it
.
But
Maximian
Galerius
having
behaved
himself
gallantly
in
two
Fights
against
Narseus
,
was
at
length
routed
between
Galietium
and
Carroe
;
and
his
Forces
being
〈◊〉
and
lost
in
that
unfortunate
Battel
,
he
is
forced
to
fly
to
Diocletian
,
who
received
him
with
such
disdain
,
that
it
is
said
,
he
suffered
him
in
his
Imperial
Habit
to
run
on
Foot
several
miles
before
his
Charriot
.
Maximian
being
nettled
at
so
foul
a
disgrace
,
undertakes
the
War
afresh
,
and
in
the
end
becomes
Victorious
.
Affairs
being
thus
setled
,
Diocletian
in
the
East
,
and
Maximian
Herculeus
in
the
West
,
commanded
that
the
Churches
should
be
destroyed
,
and
the
Christians
tortured
and
put
to
death
;
and
so
raised
the
tenth
Persecution
,
which
lasted
longer
,
and
was
more
vehement
and
bloody
than
any
before
.
For
now
Bibles
were
publickly
burnt
;
all
Christians
who
were
in
any
Office
ignominiously
cashier'd
;
Servants
who
continued
constant
to
their
Profession
cut
off
of
all
hope
of
being
ever
made
Free
,
and
the
Christian
Soldiers
compell'd
either
to
offer
up
sacrifice
to
Idols
,
or
else
to
lay
down
their
Arms
and
their
Lives
together
;
by
an
Imperial
Edict
publickly
affix'd
in
the
Forum
.
This
Edict
,
a
certain
person
being
so
hardy
as
to
pull
down
and
tear
in
pieces
,
he
was
thereupon
ordered
to
be
fley'd
and
to
have
Vinegar
mix'd
with
Salt
poured
upon
his
raw
flesh
till
he
died
;
which
he
patienty
endured
being
confirmed
and
encouraged
in
his
sufferings
by
Dorotheus
and
Gorgonius
two
very
eminent
men
.
At
the
same
time
the
Royal
Palace
at
Nicomedia
happening
to
be
on
fire
,
the
Emperour
groundesly
suspecting
it
to
be
caus'd
by
the
Christians
,
commanded
multitudes
of
them
to
be
put
to
the
sword
,
and
several
others
to
be
thrown
alive
into
the
flames
.
The
same
severity
was
exercised
against
them
in
Mitylene
,
Syria
,
Africa
,
Thebais
,
and
Egypt
by
the
several
Governours
of
those
Provinces
,
and
in
Palestine
and
Tyre
great
numbers
of
them
were
expos'd
to
be
devoured
by
wild
beasts
.
Indeed
there
was
no
kind
of
Torment
could
be
invented
which
the
Christians
did
not
undergo
.
Some
had
their
flesh
scraped
and
torn
off
with
Potsherds
,
to
others
sharp
Reeds
were
thrust
under
their
Nails
,
and
to
the
Women
run
up
into
their
privities
.
A
certain
City
in
Phrygia
was
set
on
fire
and
burnt
to
the
ground
,
because
the
Citizens
,
who
were
kept
constant
to
the
Faith
by
Adauctus
a
pious
Roman
,
refused
to
offer
sacrifice
to
Idols
.
In
the
end
their
inhuman
Tormentors
came
to
such
a
height
of
Cruelty
,
that
they
would
first
burn
out
their
Eyes
with
searing
Irons
,
and
then
wreak
the
remainder
of
their
fury
and
rage
against
them
.
At
this
time
were
also
put
to
death
for
the
profession
of
Christianity
Anthimus
Bishop
of
Nicomedia
,
and
Lucianus
the
Learned
Presbyter
of
Antioch
,
and
Pamphilus
of
Coesarea
,
and
Philoeas
an
Aegyptian
and
Bishop
of
Thmyis
;
this
last
being
beheaded
,
because
he
had
written
a
Book
in
praise
of
the
Martyrs
,
and
had
courage
enough
to
tell
his
unjust
Judges
their
own
.
I
need
not
enumerate
more
Instances
,
since
Damasus
affirms
,
that
there
were
no
less
than
seventeen
thousand
persons
of
both
Sexes
who
suffered
Martyrdom
through
the
several
Provinces
in
the
space
of
thirty
days
.
I
shall
not
mention
those
who
were
banish'd
to
the
Islands
,
or
condemn'd
to
work
in
the
the
Mines
or
melting-Houses
,
or
to
dig
Sand
,
or
to
hew
Stones
,
or
to
other
the
like
kinds
of
Servitude
,
whose
numbers
were
almost
infinite
.
But
our
Marcellinus
,
being
carried
to
the
Heathen
Sacrifices
,
and
his
Tormentors
with
menaces
urging
him
to
offer
,
he
being
overcome
with
fear
submitted
to
their
importunities
,
and
joyn'd
with
them
in
their
Idolatries
.
But
not
long
after
a
Council
of
an
hundred
and
eighty
Bishops
being
held
at
Sinuessa
a
City
of
Campania
,
thither
goes
Marcellinus
cloth'd
in
Sackcloth
,
with
all
the
marks
of
an
humble
penitent
,
and
beseeches
them
to
inflict
upon
him
the
just
punishment
of
his
Cowardize
and
inconstancy
.
Yet
in
so
numerous
a
Council
there
was
not
a
man
who
would
pass
any
Sentence
against
him
,
they
all
agreeing
that
he
had
laps'd
only
after
the
same
manner
that
S.
Peter
himself
did
,
and
that
by
his
tears
and
sorrows
he
had
already
sufficiently
suffered
for
his
Fault
.
To
Rome
returns
Marcellinus
full
of
Resentment
,
hastens
to
Diocletian
,
and
boldly
reproves
him
for
causing
him
to
sacrifice
to
false
Gods
.
Hereupon
,
by
Diocletian's
order
he
was
forthwith
led
to
Execution
,
together
with
Claudius
,
Cyrinus
,
and
Antoninus
,
three
other
assertors
of
Christianity
.
As
he
went
along
,
he
admonished
Marcellus
his
Presbyter
not
to
submit
to
the
command
of
Diocletian
in
matters
appertaining
to
Religion
;
and
forbad
him
to
suffer
his
Body
to
be
buried
,
saying
,
that
since
he
had
denied
his
Saviour
,
he
was
unworthy
of
the
least
acts
of
Humanity
.
Though
indeed
by
Diocletians
order
the
bodies
of
all
these
four
Martyrs
lay
unburied
in
the
High-way
the
space
of
thirty
six
days
.
Afterwards
at
the
Command
of
S.
Peter
the
Apostle
,
who
appeared
to
Marcellus
in
a
Dream
,
they
were
buried
in
the
Via
〈◊〉
in
the
Coemetery
of
Priscilla
,
near
the
body
of
S.
Crescention
,
May
the
27.
After
so
long
a
series
of
miseries
,
God
at
length
,
as
Eusebius
words
it
,
opened
his
Eyes
,
and
to
free
the
Christians
from
such
a
Plague
,
so
wrought
upon
Diocletian's
mind
,
that
he
voluntarily
resign'd
the
Empire
and
retired
to
a
private
Life
.
The
same
did
also
Maximian
,
his
Partner
in
the
Government
,
and
as
violent
a
Persecutor
as
himself
,
who
some
years
after
being
〈◊〉
with
divers
diseases
,
and
after
incessant
Torment
being
smitten
with
distraction
,
and
haunted
with
the
reflections
on
his
guilt
,
at
last
laid
violent
hands
on
himself
.
It
is
the
judgment
of
〈◊〉
,
that
this
Calamity
befell
the
Christians
by
Gods
permission
,
as
a
just
punishment
for
the
great
corruption
of
manners
which
the
liberty
and
indulgence
which
they
before
enjoy'd
,
had
occasion'd
among
them
all
in
general
,
but
especially
among
the
Clergy
,
to
the
hypocrisie
of
whose
Looks
,
the
fraud
of
their
Words
,
and
the
deceit
of
their
Hearts
,
the
divine
Justice
design'd
to
give
a
check
by
this
Persecution
.
Indeed
the
Envy
,
Pride
,
Animosity
and
Hatred
with
which
they
strove
among
themselves
was
grown
to
〈◊〉
an
heighth
,
that
it
seemed
rather
a
Centention
between
haughty
Tyrants
than
humble
Churchmen
;
and
having
forgotten
all
true
Christian
Piety
,
they
did
not
so
much
perform
as
prophane
the
Divine
Offices
.
But
what
Calamity
shall
our
presaging
minds
prompt
us
to
expect
in
our
Age
,
in
which
our
Vices
have
encreas'd
to
such
a
magnitude
,
that
they
have
〈◊〉
left
us
any
room
for
Gods
mercy
.
It
would
be
to
no
purpose
for
me
to
mention
the
great
Covetousness
of
the
Clergy
,
especially
of
those
who
are
in
Authority
;
their
Lust
,
their
Ambition
,
their
Pomp
,
their
Pride
,
their
Idleness
,
their
Ignorance
of
themselves
and
of
the
Doctrine
of
Christianity
,
their
little
Piety
,
and
that
rather
feign'd
than
true
,
and
their
great
Debauchery
,
so
great
that
it
would
be
abominable
even
in
the
prophane
(
for
so
they
superciliously
call
the
Laicks
;
)
this
I
say
,
it
would
be
to
no
purpose
for
me
to
tell
,
since
they
themselves
do
avow
their
sins
so
openly
,
that
one
would
think
they
judg'd
Vice
to
be
a
laudable
quality
,
and
expected
to
gain
Reputation
by
it
.
The
Turk
(
believe
me
,
though
I
wish
I
may
prove
a
false
Prophet
)
the
Turk
is
coming
,
whom
we
shall
find
a
more
violent
Enemy
to
Christianity
than
Diocletian
or
Maximian
.
He
is
already
at
the
gates
of
Italy
;
while
we
idly
and
supinely
wait
the
common
ruin
,
every
one
consulting
rather
his
one
private
pleasure
than
the
publick
Defence
.
I
come
now
again
to
Marcellinus
,
whom
I
would
to
God
we
might
at
last
imitate
,
and
return
to
a
better
mind
.
For
he
,
as
I
said
before
,
finding
his
Errour
in
falling
away
from
his
Profession
,
came
to
himself
,
and
did
with
great
constancy
sufter
Martyrdom
for
the
Faith
of
Christ
;
after
that
at
two
Decembrian
Ordinations
,
he
had
made
four
Presbyters
,
two
Deacons
,
five
Bishops
.
He
was
in
the
Chair
nine
years
,
two
months
,
sixteen
days
;
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
twenty
five
days
.
S.
MARCELLUS
.
MARCELLUS
,
a
Roman
,
of
the
Region
called
Via
lata
,
the
Son
of
Benedict
,
was
in
the
Chair
from
the
time
of
Constantius
and
Galerius
,
to
Maxentius
.
For
Diocletian
and
Maximian
having
laid
down
their
Authority
,
Constantius
and
Galerius
undertake
the
Government
and
divide
Constantius
and
Galerius
.
the
Provinces
between
them
.
Illyricum
,
Asia
,
and
the
East
fell
to
the
share
of
Galerius
;
but
Constantius
being
a
person
of
very
moderate
desires
,
was
contented
with
only
Gallia
and
Spain
,
though
Italy
also
was
his
by
Lot
.
Hereupon
Galerius
created
two
Coesars
,
Maximinus
whom
he
made
Governour
of
the
〈◊〉
,
and
Severus
to
whom
he
intrusted
Italy
;
he
himself
holding
Illyricum
,
as
apprehending
that
the
most
formidable
Enemies
of
the
Roman
State
would
attempt
their
passage
that
way
.
Constantius
,
a
man
of
singular
meekness
and
clemency
,
soon
gain'd
the
universal
love
of
the
Gauls
,
and
the
rather
for
that
now
they
had
escaped
the
danger
they
had
been
in
before
from
the
craft
of
Diocletian
,
and
the
cruelty
of
Maximian
.
But
in
the
thirteenth
year
of
his
Reign
,
he
died
at
〈◊〉
in
England
,
and
by
general
consent
of
all
men
was
placed
in
the
number
of
the
Gods
.
Marcellus
being
intent
upon
the
affairs
of
the
Church
,
and
having
persuaded
Priscilla
a
Roman
Matron
to
build
at
her
own
charge
a
Coemetery
in
the
Via
Salaria
,
constituted
twenty
five
Titles
or
Parishes
in
the
City
of
Rome
for
the
more
advantageous
and
convenient
administration
of
Baptism
to
those
Gentiles
,
who
daily
in
great
numbers
were
converted
to
the
Faith
,
having
a
regard
likewise
to
the
better
provision
which
was
thereby
made
for
the
Sepultures
of
the
Martyrs
.
But
Maxentius
understanding
that
Lucina
a
Roman
Lady
had
made
the
Church
her
Heir
,
was
so
incensed
thereat
,
that
he
banished
her
for
a
time
,
and
seizing
Marcellus
,
endeavoured
by
menaces
to
prevail
with
him
to
lay
aside
his
Episcopal
Dignity
and
renounce
Christianity
;
but
finding
his
Commands
despis'd
and
slighted
by
the
good
man
,
he
ordered
him
to
be
confined
to
a
Stable
,
and
made
to
look
after
the
Emperours
Camels
and
Horses
.
Yet
this
ignominious
usage
did
not
so
discourage
the
good
Bishop
,
but
that
he
kept
constantly
to
stated
times
of
Prayer
and
Fasting
,
and
though
he
was
now
disabled
in
person
,
yet
he
neglected
not
by
Epistle
to
take
due
care
for
the
regulating
of
the
Churches
.
But
before
he
had
been
there
nine
months
,
his
Clergy
by
night
rescued
him
from
this
loathsom
restraint
;
whereupon
Maxentius
being
yet
more
enraged
,
secured
him
the
second
time
,
and
condemned
him
to
the
same
filthy
drudgery
again
,
the
stench
and
nastiness
of
which
at
length
occasioned
his
death
.
His
body
was
buried
by
Lucina
in
the
Coemetery
of
Priscilla
in
the
Via
Salaria
on
the
sixteenth
of
January
.
In
time
following
when
Christianity
flourished
,
a
Church
was
built
upon
the
ground
where
this
Stable
stood
,
and
dedicated
to
S.
Marcellus
,
which
is
to
be
seen
at
this
day
.
We
read
moreover
,
that
Mauritius
together
with
his
whole
Legion
of
Christian
Soldiers
suffered
themselves
to
be
tamely
cut
off
near
the
River
Rhone
;
to
whom
may
be
added
Marcus
,
Sergius
,
〈◊〉
,
Damianus
,
with
multitudes
more
who
were
slain
in
all
places
.
Marcellus
being
in
the
Chair
five
years
,
six
months
,
twenty
one
days
,
at
several
Decembrian
Ordinations
made
twenty
six
Presbyters
,
two
Deacons
,
twenty
one
Bishops
;
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
twenty
days
.
S.
EUSEBIUS
.
EUSEBIUS
,
a
Grecian
,
Son
of
a
Physician
,
entred
upon
the
Pontisicate
when
Constantinus
and
Maxentius
were
Emperours
.
For
Constantius
,
Grandson
to
Claudius
,
dying
,
Constantine
his
Son
by
Constantine
.
Helena
,
whom
yet
he
afterwards
divorced
to
gratifie
Herculeus
,
was
with
universal
consent
made
Emperour
of
the
West
.
But
in
the
mean
time
the
Praetorian
Guards
at
Rome
in
a
tumultuary
manner
declare
for
Maxentius
,
Son
to
Maximian
Herculeus
,
and
give
him
the
Title
of
Augustus
.
Hereupon
Maximian
himself
being
raised
to
some
hopes
of
recovering
the
Empire
,
leaves
his
Retirement
in
Lucania
and
comes
to
Rome
,
having
by
Letter
endeavoured
to
persuade
Diocletian
to
do
the
same
.
To
suppress
these
Tumults
,
Galerius
sends
Severus
with
his
Army
,
who
besieged
the
City
,
but
being
deserted
by
the
treachery
of
some
of
his
Soldiers
who
favoured
Maxentius
his
pretensions
,
was
forced
to
sly
to
Ravenna
,
and
there
slain
.
And
indeed
Maximian
himself
did
very
narrowly
escape
the
revenge
of
his
Son
Maxentius
,
who
eagerly
sought
his
Fathers
life
for
endeavouring
by
promises
and
bribes
to
gain
the
good
will
of
the
Soldiers
for
himself
.
But
going
into
Gallia
to
his
Son-in-law
Constantine
,
he
there
laid
a
design
to
ensnare
and
circumvent
him
too
,
till
his
Plot
being
discovered
by
his
Daughter
Fausta
,
who
revealed
the
whole
matter
to
her
Husband
,
he
betook
himself
to
flight
,
but
was
taken
and
put
to
death
at
〈◊〉
,
thereby
suffering
the
just
punishment
of
his
Villanies
;
or
,
as
others
tell
us
,
his
condition
being
desperate
,
he
laid
violent
hands
upon
himself
.
During
the
Pontificate
of
Eusebius
,
on
the
third
of
May
the
Cross
of
Inventio
Crucis
.
our
Saviour
was
found
,
and
very
much
adorn'd
,
and
had
in
great
〈◊〉
by
Helena
Constantine's
Mother
;
Judas
also
who
found
it
was
baptized
,
and
his
name
being
thereupon
changed
,
was
afterwards
called
Cyriacus
.
This
Bishop
admitted
Hereticks
to
the
Communion
of
the
Church
upon
their
retractation
by
the
imposition
of
Hands
only
.
Moreover
he
ordained
that
no
Laick
should
commence
a
Suit
against
a
Bishop
.
In
his
time
lived
Lactantius
Firmianus
a
Scholar
of
Arnobius
.
Lactantius
.
Who
being
a
Professor
of
Rhetorick
at
Nicomedia
,
and
discontented
that
he
had
so
few
Scholars
in
a
City
of
Greece
,
he
thereupon
betook
himself
to
Writing
,
wherein
he
became
so
excellent
that
he
gain'd
a
Reputation
next
to
that
of
Cicero
himself
.
He
wrote
many
things
,
but
his
works
that
are
〈◊〉
extant
,
are
those
against
the
Gentiles
,
concerning
the
Creation
of
Man
,
and
the
Anger
of
God
.
In
his
old
Age
he
was
Tutor
to
Constantine's
Son
,
Coesar
Crispus
,
in
Gallia
.
Eusebius
also
Bishop
of
Coesarea
Eusebius
.
in
Palestine
,
a
Partner
with
Pamphilus
in
the
diligent
search
after
divine
Learning
,
wrote
a
vast
number
of
Books
;
particularly
those
de
Proepar
.
Evangelicâ
;
an
Ecclesiastical
History
;
against
Porphyry
a
violent
opposer
of
the
Christians
;
six
Apologies
for
Origen
;
and
three
Books
of
the
Life
of
Pamphilus
the
Martyr
,
whose
name
he
added
to
his
own
for
a
surname
,
as
a
testimony
of
the
strict
friendship
there
had
been
between
them
.
But
our
Eusebius
the
Bishop
of
Rome
,
having
at
one
Decembrian
Ordination
made
thirteen
Presbyters
,
three
Deacons
,
fourteen
Bishops
,
died
at
Rone
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Coemetery
of
Calistus
in
the
Via
Appia
,
October
the
second
.
He
sat
in
the
Chair
six
years
,
one
month
,
three
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
one
day
.
S.
MILTIADES
.
MILTIADES
,
an
African
,
was
Co-temporary
with
Maxentius
,
Maximine
,
and
Licinius
a
Dacian
,
who
for
his
being
an
Excellent
Soldier
,
was
admitted
by
Galerius
to
a
partnership
in
the
Empire
.
These
being
sensible
that
Constantine
was
well
belov'd
and
highly
esteem'd
by
all
men
,
did
for
that
reason
seem
less
enraged
against
the
Christians
.
Yet
Maxentius
sent
his
Soldiers
about
with
private
Instructions
Maxentius
.
to
massacre
all
they
could
secretly
meet
with
;
and
taking
delight
in
Magick
,
at
the
performance
of
the
hellish
Rites
belonging
to
that
black
Art
,
he
would
send
for
great-bellied
Women
,
especially
Christians
,
and
rip
them
up
for
the
sake
of
their
unborn
Infants
,
whose
ashes
he
made
use
of
in
his
Sorceries
,
thereby
shewing
that
Tyranny
might
be
supported
and
kept
up
even
by
Villany
.
Maximine
also
exercis'd
Maximine
.
the
like
rage
and
cruelty
in
the
East
,
giving
Rewards
and
Preferments
to
the
Professours
and
Teachers
of
Witchcraft
and
Sorcery
;
and
being
himself
very
much
enclin'd
to
give
credit
to
Auguries
and
Divinations
,
became
the
more
bitterly
incens'd
against
the
Christians
,
because
they
despis'd
such
superstitions
.
He
commanded
likewise
,
that
the
decayed
Idolatrous
Temples
should
be
repaired
,
and
Sacrifices
offered
to
the
Gods
in
them
after
the
ancient
manner
.
Against
them
Constantine
advancing
with
his
Army
,
gain'd
so
perfect
a
Victory
over
Maxentius
at
Pons
Milvius
,
that
his
grief
to
be
so
shamefully
defeated
,
caused
him
to
forget
the
snares
which
himself
had
laid
,
and
so
passing
over
a
Bridg
which
he
had
deceitfully
contriv'd
to
entrap
his
Enemies
,
he
himself
with
the
greatest
part
of
his
Guards
were
drown'd
in
the
River
.
Having
also
both
by
Sea
and
Land
,
overcome
his
Sisters
Husband
Licinius
,
he
forced
him
at
Nicomedia
to
yield
himself
,
and
to
live
privately
Licinius
.
at
Thessalonica
;
a
confinement
which
he
justly
deserved
,
because
having
apostatiz'd
from
the
Faith
meerly
through
Envy
,
he
had
been
a
grievous
Persecutor
of
the
Christians
for
the
good
will
they
bare
to
Constantine
.
As
for
Maximine
,
he
became
manifestly
the
object
of
Divine
Vengeance
;
his
bowels
and
entrails
being
on
a
sudden
so
swoln
and
putrefied
,
that
there
appeared
no
difference
between
him
and
a
putrid
carcass
;
Worms
in
great
abundance
breeding
in
his
flesh
,
and
rottenness
with
intolerable
stench
overspreading
his
body
.
This
dreadful
punishment
had
been
long
〈◊〉
for
by
his
wicked
practises
;
for
he
had
forbidden
the
Christians
to
assemble
at
the
Sepulchres
of
the
Martyrs
,
and
had
given
out
that
at
Antioch
an
Image
had
spoke
and
proclaim'd
aloud
,
that
the
Christians
must
be
banish'd
out
of
the
Cities
,
when
indeed
they
were
certain
knavish
Priests
whom
himself
had
suborn'd
,
who
from
their
adjoyning
private
recesses
had
uttered
these
words
;
and
moreover
,
he
had
distributed
Rewards
through
the
several
Provinces
to
the
Idol-priests
who
were
active
against
the
Christians
.
But
at
length
the
Physician
plainly
telling
him
the
danger
of
his
condition
,
the
Tyrant
began
to
relent
,
and
by
a
publict
Edict
forbad
all
persons
to
molest
or
injure
the
Christians
,
and
suffered
them
to
enjoy
their
liberty
.
But
this
forced
Repentance
slood
him
in
no
stead
;
for
having
been
a
long
time
〈◊〉
with
grievous
pain
and
disease
,
at
last
died
this
cruel
and
inconstant
man
,
who
had
been
sometimes
an
Encourager
,
sometimes
a
Persecutor
of
the
Christians
.
During
these
Calamities
multitudes
of
Christians
were
put
to
death
,
and
particularly
Dorothea
,
a
most
virtuous
and
Beautiful
Virgin
,
who
chose
rather
to
die
than
to
yield
to
the
Tyrants
Lust.
Sophronia
also
having
been
oftentimes
sollicited
by
Maxentius
,
like
the
Noble
Lucretia
,
slew
her self
to
avoid
the
danger
her
Chastity
was
in
from
him
.
Miltiades
ordained
,
that
no
Christian
should
keep
a
Fast
upon
a
Sunday
or
Thursday
,
because
those
days
were
observed
and
kept
holy
by
the
Pagans
;
and
the
Manichoean
Heresie
being
at
that
time
very
prevalent
in
the
City
of
Rome
,
he
made
several
Constitutions
concerning
Oblations
.
These
things
being
setled
,
he
was
by
Maximine's
order
crowned
with
Martyrdom
;
as
were
also
Peter
Bishop
of
Alexandria
,
Lucianus
a
a
Presbyter
of
〈◊〉
,
a
man
eminent
for
Piety
and
Learning
,
Timothy
a
Presbyter
of
Rome
,
and
divers
others
both
Bishops
and
Priests
.
Miltiades
was
buried
in
the
Coemetery
of
Calistus
in
the
Via
Appia
December
the
tenth
.
During
his
Pontificate
,
he
did
at
one
Ordination
make
seven
Presbyters
,
six
Deacons
,
twelve
Bishops
.
He
sat
in
the
Chair
four
years
,
seven
months
,
nine
days
;
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
seventeen
days
.
S.
SYLVESTER
.
SYLVESTER
,
a
Roman
,
the
Son
of
Ruffinus
,
was
Bishop
in
the
time
of
Constantine
,
A.
V
,
C.
1091.
Anno
Dom.
339.
Under
this
Prince
the
Christians
,
who
had
been
continually
harrassed
by
Tyrants
,
began
to
have
some
respite
.
For
Constantine
Constantine
.
was
equal
to
the
best
of
Princes
in
all
endowments
of
Body
and
Mind
,
very
desirous
of
Military
Glory
,
successful
in
War
,
and
yet
freely
granting
Peace
to
them
who
asked
it
.
When
his
other
great
Affairs
permitted
,
he
took
very
much
delight
in
the
study
of
the
Arts
;
by
his
Bounty
and
Goodness
he
gained
the
love
of
all
men
;
many
good
Laws
he
enacted
,
repeal'd
those
that
were
superfluous
,
and
moderated
those
that
were
too
rigorous
.
Upon
the
Ruines
of
Byzantium
he
built
a
City
of
his
own
Name
,
and
endeavouring
to
make
it
equal
in
stateliness
of
buildings
to
Rome
her self
,
he
ordered
it
to
be
called
New
Rome
,
as
appears
from
the
Inscription
under
his
Statue
on
Horse-back
.
This
great
Prince
well
weighing
and
considering
all
things
,
when
he
came
to
understand
the
Excellency
of
the
Christian
Religion
,
how
it
obliges
men
to
be
moderate
in
their
Enjoyments
,
to
rejoyce
in
poverty
,
to
be
gentle
and
peaceable
,
sincere
and
constant
,
&c.
he
thereupon
heartily
imbraced
it
;
and
when
he
undertook
any
War
,
bore
no
other
Figure
on
his
Standard
but
that
of
the
Cross
,
the
form
of
which
he
had
seen
in
the
Air
as
he
was
advancing
with
his
Forces
against
Maxentius
,
and
had
heard
the
Angels
near
it
saying
to
him
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
by
this
do
thou
overcome
;
which
accordingly
he
did
,
freeing
the
necks
of
the
people
of
Rome
and
the
Christians
from
the
Yoke
of
Tyranny
,
and
particularly
defeating
Licinius
,
who
had
expell'd
the
Christians
from
City
and
Camp
,
and
persecuted
them
with
banishment
,
Imprisonment
,
and
Death
it self
;
exposing
some
of
them
to
the
Lions
,
and
causing
others
to
be
hung
up
and
cut
to
pieces
limb
by
limb
like
dead
Swine
.
Sylvester
having
so
potent
and
propitious
a
Prince
on
his
side
,
leaves
the
Mountain
Soracte
,
whither
he
had
been
banished
by
the
Tyrants
,
or
,
as
some
say
had
voluntarily
retired
,
and
comes
to
Rome
,
where
he
soon
prevailed
with
Constantine
,
who
was
before
well
enclined
towards
the
Christians
,
to
be
now
very
zealous
in
deserving
well
of
the
Church
.
For
as
a
particular
testimony
of
the
honour
he
had
for
the
Clergy
,
he
allowed
to
the
Bishops
of
Rome
the
use
of
a
Diadem
of
Gold
set
with
precious
Stones
.
But
this
Sylvester
declined
,
as
not
suiting
a
person
devoted
to
Religion
,
and
therefore
contented
himself
with
a
white
Phrygian
Mitre
.
Constantine
being
highly
affected
with
Sylvesters
Sanctity
,
built
a
Church
in
the
City
of
Rome
in
the
Gardens
of
Equitius
,
not
far
from
Domitians
Baths
,
which
bore
the
name
of
Equitius
till
the
time
of
Damasus
.
Upon
this
Church
the
munificent
Emperour
conferr'd
several
donations
of
Vessels
both
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
and
likewise
very
plentifully
endowed
it
.
While
these
things
were
transacting
at
Rome
,
at
Alexandria
a
certain
Arius
.
Presbyter
named
Arius
,
(
a
man
more
remarkable
for
his
Person
,
than
the
inward
qualifications
of
his
mind
,
and
who
sought
more
eagerly
after
Fame
and
vain-glory
than
after
Truth
,
)
began
to
sow
dissention
in
the
Church
.
For
he
endeavoured
to
separate
the
Son
from
the
Eternal
and
ineffable
Substance
of
God
the
Father
,
by
affirming
that
there
was
a
time
when
he
was
not
;
not
understanding
that
the
Son
was
Co-eternal
with
the
Father
,
and
of
the
same
substance
with
him
,
according
to
that
assertion
of
his
in
the
Gospel
,
I
and
my
Father
are
one
.
Now
Alexander
Bishop
of
Alexandria
having
in
vain
attempted
to
reclaim
Arius
from
this
his
Errour
,
by
Constantines
Appointment
,
and
at
his
great
Charge
,
The
Council
of
Nice
.
a
General
Council
was
called
at
Nicoea
a
City
of
Bithynia
,
at
which
three
hundred
and
eighteen
Bishops
were
present
.
The
Debates
on
either
side
were
long
and
warm
.
For
divers
persons
subtil
at
Arguing
,
were
favourers
of
Arius
,
and
opposers
of
the
simplicity
of
the
Gospel
;
though
one
of
these
a
very
learned
Philosopher
,
being
inwardly
touched
by
the
Divine
Spirit
,
all
on
a
sudden
changed
his
opinion
,
and
immediately
embraced
the
sound
and
Orthodox
Doctrine
which
before
he
had
pleaded
against
.
At
length
the
matter
being
throughly
discuss'd
in
the
Council
,
it
was
concluded
that
the
Son
should
be
styled
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
i.
e.
acknowledg'd
to
be
of
the
same
substance
with
the
Father
.
Of
those
who
were
of
Arius's
Opinion
,
affirming
the
Son
of
God
to
be
created
,
not
begotten
of
the
very
Divinity
of
the
Father
,
there
were
seventeen
.
But
Constantine
,
coming
to
understand
the
truth
of
the
Controversie
,
confirmed
the
Decree
of
the
Council
,
and
denounc'd
the
punishment
of
Exile
to
those
who
contradicted
it
.
Hereupon
Arius
with
only
six
more
wer
banish'd
,
the
rest
of
his
Party
coming
over
to
the
Orthodox
Opinion
.
In
this
Council
the
Photinians
were
condemned
,
who
had
Photinians
and
Sabellians
.
their
name
from
Photinus
a
Bishop
of
Gallogroecia
,
who
taking
up
the
Heresie
of
the
Ebionites
,
held
that
Christ
was
conceived
of
Mary
by
the
ordinary
way
of
generation
;
as
were
likewise
the
Sabellians
,
who
affirmed
,
that
the
Father
,
Son
,
and
holy
Ghost
were
but
one
Person
.
In
this
Council
also
,
the
Bishops
according
to
Custom
,
gave
in
Bills
of
Complaint
to
Constantine
,
wherein
they
accused
each
other
,
and
desired
Justice
from
him
;
but
the
good
Emperour
burnt
all
their
Accusations
,
and
told
them
,
that
they
must
stand
or
fall
by
the
Judgment
of
God
only
,
and
not
of
men
.
In
this
Council
moreover
it
was
decreed
.
That
no
person
who
upon
pretence
of
allaying
the
heat
of
his
Lust
had
castrated
himself
,
should
be
admitted
into
Orders
;
that
no
new
Proselyte
,
without
a
very
strict
Examination
should
be
ordained
,
and
being
so
,
that
it
should
not
be
lawful
for
him
to
co-habit
with
any
other
Women
than
his
Mother
,
or
Sister
,
or
Aunt
;
that
none
should
be
promoted
to
the
Order
of
a
Bishop
,
unless
by
all
or
at
least
by
three
Bishops
of
the
Province
;
and
that
one
Bishop
should
not
receive
any
person
whether
Clerk
or
Laick
who
stood
excommunicated
by
another
.
It
was
decreed
likewise
,
and
that
very
sacredly
to
prevent
all
oppression
,
that
there
should
be
a
Provincial
Synod
held
every
year
,
whither
any
who
thought
themselves
injured
by
the
Bishop
might
appeal
;
and
I
cannot
see
why
this
wholsom
Institution
should
be
abolished
by
the
Prelates
of
our
Age
,
unless
it
be
because
they
dread
the
Censures
of
the
pious
and
Orthodox
.
It
was
decreed
also
,
that
they
who
in
time
of
Persecution
fell
away
before
they
were
brought
to
the
Torture
,
should
from
thenceforward
continue
five
years
among
the
Catechumens
.
Finally
,
it
was
decreed
,
that
no
Bishop
should
upon
the
account
of
Ambition
or
Covetousness
leave
a
smaller
Church
for
a
greater
;
a
Canon
which
is
quite
laid
aside
in
our
days
,
wherein
with
eager
Appetites
like
hungry
Wolves
they
all
gape
after
fatter
Bishopricks
,
using
all
importunities
,
promises
,
and
bribes
to
get
them
.
The
Constitutions
of
Sylvester
himself
were
reckon'd
these
that
follow
,
viz.
That
the
holy
Oyl
should
be
consecrated
by
the
Bishop
only
;
that
none
but
Bishops
should
have
the
power
of
Confirmation
,
but
a
Presbyter
might
anoint
any
person
baptized
upon
the
occasion
of
imminent
death
.
That
no
Laick
should
commence
a
Suit
against
a
Clergyman
;
that
a
Deacon
while
he
was
doing
his
Office
in
the
Church
should
use
a
Cope
with
Sleeves
;
that
no
Clergyman
should
plead
for
others
or
himself
before
a
Secular
Judg.
That
a
Presbyter
should
not
consecrate
the
Elements
upon
a
Pall
of
Silk
or
dyed
Cloth
,
but
only
upon
white
Linnen
,
for
the
nearer
resemblance
of
the
fine
white
Linnen
in
which
the
Body
of
Christ
was
buried
.
He
also
fix'd
the
several
degrees
in
the
Orders
of
the
Church
,
that
every
one
might
act
in
his
own
sphere
,
and
be
the
Husband
of
one
Wife
.
But
Constantine
being
desirous
to
promote
the
Christian
Religion
,
built
the
Constantinian
Church
(
called
the
Lateran
)
which
he
beautified
and
enriched
with
several
great
Donations
,
the
Ornaments
and
Endowments
which
he
conferred
upon
it
,
being
of
a
vast
value
.
Among
other
things
,
he
set
up
in
it
a
Font
of
Porphyry-stone
,
that
part
of
it
which
contains
the
Water
,
being
all
Silver
;
in
the
middle
of
the
Font
was
placed
a
Pillar
of
Porphyry
,
on
the
top
of
which
stood
a
golden
Lamp
full
of
the
most
precious
Oyl
,
which
was
wont
to
burn
in
the
night
during
the
Easter
Solemnities
.
On
the
edge
or
brink
of
it
stood
a
Lamb
of
pure
Gold
,
through
which
the
Water
was
conveyed
into
it
;
not
far
from
the
Lamb
was
the
Statue
of
our
Saviour
of
most
pure
Silver
.
On
the
other
side
stood
the
Image
of
John
Baptist
of
Silver
likewise
,
with
an
Inscription
of
these
words
,
Behold
the
Lamb
of
God
which
taketh
away
the
sins
of
the
World
.
There
were
besides
seven
Harts
placed
round
about
it
and
pouring
Water
into
it
.
For
the
maitenance
of
this
Font
he
gave
several
Estates
in
Land
and
Houses
.
Moreover
Constantine
at
the
motion
of
Sylvester
built
and
dedicated
a
Church
to
S.
Peter
the
chief
of
the
Apostles
,
in
the
Vatican
,
not
far
from
the
Temple
of
Apollo
,
where
he
very
splendidly
reposited
the
body
of
that
Apostle
,
and
covered
his
Tomb
over
with
Brass
and
Copper
.
This
Church
likewise
he
magnificently
adorn'd
,
and
〈◊〉
largely
endow'd
.
The
same
Emperour
also
at
the
instance
of
Sylvester
built
a
Church
,
which
he
enriched
and
endowed
as
he
had
done
the
former
,
in
the
Via
Ostiensis
,
in
honour
to
S.
Paul
,
whose
body
he
entomb'd
after
the
same
manner
with
that
of
S.
Peter
;
By
his
order
also
a
Church
was
built
in
the
Sessorian
Atrium
,
by
the
name
of
S.
Cross
of
Jerusalem
,
wherein
he
reposited
a
part
of
the
holy
Cross
which
was
found
out
by
his
Mother
Helena
a
Lady
of
ineomparable
Piety
and
Devotion
.
Who
,
Inventio
Criccis
.
being
promted
thereto
partly
by
the
greatness
of
her
own
mind
,
and
partly
by
Visions
in
the
Night
,
went
to
Jerusalem
to
seek
after
the
Cross
upon
which
Christ
was
crucified
.
To
find
it
was
a
very
difficult
task
,
because
the
ancient
Persecutors
had
set
up
the
Image
of
Venus
in
the
same
place
,
that
so
the
Christians
might
by
mistake
worship
her
in
stead
of
their
Saviour
.
But
Helena
being
animated
with
Zeal
,
proceeded
on
to
dig
and
remove
the
rubbish
till
at
last
she
found
three
Crosses
lying
confusedly
one
among
another
;
on
one
of
which
was
this
Inscription
in
three
Languages
,
Jesus
of
Nazareth
,
King
of
the
Jews
.
Macarius
,
the
Bishop
of
that
City
was
at
first
mistaken
in
his
opinion
which
was
the
right
;
but
at
length
all
doubt
concerning
it
was
removed
by
an
Experiment
upon
the
body
of
a
dead
Woman
,
who
was
raised
to
life
at
the
application
of
the
true
one
.
From
the
sense
of
so
great
a
Miracle
,
Constantine
publish'd
an
Edict
,
forbidding
any
Malefactor
to
be
from
thenceforward
punish'd
by
Crucifiction
.
Helena
having
first
built
a
Church
upon
the
ground
where
this
Cross
was
found
,
return'd
,
and
brought
the
Nails
with
which
our
Saviours
body
was
fastned
to
it
,
as
a
present
to
her
Son
.
Of
one
of
those
Nails
he
caused
to
be
made
the
bit
of
the
bridle
with
which
he
manag'd
the
Horse
he
us'd
in
War
,
the
other
he
wore
on
the
Crest
of
his
Helmet
,
and
the
third
he
threw
into
the
Adriatick
Sea
to
suppress
the
rage
and
tempestuousness
of
it
.
That
part
of
the
Cross
which
the
devout
Lady
brought
along
with
her
in
a
Silver
Case
set
with
Gold
and
precious
Stones
,
was
placed
in
this
Sessorian
Church
.
To
which
Constantine
was
very
liberal
and
munificent
.
Some
tell
us
,
that
the
Church
of
S.
Agnes
was
built
at
Constantin's
Command
,
upon
the
request
of
his
Daughter
Constantia
,
and
a
Font
set
up
in
it
,
where
both
his
Daughter
and
his
Sister
of
the
same
name
,
were
baptized
,
and
which
in
like
manner
he
largely
presented
and
endowed
.
The
same
Emperour
built
also
the
Church
of
S.
Laurence
without
the
Walls
,
towards
which
he
was
not
wanting
to
express
his
usual
Beneficence
.
〈◊〉
,
in
the
Via
Lavicana
he
built
a
Church
to
the
two
Martyrs
,
〈◊〉
the
Presbyter
,
and
Peter
the
Exorcist
;
not
far
from
which
he
built
a
stately
Monument
in
honour
to
his
Mother
,
whom
he
buried
in
a
Sepuichre
of
Porphyry
.
This
Church
also
received
signal
Testimonies
of
his
exemplary
Bounty
.
Besides
these
Churches
in
the
City
of
Rome
,
he
built
several
others
also
elsewhere
.
At
Ostia
not
far
from
the
Port
,
he
built
a
Church
in
honour
to
S.
Peter
and
Paul
the
blessed
,
Apostles
and
John
Baptist
;
near
Alba
he
built
a
Church
peculiarly
dedicated
to
〈◊〉
Baptist
;
at
Capua
also
he
built
in
honour
to
the
Apostles
,
that
which
the
called
the
Constantinian
Church
,
all
which
he
enriched
as
he
had
done
the
former
.
At
Naples
he
built
another
,
as
Damasus
tells
us
,
but
it
is
uncertain
to
whom
he
dedicated
it
.
And
that
the
Clergy
of
New
Rome
also
might
be
sharers
in
the
Emperours
〈◊〉
,
he
built
likewise
two
Churches
at
Constantinople
,
one
dedicated
to
Irene
,
the
other
to
〈◊〉
Apostles
,
having
first
quite
destroy'd
the
Delphick
Tripods
which
had
been
the
occasion
of
a
great
deal
of
mischief
to
superstitious
People
,
and
either
demolished
the
Pagan
Temples
,
or
else
transferr'd
them
to
the
use
and
benefit
of
the
Christians
.
Besides
all
the
foregoing
instances
of
Constantine's
Munificence
,
he
distributed
moreover
among
the
Provincial
Churches
and
the
Clergy
a
certain
Tribute
or
Custom
due
to
him
from
the
several
Cities
,
which
Donation
he
made
valid
and
perpetuated
by
an
Imperial
Edict
.
And
that
Virgins
and
those
who
continued
in
Celibacy
,
might
be
enabled
to
make
Wills
,
and
so
to
bequeath
by
Testament
something
to
the
Clergy
,
(
from
whence
I
believe
the
Patrimony
of
the
Church
to
have
received
a
great
encrease
)
he
repealed
a
Law
which
had
been
made
for
the
propagating
of
mankind
,
by
which
any
Person
was
rendred
uncapable
of
entring
upon
an
Estate
who
had
lived
unmarried
till
five
and
twenty
years
of
Age
;
a
Law
upon
which
the
Princes
had
founded
their
Jus
trium
liberorum
,
the
Right
or
Priviledg
of
having
three
Children
,
of
which
they
often
took
advantage
against
those
who
had
no
Issue
.
All
these
things
are
exactly
and
fully
delivered
to
us
by
Socrates
and
Zozomen
the
Historians
.
In
the
time
of
Sylvester
flourished
several
persons
of
extraordinary
Note
,
by
whose
labour
and
industry
many
Countreys
and
Nations
were
converted
to
Christianity
,
and
particularly
by
the
preaching
of
Julianus
,
Frumentius
and
Edisius
,
whom
certain
Philosophers
of
Alexandria
had
carried
thither
.
The
Iberi
also
a
remote
People
were
brought
to
the
knowledg
and
Belief
Christianity
a
certain
Captive
Woman
,
through
the
Assistance
and
Persuasion
of
their
King
Bacurius
.
At
this
time
likewise
the
Authority
of
Antony
the
holy
Hermite
did
much
towards
the
Reformation
of
Mankind
;
Anthony
Helena
did
oftentimes
both
by
Letter
and
Messengers
recommend
Hermite
.
her self
and
her
Sons
to
his
Prayers
;
he
was
by
Countrey
an
Egyptian
,
his
manner
of
living
severe
and
abstemious
,
eating
only
Bread
and
drinking
nothing
but
Water
,
and
never
making
any
Meal
but
about
Sun-set
;
a
man
wholly
rapt
up
in
Contemplation
.
His
Life
was
written
at
large
by
Athanasius
Bishop
of
Alexandria
.
As
for
Sylvester
himself
,
having
at
seven
Decembrian
Ordinations
made
forty
two
Presbyters
,
thirty
six
Deacons
,
sixty
five
Bishops
,
he
dyed
and
was
buried
in
the
Coemetery
of
Priscilla
,
in
the
Via
Salaria
three
miles
distant
from
the
City
,
on
the
last
day
of
December
.
He
was
in
the
Chair
twenty
three
years
,
ten
months
,
eleven
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
fifteen
days
.
MARCUS
I.
MARCUS
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Priscus
,
lived
also
in
the
Reign
of
Constantine
the
Great
,
concerning
whom
Historians
differ
in
their
Writings
.
For
some
affirm
,
that
Constantine
towards
the
latter
end
of
his
Reign
,
recalled
Arius
from
banishment
,
and
became
a
favourer
of
his
Heresy
through
the
persuasion
of
his
Sister
who
always
insisted
,
that
it
was
nothing
but
Envy
that
had
caused
his
Condemnation
.
These
I
believe
to
be
deceiv'd
by
the
nearness
of
their
names
,
and
so
to
ascribe
that
to
the
Father
which
was
the
act
of
the
Son
.
For
it
is
not
probable
that
that
wise
Prince
,
who
had
all
along
before
disapprov'd
of
the
Arian
opinion
,
should
now
begin
to
incline
to
it
in
that
part
of
his
Age
wherein
men
are
usually
most
judicious
and
discerning
.
They
write
moreover
,
that
Constantine
was
baptized
by
Eusebius
,
an
Arian
,
Bishop
of
Nicomedia
.
But
that
this
is
a
mistake
appears
both
from
the
Emperours
great
bounty
towards
the
Orthodox
,
and
also
from
that
stately
Font
upon
that
occasion
erected
with
wonderful
Magnificence
at
Rome
;
at
which
after
he
had
been
successful
in
expelling
the
Tyrants
,
he
,
with
his
Son
Crispus
,
were
instructed
in
the
Faith
and
baptized
by
Sylvester
.
They
who
are
of
the
other
opinion
tell
us
,
that
Constantine
deferred
so
great
an
Affair
till
the
time
that
he
might
come
to
the
River
Jordan
,
in
which
he
had
a
great
desire
to
be
baptized
,
in
imitation
of
our
Saviour
;
but
that
in
an
Expedition
against
the
Parthians
,
making
Inroads
upon
Mesopotamia
,
in
the
thirty
first
year
of
his
Reign
and
of
his
Age
the
sixty
sixth
,
he
died
on
the
way
at
Nicomedia
,
before
he
could
reach
the
River
Jordan
for
the
purpose
he
design'd
,
and
was
there
baptized
at
the
point
of
Death
.
But
let
these
men
confound
and
perplex
the
matter
as
they
please
,
we
have
reason
to
believe
according
to
the
general
opinion
,
that
Constantine
,
who
had
so
often
overcome
his
Enemies
under
the
Standard
of
the
Cross
,
who
had
built
so
many
Churches
to
the
honour
of
God
,
who
had
been
present
at
holy
Councils
,
and
who
had
so
often
joyned
in
Devotion
with
the
holy
Fathers
,
would
desire
to
be
fortified
against
the
Enemy
of
mankind
by
the
Character
of
Baptism
,
as
soon
as
ever
he
came
to
understand
the
excellency
of
our
Religion
.
I
am
not
ignorant
what
Socrates
,
and
Zozomen
,
and
most
other
Writers
say
concerning
it
,
but
I
follow
the
Truth
,
and
that
which
is
most
agreeable
to
the
Religion
and
Piety
of
this
excellent
Prince
.
The
vulgar
story
of
his
having
been
overspread
with
Leprosie
,
and
cured
of
it
by
Baptism
,
with
a
previous
fiction
concerning
a
Bath
of
the
blood
of
Infants
before
prescribed
for
his
Cure
,
I
can
by
no
means
give
credit
to
,
having
herein
the
Authority
of
Socrates
on
my
side
,
who
affirms
,
that
Constantine
being
now
sixty
five
years
of
Age
fell
sick
,
and
left
the
City
of
Constantinople
to
go
to
the
hot
Baths
,
for
the
recovery
of
his
health
,
but
speaks
not
a
word
concerning
any
Leprosie
.
Besides
,
there
is
no
mention
made
of
it
by
any
Writer
either
Heathen
or
Christian
;
and
certainly
had
there
been
any
such
thing
,
Orosius
,
Eutropius
,
and
others
who
have
most
accurately
written
the
Memoirs
of
Constantine
,
would
not
have
omitted
it
.
One
thing
more
concerning
this
great
Prince
is
certain
,
viz.
That
a
Blazing
Star
or
Comet
of
extraordinary
magnitude
appear'd
some
time
before
his
Death
.
Marcus
applying
himself
to
the
care
of
Religion
,
ordained
that
the
Bishop
of
Ostia
,
whose
place
it
is
to
consecrate
the
Bishop
of
Rome
,
might
use
a
Pall.
He
appointed
likewise
that
upon
solemn
days
immediately
after
the
Gospel
,
the
Nicene
Creed
should
be
rehears'd
with
a
loud
voice
both
by
the
Clergy
and
People
.
He
built
also
two
Churches
at
Rome
,
one
in
the
Via
Ardeatina
,
in
which
he
was
buried
,
the
other
within
the
City
;
these
Churches
Constantine
presented
and
endowed
very
liberally
.
In
the
time
of
this
Emperour
and
Bishop
lived
Juvencus
Juvencus
a
Spaniard
of
Noble
birth
and
a
Presbyter
,
who
in
four
Books
Hispanus
.
translated
almost
verbatim
into
hexametre
Verse
the
four
Gospels
;
he
wrote
also
something
concerning
the
Sacraments
in
the
same
kind
of
Metre
.
Our
Marcus
having
at
two
Decembrian
Ordinations
,
made
twenty
five
Presbyters
,
six
Deacons
,
twenty
eight
Bishops
,
died
and
was
buried
in
the
Coemetery
of
Balbina
in
the
Via
Ardeatina
,
Octob.
the
fifth
.
He
was
in
the
Chair
two
years
,
eight
months
,
twenty
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
twenty
days
.
IULIUS
I.
IULIUS
,
a
Roman
,
the
Son
of
Rusticus
,
lived
in
the
time
of
Constantius
,
who
sharing
the
Empire
with
his
two
Brethren
Constantine
Constantius
.
and
Constans
,
reigned
twenty
four
years
.
Among
the
Successours
of
Constantine
the
Great
is
sometimes
reckoned
Delmatius
Caesar
his
Nephew
,
who
was
certainly
a
very
hopeful
young
Gentleman
,
but
was
soon
cut
off
in
a
Tumult
of
the
Soldiers
,
though
by
the
Permission
rather
than
at
the
Command
of
Constantius
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Arian
Heresie
mightily
prevailed
,
being
abetted
by
Constantius
,
who
compelled
the
Orthodox
to
receive
Arius
.
In
the
second
year
of
his
Reign
therefore
a
Council
was
called
at
Laodicea
a
City
of
Syria
,
or
,
as
others
have
it
,
at
Tyre
,
Thither
resort
both
the
Catholicks
and
Arians
,
and
their
daily
debate
was
,
whether
Christ
should
be
styled
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
of
the
same
substance
with
the
Father
,
or
no.
Athanasius
Bishop
of
Alexandria
asserted
it
,
and
press'd
hard
upon
them
with
his
Reasons
and
Arguments
for
it
;
which
when
Arius
found
himself
not
able
to
answer
,
he
betook
himself
to
Reproach
and
Calumny
,
accusing
the
holy
Man
of
Sorcery
,
and
to
procure
credit
to
his
Charge
,
producing
out
of
a
Box
the
pretended
Arm
of
Arsenius
,
whom
he
falsly
asserted
that
Athanasius
had
kill'd
,
and
was
wont
to
make
use
of
that
dead
Arm
in
his
Incantations
.
Hereupon
Athanasius
was
violently
run
down
and
condemned
by
the
Emperour
,
but
making
his
escape
he
lay
concealed
in
a
dry
Cistern
for
six
years
together
without
seeing
the
Sun
;
but
being
at
length
discovered
by
a
certain
Servant
〈◊〉
,
when
his
Enemies
were
just
ready
to
seize
him
,
by
Divine
Admonition
he
〈◊〉
to
the
Emperour
Constans
,
who
by
Menaces
compelled
his
Brother
Constantius
to
receive
him
again
.
In
the
mean
time
Arius
,
as
he
was
going
along
in
the
streets
attended
with
several
Bishops
and
multitudes
of
people
,
stepping
aside
to
a
place
of
Easement
,
he
voided
his
Entrails
into
the
Privy
,
and
immediately
died
,
undergoing
a
Death
agreeable
to
the
filthiness
of
his
Life
.
Our
Bishop
Iulius
having
been
very
uneasie
amidst
this
confusion
of
things
,
at
length
after
ten
months
banishment
returns
to
Rome
;
especially
having
receiv'd
the
news
of
the
death
of
Constantine
the
younger
,
who
making
War
upon
his
Brother
Constans
,
and
fighting
unwarily
near
Aquileia
,
was
there
slain
.
But
notwithstanding
the
present
face
of
things
,
Iulius
desisted
not
from
censuring
the
Oriental
Bishops
,
and
especially
the
〈◊〉
,
for
calling
a
Council
at
Antioch
without
the
command
of
the
Bishop
of
Rome
,
pretending
it
ought
not
to
have
been
done
without
his
Authority
,
for
the
preheminence
of
the
Roman
above
all
other
Churches
.
To
which
they
of
the
East
returned
this
Ironical
Answer
,
That
since
the
Christian
Princes
came
from
them
to
the
West
,
for
this
reason
their
Church
ought
to
have
the
preference
,
as
being
the
fountain
and
spring
from
whence
so
great
a
blessing
flowed
.
But
Iulius
laying
aside
that
Controversie
,
built
two
Churches
,
one
near
the
Forum
Romanum
,
the
other
in
that
part
of
the
City
beyond
Tyber
.
He
erected
also
three
Coemeteries
,
one
in
the
Via
Flaminia
,
another
in
the
Via
Aurelia
,
the
third
in
the
Via
Portuensis
.
He
constituted
likewise
,
that
no
Clergyman
should
plead
before
any
but
an
Ecclesiastical
Judg.
He
appointed
likewise
,
that
all
matters
belonging
to
the
Church
should
be
penned
by
the
Notaries
or
the
Protonotary
,
whose
Office
it
was
to
commit
to
writing
all
memorable
Occurrences
.
But
in
our
age
most
of
them
(
not
to
say
all
)
are
so
ignorant
,
that
they
are
scarce
able
to
write
their
own
Names
in
Latin
,
much
less
to
transmit
the
actions
of
others
.
Concerning
their
Morals
,
I
am
ashamed
to
say
any
thing
,
since
Pandars
and
Parasites
have
been
sometimes
preferr'd
to
that
Office
.
During
the
Reign
of
Constantine
and
Constantius
,
Marcellus
Bishop
of
Ancyra
,
was
a
man
of
considerable
Note
,
and
wrote
several
things
,
particularly
against
the
Arians
.
Asterius
and
Apollinarius
wrote
against
him
,
and
accused
him
of
the
Sabellian
Heresie
,
as
did
likewise
Hilarius
,
whom
while
Marcellus
is
confuting
,
his
very
Defence
shews
him
to
be
of
a
different
Opinion
from
Iulius
and
Athanasius
.
He
was
opposed
likewise
by
Basilius
Bishop
of
Ancyra
in
his
Book
de
Virginitate
;
which
Basilius
,
together
with
Eustathius
Bishop
of
Sebastia
,
were
the
principal
men
of
the
Macedonian
Party
.
About
this
time
also
Theodorus
Bishop
of
Heraclea
in
Thrace
,
a
person
of
terse
and
copious
Elequence
,
was
a
considerable
Writer
,
as
particularly
appears
by
his
Commentaries
upon
S.
Matthew
,
S.
John
,
the
Psalms
and
Epistles
.
As
for
Iulius
himself
,
having
at
three
Decembrian
Ordinations
,
made
eighteen
Presbyters
,
three
Deacons
,
nine
Bishops
;
he
died
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Via
Aurelia
in
the
Coemetery
of
Calepodius
,
three
miles
from
the
City
,
Aug.
the
12th
.
He
sat
in
the
Chair
fifteen
years
,
two
months
,
six
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
twenty
five
days
.
LIBERIUS
I.
LIBERIUS
,
a
Roman
,
the
Son
of
Augustus
,
lived
in
the
times
of
Constantius
and
Constans
.
Constantius
&
Constans
.
For
Constantine
,
as
I
said
before
,
engaging
unadvisedly
in
a
War
against
his
Brother
Constans
,
was
therein
slain
.
And
Constans
himself
,
having
fought
with
various
success
against
the
Persians
,
being
forced
by
a
Tumult
in
the
Army
to
joyn
Battel
at
midnight
,
was
at
last
routed
,
and
designing
afterwards
to
make
an
example
of
his
seditious
Soldiers
,
he
was
by
the
fraud
and
treachery
of
Magnentius
slain
at
a
Town
called
Helena
,
in
the
seventeenth
year
of
his
Reign
,
and
the
thirtieth
of
his
Age.
Constans
being
dead
,
the
old
Boutefeaus
of
the
Arian
Heresie
began
afresh
to
make
head
against
Athanasius
.
For
in
a
Council
held
at
Milain
,
all
those
that
favoured
Athanasius
were
banish'd
.
Moreover
,
at
the
Council
of
Ariminum
,
because
the
subtil
,
〈◊〉
Eastern
Prelates
were
too
hard
at
Argument
and
〈◊〉
for
the
honest
well-meaning
Bishops
of
the
West
,
it
was
thought
good
to
let
fall
the
Debate
for
a
time
;
the
Orientalist
denied
Christ
to
be
of
the
same
substance
with
the
Father
.
This
because
Bishop
Liberius
did
at
first
oppose
,
and
because
he
refused
to
condemn
Athanasius
at
the
Emperours
Command
,
he
was
banish'd
by
the
Arians
,
and
forced
to
absent
from
the
City
for
the
space
of
three
years
.
In
which
time
the
Clergy
being
assembled
in
a
Synod
,
in
the
place
of
Liberius
,
made
choice
of
Felix
a
Presbyter
,
an
excellent
person
,
and
who
immediately
after
his
choice
did
in
a
Convention
of
forty
eight
Bishops
excommunicate
Ursatius
and
Valens
,
two
Presbyters
,
for
being
of
the
Emperours
opinion
in
Religion
.
Hereupon
,
at
their
request
and
importunity
Constans
recalls
Liberius
from
Exile
:
who
being
wrought
upon
by
the
kindness
of
the
Emperour
,
though
he
became
,
as
some
tell
us
,
in
all
other
things
heretical
,
yet
in
this
particular
Tenent
he
was
on
the
Orthodox
side
,
that
Hereticks
returning
to
the
Church
ought
not
to
be
re-baptized
.
'T
is
said
,
that
Liberius
did
for
some
time
live
in
the
Coemetery
of
S.
Agnes
,
with
Constantia
the
Emperour's
Sister
,
that
so
through
her
assistance
and
intercession
he
might
procure
a
safe
return
to
the
City
;
but
she
being
a
Catholick
,
and
apprehending
he
might
have
some
ill
design
,
utterly
refused
to
engage
in
it
.
At
length
Constantius
,
at
the
Instance
of
Usatius
and
Valens
,
deposed
Felix
and
restor'd
Liberius
.
Upon
which
there
arose
so
fierce
a
Persecution
,
that
the
〈◊〉
and
other
Clergy
were
in
many
places
murthered
in
their
very
Churches
.
Some
tell
us
that
they
were
the
Roman
Ladies
at
a
Cirque-shew
,
who
by
their
intreaties
obtained
of
the
Emperour
this
Restauration
of
Liberius
.
Who
,
though
he
were
of
the
Arian
opinion
,
yet
was
very
diligent
in
beautifying
consecrated
places
,
and
particularly
the
Coemetery
of
S.
Agnes
,
and
the
Church
which
he
built
and
called
by
his
own
Name
,
near
the
Market
place
of
Livia
.
During
these
calamitous
times
lived
Eusebius
Bishop
of
Emissa
,
who
wrote
very
learnedly
and
elegantly
against
the
Jews
,
Gentiles
,
and
Novatians
.
Triphyllius
also
Bishop
of
Ledra
or
Leutheon
in
Cyprus
,
wrote
a
large
and
exact
Commentary
upon
the
Canticles
.
Moreover
,
Donatus
an
African
,
(
from
whom
the
Sect
of
the
Donatists
are
denominated
)
was
so
industrious
Donatus
.
in
writing
against
the
Catholick
Doctrine
,
that
he
infected
almost
all
Africa
and
〈◊〉
with
his
false
Opinions
.
He
affirmed
the
Son
to
be
inferiour
to
the
Father
,
and
the
holy
Spirit
inferiour
to
the
Son
,
and
rebaptized
all
those
whom
he
could
pervert
to
his
own
Sect.
Several
of
his
heretical
Writings
were
extant
in
the
time
of
S.
Hierom
,
and
particularly
one
Book
of
the
Holy
Spirit
,
agreeing
exactly
with
the
Arian
Doctrine
.
And
that
the
Arians
might
neglect
no
ill
Arts
of
promoting
their
Opinions
,
Asterius
a
Philosopher
of
that
Faction
,
at
the
Asterius
.
Command
of
Constantius
,
compiled
divers
Commentaries
upon
the
Epistle
to
the
Romans
,
the
Gospels
,
and
the
Psalms
,
which
were
diligently
read
by
those
of
that
Party
to
confirm
them
in
their
Persuasion
.
Moreover
,
Luciser
Bishop
of
Cagliari
,
together
with
Pancratius
the
Presbyter
,
〈◊〉
.
and
〈◊〉
the
Deacon
,
were
sent
in
an
Embassie
from
the
Bishop
to
the
Emperour
;
and
being
by
him
banished
for
refusing
to
renounce
the
Nicene
,
under
the
name
of
the
Athanasian
Faith
,
he
wrote
a
Book
against
Constantius
,
and
sent
it
to
him
to
read
.
But
notwithstanding
this
provocation
he
lived
till
the
time
of
Valentinian
.
'T
is
said
also
,
that
Fortunatus
Bishop
of
Aquileia
,
had
been
tampering
with
Liberius
just
before
his
〈◊〉
,
and
endeavouring
to
bring
him
over
to
the
Arian
Heresie
.
〈◊〉
likewise
,
who
for
his
great
parts
had
〈◊〉
given
him
the
Surname
of
Scholasticus
,
compiled
an
excellent
Book
against
〈◊〉
,
nor
could
all
the
menaces
of
the
Emperour
make
him
desist
from
the
open
Confession
of
the
Truth
;
but
on
the
contrary
,
hoping
to
have
rendred
Constantius
more
favourable
to
Athanasius
the
Great
(
so
called
from
the
constant
and
unwearied
Opposition
which
he
always
kept
up
against
Pagans
and
Hereticks
)
into
his
presence
he
boldly
goes
,
nor
did
the
Threats
of
so
great
a
Prince
cause
him
to
stir
one
step
backward
from
his
Constancy
and
Resolution
.
As
for
Liberius
.
having
at
two
Ordinations
held
in
the
City
of
Rome
,
made
eighteen
Presbyters
,
five
〈◊〉
,
nineteen
Bishops
;
he
died
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Coemetery
of
〈◊〉
in
the
Via
Salaria
,
April
the
23d
.
He
sat
in
the
Chair
six
years
,
three
months
,
four
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
six
days
.
FELIX
II.
FELIX
the
Second
,
a
Roman
,
the
Son
of
Anastasius
,
was
Bishop
of
〈◊〉
in
the
Reign
of
Constantius
.
Who
by
the
death
of
Constans
,
slain
by
Magnentius
..
becoming
〈◊〉
.
now
sole
Emperour
,
sent
into
Gallia
to
suppress
a
Sedition
arisen
there
,
his
Cosin
German
Julian
,
whom
he
had
created
〈◊〉
;
who
in
a
short
time
by
his
great
Valour
and
Conduct
reduc'd
both
the
Gauls
and
Germans
;
whereby
he
gained
so
much
the
Affections
of
the
Army
,
that
by
universal
〈◊〉
they
made
him
Emperour
.
At
the
News
of
this
Constantius
,
who
was
engaged
in
a
War
with
the
Parthians
,
suddenly
strikes
up
a
Truce
with
them
,
and
forthwith
marches
forward
to
oppose
Julian
;
but
in
his
March
being
feiz'd
with
an
Apoplexy
,
he
died
between
Cilicia
and
Cappadocia
at
a
Town
called
Mopsocrene
,
in
the
24th
year
of
his
Reign
and
of
his
Age
the
45th
.
The
Physicians
were
of
Opinion
that
the
excessive
grief
and
anxiety
of
mind
which
the
Rebellion
of
Julian
had
brought
upon
him
,
was
the
occasion
of
that
fatal
distemper
to
him
.
He
was
,
(
excepting
always
the
Case
of
the
Christians
,
against
whom
he
was
unjust
and
cruel
)
a
Person
of
so
great
moderation
and
clemency
,
that
according
to
the
Ancient
custom
he
deserv'd
an
Apotheosis
.
Upon
his
first
undertaking
the
Government
,
at
his
entring
triumphantly
by
the
Via
Flaminia
into
the
City
of
Rome
in
his
golden
Chariot
,
he
did
with
wonderful
condescention
take
notice
of
and
Salute
the
Citizens
that
went
out
to
meet
him
,
affirming
that
of
Cyneas
the
Ambassadour
of
Pyrrhus
to
be
true
,
that
he
saw
at
Rome
as
many
Kings
as
there
were
Citizens
.
In
one
thing
only
he
was
the
occasion
of
laughter
to
the
people
,
viz.
that
as
he
passed
through
the
lofty
gates
of
the
City
,
and
the
stately
Triumphal
Arches
,
though
he
were
a
man
of
a
very
little
Stature
,
yet
as
though
he
feared
to
hit
his
head
against
the
tops
of
them
,
he
bow'd
it-down
low
,
like
a
Goose
stooping
as
she
goes
in
at
a
Barn-door
.
Being
conducted
to
view
the
Rarities
of
the
City
,
and
beholding
with
admiration
the
Campus
Martius
,
the
Sepulchre
of
Augustus
Coesar
,
adorned
with
so
many
Statues
of
Marble
and
Brass
,
the
Forum
Romanum
,
the
Temple
of
Jupiter
Capitolinus
,
the
Baths
,
the
Porticoes
enlarged
like
so
many
Provinces
,
the
Amphitheatre
built
with
Tiburtine
stone
of
so
vast
a
height
that
a
mans
Eye
could
scarce
reach
to
the
top
of
it
,
the
Pantheon
built
with
stately
Arches
of
a
wonderful
Altitude
,
the
Temple
of
Peace
,
Pompey's
Theatre
,
the
great
Cirque
,
the
Septizonium
of
Severus
,
so
many
Triumphal
Arches
,
so
many
Aquaeducts
,
so
many
statues
erected
here
and
there
throughout
the
City
for
Ornament
;
beholding
all
this
,
I
say
,
he
at
first
stood
astonished
,
and
at
length
declared
,
that
certainly
Nature
had
laid
out
all
her
stock
upon
one
City
.
At
the
sight
of
the
famous
Horse
of
Brass
set
up
by
Trajan
,
he
desired
of
Hormisda
an
excellent
Workman
,
whom
he
had
brought
along
with
him
,
that
he
would
make
such
another
for
him
at
Constantinople
,
to
whom
Hormisda
replyed
,
that
the
Emperour
ought
then
to
build
such
another
Stable
(
meaning
the
City
of
Rome
.
)
The
same
Hormisda
being
asked
by
Constantius
,
what
he
thought
of
the
City
of
Rome
,
returned
an
Answer
becoming
a
Philosopher
,
That
all
which
pleased
him
in
it
was
,
That
he
understood
that
there
also
men
were
wont
to
die
.
Felix
,
who
,
as
we
have
said
,
was
put
into
the
place
of
Liberius
by
the
Orthodox
,
(
though
Eusebius
and
S.
Hierom
,
which
I
much
wonder
at
,
affirm
it
to
have
been
done
by
the
Hereticks
)
presently
after
his
entrance
upon
the
Pontificate
pronounces
Constantius
the
Son
of
Constantine
the
Great
a
Heretick
,
and
re-baptized
by
Eusebius
Bishop
of
Nicomedia
in
a
little
Town
called
Aquilo
,
not
far
from
Nicomedia
.
And
hereby
may
be
discovered
the
Errour
of
those
who
accuse
Constantine
the
Great
himself
of
this
Heresie
;
an
Imputation
which
certainly
,
as
appears
by
History
,
neither
ought
nor
can
be
fastned
upon
that
Great
Prince
,
and
great
favourer
of
the
Christian
Religion
.
While
this
great
Contention
which
we
have
spoken
〈◊〉
between
Liberius
and
Felix
lasted
,
the
Arian
Heresie
branched
it self
into
two
Factions
.
For
on
the
one
side
Eunomius
(
from
whom
they
were
called
Eunomians
)
a
man
Eunomius
.
Leprous
both
in
body
and
mind
,
and
who
had
a
Falling
-
〈◊〉
as
well
within
as
without
,
affirmed
,
that
in
all
things
the
Son
was
unequal
to
the
Father
,
and
that
the
Holy
Spirit
had
no
Community
of
Essence
with
the
Father
or
the
Son
.
On
the
other
side
Macedonius
,
whom
the
〈◊〉
.
Orthodox
had
made
Bishop
of
Constantinople
before
he
became
erroneous
in
his
Opinions
,
was
renounced
by
the
Arians
,
for
holding
the
Son
to
be
equal
with
the
Father
,
though
he
uttered
the
same
blasphemies
against
the
Holy
Spirit
that
themselves
did
.
'T
is
said
,
that
Felix
held
a
Council
of
forty
eight
Bishops
,
in
which
it
was
decreed
,
that
all
Bishops
should
attend
in
person
at
every
General
Council
,
or
else
by
Letter
give
a
good
account
why
they
could
not
;
which
Decree
was
afterwards
renewed
in
the
Council
of
Carthage
.
In
his
time
lived
Acacius
,
for
his
having
but
one
Eye
called
Monophthalmus
,
Bishop
of
Coesarea
in
Palestine
,
who
wrote
largely
upon
Ecclesiastes
,
and
who
by
his
fair
Speech
and
swimming
carriage
had
gained
such
an
Ascendant
over
Constantius
,
that
he
himself
undertook
to
appoint
Felix
an
Arian
to
be
〈◊〉
in
the
room
of
Liberius
;
this
S.
Hierom
tells
us
,
though
I
much
marvel
at
it
,
since
,
as
we
have
already
said
,
it
is
evident
that
Felix
was
a
Catholick
,
and
a
constant
Opposer
of
the
Arians
.
At
length
,
after
Felix
had
done
all
that
in
him
lay
for
the
propagation
and
defence
of
the
true
Faith
,
he
was
seized
by
his
Enemies
,
and
together
with
many
other
Orthodox
Believers
was
slain
and
buried
in
a
Church
which
himself
had
built
in
the
Via
Aurelia
,
two
miles
from
the
City
,
November
the
20th
.
He
was
in
the
Chair
only
one
year
,
four
months
,
two
days
,
through
the
means
of
a
Sedition
raised
by
Liberius
(
whom
I
have
inserted
into
the
number
of
Bishops
,
more
upon
the
Authority
of
Damasus
,
than
for
any
deserts
of
his
own
.
)
DAMASUS
I.
DAMASUS
,
a
Spaniard
,
Son
of
Antonius
,
lived
in
the
Reign
of
Julian
,
Who
was
certainly
an
extraordinary
person
,
if
we
regard
his
Julian
.
fitness
either
for
Civil
or
Military
affairs
.
He
had
his
Education
under
Eubulus
the
Sophist
,
and
Libanius
the
〈◊〉
,
and
made
such
proficiency
in
the
liberal
Arts
,
that
no
Prince
was
his
Superiour
in
them
.
He
had
a
capacious
Memory
,
and
a
happy
Eloquence
,
was
bountiful
towards
his
Friends
,
just
to
Foreiners
,
and
very
desirous
of
Fame
.
But
all
these
qualities
were
at
last
sullied
by
his
Persecution
of
the
Christians
,
which
yet
he
managed
more
craftily
than
others
had
done
;
for
he
did
not
persecute
at
first
with
Force
and
Torture
,
but
by
Rewards
,
and
Honours
,
and
Caresses
,
and
Persuasions
,
he
seduc'd
greater
numbers
of
them
than
if
he
had
exercised
any
manner
of
Cruelties
against
them
.
He
forbad
the
Christians
the
study
of
Heathen
Authors
,
and
denied
access
to
the
publick
Schools
to
any
but
those
who
worship'd
the
Gentile
Gods
.
Indeed
he
granted
a
Dispensation
to
one
person
,
named
〈◊〉
,
a
most
learned
man
,
to
teach
the
Christians
publickly
;
but
he
with
disdain
refused
to
accept
of
that
Indulgence
.
He
prohibited
the
conferring
Military
〈◊〉
upon
any
but
Heathens
,
and
ordered
that
no
Christians
should
be
admitted
to
the
Government
or
Jurisdiction
of
Provinces
,
upon
pretence
that
the
Laws
of
their
Religion
forbad
them
the
use
of
their
own
Swords
.
He
openly
opposed
and
banished
Athanasius
,
at
the
instigation
of
his
〈◊〉
and
South-sayers
,
with
whose
Arts
he
was
wonderfully
pleased
,
they
complaining
to
him
that
Athanasius
was
the
cause
why
their
Profession
was
in
no
greater
esteem
.
At
a
certain
time
as
he
was
sacrificing
to
Apollo
at
Daphne
in
the
Suburbs
of
Antioch
,
near
the
Castalian
Fountain
,
and
no
Answers
were
given
him
to
those
things
concerning
which
he
enquired
;
expostulating
with
the
Priests
about
the
cause
of
that
silence
,
the
Devils
replyed
,
that
the
Sepulchre
of
Babylas
the
Martyr
was
too
near
,
and
therefore
no
responses
could
be
given
.
Hereupon
Julian
commanded
the
Galileans
,
for
so
he
called
the
Christians
,
to
remove
the
Martyrs
Tomb
farther
off
.
This
they
applyed
themselves
to
with
wondrous
exultation
and
chearfulness
,
but
rehearsing
at
the
same
time
that
of
the
Psalmist
,
〈◊〉
be
all
they
that
serve
graven
Images
,
that
boast
themselves
of
Idols
;
They
hereby
so
〈◊〉
the
rage
of
Julian
,
that
he
forthwith
commanded
multitudes
of
them
to
be
put
to
death
,
which
he
did
not
before
intend
.
I
much
wonder
that
Julian
should
act
after
this
manner
,
having
had
before
experience
of
the
vanity
of
diabolical
Arts.
For
entring
once
into
a
Cave
in
company
with
a
Magician
,
and
being
sorely
〈◊〉
when
he
heard
the
Demons
howl
,
in
the
surprize
he
used
the
sign
of
the
Cross
,
at
which
the
Demons
immediately
〈◊〉
.
Upon
this
telling
his
Companion
,
that
certainly
there
must
needs
be
something
miraculous
in
the
Sign
of
the
Cross
;
the
Sorcerer
made
him
this
Answer
,
That
indeed
the
Demons
themselves
did
dread
that
kind
of
punishment
.
By
this
slight
account
of
the
matter
Julian
became
more
〈◊〉
than
before
,
so
strangely
was
he
addicted
to
Magical
delusions
,
though
he
had
formerly
,
to
decline
the
displeasure
of
Constantius
,
seignedly
embraced
the
Christian
Religion
,
publickly
read
the
holy
Scriptures
,
and
built
a
Church
in
honour
to
the
Martyrs
.
Moreover
,
this
Emperour
on
pur
pose
to
spite
the
Christians
,
permitted
the
Jews
to
rebuild
their
Temple
at
〈◊〉
,
upon
their
declaring
that
they
could
not
sacrifice
in
any
other
place
.
By
which
concession
they
were
so
mightily
〈◊〉
up
,
that
they
used
all
their
endeavours
to
raise
it
more
magnificent
than
the
former
.
But
while
they
were
carrying
on
the
Work
,
the
new
Fabrick
fell
down
in
an
Earthquake
,
by
the
fall
of
which
multitudes
of
the
Jews
were
crush'd
to
death
,
and
the
Prophesie
a
second
time
verified
,
That
there
should
not
be
left
one
stone
upon
another
.
On
the
following
day
the
very
Iron
Tools
with
which
the
Workmen
wrought
were
consumed
by
fire
from
Heaven
;
a
Miracle
by
which
many
of
the
Jews
were
so
wrought
upon
that
they
became
Proselytes
to
Christianity
.
After
this
Julian
undertakes
an
Expedition
against
the
Persians
,
of
whom
he
had
Intelligence
that
they
were
endeavouring
a
Change
in
the
Government
;
but
before
he
set
forth
,
he
spared
not
to
threaten
what
havock
he
would
make
among
the
〈◊〉
at
his
return
.
But
having
vanquished
the
Enemy
,
and
returning
Conquerour
with
his
Army
,
though
in
some
disorder
,
he
died
of
a
Wound
given
him
near
〈◊〉
.
Whether
he
received
it
from
any
of
his
own
men
or
from
the
Enemy
,
is
〈◊〉
;
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
us
,
that
he
was
pierced
through
with
an
Arrow
sent
no
〈◊〉
knew
from
whence
,
as
also
that
when
he
was
just
expiring
,
with
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
lift
up
to
〈◊〉
,
he
cried
out
,
Thou
〈◊〉
overcome
me
,
O
〈◊〉
,
for
so
in
contempt
he
was
wont
to
call
our
Saviour
,
the
〈◊〉
,
or
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
;
upon
which
was
grounded
that
Answer
of
a
young
〈◊〉
to
〈◊〉
the
Sophist
,
asking
him
by
way
of
derision
What
he
thought
the
Carpenters
Son
was
doing
;
To
whom
the
youth
replyed
,
That
he
was
making
a
Coffin
for
Julian
;
a
witty
and
Prophetick
Reply
;
for
soon
after
his
saying
so
Julians
dead
body
was
coffin'd
up
and
brought
away
.
We
are
told
,
that
this
Emperour
had
once
been
in
holy
Orders
,
but
that
afterwards
he
fell
away
from
the
Faith
,
for
which
reason
he
is
commonly
call'd
the
Apostate
.
He
died
in
the
〈◊〉
month
of
his
Reign
,
and
in
the
thirty
second
year
of
his
Age.
Him
Jovinian
succeeded
,
who
being
voted
Emperor
by
the
Army
,
refused
〈◊〉
to
own
that
Title
,
till
they
should
all
with
a
loud
Voice
confess
themselves
to
be
Christians
.
This
they
having
done
,
and
he
having
commended
them
for
it
,
he
took
the
Government
upon
him
,
and
freed
his
Army
out
of
the
hands
of
the
barbarous
,
with
no
other
composition
but
that
of
leaving
Nisibis
and
part
of
Mesopotamia
free
to
Sapores
the
〈◊〉
King
.
But
in
the
eighth
month
of
his
Reign
,
whether
from
some
crudity
upon
his
stomach
,
as
some
will
have
it
,
or
from
the
faint
and
suffocating
steam
of
burning
Coals
,
as
others
,
or
by
what
means
soever
,
certain
it
is
that
he
died
suddenly
.
Damasus
being
chosen
to
the
Pontificate
,
was
soon
rivall'd
in
that
Dignity
by
Ursicinus
a
Deacon
,
whose
Party
having
assembled
themselves
in
a
Church
,
thither
also
Damasus's
Friends
resorted
,
where
the
Competition
being
manag'd
not
only
by
Vote
,
but
by
force
and
Arms
,
several
persons
on
both
sides
were
slain
in
the
very
Church
.
But
not
long
after
the
matter
was
compromis'd
,
and
by
the
consent
both
of
the
Clergy
and
People
,
Damasus
was
confirmed
in
the
Bishoprick
of
Rome
,
and
Ursicinus
was
made
Bishop
of
Naples
.
But
Damasus
being
afterwards
accused
of
Adultery
,
he
made
his
Defence
in
a
publick
Council
wherein
he
was
acquitted
and
pronounced
innocent
,
and
Concordius
and
Calistus
two
Deacons
,
his
false
Accusers
,
were
condemn'd
and
excommunicated
.
Upon
which
a
Law
was
made
.
That
if
any
man
did
bear
false
Witness
against
another
,
he
was
to
undergo
the
same
punishment
that
the
person
accused
should
have
done
if
he
had
been
guilty
.
The
affairs
of
the
Church
being
at
length
setled
,
Damasus
taking
great
delight
in
study
,
wrote
the
Lives
of
all
the
Bishops
of
Rome
that
had
been
before
him
,
and
sent
them
to
S.
Hierom.
Notwithstanding
which
,
he
neglected
not
to
encrease
the
number
of
Churches
,
and
to
add
to
the
Ornaments
of
Divine
Worship
.
For
he
built
two
Churches
,
one
near
Pompey's
Theatre
,
the
other
at
the
Tombs
in
the
〈◊〉
Ardeatina
,
and
in
elegant
Verse
wrote
the
Epitaphs
of
those
Martyrs
whose
Bodies
had
been
there
buried
,
to
perpetuate
their
names
to
Posterity
.
He
also
dedicated
a
Marble
Table
with
an
Inscription
to
the
Memory
of
S.
Peter
and
S.
Paul
at
the
place
where
their
Bodies
had
once
lain
.
Moreover
,
he
enriched
the
Church
which
he
had
built
in
honour
to
S.
Laurence
,
not
far
from
Pompeys
Theatre
with
very
large
donations
.
He
ordained
likewise
that
the
Psalms
should
be
sung
alternately
in
the
Church
;
and
that
at
the
end
of
every
Psalm
the
Gloria
Patri
should
be
added
.
And
whereas
formerly
the
Septuagint
only
had
been
in
vogue
,
Damasus
first
gave
Authority
to
〈◊〉
Translation
of
the
Bible
,
which
began
to
be
read
publickly
,
as
also
his
Psalter
faithfully
rendred
from
the
Hebrew
,
which
before
,
especially
among
the
Gauls
,
had
been
very
much
depraved
.
He
commanded
also
,
that
at
the
beginning
of
the
Mass
the
Confession
should
be
used
as
it
is
at
this
day
.
But
having
at
five
Ordinations
made
thirty
one
Presbyters
,
eleven
Deacons
,
sixty
two
Bishops
,
he
died
and
was
buried
with
his
Mother
and
Sister
in
the
Via
Ardeatina
,
in
the
Church
built
by
himself
,
December
the
11th
.
He
sat
in
the
Chair
nineteen
years
,
three
months
,
eleven
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
twenty
one
days
.
SIRICIUS
I.
SIRICIUS
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Tiburtius
,
lived
in
the
time
of
Valentinian
,
Who
,
for
his
being
a
Christian
,
had
been
very
unjustly
dealt
〈◊〉
.
withall
,
and
cashier'd
from
a
considerable
Command
in
the
Army
by
Julian
.
But
upon
the
Death
of
Jovinian
being
by
the
universal
consent
of
the
Soldiers
elected
Emperour
,
he
admitted
his
Brother
Valens
his
Collegue
in
the
Empire
,
and
assign'd
to
him
the
Government
of
the
East
.
Afterwards
,
in
the
third
year
of
his
Reign
,
at
the
persuasion
of
his
〈◊〉
and
her
Mother
,
he
created
his
young
Son
Gratian
Augustus
.
And
whereas
one
〈◊〉
had
rais'd
a
〈◊〉
and
set
up
for
himself
at
Constantinople
,
him
with
his
Adherents
the
Emperour
very
suddenly
overthrew
and
put
to
death
.
But
Valens
having
been
baptized
by
Eudoxius
an
Arian
Bishop
,
and
〈◊〉
.
becoming
a
bigotted
〈◊〉
,
presently
fell
to
persecuting
and
banishing
the
Orthodox
,
especially
after
the
death
of
Athanasius
,
who
while
he
lived
was
a
mighty
support
to
the
Christian
State
for
forty
six
years
to
gether
.
Lucius
also
another
Heretical
Bishop
was
extreamly
violent
and
outragious
against
the
Orthodox
Christians
;
nor
did
he
spare
so
much
as
the
Anchorets
and
Eremites
,
but
sent
parties
of
Soldiers
to
invade
their
Solitudes
,
who
either
put
them
to
death
or
else
sent
them
into
Exile
.
Amongst
this
sort
of
men
they
who
at
that
time
had
the
greatest
esteem
and
authority
,
were
the
two
Macarii
in
Syria
,
the
Disciples
of
Anthony
,
one
of
which
lived
in
the
upper
,
the
other
in
the
lower
Desert
;
as
also
〈◊〉
,
Panucius
,
Pambus
,
Moses
,
Benjamin
,
Paulus
〈◊〉
,
Paulus
Phocensis
,
and
Joseph
in
Egypt
.
While
Lucius
was
intent
upon
the
banishment
of
these
men
,
a
certain
inspired
Woman
went
about
crying
aloud
,
that
those
good
Men
,
those
Men
of
God
ought
by
no
means
to
be
sent
into
the
Islands
.
Moreover
Mauvia
,
Queen
of
the
Saracens
having
by
frequent
Battels
very
much
impaired
the
Roman
Forces
,
and
harrassed
their
Towns
on
the
borders
of
Palestine
and
Arabia
,
refused
to
grant
the
Peace
which
they
desired
at
her
hands
unless
Moses
,
a
man
of
most
exemplary
Piety
,
were
consecrated
and
appointed
Bishop
to
her
People
.
This
Lucius
willingly
assented
to
;
but
when
Moses
was
brought
to
him
,
he
plainly
told
him
,
that
the
multitudes
of
Christians
condemn'd
to
the
Mines
,
banish'd
to
the
Islands
and
imprison'd
through
his
cruelty
,
did
cry
〈◊〉
against
him
,
〈◊〉
that
therefore
he
would
never
〈◊〉
the
imposition
of
his
polluted
hands
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Bishops
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
to
consecrate
him
,
he
was
presented
to
the
〈◊〉
,
and
〈◊〉
a
〈◊〉
concluded
.
But
〈◊〉
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
still
to
〈◊〉
their
〈◊〉
against
the
Orthodox
,
though
〈◊〉
was
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
more
favourable
towards
〈◊〉
by
the
Letters
of
〈◊〉
the
〈◊〉
.
〈◊〉
also
〈◊〉
of
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
of
his
people
which
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
for
their
〈◊〉
.
In
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
by
his
Valour
〈◊〉
Conduct
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
and
〈◊〉
.
But
while
he
was
making
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
a
War
〈◊〉
the
〈◊〉
who
had
spread
〈◊〉
through
the
two
〈◊〉
he
died
at
a
little
Town
called
〈◊〉
,
through
a
sudden
〈◊〉
of
Blood
.
At
this
time
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
their
own
〈◊〉
had
〈◊〉
themselves
of
all
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
having
first
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
too
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
and
Monks
,
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
to
〈◊〉
in
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
his
Army
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
An
overthrow
which
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
to
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
into
any
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
from
the
〈◊〉
to
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Dignity
it
〈◊〉
.
That
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
not
be
conferred
at
once
,
but
at
certain
distances
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
〈◊〉
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
the
〈◊〉
who
〈◊〉
in
the
City
,
the
〈◊〉
of
the
faithful
;
but
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
that
upon
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
and
return
to
the
Orthodox
Faith
they
should
be
〈◊〉
into
the
Church
,
upon
condition
they
would
undertake
a
〈◊〉
course
of
〈◊〉
,
and
〈◊〉
themselves
to
Fasting
and
Prayer
all
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
which
,
〈◊〉
it
〈◊〉
that
their
Conversion
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
at
〈◊〉
approach
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
as
their
〈◊〉
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
but
a
Bishop
should
have
power
to
〈◊〉
a
〈◊〉
;
〈◊〉
whosoever
married
a
Widow
,
or
second
〈◊〉
should
be
degraded
from
his
Office
in
the
Church
,
and
that
〈◊〉
upon
their
Repentance
should
be
received
with
only
the
Imposition
of
Hands
.
In
his
time
lived
〈◊〉
Bishop
of
〈◊〉
,
who
〈◊〉
twelve
〈◊〉
Books
〈◊〉
the
〈◊〉
and
one
against
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
not
long
〈◊〉
he
〈◊〉
at
〈◊〉
.
〈◊〉
also
an
〈◊〉
who
had
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
old
Age
so
great
a
Proficient
in
those
Arts
which
most
require
the
assistance
of
sight
,
particularly
in
Logick
and
Geometry
,
that
he
wrote
some
excellent
Treatises
in
the
Mathematicks
.
He
published
also
Commentaries
on
the
Psalms
,
and
the
Gospels
of
Matthew
and
John
,
and
was
a
great
opposer
of
the
Arians
.
Moreover
,
Optatus
an
African
Bishop
Optatus
Milevitanus
.
of
Mela
,
compiled
six
Books
against
the
〈◊〉
;
and
Severus
Aquilius
a
Spaniard
,
who
was
kinsman
to
that
Severus
to
whom
Lactantius
penn'd
two
Books
of
Epistles
,
wrote
one
Volume
called
〈◊〉
.
As
for
our
Siricius
,
having
setled
the
Affairs
of
the
Church
,
and
at
five
Ordinations
,
made
twenty
six
Presbyters
,
sixteen
Deacons
,
thirty
two
Bishops
,
he
died
and
was
buried
in
the
Coemetery
of
Priscilla
in
the
Via
Salaria
,
Febr.
22.
He
was
in
the
Chair
fifteen
years
,
eleven
months
,
twenty
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
twenty
days
.
ANASTASIUS
I.
ANASTASIUS
,
a
Roman
,
the
Son
of
Maximus
,
was
made
Bishop
of
Rome
in
the
time
of
Gratian.
This
Gratian
was
a
young
Prince
of
eminent
Piety
,
and
so
Gratianus
.
good
a
Soldier
,
that
in
an
Expedition
against
the
Germans
that
were
now
harrassing
the
Roman
Borders
,
he
did
in
one
Battel
at
Argentaria
cut
off
thirty
thousand
of
them
,
with
very
little
loss
on
his
own
side
.
Returning
from
thence
to
Italy
,
he
expelled
all
those
of
the
Arian
Faction
,
and
admitted
none
but
the
Orthodox
to
the
execution
of
any
Ecclesiastical
Office
.
But
apprehending
the
Publick-weal
to
be
in
great
danger
from
the
attempts
of
the
Goths
,
he
associated
to
himself
as
a
Partner
in
the
Government
,
Theodosius
a
Spaniard
,
a
person
eminent
for
his
Valour
and
Conduct
;
who
vanquishing
the
Alans
,
Hunns
and
Goths
,
re-establish'd
the
Empire
of
the
East
,
and
entred
into
a
League
with
Athanaricus
King
of
the
Goths
,
after
whose
Death
and
magnificent
Burial
at
Constantinople
,
his
whole
Army
repaired
to
Theodosius
,
and
declared
they
would
serve
under
no
other
Commander
but
that
good
Emperour
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Maximus
usurped
the
Empire
in
Britain
,
and
passing
over
into
Gaul
,
slew
Gratian
at
Lions
:
whose
death
so
〈◊〉
his
younger
Brother
Valentinian
,
that
he
forthwith
fled
for
refuge
to
Theodosius
in
the
East
.
Some
are
of
opinion
,
that
those
two
Brethren
owed
the
Calamities
which
befell
them
to
their
Mother
Justina
,
whose
great
Zeal
for
the
Arian
Heresie
made
her
a
fierce
Persecutor
of
the
Orthodox
,
and
especially
of
S.
Ambrose
,
whom
against
his
will
the
people
S.
Ambrosius
.
of
Milain
had
at
this
time
chosen
their
Bishop
.
For
Auxentius
an
Arian
,
their
late
Bishop
being
dead
,
a
great
Sedition
arose
in
the
City
about
chusing
his
Successour
.
Now
Ambrose
,
who
was
a
man
of
Consular
dignity
,
and
their
Governour
,
endeavouring
all
he
could
to
quell
that
disorder
,
and
to
that
end
going
into
the
Church
,
where
the
people
were
in
a
tumultuary
manner
assembled
,
he
there
makes
an
excellent
Speech
tending
to
persuade
them
to
Peace
and
Unity
among
themselves
;
which
so
wrought
upon
them
,
that
they
all
with
one
consent
cryed
out
,
that
they
would
have
no
other
Bishop
but
Ambrose
himself
.
And
the
event
answered
their
desires
;
for
being
as
yet
but
a
Catechumen
,
he
was
forthwith
baptized
,
and
then
admitted
into
holy
Orders
,
and
constituted
Bishop
〈◊〉
Milain
.
That
he
was
a
person
of
great
Learning
and
extraordinary
Sanctity
,
the
account
which
we
have
of
his
Life
,
and
the
many
excellent
Books
which
he
wrote
do
abundantly
testifie
.
Our
Anastasius
decreed
,
that
the
Clergy
should
by
no
means
sit
at
the
singing
,
or
reading
of
the
holy
Gospel
in
the
Church
,
but
stand
bowed
and
in
a
posture
of
〈◊〉
;
and
that
no
Strangers
,
especially
those
that
came
from
the
parts
beyond
the
Seas
,
should
be
receiv'd
into
holy
Orders
,
unless
they
could
produce
Testimonials
under
the
hands
of
five
Bishops
.
Which
latter
Ordinance
is
suppos'd
to
have
been
occasioned
by
the
practice
of
the
Manichees
,
who
having
gained
a
great
esteem
and
Authority
in
Africa
,
were
wont
to
send
their
Missionaries
abroad
into
all
parts
,
to
corrupt
the
Orthodox
Doctrine
by
the
infusion
of
their
Errours
.
He
ordained
likewise
,
that
no
person
〈◊〉
of
body
,
or
maimed
,
or
defective
of
any
Limb
or
Member
should
be
admitted
into
holy
Orders
.
Moreover
,
he
dedicated
the
Crescentian
Church
,
which
stands
in
the
second
Region
of
the
City
,
in
the
Via
Marurtina
.
The
Pontificate
of
this
Anastasius
,
as
also
that
of
Damasus
and
Siricius
his
Predecessors
,
were
signaliz'd
not
only
by
those
excellent
Emperours
Jovinian
,
〈◊〉
,
Gratian
,
and
Theodosius
,
but
also
by
those
many
holy
and
worthy
Doctors
,
both
Greek
and
Latin
,
that
were
famous
in
all
kinds
of
Learning
.
Cappadocia
,
as
Eusebius
tells
us
,
brought
forth
〈◊〉
Nazianzen
,
and
Bazil
the
Great
,
both
extraordinary
Persons
,
and
both
brought
up
at
Athens
.
Basil
was
a
Bishop
of
〈◊〉
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
a
City
formerly
called
Mazaca
.
He
wrote
divers
excellent
Books
against
Eunomius
,
one
concerning
the
Holy
Ghost
,
and
the
Orders
of
a
Monastick
life
.
He
had
two
Brethren
,
Gregory
and
Peter
,
both
very
learned
Men
,
of
the
former
of
which
some
Books
were
extant
in
the
time
of
Eusebius
.
Gregory
Nazianzen
,
who
was
Master
to
S.
Hierom
,
Greg.
Nazianzen
.
wrote
also
many
things
;
particularly
in
praise
of
Cyprian
,
Athanasius
and
Maximus
the
Philosopher
;
two
Books
against
Eunomius
,
and
one
against
the
Emperour
Julian
,
besides
an
Encomium
of
Marriage
and
single
Life
in
Hexameter
Verse
.
By
the
strength
of
his
reasoning
and
the
power
of
his
Rhetorick
,
(
in
which
he
was
an
imitatour
of
Polemon
a
man
of
admirable
Eloquence
)
he
brought
off
the
Citizens
of
Constantinople
from
the
Errours
with
which
they
had
been
infected
.
At
length
being
very
aged
,
he
chose
his
own
Successour
,
and
led
a
private
life
in
the
Countrey
.
Basil
died
in
the
Reign
of
Gratian
,
Gregory
of
Theodosius
.
About
the
same
time
〈◊〉
Epiphanius
Bishop
of
Salamine
in
Cyprus
,
〈◊〉
.
〈◊〉
.
a
strenuous
oppugner
of
all
kinds
of
Heresies
;
as
did
also
Ephrem
a
Deacon
of
the
Church
of
Edessa
,
who
composed
divers
Treatises
in
the
〈◊〉
Language
,
which
gained
him
so
great
a
Veneration
,
that
in
some
Churches
his
Books
were
publickly
read
after
the
Holy
Scriptures
.
〈◊〉
.
having
at
two
Decembrian
Ordinations
,
made
eight
Presbyters
,
five
Deacons
,
ten
Bishops
,
died
and
was
buried
April
28.
He
was
in
the
Chair
three
years
,
ten
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
twenty
one
days
.
INNOCENTIUS
I.
INNOCENTIUS
,
an
Alban
,
Son
of
Innocentius
,
was
Bishop
in
part
of
the
Reign
of
Theodosius
,
Who
with
great
Conduct
and
singular
Dispatch
overcame
Theodosius
.
the
Usurper
Maximus
,
and
at
Aquileia
whither
he
had
fled
,
retaliated
upon
him
the
Death
of
Gratian.
A
fate
which
the
good
Bishop
〈◊〉
had
foretold
to
Maximus
himself
,
when
he
was
going
against
all
Right
and
Justice
to
invade
Italy
,
having
dreined
Britain
of
its
Military
Forces
,
and
left
it
an
easie
prey
to
the
Scots
and
Picts
.
Moreover
,
Theodosius
,
relying
wholly
upon
the
Divine
aid
,
in
a
very
short
time
defeated
not
only
Andragatius
Maximus's
General
,
and
Victor
his
Son
,
but
Argobastus
and
Eugenius
two
other
Vsurpers
;
which
was
the
occasion
of
that
strain
of
the
Poet
Claudian
upon
this
Emperours
success
,
O
nimium
dilecte
Deo
,
tibi
militat
Aether
,
Et
conjurati
veniunt
ad
classica
Venti
!
Englished
,
Darling
of
Heaven
,
with
whom
the
Skies
combine
,
And
the
confederate
Winds
in
Battel
joyn
!
He
was
not
only
a
great
Soldier
,
but
a
very
pious
and
devout
man
;
as
appears
by
his
carriage
upon
the
repulse
he
found
at
the
Church
of
Milain
;
for
being
forbidden
entrance
by
Ambrose
the
Bishop
of
it
,
till
he
should
have
repented
of
a
certain
Crime
committed
by
him
,
he
so
well
resented
the
Bishop's
plain
dealing
with
him
,
that
he
frankly
gave
him
thanks
for
it
,
and
completed
his
course
of
Pennance
for
the
Fact
that
had
been
the
occasion
of
it
.
By
his
Empress
〈◊〉
he
had
two
Sons
Arcadius
and
Honorius
.
Being
once
in
a
great
transport
of
rage
against
the
Citizens
of
Thessalonica
,
for
their
having
kill'd
a
Soldier
,
or
as
others
say
a
Magistrate
of
his
,
all
the
Clergy
of
Italy
were
scarce
able
to
keep
him
from
destroying
the
whole
City
upon
that
provocation
.
But
afterwards
coming
to
himself
,
and
understanding
the
matter
better
,
being
convinced
of
his
Errour
,
he
both
bewailed
the
Fact
which
he
had
only
willed
but
not
executed
;
and
also
made
a
Law
,
that
the
punitive
Decrees
of
Princes
should
be
deferr'd
for
three
days
,
that
so
they
might
have
space
left
for
compassion
or
retractation
.
It
is
reported
of
him
,
that
when
at
any
time
he
was
in
a
sudden
heat
of
Anger
,
he
would
force
himself
to
repeat
over
distinctly
all
the
Letters
of
the
Alphabet
,
that
so
in
the
mean
time
his
Anger
might
evaporate
.
'T
is
said
also
,
that
he
contracted
a
great
Friendship
with
one
John
an
Anchorete
,
whose
advice
he
always
used
both
in
War
and
Peace
.
But
in
the
fiftieth
year
of
his
Age
he
died
at
Milain
.
Innocentius
improving
the
opportunity
of
such
a
peaceable
state
of
Affairs
,
and
so
propitious
a
Prince
,
made
several
Constitutions
concerning
matters
of
the
Church
.
He
appointed
that
every
Saturday
should
be
a
Fast
,
because
our
Blessed
Saviour
lay
in
the
Grave
,
and
his
Disciples
〈◊〉
on
that
day
.
He
made
certain
Laws
concerning
the
Jews
and
Pagans
,
and
for
the
regulation
of
Monks
.
By
the
consent
of
Theodosius
he
banish'd
from
the
City
and
confin'd
to
a
Monastick
life
the
Cataphrygian
Hereticks
of
the
gang
of
Montanus
,
Priscilla
and
Maximilia
.
Moreover
,
he
condemned
the
Heresie
of
Pelagius
and
Coelestinus
,
who
preferred
Free-will
before
the
Divine
Grace
;
and
asserted
,
that
men
by
their
own
natural
strength
were
able
to
perform
the
Laws
of
God
;
against
whom
S.
Austin
wrote
largely
.
But
Pelagius
persisting
obstinately
in
his
opinions
against
all
Conviction
,
went
into
Britain
and
infected
the
whole
Island
with
his
Errours
,
being
assisted
by
Julian
his
Companion
and
Confederate
in
that
wicked
Design
.
He
also
consecrated
the
Church
of
Gervasius
and
Protasius
,
erected
and
beautified
at
the
Cost
of
a
Lady
named
Vestina
,
whose
Goods
and
Jewels
bequeathed
by
Will
,
were
sold
according
to
a
just
appraisement
,
and
employed
to
that
purpose
.
This
Church
was
endowed
with
several
Estates
both
in
Houses
and
Land
within
and
without
the
City
,
and
the
Cure
of
it
,
and
that
of
S.
Agnes
,
given
to
Leopardus
and
Paulinus
two
Presbyters
.
In
his
time
lived
Apollinarius
Bishop
of
Laodicea
,
(
from
whom
the
Apollinarians
Apollinaris
.
had
their
name
and
original
)
a
man
vehement
and
subtil
at
Disputation
;
who
maintained
,
that
our
Saviour
at
his
Incarnation
took
only
a
Body
,
not
a
Soul
;
but
being
press'd
hard
with
Arguments
to
the
contrary
,
he
at
length
granted
that
he
had
indeed
an
animal
Soul
but
not
a
rational
one
,
that
being
supplied
by
his
Divinity
.
An
Opinion
which
had
been
before
exploded
by
Damasus
and
Peter
Bishop
of
Alexandria
.
But
Martianus
Bishop
of
Barcellona
,
a
man
eminent
for
his
Chastity
and
Eloquence
,
was
very
Orthodox
in
matters
of
Faith
,
and
a
great
opposer
of
the
Novatian
Heresie
.
Cyril
also
Bishop
of
Hierusalem
,
Cyril
.
who
before
had
been
several
times
deposed
and
as
often
restored
;
at
length
under
Theodosius
the
Emperour
held
his
Episcopal
Dignity
peaceably
and
without
interruption
eight
years
together
,
and
became
a
great
Writer
.
Euzoius
,
who
in
his
youth
had
been
Condisciple
to
Gregory
Nazianzen
at
Coesarea
under
Thespesius
the
Rhetorician
,
took
a
vast
deal
of
pains
in
amending
and
rectifying
the
corrupted
Copies
of
the
Works
of
Origen
and
Pamphilus
,
and
was
himself
a
considerable
Author
.
At
the
same
time
Hieronymus
a
Presbyter
living
in
Bethlehem
,
was
a
very
successful
propagator
of
Christianity
,
as
appears
by
his
Writings
.
Now
also
the
Synod
of
Bourdeaux
condemned
the
Doctrine
of
Priscillian
,
an
Heresie
patch'd
up
out
of
the
Tenets
of
the
Gnosticks
and
Manichees
,
of
whom
we
have
spoken
above
.
Our
Innocentius
,
having
at
four
Ordinations
made
thirty
Presbyters
,
twelve
Deacons
,
fifty
four
Bishops
,
died
and
was
buried
July
the
28th
.
He
sat
in
the
Chair
fifteen
years
,
two
months
,
twenty
five
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
twenty
two
days
.
ZOSIMUS
.
ZOSIMUS
,
a
Grecian
,
his
Fathers
name
Abraham
,
lived
during
the
Reign
of
Arcadius
and
Honorius
,
who
succeeded
their
Father
Theodosius
in
the
Empire
.
These
divided
the
Government
between
them
,
Arcadius
ruling
in
the
Arcadius
and
Honorius
.
East
,
and
Honorius
in
the
West
.
Though
Theodosius
had
left
them
to
the
Tuition
of
three
of
his
Generals
,
who
as
their
Guardians
and
Protectours
were
to
manage
Affairs
in
their
Minority
;
Russinus
in
the
East
,
Stilico
in
the
West
,
and
Gildo
in
Africa
.
But
they
moved
with
Ambition
and
a
thirst
after
greatness
,
and
not
doubting
to
get
the
advantage
of
the
young
Princes
,
set
up
every
one
for
himself
.
Against
Gildo
,
who
was
engag'd
in
a
Rebellion
in
Afrique
,
his
injured
and
incensed
Brother
Mascezel
is
sent
with
an
Army
,
and
soon
defeats
and
puts
him
to
flight
,
who
not
long
after
dieth
either
through
grief
or
by
poyson
.
And
Mascezel
himself
,
being
so
puffed
up
with
this
success
,
that
he
falls
into
a
great
contempt
of
God
and
cruelty
towards
men
,
is
killed
by
his
own
Soldiers
.
Russinus
also
,
who
endeavoured
to
possess
himself
of
the
Empire
of
the
East
,
is
surprized
and
punish'd
by
Arcadius
.
At
this
time
Rhadaguisus
King
of
the
Goths
invaded
Italy
,
and
lay'd
all
waste
with
fire
and
Sword
where
ever
he
came
;
but
by
the
Roman
Army
under
the
Command
of
Stilico
,
he
was
vanquish'd
and
slain
on
the
Mountains
of
Fiesoli
.
Him
Alaricus
succeeded
,
whom
Stilico
,
to
work
his
own
ambitious
designs
,
very
much
countenanced
and
assisted
,
when
he
might
have
conquer'd
him
.
But
in
the
end
Alaricus
being
now
at
Polentia
,
on
his
way
to
Gaul
,
part
of
which
Honorius
had
granted
to
him
and
his
followers
to
inhabit
,
had
disturbance
given
him
by
one
Saul
,
an
Hebrew
by
birth
and
Religion
,
whom
Stilico
to
the
foul
breach
of
Articles
had
sent
with
a
Party
for
that
purpose
.
It
was
an
easie
matter
to
surprize
and
disorder
the
Goths
,
who
little
suspected
any
such
Practices
,
and
were
peaceably
celebrating
the
Feast
of
Easter
.
But
the
day
following
Alaricus
engaging
with
them
slew
Saul
,
and
made
an
universal
slaughter
of
his
men
,
and
then
changing
his
former
course
towards
Gaul
,
moves
against
Stilico
and
the
Roman
Army
.
These
he
overcame
,
and
then
after
a
long
and
grievous
Siege
,
takes
the
City
of
Rome
it self
,
Anno
U.
C.
MCLXIIII
.
A.
C.
CCCCXII
.
Notwithstanding
this
Success
Alaricus
exercised
so
much
Moderation
and
Clemency
,
that
he
commanded
his
Soldiers
to
put
as
few
to
the
Sword
as
might
be
,
and
particularly
to
spare
all
that
should
fly
for
refuge
to
the
Churches
of
S.
Peter
and
S.
Paul
.
After
three
days
Plunder
he
leaves
the
City
,
(
which
had
suffered
less
damage
than
was
thought
for
,
very
little
of
it
being
burnt
)
and
marches
against
the
Lucani
and
Bruti
,
and
having
taken
and
sacked
Cosenza
,
he
there
dies
.
Whereupon
the
Goths
with
one
consent
made
his
kinsman
Athaulphus
his
Successour
,
who
returning
to
Rome
with
his
Army
,
was
so
wrought
upon
by
the
Emperour
Honorius's
Sister
Galla
Placidia
whom
he
had
married
,
that
he
restrained
his
Soldiers
from
committing
any
farther
outrages
,
and
left
the
City
to
its
own
Government
.
He
had
it
certainly
once
in
his
purpose
to
have
razed
to
the
ground
the
then
City
of
Rome
,
and
to
have
built
a
new
one
which
he
would
have
called
Gotthia
,
and
have
left
to
the
ensuing
Emperours
his
own
Name
,
so
that
they
should
not
any
longer
have
had
the
Title
of
Augusti
,
but
Athaulphi
.
But
Placidia
not
only
brought
his
mind
off
from
that
project
;
but
also
prevailed
with
him
to
enter
into
a
League
with
Honorius
and
Theodosius
the
second
,
the
Son
of
Arcadius
deceased
.
Zosimus
,
notwithstanding
all
these
disturbances
made
several
Ecclesiastical
Constitutions
;
allowed
the
blessing
of
Wax-Tapers
on
the
Saturday
before
Easter
in
the
several
Parishes
;
forbad
the
Clergy
to
frequent
publick
Drinking-houses
,
(
though
allowing
them
all
innocent
liberty
among
themselves
,
)
or
any
Servant
to
be
made
a
Clergy-man
,
because
that
Order
ought
to
consist
of
none
but
free
and
ingenuous
persons
.
Whereas
now
not
only
Servants
and
Bastards
,
but
the
vile
off-spring
of
the
most
flagitious
Parents
are
admitted
to
that
Dignity
;
whose
Enormities
will
certainly
at
long-run
prove
fatal
to
the
Church
.
'T
is
said
that
Zosimus
at
this
time
sent
Faustinus
a
Bishop
,
and
two
Presbyters
of
the
City
to
the
Council
of
Carthage
,
by
them
declaring
,
that
no
Debates
concerning
Ecclesiastical
Affairs
ought
to
be
managed
any
where
without
permission
of
the
Church
of
Rome
.
During
his
Pontificate
lived
Lucius
a
Bishop
of
the
Arian
Faction
,
who
wrote
certain
Books
upon
several
Subjects
.
Diodorus
also
Bishop
of
Tarsus
,
during
his
being
a
Presbyter
of
Antioch
was
a
great
Writer
;
following
the
sense
of
Eusebius
,
but
not
able
to
reach
his
style
for
want
of
skill
in
secular
Learning
.
Tiberianus
likewise
who
had
been
accused
together
with
Priscillian
,
wrote
an
Apology
to
free
himself
from
the
suspicion
of
Heresie
.
Euagrius
,
a
man
of
smart
and
brisk
parts
,
translated
into
Latin
the
Life
of
S.
Anthony
written
in
Greek
by
Athanasius
.
Ambrosius
of
Alexandria
,
a
Scholar
of
Didymus
wrote
a
large
Volume
against
Apollinarius
.
At
this
time
flourished
those
two
famous
Bishops
,
Theophilus
of
Alexandria
,
and
John
of
Constantinople
,
for
the
greatness
of
his
Eloquence
deservedly
surnamed
Chrysostom
;
who
so
far
prevailed
upon
Theodorus
and
Maximus
two
Condisciples
of
his
,
that
they
left
their
Masters
Libanius
the
Rhetorician
,
and
Andragatius
the
Philosopher
,
and
became
Proselytes
to
Christianity
.
This
Libanius
lying
now
at
the
point
of
death
,
being
asked
whom
he
would
leave
sucsessour
in
his
School
;
made
answer
,
that
he
desired
no
other
than
Chrysosiom
,
were
he
not
a
Christian.
At
this
time
the
Decrees
of
the
Council
of
Carthage
being
sent
to
Zosimus
,
were
by
him
confirmed
,
and
thereby
the
Pelagian
Heresie
condemned
throughout
the
World
.
Some
tell
us
,
that
Petronius
Bishop
of
Bononia
,
and
Possidonius
an
African
Bishop
,
had
now
gain'd
a
mighty
reputation
for
Sanctity
;
that
Primasius
wrote
largely
against
the
Heresies
to
Bishop
Fortunatus
;
and
that
Proba
,
Wife
to
Adelphus
the
Proconsul
,
composed
an
Historical
Poem
of
our
Saviours
Life
,
consisting
wholly
of
Virgilian
Verse
;
though
others
attribute
the
honour
of
this
performance
to
Eudocia
Empress
of
Theodosius
the
younger
.
But
certainly
the
most
learned
person
of
the
Age
he
lived
in
,
was
Augustinus
,
Saint
Ambrose
his
Convert
,
Bishop
of
Hippo
in
Africa
,
a
most
strenuous
Defender
of
the
Christian
Faith
both
in
Discourse
and
Writing
.
As
for
Zosimus
,
having
ordained
ten
Presbyters
,
three
Deacons
,
eight
Bishops
,
he
died
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Via
Tiburtina
,
near
the
body
of
Saint
Laurence
the
Martyr
,
December
26th
.
He
sat
in
the
Chair
one
year
,
three
months
,
twelve
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
eleven
days
.
BONIFACIUS
I.
BONIFACE
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Jucundus
a
Presbyter
,
was
〈◊〉
.
Bishop
in
the
time
of
Honorius
.
At
this
time
a
great
dissention
〈◊〉
among
the
Clergy
;
for
though
Boniface
was
chosen
Bishop
in
one
Church
of
the
City
〈◊〉
one
Party
,
yet
Eulalius
was
elected
and
set
up
against
him
by
a
contrary
Faction
in
another
.
This
when
Honorius
,
who
was
now
at
Milain
,
came
to
understand
,
at
the
Solicitation
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Placidia
and
her
Son
Valentiman
,
they
were
both
banish'd
the
City
.
But
about
seven
months
after
〈◊〉
was
re-call'd
,
and
confirmed
in
the
Pontifical
Dignity
.
In
the
mean
time
Athaulphus
dying
,
Vallias
was
made
King
of
the
〈◊〉
,
〈◊〉
being
terrified
by
the
Judgments
inflicted
on
his
People
,
restored
Placidia
,
whom
he
had
always
used
very
honourably
,
to
her
Brother
〈◊〉
,
and
entred
into
a
League
with
him
,
giving
very
good
Hostages
for
the
confirmation
of
it
;
as
did
also
the
Alanes
,
Vandals
and
〈◊〉
.
This
I
lacidia
Henorius
gave
in
marriage
to
Constantius
whom
he
had
declared
〈◊〉
,
who
had
by
her
a
Son
named
Valentinian
;
but
she
being
afterwards
banish'd
by
her
Brother
,
went
into
the
East
with
her
Sons
〈◊〉
and
Valentinian
.
Our
Bonisace
ordained
,
that
no
Woman
,
though
a
Nun
,
should
touch
the
consecrated
Pall
or
Incense
;
and
that
no
Servant
,
or
Debtor
should
be
admitted
into
the
Clergy
.
Moreover
,
he
built
an
Oratory
upon
the
ground
where
S.
Felicitas
the
Martyr
was
buried
,
and
very
much
adorned
her
Tomb.
During
his
Pontificate
flourished
divers
famous
men
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
a
Presbyter
,
Son
of
Eusebius
,
born
at
a
Town
called
S.
〈◊〉
.
〈◊〉
,
seated
in
the
Confines
of
Dalmatia
and
Hungaria
,
but
demolished
by
the
Goths
.
It
is
not
to
my
purpose
to
rehearse
how
great
benefit
the
Church
of
God
reaped
from
his
Life
and
Writings
,
since
he
is
known
to
have
been
a
person
of
extraordinary
〈◊〉
,
and
his
Works
are
had
in
so
great
honour
and
esteem
,
that
no
Author
is
more
read
by
learned
Men
than
he
.
He
died
at
Bethlehem
on
the
last
day
of
September
in
the
ninety
first
year
of
his
Age.
Besides
him
there
were
also
Gelasius
,
Successour
to
Euzoius
in
the
Bishoprick
of
Caesarea
Palestinae
,
a
man
of
excellent
Parts
;
Dexter
,
Son
of
Pacianus
,
who
compiled
an
History
inscribed
to
S.
Hierem
;
Amphilochius
,
who
wrote
concerning
the
Holy
Ghost
in
an
〈◊〉
style
;
and
〈◊〉
,
commended
by
S.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
his
learned
Book
of
the
Destruction
of
〈◊〉
.
'T
is
said
also
that
at
this
time
Lucianus
a
Preshyter
,
directed
by
a
divine
Revelation
,
found
out
the
Sepulchres
of
S.
Stephen
the
Protomartyr
,
and
Gamaliel
S.
Paul's
Master
,
of
which
he
gave
an
account
to
all
the
Churches
by
an
Epistle
in
Greek
,
which
was
afterwards
translated
into
Latin
by
〈◊〉
a
〈◊〉
,
and
sent
to
Orosius
.
Some
likewise
tell
us
,
that
John
Cassianus
and
Maximine
two
very
learned
Men
lived
in
this
Age
;
but
though
it
be
doubtful
of
them
,
it
is
not
so
concerning
Eutropius
S.
Austin's
Scholar
,
who
in
a
handsom
style
Epitomised
the
Roman
History
from
the
building
of
the
City
to
his
own
times
;
and
who
moreover
wrote
to
his
two
Sisters
,
Recluses
,
concerning
Chastity
,
and
the
Love
of
Religion
;
to
whom
we
may
add
Juvenal
the
Bishop
of
Constantinople
,
and
Heros
,
a
Disciple
of
S.
Martin
,
the
wrongfully
deposed
Bishop
of
Arles
,
both
men
of
great
reputation
for
Sanctity
.
As
for
Boniface
himself
,
having
at
one
Ordination
made
thirteen
Presbyters
,
three
Deacons
,
thirty
six
Bishops
,
he
died
October
the
25th
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Via
Salaria
,
near
the
body
of
S.
Felicitas
the
Martyr
.
He
fat
in
the
Chair
three
years
,
eight
months
,
sevendays
;
Boniface
being
dead
,
some
of
the
Clergy
recall'd
Eulalius
,
but
he
either
through
indignation
at
his
former
repulse
,
or
from
contempt
of
Worldly
greatness
,
disdained
the
revocation
,
and
died
the
year
following
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
nine
days
.
CAELESTINUS
I.
CAELESTINE
,
a
Campanian
,
lived
in
the
times
of
Theodosius
the
younger
.
This
Theodosius
,
upon
the
death
of
that
excellent
Prince
Honorius
,
Theodosius
secundus
.
creates
the
Son
of
his
Aunt
Placidia
,
Valentinian
,
Coesar
,
and
commits
to
his
charge
the
Western
Empire
.
Who
being
immediately
by
the
universal
consent
of
all
Italy
acknowledged
their
Emperour
,
and
actually
entring
upon
the
Government
at
Ravenna
,
was
wonderfully
prosperous
in
subduing
the
Enemies
of
the
Roman
State
,
and
particularly
John
the
Usurper
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Vandals
,
Alemans
and
Goths
,
a
barbarous
and
salvage
people
,
passing
over
out
of
Spain
into
Africa
,
under
the
conduct
of
their
King
Gensericus
,
not
only
miserably
depopulated
and
harrassed
that
Province
with
Fire
and
Sword
,
but
also
corrupted
the
Catholick
Faith
there
with
the
mixture
of
Arianism
,
and
banish'd
some
Orthodox
Bishops
;
during
which
Troubles
S.
Augustine
Bishop
of
Hippo
died
in
the
third
month
of
the
Siege
of
that
City
August
28.
in
the
seventy
seventh
year
of
his
Age.
The
Vandals
having
taken
Carthage
,
fail'd
to
Sicily
,
and
made
the
like
havock
in
that
Island
;
as
also
did
the
Picts
and
Scots
in
the
Island
of
Britain
.
In
this
Extremity
the
Britains
implored
the
Aid
of
Aetius
a
Patrician
and
a
famous
Soldier
,
but
he
not
only
denied
them
his
assistance
;
but
having
other
ambitious
Designs
to
carry
on
,
solicited
the
Huns
to
invade
Italy
.
The
Britains
being
thus
deserted
by
Aetius
,
call
over
the
Saxons
or
English
to
their
help
,
whom
they
soon
found
more
their
Enemies
than
Assistants
;
for
being
in
a
little
time
over
run
by
them
,
they
lost
both
their
Countrey
and
their
Name
.
While
these
things
were
transacting
,
Theodosius
dying
at
Constantinople
in
the
twenty
seventh
year
of
his
and
his
Uncle
Honorius's
Reign
,
Bleda
and
Attila
two
Brothers
,
Kings
of
the
Hunns
,
invading
Illyricum
,
lay'd
waste
,
and
burn'd
all
places
to
which
they
came
.
Notwithstanding
our
Coelestine
ordained
several
Rites
appertaining
to
divine
Worship
;
as
that
,
besides
the
Epistle
and
Gospel
,
before
the
Mass
the
Psalms
of
David
should
be
sung
by
all
alternately
.
Martinus
Cassinas
tells
us
,
that
the
Psalm
Judica
me
Deus
,
Give
sentence
with
me
O
God
,
and
defend
my
cause
,
&c.
which
is
used
at
the
beginning
of
the
Sacrifice
,
was
introduced
by
him
;
as
likewise
the
Gradual
is
ascribed
to
him
.
Many
other
Ecclesiastical
Constitutions
he
made
,
to
be
seen
in
the
Archives
of
the
Church
.
He
also
dedicated
and
enriched
the
Julian
Church
;
At
this
time
Nestorius
Bishop
of
Constantinople
endeavoured
to
Nestorius
.
sow
a
new
Errour
in
the
Church
,
asserting
,
that
Christ
was
born
of
the
Virgin
Mary
a
meer
Man
,
and
that
the
Divinity
was
conferred
upon
him
of
Merit
.
To
this
impious
Doctrine
Cyril
Bishop
of
Alexandria
and
our
Coelestine
opposed
themselves
very
strenuously
.
For
in
a
Synod
of
two
hundred
Bishops
held
at
Ephesus
,
Nestorius
himself
and
the
Heresie
denominated
from
him
,
together
with
the
Pelagians
who
were
great
favourers
of
the
Nestorian
Party
,
were
by
universal
consent
condemned
in
thirteen
Canons
level'd
against
their
foolish
Opinions
.
Moreover
,
Coelestine
sent
Germanus
Bishop
of
Auxerre
into
England
to
oppose
the
Pelagian
Heresie
,
and
reduce
the
Inhabitants
to
the
Orthodox
Faith
;
and
Palladius
,
whom
he
had
made
a
Bishop
to
the
Scots
,
who
desired
to
be
instructed
in
the
Christian
Religion
.
And
indeed
it
cannot
be
denied
but
that
by
his
endeavours
,
and
the
industry
of
those
whom
he
employed
to
that
purpose
,
a
great
part
of
the
West
were
converted
to
Christianity
.
'T
is
said
,
that
at
this
time
the
Devil
assumed
humane
shape
,
and
pretended
himself
to
be
Moses
,
and
imposed
upon
a
multitude
of
Jews
by
undertaking
to
conduct
them
out
of
the
Island
of
Crete
into
the
Land
of
Promise
through
the
Sea
as
upon
dry
Land
,
in
imitation
of
the
ancient
Miracle
wrought
for
that
People
at
the
red
Sea
.
Many
of
them
follow'd
this
false
Moses
,
and
perished
in
the
Waters
;
those
only
being
reported
to
have
been
saved
who
presently
own'd
Christ
to
be
the
true
God
.
Our
Coelestine
having
at
three
Decembrian
Ordinations
,
made
thirty
two
Presbyters
,
twelve
Deacons
,
sixty
two
Bishops
,
died
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Coemetery
of
Priscilla
in
the
Via
Salaria
,
April
the
6th
.
He
sat
in
the
Chair
eight
years
,
ten
months
,
seventeen
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
twenty
one
days
.
SIXTUS
III.
SIXTUS
,
the
third
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Sixtus
,
lived
in
the
time
of
Valentinian
.
Who
,
being
Governour
of
the
Western
Empire
,
entred
into
a
Valentinian
.
League
with
Gensericus
King
of
the
Vandals
,
whom
he
permitted
to
inhabit
part
of
Africa
,
confining
themselves
within
certain
Boundaries
agreed
upon
between
them
.
Genseric
being
afterwards
instigated
by
the
Arians
,
became
very
zealous
in
propagating
their
Errours
,
and
violently
persecuted
the
Orthodox
Bishops
.
And
Valentinian
going
to
Constantinople
,
and
there
marrying
Theodosius's
Daughter
,
the
Vandals
in
the
mean
time
,
under
Genseric's
Conduct
,
re-took
and
sack'd
Carthage
in
the
five
hundred
eighty
fourth
year
since
its
first
being
in
the
hands
of
the
Romans
.
While
these
things
weret
ransacting
in
Afric
,
Attila
King
of
the
Huns
,
not
contented
to
have
invaded
the
two
Hungaries
,
miserably
harasses
Macedonia
,
Mysia
,
Achaia
and
the
Thraces
;
and
then
,
that
he
might
have
no
sharer
in
the
Kingdom
,
puts
to
death
his
Brother
Bleda
.
Soon
after
his
growing
ambition
prompts
him
to
endeavour
the
gaining
of
the
Western
Empire
;
and
therefore
getting
together
in
a
very
little
time
a
great
Army
,
he
begins
his
March
upon
that
Design
.
This
Aetius
having
intelligence
of
,
forthwith
sends
Ambassadours
to
Tholouse
to
King
Theodorick
to
strike
up
a
Peace
;
with
whom
so
strict
a
League
was
concluded
,
that
they
both
jointly
engage
in
the
War
against
Attila
,
at
a
common
charge
and
with
equal
Forces
.
The
Romans
and
Theodorick
had
for
their
Auxiliaries
,
the
Alanes
,
Burgundians
,
Franks
,
Saxons
,
and
indeed
almost
all
the
people
of
the
West
.
At
length
Attila
comes
upon
them
in
the
Fields
of
Catalaunia
;
and
Battel
is
joyn'd
with
great
Valour
and
Resolution
on
either
side
.
The
Fight
was
long
and
sharp
,
a
Voice
being
over-heard
,
none
knowing
from
whence
it
came
,
was
the
occasion
of
putting
an
end
to
the
Dispute
.
In
this
Engagement
were
slain
on
both
sides
eighteen
thousand
men
;
neither
Army
flying
or
giving
ground
.
And
yet
't
is
said
that
Theodorick
,
Father
of
King
Thurismond
,
was
killed
in
this
Action
.
Sixtus
had
not
long
enjoyed
the
Pontificate
,
before
he
was
publickly
accused
by
one
Bassus
;
but
in
a
Synod
of
fifty
seven
Bishops
he
made
such
a
Defence
of
himself
,
that
he
was
by
them
all
with
one
consent
acquitted
.
Bassus
his
false
Accuser
,
was
with
the
consent
of
Valentinian
and
his
Mother
Placidia
,
excommunicated
and
condemn'd
to
banishment
,
but
with
this
compassionate
provision
,
that
at
the
point
of
death
the
Viaticum
of
the
Blessed
Sacrament
should
be
denied
him
;
the
forfeiture
of
his
Estate
,
was
adjudged
not
to
the
Emperour
,
but
the
Church
.
'T
is
said
,
that
in
the
third
month
of
his
Exile
he
died
,
and
that
our
Bishop
Sixtus
did
with
his
own
hands
wrap
up
and
embalm
his
Corps
,
and
then
bury
it
in
S.
Peters
Church
.
Moreover
,
Sixtus
repaired
and
enlarged
the
Church
of
the
Blessed
Virgin
,
which
was
anciently
called
by
the
name
of
Liberius
,
near
the
Market
place
of
Livia
,
then
had
the
name
of
S.
Mary
at
the
Manger
,
and
last
of
all
was
called
S.
Maries
the
Geeat
.
That
Sixtus
did
very
much
beautifie
and
make
great
additions
to
it
,
appears
from
the
Inscription
on
the
front
of
the
first
Arch
in
these
words
,
Xystus
Episcopus
Plebi
Dei
;
for
according
to
the
Greek
Orthography
the
name
begins
with
X
and
y
,
though
by
Custom
it
is
now
written
Sixtus
with
S
and
i.
To
this
Church
that
Bishop
was
very
liberal
and
munificent
;
among
other
instances
adorning
with
Porphyry
stone
the
Ambo
or
Desk
where
the
Gospel
and
Epistles
are
read
.
Besides
what
he
did
himself
,
at
his
persuasion
the
Emperour
Valentinian
also
was
very
liberal
in
works
of
this
nature
.
For
over
the
Confessory
of
S.
Peter
,
which
he
richly
adorned
,
he
placed
the
Image
of
〈◊〉
Saviour
of
Gold
set
with
Jewels
,
and
renewed
those
Silver
Ornaments
in
the
Cupola
of
the
Lateran
Church
which
the
Goths
had
taken
away
.
Some
are
of
an
Opinion
that
in
his
time
one
Peter
,
a
Roman
Presbyter
,
by
Nation
a
Sclavonian
,
built
the
Church
of
S.
Sabina
upon
the
Aventine
,
not
far
from
the
Monastery
of
S.
Boniface
,
where
S.
Alexius
is
interred
.
〈◊〉
I
rather
think
this
to
have
been
done
in
the
Pontificate
of
Coelestine
the
first
,
as
appears
from
an
Inscription
in
Heroick
Verse
,
yet
remaining
,
which
expresses
as
much
.
'T
is
said
also
,
that
at
this
time
〈◊〉
Eusebius
of
Cremona
and
Philip
,
two
Scholars
of
S.
Hierom
,
both
very
elegant
Writers
;
as
also
Eucherius
Bishop
of
Lyons
,
a
man
of
great
Learning
and
Eloquence
;
and
Hilarius
Bishop
of
Arles
,
a
pious
Man
,
and
of
no
mean
parts
.
Our
Sixtus
having
employed
all
his
Estate
in
the
building
and
adorning
of
Churches
,
and
relieving
the
poor
,
and
having
made
twenty
eight
Presbyters
,
twelve
Deacons
,
fifty
two
Bishops
,
died
,
and
was
buried
in
a
Vault
in
the
Via
Tiburtina
,
near
the
body
of
S.
Laurence
.
He
was
in
the
Chair
eight
years
,
nine
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
twenty
two
days
.
LEO
I.
LEO
,
a
Tuscan
,
Son
of
Quintianus
,
lived
at
the
time
when
Attila
,
having
return'd
into
Hungary
from
the
Fight
of
Catalonia
,
and
there
recruited
his
Army
,
invaded
Italy
,
and
first
set
down
before
Aquileia
a
Frontier
City
of
that
Province
,
which
held
out
a
Siege
〈◊〉
three
years
.
Despairing
hereupon
of
success
,
he
was
just
about
to
raise
the
Leaguer
,
when
observing
the
Storks
to
carry
their
young
ones
out
of
the
City
into
the
Fields
,
being
encouraged
by
this
Omen
,
he
renews
his
Batteries
,
and
making
a
fierce
assault
,
at
length
takes
the
miserable
City
,
sacks
and
burns
it
,
sparing
neither
Age
nor
Sex
,
but
acting
agreeably
to
the
Title
he
assum'd
to
himself
of
being
God's
Scourge
.
The
Huns
having
hereby
gain'd
an
Inlet
into
Italy
,
over-run
all
the
Countrey
about
Venice
,
possessing
themselves
of
the
Cities
,
and
demolishing
Milain
and
Pavia
.
From
hence
Attila
marching
towards
Rome
,
and
being
come
to
the
place
where
the
Menzo
runs
into
the
Po
,
ready
to
pass
the
River
,
the
holy
Bishop
Leo
,
out
of
a
tender
sense
of
the
calamitous
state
of
Italy
and
of
the
City
of
Rome
,
and
with
the
advice
of
Valentinian
,
goes
forth
and
meets
him
,
persuading
him
not
to
proceed
any
farther
,
but
to
take
warning
by
Alaricus
,
who
soon
after
his
taking
that
City
was
by
the
Judgment
of
God
removed
out
of
the
World
.
Attila
takes
the
good
Bishops
Counsel
,
being
moved
thereunto
by
a
Vision
which
he
saw
while
they
were
discoursing
together
,
of
two
men
(
supposed
to
be
S.
Peter
and
S.
Paul
)
brandishing
their
naked
swords
over
his
head
,
and
threatning
him
with
death
,
if
he
were
refractory
.
Desisting
therefore
from
his
design
,
he
returns
into
Hungary
,
where
not
long
after
he
was
choaked
with
his
own
bloud
,
violently
breaking
out
at
his
Nostrils
,
through
excess
of
drinking
.
Leo
returning
to
the
City
,
applyes
himself
wholly
to
the
defence
of
the
〈◊〉
Faith
,
which
was
now
violently
opposed
by
several
kinds
of
Hereticks
,
but
especially
by
the
Nestorians
and
Eutychians
.
Nestorius
〈◊〉
of
Constantinople
,
affirmed
the
Blessed
Virgin
to
be
Mother
not
of
God
,
but
of
Man
only
,
that
so
he
might
make
the
Humanity
and
Divinity
of
Christ
to
be
two
distinct
persons
,
one
the
Son
of
God
,
the
other
the
Son
of
Man
.
But
Eutyches
Abbot
of
Constantinople
,
that
he
might
broach
an
Heresie
in
contradiction
to
the
former
,
utterly
confounded
the
divine
and
humane
Nature
of
Christ
,
asserting
them
to
be
one
,
and
not
at
all
to
be
distinguished
.
This
Heresie
being
condemned
by
Flavianus
Bishop
of
Constantinople
,
with
the
consent
of
Theodosius
,
a
Synod
is
called
at
Ephesus
,
in
which
,
Dioscorus
Bishop
of
Alexandria
being
President
,
Eutyches
was
restored
,
and
Flavianus
censured
.
But
Theodosius
dying
,
and
his
successour
Marcianus
proving
a
Friend
to
the
Orthodox
Doctrine
,
Leo
calls
a
Council
at
Chalcedon
,
wherein
by
the
authority
of
six
hundred
and
thirty
Bishops
,
it
was
decreed
as
an
Article
of
Faith
,
that
there
are
two
Natures
in
Christ
,
and
that
one
and
the
same
Christ
is
God
and
Man
;
by
which
consequently
both
Nestorius
and
Eutyches
,
the
pestilent
Patron
of
the
Manichees
were
condemned
.
Moreover
,
the
Books
of
the
Manichees
were
publickly
burnt
;
and
the
pride
and
heretical
Opinions
of
Dioscorus
discountenanced
and
suppress'd
.
In
the
mean
time
Valentinian
being
treacherously
murdered
,
Maximus
usurps
the
Empire
,
and
against
her
will
marries
Eudoxia
the
Widow
of
Valentinian
.
Upon
this
occasion
the
Vandals
being
called
out
of
Afric
,
Genseric
being
their
Leader
,
force
their
entrance
into
the
City
of
Rome
,
throw
the
Body
of
Maximus
,
who
had
been
kill'd
in
the
Tumult
by
one
Ursus
a
Roman
Soldier
,
into
the
River
Tyber
,
plunder
and
burn
the
City
,
pillage
the
Churches
and
refuse
to
hearken
to
Bishop
Leo
begging
them
,
what
ever
spoils
they
carried
away
,
only
to
spare
the
City
it self
and
the
Temples
.
However
,
on
the
fourteenth
day
from
their
entrance
into
Rome
,
they
left
it
,
and
taking
away
with
them
Eudoxia
and
her
Daughter
,
with
a
great
number
of
other
Captives
,
they
return'd
into
Africa
.
Leo
being
now
very
intent
upon
making
good
the
damages
sustain'd
from
this
People
,
prevailed
upon
Demetria
,
a
pious
Virgin
,
to
build
upon
her
own
ground
in
the
Via
Latina
three
miles
from
the
City
a
Church
to
S.
Stephen
;
and
did
the
same
himself
in
the
Via
Appia
in
honour
to
S.
Cornelius
.
The
Churches
which
had
been
in
any
part
ruined
,
he
repaired
;
and
those
of
the
sacred
Vessels
belonging
to
them
,
which
had
been
bruised
and
broken
,
he
caused
to
be
mended
,
and
those
which
had
been
taken
away
to
be
made
anew
;
Moreover
,
he
built
three
Apartments
in
the
Churches
of
S.
John
,
S.
Peter
and
S.
Paul
;
appointed
certain
of
the
Roman
Clergy
,
whom
he
called
Cubicularii
to
keep
and
take
charge
of
the
Sepulchres
of
the
Apostles
;
built
a
Monastery
near
S.
Peters
;
introduced
into
the
Canon
of
the
Mass
,
the
Clause
,
Hoc
sanctum
sacrificium
,
this
holy
Sacrifice
,
&c.
and
ordained
,
that
no
Recluse
should
be
capable
of
receiving
the
Consecrated
Veils
,
unless
it
did
appear
that
she
had
preserv'd
her
Chastity
spotless
for
the
space
of
forty
years
.
But
while
the
good
man
was
employed
in
these
things
,
there
started
up
of
a
sudden
the
Heresie
of
the
Acephali
,
so
called
because
they
were
a
company
Acephali
.
of
foolish
,
undisciplin'd
Schismaticks
,
or
,
if
it
be
not
a
quibble
,
because
they
wanted
both
Brains
and
Head
.
These
men
decried
the
Council
of
Chalcedon
,
denied
the
propriety
of
two
Substances
in
Christ
,
and
asserted
,
that
there
could
be
but
one
Nature
in
one
Person
.
But
our
Leo
abundantly
confuted
their
absurd
Doctrines
in
his
elegant
and
learned
Epistles
written
to
the
Faithful
upon
that
Argument
.
Men
of
Note
in
his
time
,
were
Paulinus
Bishop
of
Nola
,
Prosper
of
Aquitain
,
a
learned
man
,
and
Mamercus
Bishop
of
Vienne
,
;
who
,
as
't
is
said
,
was
the
first
that
appointed
processionary
Supplications
,
or
Litanies
,
upon
the
occasion
of
the
frequent
Earthquakes
with
which
Gaul
was
at
that
time
very
much
afflicted
.
To
conclude
,
Leo
having
ordained
eighty
one
Presbyters
,
thirty
one
Deacons
,
and
eighty
one
Bishops
,
died
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Vatican
near
S.
Peter
,
April
the
10th
.
He
sat
in
the
Chair
twenty
one
years
,
one
month
,
thirteen
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
eight
days
.
HILARIUS
I.
HILARIUS
,
a
Sardinian
,
the
Son
of
Crispinus
,
continued
in
the
Chair
till
the
time
of
the
Emperour
Leo
,
Who
being
chosen
Emperour
upon
the
death
of
Marcianus
,
Leo
Emperour
.
creates
his
Son
,
of
his
own
name
,
Augustus
.
During
his
Reign
the
Roman
State
suffered
very
much
by
reason
of
certain
Ambitious
men
,
who
endeavoured
to
get
the
Government
into
their
own
hands
.
And
Genseric
the
Vandal
King
being
tempted
with
so
fair
an
opportunity
,
sails
out
of
Afrique
into
Italy
with
design
to
gain
the
Empire
for
himself
.
Leo
having
intelligence
hereof
,
sends
Basilicus
a
Patrician
,
with
a
mighty
Fleet
,
to
the
Assistance
of
Anthemius
the
Emperour
of
the
West
;
These
two
with
joint
force
and
courage
meet
Genseric
near
Populonia
,
and
force
him
to
an
Engagement
at
Sea
,
in
which
being
routed
with
a
great
slaughter
of
his
men
,
he
was
glad
to
make
an
inglorious
flight
into
Africa
again
.
In
the
mean
time
Ricimer
a
Patrician
,
having
on
the
Mountains
of
Trent
conquer'd
Biorgus
King
of
the
Alanes
,
and
being
puff'd
up
with
that
Victory
,
was
purposed
to
attempt
the
City
of
Rome
,
had
not
〈◊〉
Bishop
of
Pavia
made
him
and
Anthemius
Friends
.
Hilary
,
notwithstanding
this
confused
state
of
things
,
did
not
neglect
the
care
of
Ecclesiastical
Affairs
.
For
he
ordained
,
that
no
Bishop
should
chuse
his
own
Successour
;
(
a
Constitution
which
belongs
as
well
to
all
other
Ecclesiastical
Degrees
as
that
of
Episcopacy
)
he
also
made
a
Decretal
which
he
dispersed
throughout
Christendom
;
and
wrote
certain
Epistles
concerning
the
Catholick
Faith
,
by
which
the
three
Synods
of
Nice
,
Ephesus
,
and
Chalcedon
were
confirmed
,
and
the
Hereticks
Eutyches
,
Nestorius
,
and
Dioscorus
,
with
their
Adherents
,
condemned
.
In
the
Baptistery
of
the
Lateran
Church
he
built
three
Oratories
,
which
were
adorned
with
Gold
and
precious
Stones
,
their
Gates
of
Brass
covered
with
wrought
Silver
;
those
he
dedicated
to
S.
John
Baptist
,
S.
John
Evangelist
,
and
S.
Cross.
In
the
last
of
these
was
reposited
some
of
the
wood
of
the
Cross
,
nclosed
in
Gold
and
set
with
Jewels
;
and
a
Golden
Agnus
upon
a
Pillar
of
Onyx
.
He
added
moreover
the
Oratory
of
S.
Stephen
,
built
two
Libraries
adjoyning
,
and
founded
a
Monastery
.
I
shall
not
here
recite
the
almost
numberless
Donations
which
he
made
to
several
Churches
,
of
Gold
,
Silver
,
Marble
,
and
Jewels
.
Some
tell
us
,
that
Germanus
Bishop
of
Auxerre
,
and
Lupus
Bishop
of
Troyes
lived
in
his
time
,
both
great
supporters
of
the
Christian
cause
,
which
was
now
very
much
undermined
by
the
endeavours
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
and
Pelagians
.
Gennadius
also
Bishop
of
Constantinople
did
great
service
to
the
Church
by
the
integrity
of
his
Life
and
the
excellency
of
his
Parts
and
Learning
.
During
the
Pontificate
of
our
Hilary
,
Victorinus
of
Aquitain
,
a
famous
Arithmetician
,
reduced
the
Easter
account
Victorinus
.
to
the
course
of
the
Moon
;
far
out-doing
Eusebius
and
Theophilus
,
who
had
attempted
it
before
him
.
And
among
those
that
flourished
at
this
time
,
by
some
is
reckoned
Merline
the
famous
English
Merline
.
Bard
,
concerning
whom
we
are
told
more
than
enough
.
As
for
Hilary
himself
,
having
performed
the
duty
of
a
good
Bishop
,
both
in
building
and
adorning
of
Churches
,
and
also
in
Teaching
,
Admonishing
,
Censuring
and
giving
Alms
where
need
required
;
and
having
also
ordained
twenty
five
Presbyters
,
five
Deacons
,
twenty
two
Bishops
;
he
died
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Sepulchre
of
S.
Laurence
,
near
the
body
of
Bishop
Sixtus
.
He
sat
in
the
Chair
seven
years
,
three
months
,
ten
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
ten
days
.
SIMPICIUS
I.
SIMPLICIUS
,
Son
of
Castinus
,
born
at
Tivoli
,
was
Bishop
during
the
Reigns
of
Leo
the
second
,
and
Zeno.
For
Leo
the
first
falling
sick
,
makes
choice
of
Leo
the
second
,
Leo
II.
and
Zeno.
Son
of
Zeno
Isauricus
,
and
his
own
Nephew
by
Ariadne
his
Sister
,
to
be
his
Successour
;
who
not
long
after
being
seiz'd
by
a
violent
Distemper
,
and
apprehending
himself
to
be
at
the
point
of
death
,
leaves
the
Empire
to
his
Father
Zeno.
In
the
mean
time
Odoacer
invading
Italy
with
a
great
Army
of
his
Heruli
and
Turingians
,
conquers
and
takes
Prisoner
Orestes
,
a
Noble
Roman
,
near
Pavia
,
and
then
causes
him
to
be
put
to
death
in
the
sight
of
his
whole
Army
at
Placentia
.
Hereupon
Zeno
pitying
the
calamitous
state
of
Italy
,
speedily
sends
Theodoric
King
of
the
Goths
,
a
man
whom
he
had
before
very
much
esteem'd
,
with
a
mighty
force
to
oppose
him
,
who
having
in
a
pitch'd
Battel
not
far
from
Aquileia
near
the
River
Sontio
overcome
Odoacer's
Captains
,
and
having
oftentimes
the
like
success
against
Odoacer
himself
,
at
length
he
besieg'd
him
three
years
together
in
Ravenna
,
and
reduc'd
him
to
that
extremity
,
that
,
with
the
advice
of
John
the
Bishop
of
that
City
,
he
consented
to
admit
Theodoric
as
his
Partner
in
the
Empire
.
But
the
day
following
both
Odoacer
and
his
Son
,
were
contrary
to
promise
and
agreement
slain
;
by
which
means
Theodorick
possess'd
himself
of
the
Government
of
all
Italy
without
any
opposition
.
In
the
mean
time
Simplicius
dedicated
the
Churches
of
S.
Stephen
the
Protomartyr
on
Mons
Caolius
,
and
that
of
S.
Andrew
the
Apostle
not
far
from
S.
Maries
the
Great
;
in
which
there
appear
to
this
day
some
footsteps
of
Antiquity
,
which
I
have
many
a
time
beheld
with
sorrow
for
their
neglect
,
to
whose
charge
such
noble
piles
of
building
now
ready
to
fall
are
committed
,
That
this
Church
was
of
his
founding
appears
by
certain
Verses
wrought
in
Mosaick
work
which
I
have
seen
in
it
.
He
dedicated
also
another
Church
to
S.
Stephen
near
the
Licinian
Palace
,
where
the
Virgins
body
had
been
buried
.
He
also
appointed
the
Weekly-waitings
of
the
Presbyters
in
their
turns
at
the
Churches
of
S.
Peter
,
S.
Paul
,
and
S.
Laurence
the
Martyr
,
for
the
receiving
of
Penitents
,
and
baptizing
of
Proselytes
.
Moreover
,
he
divided
the
City
among
the
Presbyters
into
five
Precincts
or
Regions
;
the
first
of
S.
Peter
,
2.
S.
Paul
,
3.
S.
Laurence
,
4.
S.
John
Lateran
,
5.
S.
Maria
Maggiore
.
He
also
ordained
,
that
no
Clergy-man
should
hold
a
Benefice
of
any
Lay-man
,
a
Constitution
which
was
afterwards
confirm'd
by
Gregory
and
other
Popes
.
At
this
time
the
Bishop
of
Rome's
Primacy
was
countenanced
by
the
Letters
of
Acacius
Bishop
of
Constantinople
,
and
Timothy
a
learned
man
,
in
which
they
beg
him
to
censure
Peter
Mog
Bishop
of
Alexandria
,
an
assertour
of
the
Eutychian
Heresie
.
Which
was
accordingly
done
,
but
with
Proviso
,
that
he
should
be
receiv'd
into
the
Communion
of
the
Church
again
,
if
within
a
certain
time
prefix'd
he
retracted
his
Errours
.
Some
say
,
that
during
his
Pontificate
lived
Remigius
Bishop
of
Reims
,
who
(
as
History
tells
us
)
baptized
Clodoveus
the
French
King
.
Now
also
Theodorus
Bishop
〈◊〉
Syria
wrote
largely
against
Eutyches
,
and
compiled
ten
Books
of
〈◊〉
History
in
imitation
of
Eusebius
Coesariensis
.
At
this
time
almost
all
Egypt
was
infected
with
the
heretical
Doctrine
of
Dioscorus
,
concerning
whom
we
have
already
spoken
;
and
Huneric
King
of
the
Vandals
,
a
Zealot
〈◊〉
the
〈◊〉
Faction
,
raised
a
Persecution
against
the
Orthodox
Christians
in
Afrique
.
Upon
this
Eudocia
,
Niece
to
Theodosius
,
a
Catholick
Lady
,
and
Wife
to
Huneric
,
left
her
heretical
Husband
upon
pretence
of
a
Pilgrimage
to
Hierusalem
to
perform
a
Vow
which
she
had
made
;
but
upon
so
long
a
Journey
,
the
effect
of
which
prov'd
intolerable
to
the
tenderness
of
her
sex
,
she
there
soon
died
.
'T
is
said
,
that
at
this
time
were
found
the
bones
of
the
Prophet
Elisha
,
which
were
carried
into
Alexandria
;
as
also
the
body
of
S.
Barnabas
the
Apostle
,
together
with
the
Gospel
of
S.
Matthew
,
written
with
his
own
hand
.
As
for
Simplicius
himself
,
having
by
his
Constitutions
and
Donations
very
muchpromoted
the
interest
of
the
Church
of
Rome
,
and
having
at
several
Ordinations
made
fifty
eight
Presbyters
,
eleven
Deacons
,
eighty
six
Bishops
,
he
died
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
on
the
second
day
of
March
;
He
was
inthe
Chair
fifteen
years
,
one
month
,
seven
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
twenty
six
days
.
FELIX
III.
FELIX
,
by
birth
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Felix
a
Presbyter
was
Bishop
from
the
time
of
Odoacer
,
whose
power
in
Italy
lasted
fourteen
years
,
till
the
Reign
of
Theodoric
.
Who
though
he
made
Ravenna
the
seat
of
the
Empire
,
yet
the
City
Theodoric
.
of
Rome
was
much
indebted
to
his
Bounty
.
For
he
re-built
the
Sepulchre
of
Octavius
,
exhibited
shews
to
the
people
according
to
ancient
custom
,
repaired
the
publick
Buildings
and
Churches
,
and
indeed
neglected
nothing
that
became
a
good
and
generous
Prince
.
And
to
confirm
and
establish
the
Empire
,
he
married
Andefleda
Daughter
of
Clodoveus
King
of
France
,
and
gave
in
marriage
his
Sister
to
Huneric
King
of
the
Vandals
,
and
one
of
his
Daughters
to
Alaric
King
of
the
Visigoths
,
and
the
other
to
King
Gondibate
.
Felix
now
fully
understanding
that
Peter
Mog
the
Eutychian
,
who
had
been
banished
for
his
heretical
Opinions
upon
the
complaint
and
at
the
desire
of
Acacius
,
was
by
the
same
Acacius
recall'd
from
Exile
,
suspected
that
there
was
a
private
Agreement
between
them
,
and
therefore
excommunicated
them
both
by
the
authority
of
the
Apostolick
See
,
which
was
confirm'd
in
a
Synod
of
the
Orthodox
.
But
three
years
after
the
Emperour
Zeno
testifying
that
they
were
penitent
,
Felix
sends
two
Bishops
,
Messenus
and
Vitalis
,
with
full
power
,
upon
enquiry
into
the
truth
of
their
repentance
,
to
absolve
them
.
These
Legates
arriving
at
the
City
Heraclea
,
were
soon
corrupted
with
bribes
,
and
neglected
to
act
according
to
their
Commission
.
Whereupon
Felix
,
out
of
a
just
indignation
,
having
first
called
a
Council
upon
that
occasion
,
excommunicates
them
too
,
as
Simoniacks
and
betrayers
of
the
trust
reposed
in
them
.
Though
Messenus
,
who
confess'd
his
fault
,
and
begg'd
time
to
evince
the
sincerity
of
his
repentance
,
had
it
accordingly
granted
him
.
The
same
Felix
also
built
the
Church
of
S.
Agapetus
,
near
that
of
S.
Laurence
,
and
ordained
that
Churches
should
be
consecrated
by
none
but
Bishops
.
'T
is
said
,
that
at
this
time
Theodorus
a
Greek
Presbyter
wrote
against
the
Hereticks
a
Book
of
the
Harmony
of
the
Old
and
new
Testament
;
and
some
reckon
among
the
men
of
Note
in
this
Age
,
the
Learned
and
famous
Divine
John
Damascene
,
who
wrote
the
Book
of
Sentences
,
imitating
therein
Gregory
Nazianzene
,
Gregory
Nyssene
,
and
Didymus
of
Alexandria
,
and
compiled
also
certain
Treatises
of
Medicin
,
in
which
he
gives
an
account
of
the
Causes
and
Cure
of
Diseases
.
Our
Felix
having
at
two
Decembrian
Ordinations
made
twenty
eight
Presbyters
,
five
Deacons
,
thirty
Bishops
;
died
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Church
of
S.
Paul
.
He
sat
in
the
Chair
eight
years
,
eleven
months
,
seventeen
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
five
days
.
GELASIUS
I.
GELASIUS
,
an
African
,
Son
of
Valerius
,
was
Bishop
of
Rome
at
the
time
when
Theodoric
made
War
upon
his
Wives
Father
Theodoric
Clodoveus
the
French
King
,
for
that
he
had
slain
his
Daughter's
Husband
Alaric
King
of
the
Visigoths
,
and
seiz'd
Gascoigne
.
They
were
both
allied
to
him
by
marriage
;
but
the
cause
of
Alaric
seem'd
to
him
the
more
just
,
and
therefore
he
preferr'd
his
Son-in-law
,
before
his
Father-in-law
.
And
gaining
the
Victory
over
the
French
in
a
very
important
Battel
,
he
recovers
Gascoigne
,
and
undertakes
the
present
Government
of
it
,
till
Almaric
the
son
of
Alaric
should
come
to
Age.
The
same
Theodoric
to
his
Conquest
of
Italy
added
that
of
Sicily
,
Dalmatia
,
Liburnia
,
Illyricum
,
Gallia
Narbonensis
,
and
Burgundy
.
He
also
walled
round
the
City
of
Trent
,
and
to
secure
Italy
from
a
forein
Invasion
,
upon
the
Frontiers
of
it
near
Aost
placed
the
Heruli
,
whose
King
being
yet
a
Minor
he
made
his
adopted
Son
.
Gelasius
in
the
mean
time
condemns
to
banishment
all
the
Manichees
that
should
be
found
in
the
City
,
and
causes
their
books
to
be
publickly
burnt
near
S.
Mary's
Church
.
And
being
satisfied
of
the
repentance
of
Messenus
,
who
had
given
in
his
Retractation
in
Writing
,
at
the
request
of
the
Synod
he
absolved
him
,
and
restored
him
to
his
Bishoprick
.
But
having
intelligence
that
several
murthers
and
other
notorious
outrages
were
committed
in
the
Greek
Churches
by
the
factious
followers
of
Peter
Mog
and
Acacius
,
he
forthwith
sends
his
Legates
thither
,
with
Commission
to
Excommunicate
for
ever
all
those
who
did
not
immediately
recant
their
Errours
;
a
new
and
unusual
severity
,
whereas
the
Primitive
Church
was
wont
to
wait
long
in
hopes
that
Separatists
would
at
length
return
to
her
Bosom
.
At
this
time
John
Bishop
of
Alexandria
,
an
Orthodox
Prelate
,
and
who
had
been
very
much
persecuted
by
these
seditious
people
,
fled
for
resuge
to
the
Bishop
of
Rome
,
who
very
kindly
and
courteously
received
him
.
The
Churches
which
Gelasius
consecrated
were
,
that
of
S.
Euphemia
the
Martyr
in
Tivoli
,
that
of
S.
Nicander
and
Eleutherius
in
the
Via
Labicana
,
and
that
of
S.
Mary
in
the
Via
Laurentina
,
twenty
miles
from
Rome
.
He
had
a
great
love
and
honour
for
the
Clergy
,
and
was
very
liberal
and
charitable
to
the
poor
.
He
delivered
the
City
of
Rome
from
many
dangers
,
and
particularly
from
that
of
dearth
and
scarcity
.
He
composed
Hymns
in
imitation
of
S.
Ambrose
,
published
five
Books
against
Eutyches
and
Nestorius
,
and
two
against
Arius
,
made
very
elegant
and
grave
Orations
,
and
wrote
weighty
and
learned
Epistles
to
his
Friends
of
the
houshold
of
Faith
;
all
which
Works
of
his
are
at
this
time
to
be
seen
in
the
publick
Libraries
.
Some
tell
us
that
he
Excommunicated
Anastasius
,
successour
to
Zeno
in
the
Eastern
Empire
,
for
favouring
Acacius
and
other
Hereticks
;
which
is
an
argument
as
clear
as
the
Sun
,
that
the
Bishop
of
Rome
has
power
to
Excommunicate
any
Prince
who
is
erroneous
in
the
Faith
,
if
he
continue
refractary
after
Admonition
.
The
same
course
likewise
he
took
with
the
Vandals
and
their
King
,
who
being
infected
with
the
Arian
Heresie
,
proved
now
very
cruel
and
barbarous
persecutours
of
the
Orthodox
.
At
the
beginning
of
his
Pontificate
lived
Germanus
and
Epiphanius
,
the
latter
Bishop
of
Pavia
,
the
former
of
Capua
;
men
who
by
the
authority
which
the
Sanctity
of
their
Lives
had
gain'd
them
,
and
by
their
humble
and
obliging
deportment
,
wrought
so
much
upon
the
minds
of
the
barbarous
Invadors
,
that
afflicted
Italy
fared
the
better
for
their
sakes
.
At
the
same
time
also
Lannociatus
Abbat
of
Chartres
,
with
Aurelianus
and
Mezentius
of
Poictiers
,
persons
of
great
Piety
and
Learning
,
gain'd
so
much
ground
in
Gaul
,
that
they
persuaded
Clodoveus
the
French
King
,
and
his
Queen
Crocildis
to
become
Christians
,
and
to
undertake
the
protection
of
the
Catholick
Faith
throughout
their
Dominions
;
though
some
attribute
this
honour
to
Remigius
,
as
hath
been
already
said
.
Gelasius
having
ordained
thirty
two
Presbyters
,
two
Deacons
,
sixty
seven
Bishops
,
died
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
,
November
21.
He
was
in
the
Chair
four
years
,
eight
months
,
seventeen
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
seven
days
.
ANASTASIUS
II.
ANASTASIUS
the
second
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Fortunatus
,
was
Contemporary
with
the
Emperour
Anastasius
.
At
which
time
Transamund
,
King
of
the
Vandals
,
shut
up
the
Anastasius
.
Churches
of
the
Orthodox
Clergy
,
and
banished
one
hundred
and
twenty
Bishops
into
the
Island
of
Sardinia
.
'T
is
reported
also
that
one
Olympius
,
an
Arian
Bishop
,
having
publickly
in
the
Baths
at
Carthage
declared
his
detestation
of
the
Doctrine
of
the
Trinity
,
was
immediately
smitten
and
his
body
burnt
with
three
flashes
of
Lightning
.
And
when
Barbas
,
another
Bishop
of
the
same
Faction
,
was
going
to
baptize
a
certain
person
in
this
form
of
words
,
Barbas
baptizeth
thee
in
the
name
of
the
Father
,
by
the
Son
,
and
in
the
Holy
Ghost
,
't
is
said
,
the
Water
disappeared
;
which
Miracle
so
wrought
upon
the
man
who
was
to
be
baptized
,
that
he
immediately
came
over
to
the
Orthodox
.
It
was
this
Bishop
Anastasius
,
as
some
Writers
tell
us
,
who
Excommunicated
the
Emperour
Anastasius
for
favouring
Acacius
;
though
afterwards
being
himself
seduced
by
the
same
Heretick
,
and
endeavouring
privately
to
recall
him
from
Exile
,
he
thereby
very
much
alienated
the
minds
of
his
Clergy
,
who
for
that
reason
,
and
also
because
without
the
consent
of
the
Catholicks
,
he
communicated
with
Photinus
a
Deacon
of
Thessalonica
,
and
an
assertour
of
the
Acacian
〈◊〉
,
withdrew
themselves
from
him
.
'T
is
generally
reported
,
that
the
divine
vengeance
pursuing
him
for
this
Apostacy
,
he
died
suddenly
,
and
some
say
that
the
particular
manner
of
his
death
was
,
that
going
to
ease
Nature
he
purg'd
out
his
Bowels
into
the
Privy
.
In
his
time
Fulgentius
an
African
,
Bishop
of
Fulgentius
.
Ruspoe
,
though
he
were
among
the
other
Orthodox
Bishops
of
Africa
banish'd
into
Sardinia
by
Transamund
,
yet
neglected
nothing
that
might
contribute
to
the
propagating
of
the
Catholick
Faith
,
whether
by
Exhortation
,
Preaching
,
or
Admonition
.
He
likewise
published
several
Books
of
the
Trinity
,
of
Free-will
,
and
the
Rule
of
Faith
;
and
besides
the
several
elegant
and
grave
Homilies
he
made
to
the
people
,
he
wrote
against
the
Pelagian
Heresie
.
The
Learned
Egesippus
also
,
who
composed
Egesippus
.
Monastical
Constitutions
,
and
in
an
elegant
style
wrote
the
Life
of
S.
Severinus
the
Abbat
was
at
this
time
very
serviceable
to
the
Church
.
Moreover
,
Faustus
a
Gallican
Bishop
was
now
a
considerable
Writer
,
but
among
all
his
Works
the
most
in
esteem
was
his
Tract
against
Arius
,
wherein
he
maintains
the
persons
in
the
Trinity
to
be
Co-essential
.
He
wrote
also
against
those
who
asserted
any
created
Being
to
be
incorporeal
,
demonstrating
both
by
the
Judgment
of
the
Fathers
,
and
from
the
Testimonies
of
holy
Writ
,
that
God
only
is
purely
and
properly
incorporeal
.
But
I
shall
here
conclude
the
Pontificate
of
Anastasius
,
who
at
one
Decembrian
Ordination
,
having
made
twelve
Presbyters
,
and
sixteen
Bishops
,
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
November
19.
He
sat
in
the
Chair
one
year
,
ten
months
,
twenty
four
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
four
days
.
SYMMACHUS
I.
SYMMACHUS
,
a
Sardinian
,
Son
of
Fortunatus
,
succeeded
Anastasius
,
though
not
without
great
Controversie
and
after
a
long
bandying
of
two
contrary
Factions
.
For
while
one
part
of
the
Clergy
chuse
Symmachus
in
the
Church
of
S.
John
〈◊〉
,
another
part
of
them
in
S.
Maria
Maggiore
make
choice
of
one
Laurence
;
whereupon
the
Senate
and
people
of
Rome
being
divided
into
two
Parties
,
the
dissention
rose
to
such
an
heighth
,
that
to
compromise
the
business
,
a
Council
was
by
mutual
consent
called
at
Ravenna
;
where
the
whole
matter
being
discuss'd
in
the
presence
of
Theodoric
,
he
at
length
determined
on
the
side
of
Symmachus
,
and
confirmed
him
in
the
Pontificate
,
who
by
a
singular
act
of
Grace
made
his
very
Competitour
Laurence
Bishop
of
Nocera
.
Yet
about
four
years
after
some
busie
and
factious
Clergy-men
,
being
countenanced
and
assisted
by
Festus
and
Probinus
two
of
the
Senatorian
Order
,
set
up
for
Laurence
again
;
upon
which
King
Theodoric
was
so
highly
displeas'd
,
that
he
sends
Peter
Bishop
of
〈◊〉
to
Rome
,
to
depose
them
both
and
possess
himself
of
the
Chair
.
But
Symmachus
called
a
Synod
of
an
hundred
and
twenty
Bishops
,
wherein
with
great
presence
of
mind
he
purg'd
himself
of
all
things
〈◊〉
to
his
Charge
,
and
by
a
general
suffrage
obtained
the
banishment
of
Laurence
and
Peter
who
had
occasion'd
all
this
mischief
.
Hereupon
so
great
a
〈◊〉
arose
in
the
City
,
that
multitudes
both
of
the
Clergy
and
Laity
were
slain
in
all
parts
,
not
so
much
as
the
Monastick
Virgins
escaping
.
In
this
Tumult
Gordianus
a
Presbyter
and
a
very
good
man
was
kill'd
in
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
ad
Vincula
;
nor
had
an
end
been
put
to
slaughter
here
,
had
not
Faustus
the
Consul
,
in
compassion
to
the
Clergy
,
appear'd
in
Arms
against
Probinus
the
Author
of
so
great
a
Calamity
.
After
this
the
Christians
having
some
small
respite
,
Clodoveus
banishing
the
Arian
Hereticks
,
restores
the
Orthodox
,
and
Constitutes
Paris
the
Capital
City
of
his
Kingdom
.
Symmachus
at
this
time
expell'd
the
Manichees
out
of
the
City
,
and
caused
their
Books
to
be
burn'd
before
the
Gates
of
S.
John
Lateran
.
Several
Churches
he
built
from
the
ground
,
and
several
others
he
repair'd
and
beautifi'd
.
That
of
S.
Andrew
the
Apostle
near
S.
Peters
he
entirely
built
,
enriching
it
with
divers
Ornaments
of
Silver
and
Gold
;
and
he
adorn'd
S.
Peters
it self
and
its
Portico
with
chequer'd
Marble
,
making
the
steps
of
Ascent
into
it
more
and
larger
than
they
were
before
.
Moreover
,
he
erected
Episcopal
Palaces
.
He
built
also
the
Church
of
S.
Agatha
the
Martyr
in
the
Via
Aurelia
,
and
that
of
S.
Pancrace
.
He
repaired
and
adorn'd
with
painting
the
Cupola
of
S.
Pauls
;
and
built
from
the
foundations
the
Church
of
SS.
Silvester
and
Martin
;
the
Altars
of
which
he
very
richly
adorned
.
He
made
also
the
steps
that
lead
into
the
Church
of
S.
John
and
S.
Paul
,
and
enlarged
S.
Michaels
.
He
built
from
the
ground
the
Oratories
of
Cosmus
and
Damianus
,
being
assisted
in
that
work
by
Albinus
and
Glaphyras
,
two
men
of
principal
Note
.
Besides
this
,
near
the
Churches
of
S.
Peter
and
S.
Paul
,
he
builded
two
Hospitals
,
making
provision
of
all
things
necessary
for
the
poor
who
should
dwell
in
them
.
For
he
was
in
all
respects
very
charitable
and
sent
supplies
of
Money
and
Cloaths
to
the
Bishops
and
other
Clergy
in
Africa
and
Sardinia
,
who
had
suffered
banishment
for
the
profession
of
the
true
Religion
.
He
repaired
the
Church
of
S.
Felicitas
,
and
the
Cupola
of
that
of
S.
Agnes
which
was
decay'd
and
almost
ready
to
fall
.
He
also
at
his
own
charge
redeemed
multitudes
of
Captives
in
several
Provinces
.
He
ordained
that
on
Sundays
,
and
the
[
](A55007-e51330-b)*
*
The
days
on
which
they
suffered
were
anciently
so
called
.
Birth-days
of
the
Martyrs
the
Hymn
,
Glory
be
to
God
on
High
should
be
sung
,
and
indeed
,
left
nothing
undone
which
he
thought
might
tend
to
the
Glory
of
Almighty
God
.
In
his
time
Gennadius
Bishop
of
Marseille
,
a
great
imitatour
of
S.
Augustine
,
did
good
service
to
the
Church
.
He
wrote
one
Book
against
Heresies
,
wherein
he
shews
what
is
necessary
to
every
man
in
order
to
his
Salvation
,
and
another
de
viris
illustribus
,
in
imitation
of
S.
Hierom.
As
for
Symmachus
,
having
at
several
Ordinations
made
ninety
Presbyters
,
sixteen
Deacons
,
one
hundred
twenty
two
Bishops
,
he
died
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peters
Church
July
the
19th
.
He
sat
in
the
Chair
fifteen
years
,
six
months
,
twenty
two
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
seven
days
.
HORMISDA
I.
HORMISDA
,
the
Son
of
Justus
,
born
at
〈◊〉
,
lived
in
the
time
of
Theodoric
and
Anastasius
,
as
far
as
to
the
Consulship
of
Boethius
and
Symmachus
.
These
two
,
upon
suspicion
of
designing
against
his
Government
,
were
by
Theodoric
at
first
banish'd
,
and
afterwards
imprisoned
.
Boethius
during
his
confinement
wrote
several
things
extant
to
〈◊〉
.
this
day
,
and
translated
and
made
Commentaries
upon
the
greatest
part
of
Aristotles
Works
.
He
was
throughly
skill'd
in
the
Mathematicks
,
as
his
Books
of
Musick
and
Arithmetick
clearly
demonstrate
.
But
at
length
both
he
and
Symmachus
were
put
to
death
by
the
order
of
Theodoric
.
Some
tell
us
,
that
the
cause
of
Boethius
his
sufferings
was
the
zeal
he
shewed
in
opposing
the
Arians
,
who
were
favoured
by
Theodoric
;
but
I
think
the
former
Opinion
to
be
more
probable
.
Hormisda
,
with
the
advice
of
Theodoric
,
held
now
a
Provincial
Synod
at
Rome
,
in
which
the
Eutychians
were
again
condemn'd
by
universal
consent
.
He
also
sent
Letters
and
Messengers
to
John
Bishop
of
Constantinople
,
admonishing
him
to
renounce
that
Heresie
,
and
to
believe
there
are
two
Natures
in
Christ
,
the
Divine
and
Humane
.
But
John
continued
refractory
,
trusting
to
the
interest
he
had
with
the
Emperour
Anastasius
,
who
not
long
after
was
struck
dead
by
a
Thunderbolt
,
which
was
believ'd
to
be
a
just
Judgment
upon
him
,
both
for
his
patronizing
so
pernicious
an
Heresie
,
and
especially
for
his
ill
usage
of
the
Legates
sent
to
him
by
Hormisda
,
whom
contrary
to
the
Law
of
Nations
he
treated
very
contumeliously
,
and
sent
them
home
in
a
shattered
leaky
Vessel
,
ordering
them
to
return
directly
into
Italy
without
touching
at
any
shore
in
Greece
.
'T
is
said
,
that
he
bid
them
tell
the
Bishop
,
that
he
must
know
it
to
be
the
part
of
an
Emperour
to
Command
,
not
to
obey
the
Dictates
of
the
Bishop
of
Rome
or
any
other
.
These
Legates
were
Euodius
Bishop
of
Pavia
,
Fortunatus
Bishop
of
Catina
,
Venantius
a
Presbyter
of
Rome
,
and
Vitalis
a
Deacon
.
Anastasius
dying
in
the
twenty
seventh
year
of
his
Reign
.
Justine
a
Patron
of
the
Catholick
Faith
succeeds
Justinus
.
him
,
who
forthwith
sends
Ambassadours
to
the
Bishop
of
Rome
,
to
acknowledge
the
Authority
of
the
Apostolick
See
,
and
to
desire
the
Bishop
to
interpose
his
Ecclesiastical
Power
for
the
setling
the
peace
of
the
Church
.
Whereupon
Hormisda
,
with
the
consent
of
Theodoric
,
sends
Germanus
Bishop
of
Capua
,
John
and
Blandus
Presbyters
,
and
Felix
and
〈◊〉
Deacons
his
Legates
to
Justine
,
by
whom
they
were
receiv'd
with
all
imaginable
expressions
and
testimonies
of
Honour
〈◊〉
Respect
,
John
the
Bishop
of
Constantinople
with
multitudes
of
the
Orthodox
Clergy
and
other
Persons
of
principal
Note
going
forth
,
in
Complement
to
meet
them
and
congratulate
their
Arrival
.
But
the
followers
of
Acacius
dreading
their
coming
,
had
shut
themselves
up
in
a
very
strong
Church
,
and
upon
Consultation
what
to
do
,
sent
Messengers
to
the
Emperour
,
declaring
that
they
would
by
no
means
subscribe
to
the
determination
of
the
Apostolick
See
,
unless
an
account
were
first
given
them
why
Acacius
was
Excommunicated
.
But
Justine
soon
forc'd
them
out
of
the
Church
and
City
too
;
and
Hormisda
dealt
in
the
same
manner
with
the
Manichees
,
who
began
to
spring
up
afresh
in
Rome
,
whose
Books
he
caused
to
be
burn'd
before
the
Gates
of
S.
John
Lateran
.
About
this
time
Transamund
King
of
the
Vandals
dying
in
Afric
,
his
Son
〈◊〉
,
whom
he
had
by
the
Captive
Daughter
of
Valentinian
,
succeeded
him
in
the
Kingdom
.
He
inherited
none
of
his
Fathers
Errours
,
but
following
the
Counsel
of
his
religious
Mother
,
re-call'd
all
the
Catholicks
whom
Transamund
had
banish'd
,
and
permitted
them
the
free
exercise
of
their
Religion
.
At
this
time
also
several
rich
Presents
were
sent
to
Rome
for
the
Ornament
of
the
Churches
there
by
Clodoveus
King
of
France
and
Justine
the
Emperour
.
King
Theodoric
also
richly
adorn'd
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
;
nor
was
Hormisda
himself
behind
these
Princes
in
bounty
and
munificence
to
the
Church
.
Having
setled
things
according
to
his
mind
,
and
ordained
twenty
one
Presbyters
,
fifty
five
Bishops
,
he
died
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
,
August
the
6th
,
in
the
Consulship
of
Maximus
.
He
sat
in
the
Chair
nine
years
,
eighteen
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
six
days
.
JOHN
I.
IOHN
by
birth
a
Tuscan
,
Son
of
Constantius
,
was
in
the
Chair
from
the
Consulship
of
Maximus
to
that
of
Olybrius
,
in
the
time
of
King
Theodoric
and
the
Emperour
Justine
,
Who
out
of
his
great
zeal
for
the
Orthodox
Faith
,
and
that
he
might
utterly
extinguish
the
name
of
Hereticks
,
banish'd
the
Arians
,
and
gave
their
Churches
to
the
Catholicks
.
This
was
so
highly
resented
by
Theodoric
,
that
he
sends
John
himself
with
Theodorus
and
the
two
Agapeti
his
Ambassadours
to
Justine
to
advise
him
to
restore
the
Arians
,
or
upon
his
refusal
to
let
him
know
that
he
would
pull
down
all
the
Catholick
Churches
in
Italy
.
These
Ambassadours
were
at
first
very
kindly
and
honourably
received
.
But
having
given
an
account
of
their
Embassie
,
and
finding
Justine
wholly
averse
to
grant
what
they
desired
,
they
betook
themselves
to
Tears
and
Prayers
,
humbly
beseeching
him
to
prevent
the
ruin
of
Italy
and
all
the
Orthodox
Christians
in
it
;
by
which
means
the
good
Prince
was
prevailed
upon
to
recall
the
Arians
,
and
to
grant
them
a
Toleration
.
Some
write
that
it
was
in
this
Bishops
time
that
Symmachus
and
Boethius
were
brought
back
from
Exile
,
imprison'd
,
and
slain
by
the
cruelty
and
rage
of
Theodoric
.
However
,
certain
it
is
that
they
were
put
to
death
by
Theodoric's
order
;
and
it
matters
not
much
whether
it
were
in
the
Pontificate
of
Hormisda
or
John
.
Which
John
returning
from
Constantinople
,
Theodoric
was
so
highly
incens'd
against
him
for
his
agreement
with
the
Emperour
Justine
both
in
Faith
and
manners
,
that
it
was
a
chance
that
he
had
not
taken
away
his
life
immediately
;
but
throw
him
into
Prison
he
did
at
Ravenna
,
where
through
stench
and
nastiness
and
want
of
necessary
provision
,
the
good
man
at
length
died
.
A
Cruelty
for
which
the
divine
Vengeance
sorely
punished
Theodoric
not
long
after
,
for
he
died
suddenly
of
a
fit
of
an
Apoplexy
,
and
his
Soul
(
if
you
will
take
the
word
of
a
devout
Hermit
who
reported
it
)
was
cast
into
the
flames
of
the
Island
Lipara
.
Theodoric
was
succeeded
in
the
Kingdom
by
his
Daughter
Amalasuntha
,
with
her
Son
Athalaric
,
whom
she
had
by
her
Husband
Eucherius
.
A
Woman
who
with
a
prudence
above
her
Sex
,
rectified
her
Fathers
ill
Decrees
,
restored
the
confiscated
Estates
of
Boethius
and
Symmachus
,
to
their
Children
,
and
caused
her
Son
to
be
instructed
in
all
kinds
of
good
Literature
,
though
she
were
herein
opposed
by
the
Goths
,
who
cried
out
,
that
their
King
was
not
to
be
bred
a
Scholar
but
a
Soldier
.
Much
about
this
time
died
Justine
,
being
very
Aged
,
leaving
the
Empire
to
his
Sisters
Son
Justinian
;
and
Clodoveus
King
of
France
,
leaving
four
Sons
his
Successors
in
that
Kingdon
.
Persons
of
Note
and
esteem
at
this
time
were
Benedict
of
Nursia
,
who
setled
among
the
Italians
the
Rules
and
Benedict
.
Canons
of
the
Monastick
life
;
and
Bridget
a
devout
Virgin
of
Scotland
,
Bridget
.
and
John
Presbyter
of
Antioch
who
wrote
much
against
those
that
held
that
Christ
should
be
worshipped
in
one
Nature
only
.
To
these
Isidore
adds
one
Cyprignius
a
Spanish
Bishop
who
wrote
elegantly
upon
the
Apocalypse
.
Our
John
before
he
went
to
Constantinople
had
repaired
three
Coemeteries
,
namely
that
of
Nereus
and
Achilleus
in
the
Via
Ardeatina
,
that
of
the
Martyrs
SS.
Felix
and
Adauctus
,
and
that
of
Priscilla
.
He
also
adorn'd
the
Altar
of
S.
Peters
with
Gold
and
Jewels
.
He
likewise
brought
with
him
from
Constantinople
,
a
Paten
of
Gold
,
and
a
Chalice
of
Gold
set
with
precious
stones
,
the
Presents
of
the
Emperour
Justine
;
but
these
I
suppose
to
have
been
lost
together
with
his
life
.
At
several
Ordinations
he
consecrated
fifteen
Bishops
.
'T
is
said
that
his
Body
was
brought
from
Ravenna
to
Rome
,
and
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
,
July
the
27th
.
Olybrius
being
then
Consul
.
He
sat
in
the
Chair
two
years
,
eight
months
,
and
by
his
death
the
Seewas
vacant
fifty
eight
days
.
FELIX
IV.
FELIX
the
fourth
,
a
Sammite
,
the
Son
of
Costorius
,
lived
in
the
time
of
the
Emperour
Justinian
,
Whose
General
Belisarius
was
victorious
over
the
Persians
,
and
passing
into
Afric
by
his
singular
courage
and
conduct
subdued
and
almost
quite
rooted
out
the
Vandals
,
whose
King
Gilimer
he
took
Prisoner
,
and
brought
him
home
with
him
in
Triumph
.
About
this
time
Amalasuntha
having
a
long
time
lived
very
uneasily
with
her
malecontented
Goths
,
and
having
buried
her
wayward
and
unruly
Son
Athalaric
,
associates
her
kinsman
Theodatus
in
the
Government
.
This
Theodatus
was
so
great
a
Proficient
in
Greek
and
Latin
Learning
,
that
he
wrote
an
elegant
History
of
his
own
times
,
and
was
throughly
skilled
in
the
Platonick
Philosophy
.
And
though
he
were
not
naturally
of
an
active
Martial
temper
,
yet
at
the
desire
of
Amalasuntha
he
undertook
a
War
against
the
Burgundians
and
Alemanni
,
and
manag'd
it
very
succcesfully
.
Felix
in
the
mean
while
being
careful
of
the
affairs
of
the
Church
,
excommunicated
the
Patriarch
of
Constantinople
for
Heresie
,
and
built
in
the
Via
Sacra
near
the
Forum
Romanum
the
Church
of
S.
Cosmus
and
Damianus
,
as
appears
from
the
Verses
yet
remaining
,
wrought
in
Mosaick
work
.
He
also
re-built
the
Church
of
S.
Saturninus
in
the
Via
Salaria
,
which
had
been
consumed
by
fire
.
Some
write
that
in
this
Age
lived
Cassiodorus
,
who
while
he
was
a
Senator
wrote
several
Cassiodorus
.
things
in
Politicks
,
and
when
he
became
a
Monk
composed
a
Comment
upon
the
Psalms
.
'T
is
said
also
that
Priscian
of
Caesarea
,
the
famous
Priscian
.
Grammarian
,
now
wrote
his
Book
of
Grammar
.
Arator
likewise
a
Sub-Deacon
of
Rome
translated
the
Gospels
into
Hexameter
Verse
;
and
Justinian
Bishop
of
Valence
,
was
had
in
great
esteem
for
what
he
preach'd
and
wrote
concerning
the
Christian
Faith
.
As
for
Felix
himself
,
having
ordained
fifty
five
Presbyters
,
four
Deacons
,
twenty
nine
Bishops
,
he
died
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
,
October
the
12th
.
He
was
in
the
Chair
four
years
,
two
months
,
thirteen
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
three
days
.
BONIFACE
II.
BONIFACE
the
second
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Sigismund
,
was
also
in
the
time
of
Justinian
,
A
Prince
whose
vast
Parts
and
Learning
qualified
him
for
that
great
Work
which
for
the
publick
Good
he
undertook
,
of
collecting
and
methodizing
the
scattered
Roman
Laws
,
and
retrenching
those
which
were
useless
and
superfluous
.
Yet
herein
he
made
use
of
the
Advice
and
assistance
of
John
a
Patrician
,
Trebonianus
,
Theophilus
,
and
Dorotheus
,
men
of
great
Learning
and
Authority
.
With
their
help
an
immense
number
of
near
two
thousand
Volumes
of
Decrees
made
from
the
building
of
the
City
to
this
time
,
confusedly
heaped
together
,
were
digested
under
their
respective
Titles
into
fifty
Books
,
which
are
sometimes
called
Digests
,
and
sometimes
Pandects
,
because
they
contain
the
whole
Civil
Law
.
He
made
also
an
Epitome
of
the
Laws
in
four
Books
,
which
go
under
the
name
of
Institutes
,
or
Justinian's
Code
.
Moreover
,
some
tell
us
that
Justinian
wrote
certain
Books
concerning
the
Incarnation
of
our
Lord
,
and
that
at
his
own
charge
he
built
the
Temple
of
S.
Sophia
,
than
which
there
is
not
a
more
noble
and
magnificent
Pile
of
Buildings
in
the
World
.
In
his
Reign
〈◊〉
was
made
Bishop
of
Rome
,
though
not
without
some
opposition
;
for
the
Clergy
being
divided
,
one
Party
of
them
chose
Dioscorus
into
the
place
of
Felix
deceased
.
The
Contention
about
this
matter
lasted
twenty
eight
days
,
but
the
death
of
Dioscorus
put
an
end
to
the
Controversie
.
Things
being
quiet
,
Boniface
applyed
himself
to
the
setling
of
the
Church
,
and
decreed
,
that
no
Bishop
should
appoint
his
own
successour
,
which
was
afterwards
confirm'd
by
several
following
Bishops
of
Rome
.
He
decreed
also
,
that
upon
the
decease
of
any
Bishop
of
Rome
,
another
should
be
chosen
to
succeed
him
,
if
it
might
be
,
within
three
days
,
to
prevent
any
bandying
or
dissention
which
might
be
occasioned
by
delay
.
He
ordained
likewise
,
that
the
Clergy
should
be
seperated
and
placed
distinct
from
the
Laity
at
the
time
of
Celebration
.
At
the
same
time
many
of
the
Roman
Nobility
were
so
wrought
upon
by
the
Sanctity
of
Benedict
that
they
retired
to
Mount
Cassino
and
became
Monks
there
;
among
whom
the
more
eminent
were
Maurus
and
Placidius
.
Other
men
of
Note
and
esteem
were
Dionysius
the
Abbat
,
famous
for
the
extraordinary
Skill
and
Judgment
which
he
shewed
in
his
Paschal
Cycle
;
Famundus
,
whose
writings
against
certain
Eutychians
then
springing
up
were
very
much
commended
;
and
Martin
,
who
by
his
Preaching
and
Writings
converted
the
People
of
Soissons
from
the
Arian
Heresie
to
the
Truth
.
But
Boniface
having
sat
in
the
Pontifical
Chair
two
years
,
two
days
,
died
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
two
months
.
JOHN
II.
〈◊〉
the
second
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Projectus
,
lived
in
the
time
of
Justinian
,
and
soon
after
his
entrance
upon
the
Pontificate
condemned
Anthemius
an
Arian
Bishop
;
some
say
that
he
had
been
Bishop
of
Constantinople
.
Justinian
,
to
shew
his
〈◊〉
to
the
Roman
See
,
sent
Hypatius
and
Demetrius
two
Bishops
to
〈◊〉
,
both
to
complement
John
in
his
name
,
and
to
make
to
S.
Peter's
Church
several
rich
Presents
.
During
this
Embassie
,
Mundus
Justinian's
General
,
took
the
strong
City
of
Salona
,
and
gain'd
a
Victory
over
the
Goths
,
though
not
without
great
loss
on
the
Conquering
side
.
For
Mundus
himself
,
together
with
his
Son
a
Valiant
and
brave
young
Gentleman
,
was
slain
in
that
Engagement
;
the
news
of
which
misforfortune
was
extreamly
laid
to
heart
by
Justinian
,
he
having
always
had
a
great
value
for
that
Leaders
Courage
and
Fidelity
.
Our
Bishop
John
,
of
whom
Historians
say
very
little
,
having
at
one
Ordination
made
〈◊〉
Presbyters
,
twenty
one
Bishops
,
died
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
,
May
27.
He
sat
in
the
Chair
two
years
,
four
months
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
six
days
.
AGAPETUS
I.
AGAPETUS
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Gordianus
a
Presbyter
of
the
Church
of
S.
John
and
S.
Paul
,
being
created
Bishop
by
Theodatus
,
who
was
by
him
forthwith
sent
to
the
Emperour
Justinian
,
was
highly
incens'd
against
that
King
for
his
having
first
banish'd
Amalasuntha
the
Mother
of
Athalaric
into
the
Island
of
the
Lake
of
Bolsena
,
and
afterwards
caused
her
to
be
put
to
death
there
.
For
she
was
a
Woman
so
well
acquainted
with
Greek
and
Latin
Learning
,
that
she
durst
engage
in
Disputation
with
any
profess'd
Scholar
.
Moreover
,
she
was
so
throughly
skilled
in
the
Languages
of
all
the
barbarous
Invadors
of
the
Roman
Empire
,
that
she
could
discourse
any
of
them
without
an
Interpreter
.
Her
Death
Justinian
so
highly
resented
,
that
he
threatned
to
make
War
upon
Theodatus
for
that
reason
.
Hereupon
Agapetus
was
sent
to
him
,
who
being
receiv'd
with
great
honour
and
affection
,
and
having
obtain'd
the
peace
he
was
sent
to
sue
for
,
he
was
then
practis'd
with
to
confirm
the
Eutychian
Opinions
.
But
Justinian
finding
that
the
good
man
utterly
detested
any
such
proposal
,
from
desiring
and
〈◊〉
he
fell
to
Threats
and
Menaces
.
Upon
which
Agapetus
told
him
,
that
he
should
have
been
glad
to
be
sent
to
Justinian
,
a
Christian
Prince
,
but
that
he
found
a
Diocletian
an
Enemy
and
Persecutor
of
Christians
.
By
this
boldness
of
Speech
and
Gods
appointment
Justinian
was
so
wrought
upon
that
he
embraced
the
Catholick
Faith
,
and
having
despos'd
Anthemius
Bishop
of
Constantinople
,
who
patroniz'd
the
Eutychian
Heresie
,
put
into
his
place
Menas
one
of
the
Orthodox
,
who
was
consecrated
by
Agapetus
himself
.
But
not
long
after
Agapetus
died
at
Constantinople
,
and
his
body
being
wrap'd
up
in
Lead
was
convey'd
to
Rome
,
and
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
.
He
sat
in
the
Chair
eleven
months
,
twenty
one
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
one
month
,
twenty
nine
days
.
SYLVERIUS
.
SYLVERIUS
,
a
Campanian
,
Son
of
Bishop
Hormisda
,
was
chosen
Bishop
of
Rome
at
the
command
of
Theodatus
,
though
till
this
time
the
Emperours
only
,
not
the
Kings
,
had
interposed
their
Authority
in
that
matter
.
But
the
Menaces
of
Theodatus
prevailed
,
who
had
threatned
to
put
to
death
every
man
of
the
Clergy
who
would
not
subscribe
his
name
to
the
choice
of
Sylverius
.
For
this
reason
,
and
that
he
might
also
revenge
the
death
of
Amala
.
suntha
,
Justinian
sends
Belisarius
a
Patrician
with
an
Army
into
Italy
.
In
his
passage
thither
he
first
put
in
at
Sicily
,
and
brought
that
Island
to
the
Emperours
devotion
.
In
the
mean
time
Theodatus
dying
,
and
the
Goths
having
chosen
themselves
a
King
against
the
will
of
Justinian
,
Belisarius
quits
Sicily
that
he
might
deliver
Italy
from
the
Tyranny
of
the
Goths
.
Coming
into
Campania
,
and
the
City
of
Naples
refusing
to
obey
the
Emperours
Summons
,
he
took
it
by
Storm
and
plundered
it
,
putting
to
the
Sword
all
the
Goths
that
were
in
Garrison
there
,
and
a
great
part
of
the
Citizens
,
carrying
away
their
Children
and
what
other
spoil
they
could
lay
their
hands
on
.
The
Soldiers
pillaged
the
very
Churches
,
violated
the
chastity
of
Cloystered
Virgins
,
and
committed
all
the
outrages
which
are
wont
to
be
acted
by
an
enraged
victorious
Enemy
.
Marching
hastily
from
thence
with
his
Army
to
Rome
,
and
entring
the
City
by
night
,
he
struck
such
a
terrour
into
the
Goths
,
who
defended
it
,
that
they
all
left
the
Gates
and
the
Walls
and
fled
to
Ravenna
.
But
Belisarius
apprehending
that
Vitiges
might
surprize
him
with
a
mighty
Force
,
which
he
should
not
be
able
to
fight
in
open
Field
,
with
all
possible
dispatch
fortified
the
City
with
Trenches
and
Bulwarks
where
occasion
was
for
them
.
Soon
after
Vitiges
according
to
his
expectation
coming
towards
him
with
a
mighty
Army
,
for
it
consisted
of
an
hundred
thousand
men
,
Belisarius
,
who
had
not
above
five
thousand
,
thought
it
best
to
keep
within
the
City
.
Vitiges
encamped
between
two
Aqueducts
,
the
one
of
which
ran
towards
the
Via
Latina
,
the
other
towards
the
Via
Proenestina
,
and
both
met
five
miles
from
the
City
.
And
that
the
City
might
not
be
supplied
with
Water
,
he
cut
off
all
the
Conduits
and
conveyances
which
were
fourteen
.
Moreover
,
he
sent
part
of
his
Army
who
possessed
themselves
of
the
Port
,
and
thereby
reduced
the
Romans
to
the
double
Calamity
of
War
and
Famine
.
In
the
mean
time
,
at
the
motion
of
Vigilius
a
Deacon
and
Surrogate
of
Rome
,
the
Empress
Theodora
laid
her
Commands
,
joined
with
Threatnings
,
upon
Sylverius
,
to
banish
Menas
from
Constantinople
,
and
to
restore
Anthemius
,
who
,
as
we
have
said
,
had
been
depos'd
for
patronizing
the
Eutychian
Heresie
.
Which
when
he
refus'd
to
do
,
she
writes
to
Belisarius
,
ordering
him
to
depose
Sylverius
,
and
to
put
Vigilius
into
his
place
.
But
Belisarius
being
wholly
taken
up
with
the
defence
of
the
City
,
left
that
affair
to
the
management
of
his
Wife
Antonina
,
who
upon
the
depositions
of
certain
Witnesses
suborn'd
by
Vigilius
,
attesting
that
Sylverius
had
a
design
to
betray
the
City
into
the
hands
of
the
Goths
,
not
only
compell'd
him
to
quit
the
Pontificate
and
to
enter
into
a
Monastick
life
,
but
also
banish'd
him
to
the
Island
Pontia
,
where
he
died
,
not
without
the
reputation
of
having
been
a
very
holy
man
.
T
is
said
,
that
at
this
time
the
Gauls
dispatch'd
Messengers
to
Benedict
,
desiring
him
to
send
to
them
any
one
of
his
Disciples
to
instruct
them
in
the
Rules
of
the
Monastick
life
.
Upon
which
Benedict
sent
Maurus
,
who
by
his
own
Example
instructed
them
in
a
good
and
happy
course
of
living
,
and
also
set
up
several
Monasteries
among
them
.
Vigilius
,
at
the
desire
of
the
Roman
Clergy
,
in
pursuance
of
Antonina's
determination
,
was
created
Bishop
of
Rome
;
Sylverius
after
his
possession
of
the
Chair
one
year
,
five
months
,
and
twelve
days
,
died
,
as
we
have
already
said
,
in
Pontia
,
and
was
buried
June
the
20th
.
Upon
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
six
days
.
VIGILIUS
I.
VIGILIUS
,
a
Roman
,
his
Father
a
man
of
consular
Dignity
,
was
likewise
in
Justinian's
Reign
created
Bishop
of
Rome
,
in
whose
time
a
fifth
Synod
was
held
at
Constantinople
against
Theodorus
and
other
Hereticks
,
who
held
that
the
Blessed
Virgin
brought
forth
Man
only
,
not
God-man
;
in
this
Synod
therefore
it
was
decreed
,
that
the
Blessed
Virgin
should
be
styled
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
i.
e.
the
Mother
of
God
.
Belisarius
had
now
defended
the
City
one
whole
year
and
nine
days
,
and
having
in
this
time
received
fresh
supplies
of
Men
,
he
resolved
to
march
out
and
to
engage
the
Enemy
in
a
pitch'd
Battel
.
But
Vitiges
distrusting
his
own
Force
,
sets
fire
to
his
Tents
,
and
hastens
by
great
Marches
to
Ravenna
.
Belisarius
with
all
possible
speed
follows
him
,
and
entring
the
City
,
takes
Vitiges
himself
Prisoner
with
all
his
Family
and
a
great
part
of
his
Nobles
;
and
having
recovered
almost
all
Italy
,
in
the
fifth
year
from
his
arrival
there
,
he
carries
them
with
him
to
Constantinople
.
The
same
Belisarius
with
incredible
expedition
quell'd
the
Moors
who
were
harassing
Africa
,
and
out
of
the
spoils
of
that
Victory
he
made
two
very
rich
Presents
to
S.
Peter's
Church
in
Rome
.
He
built
also
two
Hospitals
for
Strangers
at
his
own
charge
,
one
in
the
Via
Lata
,
the
other
in
the
Via
Flaminia
;
and
founded
the
Monastery
of
S.
Juvenalis
at
a
Town
called
Orta
,
endowing
it
with
an
Estate
in
Land
for
the
maintenance
of
the
Monks
in
it
.
At
this
time
Theodora
was
earnest
with
Vigilius
to
come
to
Constantinople
,
and
according
to
his
Promise
,
to
restore
Anthemius
.
But
Vigilius
denies
the
doing
it
,
for
that
unjust
Promises
are
not
to
be
performed
,
and
he
was
of
Opinion
that
the
proceedings
of
Agapetus
and
Sylverius
against
that
Heretick
were
legal
,
and
that
therefore
their
Acts
were
by
no
means
to
be
made
void
by
him
.
Theodora
being
hereat
enraged
,
with
the
assistance
of
some
of
her
Creatures
at
Rome
,
causes
Vigilius
to
be
impleaded
upon
two
Accusations
;
one
,
that
he
had
fraudulently
procur'd
the
banishment
of
Sylverius
;
the
other
,
that
by
his
Order
a
certain
Youth
had
been
beaten
to
death
by
his
Nephew
Vigilius
Son
of
Asterius
the
Consul
.
And
that
he
might
not
escape
with
impunity
,
she
sends
one
Anthemius
to
Rome
,
with
instructions
to
bring
Vigilius
by
force
to
her
,
if
he
refused
to
make
his
appearance
.
He
coming
to
Rome
,
in
pursuance
of
his
Commission
,
feiz'd
the
Bishop
in
the
Church
of
S.
〈◊〉
,
as
he
was
according
to
custom
distributing
Gifts
to
the
People
upon
his
Birth-day
;
and
being
assisted
by
some
Romans
,
conveys
him
to
Constantinople
.
'T
is
said
,
that
at
Vigilius
his
passage
down
the
River
Tyber
,
the
People
followed
him
with
Curses
,
pelting
him
with
sticks
and
stones
,
and
particularly
using
this
exprobration
,
Mischievous
hast
thou
been
to
the
City
of
Rome
,
and
may
mischief
go
along
with
thee
.
Being
arrived
at
Sicily
,
by
the
permission
of
those
who
had
him
in
custody
,
he
ordained
several
Persons
,
and
among
them
Ampliatus
a
Priest
,
and
Valentinus
a
Bishop
,
who
were
to
have
the
inspection
of
the
Clergy
and
Church
of
Rome
in
his
absence
.
Coming
near
Constantinople
,
Justinian
with
a
great
Retinue
went
out
to
meet
him
,
and
they
both
entred
the
City
together
,
the
Clergy
going
before
them
,
as
far
as
the
Temple
of
S.
Sophia
.
Theodora
had
now
opportunity
to
tamper
with
Vigilius
,
and
persuade
him
to
the
performance
of
his
Promise
.
But
he
told
her
,
that
he
had
rather
suffer
the
greatest
punishment
in
the
World
,
than
change
his
Resolution
in
the
Case
.
She
therefore
and
her
Attendants
beginning
to
menace
him
,
and
he
saying
that
he
was
come
to
a
Diocletian
,
not
as
he
thought
to
Justinian
,
he
was
thereupon
so
roughly
handled
and
beaten
that
it
almost
cost
him
his
life
.
And
flying
from
their
rage
to
the
Church
of
S.
Euphemia
,
not
far
distant
,
he
was
from
thence
drag'd
by
certain
rude
People
,
who
put
an
Halter
about
his
Neck
,
and
led
him
like
a
common
Rogue
publickly
through
the
City
till
the
Evening
.
After
this
he
was
imprison'd
,
and
forc'd
for
some
time
to
live
upon
nothing
but
Bread
and
Water
,
which
yet
he
bore
with
so
much
patience
and
temper
,
that
he
would
often
say
that
he
had
deserved
worse
than
all
this
,
and
was
not
yet
punish'd
according
to
his
Demerits
.
Those
of
the
Clergy
who
had
accompanied
him
from
Rome
,
were
some
of
them
banish'd
,
others
condemn'd
to
dig
in
the
Mines
.
But
at
the
request
of
the
Romans
who
had
now
a
better
Opinion
of
him
,
and
upon
the
importunity
of
Narses
,
whom
Justinian
had
sent
to
Rome
to
oppose
the
Goths
,
Vigilius
and
all
the
others
who
were
confin'd
,
had
liberty
granted
them
to
return
into
Italy
.
But
in
their
passage
thither
being
come
as
far
as
Syracuse
in
〈◊〉
,
Vigilius
who
had
out-liv'd
so
many
Calamities
and
Troubles
,
died
there
of
the
Stone
,
and
his
body
was
carried
to
Rome
,
and
buried
in
the
Church
of
S.
Marcellus
in
the
Via
Salaria
.
He
lived
in
the
Pontificate
at
Rome
and
elsewhere
seventeen
years
,
six
months
,
twenty
six
days
,
and
by
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
three
months
,
five
days
.
PELAGIUS
I.
PELAGIUS
,
a
Roman
,
lived
in
the
time
when
Totilas
King
Totilas
.
of
the
Goths
advancing
with
a
great
Army
from
Treviso
,
over-run
and
spoiled
Italy
in
such
a
manner
,
that
from
his
salvage
Cruelty
he
was
called
God's
Scourge
.
Coming
as
far
as
Mount
Cassino
,
in
his
way
to
Campania
,
though
he
were
in
the
habit
of
a
common
Soldier
,
yet
he
was
discovered
by
S.
Benedict
,
who
spared
not
by
threatning
of
divine
Vengeance
to
terrifie
him
from
raging
so
furiously
against
the
Christians
.
Moving
thence
towards
Abruzzo
,
he
dismantled
〈◊〉
,
besieged
Naples
,
took
Cumoe
,
where
yet
he
exercised
an
extraordinary
Respect
and
Civility
towards
the
Roman
Women
whom
he
found
in
it
,
permitting
them
to
go
to
Rome
to
their
Friends
without
any
violence
or
rudeness
offered
to
them
.
After
this
having
taken
Naples
,
and
made
himself
Master
of
all
that
part
of
Italy
which
lies
towards
Sicily
,
he
marches
to
Rome
;
and
having
first
seized
the
Port
,
by
which
〈◊〉
should
come
to
the
City
,
he
reduced
them
to
such
extremity
for
want
of
Provisions
,
that
some
were
forced
to
feed
upon
Mans-flesh
.
At
length
,
forcing
his
entrance
at
the
Gate
which
leads
to
Ostia
,
he
possessed
himself
of
the
City
,
which
having
plundered
,
he
set
on
fire
.
Some
tell
us
,
that
Totilas
designed
to
save
the
Buildings
of
the
City
,
and
sent
Messengers
about
by
Night
to
publish
his
pleasure
in
that
particular
,
but
his
Orders
therein
were
not
obeyed
.
Justinian
having
Intelligence
of
these
proceedings
,
speedily
dispatches
Narses
the
Eunuch
Narses
.
with
a
great
Army
into
Italy
.
'T
is
said
,
that
this
Narses
was
at
first
a
Bookseller
,
but
being
advanced
to
an
Office
near
the
Emperour's
Person
,
Justinian
finding
him
to
be
a
man
of
great
merit
,
raised
him
to
the
Dignity
of
a
Patrician
.
And
indeed
,
in
all
the
accomplishments
of
Religion
,
and
Vertue
,
and
Clemency
,
and
Generosity
,
and
sweetness
of
temper
,
he
was
a
most
exemplary
and
extraordinary
Person
.
Narses
,
with
the
addition
of
some
Auxiliary
Forces
from
Alboinus
King
of
the
Lombards
,
advances
against
the
Goths
,
routs
them
,
and
makes
a
great
slaughter
in
the
pursuit
of
them
.
Totilas
lost
his
life
ingloriously
at
Brissello
,
and
Theias
who
was
chosen
King
in
his
stead
,
though
he
behaved
himself
bravely
,
yet
was
slain
by
Narses
not
far
from
Nocera
.
And
thus
both
the
Name
and
Power
of
the
Goths
were
extinct
together
,
in
the
seventy
second
year
after
that
their
King
Theodoric
first
entred
Italy
.
Not
long
after
died
Justinian
,
in
the
fortieth
year
of
his
Reign
;
a
Prince
worthy
to
have
his
memory
perpetuated
to
all
Posterity
,
and
who
according
to
the
custom
of
preceding
Emperours
,
deserves
the
additional
Titles
of
Alemanicus
,
Gotthicus
,
Wandalicus
,
Persicus
,
Africanus
,
though
he
only
advised
,
but
did
not
act
in
the
successful
Expeditions
made
against
those
Nations
.
Pelagius
,
in
the
midst
of
these
disturbances
not
neglecting
the
Affairs
of
the
Church
,
ordained
,
that
Hereticks
and
Schismaticks
might
be
suppressed
by
the
Secular
Power
,
when
they
would
not
be
reclaim'd
by
Reason
and
Argument
.
Being
accused
that
he
was
the
occasion
of
the
Calamities
that
befell
Vigilius
,
as
having
a
greater
interest
with
Justinian
than
Vigilius
had
,
in
the
sight
of
the
Clergy
and
People
,
he
laid
his
hand
upon
the
Cross
and
the
Gospel
,
and
by
a
solemn
Oath
purged
himself
from
that
Charge
.
Narses
coming
to
Rome
,
made
a
Procession
from
the
Church
of
S.
Pancras
to
S.
Peter's
,
with
Thanksgiving
for
his
late
success
;
and
set
himself
with
all
possible
application
to
repair
the
Damage
which
the
City
had
receiv'd
by
the
Goths
.
In
conjunction
with
Pelagius
,
he
ordained
that
no
Person
should
be
admitted
to
any
holy
Orders
or
Ecclesiastical
Dignity
by
the
way
of
canvassing
or
Birbery
.
Pelagius
making
his
Notary
Valentinus
,
a
very
religious
person
,
Treasurer
of
the
Church
,
begins
the
building
of
the
Church
of
SS.
Philip
and
James
.
Some
tell
us
that
the
learned
Monk
Cassiodorus
,
who
had
been
〈◊〉
.
first
Consul
,
then
a
Senator
,
and
afterwards
renouncing
all
human
Greatness
embraced
a
Monastick
life
,
lived
to
this
time
;
and
that
Victor
Bishop
of
Capua
now
wrote
a
Book
concerning
Easter
,
in
which
he
〈◊〉
.
particularly
discovered
the
mistakes
of
Dionysius
the
Roman
Abbat
,
who
had
with
little
care
and
skill
composed
a
Paschal
Cycle
.
Moreover
,
Sabinus
Bishop
of
Canosa
,
and
Gregory
Bishop
of
Langres
,
and
Vedastus
a
Scholar
of
S.
Remigius
and
Bishop
of
Arras
were
Ornaments
to
the
Pontificate
of
Pelagius
;
and
Herculanus
Bishop
of
Perugia
,
who
had
been
put
to
Death
by
Totylas
,
was
Canonized
.
Pelagius
,
having
at
two
Decembrian
Ordinations
made
twenty
six
Presbyters
,
eleven
Deacons
,
thirty
nine
Bishops
,
died
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
.
He
was
in
the
Chair
eleven
years
,
ten
months
,
twenty
eight
days
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
twenty
six
days
.
JOHN
III.
JOHN
the
third
,
the
Son
of
Anastasius
,
descended
of
a
Noble
Family
,
lived
in
the
time
of
Justine
,
who
succeeded
Justinian
,
but
was
in
nothing
like
him
.
For
he
was
Covetous
,
lewd
,
rapacious
,
a
contemner
of
Justine
.
God
and
Men
to
such
a
degree
,
that
his
Vices
made
him
srantick
;
so
that
his
Wife
Sophia
managed
all
affairs
till
the
time
of
Tiberius
the
second
.
This
Woman
,
being
prompted
thereto
by
some
envious
persons
who
hated
Narses
,
recalls
him
out
of
Italy
in
these
reproachful
words
,
That
she
would
have
the
Eunuch
come
home
and
spin
.
This
he
very
highly
resenting
,
as
well
he
might
,
returns
answer
,
That
he
would
spin
such
a
Web
,
as
none
of
his
Enemies
should
ever
be
able
to
unweave
.
And
he
was
as
good
as
word
.
For
he
presently
sends
and
invites
Alboinus
King
of
the
Lombards
,
with
all
his
people
,
then
possessed
of
Pannonia
,
to
come
and
seat
themselves
in
the
more
plentiful
Countrey
of
Italy
.
Alboinus
complying
with
the
proposal
of
Narses
,
and
entring
Italy
with
a
vast
number
of
men
with
their
Wives
and
Children
,
first
possesses
himself
of
Friuli
and
Marca
Trivigiana
;
thence
passing
into
Insubria
,
he
takes
and
sacks
Milain
,
and
at
length
makes
himself
Master
of
Pavia
,
after
it
had
held
out
a
Siege
of
three
years
.
Being
thus
slush'd
with
Victory
,
he
goes
to
Verona
,
which
he
constitutes
the
the
Capital
City
of
his
Kingdom
;
where
being
once
at
an
Entertainment
over-heated
with
Wine
,
he
compelled
his
Wife
Rosimund
to
drink
out
of
a
Cup
which
he
had
made
of
her
own
Fathers
Skull
,
whom
he
himself
had
slain
.
Now
there
was
in
Alboinus's
Army
one
Helmechild
,
a
very
handsom
young
Gentleman
,
and
an
excellent
Soldier
;
and
who
was
Rosimund's
particular
Favourite
.
Him
she
discourses
privately
,
and
by
proposing
to
him
the
hopes
of
succeeding
in
the
Kingdom
,
prevailed
with
him
to
murder
Alboinus
.
But
they
were
both
so
hated
for
the
Fact
by
the
Lombards
,
that
they
not
only
failed
of
their
hopes
,
but
were
glad
to
fly
for
protection
to
Longinus
the
Exarch
of
Ravenna
;
where
not
long
after
they
poisoned
each
other
,
and
died
together
.
At
this
time
Italy
,
by
reason
of
the
Incursions
which
the
barbarous
Nations
made
into
it
,
was
in
a
very
calamitous
state
;
which
had
been
portended
by
Prodigies
,
and
Apparitions
of
flaming
Armies
in
the
Air
,
and
also
by
an
extraordinary
inundation
of
the
River
Tyber
which
had
very
much
damaged
the
City
of
Rome
.
In
the
mean
time
our
John
repaired
the
Coemeteries
of
the
Saints
,
and
finished
the
Church
of
SS.
Philip
and
James
which
had
been
begun
by
Vigilius
,
and
drew
Narses
,
who
had
been
an
avowed
Enemy
to
the
Romans
for
their
ill
opinion
of
him
and
their
misrepresenting
him
to
the
Empress
Sophia
,
from
Naples
to
Rome
;
where
he
not
long
after
died
,
and
his
Body
was
conveyed
in
a
Coffin
of
Lead
to
Constantinople
.
In
such
a
consusion
of
things
the
State
of
Italy
must
needs
certainly
have
been
utterly
ruined
,
if
some
eminently
holy
men
had
not
supported
and
prop'd
up
the
tottering
Nation
.
Among
others
,
Paul
Patriarch
of
Aquileia
,
and
Felix
Bishop
of
Treviso
interceded
successfully
with
Alboinus
,
when
he
first
entred
Italy
,
in
the
behalf
of
the
Inhabitants
.
Moreover
,
Fortunatus
a
person
of
extraordinary
Learning
and
Eloquence
,
very
much
civiliz'd
and
polish'd
the
Gauls
by
his
Books
and
Example
;
compiling
a
Treatise
of
Government
inscribed
to
their
King
Sigebert
,
and
writing
in
an
elegant
style
the
Life
of
S.
Martin
.
Some
write
that
at
this
time
lived
Germanus
Bishop
of
Paris
,
a
person
of
wonderful
Piety
,
who
kept
the
Kings
of
France
within
the
bounds
of
their
duty
to
such
a
Degree
,
that
each
strove
to
excel
the
other
in
Religion
and
Piety
,
in
Goodness
and
Clemency
.
So
prevalent
is
the
Example
of
a
good
Pastour
,
such
an
one
as
Germanus
was
,
in
whom
they
saw
nothing
but
what
was
worthy
of
their
imitation
.
After
this
one
farther
Remark
,
that
in
our
John's
time
the
Armenians
were
converted
to
Christianity
,
I
shall
say
no
more
of
him
,
but
that
having
been
in
the
Chair
twelve
years
,
eleven
months
,
twenty
six
days
,
he
died
,
and
was
〈◊〉
in
S.
Peters
.
Upon
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
ten
months
,
three
days
.
BENEDICT
I.
BENEDICT
,
a
Roman
,
the
Son
of
Boniface
,
lived
in
the
time
of
Tiberius
the
Second
,
whom
Justine
had
adopted
,
and
appointed
his
Heir
to
the
Empire
.
An
Honour
which
he
well
deserved
,
as
being
a
Person
Tiberius
II.
adorn'd
with
all
the
Princely
Accomplishments
of
Clemency
,
Justice
,
Piety
,
Religion
,
Wisdom
,
Resolution
,
and
unshaken
Fortitude
.
Among
his
other
Vertues
he
was
eminent
for
his
Bounty
and
Liberality
towards
all
,
especially
the
poor
;
and
God
supplied
him
in
an
extraordinary
manner
for
it
.
For
walking
once
hastily
in
his
Palace
,
and
spying
the
figure
of
the
Cross
upon
one
of
the
Marble
stones
in
the
Pavement
,
that
it
might
not
be
trampled
under
foot
,
he
devoutly
caused
it
to
be
removed
from
thence
,
and
laid
up
in
a
more
decent
and
honourable
place
.
At
it's
taking
up
,
there
was
found
under
it
another
stone
with
the
same
figure
on
it
,
and
then
a
third
,
under
which
he
discovered
such
a
vast
heap
of
Gold
and
Silver
as
was
requisite
to
furnish
and
maintain
his
large
Bounty
;
a
great
part
of
which
Treasure
he
distributed
to
the
poor
.
'T
is
said
also
that
he
had
brought
to
him
out
of
Italy
a
great
Estate
which
Narses
had
got
there
,
which
in
like
manner
he
employed
in
Liberality
and
Munificence
.
To
Sigebert
the
French
King
,
who
had
sent
Embassadours
to
him
,
besides
the
other
Presents
that
he
made
,
which
were
very
considerable
,
he
sent
certain
Medals
of
Gold
of
very
great
weight
,
on
the
one
side
of
which
was
the
Effigies
of
the
Emperour
with
this
Inscription
,
Tiberii
Constantini
perpetuo
Augusti
;
on
the
other
side
was
a
Charriot
with
its
Driver
and
this
Inscription
,
Romanorum
Gloria
.
And
to
complete
his
Successes
,
the
Army
which
he
had
sent
against
the
Persians
returning
victoriously
,
brought
away
with
twenty
Elephants
so
vast
a
Booty
,
as
no
Army
had
ever
done
in
any
Expedition
before
.
Thus
signally
was
he
rewarded
for
his
good
services
to
mankind
in
general
,
for
his
Religion
towards
God
our
Saviour
,
and
for
his
Beneficence
particularly
to
the
people
of
Rome
;
whom
he
not
only
protected
and
desended
from
their
Enemies
as
much
as
could
be
by
his
Arms
,
but
also
at
the
Prayers
and
Intercession
of
our
Bishop
Benedict
,
whom
he
had
a
wonderful
Love
and
Esteem
for
,
he
delivered
them
from
Dearth
and
Famine
by
sending
a
supply
of
Corn
out
of
Egypt
.
For
the
Lombards
by
a
long
and
tedious
War
,
had
so
harrassed
Italy
far
and
wide
,
that
from
their
devastations
there
arose
a
great
want
and
〈◊〉
of
all
things
.
While
things
went
thus
in
Italy
,
John
Bishop
〈◊〉
Constan
,
inople
,
by
Reading
,
Disputing
,
Writing
,
Admonishing
and
Teaching
,
kept
the
Oriental
Church
as
much
as
might
be
right
in
the
Faith
,
though
he
met
with
many
opposers
therein
.
The
same
did
also
the
equally
Learned
and
Eloquent
Leander
Bishop
of
Toledo
,
or
as
others
think
of
Sevil
,
who
wrote
several
Treatises
both
to
confirm
the
Orthodox
Doctrine
,
and
to
confute
the
Arian
Heresie
,
which
,
like
a
contagious
Pestilence
,
the
Vandals
,
driven
out
of
Africa
by
Belisarius
,
had
brought
with
them
into
Spain
.
As
for
Benedict
,
some
write
that
he
laying
sadly
to
heart
the
〈◊〉
which
now
befell
Rome
and
all
Italy
,
died
of
grief
;
after
he
had
been
in
the
Chair
four
years
,
one
month
,
twenty
eight
days
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
two
months
,
ten
days
.
PELAGIUS
II.
PELAGIUS
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Vinigildus
,
was
from
the
time
of
Tiberius
,
to
that
of
his
Son-in-law
the
Emperour
Mauritius
,
To
whom
though
he
were
a
Cappadocian
,
yet
the
Empire
was
committed
,
Mauritius
.
upon
the
account
of
his
great
Courage
,
and
Ability
in
the
management
of
Affairs
.
At
this
time
the
Lombards
,
having
after
the
Death
of
Alboinus
for
twenty
years
〈◊〉
govern'd
by
Dukes
,
make
Autharis
their
King
,
whom
they
also
called
〈◊〉
;
a
Name
which
was
afterwards
used
by
all
the
Kings
of
Lombardy
.
But
Mauritius
endeavouring
to
drive
the
Lombards
out
of
Italy
,
hires
Sigebert
the
French
King
to
engage
in
a
War
against
them
;
who
forthwith
raising
a
great
Army
of
Gauls
and
Germans
,
fights
Autharis
,
but
with
great
loss
is
discomfited
.
The
Lombards
being
flush'd
and
heightened
by
this
Victory
,
march'd
on
as
far
as
to
the
Streights
of
Sicily
,
possessing
themselves
all
along
of
the
Cities
of
Italy
,
and
at
length
besieging
for
a
long
time
Rome
it self
;
of
which
certainly
they
had
made
themselves
Masters
,
had
they
not
been
driven
from
its
Walls
by
the
great
Rains
,
which
sell
so
violently
and
incessantly
,
and
made
such
an
Inundation
,
that
men
look'd
upon
it
as
a
second
Noah's
Floud
.
This
was
the
only
cause
why
Pelagius
was
made
Bishop
of
Rome
without
the
consent
of
the
Emperour
;
the
City
being
so
closely
besieged
that
none
could
pass
to
know
his
pleasure
therein
.
For
at
this
time
the
Roman
Clergie's
Election
of
a
Bishop
was
not
valid
unless
they
had
the
Emperour's
Approbation
.
Hereupon
Gregory
a
Deacon
,
a
man
of
great
Piety
and
Learning
,
was
sent
to
Constantinople
to
appease
the
Emperour
;
where
having
effected
what
he
came
for
,
he
neglected
not
to
employ
his
time
and
parts
,
but
both
wrote
Books
of
Morals
upon
Job
,
and
also
at
a
Disputation
in
the
presence
of
the
Emperour
himself
,
he
so
basfled
Eutychius
Bishop
of
Constantinople
,
that
he
was
forced
to
retract
what
he
had
written
in
a
Book
of
his
concerning
the
Resurrection
;
in
which
he
asserted
,
that
our
Bodies
in
that
glory
of
the
Resurrection
should
become
more
thin
and
subtile
than
the
Wind
or
Air
,
and
so
not
tangible
.
Which
is
contrary
to
that
of
our
Saviour
,
Handle
me
and
see
,
for
Luke
24.
a
Spirit
hath
not
flesh
and
bones
,
as
you
see
me
have
.
As
for
Pelagius
,
having
at
the
request
of
the
Citizens
of
Rome
recalled
Gregory
,
turned
his
Fathers
House
into
an
Hospital
for
poor
old
men
,
and
entirely
built
the
Coemetery
of
Hermes
the
Martyr
,
and
the
Church
of
Laurence
the
Martyr
,
he
died
of
the
Pestilence
,
which
at
that
time
was
very
epidemical
throughout
Europe
,
after
he
had
been
in
the
Chair
ten
years
,
two
months
,
ten
days
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
in
the
〈◊〉
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
six
months
,
twenty
eight
days
.
GREGORY
I.
GREGORT
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Gordianus
,
one
of
the
Senato
rian
Order
,
was
against
his
will
unanimously
chosen
Bishop
of
Rome
,
Anno
Dom.
590.
Now
because
,
as
I
have
already
said
,
the
consent
of
the
Emperour
was
required
herein
,
he
dispatches
Messengers
with
Letters
,
〈◊〉
Mauritius
that
he
would
not
suffer
this
Election
of
the
Clergy
and
People
of
Rome
to
stand
good
.
These
Letters
were
intercepted
and
torn
by
the
〈◊〉
,
and
others
written
,
by
which
the
Emperour
was
requested
to
confirm
him
who
was
by
universal
suffrage
thus
chosen
.
There
could
nothing
be
more
pleasing
and
acceptable
to
the
Emperour
than
the
News
of
this
Choice
,
for
the
conversation
of
Gregory
,
while
he
was
at
Constantinople
,
had
been
very
grateful
to
him
,
and
moreover
he
had
Christned
his
Son
.
Mauritius
therefore
speedily
sends
word
back
to
Rome
,
that
he
did
confirm
the
Election
of
Gregory
,
and
that
in
such
a
〈◊〉
state
of
things
they
should
compel
that
holy
man
to
undertake
the
Government
of
the
Church
.
He
therefore
,
not
consulting
his
own
inclination
,
but
the
〈◊〉
of
Mankind
,
and
the
honour
of
God
,
which
,
as
he
was
a
most
devout
and
religious
man
,
he
had
ever
preferred
before
all
other
things
,
without
any
regard
to
Riches
,
or
Pleasures
,
or
Ambition
,
or
Power
,
takes
the
burden
of
the
Pontificate
upon
him
.
And
he
behaved
himself
so
well
in
it
,
that
no
one
of
his
Successours
down
to
our
times
has
been
his
Equal
,
much
less
Superiour
,
either
for
Sanctity
of
Life
,
or
for
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
in
managing
Affairs
,
or
for
his
Learning
and
Writings
.
He
composed
a
Book
of
the
Sacraments
;
wrote
Commentaries
upon
〈◊〉
,
and
,
as
I
have
already
said
,
upon
Job
,
and
Homilies
upon
the
Gospels
;
four
Books
in
Dialogue
,
and
that
which
he
called
the
Pastoral
,
to
〈◊〉
Bishop
of
Ravenna
concerning
the
way
of
governing
the
Church
.
Moreover
,
he
introduced
several
Rites
,
and
made
several
Additions
to
the
Offices
of
the
Roman
Church
;
and
particularly
he
first
instituted
the
greater
Litanies
or
〈◊〉
,
and
appointed
a
great
part
of
the
Stations
.
And
that
the
good
man
might
not
in
any
thing
be
wanting
to
the
Church
,
he
held
in
S.
Peter's
a
Synod
of
twenty
four
Bishops
,
wherein
he
took
away
many
things
which
might
prove
pernicious
,
and
added
many
which
might
be
beneficial
to
Religion
.
He
also
〈◊〉
into
England
,
Auguscine
,
Melitus
,
and
John
,
and
with
these
divers
other
Monks
,
all
persons
of
approved
lives
,
by
whose
Preaching
the
〈◊〉
were
then
first
entirely
converted
to
Christianity
.
By
his
means
likewise
the
Goths
returned
to
the
Union
of
the
Catholick
Church
.
We
are
told
by
some
Writers
,
that
Gregory
sent
his
Dialogues
concerning
Morals
to
Theudelinda
Queen
of
the
Lombards
,
by
the
reading
of
which
she
might
smooth
and
polish
the
rugged
temper
of
her
Husband
〈◊〉
,
and
bring
him
to
a
better
sense
of
Religion
and
Morality
.
She
was
an
excellent
Lady
,
and
a
zealous
Christian
,
and
not
only
built
the
Church
of
S.
John
Baptist
at
Monza
a
Town
ten
miles
distant
from
Milain
,
but
also
furnished
it
with
Vessels
of
Gold
,
and
liberally
endowed
it
.
T
is
said
,
that
at
the
time
when
〈◊〉
was
put
to
death
by
his
Father
Levigild
King
of
the
Goths
,
because
he
professed
the
Catholick
Faith
,
the
〈◊〉
Coat
of
Christ
,
which
fell
by
Lot
to
one
of
the
Soldiers
,
was
found
in
the
City
Zaphat
,
laid
up
in
a
Marble
Chest
there
;
Thomas
being
then
Bishop
of
Jerusalem
,
John
Bishop
of
Constantinople
,
and
Gregory
Bishop
of
Antioch
.
In
the
mean
time
Mauritius
,
having
in
〈◊〉
and
Terra
di
Lavoro
,
by
his
General
Romanus
the
Exarch
,
gain'd
the
better
of
the
Lombards
,
who
from
a
confidence
grounded
upon
their
former
successes
were
now
degenerated
into
all
manner
of
Vice
,
makes
a
Law
,
that
no
person
who
had
listed
himself
in
the
Roman
Army
,
should
be
at
liberty
to
withdraw
and
take
upon
him
a
Religious
life
,
till
either
the
War
were
ended
,
or
the
man
himself
〈◊〉
or
disabled
.
Gregory
being
moved
hereat
,
admonishes
him
not
to
oppose
the
Religion
of
that
God
,
by
whose
bounty
he
had
been
raised
from
a
very
mean
condition
to
the
highest
Degree
of
Dignity
.
Moreover
,
John
Bishop
of
Constantinople
,
having
in
a
Synod
which
he
held
,
procured
himself
to
be
styled
the
Oecumenical
,
i.
e.
Universal
Bishop
,
and
Mauritius
hereupon
requiring
Gregory
to
yield
obedience
to
John
;
He
,
being
a
person
of
great
Courage
and
Constancy
,
returns
answer
,
That
the
Power
of
binding
and
loosing
was
committed
to
Peter
and
his
Successours
,
not
to
the
Bishops
of
Constantinople
,
and
therefore
warns
him
to
desist
from
provoking
the
wrath
of
God
against
himself
,
by
being
too
〈◊〉
in
sowing
Dissention
in
the
Church
.
But
Mauritius
not
content
with
the
mischief
he
had
done
already
,
re-calls
his
Soldiers
which
were
in
Italy
,
and
encourages
the
Lombards
to
assault
the
Romans
,
without
any
regard
to
the
League
they
had
entred
into
with
them
.
Hereupon
Agilulphus
moving
from
Lombardy
,
and
laying
waste
all
Tuscany
through
which
he
passed
,
invests
and
very
much
annoys
the
City
of
Rome
one
whole
year
;
in
which
time
Severus
Bishop
of
Aquileia
becoming
Heretical
,
was
the
occasion
of
many
Evils
.
For
after
his
Death
the
Patriarchate
of
Aquileia
was
divided
into
two
;
Agilulphus
King
of
the
Lombards
constituting
John
of
Aquileia
and
our
Gregory
,
Candianus
of
Grado
,
Bishops
to
the
people
of
Friuli
.
But
Agilulphus
quitting
all
hopes
of
gaining
the
City
,
〈◊〉
the
Siege
,
and
returns
to
Milain
.
Mauritius
now
began
to
treat
Gregory
more
respectfully
,
but
it
proceeded
not
from
a
voluntary
but
forc'd
Repentance
;
he
having
heard
that
a
certain
person
in
the
habit
of
a
Monk
,
with
a
drawn
Sword
in
his
hand
,
had
proclaim'd
aloud
in
the
Market-place
of
Constantinople
,
that
the
Emperour
should
in
a
short
time
die
by
the
Sword
.
The
same
was
confirmed
to
him
by
a
Dream
of
his
own
in
which
he
saw
himself
,
his
Empress
,
and
their
Children
murdered
.
And
accordingly
not
long
after
the
Soldiers
being
discontented
for
want
of
Pay
,
create
Phocas
,
who
was
a
Centurion
in
the
Army
,
Emperour
,
and
Assassine
Mauritius
,
in
the
nineteenth
year
of
his
Reign
.
But
Gregory
,
having
added
what
Ornaments
he
could
to
the
Churches
in
Rome
,
and
dedicated
by
the
name
of
S.
Agatha
the
Martyr
,
the
Church
of
the
Goths
in
Suburra
,
built
by
〈◊〉
.
Ricimerius
a
man
of
Consular
Dignity
,
converted
his
Father's
House
into
a
Monastery
,
wherein
he
received
and
entertained
Strangers
,
and
supplyed
with
meat
and
drink
the
poor
which
from
all
parts
slocked
to
it
.
He
was
certainly
a
person
every
way
praise-worthy
,
whether
we
regard
his
Life
and
Conversation
,
or
his
Learning
,
or
his
Abilities
in
things
both
Divine
and
Humane
.
Nor
ought
we
to
suffer
him
to
be
censured
by
a
few
ignorant
men
,
as
if
the
ancient
〈◊〉
Buildings
were
demolish'd
by
his
Order
,
upon
this
pretence
which
they
make
for
him
,
lest
Strangers
coming
out
of
Devotion
to
Rome
,
should
less
regard
the
consecrated
places
,
and
spend
all
their
Gaze
upon
Triumphal
Arches
and
Monuments
of
Antiquity
.
No
such
reproach
can
justly
be
fastned
upon
this
great
Bishop
,
especially
considering
that
he
was
a
Native
of
the
City
,
and
one
to
whom
,
next
after
God
,
his
Countrey
was
most
dear
,
even
above
his
Life
.
'T
is
certain
that
many
of
those
ruin'd
Structures
were
devour'd
by
Time
,
and
many
might
,
as
we
daily
see
,
be
pull'd
down
to
build
new
Houses
,
and
for
the
rest
,
't
is
probable
that
for
the
sake
of
the
Brass
used
in
the
concavity
of
the
Arches
and
the
conjunctures
of
the
Marble
or
other
square
stones
,
they
might
be
battered
and
defaced
not
only
by
the
barbarous
Nations
,
but
by
the
Romans
too
,
if
Epirotes
,
Dalmatians
,
Pannonians
,
and
other
sorry
people
who
from
all
parts
of
the
World
resorted
hither
,
may
be
called
Romans
.
Now
Gregory
having
used
all
means
to
establish
the
Church
of
God
,
died
in
the
second
year
of
the
Emperour
Phocas
,
having
been
in
the
Chair
thirteen
years
,
six
months
,
ten
days
;
and
,
the
loss
of
him
being
lamented
by
all
men
,
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
,
March
12.
By
his
Death
the
See
was
vacant
five
months
,
nineteen
days
.
SABINIANUS
I.
SABINIAN
Gregorie's
Successour
,
deserv'd
not
to
have
the
place
of
his
Nativity
remembred
;
being
a
person
of
mean
Birth
and
meaner
Reputation
,
and
one
who
violently
opposed
the
great
things
which
his
Predecessour
had
done
.
Particularly
,
there
being
a
great
〈◊〉
during
his
Pontificate
,
and
the
poor
pressing
him
hard
to
imitate
the
pious
Charity
of
Gregory
,
he
made
them
no
other
Answer
but
this
,
That
Gregory
was
a
man
who
design'd
to
make
himself
popular
,
and
to
that
end
had
profusely
wasted
the
Revenues
of
the
Church
.
Nay
,
the
ill-natured
wretch
arrived
to
such
a
degree
of
Rage
and
Envy
against
Gregory
,
that
he
was
within
a
very
little
of
causing
his
Books
to
be
burn'd
.
Some
tell
us
that
Sabinian
was
,
at
the
instigation
of
some
Romans
,
thus
highly
incensed
against
Gregory
,
because
he
had
mutilated
and
thrown
down
the
Statues
of
the
Antients
which
had
been
set
up
throughout
the
City
;
but
this
is
a
Charge
as
dissonant
from
truth
as
that
of
his
demolishing
the
old
Fabricks
,
concerning
which
we
have
spoken
in
his
Life
;
and
considering
the
Antiquity
of
these
Statues
,
and
the
casualties
which
might
〈◊〉
them
,
and
the
designs
which
mens
Covetousness
or
Curiosity
might
have
upon
them
,
't
is
fairly
probable
that
they
might
be
mangled
or
lost
,
without
Gregorie's
being
at
all
concern'd
therein
.
But
to
go
on
with
Sabinian
,
it
was
he
who
instituted
the
〈◊〉
of
Canonical
hours
for
Prayer
in
the
Church
,
and
who
ordained
that
Tapers
should
be
kept
continually
burning
,
especially
in
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
.
Some
tell
us
,
that
with
the
consent
of
Phocas
,
a
Peace
was
now
made
with
the
Lombards
,
and
their
King
Agilulphus's
Daughter
,
who
had
been
taken
Captive
in
the
War
,
restored
to
him
.
At
this
time
appeared
divers
Prodigies
,
portending
the
Calamities
which
ensued
.
A
bright
Comet
was
seen
in
the
Air
,
at
Constantinople
a
Child
was
born
with
four
feet
,
and
at
the
Island
〈◊〉
were
seen
two
Sea-monsters
in
humane
shape
.
Some
write
that
in
the
Pontificate
of
Sabinian
,
John
Patriarch
of
Alexandria
,
and
〈◊〉
Bishop
of
Carthage
,
both
persons
famous
for
Piety
and
Learning
,
did
wonderfully
improve
the
Dignity
of
those
Churches
.
Moreover
,
〈◊〉
a
very
learned
man
,
and
an
intimate
Friend
of
〈◊〉
,
wrote
very
much
against
Vincent
Bishop
of
Saragoza
,
who
had
fallen
off
to
the
Arian
Heresie
;
he
also
wrote
to
his
Sister
a
Book
concerning
Virginity
,
entituled
Aureolus
.
But
Sabinian
,
having
been
in
the
Chair
one
year
,
five
months
,
nine
days
,
died
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Church
of
S
Peter
.
By
his
Death
the
See
was
vacant
eleven
months
,
twenty
six
days
.
BONIFACE
III.
BONIFACE
the
third
,
a
Roman
,
with
much
ado
obtained
of
the
Emperour
Phocas
,
that
the
See
of
S.
Peter
the
Apostle
,
should
by
all
be
acknowledged
and
styled
the
Head
of
all
the
Churches
.
A
Title
which
had
been
stickled
for
by
the
Church
of
Constantinople
,
through
the
encouragement
of
some
former
Princes
,
who
asserted
that
the
Supremacy
ought
to
reside
there
,
where
the
Seat
of
the
Empire
was
.
But
the
Roman
Bishops
alledged
that
Rome
,
of
which
Constantinople
was
but
a
Colony
,
ought
to
be
accounted
the
chief
City
of
the
Empire
,
since
the
Greeks
themselves
in
their
Writings
styled
their
Prince
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
i.
e.
the
Emperour
of
the
Romans
,
and
the
Constantinopolitans
even
in
that
Age
were
called
Romans
,
not
Greeks
.
Not
to
mention
that
Peter
the
Chief
of
the
Apostles
bequeathed
the
Keyes
of
the
Kingdom
of
Heaven
to
his
Successours
the
Bishops
of
Rome
,
and
left
the
Power
which
God
had
given
him
not
to
Constantinople
,
but
to
Rome
.
This
only
I
say
,
that
several
Princes
,
and
particularly
Constantine
,
had
granted
to
the
Roman
See
only
,
the
priviledg
of
calling
and
dissolving
Councils
,
and
of
rejecting
or
confirming
their
Decrees
.
And
does
not
a
Church
which
has
with
so
much
integrity
and
constancy
bastled
and
〈◊〉
all
manner
of
Heresies
as
the
Roman
See
hath
done
,
deserve
think
you
the
preference
of
others
.
The
same
Boniface
in
a
Synod
of
〈◊〉
two
Bishops
,
thirty
Presbyters
,
and
three
Deacons
,
ordained
,
that
upon
pain
of
Excommunication
no
person
should
succeed
in
the
place
of
any
deceased
Pope
or
other
Bishop
,
till
at
least
the
third
day
after
the
death
of
his
Predecessour
;
and
that
whoever
should
by
Bribes
or
by
making
of
Parties
and
Interests
endeavour
to
raise
themselves
to
the
Popedom
or
any
other
Bishoprick
should
undergo
the
same
Penalty
.
He
decreed
likewise
,
that
the
choice
of
any
Bishop
should
be
by
the
Clergy
and
People
,
and
that
the
Election
should
then
stand
good
,
when
it
were
approved
by
the
Civil
Magistrate
,
and
when
the
Pope
had
interposed
his
Authority
,
in
these
words
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
and
Command
.
An
Institution
in
part
very
necessary
,
for
our
times
especially
,
so
many
corruptions
daily
creeping
in
.
For
it
is
probable
,
that
,
the
Election
being
free
,
the
Clergy
and
People
will
chuse
,
and
the
Magistrate
approve
of
no
other
,
than
such
an
one
as
deserves
and
is
fit
to
be
Governour
in
the
Church
.
Though
(
if
I
may
speak
it
without
offence
to
any
that
are
good
)
the
truth
is
,
multitudes
do
now
aspire
to
the
Dignity
of
Bishops
,
not
as
they
ought
to
do
for
the
sake
of
the
publick
good
,
but
that
they
may
satisfie
their
own
Covetousness
and
Ambition
.
For
the
great
Question
is
,
what
any
Bishoprick
is
worth
,
not
how
great
a
Flock
there
is
to
take
the
charge
of
.
But
enough
of
this
;
I
return
to
Boniface
,
whose
Decrees
,
as
it
appears
,
were
extinct
with
his
Life
.
He
died
in
the
ninth
month
of
his
Pontificate
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
one
month
,
six
days
.
BONIFACE
IV.
BONIFACE
the
fourth
,
born
in
Valeria
a
City
of
the
Marsi
,
the
Son
of
John
a
Physician
,
obtained
of
the
Emperour
Phocas
the
Pantheon
,
a
Temple
so
called
,
because
it
was
dedicated
to
Cybele
and
all
the
Gods
,
and
having
cast
out
all
the
Heathen
Images
that
were
in
it
,
he
consecrated
it
on
May
the
12th
.
in
honour
to
the
Blessed
Virgin
and
all
the
Martyrs
;
〈◊〉
it
was
afterwards
called
S.
Maria
Rotunda
,
and
Virgo
ad
Martyres
.
At
this
time
the
Persians
,
under
the
Conduct
of
their
King
〈◊〉
,
making
an
irruption
into
the
Roman
Provinces
,
and
having
routed
Phocas's
Army
,
possess
themselves
of
Jerusalem
;
prophane
and
pillage
the
Churches
of
the
Christians
,
carry
away
the
Wood
of
our
Saviour's
Cross
,
and
take
Captive
Zacharias
the
holy
Patriarch
of
that
City
.
Hereupon
Phocas
falling
into
contempt
with
all
men
,
but
especially
the
Senate
,
was
deprived
of
his
Empire
and
Life
by
Heraclius
General
of
the
Forces
and
Governour
of
the
Province
of
Afrique
.
Now
also
Caganus
King
of
the
Avares
,
forcing
his
entrance
through
Pannonia
and
Illyricum
into
Italy
,
was
so
much
too
hard
for
the
Lombards
,
that
he
was
very
near
making
himself
Master
of
the
Province
it self
;
and
through
the
treachery
of
Romilda
,
who
was
enamour'd
of
him
,
he
did
actually
take
Friuli
,
and
sack'd
it
in
such
a
manner
that
scarce
any
footsteps
of
it
were
left
remaining
.
While
things
went
thus
in
Italy
,
John
Bishop
of
Girone
proved
a
great
Defence
to
Christianity
both
by
his
Preaching
Johannes
〈◊〉
.
and
Writings
.
He
being
a
Goth
,
born
in
Portugal
,
so
soon
as
he
came
to
the
years
of
discretion
travelled
to
Constantinople
,
and
parted
thence
so
well
skill'd
in
Greek
and
Latin
Learning
,
that
at
his
return
into
Portugal
,
he
was
able
easily
to
〈◊〉
the
Arian
Heresie
which
very
much
prevailed
there
.
For
this
reason
he
was
by
the
Hereticks
confined
in
Barcellona
.
But
afterwards
upon
the
death
of
King
Lemungildus
,
who
countenanced
those
Hereticks
,
he
came
back
into
his
own
Countrey
,
and
both
wrote
very
much
concerning
the
Christian
Religioon
,
and
also
founded
a
Monastery
,
and
prescribed
Rules
of
living
which
the
Monks
thereof
were
to
guide
themselves
by
.
Eutropius
also
Bishop
of
Valentia
,
was
now
by
his
Learning
and
Example
very
instrumental
to
keep
the
Spaniards
sound
in
the
Faith
.
Moreover
,
Columbanus
an
Abbat
,
a
very
holy
man
,
by
descent
a
Goth
,
coming
first
out
of
Scotland
into
Burgundy
,
built
there
the
stately
Monastery
of
Luxevil
;
and
thence
passing
into
Italy
,
built
another
fair
one
at
Bobio
.
Pope
Boniface
,
that
he
might
not
be
behind-hand
in
this
matter
with
either
of
them
,
converted
his
Father's
House
into
a
Monastery
,
and
gave
his
Estate
for
the
maintenance
of
the
Monks
in
it
.
But
not
long
after
he
died
,
having
been
in
the
Chair
six
years
,
eight
months
,
seventeen
days
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
;
in
a
time
of
Dearth
,
Pestilence
,
and
great
Innundation
of
Waters
.
By
his
Death
the
See
was
vacant
seven
months
,
twenty
〈◊〉
days
.
DEUS-DEDIT
I.
DEUS-DEDIT
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Stephen
a
Sub-deacon
,
being
unanimously
chosen
to
the
Pontificate
,
proved
a
great
Lover
and
Encourager
of
the
Clergy
.
'T
is
reported
that
he
was
a
person
of
so
great
Sanctity
,
that
meeting
with
a
man
who
had
a
Leprosie
,
he
cured
him
of
that
Disease
with
a
Kiss
.
He
ordained
,
that
the
Son
should
not
marry
any
Woman
to
whom
his
Father
had
been
Godfather
.
At
this
time
Heraclius
with
a
great
Army
recovered
several
Provinces
which
the
Persians
had
possess'd
themselves
of
;
dismounted
and
slew
their
General
in
a
single
Combat
;
vanquish'd
their
King
Chosdroës
,
and
took
his
Son
Prisoner
,
whom
having
first
Christned
,
he
released
and
sent
home
again
.
Entring
Persia
,
he
took
a
strong
Tower
in
which
〈◊〉
's
Treasure
lay
,
part
of
which
he
distributed
among
his
Soldiers
,
and
assign'd
another
part
for
the
repairing
of
the
Churches
which
the
Persians
had
pillaged
and
spoil'd
.
Returning
to
Jerusalem
with
seven
Elephants
loaded
with
other
great
Booty
,
he
brought
along
with
him
the
Cross
of
our
Blessed
Saviour
which
the
Persians
had
taken
away
,
and
laid
it
up
in
the
place
where
it
was
before
.
Those
of
the
Persians
whom
he
had
taken
Prisoners
,
he
suffered
to
return
into
their
own
Countrey
.
After
this
being
arrived
at
Constantinople
,
and
taking
delight
in
study
,
he
applied
himself
to
Astrology
.
But
yet
this
great
Emperour
,
against
all
Law
both
Divine
and
Humane
married
his
own
Sister's
Daughter
;
and
to
add
one
Crime
to
another
,
as
is
usual
when
men
once
become
guilty
,
he
falls
off
to
the
Eutychian
Heresie
.
This
happened
at
the
time
when
Anastasius
a
Persian
,
being
converted
to
Christianity
,
and
having
entred
upon
a
Monastick
Life
,
was
seized
by
his
own
Countrey-men
,
and
suffered
Martyrdom
for
the
sake
of
his
Religion
;
whose
body
was
afterwards
conveyed
to
Rome
and
reposited
in
the
Monastery
of
S.
Paul
.
'T
is
said
,
that
at
this
time
Sisebute
King
of
the
Goths
,
reduced
several
Cities
of
Spain
which
had
revolted
to
the
Romans
;
and
that
by
Torment
he
forced
all
the
Jews
which
he
discovered
in
his
Kingdom
to
profess
the
belief
of
Christianity
.
This
it
is
reported
he
did
at
the
request
of
Heraclius
,
who
had
been
fore-warn'd
to
beware
of
the
Circumcised
;
but
yet
afterwards
,
he
being
not
sufficiently
careful
to
prevent
his
Fate
,
was
crush'd
by
the
Saracens
who
observed
Circumcision
.
Thus
things
went
in
the
East
,
nor
did
the
West
want
it's
Assertours
of
the
Christian
Faith
.
For
Arnulphus
Bishop
of
Metz
,
by
his
Piety
and
Prudence
kept
Dagobert
the
French
King
within
the
bounds
of
his
Duty
;
being
therein
assisted
by
Amandus
,
an
excellent
person
,
and
a
vigorous
defender
of
the
Christian
Religion
.
Among
the
Spaniards
,
Isidore
Bishop
of
Sevil
,
successour
to
Leander
,
wrote
several
things
very
beneficial
to
the
State
of
Christianity
;
particularly
,
of
the
Chief
Good
,
of
Famous
Men
,
of
Grammar
,
and
Etymology
;
an
History
from
Adam
to
the
times
of
Heraclius
,
the
Lives
of
several
Saints
,
the
History
of
the
Lombards
,
and
a
short
Cosmography
.
Some
say
that
this
Isidore
was
a
German
,
though
the
Spaniards
lay
claim
to
him
;
but
whatever
Countrey-man
he
were
,
't
is
certain
that
he
was
a
most
excellent
person
,
both
for
his
great
Learning
,
and
his
greater
Sanctity
.
As
for
Deus-dedit
,
the
time
of
whose
Pontificate
,
besides
what
we
have
already
mentioned
,
was
rendred
remarkable
by
an
Earthquake
,
and
a
Scab
so
near
approaching
to
a
Leprosie
that
it
deformed
men
beyond
each
others
knowledg
,
he
died
in
the
third
year
,
and
twenty
third
day
of
his
being
in
the
Chair
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
,
November
the
8th
.
By
his
Death
the
See
was
vacant
one
month
,
sixteen
days
.
BONIFACE
V.
BONIFACE
the
fifth
,
a
Campanian
,
his
Father's
name
John
,
was
chosen
Pope
at
the
time
when
Eleutherius
a
Patrician
,
being
sent
by
Heraclius
to
Rome
,
and
having
reveng'd
the
Death
of
John
the
late
Exarch
of
Ravenna
,
usurped
the
Kingdom
of
Italy
.
But
in
his
way
to
Rome
he
was
put
to
Death
by
his
own
Soldiers
,
and
his
Head
sent
to
Constantinople
.
Upon
which
Isaacius
of
Constantinople
,
another
Patrician
,
was
made
Exarch
in
his
stead
.
Theudelinda
now
after
the
Death
of
her
Husband
Adoaldus
,
governing
together
with
her
Son
the
Kingdom
of
the
Lombards
very
prudently
and
justly
,
maintained
a
Peace
between
her
People
and
the
Italians
for
ten
years
together
;
made
several
Presents
and
Donations
to
several
Churches
,
and
endowed
them
with
Lands
for
the
better
maintenance
of
the
Clergy
belonging
to
them
.
In
the
twelfth
year
of
Heraclius
,
Mahomet
an
Arabian
as
some
will
have
him
,
or
as
others
a
Persian
,
Mahomet
.
descended
of
a
Noble
Family
,
his
Father
a
Gentile
,
his
Mother
a
Jewess
,
was
the
Author
of
so
much
mischief
to
the
Christian
State
,
that
I
am
afraid
lest
his
Sect
should
utterly
extinguish
the
Remains
of
Christianity
;
especially
in
our
Age
,
wherein
we
are
grown
listless
and
unactive
,
and
stand
still
tamely
exspecting
our
own
Ruin
.
His
Sect
prevails
and
encreases
now
more
than
ever
;
All
Asia
and
Africa
,
and
a
great
part
of
Europe
is
subject
to
Mahometan
Princes
;
the
Turks
press
bard
upon
us
by
Sea
and
Land
,
that
they
may
ferret
us
like
Coneys
out
of
these
Burrows
in
Europe
.
In
the
mean
time
we
sit
idly
,
looking
upon
one
another
,
as
if
the
whole
State
of
Christianity
were
not
at
all
in
danger
.
The
Clergy
expect
that
so
important
and
necessary
a
War
should
be
undertaken
by
the
Laity
.
The
Laity
expect
that
the
Clergy
should
expend
their
Money
to
bear
the
Charge
of
a
War
for
the
Defence
of
Religion
,
and
not
put
it
to
worse
Uses
,
as
most
of
them
are
wont
to
do
,
laying
out
their
Stock
gotten
by
Alms
and
Martyr's
Bloud
upon
huge
large
Vessels
of
massy
Gold
and
Silver
,
while
themselves
in
the
mean
time
carry
it
arrogantly
towards
Men
,
are
contemners
of
God
,
whom
they
serve
only
for
Gain
,
and
are
not
at
all
solicitous
for
the
time
to
come
.
But
I
return
to
Mahomet
,
a
man
of
so
wily
a
Temper
and
so
sharp
a
Wit
,
that
having
long
conversed
among
the
Christians
,
and
acquainted
himself
with
all
the
Sects
that
had
been
before
him
,
he
introduced
a
new
kind
of
Superstition
,
which
has
,
as
we
see
,
almost
rooted
out
Christianity
.
Moreover
,
having
got
together
a
great
Army
of
Arabians
,
he
was
so
hardy
as
to
encroach
upon
the
Borders
of
the
Roman
Empire
,
but
Heraclius
soon
put
a
stop
to
his
Motion
,
having
by
Promises
and
Bribes
prevailed
with
his
Soldiers
to
make
a
Revolt
from
him
.
As
for
Pope
Boniface
,
he
was
a
person
of
singular
Humanity
,
Clemency
,
and
obliging
Deportment
towards
all
men
,
and
neglected
no
part
of
the
Duty
of
a
good
Bishop
.
He
ordained
,
that
Criminals
who
fled
for
Refuge
to
Churches
,
should
not
be
taken
thence
by
force
;
that
the
Acolythi
should
not
meddle
with
the
Reliques
of
the
Martyrs
,
that
belonging
to
Presbyters
and
Sub-deacons
;
and
that
in
every
place
those
who
were
guilty
of
sacriledg
should
be
Excommunicated
.
He
built
and
dedicated
the
Coemetery
of
S.
Nicomedes
,
and
was
in
an
extraordinary
manner
liberal
and
munificent
towards
those
of
the
Clergy
who
led
exemplary
Lives
.
At
this
time
Gallus
a
Scholar
of
S.
Columbanus
lived
so
devoutly
,
that
he
deserved
to
be
canonized
a
Saint
even
in
his
life-time
.
Eustachius
the
Abbat
followed
his
Example
,
and
so
did
S.
Aurea
,
in
honour
to
whom
Eligius
built
a
Nunnery
.
'T
is
said
also
,
that
at
this
time
one
Basilius
was
very
famous
for
his
Life
and
Learning
,
and
in
both
equal
to
Isidore
himself
.
Our
Boniface
having
been
in
the
Chair
five
years
,
ten
days
,
died
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
.
By
his
death
See
was
vacant
thirteen
days
.
HONORIUS
I.
HONORIUS
,
a
Campanian
,
Son
of
Petronius
,
a
man
of
Consular
Dignity
,
entred
upon
the
Pontificate
at
the
time
when
Theudelinda
died
,
and
her
Son
Adoaldus
was
deposed
,
Arioaldus
being
made
King
in
his
stead
.
At
which
time
Heraclius
,
who
had
been
victorious
over
the
Persians
,
was
very
urgent
to
have
all
the
Jews
who
were
Subjects
to
the
Empire
baptized
.
Hereupon
the
Saracens
and
Arabians
taking
up
Arms
,
Anno
Dom.
623.
gain'd
such
a
Victory
over
Heraclius's
Army
,
that
they
rendred
that
successful
Man
the
most
unfortunate
.
This
was
done
under
the
Conduct
of
Mahomet
,
who
pretending
himself
to
be
the
great
Prophet
of
God
,
and
deluding
the
Asians
and
Africans
by
Magical
Arts
,
put
such
vigour
into
the
people
who
embraced
his
new
Religion
,
that
he
was
very
near
to
have
ruin'd
the
Empire
;
having
taken
Alexandria
,
and
several
important
Cities
of
Syria
and
Cilicia
.
He
had
for
his
followers
the
Saracens
,
so
called
from
Sarah
Abraham's
lawful
Wife
,
as
if
they
were
the
only
legitimate
Successours
and
Heirs
of
the
divine
Promise
.
The
crafty
man
herein
followed
the
Example
of
Jeroboam
,
who
prescrib'd
distinct
Rules
of
Worship
to
his
Tribes
,
that
they
might
not
be
subject
to
the
Jewish
Government
.
The
same
also
afterwards
did
the
Greeks
who
dissented
from
the
Catholicks
,
not
only
for
the
sake
of
Religion
,
but
Empire
,
upon
the
score
of
which
they
followed
the
Errours
of
the
Nestorians
,
Jacobites
,
and
Ebionites
.
But
in
the
end
their
pertinacy
reduc'd
them
to
that
pass
,
that
their
Religion
and
Government
were
dissolved
together
,
and
they
brought
into
the
vilest
servitude
.
But
Mahomet
(
as
we
see
in
the
Alcoran
)
that
he
might
separate
his
Disciples
as
far
as
possible
from
Christianity
,
in
composing
his
Laws
followed
the
Example
of
several
Hereticks
,
and
especially
the
Nestorians
;
collecting
here
and
there
,
and
reducing
into
one
Body
,
many
things
repugnant
to
the
Law
of
Moses
and
the
Gospel
.
'T
is
said
that
at
this
time
Heraclius
,
distrusting
his
own
strength
,
struck
up
an
inglorious
Peace
with
the
Saracens
,
and
that
being
impos'd
upon
by
the
Arts
of
Pyrrhus
Patriarch
of
Constantinople
,
and
Cyrus
Bishop
of
Alexandria
,
he
fell
off
to
the
Heresie
of
the
Monothelites
,
a
Sect
so
called
from
their
asserting
one
Will
only
in
Christ
.
But
these
Seducers
,
at
the
Instance
of
Honorius
who
was
very
diligent
to
reclaim
Heraclius
,
were
afterwards
banished
.
And
Honorius
having
now
some
respite
from
other
cares
,
by
his
Learning
and
Example
proved
a
great
Reformer
of
the
Clergy
.
The
Church
of
S.
Peter
he
covered
with
Brass
taken
out
of
the
Temple
of
Jupiter
Capitolinus
;
repaired
that
of
S.
Agnes
in
the
Via
Nomentana
,
as
appears
by
an
Inscription
in
Verse
therein
,
and
likewise
that
of
S.
Pancras
in
the
Via
Aurelia
;
built
those
of
S.
Anastasius
,
S.
Cyriacus
,
seven
miles
from
Rome
in
the
Via
Ostiensis
,
and
S.
Severinus
in
Tivoli
;
all
which
he
made
very
stately
,
and
adorn'd
with
Gold
,
Silver
,
Porphyry
,
Marble
,
and
all
manner
of
Ornamental
workmanship
.
He
repaired
also
the
Coemetery
of
SS.
Marcellinus
and
Peter
in
the
Via
Labicana
,
and
was
at
the
charge
of
building
other
Churches
,
besides
those
before-mentioned
.
Moreover
,
he
ordained
that
every
Saturday
a
Procession
with
Litanies
should
be
made
from
S.
Apollinaris
to
S.
Peter's
.
But
having
been
in
the
Chair
twelve
years
,
eleven
months
,
seventeen
days
,
he
died
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
,
October
the
12th
.
By
his
death
the
See
was
vacant
one
year
,
seven
months
,
eighteen
days
.
SEVERINUS
I.
SEVERINUS
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Labienus
,
being
chosen
in
the
place
of
Honorius
deceased
,
was
confirmed
therein
by
Isaacius
Exarch
of
Italy
,
the
Election
of
the
Clergy
and
People
being
at
this
time
reckoned
null
and
void
,
without
the
Assent
of
the
Emperours
or
their
Exarchs
.
Now
Isaacius
having
made
a
Journey
to
Rome
upon
the
occasion
of
confirming
this
Pope
,
that
he
might
not
lose
his
labour
,
fairly
sets
himself
to
plunder
the
Lateran
Treasury
,
being
assisted
in
that
attempt
by
several
Citizens
,
though
he
were
resisted
for
a
time
,
but
in
vain
,
by
the
Clergy
of
that
Church
,
the
principal
of
which
he
afterwards
banished
.
The
ground
of
this
Action
,
was
Isaacius's
Resentment
that
the
Clergy
alone
should
grow
rich
,
without
contributing
to
the
Charge
of
the
Wars
,
especially
at
a
time
when
the
Soldiers
were
reduc'd
to
the
greatest
want
and
extremity
.
Part
of
the
spoil
he
distributed
among
the
Soldiers
,
part
he
carried
away
with
him
to
Ravenna
,
and
of
the
rest
he
made
a
Present
to
the
Emperour
.
Those
of
the
Saracens
,
who
had
been
listed
by
Heraclius
,
being
discontented
for
want
of
Pay
,
march'd
into
Syria
,
and
made
themselves
Masters
of
Damascus
,
a
City
subject
to
the
Empire
.
Then
joyning
with
the
other
Arabians
,
and
being
furnished
with
Provisions
and
Arms
,
and
heated
by
Mahomet's
Zeal
,
they
over-run
Phoenicia
and
Egypt
,
and
put
to
the
Sword
all
those
who
refused
to
subscribe
to
their
Government
,
and
Mahomet's
Religion
.
Advancing
thence
against
the
Persians
,
and
having
slain
Hormisda
the
Persian
King
,
they
ceased
not
to
commit
all
manner
of
outrages
upon
that
People
,
till
they
had
entirely
reduced
them
to
subjection
.
But
Heraclius
having
intelligence
of
what
work
these
Saracens
made
,
especially
upon
their
taking
of
Antioch
,
and
searing
that
they
might
possess
themselves
of
Jerusalem
it self
,
(
which
they
not
long
after
did
,
)
took
care
to
have
the
Cross
of
our
Saviour
conveyed
to
Constantinople
,
that
it
might
not
again
come
into
the
hands
of
the
Agarens
,
(
for
so
the
Greeks
in
contempt
call
the
Arabians
,
as
descending
from
Agar
Abraham's
Servant
.
)
But
Mahomet
,
as
we
are
told
,
dying
at
Mecha
,
was
succeeded
in
the
Command
by
Calipha
,
and
he
by
Hali
;
who
being
laid
aside
for
his
being
too
superstitious
,
the
Egyptians
make
another
Calipha
their
Commander
.
'T
is
said
also
,
that
to
complete
the
Calamities
of
the
Roman
Empire
,
Sisebute
King
of
the
Goths
,
did
at
this
time
recover
out
of
the
hands
of
the
Romans
all
the
Cities
of
Spain
;
and
so
a
period
was
put
to
the
Roman
Government
in
that
Countrey
.
As
for
〈◊〉
,
who
was
a
person
of
extraordinary
Piety
and
Religion
,
a
Lover
of
the
Poor
,
kind
to
those
in
affliction
,
liberal
to
all
,
and
in
adorning
of
Churches
very
munificent
,
having
been
in
the
Chair
one
year
,
two
months
,
he
died
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
,
August
the
2d
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
four
months
,
twenty
days
.
JOHN
IV.
JOHN
the
fourth
,
a
Dalmatian
,
Son
of
Venantius
,
entring
upon
the
Pontificate
,
forthwith
expressed
a
wonderful
Compassion
,
in
employing
the
remainder
of
the
Treasury
of
the
Church
which
Isaacius
had
left
behind
him
,
for
the
redemption
of
a
multitude
of
Istrians
and
Dalmatians
who
had
been
taken
Captive
.
In
the
mean
time
Rhotaris
,
who
succeeded
Arioaldus
in
the
Kingdom
of
Lombardy
,
though
he
were
a
person
eminent
for
Justice
and
Piety
,
yet
became
a
Favourer
of
the
Arians
,
and
permitted
that
in
every
City
of
his
Kingdom
,
there
should
be
at
the
same
time
two
Bishops
of
equal
Authority
,
the
one
a
Catholick
,
and
the
other
an
Arian
.
He
was
a
Prince
of
great
Parts
,
and
reduc'd
the
Laws
,
which
Memory
and
Use
alone
had
before
retain'd
,
methodically
into
a
Book
which
he
ordered
to
be
called
the
Edict
.
His
Excellency
in
Military
Skill
appear'd
,
in
that
he
made
himself
Master
of
all
Tuscany
,
and
Liguria
,
with
the
Sea-coast
as
far
as
Marseille
.
But
in
the
sixth
year
of
his
Reign
he
died
,
and
〈◊〉
the
Kingdom
to
his
Son
Rhodoaldus
.
'T
is
reported
,
that
a
certain
Priest
entring
by
night
into
the
Church
of
S.
John
Baptist
,
and
there
opening
the
Tomb
in
which
the
Body
of
Rhotaris
lay
,
rob'd
it
of
all
the
things
of
value
with
which
the
Bodies
of
Kings
are
wont
to
be
interred
.
Hereupon
John
Baptist
,
a
Saint
to
whom
Rhotaris
had
been
in
his
life-time
very
much
devoted
,
appear'd
to
the
Priest
,
and
threatned
him
with
Death
,
if
he
ever
entred
his
Church
again
.
The
like
happened
even
in
our
times
to
Cardinal
Luigi
,
Patriarch
of
Aquileia
,
whose
Sepulchre
was
broke
open
and
pillaged
by
those
very
men
whom
he
himself
had
enriched
and
raised
from
a
mean
condition
to
the
Sacerdotal
Dignity
.
Rhodoaldus
entring
upon
the
Government
of
the
Kingdom
,
marries
Gundiberga
the
Daughter
of
Queen
Theudelinda
,
who
imitating
her
Mother's
Devotion
,
built
and
richly
adorned
a
Church
in
Honour
to
S.
John
Baptist
at
Terracina
,
in
like
manner
as
Theudelinda
had
done
at
Monza
.
But
Rhodoaldus
being
taken
in
Adultery
,
was
slain
by
the
Husband
of
the
Adulteress
.
Successour
to
him
was
Aripertus
Son
of
Gudualdus
,
and
Brother
of
Queen
Theudelinda
;
he
built
our
Saviour's
Chappel
at
Pavia
,
and
very
much
beautified
and
plentifully
endowed
it
.
Pope
John
fearing
now
lest
the
Bodies
of
Vincentius
and
Anastasius
might
sometime
or
other
be
violated
by
the
barbarous
Nations
,
took
care
to
have
them
safely
conveyed
to
Rome
,
and
with
great
Solemnity
reposited
them
in
the
Oratory
of
S.
John
Baptist
,
near
the
Baptistery
of
the
Lateran
.
We
are
told
,
that
in
his
Pontificate
Vincentius
Bishop
of
Beauvais
,
and
Muardus
Arch-bishop
of
Reims
,
were
in
great
esteem
for
their
Learning
and
Sanctity
.
Moreover
,
Reginulpha
a
French
Lady
was
very
eminent
for
Piety
,
and
Renaldus
Bishop
of
Trajetto
famous
for
his
Life
and
Miracles
.
Jodocus
also
was
not
inferiour
to
any
of
these
,
who
though
he
were
the
Son
of
a
King
of
the
Britains
,
yet
despising
worldly
Greatness
,
he
became
for
some
time
an
Hermit
,
and
died
at
length
in
an
obscure
Village
.
Pope
John
having
been
in
the
Chair
one
year
,
nine
months
,
nine
days
,
died
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
,
October
the
12th
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
one
month
,
thirteen
days
.
THEODORUS
I.
THEODORUS
,
a
Grecian
,
Son
of
Theodorus
a
Bishop
,
born
at
Jerusalem
,
was
no
sooner
in
the
Chair
,
but
he
applyed
himself
,
like
a
good
Bishop
,
to
all
those
things
which
he
thought
might
tend
to
the
advancement
of
the
Christian
Religion
;
being
a
person
obliging
to
all
men
,
but
extraordinarily
bountiful
to
the
poor
.
At
this
time
Heraclius
died
of
a
Dropsie
in
the
thirtieth
year
of
his
Reign
,
having
a
little
before
made
Theodorus
,
surnamed
Calliopa
,
his
Exarch
in
Italy
,
in
the
place
of
Isaacius
deceased
.
Heraclius
was
succeeded
by
his
Son
Constantine
,
who
in
the
fourth
month
after
his
coming
to
the
Empire
was
poisoned
by
the
procurement
of
his
Step-mother
Martina
and
her
Son
Heracleon
,
whom
,
it
is
said
,
Pyrrhus
the
Patriarch
prompted
to
commit
that
Villany
.
Heracleon
upon
the
Death
of
his
Brother
takes
upon
him
the
Government
,
at
that
time
particularly
when
Cyrus
,
Sergius
,
and
Pyrrhus
reviving
the
Heresie
of
the
Acephali
,
maintained
the
Opinion
of
one
only
Nature
in
Christ
,
one
Operation
,
and
one
Will
.
Among
these
Pyrrhus
hearing
of
the
Death
of
Heraclius
,
and
being
very
desirous
to
return
out
of
Asrica
,
whither
he
had
been
banished
,
into
his
own
Countrey
,
coming
to
Rome
,
and
making
an
hypocritical
Retractation
of
his
Errours
,
was
restored
by
Theodorus
,
and
received
from
him
a
Form
of
Belief
.
But
he
lost
his
Life
before
he
could
accomplish
the
end
which
he
sought
to
compass
by
such
ill
means
.
For
the
Senate
and
people
of
Constantinople
being
acquainted
with
the
cause
of
Constantine's
Death
,
first
seize
Martina
and
Heracleon
,
and
having
cut
off
his
Nose
,
and
cut
out
her
Tongue
,
banish
them
both
;
then
apprehending
Pyrrhus
who
endeavoured
to
make
his
escape
,
they
put
him
to
Death
.
Constantius
the
Son
of
Constantine
,
who
had
been
thus
treacherously
murdered
,
they
create
Emperour
;
and
instead
of
Pyrrhus
make
Paul
their
Bishop
;
whom
yet
Theodorus
deprived
for
being
in
the
like
kind
Heretical
,
his
pertinacy
therein
being
favoured
by
Constantius
,
who
was
unadvisedly
fallen
into
the
same
Heresie
.
But
the
Pope
laying
aside
this
Controversie
,
and
applying
himself
to
other
cares
,
caused
the
bones
of
the
Martyrs
Primus
and
Felicianus
to
be
removed
out
of
a
sandy
Grotto
in
the
Via
Nomentana
to
Rome
,
where
he
reposited
them
in
the
Church
of
S.
Stephen
the
Proto-martyr
,
sparing
no
cost
in
Ornaments
both
of
Silver
and
Gold
upon
their
Tomb.
He
also
built
and
adorn'd
a
Church
in
the
Via
Flaminia
,
as
likewise
two
Oratories
,
one
near
the
Lateran
Church
dedicated
to
S.
Sebastian
,
the
other
in
the
Via
Ostiensis
to
Eupolus
the
Martyr
.
Having
finished
these
things
,
and
been
in
the
Chair
six
years
.
five
months
,
eighteen
days
,
he
died
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
,
May
the
14th
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
fifty
two
days
.
MARTINUS
I.
MARTINUS
the
first
,
born
at
Todi
,
Son
of
Fabricius
,
succeeding
Theodorus
,
forthwith
dispatches
his
Legates
to
Constantinople
,
to
admonish
Paul
to
quit
his
Errours
,
and
at
length
to
return
into
the
way
of
Truth
.
But
he
not
only
disobeyed
the
Popes
Commands
,
but
also
,
being
countenanced
therein
by
Constantius
,
offered
great
indignities
to
these
Legates
,
and
then
banish'd
them
into
several
Islands
.
Martinus
highly
resenting
this
usage
,
calls
a
Synod
of
an
hundred
and
fifty
Bishops
at
Rome
,
wherein
he
renews
the
Condemnation
of
Cyrus
of
Alexandria
,
Sergius
,
and
Pyrrhus
,
and
excommunicates
and
deprives
Paul
the
Patriarch
with
the
bitterest
Anathemas
imaginable
.
While
these
things
were
transacting
,
the
Peace
of
Italy
,
which
had
lasted
between
the
Romans
and
the
Lombards
,
thirty
years
,
began
now
to
be
disturbed
.
For
the
Lombards
took
mightily
upon
them
,
and
imposed
such
unjust
conditions
upon
the
Romans
as
they
could
not
submit
to
;
particularly
Rhotaris
being
himself
an
Arian
,
had
scarce
any
City
over
which
he
did
not
set
up
an
Arian
as
well
as
a
Catholick
Bishop
.
This
was
an
Evil
which
both
Theodorus
and
Martine
had
often
endeavoured
to
remedy
,
but
in
vain
.
For
this
reason
,
and
also
at
the
instance
of
Theodorus
the
Exarch
,
a
War
was
proclaimed
with
the
Lombards
,
whereupon
they
take
up
Arms
,
and
near
Scultenna
a
River
of
Modena
,
a
sharp
Engagement
there
was
on
both
sides
.
But
in
the
end
Theodorus
was
vanquish'd
and
routed
,
and
lost
in
the
fight
near
seven
thousand
of
his
Men.
Rhotaris
being
flush'd
with
this
Victory
,
in
a
short
time
easily
made
himself
Master
of
all
Liguria
.
Now
Constantius
hoping
that
the
change
of
his
General
might
change
his
Fortune
too
,
recalls
Theodorus
,
and
sends
Olympuis
his
Exarch
into
Italy
,
with
Instructions
,
both
to
propagate
the
Sect
of
the
Monothelites
throughout
Italy
,
and
also
either
to
put
Pope
Martine
to
Death
,
or
else
to
take
care
to
have
him
sent
Prisoner
to
Constantinople
.
Olympius
coming
to
Rome
,
where
there
had
been
already
a
Synod
held
against
this
and
other
the
Errours
of
the
Oriental
Church
,
and
finding
that
he
could
not
disperse
the
Contagion
as
he
thought
to
do
,
sends
one
of
his
Officers
to
seize
Martine
in
the
Church
of
S.
Maria
Maggiore
,
and
either
to
bring
him
to
him
,
or
else
to
kill
him
if
he
refus'd
and
made
resistance
.
The
Officer
being
just
ready
to
execute
this
Order
,
was
by
Miracle
suddenly
struck
with
blindness
;
and
so
by
divine
Providence
Martine
escaped
the
danger
.
The
Saracens
taking
heart
upon
this
great
dissention
between
the
Eastern
and
Western
Church
,
set
sail
from
Alexandria
with
a
great
Fleet
,
and
arriving
at
Rhodes
,
and
taking
the
City
,
they
destroyed
the
famous
and
celebrated
Coloss
there
,
with
the
Brass
of
which
it
's
said
they
loaded
nine
hundred
Camels
;
this
Coloss
being
seventy
foot
high
,
the
Workmanship
of
Chares
the
Scholar
of
Lysippus
.
Afterwards
having
possessed
themselves
of
several
Islands
in
the
Archipelago
,
and
thence
sailing
to
Sicily
,
they
very
much
infested
the
Inhabitants
of
that
Island
.
Hereupon
Olympius
at
the
entreaty
of
Pope
Martine
,
makes
an
Expedition
and
forces
them
thence
;
though
not
without
the
loss
of
many
of
his
Ships
and
Men
,
and
even
that
of
his
own
Life
too
,
for
he
fell
sick
in
Sicily
and
died
there
.
But
Constantius
,
who
was
not
in
the
least
bettered
by
all
these
Calamities
,
commands
Theodorus
Calliopa
again
into
Italy
,
with
express
Order
,
that
he
should
forthwith
send
Pope
Martine
bound
to
him
;
and
to
assist
him
in
that
Affair
,
he
joins
Paulus
Pellarius
with
him
,
who
was
to
take
care
to
see
it
done
.
Theodorus
having
been
honourably
received
by
the
Romans
,
and
going
upon
pretence
of
making
a
Visit
to
the
Pope
,
seizes
and
puts
him
in
Fetters
,
and
so
sends
him
to
Constantinople
,
from
whence
he
was
afterwards
banish'd
to
the
Chersonese
,
the
place
where
Clemens
Romanus
had
formerly
been
an
Exile
.
Now
Martine
being
thus
compassed
with
Calamities
,
and
pinch'd
with
extreme
want
,
at
length
dies
in
Banishment
,
after
he
had
been
in
the
Chair
six
years
,
one
month
,
twenty
six
days
.
And
because
it
was
long
before
there
came
certain
intelligence
of
his
Death
,
the
See
was
vacant
fourteen
months
.
EUGENIUS
I.
EUGENIUS
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Ruffinianus
,
succeeded
Martine
about
the
time
that
in
the
place
of
Paul
the
Heretick
,
Peter
was
made
Patriarch
of
Constantinople
.
Who
though
he
were
a
little
more
Orthodox
than
Paul
,
yet
did
not
in
all
things
agree
in
Doctrine
with
the
Roman
Church
.
His
Letters
sent
to
Rome
,
in
which
he
denied
two
Operations
and
Wills
in
Christ
,
were
so
exploded
,
that
the
Clergy
took
upon
them
to
interdict
the
Pope's
celebrating
Mass
in
S.
Maria
Maggiore
,
till
he
had
first
publickly
declared
his
dislike
of
them
.
In
the
mean
time
Grimoaldus
Duke
of
Beneventum
,
leaving
his
Son
to
govern
at
home
,
and
marching
with
a
great
Army
into
Lombardy
,
forced
Pertheri
and
Gundibert
,
the
two
Sons
of
Aripertus
,
to
quit
Pavia
and
Milain
.
Of
which
Clodoveus
the
French
King
having
intelligence
,
he
out
of
compassion
to
the
young
Princes
,
immediately
sends
a
considerable
Force
into
Italy
,
to
recover
their
Right
for
them
.
Beyond
the
Po
Battel
is
joyn'd
,
and
the
Dispute
managed
very
briskly
on
both
sides
,
the
young
Princes
being
eager
to
retrieve
their
paternal
possessions
,
and
he
endeavouring
as
much
to
keep
what
he
had
gain'd
by
War
.
At
length
Fortune
inclin'd
to
Grimoaldus
his
side
,
and
the
French
were
routed
,
and
driven
out
of
Italy
.
We
are
told
by
some
,
that
the
French
were
out-witted
by
the
Enemy
after
this
manner
;
The
Lombards
dissembled
a
Flight
,
leaving
their
Tents
furnished
with
plenty
of
all
manner
of
Provisions
,
and
especially
of
Wine
,
but
not
far
off
they
made
a
halt
watching
their
opportunity
;
the
French
entring
their
Tents
,
and
thinking
they
had
been
really
fled
,
fall
to
feasting
,
and
eat
and
drink
to
such
excess
,
that
the
Enemy
coming
upon
them
and
finding
them
dead
asleep
and
lying
about
like
beasts
,
they
made
such
a
slaughter
of
them
,
that
there
was
scarce
one
left
alive
to
carry
the
News
to
Clodoveus
.
Grimoaldus
growing
confident
upon
this
Victory
,
quickly
makes
himself
Master
of
the
whole
Province
.
As
for
Pope
Eugenius
,
who
was
a
person
of
very
great
Piety
,
Religion
,
Meekness
,
Humanity
and
Munificence
,
having
been
in
the
Chair
two
years
,
nine
months
,
he
died
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
,
June
the
2d
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
one
month
,
twenty
eight
days
.
VITALIANUS
I.
VITALIANUS
born
at
Segna
a
Town
of
the
Volsci
,
the
Son
of
Anastasius
,
entred
upon
the
Pontificate
at
the
time
when
Caesarea
the
Persian
Queen
,
attended
only
with
a
few
of
her
Confidents
,
and
without
the
knowledg
of
her
Husband
,
came
to
Constantinople
,
in
the
year
683.
She
was
very
honourably
received
by
the
Emperour
,
and
not
long
after
baptized
,
for
the
sake
of
which
it
was
that
she
came
thither
.
The
Persian
King
having
intelligence
hereof
,
forthwith
sends
Ambassadours
to
Constantinople
to
demand
his
Wife
of
the
Emperour
.
To
them
the
Emperour
answered
,
That
it
was
in
the
Queen's
choice
to
stay
or
go
,
and
therefore
they
should
enquire
of
her
pleasure
.
The
Queen
being
ask'd
,
made
Answer
,
That
she
would
never
return
into
her
Countrey
,
unless
the
King
would
become
a
Christian
.
Who
being
acquainted
herewith
,
comes
forthwith
in
a
peaceable
manner
with
forty
thousand
men
to
Constantinople
;
where
being
received
by
the
Emperour
with
all
expressions
of
kindness
,
he
together
with
his
Soldiers
were
baptized
,
and
then
he
returned
with
his
Queen
into
his
own
Kingdom
.
After
this
Constantius
,
having
associated
to
himself
in
the
Government
his
Son
Constantine
,
and
prepared
a
great
Fleet
,
setting
sail
from
Constantinople
,
arrives
at
Tarentum
,
bringing
with
him
in
Ships
of
burden
a
great
Force
of
Land-Soldiers
.
From
thence
he
advanced
by
Land
into
Abruzzo
,
with
design
to
besiege
Beneventum
.
But
understanding
that
that
City
was
very
strongly
Garison'd
,
and
plentifully
furnished
with
Provisions
by
the
care
of
Rhomoaldus
,
he
marched
to
Lucera
,
which
he
took
,
and
plundered
,
and
then
levell'd
with
the
ground
.
Passing
from
hence
to
Acherontia
,
and
not
being
not
able
to
make
himself
Master
of
so
well
fortified
a
place
,
he
again
attempts
the
Siege
of
Beneventum
,
but
soon
raises
it
,
upon
intelligence
that
Grimoaldus
would
suddenly
be
there
with
a
great
Army
,
to
assist
his
Son
Rhomoaldus
.
Hereupon
Constantius
moving
first
towards
Naples
,
though
very
much
incommoded
in
his
passage
,
and
having
left
〈◊〉
a
Roman
Citizen
with
twenty
thousand
men
at
Formiae
to
oppose
the
Enemy
,
at
length
he
comes
to
Rome
,
the
Pope
,
and
Clergy
,
and
People
in
honour
to
him
going
six
miles
out
of
the
City
to
meet
him
.
And
being
conducted
through
the
City
with
great
Acclamations
to
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
,
he
there
made
a
very
rich
Present
.
In
the
mean
time
Rhomoaldus
,
presuming
upon
the
Supplies
he
receiv'd
from
his
Father
,
joins
Battel
with
Saburrus
,
conquers
him
,
and
puts
to
the
Sword
a
great
number
of
the
Greeks
.
Constantius
being
enraged
and
growing
almost
desperate
upon
this
misfortune
,
on
the
fifth
day
after
his
entrance
into
the
City
,
falls
a
plundering
,
takes
away
all
the
Statues
of
Brass
and
Marble
set
up
in
the
principal
parts
of
the
City
,
and
the
rich
Ornaments
of
the
Churches
,
and
lades
his
Ships
with
them
;
and
in
seven
days
did
more
damage
to
Rome
,
than
the
barbarous
Nations
had
done
before
in
two
hundred
and
fifty
eight
years
;
so
that
ill
men
,
ignorant
of
History
,
have
no
reason
to
say
,
that
the
Statues
and
Monuments
of
Antiquity
were
demolished
by
Pope
Gregorie's
Order
.
On
the
twelfth
day
the
vile
and
perfidious
paultry
Greek
〈◊〉
Rome
,
with
a
vengeance
to
him
,
goes
towards
Naples
,
thence
to
Sicily
,
being
so
severe
in
his
exaction
of
Tribute
wherever
he
came
,
as
to
take
away
Children
out
of
the
embraces
of
their
Parents
who
could
not
pay
him
.
But
the
covetous
wretch
,
staying
some
time
in
Sicily
,
as
he
was
bathing
for
pleasure
at
Syracuse
,
was
slain
;
and
Mezentius
,
who
is
thought
to
have
been
the
contriver
of
his
Death
,
was
by
the
Soldiers
made
Emperour
in
his
stead
.
This
Constantius
,
was
a
person
of
a
strange
〈◊〉
and
inconstancy
of
Mind
.
For
at
first
,
hearing
that
Vitalianus
was
chosen
Pope
,
he
sent
his
Ambassadours
to
congratulate
him
,
and
to
make
a
Present
of
the
Gospels
written
in
letters
of
Gold
and
set
with
Jewels
,
to
S.
Peter
.
Whereas
afterwards
his
mind
being
changed
,
he
cast
off
all
regard
to
God
and
Man
,
and
turned
all
things
both
divine
and
humane
topsy-turvy
.
But
Vitalianus
being
intent
upon
sacred
things
,
composed
Ecclesiastical
Canons
,
and
regulated
singing
in
the
Church
,
introducing
Organs
to
be
used
with
the
Vocal
Musick
.
He
also
sent
,
with
ample
Power
of
binding
and
loosing
,
Theodorus
an
Arch-bishop
and
Adrian
an
Abbat
,
two
very
learned
and
pious
men
into
England
,
that
by
their
Preaching
and
Example
they
might
keep
that
people
stedfast
in
the
Faith
;
which
the
good
men
did
what
they
could
to
perform
.
This
Theodorus
also
wrote
a
Book
,
shewing
,
by
what
Pennance
every
sin
may
be
wash'd
off
;
though
some
ascribe
that
Work
to
Pope
Theodorus
.
Now
Vitalianus
having
govern'd
the
Church
as
well
as
lay
in
his
power
fourteen
years
,
six
months
,
died
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
,
January
the
27th
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
four
months
,
fifteen
days
.
ADEODATUS
I.
ADEODATUS
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Jovinian
,
was
of
a
Monk
created
Pope
,
at
the
time
when
Lupus
Duke
of
Friuli
endeavoured
to
posses
himself
of
the
Kingdom
of
Italy
.
For
Grimoaldus
being
(
as
we
have
said
)
called
by
his
Son
Rhomoaldus
Duke
of
Beneventum
to
aid
him
against
Constantius
the
Emperour
,
at
his
departure
commended
his
People
to
the
care
of
Lupus
,
and
so
,
according
to
the
Proverb
,
left
the
Sheep
to
the
keeping
of
the
[
](A55007-e65660-b)*
*
The
Author's
quibble
upon
the
name
of
the
Tyrant
,
Lupus
being
the
Latin
word
for
a
Wolf
.
Wolf
.
For
Lupus
taking
the
advantage
of
Grimoaldus
his
absence
,
involves
all
Tuscany
,
Romandiola
,
and
a
great
part
of
Lombardy
in
tumult
and
confusion
.
Hereupon
Grimoaldus
by
gifts
and
promises
prevails
with
Caganus
to
advance
with
his
Avares
against
Lupus
;
which
he
did
,
and
in
the
first
Engagement
had
the
worst
of
it
.
But
the
next
day
renewing
the
Fight
,
he
overcame
and
slew
Lupus
,
and
then
sack'd
and
laid
waste
all
Friuli
.
Grimoaldus
,
upon
Constantius
his
leaving
Italy
,
returns
into
Lombardy
,
and
in
his
way
on
the
Saturday
before
Easter
takes
Forlimpopoli
;
puts
all
the
Inhabitants
of
it
to
the
sword
,
plunders
it
,
and
then
levels
it
to
the
ground
,
upon
the
score
of
an
injury
which
he
had
received
there
from
the
people
of
Ravenna
,
in
his
passage
to
the
Aid
of
his
Son
.
Now
Arnefites
the
Son
of
Lupus
,
being
assisted
by
the
Dalmatians
,
endeavoured
to
recover
his
Father's
Dukedom
;
but
near
the
River
Natisone
,
he
was
vanquish'd
and
slain
by
the
Lombards
.
The
Inhabitants
of
Vderzo
had
a
share
in
his
Misfortune
,
being
forced
to
quit
their
Countrey
for
having
countenanced
him
in
his
pretensions
.
At
this
time
Sicily
also
was
in
a
bad
condition
;
for
Soldiers
were
sent
thither
out
of
all
the
Provinces
of
Italy
to
make
head
against
Mezentius
by
whose
treachery
Constantius
had
been
murdered
.
Who
being
overcome
and
slain
,
and
the
Soldiers
again
dispersed
,
the
Saracens
arriving
with
a
great
Fleet
surprize
Syracuse
and
possess
themselves
of
the
whole
Island
.
After
some
time
they
return
to
Alexandria
loaded
with
spoil
,
and
carry
away
with
them
those
Ornaments
of
the
City
of
Rome
,
which
Constantius
had
brought
to
Syracuse
with
design
to
transmit
them
to
Constantinople
.
These
miseries
and
Calamities
had
been
portended
by
a
Comet
which
appeared
three
months
together
;
by
great
Rains
and
frequent
Thunders
,
such
as
had
not
been
at
any
time
known
before
.
But
such
is
the
blindness
of
Mankind
,
that
though
they
be
warn'd
of
future
Evils
,
yet
they
do
not
,
as
they
ought
,
provide
against
them
.
'T
is
reported
,
that
all
the
standing
Corn
which
had
been
lodg'd
by
the
continued
Rains
,
grew
yet
up
again
,
and
came
to
maturity
,
especially
in
Lombardy
.
In
the
mean
time
Adeodatus
,
being
a
person
of
great
Piety
and
Humanity
,
merciful
towards
Offenders
,
bountiful
to
the
poor
,
hospitable
towards
strangers
,
and
compassionate
towards
all
in
Calamity
,
repaired
and
dedicated
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
in
the
Via
Portuensis
.
He
also
added
to
the
Building
and
Revenues
of
the
Monastery
of
S.
Erasmus
on
Mons
Coelius
,
wherein
himself
had
been
a
Monk
.
Moreover
,
he
appointed
frequent
Litanies
upon
the
account
of
those
Prodigies
which
we
have
said
appear'd
at
that
time
.
At
length
having
been
in
the
Chair
four
years
,
two
months
,
five
days
,
he
died
,
and
was
with
general
lamentation
buried
in
S.
Peter's
,
June
the
26th
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
four
months
,
twenty
days
.
DONUS
I.
DONUS
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Mauritius
,
was
made
Pope
at
the
time
when
Grimoaldus
King
of
the
Lombards
,
drawing
a
Bow
high
to
shoot
at
a
Pigeon
,
and
thereby
straining
his
Nerves
and
Veins
,
though
it
were
nine
days
after
he
had
been
let
Blood
in
the
Arm
,
yet
thereupon
it
fell
a
bleeding
afresh
,
and
could
not
be
stanch'd
till
he
died
.
There
were
in
this
King
several
excellent
Endowments
both
of
Body
and
Mind
.
He
was
a
person
of
great
Wisdom
and
Prudence
in
all
Affairs
;
and
added
several
things
very
useful
to
Rhotaris
his
Edict
,
which
afterwards
receiv'd
the
Form
of
a
Law
.
He
was
of
a
middle
Stature
,
strong
Constitution
,
had
a
bald
head
,
and
long
beard
;
and
was
every
way
fitted
for
Action
.
He
was
buried
at
Pavia
in
the
Church
of
S.
Ambrose
,
which
he
had
built
at
his
own
charge
.
Pertharis
,
Son
of
King
Aripertus
,
who
as
we
have
said
,
had
been
deprived
of
his
Right
by
Grimoaldus
,
passing
now
during
his
Exile
out
of
France
into
Britain
,
was
prompted
by
a
Voice
which
he
knew
not
from
whence
it
came
,
that
Grimoaldus
being
dead
he
should
seek
to
recover
his
paternal
Inheritance
.
Encouraged
by
this
Voice
,
though
the
Author
of
it
were
uncertain
,
he
returned
into
Italy
,
and
within
three
months
after
Grimoaldus's
Death
became
repossess'd
of
his
Father's
Kingdom
without
any
opposition
.
About
the
same
time
died
Dagobert
the
French
King
,
a
subtil
and
crafty
Prince
,
and
who
was
equally
fitted
for
Counsel
and
Action
;
whose
Soul
,
when
it
had
been
carried
by
Devils
almost
as
far
as
the
Island
of
Lipara
,
is
reported
to
have
been
delivered
out
of
their
Clutches
,
by
Dennis
and
Maurice
the
Martyrs
,
and
Martin
the
Confessour
,
Saints
for
whom
as
his
Patrons
he
had
all
his
life-time
a
great
veneration
,
and
had
been
very
liberal
in
beautifying
and
enriching
their
Churches
.
Now
Pope
Donus
consulting
the
honour
of
the
Church
,
paved
the
Porch
of
S.
Peter's
,
called
Paradise
,
with
Marble
,
which
he
took
as
I
suppose
from
the
Pyramide
over
against
Castel
S.
Angelo
.
Moreover
,
he
repaired
and
dedicated
in
the
Via
Ostiensis
the
Church
of
the
Apostles
,
and
in
the
Via
Appia
that
of
S.
Euphemia
.
He
also
appointed
the
several
degrees
of
honour
and
distance
to
be
yielded
to
the
several
Orders
of
the
Clergy
.
And
discovering
in
the
Boethian
Monastery
a
Company
of
Syrian
Monks
who
were
of
the
Nestorian
Heresie
,
them
he
censured
and
dispersed
into
divers
other
Monasteries
,
assigning
their
own
to
Roman
Monks
.
By
his
eminent
Learning
and
Piety
,
and
through
the
submission
of
Theodorus
Bishop
of
〈◊〉
,
he
reduced
to
Obedience
to
the
Apostolick
See
the
Church
of
Ravenna
,
which
had
for
a
considerable
time
separated
it self
from
that
of
Rome
,
and
upon
that
account
had
got
the
name
of
Allocephalis
.
Some
tell
us
that
in
his
time
Projectus
a
Bishop
,
underwent
the
torment
and
acquired
the
glory
of
Martyrdom
for
the
cause
of
Christianity
;
and
that
Mezelindis
a
Woman
of
incomparable
Chastity
,
being
solicited
by
her
Lover
Ardenius
,
and
upon
her
not
yielding
to
his
desires
put
to
divers
Torments
by
him
,
yet
prayed
so
fervently
even
for
her
Persecutor
,
whom
God
for
this
Crime
had
struck
with
blindness
,
that
upon
her
Prayers
his
Sight
was
restored
to
him
.
Our
Donus
having
been
in
the
Chair
five
years
,
ten
days
,
died
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
,
April
the
10th
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
two
months
,
sixteen
days
.
AGATHO
I.
AGATHO
,
a
Sicilian
,
was
Anno
Dom.
702.
of
a
Monk
made
Pope
;
a
person
of
great
Piety
,
and
who
cured
a
Leper
,
whom
he
chanced
to
meet
with
,
only
by
a
kiss
.
He
was
a
man
of
so
obliging
a
temper
,
that
no
person
went
away
sad
out
of
his
Presence
.
And
being
so
happy
as
to
have
a
Contemporary
Emperour
like
himself
,
he
designed
to
hold
a
Council
vpon
the
account
of
the
Monothelites
.
Only
he
waited
the
time
till
Constantine
should
return
from
the
War
,
who
had
vanquish'd
the
Saracens
,
and
made
them
tributary
to
the
Roman
Empire
.
But
the
Bulgarians
advancing
out
of
Scythia
into
Thrace
,
and
the
Emperour
endeavouring
to
put
a
check
to
their
motion
,
he
was
with
great
loss
routed
between
Hungary
and
Moesia
.
Hereupon
,
he
found
himself
obliged
to
strike
up
a
peace
with
them
upon
disadvantageous
terms
,
permitting
them
to
inhabit
Hungary
and
Moesia
;
though
that
Concession
in
the
event
proved
a
great
benefit
to
the
State
of
Christianity
.
For
these
are
the
men
who
for
this
seven
hundred
and
seventy
years
since
have
maintained
a
continual
War
,
and
been
the
Bulwark
of
Christendom
against
the
Turks
.
Well
,
a
Peace
being
upon
these
Conditions
concluded
,
Pope
Agatho
sends
to
Constantinople
his
Legates
John
Bishop
of
Porto
,
and
John
a
Deacon
of
Rome
.
Them
Constantine
receiv'd
with
all
expressions
of
respect
,
and
very
affectionately
advised
them
to
lay
aside
all
Cavils
and
sophistical
wranglings
and
Controversies
,
and
sincerely
to
endeavour
the
uniting
the
two
Churches
.
There
were
present
at
this
Synod
two
hundred
and
eighty
nine
Bishops
;
and
by
the
Command
of
the
Emperour
there
were
brought
out
of
the
Library
of
Constantinople
those
Books
,
from
whence
the
Opinions
and
Determinations
of
the
Ancients
might
be
collected
.
Gregory
Patriarch
of
Constantinople
,
and
Macarius
Bishop
of
Antioch
,
perverting
the
sense
of
the
Fathers
maintain'd
only
one
Will
and
Operation
in
Christ
.
But
the
Orthodox
pressing
hard
with
their
Reasons
and
Authorities
,
they
thereby
reclaimed
Gregory
;
and
Macarius
adhering
obstinately
to
his
Opinion
,
they
〈◊〉
him
and
his
Followers
,
and
made
Theophanes
,
an
Orthodox
Abbat
,
Bishop
of
Antioch
in
his
stead
.
This
Affair
being
thus
successfully
managed
,
that
thanks
might
be
return'd
to
God
for
this
Union
of
the
two
Churches
in
heart
and
mind
,
John
Bishop
of
Porto
,
on
the
Octave
of
Easter
,
in
the
presence
of
the
Emperour
,
Patriarch
and
the
People
of
Constantinople
,
in
the
Church
of
S.
Sophia
celebrates
the
Mass
in
Latin
,
all
that
were
present
approving
that
way
,
and
condemning
those
that
thought
otherwise
.
This
was
the
sixth
General
Council
,
consisting
of
two
hundred
and
eighty
nine
Bishops
,
held
at
Constantinople
,
wherein
upon
the
Authority
of
Cyril
,
Athanasius
,
Basil
,
Gregory
,
Dionysius
,
Hilary
,
Ambrose
,
Augustine
,
and
Hierom
,
it
was
concluded
that
there
were
two
Wills
and
Operations
in
Christ
,
and
their
pertinacy
was
exploded
who
asserted
one
Will
only
,
from
whence
they
were
called
Monothelites
.
The
first
General
Council
,
of
three
hundred
and
eighteen
Bishops
,
was
,
as
we
have
already
said
,
held
at
Nice
,
in
the
Pontificate
of
Julius
and
the
Reign
of
Constantine
,
against
Arius
,
who
asserted
several
Substances
in
the
Trinity
.
The
second
at
Constantinople
of
an
hundred
and
fifty
Bishops
in
the
Reign
of
Gratian
and
the
Pontificate
of
Damasus
,
against
Macedonius
and
Eudoxus
who
denied
the
Holy
Ghost
to
be
God
.
The
third
in
Ephesus
,
of
two
hundred
Bishops
,
in
the
Reign
of
Theodosius
the
second
,
and
the
Pontificate
of
〈◊〉
,
against
Nestorius
Bishop
of
Constantinople
,
who
denied
the
Blessed
Virgin
to
be
the
Mother
of
God
,
and
made
Christs
Humanity
and
Divinity
two
Persons
,
asserting
separately
one
to
be
the
Son
of
God
,
the
other
the
son
of
Man
.
The
fourth
at
Chalcedon
,
a
City
over
against
Constantinople
,
of
six
hundred
and
thirty
Prelates
,
in
the
Pontificate
of
Leo
and
the
Reign
of
Martian
,
against
Eutyches
Abbat
of
Constantinople
,
who
durst
affirm
,
that
our
Saviour
after
his
Incarnation
had
but
one
Nature
.
The
fifth
at
Constantinople
,
against
Theodorus
and
all
other
Hereticks
,
who
asserted
the
Virgin
Mary
to
have
brought
forth
Man
only
,
not
God-man
;
in
which
Synod
it
was
concluded
,
that
the
Blessed
Virgin
should
be
styled
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
or
the
Mother
of
God
.
Concerning
the
sixth
Synod
we
have
spoken
already
,
in
which
the
Letters
of
Damianus
Bishop
of
Pavia
,
and
Mansuetus
Arch-bishop
of
Milain
were
very
prevalent
;
the
principal
Contents
of
them
these
,
viz.
The
true
Faith
concerning
Christ
,
God
and
Man
,
is
,
that
we
believe
two
Wills
and
two
Operations
in
him
;
Our
Saviour
says
with
respect
to
his
Divinity
,
I
and
my
Father
are
one
;
but
John
10.
30.
with
relation
to
his
Humanity
,
My
Father
is
greater
than
I.
Moreover
,
John
14.
28.
as
Man
he
was
found
asleep
in
the
Ship
;
as
God
he
commanded
the
Winds
and
the
Sea
.
As
for
our
Agatho
,
(
in
whose
time
after
two
Ecclipses
,
one
of
the
Moon
,
another
of
the
Sun
,
there
followed
a
grievous
Pestilence
,
)
having
been
in
the
Chair
two
years
,
six
months
,
sifteen
days
,
he
died
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
,
January
the
10th
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
one
year
,
five
months
.
LEO
II.
LEO
the
second
,
a
Sicilian
,
Son
of
Paul
,
was
as
appears
by
his
Writings
,
a
person
throughly
learned
in
the
Latin
and
Greek
Languages
.
Having
also
good
skill
in
Musick
,
he
composed
Notes
upon
the
Psalms
,
and
very
much
improved
all
Church
Musick
.
He
ordained
likewise
,
that
at
the
Celebration
of
the
Mass
the
Pax
should
be
given
to
the
people
.
Moreover
,
he
so
vigorously
maintained
and
asserted
the
sixth
Synod
,
of
which
we
have
spoken
in
the
Life
of
Agatho
,
that
he
Excommunicated
all
those
whom
in
the
presence
of
Constantine
that
Synod
had
condemned
.
He
also
repress'd
the
pride
of
the
Bishops
of
Ravenna
,
a
matter
before
attempted
by
Pope
Agatho
,
and
ordained
that
the
Election
of
the
Clergy
of
Ravenna
should
be
invalid
,
unless
it
were
confirmed
by
the
Authority
of
the
Roman
See
;
whereas
before
they
presuming
upon
the
power
of
their
Exarchs
,
managed
all
things
arbitrarily
,
owning
no
subjection
to
any
,
but
mating
even
the
Popes
themselves
.
He
likewise
solemnly
decreed
,
that
no
person
promoted
to
the
dignity
of
an
Archbishop
should
pay
any
thing
for
the
use
of
the
Pall
,
or
upon
any
other
score
,
a
Decree
which
I
could
wish
it
were
observed
at
this
day
,
seeing
how
many
Evils
have
arisen
through
Bribery
.
While
Leo
was
busied
in
these
matters
,
Rhomoaldus
Duke
of
Beneventum
,
having
raised
a
great
Army
,
possess'd
himself
of
Taranto
,
Brindisi
,
and
all
Puglia
,
and
his
Wife
Theodata
,
a
devout
Lady
,
out
of
the
spoils
of
the
War
built
a
Church
in
honour
to
S.
Peter
not
far
from
Beneventum
,
and
a
Nunnery
.
Rhomoaldus
dying
was
succeeded
by
his
Son
Grimoaldus
,
who
deceasing
without
Issue
male
,
left
the
Dukedom
to
his
Brother
Gisulphus
.
Our
Leo
,
who
besides
his
great
Learning
and
Eloquence
,
was
also
an
extraordinary
person
for
Devotion
and
Charity
,
and
by
his
Doctrine
and
Example
very
much
promoted
Justice
,
Fortitude
,
Clemency
,
and
Good
Will
among
all
men
,
having
been
in
the
Chair
only
ten
months
,
died
,
and
June
the
28th
,
was
accompanied
to
his
burial
in
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
with
the
tears
of
all
men
,
who
deplored
the
loss
of
him
as
of
a
Common
Father
.
After
his
Death
the
See
was
vacant
eleven
months
,
twenty
one
days
.
The
time
of
his
Pontificate
was
short
,
but
the
Reputation
he
gain'd
therein
so
great
,
that
one
would
think
he
had
lived
longer
than
he
did
,
by
the
celebrated
Name
which
he
had
deservedly
acquired
in
so
little
time
.
BENEDICT
II.
BENEDICT
the
second
,
a
Roman
,
his
Father's
Name
John
,
being
from
his
Youth
brought
up
to
the
Clergy
,
was
so
intent
upon
the
study
of
Holy
Writ
,
that
he
became
an
extraordinary
Proficient
in
Divinity
.
He
was
likewise
a
person
of
great
Compassion
,
Charity
,
and
good
Will
towards
all
,
espcially
the
Poor
;
Virtues
by
which
he
so
won
the
Hearts
of
men
,
that
he
was
pitch'd
upon
as
the
only
person
,
who
by
general
consent
was
fit
to
succeed
in
the
Place
of
Leo
deceased
.
The
Emperour
Constantine
out
of
the
Veneration
he
had
for
this
mans
Sanctity
,
sent
him
a
Decree
,
in
which
it
was
established
that
for
the
time
to
come
He
whom
the
Clergy
and
People
of
Rome
should
chuse
Pope
,
should
be
forthwith
acknowledged
Christ's
true
Vicar
,
without
expecting
the
Authority
of
the
Emperour
or
his
Exarchs
,
according
to
former
usage
,
when
the
confirmation
of
the
Emperour
or
his
Vicegerent
in
Italy
was
necessary
to
the
creation
of
a
Pope
.
Pertheris
now
King
of
the
Lombards
,
in
imitation
of
the
Religion
and
Charity
of
Benedict
,
built
a
Monastery
in
honour
to
S.
Agatha
at
Pavia
;
and
his
Wife
Rhodelinda
prompted
by
the
Example
of
her
Husband
built
the
Church
of
S.
Mary
ad
Perticas
without
the
Walls
of
Pavia
.
This
they
did
out
of
a
Principle
of
Emulation
,
understanding
that
Pope
Benedict
had
with
vast
expence
repaired
,
beautified
and
enriched
the
Churches
of
S.
Peter
at
Rome
,
that
of
S.
Laurence
in
Lucina
,
that
of
S.
Valentine
in
the
Via
Flaminia
,
and
that
of
S.
Mary
ad
Martyres
.
Pertheris
had
designed
greater
things
of
this
Nature
,
but
he
was
diverted
by
Alalchis
Duke
of
Trent
,
who
being
pust'd
up
by
a
great
Victory
which
he
had
gain'd
over
the
Bavarians
,
turns
his
Arms
against
his
King
.
But
Pertheris
raising
an
Army
,
at
the
first
Engagement
routs
him
,
besieges
Trent
whither
he
had
fled
for
Refuge
,
and
though
Alalchis
had
first
made
his
escape
thence
by
night
,
takes
the
City
.
However
,
Pertheris
was
a
Prince
of
so
great
Clemency
as
to
receive
him
again
into
favour
upon
his
submission
,
and
to
make
him
Duke
of
Brescia
.
Some
tell
us
,
that
in
Benedict's
time
an
extraordinary
Star
was
seen
near
the
Vergiliae
several
Nights
together
in
a
clear
Sky
between
Christmas
and
Epiphany
.
I
deny
not
but
that
a
Comet
then
appeared
,
and
portended
something
;
but
it
's
Neighbourhood
to
this
Constellation
is
incoherent
,
unless
we
make
that
prodigious
too
.
For
the
Vergiliae
rise
at
the
Vernal
Equinox
,
when
the
Sun
enters
the
Sign
Aries
,
about
the
twenty
fourth
of
March
,
and
begin
to
set
at
the
Autumnal
Equinox
.
But
that
out
of
Vesuvius
,
a
Mountain
in
Campania
,
so
great
a
〈◊〉
did
at
this
time
burst
forth
,
that
it
burnt
up
all
the
places
round
about
it
,
may
seem
less
wonderful
,
considering
that
Pliny
the
Natural
Historian
,
leaving
the
Ships
which
he
commanded
under
Trajan
,
and
approaching
too
near
it
out
of
curiosity
to
find
out
the
causes
of
it's
burning
,
lost
his
life
by
that
means
.
However
,
't
is
certain
,
that
not
long
after
these
things
there
followed
Slaughters
,
Rapines
,
Fires
,
the
Death
of
great
Men
,
and
particularly
of
Pope
Benedict
,
who
,
as
he
was
universally
beloved
in
his
life-time
,
so
after
his
Death
he
was
famous
for
his
Piety
,
and
the
good
Offices
he
had
done
to
mankind
.
He
was
in
the
Chair
only
ten
months
,
twelve
days
,
and
was
buried
in
S
Peter's
,
May
the
15th
.
By
his
Death
the
See
was
vacant
two
months
,
fifteen
days
.
JOHN
V.
JOHN
the
fifth
,
by
Nation
a
Syrian
born
at
Antioch
,
his
Father's
Name
Cyriacus
,
was
created
Pope
about
the
time
when
the
Emperour
Constantine
died
,
in
the
seventeenth
year
of
his
Reign
,
and
left
the
Empire
to
his
Son
Justinian
the
second
.
The
Saracens
now
invaded
Lybia
and
Africa
,
and
possess'd
themselves
easily
of
all
the
places
that
lay
towards
the
Sea
.
But
Justinian
,
having
in
some
measure
setled
the
affairs
of
his
Empire
,
and
raised
a
competent
Army
,
advancing
against
these
Saracens
,
struck
such
a
terrour
into
Abimelech
their
Chief
,
that
without
engaging
he
sued
for
a
Peace
,
and
was
glad
to
restore
all
his
Acquests
in
Africa
.
And
a
Peace
,
it
is
said
by
some
,
was
granted
them
for
ten
years
,
but
upon
Condition
,
that
they
should
pay
a
thousand
pieces
of
Gold
and
a
Slave
of
their
own
Nation
on
Horseback
every
day
to
the
Emperour
.
At
this
time
John
,
a
person
of
great
Piety
and
Goodness
,
being
by
general
suffrage
chosen
Pope
in
the
Constantinian
Church
,
was
consecrated
in
the
same
manner
with
Leo
the
second
by
the
three
Bishops
of
Ostia
,
Porto
and
Veletri
;
a
Precedent
which
so
obtained
,
that
it
was
afterwards
constantly
practised
.
His
Pontificate
was
rendred
remarkable
by
two
extraordinary
persons
.
Felix
the
Uncle
of
Flavianus
,
and
John
Bishop
of
Bergamo
,
men
of
such
eminent
Learning
and
Sanctity
,
that
they
received
from
Princes
themselves
marks
of
the
highest
respect
and
Veneration
.
Pope
John
,
who
both
before
and
during
his
Pontificate
was
a
sickly
man
,
having
written
a
Book
concerning
the
Dignity
of
the
Pall
,
died
in
the
first
year
after
his
coming
to
the
Chair
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
,
August
the
2d
.
By
his
Death
the
See
was
vacant
two
months
,
nineteen
days
.
CONON
I.
CONON
,
by
birth
a
Thracian
,
educated
in
Sicily
,
and
thence
entring
into
Orders
at
Rome
,
was
of
a
Presbyter
made
Pope
.
For
there
happening
a
Controversie
about
the
Election
,
the
Citizens
being
for
Peter
an
Arch-bishop
,
and
the
Soldiers
for
one
Theodorus
a
Priest
:
at
length
after
a
long
Contention
both
Parties
agreed
in
the
Choice
of
Conon
.
And
indeed
he
did
every
way
deserve
so
great
a
Dignity
;
being
a
man
of
great
Learning
and
very
good
Life
,
pious
and
devout
,
of
a
comely
Person
and
most
Venerable
,
or
as
some
called
it
,
Angelical
Aspect
;
of
wonderful
Simplicity
and
Sincerity
,
Modesty
and
Justice
,
Resolution
and
Prudence
.
For
these
excellent
Endowments
of
his
all
persons
concern'd
with
mighty
acclamations
of
Applause
immediately
confirm'd
his
Election
;
as
did
also
Theodorus
Exarch
of
Ravenna
,
who
being
deceased
,
was
not
long
after
succeeded
in
the
Exarchate
by
John
Platina
,
whom
I
believe
to
have
given
the
name
to
the
place
of
my
Nativity
,
called
Platina
,
within
the
Territory
of
Cremona
.
For
there
being
frequent
Wars
between
the
Exarchs
and
the
Kings
of
Lombardy
,
it
is
not
improbable
,
considering
that
that
place
was
scituated
almost
in
the
mid-way
between
Ravenna
and
Pavia
,
one
of
which
was
the
Seat
of
the
Lombard
Kings
,
the
other
of
the
Exarchs
,
there
might
at
some
time
be
a
Battel
fought
or
a
Camp
pitched
there
,
from
whence
we
know
that
names
are
oftentimes
given
to
places
,
as
particularly
in
the
same
Countrey
there
is
Vitelliana
,
a
Town
so
called
from
Vitellius
his
encamping
there
,
and
Bebrignano
not
far
from
Bebriacum
famous
for
the
defeat
which
Otho
there
received
.
I
return
to
Conon
,
who
presently
after
his
entrance
upon
the
Pontificate
falling
sick
,
Paschal
an
Arch-deacon
and
manager
of
the
Church-stock
,
endeavours
to
bribe
John
the
Exarch
,
to
procure
him
to
be
chosen
Pope
upon
the
Death
of
Conon
.
The
Exarch
took
the
Money
,
though
he
afterwards
performed
none
of
the
promises
he
had
made
upon
that
account
.
And
indeed
such
a
covetous
and
ambitious
wretch
deserv'd
to
be
frustrated
in
his
designs
,
who
made
a
Bribe
of
that
Treasure
of
the
Church
,
which
according
to
Conon's
Will
should
have
been
laid
out
in
relieving
the
poor
and
repairing
of
Churches
.
A
Crime
to
be
abhorred
in
all
men
,
but
most
detestable
in
an
Ecclesiastick
.
Such
a
breach
of
trust
would
not
have
been
committed
by
Hubert
,
who
was
now
a
Bishop
in
Bretagne
,
of
great
Note
for
his
Learning
and
Piety
;
nor
Leodegarius
the
Martyr
Bishop
of
Autun
,
who
was
put
to
Death
by
Theodoric
King
of
France
,
for
his
frequent
and
free
reproofs
;
nor
by
Audoenus
Bishop
of
Roan
,
a
man
who
was
second
to
none
for
Knowledg
and
Sanctity
.
These
were
men
remov'd
from
Ambition
and
Avarice
,
fixing
all
their
trust
in
God
and
Religion
,
and
gaining
thereby
Reputation
among
men
in
this
World
,
and
eternal
happiness
from
God
in
the
other
.
As
for
Conon
,
having
been
in
the
Chair
only
eleven
months
,
and
three
days
,
he
died
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
,
September
the
21st
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
two
months
,
twenty
three
days
.
SERGIUS
I.
SERGIUS
,
a
Syrian
,
born
at
Antioch
,
son
of
Tiberius
,
coming
to
Rome
in
the
time
of
Pope
Adeodatus
,
was
admitted
into
the
number
of
the
Reman
Clergy
.
Afterwards
through
his
Industry
and
Improvements
in
divine
Knowledg
,
advancing
gradually
he
was
ordained
Parish-Priest
of
the
Church
of
S.
Susanna
.
He
thereupon
beginning
more
and
more
to
frequent
the
Coemeteries
,
and
there
to
perform
sacred
Offices
,
by
this
means
he
gain'd
so
great
a
reputation
,
that
upon
the
Decease
of
Conon
,
he
was
chosen
his
Successour
,
though
indeed
after
a
long
debate
.
For
the
People
being
divided
into
two
Parties
,
one
stood
up
for
Theodorus
,
and
the
other
for
Paschal
the
Arch
deacon
.
Theodorus
with
his
Party
had
forced
his
entrance
into
the
inner
part
of
the
Lateran
Palace
;
the
outer
from
the
Oratory
of
S.
Sylvester
to
the
Church
of
the
house
of
Julia
,
was
possessed
by
Paschal
.
But
the
Contention
and
debate
growing
so
high
,
that
every
one
thought
they
would
come
to
blows
,
each
Party
resolving
not
to
give
place
to
the
other
unless
by
force
compelled
thereunto
,
the
principal
of
the
Citizens
,
Clergy
and
Soldiery
assembled
together
to
consult
what
were
best
to
be
done
to
lay
this
Tumult
.
At
length
having
duly
considered
the
whole
matter
,
and
judging
it
not
fit
to
commit
the
Popedom
to
either
of
those
who
to
〈◊〉
their
own
ambition
had
been
the
cause
of
so
great
disorders
,
by
divine
direction
they
make
choice
of
Sergius
without
the
least
opposition
;
and
taking
him
out
of
the
midst
of
the
croud
upon
their
shoulders
,
they
carry
him
first
into
the
Oratory
of
S.
Caesarius
the
Martyr
,
then
into
the
Lateran
Palace
,
breaking
open
the
doors
by
force
,
and
driving
out
those
who
were
in
it
before
.
Theodorus
seeing
how
all
agreed
in
the
choice
,
salutes
Sergius
by
the
name
of
Pope
,
and
kisses
him
.
Paschal
the
other
Competitour
did
the
same
,
though
sorely
against
his
Will
,
and
being
only
aw'd
thereinto
by
the
armed
multitude
.
For
secretly
and
under-hand
he
did
by
Letters
,
Messengers
and
Promises
so
strongly
sollicite
John
Exarch
of
Ravenna
to
perform
at
length
what
he
had
promis'd
him
for
his
Money
,
that
the
said
John
comes
forthwith
to
Rome
,
without
sending
any
advice
before
,
that
so
he
might
have
the
advantage
of
coming
upon
them
unprovided
,
and
while
they
were
off
their
guard
.
But
when
he
understood
that
Sergius
was
by
universal
consent
declared
Pope
,
and
urg'd
the
performance
of
what
Paschal
had
promis'd
him
,
upon
Sergius's
expressing
a
high
dislike
and
detestation
of
any
such
bribery
,
he
violently
seizes
and
carries
away
several
things
of
value
from
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
.
As
for
Paschal
,
the
occasion
of
this
mischief
,
he
being
accused
and
convicted
of
Sorcery
,
was
deprived
of
his
Arch-Deaconry
;
and
for
Pennance
was
confined
to
a
Monastery
,
whereing
after
his
having
continued
obstinate
for
five
years
,
he
died
.
In
the
mean
time
Justinian
,
being
strangely
inconstant
towards
God
and
Men
,
both
attaques
the
Saracens
and
Bulgarians
contrary
to
the
Articles
of
Peace
he
had
concluded
with
them
;
from
whom
yet
it
is
certain
he
receiv'd
more
damage
,
than
he
did
to
them
;
and
also
returning
to
Constantinople
,
being
generally
hated
by
the
Citizens
for
his
not
restraining
the
cruelty
of
the
City-prefect
,
he
held
a
Synod
,
wherein
some
Decrees
pass'd
not
agreeing
with
the
Orthodox
Faith
;
which
also
Sergius
his
Apocrisiary
,
or
Nuntio
,
,
then
residing
at
Constantinople
,
very
foolishly
confirmed
by
his
Subscription
.
But
these
Decrees
being
afterwards
brought
to
Rome
and
there
exploded
by
Sergius
,
who
held
that
there
were
two
Natures
in
Christ
,
and
that
the
Blessed
Virgin
was
the
Mother
of
God
,
Justinian
enraged
thereat
,
sends
Zacharias
Protospatharius
(
which
we
may
render
the
Captain
of
the
Guards
)
to
Rome
,
to
bring
Sergius
bound
to
him
.
Which
when
the
Soldiers
of
the
Exarchate
of
Italy
understood
,
they
immediately
took
up
their
Arms
,
and
not
only
defended
the
Pope
from
violence
,
but
were
very
near
having
slain
Zachary
,
had
he
not
saved
himself
by
flying
for
refuge
to
the
Pope
,
who
kept
him
for
some
time
in
his
Bed-chamber
,
and
afterwards
sent
him
back
privately
to
the
Emperour
.
While
these
things
were
transacted
at
Rome
,
Leontius
,
encouraged
by
〈◊〉
the
Patriarch
,
having
excited
the
People
of
Constantinople
to
take
up
Arms
,
and
broke
open
all
the
Prisons
of
the
City
,
whereby
multitudes
of
Prisoners
were
set
at
liberty
,
deposes
Justinian
,
and
cutting
off
his
Nose
banishes
him
to
the
Chersonese
of
Pontus
.
Abimelech
Admiral
of
the
Saracens
having
intelligence
hereof
,
and
hoping
to
make
his
advantage
of
these
Tumults
,
presently
invades
Africa
;
whither
Leontius
with
all
expedition
sends
his
Army
to
check
their
motion
.
But
not
long
after
a
mutiny
arising
among
the
Soldiers
,
they
create
one
Tiberius
a
Citizen
of
Constantinople
Emperour
;
who
immediately
returning
with
the
Army
to
Constantinople
,
seizes
Leontius
,
and
having
retaliated
upon
him
what
we
have
said
he
did
to
Justinian
,
throws
him
into
Prison
,
reserving
him
there
for
future
greater
ignominy
.
Moreover
,
he
banished
Philip
the
son
of
Nicephorus
a
Patrician
,
and
one
who
had
been
assistant
to
him
in
getting
the
Empire
,
only
because
he
had
told
his
Companions
how
he
dreamt
that
he
saw
an
Eagle
covering
his
head
with
her
Wings
;
which
Tiberius
fear'd
might
be
a
presage
of
the
young
man's
coming
to
the
Empire
.
While
things
went
thus
at
Constantinople
,
Pipin
Duke
of
Austrasia
laid
the
foundation
of
gaining
the
Kingdom
of
France
.
For
understanding
that
one
Bertarius
,
a
mean
fellow
whom
King
Theodoric
made
use
of
as
his
chief
Minister
,
was
generally
hated
by
all
People
,
he
marches
with
a
vast
Army
into
France
,
and
being
encountred
in
his
passage
by
Theodoric
and
Bertarius
,
he
engages
in
Battel
with
them
and
defeats
them
.
Bertarius
saved
himself
by
flight
;
but
Theodoric
retreating
,
by
agreement
upon
a
Truce
constitutes
the
victorious
Pipin
Mayre
of
the
Palace
,
and
principal
Administratour
of
his
Kingdom
.
After
this
Pipin
returned
to
Austrasia
upon
intelligence
that
the
Germans
and
Sueves
infested
his
People
;
and
having
quell'd
them
,
he
sets
forward
towards
France
again
,
upon
the
News
that
Theodoric
being
dead
,
the
Kingdom
had
fallen
to
his
Brother
Childepert
.
Arriving
there
,
and
being
very
kindly
received
by
the
King
,
after
he
had
put
his
son
into
the
place
of
Mayre
of
the
Palace
,
he
again
returns
enraged
at
the
Sueves
and
Germans
,
who
were
now
the
second
time
in
Arms.
At
this
time
Sergius
,
having
〈◊〉
the
banishment
of
Justinian
enjoyed
Peace
and
Tranquility
,
repaired
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
,
and
restored
to
it
its
antient
beauty
.
The
Front
of
it
he
adorn'd
with
Mosaick
work
,
made
the
Candlesticks
and
other
Ornaments
of
it
of
Gold
and
Silver
;
found
a
part
of
our
Saviours
Cross
in
a
little
brass
Coffer
,
and
because
the
body
of
S.
Leo
had
hitherto
lain
less
regarded
than
his
merits
required
,
he
reposited
it
in
a
more
honourable
and
celebrated
place
.
The
Statues
of
the
Apostles
defaced
with
Age
he
renew'd
,
and
either
repaired
or
made
wholly
new
the
Ornaments
of
many
Churches
which
it
would
be
tedious
to
enumerate
.
Moreover
,
he
ordained
that
at
the
breaking
of
the
body
of
our
Lord
should
be
sung
,
O
Lamb
of
God
,
that
takest
away
the
sins
of
the
World
,
have
mercy
upon
us
;
and
that
on
the
day
of
the
Annunciation
of
the
Blessed
Virgin
,
and
of
S.
Simon
there
should
be
yearly
a
Procession
with
Litanies
through
the
City
,
setting
out
at
S.
Hadrian
.
He
made
Damianus
Arch-Bishop
of
Ravenna
,
and
Berslauardus
Arch-Bishop
of
Britain
.
By
his
Learning
and
Authority
he
brought
over
to
the
Truth
the
Church
of
Aquileia
,
which
before
consented
not
wholly
to
the
fifth
Synod
.
Some
tell
us
,
that
at
this
time
Lambertus
a
Person
of
great
Sanctity
suffered
Martyrdom
at
Liege
,
because
he
was
so
hardy
as
to
reprove
Pipin
for
slighting
his
Wive's
Bed
and
keeping
Alpais
a
Whore
.
The
author
of
his
Death
is
said
to
have
been
her
own
Brother
,
who
afterwards
died
of
the
lousy
Disease
.
'T
is
written
also
that
by
the
exemplary
Sanctity
of
Sergius
the
Saxons
were
now
first
wrought
upon
to
embrace
Christianity
.
The
good
man
having
by
these
means
gained
a
great
reputation
;
and
having
been
in
the
Chair
thirteen
years
,
eight
months
,
twenty
three
days
,
he
died
,
and
was
with
the
lamentation
of
all
men
,
who
wept
as
at
the
loss
of
a
common
Father
,
with
great
Solemnity
buried
in
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
,
September
the
8th
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
one
month
,
twenty
days
.
JOHN
VI.
JOHN
the
sixth
,
a
Grecian
,
was
elected
Pope
at
the
time
when
Theophylact
the
Exarch
in
his
passage
to
Italy
arrived
first
at
Sicily
.
Which
being
known
to
the
Italian
Soldiers
,
who
having
of
late
times
usually
sided
more
with
the
Popes
,
than
the
Emperours
,
were
afraid
that
his
coming
might
betoken
some
ill
,
they
resolved
to
kill
him
at
his
entrance
into
Rome
.
But
by
the
Authority
of
Pope
John
,
who
made
himself
Umpire
between
them
,
Theophylact
was
protected
,
and
all
things
being
made
up
and
accommodated
,
he
goes
for
Ravenna
.
In
the
mean
time
Gisulphus
Duke
of
Beneventum
,
taking
heart
upon
this
disagreement
of
the
Exarch
and
Soldiers
,
invades
Terra
di
Lavoro
,
possesses
himself
of
Sora
and
Arpino
,
burns
Villages
,
makes
the
Villagers
his
Prisoners
,
and
drives
away
their
Cattel
.
The
Pope
being
deeply
sensible
of
this
Calamity
,
sends
his
Ambassadours
to
Gisulphus
,
to
admonish
him
to
quit
those
places
which
he
had
no
Right
to
,
and
to
return
into
Abruzzo
;
which
if
he
refus'd
to
do
,
he
should
soon
feel
the
vengeance
of
Almighty
God
upon
him
.
Gisulphus
being
terrified
hereby
,
restores
the
Towns
he
had
taken
,
and
returns
to
Beneventum
.
Of
those
which
were
carried
away
Captive
,
Pope
John
redeemed
all
he
could
sind
out
,
as
〈◊〉
as
the
Treasure
of
the
Church
would
reach
for
their
ransom
.
At
this
time
〈◊〉
,
who
,
as
we
have
said
,
had
been
banish'd
by
Leontius
to
the
〈◊〉
of
〈◊〉
,
making
his
escape
thence
comes
to
Cacanus
King
of
the
Avares
,
who
at
first
treated
him
with
the
greatest
respect
and
kindness
,
and
promised
him
his
Daughter
in
marriage
;
but
afterwards
being
corrupted
with
bribes
by
Tiberius
,
he
design'd
to
betray
his
Guest
and
Son-in-law
into
his
hands
.
Justinian
having
notice
hereof
,
flees
to
Trebellius
Prince
of
the
Bulgarians
,
by
whose
aid
he
was
in
a
little
time
after
restored
to
the
Empire
.
While
〈◊〉
things
were
transacted
in
Europe
,
the
〈◊〉
being
possessed
of
Libya
and
Africa
,
set
sail
from
Septa
,
and
passing
over
into
Spain
,
made
themselves
Masters
of
it
all
,
except
that
part
inhabited
by
the
Asturians
and
Biscains
;
who
as
they
had
been
the
last
People
of
Spain
who
were
subdued
to
the
Roman
Empire
,
and
the
last
who
revolted
from
it
,
and
the
only
People
who
shook
off
the
Yoke
of
the
Visigoths
;
so
now
having
received
the
Christian
Faith
,
they
were
the
men
who
continued
stedfastly
with
the
greatest
resolution
to
defend
themselves
by
Arms
against
the
perfidious
Saracens
.
So
then
,
Africa
,
which
being
recovered
by
Belisarius
General
to
Justinian
the
first
,
had
been
subject
to
the
Roman
Empire
an
hundred
and
seventy
years
,
and
also
Granada
in
Hispania
〈◊〉
,
being
at
this
time
seiz'd
by
the
Saracens
,
have
been
obedient
to
their
Laws
and
Customs
now
this
seven
hundred
and
forty
years
,
to
the
great
reproach
of
Christianity
;
the
Spaniards
,
who
are
wont
to
boast
of
their
Wit
and
Valour
,
not
being
able
to
drive
them
out
of
Europe
.
Some
tell
us
that
Bede
,
who
lived
in
these
times
,
by
〈◊〉
.
Letters
written
to
several
Christian
Princes
did
very
much
bewail
this
Calamity
,
that
thereby
he
might
excite
them
to
enter
into
a
War
against
these
Enemies
of
God
and
Men.
This
〈◊〉
was
not
only
extraordinarily
well
skill'd
in
the
Greek
and
Latin
Tongues
,
but
also
for
his
eminent
Piety
and
Modesty
,
gain'd
the
surname
of
〈◊〉
.
He
wrote
many
things
upon
the
Acts
of
the
Apostles
,
and
upon
S.
Luke
;
he
published
a
Book
of
Chronology
,
and
several
Homilies
,
which
are
much
used
by
the
Gallican
〈◊〉
.
Moreover
,
of
Strabo
and
Haymo
,
two
very
learned
men
,
said
to
be
Bede's
Brethren
,
one
composed
divers
elegant
Homilies
,
and
the
other
commented
upon
Genesis
.
As
for
Pope
John
,
having
repaired
the
Church
of
S.
Andrew
in
the
Vatican
,
and
the
roof
of
that
of
S.
Mark
,
and
adorn'd
with
Pillars
on
each
hand
the
Altar
of
S.
Peter's
,
in
the
third
year
and
third
month
of
his
Pontificate
he
died
,
as
some
think
,
a
Martyr
;
but
by
whom
he
suffered
Martyrdom
,
does
not
sufficiently
appear
.
'T
is
said
he
was
buried
in
the
Coemetery
of
S.
Sebastian
in
the
Via
Appia
.
By
his
Death
the
See
was
vacant
one
month
,
nineteen
days
.
JOHN
VII
.
JOHN
the
seventh
a
Grecian
,
Son
of
Plato
,
enter'd
upon
the
Pontificate
at
the
time
when
Justinian
being
return'd
to
〈◊〉
,
caused
Tiberius
and
Leontius
,
by
whom
he
had
been
deposed
,
to
be
publickly
put
to
Death
.
Many
of
his
Enemies
he
cut
off
by
sundry
kinds
of
Death
,
and
many
he
imprison'd
;
some
one
or
other
of
which
he
would
every
day
order
to
be
kill'd
,
when
the
wiping
of
his
Nose
put
him
in
mind
of
the
injury
that
had
been
done
him
.
Moreover
,
having
caused
the
eyes
of
Callinicus
the
Patriarch
of
Constantinople
to
be
put
out
,
he
banish'd
him
to
Rome
;
and
made
Cyrus
an
Abbat
,
who
had
maintain'd
him
in
Pontus
,
Patriarch
in
his
stead
.
Being
acted
by
the
same
foolish
humour
,
as
he
had
been
before
his
loss
of
the
Empire
in
the
time
of
Pope
Sergius
,
he
sends
to
Rome
two
Metropolitans
,
to
persuade
Pope
John
to
hold
a
Synod
,
wherein
they
of
the
Western
Church
might
confirm
the
truth
of
what
those
of
the
East
believed
concerning
the
Consubstantiality
of
the
Son
with
the
Father
;
sending
to
him
the
Articles
to
which
he
would
have
him
Subscribe
.
The
Pope
sends
the
Men
back
again
to
the
Emperour
without
doing
any
thing
in
the
matter
;
but
yet
he
did
not
by
his
Censures
and
Interdicts
correct
the
erroneous
〈◊〉
concerning
God
,
as
it
was
fit
he
should
,
and
as
it
would
have
become
a
steady
and
resolute
Pope
to
have
done
.
Some
write
,
though
without
good
authority
,
that
Arithpertus
King
of
the
Lombards
from
a
religious
Principle
,
gave
the
Cottian
Alpes
and
all
the
Tract
that
reaches
from
Piedmont
to
the
Coast
of
Genoa
to
the
Church
of
Rome
.
Others
say
,
that
this
Donation
was
only
confirmed
by
Arithpertus
.
But
since
there
is
no
certainty
concerning
the
Donation
it self
,
and
the
Lawyers
call
it
the
Chaff
,
because
it
yields
no
Corn
,
and
it
appears
in
no
respect
to
have
been
the
Gift
of
Constantine
,
how
can
there
be
any
evidence
of
its
Confirmation
?
I
return
to
Pope
John
,
a
Person
who
spake
and
lived
very
well
,
and
who
built
an
Oratory
in
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
in
honour
to
the
Blessed
Virgin
,
upon
the
Walls
of
which
on
each
hand
were
wrought
in
Mosaick
Work
the
〈◊〉
of
several
of
the
holy
Fathers
.
Moreover
,
he
repaired
the
Church
of
S.
Eugenia
,
which
had
long
before
been
decayed
through
Age.
He
adorn'd
also
the
Coemeteries
of
the
Martyrs
Marcellinus
and
Marcus
,
and
Pope
Damasus
.
Finally
,
he
beautified
divers
other
Churches
with
the
Pictures
and
Statues
of
the
Saints
,
wherein
the
Painters
and
Statuaries
had
so
well
imitated
the
Gravity
and
Majesty
of
his
own
aspect
,
that
whosoever
looked
upon
them
thought
they
saw
the
Pope
himself
.
Having
been
in
the
Chair
two
years
,
seven
months
,
seventeen
days
,
he
died
,
and
was
buried
October
the
18th
.
in
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
before
the
Altar
of
the
Blessed
Virgin
which
himself
had
built
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
three
months
.
SISINNIUS
.
SISINNIUS
,
or
(
as
others
call
him
)
Sozimus
,
a
Syrian
,
his
Fathers
name
John
,
lived
in
the
Pontificate
no
more
than
twenty
days
in
which
time
't
is
said
the
body
of
S.
Benedict
was
by
stealth
conveyed
away
from
Mount
Cassino
,
by
reason
of
the
solitude
of
the
place
,
and
carried
into
France
.
Now
Sisinnius
,
though
he
were
so
afflicted
with
the
Gout
both
in
his
Hands
and
Feet
,
that
he
could
neither
walk
nor
feed
himself
,
yet
he
took
such
〈◊〉
both
of
the
City
and
Church
of
Rome
,
as
to
leave
nothing
undone
which
became
a
good
Pope
.
He
had
already
prepared
all
materials
for
the
raising
the
decayed
Walls
of
the
City
,
and
the
repairing
and
beautifying
of
the
old
ruined
Churches
;
but
he
died
suddenly
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
February
the
6th
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
one
month
,
eighteen
days
.
CONSTANTINE
I.
CONSTANTINE
,
another
〈◊〉
,
his
Father's
name
likewise
John
,
was
created
Pope
at
the
time
when
there
happened
to
be
a
Famine
at
Rome
which
lasted
three
years
;
in
which
exigence
he
was
so
charitable
to
all
,
but
especially
the
poorer
sort
,
that
men
thought
him
to
have
been
sent
down
from
Heaven
for
their
relief
.
In
the
mean
time
〈◊〉
out
of
the
hatred
he
bore
to
the
name
of
Pontus
,
sends
Mauritius
one
of
the
Patrician
Order
,
and
Helias
one
of
his
Guards
,
with
a
Fleet
to
the
Chersonese
where
he
had
been
in
Exile
,
with
Commission
to
put
all
above
the
age
of
fourteen
to
the
Sword
;
which
,
to
glut
the
Emperours
Rage
,
they
accordingly
put
in
execution
.
And
that
we
may
not
think
that
Cruelty
was
his
only
Vice
,
he
became
guilty
of
so
great
Ingratitude
as
in
an
hostile
manner
to
surprize
King
Trebellius
,
by
the
Aid
of
whose
Forces
he
had
been
restored
to
the
Empire
,
at
a
time
when
he
was
engaged
in
a
War
with
the
Thracians
;
But
Trebellius
not
only
bore
the
Choque
,
but
also
forced
him
to
retreat
with
Loss
.
There
was
no
alteration
from
his
former
course
of
Life
wrought
in
him
by
the
Calamities
he
had
underwent
,
in
any
thing
save
in
this
,
that
he
now
venerated
and
defended
the
Apostolick
See
contrary
to
〈◊〉
he
had
formerly
used
to
do
.
For
when
Felix
,
having
been
consecrated
Arch-Bishop
of
Ravenna
by
the
Pope
,
was
required
according
to
custom
to
send
in
writing
his
ackowledgment
of
the
Papal
Authority
and
Money
to
Rome
,
which
he
stifly
refused
to
do
;
Justinian
,
upon
knowledg
of
the
matter
,
presently
sends
order
to
Theodorus
,
a
Patrician
,
his
Admiral
,
with
the
first
opportunity
to
leave
Sicily
and
go
against
the
Ravennates
.
He
obeying
the
Emperours
Order
,
and
having
in
〈◊〉
gain'd
a
Victory
over
them
,
exercises
the
greatest
cruelty
towards
them
,
and
sends
Felix
bound
in
Chains
to
Constantinople
;
whom
Justinian
afterwards
banish'd
into
Pontus
,
having
first
deprived
him
of
his
sight
,
after
this
Manner
;
He
caused
him
to
fix
his
Eyes
long
upon
a
red-hot
Concave-vessel
of
Brass
,
out
of
which
there
issued
a
firey
Pyramid
,
which
easiy
overcame
his
Eyes
and
blinded
him
.
Yet
Constantine
did
by
no
means
approve
of
this
Cruelty
,
being
more
desirous
of
his
〈◊〉
,
than
his
Punishment
.
While
the
Pope
and
Emperour
were
thus
employed
,
Aisprandus
endeavouring
with
the
Aid
of
the
Bavarians
to
recover
the
Kingdom
of
his
Ancestours
,
comes
into
Italy
,
and
engaging
in
a
pitch'd
Battel
with
Arithpertus
,
vanquishes
him
,
and
gains
the
Kingdom
of
the
Lombards
;
Arithpertus
himself
by
a
too
fearful
and
hasty
flight
being
drown'd
in
a
swift
River
.
But
Aisprandus
not
long
after
dying
,
did
with
general
approbation
leave
his
Son
Luithprandus
Successour
to
his
Kingdom
.
Justinian
being
now
very
desirous
to
see
Pope
Constantine
,
having
sent
Ships
to
convey
him
safely
,
makes
it
his
request
that
he
would
come
to
him
.
Constantine
yielding
thereunto
,
and
approaching
now
near
to
Constant
inople
.
Tiberius
,
Justinian's
Son
,
with
a
Princely
Retinue
,
and
Cyrus
the
Patriarch
with
all
the
Clergy
,
in
honour
to
him
go
out
eight
miles
to
meet
him
;
and
being
dress'd
in
his
Pontificalibus
,
they
conduct
him
with
solemn
Pomp
into
the
City
,
and
lead
him
into
the
Palace
.
Going
from
thence
to
Nicomedia
,
whither
also
the
Emperour
was
to
come
from
Nice
,
he
was
received
there
after
the
same
manner
as
at
Constantinople
.
Justinian
entring
the
City
soon
after
,
〈◊〉
only
embraced
the
Pope
,
but
also
kiss'd
his
Feet
in
sign
of
honour
.
Having
on
the
days
following
discoursed
of
several
Affairs
between
themselves
,
and
Justinian
having
confirmed
the
Popes
Decrees
,
Constantine
at
his
taking
leave
advises
him
not
to
proceed
too
severely
against
Philippicus
,
then
an
Exile
in
Pontus
,
apprehending
some
mischief
might
arise
thereupon
,
because
he
understood
that
Philippicus
was
a
Person
of
great
Fortitude
and
Prudence
.
But
Justinian
not
following
the
Popes
good
Counsel
,
sends
a
Fleet
to
Pontus
with
design
to
dispatch
Philippicus
;
who
upon
a
Revolt
of
the
Soldiers
to
him
,
with
the
same
Fleet
makes
towards
Constantinople
,
and
at
twelve
miles
distance
from
the
City
engaging
with
Justinian
and
Tiberius
,
got
the
Victory
and
slew
them
,
and
with
universal
Acclamation
was
declared
Emperour
.
This
Philippicus
Philippicus
.
afterwards
banishing
Cyrus
the
Patriarch
into
Pontus
,
for
his
consenting
in
belief
with
the
Pope
,
puts
one
John
a
Monk
and
an
Arch-Heretick
into
his
place
;
whose
Opinions
he
forthwith
sent
in
writing
to
Rome
,
requiring
all
to
subscribe
their
Assent
to
them
.
But
Constantine
holding
a
Synod
,
not
only
condemned
the
Opinions
of
Philippicus
and
John
the
Monk
,
but
also
appointed
the
Images
of
those
holy
Fathers
,
who
had
been
present
at
the
Councils
universally
approved
of
,
to
be
painted
in
the
Portico
of
S.
Peter's
,
upon
Intelligence
that
in
a
way
of
Contempt
they
had
been
rub'd
off
from
the
Walls
of
S.
Sophia
,
by
Philippicus
his
Order
.
Moreover
,
the
same
Pope
ordained
,
That
the
name
of
no
Heretical
Emperour
should
be
inserted
in
any
Publick
or
Private
Writings
,
or
impress'd
upon
Brass
or
Silver
or
Lead
.
But
Anastasius
,
Anastasius
.
surnamed
Arthemius
,
by
force
of
Arms
deposes
Philippicus
,
in
the
first
year
and
sixth
month
of
his
Empire
,
and
seizing
him
,
puts
out
his
Eyes
.
This
〈◊〉
sends
Letters
to
Pope
Constantine
,
in
which
he
promises
to
be
a
zealous
Defendour
of
the
Catholick
Faith
,
and
the
sixth
Synod
.
Tbeodosius
.
But
he
also
,
within
three
years
,
being
slighted
by
the
Soldiers
was
deposed
,
and
compelled
by
Theodosius
,
who
succeeded
him
,
to
take
Holy
Orders
,
that
so
he
might
never
afterwards
pretend
or
aspire
to
the
Empire
.
Theodosius
,
a
Catholick
Emperour
,
forthwith
gave
order
for
the
restoring
of
the
Images
of
the
Holy
Fathers
,
which
,
as
we
have
said
,
had
been
destroyed
by
Philippicus
.
And
Felix
,
who
had
been
banished
into
Pontus
,
quitting
his
former
Obstinacy
,
returned
home
and
was
restored
to
his
See
,
of
which
he
had
been
deprived
.
At
this
time
also
it
was
declared
,
that
the
Bishop
of
Pavia
was
subject
only
to
the
See
of
Rome
,
and
not
to
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Milain
;
concerning
which
matter
there
had
been
a
great
and
long
Controversie
between
the
two
Prelates
.
Some
write
that
two
Kings
of
the
Saxons
,
under
the
Obligation
of
a
religious
Vow
,
came
now
to
Rome
,
and
that
they
there
died
,
as
I
think
,
of
the
Pestilence
.
Not
long
after
them
died
Constantine
,
having
been
in
the
Chair
seven
years
,
twenty
days
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
,
February
the
11th
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
one
month
,
eleven
days
.
GREGORY
II.
GREGORY
the
Second
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Marcellus
,
entring
into
Holy
Orders
in
the
time
of
Sergius
,
was
upon
the
Reputation
of
his
great
Fidelity
and
Integrity
made
the
Popes
Almoner
and
Library-keeper
.
Being
afterwards
ordained
Deacon
,
he
attended
Pope
Constantine
to
Constantinople
,
where
there
being
a
warm
Debate
concerning
some
Articles
of
Religion
,
he
disputed
so
smartly
,
that
all
men
admired
his
Learning
,
Wit
,
and
Eloquence
,
by
which
he
easily
confuted
those
who
held
any
erroneous
Opinions
.
Soon
after
his
being
created
Pope
,
he
re-built
the
Walls
of
the
City
which
in
several
places
were
fallen
down
through
age
;
and
repaired
the
decayed
Churches
of
S.
Peter
,
and
S.
Laurence
without
the
Walls
,
laying
in
the
Water
anew
,
by
mending
the
battered
and
disjoyned
Pipes
which
formerly
had
conveyed
it
into
them
.
He
repaired
also
,
and
enriched
with
Presents
of
Gold
and
Silver
divers
other
Churches
,
which
it
would
be
tedious
to
enumerate
.
Yet
I
will
not
pass
by
in
Silence
his
reviving
a
Monastery
in
the
Via
Ostiensis
not
far
from
S.
Paul's
,
whose
Ruines
are
yet
to
be
seen
,
and
also
that
of
S.
Andrew
,
setling
Monks
therein
who
were
to
be
continually
employed
in
the
exercise
of
Devotion
.
Moreover
,
it
was
the
peculiar
Commendation
of
this
Pope
,
that
through
his
means
the
Germans
were
converted
to
Christianity
;
he
having
sent
among
them
Boniface
a
Monk
,
to
bring
them
out
of
darkness
by
setting
up
the
light
of
the
Truth
.
Of
these
Germans
a
great
number
came
to
Rome
,
and
were
baptized
with
the
Popes
own
Hands
.
He
also
by
his
Authority
compelled
Luithprandus
,
who
at
first
resused
it
,
to
confirm
the
Donation
of
Arithpertus
,
of
which
we
have
spoken
before
;
which
Luithprandus
did
at
the
beginning
of
his
Reign
both
possess
himself
of
a
great
part
of
Boiaria
,
and
also
besiege
and
take
〈◊〉
.
In
the
time
of
this
Pope
there
was
such
an
Inundation
of
the
River
Tiber
,
which
flowed
into
the
City
through
the
Porta
del
popolo
,
that
in
the
Via
Lata
the
Water
was
almost
a
mans
height
,
and
from
Ponte
Molle
to
the
Steps
of
S.
Peter's
men
rowed
about
in
large
Boats
.
This
Inundation
continued
seven
days
to
the
great
Loss
and
Damage
of
the
Citizens
,
it
having
born
down
Houses
,
and
rooted
up
Trees
,
Corn
,
Plants
and
Herbs
.
The
Moon
also
being
now
in
an
Ecclipse
,
appeared
of
a
bloody
colour
till
midnight
;
and
there
was
seen
a
Comet
,
with
its
Tail
extending
towards
the
North
,
betokening
some
future
Calamity
.
Whereupon
Gregory
,
that
he
might
avert
the
displeasure
of
Almighty
God
from
the
Christians
,
ordered
frequent
Litanies
in
Procession
through
the
whole
City
.
While
the
Pope
was
thus
employed
at
Rome
,
there
came
Advice
,
that
the
Lombards
under
the
Duke
of
Beneventum
had
surpriz'd
the
Fort
of
Cuma
;
at
which
Gregory
being
very
much
disturbed
,
sends
to
admonish
them
to
restore
this
Fort
which
contrary
to
the
Articles
of
Peace
they
had
unjustly
possess'd
themselves
of
,
or
otherwise
they
would
soon
feel
the
Indignation
of
Almighty
God
upon
them
.
But
after
several
Messages
of
the
like
nature
they
not
quitting
it
,
he
encourages
the
Neapolitans
,
upon
the
promise
of
a
sum
of
Money
,
and
the
sending
some
Roman
Soldiers
for
their
assistance
,
to
recover
it
by
Force
.
Theodunus
the
Arch-Deacon
having
the
management
of
this
Affair
,
the
Neapolitans
set
briskly
to
the
Work
,
and
re-take
the
Fort
,
killing
three
hundred
of
those
who
were
in
Garrison
therein
,
and
taking
five
hundred
Prisoners
,
whom
they
carried
to
Naples
,
where
the
Soldiers
forthwith
received
the
reward
which
had
been
promised
them
.
Gregory
now
enjoying
Peace
,
applyed
himself
to
Church-work
.
For
he
repaired
the
Church
of
S.
Cross
in
Jerusalem
,
which
had
long
lain
neglected
,
and
newarch'd
and
roof'd
the
Porches
on
every
side
of
it
;
he
built
from
the
foundations
the
Oratory
of
S.
Susanna
on
Mount
Coelius
;
and
after
the
Death
of
his
Mother
dedicated
his
Fathers
House
to
the
honour
of
S.
Agatha
,
building
it
into
a
Monastery
,
which
he
plentifully
endowed
for
the
maintenance
of
the
Monks
therein
.
The
Saracens
now
encouraged
by
the
Discord
they
observed
among
the
Christians
,
setting
sail
from
Septa
in
Afrique
,
and
arriving
in
Spain
,
ravage
all
the
Countrey
,
except
Granada
which
was
inhabited
by
those
of
their
own
Nation
already
,
and
at
length
with
their
Wives
and
Children
pass
as
far
as
Aquitain
,
designing
to
possess
themselves
of
that
Province
also
.
Charles
Martell
the
Son
of
Pipin
was
at
this
time
famous
Charles
Martell
.
throughout
the
World
.
This
Pipin
,
after
the
Death
of
Grimoald
,
had
two
other
Sons
left
,
Caroloman
and
Charles
Martell
;
which
Charles
,
this
Brother
also
dying
,
gain'd
afterwards
to
himself
the
Kingdom
of
France
,
though
not
without
great
opposition
,
especially
of
Eudo
Duke
of
Aquitain
and
Chilperic
whom
some
of
the
French
upon
the
Death
of
Theodoric
had
set
up
to
be
their
King
.
But
Martell
having
passed
the
River
Seine
,
and
advanced
to
Orleans
,
at
the
first
Attaque
puts
them
to
flight
,
and
becomes
sole
Possessour
of
the
Kingdom
of
France
.
After
this
he
passed
the
Rhine
,
and
conquered
the
Saxons
,
Alemans
,
Sueves
and
Boiarians
.
But
having
Intelligence
that
the
Saracens
had
been
invited
by
Eudo
into
France
,
by
great
Marches
he
comes
forth
against
them
,
and
obliging
them
to
fight
,
gains
a
mighty
Victory
not
far
from
Tours
.
Historians
write
that
in
this
Battel
there
were
slain
of
the
Saracens
three
hundred
and
sixty
thousand
,
but
of
the
French
only
one
thousand
one
hundred
and
fifty
,
and
't
is
said
,
that
Eudo
hereupon
came
over
to
Martel's
side
.
The
Saracens
being
by
this
means
through
Martel's
Valour
diverted
from
any
farther
Attempts
upon
the
Spaniards
and
French
,
turn
all
the
Rage
and
Indignation
which
upon
so
great
an
Overthrow
had
been
raised
in
them
,
upon
the
Constantinopolitans
,
whose
City
they
besieged
by
Sea
and
Land
the
space
of
three
years
.
But
suffering
all
the
extremities
of
War
,
being
pinched
with
Hunger
and
Cold
,
and
a
Pestilence
moreover
raging
among
them
,
they
raised
the
Siege
,
and
return'd
home
.
'T
is
said
,
that
of
this
Plague
there
died
in
Constantinople
three
hundred
thousand
.
As
for
the
Affairs
of
Italy
,
the
Lombards
now
under
the
Conduct
of
Luithprandus
after
a
long
Siege
took
and
sack'd
Ravenna
,
carrying
away
from
thence
to
Pavia
all
things
of
considerable
value
,
and
amongst
the
rest
,
as
I
believe
,
the
famous
Statue
on
Horseback
in
Brass
.
Thus
according
to
the
usual
Vicissitude
of
humane
Affairs
,
it
so
fell
out
,
that
what
Theodoric
and
other
Kings
of
the
Goths
,
and
after
them
the
Exarchs
,
had
taken
from
Rome
and
carried
to
Ravenna
,
was
by
others
afterwards
scattered
about
and
dispersed
into
several
places
.
In
the
mean
time
there
was
at
Rome
a
Plot
laid
by
some
seditious
people
against
the
Pope
;
the
Heads
of
the
Conspiracy
being
Basilius
,
Jordanus
a
Notary
,
John
a
Sub-deacon
surnamed
Lurion
and
Marinus
an
Officer
of
the
Guards
,
who
at
this
time
was
Governour
of
Rome
under
the
Emperour
.
But
upon
the
Emperour
's
recalling
Marinus
,
the
business
was
deferred
to
another
time
.
The
Conspiratours
tampered
also
with
Paul
the
Exarch
,
being
willing
in
a
matter
of
so
great
importance
to
have
him
to
head
them
.
The
whole
Design
being
at
length
discovered
by
the
people
of
Rome
,
they
appear
in
Arms
,
kill
John
Lurion
,
and
dissipate
the
other
Conspiratours
.
Basilius
was
confined
to
a
Monastery
,
where
he
died
.
The
forementioned
Paul
being
highly
enraged
at
the
Pope
for
prohibiting
his
levying
new
Taxes
,
did
by
the
Emperour's
Order
seek
all
ways
,
both
secret
and
open
,
of
taking
away
the
good
mans
life
;
but
the
Romans
and
Lombards
taking
up
Arms
defended
him
.
The
Emperour
Leo
hereupon
publishes
an
Edict
,
commanding
all
those
who
were
Subjects
of
the
Roman
Empire
to
rase
out
and
take
away
all
the
Pictures
and
Images
of
Saints
,
Martyrs
and
Angels
out
of
their
Churches
;
with
design
,
as
he
ptofessed
,
thereby
to
prevent
Idolatry
;
and
declaring
,
that
whosoever
refused
so
to
do
should
be
accounted
a
publick
Enemy
.
But
Gregory
not
only
not
obeyed
this
Order
,
but
also
encouraged
all
Catholicks
to
stand
up
stoutly
against
it
.
Whereupon
the
people
of
Italy
were
so
animated
,
that
they
were
near
chusing
another
Emperour
,
had
not
Gregory
by
his
authority
interposed
to
prevent
it
.
Notwithstanding
which
there
arose
such
a
Dissention
at
Ravenna
,
some
pleading
for
Obedience
to
the
Emperour
,
others
to
the
Pope
,
that
Paul
the
Exarch
,
together
with
his
Son
,
was
slam
in
the
Tumult
.
To
succeed
in
whose
place
the
Emperour
sends
Eutychius
an
Eunuch
,
who
by
Gifts
and
Promises
was
to
endeavour
to
break
the
Friendship
and
Alliance
between
the
Lombards
and
the
Pope
.
But
that
Attempt
having
been
often
made
in
vain
,
was
drop'd
for
a
time
;
and
the
Pope
being
freed
of
this
trouble
,
began
to
visit
the
Hospitals
and
Churches
,
and
to
repair
those
of
them
which
through
age
or
neglect
had
fallen
to
decay
.
Moreover
,
he
made
a
Peace
between
the
King
of
the
Lombards
and
the
Dukes
of
Spoleto
and
Beneventum
,
which
that
King
had
intended
to
crush
;
but
having
marched
in
a
peaceable
manner
as
far
as
Rome
to
confer
with
the
Pope
about
the
matter
,
Gregory
by
his
Christian
Counsel
so
mollified
his
mind
,
that
laying
aside
all
thoughts
of
War
,
he
offered
up
his
Sword
,
and
other
Arms
,
in
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
.
The
Emperour
Leo
now
in
another
wild
humour
,
commanded
all
the
Images
,
either
of
Wood
,
Brass
or
Marble
to
be
brought
to
him
,
which
he
forthwith
caused
to
be
burnt
;
and
seiz'd
upon
and
put
to
Death
those
who
refused
to
bring
them
.
Germanus
the
Patriarch
,
who
vigorously
opposed
it
,
he
banished
,
and
put
into
his
place
Anastasius
an
Heretick
;
whom
Gregory
afterwards
in
a
Synod
deprived
,
and
interdicted
the
Exercise
of
sacred
Offices
,
if
he
refused
to
return
to
the
Catholick
Faith
.
Furthermore
,
as
became
a
pious
Prelate
,
he
oftentimes
by
Letters
admonished
the
Emperour
to
quit
the
erroneous
Opinions
into
which
some
ill
men
had
seduced
him
,
and
at
length
to
embrace
the
Truth
,
and
to
cease
the
destroying
of
the
Images
of
the
Saints
,
by
whose
Example
and
Memory
men
might
be
excited
to
the
Imitation
of
their
Virtues
.
Some
write
that
in
this
Popes
time
Boniface
came
out
of
Britain
to
Rome
,
and
for
his
sanctity
was
of
a
Monk
made
a
Bishop
,
and
sent
into
Germany
,
that
by
his
Preaching
and
Example
he
might
confirm
that
People
in
the
Faith
;
which
he
performed
so
well
,
that
he
was
deservedly
made
Bishop
of
Mentz
;
but
passing
thence
into
Africa
,
he
was
for
his
preaching
the
Word
of
God
put
to
Death
by
the
Enemies
of
Christianity
.
'T
is
said
also
,
that
S.
Aegidius
,
a
Grecian
,
was
now
famous
for
the
holy
Life
he
led
,
and
the
miracles
he
wrought
;
and
that
Petronax
,
a
Citizen
of
Brescia
,
did
by
Vow
repair
at
his
own
Charge
the
Monastery
of
S.
Benedict
,
which
was
almost
quite
left
desolate
.
As
for
Gregory
,
who
by
his
good
Example
excited
all
men
to
the
practice
of
Piety
and
Virtue
,
having
been
in
the
Chair
sixteen
years
,
nine
months
,
eleven
days
,
he
died
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
,
February
the
11th
.
By
his
Death
the
See
was
vacant
thirty
five
days
.
He
is
said
to
have
consecrated
during
his
Pontificate
one
hundred
forty
eight
Bishops
.
GREGORY
III.
GREGORT
the
third
,
a
Syrian
,
his
Fathers
name
John
,
was
unammously
elected
Pope
in
the
Year
seven
hundred
fifty
nine
.
He
was
a
Person
of
singular
Learning
,
very
well
skill'd
in
the
Greek
and
Latin
Tongues
,
and
of
such
an
Insight
into
the
Sense
of
Holy
Writ
,
that
no
man
was
more
ready
at
the
expounding
of
the
abstruse
and
difficult
places
in
it
.
Nor
〈◊〉
he
work
upon
the
People
merely
by
his
Preaching
and
Eloquence
,
but
in
all
respects
he
gave
them
such
a
prevailing
Example
,
that
it
is
difficult
to
determine
whether
he
spake
or
lived
better
.
He
was
so
valiant
a
〈◊〉
of
the
Catholick
Faith
,
that
he
thereby
contracted
the
displeasure
and
hatred
of
the
greatest
Princes
;
but
by
no
Force
,
or
Power
,
or
Menace
was
removed
one
step
from
his
Resolution
.
Finally
,
his
good-will
towards
all
men
was
such
,
that
he
cherished
and
relieved
the
Poor
,
redeemed
Captives
,
releas'd
insolvent
Debtours
,
and
asserted
the
Cause
of
Widows
and
Orphans
against
potent
Oppressours
in
such
a
manner
,
that
he
deserved
the
Name
of
a
common
Father
and
〈◊〉
.
Soon
after
his
entrance
upon
the
Pontificate
,
with
the
Consent
of
the
Clergy
of
Rome
he
excommunicated
and
deposed
the
Emperour
Leo
for
his
having
rased
the
Pictures
of
the
Saints
out
of
the
Churches
and
destroyed
their
Images
,
and
also
for
not
being
Orthodox
in
Opinion
concerning
the
Consubstantiality
of
the
Son
with
the
Father
.
In
the
mean
time
Luithprandus
King
of
the
Lombards
,
from
an
ambitious
desire
of
enlarging
his
Dominions
,
having
possess'd
himself
of
all
the
Towns
round
about
,
lays
Siege
to
Rome
it self
;
whereupon
Gregory
forthwith
dispatches
Messengers
by
Sea
,
it
not
being
safe
for
them
to
pass
by
Land
,
to
Charles
Prince
of
the
French
,
to
pray
him
that
he
would
speedily
aid
the
distressed
City
and
Church
of
Rome
.
Indeed
formerly
the
Popes
when
they
were
in
any
great
Danger
from
abroad
,
had
been
wont
to
seek
for
succour
from
the
Emperour
of
Constantinople
;
but
Gregory
now
declined
it
,
both
for
the
Causes
we
have
just
before
mentioned
,
and
also
especially
because
Leo
was
now
hard
put
to
it
to
defend
Constantinople
it self
against
the
Saracens
,
and
therefore
little
able
to
protect
others
.
By
which
means
it
came
to
pass
,
that
the
Constantinopolitan
Emperours
being
for
the
time
to
come
unapplied
to
,
the
Protection
of
the
Church
was
from
henceforward
put
into
other
hands
.
Upon
Gregorie's
Request
Charles
undertaking
the
Church's
Patronage
,
desires
Luithprandus
as
his
Friend
,
and
particularly
upon
the
account
of
his
Son
Pipin
his
near
Allie
,
to
quit
his
Enterprize
,
and
not
give
the
Pope
any
disturbance
;
whereupon
Luithprandus
raises
the
Siege
.
The
〈◊〉
of
Italy
being
thus
composed
,
Charles
turns
his
Army
with
success
against
the
Burgundians
;
crushes
the
Idolatrous
Prison's
;
takes
Lions
,
Arles
,
and
Marseilles
from
the
〈◊〉
,
who
thereupon
invite
to
their
Aid
Athimus
the
King
of
the
Saracens
.
Who
passing
the
Rhone
takes
Avignon
by
Storm
,
intending
to
make
use
of
the
convenience
of
that
place
for
a
Citadel
.
But
Charles
upon
Intelligence
hereof
,
hastens
thither
with
his
Army
,
and
re-takes
Avignon
,
putting
to
the
Sword
all
the
Saracens
who
were
in
Garrison
in
it
.
From
thence
he
marched
to
Narbonne
,
whither
he
understood
that
Athimus
had
fled
.
But
having
advice
that
Amoreus
,
another
Saracen
King
of
Spain
was
coming
with
a
great
Army
to
the
Aid
of
Athimus
,
he
quitted
the
Siege
of
Narbonne
,
and
march'd
to
the
Valley
of
Corbiere
,
not
far
off
,
wherein
there
was
a
fair
Plain
very
commodious
to
joyn
Battel
in
.
Amoreus
thinking
that
Charles
having
been
routed
had
fled
thither
,
enters
the
Valley
,
and
prepares
to
engage
;
which
Charles
did
not
decline
,
though
the
number
of
the
Adversaries
Army
was
incredibly
great
.
The
〈◊〉
having
continued
for
some
time
very
warm
,
and
Amoreus
himself
having
been
slain
at
the
beginning
of
the
Engagement
,
at
length
the
Saracens
were
forced
to
betake
themselves
to
slight
,
and
a
great
part
of
them
were
kill'd
in
the
Fens
and
〈◊〉
thereabouts
.
Athimus
,
as
good
luck
would
have
it
,
making
his
Escape
by
Sea
towards
the
farther
part
of
Spain
,
in
Rage
and
Despair
,
lay'd
〈◊〉
by
Fire
and
Sword
all
the
Islands
which
he
arrived
at
in
his
passage
.
Much
about
this
time
the
Body
of
S.
Augustine
,
which
two
hundred
and
fifty
years
before
,
when
the
Vandals
wasted
Africa
,
had
been
carried
away
from
Hippo
into
Sardinia
,
was
by
the
care
of
Luithprandus
translated
thence
to
Pavia
,
and
reposited
in
a
very
honourable
place
of
Interrment
.
The
Saracens
being
now
pretty
well
tamed
,
kept
themselves
within
the
Pyrenean
Hills
;
upon
which
all
the
Visigoths
who
possessed
the
hither
parts
of
Spain
and
part
of
France
,
being
not
able
to
defend
themselves
,
were
subdued
by
Charles
;
and
so
that
People
who
had
domineer'd
for
almost
three
hundred
years
were
utterly
extinguished
,
except
some
few
who
were
saved
by
the
People
of
Barcelona
.
Some
write
that
Charles
was
in
this
War
assisted
by
Luithprandus
with
Men
,
who
after
the
Victory
returned
home
laden
with
Booty
.
In
the
mean
while
Pope
Gregory
not
neglecting
to
improve
the
time
of
Peace
he
now
enjoyed
,
applyed
himself
to
Church-work
.
The
Altar
of
S.
Peter's
he
made
more
stately
by
erecting
a
Row
of
six
Pillars
of
Onyx
on
each
hand
of
it
,
where
as
many
of
the
same
magnitude
and
figure
had
formerly
stood
,
but
were
now
decayed
through
〈◊〉
.
Upon
these
Pillars
were
Architraves
gilt
with
Silver
;
on
which
he
set
up
the
Images
of
our
Saviour
and
the
Apostles
at
equal
distances
.
He
built
also
an
Oratory
in
the
same
Church
,
in
which
he
reposited
some
of
the
Reliques
of
almost
all
the
Saints
,
and
ordered
Mass
to
be
therein
daily
performed
,
in
the
Canon
of
which
he
added
these
words
,
which
were
engraven
upon
the
Marble
round
the
Oratory
,
Quorum
Solennitas
in
conspectu
tuoe
Majeslatis
celebratur
,
Domine
Deus
noster
,
toto
in
Orbe
terrarum
.
&c.
i.
e.
Whose
Anniversaries
are
celebrated
in
the
sight
of
thy
Majesty
,
O
Lord
our
God
,
throughout
all
the
World
,
&c.
which
Clause
is
not
in
the
general
Canon
now
used
.
Moreover
,
he
gave
to
this
Church
several
Vessels
of
Silver
;
and
caused
to
be
made
at
his
own
Charge
the
Image
of
the
Blessed
Virgin
with
our
Saviour
in
her
Arms
,
of
Gold
,
which
he
placed
in
the
Church
of
S.
Mary
ad
Proesepe
.
He
also
repaired
the
Roof
of
the
Church
of
S.
Chrysogonus
,
appointing
Monks
for
the
daily
performance
of
divine
Service
therein
,
and
setling
an
Estate
for
their
Maintenance
.
Several
Monasteries
he
either
repaired
,
or
built
from
the
ground
,
to
the
Recluses
whereof
he
prescribed
Rules
of
strict
and
holy
living
.
He
re-built
also
the
ruined
Walls
of
the
City
of
Rome
,
and
in
like
manner
those
of
the
almost
desolate
Civita
Vecchia
.
Furthermore
,
he
ordained
the
Celebration
of
Mass
in
the
Church
of
S
Peter
almost
without
Intermission
,
both
by
the
Priests
in
Weekly
Attendance
,
and
by
the
Monks
;
upon
which
account
we
may
observe
the
Cells
of
the
Monks
and
the
Houses
of
the
Secular
Priests
to
be
in
several
places
contiguous
,
each
of
them
striving
to
out
do
the
other
in
diligence
at
their
Devotion
,
Our
Gregory
having
well
discharged
his
Duty
towards
God
and
Men
,
died
in
the
tenth
year
,
eighth
Month
and
twenty
fourth
day
of
his
Pontificate
,
and
was
with
general
lamentation
buried
in
S.
Peter's
November
the
28th
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
only
eight
days
.
ZACHARIAS
I.
ZACHARIAS
,
a
Grecian
,
the
Son
of
Polychronius
,
is
reckoned
in
the
number
of
the
best
Popes
.
For
he
was
a
Person
of
a
very
mild
Disposition
,
and
wonderfully
sweet
Conversation
;
every
way
deserving
;
a
Lover
of
the
Clergy
and
People
of
Rome
;
slow
to
Anger
,
but
very
forward
to
exercise
Mercy
and
Clemency
;
rendring
to
no
man
evil
for
evil
,
but
in
Imitation
of
our
Saviour
overcoming
evil
with
good
,
and
that
to
such
a
degree
,
that
after
his
arriving
to
the
Papal
Dignity
he
preferred
and
enriched
those
who
had
envied
and
hated
him
.
At
the
beginning
of
his
Pontificate
finding
Italy
enflamed
in
War
,
in
order
to
procure
a
Peace
he
forthwith
sends
Legates
to
Luithprandus
King
of
the
Lombards
,
who
now
made
War
upon
Transamundus
Duke
of
Spoleto
.
But
these
Legates
not
effecting
the
Design
,
he
himself
goes
in
person
,
accompanied
with
the
Roman
Clergy
,
into
Sabina
;
and
't
is
said
that
in
sign
of
honour
the
King
met
him
eight
miles
from
Narni
,
and
alighting
off
his
Horse
,
accompanied
him
on
Foot
into
the
City
.
The
day
following
,
while
they
were
at
Mass
,
the
Pope
made
publickly
an
Elegant
Oration
,
wherein
he
set
forth
the
Duty
of
a
Christian
King
both
in
the
time
of
Peace
and
War
;
and
't
is
reported
that
the
King
was
so
wrought
upon
by
it
,
that
he
presently
put
the
sole
Power
of
accommodating
matters
into
the
Pope's
hands
.
The
King
had
already
deposed
Transamund
,
and
invested
Agrandus
,
his
Nephew
,
in
the
Dukedom
.
Yet
at
the
Pope's
Intercession
Transamund
was
received
into
favour
;
but
he
quitting
all
Pretensions
to
the
Dukedom
,
entred
into
holy
Orders
.
All
the
Towns
which
had
been
taken
in
Sabina
were
restored
;
as
also
Narni
and
Ancona
,
and
whatever
places
the
Lombards
had
for
thirty
years
past
made
themselves
Masters
of
in
Tuscany
.
Moreover
,
all
who
had
been
made
Prisoners
during
the
War
were
set
at
Liberty
.
Luithprandus
,
having
been
treated
by
the
Pope
with
all
imaginable
expressions
of
Indearment
and
Respect
,
marched
thence
peaceably
with
his
Army
,
and
not
long
after
died
,
in
the
thirty
second
year
of
his
Reign
.
He
was
a
person
who
deserved
that
Kingdom
both
for
his
extraordinary
Wisdom
and
Prudence
,
and
also
for
his
Valour
and
warlike
Temper
,
in
which
no
man
excell'd
him
;
so
eminent
also
for
Justice
and
Clemency
,
that
it
is
hard
to
judg
whether
of
these
two
Vertues
were
more
conspicuous
in
him
.
His
Nephew
,
Aldeprandus
,
succeeded
him
in
the
Kingdom
,
which
having
held
only
six
months
he
also
died
;
and
Duke
Rachis
,
a
Prince
whose
Piety
and
Integrity
deserve
the
highest
praise
,
was
unanimously
chosen
in
his
stead
.
By
him
also
a
League
was
renewed
with
the
Pope
,
to
whose
Legates
the
devout
and
religious
King
graciously
granted
whatever
they
desired
.
But
having
reigned
four
years
,
he
quitted
his
Government
,
and
betook
himself
to
a
Monastick
Life
,
encouraging
his
Wife
and
his
Sons
to
do
the
like
.
His
Brother
Aistulphus
succeeded
him
,
whose
crafty
and
fierce
Temper
threatned
disturbance
to
all
Italy
,
but
especially
to
the
Pope
and
the
Romans
,
whom
he
designed
by
Force
to
bring
under
his
Jurisdiction
.
In
the
mean
time
Charles
Martel
,
being
seiz'd
with
a
violent
sickness
,
at
the
persuasion
of
his
Friends
divided
his
Acquests
between
his
two
Sons
;
of
whom
Caroloman
,
the
elder
,
had
Austrasia
and
Suevia
,
and
〈◊〉
Burgundy
and
part
of
France
.
And
so
that
valiant
and
wise
man
died
at
Cressey
sur
Serre
,
in
the
thirty
fifth
year
of
his
Office
of
Mayre
of
the
Palace
,
and
was
buried
at
Paris
in
the
Church
of
S.
Dennis
.
He
had
had
by
a
former
Wife
another
Son
named
Grypho
,
whose
rapacious
Temper
suited
with
his
Name
;
he
prevailed
with
the
warlike
Saxons
to
assist
him
in
making
War
upon
his
Brethren
.
But
〈◊〉
and
Pipin
entring
Saxony
with
an
Army
,
force
their
Prince
Theodoric
to
submission
.
After
this
Expedition
Caroloman
comes
to
Rome
,
and
there
renouncing
the
Pomp
and
Glory
of
Empire
,
he
goes
to
Mount
Cassino
,
and
takes
the
habit
of
a
Monk
of
S.
Benedict
.
But
Pipin
being
of
an
aspiring
Mind
,
sends
Ambassadours
to
the
Pope
,
desiring
that
by
his
Authority
he
would
confirm
to
him
the
Kingdom
of
France
.
The
Pope
upon
the
score
of
former
good
Services
performed
by
his
Family
,
and
the
ancient
Friendship
which
had
been
between
them
and
the
Popes
his
Predecessours
,
yields
to
his
Request
,
and
accordingly
confirms
him
,
An.
Dom.
753.
and
so
from
Mayre
of
the
Palace
,
who
was
the
first
Officer
of
the
Kingdom
,
Pipin
was
advanc'd
to
the
Kingdom
of
France
it self
,
from
whom
the
succeeding
Kings
derive
their
Original
.
'T
is
reported
that
Caroloman
,
who
,
as
we
have
said
,
had
taken
the
habit
of
a
Monk
,
came
now
,
with
others
of
the
same
Order
,
from
Mount
Cassino
to
Pope
Zachary
,
desiring
that
by
his
mediation
they
might
gain
leave
to
remove
the
Body
of
S.
Benedict
,
which
had
by
〈◊〉
been
carried
away
to
the
Abbey
of
Fleury
in
the
Kingdom
of
France
.
The
Pope
granted
their
Desire
,
and
thereupon
sent
a
Message
to
King
Pipin
,
who
upon
Information
in
the
matter
,
freely
gave
way
to
it
.
Zachary
now
enjoying
Peace
on
every
side
,
set
himself
to
the
repairing
of
several
decayed
Churches
.
The
Tower
and
Portico
before
the
Lateran
Church
he
built
from
the
ground
,
made
the
Windows
and
Gates
of
Brass
,
and
upon
the
Frontispiece
of
the
Portico
caused
a
Map
of
the
World
to
be
delineated
.
He
renewed
the
defaced
Images
of
the
Saints
;
enlarged
and
beautified
the
Lateran
Palace
;
repaired
the
Palatine
Library
,
and
assigned
to
every
Church
a
Revenue
for
the
maintenance
of
Oyl
for
their
Lamps
.
He
gave
to
S.
Peter's
an
Altar-Cloth
embroidered
with
Gold
and
set
with
Jewels
,
having
the
Essigies
of
our
Blessed
Saviour
wrought
upon
it
.
He
built
the
Church
of
S.
George
in
Velabro
,
and
reposited
the
head
of
that
Saint
therein
;
as
also
the
Church
of
S.
Coecilia
,
in
the
Via
Tiburtina
,
six
miles
from
the
City
,
and
in
it
an
Oratory
in
honour
to
S.
Cyrus
the
Abbat
;
setling
a
maintenance
for
the
Priests
that
ministred
in
it
.
He
re-built
the
Roof
of
the
Church
of
S.
Eusebius
,
which
happened
in
his
time
to
tumble
down
.
He
also
gave
order
that
his
Servants
should
daily
distribute
and
give
out
at
the
Lateran
Palace
Alms
to
the
Poor
of
all
sorts
.
Moreover
,
he
forbad
the
Venetians
,
upon
pain
of
Excommunication
,
the
selling
of
Christian
Slaves
to
Saracens
and
Heathens
,
which
those
Merchants
were
before
wont
to
do
.
Finally
,
that
we
may
not
think
that
his
Advancement
to
so
great
a
Dignity
made
him
neglect
his
Studies
,
he
translated
out
of
Latin
into
Greek
four
Books
of
Gregory
in
Dialogue
;
that
so
the
Grecians
might
be
instructed
in
the
Rules
of
good
living
.
But
having
with
such
Integrity
to
the
Satisfaction
of
all
men
governed
the
Church
ten
years
,
three
months
,
he
died
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
,
March
the
15th
.
By
his
Death
the
See
was
vacant
twelve
days
.
STEPHEN
II.
STEPHEN
the
Second
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Constantine
,
from
one
Degree
in
the
Church
to
another
,
ascended
at
length
to
the
Papal
Dignity
;
although
upon
the
Death
of
Zachary
the
People
presently
made
Choice
of
another
Stephen
a
Priest
;
who
on
the
third
day
of
his
Pontificate
awaking
out
of
Sleep
,
and
beginning
to
settle
his
domestick
affairs
,
was
suddenly
seiz'd
with
a
fit
of
an
Apoplexy
,
of
which
he
died
.
After
whom
our
Stephen
the
Second
,
(
for
we
reckon
not
his
short-liv'd
Predecessour
of
that
name
in
the
List
)
was
unanimously
elected
by
the
Clergy
and
People
in
the
Church
of
S.
Mary
ad
Proesepe
,
and
being
highly
beloved
by
all
was
carried
upon
mens
shoulders
to
S.
Saviour's
,
called
also
the
Constantinian
Church
,
and
from
thence
into
the
Lateran
Palace
.
He
was
a
Person
of
extraordinary
Piety
and
Prudence
,
a
Lover
of
the
Clergy
,
a
Repairer
of
Churches
,
a
diligent
Preacher
and
Writer
of
the
Doctrine
of
Christianity
,
a
Father
of
the
Poor
,
a
zealous
Defender
of
Orphans
and
Widows
,
and
in
going
through
with
any
thing
he
undertook
,
hardy
and
resolute
,
but
not
obstinate
.
For
Aistulphus
now
making
Inrodes
upon
the
Borders
of
the
Romans
,
he
at
first
endeavoured
by
Persuasions
and
Presents
to
bring
him
off
.
But
that
covetous
Prince
requiring
the
payment
of
a
Tribute
of
so
much
a
head
yearly
from
the
People
,
the
Pope
thereupon
was
forced
to
seek
for
help
from
abroad
,
and
accordingly
he
sent
Nuntio's
to
Constantine
the
Emperour
of
Constantinople
,
to
desire
Aid
of
him
against
Aistulphus
,
who
gave
disturbance
to
all
Italy
,
and
had
already
taken
Ravenna
the
Seat
of
the
Exarchate
,
and
a
great
part
of
Romagna
.
But
finding
no
hope
of
succours
from
him
,
he
resolves
to
go
to
Pipin
of
France
;
and
therefore
sends
to
that
King
to
desire
that
he
would
prevail
with
Aistulphus
to
permit
him
safe
passage
through
his
Countrey
;
which
Aistulphus
at
Pipin's
Request
consented
to
.
Stephen
now
reaching
the
Borders
of
the
Kingdom
of
France
,
Pipin's
Son
Charles
,
who
from
his
mighty
Atchievements
was
afterwards
surnamed
the
Great
,
in
token
of
honour
goes
forth
an
hundred
miles
to
meet
him
.
Pipin
himself
met
him
three
miles
from
the
City
,
&
alighting
off
his
Horse
kiss'd
his
feet
and
led
the
Horse
upon
which
he
rode
by
the
Bridle
till
he
had
conducted
him
into
the
City
,
and
brought
him
to
his
Apartment
.
Aistulphus
now
fearing
that
the
Pope
was
practising
against
him
,
sends
Caroloman
a
Monk
to
his
Brother
Pipin
,
to
persuade
him
not
to
make
War
upon
the
Lombards
in
Stephen's
Quarrel
;
which
Pipin
not
only
refused
to
grant
,
but
also
confined
the
Monk
to
a
Monastery
in
Vienne
,
where
not
long
after
he
died
of
Grief
.
But
it
not
being
a
fit
season
of
the
year
to
undertake
an
Expedition
,
and
Pipin
allowing
much
to
the
ancient
Friendship
there
had
been
between
them
,
he
sends
Ambassadours
to
Aistulphus
,
to
advise
him
to
restore
the
Places
he
had
taken
,
or
otherwise
to
let
him
know
that
he
should
be
obliged
in
a
short
time
to
recover
them
by
force
of
Arms.
Aistulphus
hearkned
not
to
this
good
Counsel
;
whereupon
Pipin
,
the
Spring
now
approaching
,
advances
with
an
Army
against
the
Lombards
;
and
having
sent
before
some
light-harnessed
Soldiers
to
force
Aistulphus's
Guards
to
quit
the
Passes
of
the
Alps
,
he
marches
down
into
the
Plain
of
the
State
of
Milain
,
and
having
without
any
opposition
sacked
and
harassed
all
places
he
came
to
,
at
length
he
invests
Pavia
the
Seat-Royal
of
the
Kings
of
Lombardy
,
which
Aistulphus
and
those
that
were
in
Garrison
with
him
defended
.
But
Stephen
moved
with
Compassion
at
the
numerous
Calamities
which
this
obstinate
man
had
brought
upon
himself
and
his
People
,
voluntarily
offers
Aistulphus
a
Peace
,
upon
condition
he
would
restore
what
he
had
taken
;
which
Aistulphus
at
length
consented
to
,
and
promised
upon
Oath
more
than
was
demanded
.
Pipin
reckoning
that
the
Pope
had
now
satisfaction
,
raises
the
Siege
,
and
returns
into
France
,
leaving
Varrenus
the
Arbitratour
of
this
Peace
between
them
.
Stephen
and
Varrenus
go
to
Rome
,
not
doubting
but
that
Aistulphus
would
in
a
little
time
perform
his
promise
;
instead
of
which
he
presently
mustering
up
from
all
parts
what
Forces
he
could
,
with
a
tumultuary
Rout
rather
than
a
just
Army
,
follows
them
,
and
besieges
Rome
,
laying
waste
and
burning
the
Suburbs
and
Places
adjacent
,
insomuch
that
the
People
of
Rome
suffered
more
Damage
by
the
Outrages
he
then
committed
,
than
they
had
received
in
three
hundred
forty
four
years
before
from
the
declining
of
the
Empire
.
Hereupon
Pipin
being
again
sued
to
by
the
Pope
to
aid
the
distressed
City
of
Rome
against
the
Perfidiousness
and
Cruelty
of
Aistulphus
,
he
with
all
possible
expedition
raises
an
Army
for
that
purpose
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Turks
willing
to
mend
their
Quarters
,
over-run
and
conquer
the
Alanes
first
,
then
the
Colchians
and
Armenians
,
after
them
the
People
of
the
Lesser
Asia
,
and
lastly
the
Persians
and
Saracens
,
An.
Dom.
755.
Some
Writers
tell
us
,
that
these
were
of
the
Race
of
those
Scythians
whom
Alexander
the
Great
kept
within
the
Hyperborean
Mountains
with
Iron-Bars
,
meaning
by
that
Metaphor
,
that
he
had
shut
up
that
wild
Nation
there
as
into
a
Prison
.
But
after
much
mischief
done
and
received
on
both
sides
,
a
Peace
being
concluded
between
the
Saracens
and
Turks
,
it
was
agreed
that
the
Turks
which
dwelt
in
Persia
should
be
called
Saracens
;
and
by
this
means
the
Saracens
did
more
patiently
suffer
the
Turks
to
bear
sway
in
Asia
,
especially
apprehending
moreover
that
they
might
soon
be
brought
to
embrace
the
Mahumetan
Religion
.
But
we
return
to
Pipin
,
who
coming
again
with
his
Army
into
Italy
,
was
met
by
Gregory
principal
Secretary
to
the
Emperour
Constantine
the
fourth
;
who
desired
him
in
his
Master's
name
,
that
is
he
should
prove
victorious
over
the
Lombards
,
he
would
not
give
the
Exarchate
of
Ravenna
to
the
Pope
or
the
Romans
,
it
belonging
of
right
to
the
Emperour
.
To
which
Pipin
answered
,
that
he
came
into
Italy
to
do
the
Pope
and
People
a
kindness
,
and
that
he
should
consult
their
advantage
to
the
utmost
of
his
Power
.
After
this
he
marched
to
Pavia
,
and
reduced
Aistulphus
to
such
extremity
,
that
he
was
forced
to
accept
of
the
former
Conditions
of
Peace
.
Hereby
the
Exarchate
was
restored
to
the
Romans
,
together
with
all
the
Tract
contained
between
the
Po
and
Apennine
,
from
Piacentino
to
the
Gulf
of
Venice
,
and
whateyer
lies
between
the
River
Isara
,
the
Apennine
and
the
Adriatick
,
with
all
that
Aistulphus
had
taken
in
Tuscany
and
Sabina
.
Pipin
stayed
at
the
Foot
of
the
Alps
till
Conditions
should
be
performed
,
having
left
Holcadus
an
Abbat
with
part
of
his
Army
to
oblige
Aistulphus
to
perform
what
he
had
promis'd
,
and
moved
no
farther
till
he
understood
that
Aistulphus
had
died
of
an
Apoplexy
while
he
was
hunting
,
before
the
surrendry
was
fully
made
.
Upon
his
Death
,
Desiderius
,
Duke
of
Tuscany
,
forthwith
raises
an
Army
of
Lombards
,
with
design
to
possess
himself
of
the
Kingdom
.
The
same
also
did
Rachis
,
Aistulphus's
Brother
,
who
had
before
,
as
we
have
already
said
,
taken
the
habit
of
a
Monk
;
and
indeed
the
Lombards
generally
,
except
those
of
Tuscany
,
were
on
his
side
.
But
Desiderius
by
making
large
Promises
to
the
Pope
and
the
Romans
,
wrought
them
into
a
favour
of
his
Pretensions
;
and
accordingly
they
with
all
speed
sent
Ambassadours
,
and
among
them
Holcadus
the
Abbat
to
Rachis
to
require
him
to
lay
down
his
Arms
,
and
submit
to
Desiderius
.
And
so
Faenza
and
Ferrara
were
at
last
delivered
to
the
Pope
,
and
the
name
of
the
Exarchate
,
which
had
continued
from
the
time
of
Narses
to
the
taking
of
Ravenna
by
Aistulphus
an
hundred
and
seventy
years
,
was
extinguished
.
Things
being
now
peaceably
setled
,
and
the
Jurisdiction
of
the
Church
greatly
encreased
,
Stephen
holding
a
Synod
,
takes
an
account
of
his
several
Flocks
and
their
Pastors
;
gently
chastises
those
who
had
offended
;
directs
such
as
had
gone
astray
;
teaches
and
instructs
the
ignorant
;
and
finally
sets
before
them
the
Duty
of
a
Bishop
,
of
a
Presbyter
,
and
of
all
Orders
in
the
Clergy
.
Moreover
,
he
appointed
Litanies
for
the
appeasing
of
the
Divine
Anger
;
the
Procession
on
the
first
Saturday
to
be
to
S.
Marie's
ad
Proesepe
,
on
the
second
to
S.
Peter's
in
the
Vatican
,
on
the
third
to
S.
Paul's
in
the
Via
Ostiensis
.
He
also
repaired
several
Churches
which
had
been
damaged
by
Aistulphus
while
he
layed
Siege
to
the
City
;
yet
he
did
not
recover
the
Reliques
of
the
Saints
which
that
King
had
carried
with
him
to
Pavia
,
and
there
reposited
not
dishonourably
in
divers
Churches
.
The
good
man
having
by
these
means
proved
serviceable
to
God
,
his
Countrey
,
and
the
Church
,
died
in
the
fifth
year
and
first
month
of
his
Pontificate
,
and
was
buried
April
the
26th
,
with
general
lamentation
as
for
the
loss
of
a
Common
Father
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
thirty
two
days
.
PAUL
I.
PAUL
,
a
Roman
,
son
of
〈◊〉
,
Brother
of
Stephen
the
second
,
became
well
skill'd
and
practiced
in
all
things
belonging
to
a
Churchman
by
his
having
been
educated
in
the
Lateran
Palace
under
Pope
Gregory
the
second
,
and
Pope
Zachay
,
by
which
latter
he
was
,
together
with
his
Brother
,
ordained
Deacon
;
and
when
upon
the
Vacancy
of
the
Popedom
by
the
Death
of
Stephen
,
some
persons
proposed
Theophylact
the
Arch-Deacon
for
his
Successour
,
yet
others
stood
for
Paul
,
as
one
who
both
for
the
Integrity
of
his
Life
,
and
great
Learning
,
deserved
to
succeed
his
Brother
in
that
Dignity
.
After
a
long
Dispute
therefore
Theophylact
was
rejected
,
and
Paul
by
general
suffrage
chosen
,
in
the
time
of
Constantine
and
Leo.
This
Paul
was
a
person
of
an
extraordinary
meek
and
merciful
Temper
,
and
who
in
Imitation
of
our
Saviour
never
returned
to
any
man
evil
for
evil
,
but
on
the
contrary
by
doing
good
to
them
he
overcame
those
ill
men
that
had
oftentimes
injur'd
him
.
He
was
of
so
kind
and
compassionate
a
Nature
,
as
that
he
would
go
about
by
night
with
only
two
or
three
Attendants
to
the
Houses
of
poor
sick
people
,
assisting
them
with
his
Counsel
,
and
relieving
them
with
his
Alms.
He
also
frequently
visited
the
Prisons
,
and
paying
their
Creditors
,
discharged
thence
multitudes
of
poor
Debtours
.
The
Fatherless
and
Widows
that
were
over-reach'd
by
the
tricks
of
Lawyers
he
defended
by
his
Authority
and
supported
by
his
Charity
.
Moreover
,
having
assembled
the
Clergy
and
People
of
Rome
,
he
did
with
great
solemnity
translate
the
Body
of
S.
Petronilla
S.
Peter's
Daughter
,
with
her
Tomb
of
Marble
upon
which
was
this
Inscription
,
Petronilloe
Filioe
dulcissimoe
,
from
the
Via
Appia
into
the
Vatican
,
and
placed
it
at
the
upper
end
of
the
Church
dedicated
to
her
Father
.
At
this
time
the
Emperour
Constantine
having
in
all
places
plucked
down
the
Images
,
and
put
to
death
Constantine
Patriarch
of
Constantinople
for
opposing
him
therein
,
and
made
Nicetas
an
Eunuch
,
his
Abettour
in
the
Sacriledg
,
Patriach
in
his
stead
,
the
Pope
consulting
by
all
means
the
Interest
of
Religion
,
sends
Nuntios
to
Constantinople
to
advise
the
Emperour
to
restore
and
set
up
again
the
Images
he
had
taken
away
,
or
upon
his
refusal
so
to
do
,
to
threaten
him
with
the
Censure
of
Excommunication
.
But
Constantine
persisting
obstinately
in
what
he
had
done
,
not
only
despised
this
good
Counsel
,
but
also
granted
Peace
to
Sabinus
King
of
the
Bulgarians
,
because
he
also
made
the
like
havock
of
Images
with
himself
,
though
he
were
before
engaged
in
a
War
against
him
.
Having
also
associated
to
himself
into
part
of
the
Empire
his
Son
Leo
the
fourth
,
whom
he
had
married
to
the
most
beautiful
Athenian
Lady
Irene
,
he
enters
into
a
League
with
the
Saracens
,
thereby
to
despite
and
provoke
the
Orthodox
Christians
.
In
the
mean
time
Pipin
entirely
subdues
Taxillo
Duke
of
the
Bojarians
,
and
admits
of
a
League
with
the
Saxons
,
but
upon
this
Condition
,
that
they
should
be
obliged
to
send
three
hundred
Horsemen
to
his
Assistance
as
often
as
he
should
have
occasion
to
make
an
Expedition
.
Against
the
Aquitains
he
maintained
a
tedious
War
,
which
at
length
he
committed
to
the
management
of
his
young
Son
Charles
,
himself
being
so
worn
out
with
Age
that
he
could
not
be
present
at
it
.
This
War
being
ended
,
Charles
takes
by
Storm
Bourbon
,
Clermont
,
and
several
other
Towns
of
Auvergne
.
But
Pipin
,
who
as
we
have
said
was
now
very
old
,
not
long
after
dies
,
leaving
in
the
Kingdom
his
two
Sons
Charles
and
Caroloman
.
Some
tell
us
that
Aistulphus
King
of
the
Lombards
,
who
,
as
is
above
declared
,
had
carried
away
the
Bodies
of
divers
Saints
from
Rome
to
Pavia
,
died
at
this
time
;
and
that
he
had
built
Chappels
to
those
Saints
,
aud
also
a
Cloister
for
Virgins
.
in
which
his
own
Daughters
became
Nuns
.
He
was
an
extraordinary
Lover
of
the
Monks
,
and
died
in
their
Arms
,
in
the
sixth
year
and
fifth
month
of
his
Reign
.
At
the
beginning
of
his
Government
,
he
was
fierce
and
rash
,
in
the
end
moderate
;
and
a
person
of
such
Learning
,
that
he
reduc'd
and
form'd
the
Edicts
of
the
Lombards
into
Laws
.
He
was
,
as
has
been
said
,
succeeded
by
Duke
Desiderius
;
the
Valour
of
the
Lombards
beginning
now
to
dissolve
and
lose
it self
in
Luxury
.
Our
Paul
,
having
repaired
some
old
decayed
Churches
,
died
in
S.
Paul's
in
the
Via
Ostiensis
,
in
the
tenth
year
and
first
month
of
his
Pontificate
;
and
his
Body
was
with
very
great
Solemnity
carried
into
the
Vatican
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
one
year
,
one
month
.
STEPHEN
III.
STEPHEN
the
third
,
a
Sicilian
,
Son
of
Olibrius
,
entred
upon
the
Pontificate
,
A.
D.
768.
a
learned
man
,
and
in
the
management
of
Affairs
,
especially
those
belonging
to
the
Church
,
very
active
and
steddy
.
Coming
to
Rome
very
young
,
by
appointment
of
Pope
Gregory
III.
he
took
Orders
and
became
a
Monk
in
the
Monastery
of
S.
Chrysogonus
,
where
he
was
inured
to
the
stricter
way
of
living
,
and
instructed
in
Ecclesiastical
Learning
.
Being
afterwards
called
by
Pope
Zachary
into
the
Lateran
Palace
,
and
his
Life
and
Learning
generally
approved
of
,
he
was
constituted
Parish-Priest
of
S.
Caetilia
;
and
for
his
great
Integrity
and
readiness
in
Business
both
Zachary
and
his
Successours
,
Stephen
and
Paul
would
always
have
him
near
their
Persons
.
But
upon
the
Death
of
Paul
,
whom
our
Stephen
never
deserted
to
his
last
Breath
,
Desiderius
,
who
,
as
we
have
said
,
was
by
the
Assistance
of
Stephen
II.
made
King
of
Lombardy
,
being
by
Pipin's
Death
rid
of
all
fear
,
encourages
Toto
Duke
of
Nepi
to
promote
his
Brother
Constantine
to
the
Pontificate
by
force
of
Arms
,
if
he
could
not
compass
it
by
canvassing
and
bribery
.
He
accordingly
marches
to
Rome
with
an
Army
,
and
with
the
Assistance
of
some
whom
he
had
corrupted
and
made
his
Friends
by
Gifts
and
Promises
,
gets
Constantine
to
be
elected
Pope
.
Indeed
there
were
those
who
set
up
one
Philip
against
him
,
but
he
was
presently
forced
to
quit
his
Pretensions
,
and
Gregory
Bishop
of
Praeneste
compelled
to
initiate
Constantine
,
who
at
the
time
of
his
choice
was
a
Laick
,
into
holy
Orders
,
and
then
to
consecrate
him
Bishop
;
the
hands
of
which
Gregory
are
said
thereupon
by
Miracle
to
have
so
withered
that
he
could
not
reach
them
to
his
Mouth
.
But
Constantine
having
persisted
to
exercise
the
Papal
Function
for
one
year
,
was
at
length
in
great
Rage
and
Disdain
deposed
by
the
People
of
Rome
,
and
Stephen
unanimously
chosen
in
his
stead
.
Upon
which
Constantine
being
brought
into
S.
Saviour's
Church
,
and
the
sacred
Canons
read
,
he
was
publickly
and
solemnly
divested
of
the
Pontifical
Habit
,
and
commanded
to
lead
a
private
life
in
a
Monastery
.
After
this
,
Stephen
being
consecrated
by
three
Bishops
in
the
Church
of
S.
Adrian
,
and
saluted
as
the
true
Pope
by
all
the
Clergy
and
People
of
Rome
,
applied
himself
to
the
censuring
and
suppressing
of
the
Practices
of
some
ill
men
who
endeavoured
to
break
the
Unity
of
the
Roman
Church
.
Therefore
calling
a
Council
,
he
writes
to
Charles
desiring
him
to
send
to
Rome
,
as
soon
as
might
be
,
some
Bishops
of
France
,
by
their
Learning
and
Integrity
well
qualified
for
the
Affair
.
The
same
also
he
writes
to
the
other
Christian
Princes
;
who
all
complying
with
him
therein
,
a
Council
is
held
in
the
Lateran
Church
,
where
the
Fathers
having
discoursed
among
themselves
divers
things
tending
to
the
setling
of
the
Church
,
they
ordered
Constantine
to
be
brought
before
them
.
For
the
underhand-dealings
of
Desiderius
King
of
the
Lombards
,
and
Paul
Aphiarta
having
occasioned
frequent
tumults
among
the
People
;
Desiderius
endeavouring
all
he
could
to
alienate
the
Affections
of
the
Romans
from
Charles
to
the
Emperour
;
hereupon
several
were
killed
on
both
sides
,
and
Constantine
,
the
occasion
of
all
the
mischief
,
had
his
Eyes
put
out
by
the
contrary
Faction
,
though
Stephen
declared
against
it
,
and
did
what
he
could
to
prevent
it
;
but
there
is
no
opposing
a
furious
,
enraged
Multitude
.
Constantine
appearing
before
the
Council
,
and
being
accused
that
he
had
usurped
the
Apostolick
See
not
being
in
any
holy
Orders
,
lays
all
the
fault
upon
the
People
,
and
especially
upon
some
particular
Persons
who
forced
him
against
his
Will
to
take
the
Pontificate
upon
him
.
Then
prostrating
himself
upon
the
floor
,
and
humbly
begging
Pardon
,
the
persons
present
moved
with
Compassion
,
ordered
him
to
be
dismissed
,
and
put
off
the
Debate
of
his
whole
Case
to
the
next
day
,
intending
then
more
maturely
to
deliberate
what
ought
to
be
done
in
the
matter
.
But
the
next
day
Constantine
returning
to
the
Council
,
was
quite
of
another
mind
,
and
remonstrated
that
he
had
Precedents
of
former
Prelates
for
what
he
had
done
;
that
Sergius
Arch-Bishop
of
Ravenna
,
and
Stephen
of
Naples
,
had
been
of
Laicks
consecrated
Bishops
.
The
Fathers
resenting
this
Impudence
,
caused
him
to
be
cast
out
with
Disgrace
,
and
having
nulled
his
Decrees
,
applied
themselves
to
the
setling
of
the
State
of
Christianity
.
Among
other
things
it
was
unanimously
decreed
by
them
,
That
no
Laick
,
but
such
only
as
had
pass'd
through
the
several
Degrees
in
the
Clergy
,
should
presume
to
take
the
Popedom
,
upon
pain
of
Excommunication
.
It
was
ordained
likewise
,
that
those
who
had
attained
to
the
Episcopal
Dignity
in
the
time
of
Constantine
,
should
renounce
that
Character
,
and
fall
back
into
the
same
Rank
and
Order
which
they
were
of
before
;
but
with
this
Reserve
,
that
if
their
Life
and
Doctrine
were
approved
by
the
People
,
it
then
pleased
the
Council
,
that
upon
their
application
to
the
Apostolick
See
,
they
might
be
consecrated
anew
.
The
same
was
judged
meet
concerning
Presbyters
and
Deacons
;
yet
it
was
forbidden
that
any
of
them
should
arrive
to
the
greater
Degrees
,
upon
a
Jealousie
,
as
I
believe
,
lest
some
Errour
or
Sect
might
thence
arise
,
as
from
a
Seminary
of
Discord
and
Sedition
.
Moreover
it
was
decreed
,
that
all
the
sacred
Offices
which
Constantine
had
performed
,
should
be
deemed
null
,
except
only
Baptism
and
Confirmation
.
Finally
,
having
made
void
the
Constantinian
Synod
,
in
which
the
Greek
Prelates
had
decreed
that
the
Pictures
and
Statues
of
the
Saints
should
be
defaced
and
thrown
out
of
Churches
,
it
was
ordained
that
those
Images
should
be
in
all
places
〈◊〉
,
and
an
Anathema
pass'd
upon
that
execrable
and
pernicious
Synod
,
by
which
the
condition
of
the
Immortal
God
was
rendred
worse
than
that
of
Men
;
it
being
allowed
us
to
erect
the
Statues
of
men
who
have
deserved
well
of
the
Publick
,
both
for
the
expressing
of
our
Gratitude
,
and
the
raising
our
Emulation
of
their
brave
Deeds
,
but
forbidden
to
set
up
the
Image
of
our
Saviour
,
whom
we
ought
if
it
were
possible
to
have
always
before
our
Eyes
,
whether
we
consider
the
mighty
Obligations
he
has
laid
upon
Mankind
,
or
the
Dignity
of
his
Divine
Nature
.
These
things
having
thus
pass'd
according
to
the
Popes
mind
,
it
was
Decreed
,
that
on
the
following
day
there
should
be
a
Solemn
Procession
,
both
to
return
thanks
to
God
,
and
also
in
order
to
the
averting
of
his
Displeasure
.
This
Procession
was
made
from
the
Lateran
Church
to
S.
Peter's
,
with
universal
great
Devotion
,
the
Pope
himself
,
with
all
that
were
present
,
walking
Bare-foot
.
But
in
our
times
Piety
and
Devotion
are
grown
so
cold
,
that
such
Expressions
of
Humility
are
not
only
laid
aside
,
but
men
are
so
proud
as
〈◊〉
to
vouchsale
to
pray
at
all
.
Even
the
more
eminent
and
dignisied
persons
,
instead
of
weeping
at
Procession
or
at
Mass
,
as
these
holy
Fathers
were
wont
to
do
,
are
employed
in
indecent
and
shameless
laughter
;
〈◊〉
of
singing
Hymns
,
which
they
disdain
as
a
servile
thing
,
they
are
breaking
〈◊〉
.
and
telling
Stories
among
themselves
to
make
each
other
merry
.
What
should
I
say
further
?
the
more
petulant
and
full
of
Buffoonry
any
one
is
,
the
more
he
is
commended
in
such
a
corrupt
Age.
Our
present
Clergy
does
dread
severe
and
grave
Men
;
as
being
more
desirous
to
live
thus
licentiously
,
than
〈◊〉
be
obedient
to
good
Admonitions
.
and
subject
to
wholesom
Restraints
;
by
which
means
the
〈◊〉
Religion
does
daily
suffer
and
decline
.
I
return
to
Stephen
,
who
when
the
Procession
was
over
,
forthwith
caused
the
Acts
of
the
Council
to
be
first
openly
pronounced
by
his
Commissary
,
and
then
published
in
Writing
,
threatning
Excommunication
against
any
who
should
presume
to
oppose
what
the
Holy
Synod
had
decreed
.
But
not
long
after
Sergius
Arch-bishop
of
Ravenna
dying
,
Michael
,
Register
of
that
Church
,
with
the
Assistance
of
King
Desiderius
and
Maurice
Duke
of
Rimini
,
whom
he
had
corrupted
with
Bribes
,
though
a
meer
Laick
,
possesses
himself
of
the
See
,
in
opposition
to
Leo
the
Arch-deacon
whom
the
Clergy
were
very
desirous
to
chuse
.
Yea
these
Abettours
of
his
presumed
so
far
.
as
to
send
Ambassadours
to
Pope
Stephen
to
bribe
him
into
the
Consirmation
of
this
Michael
.
But
Stephen
not
only
resused
their
offers
of
Money
,
but
also
published
an
Excommunication
against
him
,
if
he
resigned
not
the
See
which
he
had
against
all
Right
usurped
.
However
,
he
forcibly
kept
possession
of
it
so
long
as
he
had
any
thing
〈◊〉
,
either
of
his
own
or
belonging
to
the
Church
,
whereof
to
make
a
〈◊〉
to
greedy
〈◊〉
.
Upon
which
the
Pope
sending
his
Nun-tio's
,
and
King
Charles
his
Ambassadours
to
Ravenna
about
that
Affair
,
who
declared
the
Popes
pleasure
therein
,
Michael
was
forthwith
deposed
,
and
Leo
chosen
,
and
confirmed
by
the
Pope
.
Who
being
for
that
Reason
secretly
despited
and
mischief'd
by
Desiderius
,
begs
Charles
to
oblige
Desiderius
to
cease
injuring
him
any
farther
.
This
Charles
performed
with
great
diligence
,
though
he
were
not
in
a
condition
to
restrain
the
Lombard
by
Force
,
because
upon
the
Death
of
his
Brother
,
who
had
reign'd
jointly
and
amicably
with
him
for
two
years
,
he
was
necessarily
engaged
in
several
Wars
at
once
.
The
Aquitains
,
against
whom
his
Father
had
begun
a
War
,
he
brought
into
subjection
,
and
subdued
the
Gascons
inhabiting
part
of
Aquitain
.
Then
passing
the
Pyrenean
Hills
,
he
routed
the
Saracens
,
pursuing
them
to
the
River
Betis
,
as
far
as
Granada
,
the
part
of
Spain
wherein
the
Saracens
are
now
seated
.
In
the
mean
time
Stephen
,
a
most
vigilant
Pastor
,
and
true
successour
of
Peter
and
imitatour
of
Christ
,
having
been
in
the
Chair
three
years
,
five
months
,
twenty
seven
days
,
died
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
nine
days
.
ADRIAN
I.
ADRIAN
the
first
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Theodorus
one
of
the
prime
Nobility
,
entring
upon
the
Pontificate
,
degenerated
not
at
all
from
his
Ancestours
;
being
a
Person
who
for
his
greatness
of
Mind
,
Prudence
,
Learning
and
Sanctity
may
be
compared
with
the
best
of
Popes
;
and
of
whose
Interest
and
Authority
Desiderius
King
of
the
〈◊〉
had
such
Apprehensions
,
that
he
presently
sent
Ambassadours
to
treat
of
a
Peace
and
Alliance
with
him
.
But
Adrian
being
acquainted
with
the
extream
Perfidiousness
of
that
King
,
deferred
the
concluding
any
thing
therein
to
another
time
.
Now
after
the
Death
of
Caroloman
,
his
Relict
Bertha
,
out
of
Envy
towards
the
Grandeur
of
Hildegarda
the
Great
Charles's
Consort
,
by
the
Advice
of
one
Adoarius
flies
with
her
Sons
into
Italy
to
King
Desiderius
;
who
received
her
very
kindly
and
honourably
,
both
because
he
thought
he
should
by
this
means
be
less
in
danger
from
the
Power
of
France
,
and
also
reckoned
that
the
French
upon
setting
up
Caroloman's
Sons
would
the
sooner
appear
in
Arms
against
King
Charles
if
he
should
give
him
any
Disturbance
.
But
not
being
able
by
Intreaties
to
prevail
with
Adrian
to
anoint
these
sons
of
Caroloman
Kings
,
he
applies
himself
to
forcible
means
,
and
invading
the
State
of
Ravenna
,
which
was
under
the
Popes
Jurisdiction
,
he
takes
Faenza
and
Comacchio
.
Ravenna
was
at
this
time
under
the
Government
of
its
Arch-bishop
and
three
Tribunes
,
who
forthwith
desired
Aid
of
Adrian
.
The
Pope
at
first
sends
to
Desiderius
,
admonishing
him
to
contain
himself
within
his
own
Territories
,
and
not
to
invade
the
Rights
of
the
Church
.
But
understanding
afterwards
that
this
King
had
also
possess'd
himself
of
Urbin
,
Senigaglia
,
and
Eugubio
,
he
then
began
to
threaten
him
with
the
Approach
of
Divine
Vengeance
towards
him
for
the
Violation
of
Peace
.
To
which
the
Lombard
made
no
other
Reply
,
than
that
Adrian
ought
to
quit
the
Interest
of
the
French
King
,
and
to
be
of
His
side
.
For
it
was
his
great
Design
to
make
a
Breach
between
Chorles
and
the
Pope
;
which
when
he
could
not
obtain
by
Solicitations
and
Promises
,
he
threatned
to
besiege
Rome
it self
within
a
little
time
.
He
was
already
come
to
Spoleto
,
with
Aldagasius
Caroloman's
Son
;
but
intended
to
march
from
thence
to
Rome
,
though
in
a
peaceable
manner
,
and
,
as
he
pretended
,
out
of
Devotion
.
But
Adrian
having
caused
the
Reliques
of
all
the
Churches
without
the
Walls
to
be
brought
into
the
City
,
sends
three
Bishops
to
Desiderius
to
forbid
him
entring
the
Confines
of
Rome
upon
pain
of
Excommunication
;
who
thereupon
fearing
lest
he
might
incurr
the
divine
Displeasure
,
presently
returned
into
Lombardy
.
In
the
mean
time
Charles
receiving
from
Adrian
Intelligence
of
the
injury
which
had
been
done
him
,
sends
Ambassadours
to
Desiderius
to
persuade
him
to
restore
what
he
had
wrongfully
taken
from
the
Pope
,
or
otherwise
to
let
him
know
that
he
would
soon
visit
him
with
such
an
Army
as
should
oblige
him
to
it
.
Desiderius
notwithstanding
all
this
refuses
it
;
and
so
on
both
sides
great
Armies
are
prepared
.
But
Charles
having
sent
some
part
of
his
Forces
before
to
〈◊〉
the
Passes
of
the
Alpes
,
with
wonderful
Expedition
leads
the
main
Body
of
his
Army
over
Monte
Cenisio
into
Itely
,
where
encountring
Desiderius
,
he
vanquishes
and
puts
him
to
flight
,
and
then
takes
and
spoils
his
whole
Countrey
.
Desiderius
after
so
great
an
Overthrow
despairing
to
get
the
better
in
a
pitch'd
Battel
,
retreats
to
Pavia
,
having
sent
his
Wife
and
Children
to
Verona
.
And
the
people
of
Spoleto
,
Ricti
,
and
all
the
Lombards
inhabiting
those
Parts
,
hearing
his
Misfortune
,
betake
themfelves
to
Rome
,
and
commit
their
Persons
and
Estates
to
the
Popes
Protection
,
taking
an
Oath
of
Fidelity
to
him
,
and
shavfng
their
Heads
and
Beards
,
which
among
that
People
was
the
greatest
sign
and
Token
of
a
perfect
Submission
to
his
Power
and
Jurisdiction
.
By
their
Example
those
of
Ancona
,
Osimo
,
and
〈◊〉
did
the
like
.
Now
to
such
of
these
Lombards
as
were
unwilling
to
return
into
their
own
Countrey
,
the
Vatican
Hill
was
granted
them
to
inhabit
and
seat
themselves
in
;
whither
afterwards
there
was
from
all
parts
a
great
concourse
of
other
their
Countrey-men
,
who
chose
to
live
there
.
But
Charles
leaving
his
Cousin-German
Bernardus
at
the
Siege
of
〈◊〉
,
marches
with
part
of
his
Army
to
Verona
,
which
City
upon
the
inclination
of
Bertha
and
Caroloman's
Sons
to
the
French
side
,
in
a
little
time
after
surrendred
to
him
;
though
Aldegisius
,
Desiderius
his
Son
,
escaping
thence
fled
to
the
Emperour
of
Constantinople
.
Almost
all
the
Cities
of
Lombardy
beyond
the
Po
,
having
in
like
manner
yielded
to
Charles
,
he
goes
towards
Rome
,
that
he
might
there
celebrate
the
Feast
of
Easter
with
the
Pope
.
At
his
Approach
to
the
City
,
he
was
in
Complement
met
by
three
thousand
Judges
,
as
〈◊〉
tells
us
,
calling
them
Judges
who
were
not
Handycrafts-men
or
did
not
exercise
any
mean
Trades
.
Adrian
with
his
Clergy
expected
him
at
the
Steps
of
S
Peter
,
and
at
his
coming
embraced
him
with
all
imaginable
Affection
,
but
could
not
restrain
the
humble
King
from
kissing
his
Feet
.
The
usual
Salutations
and
Respects
having
pass'd
on
both
sides
,
they
entred
the
Church
,
and
being
come
up
to
the
Altar
,
Charles
and
the
Pope
,
the
Romans
and
the
French
,
took
a
mutual
Oath
to
maintain
a
perpetual
Friendship
,
and
to
be
Enemies
to
the
Enemies
of
each
other
.
After
which
,
Charles
making
his
Entrance
into
the
City
,
devoutly
visited
all
the
Churches
,
and
made
several
Presents
to
them
.
Four
days
after
his
being
there
,
he
by
Oath
confirmed
,
and
amply
enlarged
the
Donation
of
his
Father
Pipin
to
Gregory
the
third
,
containing
,
according
to
Anastasius
,
in
〈◊〉
all
that
reaches
from
the
long
since
demolished
City
Luna
to
the
Alpes
,
the
Isle
of
Corfica
,
and
the
whole
Tract
between
Luca
and
Parma
,
together
with
Friuli
,
the
Exarchate
of
Ravenna
,
and
the
Dukedoms
of
Spoleto
and
Benevent
.
These
Affairs
being
thus
setled
,
Charles
taking
his
leave
of
Adrian
returns
into
Lombardy
,
and
becomes
Master
of
Pavia
on
the
sixth
month
after
the
investing
of
it
.
Towards
Desiderius
however
he
was
so
favourable
,
as
that
though
he
berest
him
of
his
Kingdom
,
yet
he
spared
his
Life
,
and
only
confined
him
with
his
Wife
and
Children
to
Lyons
.
Advancing
thence
again
Arachis
Duke
of
Benevent
,
who
was
Son-in-law
to
Desiderius
,
and
had
been
an
Abettour
of
his
rash
Proceedings
,
he
soon
forced
him
to
sue
for
a
Peace
,
and
received
his
two
Sons
for
Hostages
.
After
this
in
his
Passage
farther
he
religiously
visited
Mount
Cassino
,
and
confirmed
all
the
Grants
which
had
been
made
by
other
Princes
to
the
Monastery
of
S.
Benedict
.
And
so
the
Affairs
of
all
Italy
being
composed
,
and
strong
Guards
left
in
the
most
important
places
of
Lombardy
,
he
returns
with
great
Spoil
and
mighty
Glory
into
his
Kingdom
or
France
,
carrying
with
him
his
Brother
Caroloman's
Relict
and
Sons
,
whom
he
always
treated
with
Respect
and
Honour
;
and
also
Paul
a
Deacon
of
the
Church
of
Aquileia
,
a
Person
for
his
Parts
and
Learning
highly
belov'd
by
Desiderius
,
to
whom
he
gave
his
Freedom
,
and
had
for
some
time
a
great
Esteem
for
him
.
But
understanding
afterwards
that
the
man
was
assisting
to
a
Design
of
Desiderius's
his
Flight
,
he
banish'd
him
into
the
Island
of
Tremiti
;
from
whence
after
some
years
making
his
Escape
,
and
coming
to
Arachis
,
at
the
Request
of
Adelperga
Daughter
to
Desiderius
and
the
Wife
of
Arachis
,
he
added
two
Books
to
the
History
of
Eutropius
,
giving
an
account
of
what
passed
from
the
time
of
the
Emperour
Julian
to
that
of
Justinian
the
first
.
After
the
Death
of
Arachis
,
he
betook
himself
to
the
Monastery
of
Cassino
,
where
leading
the
remainder
of
his
life
very
devoutly
,
he
oftentimes
wrote
elegant
and
obliging
Letters
to
Charles
,
and
received
again
the
like
from
that
King
,
who
had
preserved
him
for
the
sake
of
his
Learning
.
Thus
ended
the
Kingdom
of
the
Lombards
,
in
the
two
hundred
and
fourth
year
after
their
coming
into
Italy
,
and
in
the
year
of
our
Lord
seven
hundred
seventy
six
.
Charles
now
without
any
delay
marches
against
the
idolatrous
Saxons
,
who
during
his
absence
in
Italy
had
rebelled
;
uttterly
subdues
that
People
,
with
whom
he
had
been
engaged
in
War
for
thirty
years
before
,
and
compells
them
to
receive
Christianity
.
Then
turning
his
Army
against
the
Spaniards
,
who
were
also
fallen
away
from
the
Faith
,
he
took
the
Cities
of
Pampelona
and
Saragoza
,
and
permitted
his
Souldiers
to
plunder
them
;
not
granting
a
Peace
to
these
Spaniards
,
but
upon
condition
they
would
entirely
embrace
the
Christian
Doctrine
.
After
this
returning
into
France
,
matters
having
went
according
to
his
mind
,
as
he
passed
the
Pyrenean
Hills
he
fell
into
an
Ambuscade
of
the
Gascons
,
in
engaging
with
whom
though
he
gallantly
defended
himself
,
yet
he
lost
Anselmus
and
Egibardus
two
brave
Commanders
.
Some
tell
us
that
in
this
Encounter
Rolandus
,
Charles's
Sister's
Son
,
perished
,
after
he
had
made
a
great
slaughter
of
the
Enemy
;
though
whether
he
died
of
Thirst
,
as
is
commonly
said
,
or
of
the
wounds
he
received
,
is
uncertain
.
At
length
these
Gascons
were
vanquished
by
Charles
,
and
received
from
him
the
deserved
Punishment
of
their
Revolt
and
Perfidy
.
At
this
time
Taxillo
Duke
of
Bojaria
,
Desiderius's
Son-in-law
,
having
gained
the
Huns
to
be
on
his
side
,
made
an
Attempt
of
War
against
the
French
,
which
yet
Charles
by
his
great
Expedition
almost
made
an
end
of
before
it
was
quite
begun
;
and
to
him
also
,
upon
Hostages
given
,
he
granted
a
Peace
.
While
these
things
were
transacting
in
France
,
Constantine
Emperour
of
the
East
,
was
seized
with
a
Leprosy
,
(
from
whence
perhaps
arose
the
groundless
Opinion
of
the
Leprosy
of
Constantine
the
Great
,
through
the
confusion
of
their
Names
)
and
dying
left
Leo
the
fourth
his
Successour
;
who
so
strangely
doated
upon
precious
Stones
,
that
robbing
the
Church
of
S.
Sophia
of
its
Jewels
,
he
made
with
them
a
Crown
of
a
vast
weight
and
value
,
which
he
wore
so
often
,
that
either
through
the
Weight
,
or
from
the
coldness
of
the
Stones
in
it
,
he
shortly
fell
sick
and
died
.
The
same
I
believe
to
have
happened
in
our
Time
to
Paul
the
Second
,
who
so
effeminately
prided
himself
in
such
Ornaments
,
almost
exhausting
the
Treasury
of
the
〈◊〉
to
purchase
Jewels
at
any
rate
,
that
as
often
as
he
appeared
publickly
,
instead
of
wearing
a
plain
Mitre
,
he
looked
like
the
Picture
of
Cybele
with
Turrets
on
her
Head
;
from
whence
,
what
with
the
weight
of
the
Jewels
and
the
sweat
of
his
gross
Body
,
I
am
apt
to
think
arose
that
Apoplexy
of
which
he
died
suddenly
.
After
the
Death
of
Leo
,
his
Relict
Irene
and
his
Son
Constantine
managing
the
Empire
,
in
a
Council
of
three
〈◊〉
and
fifty
Bishops
held
the
second
time
at
Nice
,
it
was
〈◊〉
,
that
whosoever
mantained
that
the
Images
of
the
Saints
were
to
be
destroyed
,
should
be
censured
with
perpetual
Excommunication
.
But
young
Constantine
,
through
the
persuasion
of
some
ill
men
about
him
,
treading
in
the
Footsteps
of
his
Father
,
soon
after
revoked
this
Constitution
,
and
wholly
deprived
his
Mother
of
any
share
in
the
Administration
of
Affairs
.
Then
putting
away
his
Wife
,
he
received
to
his
Bed
,
and
caused
to
be
crowned
Empress
,
Theodora
one
of
her
Maids
.
Moreover
,
he
gave
Order
to
those
Commanders
he
had
in
Italy
,
to
give
disturbance
to
their
Neighbours
;
but
they
were
at
the
first
Message
terrified
from
any
Attempts
by
the
prevailing
Authority
of
Charles
,
who
at
this
time
was
advancing
with
his
Forces
against
the
Sclaves
and
Hunns
,
(
or
we
may
call
them
Hungarians
)
because
by
their
Incursions
they
had
molested
all
the
Countrey
about
the
Danow
;
whom
having
vanquished
,
he
marched
into
Franconia
the
Countrey
of
his
Ancestours
,
from
whence
the
Franks
or
French
derive
their
Name
;
which
Province
he
having
with
ease
brought
to
his
Devotion
,
two
years
after
Theophylact
and
Stephen
two
Bishops
of
great
Note
held
a
Synod
of
Frank
and
German
Bishops
,
wherein
that
which
the
Greeks
called
the
Seventh
Synod
,
and
the
Felician
Heresie
touching
the
Destruction
of
Images
,
was
condemned
.
Adrian
being
now
by
the
Interest
and
Power
of
Charles
secured
from
the
fear
of
any
warlike
Incursions
,
applies
himself
to
the
repairing
the
City
,
beautifying
the
Churches
,
restoring
the
Aqueducts
,
and
such
like
publick
Works
,
which
I
need
not
particularly
enumerate
,
performed
at
his
vast
Expence
.
But
while
he
was
employed
in
these
matters
,
there
happened
such
an
Inundation
of
the
River
Tyber
,
as
bore
down
a
principal
Gate
,
and
Bridg
,
and
several
Buildings
of
the
City
,
and
did
otherwise
great
Damage
.
In
this
Extremity
Adrian
took
care
to
send
Boats
to
convey
Provisions
to
such
as
while
the
Waters
were
so
high
could
not
stir
out
of
their
Houses
.
And
afterwards
he
comforted
with
his
Advice
,
and
supported
with
his
Charity
,
the
principal
sufferers
in
that
Calamity
;
nor
did
he
spare
any
Cost
in
repairing
the
publick
Loss
.
In
short
,
Adrian
left
nothing
undone
,
that
became
a
good
Prince
and
excellent
Pope
;
defending
the
Christian
Religion
,
maintaining
the
Roman
Liberty
,
and
asserting
the
Cause
of
the
Poor
,
the
Orphans
and
Widows
.
After
he
had
held
the
Chair
with
great
honour
,
twenty
three
years
,
ten
months
,
he
died
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peters
,
December
the
27th
.
LEO
III.
LEO
the
third
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Azzupius
,
was
upon
the
account
of
Merit
advanced
to
the
Pontificate
,
having
been
from
his
Youth
so
throughly
educated
and
instructed
in
Ecclesiastical
Learning
,
that
he
deserved
to
be
preferred
before
all
others
.
A
modest
,
upright
,
and
well-spoken
Person
,
and
such
a
Favourer
of
learned
Men
,
that
he
encouraged
them
by
the
Proposal
of
generous
Rewards
to
resort
from
all
Parts
to
him
,
and
was
wonderfully
pleased
with
their
Conversation
.
Moreover
,
to
visit
and
exhort
the
sick
,
to
relieve
the
Poor
,
to
comfort
the
dejected
,
and
,
to
reduce
the
erroneous
by
his
Preaching
and
Admonition
,
in
which
through
his
Art
and
Eloquence
he
had
gained
a
great
Perfection
,
was
his
peculiar
Providence
.
He
was
naturally
of
a
meek
Temper
,
a
Lover
of
all
Mankind
,
slow
to
Anger
,
ready
to
commiserate
,
eminent
for
Piety
,
and
a
vigorous
Promoter
and
Defender
of
the
Honour
of
God
and
his
Church
.
Hereupon
he
was
(
as
I
have
said
)
unanimously
elected
to
the
Papal
See
on
S.
Stephen's
day
,
and
the
day
following
with
general
Acclamations
seated
in
S.
Peter's
Chair
.
At
this
time
Irene
,
Mother
of
Constantine
the
Emperour
,
not
being
able
to
bear
her
Son
's
ill
Courses
,
and
being
instigated
thereto
by
certain
of
the
Citizens
,
returns
to
Constantinople
,
puts
out
his
Eyes
,
and
throws
him
into
Prison
,
where
as
an
undutiful
Son
he
miserably
ended
his
days
.
In
the
mean
time
Charles
having
Disturbance
given
him
on
many
sides
,
sends
his
Son
Pipin
against
the
Hungarians
,
whom
having
worsted
in
several
Engagements
,
he
at
length
totally
subdued
.
Adelphonsus
likewise
King
of
Asturia
and
Gallicia
,
having
received
Auxiliary
Forces
from
Charles
,
vanquished
the
Saracens
and
took
Lisbon
;
upon
the
hearing
of
which
Victory
of
his
,
the
Garrison
of
Barcelona
forthwith
yielded
up
to
Charles
.
Moreover
,
the
Bavarians
,
who
made
Inroads
upon
the
Inhabitants
of
Friuli
,
were
now
overcome
by
Henry
,
Charle's
Lieutenant
there
.
At
this
time
Leo
,
with
the
Clergy
and
People
,
being
employed
in
the
Solcmn
Procession
〈◊〉
by
Pope
Gregory
,
he
was
through
the
treachery
of
Paschal
and
Campulus
two
of
the
principal
Clergy
,
seized
near
the
Church
of
S.
Sylvester
,
stripped
of
his
Pontifical
Habit
,
so
cruelly
beaten
and
misused
that
it
was
thought
he
had
been
deprived
both
of
his
Sight
and
Speech
,
and
then
closely
imprisoned
in
the
Monastery
of
S.
Erasmus
.
From
whence
yet
soon
after
by
the
diligence
of
Albinus
,
one
belonging
to
his
Bed-chamber
,
he
made
his
Escape
,
and
was
secretly
conveyed
to
the
Vatican
;
where
he
lay
concealed
till
Vinigisius
Duke
of
Spoleto
,
being
privately
invited
thereunto
,
came
and
with
a
〈◊〉
Guard
of
Soldiers
to
secure
him
on
his
way
from
any
Violence
which
his
Enemies
might
offer
to
him
,
carried
him
off
safely
to
Spoleto
.
The
Factious
being
not
now
able
to
wreak
their
malice
upon
the
Persons
of
Leo
and
Albinus
,
express
their
Rage
in
pulling
down
their
Houses
;
nay
so
hardy
and
daring
were
they
,
as
to
go
to
Charles
,
who
was
now
making
War
upon
the
Saxons
,
and
to
whom
they
understood
Leo
had
repaired
,
on
purpose
to
complain
of
and
accuse
the
Pope
.
But
Charles
deferring
the
debate
of
the
matter
to
another
time
,
sends
the
Pope
to
Rome
with
an
honourable
Retinue
,
promising
that
himself
would
be
there
in
a
little
time
,
in
order
to
the
composing
of
the
Affairs
of
Italy
.
Leo
in
his
passage
being
come
as
far
as
Ponte
Molle
,
was
there
in
Honour
met
by
the
Clergy
and
People
of
Rome
,
who
congratulated
his
Return
,
and
introduced
him
into
the
City
.
And
Charles
without
making
any
long
stay
,
passing
through
Mentz
and
Noremberg
into
Friuli
,
severely
chastises
the
Citizens
of
Treviso
for
having
put
to
Death
Henry
their
Governour
;
and
having
constituted
another
to
succeed
him
in
that
Office
,
he
thence
goes
first
to
Ravenna
,
and
presently
after
to
Rome
,
where
his
Presence
was
earnestly
desired
and
expected
.
At
his
Entrance
into
the
City
all
imaginable
expressions
of
Honour
,
as
good
reason
was
,
were
made
to
him
.
On
the
eighth
day
of
his
being
there
,
in
the
presence
of
the
People
and
Clergy
,
assembled
in
S.
Peter's
Church
,
he
asked
all
the
Bishops
,
who
had
come
thither
out
of
all
the
parts
of
Italy
and
France
,
what
their
Opinion
was
concerning
the
Life
aud
Conversation
of
the
Pope
.
But
Answer
was
made
by
all
with
one
Voice
,
that
the
Apostolick
See
,
the
Head
of
all
Churches
,
ought
to
be
judged
by
none
,
especially
not
by
a
Laick
.
Hereupon
,
Charles
laying
aside
any
farther
Enquiry
into
the
matter
,
Pope
Leo
,
who
extreamly
wished
that
he
might
be
put
upon
that
way
of
purging
himself
,
going
up
into
the
Pulpit
,
and
holding
the
Gospels
in
his
hands
,
declared
upon
his
Oath
that
he
was
innocent
of
all
those
things
which
were
laid
to
his
Charge
.
This
was
done
on
the
thirteenth
day
of
December
,
A.
D.
800.
While
things
went
thus
at
Rome
,
Pipin
by
his
Fathers
Order
advancing
against
the
Beneventans
,
who
under
Grimoald's
Conduct
made
Inroads
upon
their
Neighbours
,
and
having
given
them
so
many
Defeats
,
that
at
length
they
were
scarce
able
to
defend
themselves
within
the
Walls
of
their
City
;
he
left
the
farther
management
of
that
War
to
Vinigisius
Duke
of
Spoleto
,
and
returned
to
his
Father
,
who
was
now
in
a
short
time
to
be
crowned
Emperour
.
For
the
Pope
,
that
he
might
make
some
Requital
to
Charles
who
had
deserved
so
well
of
the
Church
,
and
also
because
he
saw
that
the
Emperours
of
Constantinople
were
hardly
able
to
maintain
that
Title
;
upon
which
account
Rome
and
all
Italy
had
suffered
great
Calamities
;
after
Mass
in
S.
Peter's
Church
,
with
the
Consent
and
at
the
Request
of
the
People
of
Rome
,
declares
with
a
loud
Voice
the
said
Charles
to
be
Emperour
,
and
put
the
Imperial
Diadem
upon
his
Head
,
the
People
repeating
thrice
this
Acclamation
,
Long
Life
and
Victory
to
Charles
Augustus
,
whom
God
has
Crowned
,
the
Great
and
Pacifick
Emperour
.
Then
the
Pope
annointed
him
,
and
his
Son
Pipin
,
whom
in
like
manner
he
pronounced
King
of
Italy
.
Charles
being
now
invested
with
Imperial
Power
,
gave
Order
that
Campulus
and
Paschal
,
the
Conspiratours
against
the
Pope
,
should
be
put
to
Death
;
but
the
Pope
,
who
was
all
Clemency
,
obtained
a
Pardon
of
their
Lives
,
and
they
were
only
banished
into
France
.
After
this
,
there
were
some
who
would
have
persuaded
Charles
to
ex
pell
all
the
Lombards
out
of
Italy
.
But
that
not
appearing
to
be
a
safe
course
,
because
they
had
mingled
in
Bloud
and
Affinity
with
multitudes
of
Families
in
Italy
,
it
was
determined
both
by
Charles
and
Leo
,
that
the
Name
of
Lombard
should
remain
there
only
,
where
that
Nation
had
chiefly
had
their
Seat
.
Pipin
being
now
returned
to
Bonevent
,
and
having
continued
the
Siege
of
that
place
for
several
months
without
success
,
he
turns
his
Arms
against
the
City
Chieti
,
of
which
having
after
some
Opposition
made
himself
Master
by
Force
,
he
plunder'd
and
burnt
it
.
Upon
the
terrour
whereof
at
his
marching
thence
he
had
the
Cities
of
Ortona
and
Luceria
surrendred
to
him
,
and
in
the
latter
he
took
Grimoald
Duke
of
Benevent
;
who
not
long
after
died
of
Grief
.
In
the
mean
time
,
the
Empress
of
Constantinople
sending
Ambassadours
into
Italy
,
enters
into
a
League
with
Charles
,
their
several
Pretensions
to
Italy
being
thus
adjusted
,
viz.
Irene
was
to
have
that
Part
which
beginning
on
the
one
side
from
Naples
,
and
from
Siponto
(
a
City
now
called
Manfredonia
)
on
the
other
,
lies
extended
between
the
two
Seas
,
Eastward
,
together
with
Sicily
;
all
Italy
beside
,
only
excepting
always
those
places
which
were
under
the
Jurisdiction
of
the
Church
,
were
by
the
Articles
of
Peace
adjudged
to
be
Charle's
own
.
But
Nicephorus
a
Patrician
stomaching
to
submit
to
the
Dominion
of
a
Woman
,
having
craftily
seized
Irene
,
and
banished
her
into
Lesbos
,
by
his
Ambassadours
renews
the
League
before
entred
into
with
Charles
.
Which
Charles
at
this
time
compelled
the
Saxons
,
who
had
so
often
revolted
,
to
remove
with
their
Wives
and
Children
into
France
,
following
them
close
in
their
Passage
with
his
Army
to
prevent
their
committing
any
Disorders
as
they
went
along
.
Pope
Leo
,
being
perpetually
disturbed
by
one
Sedition
after
another
,
leaving
Rome
,
goes
to
Mantua
,
to
see
the
Bloud
of
Christ
which
was
now
in
great
esteem
for
the
Miracles
said
to
be
wrought
there
by
it
.
Having
been
received
with
great
Respect
and
Affection
by
the
Mantuans
,
and
approved
it
to
be
indeed
Christ's
Blood
upon
frequent
Trial
of
the
miraculous
Effects
of
it
,
he
makes
a
Journey
to
Charles
,
who
was
very
desirous
to
know
the
Truth
of
this
matter
,
that
he
might
certifie
him
concerning
it
,
and
also
that
he
might
discourse
with
him
about
setling
the
Affairs
of
Italy
.
Returning
then
to
Rome
,
and
being
assisted
by
King
Pipin
who
had
his
Father's
Order
therein
,
he
proceeded
to
a
gentle
punishment
of
some
of
the
chief
Plotters
and
movers
of
Sedition
.
Charles
being
now
very
aged
;
having
intelligence
that
Pipin
was
dead
at
Milain
,
declares
Lous
,
his
younger
Son
,
King
of
Aquitain
and
his
Successour
in
the
Empire
,
and
Bernard
his
Nephew
King
of
Italy
,
to
whom
he
gave
Charge
that
he
should
in
all
things
be
obedient
to
Louis
.
To
the
Extent
of
the
Empire
he
set
these
bounds
;
in
Gallia
the
Rhine
and
the
Loyre
,
in
Germany
the
Danow
and
the
Saw
;
and
to
these
Provinces
he
added
Aquitain
,
Gascoigne
,
a
great
part
of
Spain
,
Lombardy
,
Saxony
,
both
the
Pannonia's
,
Istria
,
Croatia
,
and
Dalmatia
,
excepting
only
those
parts
of
it
scituate
on
the
Sea-coast
,
which
were
subject
to
the
Emperour
of
Constantinople
.
Having
thus
setled
Affairs
,
while
he
was
at
Aken
for
the
recovery
of
his
Health
by
the
use
of
the
hot
Baths
there
,
he
died
of
a
Feaver
and
Pleurisie
,
in
the
seventy
second
year
of
his
Age
,
January
the
28.
An.
Dom.
815.
His
Body
was
with
all
imaginable
Pomp
and
Solemnity
interred
in
the
Church
of
S.
Mary
which
himself
had
built
at
Aken
,
with
this
Inscription
on
his
Tomb
,
MAGNI
CAROLI
REGIS
CHRISTIANISSIMI
,
ROMANORVMQVE
IMPERATORIS
CORPVS
HOC
SEPVLCHRO
CONDITUM
JACET
.
He
was
indeed
,
whether
we
regard
his
management
of
Civil
or
Military
matters
,
so
illustrious
and
excellent
an
Emperour
,
that
none
of
his
Successours
have
either
excelled
or
equalled
him
.
Moreover
,
when
leisure
from
other
weighty
Affairs
permitted
him
,
he
took
such
delight
in
the
study
of
Learning
,
that
it
was
he
who
,
at
the
persuasion
of
Alcuinus
,
first
made
Paris
an
University
.
Of
three
Tables
of
Silver
which
he
had
,
one
,
on
which
was
engraven
the
City
of
Constantinople
,
he
gave
to
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
;
another
,
on
which
the
City
of
Rome
was
described
,
to
the
Church
of
Ravenna
;
the
third
,
which
some
tell
us
was
of
Gold
,
on
which
was
a
Map
of
the
whole
World
,
he
left
to
his
Sons
.
As
for
Pope
Leo
,
having
repaired
the
Roof
of
S.
Paul's
,
which
had
fallen
down
in
an
Earthquake
;
built
from
the
ground
a
very
capacious
Hospital
for
Strangers
near
S.
Peters's
;
and
ordained
Litanies
on
the
three
days
before
Ascension-day
;
on
the
first
of
which
the
Procession
was
to
be
from
S
Marie's
ad
Proesepe
to
the
Lateran
Chruch
;
on
the
second
,
from
the
Church
of
S.
Sabina
to
S.
Paul's
;
and
on
the
third
,
from
S.
Cross
to
S.
Laurence's
without
the
Walls
;
in
the
twenty
first
year
of
his
Pontificate
he
died
,
which
year
there
appear'd
a
Comet
,
thought
by
some
to
have
been
a
Presage
of
so
great
a
calamity
.
He
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
,
June
the
12th
.
and
the
See
was
vacant
ten
days
.
STEPHEN
IV.
STEPHEN
the
fourth
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Julius
,
in
the
third
Month
of
his
Pontificate
went
into
France
to
the
Emperour
Lewis
;
though
the
reason
of
his
Journey
is
not
certainly
known
.
Some
conjecture
that
it
was
to
secure
himself
from
the
Reliques
of
the
Faction
and
Conspiracy
of
Campulus
,
which
upon
the
Death
of
Leo
prevailed
afresh
.
The
Emperour
Lewis
,
surnamed
the
Godly
,
was
now
at
Orleans
,
who
assoon
as
he
had
intelligence
of
the
Popes
coming
,
forthwith
sends
all
the
Persons
of
principal
Quality
to
meet
him
;
and
among
others
particularly
Theudolphus
Bishop
of
Orleans
,
with
the
Clergy
,
and
a
great
part
of
the
People
.
And
Louis
Himself
going
forth
a
whole
Mile
for
the
same
purpose
,
assoon
as
he
saw
him
alighted
off
his
Horse
,
and
after
mutual
Salutations
had
passed
between
them
,
introduced
him
very
honourably
into
the
City
,
the
Clergy
going
before
and
after
repeating
the
Hymn
,
called
Te
Deum
Laudamus
.
For
Stephen
was
not
only
a
Person
of
Noble
Extraction
,
but
of
such
Learning
and
Integrity
,
that
he
easily
gain'd
a
general
Veneration
for
Sanctity
,
having
been
well
instructed
by
an
advantageous
Education
under
those
two
pious
Popes
Adrian
and
Leo.
Being
entred
into
the
City
,
supported
by
the
Emperour
because
of
the
croud
of
the
People
who
press'd
out
of
a
desire
to
see
him
,
he
was
conducted
to
the
Apartment
appointed
for
him
in
the
Palace
;
where
he
often
had
Conferences
with
the
Emperour
about
the
composure
of
the
Affairs
of
Italy
,
besides
the
other
frequent
mutual
Entertainments
and
Civilities
that
pass'd
between
them
.
〈◊〉
would
have
detained
the
Pope
longer
with
him
,
had
he
not
now
been
engaged
in
such
important
Wars
,
that
it
was
necessary
he
should
oppose
the
Enemy
in
Person
.
For
both
the
Gascons
had
revolted
,
whom
in
a
short
time
he
reduc'd
;
and
those
of
Bretaigne
began
to
endeavour
a
change
of
Government
,
whom
in
like
manner
by
his
Arms
he
kept
in
Obedience
;
and
moreover
at
an
Assembly
held
at
Aken
,
he
granted
Peace
to
the
Ambassadours
sent
from
the
Saracens
inhabiting
Saragosa
.
Stephen
being
now
upon
his
departure
,
in
Imitation
of
our
Saviour
,
who
spared
even
his
Enemies
,
obtained
of
Louis
,
that
all
those
whom
Charles
had
punished
with
Banishment
or
Imprisonment
for
their
Conspiracy
against
Leo
,
might
have
their
Liberty
.
He
also
carried
with
him
a
Cross
of
great
Weight
and
Value
,
made
at
the
Charge
of
Louis
,
and
by
him
dedicated
to
S.
Peter
.
But
returning
to
Rome
,
he
died
in
the
seventh
month
of
his
Pontificate
;
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
;
and
by
his
Death
the
See
was
vacant
eleven
days
.
PASCHAL
I.
PASCHAL
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Bonosus
,
was
created
Pope
without
any
Interposition
of
the
Emperours
Authority
.
Whereupon
at
his
first
Investiture
in
that
Office
,
he
forthwith
sends
Nuntio's
to
Louis
,
excusing
himself
,
and
laying
all
the
blame
upon
the
Clergy
and
People
of
Rome
,
who
had
forcibly
compell'd
him
to
undertake
it
.
Louis
accepting
this
for
Satisfaction
from
Paschal
,
sends
to
the
Clergy
and
People
,
admonishing
them
to
observe
the
ancient
Constitution
,
and
to
beware
how
they
presum'd
for
time
to
come
to
infringe
the
Rights
of
the
Emperour
.
Also
,
in
the
Assembly
held
at
Aken
,
he
associated
to
himself
in
the
Empire
his
eldest
Son
Lotharius
,
and
declared
Pipin
his
second
Son
King
of
Aquitain
,
and
Louis
his
third
Son
King
of
Bavaria
.
But
Bernardus
King
of
Italy
,
having
upon
the
Instigation
of
certain
Bishops
and
seditious
Citizens
,
revolted
from
the
Empire
,
and
compelled
some
Cities
and
States
to
swear
Allegiance
to
himself
,
Louis
being
hereat
incensed
,
sends
a
strong
Army
into
Italy
;
whose
Passage
over
the
Alpes
Bernardus
endeavouring
to
oppose
,
he
was
vanquished
.
The
Heads
of
the
Rebellion
being
taken
were
presently
cut
off
,
and
Bernardus
himself
,
though
he
very
submissively
begg'd
forgiveness
,
was
put
to
Death
at
Aken
,
Those
Bishops
who
had
been
Authors
of
the
mischief
were
by
a
Decree
of
Synod
confined
into
several
Monasteries
.
This
Tumult
,
for
so
it
was
rather
than
a
War
,
being
thus
composed
,
Louis
moves
with
his
Army
against
the
Saxons
,
rebelling
now
afresh
,
and
overcomes
and
slays
Viromarchus
their
hardy
Chief
,
who
aspired
to
the
Kingdom
.
After
this
,
he
sends
his
Son
Lotharius
,
whom
he
had
declared
King
of
Italy
,
to
the
Pope
;
by
whom
he
was
anointed
in
the
Church
of
S.
Peter's
;
with
the
Title
of
Augustus
.
But
there
arising
great
Commotions
in
Italy
,
and
Lotharius
seeing
himself
unable
to
withstand
them
,
he
goes
to
his
Father
in
order
to
provide
greater
Force
.
Upon
which
Theodorus
the
Primicerius
,
and
Leo
the
Nomenclator
,
having
had
their
Eyes
first
pull'd
out
were
murdered
in
a
Tumult
in
the
Lateran
Palace
.
There
was
some
who
laid
the
blame
of
this
Disorder
upon
Paschal
himself
;
but
he
in
a
Synod
of
thirty
Bishops
did
both
by
Conjectures
,
and
by
Reasons
,
and
by
his
Oath
purge
himself
of
it
.
Louis
rested
himself
satisfied
herewith
,
and
as
Anastasius
tells
us
,
that
no
future
Disturbance
might
arise
from
uncertain
Pretensions
,
writing
to
Paschal
,
he
declared
in
his
Letters
what
Cities
of
Tuscany
were
subject
to
the
Empire
,
viz.
Arezzo
,
Volterra
,
Chiusi
,
Florence
,
which
had
been
repaired
and
enlarged
by
his
Father
Charles
the
Great
,
Pistoia
,
Luca
,
Pisa
,
Peragia
,
and
Orvieto
;
the
others
he
allowed
to
be
under
the
Jurisdiction
of
the
Church
of
Rome
.
He
added
moreover
Todi
in
Umbria
,
and
Romagna
beyond
the
Appennine
,
with
the
Exarchate
of
Ravenna
.
The
same
Anastasius
says
,
that
Louis
granted
to
Paschal
a
free
Power
(
the
same
which
he
also
tells
us
was
given
by
Charles
to
Pope
Adrian
)
of
chusing
Bishops
,
whereas
before
the
Emperours
were
wont
to
be
advised
,
and
their
consent
and
Confirmation
desired
in
the
Case
.
Our
Paschal
,
who
for
his
Piety
and
Learning
had
been
by
Pope
Stephen
made
Prior
of
the
Monastery
of
S.
Stephen
in
the
Vatican
,
being
now
in
the
Chair
,
both
caused
the
Bodies
of
several
Saints
which
before
lay
neglectedly
to
be
conveyed
into
the
City
with
great
Solemnity
,
and
honourably
interred
;
and
also
by
paying
their
Creditors
procured
the
Release
of
divers
poor
Prisoners
.
He
also
built
from
the
ground
the
Church
of
S.
Praxedes
the
B.
Martyr
,
not
far
from
the
old
one
,
which
through
Age
and
the
Clergy's
neglect
was
run
to
Ruin
.
This
Church
having
consecrated
,
he
oftentimes
celebrated
Mass
in
it
,
and
also
reposited
therein
the
Bodies
of
many
Saints
which
lay
about
unregarded
in
the
Coemeteries
.
In
the
same
Church
was
an
Oratory
dedicated
to
S.
Agnes
,
which
he
made
very
stately
and
ornamental
.
Moreover
,
he
built
the
Church
of
S.
Cecily
(
as
appears
still
by
an
Inscription
on
the
Nave
of
it
)
in
which
he
in
like
manner
reposited
the
Bodies
of
that
Virgin
her self
and
her
affianced
Husband
Valerianus
,
as
also
of
Tiburtius
and
Maximus
,
Martyrs
,
and
Urban
and
Lucius
,
Bishops
of
Rome
,
adorning
it
with
all
kinds
of
Marble
,
and
enriching
it
with
Presents
of
Gold
and
Silver
.
He
also
repaired
the
Church
of
S.
Mary
ad
Praesepe
,
that
had
been
decayed
by
Age
,
and
alter'd
the
Nave
of
it
to
advantage
.
In
fine
,
having
been
very
exemplary
for
Religion
and
Piety
,
Good
Nature
and
Bounty
;
after
he
had
been
in
the
Chair
seven
years
,
two
months
,
seven
days
,
he
died
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
.
The
See
was
then
vacant
only
four
days
.
EUGENIUS
II.
EUGENIUS
the
second
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Boemundus
,
was
for
his
Sanctity
,
Learning
,
Humanity
and
Eloquence
unanimously
chosen
into
the
Pontificate
,
at
that
time
particularly
when
Lotharius
coming
into
Italy
,
made
choice
of
a
Magistrate
for
the
Administration
of
Justice
,
and
Execution
of
the
Laws
among
the
People
of
Rome
,
who
after
a
long
and
heavy
Servitude
had
enjoyed
some
Liberty
under
the
Emperour
Charles
and
his
Sons
.
In
the
mean
time
Louis
after
he
had
for
forty
days
been
spoiling
and
laying
waste
the
Countrey
of
Bretagne
with
Fire
and
Sword
,
having
received
Hostages
,
he
goes
to
Roan
,
and
there
gives
Audience
to
the
Ambassadours
of
〈◊〉
Emperour
of
Constantinople
,
who
came
to
consult
what
his
Opinion
was
concerning
the
Images
of
the
Saints
,
whether
they
were
to
be
utterly
abolished
and
destroyed
,
or
kept
up
and
restored
again
.
But
〈◊〉
referred
them
to
the
Pope
,
who
was
principally
concerned
to
determine
in
the
Matter
.
After
this
he
marched
against
the
Bulgarians
who
were
now
making
Inrodes
into
the
Pannonia's
,
and
at
first
repelled
them
;
but
Haydo
Governour
of
Aquitain
,
upon
confidence
of
〈◊〉
Forces
from
Abderamann
King
of
the
Saracens
,
having
rebelled
,
he
was
obliged
to
quit
this
War
;
and
so
the
Bulgarians
,
in
an
hostile
manner
march'd
without
controll
through
the
middle
of
the
hostile
manner
march'd
without
controll
through
the
〈◊〉
of
the
Pannonia's
into
Dalmatia
.
But
before
Louis
advanced
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
a
great
part
of
Spain
had
revolted
to
Haydo
,
who
sent
out
a
〈◊〉
which
annoyed
the
Sea-port
Towns
all
about
.
Only
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
of
Barcelona
,
though
he
had
disturbance
given
him
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Land
,
yet
continued
firm
to
the
Emperour
.
Our
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
in
the
Gifts
of
Body
and
Mind
,
and
despising
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Fortune
,
applyed
himself
to
Works
of
Bounty
and
〈◊〉
and
particularly
took
so
much
care
in
the
matter
of
Provision
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
sorts
of
it
and
especially
Grain
was
no
where
cheaper
than
at
〈◊〉
.
Moreover
,
he
supported
the
Lives
,
and
defended
the
Cause
of
the
Poor
,
the
Fatherless
and
Widow
in
such
a
manner
,
that
he
deservedly
gain'd
the
name
of
the
Father
of
the
Poor
.
The
same
course
〈◊〉
living
he
also
took
before
his
Pontificate
;
both
while
he
was
a
〈◊〉
of
S.
Sabina
in
the
Aventine
,
which
Church
when
he
came
to
be
Pope
he
beautified
,
and
also
while
he
was
Arch-Priest
of
the
Lateran
Church
,
from
which
place
he
was
afterwards
for
his
great
Merit
by
an
unanimous
Choice
advanced
to
the
Papal
Chair
.
By
his
Procurement
and
Intercession
likewise
all
the
Prisoners
and
Exiles
in
France
returned
at
〈◊〉
to
Rome
;
who
being
strip'd
of
all
they
〈◊〉
,
were
relieved
and
supported
by
his
Charity
.
Nor
was
it
his
fault
that
Sico
Duke
of
Benevent
did
not
quit
the
Siege
of
〈◊〉
,
which
he
at
this
time
reduced
to
great
Straits
,
and
carried
from
thence
the
Body
of
S.
Ianuarius
to
Benevent
,
where
he
honourably
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
in
the
Great
Church
with
Desiderius
and
〈◊〉
.
For
the
Pope
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
voured
to
persuade
Sico
to
undertake
an
Expedition
against
the
Sara
cens
,
who
had
already
possess'd
themselves
of
Palermo
in
Sicily
.
〈◊〉
good
Man
having
after
this
manner
continued
four
years
in
the
〈◊〉
,
died
lamented
of
all
,
who
grieved
for
themselves
rather
〈◊〉
for
him
,
to
whom
Death
was
a
welcom
Passage
into
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
.
VALENTINE
I.
VALENTINE
,
a
Roman
,
son
of
Leontius
,
being
only
a
Deacon
,
not
a
Priest
,
was
yet
for
his
extraordinary
Sanctity
deservedly
preferred
to
the
Pontificate
.
Nor
will
it
appear
strange
,
if
we
consider
that
having
from
his
Youth
upwards
been
instructed
in
Learning
and
Piety
by
chose
good
Popes
Paschal
and
〈◊〉
,
he
did
not
give
his
Mind
to
Pleasures
and
Sports
,
as
most
young
men
are
wont
to
do
,
but
applied
himself
to
the
acquiring
of
knowledg
by
the
reading
of
the
Antients
,
and
the
Rule
of
good
living
from
the
Example
of
holy
Bishops
.
He
was
moreover
a
Person
of
such
ready
Parts
,
and
prevailing
Eloquence
,
that
he
had
a
great
Facility
in
persuading
to
,
or
against
,
what
he
pleased
;
without
offering
any
thing
that
was
not
found
,
learned
,
and
decent
.
Finally
,
both
in
his
private
Station
,
and
while
he
was
Pope
,
he
came
〈◊〉
none
of
his
Predecessours
,
in
Devotion
,
Mercy
,
and
Charity
.
For
these
Reasons
he
was
unanimously
elected
to
the
Chair
;
but
〈◊〉
as
a
punishment
upon
the
sins
of
that
Age
,
he
died
on
the
fortieth
day
of
his
Pontificate
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
;
all
People
lamenting
that
they
were
bereft
of
such
a
Man
,
who
if
he
had
lived
would
have
been
an
almost
impregnable
Support
to
the
Roman
Liberty
and
the
Christian
Religion
.
While
the
See
was
vacant
,
Sicardus
Duke
of
〈◊〉
,
who
after
his
Father's
Death
ruled
tyrannically
,
for
the
want
of
a
Bride
which
he
expected
,
cast
Deus-dedit
Abbot
of
Monte
Cassino
into
Prison
,
where
he
died
with
the
Reputation
of
being
a
Holy
Man
.
GREGORY
IV.
GREGORY
the
fourth
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
John
,
and
Cardinal
of
S.
Mark
,
entred
upon
the
Pontificate
at
the
time
when
the
Saracens
possess'd
of
Asia
shut
up
the
Passage
to
the
Holy
Land
from
the
Christians
,
and
the
Moors
passing
with
their
Fleet
into
〈◊〉
,
wasted
a
great
part
of
that
Island
,
having
(
as
is
already
said
)
made
themselves
Masters
of
Palermo
.
Nor
could
the
Venetians
,
though
at
the
Desire
of
Michael
Emperour
of
Constantinople
,
they
sailed
thither
,
check
their
Proceedings
;
the
Moors
having
more
Ships
and
Men
than
they
.
The
State
of
Venice
was
now
in
its
Increase
,
having
had
it
's
Original
from
the
Veneti
,
at
the
time
when
Attila
with
his
〈◊〉
took
and
destroyed
Aquileia
,
Concordia
,
Altino
,
with
other
Cities
of
the
Province
anciently
called
Venetia
;
that
People
having
no
other
〈◊〉
against
the
Cruelty
of
the
〈◊〉
,
but
only
the
Fens
and
〈◊〉
.
〈◊〉
Patricius
was
now
Duke
of
Venice
.
whose
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
chuse
to
mention
,
because
in
his
time
the
Body
of
S.
Mark
was
by
some
Venetian
Merchants
brought
from
Alexandria
to
Venice
,
where
that
Saint
is
now
had
in
great
Veneration
,
a
most
magnificent
Church
being
in
the
principal
part
of
the
City
built
and
dedicated
to
him
,
and
adorned
and
enriched
with
very
great
Donations
.
And
from
hence
it
was
that
the
Venetians
first
bore
upon
their
Standards
and
Banners
the
Picture
of
S.
Mark
,
as
the
Patron
of
their
City
.
But
Gregory
understanding
that
the
Venetians
were
not
able
to
expel
these
Barbarians
out
of
the
Island
,
sends
to
Louis
and
Lotharius
,
desiring
them
to
send
Aid
to
the
Sicilians
at
the
first
Opportunity
.
They
were
very
shy
of
the
Business
,
allcdging
that
that
War
belonged
to
Michael
Emperour
of
Constantinople
;
but
yet
declared
themselves
ready
to
〈◊〉
their
share
of
Men
and
Moneys
for
the
undertaking
of
it
.
But
in
the
mean
time
,
while
Ambassadours
were
sent
from
one
to
the
other
about
that
Assair
,
Boniface
Earl
of
Corsica
,
with
his
Brother
Bertarius
,
and
the
Assistance
of
some
of
the
People
of
Tuscany
,
sailing
into
Asrica
,
engaged
four
times
with
the
Enemy
between
Vtica
and
Carthage
,
where
he
made
so
great
a
Slaughter
,
that
the
Moors
were
forced
,
as
formerly
in
Scipio's
time
,
to
re-call
their
Forces
from
Sicily
to
the
Succour
of
their
own
Countrey
in
Distress
,
and
by
this
means
Sicily
was
delivered
from
them
.
Boniface
then
returns
with
his
victorious
Fleet
,
laden
with
vast
Spoils
,
from
Africa
into
Corsica
.
Some
there
are
that
write
,
that
during
this
〈◊〉
in
Italy
,
the
Emperour
Lotharius
envying
the
preference
that
his
〈◊〉
Louis
did
in
all
matters
give
to
his
youngest
Brother
Charles
,
afterwards
surnam'd
the
Bald
,
he
put
him
in
Prison
,
but
soon
after
set
him
sree
;
and
that
the
Barbarians
taking
hold
of
the
opportunity
,
embark'd
in
a
great
Fleet
from
Asrica
for
Italy
,
and
arriv'd
at
Centum
Celloe
,
which
City
(
since
call'd
Civilavecchia
,
)
some
will
have
to
be
demolish'd
by
'em
;
and
that
from
〈◊〉
marching
to
Rome
,
they
took
that
City
:
but
this
is
not
probable
.
What
is
said
concerning
Centum-Celloe
I
shall
not
deny
,
and
I
doubt
not
but
that
they
attempted
the
taking
of
Rome
it self
,
but
Guy
Marquess
of
Lombardy
defended
it
so
stoutly
,
that
having
burnt
the
Suburbs
and
the
Churches
of
SS.
Peter
and
Paul
in
the
Via
Latina
,
they
withdrew
to
Monte-Cassino
,
where
they
destroy'd
the
Town
of
S.
German
and
the
Monastery
of
S.
Benet
which
slood
on
the
Hill
,
and
going
down
to
the
Sea-side
near
the
River
Garigliano
(
whither
their
Fleet
was
brought
from
Ostia
)
they
invaded
Tarentum
and
Sicily
;
and
,
as
I
said
before
,
were
recalled
home
by
their
own
Countrey-men
at
that
time
broken
in
War
by
the
Valour
of
Boniface
.
I
take
it
to
be
about
this
time
,
that
the
Body
of
the
Apostle
S.
Bartholomew
was
translated
from
Lipari
in
Sicily
to
Beneventum
by
Sicardus
Prince
of
that
place
(
who
was
personally
present
in
this
great
War
)
lest
the
Body
of
the
Holy
Apostle
should
fall
into
the
hands
of
the
Enemies
of
the
name
of
Christ
.
But
to
return
to
Gregory
.
He
was
a
person
of
so
much
Modesty
,
that
though
he
were
chosen
as
well
by
the
Clergy
as
People
of
Rome
,
yet
he
would
not
take
upon
him
the
Office
of
Pope
,
till
he
was
confirmed
by
those
Ambassadours
of
the
Emperour
Louis
,
who
had
been
dispatch'd
by
him
to
Rome
that
they
might
〈◊〉
an
Election
of
so
great
moment
.
This
was
not
done
by
Louis
out
of
Pride
,
but
with
respect
to
the
Preservation
of
the
Imperial
Prerogative
,
he
being
naturally
very
kind
and
gracious
,
and
one
that
always
took
care
of
the
Dignity
and
Privileges
of
the
Church
.
For
he
ordain'd
that
they
who
should
take
upon
'em
a
Religious
Life
should
be
exempt
from
all
secular
services
,
and
that
every
Church
should
be
endowed
with
such
a
certain
income
,
as
that
the
Priests
might
live
without
being
forced
for
want
of
necessaries
to
forsake
the
Divine
Service
or
to
take
up
any
Trade
.
Beside
in
the
Year
830.
he
held
a
Synod
of
a
great
many
Bishops
,
designed
for
the
honour
of
God
and
the
advantage
of
the
Church
,
wherein
it
was
ordained
,
that
noither
Bishops
nor
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
degree
soever
should
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
in
sumptuous
and
gaudy
Apparel
,
〈◊〉
Silk
,
〈◊〉
or
embroidered
;
nor
that
they
should
wear
on
their
Fingers
any
precious
stones
(
except
Prelates
at
Mass
)
nor
that
Gold
or
〈◊〉
should
be
used
on
their
Girdles
,
Shooes
or
Pantosles
,
which
〈◊〉
is
far
from
all
Religion
and
a
manifest
sign
of
great
〈◊〉
and
vanity
.
Would
to
God
,
Lewis
,
thou
mightest
live
in
our
times
.
Thy
holy
Institutions
,
thy
Censures
are
wanting
in
the
Church
at
this
present
,
when
the
Clergy
let
themselves
loose
to
all
manner
of
luxury
and
pleasure
.
You
may
see
now
not
only
the
Men
in
Scarlet
and
Purple
,
which
perhaps
would
be
no
great
matter
,
but
even
their
Horses
and
Beasts
of
Carriage
;
and
when
they
march
in
State
,
a
number
of
Footmen
must
go
before
them
,
and
they
must
be
follow'd
by
another
retinue
of
Priests
,
not
riding
upon
Asses
,
as
Christ
did
(
who
was
the
Author
of
our
Religion
and
the
only
pattern
of
well
living
on
earth
)
but
upon
Steeds
pamper'd
add
betrapped
as
if
they
came
in
triumph
〈◊〉
a
vanquish'd
Enemy
.
'T
would
be
to
no
purpose
to
speak
of
their
Silver
Vessels
,
their
choice
Houshold-stuss
and
Dishes
of
Meat
,
when
in
comparison
of
them
the
dainties
of
Sicily
,
the
most
magnificent
Apparel
and
the
Plate
of
Corinth
would
be
thought
of
no
value
.
What
will
be
the
effect
of
this
Exorbitance
I
shall
not
determine
here
,
lest
I
should
seem
to
pry
into
the
decrees
of
Heaven
.
I
return
to
Lewis
,
who
by
these
means
taking
care
as
well
for
Religion
as
the
Public
〈◊〉
died
in
the
36.
year
of
his
Empire
and
lies
buried
in
the
Church
of
S.
〈◊〉
.
He
was
not
long
after
follow'd
by
our
Pope
Gregory
,
remarkable
for
his
birth
,
famous
for
his
sanctity
,
notable
for
Learning
and
Eloquence
,
and
worthy
of
admiration
for
his
care
and
diligence
in
both
Spiritual
and
Civil
affairs
:
For
he
did
after
an
extraordinary
manner
consult
the
good
of
the
People
,
by
containing
the
wealthy
in
their
duty
,
by
feeding
the
poor
,
comforting
the
hopeless
,
and
reducing
those
that
went
astray
into
the
right
way
by
wholesom
admonitions
;
he
also
restor'd
many
Churches
which
time
had
ruined
.
Those
that
were
〈◊〉
to
H.
Orders
he
kept
to
their
duty
as
long
as
he
liv'd
by
his
advice
and
example
.
This
holy
Pope
translated
the
Body
of
S.
Gregory
,
and
very
much
adorning
it
he
placed
it
where
now
it
lies
,
where
many
people
in
those
times
either
out
of
devotion
or
for
the
sake
of
some
Vow
,
were
wont
to
keep
watch
.
〈◊〉
said
that
the
Bodies
of
S.
Sebastian
and
Tiburtius
were
also
translated
by
him
from
the
Cemeteries
in
which
they
lay
before
,
to
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
.
Some
Authors
say
,
that
Gregory
at
the
request
of
Lewis
instituted
the
Feast
of
All-Saints
on
the
first
day
of
November
,
which
act
of
his
was
much
commended
both
in
Prose
and
Verse
by
Rabanus
a
Monk
.
a
famous
Divine
;
for
in
both
those
ways
of
writing
that
learned
Man
was
excellent
,
especially
considering
the
Age
he
liv'd
in
.
The
same
〈◊〉
also
wrote
Commentaries
on
the
Books
of
Chronicles
and
〈◊〉
.
He
made
eloquent
Sermons
to
the
people
,
but
that
of
his
is
chiefly
celebrated
which
he
made
upon
All-Saints
day
.
Gregory
died
in
the
16.
year
of
his
Pontificate
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
,
after
which
the
See
was
void
15.
days
.
SERGIUS
.
SERGIUS
the
second
,
a
Roman
,
whose
Father
was
nam'd
Sergius
,
of
the
fourth
Ward
,
came
to
the
Popedom
at
the
same
time
that
Michael
Emperour
of
Constantinople
died
.
'T
is
said
that
this
Sergius
was
surnamed
Bocca
di
Porco
or
Hogs-mouth
,
which
for
shame
of
it
he
changed
for
Sergius
,
and
that
from
thence
came
the
Custom
down
to
our
times
,
that
when
any
one
is
made
Pope
he
laid
by
his
own
name
and
took
one
of
some
of
his
Predecessours
;
though
all
have
not
observ'd
it
.
However
it
was
,
't
is
certain
,
〈◊〉
Sergius
came
of
a
noble
Family
and
degenerated
not
from
his
Ancestors
,
being
assisted
in
his
good
Inclinations
by
Leo
III.
Stephen
IV.
Eugenius
II.
and
Gregory
IV.
under
whose
tuition
he
lived
so
well
,
that
upon
the
Death
of
Gregory
he
alone
was
thought
worthy
of
the
Pontifical
Dignity
.
At
that
time
there
was
so
great
a
feud
between
the
Sons
of
Lewis
,
about
the
division
of
the
Empire
,
that
Lewis
and
Charles
gave
their
Brother
Lotharius
Battel
in
the
Countrey
of
Auxerre
near
Fontenay
,
where
many
on
both
sides
were
slain
;
Lotharius
losing
the
day
,
fled
first
to
Aken
,
but
being
forc'd
from
thence
by
the
pursuing
Enemy
,
he
convey'd
himself
with
his
Wife
and
Children
to
Vienna
.
Hither
also
he
was
follow'd
by
his
Brother
with
their
Army
,
to
whom
not
only
many
of
the
great
men
of
the
Empire
came
,
but
several
also
were
sent
by
Pope
Sergius
to
endeavour
to
make
Peace
between
them
,
the
chief
of
whom
was
George
Arch-Bishop
of
Ravenna
,
who
having
been
before
to
make
up
the
matter
,
was
present
with
Lotharius
in
the
second
Battel
,
and
the
Victory
inclining
to
〈◊〉
and
Lewis
,
he
lost
all
his
Train
there
(
of
300
Horsemen
)
and
hardly
escap'd
alone
from
the
slaughter
.
But
these
men
at
last
looking
with
pity
upon
the
misery
and
ruin
under
which
the
whole
Empire
lay
,
procur'd
a
Peace
upon
these
terms
,
viz.
That
the
Western
part
of
the
Empire
which
reach'd
from
the
British
Ocean
to
the
Maese
,
should
be
subject
to
Charles
,
and
the
name
of
Franks
should
continue
to
the
Inhabitants
:
That
all
Germany
as
far
as
the
River
Rhine
,
and
so
much
on
the
other
side
of
it
as
his
Father
had
been
possess'd
of
,
should
be
allotted
to
Lewis
;
and
that
Lotharius
should
with
the
title
of
Emperour
hold
the
City
of
Rome
with
Italy
and
that
part
of
France
which
was
formerly
call'd
Gallia
Narbonensis
,
now
Provence
.
To
this
they
added
,
that
Countrey
lying
between
the
Rivers
Scheld
and
Roan
,
which
as
I
suppose
now
took
the
name
of
Lotharingia
[
Lorain
]
from
Lotharius
.
Matters
being
thus
composed
,
Lotharius
sends
his
Son
Lewis
,
whom
he
had
taken
into
a
Partnership
in
the
Empire
,
into
Italy
with
a
mighty
Army
,
giving
him
for
Companions
Drogon
Bishop
of
Metz
,
and
others
of
the
Clergy
eminent
for
Prudence
and
Gravity
,
by
whose
advice
he
was
to
govern
himself
.
But
the
young
man
being
puff'd
up
with
his
great
fortune
wheresoever
he
march'd
,
fill'd
the
Countrey
with
slaughter
,
rapine
,
and
destruction
.
Yet
when
he
approach'd
the
City
and
the
Citizens
of
Rome
came
out
of
respect
to
meet
him
,
laying
by
his
Gaulish
sierceness
he
grew
more
mild
,
because
contrary
to
his
expectation
he
found
that
he
might
enter
the
City
without
force
of
Arms.
The
Religious
also
came
a
mile
out
of
the
City
to
meet
him
with
their
Crucifixes
singing
,
Blessed
is
he
that
cometh
in
the
name
of
the
Lord
,
Hosanna
in
the
Highest
.
Thus
they
accompanied
him
as
far
as
the
steps
of
S.
Peter's
Church
,
where
meeting
the
Pope
they
reciprocally
kissed
and
greeted
each
other
and
went
together
to
the
Silver
Gates
which
were
not
opened
.
Then
said
the
Pope
,
If
thou
comest
hither
with
peaceable
and
friendly
intentions
,
and
if
thou
,
hast
more
regard
to
the
advantage
of
Christianity
than
to
the
pleasure
of
exercising
cruelty
and
rapine
,
then
with
my
good
will
thou
mayest
enter
;
if
thou
art
otherwise
minded
,
touch
not
these
Gates
,
for
over
thy
head
hangs
a
Sword
,
which
will
certainly
avenge
any
such
wickedness
.
But
when
he
had
given
the
Pope
assurance
,
immediately
the
doors
were
thrown
open
.
Hereupon
a
multitude
of
Romans
and
Franks
entring
pel-mel
,
as
soon
as
they
came
to
the
Altar
of
S.
Peter
,
they
all
kneeling
down
together
gave
thanks
to
God
Almighty
and
to
the
Prince
of
the
Apostles
,
that
matters
had
been
carried
according
to
their
minds
without
hurt
to
any
body
;
this
was
done
upon
the
Monday
after
Whitson-day
.
But
soon
after
the
Suburbs
were
sack'd
by
the
Soldiers
,
and
it
wanted
little
but
that
they
had
got
into
the
City
for
the
same
end
,
so
that
the
eighth
day
aster
their
coming
the
Pope
anointed
Lewis
with
the
holy
Oil
,
crown'd
him
and
declar'd
him
King
of
Italy
.
Soon
after
came
Siconolfus
Prince
of
Beneventum
to
congratulate
him
,
and
then
the
multitude
was
such
that
the
Trees
were
lopt
,
the
Beasts
driven
away
and
even
the
standing-Corn
cut
down
,
that
their
Horses
might
not
want
Provender
.
The
Pope
therefore
easily
agreed
to
all
their
requests
,
if
they
were
reasonable
,
that
he
might
the
sooner
rid
the
City
of
them
:
and
the
Romans
being
now
delivered
from
the
fear
of
their
tyrannical
Barbarity
celebrated
their
Pope
as
the
true
Vicar
of
Christ
and
the
only
Father
of
his
Countrey
.
He
betaking
himself
to
the
beautifying
of
Churches
,
reslor'd
that
of
SS.
Sylvester
and
Martin
which
time
had
ruin'd
,
and
in
it
together
with
those
of
the
two
Confessors
,
he
plac'd
the
Bodies
of
Fabianus
,
Stephanus
,
Sotherius
,
Asterius
,
Cyriacus
,
Maurus
,
Smaragdus
,
Anastasius
,
Innocentius
,
Quirinus
,
Leo
,
Arthemius
,
Theodorus
and
Nicander
.
He
built
also
near
that
Church
from
the
foundation
a
Monaslery
dedicated
to
SS.
Peter
and
Paul
,
where
Mass
was
incessantly
sung
.
But
at
last
this
holy
Pope
having
manag'd
the
affairs
of
the
Church
with
great
integrity
and
success
,
in
the
third
year
of
his
Pontisicate
,
died
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
.
The
Sea
was
vacant
upon
his
death
fifteen
days
.
LEO
IV.
LEO
the
fourth
,
a
Roman
,
son
of
Radulphus
,
was
in
the
year
848.
by
a
general
consent
elected
Pope
,
and
very
deservedly
;
for
he
was
one
that
whilst
he
liv'd
a
private
life
,
was
very
eminent
for
Religion
,
Innocence
,
Piety
,
Good
Nature
,
Liberality
and
especially
for
Ecclesiastical
Learning
.
He
was
a
person
of
so
much
Prudence
and
Courage
that
as
the
Gospel
directs
,
he
could
,
when
it
was
necessary
imitate
either
the
Wisdom
of
the
Serpent
or
the
Innocence
of
the
Dove
.
So
general
was
the
good
Report
of
him
that
Pope
Sergius
II.
was
persuaded
to
create
this
pattern
of
Virtue
a
Priest
from
a
Sub-deacon
and
to
give
him
the
Title
and
Church
Sanctorum
quatuor
Coronatorum
,
from
whence
upon
the
death
of
Sergius
he
was
brought
to
the
Lateran
Church
and
plac'd
in
S.
Peter's
Chair
,
being
universaily
saluted
as
Pope
,
all
that
were
present
,
according
to
ancient
Custom
kissing
his
feet
.
There
are
some
of
opinion
,
that
by
the
prayers
of
this
good
man
it
was
,
that
God
was
mov'd
to
repress
the
rage
of
the
Saracens
by
drowning
their
Fleet
as
they
were
returning
home
laden
with
Spoil
.
For
they
having
overcome
Theodotius
,
Admiral
to
the
Emperor
Michael
in
a
Sea-fight
near
Tarentum
,
they
ravag'd
far
and
near
through
Italy
without
opposition
,
and
having
taken
and
sack'd
Ancona
and
harass'd
the
Coast
of
Dalmatia
,
when
they
were
returning
triumphantly
to
their
own
Countrey
,
it
pleased
God
they
were
cast
away
at
Sea
by
storm
.
So
that
Leo
being
free
from
his
fear
of
the
Saracens
,
betook
himself
to
publick
works
,
and
caused
Benches
of
Marble
to
be
plac'd
in
the
entrance
to
the
Lateran
Cloister
and
finish'd
the
Gallery
which
Leo
III.
had
begun
.
This
good
Prelate
ordain'd
that
yearly
in
the
Church
of
S.
Paul
,
on
the
Birth-day
of
that
Apostle
Vesper's
should
be
said
by
all
the
Clergy
.
He
prohibited
all
Lay-men
entrance
into
the
Chancel
during
Divine
Service
.
About
this
time
at
his
command
solemn
Supplications
were
made
to
avert
Gods
anger
,
which
the
frequent
Earthquakes
seem'd
to
threaten
.
He
adorn'd
after
an
extraordinary
manner
the
Cross
which
Charles
the
Emperor
had
given
to
the
Basilica
Constantiniana
,
which
had
been
pilfer'd
of
the
precious
stones
that
belong'd
to
it
.
'T
is
sure
he
was
a
man
of
so
great
sanctity
,
that
by
his
Prayers
he
drove
away
out
of
an
Arch
in
S.
Lucie's
Church
,
a
Basilise
(
call'd
by
the
Latins
Regulus
)
which
with
its
breath
and
poison
had
kill'd
many
;
and
by
the
sign
of
the
Cross
he
stop'd
a
great
fire
,
which
had
burn'd
down
the
quarter
where
the
Saxons
and
Lombards
liv'd
,
and
reach'd
very
near
S.
Peter's
Church
.
This
happened
the
eighth
day
after
the
Assumption
of
our
Lady
,
which
day
was
afterward
kept
as
a
Festival
without
the
walls
not
far
from
S.
Laurence's
Church
,
where
stood
a
Church
dedicated
to
the
B.
Virgin
,
to
which
this
munificent
Pope
had
made
many
donaries
of
Gold
and
Silver
.
Beside
this
he
finished
the
Mosaic
work
in
the
Churches
of
SS.
Martin
and
Silvester
in
montibus
,
and
the
Pargetting
which
Scrgius
had
begun
,
as
the
Inscription
shews
which
is
all
that
is
lest
;
the
painting
being
long
since
perish'd
either
for
want
of
care
or
by
time
and
rottenness
.
He
took
care
also
that
the
Cross
of
Gold
which
uses
to
be
born
before
the
Pope
,
was
deck'd
with
precious
stones
,
and
neglected
no
manner
of
Ornament
that
might
contribute
to
the
honour
of
the
Christian
name
.
He
re-edified
the
City-Walls
and
Gates
that
had
suffer'd
by
Age
,
and
raised
from
the
Ground
fifteen
Forts
〈◊〉
the
defence
of
the
City
;
of
which
two
were
very
necessary
,
one
〈◊〉
the
right
,
〈◊〉
other
on
the
left
hand
of
the
Tiber
below
the
Hills
Janiculus
and
Aventinus
,
to
hinder
the
Ships
of
any
Enemy
from
entring
the
Town
.
He
by
his
diligence
found
out
the
Bodies
of
the
Sancti
quatuor
coronati
,
and
built
a
Church
to
them
after
a
magnificent
manner
;
and
reposited
their
bodies
under
the
Altar
,
viz.
Sempronianus
,
Claudius
,
Nicostratus
,
Castorius
;
to
which
he
added
those
of
Severus
,
Severianus
,
Carpophorus
,
Victorinus
,
Marius
,
Felicissimus
,
Agapetus
,
Hippolytus
,
Aquila
,
Priscus
,
Aquinus
,
Narcissus
,
Marcellinus
,
Felix
,
Apollos
,
Benedict
,
Venantius
,
Diogenes
,
Liberalis
,
Festus
,
Marcellus
(
the
head
of
S.
Protus
)
Cecilia
,
Alexander
,
Sixtus
,
Sebastian
,
Praxedes
.
But
while
he
was
diligently
intent
upon
these
Affairs
,
as
became
so
holy
a
man
,
news
was
brought
that
the
Saracens
were
coming
with
a
huge
Fleet
to
sack
the
City
,
and
that
the
Neapolitans
and
the
Inhabitants
upon
that
shore
would
come
to
his
assistance
;
whereupon
with
what
forces
he
could
raise
he
march'd
to
Ostia
,
and
summon'd
thither
the
Auxiliaries
,
designing
upon
the
first
opportunity
to
fight
the
Enemy
.
But
first
this
holy
Pope
exhorted
his
Souldiers
to
receive
the
Sacrament
,
which
being
devoutly
perform'd
,
he
prayed
to
God
thus
,
O
God
whose
right
hand
did
support
the
blessed
Peter
when
he
walk'd
upon
the
Waves
,
and
sav'd
him
from
drowning
,
and
delivered
from
the
deep
his
fellow-Apostle
Paul
when
he
was
thrice
shipwrack'd
,
hear
us
mercifully
and
grant
that
for
their
merits
the
hands
of
these
thy
faithful
ones
fighting
against
the
Enemies
of
thy
holy
Church
,
may
by
thy
almighty
arm
be
confirm'd
and
strengthened
;
that
thy
holy
Name
may
appear
glorious
before
all
Nations
in
the
Victory
that
shall
be
gained
.
Having
pronounc'd
this
,
by
making
the
sign
of
the
Cross
he
gave
the
signal
for
Battel
,
and
the
onset
was
made
by
his
Souldiers
with
great
briskness
as
if
they
had
been
sure
of
Victory
,
which
after
a
tedious
Dispute
was
theirs
,
the
Enemies
being
put
to
flight
;
many
of
them
perish'd
in
the
fight
,
but
most
were
taken
alive
and
brought
to
Rome
;
where
the
Citizens
would
have
some
of
them
hang'd
without
the
City
for
a
〈◊〉
to
the
rest
,
very
much
against
the
mind
of
Leo
,
who
was
very
remarkable
for
Gentleness
and
Clemency
,
but
it
was
not
for
him
to
oppose
the
rage
of
a
multitude
.
Those
that
were
taken
alive
Leo
made
use
of
in
〈◊〉
those
Churches
which
the
Saracens
had
heretofore
ruin'd
and
burnt
,
and
in
building
the
Wall
about
the
Vatican
,
which
from
his
own
name
he
call'd
〈◊〉
Leonina
.
This
he
did
lest
the
Enemy
should
with
one
slight
assault
take
and
sack
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
,
as
heretofore
they
were
wont
.
The
Gates
also
had
his
Prayers
,
for
upon
that
which
leads
to
S.
Peregrin
this
was
graven
in
Marble
,
O
God
,
who
by
giving
to
thy
Apostle
S.
Peter
the
keys
of
the
Kingdom
of
Heaven
didst
〈◊〉
upon
him
the
Pontifical
Authority
of
binding
and
loosing
,
grant
that
by
the
help
of
his
intercession
we
may
be
delivered
from
all
mischievous
Attempts
,
and
that
this
City
which
now
with
thy
assistance
I
have
newly
founded
may
be
free
or
ever
from
thine
anger
,
and
may
have
many
and
great
Victories
over
those
Enemies
against
whom
it
is
built
.
And
on
the
second
Gate
near
S.
Angelo
that
leads
into
the
fields
were
these
words
,
O
God
,
who
from
the
beginning
of
the
World
didst
vouchsafe
to
preserve
and
establish
this
holy
Catholick
and
Apostolical
Church
of
Rome
,
mercifully
blot
〈◊〉
the
hand-writing
of
our
iniquity
,
and
grant
that
this
City
which
we
assisted
by
the
Intercession
of
the
Apostles
Peter
and
Paul
have
newly
dedicated
to
thy
holy
name
,
may
remain
secure
from
the
evil
machinations
of
its
Enemies
.
The
third
was
on
the
front
of
the
Gate
by
which
we
go
to
the
Saxons
School
in
these
words
,
Grant
we
beseech
thee
,
almighty
and
merciful
God
,
that
crying
to
thee
with
our
whole
heart
,
and
the
blessed
Apostle
Peter
interceding
for
us
,
we
may
obtain
thy
favour
.
We
continually
beg
of
thy
mercy
,
that
the
City
which
I
thy
servant
Leo
IV.
Bishop
of
Rome
have
dedicated
anew
and
called
Leonina
from
my
own
name
,
may
continue
safe
and
prosperous
.
This
City
he
began
in
the
first
year
of
his
Pontificate
and
finish'd
in
his
sixth
,
and
gave
it
to
be
a
habitation
for
the
men
of
Corsica
,
who
had
been
driven
out
of
that
Island
by
the
Saracens
,
to
each
of
whom
also
he
assign'd
a
piece
of
ground
for
his
maintenance
.
But
I
wonder
now
that
another
Inscription
is
to
be
read
on
these
Gates
in
dull
Hexameter
Verse
,
which
I
cannot
by
any
means
think
to
be
Leo's
,
though
it
go
under
his
name
.
Of
the
Spoils
of
the
Saracens
he
made
several
donations
of
Gold
and
Silver
to
the
Churches
of
Rome
.
Some
write
that
't
was
by
his
command
that
S.
Mary's
Church
in
the
new
street
and
the
Tower
in
the
Vatican
next
S.
Peter's
now
to
be
seen
,
were
built
.
Beside
he
restor'd
the
Silver-door
of
S.
Peter
which
had
been
pillag'd
by
the
Saracens
.
He
held
a
Synod
of
47.
Bishops
,
wherein
Anastasius
Presbyter
Cardinal
of
S.
Marcellus
was
by
the
Papal
Canons
convict
of
several
Crimes
,
upon
which
he
was
condemned
and
excommunicate
,
the
chief
allegation
being
that
for
five
years
he
had
not
resided
in
his
Parish
.
Moreover
he
brought
Colonies
from
Sardinia
and
Corsica
(
which
now
upon
the
repulse
of
the
〈◊〉
had
some
respite
)
and
planted
them
in
Hostia
,
which
partly
by
reason
of
the
unhealthiness
of
the
Air
and
partly
by
being
so
often
〈◊〉
was
left
without
Inhabitants
.
Lastly
,
he
fully
satisfied
Lotharius
,
who
having
been
inform'd
that
Leo
was
upon
a
design
of
translating
the
Empire
to
the
Constantinopolitans
,
came
himself
to
Rome
.
But
the
Informers
being
caught
in
Lies
received
condign
punishment
,
and
the
friendship
was
on
both
sides
renewed
.
'T
is
said
that
Johannes
Scotus
,
a
learned
Divine
,
liv'd
at
this
time
,
who
coming
into
France
,
by
the
command
of
K.
Lewis
,
translated
S.
Dionysius's
Book
de
Hierarchia
out
of
Greek
into
Latin
,
but
was
soon
after
(
as
they
say
)
stab'd
with
a
Bodkin
by
some
of
his
Scholars
:
but
the
occasion
of
this
villanous
act
is
not
any
where
recorded
.
'T
is
said
too
,
that
now
Ethelwolph
K.
of
England
,
out
of
devotion
,
made
his
Countrey
tributary
to
the
Church
of
Rome
,
by
charging
a
penny
yearly
upon
every
house
.
Our
holy
Pope
Leo
having
deserv'd
well
of
the
Church
of
God
,
of
the
City
of
Rome
and
of
the
whole
Christian
name
for
his
Wisdom
,
Gravity
,
Diligence
,
Learning
and
the
Magnificence
of
his
works
,
died
in
the
eighth
year
,
third
month
and
sixth
day
of
his
Pontificate
,
on
the
17.
day
of
July
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
.
The
Sea
was
then
void
two
months
and
fifteen
days
.
JOHN
VIII
.
JOHN
,
of
English
Extraction
,
but
born
at
Mentz
,
is
said
to
have
arriv'd
at
the
Popedom
by
evil
Arts
;
for
disguising
her self
like
a
Man
,
whereas
she
was
a
Woman
,
she
went
when
young
with
her
Paramour
,
a
learned
man
,
to
Athens
,
and
made
such
progress
in
Learning
under
the
Professors
there
,
that
coming
to
Rome
,
she
met
with
few
that
could
equal
,
much
less
go
beyond
her
,
even
in
the
knowledge
of
Scriptures
;
and
by
her
learned
and
ingenious
readings
and
disputations
,
she
acquir'd
so
great
respect
and
authority
,
that
upon
the
death
of
Leo
,
(
as
Martin
says
)
by
common
consent
she
was
chosen
Pope
in
his
room
.
But
suffering
afterward
one
of
her
Domesticks
to
lie
with
her
,
she
hid
her
big-belly
a
while
,
till
as
she
was
going
to
the
Lateran
Church
between
the
Colossean
Theatre
(
so
call'd
from
Nero's
Coloss
)
and
S.
Clement's
,
her
travail
came
upon
her
and
she
died
upon
the
place
,
having
sat
two
years
,
one
month
and
four
days
,
and
was
buried
there
without
any
pomp
.
Some
say
,
the
Pope
for
shame
of
the
thing
does
purposely
decline
going
through
that
street
when
he
goes
to
the
Lateran
,
and
that
to
avoid
the
like
Error
,
when
any
Pope
is
first
plac'd
in
the
Porphyry
Chair
,
which
has
a
hole
made
for
the
purpose
,
his
Genitals
are
handled
by
the
youngest
Deacon
.
As
for
the
first
I
deny
it
not
;
but
for
the
second
,
I
take
the
reason
of
it
to
be
,
that
he
who
is
plac'd
in
so
great
authority
may
be
minded
that
he
is
not
a
God
but
a
man
,
and
obnoxious
to
necessities
of
Nature
,
as
of
easing
his
body
,
whence
that
Seat
hath
the
name
of
Sedes
stercoraria
.
This
story
is
vulgarly
told
,
but
by
very
uncertain
and
obscure
Authors
,
and
therefore
I
have
related
it
barely
and
in
short
,
lest
I
should
seem
obstinate
and
pertinacious
if
I
had
omitted
what
is
so
generally
talk'd
;
I
had
better
mistake
with
the
rest
of
the
World
;
though
it
be
certain
,
that
what
I
have
related
may
be
thought
not
altogether
incredible
.
Some
say
,
that
at
this
time
the
Body
of
S.
Vincent
was
brought
by
a
Monk
from
Valentia
in
Spain
to
a
Village
in
Albigeois
in
France
.
They
say
too
,
that
Lotharius
being
now
aged
,
taking
on
him
a
Monastic
habit
,
〈◊〉
the
Empire
to
his
Son
Lewis
,
who
passing
into
Germany
by
his
presence
composed
matters
there
which
otherwise
threatned
a
War
.
BENEDICT
III.
BENEDICT
the
third
,
by
birth
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Peter
;
he
was
deservedly
called
Benedictus
for
the
Sanctity
of
his
Life
and
his
knowledg
in
Divinity
.
For
while
he
lived
under
Gregory
,
he
was
made
by
him
Sub-Deacon
,
and
thenceforward
led
so
exemplary
a
life
,
that
upon
the
death
of
Leo
,
he
onely
was
thought
worthy
to
succeed
so
great
a
Pope
.
To
him
therefore
they
address
themselves
,
as
to
a
kind
Angel
by
God
sent
down
to
them
,
and
presently
declare
him
Pope
.
He
weeping
and
calling
God
and
his
holy
Saints
to
witness
profess'd
himself
utterly
unworthy
of
so
high
a
dignity
.
But
the
Election
being
universally
lik'd
and
applauded
,
he
at
last
unwillingly
accepted
of
the
Office
,
was
brought
to
the
Lateran
and
plac'd
in
S.
Peter's
Chair
,
whence
he
was
led
upon
a
white
Horse
to
the
Church
of
S.
Mary
maggiore
,
where
he
spent
three
days
in
Fasting
and
Prayer
,
begging
God
to
grant
that
he
might
govern
his
Church
with
integrity
and
holiness
.
The
third
day
past
,
the
People
came
thither
again
,
and
according
to
custom
,
kissed
his
feet
,
especially
those
of
the
faction
of
Rhodoardus
Bishop
of
Porto
,
who
the
day
before
had
attempted
to
set
up
instead
of
Benedict
one
Anastasius
an
obscure
man
,
who
had
been
turned
out
of
his
Bishoprick
by
Leo
;
but
now
finding
their
error
,
they
asked
pardon
,
and
becoming
of
the
right
opinion
,
they
also
made
the
usual
adoration
to
this
holy
man
.
As
likewise
did
the
Embassadours
sent
to
Rome
by
the
Emperor
Lewis
to
confirm
the
Election
of
the
Clergy
and
Laity
.
The
next
day
he
was
attended
by
the
People
to
S.
Peter's
Church
,
where
being
according
to
custom
and
ancient
tradition
,
publickly
consecrated
,
he
received
the
insignia
of
his
Office
with
unanimous
shouts
and
acclamations
.
For
he
was
a
man
of
so
sweet
a
temper
and
so
great
modesty
both
in
his
mind
and
aspect
,
that
as
well
in
his
publick
managements
as
in
his
private
station
he
gain'd
the
love
and
respect
of
all
men
.
And
now
setting
his
mind
on
the
service
of
God
he
repair'd
many
Churches
almost
tottering
with
age
,
and
increased
their
Treasures
.
He
ordain'd
that
the
Pope
and
Clergy
should
accompany
the
funerals
of
Bishops
,
Priests
and
Deacons
,
as
well
to
honour
their
Corps
as
to
pray
for
their
Souls
;
and
that
the
Clergy
should
in
like
manner
attend
the
Funerals
of
Popes
;
and
what
he
had
thus
ordain'd
himself
observ'd
punctually
as
long
as
he
liv'd
,
for
he
was
always
present
at
the
burials
of
the
Priests
.
He
was
a
frequent
visiter
of
the
sick
,
a
nursing
Father
to
the
poor
,
a
comforter
of
the
miserable
and
hopeless
,
a
zealous
patron
of
the
Widow
and
Fatherless
.
And
in
thus
doing
having
spent
a
most
holy
life
,
late
enough
for
himself
,
but
too
soon
for
the
people
of
Rome
,
he
died
,
having
sate
two
years
six
months
and
nine
days
,
and
was
buried
before
S.
Peter's
Church-doors
.
The
Sea
then
was
vacant
fifteen
days
.
NICOLAS
I.
NICOLAS
the
first
,
a
Roman
born
,
Son
of
Theodosius
,
was
ingenuously
and
religiously
educated
from
his
Childhood
and
made
first
Sub-deacon
by
Sergius
,
then
Deacon
by
Leo.
In
which
Order
he
stood
,
when
with
great
piety
and
many
tears
he
laid
the
body
of
Benedict
in
the
Grave
,
whose
Exequies
being
perform'd
,
it
was
necessary
to
think
of
a
Successor
,
and
the
People
hereupon
press'd
the
Divine
Majesty
with
prayers
,
watchings
and
fastings
,
that
he
would
vouchsafe
them
as
good
a
Pope
as
him
they
had
lost
.
After
a
long
consultation
in
the
Church
of
S.
Denys
Pope
and
Confessor
(
where
they
convened
for
this
purpose
)
they
chose
this
Nicolas
Pope
;
but
he
was
absent
and
upon
hearing
the
news
fled
into
the
Vatican
,
and
there
hid
himself
to
avoid
the
Dignity
,
where
at
length
they
found
him
,
brought
him
to
the
Lateran
,
and
plac'd
him
however
unwilling
in
the
Apostolical
Chair
.
Being
consecrated
in
S.
Peter's
Church
and
agreeably
to
custom
having
put
on
the
Pontifical
Mitre
,
he
concerted
several
affairs
with
the
Emperor
Lewis
relating
to
the
Popedom
and
to
the
Empire
.
Lewis
afterwards
leaving
Rome
,
staid
at
a
place
the
Romans
call
Quinto
,
whether
't
is
said
Nicolas
went
attended
by
the
great
men
of
the
City
,
and
was
honourably
received
,
for
the
Emperor
came
a
mile
to
meet
him
,
and
alighting
took
his
Horse-bridle
in
his
hand
and
led
him
into
the
Camp
.
And
indeed
he
was
a
man
of
so
great
veneration
and
majesty
,
and
of
so
much
learning
and
eloquence
,
that
like
the
Deity
,
he
〈◊〉
respect
from
all
men
.
After
some
repast
,
they
held
a
long
and
private
Conference
,
and
then
having
kiss'd
each
other
,
the
Pope
return'd
to
Rome
;
which
he
found
so
overflow'd
by
an
extraordinary
rise
of
the
Tiber
,
that
there
was
no
passing
from
street
to
street
but
in
boats
.
S.
Laurence's
Church
and
the
Monastery
of
S.
Sylvester
,
with
all
the
low
part
between
Via
lata
,
Campidoglio
and
the
Aventine
was
so
much
under
water
,
that
another
deluge
was
feared
;
many
houses
were
born
down
by
it
,
Trees
forc'd
up
by
the
roots
and
Corn
that
was
sown
was
quite
wash'd
away
;
and
the
same
happened
again
the
same
year
in
December
.
To
make
up
these
losses
or
to
make
them
more
tolerable
,
the
Pope
omitted
no
manner
of
good
Office
or
kindness
to
the
Citizens
.
At
this
time
Michael
Son
of
Theophilus
Emperor
of
Constantinople
sent
Embassadors
with
Presents
to
Rome
,
to
visit
the
Apostolick
Sea
and
his
Holiness
.
The
Presents
were
a
large
Paten
and
Chalice
of
Gold
with
precious
stones
of
great
value
.
This
was
that
Michael
,
who
having
taken
Basilius
to
be
his
Partner
in
the
Empire
,
was
murdered
by
him
,
that
he
might
reign
alone
.
His
Embassadors
were
kindly
received
and
sent
home
with
Presents
.
Nicolas
being
earnestly
intent
upon
the
Conservation
of
the
Pontifical
Dignity
,
deprived
John
Arch
Bishop
of
〈◊〉
for
〈◊〉
to
obey
a
Citation
from
the
Apostolic
Chair
to
answer
some
accusations
.
Whereupon
he
goes
to
Pavia
,
and
procures
of
the
Emperor
Lewis
commendatory
Letters
to
the
Pope
,
and
to
his
Embassadors
,
that
they
should
get
leave
that
Arch-bishop
John
should
have
a
safe
conduct
to
come
to
Rome
and
plead
his
own
Cause
,
which
the
Pope
readily
granted
:
And
John
in
a
great
Convention
of
Prelates
being
allow'd
liberty
of
Speech
,
onely
confess'd
himself
guilty
,
and
beg'd
pardon
of
the
Pope
and
of
all
that
were
present
.
By
which
Confession
and
the
Intercession
of
the
Auditors
the
Pope
was
persuaded
to
receive
him
into
favour
upon
these
Conditions
;
That
he
should
〈◊〉
his
Error
before
the
Synod
;
that
he
should
promise
to
come
to
Rome
once
a
year
,
if
possible
;
that
he
should
not
be
capable
of
consecrating
any
Bishop
in
Romagna
,
however
canonically
elected
,
without
leave
first
obtain'd
from
the
Sea
Apostolick
;
and
that
he
should
not
hinder
any
of
those
Bishops
from
coming
to
Rome
as
often
as
they
pleased
;
that
he
should
not
introduce
any
exaction
,
custom
or
usage
contrary
to
the
sacred
Canons
;
and
lastly
,
that
under
the
penalty
of
Anathema
he
should
not
alter
or
meddle
with
the
treasure
of
holy
Church
without
the
consent
of
the
Pope
,
nor
should
without
the
same
allowance
receive
any
thing
secular
.
These
holy
Institutions
were
so
highly
approved
by
the
whole
Synod
,
that
thrice
they
all
shouted
,
Righteous
is
the
judgment
of
the
supreme
Prelate
,
just
is
the
decree
of
the
Universal
Bishop
;
All
Christians
agree
to
this
wholsom
Institution
.
We
all
say
,
think
and
judg
the
same
thing
.
Then
John
in
the
sight
of
them
all
took
his
Oath
and
gave
it
under
his
hand
,
that
he
would
observe
the
Articles
.
Thus
the
Convocation
was
dissolved
and
John
return'd
to
Ravenna
.
The
Pope
having
overcome
this
trouble
rebuilt
the
Church
of
our
Lady
(
then
call'd
the
Old
,
afterwards
the
New
Church
)
and
adorned
it
with
excellent
Paintings
.
He
by
Letters
and
good
Admonitions
converted
the
King
of
Bulgaria
to
the
Christian
Faith
with
all
his
Realm
,
to
whom
he
sent
Bishops
and
Priests
to
confirm
the
young
〈◊〉
,
driving
out
Photinus
who
had
craftily
disseminated
erroneous
Opinions
among
them
.
He
procured
a
Peace
between
Lewis
the
Emperor
and
Andalisio
Duke
of
Benevent
and
repelled
the
Saracens
who
had
made
an
Incursion
as
far
as
the
same
Benevent
.
Lastly
,
with
the
consent
of
the
Emperor
he
decreed
that
no
Emperor
or
other
Lay-man
should
thrust
himself
into
any
Convocation
of
the
Clergy
,
except
the
debate
was
concerning
matters
of
Faith
,
and
then
his
Opinion
was
that
they
might
reasonably
be
present
.
'T
is
said
,
that
at
this
time
S.
Cyril
brought
the
body
of
S.
Clement
from
the
Chersonese
in
Pontus
to
Rome
,
and
plac'd
it
in
the
Church
now
called
S.
Clement's
,
where
a
little
while
after
,
himself
also
was
buried
.
Nicolas
now
,
who
was
a
great
exemplar
of
all
the
Virtues
one
man
could
be
endued
with
,
died
the
seventh
year
,
ninth
month
,
and
thirteenth
day
of
his
〈◊〉
,
and
was
buried
according
to
his
last
Will
in
S.
Peter's
Church
porch
.
Some
Authors
say
that
the
Sea
was
then
vacant
eight
years
,
seven
months
,
and
nine
days
.
HADRIAN
II.
HADRIAN
the
second
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Talarus
a
Bishop
,
was
a
familiar
friend
of
Pope
Sergius
,
who
having
once
given
him
forty
Julio's
,
when
he
came
home
he
gave
them
to
his
Steward
to
give
to
the
Beggers
and
poor
strangers
that
were
at
his
door
;
which
the
Steward
going
to
do
,
saw
the
number
was
so
great
,
that
't
would
not
serve
a
quarter
of
them
,
and
so
he
return'd
and
told
Hadrian
:
Who
hereupon
takes
the
money
and
coming
to
the
poor
folks
gave
every
one
three
Julio's
and
reserv'd
to
himself
as
many
for
his
own
use
;
at
which
Miracle
the
Steward
being
astonish'd
,
Dost
thou
see
(
says
Hadrian
)
how
good
and
bountiful
the
Lord
is
to
those
that
are
liberal
and
charitable
to
the
Poor
?
By
this
and
other
Virtues
he
grew
into
so
high
estimation
with
all
men
,
that
when
the
Consultation
was
held
for
making
a
new
Pope
,
they
unanimously
elected
him
,
and
brought
him
against
his
will
from
the
Church
of
S.
Mary
ad
Proesepe
to
the
Lateran
,
and
immediately
created
him
Pope
,
nor
regarding
the
consent
of
any
person
in
a
proceeding
so
tumultuary
:
which
gave
great
offence
to
the
Embassadors
of
the
Emperor
who
came
on
purpose
upon
this
occasion
,
but
could
not
(
as
they
ought
)
interpose
the
Imperial
Authority
in
this
Election
.
But
satisfaction
was
made
to
them
by
remonstrating
that
it
was
impossible
in
so
great
a
tumult
to
moderate
the
violent
inclinations
of
the
multitude
;
they
were
desired
therefore
to
concur
with
the
Clergy
and
People
and
according
to
custom
to
congratulate
as
Pope
this
excellent
man
whom
they
had
chosen
;
This
at
last
the
Embassadors
did
,
though
they
saw
plainly
,
that
the
Clergy
and
People
did
arrogate
to
themselves
the
full
power
of
creating
a
Pope
,
without
expecting
the
consent
of
any
Temporal
Prince
;
and
this
perhaps
in
order
to
enlarge
the
Liberties
of
holy
Church
by
making
it
a
Custom
.
Soon
after
arriv'd
Letters
from
Lewis
highly
applauding
this
action
of
the
Romans
,
and
commending
them
that
they
had
proceeded
so
religiously
and
sincerely
in
this
Affair
;
without
waiting
for
the
approbation
of
any
one
,
whose
ignorance
of
the
fitness
of
the
Canditates
might
render
them
incompetent
Judges
in
the
case
.
For
how
(
said
he
)
can
it
be
,
that
one
that
is
a
Foreiner
and
a
Stranger
should
be
able
in
another
Countrey
to
distinguish
who
is
most
worthy
?
To
the
Citizens
therefore
does
it
properly
belong
and
to
those
who
have
had
familiarity
with
,
and
knowledg
of
the
Competitors
.
Hadrian
then
being
made
Pope
,
took
diligent
care
of
all
matters
relating
to
Religion
,
and
by
word
,
example
and
authority
both
of
himself
and
his
Predecessors
exhorted
all
men
to
good
and
holy
lives
,
particularly
he
shew'd
himself
a
strenuous
desender
of
those
that
had
been
oppressed
by
Injustice
and
the
power
of
great
men
.
He
caused
a
Council
to
be
called
at
Constantinople
,
where
Photius
a
seditious
person
was
deposed
and
Ignatius
restor'd
who
had
been
wrongfully
turn'd
out
before
.
In
this
Council
a
long
debate
was
held
,
whether
the
Bulgarians
(
whose
Embassadors
were
present
)
should
be
subject
to
the
Roman
or
Constantinopolitan
Sea
;
And
by
the
favour
of
the
Emperor
Basilius
they
were
adjudged
to
the
Sea
of
Rome
,
whereupon
the
Bulgarians
making
their
〈◊〉
to
Hadrian
,
that
some
man
of
good
life
and
ability
might
be
sent
into
their
Countrey
,
by
whose
authority
and
example
they
might
be
retain'd
in
the
Christian
Faith
,
he
sent
three
most
religious
men
with
plenary
power
to
settle
the
Churches
there
as
they
should
see
fit
.
They
were
Sylvester
the
Sub-deacon
,
Leopardus
of
Ancona
,
and
Dominic
of
Trevisa
,
who
soon
composed
the
whole
Affair
to
the
Popes
mind
;
though
't
was
not
long
ere
the
Bulgarians
corrupted
with
gifts
and
promises
by
the
Constantinopolitans
,
expel'd
the
Latin
Priests
and
receiv'd
the
Greeks
;
and
this
Sedition
gave
occasion
to
many
quarrels
betwixt
the
Greeks
and
Latins
.
Hadrian
still
opposing
himself
to
all
the
Enemies
of
the
Church
as
much
as
was
possible
,
when
he
was
about
to
anoint
Charles
Emperor
in
the
room
of
Lewis
now
deceased
,
died
himself
in
the
fifth
year
,
ninth
month
and
twelfth
day
of
his
Popedom
.
A
little
before
his
death
it
rain'd
bloud
for
three
days
together
at
Brescia
,
and
France
was
miserably
wasted
with
Locusts
;
both
certain
presages
of
his
much
lamented
death
.
JOHN
IX
.
JOHN
the
ninth
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Gundo
,
as
soon
as
he
was
made
Pope
,
declared
Charles
(
surnamed
the
Bald
,
who
came
to
Rome
for
that
purpose
)
Emperor
,
which
so
enraged
the
Sons
of
his
elder
Brother
Lewis
King
of
Germany
(
Charles
surnam'd
the
Gross
and
Caroloman
)
that
levying
an
Army
,
they
invade
Italy
,
resolving
to
deprive
their
Uncle
of
his
Crown
and
Life
.
Charles
hereupon
makes
haste
towards
Verona
with
his
forces
,
intending
to
cut
off
the
passage
of
his
Nephews
by
Trent
,
but
was
taken
ill
at
Mantua
and
there
poisoned
(
as
't
was
thought
)
by
one
Zedechias
a
Jew
,
whom
he
made
use
of
for
a
Physician
.
Upon
this
news
Pope
John
used
his
utmost
endeavour
,
that
Charles
his
Son
Lewis
(
surnamed
the
Stammerer
)
King
of
France
might
be
made
Emperor
;
but
the
great
men
of
Rome
opposed
it
,
desiring
rather
that
Charles
III.
King
of
Germany
might
succeed
,
who
with
his
Brother
Caroloman
had
now
over-run
a
great
part
of
Italy
.
So
great
was
the
Sedition
,
that
though
many
favour'd
Lewis
,
yet
they
took
the
Pope
and
clap'd
him
in
prison
.
But
by
the
help
of
some
Friends
he
soon
made
his
escape
into
France
to
Lewis
,
where
he
slaid
a
year
,
anointed
him
King
,
and
ended
some
Controversies
depending
between
the
Ecclesiastics
.
For
Gibertus
Bishop
of
Nismes
had
by
force
turn'd
Leo
an
Abbot
out
of
his
Monastery
.
This
Monastery
was
dedicated
to
S.
Peter
and
in
it
lay
buried
the
body
of
S.
Giles
,
it
is
situate
in
a
place
call'd
Flaviano
,
from
a
Valley
of
that
name
given
to
S.
Giles
by
a
certain
King
nam'd
Flavius
,
and
he
built
there
a
Monastery
to
the
honour
of
SS.
Peter
and
Paul
.
The
Pope
in
the
presence
of
many
Bishops
and
Judges
heard
the
Cause
,
and
adjudg'd
the
Monastery
to
Leo.
This
was
done
at
Arles
,
from
whence
John
departing
with
the
approbation
of
Lewis
he
held
a
Council
at
Troyes
,
where
he
made
several
Decrees
about
religious
affairs
,
and
appointed
a
Bishop
for
the
Flemings
,
who
having
left
their
Woods
and
fastnesses
now
betook
themselves
to
an
orderly
way
of
living
.
But
Italy
all
this
while
being
harrass'd
by
the
Saracens
,
who
had
taken
and
plundered
the
Monastery
of
Monte-Cassino
,
John
was
call'd
home
to
Rome
,
and
with
the
help
of
some
Christian
Princes
drave
the
greatest
part
of
them
out
of
Italy
and
Sicily
:
and
at
last
that
he
might
live
the
more
quietly
in
the
City
,
he
plac'd
the
Imperial
Crown
on
the
head
of
Charles
III.
who
quickly
after
marching
against
the
Normans
then
infesting
the
borders
of
France
and
Lorain
,
defeated
them
so
,
that
their
King
Rothifredus
was
forc'd
to
sue
for
peace
and
to
become
a
Christian
,
the
Emperour
himself
being
his
Godfather
and
taking
him
into
favour
.
This
writes
Anastasius
the
Roman
Library-keeper
,
who
was
then
highly
in
vogue
,
being
so
skilful
in
both
Tongues
,
that
by
the
persuasion
of
the
Emperor
Charles
he
translated
out
of
Greek
into
elegant
Latin
the
seventh
General
Council
and
Dionysius
the
Areopagite's
Book
de
Hierarchiâ
,
with
the
lives
of
several
Saints
.
Some
say
,
that
this
Charles
built
many
Monasteries
and
was
liberal
to
the
Church
;
but
't
is
certain
that
it
was
his
particular
commendation
,
that
he
put
many
learned
men
upon
writing
,
for
Milo
a
Monk
of
S.
Amand
wrote
the
Life
of
that
Saint
very
exactly
,
and
Joannes
Scotus
did
very
solidly
and
acutely
handle
many
points
of
our
Religion
:
nor
was
our
Pope
John
without
desert
in
the
same
way
,
having
while
he
was
Deacon
excellently
composed
the
Life
of
Gregory
I.
in
four
Books
.
When
he
had
sate
ten
years
and
two
days
he
died
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
.
MARTIN
II.
MARTIN
the
second
,
a
Frenchman
,
Son
of
Palumbus
,
succeeded
John
.
Some
perhaps
deceiv'd
by
the
likeness
of
the
names
call
him
Marinus
.
This
Martin
(
the
story
of
whose
Life
is
so
short
because
of
the
small
time
he
held
the
Chair
)
was
Pope
at
the
time
when
the
Sons
of
Basilius
,
Leo
and
Alexander
,
were
Emperors
in
the
East
,
and
Charles
III.
in
the
West
,
who
we
told
you
,
was
crowned
by
John
VIII
.
and
who
broke
the
forces
of
the
Normans
infesting
France
in
so
many
Battels
,
that
he
forced
them
to
submit
to
him
and
receive
the
Christian
Faith
.
Some
write
,
that
't
was
this
Martin
that
with
his
tricks
(
of
which
somewhat
will
be
said
in
the
Life
of
Formosus
)
did
so
plague
Pope
John
with
Seditions
,
as
to
get
him
thrown
into
prison
and
force
him
to
fly
.
But
having
by
ill
means
gotten
the
Popedom
,
he
soon
died
,
having
sate
but
one
year
and
five
days
,
and
in
that
time
doing
nothing
remarkable
,
either
because
his
time
was
short
,
or
because
no
occasion
offered
it self
from
whence
he
could
acquire
repute
;
except
we
may
suppose
it
to
be
the
Will
of
God
,
that
those
who
attain
to
Power
by
indirect
means
should
lose
that
true
glory
,
which
is
the
chief
aim
of
every
good
Prince
.
HADRIAN
III.
HADRIAN
the
third
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Benedict
,
was
a
man
of
so
great
a
Spirit
,
that
immediately
upon
his
entrance
on
the
Popedom
,
An.
Dom.
895.
he
proposed
to
the
Senate
and
People
,
that
a
Law
should
pass
,
that
no
regard
should
hereafter
be
given
to
the
Authority
of
the
Emperor
in
the
creation
of
any
Pope
,
but
that
the
Election
of
the
Clergy
and
People
should
be
free
;
this
Institution
was
rather
attempted
than
begun
before
by
Nicolas
I.
as
was
said
;
but
I
believe
Hadrian
took
now
the
opportunity
,
when
the
Emperor
Charles
was
march'd
with
his
Army
out
of
Italy
against
the
Rebellious
Normans
.
He
went
with
a
design
utterly
to
extirpate
that
unquiet
people
;
but
perceiving
that
would
be
difficult
,
and
not
to
be
done
without
great
slaughter
of
his
own
men
,
he
granted
them
that
part
of
Prance
to
live
in
,
which
lies
beyond
the
River
Seine
,
and
is
still
call'd
from
the
name
of
the
people
,
Normandy
.
They
were
bound
to
pay
a
yearly
tribute
to
the
Crown
of
France
,
to
mind
them
that
they
stood
possess'd
of
the
Countrey
,
not
by
their
own
power
,
but
by
the
bounty
of
the
Emperor
Charles
.
At
this
time
William
surnam'd
the
Godly
,
Duke
of
Aquitain
and
Earl
of
Auvergne
,
not
having
any
Heirs
male
,
began
magnificently
to
build
the
Monastery
of
Clugny
in
his
Fathers
Mannor
in
a
Village
of
Burgundy
,
and
made
Berno
Abbot
of
the
place
,
having
set
out
an
Income
for
the
maintenance
of
the
Monks
:
But
he
dying
left
it
unfinish'd
,
having
constituted
Ebbo
Earl
of
Poictou
his
Heir
,
who
should
take
care
according
to
his
Last
Will
of
the
whole
matter
.
And
now
Hadrian
,
of
whom
,
for
his
courage
and
haughty
Spirit
,
the
Clergy
and
People
of
Rome
had
conceived
so
great
hopes
,
died
in
the
first
year
and
second
month
of
his
Popedom
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
,
with
the
general
lamentation
of
the
People
for
the
unseasonable
loss
of
such
a
Father
.
STEPHEN
V.
STEPHEN
the
fifth
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
one
Hadrian
of
the
Via
lata
,
was
made
Pope
at
the
time
when
the
Normans
assisted
by
the
Danes
contrary
to
their
Treaties
had
well-nigh
over-run
all
France
.
For
fear
of
these
Invaders
the
body
of
S.
Martin
was
carried
from
Tours
to
Auxerre
,
and
plac'd
in
the
Church
of
S.
German
;
which
begot
a
feud
among
the
Monks
,
who
could
not
agree
by
the
name
of
which
of
the
two
Saints
the
Church
should
be
call'd
;
to
solve
this
doubt
,
they
took
this
way
;
They
set
a
Leper
in
the
midst
between
the
two
Saints
Bodies
,
who
grew
whole
onely
on
that
side
which
was
towards
S.
Martin
,
and
then
turning
the
other
side
towards
him
,
he
was
quite
healed
.
This
Miracle
determin'd
the
Controversie
,
which
S.
German
is
thought
to
have
suffered
his
new
Guest
to
perform
,
〈◊〉
it
should
be
thought
that
the
Body
had
lost
any
of
its
Sanctity
by
being
translated
.
Authors
say
,
that
during
this
Popes
time
Charles
the
Gross
,
who
had
been
Emperor
twelve
years
was
deposed
by
his
Nobles
for
his
sloth
and
dulness
,
and
Arnulphus
his
Nephew
was
set
up
in
his
stead
,
who
was
the
seventh
Emperor
from
Charles
the
Great
.
This
troublesom
state
of
things
tempted
the
Huns
a
Scythian
Nation
(
according
to
Vincentius
and
Martinus
)
to
make
a
descent
into
Tannonia
,
where
joyning
their
Brother-Tribe
,
the
Hungari
,
they
possess'd
themselves
of
the
Countrey
driving
thence
the
Gepidi
and
Avares
:
and
from
hence
marching
with
their
forces
into
Germany
,
they
pierc'd
as
far
as
Burgundy
,
destroying
all
with
fire
and
sword
.
Stephen
in
this
confusion
of
Affairs
,
was
yet
not
a
little
comforted
with
the
sanctity
of
Luithprandus
Deacon
of
Pavia
,
Waldrad
of
Bavaria
,
and
Bernard
of
Picardy
,
by
whose
lives
and
conversation
the
Christian
Religion
got
so
great
Reverence
that
many
Monasteries
and
Churches
were
sumptuously
built
throughout
France
.
In
the
sixth
year
and
eleventh
day
of
his
Papacy
,
he
died
,
and
the
Sea
was
vacant
five
days
.
FORMOSUS
.
FORMOSUS
Bishop
of
Porto
succeeded
Stephen
,
and
in
the
beginning
of
his
Pontificate
adorned
S.
Peter's
Church
with
some
slight
Paintings
.
This
Formosus
had
formerly
for
fear
of
Pope
John
,
left
his
Bishoprick
and
fled
to
France
;
and
denying
to
return
when
he
was
recall'd
,
he
was
anathematized
,
and
then
coming
to
Rome
he
was
depriv'd
of
all
his
Preferments
Ecclesiastical
,
and
put
on
profane
manners
with
his
secular
habit
.
Some
think
the
reason
that
Formosus
was
thus
persecuted
was
for
that
he
was
a
Party
,
if
not
Ring-leader
of
the
Faction
that
put
John
into
Prison
.
However
Formosus
was
so
enraged
at
this
hard
usage
,
that
he
swore
he
would
never
return
either
to
Rome
or
to
his
Bishoprick
;
but
Pope
Martin
,
who
succeeded
John
,
absolv'd
him
from
his
Oath
,
and
restor'd
him
to
his
Countrey
and
to
his
former
Dignity
,
whence
not
long
after
he
came
to
the
Popedom
,
rather
by
bribery
than
for
the
sake
of
any
good
that
was
in
him
,
many
men
opposing
his
Election
.
Arnulphus
now
,
the
seventh
Emperor
from
Charles
the
Great
,
as
we
said
before
,
marching
valiantly
against
the
still
rebellious
Normans
gave
them
several
Overthrows
,
but
was
too
much
puffed
up
with
his
success
and
became
so
intolerably
imperious
to
all
men
,
especially
to
the
Clergy
,
that
it
pleased
God
,
he
died
soon
after
of
the
lousie
Disease
.
In
whose
room
Lewis
was
put
up
for
Emperor
,
but
we
read
not
that
he
was
ever
Crowned
,
for
(
as
Martinus
writes
)
Berengarius
Duke
of
Friuli
descended
of
the
old
Kings
of
Lombardy
,
renewing
his
claim
to
the
Kingdom
of
his
Ancestors
,
and
bringing
his
pretensions
to
the
decision
of
War
,
though
at
first
he
was
overcome
by
Lewis
,
yet
giving
him
Battel
again
at
Verona
,
Lewis
was
vanquished
and
with
great
slaughter
of
his
men
being
taken
Prisoner
had
his
eyes
put
out
.
And
thus
the
Empire
which
the
Franks
had
enjoy'd
almost
100
years
,
was
transferred
to
the
Lombards
,
Constantine
the
Son
of
Leo
being
Emperor
of
the
East
.
I
know
not
how
it
fell
out
,
that
at
this
same
time
that
the
Emperors
shewed
so
little
Courage
,
the
Popes
too
were
as
greatly
wanting
in
Virtue
and
Integrity
,
which
render'd
those
times
very
miserable
,
Subjects
being
very
apt
(
as
Plato
says
)
to
follow
the
Examples
of
their
Princes
.
I
return
to
Formosus
,
whose
times
(
left
they
should
have
been
the
most
unhappy
that
ever
were
)
were
honour'd
with
the
Learning
and
good
Life
of
Remigius
of
Auxerre
,
who
wrote
divers
Commentaries
,
especially
upon
the
Gospel
of
S.
Matthew
and
S.
Paul's
Epistles
.
Some
say
indeed
,
that
Author
was
not
the
person
of
whom
I
speak
,
but
Remigius
of
Rhemes
;
however
that
be
,
't
is
certain
they
were
both
very
learned
men
.
Formosus
died
in
the
fifth
year
and
sixth
month
of
his
Pontificate
,
and
the
Sea
was
vacant
two
days
.
BONIFACE
VI.
BONIFACE
the
sixth
,
a
Tuscan
,
was
created
Pope
in
the
room
of
the
deceased
Formosus
,
but
how
long
he
continued
in
the
Papacy
is
a
great
question
,
for
some
Writers
say
longer
,
others
say
shorter
.
I
am
of
opinion
with
the
most
,
that
he
sate
but
twenty
six
days
,
and
that
which
makes
me
think
so
is
,
that
Historians
make
little
or
no
mention
at
all
of
him
;
and
how
can
it
be
,
that
(
as
some
say
)
he
should
sit
twelve
years
in
the
Chair
of
S.
Peter
,
and
yet
his
Reign
be
past
over
unregarded
?
I
have
plac'd
him
therefore
in
the
Catalogue
of
Popes
,
not
for
any
thing
done
by
him
,
for
he
did
nothing
(
indeed
what
could
be
expected
to
be
done
in
so
short
a
time
?
)
but
because
he
was
regularly
and
canonically
elected
Pope
.
He
died
,
as
I
said
before
,
in
the
26.
day
of
his
Pontificate
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
.
STEPHEN
VI.
STEPHEN
the
sixth
,
a
Roman
,
Bishop
of
Anagni
being
made
Pope
,
persecuted
the
memory
of
Formosus
with
so
much
spite
,
that
he
abrogated
his
Decrees
and
rescinded
all
he
had
done
,
though
't
is
said
that
't
was
Formosus
that
conferred
the
Bishoprick
of
Anagni
upon
him
.
But
this
I
take
to
be
the
effect
of
his
Ambition
;
the
Clergy
being
come
to
that
pass
,
that
they
were
so
far
from
needing
compulsion
,
as
formerly
,
to
take
upon
them
the
Pontificate
,
that
now
they
sought
it
with
bribery
;
and
hence
it
was
that
Stephen
,
because
Formosus
had
hindred
him
before
of
this
desired
Dignity
,
exercised
his
rage
even
upon
his
dead
body
;
for
Martin
the
Historian
says
,
he
hated
him
to
that
degree
,
that
in
a
Council
which
he
held
,
he
ordered
〈◊〉
Body
of
〈◊〉
to
be
drag'd
out
of
the
Grave
,
to
be
strip'd
of
his
Pontifical
habit
and
put
into
that
of
a
Lay-man
,
and
then
to
be
〈◊〉
among
secular
persons
,
having
first
cut
off
those
two
Fingers
of
his
right
Hand
,
which
are
principally
used
by
Priests
in
Consecration
,
and
thrown
them
into
the
Tiber
,
because
contrary
to
his
Oath
,
as
he
said
,
he
had
return'd
to
Rome
and
exercised
his
Sacerdotal
Function
,
from
which
Pope
John
had
legally
degraded
him
.
This
prov'd
a
great
Controversie
and
of
very
ill
example
;
for
the
succeeding
Popes
made
it
almost
a
constant
Custom
either
to
break
or
abrogate
the
Acts
of
their
Predecessors
,
which
was
certainly
far
different
from
the
practice
of
any
of
those
good
Popes
whose
Lives
we
have
written
.
In
our
own
time
Paul
II.
a
Venetian
had
like
to
have
taken
upon
him
the
name
of
Formosus
,
(
which
would
have
been
agreeable
enough
to
him
,
being
a
proper
man
and
of
a
venerable
aspect
)
but
that
the
Cardinals
remembring
this
story
dissuaded
him
,
lest
that
should
happen
to
him
after
his
Death
,
which
did
to
this
Formosus
;
but
Paul
was
hardly
wrought
upon
,
as
thinking
nothing
but
this
Name
to
be
wanting
to
his
Felicity
.
Mean
time
the
Emperor
of
Constantinople
taking
occasion
from
the
sloth
of
the
Popes
,
sends
one
Symbaticus
,
a
Nobleman
,
his
Sword-bearer
with
an
Army
into
Italy
,
who
after
a
Siege
of
three
months
takes
Beneventum
,
after
it
had
been
in
the
possession
of
the
Lombards
330
years
;
but
three
years
after
Guy
of
Lombardy
retook
it
and
drove
out
the
Greeks
,
and
so
it
fell
to
the
Lombards
again
.
But
to
return
to
Stephen
;
he
died
in
the
first
year
and
third
month
of
his
〈◊〉
,
and
the
Sea
was
vacant
three
days
after
his
death
.
ROMANUS
.
ROMANUS
a
Roman
,
as
soon
as
he
was
got
into
the
Pontificate
,
disavowed
and
rescinded
all
the
Acts
and
Decrees
of
Stephen
.
And
indeed
these
[
](A55007-e90690-b)*
*
〈◊〉
.
〈◊〉
.
1551.
Popelings
studied
nothing
else
but
to
extinguish
the
memory
and
honour
of
their
Predecessors
,
than
which
nothing
is
more
mischievous
or
a
more
certain
sign
of
a
narrow
Soul
;
for
they
that
trust
to
such
tricks
as
these
are
onely
such
as
wanting
all
manner
of
Virtue
endeavour
to
rob
the
well-deserving
of
that
Fame
which
themselves
can
never
attain
to
.
Indeed
you
shall
never
find
any
man
envying
the
good
name
of
another
,
but
one
that
being
obnoxious
to
all
manner
of
reproach
is
hopeless
of
rendring
his
own
name
honourable
to
Posterity
.
Such
men
as
these
maliciously
,
falsly
and
craftily
backbite
,
slander
and
find
〈◊〉
with
those
that
have
deserv'd
well
of
Mankind
,
like
useless
and
cowardly
Dogs
that
dare
not
seize
a
wild
〈◊〉
,
but
will
venture
to
snap
at
them
when
they
are
fast
chain'd
.
I
was
oblig'd
however
at
least
to
mention
this
Pope
Romanus
,
because
he
obtain'd
S.
Peter's
Chair
after
the
ordinary
manner
,
in
which
after
he
had
sate
three
months
he
died
.
THEODORUS
II.
THEODORE
the
second
,
a
Roman
,
follow'd
the
steps
of
these
Mutineers
,
for
he
restor'd
the
Decrees
of
Formosus
and
〈◊〉
his
Friends
.
Arnulphus
(
according
to
some
Writers
)
still
rul'd
in
Italy
,
and
in
France
Charles
the
Simple
,
Constantine
the
Son
of
Leo
being
Emperor
of
the
East
,
at
which
time
the
Saracens
invading
Apulia
,
possess'd
themselves
of
Mount
S.
Angelo
,
and
took
abundance
of
Men
and
Cattel
;
but
the
Italians
hastily
got
together
an
Army
,
set
upon
them
and
recovered
all
with
〈◊〉
slaughter
of
the
Enemies
.
While
Affairs
went
thus
in
Italy
,
William
Earl
of
〈◊〉
,
surnamed
Sector-ferri
,
of
the
linage
of
Charles
the
Bald
,
ordered
the
Reliques
which
had
been
taken
from
the
Chartreux
Fryers
at
the
time
of
the
Norman
Invasion
to
be
restor'd
,
for
now
that
the
Normans
were
quieted
,
he
〈◊〉
there
would
be
some
uproar
about
them
,
if
they
were
not
restor'd
.
Who
the
Normans
were
is
not
on
all
hands
agreed
:
but
they
are
said
to
have
come
into
France
from
Norway
.
Theodorus
in
the
20th
day
of
his
Papacy
died
,
leaving
through
the
shortness
of
his
time
nothing
memorable
of
himself
.
JOHN
X.
JOHN
the
tenth
,
a
Roman
,
was
next
created
Pope
,
and
immediately
reasserted
the
cause
of
Formosus
,
a
great
part
of
the
People
of
Rome
being
against
it
,
who
raised
such
a
tumult
,
that
it
wanted
little
of
a
Battel
.
He
therefore
remov'd
to
Ravenna
,
where
calling
a
Synod
of
seventy
four
Bishops
,
he
damns
all
that
Stephen
had
done
and
restores
the
Decrees
of
Formosus
,
declaring
it
irregularly
done
of
Stephen
to
re-ordain
those
on
whom
Formosus
had
conferred
Holy
Orders
.
These
Popes
by
their
constant
inobservance
of
all
Apostolical
Practices
were
the
occasions
(
in
my
Opinion
)
of
these
turmoils
,
especially
joyning
with
that
the
Cowardize
and
Negligence
of
the
Princes
of
Christendom
;
whose
interest
it
was
that
the
Ship
of
S.
Peter
should
labour
with
Tempests
,
that
so
the
Master
being
unable
to
animadvert
upon
them
,
might
not
throw
them
like
naughty
Mariners
overboard
.
Arnulphus
was
immers'd
in
pleasures
and
Charles
King
of
France
was
truly
worthy
of
his
Surname
of
Simple
or
rather
Blockhead
.
So
that
the
Hungari
a
fierce
and
wild
people
tempted
by
this
prospect
of
things
,
with
a
formidable
Army
invade
first
Italy
,
then
Germany
and
France
,
without
any
considerable
resistance
,
consuming
all
with
fire
and
sword
,
and
sparing
no
Sex
or
Age
wherever
they
march'd
.
The
Moors
too
invaded
Calabria
,
of
a
great
part
whereof
they
possess'd
themselves
,
but
whilst
they
besieg'd
Cosenza
,
their
King
was
killed
by
Thunder
from
Heaven
,
whereupon
they
were
dispersed
and
return'd
home
.
Thus
God
himself
punish'd
with
his
own
hand
the
Enemies
of
the
name
of
Christ
out
of
pity
to
his
people
who
were
miserably
forsaken
by
the
Princes
of
the
Earth
,
which
if
he
had
not
done
,
the
name
of
Italy
and
the
Holy
Church
had
been
no
more
,
Such
sluggish
and
sorry
fellows
were
the
Potentates
of
those
times
.
John
died
after
he
had
been
Pope
two
years
and
fifteen
days
,
leaving
nothing
behind
him
worthy
notice
,
but
that
he
renew'd
some
old
quarrels
which
had
been
almost
forgotten
.
BENEDICT
IV.
BENEDICT
the
fourth
,
a
Roman
,
for
his
good
nature
and
mildness
was
made
Pope
,
but
nothing
was
done
in
his
time
worthy
of
any
great
commendation
.
In
his
Age
it
happen'd
,
as
to
others
it
does
sometimes
,
that
a
strange
negligence
of
all
manner
of
〈◊〉
had
possess'd
mankind
,
no
incitements
being
applied
by
which
the
minds
of
men
should
be
stir'd
up
to
Actions
that
are
praise-worthy
,
which
yet
are
never
wanting
under
good
Princes
or
well
constituted
Governments
.
At
this
time
(
as
I
said
before
)
Lewis
the
Son
of
Arnulphus
endeavouring
to
recover
his
Fathers
Empire
was
taken
and
kill'd
at
Verona
by
Berengarius
;
and
then
the
posterity
of
Charles
the
Great
first
lost
their
Titles
to
France
and
the
Empire
of
Germany
.
So
true
it
is
that
which
Salust
says
,
Every
rising
hath
its
setting
and
every
increase
its
wane
.
The
Empire
which
had
arrived
to
so
great
a
height
lost
its
splendor
by
the
sluggishness
of
the
great
men
and
people
of
Rome
,
when
they
once
grew
remiss
in
the
exercises
of
Virtue
,
and
emasculated
their
bodies
with
Luxury
and
with
studied
softnesses
.
And
this
we
may
say
,
was
the
case
of
the
Papacy
,
for
at
first
the
Pontifical
Dignity
(
without
Wealth
and
among
Enemies
and
furious
Persecutors
of
Christianity
)
was
illustrious
with
a
holiness
and
learning
not
to
be
attain'd
without
great
pains
and
a
consummate
Virtue
;
but
now
the
Church
of
God
was
grown
wanton
with
its
Riches
,
and
the
Clergy
quitted
severity
of
manners
for
lasciviousness
;
so
that
there
being
no
Prince
to
punish
their
excesses
,
such
a
Licentiousness
of
sinning
obtain'd
in
the
World
as
brought
forth
these
Monsters
,
these
Prodigies
of
wickedness
by
whom
the
Chair
of
S.
Peter
was
rather
seiz'd
than
rightfully
possess'd
.
Yet
this
may
be
said
for
Benedict
,
that
in
this
debauch'd
Age
he
carried
himself
with
gravity
and
constancy
,
and
died
in
the
third
year
and
fourth
month
of
his
Pontificate
,
after
which
the
Sea
was
vacant
six
days
.
LEO
V.
LEO
the
fifth
,
whose
native
Countrey
Historians
mention
not
,
succeeded
him
,
but
was
soon
taken
and
thrown
into
Prison
by
one
Christopher
a
Chaplain
of
his
own
,
who
aspir'd
to
the
Popedom
,
which
was
not
done
without
great
tumults
and
the
loss
of
many
mens
lives
.
How
lightly
the
Papal
Authority
was
now
esteem'd
(
by
fault
of
former
Popes
)
may
be
seen
in
this
,
that
a
private
person
should
in
a
moment
be
able
to
seize
so
great
a
Dignity
.
But
that
saying
is
certainly
true
,
that
great
places
receive
more
honour
than
they
confer
upon
the
persons
that
supply
them
,
as
appears
in
the
Roman
Censorship
,
which
at
first
was
slighted
as
a
mean
Office
,
but
when
several
of
the
Nobility
had
once
condescended
to
execute
it
,
the
Office
became
so
honourable
,
that
the
Nobleman
who
had
not
once
in
his
life
been
Censor
was
look'd
upon
as
very
unfortunate
.
Leo
had
sate
but
forty
days
when
Christopher
got
into
the
Chair
,
which
Indignity
he
laid
so
to
heart
,
that
in
a
little
while
after
he
died
for
grief
,
deeply
resenting
it
that
he
should
be
rob'd
of
his
Dignity
by
one
that
had
eat
of
his
bread
;
according
to
that
of
Theocritus
,
Nurse
up
a
Wolf
,
and
he
'l
devour
you
.
CHRISTOPHER
.
CHRISTOPHER
,
whose
Countrey
and
Family
is
,
(
because
of
the
meanness
of
his
extraction
)
not
known
,
having
got
the
Popedom
by
ill
means
lost
it
as
ill
;
for
after
seven
months
he
was
justly
deposed
and
forc'd
to
take
on
him
a
Monastic
life
,
the
onely
refuge
of
men
in
trouble
,
for
at
that
time
Clergy-men
that
had
deserv'd
ill
were
as
it
were
banish'd
into
Monasteries
by
way
of
punishment
.
There
are
those
that
say
,
Christopher
was
deposed
in
the
Reign
of
Lewis
III.
while
others
ascribe
him
to
the
times
of
Berengarius
,
who
(
we
told
you
)
was
from
Duke
of
Friuli
created
Emperor
,
as
descending
from
the
Longobardian
Kings
of
Italy
,
and
as
being
the
onely
man
in
whom
for
his
valour
and
nobility
they
could
place
any
hopes
of
seeing
the
honour
of
the
Empire
retriev'd
.
And
that
I
should
suppose
Berengarius
to
have
reign'd
at
this
time
I
am
persuaded
by
considering
the
short
lives
of
the
Popes
before-going
(
who
,
as
Monsters
,
were
soon
snatch'd
away
by
a
divine
Power
)
and
〈◊〉
length
of
the
Reign
of
that
Emperor
,
who
having
vanquish'd
Guido
Duke
of
Spoleto
and
slain
Ambrose
Count
of
Bergomo
,
who
were
his
first
Adversaries
,
was
crown'd
Emperor
by
Formosus
,
and
liv'd
nine
years
after
.
What
became
of
Christopher
after
his
being
deposed
,
shall
be
spoken
in
the
Life
of
Sergius
.
SERGIUS
III.
SERGIUS
the
third
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Benedict
,
entring
upon
the
Pontificate
,
re
edified
the
Lateran
Church
which
was
then
ruined
,
and
taking
Christopher
out
of
his
Monastery
,
put
him
in
Prison
;
and
then
setling
his
Affairs
he
took
a
Journey
to
France
;
after
his
return
from
whence
,
being
now
strengthen'd
with
the
favour
and
friendship
of
the
French
King
Lotharius
,
he
totally
abolish'd
all
that
Pope
Formosus
had
done
before
,
so
that
Priests
who
had
been
by
him
admitted
to
Holy
Orders
were
forc'd
to
take
new
Ordination
.
Nor
was
he
content
with
thus
dishonouring
the
dead
Pope
,
but
he
drags
his
Carcase
again
out
of
the
Grave
,
beheads
it
as
if
it
had
been
alive
,
and
then
throws
it
into
the
Tiber
,
as
unworthy
the
honour
of
humane
Burial
.
'T
is
said
that
some
Fishermen
finding
his
Body
as
they
were
fishing
brought
it
to
S.
Peter's
Church
,
and
while
the
Funeral
Rites
were
performing
,
the
Images
of
the
Saints
which
stood
in
the
Church
bow'd
in
veneration
of
his
Body
,
which
gave
them
occasion
to
believe
,
that
Formosus
was
not
justly
prosecuted
with
so
great
ignominy
.
But
whether
the
Fishermen
did
thus
or
no
,
is
a
great
question
:
especially
it
is
not
likely
to
have
been
done
in
Sergius's
life-time
,
who
was
a
sierce
Persecutor
of
the
favourers
of
Formosus
,
because
he
had
hindered
him
before
of
obtaining
the
Pontificate
.
And
now
,
Reader
,
pray
observe
how
very
much
these
Popes
had
degenerated
from
their
Predecessors
:
they
,
good
men
,
refused
this
dignity
when
it
was
freely
offered
them
,
chusing
rather
to
spend
their
time
in
Study
and
in
Prayer
:
these
on
the
contrary
,
sought
the
Papacy
with
ambition
and
bribery
;
and
when
they
were
got
in
,
slighting
the
Worship
of
God
,
〈◊〉
animosities
among
themselves
with
the
violence
of
the
fiercest
Tyrants
;
to
the
end
that
when
no
one
should
be
left
to
animadvert
upon
their
Vices
,
they
might
the
more
securely
immerse
themselves
in
pleasures
.
'T
is
my
opinion
,
that
Sergius
acted
thus
,
by
the
instigation
of
Lotharius
,
〈◊〉
't
was
by
Formosus's
means
that
the
Empire
was
translated
from
the
French
to
the
Lombards
.
Sergius
leading
his
life
after
this
rate
died
in
the
seventh
year
,
fourth
month
and
sixteenth
day
of
his
Papacy
,
several
fiery
Apparitions
and
blazing
Stars
with
unusual
motions
having
been
seen
in
the
Heavens
a
little
before
.
Soon
after
the
Hungari
invaded
Italy
with
an
Army
,
and
several
defeats
were
on
both
sides
given
and
taken
.
ANASTASIUS
III.
ANASTASIUS
the
third
,
a
Roman
,
came
to
the
Chair
at
the
time
when
Landulphus
Prince
of
Benevent
fought
a
fierce
Battel
with
the
Greeks
and
defeated
them
in
Apulia
.
For
Patricius
General
of
Leo
Emperor
of
Constantinople
had
invaded
Italy
,
and
threatned
a
general
ruin
,
if
they
did
not
immediately
acknowledg
Subjection
to
Leo
:
but
(
as
was
said
)
by
the
valour
of
Landulphus
his
〈◊〉
and
his
rage
came
to
nothing
,
though
Berengarius
also
was
bringing
an
Army
together
to
meet
him
;
but
they
made
rather
a
terrible
shew
than
were
truly
of
force
.
But
Anastasius
not
acting
any
thing
worth
mention
,
died
after
he
had
been
Pope
two
years
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
.
This
Pope
we
may
commend
in
this
one
instance
,
that
he
did
not
persecute
with
ignominy
and
scandal
the
memory
of
any
of
his
Predecessors
;
for
he
lived
quietly
and
soberly
,
and
had
nothing
chargeable
upon
him
that
was
blame-worthy
.
LANDUS
.
LANDUS
,
a
Roman
,
succeeded
Anastasius
;
but
his
life
was
so
obscure
,
that
some
do
not
reckon
him
for
a
Pope
,
especially
Vincentius
the
Historian
.
But
Martin
,
and
Cusentinus
are
of
another
mind
,
together
with
Gothifredus
who
writes
,
that
this
Landus
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
his
Authority
hindred
a
Battel
between
Berengarius
and
〈◊〉
Son
of
Count
Guido
;
though
others
say
,
that
Rodulphus
overcame
Berengarius
near
Verona
,
and
enjoy'd
the
Empire
three
years
.
There
was
indeed
at
this
time
a
great
contention
for
the
Empire
between
the
Italians
,
Germans
and
French
,
which
was
the
cause
of
many
cruel
Wars
which
were
not
ended
without
great
destruction
of
men
and
mischief
to
each
Countrey
.
The
Romans
and
Italians
labour'd
might
and
main
to
preserve
the
Empire
in
their
own
Countrey
against
the
Power
of
those
barbarous
people
,
but
they
wanted
some
man
that
could
lead
them
on
in
so
great
an
Enterprise
;
for
those
noble
Spirits
,
who
had
rendred
the
name
of
Italy
famous
through
the
World
,
were
now
not
onely
extinct
,
but
even
those
virtuous
Inclinations
were
quite
stisled
which
gave
life
to
such
glorious
actions
.
Landus
died
in
the
sixth
month
and
twenty
first
day
of
his
Pontificate
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peters's
Church
.
JOHN
XI
.
JOHN
the
eleventh
,
a
Roman
,
natural
Son
to
Pope
Sergius
,
in
the
year
909.
succeeded
.
He
was
before
Arch-bishop
of
Ravenna
and
had
been
deposed
by
the
people
in
a
Tumult
;
but
upon
the
death
of
Landus
,
he
obtain'd
the
Papal
Chair
,
and
shew'd
more
of
the
Spirit
of
a
Soldier
than
of
a
Clergy-man
.
Indeed
the
Church
and
all
Italy
had
then
need
of
such
a
Pope
:
For
the
Greeks
(
as
we
said
before
)
being
vanquish'd
by
Landulphus
,
had
call'd
the
Saracens
into
Italy
,
who
marching
through
Calabria
and
Apulia
into
Lucaia
and
Campania
threaten'd
sudden
destruction
to
the
City
of
Rome
.
The
nearness
of
the
danger
alarm'd
Pope
John
,
who
taking
Albericus
Marquess
of
Tuscany
to
his
assistance
,
musters
up
an
Army
,
fights
the
Saracens
and
gets
the
better
,
and
beats
them
out
of
the
territories
of
the
City
;
but
not
looking
upon
his
Victory
as
considerable
,
except
he
follow'd
the
pursuit
,
he
attaques
them
at
Minturnoe
upon
the
shore
of
the
River
Garigliano
,
and
conquers
them
with
so
great
a
slaughter
,
that
they
resolv'd
to
leave
Italy
,
onely
burning
first
all
those
places
on
that
shore
which
were
in
their
hands
.
But
they
alter'd
their
minds
afterward
and
fortifying
Mount
Gargano
they
harass'd
the
Countrey
thereabout
with
their
Incursions
.
Mean
while
John
taking
all
the
honour
of
this
action
to
himself
makes
his
entrance
into
Rome
after
the
manner
of
a
Triumph
,
which
gave
so
great
distast
to
Albericus
,
that
a
Tumult
arose
upon
it
,
in
which
Albericus
was
repulsed
and
flying
to
Orta
,
fortified
the
Town
and
Castle
,
and
enticed
the
Hungari
into
Italy
,
who
brought
more
destruction
and
ruin
upon
the
Countrey
than
the
Saracens
had
done
before
,
for
they
carried
away
the
Youth
of
both
Sexes
,
killing
all
that
were
stricken
in
years
;
nor
did
they
spare
the
very
Tuscans
,
for
whose
indemnity
Albericus
had
agreed
in
the
Treaty
with
them
;
nay
they
were
more
cruel
to
them
than
to
other
Italians
,
for
they
burnt
and
demolish'd
all
the
Towns
they
had
possess'd
.
'T
is
my
Opinion
,
that
Berengarius
(
who
then
held
Lombardy
onely
)
gave
them
liberty
of
passage
into
Tuscany
,
upon
condition
they
march'd
quietly
through
his
Countrey
without
hurting
his
Subjects
.
But
the
Hungari
having
once
tasted
the
sweet
Spoils
of
Italy
,
did
frequently
visit
it
afterward
;
which
Calamities
so
much
enraged
the
Romans
,
that
not
being
able
to
wreak
their
spite
upon
the
Enemy
who
was
too
mighty
and
fierce
for
them
,
they
took
Albericus
and
beheaded
him
.
John
also
in
a
Mutiny
of
the
Soldiers
,
was
by
the
followers
of
Count
Guido
taken
and
put
in
Prison
.
In
his
room
another
John
was
put
up
;
but
because
he
seiz'd
the
Chair
by
force
and
was
soon
deposed
,
he
deserves
not
to
be
among
the
Popes
.
LEO
VI.
LEO
the
sixth
,
a
Roman
,
was
canonically
elected
Pope
,
acted
nothing
tyrannically
in
his
whole
life
,
but
liv'd
soberly
and
modestly
,
taking
care
of
Religion
as
far
as
an
Age
of
so
corrupt
manners
would
bear
.
For
he
made
it
his
endeavour
to
quiet
the
minds
of
the
Citizens
,
(
who
through
the
rashness
and
folly
of
former
Popes
were
inclining
to
Tumults
)
to
compose
the
Affairs
of
Italy
,
to
make
Peace
with
forein
Enemies
and
to
drive
the
Barbarians
from
the
skirts
of
his
Countrey
,
than
which
nothing
could
be
done
to
better
purpose
or
more
commendably
in
so
short
a
time
;
for
in
the
seventh
month
and
fifteenth
day
of
his
Pontificate
he
died
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peters's
Church
,
to
the
great
grief
of
the
Citizens
of
Rome
.
STEPHEN
VII
.
STEPHEN
the
seventh
,
a
Roman
,
(
according
to
some
Authors
)
came
to
be
Pope
at
the
time
when
the
Hungari
who
were
over-running
Germany
and
Saxony
were
by
Henry
King
of
Germany
overcome
with
a
great
slaughter
near
Merspurg
.
'T
is
said
also
that
at
this
time
Rodulphus
King
of
Burgundy
made
his
descent
into
Italy
with
a
great
Army
against
Berengarius
II.
who
by
the
treachery
of
his
own
men
was
driven
out
of
his
Kingdom
and
fled
to
the
Hungarians
for
refuge
,
who
taking
up
Arms
in
his
cause
,
the
third
year
after
his
expulsion
,
under
the
conduct
of
one
Salardus
invade
Italy
with
huge
forces
and
take
Pavia
by
storm
,
destroying
the
greatest
part
of
it
with
fire
and
sword
.
The
Italians
hereupon
finding
Rodulphus
to
want
strength
and
courage
,
call
in
Hugh
Count
of
Arles
.
It
was
not
without
contention
that
Rodulphus
gave
place
to
him
,
but
his
Enemies
bearing
hard
upon
him
,
he
retreated
into
Burgundy
.
After
this
〈◊〉
finding
occasion
to
mistrust
those
Persons
that
call'd
him
in
,
banish'd
many
of
them
;
who
fled
to
Arnoldus
Duke
of
Bavaria
,
a
man
〈◊〉
of
Rule
,
and
persuade
him
to
make
War
upon
Italy
.
He
passes
the
Alpes
and
is
immediately
receiv'd
within
the
Walls
of
Verona
by
the
Citizens
with
great
kindness
and
friendship
,
but
Hugh
marching
against
him
,
beats
him
in
a
pitch'd
Battel
and
soon
re-takes
Verona
.
Mean
while
Berengarius
dies
in
Bavaria
,
or
as
others
say
,
in
〈◊〉
,
and
Berengarius
III.
Grand-son
of
Berengarius
I.
by
his
Daughter
,
comes
into
Italy
and
in
the
year
935.
gets
the
Empire
.
Some
there
are
that
ascribe
these
Actions
I
have
mention'd
,
to
the
time
of
this
Pope
;
but
I
would
rather
assign
them
to
some
of
those
Popes
that
preceded
and
succeeded
;
because
,
though
I
have
set
them
down
in
short
,
yet
they
must
needs
require
a
long
time
to
be
brought
about
.
But
in
so
great
a
diversity
of
opinions
concerning
times
,
I
chose
rather
to
place
them
somewhere
than
utterly
to
omit
things
which
were
certainly
once
done
,
for
the
uncertainty
of
Writers
.
For
the
sake
of
Posterity
we
would
not
be
so
superstitious
as
to
disbelieve
that
which
various
Authors
have
here
or
there
thought
good
to
record
.
To
the
times
of
this
Pope
may
justly
also
be
ascribed
S.
Ugibert
a
Nobleman
of
Lorain
,
who
in
a
short
time
at
his
own
charge
built
the
Monastery
of
Gemblours
after
a
magnificent
manner
.
At
this
time
also
't
is
said
that
Spireneus
Duke
of
Bohemia
first
received
the
Christian
faith
.
Those
that
were
then
call'd
Dukes
being
now
,
upon
the
encrease
of
their
wealth
and
strength
,
entitled
Kings
of
Bohemia
.
But
Stephen
having
led
a
peaceable
and
a
religious
life
died
in
the
second
year
,
first
month
and
twelfth
day
of
his
Popedom
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
.
JOHN
XII
.
JOHN
the
twelfth
,
a
Roman
,
Son
(
as
some
say
)
of
Pope
Sergius
,
came
to
be
Pope
when
a
Fountain
at
Genoa
streamed
blood
in
great
quantities
(
as
Vincentius
and
Martinus
relate
)
a
sure
presage
of
the
ensuing
Calamities
;
for
soon
after
Genoa
was
taken
and
sack'd
by
the
Saracens
who
came
from
Afric
,
and
the
Hungarians
entring
Italy
utterly
destroy'd
all
things
far
and
near
:
but
as
they
passed
laden
with
Prey
by
the
Confines
of
Sulmona
,
the
people
of
Tagliacozzo
on
a
sudden
taking
Arms
,
they
were
routed
by
them
and
lost
their
lives
and
plunder
together
.
Racherius
,
who
of
a
Monk
had
been
made
Bishop
of
Verona
,
was
now
a
great
Writer
,
but
was
banish'd
to
Pavia
by
King
Hugh
,
because
he
inveigh'd
against
his
manner
of
living
with
too
great
freedom
.
John
died
after
he
had
been
Pope
four
years
,
ten
months
and
fifteen
days
.
The
Sea
was
vacant
twelve
days
.
LEO
VII
.
LEO
the
seventh
,
a
Roman
,
was
created
Pope
during
the
reigns
of
Hugh
and
Lotharius
in
Italy
,
but
did
nothing
worthy
〈◊〉
mentioning
.
But
his
time
was
made
famous
by
the
Lives
of
Spireneus
(
according
to
Martinus
)
Duke
of
Bohemia
a
man
of
signal
Devotion
and
Justice
;
and
of
his
Son
Wenceslaus
who
degenerated
not
at
all
from
his
Father
,
killed
by
his
Brother
〈◊〉
who
desired
to
reign
.
This
Wenceslaus
was
afterwards
justly
canonized
for
a
Saint
,
upon
proof
made
of
the
holiness
of
his
Life
and
of
Miracles
wrought
by
him
both
while
he
liv'd
and
after
his
death
.
Leo
after
he
had
sate
three
years
,
six
months
and
ten
days
,
died
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
.
The
Sea
was
then
vacant
3
days
.
STEPHEN
VIII
.
STEPHEN
the
eighth
,
a
German
,
coming
to
the
Papacy
was
so
molested
by
the
Romans
with
Factions
,
that
he
could
do
nothing
remarkable
;
nay
,
(
as
Martinus
relates
)
they
wounded
him
so
foully
in
one
Tumult
that
he
was
asham'd
to
appear
abroad
:
King
Hugh
prepared
to
avenge
his
quarrel
but
died
in
the
mean
time
,
to
whom
succeeded
his
Son
Lotharius
,
but
he
made
no
mention
of
the
matter
,
either
because
he
had
a
kindness
for
the
Citizens
of
Rome
,
or
because
his
Reign
was
short
,
for
he
out-liv'd
his
Father
but
two
years
.
Otho
King
of
Germany
did
now
undertake
to
revenge
the
murther
of
Winceslaus
King
of
Bohemia
upon
Boleslaus
his
Brother
who
had
killed
him
,
and
marching
against
him
,
after
several
Battels
won
and
lost
at
last
took
him
Captive
.
Stephen
died
when
he
had
been
Pope
three
years
four
months
and
twelve
days
.
The
Sea
was
vacant
ten
days
.
MARTIN
III.
MARTIN
the
third
,
a
Roman
,
imitated
the
meekness
and
peaceable
carriage
of
Stephen
,
for
being
made
Pope
he
laid
aside
thoughts
of
War
,
and
employ'd
his
mind
in
religious
matters
,
repairing
Churches
that
were
ready
to
fall
with
age
,
and
relieving
the
poor
with
his
Charity
.
Not
but
that
in
his
time
Europe
was
very
much
torn
with
cruel
Wars
:
For
Otho
attempting
to
enter
Italy
against
the
will
of
Lotharius
much
blood
was
spilt
on
both
sides
,
but
Pope
Martin
persuaded
them
to
lay
down
their
Arms
,
because
(
among
other
reasons
)
there
was
a
great
famine
in
the
Land
,
by
reason
the
Trees
were
felled
,
the
standing
Corn
trodden
down
,
and
even
the
Husbandmen
with
their
Cattel
were
in
this
grievous
War
taken
away
.
At
Constantinople
also
were
great
Tumults
,
the
Citizens
making
their
Emperor
a
Prisoner
,
and
shaving
his
head
,
banish'd
him
to
a
certain
Island
;
but
soon
after
Constantine
Son
of
Leo
getting
the
Empire
,
punish'd
these
sactious
Citizens
after
the
same
shameful
manner
and
banish'd
them
to
the
same
Island
.
Martin
died
in
the
third
year
,
sixth
month
and
tenth
day
of
his
Popedom
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
;
the
Roman
Sea
was
vacant
twelve
days
.
AGAPETUS
.
II.
AGAPETUS
the
second
,
a
Roman
,
was
created
Pope
at
a
time
when
Italy
was
full
of
Warlike
hurly-burly
;
for
the
Hungarians
having
invaded
Italy
with
a
〈◊〉
Force
had
over-run
all
the
Countrey
beyond
the
River
Po
,
Henry
Duke
of
Bavaria
takes
up
Arms
immediately
and
getting
an
Army
together
marches
against
them
,
and
in
two
fierce
Battels
routs
them
,
though
not
without
great
damage
to
the
Inhabitants
thereabouts
,
and
seizes
all
the
Country
from
Aquileia
to
Pavia
;
from
whence
yet
he
soon
departed
into
Austria
,
when
he
heard
that
Berengarius
was
coming
against
him
with
a
great
Army
.
Berengarius
being
therefore
now
Master
of
Italy
takes
to
himself
the
name
of
Emperor
,
and
calls
his
Son
Albertus
King
of
Italy
,
casting
into
Prison
Alunda
,
Lotharius's
Brothers
Daughter
,
lest
she
should
lay
claim
to
the
City
of
Pavia
which
was
her
Dowry
.
Pope
Agapetus
and
the
great
men
of
Italy
,
(
observing
the
arrogance
of
Berengarius
and
that
he
made
pretensions
to
every
thing
without
regard
to
right
and
justice
,
)
sent
for
Otho
King
of
Germany
into
Italy
,
who
entring
by
the
way
of
Friuli
with
fifty
thousand
men
quickly
dethron'd
Berengarius
and
Albertus
and
taking
Alunda
out
of
Prison
,
married
her
,
of
whom
he
had
a
Son
,
afterwards
succeeding
him
by
the
name
of
Otho
II.
And
now
Otho
leaving
Italy
,
shew'd
a
great
deal
of
moderation
by
permitting
to
Berengarius
and
his
Son
the
Government
of
a
Province
and
making
Peace
between
him
and
the
Pope
.
This
Otho
assisted
Lewis
King
of
France
with
a
great
Army
against
Hugh
Earl
of
Paris
,
though
his
Brother-in-law
,
who
with
the
help
of
some
of
the
great
men
of
that
Countrey
had
well-nigh
outed
him
of
his
Kingdom
.
But
Albertus
Son
of
Berengarius
,
who
then
was
Governour
of
Ravenna
,
aided
with
some
Forces
and
Ships
from
Comachio
,
pirated
upon
the
Merchants
of
Venice
much
against
the
mind
of
Pope
Agapetus
;
at
which
the
Venetians
were
so
enraged
,
that
they
immediately
rigg'd
out
a
Navy
and
took
Comachio
and
burnt
it
.
Whilst
these
things
were
doing
,
Pope
Agapetus
a
harmless
man
and
a
great
lover
of
the
Church
,
died
in
the
ninth
year
seventh
month
and
tenth
day
of
his
Pontificate
;
about
the
same
time
that
Otho
Abbot
of
Clugny
also
slept
in
the
Lord
;
whose
Disciple
Do
maielus
is
supposed
to
be
,
that
wonderfully
holy
man
and
great
restorer
of
Monastic
Discipline
.
JOHN
XIII
.
JOHN
the
thirteenth
,
a
Roman
,
by
the
power
of
his
Father
Albericus
of
the
Via
lata
gets
into
the
Chair
.
His
name
was
before
Octavian
;
he
was
one
that
from
his
youth
up
had
been
debauch'd
with
all
manner
of
Vice
and
wickedness
;
and
if
he
had
any
time
to
spare
from
his
lusts
,
he
spent
it
in
Hunting
and
not
in
Prayer
.
The
Romans
had
at
this
time
two
Consuls
annually
and
one
Prefect
,
who
was
a
Judg
among
the
Citizens
.
Out
of
the
People
were
created
twelve
Decarchons
,
who
were
instead
of
the
Senate
;
neither
were
the
Romans
without
some
kind
of
Dominions
;
for
the
neighbouring
Towns
of
Tuscany
between
Orvieto
and
Todi
;
and
all
that
lies
between
the
City
and
Benevent
,
Naples
,
Tagliacozzo
and
Riete
,
were
subject
to
the
City
of
Rome
.
What
lies
beyond
was
possessed
partly
by
the
Greeks
and
partly
by
the
Saracens
.
It
is
not
altogether
certain
,
who
then
held
Marca
di
Ancona
and
the
Dutchy
of
Spoleto
.
In
the
City
thus
free
Octavian
favour'd
by
the
power
of
his
Father
assumes
the
Papal
Dignity
,
a
weight
for
which
his
shoulders
were
very
unfit
;
which
gave
so
great
offence
that
two
Cardinals
who
were
nettled
at
it
,
sent
to
Otho
,
beseeching
him
to
come
and
deliver
the
Clergy
and
the
People
of
Rome
out
of
the
hands
of
Berengarius
and
this
Pope
John
,
otherwise
telling
him
that
the
Christian
Religion
and
the
Empire
too
would
both
be
ruin'd
.
Otho
was
at
that
time
great
in
the
estimation
of
all
people
,
having
(
as
we
said
before
)
conquered
Boleslaus
King
of
Bohemia
,
and
routed
the
Hungarians
,
that
〈◊〉
Germany
,
in
three
fierce
Battels
,
taking
three
of
their
Princes
,
who
were
hanged
up
by
the
Germans
,
against
the
mind
of
the
Emperor
.
While
Otho
was
expected
,
the
whole
design
was
betray'd
to
John
,
who
took
both
the
Cardinals
,
and
cut
off
the
Nose
of
the
one
and
the
hand
of
the
other
.
This
mov'd
Otho
to
hasten
his
march
into
Italy
,
where
first
he
took
Berengarius
and
his
Son
Albertus
Prisoners
,
and
banish'd
one
to
Constantinople
,
the
other
into
Austria
;
and
soon
after
entring
Rome
,
he
was
splendidly
received
even
of
John
himself
,
and
Crown'd
(
as
some
write
)
Emperor
of
Germany
and
Hungary
,
the
Empire
being
now
first
translated
to
the
Germans
.
There
are
Authors
yet
that
place
this
to
the
times
of
Leo
VIII
.
of
whom
we
shall
speak
hereafter
;
whose
Opinion
is
follow'd
by
Gratian
in
his
Decree
;
though
Ricardus
and
Cuseulinus
disallow
not
the
former
:
but
the
Lateran
Library-keeper
writes
that
Otho
came
to
Rome
in
John's
time
,
but
says
not
a
word
of
his
Coronation
;
so
perplex'd
and
confused
are
the
Affairs
of
those
times
by
the
carelesness
and
neglect
of
their
Writers
.
Otho
however
having
somewhat
setled
the
State
of
the
City
,
had
some
conference
in
private
with
John
,
dissuading
him
kindly
from
his
naughty
way
of
life
and
exhorting
him
to
reform
;
but
when
he
found
fair
words
would
not
avail
,
he
made
use
of
threats
and
declar'd
for
a
General
Council
,
convening
all
the
Bishops
of
Italy
to
judg
of
the
way
of
life
of
this
wicked
Fellow
.
The
Censures
of
these
good
Men
he
apprehended
would
be
heavy
,
and
therefore
fled
to
Anagni
,
sculking
up
and
down
in
by-places
like
a
wild
Beast
:
So
that
Otho
by
the
persuasion
of
the
Clergy
creates
Leo
,
a
Roman
,
a
keeper
of
the
Archives
in
the
Lateran
,
Pope
.
But
upon
the
departure
of
the
Emperor
,
the
Kinsmen
and
Friends
of
John
turn
out
Leo
,
and
recall
him
,
who
within
few
days
after
was
struck
dead
(
as
was
thought
)
from
Heaven
,
lest
the
Church
of
God
should
be
ruin'd
by
so
pernicious
a
Sedition
as
was
then
growing
on
.
Some
indeed
write
that
this
wicked
Wretch
,
or
Monster
rather
,
was
taken
in
Adultery
and
there
stabb'd
.
However
this
put
not
an
end
to
the
Schism
;
for
the
Romans
upon
the
death
of
John
put
up
Benedict
in
his
room
,
and
were
earnest
with
the
Emperor
(
who
was
then
at
Spalato
)
to
confirm
their
choice
.
But
the
Emperor
was
highly
displeased
,
and
not
onely
denied
their
request
as
unjust
,
but
(
as
shall
hereafter
be
told
)
compelled
them
by
force
of
Arms
to
abrogate
Benedict
and
receive
Leo.
Many
Prodigies
are
said
to
have
been
seen
at
this
present
time
in
Italy
;
for
in
a
mighty
tempest
of
wind
and
rain
there
fell
a
stone
of
a
wonderful
〈◊〉
from
the
Sky
;
and
in
the
garments
of
many
persons
the
figure
of
a
bloody
Cross
appeared
miraculously
;
which
portents
were
look'd
upon
to
〈◊〉
great
Slaughters
and
calamities
to
the
Church
.
This
John
who
was
certainly
the
most
pernicious
profligate
Fellow
of
any
that
preceded
him
in
the
Pontifical
Chair
,
died
in
the
ninth
year
,
third
month
and
fifth
day
of
his
Popedom
;
upon
whose
death
during
the
Sedition
the
Sea
was
vacant
twelve
days
.
BENEDICT
V.
BENEDICT
the
Fifth
,
a
Roman
,
in
the
Sedition
was
of
a
Deacon
made
Pope
chiefly
by
the
assistance
of
the
kinred
and
Dependents
of
John
,
to
whom
the
Preferment
of
Leo
by
Otho
gave
great
disgust
.
But
the
Emperor
disapproving
this
Election
,
flatly
the
confirmation
of
it
to
the
Romans
who
earnestly
sought
it
,
and
wasting
the
territories
of
the
City
with
fire
and
sword
,
forced
them
not
onely
to
turn
out
,
but
to
yield
up
Benedict
,
and
submit
to
Leo
,
with
an
Oath
not
to
attempt
any
alteration
in
what
the
Emperor
had
establish'd
in
the
affair
of
the
Popedom
.
Matters
thus
composed
in
Italy
,
Otho
goes
back
for
Germany
,
taking
Benedict
with
him
,
who
soon
after
died
at
Hapspurg
,
whither
he
was
banish'd
.
He
held
the
Papacy
six
months
and
five
days
.
The
Sea
was
after
vacant
thirty
days
.
LEO
VIII
.
LEO
the
Eighth
,
the
Proloscriniary
(
as
I
said
before
)
upon
the
expulsion
of
John
was
created
Pope
by
the
Clergy
and
People
of
Rome
.
For
when
John
led
such
an
abominable
and
exorbitant
life
,
that
the
Romans
urg'd
the
Emperor
to
depose
him
and
set
up
another
Pope
,
he
answered
that
the
Election
belong'd
to
the
Clergy
and
People
;
and
let
them
chuse
a
Man
they
took
to
be
most
fit
,
he
would
confirm
him
immediately
.
Hereupon
when
they
had
chosen
Leo
,
and
the
Emperor
had
confirm'd
him
,
soon
after
altering
their
minds
,
they
deposed
him
and
put
up
Benedict
,
which
so
angred
Otho
that
he
compelled
them
by
force
of
Arms
to
yield
up
Benedict
and
accept
of
Leo
again
,
who
was
so
teiz'd
with
the
mutinous
humour
of
the
Romans
,
that
he
transferred
the
whole
power
of
electing
of
Popes
from
the
Clergy
and
People
to
the
Emperor
.
But
he
liv'd
not
long
after
,
dying
in
the
sixteenth
month
of
his
Popedom
.
JOHN
XIV
.
JOHN
the
Fourteenth
,
Bishop
of
Narni
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
John
a
Bishop
,
succeeded
Leo.
But
the
Romans
having
got
the
trick
of
expelling
their
Popes
,
vex'd
this
Man
also
with
seditions
;
for
having
call'd
to
their
assistance
Geffrey
Lord
of
Terra
de
Lavoro
,
they
broke
into
the
Lateran
Palace
and
feiz'd
upon
John
,
whom
they
first
cast
into
the
Prison
of
Castle
S.
Angelo
,
and
soon
after
banish'd
to
Capua
;
but
Geffrey
with
his
onely
Son
being
slain
by
John
Prince
of
Capua
,
the
Pope
return'd
straight
to
Rome
in
the
eleventh
month
of
his
Exile
.
Otho
also
upon
notice
of
the
Pope's
distress
,
together
with
his
Son
Otho
and
a
good
Army
by
long
journeys
came
to
Rome
,
and
immediately
threw
the
Consuls
,
the
Praetor
and
the
Decarchons
into
Prison
in
order
to
a
Trial
for
their
Treason
;
who
being
by
torture
forced
to
confess
,
the
Consuls
were
banish'd
into
Germany
,
the
Decarchons
were
hang'd
up
,
and
Peter
the
Praetor
,
the
cause
and
Ring-leader
of
all
the
mischief
,
was
several
times
drag'd
most
ignominiously
and
whipt
with
Rods
through
the
most
publick
places
of
the
City
and
then
sent
Prisoner
to
Germany
.
Others
say
,
his
Punishment
was
thus
,
Being
delivered
to
suffer
at
the
will
of
the
Pope
,
his
Beard
was
first
shav'd
off
,
then
he
was
hang'd
by
his
hair
upon
the
head
of
the
Statue
of
Constantine's
Horse
,
for
the
terror
of
all
such
ill
Men
;
from
whence
being
taken
,
he
was
set
upon
an
Ass
with
his
face
backward
and
his
hands
tied
under
his
tail
and
so
led
through
the
City
,
being
as
he
went
whipt
almost
to
death
with
Rods
;
and
then
banish'd
into
Germany
.
The
like
severity
(
for
examples
sake
)
was
used
by
the
Emperor
against
Count
Geffrey
and
his
Son
,
who
were
kill'd
(
as
I
said
before
)
by
John
Prince
of
Capua
,
their
carcasses
being
drag'd
out
of
their
Graves
and
denied
Christian
burial
.
At
this
time
the
Selavi
,
who
(
when
Hadrian
III.
was
Pope
,
under
Sueropylus
Prince
of
Dalmatia
had
received
the
Christian
Faith
,
cross'd
the
Sea
into
Italy
,
gave
the
Saracens
a
great
rout
at
Monte
Gargano
and
drove
them
thence
;
and
the
Hungarians
by
their
example
so
broke
their
remaining
force
by
recovering
Cosenza
out
of
their
hands
,
that
it
became
easie
for
Otho
Son
of
the
great
Otho
,
(
who
came
for
that
purpose
with
his
Army
)
to
make
a
perfect
Conquest
of
them
;
nor
was
he
content
to
have
vanquish'd
the
Saracens
,
but
he
subdued
too
the
Greeks
who
had
made
a
League
with
the
Moors
,
and
drove
them
out
of
almost
all
Apulia
and
Calabria
.
Some
say
indeed
that
〈◊〉
made
this
War
upon
the
Greeks
,
because
Nicephorus
Emperor
of
Constantinople
had
denied
to
give
him
to
Wife
his
Daughter
,
who
had
been
espoused
to
him
before
.
This
is
certain
,
that
Otho
,
who
was
a
generous
young
Man
,
deposed
Nicephorus
,
and
made
his
Son
John
Emperor
,
himself
marrying
his
Sister
Theophania
,
who
together
with
her
Husband
were
crown'd
by
this
Pope
in
the
Lateran
Church
with
an
Imperial
Diadem
,
by
the
consent
of
Otho
the
Father
,
who
had
made
his
Son
his
Partner
in
the
Empire
.
During
.
the
great
and
universal
rejoycing
upon
this
occasion
,
Pope
John
raised
the
Church
of
Capua
to
a
Metropolitan
Sea
.
But
Otho
〈◊〉
worn
with
old
Age
returning
into
Germany
,
died
at
Vienna
;
whom
John
also
follow'd
not
long
after
,
he
dying
after
he
had
sate
six
years
eleven
months
and
five
days
,
after
which
the
Sea
was
vacant
thirteen
days
.
BENEDICT
VI.
BENEDICT
the
Sixth
,
a
Roman
,
succeeded
John
in
his
Office
and
in
his
troubles
,
for
being
taken
Prisoner
by
Cincio
a
potent
Citizen
,
he
was
put
into
Castle
S.
Angelo
,
a
Jail
for
Malefactors
,
or
rather
for
innocent
persons
,
where
in
a
little
while
he
was
strangled
,
or
(
as
Cusentinus
says
)
famish'd
.
I
cannot
but
admire
that
the
actors
of
so
great
an
outrage
were
never
punish'd
neither
by
the
Citizens
of
the
adverse
Party
,
nor
by
the
Emperor
Otho
,
who
was
reputed
an
excellent
Man
and
a
stout
defender
of
the
Church
of
Rome
.
But
I
am
afraid
Cincius
did
not
worse
by
him
than
he
deserv'd
;
not
but
that
how
faulty
soever
Benedict
might
be
,
it
was
ill
done
of
Cincius
to
lay
violent
hands
upon
the
Pope
,
since
the
censure
of
him
did
not
belong
to
a
private
Man
.
But
see
the
turn
of
humane
affairs
;
The
Popes
of
our
times
make
nothing
to
clap
up
Citizens
into
the
same
place
and
there
starve
'em
,
whether
they
deserve
it
or
are
onely
a
little
too
powerful
than
they
desire
.
I
believe
Otho
was
too
much
taken
up
with
other
business
,
so
that
he
could
not
help
him
.
He
died
when
he
had
been
Pope
one
year
and
six
months
.
DONUS
II.
DONUS
the
Second
,
a
Roman
,
a
Man
of
great
moderation
,
and
though
there
were
nothing
done
by
him
worthy
of
high
commendation
,
yet
he
was
never
charg'd
with
any
injustice
or
dishonourable
action
.
There
were
however
many
memorable
actions
of
great
of
holy
Men
which
render
his
times
not
altogether
obscure
.
For
in
his
time
Baianus
a
great
Magician
,
Prince
of
the
Bulgarians
,
so
harrass'd
with
War
Basilius
and
his
Son
Constantine
Emperor
of
Constantinople
,
that
he
narrowly
miss'd
of
taking
the
Town
,
which
by
the
negligence
of
the
Greeks
was
left
almost
empty
;
but
at
last
upon
hard
terms
a
Peace
was
concluded
between
'em
.
Adalbertus
also
a
Bohemian
,
Bishop
of
Prague
,
flourish'd
now
,
who
was
a
Man
of
so
great
Sanctity
,
that
he
(
by
the
impulse
of
the
Divine
Spirit
)
travell'd
into
Hungary
,
and
baptiz'd
the
King
thereof
,
and
by
his
good
life
and
godly
example
taught
the
Bishops
of
the
Country
to
seek
the
grace
of
God
;
from
whence
passing
into
Prussia
,
preaching
the
Gospel
of
Christ
with
great
diligence
,
he
was
there
crown'd
with
Martyrdom
.
At
this
time
too
S.
Edward
King
of
England
,
was
for
his
Sanctity
in
great
honour
;
but
was
murthered
by
the
fraud
and
villany
of
his
Stepmother
.
Richardus
the
Historian
adds
to
these
S.
Maiolus
Abbot
of
Clugni
,
who
left
a
great
Name
behind
him
for
his
Miracles
and
holy
life
.
Donus
died
in
the
first
year
of
his
Pontificate
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
,
whereupon
the
Sea
was
vacant
two
days
.
BONIFACE
VII
.
BONIFACE
the
Seventh
,
whose
Family
and
Country
(
I
suppose
because
of
their
baseness
)
Writers
mention
not
,
got
the
Popedom
by
ill
arts
and
lost
it
as
ill
;
for
he
was
no
sooner
got
into
the
Chair
,
but
the
honest
part
of
the
Citizens
confederating
,
he
was
forc'd
out
of
the
City
,
taking
with
him
the
most
precious
things
out
of
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
,
and
fled
to
Constantinople
,
where
he
onely
tarried
till
by
the
sale
of
what
he
had
so
sacrilegiously
got
,
he
had
amass'd
vast
sums
of
Mony
,
with
which
he
returns
to
Rome
,
not
doubting
but
by
the
help
of
that
to
retrieve
his
dignity
,
by
bribing
the
Citizens
.
He
met
yet
with
great
opposition
from
all
good
Men
,
but
especially
from
John
,
a
Deacon
Cardinal
,
whom
by
the
assistance
of
some
wicked
Bravo's
,
he
caught
,
and
put
out
his
Eyes
.
But
his
Enemies
encreasing
about
him
,
whether
for
fear
or
remorse
for
his
great
wickedness
,
this
Author
of
so
many
mischiefs
miserably
ended
his
life
.
Observe
,
I
beseech
you
,
how
these
Popes
did
degenerate
from
their
Predecessors
,
who
left
the
Church
so
ample
and
magnificent
at
the
expence
of
their
blood
.
The
Pope
of
Rome
the
Father
and
Protector
of
things
sacred
,
does
himself
steal
'em
away
,
and
he
that
should
punish
sacriledg
is
the
Author
of
it
;
but
thus
it
must
needs
fall
out
in
any
Government
where
the
Pride
and
Covetousness
of
ill
Men
shall
prevail
over
the
Virtue
and
Wisdom
of
the
good
.
To
great
benefices
none
of
the
Clergy
ought
to
be
chosen
,
but
such
of
whose
Life
and
Learning
there
is
a
certainty
;
not
those
who
having
nothing
of
Virtue
or
Religion
seek
by
Ambition
and
Simony
to
get
into
places
of
Power
.
Boniface
lived
seven
months
and
five
days
in
his
Pontificate
,
and
then
the
Sea
was
vacant
twenty
days
.
BENEDICT
VII
.
BENEDICT
the
Seventh
,
a
Roman
,
as
soon
as
he
was
made
Pope
he
call'd
a
Council
,
in
which
he
restored
Arnulphus
Bishop
of
Rhemes
who
had
been
expell'd
in
a
Sedition
.
At
this
time
Otho
II.
having
conquer'd
Henry
Duke
of
Bavaria
,
who
had
endeavoured
some
Alterations
in
the
State
,
march'd
against
Lotharius
,
who
had
possess'd
himself
of
Lorain
,
a
Province
of
the
Empire
,
and
laid
waste
the
Territory
of
Aken
:
and
gaining
a
Victory
over
him
,
he
over-ran
the
Country
of
Soissons
and
set
fire
to
the
Suburbs
of
Paris
;
but
upon
his
retreat
with
his
Forces
he
received
some
damage
near
the
River
Aisne
.
After
this
raising
a
greater
Army
,
he
brought
it
into
Italy
against
Basilius
and
Constantine
,
the
Greek
Emperors
,
who
had
seiz'd
Calabria
and
that
part
of
Italy
that
lies
toward
Sicily
,
but
receiving
a
defeat
at
Basanello
,
he
was
forced
to
make
his
escape
by
Sea
,
where
he
was
by
chance
taken
by
Pirates
,
and
carried
into
Sicily
.
The
Sicilians
paid
his
Ransom
,
and
sent
him
to
Rome
,
and
soon
after
caught
the
Pirates
and
put
them
to
death
.
Otho
now
gets
his
Army
together
again
and
design'd
to
chastise
severely
the
Romans
and
Beneventans
,
because
they
occasion'd
the
loss
of
the
Battel
at
Basanello
,
by
flying
first
;
but
it
was
not
thought
safe
to
begin
with
the
Romans
,
and
therefore
he
turns
against
Benevent
,
which
he
takes
and
consumes
with
fire
,
translating
from
thence
the
body
of
S.
Bartholomew
,
and
placing
it
at
Rome
,
in
an
Island
of
the
Tiber
,
formerly
called
Hostia
Jovis
Lycaonia
,
which
was
of
the
shape
of
the
poop
of
a
Galley
.
Nay
even
to
this
day
,
as
you
view
it
from
Tivertino
,
the
Island
resembles
a
Galley
,
so
made
,
I
suppose
to
represent
that
which
brought
Aesculapius
to
Rome
;
there
is
also
to
be
seen
engraven
in
stone
the
Serpent
(
in
the
form
whereof
that
God
is
said
to
have
arriv'd
)
and
the
Ribs
of
the
Galley
:
so
studious
were
the
excellent
Men
of
those
times
to
bring
Nature
to
Art
as
well
as
Art
to
Nature
.
But
to
return
to
Otho
;
he
soon
after
the
aforesaid
translation
of
the
Body
of
S.
Bartholomew
,
died
at
Rome
,
and
was
honourably
buried
in
a
Porphyry
Tomb
,
still
to
be
seen
on
the
left
hand
as
you
go
in
,
in
the
Portico
of
S.
Peter's
Church
(
call'd
Paradise
)
.
Whilst
Consultations
were
held
about
chusing
a
new
Emperor
,
some
insisting
upon
Otho
III.
Son
of
Otho
II.
Others
standing
up
for
Henry
Duke
of
Bavaria
,
Otho's
Nephew
by
his
Brother
,
the
Italians
being
earnest
for
one
Crescentius
of
Lamentana
,
an
eminent
Man
;
the
Germans
on
the
sudden
,
of
whom
there
were
many
then
at
Rome
,
chose
Otho
III.
The
Pope
,
good
man
,
all
the
while
urging
them
,
that
in
their
Election
,
they
would
have
a
regard
to
the
Church
of
Christ
,
which
needed
a
Governour
of
great
ability
and
diligence
;
but
at
last
to
prevent
tumults
,
he
approv'd
of
what
the
Germans
had
done
.
He
died
after
he
had
been
Pope
eight
years
and
six
months
,
upon
which
the
Sea
was
vacant
five
days
.
In
his
time
Valdericus
Bishop
of
Hamburg
was
famous
for
his
great
Learning
and
Sanctity
.
JOHN
XV.
JOHN
the
Fifteenth
,
a
Roman
,
or
(
as
some
will
have
it
)
a
Pavian
,
had
not
been
Pope
three
months
but
he
was
taken
by
the
Romans
and
put
into
the
publick
Jail
of
Castle
S.
Angelo
,
where
he
pin'd
away
so
long
with
the
stink
of
the
Prison
,
want
of
necessaries
and
trouble
of
mind
,
that
he
died
.
Some
write
that
he
was
made
away
by
Ferruccio
Father
of
Boniface
VII
.
a
Man
of
great
Power
,
because
he
had
been
an
Enemy
to
his
Son
in
his
Pontificate
.
However
that
be
,
't
is
certain
he
died
in
Prison
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
.
Whether
he
was
deposed
for
his
Tyranny
and
Arrogance
,
or
by
the
malice
and
envy
of
seditious
people
,
is
not
certain
,
so
confused
are
the
Accounts
we
have
of
those
times
.
In
his
time
lived
Odo
Abbot
of
Clugnis
and
Berengarius
of
Tours
,
Men
famous
for
Learning
and
holy
Lives
,
though
't
is
said
of
Berengarius
,
that
through
his
confidence
in
his
vast
Learning
he
err'd
in
the
Faith
,
holding
a
wrong
Opinion
of
the
Eucharist
,
which
in
a
General
Council
holden
at
Rome
he
afterward
recanted
,
and
leaving
off
his
study
of
controversial
matters
,
though
he
were
Arch-Deacon
of
Anjou
,
he
gave
all
that
he
had
to
the
poor
,
and
got
his
living
by
the
labour
of
his
hands
.
JOHN
XVI
.
JOHN
the
Sixteenth
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Leo
a
Priest
,
born
in
the
Ward
of
Gallina
bianca
,
being
got
into
the
Popedom
,
hated
the
Clergy
strangely
,
and
was
deservedly
for
the
same
mutually
hated
of
them
,
and
more
especially
because
whatever
he
could
get
either
of
things
sacred
or
profane
he
gave
to
his
Kinred
and
Relations
,
without
any
regard
to
the
glory
of
God
or
the
honour
of
the
Church
,
and
this
evil
humour
has
descended
to
his
Successors
,
even
to
our
own
times
,
than
which
naughty
custom
nothing
can
be
more
pernicious
,
when
our
Clergy
seem
not
to
seek
the
Popedom
for
the
sake
of
Religion
and
the
Worship
of
God
,
but
that
they
may
with
the
profits
of
it
satisfie
the
luxury
and
avarice
of
their
Brethren
,
Nephews
or
Domesticks
.
They
write
that
a
Comet
appeared
about
this
time
portending
the
coming
Calamity
,
for
there
follow'd
a
long
Pestilence
and
Famine
,
and
both
Benevent
and
Capua
suffered
much
by
an
Earth
quake
:
and
these
were
generally
look'd
upon
as
judgments
for
the
Pride
and
rapacious
temper
of
the
Pope
,
and
his
contempt
of
God
and
Man
.
But
it
pleased
God
,
that
after
a
Pontificate
of
eight
months
he
died
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
.
JOHN
XVII
.
JOHN
the
Seventeenth
,
a
Roman
,
succeeded
when
Otho
was
Emperor
,
but
had
not
yet
been
Crown'd
.
He
was
a
Man
of
great
Learning
,
and
(
as
Martinus
Writes
)
was
the
Author
of
several
elegant
things
.
He
was
so
teiz'd
with
Seditions
by
Crescentius
the
Consul
of
Rome
,
who
claim'd
to
himself
an
absolute
Power
in
the
City
,
that
he
gave
place
to
the
Mans
Ambition
,
and
withdrew
into
Tuscany
.
But
Crescentius
understanding
that
John
was
so
extreamly
enrag'd
,
that
he
had
sent
for
Otho
and
his
Army
into
Italy
,
he
dispatch'd
all
the
Pope's
Kinsmen
and
Friends
that
were
left
in
Rome
,
to
him
to
desire
him
to
lay
by
all
thoughts
of
bringing
Otho
to
his
assistance
,
but
to
come
to
the
City
there
to
exercise
his
most
ample
Power
,
promising
perfect
obedience
in
all
matters
.
John
,
being
mov'd
with
the
intreaties
of
his
Friends
and
partly
fearing
lest
if
Otho
should
enter
Italy
with
his
Army
,
he
might
do
more
hurt
than
good
,
went
to
Rome
,
where
Crescentius
with
all
the
Magistrates
and
a
multitude
of
Citizens
meeting
him
,
he
was
brought
to
the
Palace
of
Lateran
,
in
the
Porch
whereof
Crescentius
and
all
the
heads
of
the
Faction
kiss'd
his
feet
and
begg'd
his
Pardon
;
and
thus
matters
being
composed
they
afterward
lived
quietly
together
.
At
this
time
Henry
Abbat
of
Loby
in
Lorain
,
Adolfus
Bishop
of
Utrecht
who
wrote
much
in
praise
of
the
Blessed
Virgin
and
of
the
Holy
Cross
,
and
Albo
Abbat
of
Fleury
(
who
afterward
in
Gascoign
suffer'd
Martyrdom
for
the
faith
of
Christ
)
Men
famous
for
Learning
,
Religion
and
Sanctity
are
said
to
have
flourish'd
.
This
John
died
after
he
had
been
Pope
ten
years
,
six
months
and
ten
days
;
and
the
Sea
was
vacant
six
days
.
GREGORY
V.
GREGORY
the
Fifth
,
a
Saxon
,
Son
of
Otho
,
before
call'd
Bruno
,
by
the
Authority
of
Otho
III.
for
Kinred
sake
was
made
Pope
.
But
upon
the
return
of
Otho
into
Germany
,
being
vex'd
by
the
Roman
factions
,
he
fled
first
into
Tuscany
,
and
thence
into
Germany
to
the
Emperor
.
Mean
while
the
Romans
vest
Crescentius
with
an
absolute
Consular
Power
,
who
immediately
creates
Pope
,
John
,
a
Greek
,
Bishop
of
Piacenza
,
not
more
wealthy
than
learned
;
whose
name
,
I
confess
,
is
by
some
left
out
of
the
Catalogue
of
Popes
,
as
not
regularly
created
;
but
others
make
him
John
XVII
.
because
he
was
chosen
by
the
Clergy
and
People
of
Rome
,
to
whom
of
right
the
Election
belongeth
.
Crescentius
upon
the
news
of
Otho's
approach
with
his
Army
,
fortifies
the
Walls
and
Gates
of
the
City
with
all
diligence
;
he
fortifies
too
the
Castle
S.
Angelo
,
and
places
strong
Guards
in
every
Post
that
required
,
so
that
for
some
time
after
it
was
called
Crescentius's
Castle
,
taking
the
name
of
him
that
fortified
it
instead
of
that
of
the
Builder
.
At
length
the
Emperor
arriv'd
and
investing
the
City
,
when
the
Romans
perceived
themselves
unable
to
withstand
so
great
Forces
,
trusting
to
the
clemency
of
Otho
,
they
opened
their
Gates
to
the
Germans
.
And
now
Crescentius
and
John
being
without
Friends
and
at
their
wits
end
,
fled
into
Castle
S.
Angelo
,
and
defended
themselves
well
;
till
upon
hopes
of
Pardon
coming
forth
to
address
themselves
to
the
Emperor
,
Crescentius
receiving
many
wounds
from
the
Multitude
,
was
kill'd
;
but
John
having
his
Eyes
first
put
out
,
lost
both
his
Popedom
and
life
together
;
and
Gregory
after
he
had
been
expell'd
nine
months
,
was
restored
.
He
taking
notice
of
the
weakness
of
the
Empire
and
the
uncertainties
of
Chance
,
and
being
willing
to
preserve
the
Empire
among
the
Germans
,
and
that
he
should
be
preferred
before
other
who
excell'd
in
worth
and
Virtue
,
with
the
consent
of
Otho
,
he
made
a
Decree
concerning
the
Election
of
an
Emperor
,
An.
Dom.
1002.
which
has
continued
in
force
to
this
day
:
To
wit
,
that
it
should
belong
to
the
Germans
alone
to
chuse
a
Prince
who
should
be
Coesar
and
King
of
the
Romans
,
till
the
Pope
should
have
confirm'd
him
,
and
then
to
have
the
Titles
of
Emperor
and
Augustus
.
Ptolemy
writes
that
at
first
the
power
of
Election
of
Emperor
was
in
the
Arch-bishop
of
Mentz
for
Germany
,
the
Arch-bishop
of
Triers
for
France
,
and
the
Arch-bishop
of
Cologn
for
Italy
.
To
these
were
added
four
Secular
Princes
,
the
Marquess
of
Brandenburgh
,
who
after
the
Election
,
is
Chamberlain
to
the
Emperor
,
the
Count
Palatine
,
who
is
chief
Sewer
,
the
Duke
of
Saxony
,
who
is
Sword-bearer
,
and
the
King
of
Bohemia
,
the
seventh
Elector
,
(
and
Cup
bearer
,
)
was
added
,
they
say
,
to
prevent
discord
between
parties
,
for
if
the
rest
were
equally
divided
,
his
Vote
turned
the
Scale
.
This
,
't
is
said
,
gave
distaste
to
the
French
;
but
because
the
Line
of
Charles
the
Great
being
extinct
in
Lewis
the
Son
of
Lotharius
,
that
Realm
was
fallen
into
the
hands
of
Hugh
Capet
the
chief
Minister
at
that
time
(
the
great
affairs
of
that
Kingdom
for
some
time
not
being
manag'd
by
Kings
)
they
wav'd
all
thoughts
of
retrieving
the
Empire
;
but
the
main
reason
was
that
the
new
Possessors
were
well
enough
yet
satisfied
with
their
fortune
,
and
dar'd
not
attempt
any
thing
further
,
'till
they
were
certain
that
their
late
acquir'd
Regal
Power
stood
upon
a
good
foundation
.
Robert
the
Son
and
Successor
of
the
Great
Hugh
is
much
and
deservedly
praised
for
his
Courage
,
Justice
,
Modesty
and
Religion
;
for
though
he
exercised
himself
very
much
in
the
Art
Military
,
yet
he
found
time
so
often
to
frequent
the
Churches
of
God
and
to
celebrate
the
Divine
Service
,
as
if
he
had
been
in
holy
Orders
.
He
is
said
to
have
made
the
Hymn
,
Sancti
spiritûs
assit
〈◊〉
gratia
;
and
by
these
Arts
not
less
powerful
than
his
Arms
he
gain'd
the
hearts
of
the
People
,
and
drew
those
honourable
respects
to
his
Family
which
they
had
before
given
to
that
of
Charles
the
Great
.
Robert
a
certain
Bishop
of
Chartres
is
about
this
time
said
to
have
been
in
great
repute
for
Learning
and
Sanctity
;
he
having
written
much
and
reduced
the
singing
in
Churches
to
a
better
method
.
Gregory
died
after
he
had
been
Pope
two
years
and
five
months
.
The
Sea
was
vacant
fifteen
days
.
JOHN
XVIII
.
JOHN
the
Eighteenth
,
Bishop
of
Piacenza
,
by
the
power
of
Crescentius
the
Consul
(
as
we
said
)
whom
he
had
corrupted
with
his
Money
,
in
the
time
of
Gregory
V.
was
made
Pope
by
a
Faction
;
for
he
brought
so
much
Money
with
him
from
Constantinople
,
that
even
the
good
Men
might
be
brib'd
to
serve
his
ill
ends
,
much
less
might
he
prevail
with
the
Covetousness
and
Ambition
of
Crescentius
.
I
wonder
that
Historians
place
this
John
in
the
number
of
the
Popes
,
he
having
got
into
the
Chair
while
Gregory
was
alive
;
unless
that
in
writing
the
Lives
of
Popes
it
may
be
thought
fit
,
as
in
a
continued
History
,
to
set
down
the
outrages
of
Usurpers
and
Tyrants
as
well
as
the
worthy
Actions
of
good
and
lawful
Princes
,
that
Readers
may
observe
the
difference
between
good
and
bad
,
and
upon
the
sight
of
examples
of
both
be
deterred
from
vitious
,
and
encouraged
to
virtuous
practices
,
and
lead
a
blessed
and
happy
life
in
the
Earth
.
Which
blessedness
and
felicity
John
wanted
;
for
being
a
Robber
and
a
Thief
in
his
Pontificate
,
and
coming
not
in
,
as
he
ought
,
by
the
Door
,
He
died
with
ignominy
enough
in
the
tenth
month
of
his
Usurpation
.
The
Sea
was
vacant
twenty
days
.
SYLVESTER
II.
SYLVESTER
the
Second
,
before
called
Gilbert
,
a
French
Man
,
got
the
Popedom
(
as
they
say
)
by
ill
Arts.
When
he
was
young
he
was
entred
and
sworn
a
Monk
of
Fleury
in
the
Diocese
of
Orleans
;
but
he
left
the
Monastery
to
follow
the
Devil
,
to
whom
he
had
wholly
delivered
himself
up
,
and
went
to
Sevil
in
Spain
to
study
humane
Sciences
;
being
extreamly
greedy
of
Knowledg
and
Learning
,
in
which
he
made
such
progress
,
that
of
a
Scholar
he
soon
became
an
excellent
Master
.
Martinus
writes
,
that
the
Emperor
Otho
,
King
Robert
of
France
,
and
Lotharius
a
Man
of
noble
birth
and
great
learning
,
afterward
Arch
bishop
of
Sens
were
his
Scholars
.
Gilbertus
therefore
full
of
Ambition
and
push'd
on
with
the
diabolical
desire
of
Rule
,
by
Simony
first
gets
the
Arch-bishoprick
of
Rhemes
and
then
of
Ravenna
;
at
last
the
Devil
helping
him
with
an
extraordinary
lift
,
he
got
the
Popedom
,
upon
this
Condition
,
that
after
his
death
he
should
be
wholly
the
Devils
,
by
whose
assistance
he
had
arriv'd
at
so
great
a
Dignity
.
Being
greedy
of
Rule
,
he
ask'd
the
Devil
once
,
how
long
he
should
enjoy
the
Pontificate
,
the
Enemy
of
mankind
answer'd
(
as
he
is
wont
)
ambiguously
,
that
he
should
live
long
,
if
he
came
not
near
Jerusalem
.
So
that
when
in
the
fourth
year
,
first
month
and
tenth
day
of
his
Papacy
he
was
at
Rome
at
Mass
in
the
Church
of
Holy
Cross
in
Jerusalem
,
it
came
into
his
mind
that
now
he
must
die
;
where
he
heartily
repenting
confess'd
his
fault
before
the
people
,
exhorting
them
all
to
lay
aside
Ambition
and
to
withstand
the
Stratagems
of
the
Devil
,
betaking
themselves
to
a
holy
and
pious
life
:
then
he
desired
them
,
that
after
his
death
they
would
lay
the
trunk
of
his
Body
however
torn
and
dismembred
,
as
it
deserved
to
be
,
in
a
Cart
,
and
there
to
bury
it
where
the
Horses
should
of
their
own
accord
carry
it
:
and
then
(
as
't
is
said
)
that
wicked
Men
might
see
that
yet
there
was
some
room
for
pardon
left
with
God
for
them
,
if
they
at
any
time
repent
,
by
the
Divinc
Will
and
Providence
,
the
Horses
of
their
own
accord
went
to
the
Church
of
the
Lateran
,
where
his
body
was
buried
.
Martinus
writes
beside
,
that
as
well
from
the
clattering
of
this
Pope's
bones
,
as
from
the
Sweat
or
rather
moisture
of
his
Tomb
,
People
are
wont
to
gather
Presages
and
those
most
manifest
of
the
approaching
death
of
any
Pope
,
and
that
this
is
hinted
in
the
Epitaph
on
his
Tomb.
Whether
it
be
true
or
no
,
let
the
Pope's
,
whom
it
concerns
,
look
to
't
.
JOHN
XIX
.
JOHN
the
Nineteenth
,
whose
Surname
and
Family
because
of
their
baseness
are
not
recorded
,
died
four
months
and
twenty
days
after
he
was
made
Pope
.
So
that
because
of
the
shortness
of
his
Pontificate
there
was
nothing
memorable
done
either
by
himself
or
any
other
in
the
time
:
unless
that
many
Prodigies
,
Apparitions
and
Comets
were
seen
,
and
many
Towns
ruin'd
by
Earth-quakes
,
foreshewing
the
Calamities
that
were
to
come
:
Some
ease
in
which
yet
was
given
by
Hugh
,
the
Viceroy
of
Italy
under
Otho
and
Governour
of
Tuscany
;
for
he
manag'd
his
Province
with
so
great
Justice
and
Integrity
,
that
no
one
complain'd
for
want
of
an
excellent
Prince
.
Who
afterward
dying
at
Pistoia
,
the
Tuscans
universally
bewailed
him
as
a
publick
Parent
,
not
suffering
any
manner
of
Respect
to
be
wanting
to
his
Funeral
.
In
this
place
I
therefore
thought
good
to
mention
the
deserv'd
praises
of
Hugo
,
that
Governours
of
Countries
may
know
,
that
it
is
much
better
by
a
just
and
generous
administration
to
acquire
glory
and
honour
,
than
by
unjust
ways
to
heap
up
Riches
with
everlasting
shame
and
ignominy
.
JOHN
XX.
JOHN
the
Twentieth
,
a
Roman
,
of
the
Ward
of
Port-Metropolitan
,
being
made
Pope
,
indulg'd
himself
in
an
easie
way
of
living
,
and
did
nothing
worth
mentioning
:
But
Robert
King
of
France
deserv'd
the
highest
commendations
,
who
at
this
time
led
a
Life
as
devout
as
Kingly
,
excelling
all
the
cotemporary
Christian
Kings
in
Knowledg
and
religious
living
,
and
being
himself
excell'd
by
no
Man
in
controversial
Learning
;
he
not
owning
that
Opinion
which
the
Princes
of
our
times
have
embrac'd
,
that
it
is
not
worth
a
Potentates
while
to
be
learned
;
but
that
it
behoves
them
that
are
to
rule
the
Nations
,
to
take
their
rules
of
Government
from
the
precepts
of
others
,
which
yet
cannot
be
done
without
reading
and
study
.
What
else
indeed
is
an
illiterate
Prince
,
but
the
Image
of
a
Lion
commanding
the
other
beasts
?
'T
is
necessary
they
should
be
able
to
moderate
their
own
passions
as
well
as
the
peoples
,
who
would
be
thought
fit
to
govern
others
.
With
great
reason
therefore
it
is
that
we
speak
well
of
Robert
,
whose
devotion
was
such
,
that
as
ost
as
he
had
leisure
from
his
warlike
Employments
,
he
would
sing
the
canonical
hours
with
the
Priests
;
and
so
great
were
his
merits
in
this
way
,
that
once
when
he
had
beleaguer'd
a
Town
of
his
Enemies
,
and
neglected
the
Siege
to
attend
the
canonical
hours
,
the
Walls
miraculously
sell
down
and
his
Men
immediately
rushing
in
,
took
the
place
.
But
John
(
according
to
some
Authors
)
having
sate
in
the
Chair
four
years
and
four
months
died
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
.
The
Sea
was
then
vacant
nineteen
days
.
SERGIUS
IV.
SERGIUS
the
Fourth
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Martin
,
succeeded
;
a
Man
of
a
most
holy
life
and
sweet
conversation
both
before
and
in
his
Pontificate
.
He
was
charitable
to
the
poor
,
chearful
among
his
Friends
and
Acquaintants
,
merciful
to
those
who
were
faulty
,
and
mild
even
with
the
perverse
.
Beside
he
was
so
prudent
,
that
in
all
the
time
he
sate
in
the
Chair
,
nothing
was
committed
which
could
reflect
any
charge
of
negligence
upon
his
Government
.
For
placing
all
his
thoughts
in
Heaven
(
which
all
Popes
ought
to
do
)
and
having
a
mind
imbued
with
much
natural
goodness
he
brought
about
all
things
to
his
mind
.
By
his
counsel
and
advice
the
Princes
of
Italy
entred
into
a
League
for
driving
the
Saracens
out
of
Sicily
,
and
accordingly
made
equal
preparations
of
Men.
There
were
then
in
Italy
most
of
the
Sons
of
Tancred
the
great
Duke
of
Normandy
,
among
whom
was
William
surnam'd
Ferrebach
,
a
Man
of
so
great
courage
,
that
taking
for
his
Companion
in
the
Expedition
,
Malochus
General
of
the
Forces
of
Michael
Catalaicus
Emperor
of
Constantinople
,
he
in
a
short
time
clear'd
that
Island
of
Saracens
,
the
Princes
of
Capoua
and
Salerno
lending
some
assistance
.
Afterward
Malochus
using
injustice
in
the
division
of
the
Spoil
,
William
thought
good
to
dissemble
for
the
time
,
but
returning
into
Italy
with
forty
thousand
Normans
who
were
just
come
from
the
Holy
War
,
he
seizes
upon
all
Apulia
which
was
subject
to
the
Greeks
,
and
at
Melfi
meets
Malochus
with
his
Army
,
fights
and
defeats
him
:
and
thus
by
the
valour
of
William
the
Kingdom
of
Apulia
was
transferred
from
the
Greeks
to
the
Normans
;
for
he
dying
without
Heirs
his
Brother
Drogo
succeeded
him
,
and
to
him
succeeded
Humfrey
a
younger
Brother
,
from
whom
descended
Robert
Guiscardi
and
his
Brother
Roger.
While
this
past
in
Apulia
,
Italy
and
almost
all
the
World
too
labouring
under
a
Famine
and
Pestilence
,
the
holy
Man
Sergius
died
in
the
second
year
and
fifteenth
day
of
his
Popedom
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
.
The
Sea
was
then
vacant
eight
days
.
BENEDICT
VIII
.
BENEDICT
the
Eighth
,
born
at
Frascato
,
his
Father's
name
was
Gregory
,
as
soon
as
he
was
made
Pope
Crown'd
Henry
I.
of
Bavaria
,
Emperor
in
the
room
of
Otho
III.
deceased
,
according
to
the
Decree
of
Gregory
V.
Some
say
,
that
Otho
died
at
Rome
and
that
his
body
was
carried
into
Germany
;
others
say
't
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
.
However
that
may
be
,
't
is
certain
,
that
Henry
Duke
of
Bavaria
,
who
was
an
excellent
and
a
most
holy
person
was
now
created
Emperor
,
and
that
he
had
an
Empress
equally
praise-worthy
for
Charity
,
Devotion
and
Affability
.
But
whilst
he
was
employed
in
composing
the
affairs
of
Germany
,
the
Saracens
entred
Italy
,
took
Capua
,
and
besieg'd
Bari
,
the
Inhabitants
whereof
being
reduced
to
extremity
for
want
of
Provisions
,
the
Venetians
with
their
Fleet
reliev'd
them
,
and
with
the
assistance
of
the
Greeks
,
set
upon
the
Saracens
who
sate
before
it
,
and
with
great
slaughter
of
them
,
raised
the
Siege
,
An.
Dom.
1008.
at
the
same
time
that
Jerusalem
was
taken
by
the
Turks
,
without
any
violation
of
the
Holy
Sepulchre
,
the
Church
of
Mount
Sion
or
Bethlehem
.
The
Venetians
had
a
design
to
have
reliev'd
Jerusalem
too
,
but
that
they
were
with
held
by
their
Enemies
of
Zara
,
to
whom
yet
at
Loreto
they
gave
so
total
a
rout
,
that
they
durst
never
after
by
War
molest
any
of
their
Neighbours
.
But
Henry
having
setled
the
state
of
Germany
,
coming
to
Rome
,
received
the
Imperial
Crown
,
and
then
marching
to
Capua
,
drove
the
Saracens
out
of
it
,
and
carried
on
the
War
against
Bubagano
a
General
of
the
Greeks
,
who
favour'd
the
Moors
,
with
so
much
vigour
,
that
he
dispossess'd
him
of
Troy
,
a
City
he
had
built
in
the
confines
of
Apulia
,
in
a
place
where
Hannibal
was
said
heretofore
to
have
encamp'd
.
The
Emperor
Henry
and
his
Wife
Cunigunda
are
reported
to
have
led
such
chast
and
holy
lives
,
that
they
grew
famous
for
working
Miracles
,
omitting
no
action
which
might
contribute
to
the
glory
of
God
.
He
founded
the
Bishoprick
of
Bamberg
,
and
married
his
Daughter
to
the
King
of
Hungary
,
by
whose
means
that
King
and
all
his
Subjects
received
the
Christian
Faith
;
but
Henry
died
in
the
eighth
year
of
his
Empire
,
to
the
great
loss
of
his
Subjects
.
He
being
dead
,
of
whom
in
all
exigencies
Benedict
made
use
as
his
Protector
,
he
was
expell'd
by
a
Faction
and
another
Pope
chosen
in
his
room
,
though
he
soon
after
agreed
the
matter
with
his
Adversaries
,
who
turn'd
out
again
the
Pseudo-Pope
,
and
restor'd
Benedict
with
honour
.
He
died
in
the
eleventh
year
,
first
month
and
thirteenth
day
of
his
Popedom
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
.
'T
is
said
,
that
a
certain
Bishop
walking
in
a
solitary
place
,
Benedict
appear'd
to
him
sitting
upon
a
black
Horse
,
whereupon
the
Bishop
ask'd
him
the
reason
of
his
appearance
in
that
manner
;
he
answer'd
,
that
his
business
was
to
desire
him
to
take
some
Money
which
he
had
hid
in
a
certain
place
to
which
he
directed
him
,
and
to
give
it
to
the
poor
,
as
from
him
;
for
that
the
Money
had
been
of
no
profit
to
him
,
it
consisting
of
what
had
been
given
of
Alms
or
gotten
by
Rapine
.
The
Bishop
executed
his
request
,
and
immediately
surrendred
his
Bishoprick
and
led
a
Monastic
life
.
Vincentius
writes
,
that
Gerard
Bishop
of
Canobio
was
in
great
account
about
this
time
for
his
Learning
and
exemplary
Life
;
as
also
was
Gutherus
Bishop
of
Prague
,
who
for
his
great
abilities
and
holiness
suffered
Martyrdom
from
the
Enemies
of
the
Christian
Religion
.
At
this
time
also
so
great
a
Pestilence
raged
in
the
World
,
that
't
was
thought
fewer
surviv'd
it
than
died
of
it
:
which
Calamity
was
fore-shew'd
by
a
Well
of
wholesom
Water
in
Lorain
being
turn'd
into
blood
.
JOHN
XXI
.
JOHN
the
twenty
first
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Gregory
,
was
,
as
some
will
have
it
,
Bishop
of
Porto
,
though
others
say
,
he
never
was
in
holy
Orders
at
all
;
he
was
made
Pope
at
the
same
time
that
Conrade
of
Schwaben
was
by
a
just
suffrage
elected
Emperor
in
the
room
of
Henry
,
who
had
been
dead
three
years
.
In
this
Interregnum
I
suppose
it
was
,
that
several
Cities
of
Italy
revolted
from
the
Empire
and
stood
up
for
their
liberty
;
wherefore
Conrade
,
who
was
a
great
Soldier
and
had
been
for
many
years
in
great
Command
in
the
Wars
under
Henry
,
raising
an
Army
speedily
enters
Italy
,
and
marching
first
against
the
Milaneses
,
the
chief
Authors
of
this
defection
,
he
sits
down
before
the
Town
,
burns
the
Suburbs
and
breaths
forth
nothing
but
utter
ruin
to
the
City
;
but
quickly
raises
his
Siege
,
by
the
persuasion
of
the
Arch-bishop
of
Cologn
,
who
assured
him
,
that
as
he
was
at
Mass
,
S.
Ambrose
appear'd
to
him
,
and
threaten'd
destruction
to
them
all
,
except
they
departed
from
the
City
of
which
himself
was
Patron
.
Conrade
therefore
holds
on
his
Journey
to
Rome
,
where
at
the
hands
of
Pope
John
he
receiv'd
the
Imperial
Crown
,
and
then
march'd
against
the
Hungarians
and
Sclavonians
,
who
had
assisted
the
rebellious
Italians
and
soon
subdu'd
them
.
Rodolphus
also
Duke
of
Burgundy
being
vex'd
by
the
Seditions
of
his
Subjects
,
put
himself
under
the
protection
of
Conrade
,
and
therefore
Burgundy
has
been
ever
since
〈◊〉
for
a
good
part
of
it
,
a
Province
of
the
Empire
.
It
is
said
of
Conrade
,
that
he
made
several
very
useful
Laws
;
among
which
one
was
,
that
it
should
be
death
for
any
Prince
of
the
Empire
to
disturb
the
peace
of
it
;
and
upon
that
account
he
was
a
fierce
Persecutor
of
Leopold
a
German
Count
,
who
was
a
Ring-leader
of
some
disturbances
in
his
Country
.
He
sent
Ambassadours
to
charge
the
Greeks
and
Normans
(
who
were
quarrelling
about
the
Kingdom
of
Apulia
)
to
lay
down
their
Arms
;
and
threaten'd
ruine
to
the
Romans
,
if
they
persisted
,
as
they
had
begun
,
to
teize
their
Pope
with
Seditions
.
In
his
time
Religion
was
adorn'd
in
France
by
the
strict
life
and
holiness
of
several
Abbats
,
and
Himericus
Son
of
S.
Stephen
King
of
Hungary
had
great
reputation
for
his
Miracles
.
But
John
who
is
very
much
to
be
praised
for
his
life
,
died
after
he
had
been
Pope
eleven
years
and
nine
days
.
The
Sea
was
then
vacant
eight
days
.
BENEDICT
IX
.
BENEDICT
the
Ninth
,
as
some
say
,
the
Nephew
of
John
,
born
at
Frascati
,
Son
of
Albericus
,
came
to
the
Pontificate
when
Canutus
a
King
of
England
,
out
of
devotion
and
for
performance
of
a
Vow
came
to
Rome
,
which
having
done
,
as
he
return'd
home
he
married
his
Daughter
to
Henry
the
Son
of
Conrade
.
Soon
after
Conrade
dying
,
his
Son
Henry
II.
succeeded
his
Father
,
and
raising
an
Army
gives
battel
to
Uldericus
King
of
Bohemia
;
but
the
Victory
being
doubtful
,
he
renew'd
the
fight
,
overcame
him
and
took
him
Prisoner
,
but
setting
him
under
Tribute
he
discharg'd
him
from
his
imprisonment
;
then
marching
against
the
Hungarians
who
were
contending
about
the
Crown
,
he
restor'd
Peter
to
his
Throne
who
had
been
driven
out
by
Alboinus
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Romans
deposed
Benedict
,
who
was
a
sluggish
Fellow
and
good
for
nothing
,
and
set
up
in
his
room
John
Bishop
of
Sabina
,
by
the
name
of
Sylvester
III.
who
also
after
a
Popedom
of
nine
and
forty
days
was
turn'd
out
and
Benedict
restor'd
;
and
he
finding
himself
still
liable
to
the
same
danger
again
,
of
his
own
accord
resign'd
the
Chair
to
John
Arch-deacon
of
S.
John
at
Port
Latin
,
afterward
called
Gregory
VI.
though
some
affirm
that
he
sold
it
to
him
.
Wherefore
Benedict
was
ill
spoken
of
by
all
Men
deservedly
and
condemn'd
by
the
divine
judgment
;
for
't
is
certain
that
after
his
death
he
was
seen
in
a
most
monstrous
likeness
,
and
being
ask'd
,
why
having
been
Pope
,
he
appear'd
in
such
a
horrid
shape
?
Because
(
says
he
)
I
led
my
life
without
Law
or
Reason
,
it
is
the
will
of
God
and
S.
Peter
,
whose
Seat
I
defiled
with
all
manner
of
wickedness
,
that
I
bear
the
shape
rather
of
a
Monster
than
of
a
Man
.
After
he
had
by
intervals
held
S.
Peter's
Chair
ten
years
,
four
months
and
nine
days
,
he
died
,
upon
which
the
Sea
cannot
be
said
to
have
been
vacant
at
all
,
because
he
sold
it
.
Historians
write
,
that
at
this
time
Gerard
,
a
Venetian
,
Bishop
of
the
Hungarians
,
an
excellent
Man
and
of
great
Learning
,
chearfully
suffer'd
Martyrdom
by
the
Enemies
to
the
name
of
Christ
;
being
bound
to
a
Cart
,
and
from
a
high
Hill
let
down
upon
a
Precipice
and
torn
to
pieces
.
SYLVESTER
III.
SYLVESTER
the
Third
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
one
Laurence
,
was
substituted
into
the
room
of
Benedict
when
he
was
expell'd
,
but
held
it
not
long
,
for
after
nine
and
forty
days
Benedict
was
restor'd
by
his
own
Faction
.
The
Popedom
was
now
brought
to
that
pass
,
that
he
who
was
most
ambitious
and
would
give
most
for
it
,
not
he
who
was
most
religious
and
learned
surely
obtain'd
this
high
Office
,
to
the
great
oppression
and
discouragement
of
all
good
Men
;
a
naughty
custom
which
I
wish
were
laid
by
even
in
our
own
times
;
and
yet
this
mischief
is
not
so
great
,
but
that
I
fear
(
except
God
avert
)
we
shall
see
much
worse
.
I
return
to
Sylvester
,
who
being
Cardinal
of
Sabina
,
was
made
Pope
not
by
the
College
of
Cardinals
,
for
that
had
been
tolerable
,
but
meerly
by
Simony
,
as
some
write
;
and
soon
after
justly
deposed
,
having
entred
like
a
Thief
and
a
Robber
,
not
by
the
Gate
,
but
by
the
back
door
.
Benedict
indeed
was
restor'd
,
but
the
City
continued
in
a
hubbub
,
sometimes
desiring
this
Man
and
then
another
to
be
put
up
;
which
uses
to
be
the
case
of
a
Mobile
who
wanting
a
Governour
to
steer
their
giddy
humours
generally
prefer
the
worse
to
the
better
Men.
GREGORY
VI.
GREGORY
the
Sixth
,
Arch-deacon
of
S.
John
at
Port-Latin
,
receiv'd
(
as
we
said
)
the
Chair
of
Benedict
.
But
the
Emperor
Henry
II.
hearing
of
these
miscarriages
,
with
a
great
Army
enters
Italy
,
and
calling
a
Council
,
causes
Benedict
IX
.
Sylvester
III.
and
Gregory
VI.
all
to
be
deposed
for
so
many
wretched
Monsters
,
and
creates
Syndegerus
Bishop
of
Bamberg
,
Pope
,
by
the
name
of
Clement
II.
Yet
Gilbertus
the
Historian
,
affirms
this
Gregory
to
have
deserv'd
very
well
of
the
Church
,
having
by
his
Authority
and
great
Spirit
in
a
short
time
reasserted
the
dignity
of
the
Sea
Apostolick
,
which
had
been
much
weakned
in
its
Powers
by
the
negligence
of
some
of
his
Predecessors
;
for
he
recovered
the
Patrimony
of
the
Church
,
and
first
with
Excommunications
and
Curses
and
(
when
they
avail'd
not
)
with
downright
force
of
Arms
he
destroy'd
the
Banditi
who
lurking
near
the
City
,
would
cruelly
murther
Pilgrims
as
they
came
to
Rome
,
for
devotion
sake
.
For
this
reason
some
wicked
Rogues
slander'd
him
commonly
with
the
names
of
Murtherer
,
Simoniac
and
Blood-thirsty
;
nay
even
some
Cardinals
would
say
so
too
;
which
so
mov'd
Gregory
,
that
whilst
he
lay
ill
of
that
sickness
of
which
afterward
he
died
,
he
sent
for
those
Cardinals
and
rebuk'd
them
sharply
for
finding
fault
with
that
which
was
done
with
so
much
justice
and
honesty
;
And
that
you
may
know
,
(
says
he
)
whether
I
have
done
that
which
is
right
or
no
,
when
I
am
dead
,
carry
my
Corps
to
the
Church-doors
,
which
first
let
be
lock'd
up
,
and
if
they
do
miraculously
open
,
then
think
that
I
am
an
honest
Man
and
worthy
of
Christian
burial
;
if
not
,
that
both
Soul
and
Body
is
damn'd
,
and
you
may
cast
out
my
Corps
where
you
please
.
The
Cardinals
did
accordingly
,
and
the
doors
were
thrown
open
by
a
strong
Wind
that
rose
on
a
sudden
,
and
the
Body
brought
in
,
to
the
admiration
of
all
Men
and
to
the
great
reputation
of
his
Sanctity
.
This
is
the
substance
of
what
various
Authors
write
of
Gregory
,
who
sate
in
the
Chair
two
years
and
seven
months
,
during
the
Schism
.
CLEMENT
II.
CLEMENT
the
Second
,
before
call'd
Syndegerus
,
Bishop
of
Bamberg
,
was
made
Pope
in
the
Council
,
by
the
consent
,
or
rather
Authority
and
Command
of
Henry
II.
who
having
received
at
this
Popes
hands
the
Imperial
Crown
,
caused
the
Romans
to
take
an
Oath
after
a
form
he
prescribed
,
not
to
meddle
in
the
Election
of
any
Pope
,
except
by
a
command
from
him
;
for
the
Emperor
saw
things
to
be
come
to
such
a
height
of
Licentiousness
,
that
any
factious
and
potent
fellow
,
however
ignoble
,
could
arrive
at
that
Dignity
by
purchasing
the
suffrages
of
the
Electors
,
which
ought
not
to
be
conferr'd
but
by
the
Spirit
of
God
upon
those
that
excell'd
in
Learning
and
a
holy
life
.
From
hence
he
went
to
〈◊〉
,
where
he
settled
all
things
and
having
listed
those
Soldiers
,
who
had
so
stoutly
resisted
the
Saracens
,
he
return'd
by
Rome
for
Germany
.
He
was
no
sooner
gone
(
as
some
write
)
but
the
Romans
contriv'd
to
poison
the
Pope
,
because
made
so
without
their
assent
,
in
the
ninth
month
of
his
Popedom
;
nay
some
Authors
say
,
the
venemous
Potion
was
prepared
for
him
by
that
Stephen
,
who
by
the
name
of
Damasus
II.
succeeded
him
,
at
the
time
when
Odo
,
Abbat
of
Clugny
a
Man
of
extraordinary
holiness
dying
,
Hugo
was
made
Abbat
after
him
,
a
noble
Personage
,
pious
,
devout
,
affable
and
learned
,
Henry
II.
at
this
time
reigning
in
France
,
Alphonsos
in
Spain
and
Michael
with
his
Son
Constantine
being
Emperors
of
Constantinople
,
which
Empire
was
now
in
great
weakness
and
distress
.
DAMASUS
II.
DAMASUS
the
Second
,
a
Bavarian
,
surnam'd
Bagnario
or
Pepone
(
as
some
say
)
seiz'd
the
Papal
Chair
by
force
,
without
any
consent
of
the
Clergy
and
People
.
So
deep
root
had
this
licentious
custom
taken
,
that
any
ambitious
fellow
durst
invade
the
Seat
of
S.
Peter
.
But
the
just
God
avenged
himself
upon
this
Villain
,
that
he
might
be
an
example
to
the
rest
,
who
should
seek
by
ambition
and
Simony
that
which
ought
to
be
the
reward
of
Virtue
;
for
on
the
29th
day
of
his
Pontificate
he
died
.
Some
would
not
have
this
Man
put
in
the
Catalogue
of
Popes
,
because
he
came
not
regularly
to
that
Dignity
,
and
admire
that
the
Romans
were
not
mov'd
with
the
villany
of
the
action
,
contrary
to
their
Oath
to
Henry
,
to
compel
him
to
lay
down
his
Office
;
but
because
he
liv'd
so
short
a
time
,
that
the
Citizens
could
not
so
soon
bethink
themselves
what
to
do
,
I
think
they
are
not
to
be
blam'd
.
We
shall
then
pass
to
Leo.
LEO
IX
.
LEO
the
Ninth
,
a
German
,
An.
Dom.
1049.
was
made
Pope
after
this
manner
.
The
Romans
having
sent
Embassadours
to
the
〈◊〉
to
intreat
him
to
send
them
a
good
Pope
,
he
immediately
nominated
to
them
Baunon
Bishop
of
Toul
,
a
good
Man
and
of
great
integrity
.
Who
taking
his
journey
towards
Rome
in
his
Pontifical
habit
,
was
met
by
the
Abbat
of
〈◊〉
and
Hildebrand
a
Monk
,
born
at
Soana
,
who
persuaded
him
to
lay
by
his
Pontifical
habit
,
and
to
enter
Rome
,
for
that
Henry
had
no
power
from
God
to
create
a
Pope
,
but
it
belonged
of
right
to
the
Clergy
and
People
of
Rome
.
With
these
words
Leo
was
so
mov'd
(
and
because
as
he
came
along
he
had
heard
a
Voice
saying
,
Ego
cogito
pacis
cogitationes
,
non
afflictionis
,
)
that
he
laid
by
his
habit
and
entred
Rome
as
a
private
Man
,
accusing
himself
that
he
had
chosen
to
obey
the
Emperor
rather
than
God
.
The
Roman
Clergy
then
by
the
persuasion
of
Hildebrand
elected
Baunon
Pope
,
and
so
much
the
more
readily
,
because
he
had
prosess'd
the
right
of
electing
Popes
ought
not
to
be
in
the
Emperor
,
but
in
the
Clergy
.
And
yet
the
Vices
of
several
Popes
were
(
as
we
have
said
)
so
great
,
that
it
seem'd
to
be
done
by
the
judgment
of
God
,
that
this
Power
should
be
taken
from
the
Clergy
,
that
they
might
amend
their
flagitious
lives
and
sinful
inclinations
,
and
that
the
Church
of
Christ
might
not
suffer
ruin
in
the
hands
of
such
evil
Prelates
.
Thus
Baunon
having
got
the
Papacy
,
and
having
chang'd
his
name
to
Leo
IX
.
he
immediately
created
Hildebrand
a
Cardinal-Deacon
and
gave
him
the
Government
of
S.
Paul's
Church
;
so
that
it
seem'd
as
if
they
had
divided
the
Pontifical
charge
between
them
,
one
ruling
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
,
the
other
that
of
S.
Paul
.
In
the
mean
time
Drogo
Chieftain
of
the
Normans
in
Apulia
dying
,
his
Brother
Gisulphus
succeeded
him
and
possess'd
himself
by
force
of
the
City
of
Benevent
which
was
the
Popes
by
surrender
;
for
when
the
Emperor
Henry
having
built
a
Church
at
Bamberg
to
the
honour
of
S.
George
,
and
had
a
great
mind
it
should
be
made
a
Cathedral
,
Benedict
VIII
.
consented
upon
condition
the
said
Church
should
pay
yearly
,
as
a
kind
of
Tribute
,
a
hundred
Marks
of
Silver
,
and
a
white
Horse
with
his
caparisons
;
which
yearly
payment
Leo
IX
.
remitted
to
the
Church
of
Bamberg
,
receiving
of
the
Emperor
in
lieu
thereof
the
City
of
Benevent
.
Leo
therefore
strengthened
with
the
justice
of
his
Title
and
the
Emperor's
Forces
,
marches
against
Gisulphus
with
an
undisciplin'd
Army
,
and
is
by
him
defeated
and
taken
Prisoner
;
but
was
soon
remitted
to
Rome
with
an
honourable
retinue
.
T
is
storied
that
in
his
time
Robert
Guiscardi
bringing
an
Army
out
of
France
into
Italy
,
and
driving
the
Greeks
and
Saracens
before
him
,
possess'd
himself
of
Apulia
,
where
he
chanc'd
to
find
a
Statue
,
with
these
words
engraven
in
a
brass
Circle
round
the
head
,
The
first
day
of
May
at
Sun-rising
I
shall
have
a
golden
head
;
which
words
being
well
considered
by
a
certain
Saracen
who
was
Robert's
Prisoner
,
a
skilful
Magician
,
he
mark'd
how
far
the
shadow
of
the
Statue
extended
,
and
on
the
first
day
of
May
at
Sun-rise
having
dug
up
the
place
he
found
a
great
Treasure
,
with
which
he
bought
his
liberty
of
Robert
.
But
to
return
to
Leo
,
who
was
certainly
a
Man
of
great
devotion
,
innocence
,
benignity
and
religion
,
particularly
so
eminent
for
hospitality
,
that
his
Palace
was
always
free
for
Pilgrims
and
poor
People
;
nay
once
when
he
found
a
poor
Leper
at
his
door
,
he
with
pity
ordered
him
to
be
taken
in
and
laid
in
his
own
bed
;
but
in
the
Morning
when
the
Door-keeper
opened
the
door
,
the
Leper
being
not
to
be
found
,
it
was
thought
that
it
was
Christ
himself
that
lay
there
as
a
poor
Man
.
In
matters
relating
to
the
Faith
he
used
great
diligence
and
industry
,
for
in
a
Council
holden
at
Vercelli
he
condemned
Berengarius
for
a
Heretick
,
and
by
his
Monitories
put
the
Emperor
of
Constantinople
upon
repairing
the
holy
Sepulchre
at
Jerusalem
,
which
had
been
spoil'd
by
the
Barbarians
.
At
this
same
time
lived
Theobald
a
noble
French-man
famous
for
his
holy
life
at
Vicenza
,
and
Vincentius
Bishop
of
Liege
,
a
person
remarkable
for
Learning
and
Piety
,
wrote
many
things
skilfully
and
acutely
concerning
the
Quadrature
of
the
Circle
to
Hermannus
,
a
Man
of
an
excellent
Wit.
Leo
died
when
he
had
been
Pope
five
years
two
months
and
six
days
.
VICTOR
II.
VICTOR
the
Second
,
before
called
Glaberdus
,
a
Bavarian
,
succeeded
Leo
rather
by
the
favour
of
the
Emperor
Henry
,
than
by
a
free
Election
;
For
the
Clergy
and
People
of
Rome
stood
in
great
fear
of
the
Power
of
Henry
,
whom
they
had
before
offended
by
putting
up
new
Popes
,
and
therefore
lest
contrary
to
their
Oath
they
should
seem
to
make
any
Innovations
,
they
propose
this
Victor
,
and
by
Hildebrand
their
Embassadour
to
Henry
all
things
were
managed
to
both
their
satisfactions
.
Victor
being
by
universal
consent
plac'd
in
the
Chair
,
with
the
approbation
of
the
Emperour
he
called
a
Council
at
Florence
,
where
he
depriv'd
a
multitude
of
Bishops
of
their
Bishopricks
for
Simony
and
for
Fornication
,
and
admonish'd
the
Clergy
of
their
duty
,
threatning
severity
against
those
that
should
transgress
the
Canons
.
Some
write
,
that
Victor
made
a
Visit
to
Henry
,
and
that
he
was
splendidly
entertain'd
by
him
;
but
I
am
of
opinion
,
that
Hildebrand
onely
went
thither
,
who
by
vertue
of
his
Legantine
power
,
created
Henry
III.
the
Son
of
Henry
,
Coesar
.
Capua
was
now
besieg'd
by
the
Saracens
,
which
strook
terror
into
all
the
neighbouring
Cities
,
but
Robert
Guiscardi
taking
up
Arms
,
set
upon
the
Saracens
and
defeated
them
,
thereby
delivering
at
once
Capua
from
a
Siege
and
their
Neighbours
from
their
fears
.
Of
what
extraction
this
Robert
was
is
not
certain
,
some
accounting
him
a
French-man
,
others
a
Norman
;
however
it
be
't
is
sure
he
was
a
person
of
a
noble
Spirit
and
an
excellent
understanding
,
so
that
he
deserv'd
the
Crown
he
held
of
Apulia
.
Pope
Victor
,
whose
life
we
are
upon
,
died
in
the
second
year
,
third
month
and
fourteenth
day
of
his
Pontificate
;
after
which
the
Sea
was
vacant
eleven
days
.
STEPHEN
IX
.
STEPHEN
the
Ninth
,
before
nam'd
Frederick
,
a
Lorainer
,
Abbat
of
Monte-Cassino
,
was
no
sooner
made
Pope
,
but
he
took
care
that
the
Church
of
Milan
,
which
for
almost
two
hundred
years
had
withdrawn
its
subjection
to
that
of
Rome
,
was
now
at
length
reduc'd
to
obedience
thereto
,
as
to
the
Mother
and
Nurse
of
all
Churches
,
which
obedience
she
has
since
persevered
in
,
as
becomes
true
Daughters
to
do
to
a
pious
Mother
.
Near
about
this
time
Henry
III.
succeeded
his
Father
deceased
,
and
Alexius
succeeded
Nicephorus
Emperor
of
Constantinople
;
Robert
Guiscardi
also
in
a
mighty
Battel
overthrew
the
Greeks
and
drove
them
out
of
Calabria
,
leaving
none
but
Greek
Priests
,
who
even
to
our
times
kept
their
own
Language
and
Customs
:
Indeed
the
Constantinopolitan
Empire
was
now
so
broken
by
the
Saracens
,
that
they
had
much
ado
to
preserve
Thrace
,
Galatia
,
Pontus
,
Thessaly
,
Macedon
and
Achaia
,
and
even
out
of
these
either
the
Turks
or
Saracens
every
day
cantled
out
one
place
or
other
.
But
Stephen
,
when
he
had
been
Pope
seven
months
and
eight
days
,
died
at
Florence
,
where
he
was
honourably
buried
,
as
Martinus
writes
.
Some
say
that
Pope
Stephen
accused
the
Emperor
Henry
of
Heresie
for
endeavouring
to
diminish
the
Papal
Authority
,
without
regard
to
Religion
and
the
immortal
God
.
BENEDICT
X.
BENEDICT
the
Tenth
,
a
Capuan
,
before
named
Nuntius
,
Bishop
of
Veletri
,
was
by
a
faction
of
Noblemen
created
Pope
,
at
the
same
time
that
Agnes
Mother
of
Henry
III.
constituted
Gilbert
of
Parma
,
a
Man
of
great
abilities
,
Viceroy
of
Italy
.
There
was
then
in
Italy
also
,
Godfrey
the
Husband
of
the
Countess
Mathild
a
most
noble
Lady
,
who
was
very
powerful
;
for
Beatrix
the
Mother
of
Mathild
had
been
Sister
to
the
Emperor
Henry
II.
and
had
married
one
Boniface
a
potent
Man
and
of
an
honourable
Family
,
of
the
City
of
Lucca
in
Tuscany
;
upon
whose
death
all
his
Estates
fell
first
to
Beatrix
,
and
after
her
decease
were
devolv'd
upon
Mathild
and
her
Husband
Godfrey
;
so
that
they
stood
possess'd
of
Lucca
,
Parma
,
Reggio
,
Mantua
and
that
part
of
Tuscany
now
call'd
S.
Peter's
Patrimony
.
But
to
return
to
Benedict
;
he
was
deposed
by
Hildebrand
,
because
he
came
not
in
by
the
right
way
,
but
by
force
and
Simony
:
for
the
generality
of
the
Clergy
had
pass'd
their
words
to
Arch-deacon
Hildebrand
,
when
he
went
to
Florence
,
that
they
would
not
proceed
upon
any
Election
of
a
new
Pope
,
till
his
return
to
the
City
.
When
he
was
come
back
therefore
,
together
with
Gerard
Bishop
of
Florence
,
he
inveigh'd
most
bitterly
against
them
all
,
especially
against
those
who
had
promised
to
stay
till
his
return
.
But
there
arising
great
contention
upon
this
matter
,
many
approving
of
Benedict
,
as
a
very
good
and
prudent
Man
,
though
they
disallow'd
that
Election
of
him
,
with
great
clamours
that
it
was
irregularly
and
illegally
done
;
yet
at
last
by
the
persuasion
of
Hildebrand
,
Gerard
,
a
Man
worthy
indeed
of
so
high
a
Dignity
,
was
by
a
majority
of
Votes
created
Pope
,
and
Benedict
turn'd
out
.
Some
will
have
this
Election
to
have
been
made
at
Siena
,
because
a
free
choice
could
not
be
had
at
Rome
,
by
reason
of
the
partialities
of
some
Men
in
Power
there
.
Benedict
was
deposed
after
he
had
sate
nine
months
and
twenty
days
,
and
then
was
confined
to
Veletri
.
NICOLAS
II.
NICOLAS
the
Second
,
a
Provençal
,
at
first
nam'd
Gerard
,
Bishop
of
Florence
,
for
his
Virtue
and
excellent
spirit
,
upon
the
expulsion
of
Benedict
,
(
who
was
not
regularly
so
created
)
was
made
Pope
at
Sienna
,
and
immediately
thereupon
withdrew
to
Sutri
,
where
An.
Dom.
1059.
he
called
a
Council
,
whither
came
not
onely
the
Bishops
,
but
many
of
the
Noblemen
of
Italy
,
where
he
forc'd
Benedict
to
resign
the
Office
and
Habit
of
Pope
and
to
retire
to
Veletri
:
from
hence
he
went
to
Rome
,
where
in
the
second
Lateran
Council
he
procur'd
a
Law
to
be
enacted
,
very
wholesom
for
the
Church
of
Rome
,
which
is
to
be
seen
among
the
〈◊〉
,
to
this
purpose
,
That
if
any
one
either
by
Simony
,
or
by
the
favour
of
any
powerful
Man
,
or
by
any
tumult
either
of
the
People
or
Soldiery
shall
be
placed
in
S.
Peter's
Chair
,
he
shall
be
reputed
not
Apostolical
,
but
an
Apostate
,
one
that
transgresses
the
rules
even
of
common
Reason
;
and
that
it
shall
be
lawful
for
the
Cardinals
,
Clergy
and
devout
Laity
,
with
Weapons
both
spiritual
and
material
,
by
Anathema's
and
by
any
humane
aid
him
to
drive
out
and
depose
;
and
that
Catholicks
may
assemble
for
this
end
in
any
place
whatsoever
,
if
they
cannot
do
it
in
the
City
.
In
the
same
Council
Berengarius
Deacon
of
the
Church
of
Anjou
,
was
reclaim'd
from
his
Error
concerning
the
Sacrament
of
the
Eucharist
,
in
the
Bread
and
Wine
whereof
he
affirm'd
the
true
and
intire
Body
and
Blood
of
Christ
was
not
present
,
but
onely
by
a
sign
,
figure
or
mystery
;
which
Error
at
the
instance
and
persuasion
of
Nicolas
and
Albericus
a
Deacon
,
a
very
learned
Man
,
he
recanted
,
affirming
the
Eucharist
to
be
the
true
and
intire
Body
and
Blood
of
Christ
.
We
have
said
that
this
Error
was
condemned
by
Leo
IX
.
but
never
amended
,
the
praise
of
which
belongs
wholly
to
Nicolas
,
as
Lanfranc
writes
,
a
Man
at
that
time
very
learned
,
who
in
an
excellent
Work
of
his
confuted
the
Tenets
of
Berengarius
.
While
these
things
were
acted
at
Rome
by
Pope
Nicolas
,
Godfrey
the
Norman
,
who
succeeded
his
Brother
Drogo
in
the
Earldom
of
Apulia
and
Calabria
,
dying
,
left
his
Son
Bagelardus
his
Heir
,
which
Robert
Guiscardi
his
Brother
(
as
some
will
have
it
)
not
liking
,
he
drove
out
his
Nephew
and
seiz'd
upon
the
Earldom
,
taking
in
Troia
also
which
had
long
been
Subject
to
the
Sea
of
Rome
.
At
this
the
Pope
was
not
a
little
enraged
at
Robert
,
till
by
his
invitation
taking
a
journey
into
Apulia
,
whatsoever
the
Church
had
lost
was
return'd
again
,
and
then
he
not
onely
took
Robert
into
favour
,
but
making
him
a
feudatary
of
the
Church
,
he
was
constituted
Duke
of
Calabria
and
Apulia
.
After
this
receiving
of
him
a
great
assistance
of
Forces
and
returning
to
the
City
,
he
subdued
the
Prenestines
,
Tusculans
and
Nomentans
,
who
had
revolted
from
the
Church
;
and
crossing
the
Tiber
,
he
sacked
Galese
and
took
in
other
Castles
of
Count
Gerard
as
far
as
Sutri
,
rendring
the
territories
of
Rome
hereby
much
more
secure
.
T
is
written
also
that
Henry
III.
was
crown'd
by
Nicolas
with
the
Imperial
Diadem
,
and
out
of
gratitude
for
it
,
all
his
time
never
attempted
any
thing
against
holy
Church
.
But
Nicolas
having
concluded
this
life
with
great
praise
of
all
Men
,
died
when
he
had
been
Pope
,
three
years
six
months
and
twenty
six
days
.
The
Sea
was
then
vacant
twelve
days
.
ALEXANDER
II.
ALEXANDER
the
Second
,
whose
name
at
first
was
Anselm
,
a
Milanese
,
Bishop
of
Lucca
,
upon
the
death
of
Nicolas
,
though
absent
,
was
for
his
good
temper
,
affability
and
Learning
elected
Pope
.
But
the
Bishops
of
Lombardy
thinking
for
the
honour
of
their
Country
,
that
it
was
just
a
Pope
should
be
chosen
out
of
their
number
,
Gilbert
of
Parma
at
that
〈◊〉
very
powerful
taking
their
parts
vigorously
,
they
obtain'd
of
the
Emperor
Henry
,
against
the
mind
of
his
Wife
Agnes
,
that
they
might
set
up
an
other
Pope
.
Whereupon
the
Bishops
holding
a
consult
made
one
Cadolus
Pope
,
who
was
Bishop
of
Parma
,
to
whom
all
Lombardy
straightway
submitted
,
except
Mathild
a
noble
Lady
who
had
great
reverence
for
the
Roman
Sea
.
Cadolus
being
soon
after
called
to
Rome
by
the
Adversaries
of
Alexander
,
both
Parties
engag'd
in
Battel
in
the
Prati
di
Nerone
at
the
foot
of
the
Hill
Montorio
,
in
which
fight
many
were
slain
on
both
sides
.
Alexander
and
Godfrey
the
Husband
of
Mathild
staid
in
the
Lateran
Palace
,
not
knowing
where
to
trust
themselves
,
all
places
were
so
full
of
treachery
;
though
some
say
,
that
Alexander
to
avoid
the
bloody
sight
,
did
before
the
Battel
retire
to
Lucca
and
lived
there
securely
for
some
time
,
which
kind
Protection
from
the
Luccheses
he
gratefully
acknowledged
by
granting
both
to
their
Church
and
City
very
notable
Priviledges
.
Cadolus
was
repulsed
at
Rome
,
but
rested
not
long
at
quiet
in
his
Country
,
being
invited
again
by
some
Citizens
,
(
who
found
that
to
satisfie
their
Avarice
it
was
their
Interest
that
the
City
should
be
kept
in
confusion
)
and
getting
together
a
greater
Army
than
before
,
he
comes
to
Rome
and
by
force
seizes
the
Citta
Leonina
and
S.
Peter's
Church
.
But
the
Romans
with
the
Forces
of
Godfrey
falling
forth
,
strook
such
a
sudden
terror
into
the
Enemy
that
they
betook
themselves
to
their
heels
,
and
Cadolus
narrowly
miss'd
being
taken
having
been
forsaken
by
his
Friends
,
but
Cincius
Son
to
the
Prefect
of
Rome
,
with
a
strong
Squadron
carried
him
safe
through
the
whole
adverse
Army
with
great
disficulty
into
Castle
S.
Angelo
;
where
being
besieged
for
some
time
and
seeing
little
hope
of
getting
out
free
,
he
corrupted
the
Besiegers
with
three
hundred
pounds
in
Silver
,
and
mounting
a
lean
Horse
he
escaped
all
alone
.
In
the
mean
while
Otho
Arch
bishop
of
Cologn
before
Henry
the
young
Emperor
charg'd
his
Mother
Agnes
with
meddling
too
much
with
the
affairs
of
State
in
Christendom
,
to
the
great
dishonour
of
the
Empire
,
whereupon
a
Commission
was
given
to
him
to
compose
the
Church-divisions
according
to
his
discretion
,
and
he
coming
to
Rome
at
first
rebuk'd
Alexander
with
very
hard
words
,
for
entring
upon
the
Papacy
without
the
consent
of
the
Emperor
contrary
to
Law
and
Custom
;
but
Arch-deacon
Hildebrand
took
him
up
and
stiffly
defended
what
the
Pope
had
done
,
proving
that
both
by
Law
and
antient
Usage
the
Election
of
Popes
belong'd
to
the
Clergy
,
and
convinc'd
Otho
so
far
,
that
the
Emperor
Henry
being
also
at
last
conscious
of
his
Error
,
desir'd
Alexander
to
call
a
Council
and
promised
to
come
thither
himself
.
The
City
of
〈◊〉
was
pitch'd
upon
as
most
fit
;
and
thither
every
one
came
who
was
concern'd
for
the
safety
and
protection
of
the
Church
;
where
all
things
being
settled
,
the
Emperor
himself
not
onely
got
the
favour
of
the
Pope
,
but
begg'd
and
obtain'd
of
him
a
Pardon
for
Cadolus
who
submitted
to
him
,
and
for
Gilbert
,
the
Author
(
as
we
said
)
of
all
this
mischief
,
the
Arch-bishoprick
of
〈◊〉
;
The
first
of
these
the
Pope
easily
agreed
to
,
by
the
example
of
our
Saviour
,
who
even
pray'd
for
his
Persecutors
;
but
the
second
he
granted
much
against
his
will
,
and
not
till
tir'd
with
the
importunity
of
Henry
,
fearing
what
fell
out
afterward
,
that
it
would
be
very
pernicious
to
the
Church
of
Rome
.
The
Pope
departing
from
Mantua
and
passing
through
Lucca
consecrated
the
great
Church
there
,
of
which
he
had
been
Bishop
,
with
great
solemnity
,
intending
to
stay
there
till
Arch-deacon
Hildebrand
had
settled
matters
a
little
in
Apulia
;
who
having
received
some
auxiliary
Forces
of
the
Countess
〈◊〉
,
not
only
opposed
the
Power
of
Richard
and
William
,
but
forced
them
to
restore
what
they
had
taken
from
the
Church
:
And
then
Alexander
came
to
the
City
and
after
a
Pontificate
of
eleven
years
and
six
months
he
died
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Church
of
S.
John
in
the
Lateran
,
no
manner
of
Pomp
being
spared
,
(
that
could
be
at
the
funeral
of
a
Pope
)
either
by
the
Clergy
or
People
.
In
his
time
flourish'd
John
Gualbertus
a
Monk
of
〈◊〉
and
first
of
the
Order
,
a
most
holy
Man
and
famous
for
Miracles
.
GREGORY
VII
.
GREGORT
the
Seventh
,
formerly
called
Hildebrand
,
a
Florentine
of
Soane
,
whose
Father's
name
was
Bonicius
,
was
chosen
Pope
by
consent
of
all
good
Men
:
The
words
of
the
Election
are
these
;
We
,
the
Cardinals
,
Clerks
,
Acolytes
,
Sub-deacons
and
Priests
,
with
the
Bishops
,
Abbats
,
and
many
others
both
of
the
Laity
and
Clergy
,
do
chuse
this
day
,
(
April
22.
at
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
in
chains
in
the
year
1472.
)
as
Christ's
true
Vicar
,
Arch-deacon
Hildebrand
,
a
Man
of
much
learning
,
piery
,
prudence
justice
,
constancy
,
religion
,
modesty
,
sobriety
and
contincncy
:
who
governs
his
Family
very
well
,
is
hospitable
to
the
poor
,
having
been
ingenuously
brought
up
in
the
bosom
of
our
holy
Mother
the
Church
,
whom
we
think
sit
to
govern
the
Church
with
the
same
Authority
as
St.
Peter
by
God's
commandment
formerly
did
.
And
when
he
had
gotten
the
Popedom
,
he
immediately
admonished
Henry
the
Emperour
,
that
he
should
not
for
the
time
to
come
take
any
bribes
,
and
〈◊〉
Bishopricks
or
Benefices
in
a
Simoniacal
manner
;
for
,
if
he
did
,
he
and
those
that
bought
them
should
suffer
the
severity
of
Ecclesiastical
Censures
.
But
Henry
was
so
far
from
obeying
his
Admonitions
,
though
they
were
very
grave
,
that
he
deprived
Agnes
the
Empress
of
all
her
share
in
the
Government
for
telling
him
soberly
what
ought
to
be
done
in
point
of
Religion
.
And
she
upon
that
went
to
〈◊〉
,
where
she
lived
not
long
ere
she
died
for
grief
:
At
last
after
many
Embassies
to
and
fro
,
the
Emperour
and
Gregory
were
reconcil'd
,
and
Gregory
was
by
him
confirm'd
in
his
Pontificate
,
as
then
it
was
the
custom
for
Emperours
to
do
.
But
when
Henry
,
who
was
fickle
in
good
,
and
obstinate
in
ill
resolutions
,
persisted
in
his
Simony
,
though
often
admonished
,
the
Pope
laid
an
Anathema
upon
all
those
,
who
had
gain'd
Bishopricks
and
Benefices
by
bribery
.
And
that
he
might
not
seem
to
have
done
it
in
an
heat
,
he
called
a
Council
in
the
Lateran
(
at
which
many
Bishops
were
present
,
particularly
Gilbert
,
Arch-Bishop
of
Parma
,
born
at
Ravenna
)
where
he
gave
a
reason
why
he
laid
such
Censures
upon
Simoniacks
,
and
said
,
He
would
do
the
same
to
the
Emperour
unless
he
alter'd
his
mind
.
Gilbert
,
when
the
Council
was
dismiss'd
,
having
gotten
a
fair
occasion
to
accuse
Gregory
,
and
withal
being
ambitious
of
the
Popedom
,
incensed
Cincius
,
a
Roman
Citizen
(
Son
to
Stephen
,
who
was
Governour
of
the
City
)
no
less
rash
than
seditious
against
the
Pope
;
and
promised
him
great
things
in
the
Emperour's
name
,
if
he
would
do
as
he
would
have
him
.
Thereupon
Cincius
laid
wait
for
the
Pope
,
and
whilst
he
was
saying
Mass
upon
Christmas
day
at
midnight
in
St.
Maries
the
Great
,
he
broke
in
upon
him
with
others
of
his
gang
;
took
him
as
he
was
just
administring
the
Eucharist
,
haled
him
away
and
shut
him
up
in
a
well
fortified
Tower
.
The
next
day
the
people
of
Rome
,
when
they
knew
of
it
,
took
up
Arms
against
Cincius
,
set
the
Pope
at
liberty
,
demolish'd
his
House
,
and
the
Tower
,
and
expell'd
all
his
Family
out
of
the
City
with
their
Noses
cut
.
But
Cincius
himself
who
was
the
Author
of
all
that
Roguery
,
escaped
,
and
got
through
by
ways
to
the
Emperor
in
Germany
.
Gilbert
,
who
was
the
contriver
of
that
Stratagem
,
seeing
his
Design
frustrated
,
dissembling
his
〈◊〉
to
him
got
leave
of
the
Pope
to
retire
to
Ravenna
,
meaning
there
to
set
on
foot
much
worse
intrigues
.
For
he
induced
Theobald
Arch
Bishop
of
Millain
,
and
many
other
Prelates
of
Lombardy
to
conspire
against
Gregory
;
besides
Hugo
Candidus
,
a
Cardinal
,
who
though
he
had
done
the
same
before
,
and
was
reconciled
too
,
yet
at
this
time
he
seemed
to
be
ill
affected
.
For
he
endeavour'd
all
he
could
to
instigate
the
Emperour
and
the
Normans
,
who
were
at
variance
about
the
Empire
,
to
make
a
Peace
with
one
another
and
joyn
against
the
Pope
.
Which
when
Gregory
understood
,
he
called
a
Synod
in
the
Lateran
,
and
giving
his
reason
for
so
doing
,
deprived
Gilbert
and
Hugo
of
their
Dignities
and
laid
a
Curse
upon
them
.
Whilst
these
things
were
transacted
at
Rome
,
Henry
who
had
fought
with
his
Enemies
,
the
Saxons
,
very
successfully
,
was
so
puff'd
up
with
his
good
fortune
,
that
he
call'd
an
Assembly
at
Wormes
,
of
which
Sigifred
Arch-Bishop
of
Mentz
was
President
,
where
he
was
so
bold
as
to
prohibit
all
people
from
obeying
the
Pope
in
any
case
whatever
.
And
from
that
Assembly
came
Romandus
a
Clerk
of
Parma
,
by
Henry's
order
,
to
Rome
,
where
he
publickly
interdicted
Gregory
from
doing
any
thing
for
the
future
,
that
belong'd
to
the
Office
of
a
Pope
:
commanding
the
Cardinals
to
leave
Gregory
and
come
to
him
,
for
they
were
like
to
have
another
Pope
.
Gregory
not
able
to
endure
such
an
affront
upon
God
and
the
Church
,
deprived
Sigifred
and
the
rest
of
the
Clergy
that
took
Henry's
part
,
of
all
their
dignities
and
preferments
;
and
likewise
laid
a
Curse
upon
the
Emperour
himself
,
after
he
had
degraded
him
from
his
Imperial
Honour
.
And
of
this
Degradation
or
Deprivation
,
the
form
was
as
followeth
;
Blessed
Peter
!
Prince
of
the
Apostles
!
I
beseech
thee
hearken
unto
me
,
and
heat
thy
servant
,
whom
thou
hast
educated
from
my
infancy
,
and
preserved
to
this
day
from
the
hands
of
wicked
men
,
that
hate
and
persecute
me
for
the
faith
I
have
in
Thee
.
Thou
art
my
best
Witness
,
Thou
and
the
holy
Mother
of
Jesus
Christ
,
together
with
Paul
thy
fellow
Martyr
,
that
I
did
〈◊〉
enter
upon
the
Papacy
without
reluctance
:
not
that
I
thought
it
robbery
lawfully
to
rise
into
thy
Chair
,
but
I
was
more
willing
to
spend
my
days
in
Pilgrimage
,
than
at
that
time
to
supply
thy
place
for
ostentation
and
vain-glory
.
I
must
needs
confess
,
that
it
was
thy
goodness
and
not
my
deserts
that
brought
me
to
the
Cure
of
Christendom
,
and
gave
me
the
power
of
loosing
and
binding
;
and
therefore
in
confidence
of
that
,
and
for
the
honour
and
safety
of
the
Church
,
I
do
deprive
King
Henry
,
son
to
Henry
who
was
formerly
Emperour
,
of
all
Imperial
Power
,
in
the
Name
of
the
Father
,
Son
and
Holy
Ghost
,
for
that
He
so
boldly
and
rashly
laid
violent
hands
upon
thy
Church
:
and
I
absolve
all
his
Christian
Subjects
from
their
Oaths
,
that
bind
'em
to
pay
Allegiance
to
true
and
lawful
Kings
.
For
it
is
fit
that
he
should
lose
his
honour
,
who
would
diminish
the
Honour
of
the
Church
.
And
furthermore
,
because
he
has
contemn'd
mine
(
or
rather
thy
)
admonitions
concerning
his
own
and
his
peoples
salvation
,
and
separated
himself
from
the
Church
of
God
,
which
he
would
fain
destroy
,
I
set
him
under
a
Curse
,
as
being
well
assured
,
that
thou
art
Peter
,
upon
whose
Rock
,
as
a
true
foundation
,
Christ
Jesus
our
King
has
built
his
Church
.
There
were
at
that
time
a
great
many
that
talk'd
of
Peace
,
when
the
Execration
was
past
:
to
whom
Gregory
made
answer
,
that
he
did
not
〈◊〉
conditions
of
Peace
,
if
Henry
would
first
make
his
peace
with
God
.
You
,
said
he
,
must
needs
know
,
what
injury
he
has
done
the
Church
,
and
how
often
I
have
admonished
him
to
reform
his
life
and
conversation
.
And
this
I
did
in
respect
to
Henry
his
Father's
memory
,
who
was
my
very
good
Friend
,
but
to
no
purpose
,
he
having
entertain'd
principles
quite
contrary
to
his
Father's
.
Nevertheless
some
of
those
that
were
present
continu'd
to
urge
him
,
and
persuade
him
that
a
King
ought
not
to
have
been
anathematiz'd
so
hastily
.
To
whom
the
Pope
reply'd
;
When
,
said
he
,
Christ
committed
his
Church
to
Peter
and
said
,
Feed
my
sheep
,
did
he
except
Kings
?
No
,
when
he
gave
Peter
the
power
to
bind
and
loose
,
he
excepted
none
,
nor
exempted
any
man
from
his
Authority
.
Wherefore
he
that
says
,
He
cannot
be
bound
by
the
Churches
power
,
must
needs
confess
,
he
cannot
any
more
be
absolved
by
it
:
now
whosoever
is
so
impudent
as
to
affirm
this
,
makes
himself
a
perfect
Separatist
from
Christ
and
his
Church
.
When
Henry
heard
what
Gregory
had
done
,
he
wrote
many
Letters
to
several
Nations
,
complaining
that
he
was
condemn'd
by
the
Pope
against
all
Law
and
Reason
.
〈◊〉
Gregory
,
on
the
other
hand
demonstrated
not
only
by
words
and
Letters
,
but
also
by
Reason
and
Witnesses
in
the
face
of
the
World
,
that
he
had
done
nothing
but
what
was
just
and
right
.
But
in
the
mean
time
part
of
the
Kingdom
revolted
from
Henry
,
and
the
Saxons
prepared
for
a
War
against
him
:
upon
which
the
German
Princes
,
fearing
some
misfortune
might
〈◊〉
their
Country
,
decreed
in
a
publick
Assembly
,
that
if
Gregory
would
come
into
Germany
,
Henry
should
humbly
beg
his
pardon
:
and
the
King
swore
he
would
do
it
.
Thereupon
the
Pope
,
who
was
induced
by
the
promises
and
prayers
of
the
Arch-bishop
of
Treves
,
Henry's
Embassadour
,
was
going
on
his
journey
toward
Augst
,
but
when
he
came
to
Vercelli
,
was
privately
inform'd
by
the
Bishop
of
that
place
,
who
is
Chancellour
of
all
Italy
,
that
Henry
was
coming
against
him
with
an
Army
.
At
which
the
Pope
forbare
to
go
any
further
,
but
went
to
Canosso
,
a
Town
near
Rheggio
,
under
the
Countess
Matilda
.
Henry
also
made
thither
as
fast
as
he
could
with
his
whole
Army
,
and
laying
aside
his
regal
Habit
,
he
went
barefoot
to
the
gate
of
the
Town
(
to
move
the
Townsmens
pity
)
and
desired
to
be
let
in
.
But
he
was
deny'd
entrance
,
and
took
it
very
patiently
,
or
at
least
seemed
so
to
do
,
though
it
were
a
sharp
Winter
,
and
all
things
bound
up
in
frost
.
Notwithstanding
he
tarried
in
the
Suburbs
three
days
,
and
begg'd
pardon
continually
,
till
at
last
by
the
intercession
of
Maude
,
and
Adelaus
an
Earl
of
Savoy
,
together
with
the
Abbat
of
Clugny
he
was
introduced
,
absolved
and
reconciled
to
the
Church
;
having
sworn
to
a
Peace
,
and
promised
future
obedience
.
The
form
of
the
Kings
Oath
was
this
:
I
King
Henry
do
affirm
that
I
will
keep
all
the
conditions
and
engagements
that
are
in
the
Peace
,
which
our
Lord
,
Gregory
the
Seventh
,
has
drawn
up
according
to
his
mind
:
and
will
take
care
,
that
the
said
Pope
shall
go
where
he
pleases
without
the
least
molestation
either
to
Him
or
his
Attendants
,
especially
through
all
our
Dominions
,
and
that
I
will
be
no
hinderance
to
him
in
the
exercise
of
his
Pontifical
authority
in
any
place
whatsoever
;
and
this
I
swear
I
will
observe
.
Done
at
Canosso
January
the
28.
Indiction
the
15th
.
But
when
he
had
succeeded
according
to
his
wish
,
and
all
people
were
gone
to
their
several
homes
,
Henry
moved
toward
Pavia
,
but
lost
Cincius
by
the
way
,
who
dy'd
of
a
Fever
:
and
yet
Henry
(
though
that
Villain
was
gone
)
did
not
desist
from
innovation
.
For
he
broke
the
Peace
,
and
thereby
vexed
the
German
Princes
to
such
a
degree
,
that
they
declared
Rodolphus
Duke
of
Saxony
King
,
and
rejected
Henry
.
That
moved
Henry
to
petition
the
Pope
,
that
he
would
disposses
Rodolphus
of
the
Kingdom
by
Excommunication
.
But
seeing
he
could
not
obtain
so
great
a
favour
,
he
betook
himself
to
his
Arms
,
and
engaged
him
in
a
bloody
Battel
,
where
the
Victory
was
uncertain
on
both
sides
.
And
then
they
each
sent
Embassadours
to
the
Pope
,
to
beg
of
him
,
that
he
would
assist
'em
:
to
which
he
made
no
other
answer
,
but
that
he
would
have
'em
quit
their
Arms.
But
notwithstanding
Henry
and
Rodolphus
fought
a
second
time
without
any
odds
:
and
therefore
when
they
had
engaged
the
third
time
,
and
kill'd
a
great
many
men
on
both
sides
,
Henry
(
who
seemed
to
have
a
little
the
better
of
it
)
would
not
hear
Rodolphus's
Embassadours
that
came
to
him
for
Peace
,
but
wrote
to
the
Pope
again
,
that
he
would
please
to
Anathematize
Rodolphus
,
who
endeavour'd
to
get
possession
of
his
Kingdom
.
Which
Gregory
refusing
to
do
,
Henry
was
so
angry
,
that
he
studied
day
and
night
to
ruin
the
Pope
.
In
the
mean
while
,
lest
Sedition
should
be
wanting
in
Christendom
,
Michael
and
Andronicus
his
Son
,
who
had
been
by
force
depriv'd
of
the
Empire
of
Constantinople
by
Nicephorus
Bucamor
,
came
for
refuge
to
Gregory
;
who
not
only
excommunicated
Nicephorus
,
but
employ'd
Rogerius
a
feudatary
of
the
Roman
Church
to
restore
Michael
,
with
whom
he
discours'd
at
Ceperano
,
to
the
Empire
.
In
pursuance
of
which
command
he
got
a
Navy
,
and
leaving
his
younger
Son
Rogerius
in
Italy
,
he
took
Boëmund
his
other
Son
along
with
him
;
and
sailed
first
to
Valona
,
but
pitch'd
his
Camp
near
Durazzo
,
resolving
to
make
sure
of
that
City
which
was
so
convenient
for
the
carrying
on
of
the
War
.
But
Dominick
Sylvius
,
Duke
of
Venice
,
who
was
of
Nicephorus's
party
,
beat
Rogerius
from
the
Siege
,
with
great
loss
on
both
sides
.
But
not
long
after
Nicephorus
was
betray'd
by
Alexius
Mega
,
General
of
his
Forces
and
made
a
Prisoner
,
the
City
being
given
up
for
three
days
to
be
plunder'd
by
the
Soldiers
,
according
to
compact
.
Nicephorus
himself
was
taken
in
the
Church
of
Sancta
Sophia
,
but
his
life
〈◊〉
upon
condition
,
that
he
would
take
upon
him
the
habit
of
a
Monk
for
as
long
as
he
lived
.
Gregory
seeing
that
Henry
was
incited
against
the
Church
by
some
seditious
Bishops
,
called
a
great
Synod
,
and
forbad
Gilbert
Arch-bishop
of
Ravenna
(
for
his
pride
and
malice
)
the
exercise
of
his
Episcopal
or
Priestly
function
,
under
pain
of
an
Anathema
or
Curse
.
For
when
he
was
summon'd
to
appear
before
the
Sea
Apostolick
,
being
conscious
of
his
crimes
he
would
not
obey
the
Citation
,
for
which
alone
he
deserv'd
the
penalty
of
an
Anathema
.
He
likewise
censured
Roland
of
Treviso
,
for
that
when
he
was
Legat
in
order
to
a
Peace
between
him
and
Henry
,
he
sowed
the
seeds
of
discord
and
not
unity
,
to
get
a
Bishoprick
by
the
bargain
.
〈◊〉
did
he
spare
Hugo
Cardinal
of
St.
Clements
,
who
had
seditiously
and
heretically
conspired
with
Cadolus
Bishop
of
Parma
.
In
fine
,
he
chose
three
at
the
same
Assembly
,
to
wit
,
Bernard
the
Deacon
,
the
other
Bernard
Abbat
of
Marseilles
,
and
Odo
Arch-bishop
of
Treves
,
to
go
Legates
à
Latere
from
the
Sea
Apostolick
to
compose
all
differences
between
Henry
and
Rodolphus
.
For
the
wise
Pope
saw
,
that
such
a
quarrel
,
unless
it
were
timely
ended
,
would
occasion
great
calamities
one
time
or
other
to
Christendon
.
But
because
he
well
knew
that
there
would
not
be
lacking
such
mischievous
men
as
would
endeavour
to
hinder
it
(
because
it
was
their
interest
to
foment
rather
than
remove
the
dissention
)
he
gave
the
Legates
Letters
Apostolical
to
the
several
Princes
and
States
,
written
after
this
manner
:
We
taking
notice
of
the
weakness
,
covetousness
and
ambition
of
mankind
,
do
charge
all
manner
of
persons
,
whether
Kings
,
Arch-bishops
,
Bishops
,
Dukes
,
Counts
,
Marquesses
,
or
Knights
,
that
either
out
of
pride
,
cunning
or
covetousness
they
give
no
hindrance
to
our
Legats
,
whilst
they
negotiate
the
Peace
.
And
whosoever
shall
be
so
rash
,
as
to
contravene
this
Order
(
which
I
hope
none
will
,
)
and
shall
hinder
our
Legats
from
composing
a
Peace
,
I
bind
him
under
an
Anathema
both
in
Spirituals
and
Temporals
,
by
Apostolick
Power
;
and
take
away
from
him
the
advantage
of
any
Victory
he
has
gain'd
,
that
he
may
at
least
be
confounded
and
be
converted
by
a
double
penance
.
He
likewise
commanded
the
Legates
to
call
a
Diet
in
Germany
,
and
deliberately
examine
who
of
the
two
Kings
had
the
right
,
and
accordingly
by
the
consent
of
all
good
Men
to
assign
him
the
Kingdom
,
whose
cause
was
justest
:
and
that
He
,
when
he
should
hear
what
they
had
determin'd
,
would
confirm
it
by
the
authority
of
God
and
S.
Peter
,
than
which
there
cannot
be
greater
.
But
in
the
mean
while
Gregory
,
lest
the
Church
of
Rome
should
suffer
by
Simony
,
called
a
Council
,
and
therein
confirm'd
the
Decrees
of
his
Predecessors
made
to
put
a
stop
to
that
evil
,
in
these
words
:
We
,
following
the
example
of
our
Predecessors
,
as
we
have
formerly
in
other
Councils
,
do
decree
and
ordain
by
the
authority
of
Almighty
God
,
that
whoever
for
the
future
accepts
of
a
Bishoprick
,
an
Abbacy
,
or
any
other
Ecclesiastical
preferment
from
a
Layman
,
shall
not
by
any
means
be
esteemed
a
Bishop
,
an
Abbat
,
or
a
Clergy
man
;
nor
let
the
same
person
dare
to
approach
the
Apostolical
Sea
,
before
he
has
repented
and
left
the
place
that
he
gain'd
by
ambition
and
contumacy
,
which
is
the
sin
of
Idolatry
.
And
under
the
same
Censures
we
bind
Kings
,
Dukes
,
and
Princes
,
who
shall
dare
to
confer
Bishopricks
or
other
Ecclesiastical
Dignities
upon
any
person
against
Law
and
Reason
.
Furthermore
,
we
confirm
the
sentence
of
Anathema
which
was
justly
given
against
Theobald
Archbishop
of
Milan
and
Gilbert
Arch-bishop
of
Ravenna
,
as
also
against
Roland
Arch-bishop
of
Treviso
;
and
we
lay
the
same
Censure
upon
Peter
,
who
was
formerly
Bishop
of
Redona
,
but
is
now
an
Usurper
in
the
Church
〈◊〉
Narbonne
.
Moreover
,
we
deny
S.
Peter's
favour
,
and
entrance
into
the
Church
to
all
such
,
till
they
have
repented
and
satisfied
for
their
offences
;
be
they
Normans
,
Italians
or
any
other
Nation
,
who
have
in
the
least
injured
,
or
violated
the
Marcha
di
Termo
in
Ancona
;
the
Dutchy
of
Spoleto
,
Campagna
di
Roma
,
Sabina
,
Tivoli
,
Palestrina
,
Frascati
,
or
Alba
,
or
the
parts
that
lie
toward
the
Tuscan
Sea
.
Add
to
these
the
Monastery
of
St.
Benedict
,
and
all
the
Country
of
Cassino
,
as
also
Benevent
in
Abruzzo
.
But
if
any
one
pretends
a
just
cause
for
taking
what
he
has
not
yet
restored
,
let
him
demand
justice
of
us
or
our
Officers
;
and
if
they
are
not
satisfied
,
we
grant
them
leave
to
take
back
as
much
as
will
satisfie
them
;
not
excessively
,
like
Robbers
,
but
as
becomes
Christians
,
and
such
Men
who
only
retake
what
is
their
own
and
desire
not
other
mens
goods
;
fearing
the
anger
of
God
and
the
Curse
of
S.
Peter
.
After
that
he
confirmed
the
Curse
against
Henry
afresh
in
these
words
:
Blessed
Peter
!
and
thou
Paul
,
Doctor
of
the
Gentiles
,
I
beseech
you
to
hearken
unto
me
a
little
,
and
hear
me
in
mercy
;
for
you
are
Disciples
and
Lovers
of
Truth
;
and
what
I
say
,
is
true
.
I
undertake
this
cause
for
Truths
sake
,
that
my
Brethren
whose
salvation
I
desire
,
may
obey
me
more
willingly
,
and
that
they
may
know
how
I
rely
upon
your
assistance
,
next
to
that
of
Christ
and
his
Virgin
Mother
,
whilst
I
resist
the
wicked
,
and
am
a
present
guard
continually
to
the
faithful
.
For
I
did
not
ascend
this
Sea
willingly
,
but
against
my
inclinations
,
even
with
tears
in
my
eyes
,
that
they
should
think
such
a
worthless
Man
as
me
fit
to
sit
in
such
a
lofty
Throne
.
But
this
I
say
,
because
I
did
not
chuse
you
,
but
you
me
,
and
imposed
this
heavy
burden
upon
my
shoulders
.
But
the
Sons
of
Belial
are
risen
up
against
me
since
I
have
ascended
the
Mount
,
because
I
cry
aloud
and
tell
the
people
of
their
crimes
,
and
the
Sons
of
the
Church
of
their
sins
,
and
have
laid
violent
hands
upon
me
even
unto
blood
.
For
the
Kings
of
the
Earth
stood
up
,
and
the
Princes
of
the
World
,
with
some
Ecclesiasticks
and
others
have
conspired
against
the
Lord
,
and
me
his
Anointed
;
saying
.
Let
us
break
their
bonds
asunder
,
and
cast
their
yoke
from
us
,
and
this
they
did
,
that
they
might
either
kill
or
banish
me
.
Of
these
one
was
King
Henry
,
as
they
call
him
:
Henry
,
I
say
,
Son
to
Henry
the
Emperour
,
who
exalted
his
horns
,
and
lifted
up
his
heel
too
proudly
against
the
Church
of
God
,
in
a
conspiracy
with
many
Bishops
of
Italy
,
Germany
,
and
France
,
whose
ambition
your
authority
has
yet
opposed
.
This
same
person
came
to
me
in
Lombardy
,
when
he
was
rather
forced
by
necessity
than
sober
in
his
resolutions
,
and
begg'd
to
be
absolv'd
from
his
Anathema
:
and
accordingly
I
receiv'd
him
,
because
I
thought
him
a
Penitent
;
but
only
admitted
him
to
the
Communion
of
the
Church
,
not
restored
him
to
his
Kingdom
from
which
I
had
justly
expelled
him
in
the
Council
at
Rome
;
nor
did
I
give
the
Subjects
of
the
Kingdom
leave
to
pay
him
their
former
Allegiance
.
And
this
I
did
,
that
if
he
delay'd
his
reconcilement
with
the
neighbouring
Nations
whom
he
had
always
vexed
,
and
should
refuse
to
restore
as
well
Ecclesiastical
as
Secular
Estates
,
according
to
his
word
,
he
might
be
forc'd
to
his
duty
by
Anathema's
and
Arms.
Some
Bishops
of
Germany
made
use
of
this
opportunity
,
as
also
certain
Princes
who
had
been
long
tormented
by
this
wild
beast
,
thought
fit
to
chuse
Rodolphus
for
their
King
and
Governour
,
since
Henry
had
lost
his
Throne
by
his
flagitious
actions
.
And
truly
Rodolphus
like
a
modest
and
just
King
sent
Embassadours
to
let
me
know
,
he
was
forced
to
take
the
Government
into
his
hand
,
though
he
was
not
so
desirous
of
Dominion
,
but
that
he
would
rather
obey
us
than
those
that
had
chosen
him
to
the
Kingdom
.
That
he
would
always
be
at
Gods
and
our
disposal
,
and
that
we
might
believe
him
he
offered
his
Sons
for
hostages
for
his
performance
.
Thereupon
Henry
began
to
rage
,
and
first
to
desire
us
,
that
we
would
use
our
spiritual
Sword
to
depose
Rodolphus
.
I
answered
him
,
That
I
would
see
who
had
most
right
,
and
would
send
Agents
thither
to
examine
the
matter
,
and
then
I
my self
would
judg
whose
cause
was
the
juster
.
Henry
would
not
suffer
our
Legates
to
determine
the
matter
,
but
kill'd
a
great
many
men
both
Ecclesiastical
and
Laick
,
plunder'd
and
prophan'd
Churches
,
and
by
this
means
made
himself
obnoxious
to
an
Anathema
.
Wherefore
I
trusting
in
Gods
mercy
and
judgment
,
in
the
patronage
of
the
blessed
Virgin
,
and
relying
upon
your
Authority
,
do
lay
Henry
and
his
accomplices
under
a
Curse
;
and
once
more
deprive
him
of
his
regal
Power
,
interdicting
all
Christians
(
whom
I
absolve
from
all
Oaths
of
Allegiance
to
him
)
from
obeying
Henry
in
any
case
whatever
;
but
command
'em
to
receive
Rodolphus
as
their
King
,
whom
many
Princes
of
the
Realm
have
chosen
,
since
Henry
was
deposed
.
For
it
is
fit
,
that
seeing
Henry
is
deprived
of
his
Power
for
his
pride
and
contumacy
,
Rodolphus
who
is
beloved
by
all
should
be
invested
with
the
Kingly
power
and
dignity
,
for
his
Piety
and
Religion
.
Go
to
then
ye
Princes
of
the
holy
Apostles
,
and
confirm
what
I
have
〈◊〉
by
your
authority
,
that
all
men
at
last
may
know
,
that
if
you
can
bind
and
loose
in
Heaven
,
that
We
also
upon
Earth
can
take
away
and
give
Kingdoms
,
Principalities
,
Empires
,
and
whatsoever
is
in
the
possession
of
Mortals
.
For
if
you
can
judg
of
things
divine
,
what
may
we
think
of
things
prophane
here
below
?
And
if
you
may
judg
of
Angels
that
govern
proud
Princes
,
what
may
you
not
do
to
their
Servants
?
Let
all
Kings
and
Princes
of
the
World
take
notice
by
his
example
what
you
can
do
in
Heaven
;
how
God
esteems
you
,
and
then
let
'em
not
contemn
the
Decrees
of
the
Church
.
And
I
〈◊〉
you
suddenly
to
execute
judgment
upon
Henry
,
that
all
may
see
,
that
son
of
Iniquity
did
not
lose
his
Kingdom
by
chance
,
but
by
your
permission
and
consent
.
And
this
I
have
requested
of
you
,
that
he
may
repent
,
and
be
saved
in
the
day
of
Judgment
by
the
help
of
your
prayers
.
Given
at
Rome
the
5th
.
of
March
,
Indiction
III.
After
that
he
degraded
Gilbert
(
the
Author
of
all
this
discord
and
Schism
)
from
the
Church
of
Ravenna
,
and
commanded
all
Priests
belonging
to
that
Church
,
to
pay
no
obedience
to
him
,
who
was
the
cause
of
all
their
misfortunes
,
and
therefore
Anathematized
.
And
that
the
people
might
not
want
a
Governour
,
he
imitated
Peter
(
who
used
to
send
〈◊〉
in
his
own
room
,
upon
occasion
)
and
sent
'em
another
Arch
bishop
with
full
power
,
to
extirpate
Gilbert's
Faction
and
confirm
mens
minds
in
the
faith
.
But
then
Henry
(
who
was
rather
provoked
than
chastized
by
these
Censures
,
and
had
taken
the
Bishop
of
Ostia
then
Legate
,
as
he
return'd
home
,
)
called
a
Council
of
the
disaffected
Bishops
and
chose
Gilbert
,
formerly
Arch-bishop
of
Ravenna
,
Pope
,
and
called
him
Clement
.
But
being
teazed
by
the
〈◊〉
he
left
his
new
Pope
for
a
time
,
and
went
against
them
,
where
he
engaged
and
received
a
great
overthrow
.
Rodolphus
though
he
was
Conquerour
yet
was
found
dead
at
a
little
distance
,
of
a
wound
which
he
received
.
They
say
,
Henry
was
so
affrighted
at
that
bloody
ingagement
,
that
he
could
scarce
be
found
in
seventeen
days
,
and
that
the
Germans
in
the
mean
time
had
put
his
Son
Henry
in
his
room
by
the
name
of
Henry
IV.
Both
these
coming
after
with
an
united
Body
of
Men
into
Italy
to
settle
their
Pope
Clement
in
the
Pontificate
,
and
to
turn
〈◊〉
Gregory
,
they
easily
subdu'd
Maude
who
came
to
meet
'em
with
a
small
Army
.
This
same
Maude
,
when
her
first
Husband
died
,
not
long
before
that
time
was
married
to
Azo
Marquis
d'Este
,
her
former
Husbands
near
kinsman
by
blood
and
related
to
her
in
the
third
degree
of
Affinity
.
But
when
the
matter
was
known
she
was
divorced
from
Azo
,
at
Gregory's
persuasion
.
Henry
having
conquer'd
Maude
at
Parma
,
march'd
to
Rome
,
and
her
Husband
Azo
after
an
hostile
manner
,
and
pitch'd
his
Camp
in
the
Prati
di
Nerone
,
and
going
into
the
Borgo
di
Sancto
Pietro
,
he
and
his
Pope
Clement
prophaned
St.
Peter's
Church
,
and
demolish'd
the
Portico
,
and
did
the
like
by
St.
Pauls
.
But
seeing
he
could
not
get
into
the
City
,
he
went
to
Tivoli
,
from
whence
as
from
a
Castle
he
made
daily
incursions
upon
the
Romans
,
till
by
wasting
all
that
came
near
him
,
he
reduced
them
to
such
necessity
that
they
desired
Peace
upon
any
terms
,
of
which
notice
being
given
to
Henry
by
some
deserters
who
got
out
of
the
Town
,
he
drew
his
men
up
and
entred
in
;
whereupon
the
Pope
,
who
could
not
trust
the
People
,
betook
himself
into
the
Castle
St.
Angelo
,
where
he
was
besieged
for
some
time
,
they
within
maintaining
the
place
stoutly
.
Gregory's
Nephew
had
not
the
like
fortune
,
who
retreated
to
the
Sittizonio
di
Severo
,
and
wanting
courage
to
defend
it
,
basely
deliver'd
it
up
.
But
Henry
hearing
that
Guiscard
Duke
of
Puglia
was
coming
to
assist
Gregory
,
he
thought
it
no
time
to
dally
,
and
therefore
contrived
this
stratagem
:
He
sent
the
Bishop
of
Clugny
to
Gregory
in
the
Castle
,
to
offer
him
,
that
if
he
would
crown
him
in
the
Lateran
,
he
would
return
into
Germany
with
his
Army
immediately
:
and
the
Roman
people
requested
him
to
do
it
too
.
Gregory
answer'd
he
would
do
it
,
if
Henry
would
amend
his
errors
and
beg
pardon
.
This
he
not
only
refused
to
do
,
but
hearing
that
Guiscard
was
near
with
his
Army
,
he
crown'd
Clement
the
Anti-Pope
with
the
Pontifical
Crown
publickly
in
the
Lateran
,
the
Bishops
of
Bologna
,
of
Cervia
and
Modena
attending
at
the
〈◊〉
.
After
which
he
went
to
Siena
and
took
Clement
along
with
him
.
But
Guiscard
breaking
in
at
the
Porta
del
popolo
,
burnt
the
City
all
along
to
Domitian's
Triumphal
Arch
,
though
the
people
did
what
they
could
to
resist
him
.
The
Citizens
had
fortified
the
Capitol
,
and
defended
themselves
briskly
against
Guiscard
,
who
had
already
taken
the
Lateran
.
From
whence
there
were
a
great
many
skirmishes
and
sallies
made
on
both
sides
,
and
that
part
of
the
City
which
lies
between
the
Lateran
and
the
Capitol
was
demolish'd
,
and
the
Capitol
it self
at
length
taken
by
storm
and
laid
almost
even
with
the
ground
.
Having
thus
made
himself
Master
of
Rome
,
and
given
the
Citizens
goods
as
plunder
to
his
Soldiers
,
he
march'd
to
Castle
St.
Angelo
,
where
the
Pope
lay
besieged
,
and
freeing
the
miserable
man
at
last
from
all
his
foes
,
he
carried
him
along
to
Cassino
and
Salerno
with
him
.
Where
in
a
short
time
after
he
made
a
godly
Exit
,
after
he
had
sate
in
S.
Peter's
Chair
twelve
years
,
one
month
,
and
three
days
.
He
was
a
Man
,
no
question
,
that
God
loved
,
prudent
,
just
,
merciful
,
a
Patron
of
the
poor
,
the
Widows
and
the
fatherless
,
and
the
only
Champion
of
the
Church
against
Hereticks
and
wicked
Princes
who
strove
to
make
themselves
Masters
of
the
Churches
patrimony
by
Violence
.
VICTOR
III.
VICTOR
the
Third
,
before
called
Defiderius
,
Abbat
of
Mount
Cassino
,
being
chosen
Pope
immediately
took
example
by
Gregory
.
And
therefore
I
suppose
it
was
that
Henry
and
he
were
Enemies
,
by
whose
contrivance
he
was
taken
off
with
Poison
,
conveigh'd
into
the
Chalice
as
he
was
administring
the
Eucharist
(
as
St.
Martin
writes
,
)
though
Vincentius
says
on
the
contrary
,
that
he
died
of
a
Dysentery
,
which
may
possibly
seem
not
altogether
unlike
poysoning
,
since
those
that
are
poison'd
do
sometimes
fall
into
a
Dysentery
by
the
corruption
and
relaxation
of
the
Intestines
.
But
Guiscard
would
have
revenged
so
great
a
Villany
,
if
he
had
not
chanced
to
die
too
soon
;
for
when
he
had
subdued
the
Greeks
he
went
to
Corfu
and
died
;
to
whom
(
because
Boemund
was
absent
)
Roger
his
younger
Son
succeeded
in
the
Dutchy
of
Puglia
.
At
that
time
there
was
a
famine
throughout
most
part
of
the
World
,
by
means
whereof
the
King
of
Gallitia
took
〈◊〉
from
the
Saracens
after
he
had
besieged
it
many
years
,
and
gave
it
to
the
Christians
.
But
Henry
had
ill
success
against
the
Saxons
in
Germany
,
being
defeated
with
the
loss
of
four
thousand
Soldiers
,
God
permitting
this
calamity
,
that
he
might
at
last
desist
from
harassing
the
Church
.
There
are
who
say
that
there
appeared
a
great
many
Prodigies
at
that
time
;
as
,
that
the
domestick
birds
,
as
Hens
,
Geese
,
Pigeons
,
and
Peacocks
fled
into
the
Mountains
and
grew
wild
;
that
Fishes
in
general
both
in
Rivers
and
in
the
Sea
died
;
and
that
some
Cities
were
so
shaken
with
Earth-quakes
,
that
the
great
Church
at
Syracuse
fell
down
at
Vespers
and
kill'd
all
those
that
were
in
it
,
saving
only
the
Deacon
and
Sub
〈◊〉
who
were
miraculously
saved
.
'T
is
said
,
the
body
of
St
Nicolas
was
translated
to
Bari
by
the
Merchants
about
this
time
,
and
there
much
honour'd
;
as
Martin
Scotus
a
Man
of
great
Learning
and
singular
Morals
tells
us
in
his
History
.
But
Victor
,
by
whose
procurement
Deusdedit
reduced
the
book
of
Canons
into
method
,
died
in
the
first
year
and
fourth
month
of
his
Pontificate
,
not
without
suspicion
of
being
poison'd
.
URBAN
II.
URBAN
the
Second
,
before
called
Otho
,
or
Oddo
,
at
first
a
Monk
of
Eboina
,
and
after
that
Cardinal
of
Ostia
,
was
at
last
deservedly
made
Pope
about
five
months
after
Victor's
death
.
For
he
was
a
very
learned
and
an
holy
Man
,
and
fit
for
any
great
Employment
.
At
that
time
Roger
took
his
opportunity
(
now
Gregory
was
dead
and
a
new
Successor
come
into
the
place
)
to
take
Capua
and
all
places
that
belong'd
to
them
betwixt
that
and
Tiber
,
from
the
Pope
and
the
Romans
.
Thereupon
Urban
who
could
hardly
trust
the
Romans
,
by
reason
of
their
former
inclinations
to
Novelty
,
went
to
Melfi
.
Where
being
resolv'd
to
call
a
Synod
,
it
was
convenient
to
secure
all
people
in
their
passage
to
it
;
and
therefore
he
commanded
Roger
and
Boemund
who
were
at
variance
about
the
Dutchy
of
Puglia
,
to
quit
their
Arms
;
upon
this
condition
,
that
Roger
should
let
Boemund
have
part
of
Puglia
,
and
himself
enjoy
all
the
rest
of
his
Father's
Dominion
.
And
when
he
had
thus
settled
the
Italian
affairs
to
his
mind
,
and
put
the
Church
in
a
good
condition
(
as
far
as
was
possible
in
such
an
hurry
)
he
went
to
Toia
,
to
enquire
what
the
Clergy
of
that
place
did
,
and
to
correct
the
errors
of
some
ill-livers
among
'em
.
But
in
the
mean
time
Boemund
,
whilst
his
Brother
Roger
made
War
in
Sicily
against
the
Saracens
,
took
Melfi
by
surprise
.
Whereupon
Roger
returning
from
Sicily
,
besieged
his
Brother
Boemund
at
Melfi
with
twenty
thousand
Saracens
which
he
hired
to
come
along
with
him
,
though
those
within
the
City
defended
it
very
stoutly
.
The
Pope
,
seeing
he
could
have
no
quiet
in
Italy
,
design'd
a
Journey
into
France
,
but
first
held
a
Council
at
Piacenza
,
in
which
he
wonderfully
curb'd
the
licentiousness
of
some
Clergymen
.
From
thence
he
went
into
France
,
and
began
a
thing
very
memorable
.
For
he
call'd
a
Council
at
Cleremont
,
wherein
he
so
far
animated
the
Princes
of
France
toward
the
retaking
of
Jerusalem
,
which
had
been
so
long
in
the
hands
of
the
Sarazens
,
that
in
the
year
1484.
three
hundred
thousand
Men
enrolled
themselves
as
Soldiers
under
Christ's
Banner
.
After
which
he
returned
to
Rome
,
with
an
intention
,
that
when
he
had
composed
things
in
Italy
,
he
would
excite
the
Italians
also
to
the
same
end
.
In
the
mean
time
King
Henry
wicked
man
,
ceased
not
to
affront
Robert
Earl
of
Flanders
and
provoke
him
to
Battel
,
that
he
might
divert
him
from
the
holy
Expedition
.
Notwithstanding
many
followed
one
Peter
an
Eremite
,
who
was
a
man
of
incomparable
sanctity
,
and
travelling
through
Germany
and
Hungary
,
arrived
at
Constantinople
,
then
the
common
Seat
of
War
.
And
they
were
not
long
after
followed
by
Eustathius
,
and
Baldwin
surnamed
of
Bulloign
,
men
famous
for
feats
of
Arms.
But
besides
these
there
was
the
Bishop
of
Pois
,
Raymund
Earl
of
St.
Giles
,
Hugo
Magnus
King
Philip
of
France's
Brother
,
and
the
two
Roberts
(
whereof
one
was
Earl
of
Normandy
and
the
other
of
Flanders
)
together
with
Stephen
Earl
of
Chartres
,
who
passing
over
the
Alps
into
Italy
came
first
to
Rome
.
Where
when
they
had
visited
the
SSts
.
Tombs
and
Shrines
,
and
received
the
Pope's
Benediction
,
they
went
to
Brundusium
with
an
intent
to
go
from
thence
into
Albania
.
But
because
one
Port
would
not
hold
'em
all
,
some
went
to
Bari
and
some
to
Otranto
.
But
Boemund
,
who
,
we
told
you
,
had
taken
Melfi
,
being
desirous
of
glory
,
left
Melfi
,
and
went
upon
the
same
Expedition
with
twelve
thousand
choice
and
young
Italians
.
And
this
his
Valour
so
prevail'd
with
his
Brother
Roger
,
that
he
laid
down
his
Arms
and
promised
that
for
the
future
all
things
betwixt
him
and
his
Brother
should
be
equally
shared
:
and
presently
sent
his
Son
Tancred
,
who
was
desirous
to
go
into
the
War
along
with
his
Brother
.
By
this
time
Peter
the
Eremite
was
come
to
Constantinople
,
and
pitching
his
Camp
in
the
Suburbs
,
did
so
much
damage
to
the
Citizens
,
not
voluntarily
,
but
through
the
licentiousness
of
his
Soldiers
,
that
the
Greeks
wish'd
'em
all
cut
off
.
Alexius
the
Emperour
was
very
much
concerned
for
the
injuries
which
his
Subjects
suffer'd
,
and
therefore
forced
Peter
for
want
of
forage
to
pass
the
Bosphorus
before
he
was
willing
.
However
being
compelled
to
it
Peter
and
his
Men
went
over
,
and
first
going
to
Nicodemia
,
and
then
to
Nicopoli
,
attaqued
that
City
though
it
was
well
guarded
by
the
Saracens
.
But
they
wanting
provisions
to
maintain
the
Siege
,
and
the
Christian
Soldiers
dying
apace
,
they
were
worsted
by
the
Sarazens
,
and
forced
to
raise
their
Siege
;
but
besides
that
,
received
such
damage
in
their
flight
,
that
Reginald
General
of
the
Germans
renounced
the
Christian
faith
,
and
surrender'd
himself
to
them
;
and
Peter
went
as
it
were
back
,
like
an
Ambassadour
to
Constantinople
without
any
Soldiers
to
attend
him
.
This
was
welcome
news
to
Alexius
,
who
hoped
,
that
the
Christians
,
upon
such
a
discomfiture
,
would
quit
that
Expedition
.
But
in
the
mean
while
other
supplies
came
in
,
and
Alexius
finding
that
he
could
not
beat
'em
back
with
open
force
,
he
set
upon
'em
in
the
Night
time
as
they
were
pitching
their
Camp
in
the
Suburbs
of
Constantinople
,
but
to
no
purpose
;
for
they
that
were
posted
there
maintain'd
their
Camp
with
great
courage
,
till
the
rest
of
the
Soldiers
awaked
got
to
their
Arms.
They
fought
too
the
next
day
with
small
damage
on
either
side
.
Then
Boemund
was
sent
to
Alexius
in
the
name
of
the
Army
,
and
partly
by
Menaces
,
partly
by
Promises
induced
him
to
enter
into
a
League
upon
these
terms
:
That
they
should
not
onely
pass
through
his
Territories
with
safety
,
but
have
all
necessaries
supply'd
,
and
that
whatever
they
took
from
the
Saracens
should
be
his
,
except
Jerusalem
.
When
he
had
so
done
,
he
repassed
the
Bosphorus
,
and
arrived
first
at
Nicomedia
,
and
then
at
Nicopolis
,
which
was
briskly
defended
by
the
Turks
within
:
Both
Saracens
and
Turks
being
Allies
at
that
time
,
in
the
War
against
the
Christians
,
sixty
thousand
Turks
who
lay
upon
the
adjacent
Mountains
,
made
signs
to
the
Townsmen
to
sally
out
,
while
they
set
upon
the
Christian
Camp
;
but
were
so
briskly
repulsed
that
they
return'd
to
the
Mountains
without
doing
any
execution
.
Yet
it
was
difficult
to
take
the
City
,
because
all
kind
of
Provisions
were
carried
into
it
by
a
Lake
that
joins
to
it
,
till
the
Lake
being
fill'd
with
small
Vessels
from
Constantinople
,
the
Townsmen
were
so
streightned
for
want
of
necessaries
,
that
fifty
two
days
after
the
beginning
of
the
Siege
they
surrender'd
;
the
Turks
,
who
were
in
Garrison
there
,
being
permitted
to
march
out
with
their
Arms
and
Baggage
.
After
which
the
Christians
fortified
Nicopoli
and
then
left
it
:
and
being
forced
to
travel
through
Deserts
,
they
divided
their
Army
into
two
parts
.
But
it
so
happen'd
that
Boemund
sound
out
a
〈◊〉
place
near
a
certain
River
,
where
designing
to
stay
and
refresh
his
Men
who
were
weary
of
travelling
;
on
a
sudden
the
Turks
and
Saracens
under
the
conduct
of
Soliman
,
set
upon
him
,
and
had
certainly
overpower'd
him
with
multitudes
,
had
not
Hugo
and
Godfrey
with
forty
thousand
Horse
come
to
his
aid
〈◊〉
as
they
heard
of
it
.
They
fought
very
smartly
and
a
great
while
on
both
sides
,
nor
could
the
Battel
be
ended
but
by
the
Night
coming
upon
them
:
and
in
that
fight
it
was
found
next
day
,
that
there
were
forty
thousand
men
slain
,
either
Turks
,
Medes
,
Syrians
,
Chaldeans
,
Saracens
or
Arabians
.
But
nevertheless
Soliman
made
all
the
haste
possible
from
thence
,
and
bragging
in
all
places
that
he
was
Victor
,
he
met
ten
thousand
Arabs
who
were
acoming
to
the
Army
;
whom
he
carried
with
him
into
Lycaonia
to
intercept
the
Christians
passage
and
hinder
Provisions
from
being
carry'd
thither
.
But
the
Christians
being
supply'd
by
the
Corn
then
almost
ripe
upon
the
ground
,
arrived
first
at
Iconium
(
the
chief
City
of
that
Country
)
and
having
taken
that
by
surrender
,
possess'd
themselves
of
Heraclea
,
and
Tarsos
with
the
same
success
.
Then
Baldwin
,
a
Man
of
great
Courage
and
Wit
,
first
got
a
Signiory
in
Asia
;
for
he
had
Tarso
and
all
that
he
took
in
that
Country
bestowed
upon
him
:
and
not
long
after
made
himself
Master
of
Edessa
and
Manista
.
From
thence
the
bigger
Army
went
into
Cilicia
,
now
called
Armenia
minor
,
which
submitting
upon
the
first
Onset
,
they
made
Palinurus
an
Armenian
who
had
fought
on
the
Christian
side
,
Governour
of
it
.
Afterward
they
took
Coesarea
in
Cappadocia
,
and
then
march'd
on
toward
Antioch
over
the
high
Mountains
.
At
that
time
Cassianus
was
King
of
Antioch
,
formerly
called
Reblata
:
but
that
same
King
who
formerly
govern'd
all
Asia
double
wall'd
it
,
and
called
it
by
his
own
name
;
and
built
about
it
four
hundred
and
sixty
Towers
.
Here
was
also
once
St.
Peter's
Sea
;
and
here
were
born
Luke
the
Evangelist
,
and
that
Theophilus
,
to
whom
Luke
directs
his
Gospel
and
the
Acts
of
the
Apostles
:
and
here
Men
that
were
regenerate
by
Baptism
were
first
called
Christians
,
and
lived
there
a
thousand
years
under
Christian
Government
.
Moreover
,
it
appears
that
there
were
one
hundred
and
sixty
Bishops
under
the
Patriarch
of
Antioch
before
the
Barbarians
took
it
:
and
that
there
were
in
it
three
hundred
and
sixty
Parish
Churches
.
In
the
year
therefore
of
our
Redemption
1491.
Antioch
began
to
be
besieged
with
great
application
.
At
which
time
Urban
,
who
was
vexed
with
tumultuous
insurrections
,
shut
himself
up
for
two
years
in
the
House
of
one
Peter
Leo
a
noble
Citizen
,
near
St.
Nicolas's
Church
.
But
when
John
Paganus
,
a
most
seditious
Fellow
,
was
dead
,
he
was
a
little
more
at
liberty
,
and
then
he
applied
himself
to
settle
the
State
of
the
Church
.
For
he
received
into
favour
the
Arch-bishop
of
Millain
(
before
deposed
,
because
he
had
been
consecrated
by
one
Bishop
against
the
Canon
and
custom
of
Holy
Church
)
he
having
by
way
of
penance
changed
his
habit
and
lived
in
a
Monastery
voluntarily
and
holily
upon
that
account
.
And
when
he
petition'd
with
all
humility
to
send
him
a
Pall
he
did
it
,
and
restor'd
him
to
his
Authority
in
this
form
of
words
:
We
are
persuaded
by
thy
Letter
to
send
thy
Brotherhood
a
Pall
together
with
the
Blessing
of
the
Sea
Apostolick
;
which
kind
of
Honour
was
never
before
conferr'd
upon
any
person
absent
from
us
.
After
that
he
gave
a
Pall
and
several
priviledges
to
the
Arch
bishop
of
Toledo
(
who
came
to
Rome
and
swore
fidelity
to
the
Pope
)
and
made
him
Primate
of
all
Spain
.
But
he
laid
a
Curse
upon
the
King
of
Portugal
and
all
the
Diocese
of
St.
James
:
because
he
had
thrown
the
Bishop
of
that
Province
into
Prison
without
hearing
what
he
had
to
say
for
himself
.
About
the
same
time
Henry
Bishop
of
Soissons
came
to
Urban
at
Rome
,
and
freely
quitted
his
Bishoprick
which
he
had
received
from
the
King
of
France
,
without
any
hopes
of
Restitution
.
Whereupon
Urban
(
lest
his
Diocese
should
suffer
for
want
of
a
Bishop
)
restored
him
to
his
Bishoprick
,
though
he
were
unwilling
to
take
it
;
but
he
was
sworn
in
this
manner
:
I
for
the
future
will
not
communicate
with
any
that
are
excommunicated
by
this
Sea
,
wittingly
and
willingly
:
nor
will
I
ever
be
present
at
the
Consecrations
of
those
that
accept
of
Bishopricks
or
Abbies
,
against
Law
and
Reason
,
from
Laymen
;
and
,
so
help
me
God
,
and
this
holy
Gospel
,
I
never
intend
to
break
my
resolution
.
So
also
they
say
he
dealt
with
the
Bishop
of
Bellay
:
Nor
can
any
one
say
he
was
pertinacious
for
doing
so
;
for
he
knew
how
and
when
to
alter
his
mind
upon
occasion
,
which
every
good
Man
should
do
.
For
when
he
had
admitted
a
Clerk
,
whom
Gibert
the
Anti-Pope
had
made
a
Sub
deacon
,
to
second
Orders
,
he
chang'd
his
mind
,
because
it
was
a
thing
of
ill
Example
,
and
like
to
be
of
very
pernicious
consequence
.
He
confirm'd
the
Order
of
Cistercians
which
was
first
set
up
in
Burgundy
;
and
some
say
,
the
Carthusians
began
their
Order
in
his
time
:
though
others
say
it
was
in
the
time
of
Victor
III.
But
when
Urban
had
settled
the
Church
of
God
,
not
onely
by
his
pains
and
Example
,
but
by
his
Writings
too
which
he
set
forth
against
the
Hereticks
,
he
died
near
St.
Nicolas's
in
the
House
of
Peter
Leo
,
an
eminent
Citizen
,
twelve
years
,
four
months
,
and
nineteen
days
after
he
came
to
the
Popedom
,
upon
the
28th
.
of
August
.
His
Body
was
carried
over
Tiber
,
to
avoid
the
contrivances
of
his
Enemies
,
who
would
have
done
him
an
injury
(
if
possible
)
after
death
,
and
buried
very
honourably
in
St.
Peter's
at
the
Vatican
.
PASCHAL
II.
PASCHAL
the
Second
,
before
call'd
Raynerius
,
an
Italian
of
Romagna
,
whose
Father's
name
was
Crescentius
,
and
his
Mother
Alphacia
,
was
chosen
Pope
about
that
time
when
the
Christians
fought
in
Asia
and
took
Antioch
,
into
which
they
were
lett
by
Pyrrhus
,
an
eminent
Citizen
.
For
he
admired
Böemunds
valour
so
much
that
he
promised
to
surrender
the
City
to
'em
,
if
the
rest
of
the
Christians
would
let
Böemund
be
Governour
of
it
.
The
Christians
when
they
enter'd
the
City
,
spared
almost
all
,
but
onely
that
they
were
severe
upon
the
Saracens
:
and
Cassianus
their
King
who
fled
to
the
Mountains
,
was
kill'd
by
the
Armenians
.
They
had
taken
all
but
the
Castle
;
which
whilest
Böemund
attaqued
,
he
was
shot
through
the
thigh
with
an
Arrow
,
which
pained
him
so
,
that
he
was
fain
to
desist
from
the
Siege
for
several
days
.
But
when
Corbanes
the
King
of
persia's
General
came
up
,
with
Sensadolus
Castianus's
Son
,
to
retake
Antioch
,
Böemund
was
by
that
time
well
of
his
Wound
,
met
and
would
have
engaged
'em
.
But
the
Enemy
kept
up
in
the
Mountains
and
could
not
be
tempted
to
fight
by
any
means
.
Whereupon
Böemund
being
necessitated
for
lack
of
Provisions
was
resolv'd
to
fight
'em
though
the
place
was
much
to
his
disadvantage
.
So
he
order'd
that
Lance
wherewith
Longinus
pierced
Christ's
side
(
which
they
found
in
St.
Andrew's
Church
at
Antioch
)
to
be
carry'd
before
'em
as
the
best
Ensign
they
could
have
;
and
marching
up
to
'em
he
defeated
them
with
the
slaughter
of
an
hundred
thousand
,
though
at
first
they
made
a
brisk
resistance
.
Besides
that
,
they
say
there
were
fifteen
thousand
Camels
taken
in
their
Camp
;
and
so
much
plunder
carry'd
off
,
that
from
the
greatest
extremity
of
want
they
were
advanced
to
the
greatest
abundance
of
all
things
necessary
.
The
Governour
of
the
Castle
when
he
knew
of
it
,
surrender'd
the
Castle
to
Böemund
and
embraced
the
Christian
Faith
:
and
all
that
were
in
the
Garrison
,
if
they
would
do
the
like
,
were
permitted
to
march
off
with
Bag
and
Baggage
whither
they
pleased
.
After
that
there
arose
a
great
debate
betwixt
Böemund
and
Raymund
,
when
Böemund
demanded
Antioch
,
and
Raymund
said
,
it
belong'd
to
the
Emperour
of
Constantinople
,
by
the
contract
they
had
before
freely
made
.
But
the
Priests
,
to
whom
it
was
referr'd
,
gave
it
to
Böemund
without
any
more
ado
.
In
the
mean
time
Hugo
Magnus
(
who
was
gone
to
Constantinople
to
compose
things
)
died
,
and
then
the
other
Officers
(
all
but
Raymund
,
who
besieged
Caesarea
in
Cappadocia
)
resolv'd
to
go
to
Jerusalem
with
their
Army
,
and
rendezvouz'd
in
Lycia
.
But
by
the
way
they
attempted
to
take
Tortosa
,
and
after
they
had
spent
three
months
in
vain
,
they
raised
the
Siege
,
and
march'd
to
Tripoli
,
the
petit
King
of
which
place
furnish'd
'em
liberally
with
Mony
,
Provisions
and
Arms
,
and
thereby
obtain'd
a
Peace
upon
Condition
,
that
he
,
if
Jerusalem
were
taken
,
should
embrace
the
Christian
Religion
.
Hence
they
removed
,
and
passing
by
Coesarea
in
Palestine
,
came
at
five
encampings
to
Jerusalem
;
which
stands
upon
an
high
Hill
,
and
is
divided
also
by
several
Dales
,
so
that
it
cannot
be
besieged
but
by
a
very
great
Army
.
Beside
,
there
wants
Fountains
and
River-waters
,
which
are
necessary
for
an
Army
.
For
there
is
no
other
rivolet
but
Siloe
,
and
that
very
little
in
the
Summer
time
(
and
sometimes
nothing
at
all
)
which
runs
down
Mount
Sion
into
the
Valley
of
〈◊〉
.
Yet
there
are
a
great
many
Cisterns
in
the
City
and
the
Countrey
,
to
furnish
the
Citizens
with
Water
,
but
cannot
supply
great
Armies
and
Beasts
of
carriage
.
Notwithstanding
the
Christians
got
what
Provisions
they
could
and
attaqued
the
City
in
four
places
very
fiercely
,
(
whilest
the
Jerusalemites
defended
it
as
stoutly
)
and
upon
the
13th
of
July
they
took
it
by
storm
,
the
thirty
ninth
day
after
they
began
to
besiege
it
,
in
the
year
1499.
four
hundred
and
ninety
years
after
the
Saracens
took
it
under
the
Reign
of
Heraclius
.
Godfrey
was
most
to
be
commended
in
that
action
;
for
that
he
first
master'd
that
part
of
the
Wall
which
was
allotted
for
him
and
his
Brother
to
storm
;
and
help'd
Balion
down
into
the
City
to
open
the
Gates
for
the
Christians
:
at
whose
entrance
there
was
such
a
slaughter
both
in
the
City
,
and
especially
in
the
Temple
,
that
Men
were
above
the
ancles
in
bloud
.
And
the
same
day
they
had
taken
the
Temple
too
,
if
Night
had
not
come
upon
'em
.
However
the
next
day
the
Attaque
was
nenew'd
,
and
quarter
given
to
all
that
desired
and
would
lay
down
their
Arms.
But
the
Christians
,
after
such
a
Victory
,
when
they
had
rested
eight
days
from
the
toil
of
War
,
and
had
visited
the
holy
places
of
the
City
and
our
Lord's
Sepulchre
,
took
Godfrey
upon
their
shoulders
,
and
carry'd
him
into
the
Palace
,
where
by
universal
consent
they
chose
him
King
.
And
he
,
though
he
did
not
refuse
the
Title
of
King
,
yet
he
would
not
have
a
golden
Crown
;
because
he
thought
it
unseemly
for
any
one
to
wear
a
golden
Diadem
,
where
Christ
,
the
King
of
Kings
wore
one
of
Thorns
when
he
redeemed
mankind
.
Then
also
was
Arnulphus
the
Priest
made
Patriarch
and
consecrated
by
the
Bishops
that
were
there
present
.
The
Citizens
of
Neapolis
in
Assyria
were
so
frighted
at
this
Victory
,
that
they
sent
Ambassadours
to
Godfrey
to
surrender
themselves
and
all
they
had
.
Soon
after
news
came
that
a
mighty
Army
of
Soliman
King
of
Babylon
was
come
to
Ascalon
(
a
City
twenty
miles
from
Jerusalem
,
was
always
in
〈◊〉
with
the
People
of
it
,
)
Godfrey
resolv'd
to
meet
'em
:
and
therefore
left
Peter
the
Hermit
to
guard
the
City
,
and
recall'd
Eustace
,
and
Tancred
,
whom
he
had
sent
to
Neapoli
,
with
two
Legions
.
As
he
march'd
against
the
Enemy
,
he
was
inform'd
by
the
Prisoners
he
took
,
that
Clement
was
Soliman's
General
,
and
had
fifty
thousand
Men
under
him
and
a
Navy
laden
with
Provision
and
Artillery
;
but
notwithstanding
was
resolv'd
to
fight
him
;
which
he
did
,
and
Godfrey
,
who
had
the
day
,
kill'd
thirty
thousand
of
his
Men
,
as
the
story
goes
:
But
Clement
,
who
led
the
Enemy
,
escaped
away
.
The
Ascalonites
having
received
such
a
blow
,
deliver'd
up
their
City
streight
to
Godfrey
:
in
which
he
found
as
much
Gold
and
Silver
,
as
ever
was
seen
together
before
.
Jerusalem
being
thus
retaken
,
many
of
the
Princes
who
had
perform'd
their
Vow
and
had
their
desire
,
began
to
take
their
journeys
home
into
Europe
;
among
the
rest
the
Earls
of
S.
Giles
and
Troyes
.
But
Godfrey
and
his
Brothers
,
who
had
great
success
,
took
Joppa
a
Sea-port
Town
,
and
Rama
,
which
hinder'd
the
Christians
passage
from
Ascalon
to
Jerusalem
.
He
also
besieged
Cassa
,
otherwise
called
Porfiria
,
at
tho
foot
of
Mount
Carmel
,
four
miles
from
Acon
.
But
whilest
the
Siege
lasted
,
Tiberias
,
a
Town
of
Galilee
surrender'd
of
their
own
accord
,
and
Caffa
was
not
long
after
yielded
upon
terms
.
But
nothing
,
that
Men
call
Happiness
,
is
very
lasting
.
For
a
year
after
the
taking
of
Jerusalem
,
which
cost
so
much
labour
and
pains
,
Godfrey
died
of
a
Fever
:
and
the
Christians
to
prevent
any
damage
that
might
happen
by
an
Interregnum
,
〈◊〉
Brother
Baldwin
in
his
room
,
A.
D.
1101.
But
to
return
to
Paschal
,
whom
Gregory
the
Seventh
made
Cardinal
Priest
of
S.
Clements
,
for
his
Learning
and
Vertue
.
He
was
chosen
Pope
by
the
Clergy
after
Urban's
death
:
though
he
could
have
been
well
satisfied
with
a
private
life
:
for
he
was
formerly
a
Monk
,
and
made
Pope
against
his
will
;
denying
himself
to
be
capable
of
so
great
a
Charge
;
but
yet
at
the
desire
of
the
People
,
because
the
Clergy
chose
him
unanimously
,
and
the
College
of
Cardinals
approved
of
it
,
he
did
take
upon
him
the
Pontificate
:
but
not
till
they
had
thrice
repeated
these
words
with
acclamations
[
St.
Peter
has
chosen
Rainerius
,
a
very
good
Man
,
Pope
,
]
and
the
Secretaries
and
Clerks
after
that
gave
him
the
Title
of
Paschal
.
Then
he
put
on
his
Scarlet
Cloak
or
Robe
,
with
a
Mitre
on
his
Head
,
and
was
attended
to
the
Lateran
by
the
Clergy
and
People
,
upon
a
white
Horse
,
until
he
came
to
the
South
Portico
that
leads
to
St.
Saviours
,
Where
when
he
had
sate
some
time
in
a
Seat
made
on
purpose
,
as
the
custom
is
,
he
went
up
into
the
Court
of
the
Lateran
,
and
put
on
a
Girdle
upon
which
hung
seven
Keyes
and
seven
Seals
;
to
let
him
know
,
that
according
to
the
seven
fold
grace
of
the
Holy
Ghost
,
he
had
Power
to
govern
the
Church
under
God
,
and
to
bind
,
loose
,
open
or
shut
.
Then
with
a
Papal
Scepter
in
his
hand
he
visited
those
places
which
are
to
be
enter'd
onely
to
〈◊〉
:
and
the
day
following
he
received
his
Consecration
at
St.
Peter's
,
where
Oddo
,
Bishop
of
Ostia
,
Maurice
,
of
Porto
,
Gualter
,
of
Alba
,
Bono
,
of
Lavico
,
Milo
,
of
Palestrina
,
and
Offo
,
of
Nepeso
,
anointed
him
with
Chrism
:
at
which
Ceremony
the
Bishop
of
Ostia
had
the
chief
Place
,
which
continues
so
till
this
day
.
After
his
Unction
he
return'd
into
the
City
,
and
took
his
Crown
according
to
the
Custom
.
That
this
would
so
happen
,
Albert
Bishop
of
Alatri
had
formerly
foretold
.
For
being
ask'd
by
a
Friend
of
his
,
who
he
thought
would
succeed
Urban
,
God
,
said
he
,
will
choose
Rainerius
for
his
faith
and
constancy
.
Nay
,
they
say
that
the
same
Albert
foretold
also
the
exact
time
that
he
should
live
in
his
Pontificate
.
But
Paschal
who
consulted
the
good
of
the
Church
,
then
like
to
be
ruin'd
by
seditious
Men
,
sent
out
his
Forces
against
Gibert
the
Anti-Pope
,
the
Ring
leader
of
all
the
mischief
:
And
to
render
himself
sufficient
for
so
great
a
War
,
he
borrowed
several
Troops
of
Roger
Earl
of
Sicily
and
a
thousand
ounces
of
Gold
.
Gibert
,
that
Villain
,
lived
then
at
Abba
de
Marsi
:
and
when
he
understood
that
the
Enemy
was
coming
,
he
durst
not
trust
to
his
own
strength
,
which
he
had
procured
of
Richard
Count
of
Capua
,
but
left
Alba
and
went
with
all
speed
into
the
Mountains
near
Aquila
,
where
not
long
after
he
died
suddenly
and
paid
for
all
his
iniquities
.
But
notwithstandstanding
his
being
taken
off
,
the
Church
of
God
did
not
rest
altogether
from
troubles
.
For
Richard
,
who
,
we
told
you
,
supply'd
him
with
Men
and
Mony
,
put
up
in
his
room
one
Albert
a
Citizen
of
Aversa
,
between
〈◊〉
and
Capua
:
who
was
compelled
immediately
by
the
well-affected
Party
to
quit
the
place
,
and
go
into
banishment
.
But
the
People
of
Cava
near
Palestrina
,
following
the
Example
of
Richard's
folly
and
arrogance
,
made
one
Frederick
,
Pope
.
But
they
also
repented
of
what
they
had
done
,
and
one
hundred
and
five
days
after
turn'd
him
out
of
his
Pontificate
,
compelled
him
to
take
upon
him
the
habit
of
an
Anchorite
,
and
lead
a
private
life
.
Besides
these
there
was
a
Third
also
,
one
Maginulphus
a
Roman
,
who
was
so
bold
as
to
usurp
the
Title
of
Pope
at
Ravenna
.
But
the
Romans
banish'd
him
,
and
those
of
Ravenna
,
when
he
had
no
Friend
left
,
expelled
him
their
City
.
The
Roman
Church
being
thus
settled
,
Paschal
,
who
was
a
Man
of
great
Wit
and
Courage
,
diverted
his
Mind
from
Religion
to
Arms
,
and
by
the
help
of
Roger
,
retook
Castellana
and
Benevento
from
the
Enemies
.
But
in
the
mean
time
Peter
Columna
,
a
Roman
Citizen
,
by
the
advice
of
Richard
Count
of
Capua
(
whose
main
design
was
to
divide
the
Pope's
Army
)
seiz'd
upon
Cava
a
Town
in
the
Pope's
Dominions
.
Thereupon
the
Pope
marched
against
him
,
and
not
only
retook
Cava
,
but
also
took
from
him
Zangarola
and
Columna
,
two
Castles
of
his
paternal
Inheritance
;
from
whence
the
Family
of
the
Columneses
took
their
Title
.
There
was
another
Family
at
Rome
(
called
the
Corsi
)
very
powerful
and
so
true
to
Gregory
VII
.
that
their
Houses
which
were
under
the
Capitol
were
burnt
by
Henry
down
to
the
ground
;
yet
afterward
Stephen
,
the
chief
of
that
Family
,
chang'd
sides
,
and
in
Paschal's
absence
surpriz'd
St.
Paul's
Church
,
and
the
Castle
hard
by
:
from
whence
he
continually
teazed
the
City
of
Rome
with
inroads
very
strangely
.
For
this
reason
the
Pope
omitted
all
forein
Affairs
,
and
return'd
with
all
speed
to
the
City
,
from
whence
he
drove
Stephen
;
who
went
safely
off
,
disguised
in
a
Monks
Habit
and
so
deceived
those
that
came
to
take
him
.
At
that
time
many
Authors
say
,
there
appeared
a
great
many
Prodigies
;
as
,
that
the
〈◊〉
gain'd
in
some
places
full
twenty
paces
into
the
Land
more
than
ordinary
:
and
on
the
other
side
,
in
some
places
,
retired
from
the
shore
an
hundred
.
And
the
like
I
saw
at
Pozzuoli
the
last
year
by
some
old
weather
beaten
Marble
Pillars
,
that
were
wasted
to
three
Cubits
;
though
the
Inhabitants
told
me
that
three
years
before
they
were
wash'd
by
the
Sea
.
They
tell
you
likewise
that
a
Comet
appeared
of
a
vast
bigness
,
that
was
seen
at
Sun-setting
.
Paschal
however
was
not
disturb'd
at
any
of
these
things
,
because
he
knew
'em
to
be
natural
:
But
when
he
heard
the
Bishop
of
Florence
should
say
,
that
Antichrist
was
born
,
he
went
immediately
thither
,
and
calling
a
Council
,
who
discussed
the
matter
very
nicely
,
he
perceived
the
Bishop
was
onely
ambitious
of
being
the
Author
of
some
great
matter
,
and
therefore
when
he
had
chid
him
he
sent
him
away
,
and
went
himself
into
Lombardy
,
where
he
called
an
Assembly
at
Guardastallo
of
many
Princes
and
Bishops
,
and
held
a
long
debate
about
Homages
,
Fees
,
and
the
Oaths
of
Bishops
that
had
been
or
should
be
administred
to
Laymen
.
And
hearing
of
the
scandalous
lives
of
the
French
Priests
,
he
went
into
France
,
and
at
Troyes
he
called
a
Synod
,
in
which
having
taken
order
for
the
more
decent
adorning
of
Churches
,
and
partly
expelled
,
partly
chastised
their
Incumbents
,
he
returned
in
haste
into
Italy
,
because
he
heard
all
things
were
there
in
an
uproar
.
For
Stephen
Corsus
had
taken
Montalto
,
and
Pontechio
from
that
part
of
Toscany
which
now
they
call
St.
Peter's
Patrimony
,
and
had
fortified
them
with
Castles
,
from
whence
he
pillaged
the
whole
Country
with
frequent
inroads
;
but
the
Pope
fell
upon
him
,
and
beat
him
out
of
one
of
his
Castles
;
though
he
could
not
storm
the
other
by
reason
of
its
situation
,
and
the
Winter
season
which
was
at
hand
.
Going
therefore
into
Puglia
to
compose
the
differences
of
those
parts
,
he
committed
the
care
of
the
Church
to
the
Bishop
of
Lavico
;
to
Peter
the
Son
of
Leo
,
and
to
Leo
the
Son
of
Fregepan
,
the
City
and
all
its
concerns
,
and
to
Ptolemy
Lord
of
Subiaco
,
the
territories
adjacent
,
leaving
his
Nephew
Godfrey
,
General
,
to
assist
them
in
the
defence
of
the
Churches
jurisdiction
.
But
in
the
Pope's
absence
,
Ptolemy
the
reputed
Author
of
all
that
mischief
threatned
he
should
never
return
to
the
City
any
more
,
and
all
these
revolted
from
the
Church
:
to
wit
,
Peter
Columna
,
whom
the
Pope
had
taken
into
favour
,
the
Abbat
of
Farfa
,
together
with
those
of
Anagni
,
Palestrina
,
Tivoli
,
Frascati
,
and
Sabina
.
The
same
Ptolemy
also
raised
an
Army
and
besieged
Alba
in
Campagna
di
Roma
,
which
the
Citizens
very
stoutly
defended
.
But
when
the
Pope
and
the
Prince
of
Cajetta
came
up
,
together
with
Richard
of
Aquila
,
two
excellent
Commanders
,
they
drove
out
these
Usurpers
that
would
have
possessed
themselves
of
the
Church
Revenues
,
and
freeing
Alba
from
the
Siege
,
he
also
had
the
other
revolting
Towns
surrender'd
up
to
him
,
except
that
he
was
fain
to
storm
Tivoli
,
which
stood
out
very
obstinately
,
and
occasion'd
much
damage
on
both
sides
:
though
he
took
Montalto
and
turned
out
Stephen
,
and
quieted
the
whole
Patrimony
in
a
short
time
.
Assoon
as
he
had
made
Peace
here
,
he
apply'd
himself
to
the
War
in
Asia
,
and
to
that
end
wrote
Letters
and
sent
Nuntios
to
all
Christian
Princes
to
exhort
and
animate
'em
to
it
as
much
as
possible
;
because
he
heard
that
〈◊〉
the
death
of
Godfrey
the
Saracens
brought
great
Armies
to
Jerusalem
designing
to
re-take
it
;
as
also
that
the
Christians
had
received
a
great
overthrow
,
that
the
Earl
of
Burgundy
was
slain
in
the
fight
,
that
Boëmund
was
taken
alive
,
and
that
Baldwin
himself
,
Godfrey's
Brother
,
then
King
,
had
made
a
narrow
escape
,
so
that
the
City
was
well-nigh
taken
.
But
the
Barbarians
,
though
they
had
gotten
such
a
Victory
yet
they
durst
not
attempt
Jerusalem
.
For
Tancred
who
had
defended
Antioch
very
valiantly
,
did
also
take
Laodicea
,
which
belong'd
to
the
Emperour
of
Constantinople
,
by
storm
,
because
he
heard
that
Alexius
was
pleased
to
hear
that
so
many
Christians
were
killed
,
and
hinder'd
our
Men
from
passing
out
of
Europe
into
Asia
.
Baldwin
the
King
encouraged
by
the
good
fortune
and
resolution
of
Tancred
,
raised
an
Army
as
fast
as
he
could
,
he
resolv'd
to
march
against
〈◊〉
,
having
sent
to
Genoua
and
Venice
for
Auxiliaries
:
from
whence
he
had
eighty
Ships
of
War
,
besides
many
Galleys
that
were
sent
to
the
place
:
insomuch
that
the
City
was
besieged
both
by
Land
and
Sea
very
closely
,
and
in
twenty
days
was
taken
;
and
the
Saracens
that
came
to
defend
it
,
utterly
routed
and
defeated
.
Tancred
shew'd
great
piety
towards
his
Uncle
Boëmund
who
had
been
kept
in
Prison
by
the
Enemies
for
three
years
,
and
restored
him
to
the
Principality
of
Antioch
,
after
he
had
redeemed
him
with
a
great
Ransom
of
Silver
and
Gold
.
After
that
〈◊〉
committed
the
care
of
Antioch
to
Tancred
,
and
went
first
into
Italy
and
then
into
France
,
and
married
Constantine
King
Philip
of
France's
Daughter
:
but
hearing
that
Alexius
Emperour
of
Constantinople
infested
the
Seaport
Towns
near
Antioch
,
he
return'd
into
Italy
,
and
getting
a
Navy
〈◊〉
sailed
into
Dalmatia
,
where
he
besieged
Durazzo
,
that
he
might
divert
Alexius
from
the
War
in
Asia
,
as
he
soon
did
;
and
Alexius
desiring
a
Peace
,
Boëmund
granted
it
,
upon
condition
,
that
he
should
put
an
end
to
the
War
against
Antioch
and
let
the
French
Soldiers
pass
through
his
Country
into
Asia
without
any
hindrance
.
Peace
thus
made
,
Boemund
sail'd
for
Asia
with
the
Navy
which
he
had
provided
against
Alexius
,
and
did
so
recruit
and
chear
the
spirits
of
the
Christians
,
that
King
Baldwin
storm'd
and
took
Baruti
,
a
Maritime
Town
of
Phaenicia
,
between
Sidon
and
Biblos
,
whose
Metropolis
is
Tyre
,
after
he
had
besieged
it
two
months
,
but
not
without
great
loss
of
Men
:
so
that
he
was
very
severe
with
'em
,
and
gave
the
City
as
a
Colony
to
the
Christians
.
At
the
same
time
was
Sidon
also
taken
.
But
amidst
these
successes
of
the
Christians
:
Boemund
,
that
famous
Prince
died
(
which
caused
an
〈◊〉
sorrow
)
and
left
his
little
Son
Boemund
whom
he
had
by
his
Wife
Constantia
,
and
who
was
to
be
his
Successor
in
the
Principality
of
Antioch
,
under
Tancred's
Tuition
till
he
grew
up
.
In
the
mean
time
Henry
the
Fourth
,
when
his
Father
was
dead
(
whom
he
had
defeated
at
Liege
in
a
pitch'd
Battel
)
having
composed
all
things
in
Germany
came
into
Italy
,
but
tarry'd
at
Sutri
,
knowing
he
should
scarce
be
welcom
to
Paschal
;
because
he
had
demolish'd
many
Churches
in
the
Wars
,
and
given
Bishopricks
as
he
pleased
to
any
body
against
Law
and
Reason
.
But
when
Ambassadours
had
been
sent
from
one
to
the
other
,
and
the
Emperour
had
sworn
that
he
would
come
peaceably
into
the
City
,
and
force
all
the
Bishops
that
were
possest
of
Bishopricks
either
by
bribery
or
violence
,
to
quit
their
preferments
immediately
;
it
was
agreed
he
should
enter
the
City
.
Then
Henry
removed
from
Sutri
to
Monte
Guadio
,
or
,
as
some
will
have
it
,
to
Monte
Malo
,
(
by
others
called
Monte
aureo
)
and
pitch'd
his
Camp
there
:
and
from
thence
by
consent
of
the
People
,
and
attended
by
all
the
Nobility
,
he
march'd
first
into
the
Borgo
di
Santo
Pietro
,
the
Priests
leading
the
way
in
their
Vestments
,
and
carrying
the
reliques
of
Saints
along
with
'em
from
St.
Angelo
;
for
he
went
that
way
into
the
Borgo
di
Santo
Pietro
as
far
as
St.
Peter's
Church
;
and
upon
the
steps
that
ascend
to
it
he
kiss'd
the
Pope's
feet
,
who
came
so
far
with
the
Cardinals
to
meet
him
.
And
when
he
had
quarter'd
his
Soldiers
according
to
his
mind
,
he
went
into
the
Church
upon
the
Pope's
right
hand
;
where
when
he
had
said
his
Prayers
at
the
Altar
,
he
desired
the
Pope
to
confirm
the
Bishops
that
he
had
made
,
though
he
had
sworn
that
he
never
would
ask
it
;
which
Paschal
denying
,
he
gave
the
signal
and
in
came
his
Soldiers
,
who
presently
took
Paschal
and
all
the
Cardinals
,
and
carry'd
him
and
a
great
many
of
the
Clergy
,
whom
they
had
plunder'd
before
;
into
their
Camp
.
The
People
of
Rome
were
so
incensed
at
this
affront
,
that
they
rose
in
Arms
and
beat
the
Germans
out
of
the
Borgo
and
shut
all
the
Gates
.
Thereupon
the
Emperour
went
to
M.
di
Santo
Silvestro
and
put
the
Pope
and
Cardinals
in
streight
Prison
,
with
Guards
round
about
,
lest
they
should
escape
:
which
done
,
he
went
back
with
the
rest
of
his
Men
to
attaque
the
City
,
and
came
as
far
as
the
River
Aniene
.
From
whence
when
he
had
first
made
himself
Master
of
Ponte
Mammolo
(
which
takes
its
name
from
Mammea
the
Mother
of
Alexander
the
Emperour
,
who
founded
it
)
he
burnt
all
the
Villages
round
about
,
and
made
continual
incursions
upon
the
Romans
.
At
which
the
Pope
,
who
was
concern'd
for
the
calamity
of
the
Citizens
and
wearied
with
their
intreaties
,
desired
to
be
brought
(
as
he
was
)
to
Ponte
Salaro
,
where
he
sent
for
Notaries
out
of
the
City
,
to
write
down
the
Contract
,
and
(
though
he
was
unwilling
,
yet
)
did
confirm
all
the
Bishops
that
Henry
had
chosen
.
Things
being
thus
composed
and
Prisoners
on
both
sides
dismissed
the
Emperor
was
Crown'd
by
the
Pope
in
S.
Peters
;
but
the
City
Gates
were
first
shut
,
lest
the
People
should
break
out
;
and
the
very
Church
had
a
Guard
set
upon
it
by
Henry's
Order
.
By
this
means
he
had
what
he
wish'd
for
,
and
so
return'd
into
Germany
not
long
after
.
But
the
Pope
,
when
Italy
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
little
settled
,
exhorted
the
Pisans
who
were
skilful
Seamen
,
to
leave
the
Baleares
(
two
Islands
called
Majorca
and
Minorca
,
which
they
had
in
their
possession
for
some
time
before
)
and
sail
against
the
Saracens
,
who
infested
our
Seas
and
all
the
shores
of
Christendom
.
The
Pisans
were
desirous
of
Honour
and
provided
a
great
Navy
,
mann'd
with
most
of
their
young
Men
,
and
went
against
the
Enemy
.
But
whilst
they
staid
at
Volterra
for
a
Wind
,
the
Luccheses
invaded
their
City
,
which
had
no
body
to
defend
it
;
and
had
taken
it
,
had
not
the
Florentines
at
the
request
of
the
Pisans
beat
back
the
Luccheses
,
and
manfully
maintained
it
.
For
which
kindness
the
Pisans
when
they
came
back
victorious
over
the
Saracens
,
presented
the
Florentines
with
two
Prophyry
Pillars
,
still
to
be
seen
at
the
Gate
of
St.
John
Baptist's
Chappel
.
In
the
mean
time
Paschal
held
a
Council
at
the
Lateran
,
and
revok'd
all
that
he
had
promised
to
Henry
;
because
he
was
forc'd
to
do
what
he
did
,
either
out
of
fear
of
Henry
or
in
pity
to
the
Cardinals
that
were
in
bonds
,
or
to
the
People
of
Rome
,
whom
Henry
harass'd
after
an
hostile
manner
,
to
make
a
Peace
upon
any
terms
.
He
therefore
thought
it
better
to
retract
what
he
had
done
amiss
(
since
he
was
compelled
)
than
to
let
other
Princes
take
that
for
a
Precedent
,
and
think
that
lawful
for
them
to
do
,
which
Henry
onely
extorted
from
him
against
his
will
.
At
that
time
Maude
the
Countess
died
of
age
and
left
the
Church
of
Rome
,
in
her
Will
,
all
that
tract
of
ground
that
lies
betwixt
the
River
Pissia
,
and
Santo
Quirico
in
Sienois
,
to
Ceperano
between
the
Apennine
and
the
Sea
;
as
also
Ferrara
,
which
is
still
tributary
to
the
Church
of
Rome
.
There
are
some
Authors
(
of
which
Vencentius
is
one
of
the
best
)
who
write
that
this
Lady
died
at
Florence
in
a
great
Fire
(
that
burnt
down
most
of
the
City
,
and
destroyed
two
thousand
Persons
)
and
that
her
Body
was
carry'd
thence
afterward
into
〈◊〉
,
and
buried
in
a
Monastery
of
St.
Benedict
,
twelve
miles
from
Mantoa
.
My
Opinion
is
,
that
she
died
at
Mantua
and
was
carry'd
to
St.
Benedict's
(
which
she
built
)
by
her
own
Order
,
and
Anselm's
care
,
who
was
a
very
holy
Man
and
the
cause
of
her
building
that
stately
Edifice
.
And
I
am
sure
Anselm
himself
who
was
Bishop
of
Lucca
,
was
buried
there
too
,
but
translated
afterward
to
the
Cathedral
of
Mantua
,
lest
the
neighbourhood
should
have
stollen
him
out
of
his
grave
,
because
he
was
every
day
more
and
more
famous
for
Miracles
.
The
Lucceses
say
that
they
have
Maud's
body
,
which
I
cannot
believe
,
because
Guido
Gonzaga
,
whilst
he
repaired
the
Monastery
of
St.
Benedict
found
and
removed
the
body
(
as
he
ought
)
to
a
better
place
:
Some
Authors
also
write
that
there
was
another
Anselm
at
the
same
time
,
a
very
learned
Man
,
and
of
such
esteem
in
England
,
that
he
was
in
a
short
time
from
a
Monk
made
an
Abbat
,
and
then
Arch-bishop
of
Canterbury
;
the
same
Person
who
wrote
several
Books
of
Meditations
;
Why
God
should
be
made
Man
;
of
free
Will
;
of
Parables
;
of
the
Cross
;
and
of
St.
John
Baptist.
These
happy
times
produced
Sigebert
the
Monk
of
Gemblours
,
a
Man
of
excellent
Learning
;
and
Bernard
of
Castillon
in
〈◊〉
,
a
Man
of
a
noble
Family
:
He
,
when
he
was
twenty
two
years
of
age
took
upon
him
the
habit
of
a
Monk
(
under
Stephen
the
Abbat
,
who
was
the
third
after
the
Order
of
Cistercians
was
erected
)
with
thirty
Fellows
more
,
and
was
so
much
commended
for
his
Learning
and
Piety
,
that
in
a
short
time
he
was
made
Abbat
of
Clarevalle
,
a
Monastery
built
by
one
Robert
a
Nobleman
of
great
honour
,
and
there
he
lived
and
govern'd
with
great
reputation
for
thirty
six
years
.
And
when
he
(
that
is
Bernard
)
died
,
he
left
,
besides
the
same
of
his
sanctity
,
a
great
many
Monuments
of
his
Wit
in
writing
:
especially
his
Commentaries
upon
the
Canticles
,
and
his
considerations
of
divine
Contemplation
dedicated
to
Eugenius
the
Pope
,
from
whence
he
might
learn
the
duty
of
a
Pope
.
He
likewise
wrote
many
Epistles
;
one
above
the
rest
to
the
Romans
,
in
which
he
much
blames
'em
:
as
also
an
Apology
,
and
some
Sermons
upon
solemn
occasions
.
But
to
return
to
Paschal
,
who
decreed
in
a
Council
held
at
Guardastallo
,
that
no
Cities
of
Romagna
,
as
Piacenza
,
Parma
,
Reggio
,
Modena
,
nor
Bologna
should
be
any
longer
subject
to
Ravenna
which
had
been
formerly
the
Metropolis
and
Mother-Church
:
because
the
Bishops
of
Ravenna
had
often
exalted
their
horns
against
the
Roman
Sea
.
But
when
the
Pope
came
back
to
the
City
,
the
People
desired
him
that
he
would
make
Peter's
Son
Governour
of
the
City
,
upon
the
death
of
his
Father
who
was
so
in
his
life
time
:
which
the
Pope
denying
to
do
by
reason
of
his
nonage
(
for
he
was
scarce
ten
years
old
)
there
was
such
a
tumult
of
a
sudden
,
that
he
was
forced
to
leave
the
City
,
for
fear
of
some
great
mischief
;
for
there
were
many
,
that
said
it
was
not
fit
that
such
a
Boy
should
be
intrusted
with
such
a
weighty
Employment
.
But
that
would
not
do
;
for
when
he
was
at
Alba
,
and
heard
that
Peter
Leo
(
a
great
friend
to
the
Church
)
was
set
upon
in
his
own
House
by
the
adverse
Faction
,
he
immediately
sent
Ptolomy
from
Ariccia
with
a
good
competent
number
of
Men
to
assist
him
;
who
drove
the
Enemy
over
the
Tiber
,
killing
some
and
taking
others
whom
he
divided
among
the
several
Towns
,
to
be
kept
.
But
there
soon
appeared
great
inconstancy
in
Ptolomy
.
For
those
whom
he
had
taken
but
a
little
before
,
he
set
upon
by
surprise
as
they
went
through
the
Selva
del
Aglio
by
his
Order
to
the
several
Towns
,
and
took
'em
again
and
carry'd
'em
with
him
to
Ariccia
:
among
whom
was
also
the
dead
Governour
's
Son
.
Nor
was
Ptolomy
content
to
do
so
onely
,
but
he
possess'd
himself
of
Sarmoneta
Nymphaeo
,
Tiberia
,
and
the
Sea-coasts
,
In
the
mean
time
Henry
came
out
of
Germany
into
Italy
with
an
Army
which
strook
terrour
into
all
that
heard
of
it
.
But
when
he
was
come
to
Rome
in
the
Pope's
absence
,
(
who
at
that
time
held
a
Council
in
Puglia
)
and
thought
himself
deprived
of
his
Imperial
Dignity
,
together
with
the
Power
of
bestowing
Bishopricks
,
he
was
Crown'd
a
second
time
,
before
St.
Gregory's
body
,
by
the
Arch
bishop
of
Braga
,
who
was
banish'd
by
his
own
Country
,
and
so
went
home
again
.
But
Paschal
when
the
Council
was
dismiss'd
,
came
out
of
Puglia
to
Rome
with
an
Army
of
Normans
and
retook
many
Towns
from
the
Enemy
,
and
at
〈◊〉
gave
willing
Audience
to
the
Ambassadours
of
Calo
Johannes
Emperour
of
Constantinople
(
who
succeeded
his
Father
Alexius
)
and
bid
'em
be
sure
to
animate
their
Master
against
the
Sarazens
.
Then
the
Abbat
of
Farfa
and
Ptolomy
,
whose
ill
actions
were
too
great
to
be
pardon'd
,
sculk'd
about
a
good
while
,
till
at
last
Paschal
,
who
was
a
very
mild
Man
,
took
'em
into
favour
.
When
things
were
thus
settled
and
a
Church
dedicated
to
Agapetus
,
built
at
Palestrina
,
which
he
consecrated
,
he
returned
from
thence
in
Pomp
to
Rome
where
he
was
met
by
the
whole
City
:
in
which
croud
he
fell
sick
,
and
perceiving
his
approaching
death
,
he
received
the
Sacrament
,
exhorted
the
Clergy
to
Peace
and
Concord
;
and
dy'd
,
after
he
had
been
Pope
eighteen
years
,
six
months
and
seven
days
,
upon
the
14th
.
of
January
,
and
was
honourably
buried
in
the
Lateran
Church
.
He
in
his
Pontificate
,
made
fifty
Priests
,
thirty
Deacons
,
and
an
hundred
Bishops
.
He
also
consecrated
fifteen
Churches
at
Rome
;
especially
that
of
St.
Adrian
intrefori
,
which
had
been
prophaned
by
some
of
the
factions
;
and
the
Church
of
St.
Mary
in
Monticello
.
In
fine
,
he
repaired
and
consecrated
the
Church
of
the
Sancti
quatuor
Coronati
which
was
defaced
,
when
Robert
Guiscard
Prince
of
Salerno
set
that
part
of
the
City
on
fire
,
which
goes
from
the
Lateran
to
the
Capitol
;
as
I
have
said
in
the
life
of
Gregory
the
Seventh
.
GELASIUS
II.
GELASIUS
the
Second
,
before
nam'd
John
,
born
at
Gaeta
,
his
Father's
name
was
Crescentius
of
a
noble
Family
,
from
his
youth
up
well
educated
and
learned
,
in
Monte-Cassino
under
the
religious
Abbat
Odrisio
he
learn'd
the
fundamental
Principles
of
the
Christian
Faith
.
For
this
Reason
he
was
sent
for
to
Rome
by
Urban
II.
who
knew
him
to
be
trusty
and
virtuous
and
ever
had
a
great
esteem
for
him
.
But
his
fidelity
was
then
most
conspicuous
,
when
Pope
Urban
was
besieged
by
the
Germans
and
sectators
of
Gilbert
the
Anti-Pope
in
the
Isle
of
S.
Batholomew
,
between
the
two
Bridges
;
for
he
only
and
that
noble
Person
Peter
Leone
never
abandon'd
him
.
Urban
therefore
,
when
he
was
in
his
prosperity
again
,
mindful
of
so
great
kindness
and
for
his
learning
and
fidelity
made
him
his
Secretary
,
and
because
he
had
an
elegant
way
of
writing
,
he
committed
to
him
the
charge
of
reforming
the
style
of
the
Court
of
Rome
which
by
the
ignorance
and
negligence
of
former
Ages
,
was
very
much
corrupted
.
And
afterwards
observing
the
great
worth
of
the
Man
,
he
resolv'd
to
make
him
a
Cardinal
,
and
proposed
it
often
in
the
Consistory
with
the
good
liking
of
all
.
But
Urban
dying
soon
after
,
Pope
Paschal
taking
notice
of
his
great
deserts
,
immediately
made
him
Cardinal-Deacon
;
and
upon
the
death
of
Pascbal
,
when
the
Consultation
was
held
for
the
electing
of
a
new
Pope
,
all
the
Cardinals
being
to
that
purpose
assembled
in
the
Monastery
below
the
Palace
of
Leo
and
Cincio
Frangipane
,
by
an
universal
consent
John
of
Gaeta
was
chosen
Pope
by
the
name
of
Gelasius
.
This
Election
put
Cincio
Frangipane
into
so
great
a
rage
,
because
the
College
had
rejected
a
Creature
of
his
,
whom
he
had
proposed
to
them
to
be
Pope
,
that
accompanied
with
many
armed
Men
he
〈◊〉
into
the
Monastery
,
breaking
down
the
doors
,
and
beating
down
whomsoever
he
met
in
his
way
,
and
taking
the
Pope
himself
by
the
Collar
,
he
slung
him
upon
the
ground
and
kick'd
him
,
and
then
made
him
a
Prisoner
.
The
Cardinals
,
who
endeavour'd
to
make
their
escape
,
he
threw
〈◊〉
their
Horses
and
Mules
,
not
sparing
any
manner
of
contumely
,
that
could
be
put
upon
so
venerable
an
Assembly
.
But
the
People
of
Rome
would
not
endure
the
assront
,
but
gathered
together
in
Arms
before
〈◊〉
House
,
and
threatned
death
and
ruin
to
himself
and
his
Family
〈◊〉
he
did
not
immediately
set
〈◊〉
safe
and
sound
at
liberty
.
The
Frangipani
comply'd
with
all
their
demands
,
and
Leo
in
the
sight
of
all
falling
at
the
Pope's
feet
,
kiss'd
〈◊〉
,
and
most
humbly
beg'd
his
Pardon
.
The
Pope
then
mounted
his
white
Horse
,
and
attended
by
the
Clergy
and
People
of
Rome
he
rode
to
the
Lateran
,
and
was
there
Crown'd
according
to
custom
.
At
this
time
Baldwin
(
who
had
been
exhorted
by
the
Pope
,
both
by
Letters
and
Messengers
,
to
withstand
〈◊〉
the
Barbarian
Forces
till
some
supplies
could
be
sent
into
Asia
to
his
assistance
)
took
Sobal
,
a
strong
place
in
Syria
,
and
fortified
it
,
that
it
might
be
a
receptacle
for
the
Christians
in
their
War
against
the
Infidels
.
Boemund
also
the
younger
dying
,
Tancred
who
was
his
Uncle
and
Guardian
,
was
by
all
the
Christians
declar'd
Prince
of
Antioch
,
which
Principality
having
setled
,
he
was
sent
for
by
Baldwin
King
of
Jerusalem
,
to
come
with
all
his
force
to
aid
him
against
the
Turks
,
Saracens
and
Arabs
,
who
with
a
great
Army
had
invaded
his
Kingdom
.
Tancred
arriving
there
,
and
observing
the
small
forces
of
the
Christians
,
dissuaded
Baldwin
from
joyning
Battel
with
the
Enemy
,
by
that
means
putting
the
whole
affair
of
Christendom
under
a
great
hazard
,
but
all
in
vain
;
for
Baldwin
giving
them
an
opportunity
of
fighting
was
overcome
with
great
slaughter
,
himself
and
a
few
Men
retreating
with
great
difficulty
to
Jerusalem
,
and
Tancred
by
several
by-ways
escaping
to
Antioch
.
The
Enemies
puff'd
up
with
this
great
Victory
,
seiz'd
Mount
Tabor
and
pulling
down
the
Monestery
there
,
put
all
the
Monks
to
the
sword
.
Gelasius
in
the
mean
time
could
not
be
at
rest
from
a
forein
Enemy
;
for
the
Emperor
Henry
had
entred
Italy
with
his
Army
,
wasting
all
as
he
march'd
,
was
just
about
to
enter
Rome
in
a
hostile
manner
;
to
escape
whom
the
Pope
at
first
retir'd
to
the
House
of
Volcamino
a
noble
Citizen
,
but
not
deeming
that
altogether
safe
,
he
went
with
his
Attendants
aboard
a
couple
of
Gallies
prepar'd
for
that
purpose
,
and
sail'd
down
the
Tiber
to
Ostia
,
the
German
Soldiers
pursuing
him
and
shooting
at
him
with
Darts
and
Arrows
.
Coming
to
Ostia
,
he
dared
not
venture
any
whither
by
Sea
,
it
was
so
stormy
,
but
he
travell'd
by
Land
to
Ardea
,
accompanied
still
wherever
he
went
by
Hugh
Cardinal
of
the
Twelve
Apostles
,
an
illustrious
Prelate
;
Soon
after
the
Sea
growing
more
calm
,
he
return'd
to
〈◊〉
,
from
whence
he
sail'd
first
to
Terracina
and
then
to
Gaeta
,
where
he
was
very
kindly
entertain'd
by
his
Countrymen
.
Hither
came
to
meet
him
William
Duke
of
Puglia
,
Robert
Prince
of
Capua
and
Richard
of
Aquila
,
who
all
promised
him
their
utmost
service
,
as
became
loyal
Feudataries
of
the
Church
of
God
.
Henry
hearing
these
Princes
were
raising
an
Army
against
him
,
set
up
for
an
Anti
pope
Maurice
Archbishop
of
Braga
,
by
the
name
of
Gregory
,
to
oppose
Gelasius
,
and
recommended
him
to
the
Family
of
Frangipani
;
and
not
content
to
have
acted
so
pernicious
a
thing
,
he
entred
the
Country
of
Anagni
,
and
plunder'd
and
ruin'd
all
before
him
;
he
had
just
laid
Siege
to
Turricolo
a
strong
place
,
when
on
a
sudden
news
was
brought
that
Gelasius
with
the
Princes
of
Puglia
,
approach'd
with
a
great
Army
,
whereupon
he
decamp'd
and
as
he
retreated
out
of
Italy
,
he
fill'd
all
places
with
slaughter
and
rapine
.
〈◊〉
,
upon
his
retreat
,
dismiss'd
the
〈◊〉
Princes
,
supposing
now
that
Henry
was
gone
,
all
things
would
be
in
a
peaceable
condition
at
Rome
hereafter
;
but
he
was
very
much
deceiv'd
in
his
opinion
;
for
he
was
soon
after
inform'd
that
the
Anti-pope
upheld
by
the
power
of
the
Frangipani
continued
still
at
Rome
,
out
of
fear
of
which
Family
he
staid
privately
a
while
in
the
House
of
a
Friend
;
but
afterward
as
he
was
saying
Mass
in
the
Church
of
Praxede
,
his
Enemies
with
their
Party
rush'd
in
,
and
he
had
much
ado
to
escape
out
of
their
hands
by
flight
,
some
of
the
Corsi
and
Normanni
,
two
great
Families
,
with
his
Nephew
Crescentius
fighting
briskly
in
his
defence
.
The
next
day
guarded
by
his
Retinue
and
Friends
in
Arms
,
he
return'd
to
the
City
from
S.
Paul's
(
whither
he
had
fled
)
and
consulting
with
his
Cardinals
,
he
resolv'd
to
leave
the
City
,
lest
the
Uproars
every
day
encreasing
some
great
mischief
might
ensue
.
Having
therefore
left
to
Peter
Bishop
of
Porto
,
the
Vicegerency
in
Ecclesiastical
affairs
at
Rome
,
and
to
Hugo
Cardinal
of
the
Twelve
Apostles
the
care
of
Benevento
,
he
sail'd
first
to
Pisa
,
not
conceiving
the
way
by
Land
to
be
secure
for
himself
and
the
Cardinals
who
accompanied
him
;
where
he
in
the
audience
of
the
whole
City
related
the
causes
of
his
departure
from
Rome
,
and
was
received
with
great
kindness
by
the
Pisans
;
thence
setting
sail
for
France
,
he
arrived
at
S.
Giles's
,
and
was
there
entertain'd
by
the
Abbat
of
Clugni
and
his
Monks
with
many
others
who
came
for
that
purpose
,
very
magnificently
and
splendidly
.
Then
he
cross'd
the
middle
of
France
with
a
venerable
rather
than
sumptuous
attendance
,
(
which
now
adays
is
the
fashion
)
by
the
way
dedicating
the
Churches
of
S.
Cecily
in
Stagello
,
S.
Sylvester
in
Burgundy
and
S.
Stephen
in
Tornay
,
and
with
Stones
determining
the
Bounds
of
each
Church
.
Coming
at
last
to
the
Monastery
of
Clugni
,
he
was
taken
with
a
Plurisie
,
and
died
,
having
been
Pope
one
year
and
five
days
.
He
was
a
most
holy
Man
and
very
praise-worthy
both
for
his
life
and
doctrin
;
so
that
I
cannot
doubt
,
considering
the
integrity
of
his
life
,
and
his
religious
constancy
amidst
the
many
storms
and
troubles
he
underwent
,
but
that
he
now
enjoys
Eternity
among
the
blessed
in
Heaven
.
He
was
buried
in
the
Porch
of
the
said
Monastery
.
Some
write
,
that
in
his
time
the
Order
of
Knights
Templers
first
began
,
who
living
not
far
from
the
Holy
Sepulcre
,
entertain'd
Pilgrims
and
accompanied
them
in
Arms
in
their
journeys
to
and
from
the
holy
Places
,
which
by
their
means
might
be
visited
with
all
safety
.
These
Knights
Cusentinus
commends
highly
for
their
holy
Christian
Lives
.
CALISTUS
II.
CALISTUS
the
Second
,
first
named
Guy
,
a
Burgundian
,
Arch-bishop
of
Vienna
,
descended
of
the
Blood
Royal
of
France
,
was
chosen
Pope
by
those
Cardinals
who
were
at
Clugni
at
the
death
of
Gelasius
,
but
he
would
not
take
upon
him
the
〈◊〉
,
till
he
heard
the
Election
was
approv'd
by
those
Cardinals
also
who
were
left
at
Rome
and
elsewhere
in
Italy
;
which
being
certified
to
him
by
Letters
and
Messengers
,
he
went
to
Rome
,
and
the
Nobility
and
People
meeting
him
congratulated
his
Promotion
and
their
own
good
fortune
,
not
doubting
but
he
would
be
a
restorer
of
peace
and
tranquillity
to
the
City
of
Rome
.
Here
he
settled
matters
to
his
mind
,
and
went
to
Benevento
,
where
all
the
Princes
thereabout
were
met
to
salute
him
(
according
to
custom
)
of
whom
the
principal
were
William
Duke
of
Puglia
,
Jordan
Count
of
〈◊〉
,
Arnulphus
Count
of
Ariano
,
and
Robert
Count
of
Lauretello
,
all
Men
of
great
honour
,
and
without
doubt
the
most
powerful
Lords
of
that
part
of
Italy
,
who
took
their
Oath
of
fealty
to
the
Pope
.
But
Calistus
having
nothing
more
in
his
thoughts
than
the
holy
War
,
where
it
was
much
fear'd
the
Christian
Cause
would
not
be
able
to
sustain
it self
against
so
many
barbarous
Nations
,
returning
to
Rome
,
dispatch'd
away
Lambert
Bishop
of
Ostia
,
a
Saxon
,
Cardinal
of
S.
Stephen
in
monte
Celio
,
and
Gregory
Cardinal
of
S.
Angelo
,
to
the
Emperour
to
treat
of
a
Peace
,
which
having
procured
without
much
difficulty
,
they
hang'd
up
a
Table
of
the
Articles
thereof
in
the
Lateran
Church
,
to
the
incredible
joy
of
all
People
.
But
this
lasted
not
long
,
for
Roger
Count
of
Sicily
in
the
absence
of
Count
William
,
had
seiz'd
upon
Calabria
and
Puglia
,
the
charge
of
both
which
Countries
William
(
going
to
Constantinople
to
espouse
the
Daughter
of
Alexius
the
Emperour
)
had
committed
to
the
care
of
the
Pope
.
Upon
this
therefore
the
Pope
left
Rome
and
went
to
Benevento
,
from
whence
he
sent
Cardinal
Hugo
to
Roger
as
he
was
besieging
the
Rocca
di
Niceforo
,
to
persuade
him
to
lay
down
his
Arms
and
quit
the
Siege
,
but
he
little
regarded
the
Pope's
Order
,
rather
pursuing
the
War
more
vigorously
,
fearing
lest
if
his
Cosen
William
should
arrive
before
he
had
possest
himself
of
those
two
Countries
,
it
might
render
his
design
unfeasible
.
The
Pope
then
began
to
raise
an
Army
,
when
on
a
sudden
both
himself
and
many
of
the
Cardinals
were
taken
ill
of
Fevers
,
which
forc'd
him
to
return
to
Rome
without
performing
any
thing
;
so
that
Roger
not
meeting
any
resistance
easily
made
himself
Master
of
Calabria
and
Puglia
.
Thus
was
William
〈◊〉
of
his
Country
and
of
the
Wife
he
expected
,
and
being
forc'd
to
betake
himself
to
live
in
the
Court
of
the
Prince
of
Salerno
,
he
died
a
little
while
after
without
Heirs
;
and
Roger
having
lost
so
considerable
an
Enemy
,
arrogates
to
himself
the
Title
of
King
of
Italy
.
Calistus
as
soon
as
he
recover'd
his
health
,
held
a
Council
in
the
Lateran
of
nine
hundred
Fathers
,
where
it
was
consulted
,
how
with
the
first
opportunity
they
might
send
Recruits
to
the
Christian
Army
in
Asia
,
then
much
weakned
;
the
news
whereof
gave
such
courage
to
Baldwin
King
of
Jerusalem
,
that
he
set
upon
Gazis
a
King
of
the
Turks
that
inhabited
Asia
minor
,
who
was
coming
against
him
with
a
great
Army
,
vanquish'd
him
and
took
him
Prisoner
;
and
with
like
success
he
encountred
the
King
of
Damascus
who
was
marching
against
Jerusalem
,
whom
he
defeated
having
kill'd
two
thousand
of
the
Enemy
and
taken
a
thousand
.
But
Balahac
King
of
the
Persians
coming
on
with
numerous
sorces
,
and
Baldwin
not
staying
till
the
Auxiliaries
could
arrive
,
he
rashly
adventur'd
to
fight
him
,
and
was
totally
routed
,
and
himself
and
many
of
his
Nobles
made
Captives
.
This
made
Pope
Calistus
hasten
their
assistance
,
lest
the
remainder
of
the
Christians
should
be
destroy'd
having
no
King
:
and
by
the
mediation
of
Veramundus
Patriarch
of
Jerusalem
a
learned
and
a
good
Mam
,
he
animated
the
Venetians
with
hopes
of
glory
and
reward
to
man
out
a
stout
Fleet
upon
the
service
,
in
the
year
1121.
Dominico
Michiele
being
Duke
;
which
arriving
at
Joppa
,
then
streightly
besieged
both
by
Sea
and
Land
by
the
Saracens
,
they
overcame
them
with
great
slaughter
and
raised
the
Siege
.
Hence
they
went
to
Tyre
,
which
after
a
long
and
bloody
Siege
they
took
,
having
first
made
it
their
bargain
,
that
half
Ascalon
and
Tyre
should
be
theirs
,
if
by
their
means
they
happened
to
be
taken
.
But
Emanuel
Emperour
of
the
Greeks
,
Successour
to
Calo-Joannes
enving
these
great
successes
to
the
Latines
or
those
of
the
Roman
Communion
,
commanded
the
Venetians
to
recall
their
Admiral
,
which
they
did
and
he
obey'd
,
but
he
was
so
inrag'd
,
that
in
his
return
he
sack'd
Rhodes
,
Chios
(
from
whence
he
translated
to
Venice
the
body
of
S.
Theodore
the
Martyr
)
Samos
,
Mitilene
and
Andros
,
Islands
belonging
to
the
Emperour
.
He
took
Modone
and
〈◊〉
it
;
and
subjected
the
Island
Trau
(
before
in
the
hands
of
the
Hungarians
)
to
the
Venetian
Commonwealth
.
He
brought
also
along
with
him
to
Venice
the
Stone
upon
which
at
Tyre
Christ
is
said
to
have
sate
.
In
the
mean
time
Baldwin
,
who
we
said
was
taken
Prisoner
,
being
ransom'd
,
return'd
to
Jerusalem
,
and
for
a
while
kept
up
the
Christian
Cause
;
so
that
Calistus
having
now
a
little
leisure
from
forein
troubles
,
creates
twelve
Cardinals
,
rebuilds
several
Churches
that
were
ruin'd
with
age
;
repairs
the
City
Walls
,
makes
Conduits
,
〈◊〉
Castles
belonging
to
the
Church
and
distributes
great
Donaries
of
Silver
and
Gold
to
several
Churches
,
purchases
several
pieces
of
ground
to
augment
S.
Peter's
Revenue
and
within
the
Court
builds
the
Church
of
S.
Nicolas
.
But
so
great
felicity
cannot
long
be
enjoy'd
on
Earth
,
without
interruption
,
for
Gregory
the
Anti-Pope
,
before
nam'd
Bordino
,
attempting
to
usurp
the
Papacy
kept
at
Sutri
,
where
with
the
assistance
of
some
Roytelets
thereabout
he
did
great
damage
to
the
Romans
by
his
incursions
,
and
plunder'd
all
the
Strangers
he
could
meet
with
that
travel'd
to
Rome
either
out
of
devotion
or
about
business
.
Calistus
therefore
gets
together
an
Army
on
a
sudden
,
and
sending
before
John
de
Crema
Cardinal
of
S
Chrysogon
with
the
most
expedite
part
of
Soldiery
,
himself
follows
and
defeating
the
Enemy
takes
Sutri
,
and
sets
Bordino
upon
a
Camel
,
leading
him
so
in
triumph
to
Rome
;
and
then
forgave
him
his
life
,
but
thrust
him
into
the
Monastery
of
Cave
.
At
last
Calistus
having
deserv'd
well
both
of
God
and
Man
died
in
the
Lord
;
after
he
had
been
Pope
five
years
ten
months
and
six
days
.
The
Sea
was
then
vacant
eight
days
.
HONORIUS
II.
HONORIUS
the
Second
,
at
first
named
Lambert
,
born
in
the
Country
of
Imola
,
was
made
Pope
about
the
time
that
Baldwin
being
ransom'd
from
his
imprisonment
added
the
Principality
of
Antioch
to
the
Kingdom
of
Jerusalem
,
all
the
Heirs
being
dead
,
to
whom
of
right
it
belong'd
.
But
so
great
a
Province
not
being
to
be
govern'd
without
a
Lieutenant
,
he
made
Raymund
Son
to
William
Duke
of
Austria
their
Governour
,
whose
Wife
was
the
Daughter
of
Boemund
the
elder
;
and
having
thus
setled
matters
,
he
went
against
the
King
of
Ascalon
,
who
being
assisted
with
forces
from
Aegypt
infested
the
〈◊〉
of
Jerusalem
,
and
him
he
utterly
routed
in
one
Battel
.
Afterward
Baldequan
a
petit
King
of
Damascus
attempting
the
same
thing
,
but
with
greater
forces
,
he
overthrew
him
in
three
fierce
Battels
,
his
men
in
their
flight
being
kill'd
up
and
down
like
sheep
.
To
return
to
Honorius
;
though
his
Parentage
was
mean
,
yet
for
his
excellent
Learning
and
conversation
he
was
every
way
worthy
of
so
high
a
Dignity
;
not
but
that
the
methods
by
which
he
obtain'd
it
were
not
altogether
commendable
,
the
Election
having
been
procur'd
rather
by
the
ambition
of
some
private
Men
than
by
unanimous
consent
.
For
when
upon
the
death
of
Calistus
,
the
Consultation
was
held
about
chusing
a
new
Pope
,
Leo
Frangipane
imposed
upon
the
Conclave
,
that
the
Election
should
be
deferred
for
three
days
,
under
pretence
of
more
mature
deliberation
and
a
stricter
search
into
the
Ecclesiastical
Canons
;
though
neither
of
these
were
part
of
his
design
,
but
it
was
craftily
and
politickly
done
by
him
,
to
gain
time
in
which
Votes
might
be
procur'd
for
the
choice
of
Lambert
.
The
People
were
extreamly
desirous
to
have
had
the
Cardinal
of
S.
Stephen
,
which
Frangipane
also
pretended
,
that
so
he
might
by
this
trick
draw
over
the
People
and
the
unwary
Fathers
;
which
some
of
the
Cardinals
observing
,
because
they
would
not
have
a
Pope
according
to
his
mind
,
they
set
aside
the
Cardinal
of
S.
Stephen
,
and
chose
Theobald
Cardinal
of
S.
Anastasio
,
Pope
,
by
the
name
of
Coelestine
.
Leo
now
thought
it
no
time
to
dally
,
but
perceiving
the
People
were
displeased
at
that
choice
,
declares
Lambert
aforesaid
for
Pope
,
with
great
acclamations
of
the
Citizens
,
the
Clergy
also
approving
it
;
and
that
the
People
might
not
have
time
to
change
their
minds
,
he
immediately
clothes
him
with
the
Pontifical
Vestments
in
the
Scinie
,
a
place
near
S.
Sylvester's
Church
.
He
,
though
it
was
not
without
slight
that
he
got
the
Popedom
,
yet
was
afterward
universally
saluted
and
own'd
as
such
.
As
soon
as
he
was
made
Pope
,
he
created
several
worthy
Persons
Cardinals
,
of
whose
assistance
he
constantly
made
use
in
all
his
difficult
affairs
;
being
very
much
delighted
with
the
conversation
of
excellent
Men
,
which
was
the
reason
that
he
detain'd
at
Rome
with
him
Pontius
Abbat
of
Clugni
,
a
very
diligent
person
;
and
shew'd
great
respect
to
the
extraordinary
parts
of
Hildebert
Bishop
of
Mans
,
whom
for
the
sake
of
his
skill
at
Heroic
or
Elegiac
Verse
he
promoted
afterward
to
the
Archbishoprick
of
Tours
.
This
age
was
rendred
also
more
illustrious
by
Hugo
de
Sancto
Victore
,
a
famous
Doctor
of
Paris
,
who
then
flourish'd
,
who
lest
behind
him
several
lasting
Monuments
of
his
admirable
Learning
:
as
his
Book
concerning
the
Sacraments
,
his
Book
of
Sentences
,
another
written
by
way
of
Dialogue
,
entitled
Didascalus
,
another
of
care
of
the
Soul
,
and
a
Book
entitled
,
of
Arts
and
Sciences
.
All
these
learned
Men
Pope
Honorius
lov'd
to
that
degree
,
that
he
neglected
no
opportunity
of
preferring
them
.
One
foul
deed
yet
was
acted
in
his
time
much
to
be
abhorred
;
for
one
Arnulphus
an
excellent
Preacher
of
the
Religion
of
Christ
,
was
murdered
at
Rome
by
the
procurement
of
the
Priests
,
because
he
inveighed
bitterly
against
their
incontinence
and
sensuality
,
and
reprov'd
their
pompous
living
and
insatiable
appetite
after
Wealth
,
proposing
the
Poverty
and
pure
Integrity
of
our
Saviour
for
their
Imitation
.
This
Man
the
Roman
Nobility
and
Gentry
look'd
upon
as
a
true
Prophet
and
Disciple
of
Christ
,
and
extoll'd
him
to
the
Skies
;
which
begat
〈◊〉
much
envy
and
rage
as
cost
the
good
Man
his
life
.
Whether
this
holy
Man
was
a
Priest
,
a
Monk
,
or
a
Hermit
,
is
not
certain
.
Historians
write
that
Honorius
was
very
much
troubled
at
the
fact
,
but
could
never
find
the
Authors
of
it
:
He
aster
having
reign'd
well
in
S.
Peter's
Chair
five
years
two
months
and
a
day
,
died
to
the
general
grief
,
and
was
buried
with
the
greatest
solemnity
in
the
Lateran
Church
;
and
the
Sea
was
thereupon
vacant
one
day
.
His
name
is
in
an
Inscription
in
Marble
〈◊〉
the
Church
of
Praxede
,
but
I
know
not
what
it
means
.
INNOCENT
II.
INNOCENT
the
Second
,
a
Roman
,
born
in
Trastevere
,
being
made
Pope
,
raises
an
Army
and
marches
against
Roger
,
Son
and
heir
of
the
former
Roger
Lord
of
Sicily
,
who
endeavour'd
to
possess
himsess
of
Puglia
,
upon
the
death
of
William
the
Duke
thereof
,
in
whom
the
whole
Family
of
Robert
Guiscard
was
extinct
.
In
this
expedition
the
Romans
shew'd
so
much
courage
and
fortitude
,
that
at
the
first
onset
they
overthrew
the
Enemy
then
encamp'd
at
S.
Germans
,
and
taking
the
Town
,
they
follow'd
Roger
to
〈◊〉
and
there
besieg'd
him
.
But
in
the
mean
time
〈◊〉
Duke
of
Calabria
,
his
Son
,
with
a
good
Army
comes
upon
them
and
in
one
Battel
defeats
them
,
not
only
delivering
his
Father
from
the
Siege
,
but
taking
the
Pope
Prisoner
with
all
the
Cardinals
that
then
attended
him
:
all
whom
yet
soon
after
Roger
using
wonderful
moderation
,
freely
released
.
For
which
reason
the
Pope
afterwards
was
easily
persuaded
to
grant
any
thing
he
desired
,
except
the
Title
of
King
,
which
he
earnestly
solicited
with
great
expence
and
large
Promises
.
During
these
actions
one
Peter
Son
of
Peter
Leone
a
potent
Citizen
of
Rome
,
by
some
seditious
Fellows
was
set
up
for
an
Anti-Pope
by
the
name
of
Anacletus
,
who
by
spoiling
several
Churches
in
the
City
and
rifling
their
Treasures
(
particularly
breaking
into
S.
Peter's
Church
,
whence
he
took
a
Cross
of
Gold
with
its
appendent
Ornaments
)
had
rak'd
together
so
much
wealth
,
that
he
was
able
with
it
to
corrupt
to
his
side
any
of
the
Citizens
who
were
desirous
of
change
.
So
that
Innocent
upon
his
return
to
the
City
finding
all
places
full
of
uproars
,
and
that
these
must
needs
end
in
the
slaughter
of
many
men
,
he
retir'd
of
his
own
accord
,
and
first
sailing
to
Pisa
,
from
thence
he
went
to
Genoa
and
at
last
to
France
.
Anacletus
then
being
rid
of
so
considerable
an
Adversary
,
endeavour'd
as
much
as
he
could
by
liberal
Pensions
to
bring
over
those
who
were
for
Innocent
to
his
side
,
and
that
he
might
more
firmly
oblige
Roger
,
(
then
inclining
to
his
party
)
to
his
interest
,
he
created
him
King
of
both
Sicilies
.
Innocent
in
the
mean
while
holds
〈◊〉
Council
at
Clermont
,
in
which
the
Anti-Pope
and
his
followers
were
condemned
;
from
whence
he
went
to
Orleans
,
and
having
visited
King
Philip
,
by
whom
he
was
kindly
receiv'd
,
he
pass'd
into
la
Beausse
,
where
at
Chartres
he
discours'd
with
Henry
King
of
England
who
came
to
meet
him
,
whom
he
endeavour'd
with
many
arguments
to
persuade
to
undertake
an
expedition
against
the
Saracens
.
Hence
he
took
a
turn
into
Lorain
,
and
finding
Lotharius
newly
made
King
of
the
Germans
,
at
Liege
,
who
made
him
many
large
Promises
of
assistance
towards
his
Restauration
,
he
made
him
take
an
Oath
,
that
he
would
make
such
sufficient
preparations
for
the
enterprise
,
as
that
he
should
return
to
Rome
with
security
.
After
this
having
held
another
Council
at
Rhemes
,
and
,
upon
his
return
into
Italy
,
one
other
at
Piacenza
,
he
came
to
Pisa
,
where
he
composed
the
animosities
that
had
long
been
between
the
Pisans
and
Genoeses
.
He
also
raised
the
Bishoprick
of
Genoa
,
which
before
was
in
the
Province
of
the
Archbishop
of
Milan
,
to
an
Arch-hishops
Sea
,
to
which
he
subjected
three
Bishops
of
Corsica
and
the
Bishop
of
Bebio
.
The
same
he
did
by
that
of
Pisa
,
making
it
an
Arch-Bishoprick
,
with
Jurisdiction
over
the
other
three
Bishops
of
〈◊〉
,
and
the
Bishop
of
Populonia
.
Lotharius
by
this
time
was
come
into
Italy
with
a
great
Army
,
which
having
by
the
Pope's
advice
divided
with
two
distinct
Bodies
he
march'd
to
the
City
;
where
making
himself
Master
of
Janicolo
he
entred
that
way
,
while
Innocent
with
another
party
by
another
way
crossing
the
River
Anien
over
Ponte
Mamolo
gets
into
the
Lateran
,
the
Anti-Pope
not
appearing
at
all
.
So
that
Lotharius
with
marvellously
good
fortune
quash'd
that
Faction
and
as
much
as
in
him
lay
took
care
that
Innocent
should
not
thereafter
be
〈◊〉
by
them
.
The
Pope
was
so
extreamly
obliged
by
these
great
services
of
Lotharius
,
that
Henry
being
now
dead
,
he
created
him
Emperour
of
the
Romans
and
crown'd
him
with
an
Imperial
Diadem
.
Which
done
,
Lotharius
return'd
into
Germany
,
to
reduce
the
Leutici
then
in
Rebellion
;
but
while
the
Pope
called
a
Council
at
Pisa
,
to
consider
of
the
State
of
Christendom
and
of
the
preservation
of
Religion
;
the
Anti-Pope
who
was
condemn'd
in
this
Council
also
,
with
the
assistance
of
Roger
and
some
factious
People
,
again
bestirs
himself
against
the
Pope
.
Hereupon
the
Emperour
Lotharius
having
repress'd
his
own
Rebels
,
once
more
advances
towards
Rome
with
his
Army
,
and
the
Pisans
on
the
Pope's
behalf
fit
out
a
powerful
Fleet
;
and
with
these
Forces
they
not
onely
quell'd
the
Sedition
at
Rome
,
but
attack'd
Roger
so
stoutly
both
by
Sea
and
Land
,
that
they
stripp'd
him
of
all
that
he
held
in
Italy
,
and
drove
him
to
his
own
Sicily
in
a
short
time
.
John
Emperour
of
Constantinople
,
who
had
no
kindness
for
Roger
,
hearing
of
these
great
successes
,
sent
Ambassadours
to
congratulate
Lotharius
upon
that
occasion
;
one
of
which
Embassie
was
a
Sophister
,
who
would
undertake
to
prove
that
the
Latin
Church
profess'd
a
great
Error
,
in
declaring
contrary
,
as
he
said
,
to
the
opinion
of
the
Nicene
Council
,
which
was
that
(
the
Holy
Ghost
proceeded
from
the
Father
)
that
the
said
Holy
Ghost
did
proceed
from
the
Father
and
the
Son
.
But
among
those
who
manag'd
the
Controversie
was
one
Peter
a
Deacon
,
a
learned
Man
and
a
great
Disputant
,
who
replied
thus
:
If
the
Latins
(
says
he
)
are
to
be
condemn'd
because
they
add
that
the
Holy
Ghost
proceeds
from
the
Son
also
;
why
are
not
the
Greeks
much
more
to
be
condemn'd
who
say
,
the
H.G.
proceeds
from
the
Father
alone
;
whereas
the
Council
said
no
more
than
that
it
proceeded
from
the
Father
?
The
bold
man
was
so
gravel'd
with
this
acute
Answer
,
that
he
laid
down
the
Controversie
and
disputed
no
more
.
The
Emperour
Lotharius
being
about
to
depart
,
and
Innocent
fearing
that
when
he
was
gone
Roger
would
attempt
to
regain
what
he
had
lost
in
Italy
,
he
created
Raino
one
of
Lotharius's
Commanders
,
(
left
by
him
to
secure
the
Country
with
some
Troops
)
Duke
of
Puglia
.
The
Anti-Pope
soon
after
died
and
was
buried
privately
by
his
Friends
,
and
the
Cardinals
who
had
been
his
Sectators
were
reconcil'd
to
the
Pope
,
so
that
the
Church
seem'd
to
be
in
a
likelihood
of
enjoying
a
little
Tranquillity
;
when
on
a
sudden
some
Citizens
of
Rome
seeking
to
enlarge
their
Power
by
tumults
,
set
up
several
Senators
of
their
own
to
take
into
their
hands
the
whole
Government
of
the
affairs
and
territories
of
the
City
.
Whilst
the
Pope
withstood
these
attempts
,
he
holding
a
Council
in
the
Lateran
,
wherein
it
was
ordain'd
that
no
Lay-man
should
lay
violent
hands
on
a
Clergy-man
,
he
died
,
having
been
Pope
fourteen
years
,
seven
months
and
thirteen
days
,
A.D.
1114.
At
which
time
were
in
great
esteem
,
Gilbert
an
English
Man
,
a
Person
of
so
great
knowledg
,
that
he
was
call'd
,
the
universal
Scholar
,
and
Ambert
Arch-bishop
of
Rhemes
,
not
inferiour
to
his
Master
Gilbert
for
parts
and
learning
.
That
piece
of
Mosaic
work
which
is
still
to
be
seen
in
the
Vault
of
S.
Mary
in
Trastevere
was
done
by
this
Pope
.
CELESTINE
II.
CELESTINE
the
Second
,
at
first
nam'd
Guido
,
Cardinal
Priest
of
S.
Mark
,
a
Tuscan
,
born
at
Citta
di
Castello
,
called
by
the
Antients
Tiphernum
,
was
by
universal
consent
chosen
Pope
in
the
room
of
the
deceased
Innocent
,
at
the
time
when
Baldwin
King
of
Jerusalem
dying
,
Fulk
Earl
of
Anjou
,
his
Son-in-law
succeeded
him
in
that
Kingdom
,
which
with
the
help
of
his
two
valiant
Sons
,
he
defended
stoutly
for
some
time
.
For
when
the
Turks
who
inhabited
near
the
Persian
Gulph
,
had
made
incursions
into
the
territories
of
Antioch
,
he
not
onely
defeated
them
,
but
slew
three
thousand
of
their
number
and
took
as
many
Prisoners
.
Which
loss
so
enrag'd
Alaph
the
Turk
,
that
with
some
Babylonian
Auxiliaries
,
he
sate
down
before
Edessa
a
City
of
Mesopotamia
,
called
by
Jews
Arach
,
(
which
we
told
you
Baldwin
had
beg'd
of
his
Brother
Godfrey
)
and
took
it
,
the
Barbarians
plundering
and
spoiling
all
without
mercy
,
putting
all
those
Christians
to
the
sword
who
would
not
deny
the
Faith
,
and
ravishing
the
principal
Women
,
even
upon
S.
John
Baptist's
Altar
,
because
they
knew
it
was
had
in
high
reverence
by
the
Christians
.
But
while
an
Army
was
raising
,
King
Fulk
(
I
know
not
by
what
ill
luck
)
fell
from
his
Horse
,
as
he
was
riding
too
rashly
after
a
Hare
,
and
died
of
his
fall
,
to
whom
Baldwin
the
third
of
that
name
,
succeeded
in
the
Throne
.
And
Celestine
,
after
he
had
sate
five
months
,
died
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Lateran
.
He
was
happy
in
one
thing
,
that
he
was
not
pestered
with
any
Seditions
in
his
Pontificate
,
which
yet
perhaps
is
to
be
attributed
to
the
shortness
of
his
time
.
LVCIVS
II.
LVCIVS
the
Second
,
a
Bononian
,
his
Father's
name
was
Albert
,
came
to
the
Popedom
at
that
time
when
the
news
of
the
taking
of
Edessa
was
brought
to
Italy
.
This
Edessa
was
the
City
to
which
Holy
Scripture
says
,
Tobias
sent
his
Son
,
and
which
the
Apostle
Thaddaeus
converted
to
the
faith
of
Christ
,
being
since
honoured
with
the
reliques
of
S.
Thomas
,
and
hence
it
was
that
Agbarus
King
of
the
place
sent
a
Letter
to
our
Saviour
,
to
which
he
vouchsafed
to
write
an
Answer
with
his
own
hand
.
Upon
the
tidings
of
this
great
loss
,
Bernard
Abbat
of
Clairvaux
,
a
personage
famous
for
Sanctity
and
Learning
,
as
I
have
said
before
,
took
to
heart
the
defence
of
Christianity
,
and
by
Letters
and
Messengers
animated
all
Christian
Princes
to
take
upon
them
the
Cross
and
Banner
of
Christ
against
the
Saracens
;
and
prevailed
upon
Conrade
of
Schwaben
,
who
had
succeeded
Lotharius
in
the
Empire
,
to
engage
in
the
Expedition
.
While
provision
was
thus
made
for
the
defence
of
the
Christian
Religion
,
in
France
and
Germany
,
Roger
by
the
Pope's
negligence
returns
into
Italy
and
regains
all
that
he
had
lost
without
meeting
any
resistance
,
which
success
gave
him
so
much
courage
and
strength
,
that
passing
with
a
Fleet
into
Africa
,
he
so
plagu'd
the
King
of
Tunis
,
that
to
buy
his
peace
,
he
made
him
promise
him
a
yearly
tribute
,
which
he
paid
for
thirty
years
afterward
.
Conrade
having
in
the
mean
while
got
together
a
great
Army
under
the
Cross
,
march'd
to
Constantinople
,
where
Emanuel
II.
Emperour
of
the
Greeks
over-persuaded
him
to
take
his
journey
straight
on
to
Iconium
,
without
taking
care
of
provision
,
assuring
him
that
himself
would
supply
the
Army
with
whatsoever
should
be
necessary
.
Whereupon
that
City
,
well
fortified
both
by
Art
and
Nature
,
was
closely
besieg'd
a
great
while
;
but
the
wicked
Emperour
shew'd
them
a
Greek
Trick
,
and
mix'd
Lime
with
their
Meal
,
with
which
the
bread
was
made
for
the
whole
Army
of
the
Christians
,
and
this
kill'd
so
many
of
the
Soldiers
,
that
they
were
forc'd
to
raise
the
Siege
and
return
into
France
,
without
having
done
any
thing
.
Some
advantage
yet
this
Expedition
may
be
said
to
have
given
the
Christians
,
because
King
Baldwin
IV.
of
Jerusalem
took
such
courage
upon
it
as
to
besiege
and
take
by
storm
the
City
of
Ascalon
,
having
also
a
little
before
rebuilt
the
antient
City
Gaza
,
(
then
almost
deserted
by
the
Enemy
)
giving
it
for
a
dwelling
place
to
the
Knights
Templars
.
Beside
the
same
Baldwin
gave
a
bold
repulse
to
some
Turkish
Chieftains
who
infested
the
Inhabitants
of
Jericho
,
of
whom
in
one
single
Battel
he
is
said
to
have
kill'd
five
thousand
.
Moreover
Noradine
Governour
of
Damascus
invading
the
territories
of
Jerusalem
was
met
withal
by
Baldwin
,
and
totally
routed
,
so
that
in
the
pursuit
the
Christians
were
with
much
ado
kept
off
from
entring
the
City
of
Damascus
pel-mel
with
the
Enemy
.
But
to
return
to
Pope
Lucius
;
he
omitted
no
care
nor
pains
in
promoting
that
so
considerable
and
necessary
Expedition
;
and
I
suppose
,
he
was
much
the
more
concern'd
in
his
mind
for
it
,
because
before
he
was
Pope
,
he
was
Cardinal
Priest
of
S.
Cross
in
Jerusalem
,
the
Church
whereof
he
almost
wholly
re-built
.
By
his
approbation
,
a
national
Council
was
held
in
France
of
several
Bishops
and
Abbats
,
against
Peter
Abelardus
a
Peripatetic
Philosopher
,
and
a
very
learned
Man
,
who
had
maintain'd
some
heterodox
Opinions
;
but
was
in
the
presence
of
King
Lewis
,
so
effectually
convinc'd
,
that
he
not
only
chang'd
his
mind
,
but
took
upon
him
the
life
and
order
of
a
Monk
,
and
afterward
together
with
some
of
his
Scholars
led
a
most
holy
life
secluded
from
the
World
in
a
desert
place
.
Lucius
,
after
he
had
been
Pope
eleven
months
and
four
days
,
died
and
was
buried
in
the
Lateran
.
EVGENIVS
III.
EVGENIVS
the
Third
,
a
Pisan
,
Abbat
of
S.
Anastasius
having
been
chosen
a
Monk
by
that
holy
Man
Bernard
,
was
created
Pope
in
the
Church
of
S.
Caesarius
;
for
when
the
Cardinals
could
not
well
agree
whom
to
chuse
out
of
their
own
number
,
mov'd
by
an
impulse
from
above
,
they
pitch'd
upon
this
most
religious
Man
Eugenius
.
He
finding
the
Romans
would
be
urgent
upon
him
with
threats
,
to
procure
his
confirmation
of
their
Senators
,
he
fled
by
night
to
Sabina
,
accompanied
by
the
College
of
Cardinals
,
and
was
consecrated
in
the
Monastery
of
Farfara
;
and
despising
not
onely
the
big
words
of
the
Romans
,
but
defying
the
worst
they
could
do
,
he
drove
those
Senators
to
such
a
straight
,
that
he
forc'd
them
to
resign
their
Offices
.
Hereupon
he
return'd
to
Rome
,
but
perceiving
the
Citizens
were
reconcil'd
to
him
only
out
of
design
and
not
heartily
,
and
being
afraid
lest
some
trap
should
be
laid
for
him
,
he
escap'd
to
Tivoli
,
the
Romans
throwing
at
him
Darts
and
other
missile
Weapons
as
he
departed
.
After
this
he
went
to
Pisa
and
from
thence
by
Sea
to
France
,
where
he
persuaded
King
Lewis
to
engage
in
the
holy
War
against
the
Turks
and
Saracens
,
who
arriving
at
Constantinople
,
was
no
better
used
by
the
Emperour
Emanuel
than
Conrade
of
Schwaben
had
been
before
him
;
for
Lewis
taking
his
advice
to
pass
through
the
deserts
of
Syria
at
a
very
unseasonable
time
,
was
reduc'd
to
such
extream
necessity
,
that
he
was
compell'd
to
march
his
Army
(
harrass'd
with
the
bad
way
and
want
of
all
things
)
to
Antioch
,
without
entring
upon
any
action
.
This
falsity
of
Emanuel
procur'd
him
the
enmity
of
Roger
King
of
Sicily
,
who
mans
out
a
Navy
for
Greece
,
and
seizes
from
him
the
Island
of
Corfu
,
Corinth
,
Thebes
and
Euboea
,
and
had
gone
up
to
Constantinople
it self
,
if
the
Venetians
had
not
equipp'd
a
Fleet
of
sixty
Gallies
to
hinder
his
design
.
Roger
therefore
,
as
God
would
have
it
,
turns
to
the
coast
of
Asia
,
where
the
Saracens
Fleet
had
block'd
up
Lewis
King
of
France
,
(
then
intending
to
set
sail
for
Palestine
from
Porto
di
S.
Simon
,
)
and
having
got
them
at
an
advantage
sets
upon
'em
and
routs
'em
,
delivering
by
this
means
this
Christian
King
and
his
Army
from
destruction
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Venetian
Fleet
which
was
altogether
on
Emanuel's
side
,
retakes
all
those
places
which
Roger
had
possest
himself
of
,
but
had
been
left
by
him
unfortified
and
without
Garisons
;
Roger
then
leaving
King
Lewis
at
Joppa
,
sets
sail
directly
for
Constantinople
,
where
he
burnt
the
Suburbs
in
the
very
sight
of
the
Emperour
,
and
carried
his
Victory
so
far
,
that
for
some
time
he
besieged
even
his
Palace
,
and
with
his
own
hand
gather'd
fruit
out
of
his
Garden
.
But
having
got
his
Fleet
together
in
order
to
return
into
Sicily
,
he
fell
unawares
upon
the
Venetian
Navy
which
was
ready
prepar'd
for
a
Battel
,
and
was
by
them
defeated
with
the
loss
of
twenty
of
his
Gallies
,
himself
hardly
escaping
by
flight
.
While
these
things
were
doing
,
Conrade
,
Lewis
and
Baldwin
,
with
joint
forces
and
courages
attack'd
Damascus
,
which
City
was
built
by
the
Servants
of
Abraham
,
in
a
Champain
Country
and
naturally
subject
to
drought
,
but
by
Art
rendred
fertile
and
plentiful
;
for
the
ground
is
watered
by
Channels
and
guts
dug
in
the
Earth
and
by
that
means
made
to
abound
with
all
things
.
There
is
but
one
small
River
in
that
Country
,
which
running
not
far
from
the
City
Walls
,
makes
a
little
tongue
of
Land
in
which
their
Camp
was
pitch'd
,
whereby
they
easily
could
hinder
the
Citizens
from
fetching
Water
;
but
a
certain
Assyrian
,
to
whom
in
difficult
matters
Baldwin
was
wont
to
give
great
credit
,
over-persuaded
him
to
remove
his
Camp
to
the
other
side
of
the
Town
,
pretending
that
it
might
with
more
ease
be
there
expugnable
,
because
the
Walls
were
not
so
strong
;
which
was
no
sooner
done
,
but
those
of
Damascus
possess'd
themselves
of
the
place
where
our
Men
had
encamp'd
,
and
having
entrench'd
themselves
stop'd
all
the
Water
and
Provisions
that
the
Christians
wanted
:
So
that
being
press'd
with
hunger
and
thirst
,
they
were
forc'd
dishonourably
to
raise
the
Siege
,
from
which
Baldwin
went
to
Jerusalem
,
and
Lewis
and
Conrade
took
their
march
to
Europe
,
whither
they
return'd
An.
Dom.
1152.
with
their
Armies
,
which
by
several
accidents
were
very
much
shattered
.
Eugenius
after
having
(
as
aforesaid
)
stir'd
up
the
Christians
to
this
Expedition
,
return'd
to
Rome
,
where
he
was
pompously
and
heartily
entertain'd
by
the
Citizens
;
but
having
recover'd
Terracina
,
Sezza
,
Norba
and
Rocca
di
Fumone
,
places
which
had
been
seiz'd
from
the
Church
by
several
Lords
of
the
adjacent
Country
,
he
retir'd
to
Tivoli
for
his
diversion
,
where
soon
after
he
died
,
having
sate
in
the
Papal
Chair
eight
years
four
months
and
twenty
days
.
His
body
was
carry'd
to
Rome
,
and
buried
with
great
state
(
as
reason
good
)
in
St.
Peter's
Church
.
By
his
Order
and
at
his
charge
the
Portico
of
S.
Mary
Maggiore
was
built
or
rather
re-edified
,
as
appears
by
the
Inscription
.
ANASTASIVS
IV.
ANASTASIVS
the
Fourth
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Benedict
,
was
before
Abbat
of
S.
Ruffo
in
Velitro
,
and
now
of
a
Cardinal
was
made
Pope
,
at
that
time
when
Alphonso
K.
of
Spain
died
in
his
return
from
the
Holy
War
,
to
whom
succeeded
his
Son
Sanctius
,
who
soon
after
being
slain
in
the
Christian
quarrel
in
a
Battel
in
Arabia
,
his
Brother
Ferdinand
succeeded
him
in
the
Throne
.
Anastasius
having
obtain'd
the
Popedom
,
gave
a
Chalice
of
most
excellent
workmanship
and
vast
price
to
the
Lateran
Church
,
and
in
a
short
time
raised
a
noble
structure
near
the
Pantheon
,
now
called
S.
Marca
rotunda
;
and
many
other
things
he
design'd
for
the
honour
of
the
Church
and
the
Ornament
of
the
City
,
if
he
had
lived
a
little
longer
.
Great
expectations
Men
had
entertain'd
concerning
him
and
hopes
that
his
goodness
together
with
the
learning
of
Richard
de
S.
Victore
his
Cotemporary
,
would
vindicate
those
times
from
obscurity
and
ignominy
:
for
Richard
was
then
a
famous
Doctor
and
wrote
many
things
gravely
and
copiously
,
particularly
a
Book
concerning
the
Trinity
;
beside
that
he
was
an
eloquent
as
well
as
profound
Preacher
.
At
this
time
almost
all
Europe
was
afflicted
with
Famine
,
which
put
our
Pope
upon
acts
of
Charity
which
he
perform'd
liberally
both
openly
and
in
secret
,
but
he
died
when
he
had
been
Pope
one
year
four
months
and
twenty
four
days
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Lateran
in
a
Tomb
of
Porphyry
.
HADRIAN
IV.
HADRIAN
the
Fourth
,
an
English
man
[
born
near
S.
Albans
in
Hertfordshire
]
having
been
sent
into
Norway
to
preach
the
Gospel
,
he
converted
that
Nation
to
the
Christian
faith
,
and
was
therefore
by
Pope
Eugenius
made
Bishop
of
Alba
and
Cardinal
.
Upon
the
death
of
Anastasius
being
elected
Pope
,
he
was
applied
to
by
the
Romans
both
with
Prayers
and
threats
for
an
investiture
of
their
Consuls
in
the
absolute
administration
of
the
Government
of
the
City
,
but
he
positively
refused
;
and
the
Clergy
of
Rome
desiring
him
to
go
to
the
Lateran
to
be
consecrated
,
he
also
denied
so
to
do
,
unless
Arnold
of
Brescia
who
had
been
condemn'd
for
a
Heretick
by
Eugenius
,
were
first
expell'd
the
City
.
This
so
enrag'd
the
People
,
that
they
set
upon
the
Cardinal
of
S.
Pudentiana
in
the
Via
Sacra
as
he
was
going
to
the
Pope
,
and
gave
him
a
wound
or
two
.
This
the
Pope
took
so
ill
,
that
he
set
them
under
Excommunication
,
till
at
last
they
chang'd
their
minds
,
and
both
banish'd
Arnold
and
forc'd
their
Consuls
to
lay
down
their
Offices
,
leaving
to
the
Pope
the
absolute
Power
of
governing
the
City
.
Mean
time
William
King
of
Sicily
,
who
succeeded
Roger
,
takes
the
Subburbs
of
Benevent
,
and
both
Ceperano
and
Bauco
from
the
Church
,
which
so
enrag'd
the
Pope
,
that
he
Anathematiz'd
him
,
and
absolv'd
all
his
Subjects
of
their
Allegiance
,
that
so
they
might
be
at
liberty
to
rebel
.
But
at
this
time
the
Emperour
Frederick
I.
of
Schwaben
was
entred
into
Lombardy
with
an
Army
and
besieging
Tortona
,
which
had
revolted
from
the
Empire
,
he
took
it
by
force
,
and
thence
with
great
speed
he
continued
his
march
towards
Rome
.
The
Pope
was
then
at
Viterbo
,
from
whence
he
went
to
visit
Orvieto
and
Civita
Castellana
,
places
belonging
to
the
Church
,
to
confirm
them
in
their
Allegiance
;
but
finding
himself
unable
to
cope
with
the
Imperial
Army
,
by
his
Nuntio's
he
struck
up
a
Peace
,
and
met
the
Emperor
near
Sutri
,
who
alighting
from
his
Horse
,
address'd
to
him
with
all
that
Ceremony
which
was
due
to
the
true
Vicar
of
Christ
.
From
hence
they
went
to
Rome
,
where
Frederick
was
to
be
Crown'd
by
the
Pope
in
S.
Peter's
Church
,
but
the
Gates
being
shut
lest
any
tumult
should
happen
between
the
Citizens
and
the
Soldiers
,
the
Romans
yet
broke
forth
by
Ponte
S.
Angelo
and
set
upon
the
Germans
(
whom
they
look'd
upon
as
of
the
Pope's
side
)
and
kill'd
many
.
This
unsufferable
riot
angred
the
Emperour
so
,
that
having
brought
his
Army
,
which
was
encamp'd
in
the
prati
di
Nerone
,
into
the
City
,
he
drove
the
Romans
from
the
Vatican
,
and
slew
and
took
Prisoners
multitudes
of
them
,
till
being
appeased
by
the
intercession
of
the
Pope
,
he
let
those
he
had
taken
go
free
.
But
when
afterward
according
to
custom
,
the
Pope
and
Emperour
were
to
go
together
to
the
Lateran
and
found
it
would
be
unsafe
because
of
the
seditious
humour
of
the
Citizens
,
they
went
first
to
Magliana
,
and
there
crossing
the
River
they
pass'd
by
the
way
of
Sabina
and
Ponte
Lucano
to
the
Lateran
,
and
perform'd
the
Coronation
with
the
usual
Solemnity
.
While
matters
went
thus
at
Rome
those
of
Tivoli
surrendred
themselves
to
Frederick
,
professing
a
perfect
submission
;
but
when
he
understood
that
it
was
a
part
of
S.
Peter's
Patrimony
he
restor'd
it
to
Hadrian
,
and
without
any
long
stay
return'd
into
Germany
.
The
Pope
also
at
the
request
of
the
great
men
of
Puglia
remov'd
to
Benevent
,
where
by
his
presence
alone
he
regain'd
from
William
to
the
Church
a
great
part
of
his
Kingdom
.
In
the
mean
time
Paloeologus
an
illustrious
personage
came
Ambassadour
from
Emanuel
II.
Emperour
of
Constantinople
,
first
by
Sea
to
Ancona
,
and
then
by
Land
to
Benevent
,
with
an
offer
to
the
Pope
of
fifty
thousand
pounds
in
Gold
,
and
a
Promise
to
chase
William
out
of
Sicily
,
if
upon
the
good
success
of
the
Expedition
,
three
maritime
Cities
of
Puglia
might
be
put
into
his
possession
;
which
no
sooner
came
to
William's
Ear
but
he
sued
for
the
Pope's
mercy
,
promising
not
onely
to
restore
what
he
had
taken
from
the
Church
,
but
to
add
somewhat
more
,
and
that
he
would
employ
his
Force
to
constrain
the
rebellious
Romans
to
their
duty
,
if
he
might
be
honour'd
with
the
Title
of
King
of
both
Sicilies
.
The
Pope
could
not
grant
this
,
because
several
Cardinals
opposed
it
.
Wherefore
William
getting
a
good
Army
together
enters
Puglia
after
an
hostile
manner
,
destroying
all
with
fire
and
sword
,
and
setting
upon
the
Greeks
and
Apulians
who
were
encamp'd
near
Brundusium
,
he
easily
overcame
them
,
upon
which
those
of
Otranto
and
Puglia
immediately
made
their
submissions
to
him
.
The
Pope
then
was
very
angry
with
those
Cardinals
who
had
opposed
the
Peace
before
,
and
took
William
into
favour
and
gave
him
the
Title
of
both
Kingdoms
,
he
having
first
taken
an
Oath
,
thereafter
not
to
attempt
to
do
any
thing
which
might
be
a
detriment
to
the
Church
of
Rome
.
Matters
being
thus
composed
to
his
mind
,
the
Pope
taking
his
journey
through
the
Countries
of
Cassino
,
Marsi
,
Reati
,
Narin
and
Todi
,
came
at
last
to
Orvieto
,
which
place
he
was
the
first
Pope
that
made
his
habitation
and
beautified
.
He
was
afterward
by
the
earnest
intreaties
of
the
Romans
persuaded
to
go
to
Rome
,
but
being
here
teiz'd
by
the
Consuls
who
would
be
setting
up
for
liberty
,
he
went
to
Arignano
,
where
not
long
after
he
died
,
having
been
Pope
four
years
and
ten
months
,
leaving
the
Estates
of
the
Church
in
a
very
good
condition
;
for
he
had
built
several
Castles
on
the
lake
of
S
,
Christina
,
and
so
fortified
Radifano
with
a
Wall
and
Citadel
,
that
it
was
almost
inexpugnable
.
The
History
of
these
times
was
written
in
an
elegant
style
by
Richard
a
Monk
of
Glugni
,
much
quoted
by
other
Writers
.
The
body
of
Pope
Hadrian
being
brought
to
Rome
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
near
the
Sepulcre
of
Pope
Eugenius
.
ALEXANDER
III.
ALEXANDER
the
Third
,
born
at
Siena
,
his
Father's
name
Ranuccio
,
upon
the
death
of
Hadrian
,
was
by
the
suffrages
of
twenty
two
Cardinals
chosen
Pope
,
though
other
three
Cardinals
set
up
Octavian
,
a
Roman
,
Cardinal
of
S.
Clement
,
by
the
name
of
Victor
,
which
gave
beginning
to
a
Schism
.
But
Alexander
,
lest
the
Church
of
Rome
should
suffer
by
the
continuance
thereof
,
dispatch'd
Legats
to
Frederick
the
Emperour
then
laying
Siege
to
Cremona
,
to
desire
him
to
interpose
his
Imperial
Authority
in
extinguishing
the
Sedition
.
He
return'd
for
Answer
,
that
both
Popes
should
betake
themselves
to
Pavia
whither
he
would
come
and
hear
their
Case
debated
.
Upon
the
receit
of
this
Answer
Alexander
went
to
Anagnia
,
and
Octavian
to
Segna
.
This
the
Emperour
took
so
heinously
,
that
he
sent
two
Bishops
to
Alexander
,
to
cite
him
before
a
Council
,
by
the
name
of
Cardinal
and
not
of
Pope
.
Alexander
stood
upon
his
right
and
rejected
them
,
whereupon
they
went
to
Octavian
,
and
brought
him
to
Pavia
,
with
intent
to
set
him
up
against
Alexander
,
which
they
did
;
for
holding
a
Council
,
Frederick
confirms
him
in
the
Papacy
,
leads
him
sitting
upon
a
white
Horse
through
the
streets
of
Pavia
,
and
performs
the
usual
adoration
to
him
.
Alexander
was
much
mov'd
at
this
,
and
having
first
admonish'd
them
to
no
purpose
,
he
sets
them
both
under
an
Anathema
,
and
writes
Letters
to
all
the
Princes
and
Nations
of
Christendom
in
justification
of
himself
for
so
doing
:
Then
returning
to
Rome
in
the
second
year
of
his
Pontificate
,
he
finds
he
had
many
Adversaries
there
,
who
took
the
boldness
to
oppose
him
,
because
Frederick's
Army
had
now
possess'd
themselves
of
all
St.
Peter's
Patrimony
but
Orvieto
and
Anagnia
.
Wherefore
Alexander
by
the
persuasion
of
King
Philip
of
France
,
went
to
Terracina
,
and
there
embark'd
in
a
Ship
provided
for
him
by
Order
of
William
King
of
Sicily
,
and
arriv'd
in
France
,
where
in
a
Council
holden
at
Clermont
he
pronounc'd
the
Anathema
before
laid
upon
the
Emperour
and
Octavian
.
While
these
things
were
doing
in
Europe
,
Baldwin
III.
died
at
Jerusalem
,
and
his
Brother
Almeric
step'd
into
the
Throne
,
lest
if
an
Interregnum
should
have
been
among
so
barbarous
and
treacherous
a
People
,
it
might
have
given
occasion
to
some
mischievous
revolution
;
and
having
settled
his
affairs
for
the
time
,
he
led
his
Army
against
the
Egyptians
,
and
defeated
their
General
Drogon
with
a
great
slaughter
,
he
laid
Siege
to
Alexandria
,
of
which
Tiracino
Lieutenant
to
the
Soldan
of
the
Saracens
,
had
traiterously
made
himself
Lord
;
which
Siege
he
urg'd
on
with
so
great
diligence
that
the
Alexandrians
could
hold
out
no
longer
and
yet
were
not
willing
to
be
made
subject
to
the
Christians
,
but
offer'd
to
yield
upon
condition
they
might
be
freed
of
this
new
Lord
,
and
be
restor'd
to
the
Dominion
of
the
Soldan
;
Almeric
was
content
,
and
receiving
a
vast
sum
of
Money
redeliver'd
the
City
to
the
Soldan
,
who
ungratefully
put
off
the
performance
of
the
full
bargain
,
which
caused
Almeric
to
march
against
him
and
to
lay
Siege
to
Cairo
.
Mean
time
in
Europe
Frederick
acts
very
tyrannically
,
for
he
sack'd
Tortono
and
laid
Milan
even
with
the
ground
(
from
whence
he
translated
the
bodies
of
the
Magi
to
Cologn
,
of
which
,
I
think
,
Rodolphus
was
then
Arch
Bishop
)
and
did
great
mischief
to
the
Cremoneses
.
Upon
this
those
of
Verona
,
Vicenza
,
Padoua
,
and
Venice
resolv'd
unanimously
to
stop
all
manner
of
assistance
that
Frederick
should
stand
in
need
of
,
while
he
thus
harass'd
Lombardy
.
This
angred
Frederick
so
that
he
was
about
to
invest
Verona
with
his
Army
,
but
hearing
that
the
other
Cities
had
sent
thither
their
Auxiliary
Troops
,
he
retreated
to
Pavia
;
from
whence
by
Letters
and
Ambassadours
he
exhorted
the
King
of
France
,
that
to
put
an
end
to
the
Schism
,
he
would
bring
Alexander
before
a
general
Council
,
where
also
he
would
appear
with
Victor
.
The
City
of
Dyon
,
situate
where
the
River
Savo
divides
France
from
Germany
was
the
place
appointed
for
the
Council
,
whither
Frederick
(
having
composed
his
Affairs
in
Italy
for
a
time
)
arriv'd
,
together
with
Octavian
and
the
Kings
of
Scotland
and
Bohemia
,
and
attended
by
great
numbers
of
armed
Men.
But
when
Alexander
refused
to
go
to
that
Council
which
himself
did
not
call
,
but
had
begun
another
at
Tours
,
Frederick
full
of
rage
and
threats
returns
into
Germany
,
having
sent
Octavian
into
Italy
,
intending
speedily
to
follow
him
;
but
he
dying
at
Luca
,
Guy
of
Crema
was
set
up
for
Anti-Pope
in
his
stead
.
The
Romans
had
now
chosen
Consuls
who
were
Friends
to
Alexander
,
they
immediatey
recall
him
out
of
France
,
and
he
taking
Ship
arrives
first
in
Sicily
,
and
thence
comes
to
Rome
,
where
he
was
very
kindly
receiv'd
with
universal
acclamations
;
and
the
People
of
Lombardy
were
by
the
arrival
of
Alexander
put
in
hopes
of
retrieving
their
liberty
,
so
that
they
took
up
Arms
against
Frederic
who
had
used
them
so
tyrannically
,
and
drove
several
of
his
Garrisons
out
of
their
Towns
,
An.
Dom.
1165.
Frederic
hereupon
marches
with
a
numerous
Army
into
Italy
,
and
without
doing
damage
to
any
one
,
contrary
to
all
expectation
,
enters
the
Territory
of
Bononia
,
where
he
divides
his
Army
,
and
sends
some
Battalions
to
Luca
,
to
be
a
Guard
to
the
Anti-Pope
who
then
resided
there
,
whilst
he
invests
Ancona
with
his
Army
,
and
after
a
Siege
of
some
time
takes
it
.
In
the
mean
time
the
associated
Cities
of
Lombardy
re-edifie
Milan
and
fortifie
it
,
and
receive
those
of
Lodi
,
who
had
been
Enemies
to
the
Milaneses
,
into
their
Confederacy
,
the
more
to
enable
them
to
resist
Frederick
,
if
he
should
invade
them
:
But
Frederick
had
somewhat
of
greater
moment
to
think
of
;
for
upon
the
death
of
William
the
Norman
King
of
Sicily
,
Emanuel
Emperour
of
Greece
had
sent
Ambassadours
to
the
Pope
to
offer
him
a
great
Army
to
be
employ'd
against
Frederick
and
to
promise
a
perfect
agreement
of
all
the
Grecians
with
the
Church
of
Rome
,
that
so
the
Eastern
and
Western
Churches
might
be
all
one
,
if
he
would
suffer
the
Roman
Empire
then
divided
,
to
be
again
reduc'd
into
one
body
.
What
Answer
these
Ambassadours
receiv'd
is
not
certain
,
for
by
reason
of
a
War
then
begun
between
the
Romans
and
those
of
Tusculum
and
Alba
,
the
Pope
could
not
give
them
a
positive
resolution
.
The
cause
of
this
was
that
the
Romans
being
too
rigorous
in
the
exaction
of
their
Gabels
,
the
Tusculans
and
Albans
denied
to
pay
them
,
which
enraged
the
People
of
Rome
so
,
that
they
march'd
out
contrary
to
the
Pope's
will
,
against
them
tumultuously
;
but
at
that
time
Raino
,
(
who
had
been
sttip'd
of
the
Dukedom
of
Puglia
by
Roger
)
bore
the
chief
sway
among
the
Tusculans
,
a
Man
well
skill'd
in
the
Arts
of
War
,
who
sending
for
the
German
Soldiers
from
Nepi
and
Sutri
,
made
so
great
a
slaughter
among
the
Romans
,
that
they
afterwards
had
much
ado
to
defend
their
Walls
,
much
less
could
they
meet
an
Enemy
in
the
Field
.
Frederick
took
this
occasion
to
avenge
the
wrongs
(
as
he
call'd
'em
)
which
Alexander
had
done
him
,
and
leaving
Ancona
leads
his
Army
to
Rome
,
and
encamps
in
the
Prati
di
Nerone
,
from
whence
he
made
an
Attack
upon
the
Vatican
Suburb
,
but
was
stoutly
repell'd
by
the
Friends
of
Alexander
.
The
next
day
he
attempted
to
set
fire
to
S.
Peter's
Church
,
and
had
effected
it
,
if
those
who
had
the
care
of
it
would
have
suffered
it
,
and
the
Pope
not
thinking
himself
safe
in
the
Lateran
,
into
which
he
saw
the
Germans
would
soon
enter
,
remov'd
to
the
House
of
the
Frangipani
near
the
Palladio
.
William
King
of
Sicily
,
Son
of
the
Great
William
,
hearing
of
the
Pope's
danger
,
sent
him
a
good
sum
of
Money
and
two
Gallies
well
man'd
;
which
came
in
good
time
,
for
Frederick
having
promised
Peace
to
the
Romans
,
was
very
urgent
with
them
,
of
the
two
Popes
to
chuse
the
more
worthy
,
and
to
depose
and
reject
the
other
,
which
when
Alexander
knew
must
be
done
as
the
Emperour
should
please
,
he
embark'd
in
the
Gallies
and
escap'd
first
to
Gaieta
,
and
from
thence
to
Benevent
.
Frederick
afterward
was
driven
from
the
City
by
a
Plague
of
which
both
Citizens
and
Soldiers
died
like
Sheep
,
and
as
he
march'd
back
through
Lombardy
,
the
Army
of
the
Confederate
Cities
met
him
,
and
urg'd
him
to
a
Battel
,
which
he
carefully
declin'd
and
arriv'd
in
Germany
.
When
he
was
departed
,
the
Associates
built
a
City
at
their
common
charge
near
Roueretto
upon
the
River
Taro
,
which
from
the
name
of
the
Pope
they
call'd
Alexandria
,
to
inhabit
which
from
all
the
Cities
they
sent
fifteen
thousand
Men
,
dividing
the
ground
equally
among
'em
,
and
setting
out
the
dimensions
of
their
Streets
and
Houses
.
The
Romans
yet
regretted
the
slaughter
made
among
'em
by
the
Tusculans
and
their
Friends
,
and
therefore
upon
the
departure
of
Frederick
they
took
Alba
and
demolish'd
it
,
and
had
done
the
like
by
Tusculum
,
if
the
Pope
had
not
terrified
them
with
Threats
and
Anathema's
from
doing
so
great
a
mischief
.
At
this
time
Emanuel
Emperour
of
Constantinople
sent
other
Ambassadours
with
greater
Promises
than
before
,
if
the
Pope
could
be
brought
to
comply
with
his
desire
;
to
whom
Alexander
gave
this
Answer
,
that
he
was
not
willing
to
unite
what
his
Predecessors
had
thought
good
industriously
to
disjoin
.
In
the
mean
time
Guy
the
Anti-Pope
died
in
S.
Peter's
Church
,
which
was
still
strongly
garrison'd
by
Frederick
,
in
whose
room
the
seditious
substituted
John
a
Hungarian
,
Abbat
of
Sirmio
,
who
had
before
the
repute
of
a
Thief
;
to
him
Raino
,
(
who
was
afraid
of
the
Romans
upon
account
of
the
mischief
he
had
formerly
done
them
)
deliver'd
up
Tusculum
,
upon
condition
that
he
should
have
Monte-fiascone
in
lieu
of
it
;
but
when
Raino
went
to
take
possession
of
it
,
the
Inhabitants
would
not
receive
him
,
neither
would
the
Tusculans
submit
to
the
Anti-Pope
,
upon
which
he
return'd
to
Tusculum
,
but
was
forbidden
entrance
.
From
thence
therefore
he
went
to
Alexius
who
was
then
at
Veruli
,
and
surrendred
to
him
all
his
Title
to
the
place
,
which
when
the
Tusculans
heard
upon
mature
deliberation
by
a
publick
Decree
they
acknowledg'd
their
subjection
to
the
Pope
,
and
receiv'd
him
.
Here
it
was
that
the
Ambassadours
of
Henry
King
of
England
were
heard
,
when
they
came
to
clear
their
King
of
the
false
Accusation
of
having
conspir'd
the
death
of
S.
Thomas
Arch-bishop
of
Canterbury
.
But
the
Pope
not
easily
giving
credit
to
the
King's
Ambassadours
,
sent
two
Cardinals
into
England
with
plenary
Power
to
examine
the
matter
;
to
whom
Henry
paid
so
great
respect
,
that
though
he
was
engag'd
in
a
War
with
Ireland
,
yet
he
came
as
far
as
Normandy
to
meet
'em
.
Upon
debating
the
case
,
it
came
to
this
end
,
that
Henry
should
by
an
Oath
,
(
because
the
matter
of
fact
was
not
clear
)
purge
himself
,
and
promise
to
do
Penance
for
the
murther
of
that
holy
Man
;
of
which
though
he
were
not
guilty
nor
conscious
,
yet
it
seem'd
that
the
great
spite
and
grudg
he
bore
him
in
his
life-time
,
had
given
some
occasion
to
the
assassination
;
and
moreover
,
that
he
should
raise
and
maintain
two
hundred
Soldiers
for
a
year
to
assist
the
Christians
in
the
Holy
Land
;
that
he
should
within
three
years
himself
,
with
what
force
he
could
raise
,
undertake
an
Expedition
to
the
same
purpose
:
that
he
should
conserve
the
Ecclesiastical
immunities
in
his
Realm
,
and
not
oppose
any
Appeals
that
might
be
made
by
his
Subjects
to
the
Court
of
Rome
.
All
these
Conditions
he
having
sworn
to
perform
,
he
had
(
and
,
he
deserv'd
it
)
the
right
and
Title
to
the
Crown
of
England
confer'd
upon
him
and
his
Heirs
,
with
the
Pope's
consent
.
Hence
it
may
be
observ'd
,
that
all
the
English
Kings
acknowledg
themselves
to
have
receiv'd
the
Title
to
their
Realms
of
the
Pope
of
Rome
.
But
Alexander
having
long
strugled
with
the
Romans
,
offered
them
,
if
they
would
admit
him
into
the
City
,
to
leave
the
whole
Civil
Government
to
their
own
managery
,
and
to
intermeddle
onely
in
religious
matters
;
but
this
would
not
be
granted
by
them
,
so
he
retir'd
to
Segna
,
and
there
being
inform'd
by
the
English
Ambassadours
of
the
Miracles
wrought
by
S.
Thomas
[
Becket
]
he
canoniz'd
him
.
Frederick
now
returning
into
Italy
by
Moncenisi
,
took
Seculia
by
treachery
and
demolish'd
it
;
he
took
also
Asti
which
surrendered
for
fear
,
and
laid
close
Siege
four
months
to
Alexandria
,
but
receiv'd
so
much
loss
from
the
Sallies
of
the
besieged
,
that
he
grew
weary
of
it
and
on
Easter
day
rose
up
from
before
it
and
went
to
Pavia
;
where
a
Treaty
for
the
peace
of
Italy
was
carried
on
,
by
the
mediation
of
the
Pope
,
which
the
Venetians
were
willing
to
embrace
;
who
though
they
had
been
favourers
of
Emanuel
before
,
yet
had
receiv'd
from
him
a
horrid
affront
contrary
to
the
Law
of
Nations
;
for
he
had
with
red
hot
plates
of
Brass
blinded
their
Ambassadour
Henry
Dandalo
by
holding
them
before
his
Eyes
.
Mean
time
Almeric
King
of
Jerusalem
raised
his
Siege
from
before
Cairo
,
though
he
was
not
without
hopes
of
carrying
the
place
,
but
was
bought
off
with
a
great
sum
of
Money
,
and
afterward
march'd
against
Ascalon
;
but
was
forc'd
to
quit
that
Expedition
,
being
in
great
want
of
provisions
,
and
finding
his
Soldiers
to
be
very
much
tired
and
broken
with
the
great
and
tedious
toils
of
War
they
had
undergone
.
He
did
not
long
outlive
his
return
,
but
died
and
left
his
Kingdom
to
his
Son
Baldwin
,
who
though
he
labour'd
with
a
dangerous
Leprosie
,
yet
he
manag'd
his
Government
with
great
constancy
and
Wisdom
.
Alexander
thinking
now
to
enjoy
a
perfect
Peace
,
made
the
new
City
of
Alexandria
a
Bishops
Sea
,
An.
Dom.
1177.
but
soon
after
Frederick
re-enters
Italy
with
great
Forces
and
put
all
into
confusion
,
till
the
Milaneses
with
the
joint
forces
of
the
Confederates
so
broke
his
Troops
with
frequent
Onsets
that
in
one
of
them
Frederick's
Horse
was
kill'd
under
him
and
he
narrowly
scap'd
with
life
himself
;
many
of
those
of
Pavia
and
Como
being
on
his
side
were
lost
.
The
Bishop
of
Pavia
also
because
he
took
the
Emperour's
part
,
was
by
the
Pope
deprived
of
his
Pall
and
the
honour
of
bearing
the
Cross
.
Frederic's
great
Men
thought
these
mischiefs
happen'd
to
'em
,
because
they
persecuted
the
Church
of
God
,
and
openly
threatned
to
return
into
their
own
Country
and
leave
that
wicked
Warfare
,
except
he
would
be
reconcil'd
to
the
Pope
speedily
.
A
Treaty
then
was
begun
for
the
Peace
of
Italy
;
when
Saladine
a
Person
of
great
courage
succeeded
Noradine
then
deceased
,
in
the
Empire
of
the
Saracens
,
who
having
taken
and
slain
the
King
of
Egypt
,
added
that
Country
and
Syria
to
his
Dominion
;
not
that
his
success
was
alike
when
he
fought
with
the
Christians
,
being
defeated
by
Baldwin
in
two
Battels
,
one
at
Ascalon
and
another
at
Tiberias
;
but
soon
after
gathering
his
forces
together
,
he
march'd
into
Cilicia
,
to
meet
with
Emanuel
,
whose
Army
by
a
feigned
flight
he
drew
into
narrow
and
difficult
ways
,
where
he
set
upon
'em
and
vanquish'd
'em
,
taking
the
Emperour
Prisoner
,
whom
he
set
at
large
again
,
upon
condition
that
he
should
quit
whatsoever
he
had
taken
in
Asia
.
At
this
time
Alexander
was
met
at
Venice
by
Frederic
,
there
to
treat
of
a
Peace
,
where
in
S.
Mark
's
Porch
the
Emperour
kiss'd
the
Pope's
feet
;
and
from
thence
they
went
together
to
the
high
Altar
,
and
having
perform'd
the
mutual
Ceremonies
of
Civility
,
they
discours'd
a
great
while
upon
the
Articles
of
the
Peace
,
which
the
next
day
was
concluded
.
Hence
the
Emperour
with
the
good
leave
of
the
Pope
,
departed
first
to
Ravenna
,
and
then
to
Bertinoro
,
which
Town
he
design'd
to
keep
in
his
hands
,
because
of
the
commodiousness
of
its
situation
,
but
the
Pope
at
last
persuaded
him
to
restore
it
to
the
Church
.
Alexander
also
left
Venice
,
(
having
first
made
several
Presents
and
conferr'd
many
honours
upon
that
State
for
the
services
they
had
done
him
)
and
with
thirteen
Gallies
of
William
King
of
Sicily
and
four
of
the
Venetians
,
he
sail'd
first
to
Siponto
and
from
thence
to
Troia
,
and
Benevent
,
and
then
passing
S.
Germano
he
went
to
Anagni
;
where
he
staid
not
long
but
came
to
Tusculum
,
to
treat
with
the
Romans
about
deposing
the
Consuls
they
had
set
up
before
a
Peace
should
be
concluded
;
but
because
the
Consuls
had
been
so
chosen
for
fifty
years
,
it
was
found
to
be
a
difficult
thing
to
alter
the
custom
;
wherefore
they
agreed
that
thereafter
no
one
that
was
chosen
Consul
should
enter
upon
his
Office
,
till
he
had
taken
an
Oath
to
be
dictated
by
the
Pope
,
that
he
would
be
true
to
the
Church
of
Rome
and
never
attempt
any
thing
that
should
be
a
violation
of
the
Pontifical
Dignity
.
Thus
all
matters
being
settled
,
the
Pope
went
the
third
time
to
Rome
,
all
the
great
Men
of
the
City
coming
forth
to
attend
and
congratulate
him
;
soon
after
he
held
a
Council
in
the
Lateran
,
partly
to
find
a
way
to
reform
the
great
licentiousness
of
that
Court
,
but
chiefly
that
it
might
be
decreed
,
that
no
Man
under
pain
of
an
Anathema
should
furnish
the
Infidels
with
Iron
,
Wood
or
any
sort
of
Arms.
At
this
time
died
Emanuel
Emperour
of
Constantinople
,
leaving
his
Son
Alexius
heir
of
his
Empire
,
under
the
Guardianship
of
Andronicus
,
one
of
the
blood
Royal
,
who
for
some
years
shew'd
great
prudence
and
fidelity
in
his
publick
Administrations
;
and
by
his
consent
the
young
Emperour
was
married
to
Agnes
Daughter
to
Philip
King
of
France
.
Baldwin
IV.
also
King
of
Jerusalem
,
to
strengthen
himself
by
the
Alliance
,
married
his
Sister
Sibyl
to
William
surnam'd
Long-sword
,
Marquess
of
Montferrat
,
an
excellent
Soldier
,
not
doubting
but
that
upon
occasion
William
and
other
Princes
of
Christendom
would
come
to
his
assistance
if
his
affairs
were
in
any
danger
.
Mean
time
Alexander
after
having
undergone
so
many
and
continual
labours
,
when
now
he
seem'd
to
be
at
rest
from
all
his
troubles
,
died
at
Rome
when
he
had
been
Pope
twenty
one
years
nineteen
days
,
having
yet
liv'd
to
see
four
Anti-Popes
go
before
him
,
who
with
their
factions
had
almost
destroy'd
the
Church
of
Rome
.
LVCIVS
III.
LVCIVS
the
Third
,
a
Tuscan
,
of
a
noble
Family
of
the
City
of
Lucca
,
was
made
Pope
by
general
consent
,
at
the
time
when
Andronicus
(
who
we
told
you
was
Guardian
to
Alexius
,
having
driven
out
the
Latins
who
favour'd
the
young
Emperour
and
drown'd
him
in
the
Sea
,
where
he
was
wont
for
his
recreation
carelesly
sometimes
to
venture
in
a
little
Bark
)
usurp'd
the
Empire
of
Constantinople
;
and
to
secure
his
Empire
thus
unjustly
gotten
,
he
added
another
great
wickedness
,
for
in
a
short
time
he
cut
off
all
the
Nobility
whose
Virtue
rendred
them
suspected
to
him
.
Now
also
William
surnamed
Long-sword
dying
at
Jerusalem
,
King
Baldwin
taking
care
of
his
Nephew
,
married
his
Sister
Sibyl
again
to
Guy
of
Lusignan
,
a
Picard
,
upon
condition
,
that
after
his
own
decease
Guy
should
enjoy
the
Kingdom
during
the
nonage
of
his
Nephew
Baldwin
,
after
which
he
should
resign
it
to
him
.
All
which
was
confirm'd
by
the
Pope's
Authority
,
who
thought
it
very
necessary
for
the
Christian
Cause
,
that
the
Princes
of
Asia
should
be
knit
together
with
the
strictest
bonds
of
Amity
and
Friendship
,
to
enable
them
the
better
to
resist
the
insults
of
the
Turks
and
Saracens
:
but
he
was
quickly
after
expell'd
the
City
of
Rome
,
while
by
the
favour
of
some
Citizens
he
attempted
to
abolish
the
Office
of
the
Consuls
,
and
his
Friends
in
that
affair
being
taken
had
their
Eyes
put
out
.
Upon
this
horrid
affront
the
Pope
betook
himself
to
Verona
and
call'd
a
Council
,
where
the
exorbitant
pride
and
licentiousness
of
the
Romans
was
condemned
,
and
all
Christian
Princes
were
exhorted
to
afford
assistance
to
the
holy
War
;
especially
because
Saladine
had
entred
and
wasted
the
Territories
of
Jerusalem
,
encouraged
by
the
dissension
among
the
Christian
Commanders
;
who
had
turn'd
out
Guy
of
Lusignan
for
his
Arrogance
,
from
the
Government
,
and
had
substituted
Bertrand
Count
of
Tripoli
,
Protector
in
his
room
,
so
that
all
things
seem'd
to
threaten
a
Civil
War
.
But
the
Pope
incessantly
persuaded
them
by
Letters
and
Ambassadours
to
lay
by
their
Animosities
,
and
with
one
heart
and
the
same
mind
to
oppose
the
common
Enemy
,
at
least
so
long
as
till
fresh
Auxiliary
forces
could
be
sent
to
'em
.
For
by
the
instance
of
Heraclius
Patriarch
of
Jerusalem
,
who
came
for
that
purpose
first
to
Verona
,
and
thence
went
to
Philip
King
of
France
upon
the
same
Errand
,
a
good
number
of
Soldiers
under
the
Cross
were
listed
and
sent
away
:
But
William
King
of
Sicily
in
an
ill
time
,
designing
to
revenge
the
wrongs
offered
to
the
Latins
by
Andronicus
Emperour
of
Constantinople
,
passing
into
Greece
with
his
Army
,
confounded
all
things
;
for
he
took
Thessalonica
the
chief
City
of
Macedonia
,
by
storm
,
and
harassing
many
other
of
his
Territories
he
took
and
plundered
several
Cities
,
Adronicus
not
appearing
against
him
,
being
hated
of
God
and
Man
,
for
the
many
murthers
and
banishments
he
had
been
the
Author
of
.
The
Constantinopolitans
were
hereby
reduc'd
to
necessity
and
forc'd
to
fetch
from
Pelopennesus
,
and
to
set
up
for
Emperour
one
Isaac
who
was
of
the
blood
Royal
;
and
he
overthrew
Andronicus
in
Battel
,
took
him
,
and
with
various
Tortures
put
him
to
death
.
Upon
which
it
became
easie
for
Pope
Lucius
to
persuade
King
William
to
make
Peace
with
Isaac
and
with
Promises
and
Rewards
to
prevail
with
him
to
turn
his
Arms
against
the
Asians
;
but
while
this
matter
was
transacting
by
Internuntio's
this
excellent
Pope
died
in
the
fourth
year
second
month
and
eighteenth
day
of
his
Papacy
,
at
Verona
and
was
buried
with
great
Pomp
before
the
Altar
of
the
Cathedral
Church
.
This
Pope
had
a
great
regard
for
his
own
Country
and
confer'd
upon
it
many
advantages
both
Civil
and
Spiritual
before
he
died
;
particularly
he
obtain'd
of
Frederick
the
Emperour
with
whom
he
all
his
time
kept
a
peaceable
correspondence
,
that
the
Mony
of
Lucca
onely
should
be
current
in
Tuscany
,
as
that
of
Pavia
with
the
Imperial
stamp
went
onely
among
the
Lombards
,
which
People
by
the
means
of
this
Pope
were
reconcil'd
to
the
Emperour
.
Ptolomy
of
Lucca
writes
that
there
flourish'd
at
this
time
,
Peter
Comestor
,
who
wrote
the
History
of
both
Testaments
,
and
Joachim
an
Abbat
of
a
Monastery
which
himself
built
at
Calabria
,
famous
for
his
Learning
and
for
his
skill
in
Divination
,
which
he
used
to
practise
in
doubtful
and
enigmatical
terms
.
VRBAN
III.
URBAN
the
Third
,
a
Milanese
,
his
Father's
name
was
John
,
of
the
Family
of
Crivellis
was
made
Pope
,
applied
himself
to
compose
the
differences
between
the
Christian
Princes
,
lest
they
should
be
destroy'd
by
the
Infidels
who
would
make
use
of
that
opportunity
.
For
Baldwin
IV.
dying
of
a
Leprosie
,
the
Count
of
Tripoli
who
was
made
Guardian
to
Baldwin
V.
could
not
enter
upon
his
charge
,
because
Sibyl
the
Child's
Mother
and
Guy
of
Lusignan
her
second
Husband
,
opposed
him
.
The
Child
however
did
not
long
outlive
his
Uncle
,
but
died
within
eight
months
after
him
,
whose
death
his
Mother
kept
secret
so
long
as
till
what
with
gifts
and
what
with
good
words
she
had
brought
over
the
Patriarch
and
the
chief
Men
to
her
side
,
to
make
Guy
their
King
.
This
Raimund
Count
of
Tripoli
highly
resented
,
and
that
he
might
the
more
easily
work
his
revenge
,
he
made
a
Truce
with
Saladine
;
by
which
means
the
Provinces
of
Tripoli
,
Tiberias
and
Galilee
were
torn
from
the
Christians
;
for
they
were
then
subject
to
Raimund
in
right
of
his
Wife
whom
he
had
newly
married
;
and
lest
a
pretence
for
making
War
(
which
Saladine
earnestly
sought
)
should
be
wanting
to
him
,
the
Prince
of
Monreal
,
a
Christian
,
in
whose
Dominion
was
a
great
part
of
the
Country
beyond
Jordan
,
and
who
was
wont
to
supply
in
great
abundance
Jerusalem
with
Corn
,
inconsiderately
broke
the
Truce
with
him
.
Saladine
looking
upon
the
time
to
be
come
at
last
which
he
had
so
long
desired
,
raised
a
great
Army
of
Horse
and
Foot
,
and
stoutly
assaulted
Ptolemais
then
garison'd
by
the
Templers
.
In
this
Action
the
Templers
got
the
better
,
but
with
the
loss
of
their
choicest
Men
;
for
their
grand
Master
and
many
other
of
their
most
skilful
and
couragious
Soldiers
were
slain
.
Saladine
hereupon
reinforces
his
Army
,
and
taking
courage
from
their
distress
,
presses
more
hardly
upon
them
.
Raymund
observing
this
and
not
thinking
good
to
give
too
much
credit
to
Saladine
,
leaves
his
Wife
at
Tiberias
and
returning
to
Tripoli
renews
his
friendship
with
King
Guy
,
slighting
his
Treaty
before
had
with
the
Barbarians
:
so
that
Saladine
having
a
fair
occasion
to
make
War
upon
him
,
draws
off
from
Ptolemais
and
marches
towards
Tiberias
.
All
the
Christians
then
,
but
especially
the
Templers
,
urging
that
their
Army
might
march
against
Saladine
,
King
Guy
accordingly
sets
upon
him
in
his
Camp
,
which
was
pitch'd
in
a
pleasant
place
and
well-watered
,
but
was
repulsed
,
after
which
he
encamping
in
an
incommodious
and
extream
dry
ground
where
the
Christians
suffered
much
by
thirst
,
himself
was
forc'd
to
fight
and
was
defeated
with
great
slaughter
.
In
this
unfortunate
Battel
most
of
the
Christian
Commanders
were
taken
Prisoners
,
as
was
also
King
Guy
and
the
Master
of
the
Templers
;
many
of
whom
were
afterwards
beheaded
.
Saladine
having
gain'd
this
Victory
,
marches
to
Acon
,
which
was
immediately
surrendred
by
the
Christians
,
who
were
permitted
to
depart
onely
with
their
Clothes
,
and
thence
following
his
good
fortune
,
he
takes
Berylus
,
Byblos
and
all
the
Towns
upon
the
Sea-coast
;
those
of
Ascalon
onely
trusting
to
the
strength
of
their
fortifications
,
told
him
they
would
not
yield
to
him
except
he
were
first
possess'd
of
Jerusalem
.
But
the
excellent
temper
and
faithfulness
of
Saladine
did
the
Christians
much
harm
;
for
he
was
so
affable
to
every
one
,
that
Subjection
to
him
was
a
desireable
condition
.
He
,
notwithstanding
the
big
words
of
the
Ascalonites
,
invests
the
place
and
after
a
Siege
of
ten
days
had
it
deliver'd
up
to
him
,
upon
condition
that
he
would
set
at
liberty
King
Guy
and
the
Master
of
the
Templers
who
were
then
his
Prisoners
.
That
which
made
Saladine
thus
hasten
the
Surrender
of
this
place
,
was
,
he
heard
that
Conrade
Marquess
of
Montferrat
was
arriv'd
at
Tyre
with
the
Fleet
of
Isaac
Emperor
of
Constantinople
,
(
whose
Sister
he
had
lately
married
)
under
his
Command
;
and
that
William
King
of
Sicily
was
expected
in
a
short
time
with
forty
Gallies
.
The
tidings
of
these
glorious
successes
of
Saladine
against
the
Christians
coming
to
the
Turks
in
the
lesser
Asia
,
so
fill'd
'em
with
emulation
,
that
they
march'd
against
Laodicea
and
took
it
,
and
from
thence
they
invaded
the
Territories
of
Antioch
;
but
they
were
there
vanquish'd
by
the
Christians
with
as
great
loss
on
their
side
as
the
Christians
suffered
from
Saladine
.
At
this
time
Saladine
had
invested
Jerusalem
and
carried
on
the
Siege
with
so
great
diligence
,
that
those
who
were
in
Garison
being
out
of
hopes
of
succour
,
(
after
the
taking
of
it
by
the
Christians
under
Godfrey
eighty
eight
years
)
deliver'd
it
up
,
on
condition
that
whosoever
should
be
minded
to
leave
the
City
should
go
freely
,
with
so
much
and
no
more
than
they
could
carry
on
their
shoulders
.
The
Christians
who
came
forth
of
it
went
some
to
Tyre
,
some
to
Antioch
,
and
some
to
Alexandria
;
from
whence
many
sail'd
with
the
Sicilian
Fleet
into
Italy
.
Saladine
having
entred
Jerusalem
,
first
threw
down
the
Bells
out
of
the
Steeples
,
and
then
profan'd
all
the
Churches
,
but
Solomon's
Temple
,
which
't
is
said
,
he
caused
to
be
washt
with
Rose-Water
before
he
would
enter
it
.
The
Asiatic
,
Syrian
,
Armenian
,
Jacobite
,
Georgian
and
Greek
Christians
staid
in
Jerusalem
by
the
permission
of
Saladine
,
who
leaving
there
a
strong
Garison
,
took
his
way
with
great
speed
towards
Tyre
,
the
defence
whereof
by
common
consent
and
with
the
joint
Forces
was
entrusted
with
William
,
who
with
the
help
of
the
Sicilian
Fleet
gave
Saladine
a
repulse
;
but
when
the
news
came
that
that
valiant
Prince
was
going
to
lay
Siege
to
Antioch
,
the
Pope
(
who
had
labour'd
with
his
utmost
might
to
hinder
the
loss
of
Jerusalem
)
going
to
Venice
to
take
care
to
get
a
Fleet
together
for
the
relief
of
it
,
died
in
his
Journey
at
Ferrara
of
grief
for
the
calamity
of
the
Christians
,
having
sate
in
S.
Peter's
Chair
one
year
ten
months
and
twenty
five
days
.
GREGORY
VIII
.
GREGORY
the
Eight
,
a
Beneventan
,
was
created
Pope
by
universal
consent
,
and
immediately
dispatch'd
away
Nuntio's
and
sent
Letters
to
all
Christian
Princes
,
exhorting
them
to
join
with
him
with
their
utmost
Power
to
raise
forces
both
by
Sea
and
Land
,
to
attempt
the
recovery
of
Jerusalem
out
of
the
hands
of
the
Enemy
;
which
great
end
the
better
to
carry
on
,
he
went
to
Pisa
,
there
to
compose
some
differences
between
the
Pisans
and
Genoeses
,
with
design
to
excite
them
(
both
being
powerful
by
Sea
)
to
that
holy
Expedition
.
But
whilst
this
good
Man
perplex'd
himself
with
overmuch
care
in
this
matter
,
he
died
at
Pisa
,
the
fifty
seventh
day
of
his
Pontificate
.
CLEMENT
III.
CLEMENT
the
Third
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
John
,
surnam'd
the
Scholar
,
as
soon
as
he
was
made
Pope
,
sent
forth
a
Bull
to
encourage
Men
to
go
to
the
Holy
War
;
for
Saladine
following
the
course
of
his
Victories
had
taken
twenty
five
Towns
in
the
Principality
of
Antioch
,
and
at
last
had
by
bribing
the
Patriarch
rendred
himself
Master
of
Antioch
it self
.
This
gave
the
alarm
to
the
Christian
Princes
,
so
that
now
complying
with
the
Pope's
exhortations
they
raised
Men
;
the
chief
of
those
who
engaged
in
the
Expedition
were
the
Emperour
Frederic
,
Philip
King
of
France
,
Richard
King
of
England
,
and
Otho
Duke
of
Burgundy
,
beside
many
Arch-bishops
and
Bishops
who
accompanied
them
.
The
Venetians
and
Pisans
set
forth
their
several
Fleets
well
equip'd
;
that
of
Venice
was
under
the
command
of
the
Arch-bishop
of
Ravenna
,
and
that
of
Pisa
under
their
own
Arch-bishop
:
And
William
King
of
Sicily
,
having
clear'd
the
Sea
of
Pirates
,
took
care
to
supply
them
by
the
way
out
of
Puglia
and
Sicily
with
all
sorts
of
Provisions
.
Beside
these
,
the
Friselanders
,
Danes
and
Flemings
with
a
Fleet
of
fifty
Gallies
landing
on
the
African
shore
,
did
the
Saracens
much
mischief
,
taking
and
plundering
Siluma
one
of
their
Cities
.
Bela
also
King
of
Poland
out
of
good
will
to
the
Christian
Cause
,
made
Peace
with
the
Hungarians
,
that
so
the
passage
through
that
Country
might
be
more
easie
and
safe
for
those
who
were
to
take
their
way
through
it
to
this
great
Expedition
.
At
last
they
all
arriv'd
at
Tyre
,
and
from
thence
they
march'd
unanimously
to
Ptolemais
and
besieg'd
it
;
where
Saladine
with
a
great
Army
came
and
beat
up
their
quarters
,
so
that
having
the
Enemy
before
them
and
behind
,
they
were
forc'd
to
fight
.
The
Battel
was
long
and
bloody
,
and
the
Victory
inclin'd
to
the
Christians
side
,
when
the
mischance
of
a
Horse
slipping
out
of
the
hand
of
a
common
Soldier
,
gave
them
an
occasion
of
flight
,
our
Men
thinking
that
the
Saracens
had
got
the
better
:
but
Geoffrey
of
Lusignan
who
was
left
to
guard
the
Camp
,
in
the
nick
of
time
giving
a
brisk
Onset
shock'd
their
pursuit
and
gave
the
Christians
an
opportunity
to
rally
.
However
't
is
certain
the
Christians
lost
two
thousand
men
that
day
;
beside
that
the
Master
of
the
Templers
and
Andrew
Earl
of
Bremen
died
afterward
of
their
wounds
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Siege
lasting
long
the
Christians
were
reduc'd
to
so
great
a
want
of
all
things
,
that
they
were
forc'd
to
procure
Victuals
of
the
Enemy
:
which
Saladine
having
notice
of
,
laid
hold
on
the
opportunity
,
and
deserted
his
Camp
which
he
left
without
any
Guard
,
but
furnish'd
with
all
manner
of
necessaries
;
which
when
the
Christians
altogether
in
disorder
enter'd
and
fell
to
plundering
,
Saladine
return'd
and
kill'd
many
of
them
ere
they
were
aware
or
prepared
to
receive
him
.
Yet
did
not
the
Christians
quit
this
tedious
and
toilsom
Siege
;
though
to
their
other
distresses
this
was
added
,
that
a
Dysentery
rag'd
in
their
Camp
,
of
which
Disease
Sibyl
the
Wife
of
Guy
with
four
Sons
which
she
had
by
him
,
all
died
.
While
matters
went
thus
in
Asia
,
William
King
of
Sicily
died
at
Palermo
,
not
leaving
behind
him
any
lawful
Heir
,
so
that
that
Kingdom
fell
to
the
Church
;
but
the
Noblemen
of
the
Island
set
up
Tancred
in
his
room
,
natural
Son
of
Roger
the
Norman
by
a
Concubine
,
a
Man
of
so
great
cowardize
and
sloth
,
that
William
would
not
believe
him
to
be
Roger's
Bastard
.
Pope
Clement
not
willing
to
lose
his
right
,
sends
away
an
Army
thither
with
all
speed
,
between
whom
and
Tancred
who
opposed
them
,
the
Country
was
fill'd
with
slaughters
and
outrages
.
Frederic
the
Emperour
was
now
by
the
way
of
Hungary
and
Thrace
,
march'd
with
his
Army
as
far
as
Constantinople
,
in
order
to
advance
against
the
Enemies
of
Christ
,
where
Isaac
the
Emperour
of
the
Greeks
fearing
his
Power
,
persuaded
him
to
cross
the
Bosporus
,
which
he
did
;
and
Clement
still
hastening
him
on
by
Letters
and
Nuntio's
,
he
sate
down
before
Philomena
a
City
of
the
Turks
and
took
it
;
then
he
wasted
the
Country
about
Iconium
,
and
possess'd
himself
of
all
Armenia
minor
;
but
going
one
time
into
a
rapid
stream
to
wash
himself
without
regarding
the
depth
,
he
was
drown'd
;
and
his
Soldiers
retreating
towards
Antioch
either
were
lost
or
died
,
so
that
his
Army
came
to
nothing
.
The
two
Kings
,
Philip
and
Richard
having
pass'd
the
Gallic
and
Tyrrhene
Seas
arriv'd
together
at
Messina
,
after
which
they
met
with
different
fortune
:
for
Philip
had
a
good
Voyage
and
coming
safe
to
Ptolemais
,
brought
great
strength
and
courage
to
the
Christian
forces
;
but
Richard
being
born
by
contrary
Winds
to
the
coast
of
Cyprus
,
and
being
by
the
Greeks
denied
the
liberty
of
landing
,
he
entred
the
Island
by
force
,
and
conquering
it
,
he
plac'd
therein
Garisons
of
his
own
,
and
then
went
to
Ptolemais
.
That
City
was
then
stoutly
attack'd
,
but
Saladine
had
put
in
it
so
strong
a
Garison
,
that
with
their
frequent
Sallies
they
did
the
Christians
much
damage
.
Pope
Clement
now
thought
good
to
defer
his
Controversie
with
Tancred
,
till
the
Christians
should
have
more
success
against
the
Saracens
,
and
betook
himself
to
regulate
some
Ecclesiastical
Affairs
,
and
with
great
severity
animadverted
upon
the
scandalous
lives
of
Clergy-men
.
Moreover
,
he
built
the
Monastery
of
S.
Laurence
without
the
Walls
,
and
with
great
expence
repair'd
the
Lateran
Palace
and
adorn'd
the
Church
there
with
excellent
Mosaic
work
:
not
long
after
dying
,
when
he
had
been
Pope
three
years
and
five
months
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Lateran
Church
,
with
great
Funeral
Pomp.
CELESTINE
III.
CELESTINE
the
Third
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
Peter
,
surnam'd
Bubo
,
succeeded
to
the
Chair
,
who
grudging
that
Tancred
should
enjoy
the
Kingdom
of
Sicily
,
secretly
gets
away
Constantia
,
(
Daughter
to
the
late
King
Roger
)
out
of
a
Nunnery
at
Palermo
,
and
though
she
was
under
the
Vow
of
Chastity
,
yet
granting
her
the
Apostostical
Dispensation
,
gives
her
to
Wife
to
Henry
VI.
Son
of
Frederic
Barbarossa
,
upon
these
terms
:
that
he
should
be
empowered
to
attempt
the
recovery
of
both
the
Sicilies
,
which
he
should
enjoy
in
the
name
of
a
Dowry
with
his
said
Wife
,
paying
a
yearly
tribute
to
the
Pope
,
as
Feudatary
of
the
Church
.
Henry
was
so
sensible
of
this
extraordinary
kindness
of
the
Pope
,
that
he
restor'd
to
him
Tusculum
,
which
he
had
before
strengthen'd
with
a
good
Garison
,
which
Celestine
immediately
bestowing
upon
the
Romans
,
they
so
spoil'd
and
ruin'd
it
,
that
the
very
stones
of
the
demolish'd
City
were
brought
to
Rome
,
and
many
of
them
were
for
a
long
time
to
be
seen
in
the
Campidoglio
,
as
Monuments
of
this
great
devastation
.
Henry
and
his
Wife
Constantia
laying
Siege
to
Naples
,
were
forc'd
to
raise
it
by
reason
of
a
Plague
which
rag'd
in
their
Army
;
but
the
Christians
who
had
now
for
two
years
besieg'd
Ptolemais
,
had
it
surrendred
to
them
upon
condition
,
that
they
(
restoring
that
piece
of
our
Lord's
Cross
,
which
we
before
told
you
was
lost
)
should
march
out
freely
,
every
Man
with
his
own
Clothes
;
but
when
they
could
not
make
good
the
agreement
,
because
the
piece
of
the
Cross
was
not
to
be
found
,
Richard
put
many
of
the
Barbarians
to
death
.
Saladine
was
so
dismay'd
at
these
losses
,
that
despairing
of
being
able
to
defend
them
all
,
he
dismantled
several
Cities
in
that
Region
and
was
upon
the
point
of
delivering
up
Jerusalem
itself
,
if
it
had
not
been
for
a
difference
which
arose
between
Philip
and
Richard
concerning
Precedency
;
upon
which
Philip
pretending
himself
sick
,
departed
home
from
Asia
.
Richard
then
apply'd
himself
more
vigorously
to
the
War
,
though
at
this
time
Conrade
of
Montferrat
was
assassinated
in
the
Market-place
of
Tyre
,
by
two
Saracen
Ruffians
,
who
had
bound
themselves
under
an
Oath
and
Vow
to
destroy
all
the
Enemies
of
their
Religion
after
the
same
manner
;
but
as
they
ran
away
they
were
caught
and
put
to
death
with
the
most
exquisite
Torments
;
and
Henry
Earl
of
Champagne
taking
Queen
Isabel
to
Wife
,
entred
upon
the
Dominion
of
Tyre
.
Richard
giving
some
fair
words
to
Guy
of
Lusignan
,
persuaded
him
to
pass
over
to
him
his
Kingdom
of
Jerusalem
,
(
which
the
Kings
of
England
still
put
among
their
Titles
,
)
and
herewith
taking
courage
,
he
march'd
his
Army
to
beleaguer
the
City
of
Jerusalem
;
but
Saladine
in
his
Journey
falling
in
with
his
Rear
,
forc'd
him
to
a
Battel
in
a
very
disadvantageous
place
,
in
which
though
he
at
last
came
off
Conqueror
,
yet
it
was
with
great
loss
of
men
.
Saladine
after
this
encamp'd
not
far
from
Bethlehem
,
in
a
commodious
place
to
intercept
any
manner
of
Provisions
that
might
be
sent
from
Egypt
to
the
Christian
Army
as
they
should
lie
before
Jerusalem
;
wherefore
and
because
the
Winter
was
coming
on
,
Richard
puts
off
his
designs
for
this
so
necessary
Siege
,
(
the
Pope
yet
urging
him
and
continually
supplying
him
with
Money
)
and
retreats
to
Ascalon
,
which
as
well
as
Gaza
he
fortifies
again
;
they
having
before
been
slighted
by
Saladine
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Sea-forces
by
degrees
leave
him
,
and
the
Pisans
sailing
into
the
Adriatic
,
seiz'd
Pola
,
with
intent
to
Winter
there
;
but
the
Venetians
reinforcing
their
own
Fleet
,
set
upon
'em
,
took
the
Place
and
sack'd
it
,
and
drove
out
the
Pisans
,
and
had
pursued
them
to
extremity
,
if
Celestine
out
of
care
for
the
good
of
Christendom
,
had
not
mediated
between
them
.
Spring
now
came
on
and
Richard
was
preparing
for
the
Siege
of
Jerusalem
,
when
on
a
sudden
news
was
brought
him
,
that
King
Philip
had
invaded
Normandy
,
and
intended
to
pass
into
England
,
to
procure
that
Kingdom
for
his
Brother
John
.
Richard
then
laid
by
those
thoughts
and
strook
up
a
Peace
with
Saladine
upon
these
Articles
;
That
Saladine
should
enjoy
all
but
Tyre
and
Ptolemais
;
to
which
with
their
Territories
remaining
in
the
hands
of
the
Christians
he
should
give
no
molestation
.
Richard
having
thus
settled
Affairs
there
,
returning
into
Europe
,
was
taken
by
his
Enemies
,
from
whom
he
was
ransom'd
with
a
vast
sum
of
Money
,
and
at
last
arriving
in
England
,
he
had
many
a
Battel
with
the
King
of
France
,
much
against
the
Pope's
mind
,
who
was
griev'd
that
so
fierce
a
War
should
be
raised
among
Christians
at
so
unseasonable
a
time
,
when
Saladine
being
now
dead
,
it
was
thought
to
have
been
a
very
fit
time
to
have
recovered
Jerusalem
.
It
is
reported
of
that
illustrious
Prince
,
that
one
Ceremony
at
his
Funeral
was
this
:
His
Shirt
was
hung
upon
the
end
of
a
Pike
and
carried
before
the
Corps
,
and
one
with
a
loud
Voice
cryed
;
Behold
,
Saladine
the
mighty
Lord
of
Asia
,
of
all
his
Realms
and
of
all
his
Wealth
,
takes
no
more
than
this
along
with
him
.
A
spectacle
well
befitting
so
great
a
Man
,
to
whom
nothing
was
wanting
,
but
the
Character
of
a
Christian
,
to
have
rendred
him
a
most
consummate
Prince
.
Upon
the
death
of
Saladine
,
as
was
said
before
,
Celestine
had
fresh
hopes
,
that
Jerusalem
might
be
regain'd
,
and
so
urg'd
the
Emperour
Henry
,
who
(
Tancred
being
dead
)
succeeded
to
the
Kingdom
of
Sicily
,
to
undertake
the
Enterprize
,
that
though
he
could
not
go
in
person
,
yet
he
sent
thither
with
great
speed
a
good
Army
under
the
Arch-bishop
of
Mentz
and
the
Duke
of
Saxony
.
The
King
of
France
would
have
gone
too
,
but
that
the
Saracens
who
inhabited
Mauritania
[
now
the
Moors
]
had
cross'd
the
Streights
and
having
taken
the
King
of
Castile
Prisoner
,
had
possess'd
themselves
of
that
part
of
Spain
now
call'd
Granado
;
where
the
French
fear'd
they
would
hardly
continue
long
quiet
but
go
near
to
infest
the
neighbouring
Nations
,
and
therefore
would
not
draw
their
forces
out
of
Europe
.
The
Germans
however
arriving
in
Asia
,
fortified
Berylus
,
which
had
been
deserted
by
the
Saracens
,
and
rais'd
their
Siege
from
before
Joppa
,
from
whence
when
they
were
about
to
go
to
Jerusalem
,
Celestine
this
most
holy
Pope
,
who
never
let
slip
any
opportunity
for
the
recovery
of
the
Holy
Land
,
died
,
upon
which
they
desisted
.
Notwithstanding
all
these
troubles
and
these
great
charges
of
War
,
our
Pope
built
two
Palaces
,
one
near
S.
Peter's
,
the
other
near
S.
John
in
the
Lateran
,
fit
for
the
reception
of
Popes
.
The
brasen
Gates
yet
remaining
in
the
Lateran
over
against
the
Sancta
Sanctorum
,
which
were
made
by
his
Order
and
at
his
charge
.
Moreover
,
he
made
Viterbo
a
City
,
raising
the
Church
there
to
a
Bishops
Sea
,
to
which
Diocese
he
added
Toscanella
and
Centum-cellae
.
Celestine
died
when
he
had
been
Pope
six
years
seven
months
and
eleven
days
,
to
the
great
grief
of
all
good
Men
,
and
was
buried
in
St.
Peter's
Church
.
INNOCENT
III.
INNOCENT
the
Third
,
born
in
Anagni
,
Son
of
Trasimund
of
the
Family
of
the
Conti
,
was
for
his
great
Learning
and
many
Virtues
made
a
Cardinal
by
Celestine
,
and
upon
his
death
was
by
general
consent
chosen
Pope
.
Which
he
had
no
sooner
arriv'd
to
,
but
he
applied
his
thoughts
to
the
Holy
War
,
and
by
Letters
,
Messengers
,
large
Promises
and
Largesses
endeavour'd
to
contain
the
Germans
within
the
bounds
of
their
duty
,
who
after
the
decease
of
their
Emperour
Henry
were
all
in
a
mutiny
:
but
't
was
to
no
purpose
,
for
they
disdaining
any
Commander
,
left
Asia
and
to
the
extream
damage
of
the
Christian
Cause
,
return'd
to
Europe
;
whereby
those
of
Joppa
especially
suffered
most
,
for
being
destitute
of
help
,
the
Turks
and
Saracens
came
upon
'em
,
and
while
they
were
about
to
yield
,
they
took
the
City
by
force
and
cut
them
all
off
,
rasing
it
to
the
ground
.
In
Germany
also
all
things
seem'd
to
threaten
confusion
,
some
of
the
Electors
stickling
hard
for
Otho
Duke
of
Saxony
,
others
standing
resolutely
for
Philip
a
German
,
Duke
of
Tuscany
,
who
was
left
,
by
Henry
upon
his
death
bed
,
Guardian
to
his
young
Son
:
And
to
improve
this
mischief
to
the
height
,
the
King
of
France
took
part
with
Philip
and
the
King
of
England
was
for
Otho
.
Innocent
then
to
obviate
the
impending
miseries
that
must
follow
upon
such
a
state
of
Affairs
,
confirms
Otho
in
the
Empire
,
as
duly
elected
by
those
who
had
just
suffrage
.
Philip
notwithstanding
would
not
lay
down
his
pretensions
,
but
strengthen'd
himself
with
good
Garisons
both
in
Tuscany
in
Italy
,
and
Schwaben
in
Germany
.
The
like
with
a
more
than
Womanly
fortitude
also
did
Constantia
,
the
relict
of
Henry
,
in
Sicily
,
on
the
behalf
of
her
Son
Frederic
II.
yet
a
Child
,
rendring
the
Frontier-places
defensible
against
any
Enemy
.
Though
these
Animosities
every
day
grew
higher
,
yet
Innocent
still
thought
of
renewing
the
War
in
the
Holy
Land
,
and
to
that
Expedition
he
stir'd
up
Boniface
Marquess
of
Montferrat
,
Baldwin
Earl
of
Flanders
,
Henry
Count
S.
Paul
and
Lewis
of
Savoy
;
who
all
arriving
at
Venice
,
could
not
persuade
that
State
to
rig
out
their
Fleet
for
the
Service
,
till
they
had
all
promised
to
recover
Zara
for
them
,
which
again
was
revolted
to
the
Hungarians
;
the
Fleet
then
being
fitted
out
,
they
first
routed
those
of
Trieste
who
piratically
infested
the
Sea
,
and
then
after
a
long
Siege
re-took
Zara.
While
these
things
were
acted
in
the
Adriatic
,
Alexius
dethrones
his
Brother
Isaac
Emperor
of
Constantinople
,
(
who
had
been
a
good
Friend
to
the
Latins
)
and
putting
out
his
Eyes
throws
him
in
Prison
.
But
his
young
Son
Alexius
escap'd
by
flight
to
the
Christian
Camp
,
and
begs
the
assistance
of
those
Commanders
for
his
Father
against
the
Usurper
,
which
they
consented
to
give
him
,
on
condition
,
that
his
end
being
atchiev'd
,
the
Greek
Church
should
be
subjected
to
the
Latin
,
and
that
thirty
thousand
Marks
of
Gold
should
be
paid
for
the
damage
which
Emanuel
the
late
Emperour
had
done
to
the
French
and
Venetians
;
and
thus
when
they
had
agreed
,
they
set
sail
from
Zara
and
passing
by
Candy
,
that
Island
submitted
itself
,
which
young
Alexius
bestow'd
upon
his
Kinsman
Boniface
of
Montferrat
.
Hence
they
proceeded
to
Constantinople
,
which
while
they
besieged
by
Sea
and
Land
,
Theodore
Lascari
Son-in-law
to
Alexius
endeavouring
to
sally
forth
,
was
driven
back
,
and
the
City
after
two
days
close
Siege
was
taken
by
storm
,
Alexius
got
away
in
the
night
,
leaving
behind
him
a
great
quantity
of
Gold
in
the
custody
of
Irene
,
a
Nun.
Isaac
the
Father
with
his
Son
Alexius
then
entred
the
City
,
but
liv'd
not
long
after
;
the
Father
dying
of
sickness
and
the
Son
being
poison'd
.
Upon
this
Boniface
of
Montferrat
gets
the
Kingdom
of
Thessaly
,
but
wanting
Money
he
was
persuaded
by
Baldwin
to
sell
Candy
to
the
Venetians
,
which
he
did
,
and
having
receiv'd
a
vast
sum
for
it
,
he
beleaguer'd
Adrianople
then
opprest
by
the
Usurper
;
but
this
gave
so
much
distast
to
the
Walachians
who
live
on
the
further
side
of
the
Danube
and
to
the
Bulgarians
,
that
fearing
the
number
of
his
Enemies
,
he
took
his
way
to
Constantinople
,
intending
to
go
meet
the
Turkish
Sultan
of
Iconium
,
who
having
taken
the
City
Satellia
from
the
Greeks
;
did
much
and
continually
incommode
the
Christians
.
Innocent
encompass'd
thus
with
Enemies
raised
what
Forces
soever
he
could
to
reinforce
from
time
to
time
our
Armies
:
but
when
he
heard
that
Hilminoline
a
Saracen
,
with
a
great
Fleet
had
cross'd
the
Streights
into
Spain
and
had
sate
down
with
his
Army
before
Toledo
,
he
publish'd
a
Bull
inciting
all
those
that
could
bear
Arms
to
oppose
this
torrent
;
whereupon
numbers
of
French
men
got
together
in
order
to
assist
the
Spaniards
.
but
perceiving
they
were
not
welcome
to
them
,
they
return'd
home
;
so
that
Hilminoline
in
a
short
time
over-run
all
Spain
after
a
hostile
manner
,
and
came
as
far
as
Arles
and
Avignon
,
filling
all
places
where
he
came
with
spoil
and
slaughter
.
This
Calamity
roused
the
four
Kings
of
Spain
,
that
is
,
of
Castile
,
Aragon
,
Portugal
and
Navarre
,
so
that
,
joyning
their
forces
together
,
they
set
upon
the
Saracens
and
gave
them
a
total
rout
,
leaving
nothing
to
'em
of
what
they
had
but
onely
Granado
.
At
this
time
sprung
up
a
Heresie
at
Tholouse
,
which
by
Innocent's
means
,
the
blessed
Dominic
,
(
who
was
afterwards
made
a
Saint
)
repress'd
,
with
the
aid
of
Simon
Montfort
;
for
it
had
gone
so
far
,
that
he
had
need
of
the
help
of
the
Arm
of
Flesh
as
well
as
of
Arguments
and
spiritual
Weapons
.
Mean
time
Otho
Emperour
of
the
Romans
was
every
where
worsted
by
Philip
,
and
at
last
besieg'd
by
him
in
the
City
of
Cologn
,
where
he
making
in
Person
a
successless
Sally
,
the
Citizens
shut
him
out
and
surrendred
to
Philip
,
who
yet
did
not
long
out-live
the
Action
,
being
soon
after
treacherously
made
away
by
the
Count
Palatine
.
Upon
his
death
,
the
Electors
chose
the
Duke
of
Saxony
Emperour
,
nam'd
Otho
V.
who
the
next
year
was
crown'd
by
Innocent
at
Rome
.
The
Venetians
now
being
very
powerful
at
Sea
,
and
the
State
having
greater
matters
in
hand
,
private
Men
had
leave
to
make
themselves
Masters
of
what
Islands
they
pleased
,
provided
they
continued
their
Allegiance
to
the
Government
,
upon
which
many
Citizens
entred
upon
several
Isles
in
the
Ionian
and
Aegaean
Seas
,
and
at
the
publick
charge
were
seiz'd
Corfu
,
Modone
and
Corone
.
Otho
having
,
as
is
aforesaid
,
receiv'd
the
Imperial
Crown
of
the
Pope
,
against
all
justice
and
right
,
possesses
himself
of
Montefiascone
,
Radicofano
,
and
several
other
Towns
belonging
to
the
Church
,
and
then
marches
into
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
,
designing
to
take
that
Kingdom
from
Frederic
II.
who
was
young
and
as
yet
under
Guardians
;
which
so
angred
the
Pope
,
that
having
first
admonish'd
him
without
any
effect
he
excommunicated
him
at
last
and
depriv'd
him
of
his
Imperial
Title
;
and
the
King
of
Bohemia
with
the
Arch
bishops
of
Mentz
and
Triers
,
by
the
persuasion
of
the
Duke
of
Austria
and
Landgrave
of
Turingia
,
chuse
Frederick
King
of
Sicily
,
then
in
the
twentieth
year
of
his
age
,
Emperour
in
his
stead
.
Otho
hereupon
returns
into
Germany
,
to
take
care
of
his
Paternal
Estate
,
by
which
means
Innocent
had
an
opportunity
to
his
mind
to
recover
whatsoever
he
had
taken
from
the
Church
.
Those
of
Candy
now
rebelling
against
the
Venetians
,
they
were
by
force
of
Arms
reduc'd
An.
Dom.
1214.
and
brought
into
the
constitution
of
a
Colony
,
many
Citizens
being
sent
to
live
among
'em
and
to
observe
'em
.
At
this
time
Frederic
II.
came
to
Rome
to
receive
the
Imperial
Diadem
,
but
could
not
prevail
with
him
to
bestow
it
upon
him
,
so
he
return'd
into
Germany
and
there
was
by
the
Arch-bishop
of
Mentz
Crown'd
King
of
Germany
,
and
then
made
an
Alliance
and
League
with
the
King
of
France
;
which
added
so
much
to
the
strength
of
that
King
,
that
he
invaded
the
Realm
of
John
King
of
England
,
with
such
success
,
that
John
was
fain
to
make
use
of
Divine
aids
as
well
as
humane
force
,
to
resist
him
,
by
making
his
Kingdoms
of
England
and
Ireland
tributary
to
the
Church
of
Rome
,
in
the
payment
of
one
hundred
Marks
yearly
,
which
for
some
years
after
was
perform'd
.
Frederic
now
in
pursuit
of
Otho
,
who
had
been
totally
defeated
by
the
King
of
France
,
takes
in
Aquisgrane
,
and
there
by
Authority
receiv'd
from
Pope
Innocent
he
sets
up
the
Standard
of
the
Holy
Cross
,
promising
speedily
to
march
to
the
assistance
of
the
Christians
against
the
Saracens
in
Asia
:
beside
that
he
might
shew
with
what
a
grateful
mind
he
had
receiv'd
so
many
benefits
of
the
Holy
Sea
,
he
gave
the
Country
of
Fondi
to
the
Church
of
Rome
,
and
what
had
before
been
given
and
afterward
usurp'd
from
it
,
he
restor'd
.
But
the
Pope
taking
notice
of
the
increase
of
the
Saracens
Power
in
Asia
,
call'd
a
full
Council
in
the
Lateran
,
where
were
present
the
Patriarchs
of
Jerusalem
and
Constantinople
,
seventy
Arch-bishops
,
four
hundred
Bishops
,
twelve
Abbats
,
eight
hundred
Priors
of
Convents
,
and
the
Ambassadors
of
the
Greek
and
Roman
Emperours
,
with
those
of
the
Kings
of
Jerusalem
,
France
,
Spain
,
England
and
Cyprus
.
Many
things
here
came
under
debate
,
but
nothing
could
be
determin'd
,
because
the
Pisans
and
Genoeses
were
then
at
War
by
Sea
,
as
those
of
Lombardy
were
among
themselves
at
Land
.
The
Pope
therefore
took
a
journey
thitherward
to
compose
their
differences
,
but
died
in
the
way
at
Perugia
,
when
he
had
been
Pope
eighteen
years
seven
months
and
sixteen
days
.
He
was
a
Man
most
exact
in
his
life
,
a
proof
of
which
is
,
that
none
of
his
Acts
which
approv'd
or
disanull'd
any
thing
,
were
by
any
of
his
Successors
revers'd
.
He
decreed
many
things
for
the
reformation
of
manners
both
in
Clergy
and
Laity
;
and
wrote
Books
concerning
the
Sacrament
of
the
Eucharist
,
the
Sacrament
of
Baptism
,
and
the
unhappiness
of
Mans
condition
,
beside
that
he
was
wont
to
make
Sermons
upon
remarkable
occasions
and
solemn
days
.
He
disallow'd
a
Book
written
by
Abbat
Joachim
,
which
contain'd
some
Heterodox
Opinions
;
and
condemn'd
the
Errors
of
Almericus
a
Heretic
,
that
with
some
of
his
followers
was
burnt
at
Paris
,
who
among
other
false
Notions
maintain'd
,
that
those
Idea's
which
are
in
the
divine
Mind
were
created
and
did
create
others
,
whereas
according
to
S.
Augustin
,
there
is
nothing
in
the
Mind
of
God
but
what
is
Eternal
and
unchangeable
;
beside
he
said
,
that
to
one
who
was
in
a
state
of
Grace
no
Sin
is
charged
.
Great
satisfaction
this
Pope
took
in
observing
the
Virtue
and
Learning
of
S.
Dominic
,
who
was
Founder
of
the
Order
of
Preaching
Friers
,
and
of
S.
Francis
of
Assisi
,
who
was
Author
of
the
Order
of
Friers
Minors
.
'T
is
said
,
that
in
his
time
liv'd
Gratian
who
compil'd
the
Decrees
,
and
Papias
the
Lombard
,
who
collected
a
Latin
Alphabetical
Dictionary
;
and
indeed
of
Papias
we
have
no
reason
to
doubt
,
but
for
Gratian
,
some
Authors
place
him
in
the
times
of
Pope
Alexander
III.
Now
lest
you
should
think
that
Innocent
in
so
long
a
Popedom
neglected
works
of
Piety
,
I
must
tell
you
that
at
his
charge
the
Hospital
of
the
Holy
Ghost
was
built
and
endow'd
with
so
fair
an
Income
as
it
is
,
for
the
relief
of
Pilgrims
and
sick
People
,
and
for
the
Education
of
Fatherless
Children
and
Foundlings
.
He
adorn'd
S.
Peter's
Altar
with
Mosaic
Work
,
as
the
representation
of
him
and
his
Cipher
in
the
Arch
do
testifie
.
Moreover
,
he
gave
to
each
Church
in
Rome
a
Pound
weight
in
Silver
to
make
Chalices
for
Divine
Service
,
and
he
repair'd
the
Church
of
S.
Sixtus
then
almost
falling
with
age
.
The
Enemies
of
his
good
Name
indeed
say
that
he
did
this
,
only
for
fear
Men
should
say
that
he
laid
out
all
his
Mony
in
building
of
the
Torre
de
Conti
,
which
he
erected
for
the
honour
of
his
Family
.
However
that
be
,
't
is
certain
he
shew'd
himself
in
all
the
parts
of
his
life
an
excellent
Man
and
one
worthy
to
be
reckon'd
among
the
best
Popes
.
HONORIVS
III.
HONORIVS
the
Third
,
a
Roman
,
Son
of
one
Almeric
,
was
by
a
general
suffrage
chosen
Pope
;
to
whom
Peter
Emperour
of
Constantinople
coming
with
his
Wife
Jole
,
he
was
Crown'd
in
the
Church
of
S.
Laurence
without
the
Walls
,
and
immediately
John
Colonna
a
Cardinal
,
was
pitch'd
upon
to
go
into
Asia
with
those
forces
which
Pope
Innocent
in
his
life-time
had
got
together
for
that
end
.
The
Christian
Princes
by
the
persuasion
of
Honorius
now
went
to
Acon
,
particularly
Andrew
King
of
Hungary
,
who
to
that
purpose
borrow'd
the
Venetian
Shipping
and
by
way
of
requital
passed
over
to
'em
the
right
to
all
that
part
of
Dalmatia
,
which
had
been
in
the
possession
of
the
Duke
of
Austria
.
With
Andrew
went
Henry
Count
of
Nevers
and
Walter
Chamberlain
to
the
King
of
France
.
All
these
holding
a
Council
of
War
together
with
John
King
of
Jerusalem
,
they
resolv'd
to
lay
Siege
to
Damiata
in
Egypt
,
and
thither
they
went
,
in
the
month
of
May
1218.
This
City
was
once
call'd
Aeliopolis
from
Aelius
Pertinax
,
who
environ'd
it
with
a
trebble
Wall
,
and
deriving
a
little
stream
of
the
Nile
about
it
made
it
stand
in
an
Island
.
The
Suburbs
hereof
were
large
and
full
of
Merchandize
,
which
the
Christian
Soldiers
plunder'd
;
but
soon
after
upon
a
West-wind
the
Nile
rose
so
high
,
that
their
Provisions
were
spoil'd
,
and
they
began
to
be
in
great
want
of
necessaries
;
especially
because
the
Soldan
who
was
encamp'd
not
far
off
,
had
beset
all
the
passages
to
hinder
any
supplies
coming
to
'em
.
The
Christians
under
this
difficulty
march
their
Army
against
the
Soldan
,
who
in
great
fear
streight
leaves
his
Camp
stor'd
with
plenty
of
all
things
and
retreats
,
leaving
them
free
to
besiege
the
Town
which
he
at
first
came
to
relieve
.
Cordirius
also
Son
to
the
great
Soldan
,
despairing
of
being
able
to
defend
Jerusalem
,
if
the
Christians
took
Damiata
,
broke
down
the
Walls
of
the
City
and
left
nothing
standing
but
the
Tower
of
David
and
the
Temple
of
God
;
only
he
did
not
violate
the
Holy
Sepulcre
,
mov'd
(
as
we
may
suppose
)
by
the
intreaties
of
the
Christians
that
inhabited
those
places
.
While
our
men
attack'd
Damiata
,
the
Soldan
returns
with
a
much
greater
Army
and
pitches
his
Camp
between
Cairo
and
Damiata
;
from
which
he
could
not
be
provok'd
to
Battel
by
either
the
challenges
or
reproaches
of
our
Men
;
which
so
enrag'd
the
French
,
that
without
any
Order
they
set
upon
him
and
receiv'd
great
loss
.
Notwithstanding
all
this
,
the
Siege
was
still
push'd
on
,
till
after
fifteen
months
lying
before
it
it
was
taken
by
the
Christians
and
sack'd
:
so
that
the
Soldiery
was
wonderfully
enrich'd
with
the
spoil
.
In
the
mean
time
Honorius
had
at
Rome
confirm'd
the
Order
of
S.
Dominic
upon
his
request
,
and
had
Anathematiz'd
Frederic
II.
because
(
after
his
Mother
Constantia
was
dead
,
who
was
wont
to
restrain
him
within
his
duty
)
he
came
to
Rome
,
and
without
right
or
reason
laid
wast
the
Pope's
Territories
.
These
differences
between
the
Pope
and
the
Emperour
being
discover'd
to
the
Soldan
,
mov'd
him
to
take
the
opportunity
,
and
accordingly
he
raises
a
greater
Army
than
ever
he
had
before
,
thinking
the
Christians
would
not
now
shew
their
heads
;
but
Cardinal
John
Colonna
roused
them
with
his
persuasions
,
so
that
they
took
up
Arms
and
went
to
meet
the
Enemy
at
the
Nile
:
where
when
they
were
come
,
the
Soldan
feign'd
himself
afraid
to
cope
with
'em
,
putting
it
off
till
the
time
of
the
Increase
of
Nile
,
which
follow'd
a
little
while
after
;
and
the
Cataracts
of
that
River
opened
and
so
overflow'd
the
whole
Country
,
that
it
was
in
no
place
less
than
a
Cubit
in
depth
.
This
so
terrified
the
Christians
,
that
they
were
glad
to
accept
of
Peace
upon
condition
,
that
Damiata
should
be
re
deliver'd
to
the
Egyptians
,
the
Prisoners
on
both
sides
be
discharg'd
,
and
the
piece
of
the
Holy
Cross
then
in
the
hands
of
those
Barbarians
should
be
restor'd
to
the
Christians
,
and
they
suffer'd
to
retire
quietly
to
Acon
and
Tyre
.
Thus
was
Damiata
which
was
begun
to
be
inhabited
by
the
Christians
upon
the
Feast
of
the
Purification
of
the
Blessed
Virgin
,
deliver'd
up
according
to
the
Articles
,
on
the
Birth-day
of
the
same
,
An.
Dom.
1221.
In
which
year
the
Tartars
a
Nation
of
Scythia
(
or
as
others
will
have
it
,
of
the
mountainous
parts
of
India
)
leaving
their
own
Country
,
ravag'd
through
Parthia
,
Media
,
Persia
,
Assyria
,
and
came
as
far
as
Sarmatia
;
where
not
far
from
Palus
Meotis
driving
out
the
old
Inhabitants
they
seated
themselves
.
The
Christian
Commanders
finding
at
this
time
that
nothing
was
to
be
attempted
in
Asia
,
the
Enemy
being
too
powerful
,
they
together
with
John
Colonna
return'd
into
Italy
,
and
were
soon
follow'd
by
John
King
of
Jerusalem
,
who
came
to
Rome
and
was
by
the
Pope
kindly
entertain'd
and
had
large
Presents
made
to
him
.
Afterward
he
gave
his
Daughter
which
he
had
by
his
Wife
Jole
in
marriage
to
the
Emperor
Frederic
,
though
he
was
under
the
Pope's
Anathema
,
and
pass'd
over
all
the
Title
he
had
by
hereditary
right
to
the
Kingdom
of
Jerusalem
to
him
by
way
of
Dowry
.
Hence
it
is
,
that
all
the
succeeding
Kings
of
Sicily
and
Naples
,
use
the
Title
of
that
Kingdom
also
,
though
they
make
their
claim
to
it
with
words
only
,
and
not
with
Arms.
John
then
took
a
Journey
into
France
,
where
he
had
better
luck
than
he
was
wont
to
have
,
for
Philip
King
of
France
bequeath'd
in
his
last
Will
forty
thousand
pounds
in
Silver
to
him
,
and
as
much
to
the
grand
Master
of
the
Templers
;
and
with
the
help
of
this
Money
he
went
into
Spain
to
perform
a
Vow
he
had
made
to
S.
James
of
Compostella
,
where
he
took
to
Wife
Berengaria
Sister
to
the
King
of
Spain
.
This
year
died
S.
Dominic
,
that
holy
Man
,
at
Bononia
;
and
Frederic
declar'd
his
Son
Henry
,
a
Boy
but
of
ten
years
old
,
King
of
Germany
.
Our
Honorius
being
a
little
quiet
from
forein
troubles
repair'd
the
Church
of
S.
Laurence
without
the
Walls
,
that
is
call'd
Sancta
Sanctorum
and
the
Church
of
S.
Vivian
;
beside
he
built
a
Palace
at
Casa
Marii
,
and
adorn'd
the
Cibory
[
Altar-Canopy
or
Covering
]
of
S.
Peter
with
excellent
workmanship
.
He
also
compil'd
the
Decretal
Epistles
,
and
confirm'd
the
Order
of
S.
Francis
,
who
within
two
years
after
was
canoniz'd
by
Pope
Gregory
.
After
this
blessed
manner
did
Honorius
lead
his
life
,
and
as
became
a
careful
and
a
good
Shepherd
,
and
dying
when
he
had
been
Pope
ten
years
seven
months
and
thirteen
days
,
he
was
buried
in
the
Church
of
S.
Mary
Maggiore
.
After
his
death
there
happened
so
great
Earthquakes
that
in
the
Monti
Salvii
five
thousand
persons
were
slain
by
the
falls
of
Houses
and
by
the
Stones
that
were
thrown
into
the
Vales
from
the
tops
of
the
Mountains
.
GREGORY
IX
.
GREGORY
the
Ninth
,
born
at
Anagni
,
a
City
of
Campania
,
of
the
Family
of
the
Conti
,
and
Nephew
to
Innocent
III.
was
created
Pope
at
the
Settizonio
[
a
place
in
Rome
so
call'd
from
seven
rows
of
Pillars
there
plac'd
by
the
Emperour
Severus
.
]
Which
was
no
sooner
done
,
but
he
dispatch'd
away
monitory
Letters
to
require
Frederic
the
Emperour
under
pain
of
an
Anathema
,
that
he
should
with
the
first
opportunity
march
with
his
Army
into
Asia
,
there
to
endeavour
the
recovery
of
the
holy
City
.
Frederic
receiv'd
the
Admonition
and
indeed
promised
so
to
do
;
accordingly
giving
out
Orders
that
all
who
had
entred
themselves
of
the
Crusado
should
by
a
day
appointed
repair
to
Brundusium
,
with
their
Arms.
Great
numbers
met
there
from
all
Countries
,
particularly
from
Germany
came
the
Lantgrave
of
Hesse
,
who
(
waiting
there
for
the
arrival
of
Frederic
out
of
Sicily
,
where
he
staid
and
prolong'd
the
time
feigning
himself
sick
)
died
himself
and
a
great
number
of
his
Soldiers
;
and
as
soon
as
the
news
of
his
death
was
brought
to
Frederic
,
he
then
immediately
set
sail
for
Brundusium
and
seiz'd
into
his
hands
whatsoever
the
Lantgrave
had
left
of
value
,
which
act
plainly
detected
the
fraudulence
of
his
pretence
.
However
he
continued
to
make
the
World
believe
that
he
was
really
intent
upon
the
holy
Expedition
,
and
after
the
rapacious
action
aforesaid
upon
the
goods
of
the
Lantgrave
,
he
hoisted
Sail
and
commanded
the
rest
that
were
there
to
follow
him
;
but
in
a
little
while
after
return'd
to
Brundusium
,
forc'd
(
as
he
pretended
)
by
the
tempestuous
weather
.
1.
The
noise
of
this
Expedition
mov'd
John
King
of
Jerusalem
and
Berengaria
his
Wife
(
knowing
well
that
they
did
what
would
be
very
acceptable
to
the
Pope
)
to
take
a
journey
to
Bononia
,
meaning
to
make
use
of
some
Shipping
of
the
Venetians
to
carry
him
to
Asia
;
but
the
Pope
understood
well
enough
the
tricks
of
Ferdinand
and
what
little
credit
was
to
be
given
him
,
and
lest
John
should
quite
lose
his
labour
and
come
for
nothing
,
he
confer'd
upon
him
the
Government
of
the
Exarchate
of
Ravenna
,
and
ratified
the
Sentence
of
Excommunication
which
was
pronounc'd
by
his
Predecessor
Honorius
III.
against
the
Emperour
Frederic
,
and
had
done
worse
things
against
him
,
if
himself
had
not
been
under
some
fearful
apprehensions
of
an
Invasion
from
the
Moors
,
who
were
then
out
at
Sea
with
a
powerful
Fleet
,
but
were
afterwards
vanquish'd
by
Ferdinand
of
Aragon
with
so
great
loss
on
their
side
,
that
in
a
short
time
he
possess'd
himself
of
Majorca
one
of
the
Islands
call'd
the
Baleares
,
and
took
the
City
Valentia
,
driving
out
the
Saracens
and
compelling
the
Inhabitants
to
receive
the
Christian
Religion
.
At
last
yet
Frederic
was
,
what
by
the
intreaties
of
his
Friends
and
the
threats
of
the
Pope
,
wrought
upon
to
begin
his
Voyage
,
sailing
first
to
Cyprus
,
which
afforded
some
hopes
to
the
Christian
Soldiers
that
were
in
Asia
,
whom
he
had
so
often
deceiv'd
.
But
while
he
staid
there
sending
out
Spies
to
bring
him
an
account
of
the
strength
of
the
Soldan's
Forces
,
his
General
Rainaldo
,
whom
he
had
left
in
Sicily
invades
the
Pope's
Territories
and
takes
several
Towns
in
the
Marca
di
Ancona
.
The
Pope
was
then
at
Perugia
,
designing
to
go
to
Assisi
,
there
in
person
to
examine
the
truth
of
those
reports
which
had
been
of
Miracles
wrought
by
that
holy
Man
,
S.
Francis
;
and
when
he
found
what
he
had
heard
concerning
him
to
be
really
true
,
he
canoniz'd
him
with
great
solemnity
,
in
the
presence
of
great
numbers
of
Christian
People
who
came
together
for
that
end
.
While
these
things
were
acting
by
the
Pope
,
another
Commander
of
the
Emperours
by
siding
with
a
Faction
seizes
Fuligno
,
but
was
quickly
expell'd
by
the
Power
of
some
good
Men
who
stood
up
for
the
holy
Church
.
By
this
time
Frederic
was
got
to
Acon
,
and
from
thence
solicited
the
Pope
earnestly
by
Letters
and
Messengers
,
to
be
absolv'd
by
him
,
and
promised
if
he
could
obtain
his
request
,
to
be
ever
after
his
most
humble
Servant
:
but
the
Pope
being
well
aware
of
the
crafty
temper
of
the
Man
,
not
onely
warns
the
Christian
Soldiers
to
have
a
care
of
him
as
of
one
that
was
always
plotting
mischief
;
but
having
rais'd
an
Army
he
sends
it
under
John
King
of
Jerusalem
against
Rainaldo
,
who
then
was
harassing
the
Marca
di
Ancona
and
fill'd
all
places
with
rapine
and
devastation
;
and
with
other
Forces
under
Cardinal
Colonna
he
drove
the
Emperours
Lieutenant
,
with
his
mercenary
Saracens
,
out
of
S.
Germans
,
and
had
all
the
places
from
thence
to
Capua
deliver'd
to
him
by
surrender
in
a
short
time
.
These
successes
of
the
Pope
so
affrighted
those
of
Vmbria
and
Marca
di
Ancona
who
had
serv'd
under
Frederic
,
that
they
deserted
whatsoever
they
held
and
retreated
into
Naples
.
In
the
mean
time
Frederic
was
return'd
from
Asia
to
Brundusium
,
and
being
now
very
desirous
of
Peace
,
offer'd
his
requests
to
the
Pope
,
that
he
would
please
to
take
him
into
favour
,
to
acknowledg
him
Emperour
,
and
a
true
Feudatary
of
the
Church
for
the
Kingdom
of
Sicily
.
Which
he
at
last
obtain'd
,
but
not
till
he
had
paid
down
one
hundred
and
twenty
thousand
ounces
of
Gold
for
the
use
of
the
Church
of
Rome
,
to
make
good
the
damages
he
had
done
it
;
and
these
Conditions
he
was
forc'd
to
come
to
Anagni
and
there
to
implore
of
his
Holiness
.
While
Gregory
(
as
became
a
faithful
Shepherd
)
was
thus
careful
on
all
hands
and
was
gone
to
Perugia
,
to
settle
matters
in
that
City
then
much
disordered
by
some
banish'd
persons
who
were
newly
return'd
,
there
arose
a
greater
Sedition
and
Heresie
at
Rome
than
had
been
known
before
:
for
Hannibal
of
the
Family
of
the
Hannibali
joyning
with
some
Priests
,
was
made
use
of
to
head
the
People
of
Rome
in
a
Conspiracy
they
carried
on
against
the
Church
of
God
;
but
the
divine
Vengeance
speedily
put
a
stop
to
their
wicked
designs
;
for
the
River
Tiber
rising
over
his
Banks
,
did
them
much
mischief
,
and
this
was
accompanied
with
so
devouring
a
Plague
,
that
hardly
one
man
in
ten
was
left
alive
.
The
Pope
coming
to
Rome
,
behav'd
himself
with
wonderful
Clemency
,
and
forgave
the
People
of
Rome
their
fault
,
onely
putting
Hannibal
out
of
the
Senate
and
convicting
the
Priests
of
their
Heresie
,
he
brought
them
to
recant
their
Error
and
to
profess
as
true
Christians
ought
to
do
:
then
turning
his
thoughts
to
adorning
the
City
,
he
caused
the
old
Common-shores
to
be
cleansed
and
repair'd
,
and
new
ones
to
be
made
,
at
the
same
time
yet
consulting
not
onely
the
Ornament
but
the
healthiness
of
the
place
.
Then
leaving
Rome
,
for
his
healths
sake
,
at
Riete
(
as
some
will
have
it
)
he
canoniz'd
S.
Dominic
who
founded
the
Order
of
Friers
Predicants
,
and
at
Spoleto
,
he
did
the
same
by
S.
Antony
,
who
was
born
at
Lisbon
,
but
died
at
Padua
,
and
was
the
second
after
S.
Francis
,
head
of
the
Order
of
Minors
;
hence
he
return'd
to
Anagni
,
and
fortified
the
circumjacent
Town
,
not
a
little
apprehending
the
factious
humour
of
the
Romans
,
whose
chief
Senator
,
after
the
antient
manner
,
had
proposed
a
Law
to
be
made
and
the
People
had
pass'd
it
,
that
should
oblige
all
the
Towns
lying
about
Rome
to
pay
a
certain
Tax
to
themselves
;
the
Pope
hereupon
fearlesly
takes
his
journey
to
Rome
(
though
the
Cardinals
dissuaded
him
)
meaning
to
endeavour
by
admonition
or
correction
to
bring
the
Romans
off
from
these
insolences
:
but
when
he
found
it
signified
nothing
what
he
did
,
he
departed
to
Riete
,
whither
also
came
the
Emperour
Frederic
;
and
they
having
discourse
about
the
present
state
of
Affairs
,
they
both
came
to
this
resolution
,
that
they
would
join
their
forces
together
and
unanimously
march
against
the
Romans
.
But
at
this
time
(
as
he
had
always
used
to
do
)
Frederic
put
a
trick
upon
the
Pope
;
for
returning
himself
into
Germany
,
he
left
Order
with
his
Men
,
that
they
should
in
all
junctures
act
as
the
Romans
would
have
'em
.
The
Pope
was
much
mov'd
at
this
treachery
of
his
,
and
proposed
a
good
Reward
to
any
German
Soldiers
who
would
leave
their
Leaders
and
serve
under
him
,
whereupon
so
great
multitudes
came
over
to
his
side
,
that
the
Romans
dar'd
not
any
where
shew
themselves
in
open
field
against
the
Army
of
the
Church
.
Gregory
having
by
this
means
recover'd
the
Patrimony
of
St.
Peter
and
the
Contrada
de'
Sabini
,
he
slighted
the
Ambassadours
of
the
Soldan
,
who
came
humbly
to
sue
for
Peace
,
and
sent
Friers
of
the
Orders
of
S.
Francis
and
S.
Dominic
throughout
Europe
,
by
their
preaching
to
stir
up
the
Christians
to
the
War
against
the
Saracens
,
by
whose
means
greater
numbers
were
got
together
,
than
ever
were
before
;
and
in
the
mean
time
that
it
was
under
debate
who
should
command
this
great
Army
,
the
Pope
canoniz'd
Elizabeth
Daughter
to
the
King
of
Hungary
,
a
most
holy
Woman
and
famous
for
the
Miracles
wrought
by
her
.
At
length
Theobald
King
of
Navarre
,
Almeric
Montfort
,
Henry
Count
of
Bari
and
Campania
with
the
Christian
forces
passing
through
Germany
and
Hungary
,
arriv'd
first
at
Constantinople
,
where
crossing
the
Bosporus
,
they
came
at
last
to
Ptolemais
,
laying
the
Country
waste
far
and
near
.
But
they
were
not
long
after
set
upon
by
a
vast
Army
of
the
Enemy
,
and
compell'd
to
retreat
defending
themselves
from
their
pursuers
for
two
days
,
and
there
lost
all
their
best
Men.
Thus
in
a
short
time
came
this
Expedition
to
nothing
,
which
had
cost
so
much
industry
to
be
brought
about
,
merely
through
the
unskilfulness
of
the
Commanders
.
The
Pope
was
extremely
troubled
at
this
Calamity
,
and
resolv'd
to
return
to
Rome
(
at
the
earnest
instance
of
the
Citizens
)
there
to
put
up
Prayers
and
supplications
to
appease
the
Divine
Wrath
,
which
the
sins
of
Mankind
had
provok'd
;
but
his
intention
was
frustrated
by
Peter
Frangipani
,
who
being
of
the
Imperial
Faction
,
opposed
him
;
so
he
left
Perugia
and
went
to
Viterbo
,
to
meet
the
Emperour
with
an
Army
,
who
(
as
intelligence
was
brought
him
)
had
already
entred
Lombardy
,
and
without
any
just
cause
wasted
the
Territories
of
the
Confederate
Cities
,
and
was
about
to
lay
Siege
to
some
of
'em
whose
Forces
were
almost
broken
already
,
having
receiv'd
one
mischief
upon
the
neck
of
another
from
Ezelino
who
then
Lorded
it
over
Padua
.
This
Ezelino
surnam'd
the
Roman
,
was
Grand-son
to
a
German
Commander
(
who
under
Otho
III.
led
an
Army
of
his
Countrymen
into
Italy
,
)
and
now
having
a
body
of
Men
which
he
receiv'd
of
Frederic
,
under
his
command
,
procur'd
to
himself
a
great
Dominion
in
the
Country
of
Lombardy
,
bringing
under
his
jurisdiction
Treviso
,
Padoua
,
Vincenza
,
Verona
and
Brescia
;
and
Frederic
not
shewing
any
regard
to
the
stipulations
and
agreements
which
had
theretofore
been
ratified
between
his
Ancestors
and
them
,
makes
War
upon
the
Milaneses
and
the
associated
Cities
,
and
in
a
great
Battel
fought
between
'em
at
a
place
call'd
Nova
Corte
he
overcame
'em
with
great
loss
on
their
side
;
which
put
the
Pope
so
much
out
of
hopes
of
success
,
that
upon
hearing
this
ill
news
of
the
misfortune
of
his
Friends
and
Allies
,
he
began
to
think
of
retiring
to
Rome
,
though
his
coming
thither
was
opposed
by
one
John
Cincio
,
a
potent
Citizen
and
Senator
,
whose
intolerable
arrogance
yet
was
so
curb'd
by
James
Capocio
another
Roman
Citizen
,
that
the
Pope
was
received
into
Rome
with
great
splendor
&
magnificence
.
This
was
that
James
,
whose
name
is
yet
to
be
seen
and
read
in
the
little
Chappel
of
Mosaic
Work
which
was
built
at
his
charge
in
the
Church
of
S.
Mary
Maggiore
,
in
which
also
was
buried
Peter
Capocio
who
was
a
Cardinal
of
the
Church
of
Rome
,
and
while
he
liv'd
a
bitter
Enemy
of
this
Schismatical
Emperour
Frederic
:
at
whose
expence
the
Hospital
of
S.
Anthony
not
far
from
the
aforesaid
Church
and
the
College
for
Scholars
at
Perugia
(
now
call'd
la
Sapientia
)
was
also
erected
.
Gregory
having
quieted
the
minds
of
Men
in
the
City
,
again
pronounces
an
Anathema
against
Frederic
and
declares
him
to
have
forfeited
his
right
to
the
Empire
and
deprives
him
of
it
;
then
he
sends
for
the
Ambassadours
of
the
States
of
Venice
and
Genoa
,
(
between
whom
there
was
so
great
a
quarrel
as
it
was
fear'd
a
War
would
ensue
)
to
mediate
their
differences
,
which
he
did
so
effectually
as
that
he
procur'd
an
Agreement
between
'em
to
a
Peace
,
upon
condition
,
that
without
mutual
consent
neither
of
the
two
States
should
make
Peace
with
the
Emperor
of
Constantinople
;
that
they
should
be
Enemies
to
the
Enemies
of
each
other
and
join
their
Forces
upon
every
occasion
for
the
common
defence
;
and
this
Treaty
to
be
in
force
and
complied
withal
for
nine
years
by
them
both
,
under
pain
of
Excommunication
to
be
denounc'd
by
the
Pope
upon
the
Infractor
.
About
this
time
died
Baldwin
who
upon
the
Death
of
John
had
succeeded
to
the
Empire
of
Greece
,
and
made
shift
to
hold
it
for
two
years
;
but
with
so
great
difficulty
by
reason
of
his
poor
Treasury
,
that
he
could
hardly
defend
himself
from
his
Enemies
,
being
forc'd
to
deliver
his
Son
for
a
Pledg
to
the
Venetian
Merchants
for
Money
that
he
had
borrow'd
of
'em
,
and
to
make
Money
of
the
Lead
that
belong'd
to
the
Churches
;
beside
he
sold
to
the
Venetians
,
who
were
wealthy
and
able
to
purchase
'em
,
the
Spear
with
which
our
Saviour
Christ's
Body
was
pierc'd
and
the
Sponge
which
was
reach'd
to
him
to
drink
out
of
Frederic
had
a
great
spight
at
these
Venetians
,
because
they
were
on
the
Pope's
side
,
and
drove
them
into
their
Marishes
(
where
their
City
stands
)
for
security
and
did
them
great
damage
;
but
in
the
mean
while
happened
a
general
revolt
of
the
Cities
of
Lombardy
,
by
the
Procurement
and
instigation
of
Gregory
Monte-longo
,
who
was
Legat
at
Bononia
,
and
Ferrara
,
which
had
revolted
before
from
the
Pope
to
the
Emperour
was
retaken
by
them
,
though
Salinguerra
a
valiant
Commander
was
in
it
and
made
a
brave
defence
.
As
soon
as
it
was
taken
,
it
was
put
into
the
hands
of
Azo
of
the
House
of
Este
,
who
was
a
considerable
Person
in
this
Enterprize
,
to
be
govern'd
by
him
in
the
name
of
the
Church
,
An.
Dom.
1240.
This
so
alarm'd
the
Emperour
who
was
then
at
Pisa
,
that
being
under
great
uncertainty
whom
to
look
upon
as
Friends
to
himself
or
Wellwishers
to
the
Pope
,
he
divided
first
the
Cities
of
Italy
into
two
Factions
,
giving
the
name
of
Guelphs
to
those
who
were
for
the
Pope's
Interest
,
and
that
of
Gibellines
to
them
that
were
for
the
Imperial
.
These
most
pernicious
names
of
distinction
,
invented
surely
for
the
mischief
of
mankind
,
were
first
made
use
of
at
Pistoia
,
where
when
the
Magistrates
expell'd
the
Panzatichi
,
who
were
Gibellines
,
out
of
the
City
,
there
chanc'd
to
be
two
Brothers
Germans
,
the
one
of
which
whose
name
was
Guelph
,
was
for
the
Pope
;
the
other
for
the
Emperour
and
his
name
was
Gibel
;
from
which
these
two
Parties
were
discriminated
by
those
different
appellations
.
On
the
other
side
those
of
Arezzo
and
Sienna
drive
out
the
Guelphs
,
whose
example
being
follow'd
by
many
other
Cities
of
Italy
,
gave
occasion
and
rise
to
a
worse
than
Civil
War
.
Several
Cities
after
this
revolted
from
the
Pope
as
well
in
Vmbria
as
in
Tuscany
,
and
particularly
the
Citizens
of
Viterbo
threw
off
their
obedience
.
The
Romans
also
would
fain
have
been
doing
the
same
thing
,
but
that
the
Pope
carrying
the
heads
of
the
Apostles
SS.
Peter
and
Paul
,
through
the
City
in
Procession
,
moved
the
People
to
commiserate
the
State
of
the
Church
,
and
then
making
a
most
excellent
Oration
in
S.
Peters
Church
,
he
had
the
power
and
good
fortune
by
it
to
persuade
even
the
Seditious
(
who
were
ready
to
mutiny
)
to
take
his
part
and
to
list
themselves
under
the
holy
Cross
for
the
defence
of
the
Church
of
God
.
These
,
when
some
time
after
Frederic
came
in
hostile
manner
before
the
Walls
of
Rome
,
gave
him
a
repulse
,
which
so
enrag'd
him
that
whatsoever
Prisoners
he
had
taken
he
put
to
death
with
divers
tortures
,
and
retir'd
towards
Beneventum
,
which
City
he
took
by
force
,
sack'd
,
and
dismantled
it
.
Then
returning
by
the
Via
Latina
with
his
heart
full
of
fury
toward
the
City
,
by
the
way
he
plunder'd
the
Monastery
of
Monte-Cassino
and
turn'd
out
the
Monks
;
he
destroy'd
also
with
fire
and
sword
the
City
of
Sora
,
formerly
belonging
to
the
Samnites
,
situate
at
the
head
of
the
River
Garigliano
,
and
pillag'd
any
thing
that
belong'd
to
the
Templers
wherever
he
could
meet
with
it
.
He
was
so
great
a
Lover
of
the
Saracens
,
that
he
made
use
of
them
rather
than
any
other
People
in
his
Wars
,
made
Magistrates
of
them
,
and
gave
them
a
City
for
themselves
,
which
is
call'd
to
this
day
Nocera
di
Pagani
.
He
threaten'd
the
Brother
of
the
King
of
Tunis
,
because
he
was
come
as
far
as
Palermo
to
receive
the
Sacrament
of
Baptism
.
By
a
sudden
Onset
he
also
made
himself
Master
of
Ravenna
,
which
appertain'd
to
the
Church
.
All
which
Gregory
well
considering
,
he
appointed
a
Council
to
be
holden
in
the
Lateran
,
there
to
find
out
means
to
depose
Frederic
;
but
the
Emperour
had
so
beset
all
the
ways
,
that
,
with
the
help
of
the
Pisans
,
he
took
several
Cardinals
and
Prelates
as
they
were
travelling
both
by
Sea
and
Land
and
cast
them
into
Prison
.
Which
so
griev'd
the
good
Pope
,
that
he
liv'd
not
long
after
,
dying
when
he
had
been
Pope
fourteen
years
and
three
months
.
There
happen'd
an
Eclipse
of
the
Sun
a
little
before
his
death
greater
than
ever
was
seen
.
Raymund
of
Barcelona
flourish'd
in
his
time
and
assisted
him
in
compiling
his
Book
of
Decretals
,
whom
many
Authors
so
commend
that
nothing
can
be
added
to
his
Praise
.
CELESTINE
IV.
CELESTINE
the
Fourth
,
a
Milanese
,
of
the
Family
of
the
Castiglioni
,
Bishop
of
Sabina
,
famous
in
his
time
for
his
exemplary
life
and
great
Learning
,
being
very
old
and
sickly
,
was
yet
chosen
Pope
in
the
room
of
Gregory
;
but
died
on
the
eighteenth
day
of
his
Pontificate
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
,
to
the
great
disappointment
of
all
Men
,
who
hoped
to
see
much
better
times
under
his
Government
.
After
his
decease
the
Sea
was
vacant
twenty
one
months
;
for
those
who
were
then
in
the
highest
Authority
in
the
Church
of
God
did
not
think
good
to
elect
any
Man
to
the
Popedom
,
so
long
as
the
Cardinals
which
were
taken
by
Frederic
,
were
detain'd
in
Prison
.
During
this
vacancy
of
the
Holy
Sea
,
Frederic
over-ran
the
Marca
di
Ancona
and
Romagna
,
as
far
as
Faenza
and
Bologna
,
which
after
some
resistance
he
took
by
force
,
and
transferred
the
University
which
was
at
Bologna
,
to
Padoua
:
and
beside
gave
many
troubles
and
did
great
mischiefs
to
all
those
that
were
look'd
upon
as
Favourers
of
the
Churches
Cause
.
Then
Baldwin
Emperour
of
Constantinople
,
despairing
of
managing
the
Asian
Affairs
to
any
purpose
,
together
with
Raymund
Earl
of
Tholouse
,
came
into
Italy
,
and
what
with
his
intreaties
and
by
reason
of
the
respect
which
Frederic
(
who
was
then
at
Parma
)
had
for
him
,
he
procur'd
that
the
Cardinals
and
other
Ecclesiastical
persons
who
were
kept
under
custody
by
him
,
should
be
set
free
;
who
in
a
little
time
after
had
a
meeting
at
Anagni
to
consider
of
the
Choice
of
a
new
Pope
.
INNOCENT
IV.
INNOCENT
the
Fourth
,
before
call'd
Sinibaldo
,
of
the
Family
of
the
Fieschi
,
Counts
of
Lavagna
,
was
created
Pope
at
Anagni
;
at
the
news
of
which
Frederic
was
not
very
well
pleased
;
for
he
knew
him
to
be
a
Man
of
resolution
and
of
a
great
Spirit
,
they
having
lived
together
familiarly
for
some
time
before
,
and
he
was
very
much
afraid
he
would
call
him
to
account
for
his
past
actions
:
So
that
when
some
of
his
Friends
were
complementing
him
upon
this
occasion
,
he
is
said
to
have
told
'em
,
that
Cardinal
Sinibaldo
was
indeed
his
special
Friend
,
but
now
being
made
Pope
,
he
was
his
bitter
Enemy
.
Innocent
having
put
on
the
Pontifical
Robes
,
comes
to
Rome
,
where
by
the
way
he
is
met
by
all
the
Nobility
and
Men
of
note
and
receiv'd
with
universal
Acclamations
,
and
having
perform'd
all
the
Ceremonies
of
the
Consecration
and
Coronation
which
are
usual
in
such
cases
,
he
begins
to
discourse
of
making
Peace
with
Frederic
,
Baldwin
also
interposing
his
Authority
to
bring
it
about
:
But
the
business
met
with
many
delays
,
till
after
four
months
had
been
spent
in
negotiating
,
the
result
was
this
,
that
the
Pope
should
remove
to
the
City
of
Castellana
,
and
tarry
there
a
while
till
the
Emperor
came
thither
also
,
personally
to
treat
about
the
Peace
.
But
Innocent
receiving
certain
information
,
that
Frederic
had
laid
snares
and
Ambushes
for
him
both
at
Rome
and
in
his
way
to
that
place
,
he
made
use
of
some
shipping
of
the
Genoeses
,
which
then
lay
in
the
Port
of
Civita-vecchia
,
and
with
a
prosperous
gale
arriv'd
in
France
,
where
at
Lions
he
was
receiv'd
very
generously
by
all
People
and
with
great
kindness
,
and
at
that
City
he
appoints
a
Council
to
be
holden
,
An.
Dom.
1246.
to
which
he
cites
the
Emperour
by
Nuntios
and
Letters
first
,
and
at
last
by
an
Officer
for
the
purpose
,
setting
him
under
a
penalty
if
he
were
disobedient
.
In
answer
to
this
the
Emperour
onely
sends
thither
a
Civilian
of
Sinuessa
,
to
desire
of
the
Pope
some
longer
time
,
promising
shortly
to
begin
his
Journey
thitherward
;
and
so
much
time
as
was
fit
was
allow'd
him
.
But
his
craft
appearing
and
that
he
onely
sought
an
occasion
to
scandalize
and
ruine
the
Pope
,
by
universal
consent
he
was
declar'd
to
be
depriv'd
of
his
Title
to
the
Empire
and
his
other
Dominions
.
This
Frederic
took
with
so
great
indignation
,
that
he
commanded
the
Houses
and
Palaces
of
some
of
Pope
Innocent's
kinsfolks
(
who
by
his
advice
were
remov'd
from
Parma
,
where
their
Estates
lay
,
to
Piacenza
)
to
be
pull'd
down
,
and
then
making
a
League
with
the
Duke
of
Burgundy
,
he
resolv'd
to
go
to
Lions
,
and
for
that
purpose
he
prepar'd
a
vast
Retinue
;
with
which
he
came
as
far
as
Turin
,
where
news
was
brought
him
,
that
those
persons
who
had
been
banish'd
from
Parma
,
were
return'd
and
having
defeated
their
fellow-Citizens
near
the
River
Taro
,
had
entred
the
City
by
force
and
made
great
slaughter
of
the
contrary
party
.
This
caused
Frederic
to
break
off
his
intended
Journey
and
to
return
into
Italy
,
where
gathering
into
one
Army
all
his
Forces
which
had
been
dispersed
through
the
whole
Country
,
he
made
up
a
body
of
sixty
thousand
Men
,
and
with
these
he
marches
to
invest
the
City
of
Parma
,
which
the
associated
Cities
being
solicitous
to
defend
,
they
put
into
it
very
great
reliefs
under
the
command
of
the
Pope's
Legat
;
who
having
with
great
obstinacy
sustain'd
the
Siege
for
two
years
,
at
last
making
a
bold
sally
,
when
Frederic
expected
no
such
thing
,
he
utterly
routed
and
destroy'd
his
Army
and
made
himself
master
of
his
Camp
,
which
was
plentifully
stor'd
with
all
manner
of
necessaries
,
because
Frederic
had
fortified
it
after
the
manner
of
a
City
with
Out-works
,
designing
when
he
should
have
plunder'd
and
rased
the
City
of
Parma
;
against
which
he
had
conceiv'd
the
utmost
hatred
,
to
build
a
City
in
the
place
where
his
Camp
stood
,
(
and
where
he
had
already
coin'd
pieces
of
Money
call'd
Victorines
)
and
to
name
it
,
the
City
Victoria
.
According
to
some
Authors
,
himself
had
much
ado
to
escape
to
Cremona
from
this
great
defeat
,
in
which
he
lost
a
Crown
of
inestimable
value
and
several
Vessels
of
Gold
of
huge
weight
;
but
he
durst
not
enter
the
Walls
of
Cremona
,
for
fear
of
the
Cremoneses
,
many
of
whose
fellow-Citizens
had
lost
their
lives
in
that
Engagement
.
Innocent
being
advertised
of
this
great
blow
given
to
the
fortune
of
Frederic
,
and
that
his
heart
was
so
broken
with
it
,
that
he
let
himself
loose
to
all
manner
of
voluptuousness
,
and
made
himself
Gardens
of
Pleasure
,
where
he
kept
a
number
of
beautiful
Women
and
Eunuchs
,
he
took
pity
upon
the
Man
,
and
dismissing
the
Councils
without
farther
prosecution
of
him
,
he
dispatch'd
Nuncios
through
France
and
other
Countries
to
persuade
the
people
to
engage
in
the
Holy
War
and
to
follow
Lewis
King
of
France
who
was
preparing
for
an
Expedition
into
Asia
,
which
he
had
promised
and
vow'd
to
perform
when
he
lay
under
a
great
fit
of
sickness
.
But
the
Tartarians
put
a
stop
for
a
while
to
this
Journey
,
who
with
two
numerous
Bodies
of
men
had
entred
Europe
and
Asia
;
where
those
who
invaded
the
latter
,
having
pass'd
through
the
Countries
of
Georgia
and
Armenia
,
pierc'd
as
far
as
Iconium
,
then
the
Royal
Seat
of
the
Turkish
Princes
:
the
other
party
which
entred
Europe
,
under
the
conduct
of
one
Batto
,
ravag'd
all
through
Poland
and
Hungary
,
and
then
turning
toward
the
Euxine
Sea
,
they
depopulated
the
vast
Realms
of
Russia
and
Gazaria
.
At
the
same
time
the
Grossoni
,
a
people
of
Arabia
,
by
the
instigation
of
the
Soldan
of
Babylon
,
set
upon
the
Templars
and
put
'em
to
flight
,
and
without
any
trouble
took
Jerusalem
,
which
was
before
stripp'd
of
its
Walls
,
putting
the
Christians
that
were
in
it
to
the
Sword
and
dishonouring
our
Saviour's
Sepulchre
with
all
manner
of
filthiness
.
The
tidings
of
which
mov'd
Innocent
to
urge
King
Lewis
to
hasten
his
march
towards
Asia
,
with
those
Forces
he
had
already
got
together
for
that
intent
.
He
complied
,
and
arriv'd
at
Cyprus
,
but
it
was
at
so
unseasonable
a
time
of
the
year
,
that
he
was
forc'd
to
take
up
his
Winter
quarters
there
;
but
as
soon
as
Spring
came
on
,
he
sail'd
to
Damiata
,
where
he
got
the
better
of
the
Soldan's
Navy
,
and
defeated
his
Land-forces
who
would
have
hindred
his
coming
on
Shore
,
where
he
pitch'd
his
Camp
for
so
long
as
till
the
rest
of
his
Troops
could
arrive
from
Italy
.
But
these
were
very
much
retarded
by
the
fury
of
Frederic
,
who
weaning
himself
after
a
while
from
the
pleasures
in
which
he
had
been
immers'd
,
takes
up
his
Arms
again
and
fills
the
whole
Country
with
confusion
,
and
compells
several
Cities
in
which
were
many
factious
Persons
,
to
throw
off
their
subjection
to
the
Pope
;
the
chief
of
which
were
the
Inhabitants
of
Forli
,
Arimino
,
Vrbin
,
and
all
the
Marca
di
Ancona
:
In
Vmbria
none
stood
to
their
Allegiance
but
those
of
Todi
,
Perugia
and
Assisi
:
and
in
Tuscany
onely
the
Florentines
were
on
the
Pope's
side
;
who
therefore
were
so
harass'd
by
the
Army
of
Frederic
,
that
they
were
forc'd
at
last
to
banish
so
many
of
their
fellow-Citizens
as
were
of
the
Guelphs
Faction
;
The
Bologneses
had
better
luck
,
for
giving
Battel
to
Henry
one
of
Frederic's
Generals
,
they
overthrew
him
and
cut
him
to
pieces
.
Some
write
that
't
was
at
this
time
that
Frederic
passing
into
Sicily
,
died
at
Palermo
;
while
others
affirm
that
he
was
taken
desperately
sick
in
Puglia
,
and
when
he
began
to
recover
,
he
was
smother'd
to
death
with
a
Pillow
by
one
Manfred
,
who
was
his
natural
Son
,
begotten
upon
a
Noble-Woman
his
Concubine
.
Howsoever
this
was
,
't
is
certain
that
some
time
before
his
death
he
had
made
Manfred
Prince
of
Tarento
,
and
had
bestow'd
upon
him
,
beside
that
Principality
,
many
other
Towns
and
Territories
.
He
left
Conrade
(
whom
he
had
by
his
Wife
Jole
Daughter
to
John
King
of
Jerusalem
)
Heir
of
all
his
Estates
,
but
he
was
afterwards
taken
off
by
Poison
,
as
was
manifest
,
by
the
means
of
Manfred
;
having
before
seiz'd
upon
Naples
and
Aquino
,
and
sack'd
them
,
much
against
the
mind
of
the
Pope
,
who
vigorously
opposed
these
proceedings
,
though
in
vain
,
in
order
to
procure
the
peace
of
Italy
,
that
he
might
have
liberty
to
transport
the
Italian
Soldiers
to
recruit
the
Army
of
King
Lewis
then
lying
before
Damiata
.
But
Damiata
was
now
taken
,
and
Robert
Earl
of
Poitiers
coming
with
fresh
supplies
from
France
,
he
marches
from
thence
with
his
Army
towards
the
City
of
Pharamia
,
whither
the
Soldan
,
apprehending
his
design
,
was
already
come
with
great
Forces
.
There
happen'd
to
be
a
River
betwixt
the
two
Armies
,
by
reason
whereof
they
could
not
join
Battel
,
but
they
had
frequent
light
Skirmishes
,
(
both
Generals
keeping
themselves
within
their
Camps
)
in
one
of
which
Robert
rashly
venturing
too
far
,
was
taken
Prisoner
by
the
Enemy
.
By
this
time
Innocent
had
almost
extinguish'd
those
flames
of
War
with
which
Italy
had
so
long
been
consum'd
,
and
intended
to
have
return'd
to
Rome
,
having
first
canoniz'd
Edmund
Arch-bishop
of
Canterbury
;
but
when
he
came
to
Perugia
,
he
thought
good
to
decline
his
journey
to
Rome
,
understanding
the
Senate
there
arrogated
to
themselves
more
Power
than
stood
with
the
dignity
of
the
Pope
and
Court
of
Rome
;
and
there
he
canoniz'd
and
enroll'd
among
the
holy
Martyrs
Peter
of
Verona
a
preaching
Frier
,
who
had
been
murthered
by
some
Hereticks
between
Milan
and
Como
;
and
the
same
honour
he
gave
to
S.
Stanislaus
Bishop
of
Cracow
,
who
in
his
life-time
was
very
famous
for
working
Miracles
.
Hence
he
was
invited
by
the
Noblemen
of
the
Kingdom
of
Sicily
,
and
immediately
departed
for
Naples
,
then
newly
repair'd
,
where
he
died
and
was
buried
in
S.
Laurence's
Church
,
when
he
had
been
Pope
fourteen
years
six
months
twelve
days
,
just
in
the
nick
of
time
when
he
had
hopes
to
have
brought
into
his
possession
all
that
Kingdom
.
It
was
by
the
Decree
of
this
excellent
Pope
Innocent
,
that
the
Octave
of
the
Nativity
of
the
Blessed
Virgin
was
commanded
to
be
observ'd
yearly
in
the
Church
of
God
as
a
Festival
.
He
with
good
advice
,
fill'd
up
the
places
in
the
College
of
Cardinals
,
which
had
long
been
vacant
,
with
very
worthy
personages
,
and
ordain'd
that
when
they
rode
abroad
they
should
always
wear
a
red
Hat
,
for
an
honourable
distinction
of
the
degree
they
held
.
Moreover
this
learned
Pope
,
though
raised
to
the
highest
dignity
in
the
Church
,
compil'd
and
publish'd
several
things
;
for
he
composed
the
Apparatus
[
or
Glosses
]
to
the
Decretals
,
which
are
of
great
use
to
the
Canonists
,
because
they
contain
many
nice
disquisitions
,
which
render
the
Text
wonderfully
plain
:
and
he
put
forth
another
upon
the
Councils
,
which
Hostiensis
in
his
Summa
calls
the
Authenticks
.
He
wrote
also
a
Book
concerning
the
Jurisdiction
of
the
Emperour
and
the
Authority
of
the
Pope
,
in
answer
to
one
Peter
surnam'd
Vinea
,
who
asserted
,
that
the
Empire
and
every
person
and
thing
thereunto
belonging
were
absolutely
subject
to
the
Emperour
;
to
which
Book
Innocent
afterwards
gave
the
Title
of
his
Apologetick
.
He
was
extremely
delighted
with
the
conversation
of
learned
Men
,
whom
also
he
remembred
to
prefer
to
dignities
in
the
Church
;
particularly
one
Hugo
,
who
wrote
Comments
and
Concordances
upon
the
holy
Bible
,
a
Person
famous
for
his
learning
and
good
life
,
he
advanc'd
to
be
Cardinal
of
S.
Sabina
,
which
great
promotion
yet
did
not
make
him
leave
his
former
course
of
life
,
being
a
Frier
of
the
Order
of
S.
Dominic
.
In
this
Pope's
Reign
and
by
his
Order
,
Alexander
of
the
Order
of
Friers
Minors
,
who
was
well
in
years
when
he
took
upon
him
a
religious
Habit
,
wrote
a
very
copious
sum
of
Theology
:
by
the
procurement
also
of
this
Pope
and
enabled
by
his
bounty
Bernardus
Parmensis
and
Compostellanus
two
very
learned
Men
,
at
this
time
made
publick
their
Works
upon
the
Decretals
,
which
they
call'd
Apparatus
.
Innocent
had
not
long
been
dead
,
when
he
was
follow'd
by
his
Nephew
William
,
whose
Tomb
is
yet
to
be
seen
in
the
Church
of
S.
Laurence
without
the
Walls
.
ALEXANDER
IV.
ALEXANDER
the
Fourth
,
a
Campanian
,
born
at
Anagni
,
was
chosen
Pope
in
the
room
of
Innocent
,
and
streight
sends
monitory
Letters
to
Manfred
,
that
he
should
not
at
his
peril
attempt
any
thing
that
might
be
a
diminution
of
the
honour
of
holy
Church
;
for
he
calling
to
his
aid
the
Saracens
from
Nocera
,
had
surprised
the
Church-Forces
utterly
unprepared
,
that
were
in
Foggia
,
and
either
put
'em
to
the
Sword
or
took
'em
Prisoners
;
and
pretending
that
Conradine
was
dead
and
that
himself
was
his
rightful
Heir
,
he
had
taken
upon
him
to
rule
as
King
.
In
the
mean
while
the
Christians
,
who
we
told
you
had
encamp'd
near
the
City
of
Pharamia
,
were
very
much
visited
with
sickness
,
and
press'd
with
want
of
Provisions
,
that
part
of
Nile
being
prepossess'd
by
the
Enemy
,
by
which
they
were
wont
to
be
supplied
with
necessaries
;
beside
that
the
Patriarch
of
Jerusalem
coming
that
way
with
some
number
of
Ships
,
was
made
a
Prisoner
;
so
that
Lewis
being
afraid
his
Army
should
be
lost
by
famine
,
resolv'd
to
return
to
Damiata
,
and
in
his
way
fell
into
a
great
Ambuscade
of
the
Enemy
,
by
whom
he
was
routed
,
and
himself
with
Alphonsus
Earl
of
Poitiers
and
Charles
Earl
of
Anjou
,
his
Brothers-German
,
was
taken
Prisoner
;
but
the
Soldan
not
long
after
this
great
Victory
was
slain
by
his
own
Men
,
and
he
that
succeeded
in
his
stead
having
Damiata
surrendred
to
him
and
a
good
sum
of
Money
,
discharg'd
all
the
Christians
and
sent
them
under
safe
conduct
to
Ptolemais
;
where
Lewis
sent
away
his
two
Brothers
into
his
own
Country
and
by
the
persuasion
of
Pope
Alexander
staid
in
Asia
,
till
Cesarea
,
Joppa
and
Sidon
,
(
Cities
the
Christians
had
newly
gain'd
from
the
Saracens
)
were
well
garison'd
with
Men
;
which
done
,
after
having
been
six
years
on
this
Expedition
,
he
return'd
home
.
While
this
was
doing
,
Pope
Alexander
having
excommunicated
Manfred
,
went
to
Anagni
,
and
dispatch'd
away
Octavian
,
a
Cardinal
of
the
Church
of
Rome
,
of
the
Family
of
the
Vbaldini
,
to
confirm
the
Neapolitans
in
their
resolutions
against
Manfred
,
assuring
him
that
he
would
in
a
short
time
come
in
person
with
good
succours
to
the
aid
of
them
and
those
of
Campania
;
but
Manfred
not
contenting
himself
to
teize
the
Neapolitans
,
raised
up
also
several
Factions
in
Tuscany
,
especially
at
Florence
,
which
City
upon
the
death
of
Frederic
had
asserted
its
Liberty
,
where
matters
were
carried
so
high
,
that
they
were
fain
by
a
publick
Edict
to
call
home
those
persons
who
in
the
days
of
Frederic
had
been
banish'd
for
being
Guelphs
,
that
they
might
be
rendred
able
to
withstand
the
contrivances
of
the
Gibellines
;
by
which
means
the
Guelphish
Faction
got
so
great
strength
in
Tuscany
,
that
they
harass'd
and
did
much
mischief
by
their
Troops
to
those
of
Pistoia
,
Arezzo
,
Pisa
and
Siena
,
who
had
expell'd
their
fellow-Citizens
for
being
Guelphs
,
the
Luccheses
more
than
any
helping
them
against
the
Pisans
,
who
had
been
certainly
ruin'd
by
the
Florentines
,
after
they
had
been
overcome
by
'em
at
the
River
Ansari
,
but
that
they
were
afraid
of
those
of
Boggibonzi
.
This
Town
stood
in
the
Valley
of
Helsa
,
about
twelve
miles
from
Siena
,
very
strong
by
its
natural
situation
and
by
artificial
strengths
,
of
which
the
Gibellines
made
use
against
the
Guelphs
,
as
a
Garison
;
but
it
was
at
length
taken
and
rased
;
and
then
the
Florentines
being
Enemies
to
Manfred
,
made
offer
to
the
Pope
of
their
assistance
against
him
;
which
so
mov'd
Manfred
,
that
having
been
first
declar'd
King
at
Palermo
,
and
with
the
help
of
some
Saracen
Auxiliaries
having
in
divers
conflicts
broken
the
Forces
of
the
Pope
under
the
command
of
the
Legat
,
he
sent
his
Lieutenant-General
Jordan
with
one
thousand
five
hundred
Horse
to
the
aid
of
the
Sieneses
against
the
Florentines
,
who
not
long
after
were
met
by
the
Sieneses
near
the
River
Arbia
and
receiv'd
so
great
an
overthrow
,
that
they
were
forc'd
to
leave
their
City
to
the
will
of
the
Enemy
.
The
Pope
yet
ceased
not
to
persecute
the
tyrannical
Lords
,
wheresoever
they
were
,
for
when
Ecelino
,
as
was
said
,
had
seiz'd
into
his
hands
almost
all
the
Venetian
Territories
and
had
laid
Siege
to
Mantua
,
he
immediately
sent
away
Philip
Fontanese
,
Arch-bishop
of
Ravenna
to
Venice
,
where
having
publish'd
the
Crusado
,
he
got
together
a
good
Army
,
and
with
it
drove
Anselm
,
Ecelino's
Nephew
,
out
of
Padua
;
upon
news
whereof
Ecelino
raises
his
Siege
from
before
Mantua
and
marches
in
great
haste
to
Verona
,
but
understanding
he
could
have
no
hopes
of
recovering
Padua
,
he
put
to
death
with
divers
torments
,
all
the
Paduans
he
had
in
his
Camp
,
to
the
number
of
twelve
thousand
.
At
this
time
the
Friers
Minors
who
were
sent
to
Brescia
,
had
by
their
preaching
persuaded
those
Citizens
to
recal
the
banish'd
Guelphs
and
to
declare
for
the
Church
;
and
the
same
success
they
had
had
at
Piacenza
and
Cremona
,
but
that
Obert
Pallavicino
,
with
the
help
of
the
Gibellines
,
had
taken
the
Goverment
into
his
sole
Power
.
Against
him
then
and
Ecelino
,
his
Confederate
,
the
Pope's
Legat
assisted
by
the
Guelphs
,
marches
with
his
Army
,
but
near
Gambara
he
is
defeated
with
great
loss
,
and
himself
with
the
Bishop
of
Brescia
and
the
chief
of
the
Guelphish
Faction
,
taken
Prisoner
,
all
whom
upon
the
surrender
of
Brescia
,
Ecelino
let
go
free
,
An.
Dom.
1249.
This
success
of
Ecelino
,
made
the
Legat
Apostolick
very
fearful
of
the
increase
of
his
Power
,
and
put
him
upon
the
design
of
bringing
off
Obert
Pallavicino
from
his
side
;
which
he
effected
by
the
means
of
Boso
Donario
,
a
noble
Citizen
of
Cremona
,
who
laying
before
him
the
barbarous
and
detestable
cruelty
of
Ecelino
,
wrought
upon
him
to
throw
off
his
Alliance
with
him
,
and
to
enter
into
the
League
with
the
Milaneses
and
Mantuans
,
and
those
of
the
other
confederate
Cities
.
This
much
enrag'd
Ecelino
,
seeing
so
many
Enemies
conspiring
against
him
,
so
that
rendezvousing
his
Army
at
Cassano
,
he
from
thence
ravag'd
all
the
Country
about
Milan
,
provoking
the
Associated
Cities
to
give
him
Battel
;
which
they
did
,
and
not
only
vanquish'd
him
,
but
took
him
Prisoner
,
and
he
died
soon
after
at
Soncino
of
a
wound
he
had
receiv'd
.
Upon
his
death
all
the
Cities
of
Lombardy
recover'd
their
liberty
,
and
became
obedient
Sons
of
the
Church
;
and
the
Pope's
Legat
who
had
procur'd
to
the
Paduans
their
freedom
(
as
aforesaid
)
to
make
an
end
of
all
the
reliques
of
the
War
,
drives
out
of
Treviso
,
and
puts
to
death
Alberic
Brother
to
Ecelino
,
with
his
Wife
and
Children
.
Pope
Alexander
having
taken
off
these
tyrannizing
Lords
and
put
an
end
to
so
many
great
confusions
,
set
his
mind
upon
renewing
the
War
in
Asia
;
but
by
reason
of
a
quarrel
which
happen'd
between
the
Genoeses
and
Venetians
,
this
pious
and
necessary
Expedition
was
laid
aside
.
The
Christians
then
inhabited
Ptolemais
and
Tyre
,
two
opulent
and
wealthy
Cities
;
which
were
especially
peopled
with
Genoese
,
Pisan
and
Venetian
Merchants
,
who
now
for
sixty
four
years
had
engross'd
almost
all
the
Trade
both
from
East
and
West
.
These
Merchants
had
their
several
Exchanges
,
their
several
Streets
and
Landing-places
,
and
nothing
was
common
to
both
the
Venetians
and
Genoeses
,
but
the
Churches
;
when
a
contention
arose
between
'em
about
the
Monastery
of
S.
Saba
,
which
each
City
claim'd
to
itself
alone
.
The
Pope
would
fain
have
composed
the
difference
,
and
sent
his
Letters
to
both
,
willing
that
the
Monastery
should
be
equal
free
to
both
Nations
;
but
the
Genoeses
having
notice
aforehand
how
the
Pope
intended
to
determine
in
the
Case
,
by
the
favour
of
Philip
Montfort
,
Prefect
of
the
City
,
they
excluded
the
Venetians
,
possess'd
themselves
of
the
Monastery
and
fortified
it
.
The
Venetians
hereupon
unanimously
leave
the
City
,
and
making
League
with
Manfred
King
of
Sicily
,
raise
Forces
against
the
Genoeses
,
and
setting
upon
their
Fleet
,
consisting
of
two
Gallies
and
twenty
three
great
Ships
then
in
the
Port
of
Ptolemais
,
they
burn
'em
and
following
their
blow
at
the
same
time
make
themselves
Masters
of
the
Monastery
of
S.
Saba
,
which
they
demolish'd
.
The
Genoeses
,
rather
enrag'd
than
terrified
at
this
disaster
,
fit
out
another
Fleet
,
to
encounter
the
Venetians
at
Tyre
,
but
they
industriously
avoiding
a
Battel
,
sail
towards
the
Euxine
,
and
take
Selymbria
from
the
Saracens
and
plunder
it
;
after
which
both
Nations
recruiting
their
Forces
,
they
steer
for
Tyre
,
the
common
Seat
of
War
.
The
Pope
fearful
of
the
fatal
consequences
of
this
Contention
,
sends
for
the
Ambassadours
of
both
Countries
,
and
makes
himself
a
Mediator
of
Peace
;
which
was
welnigh
agreed
to
,
when
news
comes
that
the
Venetians
with
their
Allies
,
the
Pisans
,
had
between
Tyre
and
Ptolemais
routed
the
Genoeses
,
taking
and
sinking
twenty
five
of
their
Ships
;
that
thereupon
the
Victors
were
retreated
to
Ptolemais
,
and
the
vanquish'd
were
fled
to
Tyre
;
that
all
the
Edifices
of
the
Genoeses
at
Ptolemais
were
pull'd
down
,
all
their
Merchandizes
seiz'd
as
spoil
,
and
the
Citizens
of
that
Nation
expell'd
the
place
.
This
havock
made
by
the
Venetians
so
highly
displeased
the
Pope
,
that
he
would
not
admit
their
Ambassadour
to
Audience
till
they
had
set
free
all
the
Genoese
Prisoners
they
had
taken
.
Neither
did
this
Calamity
come
alone
to
be
the
subject
of
the
Pope's
care
,
for
Baldwin
Emperour
of
Constantinople
,
(
during
whose
prosperity
,
there
seem'd
yet
to
be
some
hopes
left
of
recovering
the
holy
Land
)
was
about
to
quit
that
City
:
for
Michael
Palaeologus
,
who
by
the
last
Will
of
Theodore
Lascari
,
was
left
Guardian
to
his
two
Sons
did
the
Latins
all
the
mischief
that
lay
in
his
power
,
driving
out
of
Achaia
William
a
Frenchman
,
and
teizing
Baldwin
with
Seditions
at
home
and
open
War
abroad
;
who
afterward
going
toward
the
Euxine
Shore
,
in
order
to
secure
it
from
the
Enemy
,
the
Citizens
of
Constantinople
in
the
mean
time
at
midnight
let
Michael
Palaeologus
into
the
City
;
upon
news
whereof
Baldwin
and
the
Patriarch
Pantaleo
retire
from
Pontus
into
Europe
and
lay
by
all
thoughts
of
War
.
Palaeologus
having
thus
rid
himself
of
his
Competitor
and
Enemy
,
murders
his
two
Pupils
,
and
assumes
the
Empire
,
which
after
having
been
possess'd
by
the
Latins
forty
eight
years
now
was
transferred
to
the
Greeks
.
In
the
mean
time
Octavian
Cardinal
Vbaldino
return'd
to
the
Pope
,
without
having
had
any
great
luck
in
his
negotiation
at
Naples
,
and
the
Pope
having
first
at
Anagni
canoniz'd
S.
Clara
a
Franciscan
Nun
,
went
to
Viterbo
,
to
endeavour
a
Peace
between
the
Venetians
and
Genoeses
;
in
which
Affair
he
met
so
much
trouble
and
so
many
delays
,
that
he
died
for
grief
in
the
seventh
year
of
his
Pontificate
,
and
was
honourably
interred
in
St.
Laurence's
Church
.
The
Sea
was
then
vacant
three
months
and
four
days
.
The
life
of
this
Pope
is
certainly
much
commended
by
all
Writers
,
he
being
said
to
have
been
bountiful
and
kind
to
all
,
but
especially
to
the
poor
Religious
;
to
whom
the
great
love
he
bore
caus'd
him
to
comdemn
by
a
perpetual
Edict
some
Books
written
by
William
de
sancto
Amore
,
against
that
sort
of
Poverty
,
wherein
the
wicked
Fellow
asserted
that
those
who
took
upon
them
religious
Habits
to
live
by
the
Alms
of
other
Men
were
not
capable
of
Salvation
.
He
also
publickly
burnt
another
abominable
Book
,
in
which
the
Author
affirm'd
that
a
State
of
Grace
was
not
to
be
obtain'd
by
the
Law
of
the
Gospel
,
but
by
the
Law
of
the
Spirit
;
which
Opinion
,
he
said
,
was
taken
out
of
the
Writings
of
Abbat
Joachim
.
This
Book
was
call'd
by
those
of
that
Sect
,
the
Eternal
Gospel
.
It
was
Alexander's
custom
,
when
he
got
leisure
from
publick
Affairs
to
busie
himself
about
somewhat
that
savour'd
of
Learning
,
for
he
compil'd
Decretal
Epistles
,
and
gave
such
countenance
to
learned
Men
,
that
he
promoted
several
of
them
to
Cardinalates
,
particularly
,
Henry
Cardinal
of
Ostia
,
a
good
Divine
and
an
excellent
Lawyer
.
He
was
also
very
liberal
and
munificent
to
Bartholomew
,
a
Canonist
of
Brescia
,
who
wrote
much
upon
the
Decretals
;
by
which
and
by
his
extraordinary
abilities
and
sanctity
he
got
great
renown
.
By
this
means
moreover
the
vaulted
Church
near
that
of
S.
Agnes
,
which
had
in
old
time
been
dedicated
to
Bacchus
,
was
made
capable
of
Divine
Worship
;
and
the
Inscription
in
the
Porch
of
the
Church
of
S.
Constance
shews
that
the
Altar
there
was
consecrated
by
him
.
VRBAN
IV.
URBAN
the
fourth
,
born
at
Troyes
in
France
,
Patriarch
of
Jerusalem
,
was
made
Pope
,
and
immediately
listed
French
Soldiers
to
assist
him
against
Manfredus
who
infested
the
Patrimony
of
S.
Peter
;
for
fear
of
whom
Jordanes
General
of
Manfredus
his
forces
in
Tuscany
against
the
Guelphs
was
recall'd
to
Naples
,
which
gave
some
breathing
time
to
the
Guelphs
,
especially
those
of
Florence
and
Lucca
,
who
had
been
by
the
Gibellines
mark'd
out
for
destruction
.
Lombardy
was
also
plagu'd
with
the
like
Seditions
,
Hubert
Pallavicino
carrying
on
now
the
Interests
of
the
Gibelline
faction
and
persecuting
the
adverse
party
;
though
before
by
his
Policy
and
moderate
behaviour
to
both
sides
he
had
got
the
Command
of
Brescia
by
an
universal
consent
.
But
the
Citizens
of
Modena
and
Reggio
,
instigated
by
those
of
Ferrara
and
Bononia
,
fearing
lest
Pallavicino
should
over-pour
them
all
at
last
,
revolted
to
the
Popes
side
,
and
turn'd
the
Gibellines
out
of
their
Cities
,
giving
their
goods
and
effects
to
the
Florentines
who
had
been
banish'd
for
Guelphism
,
by
this
means
adding
great
strength
to
their
faction
.
And
thus
went
matters
in
Lombardy
,
the
Pope
still
earnestly
endeavouring
a
Peace
.
At
Constantinople
the
Venetians
attempted
to
dethrone
Palaeologus
and
had
done
it
,
but
for
his
Friends
and
Associates
the
Genoese
;
this
gave
him
the
greater
Power
so
that
having
taken
Malvasia
,
he
easily
made
resistance
against
the
Venetians
and
William
Prince
of
Achaia
.
The
Pope
was
now
intent
upon
sending
a
Legate
to
procure
a
Peace
betwixt
the
Venetians
and
Genoese
,
when
Manfredus
with
a
new
body
of
Saracens
seizes
la
Marca
,
the
Inhabitants
being
before
inclin'd
to
a
Rebellion
.
The
Pope
therefore
sends
the
same
Legate
to
France
,
with
order
to
make
use
of
all
manner
of
Promises
and
Intreaties
to
persuade
those
French
who
had
taken
upon
them
the
Croisado
,
(
who
had
been
inform'd
of
the
thing
before-hand
)
to
hasten
their
march
thither
;
they
presently
under
the
conduct
of
Guy
Bishop
of
Auxerre
descend
into
Italy
,
and
vanquishing
Pallavicino
at
Brescia
,
without
meeting
any
resistance
,
they
come
to
Viterbo
:
from
whence
a
little
while
after
,
having
first
receiv'd
the
Popes
blessing
,
continuing
their
march
through
Vmbria
and
the
Countrey
of
Tagliacozzo
,
they
beat
the
Saracens
who
had
fled
thither
and
pursu'd
them
as
far
as
the
Garigliano
.
At
the
same
time
the
Romans
,
though
they
medled
not
with
the
Patrimony
of
the
Church
,
yet
they
threw
off
obedience
to
the
Pope
,
making
what
Magistrates
they
pleased
;
particularly
,
contrary
to
custom
,
by
which
they
were
to
chuse
for
Senator
a
Roman
onely
,
they
elected
one
Brancaleon
of
Bononia
,
a
man
of
a
great
spirit
and
very
politick
,
to
this
high
dignity
and
promised
him
great
advantages
;
but
this
humour
held
not
long
,
for
they
soon
altered
their
minds
and
clap'd
him
in
Prison
.
This
affront
gave
great
offence
to
the
Bononians
,
who
seizing
several
Romans
,
protested
they
would
never
release
them
,
but
upon
the
delivery
of
their
Brancaleon
;
which
so
wrought
upon
the
cautious
Romans
,
that
they
not
onely
released
him
,
but
restor'd
him
to
his
former
dignity
;
setting
up
also
another
Court
of
men
chosen
out
of
every
Ward
in
the
City
(
whom
they
called
Banderese
)
to
whom
they
committed
the
Power
of
life
and
death
.
The
Pope
plainly
found
the
reason
of
this
insolence
of
the
Romans
to
be
that
they
observ'd
how
Manfredus
had
plagu'd
him
and
that
he
was
not
able
to
help
himself
.
That
he
might
therefore
at
last
free
the
Church
from
the
tyranny
of
these
men
,
he
sent
Legates
to
Lewis
King
of
France
,
to
exhort
him
,
that
he
would
assoon
as
possible
send
his
Cousin
and
Son-in-law
Charles
Earl
of
Provence
and
Anjou
with
an
Army
into
Italy
;
he
intending
upon
the
expulsion
of
Manfredus
,
to
create
him
King
of
both
Sicilies
.
And
this
no
doubt
he
had
done
(
so
high
were
his
resentments
of
the
Ingratitude
of
Manfredus
)
if
sickness
had
not
taken
him
off
from
business
.
Which
yet
was
brought
to
pass
,
as
is
supposed
,
by
the
following
Pope
.
To
the
times
of
this
Pope
is
ascribed
Albertus
a
High
German
,
of
the
Order
of
Friers
Predicant
,
who
for
the
vastness
of
his
learning
got
the
Surname
of
Magnus
.
He
Commented
upon
all
the
Works
of
Aristotle
and
explain'd
the
Christian
Religion
with
great
acuteness
;
beside
he
wrought
very
accurately
concerning
the
secrets
of
Nature
;
He
also
put
forth
a
Book
de
Coaequaevis
,
wherein
he
endeavours
to
shew
the
little
difference
that
is
between
Theology
and
Natural
Philosophy
.
He
expounded
a
great
part
of
the
Holy
Bible
,
and
illustrated
the
Gospels
and
S.
Paul's
Epistles
with
excellent
Notes
.
He
began
also
a
Body
of
Divinity
,
but
liv'd
not
to
perfect
it
.
He
was
a
man
so
modest
and
so
much
given
to
Study
,
that
he
refused
the
Bishoprick
of
Ratisbon
,
because
it
could
not
be
manag'd
without
trouble
and
force
of
Arms
sometimes
,
as
the
Bishops
of
Germany
are
wont
to
do
.
He
liv'd
therefore
in
private
at
Cologn
reading
onely
some
publick
Lectures
.
At
length
he
died
there
in
the
eightieth
year
of
his
age
,
leaving
behind
him
many
Scholars
for
the
good
of
Posterity
,
especially
Thomas
Aquinas
,
who
leaving
his
Countrey
and
his
noble
kinred
(
for
he
deriv'd
his
pedigree
from
the
Counts
of
Apulia
)
and
going
to
Cologn
,
he
made
such
progress
in
learning
,
that
after
a
few
years
he
was
made
Professor
at
Paris
;
where
he
published
four
Books
upon
the
Sentences
,
and
wrote
a
Book
against
William
de
St.
Amour
a
pernicious
Fellow
;
Beside
he
put
forth
two
Books
,
one
de
qualitate
&
essentiis
,
the
other
de
principiis
naturae
.
At
last
he
was
sent
for
to
Rome
by
Vrban
,
but
refusing
those
promotions
that
were
offered
him
,
he
gave
himself
wholly
to
Reading
and
Writing
.
He
set
up
a
School
at
Rome
,
and
at
the
desire
of
Vrban
he
wrote
several
Pieces
,
and
ran
through
almost
all
Natural
and
Moral
Philosophy
with
Commentaries
,
and
set
forth
a
Book
contra
Gentiles
.
He
expounded
the
Book
of
Job
,
and
compiled
the
Catena
aurea
.
He
composed
also
an
Office
for
the
Sacrament
,
in
which
most
of
the
Types
of
the
old
Testament
are
explained
.
But
to
return
to
Vrban
,
he
died
at
Perugia
in
the
third
year
,
first
month
and
fourth
day
of
his
Pontificate
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Cathedral
Church
.
The
Sea
then
was
vacant
five
months
.
CLEMENT
IV.
CLEMENT
the
fourth
,
formerly
called
Guidodi
Fulcodio
,
a
Narbonnese
of
S.
Giles's
deserv'd
to
be
made
Pope
upon
the
account
of
his
Holiness
and
Learning
.
For
he
being
without
question
the
best
Lawyer
in
France
,
and
pleading
with
great
integrity
in
the
Kings
Court
,
was
created
(
after
the
death
of
his
Wife
by
whom
he
had
several
Children
)
first
of
all
Bishop
of
Pois
,
and
then
of
Harbonne
,
and
last
of
all
a
Cardinal
by
universal
consent
,
and
afterward
was
chosen
out
as
the
onely
Person
whose
sincerity
,
and
Authority
had
qualified
him
,
to
compose
the
Differences
between
Henry
King
of
England
,
and
Simon
Earl
of
Montford
.
As
soon
as
he
was
chosen
Pope
,
some
say
he
put
on
the
Habit
of
a
Religious
Mendicant
,
and
went
incognito
to
Perugia
.
Thither
immediately
went
the
Cardinals
,
who
having
chosen
him
Pope
though
in
his
absence
,
attended
upon
him
pompously
to
Viterbo
.
In
the
mean
time
Charles
,
whom
,
we
said
,
Pope
Vrban
sent
for
,
to
bestow
a
Kingdom
upon
him
,
set
out
from
Marseilles
with
thirty
Ships
,
and
coming
up
the
Tiber
arriv'd
at
Rome
:
Where
he
lived
as
a
Senator
so
long
by
the
Popes
order
,
till
certain
Cardinals
,
sent
from
his
Holiness
,
came
and
declared
him
King
of
Jerusalem
and
Sicily
in
the
Palace
of
St.
Giovanni
Laterano
:
upon
this
condition
,
that
Charles
should
take
an
Oath
to
pay
the
Sea
of
Rome
a
yearly
acknowledgment
of
forty
thousand
Crowns
:
and
should
not
accept
of
the
Roman
Empire
though
it
were
freely
offer'd
to
him
.
For
there
was
at
that
time
a
great
contest
for
the
Empire
between
Alphonsus
King
of
Castile
(
who
sought
to
procure
it
by
Power
and
bribery
too
)
and
the
Earl
of
Cor●wall
the
King
of
Englands
Brother
,
whom
the
Electors
had
no
great
thoughts
of
.
Therefore
lest
Manfred
should
hope
to
make
use
of
any
quarrels
between
Alphonsus
and
Charles
(
to
whom
many
people
said
the
Empire
was
justly
due
,
though
he
could
not
challenge
it
)
the
Pope
animated
Charles
against
Manfred
as
one
that
stood
in
Contempt
of
the
Roman
Church
.
For
Charles's
Army
was
already
gotten
over
the
Alpes
into
Italy
,
and
marching
through
Romagnia
,
had
brought
all
the
Soldiers
of
the
Guelphs
Party
as
far
as
Rome
.
From
whence
Charles
removed
,
and
took
not
onely
Ceperane
,
having
beaten
out
Manfred's
men
,
but
posted
himself
in
a
Forest
near
Cassino
,
which
Manfred
himself
had
undertaken
to
defend
:
although
his
mind
was
soon
alter'd
,
and
he
resolv'd
to
march
for
Benevento
,
to
expect
the
Enemy
in
plain
and
spacious
places
,
because
his
forces
consisted
most
of
Cavalry
.
Thither
also
did
Charles
move
;
and
assoon
as
he
had
an
opportunity
to
fight
,
did
not
decline
it
,
though
his
Soldiers
were
very
weary
with
travelling
.
Each
of
them
encouraged
their
men
to
engage
:
But
Charles
coming
to
relieve
a
Troop
of
his
Soldiers
,
that
were
like
to
be
worsted
,
more
eagerly
than
usually
(
as
in
such
cases
Military
Men
will
do
)
he
was
knock'd
down
from
his
Horse
,
at
which
the
Enemy
was
so
transported
,
that
Manfred
fought
carelesly
out
of
rank
and
file
▪
and
was
kill'd
;
which
,
when
Charles
appeared
again
straight
turn'd
the
fortune
of
the
Day
.
For
many
of
his
men
that
ran
away
were
kill'd
,
and
a
great
many
others
taken
Prisoners
.
Charles
having
obtain'd
so
great
a
Victory
removes
to
Benevento
and
marches
into
it
upon
a
voluntary
surrender
of
the
Citizens
.
From
thence
he
went
to
storm
Nocera
de
Pagani
,
where
both
the
modern
and
the
ancient
Saracens
lived
,
but
sent
his
Mareschal
into
Tuscany
with
five
hundred
Horse
,
to
restore
the
Guelphs
that
had
been
banished
,
into
their
own
Cities
.
He
was
no
sooner
come
thither
but
the
Gibbelins
departed
on
their
own
accord
,
and
he
without
any
disturbance
appointed
a
certain
number
of
Officers
at
Florence
,
which
the
neighbouring
Natives
call
the
Heads
of
the
Guelphian
Faction
.
Thence
he
moved
against
the
Sienneses
,
and
made
all
the
Gibellins
of
Tuscany
,
but
especially
those
of
Pisa
his
Enemies
,
because
he
besieged
Poggibonci
,
which
the
Gibellines
stoutly
defended
.
Now
when
Charles
had
reduced
both
Kingdoms
,
all
but
Nocera
de
Pagani
,
he
at
last
grants
the
Saracens
a
Peace
,
and
let
'em
live
in
Italy
upon
their
own
terms
,
as
they
thought
good
.
But
he
himself
with
his
Army
upon
the
Popes
invitation
,
went
to
Viterbo
,
where
Henry
,
banish'd
by
his
Brother
,
the
King
of
Castile
,
was
not
long
before
arrived
.
Of
whom
when
the
Pope
had
heard
Charles's
good
Character
,
he
was
so
pleased
with
it
,
that
he
presented
him
with
great
things
and
made
him
a
Senator
of
the
City
.
After
that
Charles
marched
into
Tuscany
,
to
suppress
the
Gibellins
,
who
desired
Corradin
a
young
Man
,
Nephew
to
Conrad
of
Schwaben
,
to
come
into
Italy
and
assist
them
against
the
Guelphs
.
And
seeing
that
he
could
not
take
Poggibonci
by
storm
,
because
it
was
so
well
fortified
both
by
Art
and
Nature
,
he
resolved
to
starve
it
into
a
Surrender
.
And
by
that
means
after
a
long
Siege
he
took
it
;
and
then
going
against
them
of
Pisa
,
he
took
a
Town
of
theirs
,
called
Mutrone
,
and
gave
it
to
the
State
of
Lucca
.
Charles
at
that
time
was
very
likely
to
have
done
greater
things
,
but
that
his
friends
called
him
hastily
home
to
his
Kingdom
by
reason
of
some
factious
People
that
favour'd
Corradin's
Party
,
but
most
of
all
upon
account
of
the
Saracens
,
whom
he
presently
shut
up
in
the
strong
Castles
of
Nocera
de
Pagani
,
that
he
might
go
the
safer
against
Corradin
,
whom
the
men
of
Pisa
endeavour'd
to
make
their
King
,
after
they
had
not
only
laid
waste
all
the
Countrey
of
Lucca
,
but
conquer'd
and
kill'd
Charles's
Mareschal
at
Arezzo
,
by
the
assistance
,
chiefly
,
of
Guido
of
Montferrat
,
and
all
the
Gibellin
faction
on
that
side
the
Alpes
.
They
say
,
that
as
the
Youth
passed
through
the
Countrey
near
Viterbo
toward
the
Kingdom
,
the
Pope
,
who
pitied
his
condition
,
said
in
a
Prophetick
manner
,
that
Corradin
himself
was
led
as
a
Sacrifice
to
the
slaughter
.
So
then
he
went
toward
Rome
,
and
was
met
at
Ponte
Molle
by
Henry
the
Senator
together
with
all
the
people
of
Rome
,
who
saluted
him
with
loud
acclamations
by
the
name
of
Emperor
;
but
whether
out
of
fear
or
love
,
is
not
well
known
.
At
Rome
he
dismissed
Guido
of
Montferrat
,
and
went
himself
in
all
haste
with
his
Army
toward
the
Kingdom
;
where
when
he
understood
how
Charles
had
taken
possession
of
Compagna
di
Roma
,
and
the
great
Road
that
goes
through
it
,
he
turn'd
away
to
the
Mountains
called
Tagliacocii
,
toward
Marsi
.
And
there
he
encamp'd
first
of
all
near
the
Lake
,
being
fortified
with
an
old
Conduit
,
and
ruinated
Houses
.
Charles
mov'd
that
way
too
,
and
pitch'd
his
Tents
within
ten
furlongs
of
him
at
the
entrance
of
an
hollow
Vale
;
where
by
advice
of
Alardus
a
Neapolitane
,
who
had
been
an
old
Soldier
in
Germany
,
he
immediately
sent
away
part
of
his
Army
under
the
command
of
his
Marshal
who
was
disguis'd
like
a
King
,
with
a
design
to
provoke
the
Enemy
.
But
he
himself
staid
the
mean
while
on
the
other
side
the
Hill
with
his
best
Soldiers
in
Ambuscade
to
wait
for
a
good
occasion
of
doing
his
business
effectually
.
They
fought
full
three
whole
hours
without
being
able
to
say
who
should
have
the
better
of
it
,
till
the
Marshal
who
behav'd
himself
very
bravely
,
fell
.
At
whose
death
the
French
began
to
give
back
,
but
the
Germans
were
more
brisk
than
ever
,
and
pursu'd
them
to
all
places
without
any
manner
of
Order
.
By
this
means
Charles
came
upon
'em
in
a
Confusion
,
routed
'em
and
made
'em
run
for
't
,
but
kill'd
a
great
many
of
'em
as
they
fled
.
Henry
the
Senator
was
taken
Prisoner
at
Rieti
whilst
he
endeavour'd
to
escape
;
and
Corradin
being
discover'd
at
the
same
time
with
the
Duke
of
Austria
,
as
he
attempted
to
pass
the
Tiber
and
go
by
Boat
into
Tuscany
,
was
brought
to
Charles
and
put
to
death
:
as
the
Pope
,
we
told
you
,
had
prophesied
it
would
shortly
happen
.
Charles
therefore
in
the
year
1268
,
after
so
great
a
Victory
,
and
having
made
himself
absolute
in
the
Kingdom
,
went
to
Rome
,
where
for
some
time
he
acted
as
a
Senator
by
the
Popes
permission
,
and
sent
his
Marshal
into
Tuscany
:
by
whose
pains
and
care
a
Peace
was
made
between
the
Sieneses
and
the
Florentines
.
But
when
Clement
was
dead
,
in
the
third
year
of
his
Popedom
,
and
twenty
first
day
,
and
buried
at
Viterbo
,
there
was
such
a
Difference
presently
not
onely
between
the
People
of
Italy
,
whom
the
godly
Pope
whilst
alive
had
by
his
Authority
,
and
awe
upon
them
,
kept
within
some
kind
of
measures
,
but
also
between
the
Cardinals
about
the
choice
of
a
new
Pope
,
that
the
Sea
was
void
two
years
.
At
that
time
Charles
,
who
took
a
great
care
,
that
the
Church
should
not
suffer
any
damage
,
went
with
part
of
his
Army
into
Tuscany
,
where
he
took
Poggibonci
(
the
place
from
whence
all
the
Troubles
sprang
)
and
sold
it
to
the
Florentines
.
Which
when
they
had
demolish'd
,
they
built
a
new
Town
,
not
far
from
thence
upon
a
plain
ground
,
which
they
call
Poggibonci
,
whereas
the
old
one
was
called
antiently
Bonitium
.
After
that
Charles
made
Peace
with
those
of
Pisa
,
whose
Ships
he
design'd
to
make
use
of
to
carry
him
over
into
Africk
,
and
then
intended
to
return
to
his
Kingdom
,
leaving
Ruffus
Earl
of
Anguillara
,
with
part
of
his
Army
in
Tuscany
,
to
keep
the
Tuscans
in
Order
.
In
the
mean
time
King
Lewis
set
sail
from
Marseilles
,
and
was
follow'd
by
three
of
his
Sons
,
Theobald
King
of
Navarre
,
and
the
Earl
of
Champaigne
,
together
with
an
Apostolical
Legate
.
All
these
arrived
at
Tunis
the
very
same
time
,
and
besieging
the
City
they
destroyed
all
that
ever
came
to
their
hands
.
But
a
Plague
happening
in
the
Camp
,
which
for
a
good
while
had
infected
none
but
inconsiderable
Persons
,
at
last
took
off
Lewis
with
his
youngest
Son
and
the
Legate
.
To
him
succeeded
Philip
his
Son
,
who
began
now
to
think
of
going
homeward
.
But
Charles
King
of
Sicily
coming
up
to
him
,
a
Peace
was
concluded
upon
this
Condition
,
that
the
Captives
on
both
sides
should
be
dismissed
,
and
the
King
of
the
Countrey
should
pay
Charles
a
certain
Tribute
,
besides
that
he
should
suffer
the
Gospel
to
be
freely
preach'd
in
his
Dominions
.
Then
they
brought
back
their
forces
into
Sicily
,
where
the
King
of
Navarre
,
and
the
Earl
of
Campaigne
died
at
Trapani
;
which
made
Philip
and
Charles
,
partly
for
Devotion
,
and
partly
to
avoid
the
Contagion
,
sail
to
Civitavecch●a
,
with
an
intent
to
go
from
thence
by
Land
to
Viterbo
,
where
the
Cardinals
were
still
contending
about
the
choice
of
a
Pope
.
For
they
imagin'd
,
that
the
presence
of
two
such
great
Kings
would
certainly
move
them
(
as
it
did
)
to
make
Theobald
of
Piacenza
,
Arch-deacon
of
Liege
,
Pope
,
though
he
were
absent
.
But
to
return
to
Clement
:
Whose
life
is
to
be
commended
in
every
part
of
it
for
his
Learning
,
Piety
,
Religion
,
Humanity
,
Charity
to
his
Neighbours
,
and
to
all
poor
Christians
.
As
for
the
goods
or
the
Church
,
he
distributed
them
at
such
a
rate
,
and
with
such
discretion
,
that
he
in
all
probability
gave
more
to
God
,
than
to
his
own
Relations
.
He
had
two
Daughters
by
his
Wife
who
died
before
his
Popedom
:
to
one
of
which
,
that
liv'd
in
a
Nunnery
,
he
gave
thirty
pounds
of
small
Deniers
Tournois
,
and
to
the
other
,
who
was
married
to
a
man
of
an
equal
fortune
,
he
ordered
a
portion
of
three
hundred
pounds
Tournois
,
upon
condition
she
should
never
ask
for
one
penny
more
.
He
had
besides
a
Nephew
that
was
a
Clergy-man
,
whom
when
he
found
to
have
three
Prebends
(
for
so
they
call
Canonries
)
he
forced
him
to
take
his
choice
,
which
of
'em
he
would
keep
and
leave
the
other
two
.
But
when
his
friends
were
urgent
with
him
not
onely
to
let
his
Nephew
enjoy
what
he
already
had
,
but
give
him
more
,
and
greater
preferments
,
the
Holy
Man
made
answer
,
(
I
would
the
Popes
in
our
time
would
follow
his
Example
)
that
he
would
obey
God
,
and
not
flesh
and
bloud
:
That
it
was
Gods
pleasure
,
what
belong'd
to
the
Church
should
be
bestow'd
to
charitable
uses
,
nor
was
he
worthy
to
be
S.
Peter's
Successor
,
who
would
give
more
to
his
Kindred
than
to
Religion
and
to
Christ
.
But
whilst
he
was
at
Viterbo
,
and
news
was
daily
brought
to
him
that
Ednigeth
,
a
Dutchess
of
Poland
,
who
had
been
long
dead
was
in
very
great
esteem
for
her
Miracles
,
he
canoniz'd
her
.
He
was
also
wonderfully
satisfied
with
the
Doctrine
of
Bonaventure
,
General
of
the
Order
of
Friers
Minors
,
who
at
that
time
wrote
gravely
,
and
copiously
upon
the
first
,
second
,
third
,
and
fourth
Books
of
the
Sentences
.
Now
the
Holy
Man
dying
with
such
a
Character
was
much
lamented
and
miss'd
by
all
men
.
And
hence
arose
the
Controversie
among
the
Cardinals
,
to
find
out
a
fit
Person
to
succeed
Clement
.
GREGORY
X.
GREGORY
the
tenth
,
formerly
called
Theo●ald
,
an
Italian
,
born
at
Piac●nza
,
and
Arch
deacon
of
Liege
,
was
created
Pope
by
the
Colledg
of
Cardinals
at
Viterbo
,
whilst
he
was
in
Asia
.
For
at
that
time
,
when
Lewis
went
into
Africa
,
Edward
,
Son
to
the
King
of
England
,
sailed
from
England
into
Asia
with
a
great
Navy
,
in
order
to
regain
the
holy
Land
.
But
staying
so
long
at
Ptolemais
,
till
Lewis
,
King
of
France
came
out
of
Africa
with
Victory
,
according
to
his
promise
,
he
was
stab'd
in
three
places
by
one
Arsacida
,
a
Companion
of
his
,
as
he
was
alone
in
his
Bed
chamber
,
and
by
the
assistance
of
another
friend
of
his
,
very
hardly
escaped
his
Death
.
For
that
other
person
held
the
Russians
hand
so
long
,
till
the
People
of
the
House
came
in
,
who
tare
treacherous
Arsacida
to
pieces
,
and
dragg'd
him
out
of
the
Room
.
But
Edward
,
when
he
was
cured
of
his
Wounds
,
had
a
great
esteem
for
his
friend
Theobald
,
because
he
continually
animated
all
Christian
Kings
and
Princes
against
the
Saracens
;
and
when
he
went
to
Rome
in
order
to
receive
the
Popedom
,
being
sent
for
by
the
Cardinals
,
who
had
elected
him
,
he
assisted
him
extraordinarily
with
a
Ship
,
with
Money
,
and
a
splendid
equipage
,
especially
at
that
time
,
when
Henry
a
Youth
,
and
Son
of
Richard
Earl
of
Cornwall
,
who
was
lately
dead
,
came
to
Viterbo
to
see
Clement
.
After
whose
death
,
staying
there
for
some
time
,
he
was
unluckily
kill'd
.
For
Guido
Monford
,
who
went
to
the
Cathedral
Church
along
with
Philip
the
French
King
,
to
hear
Divine
Service
,
stabbed
him
before
the
Altar
;
because
his
Father
Simon
had
been
basely
murther'd
in
England
by
Richard
.
He
having
reveng'd
his
Fathers
death
in
this
manner
,
he
escaped
with
safety
to
Ruffus
,
Governour
of
Tuscany
.
Not
long
after
Philip
and
Charles
,
vexed
at
such
an
Indignity
went
from
Viterbo
,
the
former
into
France
,
the
latter
into
Puglia
.
For
having
made
a
Peace
with
the
Saracens
,
Charles
went
along
with
Theobald
(
who
was
arrived
at
Siponto
,
now
call'd
Manfredonia
)
as
far
as
Ceperano
.
From
thence
his
Holiness
travell'd
through
Marsi
,
and
Sabini
to
Viterbo
:
where
he
was
receiv'd
by
the
Cardinals
with
all
Respect
and
Honour
imaginable
,
and
being
crown'd
with
the
Pontifical
Diadem
,
he
was
invested
with
all
the
Power
that
Christ
left
Peter
.
When
that
was
done
,
and
that
he
had
setled
the
Popedom
for
a
time
,
he
was
desirous
to
make
Peace
between
the
Genoeses
and
the
Venetians
.
For
these
two
States
had
been
engaged
one
with
another
in
great
and
bloudy
Conflicts
for
a
long
time
.
Upon
this
account
Philip
King
of
France
,
who
tarried
at
Cremona
,
was
prevail'd
upon
by
the
Pope
to
send
for
the
Genoese
,
and
Venetian
Embassadors
,
and
made
a
Peace
between
'em
for
five
years
,
that
they
might
all
go
in
one
body
against
the
Saracens
.
Italy
was
now
quiet
,
when
the
beginning
of
an
universal
disorder
rose
from
the
Venetians
now
Exactions
.
For
they
made
a
Law
,
that
no
one
should
sail
in
the
Adriatick
,
especially
from
Pola
to
Venice
,
unless
they
paid
a
Gabel
according
to
the
value
of
their
goods
.
But
the
Bologneses
could
not
endure
this
,
as
being
at
that
time
masters
of
a
great
part
of
Romagna
,
and
therefore
for
three
years
together
they
fought
the
Venetians
with
great
variety
of
Fortune
.
At
last
being
tired
out
they
accepted
of
a
Peace
upon
this
Condition
,
that
they
should
demolish
a
Castle
,
which
they
had
built
upon
the
very
mouth
of
Po
,
that
they
should
have
free
leave
to
carry
out
some
goods
that
were
there
,
and
then
the
Venetians
should
have
the
sole
custody
of
the
Mouth
of
the
River
Po.
They
also
of
Ancona
were
offended
,
that
the
Venetians
challenged
the
absolute
dominion
of
the
Adriatick
Sea
,
and
exacted
Custom
from
those
that
sailed
there
.
And
hereof
they
complain'd
to
the
Pope
,
whose
Duty
it
is
to
see
,
that
no
new
Taxes
be
imposed
.
He
therefore
immediately
commanded
the
Venetians
,
to
take
off
that
Imposition
,
who
answered
him
in
these
very
words
.
That
the
Pope
did
not
perfectly
understand
the
matter
,
and
that
when
he
did
,
he
would
be
able
to
judg
better
of
it
.
Gregory
could
not
make
an
end
of
this
matter
to
his
mind
:
because
he
was
forced
to
go
to
the
Council
,
which
he
had
called
at
Lyons
.
Thither
also
went
Paleologus
Emperor
of
Constantinople
with
a
great
Retinue
;
and
made
the
Greeks
comply
and
subscribe
to
the
Opinion
of
the
Church
of
Rome
now
the
thirteenth
time
,
they
having
so
often
revolted
.
Nay
farther
,
some
Noblemen
of
Tartary
were
induced
by
his
Authority
to
receive
Baptism
.
Mean
time
,
the
Western
Empire
being
vacant
,
Rodolphus
,
Earl
of
Assia
is
made
Emperor
by
the
Electors
,
upon
condition
that
he
would
go
to
Rome
the
next
year
,
to
receive
the
Crown
there
.
But
the
Florentines
who
were
Guelphs
immediately
turned
out
their
Countrymen
the
Gibellins
,
though
they
had
been
restored
to
their
Countrey
by
Gregory
,
as
he
went
into
France
.
At
which
the
Pope
was
so
angry
,
that
he
interdicted
them
from
all
benefit
of
the
Law
,
and
was
very
near
doing
the
same
thing
by
the
Bologneses
,
who
had
ejected
the
Lambertescii
and
the
Asinelli
,
Gibellins
of
noble
Families
:
but
they
suffer'd
for
it
not
long
after
.
For
when
they
went
to
fight
against
the
Forleses
,
that
had
kindly
entertain'd
some
persons
whom
they
had
banish'd
;
't
is
said
,
eight
thousand
of
the
Bologneses
were
slain
at
one
Sally
from
the
Town
.
Upon
which
misfortune
some
Cities
of
Romagna
grew
confident
,
and
immediately
revolted
from
the
Bologneses
themselves
.
Especially
Cervia
,
from
whence
they
received
a
great
Revenue
out
of
Salt
.
But
Gregory
when
he
had
dismissed
the
Council
at
Lyons
,
in
which
many
Decrees
were
made
,
relating
to
the
choice
of
Popes
,
the
expedition
against
the
Saracens
,
the
union
of
the
Greek
and
Latin
Churches
,
and
the
peace
of
Christendom
,
as
he
was
going
into
Italy
,
he
met
Alphonso
King
of
Castile
at
Bellocadoro
,
complaining
grievously
that
he
had
given
the
Empire
to
Rodulphus
.
But
when
the
Pope
had
satisfied
him
,
he
resign'd
all
his
right
to
Rodulphus
.
The
Pope
was
very
kindly
receiv'd
by
all
the
Italians
as
he
travell'd
through
Tuscany
,
but
shunn'd
the
Florentines
on
purpose
,
and
went
to
Arezzo
,
lest
they
should
have
prevailed
with
him
to
take
off
his
Interdiction
,
At
Arezzo
he
died
in
the
fourth
year
,
second
month
,
and
tenth
day
of
his
Pontificate
and
there
he
was
buried
.
He
was
a
Man
of
an
extraordinary
Reputation
through
his
whole
Life
,
for
Prudence
in
the
conduct
of
his
Affairs
,
for
Courage
,
and
greatness
of
Mind
,
that
made
him
contemn
Money
and
all
mean
things
:
for
humanity
,
clemency
,
bounty
to
poor
Christians
,
and
those
especially
that
fled
for
refuge
into
the
bosom
of
the
Apostolick
Sea
.
INNOCENT
V.
INNOCENT
the
fifth
,
formerly
called
Peter
of
Tarantaise
,
a
Burgundian
,
a
Dominican
,
a
man
very
learned
in
holy
Writ
was
created
Pope
at
Arezzo
in
the
year
of
our
Lord
1275.
From
thence
not
long
after
he
went
to
Rome
,
where
he
was
crown'd
in
S.
Peter's
Church
,
and
from
that
time
immediately
apply'd
himself
to
compose
the
Affairs
of
Italy
.
To
this
end
he
sent
Legats
(
men
of
great
Authority
)
to
command
not
onely
the
people
of
Tuscany
(
who
conspir'd
the
ruin
of
those
of
Pisa
)
but
also
the
Genoeses
and
Venetians
(
who
were
mortal
Enemies
)
to
quit
their
Arms.
Assistant
to
them
were
the
Embassadors
of
Charles
,
the
King
,
by
whose
Awe
over
them
he
hoped
to
have
his
business
done
more
to
his
mind
.
The
People
of
Tuscany
did
as
he
commanded
them
,
but
especially
the
Florentines
,
whom
the
Pope
absolv'd
from
Gregory's
Interdiction
upon
that
very
score
:
But
the
Genoeses
and
Venetians
,
whose
hatred
was
more
inveterate
,
were
still
in
Arms
,
perpetually
butchering
each
other
:
and
yet
Innocent
,
if
he
had
lived
a
little
longer
,
had
brought
them
over
to
his
Opinion
;
so
zealous
he
was
in
that
matter
.
But
he
died
in
the
sixth
month
and
second
day
of
his
Pontificate
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Lateran
Church
.
Now
the
secular
Priests
had
no
great
reason
to
lament
his
death
by
reason
of
a
Sentence
which
he
gave
just
before
he
dy'd
.
For
when
there
arose
a
Dispute
between
the
Priests
of
the
Cathedral
Church
,
and
the
Friers
Preachers
concerning
the
body
of
Clement
the
fourth
(
for
each
Order
desired
to
have
the
disposing
of
it
)
he
gave
judgment
that
it
ought
to
be
committed
to
the
Friers
;
for
he
said
his
Holiness
had
order'd
it
so
whilst
he
was
alive
.
Upon
this
account
Innocent
was
a
little
maligned
:
but
was
otherwise
a
very
good
Man
,
and
such
a
Person
from
whom
those
of
his
time
might
have
expected
all
the
good
imaginable
.
ADRIAN
V.
ADRIAN
the
fifth
,
a
Genoese
,
of
the
Family
of
the
Flisci
,
before
called
Othobon
,
was
made
Pope
at
Rome
in
the
Court
of
the
Lateran
.
He
was
Innocent
the
fourth's
Nephew
;
by
whom
he
was
created
Cardinal
Deacon
of
S.
Adrian
,
and
sent
Legat
into
England
with
plenary
Power
to
compose
the
differences
between
that
King
and
his
Barons
.
Assoon
as
he
was
made
Pope
he
presently
went
to
Viterbo
,
and
invites
Rodulphus
the
Emperor
into
Italy
,
to
lessen
the
Power
of
Charles
,
who
at
that
time
did
what
he
pleas'd
at
Rome
.
But
Rodulphus
being
ingaged
in
the
Bohemian
War
,
could
not
comply
with
Adrian
.
In
the
mean
time
Charles
was
very
cautious
,
to
avoid
the
envy
of
the
World
,
and
turn'd
all
the
stress
of
the
War
upon
Achaia
,
so
to
make
his
way
toward
the
Empire
of
Constantinople
.
But
Adrian
dying
in
the
fortieth
day
of
his
Pontificate
,
he
came
back
into
Italy
.
This
Pope
died
at
Viterbo
before
his
consecration
,
and
was
buried
in
a
Convent
of
Freres
Minors
.
He
had
an
intention
not
onely
more
and
more
to
secure
the
Churches
Patrimony
from
Tyrants
,
but
also
to
reduce
Gregory's
Decree
for
the
Choice
of
a
Pope
into
a
better
method
,
not
totally
to
abolish
it
.
But
Death
obstructed
his
endeavours
,
and
withstood
the
greatness
of
his
Mind
.
The
Sea
at
that
time
was
vacant
twenty
eight
days
.
JOHN
XXII
.
JOHN
the
Twenty-Second
,
a
Spaniard
,
born
at
Lisbon
,
and
formerly
call'd
Peter
,
was
made
Pope
,
being
then
Bishop
of
Frascati
.
Who
,
though
he
were
reckon'd
a
very
learned
man
,
yet
by
his
ignorance
in
business
,
and
the
unevenness
of
his
Conversation
he
did
the
Popedom
more
injury
than
Honour
or
kindness
.
For
he
did
many
things
that
argued
him
to
be
guilty
of
Folly
and
Levity
:
and
does
not
deserve
commendations
unless
it
be
for
one
thing
;
and
that
was
;
that
he
assisted
young
Scholars
especially
the
poorer
sort
with
money
and
preferments
.
At
that
time
the
Venetians
infested
those
of
Ancona
for
Merchandizing
in
Dalmatia
without
paying
any
custom
to
the
Venetians
:
and
yet
the
Pope
himself
to
whom
they
were
tributary
,
did
not
protect
them
as
he
should
have
done
;
but
onely
seemed
ready
with
his
Tongue
to
say
what
he
was
too
much
a
Coward
ever
to
do
.
Nevertheless
,
the
Anconeses
,
though
the
Pope
would
not
aid
them
,
took
courage
and
made
a
Sally
so
briskly
,
that
they
rais'd
the
Siege
,
and
drave
the
Venetians
from
the
Town
a
good
way
,
not
without
considerable
damage
to
them
.
By
the
advice
of
John
Cajetan
(
who
govern'd
all
things
at
that
time
,
for
that
he
was
made
Pope
by
his
assistance
and
the
Votes
he
procured
)
he
sent
Legats
to
Paleologus
,
and
all
the
Western
Kings
,
to
exhort
'em
in
his
name
,
that
they
would
make
Peace
with
one
another
,
and
bend
their
Forces
against
the
Saracens
and
other
Enemies
of
Christianity
.
The
Man
was
a
Fool
to
promise
himself
a
long
Life
,
and
to
tell
every
body
he
should
live
a
great
while
:
because
every
body
knew
his
life
and
Conversation
;
he
was
so
immodest
,
and
so
sottish
.
But
behold
,
as
he
was
betraying
his
Folly
to
all
that
were
about
him
,
a
certain
new
Apartment
that
he
had
built
in
the
Palace
at
Viterbo
fell
down
all
of
the
sudden
,
and
he
was
found
among
the
Wood
and
the
stones
seven
days
after
the
fall
of
it
:
but
he
receiv'd
the
Sacraments
of
the
Church
and
then
died
in
the
eighth
month
of
his
Pontificate
,
and
was
buried
at
Viterbo
.
He
was
a
Man
(
as
I
said
before
)
of
great
Learning
but
little
Prudence
.
For
he
wrote
many
Tracts
in
his
life
,
especially
certain
Rules
relating
to
Physick
:
for
he
was
counted
a
very
good
Physician
.
He
wrote
also
another
Book
and
called
it
Thesaurus
Pauperum
,
or
the
Poors
Treasure
,
and
set
out
Problems
in
imitation
of
Aristotle
.
But
't
is
certain
,
however
it
comes
to
be
so
,
that
many
very
learned
Men
are
not
at
all
fit
for
business
.
Yet
I
need
not
doubt
how
it
comes
to
pass
,
but
take
it
rather
for
a
greater
Wonder
,
if
he
that
takes
pleasure
in
Contemplation
,
should
apply
his
mind
to
Wordly
Affairs
too
.
NICOLAS
III.
NICOLAS
the
Third
,
a
Roman
,
of
the
Family
of
the
Vrsini
,
formerly
called
John
Cajetan
,
was
made
Pope
at
last
,
after
the
Election
had
been
six
months
in
suspence
,
by
reason
of
a
great
Contest
that
was
among
the
Cardinals
.
Now
the
King
of
Sicily
as
Senator
,
had
the
guard
of
the
Conclave
at
that
time
,
and
was
very
urgent
with
'em
,
to
chuse
a
French-man
.
But
Nicolas
,
assoon
as
he
began
his
Reign
,
in
the
year
1278
,
resolv'd
to
restrain
Charles's
Power
,
and
took
from
him
the
Lieutenancy
of
Tuscany
;
because
,
he
said
,
that
Rodulphus
took
it
ill
,
and
would
not
perform
his
promise
of
going
upon
the
Expedition
into
the
holy
Land
upon
any
other
terms
,
since
Tuscany
was
reckon'd
to
belong
to
the
jurisdiction
of
the
Empire
.
Though
the
Pope
gain'd
this
point
,
yet
he
reduced
Romagna
and
Bologna
it self
together
with
the
Exarchate
of
Ravenna
,
which
at
that
time
were
under
the
Emperor
,
and
made
'em
subject
to
himself
.
And
thither
he
sent
Bertholdus
his
Nephew
,
who
was
declared
Earl
of
Romagna
.
He
sent
also
another
Nephew
of
his
that
was
a
Cardinal
,
called
Latinus
,
Legat
into
Tuscany
;
who
restored
the
Gibellins
in
all
places
,
and
imposed
what
Officers
he
pleased
upon
the
Citizens
at
Florence
and
in
other
parts
of
Tuscany
.
But
the
Office
of
Senator
,
which
used
to
be
granted
,
or
committed
to
Kings
and
Princes
,
he
discharg'd
himself
alone
.
He
would
not
see
the
Embassadors
from
the
Venetians
(
who
at
that
time
harass'd
the
Anconeses
with
War
)
and
so
they
departed
.
But
he
called
'em
back
,
and
chid
'em
severely
;
nay
he
threaten'd
to
ruin
their
City
,
if
they
did
not
desist
from
besieging
,
or
storming
Ancona
.
At
length
when
both
parties
had
suffer'd
great
inconveniencies
,
they
made
a
Peace
upon
equal
terms
.
But
this
Pope
had
a
mind
to
create
two
Kings
,
both
of
the
Vrsini
;
one
of
Tuscany
,
and
the
other
of
Lombardy
;
to
keep
those
Germans
on
the
one
side
(
that
inhabit
part
of
the
Alps
)
and
the
French
on
the
other
side
,
that
lived
in
Sicily
and
Naples
,
within
their
bounds
.
And
to
bring
it
about
,
he
persuaded
Peter
King
of
Aragon
,
to
endeavour
the
recovery
of
the
Kingdom
of
Sicily
upon
the
title
of
his
Wife
Constantia
who
was
heir
to
it
:
And
he
took
the
Honour
of
Senator
from
Charles
and
conferr'd
it
upon
himself
;
and
made
an
everlasting
Edict
,
that
no
King
or
Prince
should
dare
to
sue
for
,
or
bear
that
Office
.
This
Nicolas
(
as
Authors
say
)
was
a
man
of
great
courage
and
conduct
,
and
so
perfect
in
his
life
and
conversation
,
that
in
Italian
he
was
commonly
called
il
Composto
or
Composto
.
He
was
a
lover
and
admirer
of
learned
men
,
especially
of
those
who
had
Learning
mingled
with
prudence
and
Religion
.
But
he
was
reckon'd
impartial
to
all
in
the
distribution
of
honours
and
dignities
.
For
at
his
first
Ordination
,
he
chose
a
Bishop
for
Alba
out
of
the
Order
of
Minors
,
for
Ostia
and
Porto
out
of
the
Preachers
.
The
Bishops
of
Palestrina
and
Trescat
,
were
Seculars
.
He
created
besides
these
,
two
Cardinal-Priests
,
that
is
to
say
,
Gerard
,
with
the
Title
of
the
Twelve
Apostles
,
and
Jerome
of
the
Order
of
Minors
,
with
the
Title
of
S.
Pudentiana
.
To
them
he
added
two
Deacons
,
that
is
to
say
,
Jordan
his
Brother
,
Cardinal
of
S.
Eustachius
,
a
man
of
much
Learning
and
innocence
;
and
James
Colonna
of
S.
Maries
in
Via
lata
,
a
person
of
great
Religion
and
gravity
.
He
adorn'd
,
and
enlarged
the
Papal
Palace
with
other
Buildings
which
he
added
.
For
he
built
a
convenient
house
nigh
S
,
Peters
(
part
of
which
is
yet
to
be
seen
)
which
Nicolas
the
fifth
afterward
repair'd
to
his
great
cost
and
charge
.
He
also
walled
S.
Peter's
Garden
,
which
now
they
call
Belvedere
.
Then
he
repair'd
S.
Peter's
Church
when
it
was
ready
to
fall
with
age
,
and
adorn'd
it
with
the
Pictures
of
the
Popes
.
The
same
he
did
in
S.
Pauls
.
More
than
all
this
,
he
advanced
divine
Worship
most
wonderfully
,
by
encreasing
the
number
of
Canons
,
and
the
provision
that
had
been
made
for
those
who
serv'd
in
Churches
.
Again
,
he
divided
the
Ecclesiastick
Orders
and
appointed
to
each
their
Offices
.
He
likewise
assigned
every
one
his
Lodging
,
that
even
Strangers
might
know
where
every
Officer
,
especially
the
chief
Officer
was
to
be
found
.
He
finish'd
the
Lateran
Palace
which
was
begun
before
by
Adrian
the
fifth
.
He
built
the
Sancta
Sanctorum
from
the
ground
,
after
the
first
Chappel
was
ruin'd
with
age
:
and
beautified
the
Church
it self
with
Mosaic
work
(
as
it
is
now
to
be
seen
)
and
with
plaister
of
Marble
.
And
thither
he
removed
the
Apostles
heads
,
till
he
had
reqair'd
St.
John's
Church
at
his
own
Charge
.
But
when
it
was
finish'd
,
he
presently
brought
'em
back
again
,
in
Silver
Cases
made
by
his
Order
,
and
,
attended
by
all
the
People
,
he
laid
'em
up
in
the
Chappel
which
was
built
for
the
purpose
.
The
same
day
he
consecrated
the
Church
,
that
is
,
upon
the
eighth
of
July
.
Some
Historians
say
,
that
no
one
ever
said
Mass
with
more
Devotion
than
he
;
for
during
the
performance
of
that
Divine
Office
,
he
constantly
wept
.
He
was
very
godly
,
and
such
a
Lover
of
the
Friers
Minors
for
that
they
contemn'd
the
World
,
that
he
has
explain'd
many
doubts
relating
to
that
Order
in
a
decretal
Epistle
.
When
Churches
were
void
,
there
never
was
a
Pope
,
that
took
care
sooner
or
more
deliberately
;
giving
them
to
the
best
and
the
fittest
Men
he
could
find
.
For
he
first
look'd
into
a
mans
life
and
his
Learning
,
and
then
gave
immediately
the
vacant
Seas
to
those
that
he
thought
worthy
.
For
he
used
to
say
Delays
were
dangerous
;
because
there
were
such
men
in
the
World
,
as
would
commit
Sacriledg
with
all
their
hearts
.
He
could
not
endure
Proctors
,
and
Attornies
,
because
they
liv'd
upon
the
bloud
of
the
Poor
;
and
those
that
went
to
Law
,
but
hated
them
as
a
Plague
:
in
which
he
imitated
Gregory
X.
and
John
XXI
.
But
because
there
were
great
corruptions
among
Magistrates
in
all
places
;
he
ordain'd
,
that
all
Offices
should
be
annual
only
;
and
if
any
one
durst
to
hold
'em
longer
,
he
was
liable
to
an
Anathema
,
from
which
he
could
not
be
absolv'd
but
by
the
Pope
himself
.
Besides
these
things
he
did
a
great
many
more
for
the
good
of
the
Clergy
and
all
Christian
People
,
as
it
appears
in
his
Titles
.
And
yet
he
had
his
faults
too
,
amidst
all
these
commendations
.
For
he
is
said
to
have
lov'd
his
Relations
to
such
a
degree
,
as
that
he
would
rob
others
to
give
to
them
.
For
he
took
Castles
from
some
Noble
Romans
,
and
gave
'em
to
his
own
kindred
,
particularly
that
at
Soriano
;
Where
,
though
he
was
a
most
temperate
man
,
yet
he
died
suddenly
in
the
third
year
,
eighth
month
,
and
fifteenth
day
of
his
Pontificate
.
Whose
death
they
say
some
body
foretold
by
a
presage
drawn
from
the
swelling
of
the
River
Tiber.
For
it
rose
so
high
,
that
it
was
four
feet
and
more
above
the
Altar
in
round
S.
Maries
.
But
his
body
was
carried
to
Rome
and
buried
in
the
Chappel
of
S.
Nicolas
which
he
built
in
S.
Peter's
,
in
a
Marble
Tomb
beautified
with
Fret-work
,
still
to
be
seen
,
An.
Dom.
1280.
eight
days
after
the
Assumption
.
This
year
Charles
the
King
,
adorn'd
,
and
honour'd
the
Body
of
S.
Magdalen
,
which
S.
Maximin
had
buried
in
a
Town
of
his
own
name
,
with
a
more
magnificent
Tomb
and
a
bigger
Chappel
:
and
laid
her
head
up
in
a
Silver
Case
separate
from
her
body
.
Now
they
say
,
that
upon
the
death
of
Nicolas
,
the
Sea
was
vacant
five
months
.
For
whilst
the
Cardinals
were
about
electing
a
new
Pope
at
Viterbo
,
and
one
Richard
,
of
the
Family
of
the
Hannibals
(
which
is
the
best
in
all
Rome
)
was
Keeper
of
the
Conclave
,
two
Cardinals
of
the
Vrsini
did
what
they
could
to
hinder
the
Election
,
unless
Richard
,
who
was
a
bitter
Enemy
to
the
Vrsini
,
would
restore
Vrsus
,
Nephew
to
Nicolas
lately
deceased
,
to
his
Government
of
Viterbo
,
from
which
he
had
not
long
before
deposed
him
.
For
this
reason
the
people
of
Viterbo
sided
with
Richard
,
went
into
the
Conclave
,
took
the
Cardinals
and
imprison'd
them
.
Which
when
it
was
known
at
Rome
,
the
same
faction
of
the
Hannibals
drove
the
Vrsini
out
of
the
City
:
who
seeing
they
were
forced
to
depart
,
went
all
together
,
and
retir'd
as
far
as
Proeneste
.
So
that
the
French
Cardinals
(
when
the
Vrsini
were
gone
)
out-voted
the
Italians
,
and
chose
a
French
Pope
about
the
end
of
the
fifth
month
.
MARTIN
IV.
MARTIN
the
fourth
,
formerly
called
Simon
,
a
Cardinal
Priest
of
S.
Caecilie
,
and
a
French
man
of
Tours
,
being
chosen
Pope
,
would
not
be
crown'd
at
Viterbo
,
because
he
thought
that
City
ought
not
to
be
made
use
of
in
such
a
solemn
occasion
,
where
the
Cardinals
had
been
so
assaulted
.
And
therefore
he
went
to
Orvieto
,
an
ancient
City
,
and
there
performed
all
the
Ceremonies
upon
the
23d
day
of
March.
And
upon
Easter
day
he
created
six
Cardinals
;
of
which
the
Earl
of
Millain
had
the
Title
of
S.
Marcellin
and
Peter
;
and
Benedict
Cajetanus
had
that
of
S.
Nicolas
in
the
Prison
.
As
for
Charles
,
the
King
,
he
not
onely
receiv'd
him
kindly
when
he
came
to
him
,
but
he
gave
him
his
former
Senatorian
Dignity
,
whereof
Nicolas
had
deprived
him
.
But
this
was
not
so
very
well
approv'd
on
by
all
,
because
it
was
like
to
cause
great
Tumults
in
the
City
,
the
Vrsini
being
now
restored
and
the
Hannibali
banish'd
.
For
Charles
was
a
mighty
Enemy
to
the
Vrsini
,
for
Nicolas's
sake
,
whom
he
hated
.
For
this
reason
John
,
to
revenge
the
injuries
done
to
his
Brother
Latinus
,
and
in
defence
of
the
Dignity
conferr'd
upon
himself
by
the
Romans
,
got
a
good
Army
together
,
and
marching
toward
Viterbo
,
spoiled
all
their
Countrey
far
and
near
.
But
Martin
,
who
was
then
in
Montefiascone
,
being
concern'd
at
the
misery
of
the
Viterbeses
,
sent
Matthew
,
a
Cardinal
of
the
Vrsine
Family
to
Rome
in
all
haste
to
compose
the
business
;
who
took
John
,
the
Captain
of
the
Roman
People
,
whom
he
met
upon
the
Road
,
along
with
him
.
Thither
came
all
the
Heads
of
the
Factions
by
command
from
the
Legat
,
especially
Richard
Hannibal
,
to
be
absolved
by
the
Legat
from
that
Interdiction
,
that
he
incurr'd
at
Viterbo
,
for
breaking
into
the
Conclave
,
and
imprisoning
the
Cardinals
Vrsini
.
He
therefore
laid
himself
at
the
Cardinals
feet
,
with
a
Rope
about
his
neck
,
(
as
the
greatest
sign
of
penitence
)
and
after
he
had
beg'd
pardon
was
absolv'd
.
Peace
being
thus
made
between
both
the
factions
,
and
the
Roman
Army
called
back
from
plundering
the
Viterboses
,
the
Pope
immediately
grants
the
Romans
a
Power
to
choose
two
Senators
out
of
themselves
,
that
should
govern
the
City
.
Accordingly
two
were
chosen
,
Hannibal
,
Son
of
Peter
Hannibali
,
and
Pandulphus
Savelli
,
who
ruled
the
City
very
well
all
the
time
they
were
in
Office
:
Especially
at
that
time
when
Pope
Martin
,
at
the
request
of
Charles
King
of
Sicily
,
excommunicated
Palaeologus
for
not
keeping
the
Articles
of
Alliance
made
between
them
.
But
then
Palaeologus
fearing
Charles's
Power
,
made
a
private
League
with
Peter
King
of
Aragon
,
who
laid
claim
to
the
Kingdom
of
Sicily
in
right
of
his
Wife
Constantia
,
Manfred's
Daughter
and
Corradin's
Niece
.
Hereupon
they
prepared
a
great
Navy
at
the
common
charge
of
'em
both
:
which
made
the
Pope
send
to
Peter
,
to
know
of
him
,
what
he
meant
by
all
those
preparations
.
Peter
told
him
,
that
if
he
thought
his
Shirt
could
know
what
his
intentions
were
,
he
would
tear
it
from
his
Body
.
So
the
Legat
went
away
without
any
satisfaction
:
And
Peter
when
he
had
gotten
his
Navy
ready
sails
into
Africa
,
where
he
pillaged
the
Coast
at
Tunis
extreamly
,
and
then
returning
into
Sardinia
expected
to
hear
of
some
new
commotions
in
Sicily
by
the
contrivance
of
John
Prochita
,
according
to
an
agreement
they
had
made
.
In
the
mean
time
new
broils
arose
in
Lombardy
.
For
the
Viconti
a
noble
Family
there
,
under
the
command
of
Luchino
,
drave
the
Turriani
another
potent
Family
out
of
Millain
.
Which
Luchino
was
afterwards
sent
as
Lieutenant
to
the
Emperor
into
Tuscany
,
where
he
resided
at
St.
Miniato
,
and
plagued
the
Fl●rentines
and
Luccases
with
grievous
incursions
,
not
regarding
the
Popes
interdictions
,
with
which
he
thought
to
have
affrighted
him
from
troubling
these
his
Friends
and
Allies
.
Those
also
of
Perugia
were
now
in
Arms
,
and
did
so
press
the
Fuligneses
,
that
they
took
their
City
,
and
demolish'd
part
of
the
Walls
.
Thereupon
the
Pope
excommunicated
'em
;
but
paying
a
good
sum
of
money
to
him
for
penance
they
soon
obtained
his
pardon
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Sicilians
,
whose
motions
Peter
attended
in
Sardinia
,
could
no
longer
endure
the
pride
and
licentiousness
of
the
French
,
and
therefore
were
persuaded
by
John
Prochita
to
enter
into
a
Conspiracy
against
Charl●s
,
that
upon
such
a
day
in
the
Evening
when
they
should
hear
such
a
Bell
ring
,
they
should
fall
on
and
kill
the
French
without
respect
to
Sex
or
Age.
In
which
action
't
is
said
,
they
were
so
true
to
their
barbarous
Promise
,
that
even
those
Sicilian
Women
were
killed
who
were
with
Child
by
French
men
;
Hence
comes
it
that
the
Sicilian
Vespers
is
grown
a
By-word
for
any
great
Massacre
.
At
this
time
Guido
Appius
met
with
ill
fortune
,
when
he
was
sent
in
the
Popes
name
with
eight
hundred
French
Horse
to
recover
Ro●agna
.
For
as
they
sate
before
Forli
,
and
the
Citizens
would
fain
have
s●l●ied
out
,
one
Guido
Bonatus
an
excellent
Astrologer
▪
exhored
his
fellow
Citizens
to
wait
till
such
time
as
the
Stars
should
promise
good
luck
,
and
make
their
Sally
when
he
gave
'em
the
Signal
.
They
did
as
he
would
have
them
,
and
breaking
forth
in
the
very
nick
of
time
they
kill'd
Guido
and
almost
all
his
French
men
.
Thus
was
that
City
freed
from
a
great
Siege
.
But
Charles
when
he
heard
how
the
Sicilians
had
revolted
,
and
of
their
cruelty
too
,
went
over
into
Sicily
with
a
very
considerable
Army
.
And
first
he
besieged
Messina
,
which
he
had
certainly
taken
by
Surrender
,
but
that
the
French
,
desirous
of
Revenge
had
threaten'd
to
raze
the
City
.
Besides
Peter
of
Aragon
,
who
expected
(
as
I
told
you
)
such
commotions
,
no
sooner
heard
of
it
,
but
he
comes
over
with
all
speed
from
Sardinia
into
Sicily
,
and
arriving
at
Palermo
,
he
was
very
kindly
received
by
the
Citizens
and
all
the
other
Sicilians
,
who
also
saluted
him
by
the
name
of
King
,
whilst
all
the
Rabble
flock'd
about
him
.
Charles
was
frighted
at
this
,
and
therefore
leaving
Messina
he
went
immediately
into
Calabria
,
to
stay
for
his
Son
the
Prince
of
Salerno
,
who
,
he
knew
would
come
very
shortly
out
of
the
Province
of
Narbonne
with
some
Recruits
.
Charles
expostulated
with
Peter
of
Aragon
,
that
he
who
was
his
Relation
,
nay
of
the
same
bloud
too
should
dare
to
invade
his
Kingdom
.
To
which
he
reply'd
,
that
he
was
so
compassionate
,
as
that
he
could
not
deny
his
assistance
to
a
miserable
people
that
were
so
hardly
used
:
though
he
said
too
,
that
the
Kingdom
belong'd
to
him
by
right
of
inheritance
,
as
he
was
Husband
to
Constantia
,
Monford's
Daughter
,
and
Corradins
Niece
.
At
last
when
words
grew
high
on
both
sides
,
it
came
to
a
Duel
;
upon
this
condition
though
,
that
each
King
should
have
an
hundred
men
along
with
him
,
as
being
to
engage
in
such
a
weighty
Combat
,
and
the
place
where
they
were
to
fight
was
to
be
Bourdeaux
.
For
both
these
Kings
were
akin
to
the
King
of
England
,
who
with
the
assistance
of
Pope
Martin
at
length
made
up
the
difference
.
But
when
Peter
,
for
all
that
,
made
War
upon
Charles
,
Martin
sent
Gerard
,
Cardinal
of
Parma
,
his
Legat
to
Naples
,
not
onely
to
keep
the
People
in
Allegiance
to
him
,
but
to
assist
him
who
was
but
a
youth
with
good
counsel
and
the
awe
of
his
presence
.
But
when
Peter
had
sent
Rogeris
Lorias
,
his
Admiral
to
Naples
,
Charles
moved
toward
the
Enemy
and
not
far
from
Naples
was
conquer'd
with
the
loss
of
a
great
many
men
:
nor
onely
so
,
but
he
was
taken
,
and
carry'd
first
into
Sicily
and
then
into
Aragon
.
But
this
,
without
question
,
had
never
happen'd
if
he
would
but
have
hearken'd
to
the
Legat
,
(
as
he
should
have
done
)
who
was
of
a
contrary
opinion
;
who
dissuaded
him
and
told
him
that
such
a
mighty
Kingdom
as
that
was
,
ought
not
to
be
hazarded
at
that
rate
.
For
not
long
after
his
Father
Charles
came
with
a
great
Navy
,
which
would
have
made
him
able
to
have
coped
with
the
Enemy
before
he
was
a
Conqueror
.
But
Martin
being
concern'd
very
much
for
Charles's
misfortune
,
excommunicates
Peter
of
Aragon
,
and
gives
his
Kingdom
for
a
prey
to
any
one
that
can
or
will
take
possession
of
it
;
absolving
his
Subjects
from
their
Oath
of
Allegiance
to
him
,
and
exciting
all
Christians
against
him
,
as
an
Usurper
of
the
Churches
Patrimony
,
according
to
his
opinion
.
Nay
,
he
would
have
sent
the
Church-Militia
to
help
Charles
,
but
that
he
was
fain
to
wage
War
in
Romagna
himself
against
the
Forleses
,
who
by
the
aid
of
Guido
Earl
of
Monford
,
were
so
bold
as
to
revolt
from
the
Church
,
and
attaque
some
Forts
thereabouts
.
But
when
Guido
himself
repented
of
what
he
had
done
,
and
had
made
Peace
with
the
Pope
,
he
not
onely
demolish'd
the
Walls
of
Forli
in
revenge
to
Guido
Appius
,
but
he
recover'd
a
great
part
of
Romagna
in
a
short
time
.
He
had
also
taken
Vrbino
as
sure
as
he
attempted
it
,
but
that
Rubeus
Anguillarius
,
Earl
of
Tuscany
died
in
the
action
.
There
were
at
that
time
two
Generals
that
commanded
the
Camp
:
one
of
which
was
sent
into
Tuscany
to
defend
that
part
of
the
Countrey
that
lies
toward
the
Soane
,
and
the
other
(
whom
they
call
Earl
of
Giovenazzo
)
continu'd
the
Siege
by
the
Popes
Order
,
whilst
Guido
Montefeltranus
supplied
the
very
Townsmen
with
necessaries
under-hand
.
But
in
the
mean
time
when
Martin
was
at
a
loss
from
which
of
the
two
States
,
Pisa
or
Genoa
,
he
should
desire
Auxiliaries
against
Peter
of
Aragon
,
there
arose
immediately
such
a
quarrel
between
them
about
the
possession
of
Corsica
,
that
they
themselves
were
fain
to
beg
assistance
one
against
another
.
Then
the
Pope
sent
word
to
the
Apostolical
Legat
,
that
he
should
keep
the
people
in
order
,
till
Charles
came
with
a
supply
.
After
which
Charles
went
into
Naples
,
and
having
setled
the
peoples
minds
sailed
into
Africa
where
he
died
of
a
Fever
:
upon
which
occasion
all
the
weight
of
the
Government
devolv'd
upon
the
Legat.
At
that
time
there
was
a
rumour
,
and
almost
a
currant
Report
,
that
Philip
Son
of
the
French
King
,
and
Earl
of
Artois
was
coming
to
receive
that
Kingdom
.
But
that
did
not
frighten
Peter
from
spoiling
the
Country
,
because
he
was
sure
he
came
with
a
small
number
:
For
his
Father
Philip
was
going
into
Aragon
with
a
great
Army
,
to
take
possession
of
Peter's
Kingdom
,
which
Martin
the
Pope
,
by
heavy
Censures
first
laid
upon
him
,
had
exposed
as
a
booty
to
any
one
that
could
get
it
.
But
the
Pope
being
surrounded
with
so
many
cares
,
and
those
increased
too
by
new
tumults
at
Orvieto
(
for
the
Gibellins
had
banish'd
the
Guelphs
)
he
went
to
Perugia
:
where
not
long
after
he
died
of
an
hectick
Fever
in
the
fourth
year
,
and
first
month
of
his
Pontificate
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Cathedral
.
At
whose
Tomb
many
sick
,
blind
,
deaf
,
and
lame
people
that
are
brought
thither
,
recover
from
God
their
former
health
by
the
merits
of
this
most
holy
Pope
.
HONORIVS
IV.
HONORIVS
the
fourth
,
a
Roman
,
of
the
Race
of
the
Sabini
(
a
very
noble
Family
)
formerly
called
James
,
a
Cardinal
Deacon
,
was
made
Pope
at
Perugia
,
and
came
to
Rome
in
the
year
1285.
when
his
Brother
Pandulphus
was
Senator
.
For
Pandulphus
was
esteemed
a
Person
of
so
much
severity
,
and
Justice
,
that
whenever
the
Citizens
of
Rome
had
a
mind
to
purge
the
City
of
Robbers
,
Ruffians
,
Thieves
and
Parricides
(
of
which
at
that
time
there
were
great
numbers
in
Rome
,
among
the
Seditious
)
they
desired
no
other
Senator
than
Pandulphus
.
And
he
,
though
mightily
tormented
with
the
Gout
both
in
his
feet
and
his
hands
;
yet
in
courage
and
constancy
of
mind
he
was
inferiour
to
none
of
those
that
had
their
health
.
Honorius
also
was
sometimes
troubled
with
the
same
Distemper
,
insomuch
that
he
was
forced
to
make
use
of
certain
Instruments
made
for
the
purpose
to
support
him
,
when
he
performed
the
Priestly
Office
.
But
he
was
a
Man
of
that
Conduct
and
Prudence
,
that
he
did
not
seem
much
deficient
in
corporal
strength
:
for
he
himself
could
discern
rather
more
of
the
Affairs
of
the
City
,
than
those
that
were
in
it
besides
,
put
'em
all
together
.
He
lived
in
the
Mount
di
S.
Sabina
,
and
built
him
a
curious
Palace
there
(
whose
ruins
are
yet
to
be
seen
)
which
drew
many
of
the
Romans
to
live
by
him
;
so
that
the
Mount
began
from
his
time
to
be
very
full
of
Inhabitants
.
He
was
resolved
to
injure
no
Man
whilst
he
was
Pope
,
but
on
the
contrary
to
do
what
good
he
could
to
all
;
and
therefore
being
provoked
by
the
indignities
which
Peter
King
of
Aragon
offer'd
to
him
,
by
endeavouring
to
get
the
Kingdom
of
Sicily
,
he
confirmed
Martin's
Interdictions
against
Peter
.
But
Rodulphus
the
Emperor
,
having
a
great
mind
to
raise
money
,
sent
his
Chancellour
(
one
of
the
Family
of
the
Flisci
)
into
Tuscany
;
to
make
all
the
Country
free
,
especially
those
who
would
buy
their
Liberty
.
Those
of
Lucca
paid
upon
that
account
12000
l.
The
Florentines
six
thousand
:
and
as
soon
as
they
were
made
perfectly
free
,
they
created
a
certain
kind
of
Officers
(
which
they
call
Arts-masters
)
with
a
Sword-Bearer
.
This
Sale
did
not
displease
Honorius
,
though
it
look'd
too
mean
for
such
a
great
Prince
;
because
by
that
means
the
Patrimony
of
the
Church
would
be
more
secure
,
he
thought
,
when
the
Emperor
had
no
more
power
to
oppress
those
free
Cities
.
But
whilst
the
King
of
France
besieged
Girona
,
and
Peter
of
Aragon
was
sollicitous
,
how
to
hinder
the
carriage
of
Provisions
from
Narbonne
into
the
Enemies
Camp
,
he
was
engaged
in
a
sharp
Conflict
,
where
he
received
a
deadly
Wound
,
of
which
not
long
after
he
dy'd
for
want
of
looking
to
.
So
that
Girona
was
surrender'd
upon
Terms
,
and
submitted
to
the
King
of
France
;
though
he
did
not
long
survive
the
Conquest
.
For
he
died
of
a
Fever
which
he
caught
in
the
Camp
,
as
he
was
besieging
Perpignano
.
His
Navy
too
,
not
long
after
that
,
was
taken
and
burnt
in
the
Port
of
Narbonne
by
Roger
Loria
.
Peter
of
Aragon
had
two
Sons
,
Ferdinand
and
James
;
whereof
he
left
Ferdinand
,
his
eldest
Son
,
King
of
Aragon
by
his
Will
,
and
James
,
King
of
Sicily
.
But
when
the
old
Kings
were
dead
,
in
that
manner
,
as
I
have
told
you
,
the
Wars
devolved
upon
the
young
ones
;
who
attempted
on
both
sides
to
make
those
of
Pisa
,
and
the
Genoeses
,
who
were
excellent
Seamen
,
of
their
Party
.
But
these
two
States
heing
incens'd
and
arm'd
against
each
other
,
engaged
so
furiously
at
Malora
,
an
Island
near
the
Port
of
Pisa
,
that
those
of
Pisa
lost
forty
Ships
,
or
Gallies
,
and
twelve
thousand
men
;
which
were
partly
slain
,
and
partly
taken
.
Honorius
took
this
misfortune
of
theirs
so
much
to
heart
,
that
he
had
like
to
have
interdicted
the
Genoeses
,
who
pursu'd
the
men
of
Pisa
with
too
much
animosity
.
And
that
unhappy
day
gave
such
a
shock
to
those
of
Pisa
,
that
they
never
retrieved
themselves
since
.
But
Edward
King
of
England
went
at
that
time
into
Gascoigne
,
to
make
peace
between
Charles
,
a
Youth
,
Son
to
the
King
of
France
(
who
I
told
you
was
taken
in
War
)
and
Ferdinand
,
King
of
Aragon
.
The
business
went
as
he
would
have
it
,
and
they
treated
about
Charles's
freedom
,
when
at
the
same
time
the
Apostolical
Legate
,
and
the
Earl
of
Arras
,
with
the
assistance
of
the
Earl
of
Avellino
,
possess
themselves
of
the
City
Catina
,
and
send
over
thither
an
Army
raised
out
of
Tuscany
.
For
this
reason
Edward
return'd
home
without
success
.
But
Roger
Loria
advanced
King
Ferdinand's
fortune
by
taking
the
French
Fleet
as
it
came
back
out
of
Sicily
.
Honorius
could
not
engage
in
this
War
,
because
he
was
invaded
in
Romagna
by
Guido
Feltrini
.
But
at
length
,
when
he
had
conquer'd
Guido
he
recover'd
all
Romagna
in
a
short
time
:
and
not
long
after
dy'd
,
two
years
and
a
day
after
he
was
made
Pope
.
His
body
was
carried
in
great
State
from
S.
Sabina
to
S.
Peter's
,
and
buried
in
a
Marble
Tomb
,
which
is
yet
extant
among
those
that
Pope
Pius
collected
,
as
the
Arms
of
his
Family
and
the
Inscription
declare
;
And
indeed
he
deserv'd
all
the
honour
paid
to
his
dead
Corps
;
because
he
was
a
very
upright
Man
,
and
a
great
lover
of
Christian
Piety
.
For
he
confirm'd
not
onely
the
Order
of
the
Carmelites
,
which
was
not
very
well
approved
of
in
some
Councils
,
and
chang'd
their
black
Cloaks
for
white
ones
;
but
he
did
the
same
also
by
the
order
of
Eremites
,
which
was
disapproved
on
at
Paris
.
But
the
onely
Cardinal
,
he
made
,
during
his
Pontificate
,
was
John
Boccamatius
,
Bishop
of
Frascati
:
for
he
would
say
,
that
none
but
good
and
learned
men
ought
to
be
taken
into
so
great
a
Society
;
not
those
that
were
illiterate
,
and
ignorant
in
the
manage
of
humane
Affairs
.
He
loved
Courtiers
so
,
as
that
he
would
go
every
year
,
especially
in
the
Summer
,
to
Tivoli
,
on
purpose
to
avoid
the
Heat
of
the
Town
,
which
causes
many
Diseases
.
When
Honorius
was
dead
,
the
Sea
was
vacant
ten
months
.
For
the
Conclave
being
summon'd
to
meet
at
St.
Sabina
,
a
great
many
of
the
Cardinals
were
taken
sick
of
a
sudden
.
Out
of
whom
there
died
Jordan
Vrsin
,
Earl
of
Millain
,
Hugh
an
English
man
,
Gervase
of
Anjou
,
Dean
of
Paris
,
and
Antherius
,
an
excellent
Person
.
For
this
reason
they
dismiss'd
the
Conclave
,
and
deferr'd
the
matter
till
a
more
seasonable
time
;
especially
because
of
the
Earthquakes
,
which
were
then
so
great
,
that
they
thought
Heaven
it self
would
be
angry
with
'em
,
if
they
did
it
at
that
time
.
NICOLAS
IV.
NICOLAS
the
fourth
,
of
Principato-citra
,
an
Ascolese
,
formerly
called
Jerome
,
a
Brother
,
and
General
of
the
Order
of
Friers
Minors
,
and
after
that
a
Cardinal
Priest
,
was
made
Pope
at
St.
Sabina
,
the
tenth
month
after
Honorius's
death
,
and
placed
not
onely
in
Peter's
Sea
,
but
in
the
Saint's
own
Chair
.
After
that
he
went
to
Rieti
to
avoid
some
Tumults
at
Rome
;
and
there
he
created
Cardinals
of
almost
all
Religions
.
For
he
loved
all
men
alike
,
nor
did
he
think
that
he
ow'd
more
to
his
Relations
,
than
to
any
good
man
.
The
difference
between
Virtue
and
Vice
caused
him
to
incline
more
to
one
man
than
another
.
Some
of
those
that
he
made
Cardinals
were
called
Neapolio
,
Petrus
Columna
,
Hugo
Colionius
,
a
famous
Doctor
of
the
Order
of
Preachers
,
Matthaeus
Aquasparta
,
General
of
the
Minors
,
and
Bishop
of
Porto
.
About
a
year
after
he
came
back
to
Rome
,
when
City
broils
were
somewhat
appeased
,
and
lived
at
S.
Maries
the
Great
,
which
Church
he
and
James
Columna
repaired
,
as
appears
upon
the
great
Portico
,
where
the
Image
of
our
Saviour
,
the
Pope
,
and
James
the
Cardinal
are
yet
to
be
seen
.
The
same
Pope
repaired
the
front
,
and
the
back-part
of
the
Lateran
,
and
adorn'd
it
with
Fret-work
,
as
the
Inscription
tells
us
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Kings
of
Aragon
and
Sicily
conclude
a
Peace
upon
these
terms
;
That
King
Charles
should
be
set
at
Liberty
,
and
settle
James
of
Aragon
in
the
Kingdom
of
Sicily
at
his
own
charge
.
And
if
he
did
not
do
so
in
three
years
time
,
he
promised
to
return
to
Prison
;
giving
his
two
Sons
for
Hostages
;
one
of
which
was
named
Charles
(
who
was
afterward
created
King
of
Hungary
and
called
Marcellus
)
and
the
other
Lewis
,
who
,
when
he
had
lived
a
good
life
in
the
Order
of
S.
Francis
,
was
canoniz'd
for
a
Saint
.
Whilst
these
things
were
transacted
in
Europe
,
the
Great
Turk
made
use
of
that
occasion
,
and
whilst
the
Christians
quarrell'd
among
themselves
thought
himself
secure
.
Wherefore
he
goes
with
fire
and
sword
,
and
razes
Tripoli
a
famous
City
in
Asia
,
killing
all
the
Christians
that
were
there
in
Garison
.
Said
,
and
Baru●i
suffer'd
the
like
Calamity
,
having
no
body
to
assist
'em
.
Aca
,
of
old
called
Ptolema●s
,
stood
,
because
they
made
a
truce
with
the
Sultan
for
two
years
.
And
to
defend
it
for
time
to
come
,
Nicolas
the
Pope
did
all
he
could
to
get
Soldiers
under
Christ's
Banner
,
and
paid
them
with
his
own
money
.
They
were
about
one
thousand
five
hundred
:
but
there
were
a
great
many
more
that
follow'd
'em
,
without
being
inrolled
,
without
Colours
,
or
any
body
to
conduct
'em
.
Who
when
they
were
come
to
Aca
,
they
did
the
Christians
as
much
hurt
as
they
did
the
Saracens
,
But
the
Sultan
demanded
what
was
his
due
,
as
he
pretended
,
which
when
the
Christians
refused
to
restore
,
he
threaten'd
utter
ruin
to
'em
all
.
Then
there
arose
a
great
question
among
the
Christians
,
who
should
have
possession
of
Aca
;
for
the
Patriarch
of
Constantinople
,
the
Templars
of
Germany
,
the
King
of
Cyprus
,
and
Charles
King
of
Sicily
did
all
lay
claim
to
it
.
Those
also
of
Pisa
had
a
mind
to
demand
Aca
and
lawfully
(
as
they
said
themselves
)
but
that
a
War
which
brake
out
in
Tuscany
diverted
them
from
such
an
ill
design
.
For
they
starv'd
Earl
Vgulinus
in
Prison
,
where
they
kept
him
,
his
two
Sons
and
two
Nieces
;
and
after
that
,
did
so
far
animate
the
Gibellins
against
the
Guelphs
,
that
they
threaten'd
equal
destruction
to
'em
all
.
They
fell
first
upon
those
of
Arezzo
,
because
the
banish'd
Gibellins
desir'd
it
;
when
William
Petramala
was
Bishop
of
that
place
,
who
was
aided
by
Earl
Feltri
the
Florentine
.
But
the
Florentines
did
not
think
themselves
strong
enough
,
and
therefore
they
sent
Charles
the
Second
also
thither
with
some
forces
,
as
he
was
going
through
their
Country
to
wait
upon
the
Pope
.
Their
Camps
were
pitched
near
one
another
in
the
Country
of
Tipherno
,
by
which
name
they
now
call
the
City
,
having
alter'd
the
name
of
the
Castle
.
Immediately
as
the
Battel
was
just
begun
there
were
a
great
many
Florentines
kill'd
;
but
not
long
after
the
case
was
alter'd
,
and
,
though
William
the
Bishop
,
and
Earl
Feltri
were
slain
,
yet
there
fell
of
the
Gibellini
three
thousand
,
and
two
thousand
were
taken
.
The
Neighbours
call
the
place
where
they
fought
,
Campaldino
.
Charles
having
obtain'd
so
great
a
Victory
goes
straight
to
Nicolas
,
and
gets
the
favour
to
hold
of
him
in
Fee
the
Crown
of
both
the
Sicilies
.
Which
when
James
of
Aragon
understood
,
he
presently
goes
and
attaques
Cajetta
.
But
lest
any
thing
should
be
wanting
that
might
disturb
the
quiet
of
Christendom
,
a
fatal
War
broke
out
between
Philip
of
France
and
Edward
King
of
England
,
which
did
not
onely
trouble
the
Christians
in
Asia
very
much
,
but
also
gave
our
Enemies
great
confidence
and
hopes
that
they
should
totally
obliterate
the
Christian
Name
throughout
all
Asia
.
For
the
Sultan
,
who
at
that
time
was
sick
,
had
sent
an
hundred
and
fifty
thousand
men
to
Acra
under
the
Command
of
his
Son
.
But
the
Siege
continuing
for
two
months
,
the
Father
died
in
that
time
,
and
the
Son
succeeded
him
;
who
attaqued
the
Town
with
much
greater
resolution
.
For
he
filled
the
Trenches
,
and
promised
all
the
plunder
to
the
Soldiers
.
But
when
he
had
fought
his
way
to
the
very
Walls
,
he
was
beaten
back
by
the
Christians
,
(
who
made
a
Sally
upon
him
)
even
to
his
Camp
,
and
had
a
great
many
of
his
men
hurt
in
the
Action
.
Whilst
they
were
thus
employ'd
in
Asia
,
Nicolas
,
the
Pope
,
sends
two
Legats
à
Latere
(
as
they
call
'em
)
i.
e.
Benedictus
Cajetanus
,
and
Gerard
of
Parma
with
all
speed
into
France
,
to
make
a
Peace
between
the
two
Kings
and
animate
'em
against
the
Saracens
who
then
besieged
Acra
.
For
he
had
made
a
Peace
between
James
of
Aragon
,
and
Charles
who
was
a
Captive
,
upon
those
Conditions
,
that
I
told
you
before
,
that
they
might
all
be
the
more
free
to
go
against
the
common
Enemy
.
Nay
he
had
begun
to
provide
a
Navy
,
as
thinking
himself
almost
sure
of
a
Peace
;
but
to
no
purpose
.
For
the
Kings
did
not
obey
him
,
when
he
gave
'em
good
advice
,
nor
did
they
that
were
in
Garison
at
Ptolemais
agree
so
well
among
themselves
,
as
to
keep
out
the
Enemy
according
to
their
power
.
For
having
daily
lost
a
great
many
of
their
men
,
there
were
at
that
time
but
twelve
thousand
left
;
who
afterward
made
their
escape
in
a
Corsaire
(
or
a
swift
sailing
Frigot
kept
for
that
purpose
)
along
with
the
Patriarch
of
Jerusalem
.
And
though
at
first
they
had
good
shipping
,
yet
at
last
they
were
Shipwreck'd
near
Cyprus
.
But
the
Sultan
enter'd
the
City
when
the
Inhabitants
had
left
it
,
and
destroy'd
it
immediately
with
fire
and
sword
in
the
196th
year
after
Godfry
had
taken
it
.
But
amidst
so
many
Calamities
,
the
Island
of
Cyprus
,
and
Armenia
the
less
,
formerly
called
Cilicia
,
continued
Christian
.
At
that
time
Nicolas
was
very
urgent
with
Rodulphus
the
Emperor
to
send
his
Army
into
Asia
,
for
fear
the
Enemy
should
get
the
remaining
part
of
it
.
But
Rodulphus
soon
after
died
,
and
Adolphus
Hasso
was
chosen
to
be
his
Successor
;
who
,
demanding
the
Rights
of
the
Empire
,
was
kill'd
in
a
fight
at
Spire
by
Albertus
Son
to
Rodulphus
.
He
was
indeed
a
brave
Man
,
but
had
neither
men
nor
money
enough
:
and
that
was
the
reason
that
they
said
,
he
was
rather
overpower'd
by
multitude
,
than
fairly
Conquer'd
.
But
Nicolas
,
the
Pope
,
through
discontent
(
as
some
suppose
)
to
see
all
things
go
cross
to
his
expectation
,
and
being
conscious
that
he
had
favour'd
Parties
more
than
became
a
Pope
,
died
at
Rome
in
the
fourth
year
,
first
month
,
and
eighth
day
of
his
Pontificate
near
S.
Maries
the
Great
;
and
is
there
buried
,
at
the
upper
end
of
the
Church
,
by
Cardinal
Columna
,
as
you
may
see
upon
the
Pavement
,
where
his
Picture
is
in
Porphyry
.
But
after
his
death
the
Cardinals
went
to
Perugia
,
that
they
might
choose
a
Pope
with
greater
freedom
,
but
protracted
the
business
by
quarrels
among
themselves
two
years
and
three
months
.
In
the
mean
while
Michael
Palaeologus
,
Emperor
of
Constantinople
dies
:
but
the
Priests
and
the
Monks
would
not
suffer
his
body
to
be
buried
in
an
holy
place
,
because
he
joyned
with
the
Western
Church
in
the
Council
of
Lions
.
And
indeed
Andronicus
,
Michael's
Son
,
would
have
declared
himself
of
the
same
opinion
as
the
Latins
,
if
he
had
been
assisted
by
our
Party
.
But
when
the
Sea
was
vacant
,
Andronicus
was
destitute
of
Friends
,
and
so
at
last
apostarized
from
the
faith
.
But
Charles
the
Second
,
King
of
Naples
,
seeing
what
would
come
of
it
,
made
a
journey
from
Narbonne
to
Perugia
,
and
exhorted
the
Cardinals
several
times
to
agree
,
and
perfect
their
Election
.
And
would
have
continu'd
his
importunity
,
had
he
not
been
severely
rebuked
by
Benedict
Cajetan
,
of
Anagni
;
who
told
him
that
he
was
too
urgent
,
and
thereby
seemed
to
lay
a
kind
of
restraint
upon
the
Cardinals
,
whose
Votes
ought
to
be
free
▪
CAELESTIN
V.
CAELESTIN
the
fifth
,
formerly
called
Petrus
Moroneus
,
by
profession
an
Anchorite
,
of
Sergna
,
who
dwelt
in
an
Abby
two
miles
from
Sulmona
,
was
made
Pope
at
the
request
of
King
Charles
,
and
Cardinal
Latinus
.
A
thing
,
which
all
people
wondred
at
so
much
the
more
,
because
his
holy
retirement
had
voluntarily
removed
him
out
of
the
prospect
of
any
such
Grandeur
.
After
his
Creation
he
went
to
Aquila
,
and
thither
he
summon'd
all
the
Cardinals
to
him
from
Perugia
.
But
they
were
very
importunate
with
him
both
by
Letters
and
Messengers
,
that
he
would
come
to
Perugia
,
which
was
a
City
more
agreeable
to
the
Dignity
of
a
Pope
.
Notwithstanding
Caelestin's
Will
was
at
last
obey'd
,
who
would
needs
have
it
so
,
because
he
understood
that
King
Charles
was
of
the
same
mind
.
Thereupon
they
went
all
thither
,
and
paid
such
homage
to
Caelestin
as
became
a
Pope
.
Now
Ptolomy
says
,
there
were
two
hundred
thousand
men
at
his
Coronation
;
and
that
he
himself
was
there
too
.
I
suppose
the
people
were
taken
with
the
newness
of
the
thing
,
and
the
holiness
of
the
Person
:
that
a
man
,
that
was
an
Eremite
should
come
to
such
Honour
(
as
if
he
had
been
preferr'd
by
Heaven
it self
)
after
so
long
a
Contest
between
the
Electors
.
As
soon
as
he
enter'd
upon
the
Popedom
,
he
made
twelve
Cardinals
;
men
of
the
greatest
integrity
,
of
whom
two
were
Eremites
.
But
because
he
did
not
alter
his
former
way
of
living
and
take
upon
him
the
Grandeur
of
a
Pope
,
he
was
so
kind
,
and
accessible
to
all
that
made
suit
to
him
,
as
that
he
granted
the
same
things
to
several
persons
;
which
brought
not
onely
a
Contempt
upon
his
Dignity
,
but
was
a
lessening
to
the
Majesty
of
a
Pope
:
For
indeed
he
was
unfit
for
publick
business
by
reason
of
the
obscure
life
,
which
he
had
led
in
the
Wilderness
.
Hereupon
they
talk'd
of
deposing
him
;
especially
after
the
death
of
Latinus
the
Cardinal
,
a
good
man
,
by
whose
assistance
Caelestin
had
hitherto
made
shift
to
support
himself
under
so
vast
a
burthen
.
But
some
of
the
Cardinals
being
very
instant
,
especially
Benedict
Cajetan
(
a
cunning
man
,
and
well
skill'd
in
the
Civil
and
Canon
Law
)
who
was
a
great
favourite
of
the
Popes
,
that
he
would
remove
himself
from
the
Pontificate
,
lest
the
Church
of
God
should
be
endanger'd
by
the
unskilfulness
of
its
Governour
,
he
began
to
think
of
laying
down
his
Papal
Office
.
But
King
Charles
was
so
much
concern'd
at
his
levity
and
superstition
,
that
he
takes
the
good
man
to
Naples
,
and
endeavours
to
convert
him
from
such
base
thoughts
;
whilst
the
people
cry'd
out
in
all
places
,
that
they
would
have
no
other
Pope
,
but
Caelestin
,
and
heartily
beseech'd
his
Holiness
that
so
it
might
be
.
To
whom
the
Pope
made
answer
,
That
he
would
do
nothing
but
what
God
would
have
him
do
,
and
what
he
thought
might
be
for
the
good
of
Christendom
.
At
that
the
Cardinals
that
desired
he
would
leave
the
Papacy
were
very
urgent
with
him
to
do
it
as
soon
as
he
could
;
telling
him
the
danger
all
Christendom
was
in
by
his
ignorance
,
and
that
all
the
mischiefs
that
then
befell
the
Church
would
be
put
to
his
Account
at
Dooms-day
.
The
holy
,
simple
Man
was
moved
with
what
they
said
,
and
told
'em
he
would
do
as
they
'd
have
him
,
if
it
might
lawfully
be
done
.
Whereupon
there
was
an
Order
made
by
unanimous
consent
,
that
the
Pope
should
have
liberty
to
depose
himself
.
Which
Constitution
Boniface
the
eighth
his
Successor
afterward
confirm'd
,
as
appears
in
the
sixth
Book
of
the
Decretals
.
Then
Caelestin
return'd
to
his
private
life
again
,
and
gave
the
Cardinals
power
to
put
another
Pope
in
his
place
,
in
the
sixth
month
of
his
Pontificate
.
And
Benedict
Cajetan
by
that
means
,
having
most
Votes
,
was
chosen
Pope
;
who
seised
upon
Caelestin
by
the
way
as
he
was
going
into
his
Hermitage
,
committing
him
to
the
custody
of
the
Governor
of
a
certain
Castle
,
called
Fumo
,
in
Campagna
di
Roma
.
For
which
he
said
his
reason
was
,
lest
the
Authors
of
Sedition
should
one
time
or
other
bring
some
calamity
upon
the
Church
of
God
under
his
conduct
;
although
he
really
admired
the
Sanctity
of
the
Man
.
However
,
this
is
certain
that
Boniface
was
very
ungrateful
,
as
well
as
subtil
,
first
,
to
chouse
a
good
man
out
of
his
Dignity
,
to
satisfie
his
own
ambition
,
and
then
to
take
him
(
when
he
would
have
retired
again
to
his
solitude
)
and
keep
him
in
Prison
,
till
he
dy'd
for
very
grief
,
before
his
time
,
in
seventeen
months
after
he
first
came
to
the
Pontificate
.
There
are
some
that
say
,
this
Caelestin
was
so
famous
for
Miracles
after
his
death
,
that
there
were
frequent
Discourses
in
Councils
about
his
Canonization
;
and
that
many
people
worship'd
him
as
a
Saint
,
and
put
him
in
the
Catalogue
of
Confessors
.
His
Anniversary
is
kept
every
year
on
the
17th
of
July
(
which
was
the
Day
of
his
death
)
by
an
Order
of
Clement
the
fifth
made
at
Avignon
.
BONIFACE
VIII
.
BONIFACE
the
eighth
,
born
at
Anagni
in
Campagna
di
Roma
,
formerly
called
Benedict
Cajetan
,
was
made
Pope
at
Naples
,
upon
Christmas
Eve
in
the
year
1294.
He
was
a
man
of
great
Learning
and
Experience
:
as
having
lived
long
in
Publick
,
and
risen
to
the
Popedom
by
all
the
degrees
of
Honour
,
though
not
without
some
imputation
of
Pride
and
Ambition
.
For
whilst
he
was
Cardinal-Priest
of
S.
Martins
in
the
Mount
,
he
was
so
desirous
of
the
Papal
Dignity
,
that
he
omitted
no
fraudulent
or
other
indirect
means
,
that
might
in
his
opinion
conduce
to
his
obtaining
of
it
.
Besides
,
he
was
a
man
of
that
arrogance
that
he
contemn'd
every
body
,
and
recalled
some
Indulgences
granted
by
Nicolas
the
fourth
and
Caelestin
the
fifth
.
He
also
persecuted
the
Gibellines
extreamly
:
from
whence
arose
that
quarrel
between
the
Pope
and
the
Gibellines
of
Columna
,
who
also
maintained
their
party
against
the
Pope
at
Anagni
.
Thereupon
he
began
to
calumniate
,
and
traduce
them
in
general
;
but
especially
two
Cardinals
,
Peter
and
James
,
two
famous
Men
of
the
same
Family
;
that
upon
the
death
of
several
Popes
,
they
had
wasted
the
Churches
Treasure
,
and
spread
abroad
scandalous
Pamphlets
against
his
own
Person
.
For
after
he
had
done
'em
Injury
,
they
did
indeed
write
to
several
Kings
,
Princes
and
States
concerning
Boniface's
Arrogance
and
Ambition
:
how
he
had
possessed
himself
of
the
Papal
Sea
against
all
right
and
reason
,
after
he
cheated
Caelestin
out
of
it
,
and
then
put
him
in
Prison
.
For
there
are
some
that
write
,
how
Boniface
sent
some
cunning
Rogues
privately
in
the
Night-time
,
to
speak
in
a
strange
Tone
through
Caelestins
Chamber-Wall
,
and
tell
the
poor
,
simple
man
(
as
it
were
by
a
Voice
from
Heaven
)
that
he
must
lay
down
the
Popedom
if
he
would
be
saved
.
The
Cardinals
were
cited
but
did
not
appear
,
because
they
fear'd
Boniface's
severity
and
resolution
.
Wherefore
they
retired
to
Nepi
,
with
all
the
Family
of
the
Columneses
;
and
being
declared
Schismaticks
by
a
publick
Decree
,
they
had
their
Benefices
,
Dignities
,
Estates
,
Castles
,
and
Towns
taken
from
them
.
Which
Deprivation
Boniface
afterward
reduced
into
the
form
of
a
Decree
,
as
appears
in
the
Book
called
Sextus
.
After
that
Boniface
raised
a
great
many
Men
and
Arms
,
to
quell
them
,
and
besieged
Palestrina
,
where
they
were
ingarison'd
with
one
Sarra
a
famous
Man
,
who
was
their
Uncle
.
And
when
they
got
away
from
thence
,
after
he
took
and
plunder'd
the
Town
,
he
pursu'd
'em
to
Zagalora
,
and
Columna
:
from
whence
also
they
were
forced
to
fly
not
long
after
by
reason
of
the
multitude
of
their
Enemies
,
by
whom
these
Castles
likewise
were
destroy'd
,
but
especially
that
of
Columna
,
which
was
their
native
Country
.
But
the
Cardinals
got
away
from
thence
too
,
and
went
to
Rieti
;
though
Sarra
staid
a
long
time
in
the
Woods
at
Antium
,
for
fear
of
Boniface's
cruelty
.
But
falling
into
the
hands
of
certain
Pirates
,
he
was
put
to
the
Oar
,
and
by
that
means
suffer'd
a
great
deal
of
misery
:
though
he
was
more
willing
to
endure
banishment
and
hardship
in
that
manner
,
than
to
feel
Boniface's
Tyranny
,
who
hated
the
whole
Race
of
the
Gibellines
.
'T
is
well
known
what
he
said
to
Prochetus
,
Arch-bishop
of
Genoa
,
when
he
came
and
laid
himself
at
his
feet
upon
an
Ash-Wednesday
;
For
whereas
the
Priest
uses
to
say
,
Remember
,
man
,
that
thou
art
Ashes
and
into
Ashes
shalt
thou
return
;
he
alter'd
some
of
the
words
and
said
,
Remember
,
man
,
that
thou
art
a
Gibellin
,
and
with
the
rest
of
the
Gibellines
into
Ashes
shalt
thou
return
:
and
,
with
that
,
he
threw
some
Ashes
into
his
Eyes
,
not
upon
his
head
,
as
the
custom
is
.
Nay
,
he
deprived
him
of
his
Arch-Bishoprick
,
for
the
very
name
of
the
Gibellines
;
though
he
restored
him
afterward
,
when
he
understood
that
the
Cardinals
of
Columna
,
did
not
go
to
Genoa
,
as
he
supposed
they
had
done
.
The
Columneses
being
banish'd
in
this
sort
,
Boniface
appointed
a
double
Anniversary
,
one
in
honour
of
the
Apostles
and
Evangelists
,
and
another
in
honour
of
those
four
Doctors
of
the
Church
,
Gregory
,
Austin
,
Jerome
,
and
Ambrose
.
He
likewise
canonized
Lewis
(
one
of
the
King
of
France's
Family
,
Son
to
Charles
the
Second
,
who
,
some
say
,
was
profess'd
of
the
Order
of
S.
Francis
,
)
whilst
he
was
at
Civita
Vecchia
.
After
that
he
turn'd
out
the
Secular
Canons
from
the
Cathedral
of
Alby
,
and
put
Regulars
in
their
room
,
at
the
request
of
Bernard
Castanetus
,
Bishop
of
the
Place
.
He
also
put
forth
a
sixth
Volume
,
or
Code
of
the
Pontificial
or
Canon
Law
,
which
was
compiled
by
three
very
learned
Men
(
according
to
his
Order
)
with
the
addition
of
some
new
Decrees
of
his
own
.
The
City
of
Gubio
,
which
by
the
instigation
of
the
Gibellines
had
revolted
from
the
Church
,
he
in
a
short
time
recover'd
.
He
denied
Albertus
Duke
of
Austria
to
confirm
him
in
the
Empire
,
though
he
petitioned
for
it
several
times
.
But
when
James
of
Aragon
was
dead
,
and
Robert
,
Son
of
Charles
,
and
Duke
of
Calabria
or
Terra
d'
Otranto
was
gone
over
into
Sicily
,
and
had
taken
Catina
,
there
brake
out
such
a
War
of
a
sudden
,
that
almost
all
Italy
was
in
an
Uproar
.
For
the
Sicilians
who
favour'd
the
Aragoneses
,
got
a
Navy
together
,
and
not
onely
conquer'd
Philip
,
Robert's
Brother
,
but
took
him
and
put
him
in
Prison
.
Whereupon
Robert
left
Catina
,
and
return'd
into
Italy
without
accomplishing
his
Designs
.
But
Frederick
of
Aragon
coming
out
of
Spain
with
an
Army
into
Sicily
,
did
not
onely
recover
all
Sicily
,
but
Terra
d'
Otranto
too
.
In
Tuscany
,
those
of
Genoa
did
burn
with
so
much
hatred
against
the
Inhabitants
of
Pisa
,
that
they
not
only
took
Leghorn
and
burnt
it
,
but
they
sunk
Merchants
Ships
in
the
mouth
of
the
River
,
to
hinder
the
men
of
Pisa
from
sailing
out
.
These
things
were
carry'd
on
in
Italy
,
to
the
no
small
detriment
of
the
Country
;
whilst
the
Pope
sate
still
,
nor
would
interpose
his
Authority
to
make
Peace
in
any
place
.
And
lest
you
should
think
Heaven
was
at
peace
with
Mankind
,
there
was
of
a
sudden
such
an
Earthquake
,
as
never
was
known
before
,
which
lasted
at
several
places
a
great
many
Days
,
and
threw
down
many
Houses
.
The
Pope
was
then
,
with
all
the
whole
Court
,
at
Rieti
:
and
fearing
lest
he
should
be
knock'd
on
the
head
with
the
fall
of
Houses
,
he
caused
a
little
Hutt
to
be
built
of
small
planks
,
in
a
wide
Field
which
was
in
the
Cloyster
of
the
Friers
Preachers
;
and
there
he
kept
for
some
time
,
though
it
were
bitter
cold
Weather
.
For
this
Commotion
began
upon
St.
Andrews
day
.
There
appeared
also
at
that
time
a
Comet
,
which
was
a
sign
of
some
great
Calamity
to
come
.
But
Boniface
after
so
many
and
such
continu'd
Earthquakes
came
to
himself
,
and
made
several
Cardinals
,
of
which
number
were
the
Arch-bishop
of
Toledo
,
Richard
of
Siena
▪
Nicolas
of
Treviso
,
Master
of
the
Order
of
Preachers
,
John
Murro
,
General
of
the
Minors
,
and
one
Peter
,
a
Spaniard
.
He
also
kept
a
Jubilee
in
the
year
1300.
and
gave
a
full
pardon
of
all
their
sins
to
those
that
had
visited
the
Apostles
Tombs
,
after
the
manner
that
is
prescribed
in
the
Old
Testament
;
though
the
Jews
at
first
had
quite
another
sentiment
of
this
Affair
.
For
they
kept
a
Jubilee
every
fiftieth
Year
,
wherein
Debtors
were
released
from
their
Creditors
,
as
Josephus
says
,
and
Servants
,
or
Slaves
challenged
their
freedom
.
From
whence
the
Jubilee
imports
liberty
both
in
mind
and
body
.
For
they
are
truly
said
to
be
free
,
whose
sins
are
forgiven
.
He
commanded
it
to
be
kept
every
hundredth
year
.
For
this
reason
,
that
year
,
there
came
such
a
multitude
of
people
to
Rome
from
all
parts
,
that
you
could
hardly
stir
in
the
streets
,
though
they
are
very
large
and
spatious
,
it
was
so
throng'd
.
There
came
to
Rome
at
that
time
Charles
Earl
of
Valois
,
Brother
to
Philip
of
France
,
who
married
the
Daughter
of
Balwin
late
Emperor
of
Constantinople
,
and
got
leave
of
Boniface
,
that
his
Father-in-law
might
endeavour
to
recover
the
Empire
,
of
which
by
force
he
had
been
deprived
.
Boniface
was
willing
to
gratifie
him
,
because
he
intended
to
make
use
of
their
assistance
toward
sending
an
Army
into
Asia
,
to
recover
Jerusalem
.
But
whilst
things
were
coming
to
a
settlement
,
he
made
Charles
sole
Governour
of
Peter's
Patrimony
,
and
sent
a
Legat
into
Tuscany
,
to
appease
the
new
broils
there
.
For
instead
of
Gibellins
and
Guelphs
they
were
called
Whites
,
and
Blacks
.
But
the
Legat
could
do
no
good
though
he
threaten'd
to
interdict
them
;
nor
could
Charles
of
Valois
who
came
thither
by
the
Pope's
Order
,
restrain
the
Florentines
so
much
,
but
that
they
did
drive
the
Albi
,
or
Whites
,
out
of
their
City
and
kill
a
great
many
of
'em
besides
.
For
,
at
that
time
,
the
Gibellines
were
called
,
the
Whites
.
But
the
Pope
having
long
premeditated
of
his
Expedition
to
Jerusalem
,
he
sends
the
Bishop
of
Apamea
to
Philip
King
of
France
,
to
exhort
him
into
the
same
Design
.
He
went
;
but
when
he
came
thither
and
could
do
no
good
by
fair
words
,
he
was
fain
to
make
use
of
Menaces
.
At
which
Philip
was
very
angry
and
threw
him
into
Prison
.
Which
when
the
Pope
understood
,
he
sent
the
Arch-Deacon
of
Narbonne
,
an
excellent
person
,
thither
immediately
,
to
command
Philip
in
his
name
,
to
set
the
Bishop
of
Apamea
at
Liberty
.
If
he
would
not
do
it
,
he
bid
him
declare
publickly
,
that
the
Kingdom
of
France
was
fallen
to
the
Church
by
Philips
contumacy
,
and
forasmuch
as
he
had
broken
the
Law
of
Nations
:
and
order'd
him
farther
,
to
lay
a
Curse
upon
him
,
and
absolve
all
the
French
from
their
Allegiance
.
The
Arch-Deacon
did
all
this
very
chearfully
,
and
compelled
the
King
to
dismiss
the
Bishop
.
But
the
King
,
having
a
mind
to
take
some
part
of
a
Revenge
for
the
injuries
offer'd
to
him
by
the
Pope
,
set
forth
an
Edict
,
that
no
man
should
go
out
of
his
Kingdom
to
Rome
,
or
send
money
thither
.
The
second
year
after
the
Jubilee
Charles
of
Valois
went
to
Charles
the
Second
his
Cousin
.
At
whose
coming
Frederick
of
Aragon
was
concern'd
,
and
desired
a
Peace
,
which
he
obtained
upon
condition
,
that
he
,
restoring
what
he
had
taken
in
Italy
,
should
keep
Sicily
as
long
as
he
lived
.
But
when
Charles
of
Valois
went
out
of
Tuscany
,
the
Whites
,
who
were
driven
out
of
Florence
went
in
great
numbers
to
Forli
:
among
whom
there
was
one
Dantes
Aldegerius
,
a
very
learned
Man
,
and
an
excellent
Poet
in
his
Mother-Tongue
:
this
Person
endeavoured
to
return
into
his
own
Country
several
times
,
but
in
vain
;
although
he
were
assisted
by
the
Bolognians
,
and
Canegrandis
Governour
of
Verona
,
with
whom
he
lived
afterward
for
some
time
in
all
the
freedom
of
conversation
.
There
are
some
Authors
that
tell
us
,
how
Boniface
about
this
time
caused
the
body
of
one
Hermanius
,
that
had
been
worship'd
in
Ferrara
as
a
Saint
for
twenty
years
,
to
be
taken
out
of
the
ground
,
and
burnt
,
because
he
had
made
a
strict
inquiry
into
his
Heretical
Opinions
.
I
suppose
he
was
one
of
the
Fratricelli
,
or
Holy-Brotherhood
,
whose
Sect
at
that
time
was
very
numerous
.
In
the
mean
time
Philip
King
of
France
,
taking
Boniface's
Arrogance
very
ill
,
called
an
Assembly
at
Paris
of
the
Clergy
and
Nobility
:
and
recounting
the
injuries
that
Boniface
had
done
to
him
,
his
Ambition
,
and
Cheats
which
he
had
used
to
get
the
Popedom
,
which
he
was
unjustly
possessed
of
,
he
appealed
to
the
Sea
Apostolick
,
which
,
he
said
,
was
then
vacant
,
and
to
the
next
Council
.
At
which
Boniface
,
being
startled
,
called
a
General
Council
,
wherein
he
declared
Philip
and
his
Kingdom
subject
to
Albert
the
Emperor
,
whom
in
the
beginning
of
his
Pontificate
he
had
repulsed
.
Then
Philip
,
thinking
to
tame
his
pride
,
sent
Sarra
of
Columna
(
who
was
known
and
redeemed
from
the
Pirates
,
at
Marseilles
)
with
Nogaretius
a
French
Cavalier
,
and
a
trusty
Soul
,
to
Rome
,
for
no
other
end
(
as
he
declared
himself
)
but
to
publish
his
Appeal
.
But
he
had
a
quite
different
Design
.
For
Sarra
,
putting
on
the
disguise
of
a
Slave
,
went
into
Campagna
di
Roma
;
where
gathering
to
him
as
many
friends
as
he
could
,
he
sent
Nogaretius
with
two
hundred
French
Horse
,
which
he
had
listed
out
of
Charles
of
Valois's
Army
,
before
to
Ferentino
;
to
assist
him
,
if
need
were
.
But
himself
went
into
Anagni
privately
,
in
the
Night
,
and
by
the
assistance
of
the
Gibellines
,
whom
Boniface
had
teazed
extreamly
for
a
long
time
,
he
broke
the
Door
open
,
and
took
the
Pope
by
surprise
in
the
House
where
he
was
born
,
and
so
brought
him
to
Rome
,
where
thirty
five
days
after
he
died
for
grief
,
in
the
eighth
year
,
ninth
month
and
seventeenth
day
of
his
Pontificate
.
He
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
,
in
a
Tomb
that
he
built
himself
before
he
died
;
which
is
yet
to
be
seen
in
a
Chappel
which
he
made
of
Fret-work
.
He
likewise
built
the
Pulpit
and
the
Portico
in
the
Lateran
,
where
Curses
are
pronounced
upon
the
Sacrament
;
and
where
he
laid
that
Curse
upon
Philip
King
of
France
,
and
the
Columneses
.
Thus
died
Boniface
,
who
made
it
his
business
rather
to
infuse
terrour
than
Religion
into
Emperors
,
Kings
,
Princes
,
Nations
,
and
States
;
and
would
pretend
to
give
and
take
away
Kingdoms
,
to
banish
and
to
recall
men
,
as
he
thought
fitting
,
to
satisfie
his
pride
and
covetousness
,
which
was
unspeakable
.
Therefore
let
other
Princes
as
well
Religious
,
as
Secular
,
learn
by
his
Example
to
govern
the
Clergy
and
the
Laity
,
not
proudly
and
disdainfully
,
as
this
party
of
whom
we
speak
,
but
holyly
and
modestly
,
as
Christ
our
King
,
and
his
Disciples
,
and
true
Followers
.
And
let
'em
desire
rather
to
be
beloved
than
feared
;
which
is
usually
the
just
bane
of
Tyrants
.
Some
say
he
cherish'd
the
Feuds
among
the
Italians
,
especially
between
the
Genoeses
and
the
Venetians
,
who
were
two
States
,
very
powerful
at
Sea
.
BENEDICT
XI
.
BENEDICT
the
eleventh
,
an
Italian
,
of
Treviso
,
formerly
call'd
Nicolas
,
Cardinal
of
Ostia
,
was
made
Pope
the
first
of
November
at
Rome
.
For
he
enter'd
himself
into
the
Order
of
Preachers
,
when
he
was
but
young
;
and
so
far
prevailed
upon
the
Fraternity
both
by
his
Virtue
and
Learning
,
that
they
preferr'd
him
gradually
through
all
Offices
till
he
was
made
General
.
From
which
Station
he
was
chosen
Pope
,
and
in
that
place
also
gave
great
demonstration
of
his
Virtue
.
For
he
lived
after
such
a
manner
,
that
he
may
well
be
reckon'd
among
the
number
of
those
that
are
in
Bliss
.
But
as
soon
as
he
got
into
the
Apostolical
Chair
,
he
cites
Nogaretius
,
and
Sarra
and
all
those
of
Anagni
that
conspired
to
take
Boniface
,
to
come
before
him
;
but
they
not
appearing
,
he
laid
an
heavy
Curse
upon
them
.
He
likewise
heard
King
Philip's
cause
,
and
absolv'd
him
from
Boniface's
Censures
.
And
after
that
,
he
receiv'd
John
and
James
,
the
two
Cardinals
of
Columna
,
into
favour
;
whom
Boniface
persecuted
,
for
being
of
the
Guelphian
Faction
,
more
than
became
a
Pope
to
do
.
Nay
he
gave
'em
their
goods
again
,
onely
he
enjoyn'd
'em
to
let
the
Red
Hat
,
that
Boniface
had
taken
from
'em
,
lie
by
for
some
short
time
.
Having
setled
the
Affairs
of
the
City
in
this
manner
,
and
made
some
Cardinals
(
of
whom
Nicolas
a
Pratese
of
the
Order
of
Preachers
was
one
)
he
immediately
applies
himself
to
procure
a
general
Peace
in
Italy
.
And
because
there
were
greater
tumults
in
Tuscany
than
any
where
else
,
he
sent
Nicolas
Bishop
of
Ostia
thither
with
full
Commission
;
who
made
new
Officers
in
Florence
,
and
put
'em
into
the
House
,
which
they
had
built
for
the
reception
of
Magistrates
,
now
called
the
Palais
of
their
Lords
.
But
at
that
time
Nicolas
thought
he
might
do
more
than
so
,
and
therefore
spoke
about
recalling
the
persons
that
were
banish'd
:
Which
Proposal
not
taking
effect
as
he
would
have
had
it
,
he
declared
a
Curse
upon
them
,
and
went
to
Prato
.
But
not
long
after
,
Benedict
dying
,
Tuscany
was
again
in
an
uproar
,
for
the
banish'd
of
all
places
met
near
Bologna
,
resolving
immediately
to
enter
Florence
,
and
thereupon
in
the
Night
getting
over
the
Walls
which
were
not
then
finish'd
,
near
the
Gate
,
that
leads
to
Bologna
,
they
advanced
as
far
as
the
Church
of
S.
Separata
,
that
was
begun
to
be
built
a
little
before
.
But
whilst
they
look'd
too
eagerly
after
the
plunder
,
and
consulted
their
friends
what
they
had
best
to
do
,
they
gave
their
Enemies
time
to
take
courage
,
and
raise
Arms
;
insomuch
that
they
quickly
drave
'em
out
,
and
killed
a
great
many
of
their
men
.
Then
they
got
Robert
Duke
of
Calabria
to
be
their
General
,
and
were
grown
confident
they
had
strength
enough
not
onely
to
defend
their
own
but
to
attaque
their
Neighbours
too
.
Hereupon
they
besiege
Pistoia
,
which
those
within
it
did
so
bravely
defend
,
that
with
one
Sally
they
beat
Robert
and
all
his
Army
back
to
Prato
.
Benedict
,
who
was
a
very
good
and
holy
Man
,
resolv'd
,
when
he
had
quieted
Italy
,
to
assist
against
the
Tartars
,
who
were
fallen
into
Syria
and
Palestine
,
having
been
sollicited
to
it
by
frequent
Messages
.
But
dying
at
Perugia
(
where
he
and
all
the
Court
were
)
in
the
eighth
month
and
seventeenth
day
of
his
Pontificate
,
he
missed
his
Design
.
He
was
buried
with
due
pomp
,
in
the
Church
of
the
Freres
Preachers
the
fifth
of
June
in
the
year
1303.
Now
the
Miracles
which
he
did
after
his
death
shew
him
to
have
been
an
excellent
,
holy
Man
;
for
he
cured
the
sick
,
and
cast
out
Devils
.
The
Sea
was
then
vacant
from
the
fifth
of
June
to
the
seventh
of
July
,
in
the
year
ensuing
;
although
the
Cardinals
that
were
kept
in
the
Conclave
for
that
purpose
,
were
importun'd
and
sometimes
threaten'd
to
make
choice
of
a
Pope
.
CLEMENT
V.
CLEMENT
the
fifth
,
a
Gascon
,
Bishop
of
Bourdeaux
,
formerly
called
Bertrandus
Gottho
,
was
made
Pope
in
his
absence
at
Perugia
,
though
the
College
of
Cardinals
had
a
long
debate
about
the
Election
.
But
he
approving
of
their
choice
,
went
from
Bourdeaux
to
Lyons
,
and
called
all
the
Cardinals
thither
to
him
:
who
obey'd
him
without
any
scruple
;
so
that
the
Court
of
Rome
was
translated
into
France
in
the
year
1305.
And
there
it
remained
for
seventy
four
years
to
the
great
damage
of
all
Christendom
,
but
especially
of
Rome
;
where
the
Churches
,
great
part
of
'em
,
fell
to
ruin
for
want
of
use
;
whilst
they
were
absent
,
that
ought
to
have
taken
care
to
repair
'em
.
There
were
present
at
the
Coronation
of
this
Pope
,
Philip
King
of
France
,
and
his
Brother
Charles
lately
return'd
from
Italy
,
John
Duke
of
Britaigne
,
who
,
together
with
some
others
,
was
kill'd
by
a
Wall
,
that
fell
upon
him
,
whilst
the
Coronation
pomp
was
going
,
as
is
usual
,
through
the
City
.
Philip
also
was
a
little
hurt
by
the
same
accident
.
But
the
Pope
though
he
was
in
such
a
consternation
that
he
fell
from
his
Horse
,
yet
he
lost
nothing
but
one
Carbuncle
out
of
his
Crown
,
that
some
say
was
valued
at
6000
l.
When
the
Solemnity
was
over
,
and
all
things
in
order
,
Clement
made
a
great
many
French
Cardinals
,
but
none
out
of
Italy
,
though
indeed
he
did
restore
John
and
James
of
Columna
to
their
entire
Dignity
of
Cardinalate
,
which
they
formerly
enjoy'd
.
Besides
that
he
sent
three
Cardinals
to
Rome
,
with
the
character
of
Senators
;
to
govern
not
onely
the
City
,
but
all
Italy
by
their
Conduct
.
But
when
he
saw
the
Genoeses
and
those
of
Pisa
involv'd
in
a
bloody
War
one
against
the
other
,
and
that
Sardinia
in
the
mean
time
was
taken
by
the
Saracens
,
he
gave
that
Island
to
Frederick
King
of
Sicily
upon
condition
that
he
should
beat
out
the
Enemy
and
recover
it
as
soon
as
possible
:
the
Venetians
making
a
League
with
Charles
the
Second
against
the
Emperor
of
Constantinople
,
induced
King
Rassianus
,
to
come
and
desire
of
the
Pope
to
be
instructed
in
the
Orthodox
Faith
,
in
the
year
1307.
But
the
Venetians
and
Charles
falling
out
again
,
they
alter'd
Rassianus's
mind
by
their
ill
example
.
In
the
mean
time
a
new
Heresie
was
broached
at
Novara
by
Dulcinus
and
Margaret
,
which
allowed
Men
and
Women
who
lived
together
,
freely
to
exercise
all
acts
of
uncleanness
:
and
the
professors
of
it
were
called
,
the
Brotherhood
.
Clement
endeavour'd
to
suppress
them
,
and
immediately
sent
thither
a
party
of
Soldiers
,
with
a
Legat
Apostolical
;
who
partly
with
cold
and
hunger
,
partly
with
force
of
Arms
routed
'em
from
the
Alps
,
where
they
harbour'd
.
But
Dulcinus
and
Margaret
were
taken
alive
,
torn
in
pieces
,
and
their
bones
burnt
and
scattered
into
the
Air.
About
that
time
Intelligence
was
brought
,
that
the
Templers
,
who
were
formerly
Christ's
Soldiers
,
had
revolted
to
the
Saracens
.
For
this
reason
all
of
'em
that
could
be
apprehended
were
kill'd
,
and
their
goods
given
partly
to
the
Rhodian
Knights
who
had
possess'd
themselves
of
that
Island
a
little
before
,
and
partly
to
Religious
uses
.
Philip
also
,
King
of
France
turn'd
all
the
Jews
out
of
his
Territories
,
confiscating
their
goods
for
their
Rogueries
and
their
covetousness
.
Not
long
after
,
Albert
the
Emperor
being
kill'd
by
his
Nephew
John
,
almost
all
the
Cities
of
Lombardy
,
chose
their
Captains
or
Governors
to
be
their
Sovereign
Lords
;
as
at
Verona
,
the
Scaligeri
,
at
Mantua
,
the
Bonacossi
,
at
Padua
,
the
Carraresi
.
The
House
of
Este
had
been
Masters
of
Ferrara
a
long
time
before
,
but
now
they
reduced
Modena
also
.
Nor
did
Charles
the
Second
King
of
Naples
,
think
it
below
him
to
marry
his
Daughter
Beatrice
to
Azo
,
Marquis
d'
Este
.
But
Friscus
his
Son
,
seeing
he
had
gotten
a
Step-mother
,
put
his
Father
in
Prison
and
there
murther'd
him
:
and
then
possessed
himself
of
Ferrara
,
by
the
assistance
of
the
Venetians
who
lent
him
aid
to
storm
a
Castle
,
called
Thedaldo
.
Then
the
Cardinal
Pelagura
was
sent
to
Bologna
from
Clement
,
to
forbid
the
Venetians
from
medling
with
Ferrara
under
the
pain
of
a
Curse
;
those
of
Ferrara
desiring
to
be
under
the
Church
.
Wherefore
the
Venetians
,
thinking
it
their
best
way
to
make
haste
,
attaqued
the
Castle
Night
and
Day
till
at
last
they
took
it
.
Which
when
they
had
done
,
Friscus
himself
,
greedy
of
Revenge
,
set
fire
on
half
Ferrara
,
especially
their
Houses
,
who
seemed
to
desire
a
Change
.
The
Citizens
now
not
able
to
endure
so
great
an
injury
any
longer
,
taking
up
Arms
,
turn'd
Friscus
out
of
his
usurp'd
Sovereignty
and
surrender'd
themselves
to
the
Venetians
,
who
in
all
probability
might
be
able
to
defend
them
.
At
which
Pelagura
was
very
much
incensed
,
and
muster'd
up
all
the
Church
forces
immediately
against
the
Venetians
and
those
of
Ferrara
.
But
Clement
,
understanding
how
obstinate
,
and
how
desirous
of
Dominion
the
Venetians
were
,
laid
a
Curse
upon
them
with
an
Interdiction
:
commanding
all
persons
,
wherever
,
to
look
upon
them
as
no
better
than
Slaves
,
and
to
take
away
whatever
they
had
from
them
,
by
which
that
trading
Nation
,
suffer'd
great
damage
both
in
England
and
France
.
After
this
the
Pope
sent
other
Cardinals
into
Tuscany
,
which
was
all
one
Scene
of
War
,
to
command
Robert
Duke
of
Calabria
,
the
Florentines
,
and
the
other
people
of
that
Province
,
to
break
up
their
Siege
of
Pistoia
.
They
all
obey'd
him
,
save
onely
the
Florentines
and
those
of
Lucca
;
so
that
he
interdicted
those
two
States
.
But
Robert
went
away
for
Avignion
to
complement
the
Pope
,
and
then
the
Pistoieses
,
tired
out
by
this
long
Siege
;
at
length
concluded
upon
a
Surrender
.
The
Florentines
and
those
of
Lucca
pulled
down
the
Walls
of
the
City
as
soon
as
they
had
taken
it
,
and
filling
up
the
Trenches
,
divided
the
Country
among
them
,
leaving
to
the
Citizens
their
lives
onely
,
the
City
it self
remaining
equally
subject
to
both
.
But
it
was
not
long
before
the
Florentines
made
themselves
sole
Masters
of
it
,
by
Walling
it
round
within
the
Trenches
,
contrary
to
the
Articles
agreed
upon
by
them
and
those
of
Lucca
.
And
that
they
might
make
all
things
the
more
secure
,
they
bought
Aciano
a
Castle
belonging
to
the
Vbaldini
,
which
they
pulled
down
:
and
in
the
Plain
not
far
distant
,
they
built
Scarparia
,
as
some
few
years
before
they
had
done
Castel-Franco
and
S.
Johns
in
the
Valley
of
Arno.
Cardinal
Vrsin
was
now
sent
into
Tuscany
,
to
compose
the
differences
;
whom
the
Florentines
and
those
of
Lucca
contemned
,
and
thereby
put
him
into
such
a
passion
,
that
he
publickly
reiterated
his
Curses
and
his
Interdiction
.
For
that
reason
the
Florentines
revenged
themselves
upon
the
Clergy
by
exactions
very
long
and
very
much
.
Nay
farther
,
they
used
such
severity
upon
this
occasion
,
that
they
put
Cursio
Donato
(
an
eminent
Citizen
and
one
that
had
deserved
well
of
the
Publick
)
to
death
,
for
marrying
Vgutio
Fagiolanis
Daughter
;
such
Enemies
they
were
to
all
Nobility
.
But
afterward
they
were
receiv'd
into
the
Popes
favour
for
assisting
Pelagura
,
the
Legat
,
in
the
recovery
of
Ferrara
,
and
the
Castle
of
Thedaldo
which
was
in
possession
of
the
Venetians
,
in
the
year
1309.
Charles
the
Second
of
Naples
dying
the
same
year
,
his
Son
Robert
was
sent
by
the
Pope
to
be
his
Successor
;
but
he
went
to
Bologna
to
Pelagura
,
who
presently
in
the
name
of
the
Church
made
him
Governour
of
Ferrara
while
it
was
yet
in
Arms.
But
he
was
to
go
on
toward
Naples
,
and
so
left
Dego
Catelano
,
an
eminent
Person
,
with
a
Troop
of
Horse
in
the
Garison
.
This
Dego
seeing
he
could
not
contein
the
People
of
Ferrara
within
their
Duty
by
fair
or
foul
words
,
sent
his
Horse
down
upon
them
from
the
Castle
,
and
kill'd
a
great
many
of
them
,
hanging
up
eight
and
twenty
of
the
House
of
Este
,
who
aspir'd
to
the
Dominion
.
At
that
time
Henry
of
Lucenburgh
was
chosen
Emperor
by
the
Germans
,
and
confirm'd
by
the
Pope
upon
condition
,
that
he
should
come
into
Italy
within
two
years
and
receive
his
Crown
at
Rome
.
This
the
Pope
did
to
the
end
that
the
commotions
in
Italy
would
be
suppress'd
by
the
arrival
of
the
Emperor
.
Who
promised
to
perform
what
the
Pope
had
injoyn'd
him
,
and
immediately
sent
Agents
into
Italy
to
all
the
States
and
Princes
there
;
but
chiefly
to
the
Florentines
,
who
at
that
time
harass'd
them
of
Arezzo
.
The
Florentines
made
answer
,
That
so
great
a
Prince
as
he
was
did
not
do
prudently
,
in
endeavouring
to
bring
Foreiners
into
Italy
,
which
was
a
Country
that
,
as
Emperor
,
he
ought
to
defend
from
such
with
his
utmost
power
.
And
that
he
did
not
do
well
to
protect
them
of
Arezzo
,
who
,
he
knew
had
banish'd
the
Guelphs
,
their
fellow
Citizens
:
whereas
it
was
the
Emperors
prerogative
alone
to
banish
or
to
recall
from
Exile
.
They
say
that
Dantes
then
told
the
Florentines
,
They
were
blind
,
for
making
such
a
foolish
answer
to
the
Emperor
,
than
which
nothing
could
be
more
to
the
disadvantage
of
their
State
,
especially
when
so
great
and
Warlike
a
Prince
with
so
great
an
Army
approached
them
.
But
indeed
they
were
encouraged
by
the
promises
of
King
Robert
,
who
as
he
went
into
his
Kingdom
,
gave
them
assurance
that
he
would
always
be
a
Patron
to
the
Guelphin
Faction
.
The
Emperor
was
now
advanc'd
as
far
as
Piedmont
,
where
in
the
Plains
all
the
Princes
,
or
Governors
of
Cities
came
to
meet
him
.
There
were
at
that
time
two
principal
Factions
in
Millain
,
the
Turriani
,
and
the
Viconti
.
Guido
Turriano
was
Head
of
the
Guelphs
,
as
being
Captain
of
the
people
(
to
use
their
own
word
)
and
Maffeo
Viconti
of
the
Gibellins
.
And
Guido
fearing
lest
the
Viconti
should
get
into
Henry's
favour
before
him
upon
the
account
of
their
Faction
,
he
raised
an
Army
and
encamped
in
the
Country
of
Millain
,
to
see
,
as
he
himself
said
,
who
durst
come
into
that
City
without
his
leave
.
When
at
the
same
time
Maffeo
sent
Agents
to
the
Emperor
to
invite
him
to
Millain
,
which
was
a
City
,
he
told
him
,
that
was
the
very
Mansion-house
of
the
Roman
Empire
.
Thereupon
Henry
drew
his
Forces
near
to
the
City
,
and
made
a
great
bustle
,
though
Guido
was
got
in
before
him
.
But
he
allay'd
all
Tumults
by
a
composition
which
he
made
upon
these
Terms
;
That
Guido
should
have
Marcelli
,
and
Maffeo
be
Captain
General
of
his
Horse
.
And
thus
the
Emperor
having
gotten
possession
of
Millain
,
almost
all
the
adjacent
Cities
surrendred
presently
,
except
Alessandria
.
Then
he
received
the
Iron
Crown
at
Millain
,
according
to
custom
,
but
put
the
Citizens
to
so
much
expence
,
that
the
Commonalty
finding
themselves
rather
oppressed
than
vested
with
the
Liberty
they
expected
,
betook
themselves
to
their
Arms
:
The
Germans
seeing
their
men
kill'd
by
both
Factions
,
went
out
of
the
Suburbs
into
the
City
,
and
called
the
Heads
of
the
Parties
to
'em
.
But
Galeatius
,
Son
to
Maffeo
Viconti
,
left
his
Father
at
home
and
went
with
a
considerable
number
of
Suppliants
to
wait
upon
the
Emperor
and
told
him
,
That
the
Turriani
,
affecting
Sovereignty
,
had
made
that
uproar
in
the
City
.
Whereupon
the
Germans
joyning
the
Gibellin
Faction
,
drave
the
Turriani
,
(
after
some
small
resistance
at
S.
Martes
New-street
)
out
of
the
City
:
from
whence
they
fled
in
great
numbers
to
Vercelli
by
the
persuasion
of
Guido
.
Thirty
of
this
Faction
being
kill'd
,
of
which
four
were
Turriano's
.
After
this
Henry
moved
toward
Cremona
and
Crema
,
and
called
the
Guelphs
before
him
there
,
who
had
turn'd
out
the
Gibellins
,
but
he
dealt
mildly
with
the
Cremoneses
,
because
they
rendered
themselves
so
freely
,
though
he
was
a
little
severer
upon
the
Cremeses
,
and
demolish'd
their
Walls
.
Which
strook
such
terror
into
those
of
Parma
(
who
by
the
persuasion
of
one
Gilbert
Correggio
had
received
the
Rossi
into
their
Town
)
that
immediately
they
drove
out
the
Guelphs
and
took
in
the
Emperors
Lieutenant
.
Those
of
Brescia
defended
themselves
for
some
time
:
but
being
smartly
attaqued
by
Henry
,
they
fled
in
the
Night
to
the
Mountains
,
and
left
the
City
quite
empty
.
The
Germans
enter'd
it
presently
,
and
pulled
down
the
Walls
.
At
which
Calamities
of
their
Neighbours
,
the
people
of
Mantua
,
Verona
,
Vicenza
,
Padua
,
Treviso
,
and
Venice
were
so
affrighted
,
that
they
immediately
submitted
to
the
Emperors
Orders
.
Those
also
of
Piacenza
turn'd
out
Albertus
Scotus
,
Captain
of
the
Guelphs
,
and
took
in
the
Emperors
Governour
.
Having
setled
Affairs
after
this
manner
in
Lombardy
,
the
Emperor
went
through
Piacenza
to
Genoa
,
along
with
Amadeus
of
Savoy
,
attended
by
the
Agents
from
Pisa
and
Genoa
.
Thither
came
Embassadors
from
Robert
of
Naples
and
Frederick
King
of
Sicily
,
not
long
after
;
the
former
to
make
a
shew
of
friendship
,
and
the
latter
to
assure
him
of
the
real
love
which
they
had
for
him
.
For
Robert
had
sent
his
Mareschal
into
Tuscany
with
two
thousand
Horse
,
to
assist
the
Floretines
and
those
of
Lucca
,
if
need
were
,
against
the
Emperor
.
But
Henry
went
by
Sea
to
Pisa
,
and
having
sent
his
Land-forces
before
him
,
did
the
men
of
Lucca
a
great
deal
of
damage
.
Hitherto
I
thought
fit
to
relate
all
the
inconveniences
which
were
brought
upon
the
Italians
,
which
some
impute
wholly
to
Clement
,
who
solicited
Henry
to
come
with
an
Army
into
Italy
:
Whilst
others
tell
us
,
that
Clement
did
it
for
the
advantage
of
the
Country
,
because
of
the
civil
Discords
among
'em
,
which
were
the
cause
of
much
blood-shed
in
every
City
,
nay
in
every
little
Castle
.
The
Citizens
were
slain
,
old
men
murther'd
,
young
Children
dash'd
against
the
ground
,
with
a
boundless
cruelty
.
Whereupon
Clement
used
that
saying
of
Homer
,
Let
there
be
but
one
chief
Lord
,
one
Judg
of
all
matters
.
Henry
went
on
toward
Rome
,
and
sent
Lewis
of
Savoy
,
Son
to
Amadeus
,
with
five
hundred
Horse
before
,
who
taking
up
his
quarters
at
one
Stephen
Columna's
House
,
near
the
Lateran
,
put
the
Vrsin
Faction
in
a
terrible
fear
.
But
Henry
came
first
to
Viterbo
and
thence
to
Rome
,
where
he
was
very
kindly
received
not
onely
by
all
the
Nobility
,
but
by
the
Citizens
in
general
.
After
that
being
Crown'd
by
three
Cardinals
,
he
made
the
Romans
swear
Allegiance
to
him
,
as
the
custom
is
,
and
made
a
great
Feast
,
to
which
he
invited
all
the
Noblemen
of
the
City
,
except
the
Vrsins
.
But
lest
in
such
a
concourse
of
people
,
there
should
arise
any
tumult
through
the
animosities
of
some
men
,
he
planted
his
Soldiers
in
the
Theatres
,
Baths
and
other
fortified
places
;
in
the
strength
of
which
Guards
he
was
so
confident
,
that
he
had
the
courage
to
demand
of
the
people
a
Tribute
which
they
never
used
to
pay
.
Hereupon
all
the
Citizens
of
both
Factions
fled
to
the
Vrsins
,
who
had
set
good
Guards
about
their
House
,
which
stood
near
the
Tiber
and
hard
by
Hadrians
Bridg.
At
that
the
Emperor
was
so
enraged
,
that
he
summoned
the
Sea-Archers
,
whom
the
men
of
Pisa
had
sent
him
,
to
march
into
the
City
against
the
Romans
;
but
they
were
surprised
and
soon
routed
by
John
,
the
Brother
of
King
Robert
,
who
had
placed
his
Sea-forces
under
the
Mount
di
S.
Sabina
.
He
also
let
in
the
Horse
who
quarter'd
not
far
off
,
and
by
the
aid
of
the
Roman
people
forced
the
Emperour
himself
to
retreat
as
far
as
Tivoli
.
After
him
John
,
Robert's
Brother
went
away
by
Command
from
the
Cardinals
,
and
left
the
City
quiet
.
But
Henry
going
from
Perugia
arrived
at
Arezzo
,
where
he
accused
Robert
the
King
of
Treason
;
and
because
he
did
not
appear
upon
Summons
,
deprived
him
of
his
Kingdom
,
against
the
mind
of
Clement
,
who
thought
he
had
done
a
thing
of
such
consequence
in
a
very
improper
place
,
besides
that
it
was
none
of
his
Prerogative
.
For
he
said
,
It
was
Popes
peculiar
Province
to
dispose
of
the
Kingdom
of
Sicily
on
both
sides
the
Pharo
.
The
Emperor
marching
from
Arezzo
led
his
Army
toward
Florence
and
Lucca
,
who
were
Allies
to
Robert
.
But
seeing
he
was
not
able
to
storm
a
Town
,
he
possess'd
himself
of
Poggibonci
;
which
when
he
had
fortified
,
he
declared
War
against
the
Seneses
,
because
they
were
so
niggardly
,
and
sparing
in
supplying
him
with
Provisions
.
But
falling
sick
he
went
to
the
Bath
at
Macerata
,
from
whence
he
came
back
to
Bonconvento
much
weaker
than
he
was
before
.
There
,
after
some
days
,
he
died
;
but
it
was
suspected
,
he
was
poison'd
by
a
Monk
at
Florence
,
who
was
induced
by
large
Rewards
and
Promises
to
give
him
the
Eucharist
dipped
in
Poison
.
The
State
of
Pisa
(
now
that
the
Emperor
was
dead
)
feared
the
power
of
the
Florentines
,
and
therefore
chose
Vgutio
Fagiolano
their
Captain
and
sole
Governor
;
who
not
long
after
reduced
those
of
Lucca
,
and
took
away
their
Lands
from
'em
,
by
the
assistance
of
the
Cavalry
,
that
had
served
under
Henry
.
In
the
mean
time
Clement
was
very
much
troubled
not
onely
at
all
the
other
evils
that
Italy
underwent
,
but
that
S.
Constantines
Church
should
be
burnt
down
.
Wherefore
he
sent
Money
to
the
Clergy
and
people
of
Rome
toward
the
repair
of
that
Church
,
though
there
was
such
scarcity
and
Dearth
in
his
Country
at
that
time
,
that
he
could
hardly
buy
himself
Victuals
and
Drink
.
Which
miseries
were
foretold
by
frequent
Eclipses
of
the
Sun
,
several
Comets
,
and
the
Plague
which
was
almost
Epidemical
.
But
Clement
apply'd
himself
to
settle
the
State
of
the
Church
,
and
therefore
he
exercised
his
Episcopal
Function
three
times
,
not
onely
in
making
several
Cardinals
,
who
were
excellent
Men
,
but
in
three
Councils
which
he
called
in
several
places
and
at
several
times
he
did
many
things
with
prudence
and
deliberation
.
For
he
suppress'd
Dulcinus's
Sect
(
as
I
told
you
)
that
opposed
the
Churchmen
,
and
took
off
the
Templers
,
who
were
fallen
into
very
great
Errors
(
as
,
denying
Christ
,
&c.
)
and
gave
their
goods
to
the
Knights
of
Jerusalem
.
He
likewise
withstood
the
King
of
France
at
Poictou
when
he
made
unreasonable
and
unhandsom
Demands
;
for
the
King
would
have
had
Boniface
censur'd
and
Nogaretius
and
Sarra
absolv'd
.
The
first
request
he
never
obtein'd
,
but
the
second
he
at
last
had
granted
to
him
,
upon
Nogaretius's
Promise
,
that
he
would
go
against
the
Saracens
for
Penance
.
Which
expedition
Clement
himself
had
a
great
mind
to
,
as
appears
by
his
Councils
.
Afterwards
he
canonized
Caelestin
the
fifth
by
the
name
of
Peter
the
Confessor
,
because
approved
by
Miracles
;
and
set
forth
the
Clementines
,
which
he
composed
during
the
Council
at
Vienna
.
But
in
succeeding
time
he
was
afflicted
with
divers
Diseases
:
for
he
was
troubled
sometimes
with
a
Dysentery
,
sometimes
with
a
pain
in
his
Stomach
,
or
his
Sides
,
of
which
he
dy'd
in
the
eighth
year
,
tenth
month
,
and
fifteenth
day
of
his
Pontificate
.
The
Sea
was
then
vacant
two
years
,
three
months
,
and
seventeen
days
,
whilst
the
Cardinals
were
at
a
stand
,
whom
they
should
choose
.
Nor
was
there
less
Discord
among
the
Electors
of
the
Empire
,
upon
the
Death
of
Henry
,
some
proposing
Lewis
of
Bavaria
,
others
Frederick
,
Duke
of
Austria
.
And
these
two
engaging
in
War
one
against
the
other
,
Frederick
was
Conquer'd
:
at
which
Lewis
grew
so
proud
,
that
he
not
onely
called
himself
Emperor
,
without
Authority
from
Rome
;
but
favour'd
the
Viconti
in
Lombardy
,
so
far
,
that
they
got
into
Millain
.
And
this
he
did
to
make
his
own
passage
more
easie
toward
Rome
,
where
he
was
to
receive
a
golden
Crown
according
to
the
usual
Custom
.
Then
began
the
people
of
Tuscany
,
and
all
the
Guelphs
to
tremble
,
when
they
saw
Lewis
Emperor
,
and
that
he
was
likely
to
recover
all
the
rights
of
the
Empire
in
a
short
time
,
by
the
help
of
the
Viconti
and
Vgutio
Fagiolani
who
was
sole
Governour
of
Pisa
and
Lucca
.
Wherefore
they
endeavour'd
to
bring
over
to
their
Party
by
Promises
and
Presents
,
Petramala
,
Bishop
and
Lord
of
Arezzo
,
and
Philip
of
Tarento
,
a
Prince
and
Brother
to
King
Robert
.
For
Philip
at
that
time
was
very
strong
in
Cavalry
,
and
a
very
good
Soldier
.
JOHN
XXIII
.
JOHN
the
twenty
third
,
formerly
called
James
of
Caturco
,
Bishop
of
Porto
,
after
a
long
debate
between
twenty
three
Cardinals
,
was
chosen
Pope
at
Lyons
,
and
the
fifth
of
September
received
the
Pontifical
Crown
in
the
Cathedral
Church
there
.
From
thence
he
removed
with
the
whole
Court
to
Avignion
,
where
he
made
eight
Cardinals
in
the
Ember-week
before
Advent
:
some
of
which
were
James
of
Caturco
,
his
Sisters
Son
,
and
John
Cajetan
,
Cardinal
Deacon
of
S.
Theodores
,
of
the
Family
of
the
Vrsins
.
Besides
that
,
he
canoniz'd
,
for
a
Confessor
,
Lewis
Bishop
of
Tholouse
,
Son
to
Charles
late
King
of
Sicily
,
though
there
are
some
that
ascribe
this
Act
to
Boniface
,
as
I
told
you
before
.
He
forced
Hugo
Bishop
of
Caturco
,
to
relinquish
his
Bishoprick
and
Priesthood
,
and
stripp'd
him
of
all
his
Pontifical
Ornaments
,
as
,
the
Ring
,
the
Mitre
,
the
Coife
,
the
Cap
,
and
the
Rocket
.
And
after
he
had
deprived
,
degraded
,
and
(
to
use
their
own
phrase
)
deliver'd
him
over
to
the
secular
jurisdiction
,
he
was
tortur'd
to
Death
for
conspiring
against
the
Pope
.
The
Church
of
Tholouse
,
which
he
loved
entirely
,
he
made
an
Arch-bishoprick
;
and
improved
six
Castles
that
belong'd
to
it
into
so
many
Cities
,
that
the
Arch-bishop
might
have
something
under
him
which
was
honourable
,
and
worth
his
governing
.
He
also
joyn'd
Limosa
,
i.
e.
Wiselburg
,
and
the
Abby
of
S.
Pontius
to
the
Arch-bishoprick
of
Narbonne
;
nay
so
much
addicted
was
he
to
Novelties
,
that
he
divided
some
single
Bishopricks
into
two
,
and
united
others
that
were
distinct
;
turning
Abbaties
into
Bishopricks
and
Bishopricks
into
Abbaties
.
He
likewise
created
new
Dignities
and
new
Societies
in
the
Church
;
and
alter'd
those
,
which
had
been
formerly
constituted
.
Yet
he
was
so
grateful
,
that
he
confirmed
the
Design
of
setting
forth
that
Book
called
Clementinae
,
or
Rules
of
Clement
;
and
commanded
all
Doctors
in
publick
Schools
,
to
read
it
for
Lectures
.
He
reduced
the
Order
of
Gramont
,
which
had
been
corrupted
by
some
factious
fellows
,
into
a
better
form
,
by
taking
away
such
things
as
might
be
inconvenient
,
and
adding
other
things
that
might
keep
up
the
Grandeur
of
Religion
.
He
loved
the
Church
of
Saragoza
so
well
that
he
made
the
City
a
Metropolis
,
and
assigned
it
the
Covernment
of
five
Cathedrals
out
of
eleven
,
which
were
under
the
Arch-bishop
of
Tarragona
.
He
also
created
a
new
Order
of
Knights
,
to
fight
under
Christ's
Banner
in
Portugal
,
and
oppose
the
Saracens
in
Granada
and
Africa
.
Boetica
was
the
old
name
for
Granada
,
which
lies
to
the
Mediteranean
,
and
is
so
called
,
I
suppose
,
from
the
abundance
it
yields
of
a
sort
of
Grain
that
Dyers
use
.
Now
the
Head-quarters
of
this
Order
,
which
the
Pope
constituted
,
was
in
a
Seaport
Town
in
the
Diocese
of
Sylva
;
and
the
Knights
had
all
the
Templers
goods
by
consent
of
the
King
of
Portugal
,
that
they
might
be
more
at
leisure
to
fight
for
Christ
.
Their
Censor
and
Moderator
is
the
Abbot
of
a
Monastery
of
Cistercians
at
Alcoasia
in
the
Diocese
of
Lisbon
,
who
has
the
Power
to
list
and
disband
a
Knight
as
he
pleases
,
Afterward
he
made
two
S.
Thomases
;
that
is
to
say
Thomas
Bishop
of
Hereford
,
a
man
of
a
great
Family
,
a
good
Life
,
extraordinary
Learning
,
and
famous
for
his
Miracles
;
and
Thomas
Aquinas
,
a
celebrated
Doctor
of
the
Order
of
S.
Dominick
,
of
whose
Life
and
Writings
I
have
formerly
made
several
Remarks
.
Not
long
after
,
he
created
seven
Cardinals
at
a
second
Ordination
,
in
the
year
1322
:
and
presently
thereupon
he
set
forth
an
Edict
,
to
declare
all
those
for
obstinate
Hereticks
,
who
affirm'd
that
Christ
and
his
Disciples
had
nothing
which
they
could
call
their
own
.
Which
certainly
does
not
much
agree
with
the
Scripture
,
that
tells
us
in
many
places
,
how
Christ
,
his
Disciples
and
true
followers
had
a
real
propriety
in
nothing
:
as
in
that
passage
of
the
Gospel
,
where
it
says
;
He
that
does
not
sell
all
that
he
has
and
give
to
the
Poor
,
cannot
be
my
Disciple
.
Nay
more
than
that
,
He
accounted
every
one
an
Heretick
,
that
said
the
Disciples
as
such
had
not
Power
to
sell
,
to
give
,
to
bequeath
,
and
to
get
,
because
when
they
enter'd
into
Religion
,
they
were
to
be
under
the
Will
of
another
.
Which
is
the
reason
that
Slaves
do
not
gain
any
thing
for
themselves
but
their
Master
,
or
give
the
Poor
what
they
formerly
got
,
if
he
command
them
.
And
of
these
Positions
he
sent
Apostolical
Transcripts
to
all
publick
Schools
,
that
the
Scholars
might
not
dare
to
Dispute
of
that
matter
any
more
.
Moreover
he
condemned
the
Opinion
of
one
Frier
Peter
of
the
Order
of
Minors
,
who
had
animated
a
whole
Convent
of
the
third
Order
to
imitate
Christs
poverty
:
of
which
number
many
were
condemned
and
burnt
.
After
that
he
made
ten
Cardinals
more
;
among
whom
he
consider'd
John
Columna
and
his
Brother
Matthew
,
who
were
of
the
Vrsin
Family
,
and
of
the
Order
of
Preachers
.
Whilst
the
Pope
was
imploy'd
in
these
Affairs
,
the
Florentine
Army
was
overcome
in
a
bloody
fight
by
Vgutio
Fagiolani
,
not
far
from
the
Mount
Catino
.
But
those
of
Lucca
,
not
able
to
endure
the
Tyranny
of
Vgutio
any
longer
,
took
an
occasion
and
turn'd
Nerius
his
Son
out
of
the
City
,
whilst
he
was
going
to
punish
Castruccio
,
a
person
of
a
Noble
Family
,
and
good
courage
;
whom
he
had
put
in
Prison
,
that
he
might
get
the
spoils
which
Castruccio
had
taken
from
the
Enemies
.
Nerius
being
banish'd
out
of
Lucca
incensed
his
Father
against
that
State
,
upon
whom
those
of
Pisa
shut
their
Gates
,
as
he
was
going
out
of
the
City
to
meet
the
Enemy
.
Upon
that
he
and
his
Son
escaped
to
Malaspina
,
after
he
had
often
attempted
,
and
been
as
often
frustrated
in
the
recovery
of
his
Sovereignty
;
but
by
Command
from
the
Pope
he
came
back
at
last
into
Romagna
which
was
his
native
Countrey
.
By
this
means
Castruccio
was
promoted
from
extream
misery
to
the
greatest
happiness
:
for
he
was
taken
out
of
Prison
and
made
sole
Governour
of
Lucca
.
But
the
Pope
hearing
that
the
Esteses
had
routed
the
Church
Forces
out
of
Ferrara
,
and
gotten
it
totally
into
their
own
hands
;
and
that
the
Viscounts
,
by
assistance
of
Lewis
of
Bavaria
,
had
made
themselves
Masters
of
Millain
,
he
said
,
he
would
let
the
Esteses
alone
for
a
while
;
but
interdicted
the
Viscounts
,
though
he
was
not
so
angry
with
them
as
with
Lewis
,
who
usurped
the
Title
of
Emperor
.
At
the
same
time
the
Gibellins
of
Genoa
were
banish'd
by
their
Fellow-Citizens
the
Guelphs
assisted
by
King
Robert
,
to
whom
they
had
committed
the
Government
of
their
City
,
and
fled
in
great
numbers
to
Savona
.
But
there
too
some
time
after
,
Robert
persecuted
'em
every
one
in
their
Exile
,
and
reduced
the
Savoneses
,
as
he
went
into
France
.
The
Pope
understanding
that
the
Guelphs
were
generally
oppress'd
after
Robert's
departure
,
sent
Charles
,
Earl
of
Valois
,
the
Son
of
Philip
King
of
France
into
Italy
,
to
protect
the
Guelphs
,
and
those
especially
that
were
at
Vercelli
with
the
Turrianoes
,
who
were
Lords
of
that
City
.
But
Viscount
Galeatius
,
by
command
from
Lewis
the
Emperor
,
prevented
Charles
,
and
expelled
the
Turrianoes
out
of
Vercelli
before
he
came
;
upon
which
that
City
became
subject
to
the
Viscounts
.
Not
long
after
Castruccio
gets
into
Pistoia
,
as
Guido
Petramala
a
little
before
had
into
Tipherno
,
though
the
Florentines
withstood
him
.
But
Castruccio
relying
upon
the
aid
of
Viscount
Galeatius
(
for
he
had
sent
his
Son
Accio
with
one
thousand
five
hundred
Soldiers
to
assist
him
)
pursu'd
and
beat
the
Florentines
back
to
the
very
Walls
,
killing
a
great
many
men
.
The
Pope
seeing
the
Bavarian
resolv'd
to
embroil
all
things
interdicted
him
with
the
usual
Ceremonies
;
and
degraded
Guido
Petramala
from
the
Priesthood
,
after
he
had
got
possession
of
Tipherno
.
He
also
separated
Cortona
from
the
Bishoprick
of
Arezzo
and
made
it
a
City
of
it self
,
making
John
of
Viterbo
Bishop
of
it
.
In
the
mean
time
Nicolas
d'
Este
,
Lord
of
Ferrara
,
storm'd
and
took
Argenta
,
a
Town
belonging
to
the
Church
of
Ravenna
,
by
the
assistance
of
Passerino
Bonacossio
Lord
of
Mantua
,
who
a
little
before
had
married
Nicolas's
Sister
.
These
two
also
joyn'd
their
Forces
and
attempted
Bologna
,
but
went
off
with
great
loss
,
being
defeated
by
Beltrando
who
commanded
the
Church-forces
,
and
not
long
after
cursed
by
the
Pope
.
Ferraria
too
was
interdicted
,
till
they
restored
Argenta
—
.
But
Castruccio
at
that
time
did
torment
the
Florentines
after
he
had
taken
Segna
,
from
whence
he
made
frequent
Sallies
upon
them
,
insomuch
that
,
despairing
of
their
Affairs
,
they
called
in
Charles
,
the
Son
of
Robert
to
be
their
Covernour
.
At
that
time
Pope
John
sent
John
Vrsin
into
Italy
with
all
speed
,
to
animate
the
Florentines
and
the
Guelphs
against
the
Bavarian
,
who
was
then
coming
over
the
Alps
with
a
mighty
Army
.
But
he
,
in
his
way
to
Rome
,
went
first
to
Millain
,
at
the
earnest
request
of
the
Gibellins
.
Where
having
received
his
Iron
Crown
,
he
wanted
Money
,
and
was
forced
to
raise
some
upon
the
people
;
which
Galeatius
their
Governour
making
some
scruple
of
,
he
put
all
the
Viconti
in
Prison
,
and
chose
four
and
twenty
Citizens
to
manage
the
publick
Affairs
,
with
a
chief
Officer
of
his
own
Family
.
Afterward
the
Bavarian
,
at
the
request
of
Castruccio
,
set
all
the
Viconti
at
liberty
,
whilst
they
were
at
Lucca
,
where
the
Emperor
was
entertain'd
with
great
respect
and
kindness
.
And
when
he
went
from
thence
,
he
was
attended
to
Rome
by
Castruccio
with
one
thousand
five
hundred
Horse
:
where
in
the
Palace
of
S.
Giovanni
Laterano
he
was
Crown'd
by
Stephano
Columna
at
the
command
of
the
Clergy
and
People
.
At
that
time
there
were
two
chief
Officers
in
the
City
,
chosen
out
of
the
Nobility
,
which
they
called
the
Emperors
Lieutenants
:
and
one
of
'em
,
called
Nicolas
di
Conti
being
then
absent
,
it
fell
to
Stephano's
lot
to
do
that
Office
.
Being
Crown'd
Emperor
,
he
presently
made
Peter
of
Corbiere
,
of
the
Order
of
Minors
,
born
near
Rieti
,
Pope
(
to
Rival
John
the
twenty
third
)
who
was
a
man
of
mean
Birth
,
but
a
learned
Man
and
very
fit
for
business
.
This
Person
had
a
Wife
formerly
,
against
whose
desire
,
and
inclination
he
enter'd
into
the
Order
of
S.
Francis
.
So
being
made
a
mock-Pope
and
called
by
the
name
of
Nicolas
the
fifth
,
he
was
saluted
by
the
Emperor
and
all
that
were
there
along
with
him
,
as
the
true
Vicar
of
Christ
;
who
likewise
made
Cardinals
and
Bishops
of
men
like
himself
—
.
In
the
mean
time
the
French
Horse
that
were
left
in
Garison
at
Florence
,
having
surprised
Pistoia
in
the
Night
,
they
forc'd
Castruccio
to
depart
immediately
from
Rome
.
Who
having
first
joyned
the
Viconti's
forces
,
came
to
Lucca
and
Pisa
,
and
thence
moving
toward
Pistoia
he
besieged
it
a
long
time
,
and
at
last
compelled
it
to
surrender
for
want
of
Provisions
.
But
the
Bavarian
followed
Castruccio
with
an
Army
,
and
left
the
Anti-Pope
at
Viterbo
,
having
a
Design
to
storm
Florence
.
And
perhaps
he
had
taken
it
,
if
Castruccio
had
not
happen'd
to
die
of
a
Disease
which
he
contracted
by
the
excessive
pains
that
he
took
.
Yet
the
Bavarian
forgot
his
great
kindness
to
him
,
and
banish'd
his
Sons
from
Pisa
and
Lucca
,
as
they
were
disposing
of
Soldiers
to
guard
the
several
Cities
;
and
took
possession
of
the
Towns
.
At
the
same
time
Galeatius
also
dying
,
his
Sons
fled
to
the
Bavarian
,
desiring
him
,
that
he
would
restore
'em
to
their
Countrey
for
such
a
sum
as
they
promised
him
.
He
thereupon
,
being
very
greedy
of
Money
,
sent
Accio
home
,
but
kept
his
Brother
,
Marco
for
an
hostage
till
the
whole
Money
was
paid
.
And
then
,
leaving
the
Anti-Pope
at
Pisa
,
with
Viscount
Marco
,
he
went
to
Millain
,
in
order
to
go
for
Germany
,
but
could
not
be
received
into
the
City
by
Accio
,
who
too
well
remember'd
the
injuries
done
to
his
Father
.
But
the
German
Soldiers
who
kept
Marco
in
Tuscany
for
an
Hostage
,
when
they
knew
his
good
temper
,
swore
Allegiance
to
him
,
and
made
him
of
their
Prisoner
,
their
Captain
,
so
that
he
was
straightway
Master
of
Lucca
,
by
the
surrender
of
Castruccio's
Soldiers
,
who
gave
up
the
Castle
into
his
hands
.
And
yet
not
long
after
the
Germans
,
in
Marco's
absence
,
changed
their
mind
and
sold
the
City
of
Lucca
to
a
certain
Genoese
of
the
Family
of
Spinola
,
a
great
Seaman
.
So
that
after
all
,
the
Bavarian
return'd
to
Germany
,
without
having
perform'd
any
thing
to
the
advantage
of
the
Empire
;
and
Boniface
Earl
of
Pisa
,
to
gratifie
Pope
John
,
brought
the
Anti-Pope
to
Avignion
,
where
he
died
in
Prison
.
And
now
the
Pope
being
freed
of
his
two
greatest
cares
;
to
wit
,
the
Anti-Pope
being
dead
,
and
the
Bavarian
gone
out
of
Italy
into
to
Germany
,
he
declared
an
Expedition
against
the
Saracens
,
and
imposed
new
Tenths
,
to
be
paid
to
Philip
upon
the
account
of
that
Voyage
.
The
Florentines
were
then
in
Lucca
,
but
were
driven
out
immediately
by
the
Bohemians
,
whom
the
people
of
Brescia
had
invited
into
Italy
against
the
Bergameses
;
and
by
whose
assistance
also
the
Popes
Legat
had
taken
Parma
Rheggio
,
and
Modena
.
But
he
,
making
an
Alliance
with
John
King
of
Bohemia
,
quickly
changed
all
the
Measures
of
the
Italian
Factions
.
For
whosoever
the
Pope
and
King
of
Bohemia
were
Confederates
with
,
Robert
and
the
Florentines
were
certainly
against
,
without
any
distinction
of
Guelphs
or
Gibellins
.
For
Mastino
Scala
Lord
of
Verona
,
Philippino
Gonzaga
of
Mantua
,
the
Carrarieses
,
Lords
of
Padua
,
the
Esteses
of
Ferrara
enter'd
into
Alliance
and
League
with
Robert
,
by
whom
the
Florentines
also
were
assisted
,
and
took
Pistoia
,
by
surrender
from
some
of
the
Citizens
without
opposition
.
In
the
mean
while
the
Marquesses
of
Este
were
not
absolv'd
from
the
Ecclesiastical
Interdiction
,
before
they
were
tired
by
the
Petitions
of
those
of
Ferrara
,
and
restored
Argenta
,
which
they
were
possessed
of
,
to
the
Church
of
Ravenna
.
Yet
still
,
relying
upon
the
assistance
of
the
Scaligeri
,
they
attaqu'd
the
Castle
of
S.
Felix
in
Modena
;
till
Charles
,
the
King
of
Bohemia's
Son
,
came
upon
them
,
with
Manfred
,
surnamed
Pius
,
who
was
Lord
of
Carpo
,
and
by
these
two
Confederates
,
they
were
routed
and
beaten
out
of
the
Field
.
'T
is
certain
that
eight
hundred
of
their
Soldiers
fell
in
that
Battel
,
and
many
of
their
Nobles
were
taken
,
and
among
others
of
the
greatest
note
,
one
Nicolas
d'
Este
,
Brother
to
Rainaldo
the
Marquess
.
The
Legat
of
Bologna
took
this
occasion
,
and
getting
a
considerable
Army
together
,
commanded
by
Galeot
Malatesta
of
Rimini
,
Francisco
Ordelapo
of
Forli
,
Richard
Manfred
of
Faenza
and
Hostasio
Polentano
of
Ravenna
(
at
that
time
Lords
of
their
respective
Cities
,
)
he
besieged
Ferrara
;
which
was
then
sharply
attaqued
,
and
the
Suburbs
of
S.
Antony
taken
,
when
Auxiliary
Forces
sent
by
Philippino
Gonzaga
,
Mastino
Scala
,
and
Vbertino
of
Carrara
encouraged
the
Ferrarians
to
sally
forth
;
which
they
did
with
such
success
,
that
they
routed
the
Enemy
,
and
took
most
of
their
Captains
.
But
the
Earl
of
Romagna
,
who
was
taken
,
was
chang'd
for
Nicolas
d'
Este
:
and
the
rest
were
sent
safe
home
,
upon
condition
,
that
they
should
take
up
Arms
no
more
against
the
House
of
Este
.
Rainaldo
d'
Este
proud
of
such
a
Victory
,
march'd
into
Bologna
,
where
he
spoiled
all
the
Country
round
about
,
and
had
very
near
taken
the
Town
.
They
of
Bologna
well
hoped
that
the
King
of
Bohemia
would
have
assisted
the
Legat
:
and
it
was
reported
that
he
was
on
his
way
thither
,
when
on
the
sudden
news
was
brought
to
him
that
Mastino
Scala
,
had
taken
Brescia
,
and
Bergamo
by
surrender
:
and
that
Accio
Viconti
was
got
into
Pavia
and
storming
the
Castle
.
For
this
reason
he
desisted
from
any
farther
attempts
,
and
leaving
his
Son
at
Parma
,
went
himself
with
some
Troops
to
Pavia
:
where
seeing
he
could
not
take
in
the
Forts
that
the
Viconti
had
raised
,
he
only
plunder'd
the
Country
about
Millain
,
and
went
back
again
to
Parma
without
effecting
his
Design
.
There
he
understood
that
Americk
Son
to
Castruccio
had
gotten
Lucca
by
means
of
some
friends
within
:
but
that
the
Castle
held
out
still
,
though
the
King
,
for
a
sum
of
Money
surrendred
that
too
,
because
he
was
to
go
shortly
into
Germany
,
being
weary
of
the
Italian
Factions
.
For
the
Viconti
,
having
taken
the
Castle
of
Pavia
,
made
excursions
far
and
near
.
Wherefore
placing
a
German
Garison
in
Modena
,
and
Rheggio
,
and
committed
the
care
of
Parma
to
Marsilio
and
Piedro
Rubeo
,
he
went
into
Germany
,
but
promised
to
come
suddenly
back
again
with
a
greater
Army
.
When
the
King
was
gone
,
the
Bologneses
,
with
the
aid
of
the
Florentines
and
the
Marquess
d'
Este
,
beat
out
the
Legat
,
and
recover'd
their
Liberty
,
killing
all
the
Ecclesiastical
forces
both
within
and
without
the
City
.
So
that
the
Legat
growing
helpless
,
writ
to
Avignion
in
the
year
1334.
just
when
John
the
Pope
died
in
the
ninetieth
year
of
his
Age
,
and
in
the
nineteenth
year
and
the
fourth
month
of
his
Pontificate
,
and
left
behind
him
in
the
Treasury
such
a
mass
of
Gold
,
as
never
any
Pope
did
before
him
.
He
was
buried
in
the
Cathedral
,
in
great
State
.
Some
say
that
Petro
Mutroneo
,
once
Pope
,
was
canonized
by
John
;
and
that
Gentilis
of
Fuligno
,
and
Dyno
of
Florence
,
two
famous
Physicians
were
at
the
same
time
rewarded
by
him
with
money
and
honour
:
for
he
was
reckon'd
a
great
Lover
of
learned
Men.
BENEDICT
XII
.
BENEDICT
the
Twelfth
,
of
Tholouse
,
a
Cistercian
,
formerly
call'd
James
,
Cardinal
Priest
of
S.
Prisca
,
was
made
Pope
at
Avignion
the
sixteenth
day
after
John's
death
,
and
presently
confirm'd
the
Censures
which
John
had
laid
upon
the
Bavarian
,
as
one
that
usurped
the
Empire
.
By
this
means
the
Empire
was
vacant
,
and
every
thing
tended
toward
a
War
,
when
every
one
,
though
never
such
a
petit
Lord
,
endeavour'd
to
encroach
upon
his
Neighbour
.
For
the
Scaligeri
were
not
content
to
be
sole
Governours
of
Verona
,
Brescia
,
and
Bergamo
,
but
strove
to
get
Parma
too
from
the
Rubei
.
Gonzaga
had
a
mind
to
get
Rheggio
,
d'
Este
Modena
,
and
the
Florentines
Lucca
.
But
the
Scaligeri
,
seeing
they
could
not
take
Parma
,
because
the
Soldiers
within
,
especially
the
Germans
,
who
hated
the
Scaligeri
,
defended
it
so
briskly
,
they
march'd
toward
Vincenza
.
But
they
could
do
no
good
upon
it
;
and
therefore
hearing
that
the
Germans
were
gone
from
Parma
,
they
return'd
thither
and
straight
took
it
by
surrender
of
the
very
Rubeans
themselves
.
Nicolas
d'
Este
also
took
Modena
by
the
assistance
of
his
Father-in-law
,
one
Guido
Gonziaco
,
whose
Daughter
he
had
married
.
And
Philippino
Gonzaza
had
Rheggio
voluntarily
yielded
to
him
by
the
Citizens
.
But
at
the
same
time
the
growing
Power
of
Mastino
Scala
,
who
had
gotten
into
Parma
,
Lucca
and
Padua
by
surrender
from
Vbertino
Carrara
,
made
all
the
Princes
and
States
almost
in
Italy
conspire
to
ruin
his
Grandeur
;
but
the
most
zealous
of
'em
were
the
Venetians
;
Gonzaga
,
and
d'
Este
besieged
Verona
,
whilst
Lucino
with
another
Army
took
Brescia
and
Bergamo
.
But
the
Venetians
fearing
,
lest
by
their
endeavours
to
lessen
the
power
of
one
,
they
might
augment
that
of
another
,
they
make
a
Peace
with
Mastino
Scaliger
upon
Condition
,
that
if
he
would
let
the
Carrareses
have
Padua
,
and
the
Viscount
Brescia
and
Bergamo
,
as
he
formerly
had
,
he
should
keep
Verona
,
Vincenza
,
Parma
and
Lucca
.
This
Peace
was
very
offensive
to
the
Florentines
,
who
were
their
friends
and
Allies
,
and
had
a
great
mind
to
have
Lucca
:
yet
they
deferr'd
their
complaint
till
another
time
and
at
that
present
held
their
Tongues
.
But
the
Pope
sent
a
Legat
into
Italy
,
who
persuaded
the
Senate
and
People
of
Rome
,
that
they
would
exercise
the
Senatorian
Office
in
the
name
of
him
and
the
Church
,
though
they
had
done
it
for
a
long
time
in
the
name
of
the
King
.
For
this
reason
Stephano
Columna
was
continu'd
Senator
for
five
years
,
and
Collegues
or
Partners
in
the
Office
were
assigned
him
annually
.
But
when
the
Pope
had
sent
for
Stephano
to
Avignion
,
Vrsus
Earl
of
Anguillaria
,
who
was
Stephano's
Collegue
,
made
Francis
Petrarcha
,
a
man
very
eloquent
,
especially
in
his
Mother-tongue
,
and
famous
for
the
Poems
he
had
publish'd
,
Poet
Laureat
,
in
the
Capitol
,
before
all
the
Nobility
and
people
of
Rome
,
in
the
year
1338.
But
the
Pope
fearing
lest
when
the
Empire
was
vacant
,
Italy
might
be
invaded
by
any
forein
Enemy
,
he
made
Viscount
Luchino
and
John
his
Brother
,
Arch
▪
bishop
of
Millain
,
Lieutenants
of
Millain
and
other
Cities
that
were
in
their
possession
.
The
same
Power
he
delegated
to
Mastino
Scala
over
Verona
,
and
Vincenza
;
to
Philippino
Gonzaga
,
in
Mantua
and
Reggio
:
to
Albertino
in
Carrara
and
Padua
:
and
to
Obicio
d'
Este
in
Ferrara
,
Modena
and
Argentae
,
and
that
very
justly
,
as
he
pretended
;
for
the
Empire
being
vacant
,
all
the
Power
belonging
to
it
devolves
upon
the
Pope
,
who
is
the
sole
Vicar
of
Jesus
Christ
upon
the
Earth
.
But
he
set
a
Tribute
upon
Obicio
d'
Este
,
that
he
should
pay
ten
thousand
pounds
every
year
to
the
Church
of
Rome
.
This
Pope
in
all
his
Reign
made
but
six
Cardinal-Presbyters
,
and
that
at
one
time
;
who
were
excellent
Persons
,
not
of
his
own
kindred
,
as
't
is
usual
now
a
days
,
but
men
called
forth
to
receive
such
a
Dignity
,
out
of
several
Nations
.
Yet
I
do
not
disapprove
of
them
,
that
are
preferr'd
to
honour
,
because
they
are
related
to
the
person
who
confers
it
,
if
they
are
deserving
.
Besides
,
he
was
a
Man
of
such
constancy
,
that
he
could
not
be
induced
to
do
an
injury
either
by
force
,
by
importunity
,
or
promises
of
gain
.
For
he
loved
good
Men
,
and
on
the
contrary
was
an
open
Enemy
to
all
evil
,
and
●lagitious
persons
.
He
likewise
often
attempted
by
his
Legats
to
make
Peace
between
Philip
of
France
and
Edward
of
England
,
but
to
no
purpose
,
since
they
were
such
foes
,
as
to
have
fought
many
bloody
Battels
one
with
another
.
For
Edwards
Navy
engaged
with
the
French
above
Selusas
near
Flanders
so
fiercely
,
that
he
overcame
them
,
and
kill'd
(
they
say
)
full
thirty
three
thousand
French
in
that
one
fight
.
But
the
Pope
,
having
tried
to
effect
that
business
so
often
,
at
last
desisted
,
and
betook
himself
to
building
a
Palace
for
succeeding
Popes
with
several
Towers
,
and
making
of
Orchards
,
which
he
finished
.
He
also
repaired
the
Roof
of
S.
Peter's
Church
at
his
own
charge
,
as
the
Inscription
under
his
Statute
there
shews
.
He
died
in
the
seventh
year
,
third
month
,
and
seventeenth
day
of
his
Pontificate
,
and
left
a
great
quantity
of
Gold
behind
him
,
not
to
his
Relations
,
but
to
the
Church
.
He
had
a
Design
to
have
Zoto
a
famous
Painter
of
that
Age
,
to
draw
the
Histories
of
the
Martyrs
in
the
House
that
he
built
,
but
was
prevented
by
Death
.
At
which
every
body
was
grieved
,
he
was
so
good
and
so
learned
a
Man
;
and
shewed
their
sorrow
by
their
Tears
and
Sighs
,
whilst
they
attended
at
his
Funeral
.
CLEMENT
VI.
CLEMENT
the
sixth
,
a
Limousin
,
formerly
called
Peter
,
at
first
a
Monk
,
and
then
Arch-Bishop
of
Rouen
,
was
at
last
made
Pope
at
Avignion
.
He
was
a
Man
of
great
Learning
,
and
exact
Eloquence
,
liberal
to
all
men
,
affable
and
very
humane
;
elected
Pope
the
seventh
of
May
,
and
Crowned
the
sixteenth
of
June
,
in
the
year
1342.
In
the
first
year
of
his
Pontificate
,
and
the
Ember-week
after
his
Coronation
he
created
eight
Cardinal-Priests
,
and
two
Deacons
,
that
is
to
say
,
his
Brother
who
was
a
Monk
of
Tulle
,
and
William
his
Sisters
Son
.
Of
those
Priests
also
which
he
made
one
was
his
Relation
by
Marriage
;
and
the
following
year
he
made
two
more
,
of
which
one
was
his
Nephew
by
another
Sister
.
This
Pope
when
the
Romans
petition'd
and
told
him
,
that
whereas
Boniface
the
eighth
had
formerly
granted
a
full
Remission
of
sins
to
all
that
visited
the
Shrines
of
the
Apostles
Peter
and
Paul
every
hundredth
year
(
which
space
of
time
the
Romans
anciently
called
Saeculum
,
an
Age
,
and
thence
their
Games
once
in
an
hundred
years
,
Ludi
Saeculares
.
)
they
thought
it
more
convenient
the
time
should
be
contracted
because
men
seldom
lived
so
long
,
he
freely
consented
that
the
Jubilee
should
be
kept
every
fiftieth
year
.
But
when
he
sound
that
all
Italy
was
in
an
uproar
,
he
confirmed
onely
Luchinus
and
John
two
Viscounts
,
his
Lieutenants
in
the
Dutchy
of
Millain
,
without
mentioning
the
other
Princes
of
Italy
.
For
he
thought
that
they
alone
were
able
to
resist
the
Bavarian
,
who
(
as
he
gave
out
himself
)
was
coming
down
into
Italy
,
and
,
to
requite
the
Pope
,
confirm'd
many
Lieutenants
in
the
Towns
and
places
belonging
to
the
Church
by
his
Imperial
Authority
.
For
he
continued
John
of
Vicourles
,
at
Viterbo
;
Galeot
Malatesia
,
and
his
Brethren
,
at
Rimini
,
Pesaro
,
and
Fano
;
Antonio
Feletrario
,
at
Vrbino
;
N●lphus
and
Gallasius
,
two
Brothers
,
at
Callio
;
Allegretus
Clavellus
,
at
Farriano
;
Bulgarutius
at
Matel●ca
;
Ismedutius
at
Sancto
Severino
;
Gentilis
Varraneus
,
at
Camerino
;
Michael
,
at
Mount
Milon
;
Pongonius
,
at
Cingoli
;
Nicolas
Boscaretus
,
at
Esio
;
Guido
Polentensis
,
at
Ravenna
;
Francis
and
Synebald
,
at
Forli
,
and
Caesena
;
John
Manfred
,
at
Faenza
;
though
before
some
of
these
men
had
gotten
the
same
places
under
them
partly
by
force
and
partly
by
the
good
will
of
the
Inhabitants
,
as
I
said
in
the
life
of
Benedict
.
But
in
the
mean
time
the
Frescobaldi
,
who
were
eminent
Citizens
of
Florence
,
were
banish'd
by
their
fellow-Citizens
,
and
would
have
instigated
the
Pisanes
to
War
,
but
it
was
at
an
ill
time
.
For
the
Florentines
at
that
time
were
just
upon
buying
Parma
of
the
Scaligeri
,
and
to
that
end
had
sent
some
of
their
Sons
to
Ferrara
as
Hostages
,
promising
to
give
'em
for
it
500000
l.
For
there
were
two
Arbitrators
,
one
chosen
by
each
party
out
of
Ferrara
.
But
the
Florentines
having
engaged
in
several
bloody
fights
one
upon
the
neck
of
another
,
were
extreamly
weaken'd
both
by
the
Pisanes
and
their
Allies
,
and
at
last
even
forced
to
slip
the
opportunity
of
such
a
bargain
.
Yet
they
did
not
neglect
to
send
aids
to
the
people
of
Lucca
when
they
were
besieged
by
the
Pisanes
;
besides
that
their
Allies
helped
'em
too
,
under
the
conduct
of
Malatesta
of
Rimini
,
surnamed
Vngarus
,
who
forced
the
Pisanes
from
Lucca
.
At
that
time
Robert
,
who
was
an
Ally
of
the
Florentines
,
being
moved
with
the
calamities
of
his
Confederates
,
sent
one
Gualter
a
French
man
,
that
they
called
Governor
of
Athens
with
a
small
party
of
Horse
into
Tuscany
,
who
having
by
mere
stratagem
defeated
Malatesta
,
who
was
but
an
unskilful
Captain
,
he
gain'd
so
cunningly
upon
the
favour
of
the
Florentines
,
that
in
a
short
time
he
was
both
General
of
their
Forces
and
Governour
of
their
City
;
and
turn'd
out
all
the
other
Officers
in
it
.
Those
of
Arezzo
also
,
if
Pis●oia
,
and
Volaterra
promoted
his
success
,
by
surrendering
themselves
immediately
to
him
.
But
when
Accio
Corrigienses
had
deliver'd
up
Parma
,
which
he
could
not
keep
,
to
Obicio
d'
Este
,
Philippino
Gonzaga
,
provoked
to
War
by
Obicio
,
got
an
Army
together
,
and
near
to
Reggio
engaged
with
him
so
furiously
,
that
he
routed
and
pursu'd
him
as
far
as
Ferrara
▪
Then
Obicio
finding
his
condition
desperate
,
put
Parma
which
he
could
not
defend
,
under
the
protection
of
Luchino
in
the
year
1366.
But
when
the
Florentines
could
no
longer
endure
the
Tyranny
of
Gualter
,
and
many
were
put
to
death
every
day
for
conspiring
against
him
how
to
get
their
Liberty
,
Angelo
Acciaiolo
,
Bishop
of
the
City
,
sends
away
for
the
Citizens
ready
armed
into
his
Bishoprick
,
with
a
resolution
to
recover
the
liberty
of
his
Country
.
At
which
the
Tyrant
seeing
himself
too
weak
for
the
Citizens
,
made
the
Bishop
himself
Umpire
concerning
the
Terms
of
Peace
,
and
so
march'd
off
in
safety
with
what
he
had
in
the
tenth
month
of
his
Reign
.
But
the
Rabble
of
the
City
shewed
themselves
ungrateful
(
as
indeed
they
always
do
)
and
banish'd
the
Nobility
,
by
whose
conduct
and
courage
they
had
gain'd
their
Liberty
,
spoiling
their
Goods
and
demolishing
their
Houses
.
And
lest
any
thing
should
be
lacking
that
might
disturb
all
Italy
,
there
were
great
animosities
arisen
in
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
.
For
King
Robert
,
dying
without
Issue
male
,
bequeathed
Johanna
Daughter
of
Andrew
,
his
Nephew
,
for
a
Wife
to
King
Charles
of
Hungary's
Son
,
who
came
at
that
time
a
Youth
to
Naples
.
But
Johanna
hating
him
,
for
a
dull
fellow
,
kill'd
him
by
surprise
in
the
City
,
which
was
generally
against
the
Match
;
and
was
married
to
his
Cousin
German
,
one
Lewis
,
Son
to
a
former
Prince
of
Tarento
,
who
was
known
to
be
Robert's
Brother
.
But
Lewis
King
of
Hungary
and
Brother
of
her
first
Husband
,
resolving
to
revenge
so
great
a
piece
of
Villany
,
came
into
Italy
with
a
very
well
order'd
Army
,
and
first
attaqued
the
Sulmoneses
,
who
had
the
boldness
to
oppose
him
.
But
in
the
mean
while
the
manner
of
choosing
Senators
at
Rome
was
alter'd
by
Apostolical
Authority
,
and
Nicolas
de
Renty
,
Citizen
of
Rome
and
publick
Notary
,
a
man
very
earnest
and
high
for
Liberty
,
when
he
had
taken
the
Capitol
,
gain'd
so
much
good
will
and
Authority
among
all
the
people
,
that
he
could
incline
them
to
what
he
pleased
.
And
that
he
might
work
upon
them
the
more
effectually
,
he
used
this
Motto
;
Nicolas
,
the
severe
and
merciful
Patron
of
Liberty
,
Peace
and
Justice
,
and
the
illustrious
Redeemer
of
the
Sacred
State
of
Rome
.
With
these
great
Words
he
created
such
an
admiration
of
himself
,
that
all
the
people
of
Italy
desired
by
their
Embassadors
to
enter
into
League
and
friendship
with
him
:
Beside
that
some
forein
Nations
look'd
upon
the
glory
of
the
Roman
Empire
to
be
now
reviving
.
But
his
vain
Boasting
continu'd
not
long
;
for
whilst
he
was
kind
to
some
Citizens
,
and
an
Enemy
to
others
,
he
all
on
the
sudden
was
accounted
,
instead
of
a
Patron
a
Tyrant
.
So
that
in
the
seventh
month
of
his
Government
,
of
his
own
accord
,
without
any
bodies
knowledg
,
on
a
dark
Night
he
went
disguised
from
Rome
into
Bohemia
to
Charles
,
the
Son
of
John
;
whom
Clement
a
little
before
had
made
the
Electors
put
in
nomination
for
Emperor
,
because
he
was
so
fine
a
Scholar
;
besides
,
that
he
had
a
mind
to
affront
the
Bavarian
by
setting
up
a
Competitor
.
So
the
Tribune
,
i.e.
Nicolas
,
was
taken
by
Charles
and
carry'd
to
Avignion
for
a
Present
to
the
Pope
.
But
Lewis
having
gotten
into
Sulmona
after
a
long
Siege
,
makes
himself
easily
master
of
the
whole
Kingdom
,
since
Johanna
and
the
Adulterer
Lewis
were
fled
for
fear
into
Narbonne
,
and
had
left
onely
the
Duke
of
Durazzo
Nephew
to
King
Robert
,
to
protect
the
Kingdom
;
who
was
conquer'd
and
taken
by
Charles
,
and
put
to
Death
.
But
the
Plague
being
very
hot
all
over
Italy
,
Charles
left
sufficient
Garisons
there
,
and
return'd
into
Hungary
,
in
the
third
month
after
his
arrival
;
which
was
just
about
the
time
,
when
John
the
Arch-Bishop
,
a
man
of
great
courage
and
conduct
received
from
the
Pope
the
Lieutenancy
of
Millain
,
upon
the
death
of
his
Brother
Luchino
.
But
Clement
kept
Nicolas
in
Prison
,
and
sent
some
Cardinals
to
Rome
,
to
settle
the
State
of
the
City
:
to
whom
Francis
Petrarcha
wrote
,
persuading
them
to
chuse
Senators
impartially
out
of
the
Commonalty
,
if
they
would
appease
the
Tumults
;
since
it
did
not
sufficiently
appear
in
Rome
who
were
of
the
Senatorian
and
who
of
the
Plebeian
rank
,
because
they
were
almost
all
Foreigners
and
born
of
strange
Parents
.
Upon
this
Petro
Sarra
of
Columna
,
and
John
Vrsini
were
declared
Senators
:
At
this
time
the
Plague
raged
so
all
over
Italy
for
three
years
,
that
there
was
scarce
one
man
in
ten
that
escaped
.
Nor
is
that
any
wonder
;
for
there
was
such
a
concourse
of
men
from
all
places
to
Rome
at
the
Jubilee
,
which
was
then
celebrated
,
that
they
not
onely
brought
the
Contagion
along
with
'em
,
but
by
the
throng
and
bustle
and
sweating
that
was
among
'em
,
infected
all
places
and
persons
.
At
that
time
the
Town
of
Colle
and
Geminiano
were
made
subject
to
the
Florentines
,
and
Bologna
to
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Millain
,
by
the
voluntary
surrender
of
the
Citizens
.
At
which
the
Pope
,
being
disturb'd
,
sent
a
Legate
into
Italy
to
instigate
the
Florentines
and
Mastino
Scala
against
the
Viconti
.
But
when
Mastino
was
dead
,
the
Arch-Bishop
endeavour'd
to
draw
Canegrande
Son
to
Mastino
,
and
all
the
Gibellins
in
Romagna
and
Tuscany
,
to
make
an
Alliance
with
him
,
and
sent
his
Nephew
Bernabos
to
Bologna
,
to
keep
the
Citizens
in
Obedience
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Florentines
,
without
any
resistance
,
set
upon
the
Pistoians
and
the
Prateses
,
and
at
length
reduced
'em
by
main
force
.
But
after
that
,
being
harrass'd
by
the
Arch-Bishop's
force
under
the
command
of
John
Aulegius
,
they
could
hardly
defend
themselves
within
their
Walls
.
At
that
time
Anguillara
and
Borgo
di
Sancto
Sepolchro
,
belonging
to
the
Church
,
revolted
to
the
Viscounts
:
and
then
also
we
read
,
that
the
Genoeses
and
Venetians
fought
a
Sea-Battel
,
in
which
the
Genoeses
at
first
were
conquer'd
;
but
afterward
they
were
more
victorious
under
the
Command
of
Admiral
Philip
Auria
,
and
not
onely
took
the
Island
Scio
from
the
Venetians
,
but
kill'd
a
great
many
men
in
Vbaea
(
now
called
Necroponte
.
)
But
Clement
resolving
at
last
to
consult
the
quiet
of
Italy
,
Decreed
that
Lewis
,
Prince
of
Taranto
,
should
be
King
of
Naples
;
renew'd
the
Peace
with
the
Hungarian
;
bought
the
City
of
Avignion
of
Queen
Joan
,
whose
Inheritance
it
was
,
and
paid
for
it
by
remitting
of
a
certain
Fee
,
that
amounted
to
rather
more
than
the
price
of
it
,
and
was
due
from
her
to
the
Church
of
Rome
upon
the
account
of
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
.
But
whilst
Olegio
Viconti
besieged
Scarperia
in
Muciallia
,
those
of
Siena
,
Arezzo
and
Perugia
being
affrighted
,
enter'd
into
a
new
Confederacy
with
the
Florentines
against
the
Viconti
.
The
Pisans
could
not
shew
their
friendship
to
the
Viconti
for
the
Gambacorti
,
a
Noble
Family
,
that
were
Allies
of
Florence
;
who
being
now
unable
to
withstand
the
Viconti
alone
call'd
Charles
the
Emperor
into
Italy
.
At
this
the
Pope
was
concern'd
,
and
fearing
Italy
might
be
destroy'd
with
fire
and
sword
(
as
the
Emperor
threaten'd
)
he
deliver'd
Bologni
ro
the
Viconti
upon
Condition
,
that
they
should
pay
the
Church
twelve
thousand
pound
a
year
,
and
made
Peace
between
the
Viconti
and
the
Florentines
upon
these
terms
;
That
neither
of
'em
should
molest
those
of
Pisa
,
Lucca
,
Siena
,
or
Perugia
;
and
that
Borgo
di
Sancto
Sepolchro
should
be
subject
to
the
Church
,
and
the
Viconti
should
preserve
the
Liberty
of
the
Cortoneses
.
He
also
endeavour'd
to
compose
the
differences
between
Philip
of
France
and
Edward
of
England
,
but
in
vain
;
for
they
were
so
incens'd
to
fight
,
that
in
one
Battel
Edward
kill'd
twenty
thousand
French
,
and
after
eleventh
months
Siege
victoriously
took
Calais
by
storm
.
The
same
success
he
had
against
the
Scots
.
But
the
Pope
having
done
the
Duty
of
a
good
Shepherd
,
seeing
he
could
not
advantage
Christendom
,
abroad
,
he
consulted
how
to
do
the
Church
some
good
at
home
.
For
he
chose
excellent
Persons
for
Cardinals
;
especially
,
Giles
a
Spaniard
,
who
was
Arch-Bishop
of
Toledo
,
Nicolas
Cappocius
a
Roman
Citizen
,
Rainaldo
Vrsina
Protonotary
of
the
Church
of
Rome
,
and
his
own
Nephew
,
who
after
got
the
Papacy
,
and
was
called
Gregory
the
Eleventh
.
Some
say
this
Pope
canonized
Ivo
a
Britain
,
Priest
and
Confessor
.
He
died
in
the
●enth
year
,
sixth
month
and
twenty
eight
day
of
his
Pontificate
in
the
year
1352.
and
was
decently
buried
at
Avignion
by
the
Cardinals
that
were
then
upon
the
place
.
INNOCENT
VI.
INNOCENT
the
sixth
,
a
Limousin
,
formerly
called
Stephen
,
a
man
very
well
skill'd
in
the
Canon
and
Civil
Law
,
first
Procurator
,
then
Bishop
of
Cleremont
,
and
afterward
Cardinal
,
was
at
first
made
Pope
in
the
year
1352.
upon
the
fifteenth
of
December
.
He
was
a
Man
of
an
exact
Life
,
of
great
constancy
and
severity
;
and
bestowed
Ecclesiastical
preferments
upon
none
but
men
of
good
lives
and
Learning
.
Immediately
after
his
Coronation
he
suspended
many
Indulgences
which
Clement
had
granted
;
commanding
all
Prelates
,
and
others
that
had
Ecclesiastical
Benefices
to
repair
to
their
Churches
under
the
pain
of
Anathema
;
saying
,
Flocks
ought
to
be
kept
by
their
own
Shepherds
,
and
not
by
Hirelings
.
He
also
retrench'd
his
Houshold
expences
,
and
reduced
his
Family
to
a
convenient
number
,
and
would
have
none
but
honest
men
about
him
.
He
strictly
commanded
the
Cardinals
to
do
so
too
;
for
he
would
often
tell
'em
,
that
both
his
own
life
and
that
of
all
Church-Men
ought
to
be
an
Example
to
the
Laity
;
in
imitation
of
our
Saviour
whose
whole
life
was
a
pattern
to
all
mankind
.
He
likewise
appointed
certain
Salaries
for
the
Au●●tors
of
the
Holy
Palais
,
lest
through
want
they
should
be
tempted
to
give
judgment
for
bribery
.
For
he
would
say
,
that
those
who
are
ready
to
starve
can
hardly
keep
their
hands
from
other
peoples
meat
,
if
they
have
any
opportunity
to
get
it
.
He
was
sparing
in
his
D●et
,
but
in
his
Warlike
preparations
very
expensive
,
whilst
he
endeavour'd
to
recover
that
by
Arms
,
which
formerly
Usurpers
had
taken
away
from
the
Church
.
For
he
sent
Giles
Carillo
,
a
Spaniard
,
Cardinal
of
S.
Sabina
,
an
excellent
Person
,
his
Legate
à
latere
into
Italy
,
to
make
War
upon
the
Usurpers
,
and
secure
the
Church
Patrimony
.
At
this
time
,
the
Emperor
of
Constantinople
,
the
King
of
Aragon
,
and
the
Venetians
enter'd
into
a
League
against
the
Genoeses
;
and
having
gotten
a
great
Navy
together
,
superiour
to
the
Genoeses
both
in
the
number
of
Ships
,
and
Men
;
set
upon
them
between
Constantinople
and
Chalcedon
in
a
place
very
disadvantageous
for
the
Genoeses
,
and
when
the
Wind
was
against
'em
.
They
fought
from
Morning
till
Night
,
till
at
length
the
Grecians
ran
away
,
but
the
Venetians
and
Catalonians
were
most
of
'em
slain
,
together
with
their
Admiral
;
under
the
command
of
Pagano
Auria
.
But
the
Venetians
were
so
enrag'd
at
this
Defeat
and
disgrace
,
that
they
and
the
Catalonians
recruited
their
Navy
,
and
under
the
conduct
of
Nicolas
a
Pisan
,
routed
the
Genoeses
the
year
following
not
far
from
the
Island
of
Corsica
,
and
sunk
forty
of
their
Galleys
with
their
Men.
The
Genoeses
terrified
at
this
overthrow
,
deliver'd
up
their
City
and
all
they
had
to
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Millain
:
who
,
by
attaquing
the
Venetians
,
alarm'd
the
Lords
of
Padua
,
Verona
,
Ferrara
,
Mantua
,
and
the
Florentines
too
to
oppose
him
;
they
fearing
lest
,
when
he
had
conquer'd
the
Venetians
,
he
would
set
upon
them
also
.
The
War
was
carried
on
by
Land
and
Sea
;
but
the
Genoeses
,
Pagano
Auria
being
their
Admiral
,
had
wonderful
fortune
at
Sea
,
and
,
at
Sapientia
,
a
Promontory
of
Morea
,
defeated
the
Venetians
;
taking
their
Admiral
Nicolas
the
Pisane
,
with
five
thousand
men
,
whom
they
brought
to
Genoa
in
the
year
1354.
But
the
following
year
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Millain
died
,
which
freed
the
Venetians
and
their
Allies
from
a
great
deal
of
care
.
Bernabos
and
Galeatius
,
his
Brother
Luchinus's
Sons
were
his
Heirs
.
No
place
but
Genoa
relinquish'd
them
,
these
two
making
a
peace
with
the
Venetians
:
which
had
been
first
proposed
by
Bernabos
and
Galeatius
,
at
the
instance
of
the
Pope
and
Giles
,
his
Legate
.
In
the
mean
while
Calo-Johannes
Emperor
of
Constantinople
was
restor'd
,
having
vanquish'd
Cahtacusenus
who
had
usurped
the
Empire
against
all
right
and
reason
.
But
that
action
was
perform'd
by
means
of
Francis
Catalusius
,
a
Genoese
,
a
great
Seaman
,
on
whom
he
bestow'd
Mitylen
and
all
Lesbos
for
a
Reward
,
which
the
Turk
afterwards
took
from
the
Gatalusii
when
he
had
gotten
Constantinople
and
all
Thrace
in
his
power
.
Nor
was
there
less
uproar
at
Rome
,
than
was
then
at
Constantinople
.
For
Francisco
Baroncello
,
a
Roman
Citizen
,
and
a
great
man
,
having
degraded
John
Vrsin
and
Peter
of
Columna
from
the
dignity
of
Senators
,
usurp'd
to
himself
the
dignity
of
a
Tribune
,
with
these
Titles
;
that
is
to
say
,
Francisco
Baroncello
,
Secretary
to
the
Senate
,
by
the
grace
of
God
second
Tribune
of
our
Mother
this
City
,
and
Consul
of
Rome
.
When
the
Pope
heard
of
it
,
he
had
a
mind
to
rebate
the
audacious
spirit
of
the
Man
,
and
sent
Nicolas
de
Gencio
,
a
person
full
as
ambitious
,
as
he
,
out
of
the
Goal
at
Avignion
,
to
Rome
,
to
recover
the
Tribuneship
.
He
,
when
he
came
into
the
City
,
being
assisted
by
the
Nobility
and
great
part
of
the
Commons
,
threw
Boroncello
out
of
the
Capitol
and
kill'd
him
;
so
that
he
enjoy'd
the
Tribuneship
alone
.
But
not
long
after
forgetting
his
former
condition
he
persecuted
the
Nobility
,
and
especially
the
Columneses
,
who
were
going
out
at
the
Exquiline
Gate
into
Campagna
di
Roma
with
a
Petition
,
but
was
repelled
so
much
to
his
disadvantage
,
that
he
betook
himself
into
the
Capitol
;
and
from
thence
endeavour'd
to
escape
;
but
the
Enemy
follow'd
him
at
the
heels
,
and
though
he
were
disguised
,
yet
the
Citizens
of
Rome
discover'd
him
and
cut
off
his
Head
.
Then
was
Guido
Jordan
made
sole
Senator
for
a
year
by
Apostolical
Authority
.
About
that
time
the
Emperor
who
was
Son
to
the
King
of
Bohemia
was
very
kindly
entertain'd
by
the
Carrariens
,
the
Gonziacks
,
and
Viconti
,
and
receiv'd
his
Iron
Crown
,
as
the
custom
is
,
at
Millain
.
And
going
from
thence
to
Pisa
,
was
met
by
Embassadors
from
the
Sieneses
,
from
those
of
Volaterra
,
and
almost
all
Tuscany
,
who
told
him
they
were
ready
to
obey
his
Commands
.
The
Florentines
would
have
done
the
same
,
but
that
they
had
first
bought
themselves
out
of
his
Dominion
,
with
a
great
sum
of
money
.
After
that
he
went
to
Rome
,
and
was
crowned
by
two
Cardinals
,
who
were
sent
on
purpose
,
upon
condition
,
that
he
should
not
stay
any
longer
either
at
Rome
or
in
Italy
.
This
made
him
depart
the
sooner
,
and
when
he
was
gone
,
Giles
,
the
Legate
,
quickly
recover'd
almost
all
the
Towns
,
which
the
Usurpers
had
gotten
by
the
instigation
of
the
Bavarian
,
either
in
Romagna
,
Marca
d'
Ancona
,
or
S.
Peter's
Patrimony
.
But
he
confirm'd
all
those
Lieutenans
of
Towns
,
whom
he
saw
obedient
to
the
Church
of
Rome
;
as
Galiot
,
Malatesta
,
and
Guido
Poletanus
in
Romagna
,
and
the
Vatraneses
in
the
Dutchy
of
Millain
.
But
the
O●delaphi
who
were
disobedient
to
the
Church
,
he
persecuted
with
two
years
Wars
,
and
at
length
quite
routed
them
out
of
Forli
,
For
impopili
and
Cesena
.
These
indeed
might
have
retein'd
some
part
of
their
Dominion
by
the
assistance
of
James
the
Cardinal
of
Columna
,
a
man
who
was
a
great
friend
to
their
Family
,
but
they
chose
rather
to
lose
the
whole
like
men
,
than
save
any
part
of
it
sneakingly
.
But
Giles
,
having
quieted
Romagna
,
was
so
pleased
at
Forli
that
he
laid
up
not
onely
the
Treasure
of
the
Church
,
but
also
all
the
money
which
was
sent
from
Avignion
into
Italy
to
build
Castles
in
that
Town
,
and
made
some
Ordinances
which
the
Province
uses
to
this
Day
.
But
when
Giles
had
setled
Italy
,
and
built
a
great
many
very
necessary
Forts
in
the
Church
Dominions
,
and
reduced
all
the
Italian
Princes
and
States
to
Obedience
,
he
had
a
Successor
in
the
fifth
year
of
his
Embassy
,
called
Arduinus
a
Burgundian
,
Abbot
of
Cisteaux
,
a
man
not
at
all
fit
for
business
.
Wherefore
when
Giles
was
gone
,
all
the
Princes
and
States
of
Italy
took
up
Arms.
For
the
Pisans
did
so
molest
the
Florentines
,
that
,
seeing
no
body
durst
oppose
'em
,
they
plunder'd
all
the
Country
of
Florence
,
and
took
Figino
a
Castle
lying
up
the
River
Arno
,
burning
all
the
Villages
which
were
built
thereabout
.
At
that
time
Pandulphus
Malatesta
was
Captain
General
of
the
Florentine
Army
,
whom
the
people
forced
to
relinquish
his
civil
Government
,
because
he
had
never
shewn
that
he
had
courage
enough
to
engage
with
an
Enemy
.
But
the
Pisans
were
then
much
higher
than
before
;
not
so
much
out
of
any
hope
they
had
of
taking
the
City
,
as
that
they
should
bring
a
scandal
upon
it
,
and
therefore
after
some
light
Skirmishes
before
the
Gates
,
they
return'd
home
with
great
spoils
,
about
the
beginning
of
Autumn
.
And
Bernabos
also
demolished
many
Castles
in
Bologna
(
which
was
now
harass'd
with
War
)
though
the
Abbot
of
Clugny
defended
it
stoutly
.
Bologna
,
as
I
told
you
before
,
was
subject
to
the
Viconti
;
but
Aulegianus
betray'd
it
to
the
Abbot
of
Clugny
,
and
was
to
have
Fermo
as
the
reward
of
his
Treachery
.
But
whilst
that
Bernabos
made
War
upon
Bologna
and
Reggio
,
the
Apostolical
Legate
makes
an
Alliance
with
Philippino
Gonzaga
,
Canes
of
Verona
,
and
Nicolas
d'
Este
to
go
against
the
Brescians
.
Then
Bernabos
,
being
concern'd
for
the
danger
which
those
of
Brescia
were
in
,
left
Bologna
and
Reggio
,
and
march'd
toward
the
Enemy
,
but
was
so
defeated
at
Montclere
,
that
afterwards
he
could
hardly
defend
the
very
Walls
of
the
City
.
About
the
same
time
the
Florentines
overcame
the
Pisans
,
under
the
command
of
Galeot
Malatesta
,
by
corrupting
their
Soldiers
to
come
over
to
their
Party
.
For
this
reason
the
Pisans
laid
all
the
fault
upon
the
Cambacurti
,
who
were
eminent
Citizens
there
,
because
they
paid
the
Soldiers
covetously
and
stingily
;
and
therefore
recall'd
John
Agnellus
who
was
banish'd
,
as
being
a
friend
to
Bernabos
,
and
against
the
Cambacurti
:
and
he
in
a
little
time
reduced
the
City
,
and
made
it
acknowledg
him
for
their
Governour
,
having
removed
all
the
friends
of
the
adverse
faction
.
But
when
the
Pope
had
made
a
Peace
between
the
Pisans
and
the
Florentines
,
one
John
Haucut
who
had
been
used
to
fight
under
the
Pisans
,
got
together
all
the
Soldiers
in
Italy
,
and
gave
all
people
occasion
to
fear
;
especially
since
Rome
was
in
such
an
uproar
at
the
choosing
of
Senators
.
But
Innocent
easily
appeased
their
Discords
by
sending
a
forein
Senator
to
'em
,
called
Raimund
Ptolomy
,
a
Citizen
of
Siena
,
who
bore
that
Office
a
whole
year
,
and
that
was
in
the
year
1359.
But
though
things
were
setled
in
this
manner
,
yet
the
Romans
could
not
be
quiet
.
For
they
turn'd
out
their
Senator
,
and
created
seven
Citizens
with
Sovereign
Power
whom
they
called
the
Reformers
of
the
whole
Republick
.
Upon
this
account
Innocent
made
Hugo
Lusignaneus
,
King
of
Cyprus
(
who
was
going
then
to
War
against
the
Turks
)
Senator
,
and
commanded
totally
to
abolish
that
Society
of
Reformers
.
But
he
,
at
that
time
,
was
very
intent
upon
making
an
end
of
the
War
betwixt
England
and
France
,
that
all
might
go
against
the
Turk
.
But
when
the
English
had
overcome
the
French
in
Poictou
,
and
had
taken
their
King
with
Philip
his
Son
,
they
were
thought
to
have
done
a
great
exploit
:
yet
at
the
same
time
Edward
,
out
of
his
Princely
generosity
,
gives
all
the
Captives
their
Liberty
,
upon
condition
,
that
they
would
never
fight
against
him
more
.
But
they
soon
after
broke
those
terms
of
Peace
,
and
forced
Edward
to
resume
his
Arms
and
besiege
Paris
.
Innocent
design'd
also
to
prepare
a
Navy
against
the
Infidels
,
when
at
the
same
time
the
Pisans
,
who
were
excellent
Seamen
,
and
the
Venetiano
that
had
a
great
Navy
,
were
at
War
,
the
former
with
the
Florentines
,
and
the
latter
with
Lewis
King
of
Hungary
.
For
that
King
did
then
besiege
Treviso
with
a
great
Army
;
besides
that
the
Venetians
were
at
variance
among
themselves
.
For
Marino
their
General
being
accused
,
as
if
he
aspired
to
Sovereignty
,
was
beheaded
.
Innocent
being
thus
discomposed
in
his
mind
,
he
died
in
the
ninth
year
,
eighth
month
,
and
sixth
day
of
his
Pontificate
,
just
about
the
same
time
with
Bartholus
Saxoferratus
,
the
wisest
man
in
all
that
Age.
But
before
the
Popes
death
there
was
such
an
Eclipse
of
the
Sun
,
as
never
was
before
:
wherefore
all
people
thought
that
such
a
great
Man
could
not
die
,
but
even
the
Planets
would
give
some
presages
of
his
departure
.
VRBAN
V.
URBAN
the
fifth
,
of
Lymosin
,
formery
called
Will
.
Grisant
,
Abbot
of
S.
Victor
at
Marseilles
,
was
made
Pope
in
his
absence
by
universal
consent
.
For
at
that
time
he
was
gone
into
Italy
as
Legate
to
the
Viconti
;
but
being
called
to
Avignion
he
enter'd
upon
the
Popedom
.
And
no
sooner
was
he
got
into
the
Chair
,
but
,
being
a
person
of
singular
Virtue
,
great
Courage
,
and
very
innocent
in
his
Conversation
,
he
immediately
apply'd
himself
to
vindicate
the
Churches
Liberty
,
and
made
use
of
such
Instruments
,
as
were
zealous
for
the
business
.
For
he
sent
Giles
a
Spaniard
(
of
whom
we
said
something
before
)
into
Italy
with
full
Power
and
Authority
;
who
so
far
animated
and
engaged
Lewis
Gonzaga
,
Nicolas
d'
Este
,
and
Francisco
Carrario
,
against
Bernabos
,
that
he
was
overcome
by
them
,
and
lost
his
Son
in
the
Battel
,
and
being
wounded
hardly
escaped
with
his
life
.
Nor
was
that
all
,
but
the
Enemy
took
Andrew
Pepulo
a
Bolognian
Banditto
,
Synebald
Ordelaphus
,
Paulus
Mirandula
,
Guido
Foliano
,
Azo
of
Corrigia
,
William
Cavalcabos
,
the
most
Signal
Commanders
of
the
Army
.
But
the
Kings
of
England
,
France
,
and
Cyprus
were
concern'd
at
the
misfortune
of
the
Viconti
and
sent
Embassadours
to
Giles
,
to
desire
him
,
that
he
would
make
Peace
with
them
.
Which
Embassadours
were
not
sent
in
vain
;
for
a
Peace
was
concluded
,
though
it
were
of
no
long
continuance
.
For
John
Hawkwood
,
on
the
behalf
of
the
Viconti
,
having
engaged
the
Florentines
,
routed
their
Army
at
S.
Miniato
,
which
caused
Giles
,
the
Legate
,
to
send
Thomas
Obicio
an
excellent
Commander
,
with
three
thousand
Horse
,
and
a
competent
number
of
Foot
to
help
the
Florentines
.
They
fought
betwixt
Arezzo
and
Cortona
four
hours
together
stoutly
:
but
at
length
Thomas
,
chiefly
with
the
assistance
of
his
Infantry
,
gave
the
Enemy
such
a
blow
,
that
of
six
thousand
Horse
,
which
fought
under
Hawkwood
,
few
escaped
,
and
the
Captain
himself
yielded
.
Those
that
had
revolted
from
the
Church
when
they
heard
of
this
great
Victory
,
immediately
surrender'd
.
Vrban
then
came
into
Italy
,
in
the
fourth
year
of
his
Pontificate
to
settle
things
,
and
Giles
the
Legate
met
him
at
Corneto
;
and
rendring
an
account
of
what
he
had
done
was
discharg'd
from
his
Legateship
;
and
the
Pope
going
on
his
way
from
Corneto
to
Rome
,
he
retired
quietly
in
his
old
Age
at
Viterbo
,
where
he
died
in
three
months
after
.
He
was
a
Man
of
singular
Virtue
and
Courage
,
and
preserv'd
the
Honour
of
the
Church
,
whilst
he
lived
,
most
wonderfully
.
His
Body
was
carried
to
Assisi
,
and
buried
in
the
Church
of
S.
Francis
,
in
a
Tomb
that
he
built
himself
,
whilst
he
was
living
.
When
Charles
the
Emperor
understood
that
Vrban
was
gone
to
Rome
,
he
went
thither
too
as
fast
as
he
could
with
his
Wife
and
Children
;
but
,
by
the
way
,
took
Lucca
from
the
Pisanes
,
and
Sancto
Miniato
from
the
Florentines
.
Whether
he
went
to
Rome
or
no
is
not
certain
;
because
't
is
said
,
he
received
his
Imperial
Crown
from
Pope
Innocent
the
Sixth
,
who
sent
the
Cardinal
of
Ostia
to
Rome
for
that
purpose
.
But
having
received
a
great
sum
of
mony
of
the
Florentines
,
to
buy
their
own
peace
,
he
march'd
out
of
Italy
the
third
month
after
he
came
thither
,
in
the
year
1368.
Vrban
had
sought
a
long
time
for
the
Heads
of
SS.
Peter
and
Paul
(
which
through
the
ignorance
of
the
times
had
long
been
neglected
)
and
having
light
upon
them
at
Sancta
Sanctorum
he
put
'em
up
in
Silver
Cases
next
the
great
Altar
of
the
Lateran
,
where
they
were
highly
honour●d
by
a
great
concourse
of
all
the
Clergy
and
People
of
Rome
.
The
same
Pope
built
one
Palace
in
the
old
City
,
and
another
in
Montefiascone
,
that
he
and
other
Popes
might
retire
thither
to
avoid
the
Heat
and
bustle
of
the
Town
.
But
resolving
to
go
back
shortly
into
France
,
he
made
John
Hawkwood
an
excellent
Commander
whom
he
released
out
of
Prison
,
General
of
all
those
Forces
that
had
serv'd
under
Giles
,
to
guard
the
Church
Patrimony
till
he
return'd
again
.
For
he
design'd
to
return
for
Italy
.
But
going
into
France
,
he
died
at
Marseilies
in
the
eighth
year
,
and
the
fourth
month
of
his
Pontificate
:
or
(
as
others
will
have
it
)
he
dy'd
at
Avignion
just
about
the
time
,
when
Briget
a
devout
Woman
,
who
was
a
Princess
of
Switzerland
,
came
to
Rome
upon
a
Vow
she
had
made
.
There
were
at
the
same
time
some
Commotions
in
Puglia
after
the
death
of
Nicolas
Acciolo
,
who
was
Governour
of
that
Province
,
and
a
Stout
,
Wise
Man
.
GREGORY
XI
.
GREGORY
the
Eleventh
,
of
Lymosin
,
formerly
call'd
Peter
Belford
,
and
Cardinal-Deacon
of
New
S.
Maries
,
was
made
Pope
at
Avignion
by
a
general
consent
.
Clement
VI.
his
Uncle
,
made
him
Cardinal
when
he
was
scarce
seventeen
years
of
age
.
But
that
he
might
not
seem
to
consult
the
good
of
his
Kindred
more
than
that
of
the
Church
,
he
sent
him
to
the
best
Masters
he
could
find
for
breeding
,
and
especially
to
Baldus
,
who
at
that
time
was
a
Professor
at
Perugia
.
Under
whom
he
made
such
progress
in
all
sorts
of
Learning
that
Baldus
often
used
his
Authority
to
clear
a
Doubt
.
And
then
he
was
a
Man
of
such
innocence
,
good
nature
,
affability
and
piety
,
that
he
was
generally
beloved
.
At
his
entrance
upon
the
Pontificate
this
was
the
state
of
things
in
Italy
;
at
Rome
the
Courts
of
Justice
were
held
by
Senators
whom
the
Pope
appointed
for
every
six
months
,
but
the
Guard
of
the
City
and
all
the
management
of
publick
Affairs
were
in
the
hands
of
the
Banderesii
,
so
named
from
their
Banners
(
a
Teutonic
word
)
which
they
used
in
War
,
by
which
every
Decuria
(
now
called
Capo
di
Regione
or
Head
of
a
Ward
)
was
distinguish'd
.
In
Lombardy
,
those
Nobles
who
(
as
I
said
before
)
conspired
against
the
Viconti
,
surprised
the
City
of
Reggio
by
treachery
which
was
before
in
their
possession
,
but
the
Castle
holding
out
,
Bernabos
entring
the
City
that
way
at
the
first
Onset
overthrew
the
Enemy
and
driving
away
Lucius
the
German
Commander
,
repossess'd
himself
of
the
place
.
Thus
went
matters
in
Italy
,
when
Perinus
King
of
Cyprus
,
who
succeeded
his
Father
Peter
,
was
the
cause
of
great
animosities
between
the
Genoeses
and
the
Venetians
.
For
when
he
was
Crown'd
at
Famagosta
,
and
two
Bailiffs
(
as
the
Merchants
call
their
Residents
)
one
from
Genoa
,
and
the
other
from
Venice
were
there
attending
;
they
strove
who
should
walk
on
the
right
hand
the
King
,
which
raised
such
a
Tumult
that
the
Genoeses
were
beaten
and
wounded
basely
,
the
King
favouring
the
Venetians
.
The
Genoeses
hereupon
got
a
Navy
of
40
Ships
together
,
under
the
command
of
Peter
Fregoso
,
Brother
to
Dominick
Fregoso
,
and
invaded
Cyprus
;
and
landed
fourteen
thousand
men
,
to
destroy
all
the
Island
with
fire
and
sword
for
violating
the
Law
of
Nations
.
The
King
being
deserted
on
all
sides
submitted
to
their
mercy
,
and
surrendering
Famagosta
,
promised
the
Genoeses
to
give
them
40000.
per
annum
to
purchase
his
Peace
.
The
Popes
Legate
was
now
come
into
Italy
and
had
setled
the
state
of
the
Church
,
he
made
a
Peace
with
the
Viconti
,
when
a
new
Tumult
arose
at
Prato
,
which
was
the
original
of
great
confusion
.
For
the
Inhabitants
of
Prato
endeavouring
to
vindicate
themselves
from
the
Dominion
of
the
Florentines
,
called
the
Church
Forces
into
Tuscany
by
permission
from
the
Legate
.
But
the
Florentines
so
far
corrupted
them
with
money
,
that
they
enter'd
Prato
by
their
assistance
,
put
the
Conspirators
to
death
,
and
sent
a
great
many
Banners
,
with
Liberty
written
upon
them
,
by
several
Troops
,
to
several
Towns
;
exhorting
the
People
,
as
their
Lords
,
that
they
would
remember
the
Liberty
of
the
Church
,
and
cast
off
the
yoke
of
Servitude
.
The
first
that
revolted
from
the
Church
were
the
Castellani
,
then
the
Perugians
,
those
of
Todi
,
Spoleto
,
Gubio
,
Viterbo
,
Forli
,
and
Ascoli
follow'd
their
Example
.
At
that
time
too
Astorgius
Manfred
,
under
the
Bavarian
,
having
tasted
the
sweetness
of
absolute
Dominion
,
had
possess'd
himself
of
Granariolo
a
Castle
near
Faenza
:
against
whom
the
Legate
sent
John
Hawkwood
with
some
Troops
out
of
Bologna
.
The
Florentines
and
those
of
Bologna
defended
Astorgius
,
and
keeping
out
Hawkwood
with
all
his
men
,
asserted
their
Liberty
.
But
Hawkwood
seeing
the
Faenzeses
ready
to
rebel
,
he
not
onely
plunder'd
the
City
severely
,
and
kill'd
all
that
his
Soldiers
met
,
but
he
sold
the
very
ground
on
which
it
stood
to
Nicolas
and
Albert
d'
Este
,
two
Brothers
,
for
20000
l.
reserving
onely
Bagnacavallo
to
himself
,
where
the
Carriages
of
his
Army
lay
.
The
Pope
hearing
of
such
great
Revolutions
sent
Cardinal
Cevennes
as
his
Legate
with
six
thousand
British
Horse
ito
Italy
;
who
coming
down
through
Piedmont
,
march'd
as
far
as
the
very
Gates
of
Bologna
without
doing
any
hurt
designing
to
besiege
the
City
.
But
when
the
Legate
heard
the
Florentines
were
come
to
the
assistance
of
the
Bolognians
under
the
conduct
of
Rodolphus
Varraneo
,
he
went
with
his
Army
,
to
Winter
in
Cesena
.
In
which
City
there
was
such
an
upooar
by
reason
of
the
pride
of
the
French
,
that
six
hundred
Britains
were
slain
,
and
the
rest
turn'd
out
of
Town
.
But
they
got
in
again
afterward
by
way
of
the
Tower
,
and
being
increased
in
their
number
they
fill'd
all
places
with
bloud
and
rapine
,
not
sparing
even
those
,
whose
very
age
made
their
excuse
:
onely
young
Women
and
Maids
were
kept
alive
to
be
abused
.
But
those
of
Forli
,
fearing
lest
for
want
of
advice
,
and
one
to
Govern
them
they
might
be
oppress'd
by
the
Legate
,
they
took
Synebald
,
Pyne
,
John
,
and
Theobald
,
Ordelaphi
as
their
Lords
into
the
City
,
and
were
bravely
defended
by
them
from
the
fury
of
the
Britains
.
But
Pope
Gregory
conceiving
that
all
the
mischiefs
of
Italy
proceeded
from
his
being
absent
,
and
that
the
long
shipwrack
of
Affairs
there
happen'd
because
the
Pilot
was
out
of
the
way
,
the
good
Man
was
very
intent
a
good
while
upon
a
Journey
into
Italy
.
But
he
was
mightily
concerned
at
a
certain
Bishops
words
,
who
being
asked
by
the
Pope
(
as
they
were
walking
together
)
why
he
did
not
return
to
his
Church
,
which
he
ought
not
to
have
left
so
long
without
a
Pastor
?
He
reply'd
,
Why
do
not
you
that
are
the
greatest
Bishop
,
give
a
good
Example
and
go
to
your
own
Bishoprick
at
Rome
?
The
Pope
was
disturb'd
at
these
words
,
and
therefore
he
got
ready
one
and
twenty
Ships
in
the
Rhoan
,
under
pretence
of
going
elsewhere
,
that
he
might
not
be
stop'd
by
the
French
,
as
he
would
have
been
,
if
they
had
understood
he
had
been
going
to
Rome
:
because
it
was
their
Interest
to
keep
the
Court
in
France
.
Thereupon
he
went
first
to
Genoa
,
and
then
to
Corneto
;
from
whence
he
went
by
Land
(
for
he
was
weary
of
sailing
,
in
the
Winter
especially
)
to
Rome
,
and
arrived
there
in
the
year
1376.
about
the
11.
of
January
in
the
seventh
year
of
his
Pontificate
,
and
the
70th
year
after
the
Court
went
out
of
Rome
into
France
.
But
what
preparations
the
people
of
Rome
made
,
and
with
what
incredible
joy
they
received
him
't
is
needless
to
relate
;
for
all
the
Nobility
went
to
meet
him
,
with
their
countenances
,
gestures
and
acclamations
expressing
all
kind
of
pleasure
,
as
Children
do
that
see
their
dear
Father
return'd
from
a
strange
Country
.
And
indeed
all
things
lacked
his
presence
there
.
For
both
the
Walls
,
the
Churches
and
all
buildings
in
general
,
publick
or
private
,
threatened
nothing
but
ruin
,
till
he
repaired
most
part
of
them
,
as
the
Tower
,
which
he
built
at
S.
Maries
the
Great
does
testifie
.
The
morality
also
of
the
City
was
so
decay'd
,
that
they
seemed
to
have
nothing
about
'em
which
look'd
like
a
Citizen
;
but
appeared
as
if
they
ought
to
go
and
learn
manners
,
who
formerly
had
reduced
the
whole
to
urbanity
and
good
behaviour
.
So
then
the
Pope
,
having
seated
himself
in
Rome
(
as
a
good
Pastor
should
do
)
began
to
look
about
him
,
and
think
of
a
cure
for
the
Wounds
of
Italy
.
And
whilst
he
was
a
ruminating
of
it
,
he
consider'd
that
nothing
but
a
Peace
could
do
the
feat
.
Thereupon
he
sent
his
Legate
first
to
the
Florentines
,
who
inclin'd
to
War
,
and
persuades
'em
not
to
slight
or
refuse
any
fair
Conditions
of
Peace
.
They
suspecting
the
Popes
power
,
and
fearing
lest
they
should
be
compell'd
to
make
a
Peace
,
enter
into
Alliance
and
Confederacy
with
Bernabos
their
old
Enemy
.
After
that
they
corrupted
Haucut
with
money
and
fair
promises
to
come
over
from
the
Church
to
their
Party
:
at
which
they
were
so
triumphant
,
and
so
proud
,
that
they
omitted
no
sort
of
injury
or
Affront
,
that
they
could
do
the
Pope
.
For
which
they
were
anathematized
,
and
yet
were
so
insolent
,
that
they
forced
their
Priests
,
notwithstanding
the
Interdiction
,
to
perform
the
Divine
Offices
against
Law
and
Reason
.
The
Pope
therefore
weary
at
last
of
intreating
took
up
Arms
,
and
having
reconciled
Bologna
,
which
was
to
be
govern'd
in
his
Name
,
he
,
like
the
Florentines
before
made
Varraneo
his
stipendiary
,
and
gave
him
the
command
of
the
Church
Army
,
to
go
against
Florence
.
But
a
quarrel
arose
between
the
Genoeses
and
the
Venetians
which
put
a
stop
to
his
Designs
,
he
fearing
,
lest
any
forein
force
should
invade
Italy
,
if
he
ingaged
with
the
Florentines
himself
.
For
whilst
Andronicus
,
by
the
Genoeses
assistance
,
to
whom
he
had
given
Tenedo
,
as
the
reward
of
the
Exploit
,
had
dethroned
Charles's
Father
,
who
was
John
,
Emperor
of
Constantinople
,
the
Venetians
restored
him
again
to
his
Country
,
and
had
the
Island
Tenedo
given
to
them
by
him
.
At
which
the
Genoeses
were
angry
though
they
deferr'd
their
revenge
till
another
occasion
,
for
fear
of
the
Pope's
Curse
,
who
threaten'd
it
to
both
parties
,
if
they
did
not
quit
their
Arms
,
not
holding
it
fit
for
either
of
them
to
meddle
in
that
War
.
But
whilst
this
holy
Man
did
all
things
with
that
diligence
that
became
a
Pope
,
he
dy'd
of
that
intolerable
pain
,
the
stone
in
the
Bladder
,
in
the
seventh
year
,
and
fifth
month
of
his
Pontificate
,
the
sixteenth
of
April
,
in
the
year
1378.
and
was
buried
in
S.
Maries
in
the
New
Street
,
in
a
Marble
Tomb
,
which
is
yet
to
be
seen
;
and
so
much
lamented
as
never
man
was
before
him
.
For
all
people
thought
themselves
deprived
of
a
Father
,
in
him
;
and
did
bewail
not
onely
the
present
but
their
future
Calamity
,
into
which
they
were
faln
by
the
loss
of
so
good
a
Pope
,
and
the
Discords
that
arose
among
the
chief
Citizens
.
VRBAN
VI.
GREGORY
being
dead
,
and
the
making
a
new
Pope
being
under
debate
,
the
Clergy
and
People
of
Rome
address'd
themselves
to
the
Cardinals
,
and
desired
'em
,
that
they
would
choose
some
worthy
Person
,
an
Italian
,
to
govern
the
Church
and
State
of
Rome
with
integrity
and
piety
:
for
that
,
unless
an
extraordinary
Pastor
were
then
elected
,
Christianity
,
as
it
stood
at
that
time
,
must
needs
fall
to
decay
.
And
they
desired
an
Italian
Pope
,
lest
,
if
he
were
a
French
man
,
the
Court
of
Rome
must
remove
again
beyond
the
Mountains
,
to
the
great
disadvantage
,
and
damage
of
the
City
of
Rome
,
and
all
Italy
besides
.
Alledging
,
that
when
the
Pope
was
absent
,
all
the
Country
and
City
were
continually
embroil'd
with
Usurpations
,
and
Seditions
;
and
that
the
Churches
in
Rome
were
so
neglected
,
and
thereby
grown
so
much
out
of
order
,
that
they
were
most
of
'em
ready
to
fall
.
And
that
,
upon
this
account
,
the
people
who
came
continually
to
Rome
were
not
so
zealous
as
they
used
to
be
,
when
they
saw
the
Papal
Sea
,
the
Cardinals
Churches
,
and
Monasteries
,
nay
the
holy
places
where
the
Martyrs
lie
,
without
a
Roof
,
and
the
Walls
falling
down
,
to
let
in
sheep
and
other
Cattel
.
That
it
was
fit
the
Pope
should
live
where
Peter
had
placed
the
Pontifical
Chair
by
the
Will
of
God
,
out
of
his
own
Country
and
Nation
,
and
advanced
the
honour
of
it
by
the
ashes
and
the
blood
of
Martyrs
,
Confessors
,
and
holy
Popes
.
Hence
might
the
Pastors
of
the
Church
,
if
they
were
circumspect
and
mindful
of
Christs
Command
,
or
incited
by
Example
of
those
whose
Martyrdoms
and
Actions
they
had
before
their
Eyes
,
consult
the
Salvation
of
Mankind
;
and
at
the
same
time
recover
S.
Peter's
Patrimony
,
which
had
been
seised
by
several
Usurpers
in
Tuscany
,
Sabina
,
Campagna
di
Roma
,
Ombria
,
Millain
,
and
Romagna
,
whilst
the
Popes
were
absent
.
That
they
would
not
say
for
the
present
,
how
the
piety
of
people
was
diminish'd
,
and
that
their
Pilgrimages
to
Rome
,
or
to
see
the
Bodies
or
Reliques
of
the
Saints
were
much
rarer
than
formerly
,
by
reason
of
the
Popes
absence
;
but
that
all
these
things
might
still
be
restored
,
if
an
Italian
were
chosen
Pope
.
The
Cardinals
made
Answer
,
that
they
would
take
care
to
choose
an
excellent
Man
,
to
govern
the
Church
of
God
,
without
any
respect
to
Persons
or
Nations
,
in
imitation
of
our
Saviour
,
who
chose
Apostles
out
of
all
Nations
.
That
they
might
go
and
be
satisfied
that
they
would
do
nothing
but
what
should
promote
the
glory
of
God
,
the
good
of
the
Church
and
of
all
Christendom
.
So
they
appointed
a
Conclave
at
S.
Peter's
,
and
order'd
a
certain
number
of
Guards
to
be
in
the
Vatican
,
lest
any
Tumult
might
hinder
so
important
an
Election
;
But
when
they
came
to
Vote
,
there
was
a
great
debate
all
of
a
sudden
.
For
there
were
thirteen
French
Cardinals
,
who
would
have
had
a
Pope
chosen
out
of
them
;
and
four
Italians
,
among
whom
one
,
that
was
of
the
Vrsin
Family
,
did
most
aspire
to
the
Popedom
.
The
French
seem'd
to
have
the
better
of
it
because
they
had
the
Majority
:
but
there
hapning
a
quarrel
betwixt
those
of
Limosin
and
the
other
French
Men
,
each
side
contending
for
the
choice
of
a
Pope
out
of
their
party
,
they
chose
Bartholomew
Arch-Bishop
of
Bari
,
a
Neapolitan
,
or
,
as
others
say
,
a
Pisan
,
not
of
the
Colledg
of
Cardinals
,
and
in
his
absence
,
by
the
name
of
Vrban
the
Sixth
.
But
before
they
appear'd
abroad
,
or
that
it
was
known
,
that
Vrban
was
made
Pope
;
the
French
scandalized
the
Election
,
as
extorted
by
fraud
and
fear
,
whilst
the
Romans
urged
them
with
force
and
Arms
to
chuse
an
Italian
.
So
that
the
Cardinals
when
they
came
out
of
the
Conclave
,
fled
partly
into
Castel
S.
Angelo
,
and
partly
into
other
secure
places
,
to
avoid
the
fury
of
the
enraged
people
.
Cardinal
Vrsin
also
went
to
Vicovaro
,
having
great
hopes
of
getting
the
Pontificate
in
a
time
of
such
Discord
.
But
not
long
after
the
Cardinals
repented
,
and
came
to
the
City
,
where
they
confirm'd
Vrban
,
whom
they
had
formerly
chosen
,
saluting
him
,
according
to
the
dignity
of
a
true
Pope
.
Three
months
after
the
French
Party
pretended
the
City
was
too
hot
for
'em
,
and
desired
of
the
Pope
,
that
he
would
give
'em
leave
to
go
to
Anagni
,
for
change
of
Air
,
which
in
the
City
was
pestilent
,
especially
in
the
Summer
,
and
to
French
Constitutions
;
though
they
indeed
were
affraid
of
his
severity
,
and
so
were
desirous
to
get
out
of
the
way
.
For
he
had
often
called
'em
to
him
and
admonished
them
,
to
keep
their
hands
clean
,
and
receive
no
bribes
nor
rewards
for
pleading
in
behalf
of
others
,
or
doing
any
man
a
kindness
that
should
ask
it
:
And
told
'em
,
that
he
would
punish
them
severely
that
he
found
guilty
of
Simony
,
or
promoting
unjust
Suits
.
Besides
he
told
'em
that
he
should
be
pleased
,
and
was
very
desirous
,
that
they
would
omit
some
of
their
State
,
and
such
a
train
of
Servants
and
Horses
,
for
what
they
spent
in
such
vanity
was
really
due
to
the
Poor
,
or
ought
to
have
been
employ'd
toward
the
repairs
of
tottering
Churches
.
He
told
'em
,
that
he
would
chuse
good
men
to
be
about
his
own
person
,
and
that
he
would
make
the
wicked
suffer
for
their
offences
,
unless
they
mended
their
manners
.
And
because
he
heard
that
the
French
Cardinals
did
talk
once
,
as
if
the
Court
of
Rome
would
go
back
into
their
Countrey
,
he
told
'em
publickly
that
he
would
stay
at
Rome
,
and
would
not
hearken
to
any
one
that
should
persuade
him
to
remove
from
it
,
because
,
as
he
said
,
the
foundation
of
the
universal
Church
,
and
of
Christian
Faith
,
was
laid
at
Rome
,
and
all
the
superstructure
raised
in
the
same
place
.
The
French
Cardinals
were
moved
with
these
Reasons
,
and
especially
those
,
who
had
robbed
the
Church
Treasury
upon
the
Death
of
several
Popes
,
and
done
what
they
pleased
;
they
fled
first
to
Anagni
,
next
to
Fondi
,
where
they
inveigh'd
against
Vrban
as
a
false
Pope
,
and
said
he
was
made
by
force
,
and
received
his
Crown
by
force
,
because
that
Election
and
Coronation
was
not
in
a
place
at
all
safe
,
where
peoples
Wills
and
Votes
might
be
free
,
but
that
on
the
contrary
,
they
were
forced
to
chuse
an
Italian
rather
than
a
French
man
.
For
these
Reasons
,
the
Sea
(
as
they
said
)
being
vacant
,
they
(
who
were
eight
in
all
)
by
the
permission
and
favour
of
Queen
Joan
,
chose
Cardinal
Cevennes
,
who
had
been
Legate
in
Italy
;
and
called
him
Clement
the
Seventh
.
Hence
arose
a
great
and
a
long
quarrel
in
the
Church
of
God
,
which
they
call
a
Schism
;
when
part
of
the
Christian
Princes
favour'd
Vrban
,
and
part
favour'd
Cevennes
.
Nor
were
these
seditious
Cardinals
content
with
that
,
but
sent
the
Britains
,
who
had
plunder'd
and
taken
many
Castles
,
Villages
and
Forts
,
against
the
Pope
and
people
of
Rome
,
who
meeting
the
Enemy
at
Ponte
Salaro
in
a
confused
manner
were
conquer'd
and
kill'd
.
But
after
that
they
fought
another
Battel
at
Sancto
Marino
with
such
courage
and
intention
that
they
beat
the
Britains
and
kill'd
so
many
of
'em
,
that
there
was
hardly
a
Messenger
left
to
carry
the
news
.
Those
that
were
in
the
Castles
defended
themselves
for
some
time
,
but
especially
the
Governour
of
the
Castle
of
Surio
,
who
after
many
years
surrender'd
it
to
Pope
Martin
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Genoeses
begin
to
shew
the
malice
which
they
had
conceiv'd
in
their
hearts
against
the
Venetians
,
and
took
Lewis
King
of
Hungary
into
their
Alliance
,
with
Francis
of
Carrara
,
Lord
of
Padua
,
the
Duke
of
Austria
,
and
the
Patriarch
of
Aquilegia
.
On
the
part
of
the
Venetians
were
Perinus
of
Lusignan
King
of
Cyprus
,
and
so
was
Bernabos
Viconti
.
In
the
first
Engagement
at
Sea
the
Venetians
had
the
better
of
it
,
upon
the
Coast
of
Antio
,
under
the
Command
of
Victor
a
Pisan
:
of
ten
Genoese
Ships
five
being
lost
.
At
that
time
also
the
Marchesi
of
Carreto
,
by
the
assistance
of
Bernabos
took
Albenga
,
Noli
,
and
Castel
Franco
from
the
Genoeses
,
but
not
long
after
they
made
a
Peace
with
'em
and
restored
all
.
After
this
the
Genoeses
put
Dominick
Fregoso
their
Duke
into
Prison
,
with
his
Brother
Peter
,
and
made
Nicolas
Gualch
their
Governour
by
Land
,
and
Lucian
Auria
their
Admiral
by
Sea
.
But
Bernabos
,
that
had
married
his
Daughter
to
the
King
of
Cyprus
,
sent
her
very
honourably
into
Cyprus
to
her
Husband
,
with
twelve
Galleys
,
six
Catalonian
and
six
Venetian
.
Perinus
thus
strengthened
attaqued
Famagosta
both
by
Sea
and
Land
;
but
in
vain
;
for
the
Soldiers
within
defended
it
stoutly
,
and
his
Navy
was
batter'd
,
and
disabled
by
bad
Weather
.
In
the
mean
while
the
Venetians
on
the
one
side
and
the
Genoeses
on
the
other
did
not
cease
to
molest
both
the
Seas
:
For
whilst
Charles
Zono
,
Admiral
of
the
Venetian
Fleet
,
infested
the
Genoeses
in
the
Tyrrelene
Sea
,
Lucian
Auria
over
ran
the
Adriatique
to
the
great
damage
of
the
Venetians
,
setting
upon
them
from
Zara
(
where
his
Ships
lay
at
Anchor
)
the
King
of
Hungary's
Port.
The
Venetians
were
very
much
concern'd
for
the
injury
done
to
'em
,
and
seeing
they
could
not
draw
Lucian
to
fight
,
they
burnt
two
Towns
of
the
Kings
called
Cataro
,
and
Sibinico
.
In
the
mean
time
Galeatius
Viconti
died
,
in
the
year
1379.
and
almost
all
the
Dutchy
of
Millain
seemed
to
be
for
Bernabos
:
at
which
the
Venetians
were
much
pleased
,
but
to
no
purpose
;
for
first
the
half
,
and
then
the
whole
Country
fell
off
to
John
Galeatius
his
Nephew
.
Lucian
,
Admiral
of
the
Genoeses
,
moving
toward
Pola
,
conquer'd
and
took
the
Venetian
Navy
in
the
very
Harbour
:
but
,
whilst
he
pursu'd
the
Enemy
too
rashly
,
he
was
run
through
with
a
Lance
and
died
.
Both
the
Navies
,
as
well
the
Conqueror
,
as
the
conquered
,
were
brought
into
Zara
,
whither
the
Genoeses
sent
Peter
Auria
in
the
room
of
his
deceased
Brother
,
with
nine
Galleys
,
and
many
other
Vessels
:
who
taking
an
account
of
his
Brothers
Victory
,
found
two
thousand
Captives
,
beside
the
multitudes
that
were
kill'd
and
drown'd
.
The
Venetians
were
attaqued
at
Land
too
by
Carrara
and
his
Allies
,
whom
I
have
mention'd
,
to
whom
the
Venetians
opposed
Albrico
Barbiano
Earl
of
Cuni
,
an
excellent
Commander
.
But
Peter
Auria
having
gotten
a
Navy
of
sixty
Galleys
,
and
as
many
other
Vessels
,
went
to
Venice
,
storm'd
and
burn'd
Grado
,
Comachio
,
and
Cahorle
.
From
thence
he
went
to
Chioza
,
which
though
it
were
defended
for
some
time
by
the
Venetians
,
yet
he
took
it
at
last
,
by
assistance
of
Supplies
,
which
he
had
from
the
Governour
of
Padua
.
'T
is
certain
that
full
six
thousand
men
were
slain
in
that
Siege
,
and
nine
hundred
and
fifty
of
the
Venetians
taken
,
and
sent
to
Zara
;
they
spared
the
Women
,
not
violating
their
Chastity
in
all
their
fury
and
violence
.
The
Venetians
being
quite
disheartened
at
this
Calamity
,
and
despairing
of
any
help
by
Sea
or
Land
,
set
the
Genoese
Captives
at
liberty
,
and
sent
'em
to
Chioza
to
their
Admiral
,
to
beg
their
pardon
,
and
to
make
their
submission
to
the
Will
of
the
Conqueror
;
But
the
Genoeses
,
proud
of
their
Victory
,
as
Conquerors
use
to
be
,
refused
to
answer
the
Venetians
,
unless
they
would
come
and
surrender
themselves
and
all
they
had
.
Thereupon
the
Venetians
betook
themselves
to
the
defence
of
their
Country
,
and
setting
up
Chains
of
Iron
before
the
Ports
mouth
,
and
a
Guard
of
three
hundred
Horse
with
as
many
Foot
upon
the
Key
;
they
sought
out
for
some
one
person
,
whom
they
might
make
their
General
.
And
being
in
great
doubt
by
reason
of
their
Distractions
whom
to
chuse
,
it
was
proposed
by
some
body
,
that
Victor
of
Pisa
was
the
onely
man
fitting
to
be
in
a
place
of
that
Trust
,
as
well
understanding
the
Power
and
Arts
of
the
Genoeses
.
That
Voice
(
whoever
spoke
)
was
heard
with
great
reverence
,
as
if
it
came
from
an
Oracle
:
for
immediately
they
ran
all
to
the
Prison
,
where
he
lay
for
his
ill
management
at
Pola
,
and
taking
him
out
made
him
their
sole
Commander
.
The
Genoeses
by
that
time
were
come
very
near
,
and
having
taken
all
the
Castles
thereabout
,
were
just
entering
the
City
;
but
were
easily
repulsed
after
a
long
fight
by
John
Barbadicus
with
certain
small
Ships
well
arm'd
,
the
Genoese
Galleys
not
being
able
to
come
on
,
in
those
narrow
Seas
.
Besides
,
Barbadicus
used
this
other
Stratagem
.
There
was
at
that
time
an
Instrument
,
called
Bombarda
,
i.e.
a
Gun
,
newly
invented
by
a
certain
German
,
and
called
Bombarda
from
its
thundering
sound
;
and
each
of
the
Venetian
Skiffs
had
two
of
those
Guns
or
more
,
whereby
the
Genoeses
who
were
ignorant
and
unskill'd
in
this
new
kind
of
fighting
,
were
many
of
'em
destroy'd
;
each
Gun
often
killing
two
or
three
men
at
one
shot
,
because
they
were
not
able
to
avoid
them
so
well
on
board
as
if
they
had
been
on
shoar
.
Hereupon
the
Venetians
bad
Bernabos
Viconti
their
friend
and
Ally
,
to
press
upon
the
Genoeses
so
as
to
raise
their
Siege
;
they
already
wanting
provisions
.
And
indeed
the
Venetians
must
have
perished
,
if
(
as
Carrara
advised
,
the
Genoeses
had
taken
care
to
hinder
supplies
from
being
imported
into
Venice
.
Bernabos
,
to
give
some
satisfaction
to
the
Venetians
,
sent
his
Army
against
the
Genoeses
;
who
when
they
had
plunder'd
the
Valley
of
Pulcephera
and
taken
nineteen
thousand
,
they
left
the
Genoeses
(
who
fought
against
Bernabos
not
with
Swords
but
with
Gold
,
)
and
having
loaded
themselves
with
Spoil
return'd
into
Millain
.
Astorgius
of
Faenza
had
not
so
good
luck
,
when
he
was
sent
thither
,
by
Bernabos
,
with
the
Horse
.
For
coming
toward
the
City
he
was
routed
by
the
people
of
Genoa
who
sallied
out
upon
him
,
but
escaped
with
much
ado
himself
in
the
habit
of
a
Country
Fellow
.
But
Calo
John
Emperor
of
Greece
,
being
an
Ally
of
the
Venetians
,
besieged
Pera
,
a
Place
belonging
to
the
Genoeses
,
over
against
Constantinople
.
For
he
saw
the
Genoeses
were
engaged
in
many
and
dangerous
Wars
.
But
Andronicus
his
Son
,
who
was
an
equal
Enemy
to
his
Father
and
the
Venetian
both
,
with
the
assistance
of
the
Turks
and
Bulgarians
,
defended
it
stoutly
,
and
frighted
his
Father
to
that
degree
,
that
he
soon
after
came
over
to
the
side
of
the
Genoeses
.
In
the
mean
time
Vrban
was
not
so
intent
upon
making
Peace
between
Christians
(
which
he
should
have
done
)
as
he
was
desirous
to
revenge
the
injuries
which
he
received
from
Queen
Joan
,
and
therefore
incited
Lewis
,
King
of
Hungary
,
to
revenge
his
Brother
Andrea's
death
and
he
would
help
him
.
He
consented
,
and
by
instigating
Charles
his
Son
(
who
was
then
carrying
on
the
War
against
the
Venetians
in
Marca
Trevisana
)
against
Joan
,
he
gave
the
Venetians
some
little
respit
,
who
before
that
were
almost
ruined
.
And
it
added
somewhat
to
their
Affairs
that
Charles
Zenus
a
Venetian
,
an
excellent
Sea-man
sunk
two
Ships
of
Burthen
in
the
Port
of
Chioza
,
and
reduced
the
Genoeses
to
that
extremity
,
that
they
themselves
(
since
all
other
Passes
were
stopp'd
up
,
and
they
could
not
bring
their
Ships
out
)
seemed
rather
to
be
besieged
than
to
besiege
,
they
were
in
such
necessity
of
all
provisions
.
But
nothing
did
the
Genoeses
so
much
injury
,
as
the
death
of
Peter
Auria
who
was
kill'd
by
a
shot
from
a
Gun
,
as
he
was
stoutly
defending
the
Fortifications
of
Chioza
.
In
whose
place
Matthew
Ruffus
was
presently
chosen
,
who
,
as
he
was
coming
to
Chioza
with
new
Galleys
,
took
Thaddeus
Justinianus
at
Manfredonia
,
with
six
Galleys
laden
with
Provisions
.
Agapetus
,
Cardinal
Columna
,
being
concern'd
for
these
misfortunes
,
exhorted
the
Genoeses
and
the
Venetians
to
Peace
very
often
,
but
all
in
vain
:
for
they
,
who
fought
out
of
hatred
,
not
for
Dominion
,
would
never
hearken
to
the
wholesom
advice
of
those
who
gave
'em
good
Counsel
.
At
length
the
Genoeses
,
when
they
saw
themselves
so
begirt
at
Chioza
,
that
they
could
not
sally
forth
for
the
Venetian
,
nor
get
provisions
from
Matthew
Ruffus
,
or
the
Lord
of
Padua
,
who
had
promised
them
shortly
to
supply
them
,
they
surrender'd
the
Town
on
the
first
of
July
1380.
At
which
time
there
were
taken
of
the
Enemy
4340.
though
more
died
in
the
Siege
by
Famine
and
the
Sword
.
Yet
the
Genoeses
,
though
they
had
receiv'd
such
a
fatal
blow
,
could
not
lie
still
,
but
with
thirty
eight
Galleys
compelled
the
Triesteses
to
revolt
from
the
Venetians
to
the
Patriarch
of
Aquilegia
.
They
likewise
took
Justinople
,
but
not
the
Castle
.
And
when
they
had
recruited
their
Navy
they
went
for
Venice
again
;
but
no
body
encountring
them
,
they
return'd
into
Istria
,
took
the
City
Pola
and
burn'd
it
:
Many
slaughters
followed
on
both
sides
.
But
the
Venetians
were
overcome
in
a
Land
fight
by
Carrara
,
whilst
James
Caballus
an
excellent
Commander
,
defended
Treviso
stoutly
,
which
was
almost
forc'd
by
Famine
to
a
surrender
.
And
now
both
sides
being
well
tired
with
such
a
long
and
bloody
War
,
the
Duke
of
Savoy
,
upon
the
23d
of
September
,
1381.
makes
Peace
between
them
upon
these
terms
;
that
the
Venetians
,
every
tenth
year
,
should
pay
the
King
of
Hungary
seven
thousand
pounds
,
provided
he
kept
all
his
part
of
Dalmatia
free
from
Pirates
,
and
suffer
no
Salt
to
be
made
in
his
Dominions
there
;
and
that
the
Patriarch
of
Aquilegia
should
have
the
same
Power
in
Friuli
as
before
the
War
.
But
the
Venetians
and
the
Genoeses
were
order'd
,
to
send
home
each
others
Captives
,
without
any
mention
of
the
Spoils
which
were
taken
on
either
side
.
The
Padueses
were
commanded
to
draw
off
from
the
Siege
of
Treviso
;
and
to
demolish
the
Towers
,
and
Forts
which
they
had
raised
in
Fens
,
and
at
the
mouths
of
several
Rivers
;
upon
which
account
bounds
were
set
out
between
the
Venetians
and
those
of
Padua
.
In
the
mean
while
Charles
whom
we
told
you
the
Pope
sent
for
out
of
Hungary
to
go
against
Joan
,
came
into
Italy
with
eight
thousand
Horse
,
and
first
reduced
Arezzo
,
which
had
been
long
embroiled
by
the
seditions
of
the
Guelphs
and
Gibellins
.
From
thence
moving
toward
Florence
,
he
was
repell'd
by
John
Hawkwood
who
at
that
time
quarter'd
at
S●agia
.
But
the
Florentines
fearing
they
should
not
be
able
to
endure
the
shock
of
such
a
mighty
King
,
they
purchased
a
Peace
of
him
at
the
rate
of
40000
l.
and
discharged
Hawkwood
without
his
pay
;
who
sold
Bagnavallo
to
Nicolas
and
Albert
d'
Este
,
that
they
might
the
better
keep
Faenza
in
obedience
,
which
notwithstanding
they
soon
after
lost
by
treachery
,
to
Astorgius
Manfredus
.
But
Charles
,
after
he
had
visited
Vrban
at
Rome
went
into
his
Kingdom
,
and
having
conquer'd
all
Joans
Forces
,
took
Naples
by
surrender
.
The
Queen
was
besieged
in
Castelnovo
,
when
the
Guelphs
of
Arezzo
made
a
Tumult
and
forced
James
Caracciolo
a
Citizen
of
Naples
who
was
sent
thither
by
the
King
,
to
fly
into
the
Castle
.
The
Gibellins
also
fled
thither
too
,
whose
good
that
just
Man
consulted
as
much
as
the
Guelphs
.
For
he
desired
to
carry
every
thing
alike
with
equity
in
all
cases
.
Wherefore
having
sent
for
Albrick
Barbianus
from
Todi
upon
the
account
of
an
injury
which
he
reviv'd
,
he
went
into
the
City
,
and
whilst
he
strove
to
reduce
the
Guelphs
,
he
plunder'd
the
Gibellins
also
.
And
Ferraback
another
General
who
follow'd
Albrick
took
all
the
remaining
spoil
that
he
could
find
in
Arezzo
.
Whilst
these
things
were
transacted
in
Naples
and
Arezzo
,
a
new
cloud
of
War
overcast
Italy
.
For
Lewis
of
Anjou
,
of
the
Blood
Royal
of
France
,
enter'd
Italy
with
thirty
thousand
Horse
,
and
posted
himself
not
far
from
Bologna
,
being
set
on
by
Clement
the
Anti-Pope
not
so
much
to
free
Queen
Joan
who
was
besieged
,
as
by
force
to
depose
Vrban
.
For
this
reason
Charles
left
Arezzo
and
sent
for
Albrick
and
Ferraback
;
to
whom
also
the
Frorentines
sent
John
Hawkwood
at
the
request
of
Vrban
.
Lewis
going
through
Marci
was
come
as
far
as
the
Forest
of
Cassino
,
expecting
twelve
thousand
Horse
,
which
were
already
come
into
Italy
under
the
command
of
Andegranius
,
and
marching
through
Viacenza
,
Lucca
,
Florence
,
and
Siena
were
arrived
at
Arezzo
,
where
they
were
let
in
by
the
Guelphs
,
and
sack'd
the
City
,
after
Albrick
had
given
'em
a
fatal
blow
.
The
Gibellins
defended
the
Castle
,
which
was
besieged
forty
days
,
and
had
been
taken
by
the
French
,
had
not
Lewis
of
Anjou
died
in
the
mean
time
.
Then
Andegranius
,
seeing
how
things
went
,
by
advice
of
the
people
of
Arezzo
,
that
were
besieged
in
the
Castle
,
sold
the
City
to
the
Florentines
;
and
so
return'd
into
France
.
And
the
Anjouen
Soldiers
now
destitute
of
their
General
,
wandered
home
by
two
or
three
in
a
Company
begging
by
the
way
.
Vrban
being
now
deliver'd
from
the
fear
of
the
French
,
went
to
Naples
,
and
as'd
leave
of
the
King
,
to
make
his
Nephew
Prince
of
Campania
,
which
when
he
could
not
obtain
,
being
of
a
clownish
and
uncivil
temper
,
(
which
he
would
have
had
to
be
interpreted
a
blunt
down-right
honesty
)
he
began
to
threaten
him
,
and
provoked
the
King
so
far
,
that
he
set
a
Guard
upon
him
for
some
days
,
and
would
not
suffer
him
to
walk
the
Streets
.
This
affront
he
seemed
to
wink
at
for
a
time
,
and
with
the
Kings
good
leave
went
to
Nocera
,
to
avoid
(
as
he
himself
said
)
the
heat
of
that
City
.
Where
when
he
had
fortified
the
Town
he
made
some
new
Cardinals
,
and
imprison'd
seven
of
the
old
ones
,
charging
upon
them
a
Conspiracy
with
the
King
and
the
Anti-Pope
against
him
.
Besides
that
He
commanded
a
Process
(
to
speak
in
their
phrase
)
against
the
King
,
and
sent
him
a
Citation
to
appear
:
and
had
this
answer
from
him
,
That
he
would
come
very
shortly
to
Nocera
,
and
acquit
himself
of
all
Crimes
objected
not
with
Words
but
with
Weapons
.
And
in
order
thereunto
he
came
to
Nocera
with
a
competent
Army
,
and
besieged
the
Town
.
But
Raymund
Balcianus
,
of
the
Family
of
the
Vrsins
,
and
Son
to
the
Earl
of
Nola
(
who
was
afterward
Prince
of
Taranto
)
was
concern'd
at
the
indignity
,
with
his
own
Forces
,
which
he
commanded
under
the
King
,
he
carried
Vrban
and
the
whole
Court
to
the
next
Shore
,
and
put
'em
on
board
certain
Genoese
Galleys
prepared
for
the
purpose
.
By
the
way
as
the
Pope
sailed
to
Genoa
,
he
took
seven
Cardinals
at
Nocera
,
of
which
he
put
five
into
Baggs
and
drowned
them
in
the
Sea
.
But
upon
the
death
of
Lewis
King
of
Hungary
the
Nobility
of
that
Country
sent
presently
for
Charles
:
who
going
thither
called
a
Convention
of
the
Estates
for
the
setling
of
Affairs
,
but
whilst
he
was
busie
upon
it
,
the
Queen
who
ow'd
him
a
grudg
procur'd
him
to
be
murther'd
,
in
the
year
1385.
This
was
just
about
the
time
,
when
John
Galeatius
put
Viscount
Bernabos
(
his
Uncle
by
the
side
of
his
Father
Galeatius
)
into
Prison
at
Monza
,
where
he
kept
him
as
long
as
he
liv'd
,
and
enjoy'd
his
Estate
.
For
formerly
when
they
divided
their
Patrimony
,
Pavia
,
Vercelli
,
Novara
,
Tortona
,
Alessandria
,
and
other
places
toward
the
Apennine
Mountains
and
the
Alps
,
fell
to
Galeatius
;
and
Piacenza
,
Cremona
,
Parma
,
Lauden
,
Brescia
,
and
Pergamo
,
to
Bernabos
;
Millain
being
common
to
both
.
Vrban
had
now
pass'd
a
whole
year
at
Genoa
,
when
news
was
brought
him
that
the
Florentines
incited
the
Cities
belonging
to
the
Church
to
assert
their
Liberty
,
as
they
had
done
formerly
;
upon
which
he
went
first
to
Lucca
,
and
then
to
Siena
and
Perugia
:
And
those
Cities
being
confirm'd
in
their
Allegiance
by
his
coming
,
he
went
as
far
as
Ferentino
under
pretence
of
seeing
Naples
;
but
his
true
Design
was
,
to
turn
Ladislaus
,
a
very
Child
,
and
John
,
both
Sons
to
Charles
,
out
of
their
paternal
Inheritance
.
For
many
Noblemen
,
that
favour'd
Lewis
of
Anjou
,
gave
him
hope
of
enjoying
that
Kingdom
;
but
those
of
Gajetta
were
very
faithful
,
and
preserving
the
Children
alive
,
saved
the
Kingdom
too
to
their
great
Honour
.
The
Pope
therefore
return'd
to
Rome
not
being
able
to
effect
his
Design
,
but
was
receiv'd
into
the
City
with
great
pomp
;
though
not
long
after
the
Banderesii
laid
wait
for
him
,
which
yet
he
escaped
,
and
frustrated
.
He
created
in
one
day
twenty
nine
Cardinals
,
of
which
three
were
Romans
,
the
rest
almost
all
Neapolitans
.
In
the
mean
while
Antonius
Scala
of
Verona
and
Francis
the
elder
,
Lord
of
Padua
,
were
engaged
in
a
bloody
War
,
in
which
John
Vbaldin
lead
the
Army
of
the
Carrareses
,
and
John
Ordelafo
that
of
the
Scaligeri
.
But
Galeatius
Viconti
,
with
the
assistance
of
the
Carrareses
,
conquer'd
the
Scaligeri
,
and
took
Verona
and
Vincenza
.
Nor
was
he
so
contented
,
but
in
a
few
months
he
besieged
and
took
Padua
,
and
imprison'd
Francis
Carrara
at
Monza
;
Francis
his
Son
escaping
by
flight
.
The
Florentines
also
willing
now
to
encrease
their
Dominions
,
took
Monte-Pulciano
and
Lusignano
,
two
Towns
in
the
Territories
of
Siena
,
by
Stratagem
rather
than
by
strength
;
And
afterward
sent
Charles
,
Son
to
Bernabos
,
and
Antony
Scala
with
five
thousand
Horse
into
the
Country
of
Siena
to
forage
.
This
mov'd
Galeatius
to
such
a
degree
,
that
he
dispatch'd
Embassadors
to
Florence
to
complain
,
that
contrary
to
the
League
heretofore
made
between
them
,
the
Florentines
had
entertain'd
in
pay
his
Enemies
,
Charles
Viconti
and
Antony
Scala
;
and
that
against
all
right
and
justice
they
had
harass'd
his
Friends
and
Allies
,
the
Sienneses
:
In
fine
,
his
Embassadors
were
commanded
,
to
declare
War
against
them
,
except
they
drew
off
their
Forces
from
the
Siennois
,
and
disbanded
those
Officers
.
But
lest
Galeatius
should
have
been
as
good
as
his
word
,
Peter
Gambacorta
Lord
of
Pisa
,
a
Friend
both
to
him
and
to
the
Florentines
,
interposed
,
and
undertook
to
make
up
the
business
.
In
the
mean
time
Vrban
dy'd
at
Rome
in
the
eleventh
year
and
eighth
month
of
his
unhappy
Pontificate
;
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
,
where
there
was
but
little
mourning
for
him
,
as
being
a
rustical
,
and
an
inexorable
Man
.
His
Sepulchre
or
Tomb
is
yet
to
be
seen
with
a
very
rude
,
and
silly
Inscription
upon
it
.
BONIFACE
IX
.
BONIFACE
the
Ninth
,
a
Neapolitan
,
formerly
called
Peter
Tomacello
,
was
made
Pope
at
Rome
by
general
consent
of
the
Cardinals
,
in
the
year
1389.
Who
though
he
were
not
above
thirty
years
old
,
when
he
enter'd
upon
the
Popedom
,
yet
he
lived
so
strictly
at
that
florid
Age
,
and
in
those
wicked
times
,
that
no
act
of
Lust
,
or
inordinate
pleasure
could
be
charged
upon
him
;
for
he
seemed
to
have
changed
his
Youth
into
Age.
And
then
he
was
a
Person
of
such
courage
and
conduct
,
that
he
was
the
first
who
invested
all
the
Power
of
Rome
in
the
Pope
alone
,
so
that
he
created
Magistrates
,
as
he
pleased
,
and
fortified
the
Castle
of
S.
Angelo
,
which
is
situate
near
the
Tiber
as
you
go
to
the
Vatican
,
and
set
guards
upon
all
the
Bridges
cross
the
Tiber.
Whilst
this
Boniface
IX
.
was
in
the
Chair
,
Galeatius
made
War
upon
the
Florentines
and
Bolognians
,
by
his
Generals
,
John
Vbaldin
and
Lantedescus
Petramala
,
who
in
the
Valley
of
Arno
plunder'd
and
spoil'd
all
far
and
near
.
James
Vermes
likewise
enter'd
the
Territories
of
Bolognia
upon
his
own
account
,
and
did
the
City
great
damage
.
The
Florentines
in
the
mean
time
,
to
prevent
with
their
utmost
,
these
evils
,
sent
Jown
Hawkwood
,
Charles
,
Son
to
Bernabos
,
and
Antony
Scala
with
four
thousand
Horse
,
and
two
thousand
Foot
,
to
aid
the
Bolognian
▪
their
friends
and
Allies
:
And
sollicited
Stephen
Duke
of
Bavaria
(
to
whom
Francis
the
younger
was
fled
for
refuge
)
both
by
Letters
and
Messengers
to
come
and
assist
'em
.
Beside
they
hired
James
Earl
of
Armeniac
for
a
great
deal
of
Money
,
to
come
down
into
Italy
against
Viconti
,
and
divert
him
from
their
borders
,
to
defend
his
own
.
Francis
the
younger
also
,
at
their
Intreaty
,
disguising
himself
,
and
favoured
by
the
Venetians
,
got
into
Padua
,
and
took
the
City
before
any
body
was
aware
.
The
Duke
of
Bavaria
follow'd
him
at
the
heels
,
and
entering
the
Town
,
storm'd
the
Castle
without
any
intermission
.
And
the
Veroneses
,
startled
at
this
turn
of
Affairs
,
beat
out
the
Guards
of
the
Viconti
,
and
invited
Antony
Scala
to
their
side
,
who
just
about
that
time
died
in
Tuscany
,
leaving
one
onely
Child
,
a
little
Boy
.
Which
when
they
heard
,
they
repented
of
what
they
had
done
,
and
immediately
sent
for
Vgulot
Blancardus
,
who
was
with
Galeatius's
Army
in
Cremona
,
having
begg'd
pardon
for
their
Crime
,
and
paid
some
thousands
of
pounds
to
atone
for
their
Error
.
Blaneard
being
let
in
,
could
not
keep
the
Soldiers
from
sacking
the
wealthy
City
,
but
the
Wife
of
Galeatius
out
of
pity
for
the
Noble
Town
after
three
days
stay'd
any
further
plundering
.
The
Duke
of
Bavaria
now
complaining
that
the
Subsidies
promised
him
by
the
Florentines
were
not
fairly
paid
him
,
raised
the
Siege
of
the
Castle
at
Padua
and
went
into
Germany
.
Thereupon
the
Florentines
,
having
procured
passage
for
their
Troops
of
Albert
d'
Este
,
who
was
fallen
out
with
Galeatius
a
good
while
before
,
sent
John
Hawkwood
to
assist
young
Carrara
;
by
whose
Valour
and
skill
the
Castle
of
Padua
was
quickly
brought
to
surrender
.
So
that
the
Forces
of
Galeatius
who
were
sent
for
their
relief
retired
into
the
Country
of
Vicenza
.
By
this
time
the
Earl
of
Armagnac
,
a
Pensioner
of
the
Florentines
,
was
arriv'd
in
Italy
by
the
way
of
Turin
,
with
twenty
thousand
Horse
,
and
having
taken
Castellaccio
by
storm
,
he
gave
the
plunder
to
his
Soldiers
.
To
oppose
this
Enemy
Galeatius
was
necessitated
to
recall
his
men
out
of
the
Country
of
Vicenza
:
while
the
Milaneses
who
were
posted
in
the
Suburbs
,
of
Alexandria
were
furiously
set
upon
by
those
of
Armagnac
without
any
order
;
but
the
Italians
drew
out
the
Battel
so
long
,
fighting
for
some
time
before
the
Gates
,
till
their
men
(
whom
they
had
sent
about
,
to
fall
upon
their
Enemy
in
the
Reer
)
could
have
time
to
surprise
'em
.
While
the
fight
continued
,
they
came
about
.
So
that
the
Enemy
was
attaqu'd
in
the
Reer
,
Front
and
Flank
,
in
such
a
dreadful
manner
(
for
the
Towns-People
also
aided
them
)
that
they
were
almost
all
of
'em
kill'd
,
before
they
were
sensible
what
danger
they
were
in
.
The
Earl
of
Armagnac
himself
,
General
of
this
great
Army
,
was
taken
,
but
died
immediately
of
a
wound
that
he
receiv'd
.
Besides
him
there
were
taken
Rainardus
Lanfigliatius
,
and
John
Riccio
,
two
Florentine
Knights
,
who
had
guided
the
Earl
into
Italy
.
Galeatius
grown
confident
by
this
Victory
,
sent
part
of
his
Foces
against
Hawkwood
,
who
had
pass'd
the
Rivers
Adige
,
and
Mencio
,
to
join
Armagnac
;
upon
notice
whereof
Hawkwood
hasted
toward
Padua
;
but
lost
a
great
many
men
by
the
way
,
who
were
drown'd
in
the
Seluces
that
the
Country
people
had
made
to
hinder
their
retreat
.
But
the
Florentines
being
hard
put
to
it
by
James
Vermes
,
who
was
sent
thither
by
Galeatius
with
twelve
thousand
Horse
and
four
thousand
Foot
,
called
back
Hawkwood
,
who
overcame
their
Enemies
by
stratagem
,
whom
he
was
not
able
to
conquer
in
the
open
field
.
In
the
mean
time
a
Peace
was
made
at
Genoa
upon
good
conditions
,
between
Galeatius
and
the
Florentines
by
the
mediation
of
Pope
Boniface
and
Antony
Adurno
General
of
the
Genoeses
.
But
one
flame
was
no
sooner
quench'd
,
but
another
broke
out
.
For
Francis
di
Vico
Prefect
of
the
City
got
Viterbo
out
of
the
Popes
hands
by
treachery
;
And
Peter
Gambacurta
,
Lord
of
Pisa
,
and
his
Sons
,
was
kill'd
by
James
his
Secretary
,
and
Counsellor
,
who
strait
usurp'd
his
Seigniory
.
At
this
time
also
upon
the
death
of
Albert
d'
Este
,
one
Azzo
of
the
same
Family
,
who
had
been
banish'd
a
long
time
,
attempted
to
be
restor'd
to
his
Country
by
the
Power
of
the
Counts
of
Cunie
.
But
the
Guardians
of
young
Nicolas
,
Son
of
Albert
,
took
up
Arms
,
and
driving
Accius
from
Ferrara
,
promised
the
Towns
of
Lugo
and
Monselice
to
John
Cunio
,
if
he
would
kill
Azzo
.
But
he
shewed
'em
a
trick
for
it
,
and
only
kill'd
a
man
very
like
him
;
upon
which
the
Towns
being
surrender'd
to
him
,
he
produced
the
real
Azzo
.
Alberic
his
Progenitor
would
never
have
done
such
an
Act
;
to
whom
the
Italians
owe
more
than
to
all
the
Generals
of
his
Age.
For
he
first
taught
the
Italians
the
Art
of
War
(
when
they
had
been
long
unaccustomed
to
Arms
)
how
to
defend
themselves
from
domestick
as
well
as
forein
Enemies
.
For
before
his
time
,
if
the
Italians
had
any
War
either
among
themselves
or
against
the
Barbarians
,
they
were
forced
to
desire
the
aid
of
forein
Soldiers
.
But
he
raised
such
a
mighty
Army
in
a
short
space
under
the
Banner
of
St.
George
,
that
he
drave
the
Britains
(
who
had
ruined
our
Country
,
and
the
Castles
belonging
to
the
Church
)
together
with
the
Germans
,
English
and
all
other
Invaders
,
out
of
Italy
.
From
him
arose
the
Bracceschi
and
Sforceschi
,
by
whom
Italy
gain'd
so
much
Glory
,
that
other
Nations
either
were
content
to
be
quiet
for
fear
,
or
if
they
attempted
to
invade
us
,
't
was
at
the
cost
of
their
lives
.
In
the
mean
time
Clement
VII
.
the
Anti-Pope
died
,
and
in
his
place
the
Cardinals
,
who
join'd
in
the
present
Schism
,
put
up
Peter
Luna
,
then
called
Benedict
XIII
.
at
Avignion
.
At
that
time
also
Winceslaus
,
Son
to
Charles
the
Emperor
,
succeeded
him
;
from
whom
John
Galeatius
Viconti
received
the
Title
of
Duke
of
Milan
by
his
Embassador
Peter
Philargi
Arch-Bishop
of
Milan
,
who
afterward
got
the
Papacy
,
and
was
called
Alexander
the
Fifth
.
But
Galeatius
when
John
Hawkwood
was
dead
and
buried
at
Florence
,
(
whom
the
Florentines
made
use
of
as
their
chief
Commander
in
their
Wars
)
He
resov'd
to
send
Albrick
with
an
Army
into
Tuscany
,
to
keep
the
Florentines
in
awe
,
who
then
made
War
upon
Appiax
Lord
of
Pisa
.
There
were
in
that
Army
Paul
Vrsin
,
Ceculino
,
Brolia
,
Brandelino
,
Paul
Sabello
,
Luke
Canali
,
great
Captains
;
who
going
with
joint-forces
and
Counsels
to
besiege
Florence
,
pitched
their
Camp
near
the
Carthusian
Monastery
;
from
whence
they
continually
infested
the
City
of
Florence
and
all
the
Country
about
it
,
with
frequent
inrodes
,
and
filled
all
places
with
slaughter
,
rapine
,
and
fire
,
Anno
Dom.
1397.
At
which
time
Boniface
went
to
Perugia
,
to
procure
a
reconciliation
between
the
Nobility
and
Commonalty
,
there
.
But
the
Commonalty
,
even
in
the
Popes
presence
,
took
up
Arms
against
their
Promise
,
and
kill'd
eighty
of
the
Nobles
,
and
then
made
Biordo
,
and
Nichilotto
,
who
were
admitted
into
the
City
as
heads
of
their
Faction
,
chief
Lords
of
all
.
The
Pope
was
angry
at
that
,
and
went
to
Assisi
,
from
whence
he
sent
Agents
to
Galeatius
,
to
desire
him
,
that
he
cease
to
attempt
Mantua
,
which
he
then
besieged
by
Land
and
Water
,
having
sent
for
Albrick
Barbianus
into
that
Country
to
assist
in
the
War
.
But
the
Florentines
and
the
Venetians
being
bound
as
Allies
to
aid
Mantua
,
they
sent
a
good
Army
under
the
conduct
of
Charles
Malatesta
,
(
Cousin
to
the
Duke
of
Mantuan
)
who
defeated
Galeatius's
forces
at
Governo
.
At
that
time
the
Florentines
had
a
design
to
fall
upon
the
Pisans
,
but
the
Earls
of
Puppio
and
Balono
,
and
the
Vbertine
Rebels
,
who
threaten'd
destruction
to
the
City
of
Florence
,
if
they
stirred
a
foot
against
the
Pisans
,
diverted
them
from
it
.
But
not
long
after
James
Appian
died
,
and
his
Son
Gerard
succeeded
him
,
who
when
he
could
not
keep
Pisa
in
subjection
,
by
reason
of
the
Tumults
which
the
Florentines
raised
in
it
,
he
sold
the
City
to
Galeatius
Viconti
,
in
the
year
1399.
keeping
onely
one
Town
for
him
and
his
,
called
Piumbino
.
At
Perugia
Biordus
,
being
slain
by
the
contrivance
of
Lantedescus
,
the
Perugians
endeavour'd
to
assert
their
Liberty
:
And
when
Vgolin
Trinci
of
Fuligno
,
the
Popes
Vicar
there
,
endeavour'd
in
his
name
to
bring
Perugia
into
the
Churches
Patrimony
,
the
Citizens
were
angry
,
and
surrender'd
themselves
to
Galeatius
;
who
two
months
after
got
possession
also
of
Bologna
and
Lucca
by
a
wile
.
Hence
was
the
fear
of
the
Florentines
so
encreased
,
that
they
gave
out
,
that
they
and
their
Liberty
were
all
lost
,
unless
Galeatius
were
taken
off
.
The
Year
of
Jubilee
approaching
,
the
Pope
was
moved
by
Embassadors
from
Rome
to
leave
Assisi
and
reside
with
them
;
which
though
he
was
very
willing
to
do
,
yet
he
concealed
his
desire
,
and
told
'em
,
he
would
not
;
because
,
he
said
,
they
denied
to
have
Senators
chosen
out
of
forein
Nobility
according
to
the
Custom
and
Orders
of
former
Popes
;
and
because
they
had
chosen
Conservators
of
the
Chamber
on
their
own
head
:
Men
not
fit
for
the
Employment
,
who
gave
too
much
Licence
to
the
Banderesii
.
Then
the
Romans
,
to
gratifie
the
Pope
,
remov'd
the
Banderesii
,
and
admitted
of
Malatesta
Son
to
Pandulphus
,
of
Pesaro
,
a
learned
Man
,
as
Senator
,
in
the
Popes
Name
,
and
furnish'd
Boniface
with
Money
to
go
to
Rome
.
When
he
was
come
into
the
City
,
he
fortified
S.
Angelo
(
as
I
told
you
)
with
Walls
and
Turrets
,
and
made
himself
by
degrees
Master
of
the
whole
place
.
After
that
,
in
the
year
1400.
the
Jubilee
was
kept
,
and
a
great
multitude
of
People
stock'd
to
Rome
for
Devotion
,
and
then
the
Florentines
,
being
willing
to
be
rid
of
Galeatius
,
invited
Robert
Duke
of
Bavaria
(
whom
the
Electors
of
the
Empire
having
deposed
Wenceslaus
,
of
Bohemia
for
his
sloth
,
had
chosen
Emperor
)
to
come
into
Italy
upon
condition
,
that
he
should
not
have
the
promised
reward
,
till
he
was
advanc'd
as
far
as
the
Dutchy
of
Millain
.
But
when
he
was
come
to
Brescia
,
near
the
Lago
di
Grada
,
and
had
receiv'd
part
of
the
Money
,
he
engaged
with
Galeatius
,
and
losing
the
day
,
fled
to
Trent
.
The
Venetians
and
Florentines
promised
him
great
things
to
keep
him
from
going
back
into
Germany
,
but
all
would
not
do
.
At
that
time
Boniface
,
whether
out
of
fear
of
the
Power
of
the
Viconti
,
or
out
of
covetousness
to
enlarge
the
Churches
Patrimony
,
was
the
first
that
imposed
Annates
,
or
yearly
payments
upon
Ecclesiastical
Benefices
,
upon
this
condition
,
that
whoever
got
a
Benefice
,
should
pay
half
an
years
Revenue
into
the
Apostolical
Treasury
.
Yet
there
are
those
who
attribute
this
Invention
to
John
XXII
.
Now
all
Countreys
admitted
of
this
usage
,
except
the
English
,
who
granted
it
onely
in
case
of
Bishopricks
,
but
not
in
other
Benefices
.
Being
thus
strengthened
with
Money
,
and
choosing
Magistrates
as
he
pleased
,
both
in
the
City
and
all
over
the
Church
Dominions
,
the
Pope
restored
Ladislaus
a
Youth
,
Son
to
Charles
King
of
Naples
into
his
Fathers
Kingdom
,
which
was
usurp'd
by
such
as
sided
at
that
time
with
Lewis
of
Anjou
.
And
to
do
it
the
more
easily
and
honourably
he
abolish'd
that
deprivation
of
Charles
,
which
Vrban
had
promulged
at
Nocera
,
and
sent
Cardinal
Florentino
to
Cajeta
(
which
was
the
onely
place
,
that
had
continu'd
Loyal
)
to
crown
the
Youth
there
where
he
had
been
so
loyally
preserv'd
.
Galeatius
thus
rid
of
the
Emperor
,
sent
his
Army
under
the
command
of
Albrick
against
John
Bentivoglio
,
who
had
turn'd
out
the
Garison
,
and
made
himself
Master
of
Bologna
.
At
this
time
Francis
Gonzaga
fought
in
Galeatius's
Army
(
for
they
two
were
friends
again
)
as
also
Pandulphus
Malatesta
,
Charle's
Brother
,
and
Ottobon
Rossi
of
Parma
.
The
names
of
these
Men
terrified
the
Florentines
so
,
that
they
sent
Bernardo
their
General
to
assist
the
Bolognians
their
Allies
;
which
so
encourag'd
the
Bolognians
,
that
they
engaged
the
Enemy
before
their
Walls
;
but
had
the
worst
,
and
lost
all
their
Horse
,
as
also
Bernardo
,
who
was
kill'd
in
the
fight
.
James
Carrara
was
taken
,
but
preserv'd
at
the
request
of
Francis
Gonzaga
.
Bentivoglio
fled
with
a
small
number
into
the
City
;
which
whilst
he
stoutly
defended
,
he
fell
into
an
Ambuscade
where
he
was
kill'd
,
the
Enemy
not
being
able
to
take
him
alive
;
so
that
now
Galeatius
easily
became
Master
of
Bologna
,
and
struck
great
terrour
into
the
Florentines
,
threatning
suddenly
to
turn
all
the
force
of
his
Arms
upon
them
:
But
not
long
after
he
died
at
Marignan
of
a
Fever
,
Anno
Dom.
1402.
whose
death
,
long
wish'd
for
by
the
Florentines
,
freed
them
from
many
fears
,
and
was
presignified
by
a
Comet
which
appear'd
some
time
before
.
Upon
this
many
Usurpers
arose
,
either
those
who
were
chief
in
their
Cities
or
who
had
command
among
the
Soldiery
,
by
corrupting
the
Garisons
,
seiz'd
their
several
Towns
;
there
being
now
no
one
Man
of
Authority
and
Power
to
correct
their
ambitions
and
excesses
,
infinite
mischiefs
hapned
.
That
fatal
Sedition
too
of
the
Guelphs
and
Gibellins
was
renew'd
,
which
ran
through
Italy
two
hundred
years
and
above
,
and
raised
such
civil
Wars
among
the
several
Cities
,
that
they
fought
till
they
had
almost
destroy'd
each
other
.
Vgolinus
Cavalcabos
,
having
vanquish'd
the
Gibellins
,
was
Lord
of
Cremona
:
whilst
Otho
the
third
got
Parma
,
expelling
the
Rossi
.
The
Soardi
seiz'd
Bergamo
,
the
Rusconii
took
Como
,
the
Vignati
possess'd
themselves
of
Lodi
,
and
Fazino
Cane
an
excellent
General
made
himself
Master
of
Vercelli
,
Alessandria
,
and
many
other
Towns
thereabout
.
I
omit
others
,
who
having
been
expell'd
by
Galeatius
,
then
were
in
some
hopes
of
recovering
their
usurped
Dominions
:
especially
William
Scala
,
and
Charles
Viconti
,
Son
to
Bernabos
,
who
sollicited
all
the
Princes
and
People
to
revolt
.
Upon
this
account
Piras
Ordelaphus
was
banish'd
his
Country
and
got
possession
of
Forli
;
and
Albrick
Earl
of
Cuni
,
would
have
reduced
Faenza
,
then
brought
to
extremity
,
if
he
had
not
been
sent
for
in
haste
by
Ladislaus
,
by
the
Popes
advice
,
and
made
Great
Constable
of
Naples
.
The
Pope
had
sent
his
Brother
also
thither
with
a
competenr
Army
,
to
assist
the
King
;
but
he
being
expelled
by
the
Neapolitans
moved
toward
Perugia
,
and
soon
made
that
City
subject
to
the
Pope
.
Baltesar
Cassa
also
a
Neapolitan
Cardinal
of
S.
Eustachius
,
compell'd
the
Bolognians
to
return
to
the
Church-party
,
after
he
had
besieged
them
for
some
time
;
in
which
expedition
Brachius
Montonius
led
the
Church-forces
,
as
being
a
Person
well
skill'd
in
Military
Affairs
,
and
left
for
that
reason
in
Romagna
by
Albrick
.
For
he
had
fought
under
him
from
his
youth
,
and
been
a
Commander
,
as
had
Sfortia
,
who
was
born
in
Cotignola
a
Town
of
Romagna
.
By
whose
valour
and
prowess
the
Militia
of
Italy
so
improved
,
that
whoever
wanted
a
Commander
,
would
make
use
of
one
of
them
.
Hence
those
Military
Factions
so
increased
that
all
the
troubles
of
Italy
for
sixty
years
might
be
imputed
to
one
of
them
.
For
he
,
that
was
oppress'd
by
the
Brachians
,
immediately
hired
the
Sfortians
to
revenge
his
quarrel
.
But
Albrick
(
from
whom
as
from
the
Trojan
Horse
so
many
Generals
did
come
)
made
Naples
yield
to
Ladislaus
,
after
a
long
Siege
.
At
which
Victory
all
the
Princes
of
the
Kingdom
and
all
the
Cities
surrender'd
themselves
to
the
King
.
But
Ladislaus
,
over
desirous
of
enlarging
his
Kingly
power
,
before
he
had
laid
a
good
foundation
in
Naples
,
was
sent
for
into
Hungary
,
to
accept
of
that
Kingdom
by
hereditary
right
;
and
in
order
thereunto
sent
over
his
Forces
.
But
whilst
he
was
besieging
Zara
,
his
Friends
sent
him
word
,
that
the
Neapolitans
were
like
to
revolt
;
wherefore
having
taken
Zara
,
and
sold
it
to
the
Venetians
,
he
return'd
to
Naples
;
and
calling
back
Albrick
out
of
Romagna
,
he
deposed
all
the
Nobles
,
and
banish'd
those
that
refused
to
obey
him
.
But
he
was
very
severe
upon
the
Family
of
Sanseverino
,
and
put
the
chiefest
of
them
to
death
.
Boniface
being
troubled
at
such
a
tedious
confusion
of
Affairs
,
at
length
died
of
a
Pleurisie
,
in
the
fourteenth
year
and
the
ninth
month
of
his
Pontificate
,
Anno
Dom.
1404.
He
was
buried
at
S.
Peters
in
a
Marble
Tomb
,
of
Mosaic
work
,
still
to
be
seen
with
his
Coat
of
Arms
:
which
shews
also
that
he
built
much
in
S.
Angelo
,
the
Capitol
,
and
the
Vatican
.
Nor
had
any
thing
been
wanting
to
the
glory
of
this
Pope
,
if
he
had
not
been
too
partial
to
his
Relations
:
Simony
being
often
committed
,
by
reason
that
his
Brethren
and
Friends
,
who
came
to
Rome
in
great
multitudes
to
get
Money
,
ask'd
for
every
thing
that
fell
in
his
gift
,
without
any
reason
.
As
for
Indulgencies
,
and
those
plenary
too
,
they
were
sold
about
at
such
a
rate
,
that
the
Authority
of
the
Keys
and
the
Popes
Bulls
was
brought
into
contempt
.
Boniface
indeed
endeavour'd
to
amend
these
things
,
but
was
forced
by
the
importunity
of
his
Friends
to
let
it
alone
.
And
for
this
reason
I
think
it
would
go
better
with
the
Church
of
God
,
if
Popes
would
not
mind
their
kindred
,
or
at
least
not
too
much
,
but
consult
the
good
and
honour
of
the
Papacy
rather
than
promote
the
interest
of
flesh
and
blood
.
Especially
at
that
time
,
when
Tamberlain
,
who
conquer'd
the
Turks
,
and
led
their
Emperor
in
Chains
along
with
him
,
was
dead
,
and
had
left
all
the
Armenians
,
Persians
,
Egyptians
,
and
Assyrians
without
Governors
:
so
that
the
Christians
might
easily
have
recover'd
Jerusalem
and
the
Holy
Sepulchre
.
But
his
care
was
plac'd
nearer
home
,
for
he
persecuted
the
Albi
,
[
Bianchi
or
Whites
]
that
would
have
introduced
a
new
sort
of
Superstition
under
his
Pontificate
,
of
whom
I
heard
my
Father
(
who
saw
the
Man
)
say
,
that
there
was
a
certain
Priest
who
came
down
from
the
Alps
into
Italy
the
year
afore
the
Jubilee
,
with
a
great
many
after
him
:
and
being
clothed
in
white
Cloth
,
pretended
so
much
modesty
,
that
every
body
look'd
upon
him
as
a
Saint
.
So
that
this
Fellow
coming
into
Italy
drew
a
great
number
of
Men
and
Women
over
to
his
Opinion
in
a
short
time
.
And
these
People
at
Night
,
lay
,
Men
or
Women
,
Pesants
or
Citizens
,
Servants
or
Freemen
,
promiscuously
together
cover'd
with
their
white
Robes
,
like
so
many
Sheep
.
They
feasted
in
the
publick
Streets
,
and
strove
who
should
bring
the
best
provisions
.
The
Priest
himself
carried
a
Crucifix
,
which
,
he
said
wept
for
the
sins
of
Mankind
;
and
as
often
as
it
did
so
,
the
people
set
up
a
clamour
and
begg'd
pardon
of
God
.
They
sang
the
Lauds
,
or
Praises
of
the
Blessed
Virgin
,
going
along
and
standing
still
,
in
Hymns
made
for
that
purpose
.
But
as
he
came
from
Piedmont
and
that
way
,
into
Romagna
,
Tuscany
,
and
Millain
,
the
Opinion
of
his
sanctity
was
advanced
,
whereby
he
brought
over
not
only
the
rude
and
unlearn'd
Commonalty
,
but
even
great
Men
and
Bishops
of
several
Cities
.
At
Viterbo
,
being
tired
with
travelling
,
he
tarried
with
the
multitude
,
and
from
thence
,
said
,
he
would
come
to
Rome
,
to
visit
the
holy
Places
,
and
Bodies
of
the
Saints
.
But
Boniface
fearing
him
to
be
a
Cheat
,
and
thinking
,
as
he
said
,
that
the
superstitious
Knave
had
a
mind
to
get
the
Popedom
by
the
assistance
of
that
Gang
about
him
,
he
sent
Soldiers
to
meet
him
,
and
bring
him
to
Rome
.
Which
done
,
some
write
,
that
his
knavery
was
detected
by
Fortune
,
and
that
he
was
deservedly
burnt
alive
;
but
others
say
the
Man
was
guiltless
,
and
that
it
was
onely
a
trick
of
the
Pope
to
raise
that
report
of
him
,
whereas
he
put
him
to
death
out
of
envy
.
Which
is
true
,
God
knows
:
But
this
is
certain
,
that
after
so
great
a
conflux
of
people
caused
partly
by
this
and
partly
by
the
Jubilee
,
a
number
of
Men
died
of
the
Plague
.
But
amidst
all
the
evils
wherewith
Italy
was
afflicted
,
we
received
one
Benefit
.
For
Chrysoloras
Byzantius
brought
the
Greek
Learning
into
our
Country
,
which
had
been
neglected
in
Italy
for
four
hundred
years
.
Hence
came
the
Greek
and
Latin
Schools
,
where
Guarinus
,
Victorinus
,
Philielphus
,
Ambrose
the
Monk
,
Leonard
and
Charles
of
Arezzo
,
and
many
more
were
educated
,
by
the
emulation
of
who
many
Wits
were
excited
to
laudable
Studies
.
INNOCENT
VII
.
INNOCENT
the
Seventh
,
of
Sulmona
,
before
named
Cosmo
,
Cardinal-Priest
of
Santa
Croce
,
was
made
Pope
at
Rome
,
when
all
Italy
was
in
an
uproar
.
For
John
Galeatius
being
dead
,
and
leaving
two
Sons
but
young
,
all
Italy
betook
themselves
to
Arms.
John
Maria
,
the
elder
Son
got
the
Dutchy
of
Millain
;
and
Philip
Maria
,
the
younger
,
made
himself
Lord
of
Pavia
with
ease
,
as
lawful
Earl
of
it
.
The
other
Cities
,
to
the
number
of
twenty
five
revolted
from
the
Viconti
.
Paul
Guiniffius
,
a
Citizen
of
Lucca
,
usurped
the
Dominion
of
his
Country
;
Francis
Carrara
now
that
General
was
gone
off
,
whose
Arms
he
exceedingly
fear'd
)
that
he
might
enlarge
his
Territories
,
sent
Embassadours
to
Verona
,
Brescia
,
Bergamo
,
and
Cremona
,
to
sollicite
the
Guelphs
to
be
on
his
side
.
But
when
he
saw
William
Scala
and
Charles
Viconti
(
who
desired
to
govern
their
own
Cities
)
could
hinder
his
attempts
,
he
promised
William
the
Signiory
of
Verona
,
and
that
of
Millain
to
Charles
,
of
whom
he
borrowed
thirty
thousand
pounds
.
So
he
restored
William
to
his
Country
;
but
he
soon
after
was
poison'd
,
and
then
Verona
fell
again
to
Francis
.
He
would
have
serv'd
Charles
the
same
trick
,
when
he
was
urgent
with
him
,
either
to
perform
his
promise
or
to
pay
the
money
he
had
lent
him
.
He
also
advised
Francis
Gonzaga
by
Letter
to
come
over
to
his
side
,
and
embrace
his
Alliance
;
and
if
he
would
not
,
that
he
would
look
upon
him
as
an
Enemy
,
and
give
him
reason
ere
long
to
repent
of
his
obstinacy
.
And
that
,
he
said
,
was
easie
;
because
he
having
gotten
Verona
,
which
border'd
upon
Mantoua
,
he
should
shortly
compass
Brescia
too
,
and
so
teaze
the
Mantoueses
as
he
pleased
.
Francis
resolv'd
to
say
nothing
in
answer
to
him
,
till
he
heard
what
the
Venetian
Embassadors
said
,
whom
he
understood
to
be
upon
the
way
coming
to
him
.
For
the
Venetians
suspecting
the
power
of
the
Carraresi
,
took
Vincenza
into
their
protection
by
a
free
surrender
of
the
Citizens
,
who
fear'd
Francis's
strength
;
and
would
rather
be
under
any
Lord
than
one
of
Padua
▪
for
there
was
a
mortal
hatred
between
the
Paduans
and
those
of
Vincenza
.
So
then
,
the
Venetians
admonish'd
Francis
Carrara
,
that
he
should
not
meddle
with
those
of
Vincenza
who
were
their
Tributaries
:
and
that
he
would
raise
the
Siege
from
Cologna
,
which
they
accounted
within
their
Dominions
;
if
not
,
that
the
Venetians
would
revenge
their
quarrels
.
Francis
reply'd
,
that
he
admired
at
the
impudence
of
the
Venetians
,
who
though
they
have
no
right
or
claim
to
any
thing
upon
the
Continent
,
yet
would
prescribe
Laws
to
them
who
had
just
Titles
.
He
therefore
bad
'em
go
and
confine
themselves
within
their
Bays
,
and
Fens
,
and
let
them
alone
to
govern
the
several
Cities
,
who
had
derived
a
right
to
it
from
their
Forefathers
.
This
enraged
the
Venetians
,
who
thereupon
sent
instructions
to
their
Embassadors
,
then
upon
the
Road
,
to
make
a
League
with
Francis
Gonzaga
;
and
choose
him
General
of
their
Forces
,
with
an
honourable
yearly
stipend
.
And
Francis
(
when
the
League
was
made
)
thought
it
best
to
make
haste
,
because
he
heard
the
Enemy
had
gotten
Cologna
,
and
raising
a
great
Army
,
attaqued
the
Veroneses
on
that
side
,
that
lies
toward
Mantoua
.
The
Venetians
from
Vincenza
did
the
same
.
Which
so
terrified
the
Veroneses
,
that
having
no
hopes
of
help
they
surrender'd
.
For
the
Citizens
hated
Francis
Carrara
,
for
having
poison'd
William
Scala
,
and
imprison'd
his
Sons
,
after
he
had
gotten
Verona
by
a
Wile
.
But
as
the
Army
enter'd
the
City
,
keeping
their
exact
Order
,
for
fear
of
some
stratagem
of
the
Enemy
,
James
Carrara
,
who
had
commanded
the
Garison
,
ran
away
with
some
few
Soldiers
to
Hostia
.
But
as
he
cross'd
the
Poe
,
he
was
taken
Prisoner
and
sent
to
Venice
.
Now
the
Venetians
having
fortified
Verona
as
well
as
they
could
,
march'd
thence
with
all
their
Forces
to
Padua
,
which
they
besieged
,
though
it
were
fenced
with
very
high
Walls
,
and
a
deep
Ditch
,
and
garison'd
with
stout
Men
:
and
after
some
months
having
block'd
up
the
Avenues
for
provision
,
they
had
it
yielded
to
them
.
Francis
was
fled
into
the
Castle
,
with
his
Sons
and
Nephews
:
but
the
Venetians
took
that
too
not
long
after
by
surrender
of
the
Soldiers
within
,
who
were
ready
to
starve
.
But
Francis
being
taken
and
sent
to
Venice
was
put
to
death
along
with
his
Brother
.
And
this
was
the
end
of
him
,
who
indulged
his
own
lust
of
ruling
so
much
,
that
he
contemn'd
Peace
,
and
would
get
all
things
by
force
of
Arms.
But
this
was
not
the
end
of
our
misfortunes
.
For
,
either
by
the
neglect
of
Popes
(
who
used
to
procure
Peace
either
by
Interdictions
,
Menaces
,
or
force
)
or
rather
by
means
of
the
Schism
(
under
which
the
Church
of
God
did
at
that
time
labour
)
it
was
come
to
that
pass
,
that
every
base
Usurper
,
after
the
death
of
John
Galeatius
,
would
venture
upon
any
mischievous
Design
.
And
though
Innocent
,
whilst
he
was
Cardinal
,
used
to
blame
the
negligence
and
timorousness
of
former
Popes
,
saying
,
their
sloth
was
the
cause
,
that
the
Schism
,
which
was
the
bane
of
the
Church
of
Rome
and
of
all
Christendom
,
was
not
rooted
out
.
Yet
when
himself
had
gotten
the
Popedom
,
he
follow'd
Vrbans
and
Bonifaces
steps
in
several
things
,
which
he
had
carp'd
at
in
them
when
he
was
a
private
person
:
and
not
onely
did
not
what
he
had
before
commended
,
but
took
it
very
ill
if
any
one
mention'd
it
to
him
.
Beside
he
was
so
furious
in
his
Administration
of
the
Government
,
that
once
,
when
the
Romans
desired
to
have
their
Liberty
restored
,
and
that
the
Capitol
,
Ponte
Molle
,
and
S.
Angelo
might
be
put
into
their
hands
,
and
also
were
urgent
with
him
to
extirpate
the
Schisms
(
which
had
been
so
destructive
,
and
of
such
ill
example
)
out
of
the
Church
,
and
that
he
would
seek
the
Peace
of
Christendom
(
since
the
King
of
France
promised
to
assist
him
in
it
,
and
Peter
Luna
the
Anti-Pope
was
not
against
so
good
a
work
)
the
Pope
e'en
sent
the
Romans
themselves
to
Lewis
,
his
Nephew
,
who
lay
at
the
Hospital
of
the
Holy
Ghost
in
the
Stone-Way
,
as
to
an
Executioner
.
For
eleven
of
these
publick-spirited
Citizens
were
presently
put
to
death
,
and
thrown
out
at
the
Windows
;
for
that
he
said
,
was
the
onely
way
to
remove
Schism
and
Sedition
.
The
People
of
Rome
were
so
incens'd
at
this
cruel
usage
,
that
they
sent
for
Ladislaus
King
of
Naples
,
and
took
up
Arms
to
revenge
themselves
of
Lewis
.
But
the
Pope
,
to
avoid
the
fury
of
the
People
took
Lewis
along
with
him
and
ran
away
to
Viterbo
.
Whereupon
the
People
,
seeing
they
could
not
satisfie
their
wrath
upon
the
Author
of
the
Villany
,
they
turn'd
their
indignation
upon
the
Courtiers
,
and
plunder'd
them
of
all
they
had
.
Yet
some
,
they
say
,
were
preserv'd
in
the
Houses
of
several
Roman
Cardinals
,
who
with
much
ado
,
did
make
a
shift
to
protect
those
that
fled
to
'em
,
by
the
assistance
of
their
Clients
.
Then
the
Romans
having
taken
the
Capitol
,
and
Ponte
Molle
,
they
attempted
S.
Angelo
;
but
in
vain
,
though
they
were
assisted
by
John
Columna
Earl
of
Troja
,
Gentilis
Monteranus
,
Earl
of
Carrara
,
great
Commanders
under
King
Ladislaus
.
But
when
Paul
Vrsin
came
upon
them
by
order
of
the
Pope
,
with
Mostarda
and
Cecchalino
,
they
routed
John
Columna
and
Ladislaus's
Men
that
were
left
,
in
a
place
called
Neros
Meads
.
This
was
a
great
damage
to
the
Romans
;
for
their
Men
and
Cattel
were
driven
away
;
and
therefore
when
their
anger
was
over
,
they
became
friends
with
the
Pope
,
and
desired
him
to
return
home
to
the
City
.
For
he
was
naturally
courteous
,
and
affable
,
learned
in
the
civil
and
Canon
Law
,
and
well
skill'd
in
the
Art
of
Perswasion
.
When
therefore
things
were
thus
composed
,
he
came
to
Rome
,
and
made
more
Cardinals
,
among
which
were
Angelus
Carrara
,
a
Venetian
,
Cardinal
of
S.
Mark
,
after
called
Gregory
XII
.
Peter
Philardi
,
a
Candiot
,
Cardinal
of
the
Twelve
Apostles
,
afterward
Alexander
and
Otho
Columna
,
Cardinal
of
S.
George
,
after
called
Martin
V.
Thus
having
setled
the
Popedom
he
created
Lewis
,
his
Nephew
Marquis
of
Marca
d'
Ancona
and
Prince
of
Fermo
:
but
he
himself
died
a
little
after
at
Rome
in
the
second
year
of
his
Pontificate
;
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peters
in
a
Chappel
that
was
formerly
dedicated
to
the
Popes
(
which
Nicolas
V.
afterward
repair'd
)
and
his
Tomb
bears
this
Inscription
;
Innocentio
VII
.
Pontifici
Maximo
cum
neglecti
ejus
Sepulchri
memoria
interiisset
,
Nicolas
V.
Pontifex
Maximus
restitui
curavit
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Italians
wanted
a
true
Pope
and
a
good
Emperor
,
and
therefore
every
one
did
what
they
pleased
.
For
Cabrinus
Fundulus
,
of
whom
Charles
Cavalcabos
made
great
use
both
in
War
and
Peace
,
being
puffed
up
with
hopes
of
being
sole
Governour
(
because
all
Magistrates
and
Lieutenants
of
Castles
obey'd
him
as
much
as
Charles
)
he
murther'd
Charles
,
with
his
Brethren
and
Kindred
at
Machasturma
,
ten
miles
from
Cremona
as
he
was
coming
back
from
Lodi
.
From
thence
he
fled
with
a
few
Men
to
Cremona
,
before
the
thing
was
known
in
the
City
;
and
having
gotten
possession
of
the
Fort
and
all
the
Gates
,
he
went
into
the
Market
all
in
Arms
,
and
whomsoever
he
saw
that
was
likely
to
withstand
his
Designs
,
he
banish'd
or
put
to
Death
.
But
to
make
himself
absolute
he
omitted
no
kind
of
cruelty
.
Nor
could
the
great
Men
of
Milan
hinder
this
,
being
themselves
embroil'd
by
the
different
Designs
of
Gucegaldo
Governour
of
Genoa
,
who
attempted
to
bring
Milan
to
subjection
to
the
French
King
,
and
of
Facino
Cane
an
excellent
Commander
,
who
strove
to
conserve
it
in
the
hands
of
the
Heir
John
Maria
Visconte
.
Now
also
Otho
III.
Lord
of
Parma
was
enticed
upon
pretence
of
treating
with
him
,
by
Nicolas
d'
Este
,
to
Rubera
a
Castle
of
his
,
where
at
the
command
of
Nicolas
he
was
kill'd
by
Sforza
Cotignola
:
upon
whose
death
,
Nicolas
immediately
got
Reggio
and
Parma
by
surrender
of
the
Citizens
,
who
hated
the
name
of
Otho
.
But
Ladislaus
,
having
been
possess'd
of
Rome
,
as
I
said
before
,
and
Perugia
being
put
into
his
hands
,
which
had
been
brought
low
by
the
Forces
of
Braccio
,
he
led
his
Army
into
Tuscany
:
which
by
the
industry
and
conduct
of
Malatesta
of
Pesaro
was
so
bravely
defended
,
that
Ladislaus
was
beaten
thence
and
retreated
into
his
own
Kingdom
,
having
received
more
damage
than
he
had
done
his
Enemies
.
But
the
Florentines
being
deliver'd
from
such
an
Enemy
turn'd
their
Arms
toward
the
Pisanes
and
after
a
long
Siege
took
Pisa
,
under
the
conduct
of
Tartaglia
and
Sforza
in
the
year
1406.
GREGORY
XII
.
THE
Schism
continuing
still
in
the
Church
,
to
the
decay
of
Christianity
,
one
Pope
being
chosen
at
Rome
,
and
another
at
Avignion
,
the
Princes
of
France
,
to
wit
,
the
Dukes
of
Berry
,
Burgundy
,
and
Orleans
(
who
at
that
time
governed
all
France
,
during
the
Kings
indisposition
)
took
pity
on
the
Church
at
last
,
and
came
to
Avignion
to
Peter
Luna
,
who
was
called
Benedict
XIII
.
and
desired
him
to
commiserate
the
Church
now
falling
to
ruin
,
though
it
were
to
relinquish
the
Pontificate
:
he
having
promised
so
to
do
upon
Oath
in
the
Conclave
,
when
he
was
made
Pope
.
And
they
engaged
the
other
Pope
,
that
was
then
made
at
Rome
after
Innocents
death
,
should
do
the
same
.
For
these
Princes
and
those
of
Italy
,
who
both
were
hearty
Lovers
of
Christianity
,
had
agreed
,
that
those
two
which
strove
for
the
Pontificate
,
of
whom
one
was
of
the
French
and
the
other
of
the
Italian
faction
,
should
be
put
by
,
and
some
one
afterward
elected
,
that
might
be
the
common
Father
and
Pope
of
all
Nations
.
Benedict
reply'd
,
That
he
should
grievously
offend
God
,
if
he
forsook
the
Church
of
God
,
whose
Patron
and
publick
Father
he
was
made
by
universal
consent
of
all
good
Men
,
and
that
he
would
not
hold
that
Seat
precariously
to
which
he
had
been
so
fairly
chosen
.
As
to
what
they
said
concerning
extirpating
the
Schism
and
treating
of
Unity
,
he
profess'd
,
it
pleased
him
very
much
,
so
it
were
debated
in
a
free
place
,
and
that
no
man
might
lie
under
any
force
from
either
Party
.
Yet
one
thing
he
promised
'em
,
and
confirmed
it
with
an
Oath
,
that
if
the
Schism
could
not
be
composed
by
any
other
means
,
that
then
he
would
wholly
lay
down
the
Pontifical
Dignity
,
if
the
other
Anti-Pope
would
do
so
at
the
same
time
.
Thereupon
the
Princes
began
to
consult
among
themselves
,
how
they
should
bring
over
Benedict
to
their
Opinion
.
But
he
fearing
their
Consults
and
conferences
,
furnish'd
the
Papal
Palais
with
Arms
and
all
necessary
provisions
;
and
there
he
stay'd
and
was
besieged
for
some
months
,
till
at
last
he
got
Galleys
ready
for
his
escape
,
and
sailed
down
the
Rosne
into
Catalonia
,
where
he
was
born
.
There
are
indeed
,
who
write
that
the
Princes
of
France
did
make
that
attempt
upon
Benedict
by
the
perswasion
of
French
Cardinals
,
who
hated
him
,
because
he
was
not
of
their
Nation
.
For
when
they
could
not
agree
concerning
the
choice
of
a
French
Pope
after
Clement's
death
,
they
elected
him
(
after
a
long
Debate
)
as
a
Person
of
great
Virtue
and
Devotion
;
but
he
often
admonishing
them
to
live
soberly
and
holily
,
and
forbidding
Simony
upon
severe
penalties
,
they
grew
weary
of
his
strictness
,
and
notwithstanding
his
love
to
Christianity
,
instigated
the
French
Princes
against
him
.
Christianity
was
in
all
Countreys
,
but
most
of
all
in
France
,
they
met
at
S.
Peters
in
the
Vatican
,
where
each
of
'em
took
an
Oath
,
and
bound
it
with
the
greatest
imprecations
,
that
they
would
relinquish
the
Pontificate
,
whosoever
of
'em
happen'd
to
be
elected
to
that
great
Dignity
,
upon
condition
that
the
Anti-Pope
would
do
the
same
.
They
came
to
this
resolution
,
to
satisfie
the
French
Nation
,
who
having
been
so
foolish
to
make
an
Anti-Pope
,
had
brought
in
a
custom
,
from
which
they
could
not
recede
without
dishonour
,
unless
the
Italians
did
so
too
:
and
not
onely
so
,
but
to
comply
with
Benedict's
judgment
,
who
said
the
Church
could
never
be
healed
but
by
that
means
onely
:
But
if
both
were
deposed
,
one
true
Pope
might
be
elected
by
consent
of
all
the
Cardinals
there
,
to
whom
all
Kings
and
Princes
should
pay
obedience
.
Upon
this
condition
Angelus
Corarius
a
Venetian
,
Cardinal
of
S.
Marks
(
who
,
as
I
told
you
,
was
called
Gregory
XII
.
)
was
chosen
at
Rome
Novem.
2.
1406.
and
immediately
in
writing
,
by
the
hands
of
Notaries
and
before
witness
confirm'd
what
he
had
promised
before
his
Pontificate
,
and
set
his
hand
to
it
.
But
when
they
came
to
discourse
about
a
place
,
where
they
might
both
meet
without
danger
,
and
could
not
agree
,
they
were
esteemed
by
both
Assemblies
of
Cardinals
no
better
than
Shufflers
,
and
Promise-breakers
.
Nevertheless
the
Cardinals
,
some
from
Rome
and
some
from
Avignion
,
met
at
Pisa
,
and
there
with
one
accord
they
deprived
Benedict
and
Gregory
of
their
Pontifical
Honour
,
and
that
by
the
consent
of
all
Nations
,
except
the
hither
part
of
Spain
,
the
King
of
Scotland
,
and
the
Earl
of
Armagnac
who
favour'd
Benedict
.
Then
they
proceeded
to
elect
a
new
Pope
,
who
might
govern
the
Church
of
God
without
Sedition
,
and
the
result
was
,
the
creating
of
Gregory
being
absent
,
and
this
Election
depending
,
Rome
was
all
up
in
Arms.
For
Ladislaus
the
King
had
taken
Ostia
,
and
put
his
Land
and
Sea-forces
into
it
,
and
thereby
so
harass'd
the
Romans
with
inroads
,
that
he
forc'd
them
to
sue
for
Peace
,
and
to
receive
him
honourably
into
the
City
as
their
Governour
,
where
he
changed
their
civil
Officers
,
fortified
according
to
his
own
mind
their
Gates
and
Walls
.
But
Paul
Vrsin
,
General
of
the
Church-forces
came
upon
him
,
they
fought
stoutly
in
the
Septimiano
near
S.
James's
,
and
lost
a
great
many
Men
on
each
side
.
For
the
King
kept
his
Men
on
the
farther
side
of
Tiber
,
supposing
that
he
should
be
the
safer
in
that
place
,
by
reason
of
his
Naval
Forces
whom
he
had
brought
from
Ostia
to
Rome
.
But
at
last
yielding
to
rather
than
flying
from
the
Vrsin
Faction
,
which
increased
every
day
,
he
went
to
Naples
;
his
Party
being
very
much
weaken'd
by
a
Victory
obtain'd
before
he
came
thither
over
the
Columneses
,
that
fought
under
John
Columna
,
Baptista
Sabellus
,
James
Vrsin
,
and
Nicolas
Columna
,
who
had
taken
S.
Laurences
Gate
and
got
into
the
City
.
But
when
Paul
Vrsin
came
up
(
as
I
told
you
)
they
were
most
of
'em
taken
and
all
vanquish'd
.
Two
of
them
were
put
to
death
;
one
of
which
was
Galeot
a
famous
Norman
Cavalier
,
and
the
other
was
called
Richard
Sanguineus
,
of
a
Noble
and
an
ancient
Family
.
The
rest
were
discharg'd
upon
condition
,
they
would
never
fight
for
Ladislaus
again
.
From
these
troubles
at
Rome
there
arose
such
a
Dearth
of
all
Provisions
,
that
a
Rubio
of
Wheat
was
sold
for
eighteen
Florins
,
because
the
Cattel
were
all
driven
away
,
and
the
Husbandmen
destroy'd
,
as
is
usual
in
the
Wars
.
ALEXANDER
V.
ALEXANDER
the
Fifth
of
Candia
,
formerly
called
Peter
,
Frier
of
the
Order
of
Minors
,
and
Arch-Bishop
of
Millain
;
a
Man
famous
for
Holiness
and
Learning
,
was
made
Pope
by
consent
of
all
the
Cardinals
that
were
at
that
time
in
the
Pisan
Assembly
.
So
that
Gregory
fled
as
it
were
into
Austria
,
and
talk'd
there
of
a
General
Council
.
But
not
thinking
himself
safe
enough
there
,
he
went
for
Rimini
and
was
splendidly
receiv'd
by
Charles
Malatesta
:
And
Benedict
having
a
Council
at
Perpignan
,
fled
to
the
Castle
of
Panischola
,
a
very
strong
place
,
where
he
staid
a
good
while
for
his
better
security
.
But
though
they
were
both
deposed
in
the
Council
at
Pisa
,
yet
they
created
Cardinals
like
true
Popes
;
especially
Gregory
;
who
whilst
he
tarried
at
Lucca
made
Gabriel
Condelmero
Cardinal
by
the
consent
of
all
the
Cardinals
that
continu'd
of
his
Party
;
which
Gabriel
was
after
elected
Pope
and
called
Eugenius
IV.
But
I
return
to
Alexander
,
who
was
an
excellent
Man
in
the
whole
course
of
his
life
.
He
was
of
the
Order
of
Minors
from
his
youth
,
and
took
so
much
pains
in
his
Studies
at
Paris
both
in
Humanity
and
Divinity
,
that
he
soon
became
a
publick
Reader
,
and
wrote
very
acutely
and
learnedly
upon
the
Books
of
the
Sentences
.
He
was
also
reckon'd
a
great
Orator
and
a
great
Preacher
.
And
therefore
he
was
sent
for
by
John
Galeatius
,
Duke
of
Millain
,
and
made
his
chief
Counsellor
.
After
that
,
at
Galeatius's
request
,
he
was
made
Bishop
of
Vincenza
,
then
translated
to
Novara
,
and
last
of
all
being
made
Arch-Bishop
of
Millain
,
he
was
created
Cardinal
of
the
Twelve
Apostles
by
Innocent
VII
.
From
which
step
he
rose
to
the
Pontifical
Dignity
,
and
was
deservedly
stiled
Alexander
,
because
he
might
compare
with
any
Prince
for
liberality
and
greatness
of
mind
.
For
he
was
so
munificent
to
the
poor
,
and
all
that
deserved
his
bounty
,
that
in
a
short
time
he
left
himself
nothing
.
That
made
him
use
to
say
in
a
joke
,
that
he
was
a
rich
Bishop
,
a
poor
Cardinal
,
and
a
beggarly
Pope
.
For
he
was
free
from
that
desire
of
getting
which
increaseth
usually
with
a
Mans
Estate
and
his
Age.
But
it
is
a
Vice
,
that
cannot
be
found
among
good
Men
that
contemn
the
World
:
who
the
older
they
grow
the
less
Viaticum
or
provision
,
they
know
,
they
shall
want
for
their
Journey
,
and
therefore
they
restrain
their
Desires
,
bridle
their
Covetousness
,
and
extinquish
all
evil
lusts
.
Nay
Alexander
was
a
Person
of
that
Courage
as
to
depose
that
powerful
King
Ladislaus
,
(
who
in
the
absence
of
several
Popes
had
for
a
long
time
much
spoil'd
and
harass'd
the
Church
Dominions
and
taken
some
Towns
by
force
)
at
Pisa
in
the
Council
there
,
by
approbation
of
all
that
were
present
;
and
declared
his
Kingdom
to
belong
to
Lewis
Duke
of
Anjou
.
But
when
the
Council
of
Pisa
brake
up
,
the
Pope
went
to
Bologna
,
of
which
Baldesar
Cossa
,
Cardinal
of
S.
Eustachius
,
was
Governour
.
Him
Alexander
confirm'd
in
his
Office
,
because
by
his
industry
and
conduct
the
Council
was
held
at
Pisa
;
and
because
he
was
a
Man
fit
to
oppose
Usurpers
or
such
as
encroached
upon
the
Church
Revenues
.
Yet
there
was
more
of
rusticity
,
boldness
,
and
worldliness
in
him
,
than
his
profession
required
.
He
led
a
military
Life
,
and
his
manners
were
Soldier-like
,
and
he
took
the
liberty
of
doing
many
things
not
fit
to
be
named
.
But
when
Alexander
was
very
sick
and
knew
his
death
was
very
near
,
he
exhorted
the
Cardinals
that
visited
him
to
Concord
and
Peace
,
and
to
defend
the
Honour
of
the
Church
:
And
swore
by
that
Death
,
he
was
just
now
about
to
undergo
,
and
by
the
Conscience
of
his
well-acted
Life
,
that
he
did
not
think
or
believe
that
any
thing
was
Decreed
in
the
Pisan
Council
but
with
all
justice
and
integrity
,
without
any
deceit
,
or
fraud
.
This
said
,
and
the
People
weeping
that
stood
by
,
he
repeated
that
saying
of
our
Saviour
with
much
ado
,
My
peace
I
give
unto
you
,
my
peace
I
leave
with
you
;
and
immediately
dy'd
,
in
the
eighth
month
of
his
Pontificate
;
and
was
buried
at
Bologna
in
the
Church
of
the
Friers
Minors
:
in
which
year
there
was
a
Famine
and
a
Plague
.
JOHN
XXIV
.
JOHN
the
Twenty
Fourth
,
a
Noble
Neapolitan
,
formerly
called
Cossa
Baldesar
,
was
chosen
Pope
at
Bologna
by
general
consent
,
though
some
say
the
Election
was
carried
by
force
;
because
he
was
not
only
Legate
of
Bologna
,
but
had
Soldiers
in
the
City
and
Country
planted
for
the
purpose
,
so
that
if
he
could
not
get
it
by
fair
means
,
he
would
by
foul
.
However
it
was
,
it
is
most
certain
,
that
he
was
made
Pope
,
and
always
aspired
to
that
Dignity
.
For
when
he
was
a
Youth
,
and
studied
Civil
Law
at
Bologna
for
some
years
,
he
took
his
Degree
there
(
according
to
Custom
)
and
then
went
to
Rome
.
And
being
ask'd
by
some
Friends
whether
he
was
going
,
he
answer'd
,
To
the
Pontificate
.
When
he
came
to
Rome
,
he
was
entertain'd
by
Boniface
IX
.
and
made
one
of
his
Privy
Chamber
:
Then
he
was
made
Cardinal
of
S.
Eustachius's
,
and
sent
as
Legate
à
Latere
to
Bologna
,
which
he
in
a
short
space
subjected
to
the
Church
;
together
with
a
great
part
of
Romagna
,
beating
aut
some
Usurpers
and
putting
others
to
death
.
But
after
nine
years
,
when
he
had
enlarged
the
City
of
Bologna
in
a
wonderful
manner
by
a
long
Peace
,
and
gotten
a
great
deal
of
Money
;
Alexander
died
,
and
then
he
used
Bribery
,
especially
to
the
Cardinals
,
that
Gregory
had
made
,
(
who
were
yet
poor
)
and
so
was
made
Pope
.
Thereupon
he
sent
Agents
to
the
Electors
of
the
Empire
,
to
desire
of
'em
,
that
they
would
choose
Sigismund
of
Lucenburg
,
King
of
Hungary
and
Bohemia
,
Emperor
;
as
being
a
person
very
stout
,
and
fit
,
as
he
said
,
for
all
brave
Actions
.
For
this
was
his
way
to
get
into
Sigismunds's
favour
.
And
that
succeeding
according
to
his
mind
,
he
told
'em
before-hand
,
that
,
whereas
it
had
been
order'd
in
an
Assembly
at
Pisa
,
that
a
Council
should
be
call'd
at
such
a
certain
time
,
he
would
hold
it
at
Rome
,
and
no
where
else
.
And
that
all
might
have
the
freer
access
thither
,
he
endeavour'd
to
settle
Italy
,
especially
that
part
near
the
Alps
,
in
which
the
War
did
daily
encrease
by
the
instigation
of
Fazinus
Canis
,
who
could
not
keep
his
mercenary
Soldiers
under
his
Command
without
employment
.
For
he
used
to
maintain
them
by
rapine
and
plunder
.
At
that
juncture
it
happen'd
,
that
the
Pavians
,
whom
Philip
could
not
contain
in
awe
by
reason
of
his
Minority
,
were
grown
factious
,
and
took
up
Arms.
Then
the
Gibellins
,
under
the
conduct
of
the
Beccarian
Family
,
brought
Fazinus
and
his
Army
into
the
City
,
and
were
to
have
the
Guelphs
Estates
for
doing
it
.
But
Fazinus
entering
the
Town
with
his
Soldiers
,
spared
neither
one
nor
the
other
,
but
plunder'd
both
.
And
when
the
Gibellins
complain'd
,
that
their
goods
too
were
plunder'd
against
his
Promise
,
he
reply'd
;
The
Gibellins
,
in
their
Persons
,
should
be
safe
;
but
their
Goods
were
Guelphs
,
which
he
would
give
as
Spoil
to
the
Soldiers
,
deriding
the
folly
and
covetousness
of
both
Factions
.
When
he
went
from
thence
,
he
left
a
good
Garison
both
at
the
Gates
and
in
the
Fort
,
pretending
to
be
Philips
Protector
till
he
grew
of
Age
;
and
so
went
against
Pandulphus
Malatesta
,
where
he
teazed
the
Brescians
and
the
Bergameses
with
frequent
inroads
and
ravagings
;
nor
did
he
spare
those
of
Cremona
,
at
that
time
govern'd
by
Cabrinus
Fundulus
.
During
these
transactions
the
King
of
Hungary
who
was
going
(
as
he
pretended
)
to
Rome
freely
to
receive
the
Imperial
Crown
,
sent
twelve
thousand
Horse
,
and
eight
thousand
Foot
against
the
Venetians
,
and
seizing
Friuli
,
he
set
upon
Treviso
.
Against
this
great
Army
the
Venetians
sent
Charles
Malatesta
to
keep
them
off
,
not
so
much
by
fighting
as
by
protracting
of
the
time
.
The
Venetians
had
like
also
to
have
lost
Verona
the
same
year
by
treachery
of
some
of
the
Citizens
,
who
had
more
mind
to
▪
try
what
they
could
get
by
violence
,
than
to
preserve
their
Liberty
.
But
those
that
were
guilty
were
punish'd
.
and
there
was
an
end
of
that
.
Fazinus
Canis
died
the
same
year
,
after
which
several
persons
conspiring
together
kill'd
John
Maria
Duke
of
Millain
,
and
took
Bernabos's
Son
and
Nephews
into
the
City
.
Then
Philip
,
by
the
persuasions
of
his
Friends
,
married
Beatrice
,
Fazinus's
Widow
,
who
was
very
Rich
,
and
had
Authority
with
the
Soldiers
that
had
fought
under
her
Husband
,
Fazinus
.
By
this
means
he
had
all
the
Cities
,
that
paid
homage
to
Fazinus
,
presently
surrender'd
to
him
,
and
drew
Carmignola
,
and
Siccus
Montagnanus
(
who
had
seditiously
divided
the
Legion
between
them
after
Fazinus's
death
)
to
come
to
fight
under
his
Colours
,
by
the
perswasions
of
Beatrice
.
Which
two
Commanders
Philip
made
use
of
afterward
,
and
by
their
assistance
drave
Bernabos's
Son
,
Astorgius
,
out
of
Millain
,
but
kill'd
him
at
the
taking
of
Monza
.
Things
went
thus
in
Millain
and
thereabouts
,
when
John
Francis
Gonzaga
,
Son
to
Francis
that
was
deceased
,
went
with
a
competent
Army
of
Horse
and
Foot
to
guard
Bologna
,
at
the
command
of
Pope
John
,
under
whose
Banner
he
then
fought
.
For
Malatesta
of
Rimini
,
stipendiary
to
King
Ladislaus
,
laid
close
Siege
to
the
City
at
that
time
.
He
therefore
,
by
the
aid
of
the
Bolognians
,
fought
several
sharp
Battels
with
the
Enemies
;
in
which
he
had
the
better
and
defended
the
City
most
gloriously
.
The
Winter
following
Pope
John
was
invaded
by
Ladislaus
,
which
made
him
remove
from
Rome
to
Florence
,
and
thence
to
Bologna
.
Nor
did
he
stay
there
long
,
but
he
went
to
Mantoua
,
where
he
was
splendidly
entertain'd
by
John
Francis
Gonzaga
,
whom
he
took
along
with
him
,
at
his
departure
thence
,
together
with
great
part
of
his
Forces
to
Lodi
,
whither
he
knew
the
King
of
Hungary
would
come
.
For
he
trusted
much
to
that
Prince
,
whose
faithfulness
and
integrity
he
had
such
experience
of
in
the
Bolognian
Wars
,
though
he
had
been
tempted
by
Malatesta
with
gifts
and
promises
to
revolt
to
the
Kings
party
.
But
after
when
the
Pope
and
the
King
did
not
think
themselves
sufficiently
safe
at
Lauden
,
they
sent
John
Francis
to
Mantoua
(
whether
they
said
they
'd
go
)
with
all
speed
,
to
prepare
for
their
coming
and
for
the
reception
of
such
a
multitude
.
He
went
and
quickly
made
all
things
ready
,
and
then
returned
to
Cremona
,
where
he
heard
the
Pope
and
the
King
by
that
time
were
arrived
.
After
that
he
conducted
them
to
Mantoua
,
where
all
the
people
came
thronging
out
to
meet
them
,
and
they
were
much
more
kindly
receiv'd
than
was
expected
.
Now
in
these
several
meetings
at
Lodi
,
Cremona
,
and
Mantoua
,
it
was
consider'd
,
how
they
should
remove
Ladislaus
out
of
Campagna
di
Roma
,
Ombria
,
and
Tuscany
;
for
he
had
taken
Rome
and
many
other
Towns
belonging
to
the
Church
.
They
saw
that
Italy
could
not
be
freed
from
the
distractions
of
War
by
any
other
means
,
and
therefore
they
thought
it
convenient
to
advise
concerning
a
supply
to
carry
on
the
Affair
not
at
Mantoua
,
but
Bologna
,
when
they
were
come
thither
.
But
they
had
greater
concerns
still
upon
them
.
For
John
being
urged
to
call
a
Council
by
consent
of
all
Nations
,
for
the
removal
of
the
Schism
,
immediately
sent
two
Cardinals
into
Germany
,
to
advise
with
the
Princes
of
France
and
Germany
and
choose
a
convenient
place
for
a
Council
to
be
held
at
.
Upon
enquiry
,
Constance
,
a
City
within
the
Province
of
Mentze
,
seemed
to
be
most
commodious
for
the
purpose
.
Thereupon
they
all
went
thither
by
a
certain
Day
,
according
to
Order
;
so
likewise
did
Pope
John
himself
,
though
some
advised
him
to
the
contrary
,
because
they
told
him
they
fear'd
,
if
he
went
thither
as
Pope
,
he
would
return
thence
as
a
private
person
:
and
so
it
fell
out
.
For
going
thither
with
certain
Men
,
that
were
excellent
in
all
sorts
of
Learning
,
he
puzled
the
Germans
so
long
with
tedious
Disputations
,
that
they
could
not
tell
what
to
Decree
.
But
Sigismund
came
up
,
who
gave
every
body
leave
to
say
what
they
pleased
,
and
then
great
and
grievous
Crimes
were
laid
to
the
Popes
charge
:
upon
which
he
went
privately
in
disguise
from
Constance
to
Scaphusa
,
for
fear
some
dangerous
Plot
might
be
contrived
against
him
.
Scaphusa
was
a
City
belonging
to
the
Duke
of
Austria
,
whither
several
Cardinals
also
,
that
he
had
created
,
betook
themselves
.
But
they
being
called
again
by
Authority
of
the
Council
,
John
fled
from
Scaphusa
to
Friburgh
,
designing
to
go
,
if
possibly
he
could
with
safety
,
to
the
Duke
of
Burgundy
.
But
by
the
care
of
the
Council
,
John
was
taken
,
and
imprison'd
near
Constance
in
the
Isle
of
S.
Mark
in
the
fourth
year
of
his
Pontificate
,
and
the
tenth
month
.
Then
the
Council
began
to
enquire
the
reason
of
his
flight
,
and
choose
several
persons
of
great
gravity
and
Learning
as
Delegates
,
to
examine
and
weigh
the
Objections
made
against
John
,
and
make
an
orderly
report
of
it
to
the
Council
.
There
were
above
forty
Articles
proved
against
him
:
of
which
some
contain'd
faults
,
which
he
was
so
habituated
to
,
that
he
could
not
avoid
them
,
and
therefore
they
were
judged
contrary
to
the
Faith
;
and
some
of
them
were
likely
to
bring
a
scandal
upon
Christianity
in
general
,
if
they
were
not
condemned
in
him
.
Wherefore
since
they
all
agreed
in
the
same
Opinion
,
John
who
was
deservedly
and
justly
deposed
,
approved
of
their
Sentence
though
pronounced
against
him
.
And
thereupon
he
was
presenty
sent
to
Lewis
the
Bavarian
,
who
was
Gregory
the
12th's
Friend
,
to
be
kept
in
custody
,
till
further
Order
from
the
Council
.
Accordingly
he
was
block'd
up
in
the
Castle
of
Haldeberg
which
was
a
very
well
fortified
place
,
for
three
years
,
without
any
Chamberlain
,
or
Servant
to
attend
him
,
that
was
an
Italian
.
All
his
keepers
were
Germans
,
with
whom
he
was
fain
to
talk
by
Nods
and
Signs
,
because
he
neither
understood
the
Teutonick
Language
,
nor
they
the
Italian
.
They
say
John
was
deposed
by
those
very
Men
,
and
them
alone
,
that
were
formerly
his
Friends
.
For
those
that
were
of
Gregory
and
Benedict's
Party
were
not
yet
come
to
the
Council
.
These
Men
therefore
,
that
they
might
make
their
Deprivation
of
him
just
and
perfect
,
with
one
accord
publish'd
a
Synodical
Decree
,
wherein
they
affirm'd
,
that
a
general
Council
lawfully
called
was
the
Supream
Authority
next
to
Christ
.
(
Grant
but
this
fundamental
Point
and
the
Pope
himself
is
inferiour
to
a
Council
.
)
Whereupon
Gregory
was
forced
,
by
the
persuasions
of
the
Emperor
Sigismund
,
to
send
some
Person
to
the
Council
(
because
he
would
not
go
himself
)
to
approve
of
their
proceedings
in
his
Name
.
So
he
sent
Charles
Malatesta
,
an
excellent
Man
,
who
seeing
them
all
agree
,
to
make
Gregory
also
lay
down
all
claim
to
the
Papacy
,
he
stood
forth
before
'em
all
,
and
sitting
down
in
a
Chair
that
was
made
as
stately
as
if
Gregory
himself
had
been
there
,
he
read
the
Instrument
of
Renunciation
over
and
presently
deposed
Gregory
:
for
which
free
act
of
his
he
was
made
Legate
of
Millain
by
all
the
Council
.
But
this
Person
not
long
after
dy'd
at
Recanati
of
grief
(
as
some
say
)
for
his
so
sudden
Deprivation
before
the
time
appointed
.
For
he
was
clearly
for
deferring
the
business
as
long
as
he
could
,
as
placing
some
hope
in
delay
.
But
he
died
before
Martin
came
to
be
Pope
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Church
of
Recanati
.
Now
though
two
Popes
were
removed
,
there
remained
a
third
who
gave
'em
more
trouble
than
the
other
two
,
and
that
was
Peter
Luna
,
called
Benedict
XIII
.
as
I
told
you
before
.
But
to
force
him
to
resign
,
Sigismund
went
personally
with
some
Agents
of
the
Council
to
the
Kings
of
England
and
France
,
and
perswaded
them
for
the
sake
of
Christianity
so
much
endanger'd
by
the
Schism
,
to
assist
him
,
now
that
the
other
two
had
laid
down
,
in
the
removal
of
Benedict
;
who
answering
him
to
his
mind
,
he
went
straight
to
Ferdinand
King
of
Aragon
,
whose
Subjects
generally
stood
for
Benedict
,
who
agreed
among
other
Articles
,
either
to
persuade
Benedict
to
resign
,
or
to
cause
his
People
to
withdraw
their
subjection
to
him
,
(
as
Gregory
and
John
had
done
in
the
Council
)
and
to
submit
to
the
Council
;
But
Benedict
kept
in
his
strong
Castle
,
and
would
not
comply
,
persisting
that
he
was
Christ's
true
Vicar
,
and
that
the
City
of
Constance
,
(
where
Pope
John
had
been
forc'd
even
by
his
own
Friends
to
exauctorate
himself
)
was
not
a
place
of
Freedom
requisite
for
a
General
Council
.
The
Spanish
Nobility
seeing
Benedicts
obstinacy
,
followed
the
Order
of
the
Council
,
and
came
over
to
the
rest
.
Now
things
were
carried
in
the
Council
by
the
Suffrages
of
five
Nations
,
Italy
,
France
,
Germany
,
Spain
and
England
.
And
whatsoever
was
Decreed
by
their
Votes
,
was
confirm'd
,
and
publish'd
by
a
Beadle
,
publick
Notary
before
the
Court
,
as
a
general
Act.
By
this
Authority
Benedict
,
when
the
matter
had
been
bandied
for
some
time
,
was
deprived
of
the
Popedom
,
the
Nations
that
were
of
his
side
,
being
either
absent
or
rejected
;
especially
the
Scots
,
and
the
Earl
of
Armagnac
.
In
the
same
Council
the
Heresie
of
John
Wickliffe
was
condemned
;
and
two
of
his
followers
,
to
wit
,
John
Hus
,
and
Jerome
,
his
disciple
,
as
heads
of
the
Heresie
,
were
burnt
:
because
they
affirm'd
,
among
other
Errors
,
That
Ecclesiastical
Men
ought
to
be
poor
,
for
that
all
People
were
offended
at
their
great
wealth
and
Luxury
.
Matters
being
thus
composed
,
and
mention
made
concerning
Reforming
the
Church
,
and
manners
of
the
Clergy
,
they
thought
that
could
not
be
done
whilst
the
Sea
was
vacant
.
Then
they
Discours'd
about
electing
a
new
Pope
,
that
the
Decrees
of
that
Council
might
have
the
more
Authority
.
And
in
order
to
it
,
they
resolv'd
to
choose
six
good
Men
out
of
every
Nation
,
who
together
with
the
Cardinals
,
should
go
into
the
Conclave
and
choose
a
new
Pope
.
Novemb.
8.
1417.
they
went
into
the
Conclave
,
and
by
consent
of
32
Cardinals
,
and
all
the
several
Nations
(
contrary
to
the
expectation
of
all
Men
in
the
presence
of
many
of
the
Schismaticks
)
Otho
Columna
,
a
Nobleman
of
Rome
,
and
Cardinal
Deacon
of
S.
George
was
made
Pope
upon
S.
Martins
day
,
Novem.
11.
when
the
Sea
had
been
without
a
true
Pope
for
four
years
.
And
this
was
done
so
much
to
the
satisfaction
of
all
Men
,
that
the
joy
was
inexpressible
.
The
Emperor
was
so
mightily
pleased
at
it
,
that
he
went
into
the
Conclave
and
gave
'em
thanks
(
without
any
respect
to
his
own
Dignity
)
for
choosing
so
good
a
Man
,
and
one
so
fit
to
support
Christianity
which
was
almost
decay'd
.
And
then
falling
down
prostrate
before
the
Pope
,
he
kiss'd
his
feet
with
great
Veneration
;
whilst
the
Pope
on
the
contrary
embraced
him
,
and
valued
him
as
a
Brother
,
and
gave
him
thanks
,
that
by
his
means
and
industry
Peace
was
restored
once
more
to
the
Church
of
God
.
But
the
reason
why
he
would
be
called
Pope
Martin
was
,
because
the
Election
was
upon
S.
Martins
day
.
Whilst
these
things
were
transacted
at
Constance
,
Ladislaus
dying
as
he
was
going
against
the
Florentines
,
the
cry
at
Rome
was
,
To
Arms
,
and
for
Liberty
.
Whereupon
Peter
Mattheucii
was
forced
against
his
Will
to
assume
the
Government
of
the
City
,
though
afterward
he
relinquish'd
the
Office
,
when
he
understood
that
a
Legate
whom
Pope
John
had
design'd
to
send
thither
,
would
shortly
come
with
a
Senator
of
Bologna
.
As
soon
as
they
were
come
,
they
put
Paul
Palonius
,
and
John
Cincius
,
two
seditious
Citizens
,
to
death
.
The
year
following
Brachius
Montonius
came
with
an
Army
to
Rome
,
and
getting
into
the
City
,
began
to
storm
the
Castle
S.
Angelo
,
which
was
defended
by
a
strong
Garison
of
Queen
Joans
;
who
succeeded
her
Brother
Ladislaus
in
the
Kingdom
.
But
when
Sfortia
,
the
Queens
General
,
came
up
,
he
not
onely
raised
the
Siege
,
but
beat
Brachius
out
of
the
City
,
the
Romans
siding
with
neither
Party
.
John
Columna
was
kill'd
in
that
fight
by
a
private
Soldier
,
that
formerly
had
fought
under
Paul
Vrsin
,
whom
Lewis
Columna
,
in
Brachius's
Army
,
had
formerly
kill'd
at
Fuligno
.
Now
the
Soldier
had
a
mind
to
kill
Lewis
,
to
revenge
Pauls
death
,
but
John
who
was
innocent
died
for
it
as
he
was
going
to
save
Lewis
.
Whilst
Rome
was
in
this
tempestuous
condition
,
rowing
to
and
fro
,
it
conceived
at
length
some
hope
of
quiet
,
upon
Martin's
being
chosen
.
MARTIN
V.
MARTIN
the
Fifth
,
a
Roman
,
formerly
called
Otho
Columna
,
was
made
Pope
in
the
Council
,
by
the
general
consent
of
all
the
Nations
and
Cardinals
,
at
a
time
when
he
as
well
as
the
Church
was
in
a
declining
condition
.
For
he
had
been
well
educated
by
his
Parents
care
from
his
Childhood
,
and
when
he
grew
up
,
he
studied
the
Canon
Law
at
Perugia
,
from
whence
he
return'd
to
the
City
and
for
his
integrity
and
learning
was
made
Referendary
by
Pope
Vrban
VI.
Which
place
he
acquitted
with
so
much
humanity
,
justice
,
and
mildness
,
that
he
was
created
Cardinal
Deacon
by
Innocent
VII
.
Nor
did
that
make
him
forego
his
natural
Disposition
.
For
he
was
more
courteous
than
before
,
and
lent
his
assistance
to
all
that
wanted
it
,
yet
so
,
as
not
to
meddle
much
in
publick
matters
.
So
that
when
there
were
many
Debates
in
the
Council
of
Constance
by
reason
of
the
Factions
,
he
took
the
middle
way
,
and
seemed
to
incline
to
neither
Party
,
but
always
studied
the
general
good
:
Being
therefore
beloved
by
the
Emperor
,
the
Cardinals
,
and
indeed
by
all
Men
,
he
was
chosen
Pope
,
In
which
Office
he
was
not
idle
,
but
active
and
careful
,
hearing
,
refuting
,
and
approving
;
persuading
,
disuading
,
exhorting
,
or
deterring
those
that
came
before
him
according
to
reason
and
the
merits
of
the
Cause
.
For
he
was
very
accessible
;
and
never
denied
a
reasonable
request
;
besides
that
he
was
a
Man
of
great
prudence
in
Debates
.
For
he
would
tell
what
ought
to
be
done
,
as
soon
as
a
thing
was
proposed
to
him
.
He
was
short
in
his
Speeches
,
and
wary
in
his
Actions
,
insomuch
that
people
saw
a
thing
effected
before
they
could
imagine
he
had
thought
of
it
.
His
Discourse
was
full
of
Sentences
;
nor
did
any
word
come
from
him
so
often
,
as
[
Justice
:
]
frequently
turning
to
his
Attendants
and
Familiars
,
especially
them
that
govern'd
Cities
and
Provinces
,
and
saying
;
Love
Justice
,
ye
that
judg
the
Earth
.
Indeed
the
Church
of
God
wanted
such
a
Pope
at
that
time
,
to
sit
at
the
Helm
,
and
steer
S.
Peter's
Boat
(
then
batter'd
with
Waves
of
Schism
and
Sedition
)
into
a
safe
Port.
He
therefore
having
obtained
this
great
Dignity
,
and
seeing
the
Hydras
head
which
might
grow
out
again
and
multiply
,
was
still
left
;
(
that
is
,
Benedict
,
formerly
called
Peter
Luna
,
who
kept
with
some
few
Cardinals
and
Prelates
in
a
place
that
might
be
called
the
very
Fort
of
Schism
.
)
Whilst
some
People
of
Aragon
were
at
a
stand
which
way
to
incline
,
He
,
by
approbation
of
the
Council
sent
Alemannus
Ademarius
a
very
learned
Man
(
whose
Tomb
is
still
to
be
seen
in
new
S.
Maries
)
a
Florentine
,
and
Cardinal
of
S.
Eusebius
,
as
Legate
à
Latere
into
Aragon
;
to
admonish
Peter
upon
Ecclesiastical
Penalties
and
Censures
to
resign
the
Pontificate
.
Nay
,
even
the
Cardinals
that
were
on
Peter's
side
,
when
they
heard
this
ultimate
resolution
of
the
Pope
and
Council
,
went
to
Peter
and
desired
him
,
at
last
to
remove
all
Schism
out
of
the
Church
of
God
,
with
which
Christendom
had
been
for
so
many
years
afflicted
;
and
told
him
,
that
John
and
Gregory
had
done
the
same
,
in
order
to
save
the
Church
from
ruin
.
Peter
gave
'em
some
slight
answer
,
and
told
'em
he
could
not
do
it
;
but
he
would
agree
with
Martin
,
if
all
were
true
which
people
said
of
his
integrity
and
humanity
:
and
bid
'em
,
let
him
alone
to
manage
the
business
,
and
trouble
themselves
no
more
about
it
.
But
of
the
four
Cardinals
who
went
to
him
,
two
observing
his
obstinacy
immediately
revolted
from
him
to
Martin
.
And
those
two
that
continued
on
his
side
were
presently
counted
Anti-Cardinals
:
one
of
which
was
a
Carthusian
,
and
the
other
called
Julian
Dobla
.
Upon
this
all
Spain
acknowledged
Martins
Authority
;
and
so
did
the
Scots
and
those
of
Armagnac
not
long
after
.
And
so
all
Christendom
,
except
one
Peninsula
,
owned
the
Authority
of
Martin
.
This
great
Affair
thus
setled
by
the
pains
and
industry
of
the
Ecclesiastick
and
secular
Princes
,
especially
of
Sigismund
the
Emperor
,
they
began
to
talk
of
reforming
the
manners
of
both
the
Laiety
and
Clergy
,
which
were
debauched
with
too
much
Licence
.
But
because
the
Council
of
Constance
had
lasted
already
four
years
,
to
the
great
inconvenience
of
Prelates
and
their
Churches
,
it
was
Martin's
pleasure
,
and
the
Opinion
of
the
Council
,
that
weighty
Affair
should
be
deferred
till
some
more
seasonable
opportunity
,
it
being
(
he
said
)
a
work
that
would
require
much
time
and
deliberation
;
because
,
as
Jerome
says
,
every
Country
has
its
peculiar
Manners
,
and
Customs
,
which
cannot
be
easily
remov'd
without
great
disturbance
.
Now
because
the
Schism
from
a
small
beginning
had
lasted
a
long
time
to
the
great
disadvantage
of
Christendom
,
upon
notice
that
John
XXIII
.
was
escaped
out
of
custody
,
fearing
lest
he
should
call
another
Council
,
he
publish'd
a
Decree
concerning
the
calling
of
Councils
,
That
from
the
end
of
the
Council
at
Constance
no
other
Council
should
be
held
within
five
years
;
and
after
that
,
within
seven
,
and
from
thence
it
was
drawn
out
to
ten
years
,
and
was
made
a
Law
,
That
every
ten
years
a
General
Council
should
be
held
in
some
convenient
place
,
to
treat
of
matters
of
Faith
,
and
the
common
good
of
Christendom
;
In
confirmation
whereof
,
by
the
approbation
of
the
Council
Martin
publish'd
his
Bulls
.
But
he
abrogated
all
Decrees
that
were
made
during
the
Schism
,
before
his
Pontificate
,
except
such
as
were
made
to
promote
faith
or
good
manners
.
That
all
Men
might
know
he
intended
to
call
a
Council
,
he
publickly
advised
concerning
a
commodious
place
for
it
,
and
at
last
chose
Pavia
by
general
approbation
,
and
gave
out
his
Breves
to
this
purpose
:
Martin
,
Bishop
,
and
Servant
of
Gods
Servants
(
for
the
future
remembrance
of
the
thing
)
being
desirous
to
have
Obedience
paid
to
the
Decree
of
this
General
Council
,
upon
a
Debate
had
concerning
a
Place
where
the
next
Council
shall
be
holden
,
we
do
with
the
approbation
and
consent
of
the
said
Council
and
by
the
Authority
of
these
presents
appoint
the
City
of
Pavia
for
that
purpose
.
And
let
no
man
contravene
this
our
Decree
,
upon
pein
of
the
displeasure
of
God
Almighty
and
of
his
Apostles
SS.
Peter
and
Paul
.
Given
and
enacted
at
Constance
in
the
publick
Council-House
,
April
18.
in
the
first
year
of
our
Pontificate
.
And
now
he
was
willing
the
Council
should
be
dissolv'd
,
wherefore
calling
a
full
Assembly
,
with
the
good
liking
of
the
Emperor
and
of
all
the
rest
,
he
commanded
Ibaldo
Cardinal
of
S.
Vitus
to
dismiss
them
,
which
he
did
by
saying
,
Sirs
,
Depart
in
peace
.
Every
one
now
having
leave
to
be
gone
,
the
Pope
was
desired
,
on
the
one
side
,
by
the
Emperor
and
the
Germans
,
that
he
would
tarry
some
time
in
their
Country
,
and
by
the
French
Princes
,
on
the
other
side
,
to
go
into
France
;
but
he
told
'em
he
could
not
do
it
by
any
means
,
because
he
said
,
the
Churches
Patrimony
was
torn
and
spoiled
by
Usurpers
in
Italy
whilst
the
Pope
was
absent
;
and
that
the
City
of
Rome
,
which
was
the
Metropolis
of
Christendom
,
was
almost
ruin'd
for
want
of
the
presence
of
its
Governour
,
so
much
it
had
suffer'd
by
Plague
,
Famine
,
Sword
,
Fire
,
and
Sedition
;
beside
that
the
Churches
and
Chappels
of
the
holy
Martyrs
,
by
the
Pope's
absence
were
either
in
ruins
,
or
ready
to
fall
,
and
therefore
he
must
be
gone
thither
.
He
desired
'em
to
take
that
kindly
which
reason
and
necessity
forced
him
to
,
and
that
they
would
let
him
sit
in
Peter's
Chair
,
since
they
had
unanimously
chosen
him
Pope
.
That
the
Church
of
Rome
was
the
Mother
and
the
Head
of
all
other
Churches
,
and
therefore
the
Pope
ought
to
reside
there
,
lest
the
true
Pilot
should
be
displaced
from
the
Stern
,
to
the
Stem
,
to
the
great
hazard
and
detriment
of
both
Passengers
and
Sailers
,
(
i.e.
all
Christian
Men.
)
So
he
went
from
Constance
through
Savoy
into
Italy
,
and
arrived
at
Millain
:
where
he
was
very
kindly
received
by
Duke
Philip
and
all
his
People
,
who
gave
him
all
the
respect
imaginable
.
Philip
was
at
that
time
in
Arms
,
endeavouring
to
recover
his
paternal
inheritance
,
which
the
Usurpers
kept
from
him
with
great
bravery
and
courage
;
for
having
once
tasted
how
pleasant
it
was
to
govern
,
they
were
not
easily
turn'd
out
of
possession
.
However
Carmignola
Philip's
chief
Commander
press'd
Pandulphus
Malatesta
very
hard
,
who
having
taken
Pergamo
,
by
bribing
the
Governour
to
betray
the
Castle
,
moved
toward
Brescia
,
and
would
have
quickly
strip'd
him
of
all
his
Dominions
,
had
he
not
been
aided
by
the
Venetians
with
great
sums
of
Money
and
stout
Cavalry
;
or
had
not
Pope
Martin
persuaded
Philip
to
make
a
Peace
with
Pandulphus
:
which
was
accordingly
afterward
composed
and
agreed
upon
at
Mantoua
,
in
the
presence
of
Martin
,
and
by
the
Umpirage
of
John
Francisco
,
upon
these
terms
;
to
wit
,
That
Pandulphus
paying
a
yearly
Tribute
should
keep
Brescia
so
long
as
he
lived
,
but
should
not
have
Power
to
give
it
away
by
Will
,
because
at
his
Death
it
naturally
devolv'd
upon
Philip.
But
the
next
year
Pandulphus
broke
his
Peace
,
by
endeavouring
by
Men
and
Money
to
keep
Cabrinus
Fundulus
in
the
possession
of
Cremona
.
For
Philip
made
War
against
him
and
endeavoured
to
regain
the
City
which
was
his
paternal
Inheritance
,
but
had
been
so
many
years
possess'd
by
that
Usurper
.
Yet
there
was
a
report
that
Pandulphus
had
bought
the
City
of
Cabrinus
,
and
promised
to
give
him
Riviera
di
Salo
for
it
.
But
John
Francisco
strove
all
he
could
to
keep
him
from
this
War
,
and
sent
Embassadors
to
tell
him
that
he
did
contrary
to
all
Law
and
Reason
,
in
violating
of
Leagues
,
defending
a
Tyrant
,
and
taking
up
Arms
against
him
who
gave
him
the
Government
of
Brescia
.
And
that
Martin's
Authority
ought
not
to
be
slighted
,
to
say
nothing
of
his
own
,
by
whose
Arbitrement
the
Peace
was
made
.
But
if
he
slighted
the
Authority
of
Men
,
at
least
he
should
reverence
that
of
God
,
whom
they
had
invoked
as
a
witness
to
the
League
,
which
he
had
broken
.
Soon
after
the
Pope
went
away
from
Mantoua
,
in
the
fourth
month
after
he
came
thither
,
and
passing
through
Ferrara
and
Romagna
he
came
to
Florence
,
without
calling
at
Bologna
which
he
shun'd
on
purpose
.
For
when
they
of
Bologna
heard
that
Baldesar
Cossa
was
forced
to
lay
down
the
Pontificate
,
they
expelled
the
Church-Officers
and
asserted
their
Liberty
.
At
that
time
Carmignola
press'd
hard
upon
Pandulphus
(
by
his
breach
of
the
Peace
made
justly
obnoxious
to
a
War
)
and
in
a
short
space
took
a
great
part
of
the
Country
of
Brescia
,
and
pitch'd
his
Camp
at
Montclere
,
there
to
encounter
Lewis
Meliorat
Nephew
to
Innocent
VII
.
who
was
said
to
be
coming
with
a
great
Body
of
Horse
to
help
Pandulphus
.
For
they
two
were
kindred
by
Marriage
,
and
Lewis
did
it
in
respect
to
his
Relation
.
So
they
joined
Battel
,
wherein
Lewis
was
basely
routed
;
and
not
long
after
Carmignola
reduced
Brescia
and
made
it
subject
to
Philip
:
who
also
within
a
little
while
was
Master
of
Cremona
,
and
put
Cabrinus
the
Usurper
to
Death
.
Nicolas
d'
Este
being
mov'd
at
Philip's
great
success
,
went
of
his
own
accord
,
and
did
what
he
might
have
been
forced
to
;
that
is
,
he
went
to
Millain
and
restored
Parma
(
which
he
possess'd
himself
of
when
Otho
the
Third
died
)
to
Philip
,
but
kept
Rheggio
,
at
the
request
of
Pope
Martin
,
as
a
Fee
.
Thither
also
went
John
Francis
Prince
of
Mantoua
,
to
congratulate
Philip's
Successes
.
But
when
he
saw
Philip
look
gruffly
upon
him
,
and
understood
that
he
design'd
to
renew
his
Claim
to
all
that
he
held
of
the
Cremoneses
and
the
Brescians
,
he
went
from
Millain
in
haste
,
and
enter'd
into
Alliance
with
the
Florentines
,
and
Venetians
.
For
those
two
States
were
very
timorous
,
and
took
pains
to
draw
over
whom
they
could
to
their
Party
;
because
Philip
,
who
loved
Dominion
,
had
broken
the
League
with
them
,
and
not
onely
given
Sarzana
upon
the
River
Magra
,
to
Thomas
Fregoso
(
whom
he
had
expelled
from
his
Principality
lest
he
should
join
with
the
Bandittoes
of
Genoa
against
him
)
but
also
had
incited
the
Bolognians
,
who
were
Allies
of
the
Florentines
▪
to
revolt
,
and
in
order
to
it
hired
their
Soldiers
to
fight
under
him
;
nay
he
had
got
possession
of
Forli
under
colour
of
the
non-age
of
Theobald
,
or
to
gratifie
the
Prince
of
Ferrara
,
whereas
there
was
a
proviso
in
the
League
,
that
Philip
should
not
meddle
with
Bologna
and
Romagna
.
They
feared
likewise
,
lest
all
would
be
carried
by
the
power
of
the
three
mighty
Princes
,
to
wit
,
Philip
,
Pope
Martin
,
and
King
Lewis
,
whom
they
knew
to
be
Confederates
.
Whereas
on
the
other
side
Philip
laid
all
the
fault
upon
the
Venetians
,
because
they
had
endeavour'd
to
keep
Pandulphus
in
the
Government
of
Brescia
,
and
because
the
Florentines
and
Genoeses
had
assisted
some
of
his
Enemies
with
Money
and
Ammunition
,
and
had
bought
Legorne
,
(
which
he
had
lately
Conquer'd
)
of
the
Genoeses
for
an
hundred
thousand
pounds
.
These
seeds
of
Discord
might
seem
enough
to
raise
a
War
at
that
time
,
but
nothing
did
more
set
on
the
Venetians
,
than
the
Authority
of
Carmignola
,
a
person
mightily
famed
for
warlike
Discipline
,
as
any
of
that
Age.
This
person
could
not
endure
(
as
he
used
to
say
himself
)
the
insolence
of
Philip
and
therefore
came
over
to
the
Venetians
,
and
animating
them
to
War
promised
to
assist
'em
with
his
utmost
.
Whereupon
these
two
States
,
assisted
by
the
Princes
of
Mantoua
and
Ferrara
,
and
going
Partners
in
the
charge
of
the
War
,
set
out
an
Army
of
twelve
thousand
Horse
and
eight
thousand
Foot
,
over
whom
Carmignola
was
General
.
And
then
setting
upon
Philip
from
every
quarter
at
once
,
with
Boats
upon
the
River
as
well
as
Ships
upon
the
Sea
,
they
were
invited
into
the
Town
by
the
Guelphs
of
Brescia
,
who
were
against
Philip.
And
having
seized
some
part
of
it
,
they
reduced
it
all
into
their
own
power
within
seven
months
.
Then
Carmignola
led
them
to
take
the
Castles
which
belonged
to
Brescia
,
when
Pope
Martin
,
very
much
concerned
for
Philips
misfortune
,
sent
the
Cardinal
of
S.
Crosses
to
the
Venetians
,
to
mediate
between
them
and
Philip.
But
that
did
not
succeed
,
because
the
Venetians
and
Florentines
made
unreasonable
Demands
,
and
so
they
began
again
mighty
preparations
for
a
War
.
They
fought
thrice
in
that
year
,
first
at
Cotolengo
,
a
Castle
of
Brescia
;
the
second
time
at
the
upper
part
of
Cremona
(
in
which
two
places
they
parted
pretty
equal
,
and
neither
had
the
better
on
't
)
and
the
third
time
at
Maclodio
;
where
Philip
was
defeated
,
and
Charles
Malatesta
the
General
taken
.
This
was
so
great
an
overthrow
,
that
if
Carmignola
would
have
kept
the
Soldiers
that
he
took
,
and
have
pursu'd
'em
whilst
they
were
in
such
a
consternation
,
it
had
been
no
great
pains
to
have
turn'd
Philip
out
of
his
Principality
.
Charles
(
I
told
you
)
was
taken
in
that
Battel
,
but
was
sent
away
safe
by
the
Prince
of
Mantoua
,
his
Kinsman
;
But
Carmignola
employing
the
Army
against
the
Towns
belonging
to
the
Brescians
,
which
had
continu'd
in
their
Allegiance
to
Philip
,
he
gave
him
time
to
breath
upon
it
.
For
he
not
onely
made
Peace
with
Amadens
Duke
of
Savoy
(
who
lay
hard
upon
him
)
yielding
him
Vercelli
;
but
he
instigated
the
Emperor
Sigismund
and
Branorus
Scala
against
the
Venetians
.
But
Pope
Martin
,
seeing
Philip
in
such
dangerous
Circumstances
,
sent
the
Cardinal
of
S.
Crosses
again
to
make
peace
between
him
and
the
Venetians
:
who
staying
at
Ferrara
,
till
the
several
Embassadors
of
the
Princes
and
Cities
came
with
instructions
,
he
made
a
Peace
upon
these
Conditions
,
That
the
Venetians
should
keep
Brescia
and
all
the
Towns
belonging
to
the
Brescians
or
Cremoneses
,
which
they
had
taken
;
that
Philip
should
surrender
Bergamo
and
all
that
appertain'd
to
it
to
the
Venetians
;
and
that
he
should
not
molest
their
Allies
,
or
those
of
the
Florentines
,
or
perswade
any
of
'em
to
revolt
.
Martin
approved
of
this
Peace
,
for
fear
Philip
should
be
quite
turn'd
out
of
his
Dutchy
.
For
as
he
could
not
be
his
Friend
(
though
he
loved
him
well
)
upon
the
account
of
Religion
:
so
neither
could
he
then
especially
,
because
at
that
time
the
Church-Treasury
had
been
exhausted
for
several
years
by
the
War
against
Brachius
.
For
when
he
went
to
Florence
,
he
found
Brachius
Montonius
,
an
excellent
Soldier
,
had
so
far
got
possession
of
Perugia
,
the
Dutchy
of
Spoleto
,
and
great
part
of
the
Churches
Patrimony
(
by
help
of
the
Usurpers
round
about
)
that
he
could
not
get
safe
to
Rome
.
But
when
Brachius
upon
Admonition
would
not
comply
,
the
Pope
used
first
of
all
spiritual
Weapons
,
that
is
,
Censures
,
against
him
;
and
interdicted
all
his
Adherents
,
nor
were
the
Priests
allowed
to
do
their
Office
in
the
usual
places
.
At
which
misfortune
of
their
Friend
Brachius
the
Florentines
were
concern'd
,
and
treated
with
Martin
for
Peace
,
upon
Condition
,
that
Brachius
should
throw
himself
at
the
Popes
feet
and
ask
pardon
,
which
he
did
.
And
that
he
should
restore
some
Towns
to
the
Church
,
and
fight
under
the
Pope
till
he
had
reduced
Bologna
which
was
then
in
Rebellion
,
and
made
it
subject
to
Martin
.
In
which
War
Gabriel
Condelmer
,
Cardinal-Priest
of
S.
Clements
,
and
Legate
,
was
General
;
who
by
his
industry
and
Brachius's
Valour
subdu'd
Bologna
in
a
short
time
,
and
made
it
tributary
to
the
Church
.
Whilst
these
things
were
transacted
in
Bologna
,
the
four
Cardinals
,
formerly
of
Peter
Luna's
party
,
the
Anti-Pope
,
came
to
Martin
at
Florence
,
where
they
were
receiv'd
most
honourably
by
the
whole
Consistory
,
and
retein'd
their
former
Dignities
.
Three
were
Cardinal-Deacons
,
but
the
fourth
,
who
was
formerly
a
Canon
Regular
,
was
a
Cardinal-Priest
.
Baldesar
Cossa
being
still
a
Prisoner
at
Heidelberg
in
Germany
under
the
Count
Palatine
,
some
Citizens
of
Florence
(
of
which
Cosmus
was
one
)
were
urgent
with
Pope
Martin
,
to
set
him
at
liberty
:
The
Pope
promised
,
he
would
:
but
whilst
his
Legate
went
thither
to
perform
it
,
Baldesar
,
being
impatient
of
staying
any
longer
,
gave
the
Count
Palatine
thirty
thousand
pounds
to
free
him
:
And
coming
into
Italy
,
he
went
directly
toward
Florence
,
but
call'd
upon
Peter
Rubeus
a
Baron
of
Parma
,
and
an
old
Friend
of
his
,
where
he
understood
that
there
was
wait
laid
for
him
.
Thereupon
he
fled
by
Night
,
along
with
the
Legate
whom
he
met
by
the
way
,
to
Thomas
Fregosos
,
another
old
Friend
of
his
,
and
gave
people
a
suspition
that
the
Schism
would
be
renew'd
.
For
he
was
a
Man
of
great
Courage
,
and
very
cunning
,
nor
could
he
endure
a
private
life
.
Besides
,
there
were
not
wanting
such
as
would
incite
the
bold
Man
to
innovations
,
they
were
generally
at
that
time
so
much
affected
with
Novelties
.
But
God
Almighty
took
pity
on
his
Church
and
put
Baldesar
upon
a
resolution
of
going
to
Martin
at
Florence
,
without
any
Articles
of
Agreement
,
or
any
Caution
,
between
them
.
When
he
came
thither
and
had
kiss'd
the
Popes
foot
(
to
the
admiration
of
all
that
saw
it
)
he
saluted
him
in
the
presence
and
hearing
of
all
the
Company
,
by
the
name
of
Christ's
true
Vicar
,
and
a
true
Pope
canonically
elected
.
This
was
strange
to
all
that
saw
it
,
and
brought
to
pass
,
it
should
seem
,
rather
by
Gods
providence
than
any
humane
skill
:
That
a
Man
,
covetous
of
Dominion
,
and
in
such
an
high
Station
before
,
should
be
so
supple
in
a
place
where
he
might
be
free
,
because
he
was
loved
by
all
.
But
it
made
every
body
cry
for
joy
,
especially
those
Cardinals
,
that
had
acknowledged
him
as
the
true
Pope
.
But
Martin
considering
the
vicissitude
,
or
changeableness
of
humane
Affairs
,
made
him
a
Cardinal
in
few
days
,
and
then
Bishop
of
Frascati
;
after
which
he
shew'd
him
as
much
respect
as
any
other
Cardinal
,
both
in
publick
and
private
.
But
Baldesar
(
some
think
)
died
of
grief
in
a
few
months
after
,
at
Florence
,
(
as
being
unable
to
endure
a
private
life
)
and
was
buried
most
honourably
in
S.
Johns
Church
,
nor
far
from
the
Cathedral
,
at
the
great
cost
and
charges
of
Cosmo
di
Medices
,
who
grew
so
rich
with
Baldesars
Money
,
that
he
was
look'd
upon
as
the
chief
Man
in
Florence
of
a
Citizen
,
nay
perhaps
the
richest
in
Italy
,
or
the
World
.
Upon
his
Tomb
were
written
these
words
:
BALDESARIS
COSSAE
,
JOHANNIS
XXIII
.
QVONDAM
PAPAE
CORPVS
HOC
TVMVLO
CONDITVM
.
During
these
Actions
at
Florence
,
the
Emperor
of
Constantinople's
Agents
came
to
the
Pope
,
and
promised
that
the
Greeks
would
come
over
to
the
Latins
in
all
points
of
Faith
upon
reasonable
terms
.
The
Pope
receiv'd
them
very
kindly
and
splendidly
,
and
made
Peter
Fontesiccus
(
a
Spaniard
,
Cardinal
of
S.
Angelo
,
and
a
very
learned
Man
)
Legate
à
Latere
,
to
go
to
Constantinople
and
settle
matters
there
.
But
before
he
sent
the
good
Man
away
,
he
dispatch'd
Frier
Anthony
Massanus
thither
,
(
who
was
General
of
the
Minors
)
to
find
how
the
Emperor
and
the
Greeks
were
affected
,
and
tell
him
what
he
might
trust
to
.
Now
the
Romans
were
urgent
to
have
him
come
to
Rome
,
and
therefore
taking
his
leave
very
kindly
of
the
Florentines
,
he
made
their
City
a
Metropolis
.
For
though
before
,
even
from
its
foundation
almost
,
it
had
only
had
the
honour
of
a
Bishoprick
,
he
made
it
an
Arch-Bishoprick
,
and
the
Mother-Church
to
Volaterra
,
Pistoia
,
and
Fiesola
.
He
also
gave
a
bigger
Altar
to
S.
Mary
the
New
,
belonging
to
the
Order
of
Preachers
,
where
he
lived
all
the
while
he
was
at
Florence
;
that
Convent
being
very
commodious
for
his
reception
.
At
last
,
parting
from
Florence
he
came
to
Rome
,
where
all
the
people
met
him
;
and
the
Nobility
look'd
upon
him
as
the
good
Genius
,
or
Father
of
their
Country
.
Sept.
21.
1421
▪
And
that
day
the
Romans
put
in
their
Calendar
as
a
lucky
one
.
When
he
came
he
found
the
City
of
Rome
so
ruinated
,
that
it
look'd
nothing
like
a
City
.
You
might
have
seen
the
Houses
ready
to
totter
,
the
Churches
fallen
down
,
the
Streets
empty
,
the
City
full
of
Dirt
and
Mire
,
and
in
exteam
want
of
all
sorts
of
provisions
.
What
should
I
say
more
?
There
was
neither
the
face
of
a
City
,
nor
any
sign
of
civility
there
,
the
Citizens
seeming
rather
Sojourners
and
Vagabonds
.
The
good
Pope
was
troubled
to
see
it
,
and
apply'd
himself
to
adorning
of
the
City
,
and
reforming
the
Citizens
manners
,
so
that
in
a
short
time
it
looked
much
better
than
before
.
For
this
reason
he
was
called
by
the
People
not
onely
the
True
Pope
,
but
Father
of
his
Country
.
But
lest
that
publick
joy
should
last
too
long
without
interruption
,
the
year
following
in
November
,
on
St.
Andrews
Eve
,
the
Tiber
swell'd
so
high
,
that
it
came
in
at
the
Porta
del
popolo
,
overflow'd
the
whole
City
,
(
which
lies
upon
a
level
)
and
filled
the
Church
of
S.
Mary
the
round
as
far
as
the
great
Altar
.
Two
days
after
it
fell
,
but
took
much
Cattel
along
with
it
,
and
did
great
damage
to
the
Citizens
;
who
sailed
about
the
Streets
,
as
upon
the
Tiber.
Now
King
Lewis
,
Son
to
Lewis
came
to
Rome
,
and
obtain'd
of
Martin
to
be
invested
King
of
Naples
,
by
general
consent
of
the
Cardinals
.
For
he
having
been
invited
thither
and
adopted
by
Queen
Joan
,
Sister
to
Ladislaus
,
expected
by
this
means
to
get
the
Kingdom
without
fighting
,
but
was
driven
out
of
Naples
by
a
contrary
Faction
and
retired
to
Calabria
.
And
now
the
time
for
the
Council
drawing
near
(
according
to
the
Decree
at
Constance
)
Martin
was
pleased
,
by
consent
of
the
Cardinals
,
to
send
some
Bishops
before
to
Pavia
,
to
begin
it
:
that
seeming
to
be
the
most
commodious
place
for
it
.
Thither
therefore
he
immediately
sent
Peter
Donatus
,
Arch-Bishop
of
Candia
,
James
Camplo
Bishop
of
Spoleto
,
Peter
Rosatius
Abbot
of
Aquilegia
,
Frier
Leonard
a
Florentine
,
and
General
of
the
Preachers
,
to
open
the
Council
;
But
they
found
no
body
yet
come
from
France
or
Germany
,
onely
two
Abbots
of
Burgundy
;
therefore
they
thought
fit
to
defer
it
,
till
one
at
least
should
be
come
from
each
Nation
,
little
of
moment
being
to
be
transacted
without
universal
consent
.
But
while
they
waited
their
coming
,
on
a
sudden
Pavia
was
visited
so
severely
with
a
Plague
,
that
with
the
Popes
leave
,
the
Presidents
of
the
Council
remov'd
to
Sienna
;
whither
people
came
from
all
Nations
more
readily
and
in
greater
numbers
than
to
Pavia
.
Alphonsus
King
of
Aragon
,
(
who
was
an
Enemy
to
Martin
for
giving
the
Title
of
King
of
Naples
and
Sicily
to
Lewis
,
which
himself
desired
)
sent
his
Embassador
to
the
Council
with
Order
to
delay
it
as
much
as
he
could
,
and
to
bring
about
the
Cause
of
the
Anti-pope
Peter
Luna
(
yet
alive
in
Panischola
)
either
by
Promises
or
Bribes
to
those
who
had
greatest
Authority
in
the
Council
.
Wherefore
Martin
(
who
knew
very
well
,
how
great
a
calamity
such
a
thing
would
bring
upon
the
Church
,
and
what
danger
there
was
in
delays
)
commanded
the
Council
to
be
immediately
dissolv'd
,
approving
first
of
the
Decrees
made
in
it
,
that
concern'd
matters
of
Faith
.
And
lest
he
might
seem
to
fear
a
General
Council
,
he
order'd
that
another
should
be
held
at
Basil
seven
years
after
.
Thus
did
that
prudent
,
subtil
Man
root
out
the
seeds
of
Schism
and
Discord
that
were
sown
in
the
Council
of
Siena
.
Alphonso
then
complain'd
of
Martin
publickly
,
that
by
his
means
he
was
put
by
the
Kingdom
which
Joan
designed
for
him
,
and
Lewis
was
made
Heir
in
his
room
.
Martin
easily
confuted
this
charge
,
and
told
him
that
Lewis
was
confirm'd
Heir
to
Joan
by
Alexander
V.
and
John
XXIII
.
long
before
:
and
that
all
the
blame
ought
to
be
laid
on
the
Queen
,
and
not
upon
him
,
whose
business
it
was
to
strengthen
rather
than
weaken
the
Churches
Feudataries
,
unless
they
had
committed
some
heinous
Offence
against
the
Sea
of
Rome
:
and
that
he
did
not
see
,
why
Lewis
might
not
be
lawful
Heir
to
Joan
who
was
Crown'd
by
his
Order
.
But
when
Brachius
saw
the
Pope
involv'd
in
so
many
Affairs
,
and
so
distracted
by
reason
of
the
quarrel
between
him
and
Alphonso
,
he
got
many
of
the
Church-Towns
by
force
,
and
laid
close
Siege
to
Aquila
a
City
in
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
.
The
Pope
was
angry
at
that
,
and
raising
a
good
sufficient
Army
,
he
attempted
to
relieve
Aquila
,
assisted
by
the
Army
of
the
Queen
and
Lewis
,
and
not
far
from
Aquila
he
conquer'd
and
kill'd
Brachius
in
the
open
Field
.
The
Sfortians
were
in
that
Battel
,
under
the
conduct
of
Francis
Son
to
Sforza
,
who
some
years
before
going
over
the
River
Piscara
(
which
the
Ancients
call'd
Aternus
)
was
drown'd
.
Brachius's
body
was
brought
to
Rome
,
and
buried
in
an
unhallow'd
place
without
the
Porta
di
Sancto
Lorenzo
.
Upon
this
Victory
there
was
so
great
tranquillity
(
besides
that
Perugia
,
Todi
,
and
Assisi
with
some
other
Towns
which
Brachius
had
possession
of
were
reduced
to
the
Church
)
that
they
thought
Augustus's
happy
days
were
come
again
into
the
World
.
Then
people
lived
at
ease
,
and
could
walk
even
in
the
Night
through
the
Woods
without
any
danger
;
no
Robbers
being
abroad
,
no
Russians
and
Thieves
;
for
he
cut
off
Tartalia
,
Lauellus
,
and
other
Usurpers
,
that
got
their
living
rather
by
Rapine
,
than
War
.
But
the
Hereticks
of
Bohemia
who
plagu'd
the
Catholicks
of
Germany
continually
with
Heresie
and
Arms
,
seemed
to
interrupt
this
Peace
and
happiness
.
To
make
them
therefore
submit
to
Reason
and
to
the
Church
,
he
admonish'd
them
first
of
all
very
gravely
,
and
when
that
would
not
do
,
he
sent
Legats
into
Germany
,
to
stir
up
the
Catholicks
to
Arms.
And
first
he
sent
Henry
,
Cardinal
of
S.
Eusebius
thither
,
alone
,
then
Bartholomew
of
Piacenza
;
and
last
of
all
he
recall'd
them
,
and
sent
Julian
Caesarinus
Cardinal
of
S.
Angelo
,
who
receiv'd
great
damage
from
the
Enemy
,
not
by
his
own
fault
,
but
by
the
cowardise
of
his
Soldiers
.
However
Martin
was
not
discouraged
at
it
,
but
made
greater
preparations
against
the
Hereticks
;
onely
before
he
set
about
such
a
grand
Affair
,
he
resolv'd
to
compose
and
quiet
Italy
.
For
when
the
Peace
was
made
by
Martin
between
Philip
and
the
Venetians
,
the
Florentines
bore
a
grudg
at
Ladislaus
Son
to
Paul
Guinisius
,
Lord
of
Lucca
,
for
the
assistance
he
gave
Philip
in
the
preceding
War
,
and
now
he
not
being
mention'd
in
the
Articles
of
that
Peace
,
they
laid
hold
on
it
as
a
fair
opportunity
to
subdue
the
City
,
and
having
raised
an
Army
under
Nicolas
Fortebrachius
and
taken
some
Castles
thereabout
,
they
laid
Siege
to
it
.
Whereupon
Philip
by
the
entreaty
of
Paul
,
and
for
fear
lest
if
Lucca
fell
into
the
hands
of
the
Florentines
,
he
should
find
them
the
sharper
,
as
being
the
nearer
Enemies
,
he
first
sent
Francis
Sforza
into
Parma
with
a
great
body
of
Horse
,
to
raise
Foot-soldiers
there
.
Who
passing
the
Apennine
in
the
beginning
of
Spring
put
the
Florentines
into
such
a
fright
,
that
before
he
came
into
the
Cloudy
Vale
(
as
the
Inhabitants
call
it
)
the
Enemies
had
removed
their
Camp
,
and
raised
their
Siege
from
before
Lucca
,
out
of
fear
.
And
his
coming
was
so
much
the
more
welcome
to
the
Lucceses
,
because
when
their
Enemies
were
subdu'd
and
the
Usurper
taken
,
they
thought
to
become
absolute
freemen
by
Francis's
assistance
.
But
the
Florentines
bribing
Francis
with
fifty
thousand
pounds
,
he
left
the
people
of
Lucca
in
a
worse
condition
than
ever
;
having
promised
for
that
Sum
not
to
serve
Philip
for
six
months
.
Then
the
Lucceses
were
besieged
more
close
than
before
:
Whereupon
Philip
at
the
request
of
Martin
(
who
also
pitied
the
case
of
the
Lucceses
)
sent.
Nicolas
Piceninus
thither
with
a
great
Body
of
Horse
presently
;
who
vanquish'd
and
routed
the
Enemy
,
and
not
only
raised
the
Siege
,
but
march'd
thence
,
and
took
many
Castles
belonging
to
Pisa
and
Volaterra
by
storm
,
and
did
the
Sieneses
a
kindness
,
who
then
made
War
upon
the
Florentines
.
Martin
being
now
undisturb'd
by
any
forein
Foe
,
apply'd
his
mind
to
adorn
the
City
,
and
Churches
of
Rome
,
and
to
that
purpose
,
repaired
the
Portico
of
S.
Peters
which
was
falling
down
,
and
paved
the
Lateran
Church
with
Mosaic
work
,
cieled
it
anew
;
and
began
those
Paintings
there
which
were
done
by
the
hand
of
the
famous
Gentilis
.
He
likewise
repaired
the
old
Palace
that
was
ready
to
fall
,
near
the
Twelve
Apostles
,
where
he
lived
some
years
.
The
Cardinals
follow'd
his
Example
,
and
re-edified
their
Churches
as
fast
as
they
could
;
so
that
now
Rome
look'd
something
like
a
City
.
He
also
created
certain
Cardinals
,
of
which
his
Nephew
Prosper
Columna
,
Cardinal
of
S.
George
,
was
one
.
In
the
mean
time
Peter
Luna
dy'd
at
Panischola
,
but
lest
the
Church
should
be
at
quiet
,
those
two
Anti-Cardinals
,
that
I
told
you
of
,
were
persuaded
by
Alphonso
who
was
Martin's
Enemy
,
to
choose
Giles
Munio
(
a
Canon
of
Barselona
,
and
a
Nobleman
)
Pope
,
and
call'd
him
Clement
VIII
.
He
was
no
sooner
chosen
,
but
he
made
Cardinals
and
acted
as
Pope
.
But
when
Martin
and
Alphonso
were
friends
again
,
he
sent
Peter
de
Fuso
a
Cardinal
,
as
Legate
from
the
Sea
Apostolick
thither
:
to
whom
Giles
resign'd
his
Title
to
the
Popedom
,
at
the
command
of
Alphonso
.
For
which
Martin
was
so
kind
to
him
afterward
,
that
he
made
him
Bishop
of
Majorca
.
And
the
Cardinals
also
that
were
made
by
Giles
did
voluntarily
lay
down
their
Dignity
.
But
those
two
that
Peter
Luna
made
remain'd
still
obstinate
,
and
therefore
because
they
would
not
obey
the
Pope
,
the
Legate
put
them
in
Prison
.
Thus
Martin's
industry
and
prudence
removed
the
Schism
from
all
parts
;
and
when
the
Church
was
setled
he
used
as
much
skill
and
discretion
in
conferring
of
Benefices
.
For
he
did
not
bestow
'em
upon
every
one
that
ask'd
him
,
but
consider'd
who
was
fittest
to
receive
them
,
and
to
take
such
a
charge
upon
him
.
And
if
he
did
not
know
any
body
in
the
Country
where
Benefices
fell
,
he
used
to
send
and
enquire
of
those
that
knew
the
place
who
was
qualified
with
Learning
,
Birth
,
or
breeding
fit
for
any
Office
.
And
thus
did
he
advance
the
Church
and
deserving
Men
at
the
same
time
,
to
his
great
Honour
.
In
fine
,
so
couragious
and
resolute
he
was
,
that
though
he
had
two
Brothers
,
the
elder
of
which
(
Jordanus
,
Prince
of
Salerno
)
died
of
the
Plague
,
and
the
other
(
Lorenzo
)
was
burn'd
to
death
in
a
Turret
which
was
casually
set
on
fire
,
he
was
not
known
to
say
,
or
do
any
thing
,
that
argued
Impatience
,
or
lowness
of
mind
.
But
this
same
Person
so
exactly
good
in
the
whole
course
of
his
life
,
died
at
Rome
of
an
Apoplexy
in
the
fourteenth
year
and
the
third
month
of
his
Pontificate
,
and
the
sixty
third
year
of
his
Age
:
and
was
by
his
own
Order
buried
in
S.
Johns
Church
near
the
Heads
of
the
Apostles
,
in
a
brazen
Tomb
,
and
attended
by
all
the
people
of
Rome
,
and
the
Clergy
,
weeping
as
if
the
Church
of
God
,
and
the
City
of
Rome
had
been
bereft
of
their
onely
and
their
best
Parent
.
The
Sea
at
that
time
was
vacant
twelve
days
.
EVGENIVS
IV.
EVGENIVS
the
Fourth
,
a
Venetian
,
of
the
Family
of
Condelmero
,
(
a
common
but
ancient
name
)
whose
Fathers
name
was
Angelo
,
arrived
at
the
Pontificate
after
this
manner
.
When
Gregory
XII
.
was
made
Pope
(
who
was
of
the
Family
of
Coraro
,
and
a
Venetian
)
Anthony
Corar
Gregory's
Nephew
,
a
Canon
of
S.
Georges
in
Alga
going
to
Rome
,
took
Gabriel
Condelmero
,
who
was
of
the
same
profession
and
had
lived
with
him
from
his
Childhood
,
along
with
him
somewhat
against
his
will
.
Gregory
was
so
taken
with
his
Wit
and
Parts
,
that
he
first
made
him
his
Treasurer
,
and
then
Bishop
of
Siena
,
having
made
his
Nephew
Anthony
Bishop
of
Bologna
.
The
Sieneses
refused
Gabriel
at
first
,
and
would
not
have
him
for
their
Bishop
;
alledging
that
a
Foreiner
ought
not
to
be
set
over
them
in
that
high
Function
,
but
one
that
knew
the
customs
and
usages
of
their
City
.
But
when
Gregory
afterward
upon
a
distrust
of
his
condition
,
left
Rome
for
Lucca
,
and
encreased
the
number
of
Cardinals
,
he
made
Anthony
his
Nephew
and
Gabriel
Condelmero
two
,
who
was
made
use
of
by
Gregory
after
that
,
and
(
when
he
was
turn'd
out
)
by
Martin
in
many
great
Affairs
;
especially
in
the
Embassy
to
the
Marcha
d'
Ancona
,
in
which
he
not
only
confirm'd
the
Inhabitants
in
their
Allegiance
to
the
Church
,
by
punishing
some
seditious
Conspirators
,
but
also
repaired
the
Church
of
S.
Agnes
at
Ancona
,
which
was
decay'd
,
and
the
Port
of
the
same
City
which
was
Weather-beaten
,
very
old
,
and
ruinous
;
so
as
to
make
it
like
Trajans
.
And
afterward
when
Martin
understood
that
the
Bolognians
were
set
upon
innovations
,
he
sent
Gabriel
from
Ancona
thither
,
who
suppress'd
the
Sedition
as
soon
as
he
came
.
Where
coming
to
Rome
,
and
Martin
soon
after
dying
,
he
alone
was
thought
fit
to
be
made
Pope
,
out
of
eighteen
Cardinals
,
who
at
that
time
were
in
the
Conclave
,
and
changing
his
name
to
Eugenius
,
was
brought
immediatey
to
S.
Peters
,
attended
by
all
the
People
and
Clergy
,
in
the
year
1431.
March
3d.
And
having
received
the
Papal
Crown
he
went
to
the
Lateran
,
and
from
thence
to
the
Vatican
,
where
he
set
a
day
for
a
general
Consistory
to
be
held
.
At
which
there
was
such
a
Concourse
of
People
,
that
the
Timber
of
the
building
where
they
met
,
(
and
where
the
publick
Consistory
now
stands
)
gave
way
,
and
put
the
people
into
such
a
consternation
,
that
the
Bishop
of
Sinigaglia
,
a
Citizen
of
Rome
,
of
the
Family
of
Mella
,
was
trodden
to
death
in
the
throng
:
For
the
Popes
House
was
not
built
at
that
time
as
it
is
now
.
When
the
Consistory
was
dismiss'd
,
Eugenius
took
all
care
to
avoid
Tumults
.
But
some
Sycophants
persuading
him
that
Martin
who
was
very
covetous
had
left
somewhere
a
great
Treasure
behind
him
,
of
which
he
might
be
inform'd
by
Martin's
Friends
and
Relations
;
they
made
the
Man
so
mad
,
that
he
commanded
Oddo
Poccio
Martin's
Vice-Chamberlain
to
be
laid
hold
on
,
and
gave
the
charge
of
the
business
to
Stephen
Colonna
his
General
(
the
onely
person
of
his
Party
among
the
Colonna's
)
Cardinal
Vrsin
and
Cardinal
Comitum
egging
him
on
,
by
whose
contrivance
't
is
thought
all
these
things
were
done
against
the
Colonneses
,
out
of
an
old
grudg
between
the
two
Factions
.
Eugenius
however
commanded
that
Oddo
should
be
brought
to
him
quietly
and
civily
which
was
quite
contrarily
executed
by
Stephen
.
For
not
onely
his
goods
were
plunder'd
by
the
Soldiers
,
but
he
was
carried
by
force
,
or
rather
dragg'd
like
a
Robber
publickly
into
the
Pope's
presence
.
Eugenius
was
very
angry
at
this
rude
usage
of
him
,
and
checked
Stephen
for
it
;
nay
threaten'd
to
punish
him
severely
for
bringing
not
onely
Oddo
but
the
Bishop
of
Tivoli
,
who
was
formerly
Martin's
Chamberlain
,
before
him
after
such
an
unworthy
manner
.
Hereupon
Stephen
fearing
the
Popes
displeasure
fled
to
Palestrina
,
to
Prince
Colonna
,
and
desired
him
to
join
with
him
,
to
drive
Eugenius
from
the
City
,
because
,
he
said
,
Eugenius
had
a
Design
to
extinguish
the
whole
Family
of
Colonna
.
And
that
he
knew
that
to
be
so
;
for
he
was
privy
to
it
himself
,
and
that
he
ran
away
from
the
City
,
because
he
knew
that
he
also
must
bear
a
part
in
that
common
Calamity
,
unless
they
all
avoided
it
together
.
The
Prince
moved
with
what
he
said
,
and
with
the
misfortunes
of
such
as
had
been
Martin's
Friends
,
took
up
Arms
and
immediately
resolv'd
to
set
upon
the
Pope
,
staying
onely
a
little
,
till
his
Brother
Prosper
,
a
Cardinal
Deacon
,
whom
he
had
forewarn'd
of
the
business
,
could
get
out
of
the
City
.
And
as
soon
as
he
saw
him
,
he
march'd
from
Palestrina
to
Marino
,
and
thence
to
Rome
against
Eugenius
;
and
having
the
Gate
di
Sancto
Sebastiano
deliver'd
up
to
him
by
John
Baptista
,
he
enter'd
the
Town
at
first
without
doing
any
violence
.
But
when
they
were
come
as
far
as
S.
Marks
,
in
the
Street
called
Colonna
,
the
Pope's
Soldiers
met
them
,
assisted
by
a
great
number
of
people
.
They
fought
some
time
in
the
City
very
stoutly
;
and
many
were
slain
and
taken
on
both
sides
.
But
the
Colonneses
seeing
the
People
of
Rome
otherwise
affected
than
they
expected
,
they
resolv'd
to
retreat
out
of
the
City
,
but
as
they
went
they
plunder'd
all
things
,
drove
away
the
Cattel
,
and
forc'd
a
great
many
Men
along
with
'em
.
But
the
Pope's
Soldiers
,
mix'd
with
the
Romans
requited
'em
for
it
.
For
they
plunder'd
and
laid
waste
the
Houses
of
Prosper
the
Cardinal
,
and
all
the
Colonneses
,
together
with
all
those
that
had
been
Martin's
Friends
.
Being
thus
incens'd
on
either
side
,
they
began
to
make
use
of
treachery
as
well
as
open
force
,
to
bring
about
their
Designs
.
For
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Benevento
,
Son
to
Anthony
Colonna
,
was
taken
,
and
one
Masius
a
Frier
,
who
being
tortur'd
confess'd
,
that
he
intended
to
kill
the
Governour
of
Castel
S.
Angelo
,
and
so
taking
it
by
surprise
,
to
betray
it
to
the
Colonneses
,
who
,
being
once
Masters
of
that
,
might
drive
the
Pope
and
the
Vrsins
out
of
Rome
,
when
they
pleased
.
Masius
was
degraded
from
the
Priesthood
and
quarter'd
in
Campo
di
Fiore
,
and
his
Limbs
hung
up
at
the
four
chief
Gates
of
the
City
,
nothing
being
said
of
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Benevento
.
But
Eugenius
falling
sick
either
of
grief
for
these
troubles
or
of
Poison
,
as
some
said
,
he
clap'd
up
a
Peace
with
the
Colonneses
by
the
mediation
of
Angelot
Foscus
a
Roman
Citizen
,
whom
he
not
long
after
made
Cardinal
at
the
same
time
with
Francis
Condelmero
his
Nephew
.
This
Peace
he
made
publick
with
as
much
speed
as
possible
,
because
he
understood
that
Sigismund
was
come
into
Italy
,
and
design'd
for
Rome
;
upon
which
he
made
his
Nephew
Francis
Chamberlain
:
and
gave
him
some
excellent
Persons
for
his
Assistants
in
the
management
of
the
Church
Patrimony
.
Whilst
these
things
pass'd
thus
at
Rome
,
the
Florentines
and
Venetians
having
routed
a
Fleet
of
Philip
Duke
of
Genoa
upon
the
Coast
of
Genoa
in
a
Sea-fight
,
and
having
a
Pope
who
was
their
Country-man
,
took
the
confidence
to
invade
Philip
by
Land
:
But
he
sent
for
Nicolas
Picenninus
immediately
out
of
Tuscany
,
and
both
beat
the
Venetian
Fleet
at
Cremona
,
and
easily
defeated
Carmignola
,
whom
the
Venetians
beheaded
a
little
after
having
first
(
as
they
say
themselves
)
convicted
him
by
Torture
,
Letters
produc'd
and
Oral
testimony
that
it
was
through
his
treachery
,
that
they
did
not
take
Cremona
,
when
Cavalcabos
had
seized
one
Gate
of
the
City
:
and
that
the
Navy
was
vanquish'd
before
his
face
,
when
he
might
easily
have
hinder'd
it
with
such
a
number
of
men
as
he
had
so
near
.
But
then
the
Florentines
fearing
lest
the
Emperor
now
coming
into
Italy
,
should
favour
Philip
,
they
dispatch'd
Nerius
Capponius
a
Citizen
of
theirs
,
if
possible
,
to
persuade
Eugenius
,
that
the
Emperors
coming
to
the
City
,
did
threaten
no
less
ruin
to
the
Sea
Apostolick
than
to
Florence
:
And
that
it
was
an
easie
matter
to
keep
him
from
passing
over
Arno
into
Siena
(
which
had
molested
the
Florentines
a
long
time
)
if
he
would
command
Nicolas
Tollentinas
,
then
in
Arms
under
the
Pope
,
to
join
Michelett
Cotignola
,
General
of
the
Florentines
,
and
oppose
Sigismund
at
Arno
,
that
he
might
not
pass
the
River
with
his
German
Horse
.
Eugenius
was
easily
persuaded
to
it
;
and
upon
some
Debate
about
the
charge
of
the
War
,
Nerius
took
up
the
business
and
agreed
that
the
Florentines
should
pay
two
thousand
Horse
of
Eugenius's
raising
as
long
as
the
War
lasted
.
Then
Nicolas
Tollentinas
at
the
Pope's
command
march'd
out
of
his
Winter-quarters
,
and
whilst
he
pillaged
the
Sieneses
,
gave
Sigismund
opportunity
to
pass
the
River
Arno
(
by
the
assistance
of
Anthony
Pontadera
,
who
was
an
excellent
Commander
,
and
a
bitter
Enemy
of
the
Florentines
)
and
thence
passing
through
Volaterra
in
so
peaceable
a
manner
,
that
his
Army
seemed
rather
friends
than
foes
,
he
was
received
and
made
welcome
wherever
he
came
.
The
Emperor
having
tarried
six
months
at
Siena
,
to
the
great
cost
of
that
City
,
and
having
in
vain
attempted
to
make
Peace
with
the
Florentines
,
applying
himself
to
Eugenius
he
made
a
League
with
him
,
and
then
went
to
Rome
;
where
he
was
kindly
entertain'd
by
the
people
and
the
Pope
,
and
receiv'd
the
Imperial
Crown
:
And
going
from
the
Vatican
,
where
he
was
crown'd
,
into
the
Lateran
where
he
lodg'd
,
he
Knighted
several
Italians
and
Germans
at
Ponte
di
S.
Angelo
,
according
to
custom
.
And
some
say
that
Eugenius
waited
on
him
so
far
,
and
then
went
back
to
S.
Peter's
.
After
that
the
Emperor
took
leave
of
the
Pope
,
and
travelling
through
the
Marcha
d'
Ancona
,
and
Romagna
he
arrived
at
Ferrara
and
Mantoua
.
Where
when
he
had
stay'd
some
days
,
he
made
John
Francis
,
Lord
of
Mantoua
a
Marquis
,
and
married
Barbara
,
the
Daughter
of
John
,
Marquis
of
Brandenburgh
to
Lewis
,
Son
of
John
Francis
.
This
match
was
thought
an
honour
to
the
Gonzagan
Family
,
not
onely
because
the
Lady
was
akin
to
the
Emperour
,
but
because
her
Father
John
was
an
Imperial
Elector
.
At
last
the
Emperor
departed
out
of
Italy
,
leaving
all
things
in
confusion
;
but
Nicolas
d'
Este
,
Marquis
of
Ferrara
was
persuaded
by
Philip
to
go
to
Venice
and
exhort
them
to
Peace
,
and
so
he
did
,
insomuch
that
they
were
induced
by
the
awe
he
had
over
'em
,
and
considering
their
great
expences
,
to
send
Plenipotentiaries
to
Ferrara
along
with
him
,
where
by
consent
of
Eugenius
,
April
1.
1433.
a
Peace
was
concluded
upon
these
Conditions
:
to
wit
,
That
Philip
should
depart
out
of
Geradada
and
deliver
it
up
to
the
Marquis
of
Monteferrat
and
Orlando
Pallaricini
,
both
whom
he
had
turn'd
out
of
their
paternal
Inheritance
,
that
all
which
had
been
taken
from
the
Florentines
,
the
Sieneses
,
or
those
of
Lucca
should
be
return'd
to
the
Owners
;
and
that
he
should
be
look'd
upon
as
a
common
Enemy
,
that
did
not
restore
what
he
had
taken
in
thirty
days
.
Thus
having
made
a
Peace
in
all
parts
,
they
hoped
for
some
rest
,
when
on
the
sudden
the
whole
shock
of
the
War
fell
upon
Eugenius
.
For
Philip
who
loved
Novelties
sent
Francis
Sforza
with
a
great
Army
into
Romagna
,
pretending
to
march
into
Puglia
(
which
Alphonso
had
invaded
)
to
defend
those
Towns
which
his
Father
Sforza
had
possess'd
there
.
Who
marching
through
Ancona
and
Ombria
with
his
Army
in
good
order
,
surprised
and
took
them
in
a
moment
.
And
Philip
not
content
to
do
so
,
sent
Nicolas
Fortebrachius
,
a
valiant
and
prudent
Commander
with
chosen
Horse
so
suddenly
against
Eugenius
that
he
was
possess'd
of
the
Ponte
Molle
and
the
Porta
del
popolo
,
before
it
was
known
that
any
Enemy
approached
.
This
Nicolas
had
formerly
fought
under
Eugenius
,
and
by
his
Commission
had
subdu'd
the
Governor
of
Vetralla
and
Civita
Vechia
,
by
the
help
of
the
Venetian
Galleys
that
attaqued
the
Castle
off
the
Sea
.
But
when
Nicolas
afterward
demanded
his
pay
,
Eugenius
answered
him
,
that
he
had
taken
as
much
spoil
out
of
the
Castle
,
especially
out
of
the
Town
as
would
satisfie
him
.
At
which
Nicolas
was
so
angry
,
that
he
went
into
the
parts
about
Rome
,
and
raised
such
tumults
,
taking
and
driving
away
such
numbers
of
Men
and
Cattel
,
that
Eugenius
was
some
time
at
a
stand
what
to
do
.
The
Romans
flock'd
to
him
with
their
complaints
;
but
the
Pope
,
who
at
that
time
wanted
both
advice
and
health
,
sent
'em
to
Francis
the
Chamberlain
,
who
being
devoted
to
idleness
and
pleasure
,
gave
'em
no
other
answer
,
but
that
they
over-valued
their
Cattel
(
for
they
often
complain'd
of
the
loss
of
them
)
and
told
'em
that
the
Venetians
lived
more
like
Citizens
than
they
without
Beasts
and
flocks
of
Cattel
.
The
Romans
were
displeased
at
this
answer
,
and
therefore
when
Nicolas
had
taken
Tivoli
(
beating
Count
Tagliacotius
out
of
it
)
and
Subiaco
,
and
drawn
all
the
Colonneses
to
his
party
(
Stephen
Colonna
,
who
was
always
of
the
other
side
being
kill'd
by
the
Prince
)
they
threw
off
the
yoke
of
Subjection
and
crying
out
,
Arms
,
Arms
,
Liberty
,
Liberty
,
they
beat
out
all
Eugenius's
Officers
and
taking
Francis
the
Chamberlain
Prisoner
they
created
a
new
Magistracy
of
their
own
choosing
,
consisting
of
seven
Romans
whom
they
called
Governors
,
who
had
power
of
life
and
death
.
But
Eugenius
in
such
an
Hurry
not
knowing
what
to
do
resolv'd
to
flee
for
't
.
And
immediately
changing
his
Habit
for
that
of
a
Monk
,
went
on
shipboard
in
a
small
Vessel
along
with
Arsenius
the
Monk
down
the
Tiber
to
Ostia
.
Whereupon
certain
Romans
,
that
knew
of
his
going
,
threw
Stones
and
shot
Arrows
at
him
;
for
they
would
fain
have
kept
him
there
till
they
had
got
possession
of
S.
Angelo
.
Nevertheless
Eugenius
went
away
upon
the
7th
of
July
and
sailed
to
Pisa
first
,
and
then
to
Florence
in
Galleys
laid
on
purpose
for
his
passage
;
and
then
the
Romans
betook
themselves
to
storm
the
Castle
,
raising
Mounds
and
Bulwarks
in
all
places
,
that
might
make
it
more
accessible
to
the
Enemy
.
On
the
other
side
,
those
of
the
Castle
made
some
sallies
upon
them
;
and
the
Governor
thinking
it
fit
to
use
some
stratagem
with
the
people
of
Rome
,
He
(
by
the
assistance
and
advice
of
Baldesar
Aufido
a
cunning
Captain
,
that
defended
the
lower
part
of
the
Castle
)
bad
one
of
his
Soldiers
that
sallied
out
,
that
he
should
suffer
himself
to
be
taken
by
the
Enemy
,
and
then
blame
the
cruelty
and
covetousness
of
him
the
Governor
,
and
promise
them
that
if
they
would
give
him
such
a
reward
,
he
would
kill
the
Governor
and
betray
the
Castle
.
The
Soldier
did
exactly
as
he
was
bid
;
and
when
he
was
taken
,
said
all
the
ill
things
he
could
devise
against
Antony
Ridio
(
the
Governor
)
and
swore
,
he
would
bring
the
matter
about
to
their
mind
.
Thereupon
being
dismissed
he
went
into
the
Castle
and
hung
up
Anthonies
Clothes
,
with
somewhat
like
his
Head
on
top
of
them
,
which
was
visible
a
great
way
off
.
Baldesar
presently
cry'd
out
,
the
wicked
Fellow
was
justly
punish'd
,
and
that
some
of
the
chief
Roman
Commanders
might
now
come
in
,
and
,
if
they
paid
the
reward
,
take
the
Castle
.
They
not
being
aware
of
the
trick
,
went
in
,
and
were
strait
taken
.
Immediately
there
was
a
joyful
noise
in
the
Castle
,
and
Darts
and
Bullets
were
thrown
and
shot
upon
the
Romans
without
.
The
Romans
being
thus
deluded
advised
concerning
the
enter-change
of
their
Captives
,
and
in
order
to
it
,
set
the
Chamberlain
,
Eugenius's
Nephew
,
at
Liberty
:
and
unanimously
submitted
to
Eugenius
within
five
months
after
they
thought
to
have
gain'd
their
freedom
.
Then
there
were
Magistrates
made
in
the
name
of
the
Church
,
who
fortified
the
Capitol
with
strong
Guards
and
other
provisions
.
And
after
upon
the
arrival
of
John
Viteleschus
(
whom
they
call'd
,
the
Patriarch
)
Francis
his
Nephew
being
gone
to
Eugenius
,
a
sudden
dread
seiz'd
the
Romans
to
such
a
degree
that
they
durst
not
so
much
as
open
their
mouths
for
fear
.
For
Viteleschus
was
an
imperious
and
cruel
Man
,
and
lived
like
a
Tyrant
rather
than
a
Christian
.
These
things
were
transacted
at
Rome
whilst
Alphonso
besieged
Naples
and
Cajetta
,
which
was
stoutly
defended
by
the
Genoese
Merchants
:
and
the
Genoeses
thinking
it
their
duty
to
assist
their
Countrymen
,
fitted
out
a
Navy
with
all
speed
by
the
leave
and
good
liking
of
Duke
Philip
Viconti
,
who
lent
'em
some
Foot-Soldiers
;
and
meeting
their
Enemy
Alphonso
not
far
from
Cajetta
they
engaged
with
him
.
After
a
long
and
a
sharp
conflict
they
defeated
Alphonso
,
and
took
him
Prisoner
,
and
all
his
retinue
,
of
which
some
were
Princes
.
Alphonso
was
brought
to
Millain
to
Philip
,
but
was
entertain'd
not
as
a
Captive
,
or
an
Enemy
of
the
Genoeses
,
but
as
a
King
and
a
Friend
.
And
when
he
had
been
treated
honourably
for
some
days
,
and
presented
by
Philip
with
many
great
gifts
,
he
went
into
his
Kingdom
and
took
Cajetta
presently
.
Upon
that
the
Genoeses
were
so
enraged
that
he
should
free
Alphonso
so
easily
,
whom
they
had
taken
with
such
hazard
,
that
by
the
advice
of
Thomas
Fregoso
they
revolted
from
Philip
,
and
made
the
said
Thomas
their
Duke
.
Then
Picenninus
,
who
was
sent
against
the
Genoeses
,
receiving
news
that
they
persisted
in
their
obstinacy
,
took
Sarzana
,
and
marching
toward
Pisa
,
under
pretence
to
go
and
help
Alphonso
,
spoiled
many
Castles
belonging
to
the
Pisans
.
But
the
Florentines
stopped
his
career
,
by
sending
for
Francis
Sfortia
with
the
Pope's
good
liking
,
who
was
then
in
possession
of
Ancona
,
and
endeavour'd
,
by
the
assistance
of
the
Florentines
and
Venetians
,
to
be
made
Lord
of
it
.
But
Eugenius
was
against
that
;
and
said
,
that
it
became
a
Pope
to
preserve
the
Church-patrimony
even
by
War
,
rather
than
alienate
it
.
So
they
deferred
that
business
till
another
opportunity
:
yet
Francis
in
hopes
of
it
,
did
not
onely
beat
Picenninus
from
the
Siege
of
Barga
,
taking
Lewis
Gonzaga
who
fought
under
Picenninus
;
but
he
laid
close
Siege
to
Lucca
in
the
name
of
the
Florentines
.
Picenninus
was
hinder'd
from
passing
the
Apennine
to
their
relief
,
and
therefore
promised
to
free
them
another
way
.
Wherefore
he
march'd
through
Bologna
without
any
molestation
(
onely
taking
a
Town
belonging
to
the
Florentines
,
called
Oriolo
)
and
being
mindful
of
the
Lucceses
,
he
went
thither
,
and
in
the
absence
of
Francis
Sfortia
vanquish'd
the
Florentines
and
raised
the
Siege
of
Lucca
.
The
Pope
being
almost
distracted
with
care
,
as
well
because
he
was
surrounded
with
War
,
as
that
the
Council
of
Basil
,
begun
by
the
Decree
of
Pope
Martin
,
increased
daily
by
the
conflux
of
all
the
Princes
of
Spain
,
France
,
Germany
and
Hungary
,
who
referr'd
the
case
of
all
Christendom
to
that
Council
,
he
contrived
how
to
dissolve
it
,
and
to
that
purpose
,
would
have
removed
it
from
Basil
to
Bologna
by
general
consent
of
the
Cardinals
that
were
there
on
his
side
.
But
the
Emperor
,
other
Princes
and
Prelates
,
then
at
Basil
,
did
not
onely
disobey
the
Pope
,
but
admonish'd
him
several
times
to
come
himself
with
his
Cardinals
to
Basil
,
which
was
a
convenient
place
that
Martin
had
chosen
to
hold
the
Council
in
,
or
else
they
threaten'd
to
oppose
him
as
a
prevaricating
and
an
obstinate
person
.
Eugenius
was
moved
at
their
words
and
confirmed
the
Council
at
Basil
by
a
new
Breve
,
giving
every
one
leave
to
go
thither
:
for
he
was
so
tormented
with
Wars
on
all
sides
of
him
,
that
he
had
hardly
time
to
breath
.
But
having
recover'd
Rome
,
he
sent
John
Viteleschus
thither
immediately
,
who
was
a
Man
indeed
very
fit
for
business
,
but
savage
and
severe
:
who
marching
against
the
Colonneses
,
the
Sabelli
,
and
all
the
Gibellin
faction
he
sack'd
and
razed
the
Castle
of
Gandulpho
standing
on
the
Lago
Albano
,
as
also
Savello
,
and
Borgeto
.
He
likewise
took
Alba
,
Civita
Lapuvina
,
Palestrina
and
Zagatolo
,
and
sent
all
the
Inhabitants
,
that
were
alive
,
to
Rome
.
Then
turning
his
course
into
Campagna
di
Roma
he
brought
'em
all
over
to
the
Church
;
and
having
taken
Anthony
Pontadera
he
hang'd
him
upon
an
Olive-Tree
at
Fraselone
.
Then
coming
back
to
Rome
he
put
'em
all
in
a
fear
,
and
pull'd
down
several
Houses
of
Conspirators
,
that
had
taken
possession
of
the
Porta
Maggiore
in
a
tumult
,
and
declared
them
Enemies
to
the
Church
.
Among
the
rest
he
took
one
Pulcellus
,
and
tortur'd
him
with
red
hot
Pincers
and
then
hang'd
him
in
Campo
Fiore
.
When
the
Roman
people
complain'd
,
that
the
covetousness
of
some
rich
Men
had
brought
a
Famine
upon
the
Country
,
there
was
so
much
Wheat
immediately
brought
into
the
Market
by
his
Order
,
that
there
ensued
great
plenty
of
all
things
in
a
short
time
;
so
readily
were
his
Commands
obey'd
.
When
he
had
thus
setled
Affairs
,
he
went
into
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
,
which
Alphonso
had
lately
got
possession
of
,
and
which
he
said
belonged
to
the
Pope
and
the
Church
,
and
there
he
took
the
Prince
of
Tarento
with
two
thousand
Horse
and
invaded
the
Dominion
of
the
Earl
of
Nola.
He
also
had
like
to
have
taken
Alphonso
by
fraud
rather
than
force
,
when
they
had
made
a
Truce
,
and
a
Peace
was
as
good
as
concluded
.
When
he
had
taken
the
Towns
belonging
to
the
Church
he
freed
the
Prince
.
And
going
back
to
Rome
he
demolish'd
Palestrina
,
which
was
ready
to
rebel
,
by
the
persuasion
of
Lorenzo
Colonna
,
and
turned
out
the
Inhabitants
in
great
numbers
to
roam
about
the
Country
in
the
year
1435.
In
which
year
Eugenius
went
from
Florence
,
(
having
first
consecrated
the
Cathedral
Church
there
)
and
going
to
Bologna
he
built
a
Fort
near
that
Gate
which
leads
towards
Ferrara
,
and
fortified
the
House
where
the
Legate
now
resides
,
with
a
good
high
and
broad
Wall
(
behind
especially
)
and
with
Turrets
.
The
year
after
he
in
a
publick
Consistory
translated
the
Council
of
Basil
(
though
he
had
approved
of
that
place
)
from
thence
to
Ferrara
;
and
said
that
the
Greeks
who
had
a
mind
to
join
with
the
Church
of
Rome
had
chosen
that
City
to
meet
in
.
Then
the
Presidents
of
the
Council
at
Basil
were
very
urgent
with
the
Greeks
and
did
exhort
them
with
Prayers
and
Promises
,
that
they
would
leave
Eugenius
and
come
to
them
.
Nor
were
they
content
to
do
so
onely
,
but
they
bragg'd
that
they
would
depose
Eugenius
too
,
if
he
would
not
come
thither
also
.
Eugenius
could
not
tell
for
some
time
what
to
do
,
but
yet
he
sent
thither
,
as
Legate
,
one
John
Francis
Capitelista
a
Lawyer
and
a
Knight
of
Padua
,
to
plead
his
cause
.
But
when
Sigismund
the
Emperor
was
dead
,
by
whose
favour
the
Council
of
Basil
flourish'd
,
and
Albert
Duke
of
Austria
was
chosen
in
his
room
,
the
Cardinal
of
S.
Crosses
began
the
Council
of
Ferrara
in
the
name
of
Eugenius
.
Eugenius
also
went
thither
when
he
heard
the
Emperor
of
Constantinople
,
whose
name
was
John
Paleologus
,
was
coming
,
with
a
great
many
Gallies
of
his
own
,
as
well
as
what
the
Venetians
for
Eugenius's
sake
sent
to
meet
the
Emperor
lest
any
violence
should
have
been
offer'd
him
:
because
he
had
an
account
,
that
certain
French
Gallies
were
sent
by
the
Council
into
the
Archipelago
,
with
Orders
either
to
bring
the
Emperor
to
them
,
or
if
they
could
not
do
so
;
that
,
at
least
,
they
should
keep
him
from
going
to
Ferrara
.
But
Eugenius
so
far
corrupted
the
Admiral
of
those
Galleys
with
Money
,
that
he
left
the
Council
at
Basil
and
came
over
to
his
Party
.
When
the
Emperour
came
to
Ferrara
,
he
was
entertain'd
by
Eugenius
,
as
the
Roman
Emperours
used
to
be
treated
.
But
Viteleschus
when
he
had
quieted
the
Church
Dominions
,
and
punish'd
several
Priests
that
had
pilfer'd
certain
Jewels
out
of
the
Heads
of
Peter
and
Paul
the
Apostles
in
the
Lateran
Church
,
to
which
they
belong'd
,
and
,
after
that
,
had
put
James
Galesius
and
his
Accomplices
to
death
for
attempting
to
make
Innovations
upon
the
Government
,
he
went
to
Ferrara
where
in
a
publick
Consistory
he
was
receiv'd
into
the
number
of
Cardinals
with
great
Honour
.
For
he
had
been
made
Cardinal
six
months
before
at
Bologna
;
and
then
returning
with
greater
Authority
,
he
put
the
Governour
of
Vetralla
,
and
the
Lord
of
Fuligno
(
after
he
had
expell'd
him
from
his
usurp'd
Dominion
)
to
death
in
the
Castle
of
Surio
.
But
Eugenius
desiring
to
unite
the
two
Churches
that
were
so
long
of
different
Opinions
,
in
the
year
1438
,
having
made
solemn
Prayers
and
celebrated
the
Mass
of
the
Holy
Ghost
,
he
went
to
the
Council
along
with
the
Emperour
and
Patriarch
of
Constantinople
,
where
the
Emperour
being
seated
on
a
Throne
suitable
to
his
Dignity
,
and
the
other
Greeks
in
a
place
opposite
to
the
Pope
,
the
question
was
first
ask'd
,
Whether
the
Latins
and
the
Greeks
who
had
been
so
long
of
different
Opinions
were
willing
to
be
united
into
one
Church
?
At
which
they
all
cry'd
out
,
They
would
very
willingly
,
provided
that
their
differences
,
were
first
reconciled
by
Reason
.
In
order
to
which
there
were
Disputations
every
day
between
those
that
the
Latins
and
Greeks
had
chosen
to
debate
those
weighty
Points
.
But
there
happening
a
Plague
at
Ferrara
,
which
continued
a
good
while
,
it
was
not
safe
staying
there
,
and
therefore
the
Council
was
removed
to
Florence
.
And
as
soon
as
they
came
thither
,
Picenninus
presently
took
possession
of
Forli
,
Imola
,
Ravenna
and
Bologna
,
by
command
from
Philip
,
with
a
design
to
thwart
Eugenius's
intentions
,
who
was
a
Friend
to
the
Florentines
and
Venetians
,
his
Enemies
.
After
that
he
came
back
into
Parma
,
and
raising
a
great
body
of
Horse
he
passed
the
Po
,
and
took
(
in
a
short
time
)
the
greater
Casal
,
and
Platina
,
my
native
Country
,
and
all
that
the
Venetians
had
about
Cremona
.
Then
he
routed
Gattamelata
General
of
the
Venetian
Army
at
Calvatoni
,
and
with
the
Prince
of
Mantoua
his
Ally
,
he
besieged
Brescia
for
some
months
,
which
was
stoutly
defended
by
the
Citizens
and
one
Francis
Barbar
,
a
very
learned
Man
and
their
chief
Magistrate
.
Whereupon
he
pass'd
from
thence
to
seize
several
Castles
thereabout
,
and
hinder
provisions
from
being
brought
into
the
City
,
plundering
and
destroying
all
the
Country
as
far
as
Verona
and
Vincenza
,
so
that
he
left
the
Venetians
nothing
to
live
upon
;
but
yet
all
this
was
not
accomplish'd
without
great
damage
to
his
Men
,
especially
in
the
dead
of
Winter
which
was
the
time
they
took
to
do
it
.
He
likewise
secured
great
part
of
the
Rivers
Menzo
,
Adige
,
Lago
di
Garda
,
and
Lago
d'
Iseo
,
that
nothing
might
be
carried
that
way
by
Water
to
the
needy
Inhabitants
.
But
the
fitting
up
of
some
Ships
,
that
were
removed
out
of
the
Adige
into
the
Lago
di
S.
Andreas
,
and
careened
below
in
the
Lago
di
Garda
near
Forboli
,
gave
the
Venetians
some
respite
.
Then
seeing
nevertheless
that
Picenninus
press'd
those
of
Verona
and
Vincenza
very
hard
,
the
Venetians
thought
themselves
quite
lost
,
if
they
did
not
get
a
good
Commander
,
and
therefore
they
sent
James
Donatus
to
Florence
,
then
in
League
with
'em
,
to
desire
,
that
if
the
Florentines
had
any
regard
to
the
Republick
of
Venice
,
or
the
safety
and
Liberty
of
Italy
in
general
,
that
they
would
send
Francis
Sfortia
immediately
with
all
his
Forces
to
Venice
,
now
almost
ruined
by
the
Arms
of
Philip
and
the
Mantuan
.
The
Florentines
being
concern'd
for
their
own
danger
as
well
as
that
of
their
Allies
,
persuade
Francis
to
take
up
Arms
for
the
Venetians
,
and
promised
him
in
the
name
of
the
City
,
to
defend
all
the
Towns
that
he
had
,
which
belong'd
to
the
Church
of
Rome
;
which
was
his
greatest
desire
.
They
also
got
Letters
Apostolical
from
Eugenius
with
much
ado
,
to
declare
Francis
Marquis
and
Lord
of
Ancona
:
but
with
these
words
,
Let
him
take
it
,
and
the
Devil
give
him
luck
with
it
.
Francis
going
with
his
Cavalry
along
the
Coast
of
the
Adriatick
Sea
fell
into
Ferrara
,
and
passing
the
Po
in
Boats
,
and
having
augmented
his
Army
in
Padua
(
for
he
is
said
to
have
had
twelve
thousand
Horse
,
and
five
thousand
Foot
)
he
met
the
Enemy
first
at
Suave
near
Verona
,
where
they
fought
very
smartly
for
some
time
and
neither
had
the
better
on
't
.
Afterward
Picenninus
by
reason
of
his
indisposition
,
and
want
of
Men
,
gave
way
to
his
Power
,
and
then
Francis
having
recover'd
all
the
Castles
from
them
of
Vincenza
and
Verona
,
he
was
about
to
raise
the
Siege
from
before
Brescia
,
but
seeing
all
other
Avenues
stopp'd
,
he
passed
the
Adige
,
and
marching
into
the
parts
about
Trent
,
he
went
to
Archo
,
a
Town
he
had
a
mind
to
take
,
because
the
Earl
of
Archo
was
an
Ally
of
Philip.
Picenninus
also
came
thither
,
to
assist
the
Earl
;
but
fighting
more
eagerly
than
cautiously
(
as
he
used
to
do
)
he
was
deserted
by
the
rest
of
the
Army
,
and
receiving
great
damage
was
fain
to
fly
into
the
neighbouring
Vallies
,
where
he
had
been
taken
by
the
Enemy
,
if
Charles
Gonzaga
,
son
to
John
Francis
had
not
come
between
him
and
them
,
and
so
saved
him
from
that
imminent
danger
;
and
yet
for
all
that
he
was
taken
afterward
,
the
Foe
gathering
strength
,
and
carried
Prisoner
to
Verona
.
There
are
that
write
,
how
Picenninus
was
so
weaken'd
in
one
side
with
Wounds
which
he
receiv'd
in
the
several
Battels
,
that
he
was
not
able
to
ride
back
to
his
Army
,
but
was
wrapp'd
in
a
Sack
,
as
if
he
had
been
dead
,
and
so
carried
upon
a
lusty
Fellows
shoulders
even
through
the
Enemies
Camp
.
Whilst
these
things
were
transacted
in
Venice
,
Philip
taking
it
ill
that
the
Florentines
by
the
help
and
persuasion
of
Eugenius
,
had
sent
Francis
Sfortia
to
aid
the
Venetians
,
he
treated
with
those
that
were
at
the
Council
of
Basil
,
to
cite
Eugenius
before
'em
;
which
they
did
twice
or
thrice
.
But
when
it
did
not
answer
his
expectation
,
he
so
far
infatuated
them
,
as
that
they
deposed
Eugenius
and
chose
Amadeus
Duke
of
Savoy
(
his
Father-in-law
,
who
lived
like
an
Hermit
at
Ripalia
with
some
other
Noblemen
)
Pope
,
and
called
him
Felix
.
Hence
arose
great
Seditions
in
the
Church
of
God
;
for
Christendom
was
divided
into
three
parts
,
and
some
follow'd
Eugenius
,
some
Felix
,
and
the
rest
were
Neuters
.
For
all
that
Eugenius
was
not
dejected
;
but
held
frequent
Assemblies
,
and
Disputations
between
the
Greeks
and
Latins
,
till
at
last
it
came
to
this
result
,
that
the
Greeks
were
convinc'd
that
the
Holy
Ghost
did
proceed
from
the
Father
and
the
Son
,
and
that
he
was
homusius
,
that
is
of
the
same
substance
,
and
did
not
come
forth
from
the
Father
onely
,
as
they
formerly
believ'd
:
and
that
they
ought
to
consecrate
the
Body
of
Christ
with
unleaven'd
bread
made
of
Wheat
,
and
to
believe
a
Purgatory
.
Lastly
,
That
the
Pope
of
Rome
was
Christ's
true
Vicar
,
and
the
lawful
Successor
of
Saint
Peter
,
to
whom
all
the
Eastern
as
well
as
Western
Churches
ought
to
submit
,
as
being
the
universal
Patriarch
.
The
business
thus
setled
,
the
Greeks
went
away
;
and
then
the
Armenians
also
agreed
with
us
in
Faith
,
their
Errors
being
confuted
,
and
Eugenius's
Letters
to
that
purpose
promulgated
,
to
shew
the
reason
why
they
accorded
,
with
this
Inscription
,
Given
at
the
Holy
General
Council
held
at
Florence
in
the
Cathedral
there
,
Novemb.
22.
1439.
When
that
was
done
he
contrived
how
to
strengthen
himself
and
at
the
same
time
weaken
the
Council
of
Basil
,
and
that
was
by
making
eighteen
Cardinals
at
once
in
the
publick
Consistory
:
of
which
number
two
were
Greeks
,
to
wit
Rutenus
and
Nicenus
;
that
the
Greeks
might
be
kept
in
the
Faith
by
their
example
and
Authority
:
and
yet
that
Nation
fell
back
in
a
little
time
to
its
old
State
.
Others
were
Peter
Barbo
his
Sisters
Son
,
and
Alouisius
Patavinus
whom
he
afterward
made
Patriarch
of
Aquilegia
and
Chamberlain
,
having
advanced
Francis
Condelmerius
to
the
Vicechancelourship
.
Whilst
these
things
were
acted
near
Trent
,
and
People
thought
that
Picenninus
and
the
Prince
of
Mantoua
would
yield
at
last
,
having
received
such
damage
,
they
removed
thence
with
all
speed
to
Verona
and
took
it
,
by
the
help
of
Ladders
wherewith
they
scal'd
the
Walls
and
enter'd
in
at
the
Cittadelle
,
unknown
to
any
of
the
Sentinels
,
who
,
to
avoid
the
extream
cold
of
the
North
Wind
(
which
that
Night
was
very
boisterous
,
)
had
quitted
their
Posts
,
and
were
got
into
the
Tents
.
But
Francis
Sfortia
,
when
he
heard
that
Verona
was
taken
by
the
Enemy
,
march'd
thither
presently
with
all
his
Army
,
to
recover
it
,
knowing
that
the
Venetians
had
still
possession
of
the
old
Castle
,
and
the
Fort
of
S.
Felix
in
the
Mount
.
And
therefore
he
enter'd
the
City
that
way
with
his
Army
,
and
ran
upon
the
Enemy
with
a
mighty
shout
.
Philip's
Men
met
him
with
a
few
Horse
(
for
all
his
Forces
were
not
yet
come
up
)
and
they
fought
very
sharply
in
that
part
of
the
City
,
which
they
call
the
Island
.
At
last
the
few
were
fain
to
yield
to
the
many
,
and
Picenninus
and
the
Mantuans
betook
themselves
to
the
new
Bridg
(
as
they
call
it
)
where
for
some
time
they
bore
the
shock
of
their
Enemies
.
There
,
as
the
Horse
were
engaging
,
and
a
great
many
crowded
in
a
little
room
,
the
Draw-bridg
broke
with
the
weight
of
Men
and
Horses
,
and
almost
all
that
fell
into
the
River
were
drown'd
,
because
they
were
tired
with
fasting
so
long
,
and
sunk
by
the
very
weight
of
their
Arms.
Thereupon
Francis
flying
to
a
Bridg
of
Boats
,
put
over
his
Men
and
drove
Picenninus
and
the
Mantuan
(
who
distrusted
the
Citizens
fidelity
)
quite
out
of
the
City
,
within
four
days
after
he
had
taken
it
.
Then
Philip
,
that
he
might
draw
Francis
from
the
Venetians
by
infesting
the
Florentines
,
who
had
given
him
the
same
pay
as
the
Venetians
did
,
sent
Picenninus
into
Tuscany
with
six
thousand
Horse
,
in
the
midst
of
Winter
.
The
Florentines
seeing
that
,
sent
presently
for
Piergianpaulo
,
an
excellent
Commander
,
and
desired
Eugenius
that
he
would
assist
'em
according
to
the
League
by
which
he
was
bound
to
defend
Tuscany
;
and
so
were
resolv'd
to
meet
Picenninus
.
But
when
they
found
that
John
Viteleschus
had
conspired
with
Philip
,
though
he
were
at
that
time
Legate
and
General
of
the
Church-Forces
;
and
that
he
would
not
prove
a
friend
(
as
he
pretended
)
when
he
came
into
Tuscany
,
but
an
Enemy
in
the
Head
of
six
thousand
Horse
,
and
would
fight
against
the
Florentines
on
Picenninus's
side
,
the
Magistrates
of
Florence
contrived
by
real
or
feigned
Letters
(
no
matter
which
)
from
Eugenius
,
to
have
him
kill'd
by
Anthony
Ridius
the
Governour
of
Castel
S.
Angelo
,
just
as
his
Men
were
passing
the
Bridg.
And
so
he
was
;
for
he
could
not
be
aided
by
those
that
were
gone
over
the
Bridg
,
and
therefore
was
as
it
were
alone
,
because
he
brought
up
the
Reer
.
The
Count
Aversus
,
who
fought
under
the
Patriarch
,
having
lost
his
General
,
convey'd
his
Carriages
along
with
his
own
to
Roncillione
.
But
the
Florentines
being
freed
from
so
great
a
Terrour
,
deal
cunningly
with
Eugenius
,
to
let
Lewis
of
Padua
who
succeeded
Viteleschus
,
muster
up
all
the
Church-Forces
and
come
to
their
assistance
.
This
Lewis
was
a
politick
Man
,
and
it
was
supposed
that
by
his
means
Viteleschus
was
taken
off
.
But
Picenninus
marching
down
into
the
Vale
of
Mugello
,
kill'd
and
plunder'd
all
before
him
as
far
as
Fiesole
.
Then
turning
toward
Castentino
,
he
by
the
assistance
of
Count
Popio
made
many
Towns
revolt
.
Thence
going
to
Perugia
,
he
went
quietly
into
the
City
,
and
sent
the
Legat
who
was
then
Governour
there
to
the
Pope
Eugenius
upon
a
certain
Message
.
And
in
the
mean
time
he
took
the
Treasurer
,
and
alter'd
the
whole
State
of
the
City
.
For
he
chose
ten
Citizens
who
had
Power
of
life
and
death
over
all
the
rest
.
But
the
Perugians
fearing
lest
he
should
set
up
a
Tyranny
upon
them
,
they
bargain'd
with
him
to
depart
the
City
for
fifty
thousand
pound
.
He
did
so
and
went
to
Cortona
,
hoping
to
take
that
place
by
treachery
;
but
the
Plot
was
discover'd
and
the
Conspirators
either
kill'd
or
banish'd
,
upon
which
he
march'd
to
Citta
di
Castello
.
The
Florentines
also
moved
to
Aughiera
,
a
Town
in
their
Dominions
,
to
help
their
Countrymen
,
if
Picenninus
should
offer
'em
any
violence
.
These
things
pass'd
in
Tuscany
,
whilst
Francis
Sfortia
conquer'd
Philip's
Navy
at
the
Lago
di
Garda
(
of
which
Italiano
Furlano
was
Admiral
)
and
not
onely
raised
the
Siege
from
before
Brescia
and
Bergamo
,
but
the
same
Summer
vanquish'd
Philip's
Army
at
Soncino
having
taken
one
thousand
five
hundred
Horse
,
and
in
a
short
time
took
and
subdu'd
all
the
Castles
of
Brescia
,
part
of
Cremona
,
and
Mantoua
,
with
all
Gerradadua
,
and
made
them
tributary
to
the
Venetians
.
At
that
time
the
Prince
of
Mantoua
lost
Asola
,
Lonato
,
and
Pescheria
,
three
Towns
of
a
good
bigness
without
opposition
:
for
when
Picenninus
was
absent
,
he
never
durst
engage
with
an
Enemy
in
the
open
Field
.
But
Picenninus
hearing
how
the
state
of
Affairs
was
alter'd
in
Venice
,
and
being
sent
for
by
many
Messengers
and
Letters
as
well
from
Philip
,
as
the
Prince
of
Mantoua
;
as
also
being
tired
out
with
the
importunities
of
the
Soldiers
who
were
most
of
'em
Natives
of
that
part
of
Italy
which
is
near
the
Alps
,
he
removed
his
Camp
from
Cita
di
Castello
to
Borgo
di
Sancto
Sepolcro
,
a
Town
in
his
Territories
,
which
lies
over
against
Angliera
:
with
design
either
by
compulsion
or
stratagem
,
to
fight
the
Florentines
and
the
Pope's
Army
,
that
lay
(
as
I
told
you
)
near
Angliera
.
On
the
29
of
June
(
S.
Peter
and
S.
Paul's
day
)
Picenninus
set
his
Army
in
Array
,
which
took
up
a
Plain
of
four
thousand
paces
,
but
was
unfortunately
forc'd
to
choose
a
disadvantageous
place
to
fight
in
,
(
because
he
understood
,
that
the
common
Soldiers
of
the
Enemy
were
gone
a
foraging
,
and
was
not
willing
to
lose
the
opportunity
)
For
he
was
to
go
up
the
side
of
an
Hill
,
and
so
his
Enemies
upon
the
higher
ground
easily
kept
him
off
.
Yet
they
fought
five
hours
very
smartly
,
till
at
last
Picenninus
,
what
with
the
multitude
of
his
Enemies
and
the
folly
of
his
Son
Francis
,
who
had
forsaken
his
Post
,
was
overcome
,
and
retreated
to
Borgo
with
great
damage
and
the
loss
of
his
Ensigns
.
And
the
next
day
leaving
Borgo
in
the
hands
of
the
Townsmen
and
some
few
of
his
Soldiers
that
survived
the
Battel
,
he
went
back
through
Romagna
to
Philip.
The
Townsmen
of
Borgo
fearing
they
might
be
hardly
dealt
withal
,
because
they
had
revolted
from
the
Pope
,
employ'd
Agents
to
get
their
Pardon
,
and
surrender'd
themselves
to
the
Legat
without
loss
of
limbs
or
goods
.
That
Victory
was
very
welcom
both
to
Eugenius
and
the
Florentines
;
and
they
say
Alonisius
Patavinus
was
made
a
Cardinal
for
that
reason
.
The
same
Summer
the
Florentines
beat
Count
Poppio
who
was
Picenninus's
Ally
,
out
of
Tuscany
.
But
Philip
who
was
environ'd
with
so
many
Enemies
,
fought
out
for
forein
Aid
,
and
entreated
Alphonso
,
who
had
got
possession
of
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
,
to
storm
all
the
Towns
which
the
Sfortians
had
in
that
Kingdom
;
to
draw
Francis
Sfortia
from
the
Venetians
.
Alphonso
comply'd
with
his
request
,
but
never
could
recal
Francis
from
the
War
that
he
was
engaged
in
.
For
he
,
when
a
sufficient
quantity
of
forage
came
in
,
march'd
from
Pescheria
to
Brescia
with
fifteen
thousand
Horse
,
and
six
thousand
Foot
,
and
met
Picenninus
at
Cignano
,
with
a
design
to
fight
him
.
Picenninus
was
as
willing
to
fight
as
he
,
and
though
he
had
a
less
number
of
Men
,
yet
they
were
stout
Fellows
and
he
rely'd
upon
their
Valour
.
They
fought
briskly
for
some
time
,
and
parted
upon
equal
terms
.
Francis
thinking
he
had
gotten
honour
enough
in
the
Wars
,
for
that
he
had
challenged
his
Enemy
into
the
Field
,
lead
his
Army
round
the
Country
and
retook
several
Towns
which
Picenninus
had
taken
that
Winter
,
and
made
them
subject
to
the
Venetians
.
From
thence
he
went
to
Martinengo
,
which
Picenninus
had
fortified
with
a
strong
Garrison
,
and
besieged
it
.
But
when
Picenninus
had
augmented
his
Army
by
the
arrival
of
Francis
his
Son
,
and
the
Prince
of
Mantoua
,
he
went
thither
and
pitch'd
his
Camp
a
mile
off
the
Enemy
,
provoking
him
by
Skirmishes
to
come
and
decide
the
matter
in
a
set
Battel
:
but
he
not
now
desiring
to
fight
the
Enemy
in
the
Field
,
grew
wholly
intent
upon
taking
the
Town
.
Picenninus
therefore
removed
his
Camp
every
day
so
much
nearer
the
Enemy
,
and
put
Francis
in
such
dangerous
circumstances
,
that
neither
his
Soldiers
could
forrage
,
nor
any
Provisions
be
sent
in
,
nor
the
Army
march
out
from
the
place
,
without
apparent
danger
:
and
just
then
beyond
all
hopes
there
was
a
Peace
declared
,
which
had
been
in
agitation
between
Philip
and
Francis
by
the
mediation
of
one
Eusebiolus
surnamed
Chain
,
without
Picenninus's
knowledg
.
When
Picenninus
heard
of
it
,
he
exclaim'd
at
Heaven
and
Earth
,
and
Philip's
inconstancy
,
who
with
a
certain
Victory
before
him
desired
Peace
like
a
conquer'd
Person
.
The
Armies
departing
,
the
Peace
was
declared
at
Capriana
,
in
the
year
1442
,
upon
these
terms
;
That
Francis
should
marry
Blanch
the
Daughter
of
Philip
,
and
have
with
her
,
as
a
Dowry
,
Pontremoli
and
Cremona
with
all
the
Country
belonging
to
it
,
except
Picigitono
and
the
Castles
which
the
Mantouan
,
and
Pallavicini
possess'd
:
and
that
all
those
places
that
Philip
,
and
his
Allies
had
taken
,
as
also
the
Venetians
and
their
Confederates
(
except
Asola
,
Lonato
,
and
Pescheria
which
were
the
Prince
of
Mantoua's
before
that
War
)
should
be
restored
:
and
he
that
would
not
accept
of
these
Articles
,
should
be
look'd
upon
as
a
common
Enemy
.
Eugeneus
lik'd
not
this
Peace
;
because
Francis
had
neglected
him
whilst
he
talk'd
of
restoring
what
was
lost
,
without
mentioning
Bologna
,
which
Picenninus
had
possession
of
;
wherefore
he
resolv'd
to
go
from
Florence
to
Rome
,
and
there
advise
concerning
the
recovery
of
the
Church
Patrimony
,
because
that
was
a
place
where
he
might
take
more
freedom
.
But
that
he
might
find
all
things
quiet
,
he
sent
Alouisius
Patavinus
,
Cardinal
of
S.
Laurence
before
,
to
put
out
the
Seculars
and
restore
the
Canons
regular
to
the
Lateran
,
who
had
been
expelled
by
the
Secular
Priests
,
upon
a
Controversie
that
was
between
'em
,
who
should
carry
the
Body
of
Christ
upon
Corpus
Christi
day
in
Procession
.
Gino
Albanese
an
excellent
Soldier
was
put
to
death
because
he
would
have
broken
the
Peace
between
Eugenius
and
Alphonso
.
Palus
Lamolara
also
a
stout
Man
,
of
whose
parts
he
was
jealous
,
was
also
put
to
death
.
And
when
things
were
setled
in
this
manner
,
Eugenius
came
to
Rome
September
28.
1443.
(
though
the
Florentines
did
all
they
could
to
keep
him
there
)
being
met
by
all
the
City
with
all
the
veneration
imaginable
,
and
lay
that
night
at
the
Porta
del
popolo
.
And
the
next
Day
as
he
was
going
to
S.
Peters
to
Prayers
,
as
the
custom
is
,
he
walk'd
in
his
Pontifical
Robes
through
the
City
,
and
heard
the
People
were
in
a
mutiny
for
that
the
Taxes
were
doubled
,
and
a
new
Impost
laid
upon
Wine
.
Thereupon
he
commanded
silence
,
and
in
the
presence
of
'em
all
,
abolish'd
that
Exaction
as
tyrannical
:
at
which
they
immediately
cry'd
out
,
Long
live
Eugenius
;
whereas
before
they
had
cry'd
,
Down
with
these
new
Gabells
,
the
inventors
of
them
.
After
nineteen
Days
he
went
to
the
Lateran
,
and
declared
he
would
hold
a
General
Council
there
,
and
sent
Letters
and
Messengers
to
acquaint
the
several
Princes
with
his
Design
.
For
he
had
a
mind
to
weaken
and
destroy
the
Council
of
Basil
by
this
means
.
When
things
were
thus
composed
at
Rome
,
he
remember'd
the
injuries
he
had
receiv'd
,
and
sent
Picenninus
the
General
against
the
Anconeses
(
whom
Francis
had
subdu'd
)
who
going
from
Bologna
toward
Perugia
made
those
of
Tiferno
who
were
Allies
of
the
Floretines
,
revolt
,
to
gratifie
Eugenius
who
was
angry
with
the
Florentines
,
for
supplying
Francis
with
Mony
to
oppose
him
and
keep
Ancona
.
Alphonso
too
,
who
the
year
before
had
long
besieged
Naples
and
at
last
through
a
Common-shore
got
into
the
Town
and
taken
it
,
beating
out
René
of
Anjou
,
was
so
far
taken
with
the
same
and
courage
of
Picenninus
that
he
not
onely
chose
him
General
of
his
Army
,
but
,
to
honour
him
the
more
,
adopted
him
into
the
Family
of
Aragon
:
who
as
soon
as
he
had
receiv'd
Money
of
Eugenius
and
Alphonso
to
defray
the
War
,
went
into
Ancona
,
and
reduced
many
Towns
to
the
Church
,
which
Francis
Sfortia
,
who
was
come
thither
with
a
good
Army
from
Cremona
,
vainly
strove
to
defend
.
About
that
time
John
Francis
Gonzaga
dy'd
,
and
the
Venetians
and
Florentines
who
were
concern'd
for
the
time
to
come
,
made
Lewis
Gonzaga
,
Son
and
Heir
to
John
Francis
,
their
Stipendiary
,
that
he
,
if
occasion
were
,
might
oppose
Philip.
In
the
mean
time
things
were
pretty
quiet
in
those
parts
of
Italy
that
lie
next
the
Alps
,
when
Hannibal
Bentivoglio
,
who
was
kept
Prisoner
sometime
in
the
Castle
of
Pelegrini
,
by
command
from
Picenninus
,
for
suspicion
of
a
Conspiracy
,
escaped
and
went
back
to
Bologna
where
he
excited
the
People
to
liberty
and
seiz'd
Francis
Picenninus
,
Governour
of
the
City
,
and
all
his
Men.
Which
done
,
he
recall'd
all
the
Exiles
whether
of
his
own
or
the
contrary
Faction
,
especially
one
Baptista
Canedolus
by
name
.
After
which
the
Bolognians
sent
Embassadours
to
the
Venetians
and
Florentines
to
desire
their
Alliance
.
Which
the
Embassadours
having
obtein'd
they
returned
home
,
and
presently
took
the
Castle
(
which
was
yet
in
the
Enemies
hands
)
by
the
help
of
those
recruits
that
were
sent
'em
from
their
Friends
,
and
as
soon
as
they
had
taken
destroy'd
it
,
chasing
Alouisius
Vermes
out
of
Bologna
.
Then
Philip
taking
it
ill
that
the
Bolognians
should
be
in
League
with
the
Venetians
and
Florentines
,
hired
some
Friends
of
Baptista
,
promising
them
assistance
,
to
take
Hannibal
off
,
that
themselves
and
their
Faction
might
be
sole
Governours
in
the
City
.
And
Canedolus
who
was
ready
at
Roguery
,
prevailed
with
a
certain
Man
of
Bologna
(
who
had
a
Son
accidentally
then
newly
born
)
to
choose
Hannibal
Godfather
:
and
the
next
Day
the
Child
was
carried
to
be
Christen'd
;
which
being
over
,
the
Father
of
the
Child
invited
Hannibal
to
S.
John's
Church
,
because
it
was
S.
John's
Day
.
Hannibal
comply'd
with
the
Traitor
in
that
too
,
not
thinking
of
any
Design
;
but
in
the
way
thither
he
was
set
upon
by
a
company
of
the
Conspirators
that
got
about
him
,
and
was
slain
,
though
two
Servants
that
he
had
,
who
loved
him
,
did
what
they
could
to
defend
him
.
But
the
people
of
Bologna
,
when
they
knew
it
were
so
concern'd
for
the
indignity
,
that
they
presently
took
up
Arms
and
kill'd
all
the
chief
of
the
Canedolian
Faction
,
particularly
Baptista
,
whose
body
they
dragg'd
through
the
City
and
buried
it
very
ignominiously
.
At
the
same
time
also
there
happen'd
a
great
piece
of
villany
to
be
acted
at
Rome
:
for
Angellottus
Cardinal
of
S.
Marks
was
deprived
of
his
life
and
all
the
Money
that
he
had
so
covetously
gathered
and
scraped
together
,
by
his
own
Valet
de
Chamber
.
The
Villain
was
taken
and
tortur'd
to
Death
,
and
then
being
cut
into
four
parts
was
hang'd
upon
the
four
Gates
of
the
City
.
But
the
Venetians
and
Florentines
fearing
,
lest
Bologna
,
which
was
very
commodiously
seated
for
both
of
'em
in
time
of
War
,
should
fall
into
Philip's
hands
,
sent
immediately
some
Troops
thither
to
assist
them
.
The
Venetians
were
not
out
in
their
guess
;
for
Philip
designed
to
send
Picenninus
thither
with
an
Army
,
at
the
request
of
the
Exiles
,
if
he
had
not
dy'd
before
he
could
set
out
.
They
say
he
dy'd
for
grief
,
that
his
Son
Francis
,
whom
he
had
left
behind
him
in
Ancona
,
when
Cardinal
Firmanus
was
Legat
,
was
vanquish'd
by
Francis
Sfortia
.
But
the
year
after
Philip
took
courage
and
advised
Eugenius
to
endeavour
the
recovery
of
Bologna
,
promising
to
supply
him
with
Men
,
and
bear
his
share
in
the
charge
of
the
War
.
By
which
the
Pope
was
so
wrought
upon
,
that
he
made
a
League
with
Alphonso
,
and
sent
Sigismund
Malatesta
with
a
great
body
of
Horse
into
Ancona
against
Francis
;
that
when
the
Florentines
were
otherwise
imploy'd
,
Bologna
might
be
forced
to
surrender
.
Now
Philip
had
sent
William
Montferrat
and
Charles
Gonzaga
before
with
a
great
Army
;
who
entering
the
Territory
of
Bologna
in
an
Hostile
manner
plunder'd
all
before
'em
.
But
the
Florentines
who
were
concern'd
for
the
danger
of
their
Allies
,
dispatch'd
Astorgius
Faventinus
with
one
thousand
five
hundred
Horse
and
two
hundred
Foot
,
to
aid
the
Bolognians
till
farther
order
from
them
and
the
Venetians
.
Things
stood
thus
in
Romagna
;
when
Philip
,
on
the
sudden
,
sent
for
Francis
Picenninus
from
Ancona
,
and
gave
him
order
to
go
with
a
great
Army
upon
May
Day
,
against
the
Cremoneses
who
apprehended
no
such
thing
.
He
went
as
he
was
commanded
,
and
took
a
great
many
of
the
Country
Fellows
,
and
strook
such
terrour
into
the
Citizens
by
battering
their
Walls
both
Night
and
Day
,
that
he
had
very
near
taken
the
City
.
But
the
Venetians
and
Florentines
were
troubled
at
the
danger
,
which
Francis
and
their
Friends
were
in
,
and
resolv'd
to
defend
Cremona
and
Bologna
at
the
same
time
,
and
sent
Tibertus
Brandolinus
a
very
active
Commander
,
who
taking
along
with
him
the
Bologneses
,
and
the
Auxiliaries
from
Florence
march'd
toward
the
Enemy
(
who
did
not
well
agree
among
themselves
,
and
were
encamp'd
at
a
Town
call'd
St.
John's
)
and
when
he
had
brought
William
Monferrat
over
to
the
Bolognians
by
Promises
and
Presents
,
and
easily
routed
Charles
,
he
quickly
retrieved
all
the
Towns
which
the
Enemy
had
in
their
hands
.
Bologna
being
thus
quieted
,
and
the
Auxiliaries
of
Florence
and
Venice
divided
,
by
order
,
into
two
parts
,
the
one
half
were
sent
to
avoid
Francis
Sfortia
whom
Eugenius
and
Alphonso
had
beaten
as
far
as
the
Walls
of
Vrbino
▪
and
the
other
half
to
the
Cremoneses
who
were
hard
put
to
it
by
Francis
Picenninus
.
The
Venetians
resolving
upon
an
open
rupture
with
Philip
,
sent
Embassadours
to
him
,
to
denounce
War
unless
he
would
desist
from
the
Siege
of
Cremona
.
But
they
were
answer'd
by
a
Messenger
(
for
they
could
not
speak
with
Philip
himself
)
that
they
might
be
safer
any
where
,
than
at
Millain
.
At
which
the
Venetians
were
very
angry
and
commanded
Michelot
Cotignola
their
General
,
who
was
then
at
Brescia
,
to
march
forthwith
into
Cremona
,
(
which
Philip
had
got
most
part
of
,
)
and
engage
the
Enemy
wherever
he
met
them
.
He
readily
obey'd
their
Commands
,
and
passing
the
River
Oglio
at
Casale
with
all
expedition
,
found
the
Enemy
encamped
upon
the
Po
in
an
Island
,
which
having
forded
,
he
attack'd
them
in
their
Camp
,
and
soon
routed
them
,
taking
a
great
part
of
their
Cavalry
.
After
that
he
recover'd
all
the
Towns
,
and
freed
Cremona
from
the
Siege
,
and
having
augmented
his
Army
by
Lewis
Gonzaga's
additional
Forces
(
who
had
reduced
Platina
,
and
some
Castles
in
Cremona
to
the
Venetians
)
they
march'd
toward
Geradada
,
and
left
nothing
for
Philip
but
Crema
.
Then
crossing
the
River
they
entred
Millain
,
filling
all
places
with
fire
and
rapine
.
And
when
they
had
taken
Monte
di
Briausa
and
Brevio
,
where
there
is
a
Bridg
over
the
Adda
,
they
attaqued
Leco
which
those
within
stoutly
defended
,
and
batter'd
their
Ships
so
severely
that
whole
Men
might
have
got
in
at
the
sides
of
'em
;
so
that
having
lost
many
Men
,
and
being
in
great
want
of
Forage
,
they
were
fain
to
depart
without
accomplishing
their
Design
,
for
fear
of
Francis
Sfortia
,
who
they
heard
was
privately
gone
over
to
Philip's
Party
.
Mean
time
Aloisius
Patavinus
the
Pope's
Legat
,
General
of
the
Forces
which
went
against
Francis
Sfortia
,
into
Ancona
,
hearing
that
Italiano
and
James
Gatuano
(
who
had
fought
partly
under
Philip
and
partly
under
Eugenius
)
were
revolting
to
Francis
,
he
commanded
them
to
be
taken
before
they
could
arrive
there
,
and
put
to
Death
:
for
both
of
'em
had
one
thousand
five
hundred
Horse
under
them
.
Francis
Sfortia
was
much
concern'd
at
that
,
and
finding
himself
not
able
to
sustein
the
shock
of
his
Enemies
any
longer
,
being
set
upon
by
so
many
at
a
time
,
and
assisted
by
no
body
,
by
the
persuasions
of
Eugenius
and
Alphonso
▪
who
envied
the
Venetians
success
,
he
left
Ancona
,
and
went
into
Philip's
Army
,
over
which
he
was
made
General
.
Eugenius
,
now
,
lest
he
should
seem
to
mind
nothing
but
War
,
made
Nicolas
Tolentinas
of
the
Order
of
S.
Austin
,
who
was
famous
for
Miracles
,
a
Saint
,
and
went
personally
in
Procession
from
S.
Peter
to
S.
Austin's
attended
by
all
the
Clergy
▪
the
Roman
People
and
the
Cardinals
.
After
that
he
expelled
the
Canons
Secular
from
the
Lateran
and
admitted
onely
the
Regulars
.
He
also
built
the
Portico
,
that
goes
from
that
Church
to
the
Sancta
Sanctorum
,
and
repaired
the
Cloister
for
the
Priests
to
live
in
.
He
also
augmented
the
painting
of
the
Church
which
Martin
had
formerly
begun
;
and
carried
the
Mitre
of
S.
Sylvester
,
which
was
brought
to
Rome
from
Avignion
,
in
his
own
hands
from
the
Vatican
to
the
Lateran
with
great
veneration
of
all
the
Priests
and
People
of
Rome
.
Afterward
King
Alphonso
came
to
Tivoli
and
would
have
treated
with
Eugenius
about
the
management
of
the
War
,
but
he
heard
he
was
sick
and
so-stay'd
for
some
time
there
.
Eugenius
had
a
great
mind
to
have
plagu'd
the
Florentines
for
helping
his
Enemies
:
and
doubted
not
but
,
if
he
attaqued
them
with
his
own
,
the
King
's
,
and
Philip's
Forces
all
together
,
he
might
bring
that
City
to
what
he
pleased
.
But
all
his
Designs
were
frustrated
by
his
Death
;
for
he
dy'd
in
the
sixteenth
year
of
his
Pontificate
,
February
23.
1446.
He
was
a
Man
of
great
inconstancy
;
at
the
beginning
of
his
Reign
,
he
was
led
away
by
ill
Counsels
and
disturb'd
all
things
,
to
that
degree
,
that
he
incited
the
Roman
People
to
War
,
and
gave
Authority
to
the
Council
of
Basil
(
which
was
the
original
of
much
mischief
)
by
approving
of
their
Decrees
in
Letters
Apostolical
.
But
in
process
of
time
when
he
came
to
himself
,
he
acted
very
prudently
and
with
good
resolution
.
He
had
a
very
venerable
aspect
;
but
was
rather
grave
than
eloquent
in
his
Speech
;
an
indifferent
Scholar
,
though
a
knowing
Man
,
especially
in
History
.
He
was
bountiful
to
all
,
more
especially
Learned
Men
,
whose
company
he
loved
;
For
he
admitted
Leonard
Aretinus
,
Charles
Poggius
,
Aurispa
Trapezuntius
,
and
Blondus
,
very
learned
Men
,
to
be
his
Secretaries
.
He
was
not
easily
provoked
to
anger
for
injuries
done
him
,
or
by
the
Calumnies
,
jibes
or
scoffs
of
any
.
He
was
a
great
Patron
of
all
Schools
especially
that
at
Rome
,
where
he
had
all
kind
of
Learning
taught
.
He
loved
the
Religious
wonderfully
and
gave
'em
many
Priviledges
,
besides
Revenues
which
he
added
to
their
foundations
.
But
he
loved
War
so
much
(
which
a
Man
would
admire
in
a
Pope
)
that
besides
what
I
have
told
you
of
his
Actions
in
Italy
,
he
instigated
the
Dolphin
,
Son
to
Charles
the
French
King
(
having
first
made
Peace
between
that
King
and
the
Duke
of
Burgundy
)
to
go
with
a
great
body
of
Horse
against
those
of
Basil
.
He
did
so
,
and
routed
the
Assembly
.
And
afterward
he
sent
Vladislaus
King
of
Poland
along
with
Julian
Caesarinus
against
the
Turks
:
of
whom
thirty
thousand
were
slain
in
one
Battel
between
Adrianople
,
and
the
Danube
,
though
the
King
indeed
himself
and
the
Cardinal
too
,
was
kill'd
at
the
same
time
.
He
was
accounted
very
strict
to
his
word
,
unless
when
he
had
promised
a
thing
which
it
was
better
revoke
than
perform
.
He
kept
a
very
good
House
,
and
yet
lived
on
a
spare
Diet
himself
,
and
was
so
great
a
stranger
to
Wine
,
that
he
was
properly
called
,
the
Abstemious
.
He
had
but
very
few
familiar
Friends
,
but
they
were
all
learned
Men
,
whose
Counsel
he
made
use
of
in
great
matters
;
and
used
to
admit
into
his
Chamber
at
Supper-time
,
to
be
as
witnesses
of
his
sober
Conversation
.
And
then
he
would
ask
'em
,
what
news
in
the
City
,
what
People
thought
of
his
Government
since
he
had
been
Pope
,
that
he
might
correct
any
Errour
,
if
ought
were
amiss
either
in
his
own
Person
or
any
body
else
.
He
endeavoured
to
adorn
the
Church
with
Buildings
and
Chappels
as
appears
by
the
Pope's
Chappel
and
the
brazen
Door
of
S.
Peter's
Church
.
But
he
dy'd
,
(
as
I
told
you
)
after
he
had
done
many
great
Actions
,
in
the
sixty
fourth
year
of
his
age
,
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
,
under
a
Marble
Tomb
,
upon
which
there
are
these
Verses
;
Eugenius
jacet
hic
Quartas
,
Cor
nobile
cujas
Testantur
vitae
splendida
facta
suae
.
Istius
ante
sacros
se
praebuit
alter
ab
ortu
,
Alter
ab
occasa
Caesar
uterque
pedes
.
Alter
ut
accipiat
Fidei
documenta
Latinae
,
Alter
ut
aurato
cingat
honore
caput
.
Quo
duce
&
Armenii
,
Graiorum
exempla
fecuti
,
Romanam
agnorunt
Aethiopesque
fidem
.
Inde
Siri
ac
Arabes
,
mundique
è
finibus
Indi
.
Magna
,
sed
haec
animo
c●ncta
minora
su●
.
Nam
valida
rursum
Teucros
jam
classe
petebat
,
Dum
petit
ast
ill●m
sustulit
atra
Dies
.
Qui
semper
vanos
tumuli
contemp●it
honores
:
Atque
hac
impressa
condita
dixit
humo
.
Sed
non
quem
rubro
decoraverat
ille
galero
,
Non
hoc
Franciscus
stirps
sua
clara
tulit
.
Susceptique
memor
meriti
,
tàm
nobile
,
quod
nunc
Cernis
,
tàm
praestans
surgere
jussit
opus
.
After
his
Death
the
Seat
was
vacant
twelve
days
.
NICOLAS
V.
NICOLAS
the
Fifth
,
formerly
called
Thomas
Sarzana
,
a
Town
in
the
Territory
of
Lucca
,
was
chosen
Pope
by
general
consent
,
March
6.
1447.
Who
though
he
were
a
Man
but
of
mean
extract
(
his
Mothers
name
was
Andreola
,
and
his
Father
's
Bartholomew
a
Physician
)
yet
he
was
worthy
of
the
Pontificate
for
his
Virtue
,
Learning
,
Courtesie
,
good
Nature
,
Liberality
and
Magnificence
;
notwithstanding
all
which
he
was
so
modest
,
that
he
thought
himself
undeserving
of
so
great
an
Honour
,
and
desired
the
Cardinals
to
take
better
care
for
the
Church
of
God
.
But
when
the
Cardinal
of
Tarento
exhorted
him
not
to
resist
the
Holy
Ghost
,
he
submitted
his
shoulders
to
the
burthen
,
and
took
it
upon
him
.
The
Cardinal
of
Portugal
being
ask'd
(
as
't
is
usual
)
coming
out
of
the
Conclave
,
Who
they
had
made
Pope
?
He
answer'd
,
We
did
not
choose
Nicolas
,
but
God
has
.
There
are
who
say
,
that
this
Thomas
was
born
at
Pisa
,
brought
up
at
Lucca
,
and
made
a
Scholar
at
Bologna
,
especially
in
Philosophy
and
Divinity
which
he
learn'd
under
Nicolas
Albergate
,
Cardinal
of
S.
Cross
,
who
was
extreamly
pleased
with
the
Youths
ingenuity
,
and
parts
.
For
which
reason
he
,
in
his
Popedom
,
assumed
the
name
of
Nicolas
,
because
it
was
the
name
of
one
who
had
deserv'd
very
well
of
him
.
Having
gain'd
his
Degree
in
the
University
,
by
a
probation
in
the
most
acute
Controversies
,
the
Cardinal
of
S.
Cross
made
him
Steward
of
his
Houshold
,
and
of
the
Clerks
of
the
Penitentiary
,
till
he
got
a
Pontifical
Sub-Deaconship
by
his
good
Life
and
Conversation
,
which
all
People
admired
,
and
then
he
began
to
think
of
greater
matters
.
For
Eugenius
,
who
knew
his
Learning
and
integrity
(
especially
by
the
Disputations
that
he
had
with
the
Greeks
at
Florence
and
Ferrara
)
had
at
that
time
design'd
him
for
a
Cardinal
.
But
that
he
might
do
it
with
better
pretensions
,
he
sent
him
into
Germany
along
with
John
Carvagialla
(
who
was
afterward
Cardinal
of
S.
Angelo
)
to
dissolve
the
Council
of
Basil
,
and
the
neutrality
.
For
the
Germans
were
called
Neuters
,
because
they
would
obey
neither
Felix
nor
Eugenius
;
by
which
means
the
Church
of
God
suffer'd
greatly
,
and
the
Papacy
lost
something
of
its
grandieur
.
There
were
frequent
meetings
to
dispute
that
Point
before
Frederick
King
of
the
Romans
,
by
the
persuasions
of
Aeneas
Picolhomineus
,
who
was
afterward
Pope
;
but
at
that
time
only
Secretary
to
the
King
.
And
indeed
they
found
it
hard
to
remove
the
Germans
from
their
Opinion
,
though
it
was
altogether
false
:
as
on
the
other
side
it
was
difficult
to
induce
Eugenius's
Agents
to
comply
with
the
German
Proposals
.
At
last
the
Agents
being
mollified
,
and
the
requests
of
the
Germans
moderated
,
they
had
certainly
put
an
end
to
the
Schism
and
Neutrality
(
which
was
so
pernicious
to
the
Sea
of
Rome
)
if
the
Germans
would
have
stood
to
their
Promise
.
So
that
the
Legats
went
back
to
Eugenius
with
that
Opinion
and
were
made
Cardinals
by
general
agreement
;
to
whom
Eugenius
sent
their
Hats
whilst
they
were
yet
at
the
Porta
del
popolo
,
that
they
might
come
with
greater
honour
into
the
City
.
Thus
in
one
and
the
same
year
Thomas
got
to
be
Bishop
of
Bologna
,
Cardinal
and
Pope
,
to
the
great
satisfaction
of
the
Clergy
and
People
of
Rome
.
And
yet
when
the
Cardinals
were
in
the
Conclave
,
there
was
a
small
bustle
in
the
City
by
the
instigation
of
Stephen
Porcaro
a
Roman
Knight
,
and
an
eloquent
,
ingenious
Man
,
who
calling
his
Companions
about
him
into
the
Church
,
called
Ara
Coeli
,
encouraged
'em
to
assert
their
Liberty
:
for
he
said
that
every
petit
Town
(
when
the
Lord
of
it
was
dead
)
was
us'd
to
talk
of
Liberty
,
or
at
least
,
of
limiting
the
Power
of
their
Governours
.
But
nothing
was
done
to
that
purpose
,
because
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Benevento
then
Vice-Chamberlain
,
was
against
it
.
The
Romans
also
feared
King
Alphonso
,
who
stay'd
at
Tivoli
after
Eugenius
was
dead
,
and
was
in
doubt
with
himself
,
whether
he
should
go
back
,
or
make
War
against
the
Florentines
,
as
he
,
Eugenius
,
and
Philip
had
formerly
a
design
to
do
.
And
whilst
he
deliberated
,
two
Sieneses
,
that
got
their
livings
by
setting
People
together
by
the
ears
,
persuaded
him
to
attempt
the
Government
of
Tuscany
:
which
he
might
easily
obtain
,
if
he
were
once
Master
of
Siena
,
which
would
surrender
it self
upon
his
arrival
there
.
The
King
commended
the
Sieneses
,
and
sending
them
away
to
solicite
their
Fellow-Citizens
,
he
promised
them
to
be
there
in
such
a
time
.
But
Nicolas
the
Pope
,
who
was
a
lover
of
peace
and
quietness
,
after
he
had
kept
his
Coronation
(
as
the
fashion
is
)
and
made
many
Processions
on
foot
in
his
own
Person
,
he
sent
Cardinal
Morinensis
to
Ferrara
,
(
a
place
which
being
neutral
was
fit
for
the
Treaty
)
that
by
the
persuasion
and
Authority
of
his
Legat
,
the
Factions
might
be
the
more
induced
to
a
composure
.
Thither
also
did
Alphonsa
,
Philip
,
the
Venetians
and
Florentines
send
their
Embassadours
,
who
after
a
long
Debate
gave
Philip
leave
to
choose
,
whether
he
would
make
a
Truce
with
the
Venetians
and
Florentines
for
five
years
(
both
sides
keeping
what
they
had
▪
)
or
conclude
a
Peace
,
and
change
Crema
for
those
Towns
which
the
Venetians
had
taken
upon
the
River
Adda
;
leaving
onely
Cassan
at
the
Pope's
disposal
,
as
being
his
due
by
compact
,
to
make
amends
for
the
injuries
which
he
first
received
.
But
that
also
was
afterward
thrown
in
,
to
make
the
Peace
more
lasting
.
And
one
of
Philip's
Embassadours
was
sent
to
make
the
Proposal
to
him
;
who
found
him
dead
of
an
Apoplexy
the
day
before
he
came
to
Millain
,
August
8.
1447.
Morinensis
,
hearing
of
Philip's
death
,
sent
for
all
the
Embassadours
in
haste
to
his
House
,
and
urg'd
for
Peace
as
earnestly
as
ever
.
The
Venetians
,
when
they
were
ask'd
if
they
would
continue
of
their
former
Opinion
,
made
answer
,
That
they
could
not
tell
what
they
might
do
now
Philip
was
dead
,
but
that
they
would
write
to
the
Senate
concerning
that
Affair
,
and
do
as
they
should
order
them
.
In
the
mean
time
the
other
Embassadours
that
were
there
,
knowing
the
Venetians
ambition
to
govern
all
Italy
,
dissolv'd
the
Assembly
and
went
every
one
to
their
own
Home
,
the
Pope's
Legat
exhorting
them
to
Concord
,
but
all
in
vain
.
But
the
Venetians
,
whose
Camp
was
at
Sorefina
near
Cremona
,
in
hopes
to
take
that
tumultuous
City
by
surrender
with
the
help
of
the
Guelphs
,
when
they
heard
of
Philip's
death
march'd
presently
to
Lody
;
which
having
taken
,
they
receiv'd
those
of
Piacenza
into
their
Alliance
upon
the
same
terms
as
them
of
Lodi
;
and
sent
one
thousand
five
hundred
Horse
thither
immediately
to
assist
the
people
of
Piacenza
if
any
body
should
molest
'em
.
Francis
Sfortia
,
who
at
that
time
was
beaten
out
of
Ancona
and
quartered
in
Bologna
,
to
refresh
his
Army
,
whose
Arms
,
Horses
,
and
Men
were
almost
spent
with
this
long
War
,
when
he
heard
that
the
Venetians
had
seiz'd
all
upon
his
Father-in-law's
death
,
went
great
days
Journeys
till
he
came
to
Cremona
,
and
was
chosen
General
by
the
universal
consent
of
the
Millaineses
over
all
their
Forces
against
the
Venetians
.
And
having
made
a
Bridg
over
the
River
Po
,
which
he
fortified
with
Castles
and
Artillery
,
to
hinder
the
Venetians
from
coming
with
a
Navy
to
Piacenza
,
he
passed
the
Adda
at
Picigitono
,
and
encamp'd
not
far
from
the
Enemy
who
lay
at
Camurago
.
And
there
they
had
some
light
Skirmishes
to
try
,
I
suppose
,
the
Enemies
courage
.
The
People
of
Pavia
were
so
much
encouraged
at
Francis's
coming
,
and
so
glad
to
see
him
,
because
they
hated
to
be
subject
to
the
Millaineses
upon
an
old
grudg
that
was
between
them
,
and
on
the
other
hand
,
would
rather
suffer
any
thing
than
submit
to
the
Venetians
,
who
had
formerly
despised
their
Alliance
,
insomuch
that
they
deliver'd
their
City
up
to
Francis
without
any
more
ado
by
consent
of
the
Governour
of
the
Castle
:
which
was
such
an
Addition
to
his
grandieur
that
Sfortia
presently
affected
to
be
Lord
of
the
whole
Dutchy
of
Millain
.
These
things
passed
in
Lombardy
and
thereabouts
,
whilst
Alphonso
at
the
same
time
fell
down
with
his
Army
into
the
Sea-coast
of
Siena
,
and
had
subdued
them
(
though
the
Pope
was
against
it
)
had
not
the
Florentines
,
who
knew
the
King's
intention
,
sent
a
Messenger
to
Siena
,
to
advise
them
,
that
Alphonso
who
was
covetous
of
Dominion
,
was
no
less
their
Enemy
than
the
Florentines
.
The
Sieneses
hearing
what
danger
they
were
in
,
they
did
not
deny
the
King
any
kind
of
provisions
,
but
yet
they
would
not
suffer
any
of
his
Soldiers
to
come
within
their
Walls
.
So
that
the
King
when
he
observ'd
their
caution
,
march'd
down
into
Volaterra
,
and
Pisa
,
and
took
many
Castles
there
partly
by
surrender
and
partly
by
storm
:
which
yet
the
Florentines
recover'd
not
long
after
,
all
but
Castiglione
,
under
the
command
of
Sigismund
Malatesta
,
whom
they
had
corrupted
to
come
over
from
Alphonso
to
their
side
.
In
the
mean
time
Nicolas
the
Pope
continually
persuaded
the
King
and
the
Venetians
to
Peace
rather
than
War
;
but
they
,
who
were
grown
proud
and
unruly
would
not
hearken
to
his
good
Advice
.
Thereupon
Francis
raised
a
great
Army
,
out
of
the
main
strength
of
Italy
,
(
uniting
the
Brachian
and
Sfortian
Soldiers
)
and
pitch'd
his
Camp
in
the
middle
of
Autumn
at
Piacenza
,
in
which
was
a
good
Garrison
of
Venetians
,
and
beating
down
part
of
the
Walls
with
Cannon
he
stay'd
before
it
so
long
till
the
Po
rose
to
that
prodigious
heighth
that
his
Galeoones
came
up
to
the
very
Walls
,
and
so
attacking
it
both
by
Land
and
Water
,
at
last
he
took
and
plunder'd
it
.
This
was
a
great
Honour
to
Francis
,
to
take
so
great
a
City
and
that
in
the
Winter-time
,
when
it
rained
so
hard
,
that
the
Soldiers
were
ready
to
leave
their
Tents
.
Yet
Nicolas
was
even
then
still
talking
of
Peace
,
and
the
Florentines
were
urgent
with
their
Allies
the
Venetians
,
because
they
fear'd
the
King's
Power
,
who
was
then
with
his
Army
in
Tuscany
.
But
nothing
was
done
in
it
,
because
the
Venetians
were
unwilling
to
restore
Lodi
to
the
Millaineses
which
they
earnestly
sought
.
So
that
Nicolas
after
so
many
attempts
to
no
purpose
,
laid
aside
all
thoughts
of
making
Peace
by
such
means
,
and
applying
himself
to
religious
exercises
,
he
order'd
Days
of
Humiliation
to
be
kept
for
appeasing
God's
anger
,
and
Prayers
for
the
Peace
of
Christendom
.
And
at
the
Solemnities
the
Pope
himself
assisted
with
all
the
Clergy
in
Procession
from
S.
Peter's
to
S.
Mark
's
,
with
great
Piety
and
Religion
.
But
the
wrath
of
God
was
not
abated
for
all
that
,
so
much
had
Men
probably
deserved
it
.
For
two
years
after
there
was
such
a
Plague
in
almost
all
places
,
that
few
survived
out
of
great
numbers
.
And
this
Calamity
was
foretold
by
frequent
Earthquakes
,
and
an
Eclipse
of
the
Sun
:
nay
it
had
been
often
foretold
by
the
Friers
Predicants
;
especially
,
one
Robert
a
Franciscan
,
and
famous
Preacher
,
who
so
moved
the
people
of
Rome
with
his
Sermons
that
the
Women
and
Children
ran
about
the
City
desiring
God
to
be
merciful
unto
them
.
And
least
any
misfortune
should
be
lacking
in
Italy
,
the
Wars
which
we
told
you
were
begun
before
did
so
increase
,
that
one
would
have
thought
it
impossible
to
have
put
an
end
to
them
.
For
Francis
Sfortia
(
the
next
Summer
)
having
taken
some
Castles
from
the
Venetians
,
went
with
his
Land
and
Sea-forces
against
their
Navy
which
block'd
up
the
Cremoneses
,
and
forced
it
to
retire
to
Casal
:
thither
also
he
follow'd
it
,
and
with
his
Cannon
disabled
all
their
Ships
as
they
lay
in
the
Harbour
,
driving
the
Admiral
of
Venice
to
such
despair
that
he
burn'd
his
Navy
,
which
he
could
not
keep
,
and
ran
into
the
Town
as
fast
as
he
could
.
Francis
then
went
from
thence
,
and
took
no
farther
care
about
Cremona
,
having
destroy'd
the
Enemies
Navy
;
but
march'd
toward
Geradada
,
and
encamp'd
before
Caravagio
which
was
well
fortified
by
the
Enemies
.
The
Venetians
moved
thither
too
,
fearing
they
should
lose
their
reputation
,
if
the
Millaineses
took
the
Town
,
and
therefore
they
lay
about
a
mile
off
the
Enemy
,
and
shew'd
the
Townsmen
that
if
occasion
were
they
would
come
in
and
assist
them
.
They
had
Skirmishes
every
day
,
they
were
so
near
one
another
:
but
when
they
came
to
joyn
Battel
,
it
happen'd
to
be
in
a
narrow
way
surrounded
with
Fens
,
where
the
Vanguard
of
the
Venetians
was
so
straighten'd
,
that
they
could
not
give
back
(
as
sometimes
in
War
,
it
may
be
convenient
to
do
)
nor
yet
fight
,
the
Enemy
came
so
thick
upon
them
,
insomuch
that
they
must
of
necessity
have
perish'd
,
if
the
Reer
had
not
begun
to
run
away
.
Francis
pursu'd
'em
as
they
gave
ground
,
and
not
onely
made
himself
Master
of
their
wealthy
Camp
but
took
about
five
thousand
Horse
and
Foot
.
After
that
the
Brachians
were
,
without
Francis
his
consent
,
ordered
by
the
Millaineses
to
attaque
Lodi
,
and
he
moved
toward
Brescia
with
his
Army
and
besieged
it
.
Which
so
alarm'd
the
Venetians
,
that
they
concluded
themselves
lost
,
if
they
did
not
make
Peace
with
Francis
,
now
he
had
a
quarrel
with
the
Millaineses
;
and
a
Peace
they
did
make
upon
condition
,
That
joyning
their
Forces
against
the
Millaineses
,
all
that
they
should
take
beyond
the
River
Adda
and
Po
should
be
Francis's
,
and
that
on
this
side
the
Adda
,
should
be
the
Venetians
:
that
they
should
allow
him
(
the
Florentines
and
the
Venetians
betwixt
'em
)
sixteen
thousand
pounds
a
month
,
and
send
him
in
aid
still
,
till
he
got
possession
of
Millain
.
Having
made
this
League
and
drawn
what
Commanders
he
could
to
his
side
by
Promises
and
Presents
,
he
turn'd
toward
the
Millaineses
,
and
took
most
of
their
Cities
by
surrender
.
At
this
success
of
his
the
Venetians
were
so
concern'd
,
when
they
saw
his
fortune
much
better
than
they
expected
,
that
they
took
Crema
according
to
agreement
and
recalling
all
their
Soldiers
they
made
Peace
with
the
Millaineses
,
as
fearing
the
power
of
Francis
,
if
he
once
got
into
Millain
.
But
Francis
pretended
a
kindness
to
the
Venetians
,
and
being
assisted
and
supply'd
more
out
of
Cosmo
di
Medices's
private
Pocket
than
out
of
the
Treasury
of
Florence
,
after
a
long
and
tedious
Siege
,
and
many
bloody
Skirmishes
,
in
the
middle
of
Winter
,
though
some
of
his
Men
forsook
him
and
joined
with
the
Enemy
,
and
Alphonso
was
against
him
,
who
claimed
Millain
as
his
Birthright
(
and
therefore
kept
Lewis
Gonzaga
in
pay
,
whom
he
sent
against
the
Bolognians
,
that
his
Men
might
pass
with
more
safety
into
Lombardy
)
he
at
last
took
Millain
in
the
year
1449.
'T
is
true
,
the
Venetians
did
assist
the
Millaineses
,
under
the
conduct
of
Sigismund
Malatesta
(
who
was
to
join
with
Picenninus
,
that
fought
under
the
Millaineses
)
but
after
such
a
lame
rate
,
that
they
were
famish'd
and
yielded
up
the
City
rather
to
the
Venetians
than
to
Francis
.
Wherefore
the
Venetians
seeing
the
thing
went
quite
contrary
to
their
expectation
,
they
treated
with
Alphonso
,
who
was
an
utter
Enemy
to
Francis
,
and
made
a
League
with
him
,
to
rout
the
ambitious
Man
out
of
Millain
before
he
grew
too
strong
.
They
also
sollicited
the
Florentines
to
do
the
same
;
who
said
they
would
never
be
against
Francis
,
and
therefore
the
Venetians
banish'd
their
Merchants
out
of
their
Dominions
,
and
prevailed
with
Alphonso
to
do
the
like
.
Nicolas
the
Pope
,
seeing
all
Italy
in
Arms
,
did
often
interpose
his
Authority
to
make
a
Peace
,
that
all
people
might
come
the
next
year
freely
out
of
all
Europe
to
the
Jubilee
;
for
the
fiftieth
year
was
acoming
wherein
the
Jubilee
was
to
be
celebrated
after
the
usual
manner
.
Besides
he
made
six
Cardinals
,
of
which
number
were
Latinus
,
Vrsinus
,
and
his
own
Brother
by
the
Mothers
side
,
called
Philip
,
Cardinal
of
S.
Laurence
in
Lucina
,
a
very
good
Man
and
of
a
generous
disposition
.
Mean
time
Frederick
the
Emperour
,
at
the
Pope's
request
,
forced
Felix
to
renounce
the
Popedom
,
because
he
saw
how
pernicious
and
destructive
so
much
Sedition
had
been
to
the
Church
of
Rome
.
Yet
Nicolas
was
so
civil
and
kind
to
Amadeus
,
that
he
sent
him
a
Cardinals
Hat
,
with
Legantine
Power
in
Germany
,
that
he
might
not
live
without
some
Honour
at
least
.
And
those
Cardinals
also
which
Amadeus
had
made
,
submitted
.
This
agreement
of
theirs
did
so
rejoyce
not
onely
all
the
Clergy
,
but
the
people
of
Rome
,
that
the
Night
after
they
heard
of
it
,
April
23.
1449.
they
rode
about
the
City
with
Flambeaus
in
their
Hands
,
and
cry'd
out
,
Long
live
Nicolas
.
The
Pope
,
that
he
might
not
seem
unthankful
to
God
for
so
extraordinary
a
benefit
,
went
publickly
to
Prayers
in
the
Vatican
along
with
the
Clergy
and
the
people
.
The
like
was
done
all
Italy
over
,
when
they
saw
the
Church
of
God
freed
from
such
a
pernicious
Sedition
.
Nay
the
Pope's
Authority
and
esteem
was
so
great
,
that
he
restrain'd
even
Princes
for
some
time
,
when
they
had
a
mind
to
make
War
.
For
James
Picenninus
,
Sigismund
Malatesta
,
and
Charles
Gonzaga
,
who
were
Francis
Sfortia's
bitter
,
mortal
Enemies
,
incited
the
Venetians
to
that
War
.
The
Venetians
also
had
drawn
the
Duke
of
Savoy
into
their
Alliance
,
together
with
the
Marquis
of
Montferrat
and
the
Lords
of
Corregio
:
and
try'd
to
bring
over
the
Bolognians
and
those
of
Perugia
,
but
in
vain
,
for
the
Pope
was
against
it
and
threaten'd
'em
with
his
displeasure
if
they
offer'd
to
do
it
.
They
likewise
indented
with
Alphonso
,
that
whilst
they
attaqued
Francis
,
he
should
engage
the
Florentines
.
But
Francis
relying
upon
the
friendship
and
power
of
the
Florentines
,
and
having
taken
Lewis
Gonzaga
Prince
of
Mantoua
into
his
Alliance
,
he
prepared
himself
with
courage
for
the
War
.
Hence
arose
great
Animosities
between
Charles
and
Lewis
,
that
Lewis
should
court
his
Alliance
,
who
was
Charles's
Enemy
,
and
because
he
had
kept
some
Towns
from
him
which
his
Father
left
him
by
his
Will.
For
Lewis
was
his
Brother's
security
when
he
was
once
arrested
for
eighty
thousand
pounds
;
and
Charles
having
no
mind
to
part
with
his
Land
,
he
chose
rather
to
pay
the
Money
to
Francis
(
who
was
for
Money
or
Towns
either
)
and
keep
the
Towns
in
his
own
hands
,
as
being
near
and
conveniently
situated
.
For
this
reason
Charles
blamed
his
Brother
and
accused
him
as
a
Robber
,
not
onely
to
the
Venetians
,
on
whose
side
he
was
,
but
to
the
Emperour
,
by
whose
assistance
he
expected
to
have
right
done
him
.
And
now
the
Year
of
Jubilee
was
come
,
when
such
a
multitude
of
people
flock'd
to
Rome
,
as
never
were
seen
there
before
;
So
that
,
when
they
came
from
seeing
our
Saviours
Picture
,
in
the
Vatican
,
back
into
the
City
,
a
Mule
which
was
in
the
way
,
belonging
to
Peter
Barbus
,
Cardinal
of
S.
Mark
's
,
was
throng'd
to
death
,
and
two
hundred
Men
and
three
Horses
trodden
to
Dirt
and
suffocated
in
the
crow'd
upon
the
Bridg
near
S.
Angelo
.
Besides
many
that
fell
from
the
sides
of
the
Bridg
into
the
River
and
perish'd
in
the
Water
.
It
is
certain
there
were
one
hundred
thirty
six
buried
upon
that
occasion
in
S.
Celsus's
;
and
the
rest
carried
to
Campo
Sancto
.
Hereupon
Pope
Nicolas
,
who
was
heartily
sorry
for
them
,
pull'd
down
certain
little
Cottages
that
straighten'd
the
way
to
the
Bridg
and
spent
most
of
that
Year
in
Processions
,
daily
visiting
one
noted
Church
or
other
,
whither
he
was
attended
by
all
the
Cardinals
.
He
likewise
took
care
,
that
though
there
were
such
a
vast
number
of
people
,
yet
they
should
want
nothing
that
was
necessary
for
them
:
nor
was
he
wanting
with
Curses
and
Guards
to
deter
High-way
Men
from
molesting
those
Strangers
that
came
to
the
City
at
that
time
.
The
next
year
he
heard
that
Frederick
the
Emperour
was
coming
to
the
City
,
to
receive
his
Imperial
Crown
,
and
to
marry
Leonora
,
Daughter
to
the
King
of
Portugal
,
and
Alphonso's
Niece
;
wherefore
he
fortified
the
Gates
and
Towers
of
the
City
,
as
also
the
Castle
of
S.
Angelo
as
well
as
he
could
,
out
of
fear
,
I
suppose
,
lest
the
Emperour
's
coming
should
make
some
new
commotion
there
:
he
being
naturally
very
timorous
.
For
that
reason
he
call'd
all
his
Forces
to
Rome
,
and
,
to
oblige
the
People
,
chose
thirteen
Senators
,
to
govern
the
thirteen
Wards
of
the
City
,
and
gave
'em
thirteen
Scarlet
Gowns
.
The
Emperour
upon
his
arrival
was
met
by
thirteen
Cardinals
,
with
all
the
Nobility
and
Magistracy
of
the
City
,
and
having
passed
the
Castle
gate
was
saluted
at
S.
Peter's
,
by
the
Pope
himself
:
by
whom
he
was
conducted
into
the
Church
,
with
his
Empress
Leonora
,
whom
he
had
met
at
Siena
lately
arrived
out
of
Spain
,
upon
March
9.
1452.
And
from
thence
(
after
Mass
said
)
they
departed
,
and
lodg'd
in
that
House
which
stands
by
S.
Peter's
Stairs
to
this
day
,
though
it
looks
better
than
it
did
,
because
it
was
beautified
at
the
cost
and
charge
of
the
Cardinal
of
Constance
.
For
some
days
after
the
Pope
said
Mass
in
his
own
Person
,
and
blessed
the
Emperour
and
Empress
after
the
usual
manner
at
Weddings
,
before
the
Bridegroom
lies
with
his
Bride
:
and
presented
them
with
the
Crown
Imperial
upon
the
eighteenth
of
that
month
,
in
the
same
place
.
As
the
Emperour
was
going
,
after
his
Coronation
,
to
S.
John's
,
he
made
several
Knights
upon
the
Bridg
at
S.
Angelo
.
Then
he
and
his
Empress
went
into
Naples
,
to
see
King
Alphonso
,
by
whom
he
was
receiv'd
with
all
splendour
and
magnificence
;
and
afterward
returning
to
Rome
by
Sea
,
he
took
his
Journey
immediately
for
his
own
Countrey
,
because
he
heard
that
some
Princes
in
Germany
and
Hungary
,
were
upon
new
Designs
on
the
behalf
of
King
Ladislaus
(
a
fine
young
Gentleman
)
whom
he
had
brought
along
with
him
.
When
he
departed
,
two
Cardinals
attended
upon
him
several
miles
,
that
is
to
say
,
the
Cardinal
of
Bologna
,
who
was
the
Pope's
Brother
and
Carvagialla
Cardinal
of
S.
Angelo
.
Now
when
the
Emperour
was
gone
,
the
Venetians
raised
a
great
Army
and
march'd
into
Cremona
,
where
they
spoil'd
all
they
came
near
,
besieging
Soncio
and
the
adjacent
Towns
,
which
they
not
long
after
took
,
together
with
some
Troops
of
Horse
,
that
fell
into
their
hands
,
because
Francis
had
not
his
Men
ready
so
soon
as
he
should
have
had
.
But
after
that
when
Lewis
Gonzaga
his
Friend
and
Ally
came
up
,
he
went
into
Brescia
and
brought
the
Venetians
to
such
an
extremity
that
they
durst
not
venture
out
of
their
Fens
,
to
fight
in
the
open
Campaigne
.
For
that
reason
the
Venetians
were
willing
to
protract
the
time
,
as
placing
all
their
hopes
of
Victory
in
delays
,
because
they
thought
Francis
could
not
hold
out
long
,
at
such
a
charge
for
want
of
Money
.
They
likewise
hoped
,
that
the
Millaineses
would
think
of
their
Liberty
which
he
had
lately
extorted
from
them
,
and
,
whilst
Francis
was
engaged
in
such
an
important
War
,
endeavour
to
shake
off
the
yoke
of
servitude
by
some
new
commotions
.
Ferdinand
,
at
this
time
by
the
command
of
his
Father
Alphonso
marched
into
Tuscany
with
about
eight
thousand
Horse
,
and
four
thousand
Foot
,
against
the
Florentines
:
and
when
he
had
tempted
Cortona
to
rebel
,
he
took
Foiano
a
Town
near
Arezzo
after
forty
days
Siege
,
with
the
loss
of
a
great
many
Men
on
both
sides
.
He
march'd
from
thence
into
Siena
,
and
after
he
had
vainly
attempted
the
taking
of
Castellina
,
he
fell
down
into
the
Sea-coast
of
Siena
to
Winter
,
but
took
some
Castles
from
those
of
Volaterra
by
the
way
.
Sigismund
Malatesta
who
was
General
of
the
Florentine
Army
observ'd
his
motions
all
along
,
with
Design
to
take
an
opportunity
of
doing
his
business
the
more
successfully
.
But
the
Florentines
fearing
the
Power
of
Alphonso
and
the
Venetians
both
by
Sea
and
Land
,
resolv'd
with
the
consent
of
Francis
,
to
call
in
forein
Aid
;
and
upon
that
account
they
sent
Angelus
Accioiolus
,
a
Knight
,
their
Envoy
into
France
,
who
,
recounting
the
continual
kindnesses
between
the
Florentines
and
that
Crown
,
induced
him
to
command
the
Duke
of
Savoy
and
the
Grisons
,
that
had
taken
up
Arms
against
Francis
,
not
to
injure
the
Friend
and
Ally
of
the
Florentines
either
by
word
or
deed
,
if
they
would
have
him
their
Friend
.
He
also
persuaded
Renatus
to
accept
of
his
assistance
by
Men
and
Money
,
in
order
to
retrieve
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
,
from
whence
he
had
been
expelled
by
Alphonso
:
seeing
the
King
was
at
that
time
engaged
in
the
Florentine
Wars
.
After
this
Embassy
the
Florentines
and
Francis
grew
so
prosperous
,
that
the
Venetians
were
glad
to
make
Peace
,
their
Army
which
they
had
sent
against
the
Prince
of
Mantua
under
the
command
of
Charles
Gonzaga
,
being
routed
not
far
from
Godio
:
This
Army
had
been
raised
and
dispatch'd
away
under
Gonzaga
,
to
hinder
the
Mantuan
and
Brandoline
,
who
were
bringing
together
Forces
for
the
service
of
Sforza
,
from
joyning
with
him
,
by
which
means
he
would
have
easily
been
able
to
overcome
their
less
powerful
Army
under
Gentilis
.
Carviagalla
came
the
year
before
to
the
Armies
,
to
make
Peace
between
them
,
in
the
name
of
Nicolas
;
but
went
away
without
any
satisfaction
,
calling
both
God
and
Man
to
witness
,
it
was
not
long
of
Nicolas
that
a
Peace
was
not
setled
in
Italy
,
but
that
he
was
desirous
it
should
be
so
,
that
War
might
be
made
against
the
Turks
by
the
unanimous
consent
of
Christendom
.
For
he
had
heard
that
the
Turks
were
making
preparations
against
Constantinople
,
and
therefore
sent
Cardinal
Ruten
thither
,
who
was
a
Constantinopolitan
born
,
to
promise
the
Emperour
and
the
Citizens
his
Assistance
,
if
they
would
return
to
the
Catholick
Church
,
as
they
had
promised
in
the
Council
of
Florence
.
In
the
mean
time
Renatus
,
who
was
desirous
to
recover
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
(
in
order
whereunto
Francis
and
the
Florentines
had
promised
him
their
assistance
,
if
he
would
pass
the
Alps
against
the
Venetians
)
attempted
,
but
in
vain
,
to
make
his
way
through
Savoy
with
two
thousand
Horse
,
and
having
spent
most
of
the
Summer
in
that
Affair
,
went
another
way
to
Savona
,
and
so
to
Francis
.
Francis
was
so
proud
of
the
company
of
so
great
a
King
,
and
was
so
well
recruited
both
as
to
Men
and
Courage
,
that
he
chased
his
Enemy
into
the
Mountains
of
Brescia
.
And
after
that
march'd
round
Brescia
and
Bergamo
,
where
he
took
forty
Towns
partly
by
storm
,
and
partly
by
surrender
.
But
the
Winter
coming
on
,
they
all
went
into
their
Winter
Quarters
,
and
Renatus
,
leaving
his
Son
at
Florence
,
returned
(
much
dissatisfied
both
with
the
Florentines
and
Francis
)
into
France
.
All
Peoples
courage
began
now
to
cool
with
the
Season
▪
and
the
States
and
Princes
finding
their
Treasuries
almost
exhausted
with
the
continual
charges
of
a
War
,
they
began
to
think
of
Peace
,
which
Nicolas
had
formerly
attempted
:
and
the
Venetians
and
Florentines
who
hated
the
licentiousness
of
the
common
Soldiers
,
were
now
mightily
for
it
.
Nicolas
having
just
discover'd
the
conspiracy
of
Stephen
Porcarius
a
Knight
of
Rome
,
neglected
that
Affair
,
though
it
were
in
a
fair
way
,
and
apply'd
himself
to
remove
those
civil
Animosities
.
For
Stephen
had
more
Courage
than
Power
,
and
was
a
very
great
Master
of
his
Mother-Tongue
,
and
having
made
broad
Signs
that
he
would
free
his
Country
(
as
I
told
you
)
was
banish'd
by
the
Pope
into
Bologna
,
upon
condition
,
that
every
day
he
should
present
himself
to
Nicen
who
was
Governour
of
the
City
.
But
he
pretending
himself
sick
cheated
the
Governour
,
and
by
advise
of
the
Conspirators
went
back
to
Rome
in
all
haste
,
with
a
Design
,
as
soon
as
he
came
thither
to
cry
out
Liberty
to
the
People
and
seize
upon
the
Pope
and
Cardinals
.
But
whilst
he
lay
down
a
little
while
,
tired
with
the
length
of
his
Journey
and
much
watching
(
for
he
had
been
some
whole
Nights
without
sleep
)
he
gave
them
opportunity
and
time
to
discover
the
Plot.
When
the
Pope
knew
of
his
audacious
Design
,
he
presently
sent
James
Lavagnolus
,
a
Senator
,
a
Veronese
and
Sub-Chamberlain
with
a
Guard
to
take
and
put
him
into
Prison
.
He
hearing
of
their
coming
,
fled
to
his
Sisters
House
,
and
left
Baptista
Sarra
,
with
a
few
Servants
at
his
own
;
who
being
an
active
,
bold
Fellow
,
got
both
himself
and
his
Companions
out
of
the
House
and
escaped
without
any
hurt
.
But
being
inform'd
whither
Stephen
was
gone
,
they
took
him
at
his
Sisters
,
where
he
lay
hid
in
a
Chest
,
and
having
confess'd
the
whole
story
of
the
Plot
,
they
hang'd
him
under
Castel
S.
Angelo
.
Angelus
Massa
and
his
Son
had
the
same
punishment
in
the
Capitol
,
together
with
their
Accomplice
,
Savus
,
having
first
read
the
Narrative
of
the
Plot
publickly
,
January
9.
1453.
After
that
he
persecuted
and
destroy'd
all
the
rest
of
the
Conspirators
,
especially
Francis
Gabadeus
,
and
Peter
de
Monterotundo
,
with
Baptista
Sarra
who
was
deliver'd
up
to
Justice
by
the
Venetians
.
For
to
them
had
he
fled
after
the
Conspiracy
was
discover'd
.
But
Nicolas
who
hitherto
had
treated
the
Romans
with
all
Liberality
and
kindness
,
and
went
about
the
City
with
more
freedom
,
than
ever
any
Pope
before
him
,
was
more
cautious
for
the
future
,
and
more
morose
too
not
onely
to
all
in
general
,
but
especially
to
the
Romans
:
whom
he
would
not
admit
to
speak
with
him
.
Besides
he
had
the
Gout
very
severely
;
but
nothing
tormented
him
so
much
as
when
he
heard
that
the
Turk
had
taken
Constantinople
and
Pera
at
one
time
,
and
that
the
Emperour
of
Constantinople
with
many
thousands
more
,
was
kill'd
.
He
was
afraid
lest
Cardinal
Ruten
might
have
been
taken
and
kill'd
too
(
whom
he
(
I
told
you
)
sent
thither
)
but
he
escaped
in
a
disguise
.
The
Pope
had
a
mind
to
assist
the
Constantinopolitans
with
Soldiers
and
a
Navy
,
as
his
Letters
which
he
wrote
to
the
Emperour
do
testifie
:
wherein
among
other
misfortunes
he
blames
them
for
their
revolting
from
the
Church
,
and
their
pretended
affection
to
the
Latines
:
but
that
City
was
taken
so
suddenly
,
that
he
had
hardly
any
time
to
think
of
sending
Aid
.
Besides
all
these
things
,
lest
any
thing
should
be
lacking
to
torment
him
,
the
Count
Aversus
attaqued
Norscia
without
his
Order
,
being
hired
to
do
so
by
those
of
Spoleto
:
for
those
two
People
had
a
Controversie
concerning
their
Bounds
.
Hereupon
he
sent
Angelus
Ronco
with
the
Church-Forces
to
stop
the
Count's
passage
,
that
he
might
not
return
to
his
own
Towns
.
But
he
hearing
that
Angelus
was
in
the
fault
that
the
Soldiers
did
not
take
the
Count
as
he
came
back
,
he
sent
for
him
into
Castel
S.
Angelo
and
put
him
to
death
at
three
of
the
Clock
at
Night
.
Some
write
,
that
Nicolas
was
very
sorry
for
that
Action
,
that
the
Governour
of
the
Castle
should
execute
what
he
in
passion
commanded
him
,
so
punctually
.
The
Venetians
now
seeing
it
was
to
no
purpose
to
talk
of
Peace
,
(
for
they
had
often
attempted
it
)
and
fearing
lest
Francis
should
slight
it
by
the
persuasion
of
Lewis
Gonzaga
,
they
sent
James
Picennine
their
General
,
with
a
great
body
of
Horse
in
all
speed
to
Volta
:
which
when
he
had
taken
and
repelled
Angelus
into
Godio
(
not
without
damage
to
Lewis
,
who
was
then
sick
there
)
they
recalled
him
into
his
Winter-Quarters
,
thinking
that
Lewis
was
now
sufficiently
moved
to
seek
Peace
.
In
the
mean
time
Simonetus
,
an
Ermit
,
went
up
and
down
from
one
to
the
other
,
and
persuaded
sometimes
the
Venetians
and
sometimes
Francis
to
Concord
so
long
till
he
made
'em
agree
upon
a
Peace
,
which
was
publickly
proclaimed
,
April
9.
1454.
upon
these
terms
,
That
every
one
should
have
all
that
was
theirs
before
the
War
restored
to
'em
,
except
Geradada
and
Gastiglione
di
Pescara
,
of
which
the
former
Francis
had
taken
from
the
Venetians
,
and
Alphonsus
the
later
from
the
Florentines
.
And
to
make
it
the
stronger
,
as
also
that
Alphonso
might
see
,
they
had
respect
to
him
as
a
King
,
the
Princes
and
States
thought
fit
to
send
Embassadours
to
him
:
where
when
they
arrived
from
all
places
,
Dominicus
Capranius
,
Cardinal
of
S.
Crosses
and
great
Penitentiary
,
(
a
Man
of
great
Prudence
and
Authority
)
who
was
sent
Legat
from
the
Pope
,
by
his
exhortations
and
admonitions
offering
himself
the
Umpire
for
the
Peace
,
he
brought
him
at
last
to
agree
that
the
Peace
which
the
Venetians
and
Francis
had
made
,
should
be
confirm'd
,
and
assented
to
by
all
Parties
;
and
if
any
quarrel
happen'd
between
them
for
the
future
,
that
the
Pope
should
have
Power
to
decide
it
:
as
also
that
whoever
should
offer
violence
to
the
other
,
should
be
censur'd
by
the
Pope
,
and
reckon'd
a
common
Enemy
.
When
therefore
they
had
all
taken
an
Oath
to
perform
it
,
the
Peace
was
confirm'd
at
Naples
,
about
a
year
after
the
former
Peace
,
which
was
accounted
the
most
firm
that
ever
our
Ancestors
knew
.
For
all
except
the
Genoeses
joyn'd
in
it
;
but
Alphonso
could
not
agree
with
them
by
any
means
,
because
they
promised
him
Tribute
and
did
not
pay
it
,
as
he
said
.
There
was
also
left
a
good
pretence
for
a
War
either
by
the
neglect
or
design
of
the
Embassadours
,
which
Alphonso
made
use
of
afterward
against
Sigismund
Malatesta
;
that
he
should
receive
Money
of
Alphonso
as
a
Soldiers
pay
,
and
yet
fight
under
the
Florentines
against
him
.
But
Nicolas
,
the
Pope
,
whether
for
grief
at
Constantinoples
being
taken
,
or
whether
of
a
Fever
and
the
Gout
wherewithal
he
was
very
much
tormented
,
died
in
the
eighth
year
of
his
Pontificate
,
1455.
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
very
honourably
;
upon
whose
Tombstone
this
Epitaph
is
deservedly
inscribed
;
Hic
sita
sunt
quinti
Nicolai
antistitis
ossa
,
Aurea
qui
dederat
secula
,
Roma
,
tibi
.
Consilio
illustris
,
virtute
illustrior
omni
,
Excoluit
Doctos
doctior
ipse
Viros
.
Abstulit
errorem
quo
Schisma
infecerat
urbem
Restituit
mores
,
moenia
,
templa
,
domos
.
Tum
Bernardino
statuit
sua
sacra
Senensi
,
Sancta
Jubilei
tempora
dùm
celebrat
.
Cinxit
honore
caput
Frederici
conjugis
aureo
Res
Italas
icto
foedere
composuit
.
Attica
Romanae
complura
volumina
linguae
Prodidit
,
en
!
tumulo
fundite
thura
sacro
.
He
was
commendable
for
his
Liberality
toward
all
,
especially
Learned
Men
,
whom
he
advanced
with
Money
,
Court-preferments
,
and
Benefices
;
whom
he
would
sometimes
put
upon
reading
publick
Lectures
,
sometimes
upon
writing
some
new
thing
,
and
sometimes
upon
translating
Greek
Authors
into
Latin
,
insomuch
that
the
Greek
and
Latin
Tongues
which
had
lain
hid
for
six
hundred
years
,
at
last
regain'd
their
splendour
to
some
considerable
degree
.
He
also
sent
those
Learned
Men
all
over
Europe
to
find
out
such
Books
,
as
had
been
lost
either
by
the
negligence
of
Antiquity
,
or
the
brutal
fury
of
the
barbarous
Nations
.
So
that
Poggius
found
out
Quintilian
;
and
Enoch
Asculanus
,
Marcus
Caelius
Appicius
,
as
also
Pomponius
Porphyrio
,
a
famous
Writer
upon
Horace
.
Besides
,
he
erected
most
stately
Buildings
in
the
City
,
and
the
Vatican
:
in
the
City
,
a
noble
House
for
Popes
,
near
S.
Marie
the
Greater
,
and
repaired
S.
Stephen's
Church
that
stands
in
the
Mount
di
S.
Giovanni
,
but
built
S.
Theodores
,
that
stands
upon
the
Plain
between
the
Palazzo
Maggiore
and
the
Campidoglio
,
from
the
ground
.
He
likewise
covered
the
roof
of
S.
Mary
the
Round
which
stands
in
the
middle
of
the
City
,
an
ancient
Temple
built
by
Agrippa
,
with
Lead
.
And
in
the
Vatican
he
not
onely
beautified
the
Pope's
House
after
that
manner
which
we
see
,
but
he
began
the
Walls
of
the
Vatican
,
very
large
and
high
,
laying
foundations
for
Towers
,
and
a
vast
Superstructure
,
whereby
to
keep
the
Enemy
from
plundering
the
Pope's
House
,
or
St.
Peter's
Church
,
as
formerly
was
often
used
.
Furthermore
,
at
the
upper
end
of
S.
Peter's
he
began
a
great
Gallery
to
make
the
Church
more
glorious
,
and
hold
more
People
.
He
also
repaired
Ponte
Melle
:
and
built
a
fine
House
at
Viterbo
near
the
Baths
.
Nor
onely
so
,
but
he
lent
many
others
Money
who
were
a
building
in
the
City
;
and
by
his
order
the
Streets
were
paved
.
He
was
very
Charitable
,
especially
to
Persons
of
Quality
if
they
happen'd
to
be
reduced
to
poverty
;
and
gave
poor
Maids
a
competent
Portion
when
they
were
married
.
He
always
received
forein
Embassadours
very
honourably
and
freely
.
He
was
easily
anger'd
,
to
say
the
truth
,
being
a
cholerick
Man
,
but
he
was
easily
pleased
again
:
and
that
gave
some
ill-natur'd
People
the
occasion
to
carp
at
him
,
though
he
deserved
extreamly
well
of
God
and
Man
.
Then
he
was
so
far
from
Covetousness
,
that
he
never
sold
any
Place
,
nor
ever
was
guilty
of
Simony
.
He
was
kind
to
them
,
who
had
deserved
well
of
himself
and
the
Church
of
God
,
a
lover
of
Justice
,
the
Author
and
preserver
of
Peace
,
merciful
to
Offenders
,
a
diligent
observer
of
Ceremonies
,
and
would
omit
nothing
belonging
to
Divine
Worship
.
The
Vessels
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
Crosses
set
with
Jewels
,
Priestly
Robes
adorn'd
with
Gold
and
Pearls
,
the
Arras
Hangings
interwoven
with
Gold
and
Silver
and
a
Papal
Crown
are
yet
to
be
seen
as
Monuments
of
his
Munificence
.
I
do
not
mention
the
many
holy
Books
that
were
transcribed
by
his
Order
and
embossed
with
Gold
and
Silver
:
but
you
may
see
the
Pope's
Library
,
which
was
wonderfully
augmented
by
his
care
,
and
at
his
charge
.
He
was
so
kind
to
the
Religious
that
he
gave
'em
a
great
deal
of
Money
and
Ecclesiastical
Benefices
besides
;
and
Canonized
S.
Bernardine
of
Siena
,
a
Frier
Minor
,
because
by
his
Preaching
,
Admonitions
,
and
Reproofs
,
he
had
almost
extinguish'd
the
Factions
of
Italy
,
that
is
to
say
,
the
Guelphs
and
the
Gibelline
Faction
,
and
shew'd
Christians
the
way
to
live
well
and
happily
:
whose
Body
is
now
to
be
seen
,
and
daily
visited
with
great
veneration
,
at
Aquila
.
CALIXTVS
III.
CALIXTVS
the
Third
,
first
called
Alphonso
Borgia
,
a
Spaniard
,
born
at
Sativa
in
the
Diocese
of
Valenza
,
(
whose
Father
and
Mother
were
called
John
and
Francis
,
of
a
Gentile
Family
,
and
gave
him
good
Education
)
was
made
Pope
by
consent
of
the
Cardinals
,
April
8.
1455.
First
for
his
Education
;
he
was
but
fourteen
years
old
when
,
having
laid
the
foundations
of
Learning
elsewhere
,
he
went
to
the
University
of
Lerida
,
where
he
attained
to
such
perfection
,
that
in
a
short
time
he
commenced
Doctor
in
Civil
and
Canon
Law
,
and
made
very
learned
Readings
to
those
that
came
to
hear
him
.
So
that
Peter
Luna
(
called
Benedict
the
XIII
.
)
on
his
own
accord
and
without
asking
,
gave
him
a
Canonship
of
the
Church
of
Lerida
.
And
now
becoming
famous
for
his
Learning
he
went
to
Alphonso
King
of
Aragon
;
and
was
made
his
Secretary
and
one
of
his
Privy
Council
.
Afterward
he
was
made
Governour
of
the
Church
of
Majorca
,
and
his
Friends
persuaded
him
to
be
Parson
of
that
Church
;
he
refused
it
,
and
said
,
he
expected
to
be
Bishop
of
Valenza
,
as
not
long
after
he
deservedly
came
to
be
.
For
when
Benedict
the
XIII
.
was
dead
,
and
those
two
Anti-Cardinals
,
which
I
told
you
of
in
the
life
of
Martin
,
had
made
one
Giles
,
a
Canon
of
Barcelona
,
Pope
(
in
the
room
of
the
other
that
dy'd
at
Panischola
)
whom
they
called
Clement
the
eighth
,
Alphonso
Boria
was
presently
sent
thither
by
King
Alphonso
,
(
who
was
now
agreed
with
Martin
)
not
without
apparent
danger
of
his
own
life
as
well
as
those
that
attended
on
him
:
So
tyrannically
was
Panischola
kept
,
and
govern'd
by
those
chiefly
whose
interest
it
was
to
breed
discord
.
This
Alphonso
then
made
Giles
so
sensible
of
his
Errour
by
his
Reason
and
Authority
,
that
upon
the
arrival
of
Peter
the
Pope's
Legat
,
he
quitted
the
Popedom
and
submitted
to
the
Papal
jurisdiction
.
Upon
this
account
Martin
made
Giles
Bishop
of
Majorca
,
and
Alphonso
Bishop
of
Valenza
.
After
that
,
when
Wars
arose
between
Alphonso
of
Aragon
and
James
King
of
Castile
,
Alphonso
Borgia
was
thought
the
onely
fit
Man
,
to
go
and
exhort
the
two
Kings
to
peace
and
amity
;
which
after
seven
years
Wars
he
procured
,
and
made
such
a
lasting
Peace
,
by
conjugal
Alliances
as
well
as
other
means
,
that
some
Conditions
of
that
League
are
observed
even
to
this
day
.
But
when
the
Council
of
Basil
was
at
the
heighth
,
King
Alphonso
,
who
was
then
at
War
in
Naples
,
being
desired
to
send
some
body
thither
,
he
order'd
Alphonso
Borgia
to
go
:
who
taking
it
ill
that
a
thing
of
such
pernicious
consequence
should
be
committed
to
his
management
,
he
got
leave
of
the
Queen
,
to
go
into
Italy
to
the
King
with
Ferdinand
the
King's
Son
,
and
exhort
him
,
that
after
so
many
dangerous
expeditions
,
and
difficulties
with
which
he
was
even
at
that
time
surrounded
,
he
would
return
into
his
own
Country
.
But
the
King
told
him
he
would
not
,
but
sent
him
to
Eugenius
,
who
was
then
at
Florence
,
to
treat
concerning
a
Peace
.
For
Viteleschus
having
enter'd
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
in
Eugenius's
name
with
an
Army
,
plunder'd
and
spoil'd
all
that
came
before
him
,
to
hinder
the
King
from
taking
Naples
,
which
at
that
time
he
laid
Siege
to
.
But
the
business
taking
up
time
,
and
the
Pope
intending
in
the
mean
time
to
make
twenty
Cardinals
,
among
the
rest
design'd
the
Bishop
of
Valenza
should
be
one
:
though
he
refused
the
honour
with
all
the
earnestness
imaginable
;
because
,
he
said
,
it
was
not
fit
for
him
to
receive
especially
till
he
had
done
the
business
that
he
came
for
.
Afterward
Eugenius
return'd
to
Rome
,
the
Patriarch
of
Aquilegia
,
whom
he
sent
to
Tarracina
to
the
King
,
having
made
a
Peace
between
the
Pope
and
the
King
,
upon
Conditions
,
at
the
making
of
which
the
Bishop
of
Valenza
was
present
,
and
interposed
his
Authority
and
care
,
for
which
the
Pope
began
to
love
him
so
well
,
that
he
soon
after
made
him
Cardinal
Sanctorum
quatuor
,
and
sent
for
him
to
Rome
,
where
he
used
no
less
modesty
in
his
Cardinalate
,
than
he
had
before
in
his
Bishoprick
,
being
always
free
and
far
from
pomp
and
vain-glory
.
When
he
spoke
in
the
Senate
,
he
was
reckon'd
so
grave
and
sincere
a
person
that
he
never
spake
any
thing
out
of
flattery
,
or
to
win
favour
.
But
Eugenius
dying
and
Nicolas
after
him
,
this
Alphonso
Borgia
,
as
I
told
you
,
was
made
Pope
in
S.
Peter's
Palace
,
taking
upon
him
the
name
of
Calistus
,
and
immediately
proclaimed
War
against
the
Turks
:
shewing
his
own
hand-writing
whereby
he
had
vowed
to
do
so
even
before
his
Pontificate
in
a
Book
of
his
to
this
purpose
;
I
Calixtus
do
vow
to
God
and
the
Holy
Trinity
that
I
will
persecute
the
Turks
those
Enemies
of
Christianity
,
with
War
,
Curses
,
Interdictions
,
Execrations
and
by
all
the
ways
I
am
able
.
All
that
were
by
admired
at
it
,
that
he
should
arrogate
to
himself
the
name
of
Pope
before
he
had
the
honour
conferr'd
,
and
that
a
Man
who
was
so
old
and
decrepit
,
should
have
so
much
courage
.
But
that
he
might
really
perform
his
promise
,
he
sent
Preachers
through
all
Europe
,
to
animate
all
Christians
against
the
Turks
,
and
to
persuade
such
as
were
able
to
lend
their
helping
hand
in
that
momentous
Expedition
.
And
of
these
he
sent
sixteen
Gallies
full
,
built
at
Rome
;
over
whom
the
Patriarch
of
Aquilegia
was
Admiral
,
and
harass'd
the
Sea-coasts
of
Asia
for
three
years
together
;
where
he
took
several
Islands
,
and
did
the
Enemy
a
great
deal
of
damage
.
King
Alphonso
,
and
the
Duke
of
Burgundy
also
took
upon
them
the
Cross
,
and
profess'd
that
they
would
either
go
against
the
Enemy
in
their
own
persons
,
or
at
least
would
raise
Men
to
send
.
Yet
this
Affair
as
it
was
moved
at
an
heat
,
so
it
as
easily
cooled
again
,
whilst
the
Princes
indulged
their
pleasures
and
neglected
that
which
would
have
gain'd
them
immortal
Fame
.
Whilst
the
Pope
was
Crown'd
in
the
Lateran
,
two
Soldiers
,
one
under
the
Earl
Aversus
,
and
the
other
under
Neapolio
Vrsin
(
Men
of
diverse
factions
and
parties
)
who
quarrelling
about
a
young
Lad
,
did
so
wound
each
other
,
that
they
both
dy'd
upon
the
spot
.
For
that
reason
Neapolio
,
raising
the
Vrsine
Faction
,
invaded
the
House
where
the
Count
Aversus
lived
:
but
the
Count
being
from
home
,
he
would
have
gone
to
the
Lateran
,
to
seise
him
,
but
was
with
much
ado
kept
back
by
his
Brother
Latinus
,
the
Pope's
Chamberlain
.
And
indeed
Neapolio
could
not
have
gone
thither
without
great
damage
to
the
City
,
because
all
the
Faction
of
the
Colonneses
,
who
favour'd
the
Count
,
were
then
in
Arms.
The
Pope
also
had
sent
John
Baruncellus
,
and
Laelius
de
Valle
(
two
Advocates
of
the
Consistory
)
to
both
of
'em
,
to
make
'em
Friends
:
so
that
by
this
means
the
present
disturbance
was
appeased
,
but
the
old
grudg
betwixt
them
still
remain'd
.
For
they
had
many
trials
of
Skill
to
the
great
disadvantage
of
their
Adherents
.
The
Pope
however
apply'd
his
mind
to
his
Pontifical
Affairs
,
and
Canoniz'd
S.
Vincent
a
Spaniard
of
the
Order
of
Preachers
,
and
S.
Edmund
of
England
:
and
upon
that
occasion
said
Prayers
and
Thanksgivings
from
Ecclesia
Minervae
to
S.
Peter's
with
a
long
train
of
Clergy
and
Laity
following
him
.
But
lest
any
thing
should
be
wanting
to
disturb
the
Church
,
some
Country
Fellows
of
Palombara
a
Town
in
Sabina
,
who
were
formerly
banish'd
thence
by
James
Sebellus
,
Lord
of
the
place
,
return'd
home
,
and
killing
two
Sons
of
James's
,
promised
to
surrender
the
Town
to
the
Church
:
which
Calixtus
not
only
refused
to
accept
,
but
sent
Cardinal
Columna
thither
,
to
appease
them
.
Neapolio
fearing
the
Cardinal
should
seise
Palombara
in
his
own
name
,
he
went
thither
with
his
Army
and
besieged
the
Town
for
some
days
:
Though
when
Matthew
Poianus
and
Francis
Sabellus
with
other
Commanders
came
up
by
order
from
the
Pope
and
the
Cardinal
,
they
raised
the
Siege
,
enter'd
Palombara
,
and
hang'd
twenty
of
the
Country
Fellows
,
of
those
especially
that
had
made
the
disturbance
,
and
quarter'd
'em
,
to
give
example
to
others
,
and
warn
'em
never
to
attempt
so
great
a
piece
of
Villany
against
their
rightful
Lords
.
Soon
after
appeared
a
Comet
for
some
days
hairy
and
red
;
of
which
when
the
Astrologers
said
that
it
portended
a
great
Plague
,
Dearth
,
or
some
mighty
Slaughter
,
Calixtus
appointed
a
Fast
,
for
several
days
,
to
pray
to
God
,
that
if
any
judgment
hung
over
them
,
he
would
be
pleased
to
avert
and
turn
it
upon
the
Turks
the
Enemies
to
Christianity
.
He
gave
order
likewise
that
God
should
be
supplicated
every
day
,
and
that
a
Bell
should
be
rung
about
Noon
,
to
give
people
notice
when
they
should
joyn
in
Prayer
for
the
Christians
against
the
Turks
.
So
that
the
Christians
assisted
by
the
Prayers
of
the
whole
Church
,
fought
against
the
Turks
at
Belgrade
under
the
conduct
of
John
the
Vaivod
an
excellent
Person
,
and
John
Capistranus
of
the
Order
of
Minors
,
bearing
the
holy
Cross
,
and
conquer'd
'em
when
they
besieged
Belgrade
,
six
thousand
of
the
Enemies
being
slain
by
a
few
of
our
Men
,
as
Carviagalla
,
Cardinal
of
S.
Angelo
wrote
to
the
Pope
and
to
Dominick
Capranicus
Cardinal
of
S.
Crosses
:
besides
that
all
their
Carriages
and
an
hundred
and
sixty
Guns
were
taken
;
a
blow
,
that
so
much
scar'd
the
Turk
that
he
retir'd
in
haste
to
Constantinople
.
And
no
doubt
but
that
cruel
,
barbarous
Nation
had
been
destroyed
,
if
the
Christian
Princes
would
but
have
laid
aside
their
civil
Animosities
,
and
have
pursu'd
that
great
Conquest
by
Land
and
Sea
,
as
Calixtus
advis'd
.
But
the
Turk
recovering
strength
took
Trabisond
,
killing
the
Emperour
,
and
then
Bossina
,
where
he
took
and
slew
the
King
.
All
wise
Men
perceiving
as
from
a
Watch-Tower
,
and
advertising
the
Christians
of
the
Calamities
that
were
like
to
befal
.
Calixtus
especially
never
desisted
from
exhorting
the
Christian
Princes
by
Letters
and
Messengers
,
to
open
their
eyes
at
last
amidst
such
great
dangers
,
for
that
they
would
seek
a
remedy
in
vain
,
when
the
Enemy
was
recruited
.
But
whilst
the
good
Man
was
thinking
and
talking
of
these
things
,
James
Picenninus
revolted
from
the
Venetians
and
march'd
into
the
Territories
of
Siena
with
a
numerous
body
of
Horse
and
Foot
,
to
demand
of
the
Sieneses
some
thousands
of
pounds
,
which
,
he
said
they
ow'd
him
upon
his
Father
Nicolas's
account
,
who
had
formerly
fought
under
their
Commission
.
The
Sieneses
fearing
the
worst
,
sent
to
the
Princes
of
Italy
to
assist
'em
,
as
they
were
bound
by
Contract
;
especially
the
Pope
,
who
first
advised
'em
,
not
to
give
James
one
farthing
and
then
sent
his
Forces
against
him
and
admonish'd
the
Princes
of
Italy
to
do
the
same
,
lest
a
flame
should
break
out
in
Italy
,
which
might
be
too
fierce
for
them
to
quench
.
The
Italians
fearing
the
Pope's
words
would
prove
too
true
,
sent
speedy
succours
to
the
Sieneses
:
onely
Alphonso
favoured
James
and
sent
for
him
to
his
House
,
as
being
mindful
of
the
Friendship
he
had
formerly
contracted
with
Nicolas
Picenninus
his
Father
,
nor
would
he
assist
the
Sieneses
as
he
ought
to
have
done
;
nay
he
so
far
animated
Count
Petilian
against
them
,
that
he
seemed
to
be
the
chief
cause
of
all
the
mischief
.
But
when
the
Auxiliaries
came
in
,
not
onely
from
Francis
Sfortia
,
but
the
Venetians
also
,
Picenninus
was
reduced
to
that
pass
in
some
few
Battles
,
that
if
he
were
not
routed
,
he
was
mightily
weaken'd
,
especially
at
Orbitello
;
insomuch
that
he
was
fain
to
take
shipping
in
Alphonso's
Gallies
,
that
were
sent
to
him
in
his
distress
,
and
sail
into
his
own
Country
without
any
success
in
that
great
Attempt
.
Thus
by
the
assistance
of
Calixtus
and
his
Allies
were
the
Sieneses
freed
from
great
danger
;
though
they
were
still
troubled
with
intestine
and
domestick
as
well
as
forein
broils
,
by
reason
of
some
Citizens
that
contemn'd
their
present
Liberty
and
follow'd
Alphonso's
Faction
,
by
whom
also
't
is
thought
that
great
War
was
first
raised
.
But
the
honest
Citizens
turn'd
out
,
or
kill'd
the
rest
and
do
to
this
day
retain
that
Liberty
which
they
purchased
at
so
dear
a
rate
.
Nor
did
they
omit
to
punish
the
licentiousness
of
the
Soldiers
or
those
that
fled
from
their
Colours
,
as
Gilbert
Corrigia
,
whom
they
put
to
death
,
and
gave
his
Men
for
a
common
prey
to
the
rest
.
Sigismund
Malatesta
had
like
to
have
been
serv'd
in
the
same
sauce
,
who
at
that
time
fought
under
them
,
for
protracting
the
War
,
and
driving
away
their
Cattel
out
of
their
grounds
,
as
if
he
had
been
an
Enemy
.
That
year
there
happen'd
such
an
Earthquake
in
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
upon
the
seventh
of
December
,
that
many
Churches
and
Houses
fell
down
,
to
the
great
destruction
of
Man
and
Beast
;
especially
at
Naples
,
Capua
,
Cajetta
,
Aversa
,
and
other
Cities
in
old
Campania
,
whose
ruines
I
since
have
seen
with
great
astonishment
,
when
I
went
thither
to
look
after
Antiquities
.
Then
also
did
Alphonso
often
repeat
his
Vow
which
he
had
made
against
the
Turks
,
and
said
he
would
shortly
perform
it
;
but
he
could
never
be
brought
to
the
Holy
War
for
all
that
,
so
mightily
was
he
taken
with
the
delights
of
Naples
.
But
Calixtus
,
when
he
had
setled
the
Affairs
of
Italy
,
created
nine
Cardinals
,
of
whom
two
were
his
Nephews
by
two
Sisters
of
his
,
to
wit
Roderick
Borgia
and
John
Miliano
his
Sisters
Son
.
He
also
made
Aeneas
Bishop
of
Siena
a
Cardinal
,
and
made
use
of
him
to
procure
the
peace
of
Italy
whilst
the
Sieneses
were
teazed
with
War
.
The
Earl
Tagliacocius
being
dead
whom
the
Pope
had
made
Governour
of
the
City
the
year
before
,
there
rose
a
Controversie
between
Neapolio
Vrsin
and
the
Count
Aversus
,
for
that
the
later
had
possession
of
Monticello
,
not
far
from
Tivoli
,
he
pretending
it
belong'd
to
his
Daughter-in-law
who
was
the
Count's
Daughter
;
and
Neapolio
urg'd
on
the
other
side
that
it
ought
to
be
his
,
himself
being
reckon'd
to
be
of
the
Vrsine
Family
.
Whilst
these
two
contended
thus
for
their
Patrimony
and
that
with
Arms
too
,
the
Roman
people
suffer'd
very
greatly
.
But
when
this
Controversie
also
was
over
,
and
both
sides
commanded
to
lay
down
their
Arms
,
Calixtus
made
his
Nephew
Borgia
not
onely
Governour
of
the
City
in
the
room
of
the
Count
deceased
,
but
made
him
General
of
the
Church-Forces
,
that
he
might
keep
the
great
Men
of
the
City
the
better
in
order
.
Alphonso
not
long
after
dying
without
a
lawful
Heir
,
Calixtus
had
the
courage
to
demand
that
Kingdom
,
and
said
it
belong'd
to
the
Sea
Apostolick
as
an
Escheat
.
Whereupon
Armies
were
raised
on
both
sides
,
and
Ferdinand
,
Alphonso's
Heir
fear'd
Calixtus's
resolution
:
for
he
knew
his
nature
,
and
the
greatness
of
his
Soul
.
But
his
death
also
put
all
things
into
confusion
,
and
freed
Ferdinand
from
great
consternation
of
mind
.
Calixtus
died
in
the
third
year
,
the
third
month
,
and
sixteenth
day
of
his
Pontificate
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Vatican
on
the
left
hand
of
St.
Peter's
,
in
the
Round
Church
,
dedicated
to
St.
Marie
del
Febri
,
which
was
formerly
repaired
by
Nicolas
.
Borgia
also
,
his
Nephew
died
,
not
long
after
,
at
Civita
Vechia
,
whither
he
had
fled
to
save
himself
from
the
Vrsins
whom
he
had
disobliged
by
favouring
the
opposite
Faction
.
But
to
give
you
a
short
Character
of
Calixtus
;
He
was
a
very
upright
Man
,
and
is
to
be
commended
for
one
thing
above
all
;
That
when
he
was
Bishop
or
Cardinal
,
he
would
never
keep
any
Benefice
in
Commendam
,
but
said
,
he
was
content
with
one
Wife
,
and
that
a
Virgin
,
i.e.
the
Church
of
Valenza
,
as
the
Canon
Law
ordains
.
Besides
,
he
was
very
charitable
to
poor
Christians
both
in
publick
and
private
:
and
gave
portions
to
several
poor
Virgins
when
they
married
;
kept
indigent
Noblemen
at
his
own
charge
:
and
when
occasion
was
he
was
munificent
to
Princes
,
especially
those
that
could
assist
the
Church
of
Christ
.
He
likewise
sent
Lewis
of
Bologna
,
of
the
Order
of
St.
Francis
,
Vsun-Cassanus
Prince
of
Persia
and
Armenia
,
and
to
the
King
of
the
Tartars
with
many
great
Presents
,
to
animate
them
against
the
Turk
;
and
by
his
persuasion
they
did
the
Enemy
great
damage
,
and
sent
their
Embassadours
,
that
were
design'd
to
come
to
Calixtus
,
after
he
dy'd
,
to
Pope
Pius
:
which
was
an
admirable
Rarity
to
us
,
not
onely
upon
account
of
the
distant
Countries
from
whence
they
came
,
but
their
habit
which
was
unusual
,
and
very
strange
to
our
eyes
.
They
say
that
Vsun-Cassanus
after
many
Victories
over
the
Enemy
,
wrote
to
the
Pope
,
that
he
had
conquer'd
the
Foe
by
the
Pope's
prayers
,
and
that
he
would
one
day
thank
him
for
his
kindness
which
was
Divine
rather
than
humane
.
That
Alliance
was
begun
by
Calixtus
,
and
is
preserv'd
to
this
day
between
all
Christians
and
that
Prince
,
who
vexes
the
Turk
with
continual
War
.
He
laid
out
but
little
in
building
,
because
he
dy'd
too
soon
,
and
gather'd
up
all
the
Money
that
he
could
,
to
maintain
that
great
and
perillous
War
against
the
Turks
.
Onely
he
repair'd
St.
Prisca
upon
the
Mount
Aventine
,
as
also
the
City
Walls
that
were
broken
down
almost
to
the
ground
.
Yet
some
Hangings
of
Gold
there
are
,
which
he
bought
.
He
was
sparing
in
his
Diet
,
very
modest
in
his
Discourse
;
and
very
accessible
,
as
much
as
his
Age
would
suffer
him
to
be
:
for
he
was
eighty
years
old
,
and
yet
as
studious
as
ever
.
For
he
either
read
himself
,
or
heard
those
that
did
,
whenever
his
important
Affairs
would
give
him
leave
.
He
composed
the
Office
for
the
Transfiguration
of
our
Lord
Jesus
Christ
,
and
order'd
it
to
be
said
in
the
same
manner
,
and
with
the
same
Indulgences
for
which
Corpus
Christi
Day
is
so
much
valued
.
He
receiv'd
all
Embassadours
that
came
to
him
with
great
kindness
,
but
would
not
yield
to
any
of
their
Proposals
or
Demands
,
which
were
not
consistent
with
Virtue
and
Justice
.
And
that
was
the
cause
why
he
fell
out
and
had
a
long
quarrel
with
Alphonso
,
who
sometimes
would
ask
him
to
give
Bishopricks
to
such
as
either
upon
the
score
of
their
Age
,
or
ignorance
in
Books
as
well
as
Men
,
ought
not
to
have
them
.
When
Calixtus
dy'd
he
left
115000
l.
behind
him
,
which
he
had
heaped
together
to
make
warlike
preparations
against
the
Turk
.
As
Calixtus
was
going
to
be
buried
,
Dominick
Cardinal
of
St.
Crosses
and
chief
Poenitentiary
,
died
also
(
a
Man
of
gravity
and
great
Wisdom
)
and
was
buried
in
Minerva's
Temple
;
to
the
grief
of
all
good
Men.
PIVS
II.
PIVS
the
Second
,
before
called
Aeneas
Picolhomineus
,
an
Italian
,
of
Siena
,
and
born
at
Corsignano
(
whose
Father
's
name
was
Sylvius
and
his
Mother
's
Victoria
)
was
chosen
Pope
by
general
consent
of
the
Cardinals
,
August
20.
1458.
Formerly
his
Father
and
the
rest
of
the
Nobility
being
banish'd
,
or
expelled
the
Republick
of
Siena
by
the
Commonalty
of
that
place
,
he
went
to
Corsignano
,
the
Seat
of
his
Family
,
and
there
had
a
Child
by
his
Wife
.
Which
Child
as
soon
as
it
was
born
the
Father
christen'd
Aeneas
Sylvius
.
Now
his
Mother
,
when
she
was
big
with
Child
,
dreamed
that
she
had
brought
forth
a
Boy
with
a
Mitre
on
his
head
;
as
which
she
was
affraid
(
as
people
are
apt
to
think
the
worst
of
things
)
that
her
dream
betokened
some
dishonour
to
their
Child
and
Family
:
nor
could
she
be
eas'd
of
her
fear
till
she
heard
her
Son
was
made
Bishop
of
Trieste
.
And
upon
that
news
she
was
freed
from
all
fear
,
and
gave
God
thanks
,
that
she
saw
her
Son
more
happy
than
she
expected
.
As
soon
as
he
was
capable
of
learning
any
thing
,
he
,
having
a
good
memory
,
and
being
very
docile
,
went
through
his
Grammar
at
Corsignano
where
he
lived
but
poorly
,
being
forced
to
undergo
all
the
troubles
of
a
rural
employment
.
But
when
he
was
eighteen
years
of
age
he
went
to
Siena
,
where
,
by
the
help
of
his
Friends
,
he
first
learn'd
the
Poets
and
then
the
Orators
,
in
which
he
was
so
skilful
,
that
in
a
short
time
he
put
forth
Poems
in
Latin
and
Italian
,
of
which
if
the
Subject
was
Love
,
it
is
to
be
ascribed
to
his
Youth
.
Thence
he
apply'd
himself
to
the
Civil
Law
,
the
study
of
which
not
long
after
he
was
forced
to
leave
.
For
there
arose
a
War
between
the
Sieneses
and
the
Florentines
,
which
made
him
fear
a
Dearth
;
and
seeing
the
Commonalty
of
Siena
suspected
the
Nobility
,
he
chose
as
it
were
a
voluntary
Exile
,
and
follow'd
that
excellent
person
,
Dominick
Capranicus
,
who
then
passed
through
Siena
,
in
his
way
to
the
Council
at
Basil
,
to
complain
of
the
injury
Eugenius
had
done
him
in
denying
him
a
Cardinals
Hat
,
which
Martin
even
in
his
absence
had
bestow'd
upon
him
,
for
his
Virtue
and
Integrity
.
In
his
Retinue
he
went
,
and
after
long
tedious
Journeys
over
the
Alps
(
that
reach
to
heaven
almost
,
and
are
cover'd
with
Snow
)
he
travailed
over
Ponte
del
Inferno
,
the
Lake
of
Lucern
,
and
through
Switzerland
,
till
he
at
last
came
to
Basil
.
In
which
Assembly
though
he
had
much
to
do
,
being
Dominick's
Secretary
,
yet
he
stole
always
some
hours
for
his
Book
.
After
that
,
he
was
forced
not
without
tears
to
leave
Dominick
,
because
he
was
extream
poor
,
Eugenius
denying
him
the
Revenue
of
his
Benefices
and
of
his
Paternal
Estate
too
;
he
went
to
wait
upon
Bartholomew
Bishop
of
Novara
,
with
whom
he
came
to
Florence
,
where
Pope
Eugenius
at
that
time
was
.
But
he
was
forced
to
leave
Bartholomew
also
,
(
he
being
accused
by
the
Pope
of
high
Treason
)
and
betook
himself
to
Nicolas
,
Cardinal
of
St.
Crosses
,
and
a
very
excellent
and
religious
person
in
all
Mens
judgments
;
who
going
to
Artois
by
order
from
Eugenius
(
where
there
was
a
Convention
of
all
the
French
Princes
)
he
made
a
Peace
between
the
Duke
of
Burgundy
(
an
Ally
of
England
)
and
the
King
of
France
.
After
that
,
Nicolas
returning
into
Italy
,
made
a
Peace
between
the
Venetians
and
Philip
Duke
of
Millain
to
their
great
satisfaction
;
and
Aeneas
,
who
was
not
very
acceptable
to
Eugenius
,
went
to
Basil
,
and
was
in
great
esteem
among
all
Men.
He
was
made
a
Secretary
in
that
famous
Council
,
and
Abbreviatour
of
the
Pope's
Breves
,
as
also
a
Duodecimvir
,
or
one
of
the
Twelve
who
in
that
great
Assembly
were
as
Censors
.
For
nothing
could
be
done
relating
to
the
publick
,
but
what
pass'd
their
graver
approbation
;
and
if
any
were
admitted
to
the
Council
that
were
not
fit
,
they
were
removed
by
their
Order
.
There
were
in
that
Council
four
Sub
Conventions
or
Committees
,
one
debated
concerning
Faith
,
another
of
Peace
,
a
third
of
Reformation
,
and
the
other
of
promiscuous
matters
.
Over
each
of
these
there
was
a
several
President
plac'd
every
month
:
and
Aeneas
was
often
Chairman
of
the
Committee
for
Faith
of
which
he
was
a
Member
,
and
was
also
chosen
twice
one
of
the
Collators
,
or
disposers
of
Benefices
.
He
made
several
Speeches
in
that
Assembly
,
but
one
more
remarkably
elegant
,
to
prove
that
Pavia
was
preferable
to
Avignion
,
Vdine
or
Florence
for
a
place
convenient
to
hold
a
Council
in
,
by
reason
of
its
plenty
,
situation
,
magnificence
of
the
Houses
,
good
Air
,
and
the
liberality
of
Philip
their
Duke
.
When
any
thing
was
to
be
done
by
the
several
Nations
together
,
he
was
the
onely
person
chosen
for
Italy
,
to
manage
their
business
,
he
was
a
Man
so
courteous
and
ingenuous
.
He
went
also
on
several
Embassies
from
the
Council
;
to
Strasburgh
,
three
times
;
to
Trent
,
once
;
to
Constance
,
twice
;
to
Frankfort
,
once
;
and
into
Savoy
twice
.
But
when
upon
a
long
Debate
the
Council
chose
Felix
Pope
,
and
deposed
Eugenius
,
and
eight
were
chosen
out
of
every
Nation
,
to
be
managers
of
the
Council
Affairs
,
Aeneas
,
who
was
the
Pope's
Secretary
refused
to
be
one
,
though
it
was
offer'd
him
.
And
afterward
when
he
was
sent
Embassadour
from
Felix
to
Frederick
the
Emperour
,
he
so
far
prevailed
upon
him
by
his
ingenuity
,
that
he
made
him
a
Poet
Laureat
,
his
Companion
,
and
a
Prothonotary
,
which
,
in
Germany
,
is
a
Secretary
of
State
.
Not
long
after
he
was
made
a
Counsellour
of
State
,
and
shew'd
such
Learning
and
Authority
,
that
he
was
reckon'd
the
most
ingenuous
Man
there
by
far
,
although
he
wanted
not
Rivals
and
Detractors
.
When
Eugenius
and
the
Emperour
first
treated
about
putting
an
end
to
the
Schism
,
and
Aeneas
went
to
the
Pope
upon
that
account
,
he
stay'd
some
time
at
Siena
,
where
his
Friends
desired
him
not
to
go
to
Eugenius
;
for
they
feared
the
Pope
would
use
him
severely
,
because
his
Authority
was
often
opposed
(
as
people
said
)
by
Aeneas
in
Epistles
and
Orations
at
the
Council
of
Basil
.
But
he
was
resolute
and
trusting
to
his
own
innocence
slighted
the
intreaties
of
his
Relations
and
went
to
Rome
;
where
in
the
first
place
he
acquitted
himself
before
Eugenius
,
in
an
elegant
Oration
,
for
submitting
to
their
Opinion
,
who
approv'd
of
the
Council
of
Basil
.
And
when
he
had
so
done
,
he
began
to
treat
with
him
about
that
which
the
Emperour
sent
him
to
negotiate
.
Thereupon
two
Agents
were
sent
from
Eugenius
into
Germany
,
of
whom
one
was
Sarzanus
and
the
other
John
Carvagialla
,
by
whose
good
management
,
and
Aeneas's
industry
together
,
the
Neutrality
(
as
I
told
you
in
the
Life
of
Nicolas
)
was
taken
off
.
But
that
it
might
appear
really
to
be
so
,
and
not
in
words
onely
,
the
Emperour
sent
Aeneas
himself
to
Rome
,
to
make
a
publick
Declaration
of
Submission
in
all
matters
to
Eugenius
,
in
the
name
of
himself
and
all
Germany
.
Eugenius
dying
about
this
time
,
Aeneas
was
President
of
the
Conclave
,
till
another
Pope
was
chosen
in
the
room
of
the
deceased
;
there
being
no
Orator
in
the
City
,
more
fit
for
so
great
an
Employment
.
Nicolas
being
chosen
Pope
,
he
had
leave
to
depart
,
and
as
he
went
into
Germany
,
he
(
having
been
made
Sub
Deacon
by
Eugenius
)
was
made
Bishop
of
Trieste
(
that
Bishop
being
just
then
dead
)
by
the
Pope
and
the
Emperour
,
without
his
own
knowledg
.
After
which
Philip
Viconti
dying
without
an
Heir
,
the
Emperour
sent
him
Envoy
to
Millain
:
where
he
made
an
Oration
concerning
the
descent
of
the
Inheritance
of
that
City
,
and
exhorting
to
Allegiance
,
which
if
they
preserv'd
inviolate
,
they
might
enjoy
their
liberty
still
.
He
was
sent
thither
another
time
,
when
they
were
besieged
by
Francis
Sfortia
,
and
suffer'd
great
extremities
in
defence
of
their
Liberty
;
at
which
time
he
enter'd
the
City
with
great
hazard
alone
;
for
his
Collegues
left
him
at
Como
,
and
durst
not
go
on
for
fear
.
But
he
departed
thence
without
any
success
,
and
whilst
the
Emperour
sent
him
to
Alphonso
King
of
Aragon
,
the
Pope
Nicolas
,
made
him
Bishop
of
Siena
,
the
place
of
his
Nativity
.
And
when
the
Emperour
and
Alphonso
had
contracted
an
Alliance
by
Marriage
he
return'd
into
Germany
,
where
he
persuaded
the
Emperour
to
go
as
soon
as
possible
into
Italy
and
receive
his
Imperial
Crown
.
Upon
that
advice
Frederick
went
thither
,
but
sent
Aeneas
before
,
to
meet
and
complement
his
Wife
Leonora
,
who
was
to
come
from
Portugal
into
Tuscany
.
Who
when
he
came
to
Siena
,
stay'd
not
long
there
,
but
he
began
to
be
suspected
by
the
people
,
as
if
he
design'd
(
because
the
Emperour
was
coming
)
to
turn
out
the
populace
and
make
the
Government
an
Aristocracy
.
Aeneas
therefore
,
to
free
the
people
from
that
jealousie
,
went
to
Talamone
,
where
he
thought
Leonora
would
arrive
;
and
yet
the
people
were
not
satisfied
.
For
they
banish'd
the
Nobility
into
the
Country
for
a
time
;
and
a
little
while
after
(
according
to
the
mutable
humour
of
the
Mobile
)
gave
'em
leave
to
come
back
again
,
when
they
understood
the
integrity
of
the
Emperour
and
the
modesty
of
Aeneas
.
Hence
he
went
to
Pisa
,
where
he
heard
the
Portugueses
were
landed
,
and
brought
the
Infanta
(
who
was
committed
to
his
sole
care
)
to
the
Emperour
,
then
at
Siena
.
Then
going
to
Rome
he
managed
all
things
(
whilst
the
Emperour
was
crown'd
)
both
private
and
publick
.
Afterward
the
Emperour
went
to
visit
Alphonso
,
and
left
Ladislaus
(
a
Princely
Youth
whom
the
Hungarians
and
Bohemians
had
often
endeavour'd
to
steal
away
from
him
)
under
the
tutelage
of
Aeneas
,
who
kept
him
very
faithfully
.
When
the
Emperour
came
back
to
Rome
,
and
had
given
the
Pope
thanks
,
he
went
for
Ferrara
,
and
having
made
Borsius
d'
Este
Duke
of
Modena
,
he
departed
▪
And
no
sooner
was
he
come
into
Germany
,
but
he
presently
dispatch'd
away
Aeneas
by
the
Pope's
Order
as
Envoy
extraordinary
into
Bohemia
and
all
the
Cities
of
Austria
.
For
there
was
a
Controversie
between
them
and
the
Emperour
about
King
Ladislaus
whom
they
would
needs
have
him
send
into
their
Country
.
But
the
Dispute
was
ended
,
and
a
Peace
made
between
'em
,
so
that
Aeneas
was
not
long
after
sent
to
the
Assembly
at
Ratisbone
:
where
he
,
in
the
name
of
the
Emperour
,
and
in
the
presence
of
Philip
Duke
of
Burgundy
,
and
Lewis
of
Bavaria
,
spoke
of
the
Turks
cruelty
and
calamities
of
Christendom
with
such
vehemency
and
passion
,
that
he
forced
sighs
and
tears
from
every
one
there
;
but
especially
he
seemed
so
far
to
animate
the
Duke
of
Burgundy
,
that
a
War
was
decreed
immediately
by
general
consent
:
though
it
was
after
laid
aside
through
the
ambition
and
folly
of
those
,
who
thought
too
well
of
themselves
.
And
now
Aeneas
was
grown
old
,
and
tired
with
the
tedious
Journeys
he
had
taken
into
forein
parts
;
wherefore
he
resolv'd
to
return
to
Siena
,
his
native
Country
:
but
the
Emperour
easily
chang'd
his
mind
,
by
telling
him
,
that
he
yet
design'd
to
make
War
upon
the
Turks
.
Thereupon
he
was
sent
to
the
Convention
at
Frankfort
where
all
the
German
Princes
were
met
together
,
and
in
a
grave
,
long
Oration
persuaded
them
with
many
reasons
to
undertake
that
dangerous
,
but
necessary
War
.
And
indeed
he
seemed
to
move
'em
all
exceedingly
:
though
it
is
natural
for
those
to
cool
soon
whose
affections
are
quickly
heated
.
There
was
also
a
third
Convention
in
Cittanova
about
the
same
thing
,
wherein
Aeneas
employ'd
all
his
endeavours
to
bring
about
what
he
desired
;
exhorting
every
one
of
them
both
in
publick
and
private
to
assist
in
that
War
,
upon
which
the
safety
of
all
Europe
,
the
Liberty
of
both
Princes
and
people
,
and
the
honour
of
Christianity
did
depend
.
And
just
as
he
expected
to
do
the
business
,
there
was
news
brought
,
that
Pope
Nicolas
was
dead
;
which
put
all
things
into
a
new
Confusion
.
For
the
Convention
broke
up
,
and
the
Germans
,
desirous
of
Novelty
,
endeavour'd
to
persuade
the
Emperour
no
longer
to
obey
the
Pope
unless
he
would
grant
them
some
certain
Demands
,
for
they
said
,
the
Germans
were
in
a
worse
condition
than
either
the
French
or
Italians
,
whose
Servants
they
might
be
termed
(
unless
things
were
alter'd
)
especially
to
the
Italians
.
And
truly
the
Emperour
had
hearken'd
to
those
Mutineers
,
if
Aeneas
,
with
his
gravity
,
had
not
interposed
,
and
told
the
Emperour
,
That
though
one
Prince
may
possibly
keep
peace
with
another
,
yet
there
always
is
an
immortal
jealousie
between
Prince
and
People
.
So
that
,
he
thought
it
better
for
him
to
agree
with
the
Pope
,
than
give
way
to
their
desires
,
whose
minds
are
led
by
Appetite
and
Fancy
,
not
by
Reason
.
The
Emperour
was
persuaded
:
and
slighting
the
peoples
petition
,
sent
Aeneas
to
Calixtus
.
He
,
when
he
came
to
Rome
,
and
had
given
Frederick's
Oath
to
the
Pope
,
as
the
custom
is
,
commended
them
both
in
an
Oration
,
whereof
the
greatest
part
inforced
a
War
against
the
Turks
;
so
mighty
zealous
he
was
for
it
.
For
he
was
a
wise
Man
and
foresaw
what
afterward
came
to
pass
;
That
the
Barbarians
would
not
be
quiet
when
they
had
gotten
all
Greece
;
they
were
so
puft
up
with
their
Victory
.
For
that
reason
he
apply'd
himself
to
make
peace
in
Italy
(
before
he
made
War
with
the
Turk
)
and
so
exhorted
the
Pope
to
do
the
same
with
all
earnestness
.
At
that
time
the
Sieneses
were
hard
put
to
it
by
Count
Petilian
and
James
Picenninus
,
who
carry'd
on
that
War
more
upon
Alphonso's
account
than
their
own
.
Wherefore
Aeneas
,
to
make
a
final
conclusion
of
it
,
went
by
command
from
the
Pope
and
at
the
request
of
his
Fellow-Citizens
and
Countrymen
to
Alphonso
,
at
Naples
,
where
almost
all
the
Embassadours
of
Italy
were
met
to
treat
of
Peace
,
but
had
done
nothing
in
it
to
that
time
.
But
when
Aeneas
came
,
he
said
he
would
agree
to
a
Peace
then
without
any
more
ado
,
since
that
person
was
arrived
,
whom
he
loved
above
all
mankind
.
Having
obtein'd
a
Peace
,
and
freed
his
Country
from
the
Enemy
he
stay'd
with
Alphonso
some
months
,
because
he
loved
his
Conversation
;
and
in
that
time
took
his
opportunity
to
make
an
elegant
and
a
large
Discourse
to
him
,
by
which
he
induced
him
to
engage
by
Sea
against
the
Turk
.
And
having
so
done
he
went
for
Rome
,
with
a
design
to
go
into
his
own
Country
,
but
was
stopp'd
by
the
Pope
,
and
not
long
after
made
a
Cardinal
.
Now
he
was
in
such
favour
with
Calixtus
and
bore
such
a
sway
,
that
he
persuaded
him
to
send
Embassadours
to
Siena
,
which
was
all
in
an
uproar
among
themselves
,
to
exhort
the
People
to
peace
and
unity
.
But
whilst
he
was
at
the
Bath
at
Viterbo
upon
account
of
his
health
,
and
had
begun
the
History
of
Bohemia
,
Calixtus
died
,
and
then
he
return'd
to
Rome
:
where
he
was
so
much
desired
,
that
great
part
of
the
people
ran
out
to
meet
him
,
and
saluted
him
,
prophetically
,
by
the
name
of
Pope
.
For
indeed
he
was
chosen
Pope
by
universal
consent
not
onely
of
the
people
but
the
Cardinals
:
and
having
received
the
Papal
Crown
upon
the
fifth
of
September
he
went
into
St.
Peter's
Church
in
his
pontifical
Robes
,
where
he
gave
thanks
to
Almighty
God
,
and
immediatly
betook
himself
first
to
settle
the
Churches
Patrimony
,
and
then
to
endeavour
the
advantage
of
all
Christendom
in
general
.
For
he
ended
the
War
in
Ombria
(
which
broke
out
before
his
Pontificate
,
under
the
command
of
that
seditious
Innovator
James
Picenninus
)
as
soon
as
he
was
Pope
,
and
took
back
Assisi
and
Nocera
from
the
Enemy
.
He
likewise
made
a
Truce
(
which
seemed
a
difficult
thing
to
do
)
between
Sigismund
Malatesta
,
and
King
Ferdinand
,
that
all
might
safely
pass
to
Mantua
,
where
he
had
order'd
a
general
Council
.
And
having
made
the
Prince
of
Columna
Governour
of
the
City
in
the
room
of
Borgia
,
who
was
dead
,
and
left
Nicolas
Cusa
,
Cardinal
of
St.
Peter's
in
vinculis
,
his
Legate
at
Rome
,
he
departed
the
City
in
the
midst
of
Winter
,
and
pass'd
through
those
Cities
which
seemed
more
inclining
to
War
than
Peace
,
exhorting
the
People
to
unity
and
concord
.
In
fine
,
they
met
at
Mantua
from
all
quarters
,
where
there
was
a
great
number
of
Princes
and
Embassadours
.
For
of
all
Europe
there
was
no
Nation
,
but
sent
either
Princes
,
or
Embassadours
thither
;
and
in
that
famous
Assembly
it
was
enacted
by
Pius
,
(
who
made
an
Oration
himself
)
that
a
War
should
be
proclaimed
against
the
Turks
,
which
they
all
agreed
to
.
He
proposed
Methods
for
carrying
it
on
,
and
shew'd
the
danger
of
Christendom
:
nor
could
they
forbear
to
weep
when
they
heard
the
calamities
laid
open
,
to
which
poor
Christians
were
exposed
,
who
lay
under
the
bondage
of
Barbarians
.
Beside
he
moved
them
to
consider
that
the
Turks
having
already
possessed
themselves
of
Greece
and
Schlavonia
,
would
shortly
get
into
the
innermost
parts
of
Europe
.
And
indeed
he
omitted
nothing
that
might
excite
their
resolutions
:
for
he
was
an
excellent
Orator
,
and
seemed
to
draw
his
Arguments
from
new
Topicks
still
,
though
he
spake
of
the
same
thing
,
such
an
elegant
and
copious
faculty
he
had
.
He
confuted
the
complaints
of
the
French
and
the
calumnies
of
King
Renatus
(
for
his
having
confirm'd
Ferdinand
,
Alphonso's
Son
,
in
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
)
in
three
several
Speeches
.
These
things
were
transacted
in
the
Council
at
Mantua
,
whilst
almost
all
Europe
employ'd
their
thoughts
and
Weapons
in
civil
Discords
,
and
neglected
the
forein
War
.
The
Germans
arose
partly
against
one
another
,
and
partly
against
the
Hungarians
:
by
whose
assistance
that
great
and
necessary
War
might
have
been
in
a
great
measure
managed
and
ended
.
England
also
was
divided
into
two
Factions
:
whereof
the
one
would
keep
their
old
King
,
whilst
the
other
strove
to
banish
him
and
set
up
a
new
one
.
In
like
manner
did
the
Spaniards
rise
to
help
those
of
Barcellona
,
whom
the
King
of
Aragon
,
assisted
by
the
French
,
oppress'd
.
And
lest
any
thing
should
be
lacking
to
disturb
the
World
,
Italy
,
the
chief
of
Europe
,
laid
by
all
thoughts
of
forein
War
,
and
bent
all
its
strength
upon
intestine
quarrels
.
For
at
that
time
there
was
a
War
in
Puglia
,
John
Renatus's
Son
,
endeavouring
to
drive
Ferdinand
out
of
his
Kingdom
,
which
occasion'd
a
double
Faction
through
all
the
Province
,
whilst
some
favour'd
Ferdinand
,
and
others
,
Renatus
.
Pius
therefore
,
to
allay
these
heats
,
dismiss'd
the
Council
at
Mantua
,
and
came
back
into
Tuscany
,
where
he
easily
regain'd
Viterbo
,
which
was
in
the
possession
of
the
adverse
Party
.
Those
of
Ancona
,
who
had
harass'd
one
another
miserably
about
their
bounds
and
limits
,
he
quieted
partly
by
fear
and
partly
by
reason
:
as
likewise
the
Ombrians
,
who
had
embru'd
their
hands
in
each
others
blood
upon
the
like
account
.
He
also
setled
the
State
of
Siena
,
which
had
been
engaged
in
great
tumults
for
three
years
before
;
and
restored
several
worthy
Persons
,
who
had
been
banish'd
thence
,
giving
the
Government
of
that
Republick
(
as
formerly
)
to
the
Nobility
.
But
he
was
very
severe
upon
the
Sabini
for
their
falshood
,
in
supplying
a
common
Enemy
with
provisions
,
and
letting
him
pass
through
their
Country
.
At
Rome
,
he
suppress'd
the
shameful
Riots
of
Ruffian-like
Men
,
and
imprison'd
Tiburtius
Son
to
Angelus
Massianus
(
who
we
told
you
,
was
put
to
death
by
Nicolas
for
a
Conspiracy
and
hang'd
up
by
the
Capitol
)
and
his
Accomplices
,
who
possessing
themselves
of
the
Church
of
St.
Maria
Rotunda
,
would
sally
from
thence
,
as
from
a
Castle
,
and
commit
outrages
upon
the
Citizens
.
Furthermore
,
he
exterminated
some
Tyrants
who
studied
innovations
,
out
of
the
Church
Dominions
:
but
never
medled
with
any
one
,
till
he
had
first
sent
an
Embassadour
or
Legate
to
'em
,
to
reduce
'em
,
if
it
were
possible
,
by
fair
means
.
After
that
,
he
sent
Frederick
of
Vrbino
his
General
with
Alexander
Sfortia
to
Tagliacozzo
to
stop
James
Picennenus
,
who
fought
under
Renatus
,
from
going
into
Puglia
to
assist
the
French
against
Ferdinand
.
And
besides
,
he
succour'd
Ferdinand
at
Sarno
,
when
he
had
like
to
have
lost
his
Kingdom
,
for
fear
,
the
French
,
when
they
had
once
gotten
that
Kingdom
,
would
make
use
of
their
Victory
to
subvert
the
Liberty
of
Italy
.
He
slighted
the
Threat
and
Promises
of
the
French
Embassadours
that
endeavour'd
to
bring
him
over
from
Ferdinand
to
Renatus
;
and
by
his
Censures
as
well
as
Arms
he
tamed
the
fury
of
Sigismund
Malatesta
who
was
a
Feudatary
of
the
Church
,
and
yet
contemning
the
League
,
which
the
Pope
had
made
between
him
and
Ferdinand
,
storm'd
and
took
all
the
Castles
,
which
he
had
given
for
caution
,
against
Law
and
Reason
;
and
having
driven
the
Churches
Legate
as
far
as
Nulasture
,
he
made
War
upon
the
Anconeses
.
But
his
extravagance
was
corrected
the
year
after
at
Sinigaglia
,
under
the
conduct
of
Frederick
of
Vrbino
and
Neapolio
Vrsin
,
in
a
sharp
engagement
,
wherein
they
retook
Sinigaglia
,
the
Town
called
Fortunae
Fanum
was
taken
by
Nicolas
of
Pistoia
Cardinal
Legate
of
St.
Cecilys
,
and
great
part
of
Rimini
taken
from
him
,
lest
he
should
rebel
any
more
.
Ferdinand
also
had
the
same
happy
success
not
long
after
at
Troja
,
a
Town
in
Puglia
,
by
which
the
Prince
of
Tarento
and
many
others
,
who
,
being
desirous
of
change
,
were
on
the
French
side
,
were
so
consternated
,
that
they
came
all
upon
their
knees
to
the
King
and
begg'd
pardon
of
him
;
but
some
few
continued
obstinate
,
whom
the
King
afterward
prosecuted
so
severely
,
that
he
either
drove
'em
out
of
the
Kingdom
,
or
brought
'em
to
know
themselves
.
When
this
was
over
,
Pius
,
now
freed
from
two
great
and
troublesom
Wars
,
renew'd
the
thoughts
of
his
Expedition
into
Asia
,
which
had
been
so
long
omitted
from
the
time
of
the
Mantuan
Council
through
the
ambition
and
avarice
of
the
several
Kings
and
Princes
:
and
makes
the
King
of
Hungary
,
the
Duke
of
Burgundy
,
and
the
Venetians
his
Confederates
,
because
they
seemed
more
inclined
to
it
,
than
any
body
else
.
He
likewise
sent
Nuncioes
with
Letters
Apostolick
to
the
several
Nations
of
Christendom
,
to
exhort
the
Princes
and
people
to
so
great
and
necessary
a
War
:
Himself
in
the
mean
time
went
to
Siena
,
with
a
design
to
go
as
soon
as
the
Season
permitted
,
to
the
Baths
at
Petriolana
,
that
seemed
best
for
his
Distemper
.
And
there
he
heard
the
Duke
of
Burgundy
,
who
had
vowed
to
come
with
a
Navy
well
Man'd
,
had
desisted
from
his
resolution
:
as
also
,
that
many
other
Princes
and
people
not
onely
Foreiners
,
but
of
Italy
,
led
by
ambition
and
envy
,
endeavour'd
to
frustrate
that
great
Design
,
because
they
saw
,
that
they
were
likely
to
have
the
richest
spoils
and
rewards
,
that
underwent
the
greatest
brunt
of
that
War
.
Thereupon
(
as
it
became
a
Pope
to
do
)
he
try'd
to
persuade
'em
by
kind
words
at
a
distance
:
and
soon
after
leaving
the
Bath
he
went
to
Rome
,
where
he
lay
sick
for
some
days
of
the
Gout
and
a
Fever
,
and
therefore
could
not
be
at
Ancona
upon
the
seventh
of
June
as
he
had
publickly
declared
he
would
.
But
when
his
distemper
was
somewhat
asswaged
,
he
gave
Audience
to
certain
Embassadours
that
came
from
the
King
of
France
,
and
Duke
of
Burgundy
to
excuse
their
delay
.
And
then
calling
all
the
Cardinals
before
him
he
appointed
a
day
to
hear
the
charge
against
the
King
of
Bohemia
,
who
was
said
to
be
heretically
inclined
:
and
when
he
had
done
,
he
was
carried
in
a
Litter
through
Sabina
,
Ombria
,
and
the
Marcha
till
he
came
to
the
City
of
Ancona
.
By
the
way
be
found
great
numbers
of
Men
,
that
came
out
of
Germany
,
Spain
,
and
France
,
intending
for
the
War
against
the
Turks
:
of
whom
he
sent
a
great
part
,
especially
of
the
Germans
(
having
absolv'd
'em
)
back
into
their
own
Country
,
because
he
thought
'em
unfit
for
the
toil
of
War
;
and
because
they
had
not
brought
their
pay
along
with
'em
,
as
he
had
order'd
in
the
Letters
Apostolical
.
But
in
the
mean
time
,
whilst
he
waited
at
Ancona
for
the
Navy
that
was
a
building
in
the
several
Ports
of
the
Tyrrhene
and
Adriatick
Seas
,
and
also
for
the
Duke
of
Venice
his
Ally
,
he
was
afflicted
with
a
tedious
Fever
,
and
dy'd
in
the
year
1464.
upon
the
13th
of
August
about
three
of
the
Clock
in
the
Night
,
six
years
wanting
six
days
after
he
was
made
Pope
.
He
was
a
Man
of
such
constancy
and
courage
of
mind
,
that
in
all
his
sickness
,
which
was
long
and
painful
,
he
never
omitted
any
business
that
concern'd
his
understanding
onely
,
whether
it
were
to
hear
the
causes
of
several
Nations
,
to
inhibit
,
to
decree
,
to
judg
,
to
sign
,
to
admonish
,
to
chastise
,
or
correct
.
And
that
day
whereon
he
dy'd
,
about
two
hours
before
he
expired
,
he
call'd
the
Cardinals
about
him
,
and
with
a
resolute
Heart
and
a
good
audible
Voice
exhorted
'em
to
Unity
in
the
choice
of
a
new
Pope
:
commending
to
their
care
(
in
a
grave
Speech
)
the
honour
of
God
,
the
dignity
of
the
Church
,
the
War
which
he
had
undertaken
against
the
Turks
,
the
salvation
of
his
Soul
,
all
his
Family
,
and
especially
his
Nephews
,
if
they
proved
worthy
of
commendations
.
He
desired
all
the
Sacraments
of
his
own
accord
,
and
shew'd
great
tokens
of
a
true
Christian
.
But
besides
that
he
dispued
very
acutely
with
Laurentius
Roverella
,
Bishop
of
Ferrara
,
a
learned
Divine
,
whether
it
were
lawful
for
him
to
receive
the
Extreme
Unction
again
,
having
been
anointed
once
before
at
Basil
,
when
he
was
sick
of
the
Plague
.
Nor
could
he
be
entreated
by
all
his
domestick
Servants
to
forbear
saying
the
Canonical
Prayers
,
though
he
were
in
such
an
Agony
.
He
repeated
the
Athanasian
Creed
with
great
strength
and
Emphasis
;
and
when
he
had
done
,
he
said
,
it
was
most
true
,
and
most
holy
.
He
was
not
affraid
to
die
,
nor
did
he
shew
any
sign
of
trouble
or
inconstancy
to
his
last
breath
.
But
indeed
he
may
be
said
rather
to
have
been
kill'd
than
to
have
died
,
he
was
so
tortur'd
with
tedious
Diseases
.
He
commanded
his
Friends
to
carry
his
Body
to
Rome
:
where
those
that
embalm'd
him
affirmed
that
his
heart
was
very
sound
and
vivid
.
His
funeral
pomp
from
Ancona
to
Rome
was
made
up
of
his
Family
,
who
were
all
in
mourning
and
in
tears
.
And
when
that
was
over
,
he
was
buried
in
St.
Peter's
at
the
Altar
of
St.
Andrew
,
in
a
Tomb
,
which
was
built
at
the
charge
of
Francis
,
Cardinal
of
Siena
,
with
this
Epitaph
,
Pius
II.
Pont.
Max.
natione
Tuscus
,
patriâ
Senensis
,
gente
Pocolhominea
.
He
enjoy'd
the
Sea
onely
six
years
:
But
though
his
Pontificate
were
short
,
yet
it
was
full
of
great
Actions
.
He
held
a
Council
at
Mantua
to
maintain
the
Faith
;
resisted
all
the
opposers
of
the
Church
of
Rome
both
within
and
without
Italy
;
he
canonized
Catharine
of
Siena
,
and
abrogated
the
French
Pragmatic
Sanction
.
He
restored
Ferdinand
of
Aragon
to
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
;
encreased
the
Churches
Patrimony
,
and
made
the
first
Allum
Mines
at
Tolfa
;
He
was
an
Admirer
of
Justice
and
Religion
,
and
an
excellent
Orator
:
But
he
died
at
Ancona
as
he
was
going
to
the
War
against
the
Turks
,
where
he
had
his
Navy
ready
,
and
the
Duke
and
Senate
of
Venice
for
his
fellow
Soldiers
in
Christ
.
He
was
brought
thence
into
the
City
by
order
of
the
Cardinals
,
and
buried
in
the
place
where
he
commanded
St.
Andrew
the
Apostle's
head
(
which
was
brought
hither
to
him
from
Morea
)
to
be
laid
.
He
lived
fifty
eight
years
,
nine
months
and
twenty
seven
days
;
and
when
he
dy'd
,
left
the
College
of
Cardinals
forty
five
thousand
pound
gather'd
out
of
the
Church
Revenues
,
to
maintain
the
War
against
the
Turks
.
But
the
Cardinals
committed
all
this
Money
and
the
Galleys
,
that
were
then
in
the
Port
of
Ancona
,
to
Christopher
Maurus
Duke
of
Venice
,
who
arrived
there
two
days
before
Pius
died
,
upon
condition
,
that
he
should
use
the
Ships
according
to
their
directions
,
and
should
send
the
Money
to
Matthias
King
of
Hungary
,
who
was
continually
at
War
with
the
Turk
.
Thus
died
Pius
,
who
was
a
personage
of
such
true
courage
and
singular
prudence
;
as
he
seemed
to
be
born
not
to
ease
or
pleasure
but
to
manage
the
most
important
Affairs
.
He
always
endeavour'd
to
augment
the
Majesty
and
grandieur
of
the
Pontifical
Chair
;
nor
did
he
ever
leave
chastizing
of
Kings
,
Dukes
,
States
,
Usurpers
,
that
wronged
either
himself
or
any
other
Church-Man
,
till
he
made
'em
acknowledg
their
Errour
.
And
therefore
he
was
an
Enemy
to
Lewis
King
of
France
,
because
he
endeavour'd
to
diminish
the
Liberties
of
the
Church
,
and
extorted
from
him
the
Pragmatic
Sanction
which
was
most
pernicious
to
the
Sea
of
Rome
.
He
threaten'd
Borsius
Duke
of
Modena
,
who
being
a
Feudatary
of
the
Church
of
Rome
,
yet
favour'd
Sigismund
Malatesta
and
the
French
,
who
were
no
Friends
to
the
Church
.
But
he
censur'd
Sigismund
Duke
of
Austria
most
grievously
,
for
taking
Nicolas
Cusanus
,
Cardinal
of
St.
Peter
ad
vincula
,
and
keeping
him
some
days
in
Prison
.
He
deprived
Dieterus
Isimbergensis
Bishop
of
Mayence
,
who
hated
the
Church
of
Rome
,
and
put
another
in
his
place
:
and
so
likewise
he
displaced
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Benevento
,
who
was
upon
new
projects
,
and
endeavour'd
to
betray
Benevento
to
the
French
.
He
likewise
deprived
Francis
Copinus
,
who
in
his
Embassady
to
England
,
assumed
more
Power
,
than
the
Sea
Apostolick
had
given
him
(
to
the
destruction
of
many
Men
)
him
he
deprived
of
his
Bishoprick
of
Teramo
.
He
also
made
Terracino
,
Benevento
,
Sora
,
Arpino
and
a
great
part
of
Campagnia
subject
to
the
Church
.
He
never
granted
any
thing
to
any
King
,
Duke
,
or
State
for
fear
or
covetousness
;
and
would
reprove
Men
severely
,
that
ask'd
what
he
could
not
grant
without
detriment
to
the
Church
and
dishonour
to
himself
;
and
strook
such
terrour
into
some
Lords
of
Italy
especially
,
that
they
continued
very
true
to
their
Faith
and
Allegiance
.
But
as
he
always
plagued
his
publick
Enemies
,
so
likewise
he
Cherish'd
his
Friends
as
much
.
He
dearly
loved
Frederick
the
Emperour
,
Matthias
King
of
Hungary
,
Ferdinand
Son
to
Alphonso
,
Philip
of
Burgundy
,
Francis
Sfortia
,
and
Lewis
Gonzaga
.
He
added
twelve
Cardinals
to
the
former
number
,
the
Cardinal
of
Rieti
,
Spoleto
,
Trani
,
Alexander
Saxoferratensis
,
Bartholomew
Roverella
,
James
of
Lucca
,
Francis
Son
to
his
Sister
Laodamia
,
Francis
Gonzaga
Son
to
the
Marquess
Lewis
,
all
Italians
.
But
then
there
were
others
from
beyond
the
Alps
;
as
,
Salseburgensis
,
Lewis
Libretus
of
Artois
,
and
Vergelensis
.
Moreover
,
he
so
ordered
his
method
of
living
,
that
he
could
never
be
accused
of
idleness
or
sloth
.
He
rose
as
soon
as
't
was
day
for
his
health
sake
,
and
,
having
said
his
Prayers
very
devoutly
,
went
about
his
worldly
affairs
.
When
he
had
done
his
mornings
work
,
and
walk'd
about
the
Gardens
for
his
recreation
,
he
went
to
Dinner
;
in
which
he
used
an
indifferent
sort
of
Diet
;
not
curious
and
dainty
.
For
he
seldom
bid
'em
get
him
this
or
that
particular
Dish
,
but
whatever
they
set
before
him
,
he
ate
of
.
He
was
very
abstemious
,
and
when
he
did
drink
Wine
,
it
was
always
diluted
with
Water
,
and
pleasant
rather
than
rough
upon
the
Palate
.
After
Meals
he
either
discoursed
or
disputed
half
an
hour
with
his
Chaplains
,
and
then
going
into
his
Bed-Chamber
he
took
a
nap
,
after
which
he
went
to
Prayers
again
,
and
then
wrote
or
read
,
as
long
as
his
business
would
permit
.
The
same
also
he
did
after
Supper
;
for
he
both
read
and
dictated
till
midnight
as
he
lay
in
his
Bed
,
nor
did
he
sleep
above
five
or
six
hours
.
He
was
a
short
Man
,
gray-hair'd
before
his
time
,
and
had
a
wrinkled
Face
before
he
was
old
.
In
his
aspect
he
bore
severity
tempered
with
good-nature
;
and
in
his
garb
was
neither
finical
,
nor
negligent
,
but
so
contrived
it
,
as
to
be
consistent
with
the
pains
which
he
usually
took
.
He
could
patiently
endure
both
hunger
and
thirst
,
because
he
was
naturally
very
strong
;
and
yet
his
long
journeys
,
frequent
labour
,
and
Watchings
had
impair'd
him
.
His
usual
Diseases
were
the
Cough
,
the
Stone
,
and
Gout
,
wherewith
he
was
often
so
tormented
,
that
no
body
could
say
he
was
alive
but
by
his
Voice
.
And
even
in
his
sickness
he
was
very
accessible
,
but
sparing
of
Words
;
and
unwilling
to
deny
any
Man's
Petition
.
He
laid
out
all
the
Money
he
got
together
;
and
did
neither
love
Gold
nor
contemn
it
:
but
would
never
be
by
,
whilst
it
was
told
out
,
or
laid
up
.
He
seemed
not
to
cherish
the
Wits
of
his
Age
,
because
three
grievous
Wars
which
he
had
undertook
had
so
continually
exhausted
the
Pontifical
Treasury
that
he
was
oftentimes
much
in
Debt
:
and
yet
he
preferred
many
learned
Men
to
places
both
in
the
Court
,
and
Church
.
He
would
willingly
hear
an
Oration
,
or
a
Poem
,
and
always
submitted
his
own
Writings
to
the
judgment
of
the
Learned
.
He
hated
Lyars
and
Sycophants
,
was
soon
angry
and
soon
pleased
again
.
He
pardon'd
those
that
reviled
,
or
scoff'd
at
him
,
unless
they
injur'd
the
Sea
Apostolick
;
the
Dignity
whereof
he
always
had
such
a
respect
for
,
as
upon
that
account
often
to
fall
out
with
great
Kings
and
Princes
.
He
was
very
kind
to
his
Houshold
Servants
;
for
those
that
he
sound
in
an
errour
,
through
folly
or
ignorance
,
he
admonish'd
like
a
Father
.
He
never
reproved
any
one
for
speaking
or
thinking
ill
of
him
;
because
in
a
free
City
he
desired
every
body
should
utter
their
minds
.
And
when
one
told
him
,
that
he
had
an
ill
Report
,
he
reply'd
;
go
into
the
Campo
di
fiore
,
and
you
'l
hear
a
great
many
talk
against
me
.
If
at
any
time
he
had
a
mind
to
change
the
Air
of
Rome
for
a
better
,
he
went
,
especially
in
the
Summer
,
to
Tivoli
,
or
his
own
Country
,
Siena
.
But
he
was
mightily
pleased
with
the
retirement
of
an
Abby
in
Siena
,
which
is
very
delightful
,
and
cool
too
by
reason
of
its
situation
and
the
shady
Groves
that
are
about
it
.
He
frequented
the
Baths
at
Macerata
and
Petriolana
for
his
healths
sake
.
He
used
thin
Cloths
,
and
his
Expences
in
Silver
look'd
more
frugal
than
Princelike
.
For
his
whole
delight
(
when
he
had
leisure
)
was
in
writing
and
reading
:
because
he
valu'd
good
Books
more
than
precious
Stones
;
for
in
them
he
said
there
was
great
plenty
of
Gems
.
He
so
far
contemn'd
a
splendid
Table
,
that
he
went
oftentimes
to
Fountains
,
Groves
,
and
Country
recesses
for
his
own
humour
,
where
he
entertain'd
himself
not
like
a
Pope
,
but
an
honest
humble
Rustick
.
Nor
were
there
wanting
some
who
found
fault
with
this
his
frequent
change
of
places
,
especially
his
Courtiers
;
because
no
Pope
had
ever
done
so
before
him
,
unless
in
time
of
War
,
or
of
a
Plague
.
But
he
always
slighted
their
Cavils
,
and
said
,
that
for
all
his
pleasure
he
never
omitted
any
thing
that
befitted
the
dignity
of
a
Pope
or
tended
to
the
good
of
the
Court.
In
all
places
he
Sealed
,
heard
Causes
,
Censur'd
,
Answer'd
,
Asserted
and
Confuted
;
to
give
full
satisfaction
to
all
sorts
of
Men.
He
could
not
eat
willingly
alone
,
and
therefore
invited
either
the
Cardinal
of
Spoleto
,
of
Trani
,
or
of
Pavia
commonly
to
Dine
or
Sup
with
him
.
At
Supper
he
used
to
discourse
of
Learning
,
and
rubb'd
up
his
old
Notions
of
the
Ancients
;
shewing
how
commendable
each
of
'em
was
in
this
or
that
particular
.
He
frequently
exhorted
his
Relations
to
Virtue
,
and
deterr'd
'em
from
Vice
,
by
recounting
the
good
or
ill
actions
of
others
.
Augustine
Patritio
was
his
chief
Reader
,
and
Amaniensis
.
He
was
also
sometimes
pleased
to
hear
Wit
,
especially
when
he
had
nothing
to
do
:
and
therefore
he
had
one
Grecus
,
a
Florentine
,
who
would
mimick
and
ridicule
any
ones
behaviour
,
garb
,
or
way
of
speech
with
great
diversion
to
the
Audience
.
He
was
an
honest
,
upright
,
plain
Man
,
without
fallacy
,
or
guile
.
And
so
zealous
a
Christian
he
was
,
that
there
appear'd
no
colour
of
Hypocrisie
in
him
.
He
frequently
confess'd
,
and
receiv'd
the
Communion
;
and
at
divine
Service
either
performed
the
Priestly
Office
himself
,
or
assisted
at
the
Ceremonies
.
He
always
contemn'd
Dreams
,
Portents
,
Prodigies
,
Lightning
,
and
the
like
.
There
was
no
sign
in
him
of
fear
or
inconstancy
:
but
he
seemed
as
little
elevated
at
his
good
,
as
dejected
at
his
ill
Fortune
.
He
often
reproved
his
Friends
,
for
Cowards
,
and
sneaking
Fellows
,
that
they
should
be
affraid
of
telling
him
what
mischances
they
had
(
as
it
sometimes
happens
)
in
the
War
:
because
,
he
said
,
those
things
might
have
been
remedied
,
if
he
had
known
of
'em
in
time
.
He
never
forsook
his
Allies
,
either
upon
account
of
Charges
,
or
fear
of
his
Enemies
.
He
went
to
War
with
an
ill
will
,
but
fought
for
the
Church
and
Religion
when
he
was
forced
to
't
.
He
was
mightily
pleased
with
Building
:
and
at
his
charge
were
the
Steps
in
the
Vatican
Church
repaired
;
the
Portico
of
it
made
glorious
and
strong
:
And
he
had
a
design
to
carry
away
the
rubbish
from
before
the
Church-door
,
and
pave
the
Piazza
.
He
was
about
to
make
a
Portico
,
from
whence
the
Pope
might
bless
the
People
.
He
built
a
Castle
at
Tivoli
before
people
thought
he
had
begun
it
:
and
at
Siena
he
built
his
Countrymen
a
Portico
of
square
stone
very
high
and
very
fine
.
As
likewise
he
made
Corsiniano
(
which
he
called
Pienza
,
from
his
own
name
,
Pius
)
a
City
:
and
built
there
a
noble
Church
with
a
Cupalo
,
together
with
a
fine
House
.
He
erected
also
a
Tomb
for
his
Father
and
Mother
at
Siena
in
St.
Francis's
Church
,
with
this
Distich
for
an
Epitaph
.
Sylvius
hic
jaceo
,
conjux
Victoria
mecum
est
,
Filius
hoc
clausit
marmore
Papa
Pius
.
He
had
four
Nephews
by
his
Sister
;
of
which
the
two
youngest
through
his
Authority
,
and
the
respect
that
was
shewn
him
,
were
made
Knights
by
the
King
of
Spain
.
The
eldest
,
who
had
married
King
Ferdinand's
Daughter
,
was
made
Duke
of
Malphi
;
and
the
second
,
whom
Pius
(
as
I
told
you
before
)
had
made
a
Cardinal
,
lives
yet
in
such
repute
of
integrity
and
Vertue
,
that
there
is
nothing
wanting
in
him
that
is
required
in
an
excellent
Person
:
being
adorn'd
with
Wit
,
Manners
,
Policy
,
Religion
,
Modesty
and
Gravity
.
But
to
return
to
Pius
;
who
never
omitted
his
Studies
though
he
were
advanced
to
such
an
eminent
Station
.
When
he
was
a
Youth
indeed
and
not
yet
initiated
into
Divinity
,
he
set
out
Poems
,
that
were
rather
light
,
and
jocular
,
than
serious
and
grave
:
and
yet
sometimes
even
in
them
he
was
elevated
,
nor
did
he
want
satyrical
sharpness
amidst
his
merry
Conceits
.
There
are
Epigrams
of
his
extant
,
that
are
full
of
Wit
,
and
he
is
said
to
have
written
about
three
thousand
Verses
,
which
were
lost
most
part
of
'em
at
Basil
.
The
remainder
of
his
life
he
wrote
in
Prose
onely
,
his
grand
Affairs
rather
inclining
him
to
it
;
but
he
also
loved
a
mixt
Stile
,
more
fit
for
Philosophy
.
He
set
forth
several
Books
of
Dialogues
about
the
Power
of
the
Council
at
Basil
,
about
the
Rise
of
Nile
,
of
Hunting
,
of
Destiny
,
of
God's
Prescience
,
and
of
the
Heresie
in
Bohemia
.
He
left
an
imperfect
Dialogue
which
he
began
against
the
Turks
in
defence
of
Christianity
.
He
digested
his
Epistles
into
their
several
occasions
and
seasons
when
they
were
written
:
and
those
that
he
wrote
when
he
was
a
Layman
,
a
Clergy
,
a
Bishop
,
or
Pope
he
put
into
distinct
Tomes
:
Wherein
he
excites
Kings
,
Princes
,
and
others
to
engage
in
the
War
for
Religion
.
There
is
an
Epistle
of
his
extant
which
he
wrote
to
the
Turk
,
to
persuade
him
from
Mahometanism
to
the
Christian
Faith
.
He
also
wrote
a
Book
about
the
Life
of
Courtiers
;
as
likewise
a
Grammar
for
Ladislaus
the
young
King
of
Hungary
.
He
farthermore
composed
thirty
two
Orations
,
exhorting
Kings
,
Princes
,
and
Commonwealths
to
Peace
,
and
in
defence
of
Religion
,
to
promote
the
quiet
and
Concord
of
the
whole
World
.
He
perfected
the
History
of
Bohemia
,
but
left
that
of
Austria
imperfect
.
And
though
he
was
upon
a
History
of
all
the
remarkable
Actions
in
his
Time
,
yet
he
was
never
able
,
for
his
business
,
to
finish
it
.
He
wrote
twelve
Books
and
began
the
thirteenth
of
things
done
by
himself
.
His
Stile
was
soft
and
easie
,
in
which
he
made
several
excellent
,
and
pertinent
Sermons
.
For
he
could
readily
move
the
Affections
with
handsom
and
graceful
Expressions
.
He
very
aptly
describes
situations
of
Places
and
Rivers
,
assuming
various
ways
of
Eloquence
,
as
the
occasion
required
.
He
was
well
acquainted
with
Antiquity
;
nor
could
any
Town
be
mention'd
,
but
he
could
tell
its
rise
and
situation
:
besides
that
he
would
give
an
account
in
what
Age
famous
Men
flourish'd
.
He
would
sometimes
take
notice
of
Mimicks
for
his
pleasure
:
and
left
many
Sayings
behind
him
,
of
which
I
thought
fit
to
add
some
to
this
account
of
his
Life
:
to
wit
;
That
the
Divine
Nature
was
better
understood
by
Believing
than
by
Disputing
.
That
all
Sects
though
confirm'd
by
humane
Authority
yet
wanted
Reason
.
That
the
Christian
ought
to
be
receiv'd
upon
its
own
credit
,
though
it
had
never
been
back'd
with
Miracles
.
That
there
were
three
Persons
in
the
Godhead
,
not
proved
to
be
so
by
Reason
,
but
by
considering
who
said
so
.
That
those
Men
who
pretended
to
measure
the
Heavens
and
the
Earth
were
rather
bold
than
certain
what
they
did
was
right
.
That
to
find
out
the
motion
of
the
Stars
had
more
pleasure
in
it
,
than
pro●it
.
That
God's
Friends
enjoy'd
both
this
Life
and
that
to
come
.
That
without
Vertue
there
was
no
true
Joy
.
That
as
a
covetous
Man
is
never
satisfied
with
Money
,
so
a
Learned
Man
should
not
be
with
Knowledg
;
But
that
he
who
knew
never
so
much
,
might
yet
find
somewhat
to
be
studied
.
That
common
Men
should
value
Learning
as
Silver
,
Noblemen
,
as
Gold
,
and
Princes
as
Jewels
.
That
good
Physitians
did
not
seek
the
Money
but
the
health
of
the
party
diseas'd
.
That
a
florid
Speech
did
not
move
wise
Men
but
Fools
.
That
those
Laws
are
Sacred
which
restrain
Licentiousness
.
That
the
Laws
had
Power
over
the
Commonalty
,
but
were
feeble
to
the
greater
sort
.
That
great
Controversies
were
decided
by
the
Sword
and
not
by
the
Laws
.
A
Citizen
should
look
upon
his
Family
as
subject
to
the
City
,
the
City
to
his
Country
,
his
Country
to
the
World
,
and
the
World
to
God
.
That
the
chief
place
with
Kings
was
slippery
.
That
as
all
Rivers
run
into
the
Sea
,
so
do
all
Vices
into
Courts
.
That
Flatterers
draw
Kings
whether
they
please
.
That
Kings
hearken
to
none
more
easily
than
to
Sycophants
.
That
the
tongue
of
a
Flatterer
was
a
King's
greatest
Plague
.
That
a
King
,
who
would
trust
no
body
was
good
for
nothing
,
and
he
that
believed
every
body
was
no
better
.
That
it
is
necessary
he
that
governs
many
should
himself
be
rul'd
by
many
.
That
he
deserv'd
not
the
name
of
a
King
who
measur'd
the
Publick
by
his
private
abvantage
.
That
he
who
neglected
holy
Duties
did
not
deserve
the
Church
Revenue
,
nor
a
King
his
Taxes
,
that
did
not
constant
Justice
.
He
said
those
that
went
to
Law
were
the
Birds
,
the
Court
,
the
Field
,
the
Judg
,
the
Net
,
and
the
Lawyers
,
the
Fowlers
.
That
Men
ought
to
be
presented
to
Dignities
and
not
Dignities
to
the
Men.
That
some
Men
had
Offices
and
did
not
deserve
'em
,
whilst
others
deserv'd
'em
and
had
'em
not
.
That
the
burthen
of
a
Pope
was
heavy
,
but
he
was
happy
who
bore
it
stoutly
.
That
an
illiterate
Bishop
was
like
an
Ass
.
That
ill
Physicians
kill'd
the
body
,
and
ignorant
Priests
the
Soul
.
That
a
wandring
Monk
was
the
Devil's
Bondslave
.
That
Virtue
had
enriched
the
Clergy
,
but
Vice
made
'em
poor
.
That
there
was
great
reason
for
the
prohibiting
of
Priests
to
marry
,
but
greater
for
allowing
it
again
.
That
no
Treasure
was
preferrable
to
a
faithful
Friend
.
That
Life
was
like
a
Friend
and
Envy
like
Death
.
That
he
cherishes
an
Enemy
who
pardons
his
Son
too
often
.
That
a
covetous
Man
never
pleases
any
body
but
by
his
Death
.
That
Mens
faults
are
conceal'd
by
Liberality
,
and
discover'd
by
Avarice
.
That
it
was
a
slavish
Vice
to
tell
Lyes
.
That
the
Use
of
Wine
had
augmented
the
Cares
and
the
Distempers
of
mankind
.
That
a
Man
ought
to
take
as
much
Wine
as
would
raise
and
not
overwhelm
his
Soul
.
That
Lust
did
fully
and
stain
every
age
of
Man
,
but
quite
extinguish
old
Age.
That
Gold
it self
,
and
Jewels
could
not
purchase
Content
.
That
it
was
pleasant
to
the
good
,
but
terrible
to
the
bad
,
to
die
.
That
a
noble
Death
was
to
be
preferr'd
before
a
dishonourable
Life
in
the
Opinion
of
all
Philosophers
.
And
this
is
all
or
most
that
can
be
written
of
Pius
:
except
I
add
,
that
he
canonized
St.
Catharine
of
Siena
;
and
laid
up
St.
Andrew's
head
,
that
was
sent
from
Morea
to
Rome
▪
in
St.
Peter's
Church
with
great
Veneration
,
and
Processions
perform'd
by
the
Clergy
and
People
,
in
a
Chappel
built
on
purpose
:
after
he
had
clear'd
the
Church
in
that
place
especially
,
and
removed
the
Sepulchres
of
some
Popes
and
Cardinals
,
that
took
up
too
much
room
.
PAVL
II.
PAVL
the
Second
,
formerly
called
Peter
Barbo
,
a
Venetian
,
(
whose
Father
's
Name
was
Nicolas
and
his
Mothers
Polyxena
)
Cardinal
Priest
of
St.
Marks
,
was
made
Pope
August
30.
1664.
being
Pope
Eugenius's
Nephew
by
his
Sister
,
he
was
just
going
as
a
Merchant
to
Sea
(
an
Employment
not
ungentile
among
the
Venetians
,
and
not
disapproved
of
by
Solon
)
and
having
carry'd
his
Scritore
,
and
other
Implements
on
Board
,
he
heard
that
his
Uncle
Gabriel
Condelmerius
was
chosen
Pope
.
Whereupon
he
stay'd
ashore
,
and
at
the
request
of
his
Friends
and
his
elder
Brother
Paul
Barbo
,
apply'd
himself
to
his
Book
though
he
was
pretty
well
in
years
,
under
the
Discipline
and
tutelage
of
James
Ricionius
,
who
used
to
commend
his
Diligence
.
He
had
also
other
Masters
,
but
made
no
great
proficency
,
considering
his
Age
;
however
he
preferr'd
'em
all
when
he
came
to
be
Pope
(
excepting
only
Ricion
)
to
shew
that
it
was
none
of
their
faults
he
was
not
made
a
Scholar
.
But
Paul
Barbo
who
was
a
stout
and
a
wise
Man
,
and
knew
his
Brother's
nature
inclined
him
rather
to
ease
than
business
,
intreated
Eugenius
(
whom
he
went
to
visit
at
Florence
)
to
send
for
Peter
,
and
give
him
some
Ecclesiastical
preferment
.
He
did
so
,
and
Peter
was
made
first
Arch-Deacon
of
Bologna
,
with
which
not
long
after
he
held
the
Bishoprick
of
Cervia
in
Commendam
,
and
was
made
a
Protonotary
;
one
of
that
Rank
who
receive
the
greatest
Fees
.
In
this
condition
he
lived
for
some
years
,
till
at
last
he
was
made
a
Cardinal
at
the
same
time
with
Alouisius
,
a
Physician
of
Padua
,
whom
they
afterward
call'd
Patriarch
and
Chamberlain
:
which
was
done
at
the
request
of
some
Friends
of
Eugenius's
,
who
desired
to
have
a
Man
that
might
thwart
Alouisius
upon
occasion
.
And
indeed
it
happened
afterward
that
they
grew
such
Enemies
as
never
were
known
,
by
the
insinuations
of
others
especially
whose
interest
it
was
to
foment
the
Quarrel
.
For
Peter
was
vexed
that
he
should
be
inferiour
to
any
Man
about
Eugenius
,
since
he
was
his
Nephew
,
and
of
a
Patrician
Family
in
Venice
.
Upon
this
account
he
fell
out
most
grievously
with
Francis
Condelmerius
the
Vice-Chancellour
,
who
was
Eugenius's
Cousin-german
:
and
when
he
died
,
he
turn'd
all
his
fury
upon
the
Patriarch
,
though
they
two
had
been
often
seemingly
reconcil'd
by
the
intercession
of
Friends
.
Hereupon
they
were
such
Enemies
to
one
another
in
several
Popes
Reigns
,
that
they
did
not
spare
each
others
either
Estate
,
or
honour
:
but
mutually
reviled
each
other
in
words
,
which
I
will
not
relate
,
lest
I
should
seem
to
believe
'em
.
But
when
Eugenius
was
dead
and
Nicolas
the
Fifth
in
his
place
,
he
prevailed
so
far
upon
him
by
his
kindness
and
flattery
,
that
he
not
onely
got
the
uppermost
place
of
all
his
Nation
in
Nicolas's
Court
,
but
by
assistance
of
Nicolas's
Brother
,
did
so
animate
him
against
Alouisius
,
that
he
retrenched
the
Chamberlain's
Office
.
For
Peter
Barbo
was
naturally
fair
spoken
,
and
could
feign
good
nature
,
when
occasion
serv'd
.
But
he
was
sometimes
so
mean
spirited
,
that
when
he
could
not
obtain
what
he
aimed
at
by
praying
,
intreating
,
and
requesting
,
he
would
joyn
tears
to
his
Petitions
to
make
them
the
sooner
believed
.
And
therefore
Pope
Pius
used
sometimes
to
call
him
the
godly
Mary
,
by
way
of
joke
.
He
also
used
this
wheedle
with
Calistus
,
and
persuaded
him
to
send
Alouisius
with
certain
Gallies
against
the
Turk
;
shewing
him
by
Argument
that
such
a
Person
was
fittest
for
such
an
Expedition
,
because
he
had
not
onely
been
a
Commander
formerly
,
but
had
stoutly
defended
the
Church-patrimony
against
all
its
Enemies
.
Peter
being
at
last
deliver'd
from
that
eye-sore
,
made
Calistus
always
so
far
of
his
Opinion
,
that
he
used
no
bodies
advice
more
than
his
,
as
long
as
he
lived
.
So
that
he
easily
obtain'd
of
the
Pope
whatever
he
ask'd
either
for
himself
or
his
Friends
.
For
he
was
ready
to
do
friendships
and
kindnesses
for
any
Man
whom
he
undertook
to
protect
or
assist
not
onely
before
the
great
Men
in
general
,
but
with
the
Pope
also
.
Yea
such
was
his
humanity
,
that
he
would
visit
his
Domesticks
that
were
sick
(
if
they
were
Men
of
any
account
)
and
apply
Remedies
to
'em
.
For
he
had
always
at
home
Medicaments
brought
from
Venice
,
with
Oil
,
Treacle
,
or
other
things
fit
for
Medicines
;
and
some
of
these
he
often
sent
to
the
sick
.
He
took
care
that
the
Wills
of
sick
People
should
be
intrusted
with
himself
rather
than
any
body
,
to
dispose
of
as
he
thought
fit
;
for
if
any
thing
in
them
concern'd
him
,
he
presently
sold
part
of
the
goods
by
Auction
,
and
turn'd
it
into
Mony
for
his
own
use
.
He
was
pleased
with
the
Conversation
of
some
particular
Romans
,
whom
he
often
invited
to
Dine
with
him
,
for
his
diversion
:
and
was
often
very
well
pleased
at
the
Wit
,
Mimickry
,
Gibes
,
Taunts
and
civil
Affronts
that
came
from
Priabisius
and
Francis
Malacaro
.
By
this
means
he
engaged
the
respect
of
the
Citizens
of
Rome
and
even
the
Courtiers
also
.
But
that
he
might
not
seem
powerful
at
home
onely
,
he
endeavoured
to
make
an
Interest
abroad
too
.
For
he
went
into
Campagna
di
Roma
to
appease
certain
People
that
were
at
variance
about
their
Confines
:
and
whilst
he
endeavour'd
to
reconcile
the
Count
d'
Aversa
to
Neapolio
Vrsin
,
he
had
like
to
have
been
taken
and
put
into
Prison
for
words
which
the
Count
resented
very
highly
.
Wherefore
he
went
away
without
his
Errand
,
and
from
that
time
always
shew'd
himself
Aversa's
Enemy
.
After
that
Calixtus
died
,
into
whose
room
Pius
succeeded
,
when
he
,
endeavouring
to
change
his
Bishoprick
of
Vincenza
for
that
of
Padua
,
by
troublesom
importunities
,
and
requests
,
so
far
provoked
Pope
Pius
and
the
Venetians
,
that
they
turned
out
his
Brother
Paul
from
being
a
Senator
,
and
interdicted
him
from
enjoying
any
Church
Benefice
,
if
he
would
not
alter
his
mind
.
At
which
the
Man
was
so
angry
that
he
waited
onely
for
a
time
to
revenge
himself
,
and
was
very
invective
in
the
mean
while
against
those
,
that
obstructed
his
Design
,
But
when
Pius
was
dead
and
he
put
in
his
place
,
he
no
sooner
came
to
the
honour
but
immediately
he
turned
our
all
the
Clerks
of
the
Breves
,
which
Pius
had
put
in
,
pretending
they
were
either
useless
or
unlearn'd
:
whether
he
had
so
promised
,
or
that
he
hated
Pius's
Acts
and
Decrees
,
no
body
can
tell
.
For
he
strip'd
them
of
their
goods
and
preferments
without
hearing
what
they
could
say
for
themselves
,
whom
he
ought
to
have
invited
from
all
parts
of
the
World
with
Encouragements
and
Rewards
;
that
College
being
then
full
of
good
and
learned
Men.
For
there
were
Men
very
skilful
in
the
Laws
both
Divine
and
Humane
:
as
likewise
Poets
and
Orators
,
who
were
as
great
Ornaments
to
the
Court
,
as
that
was
honour
to
them
;
yet
Paul
turn'd
'em
all
out
,
though
it
had
been
order'd
by
Letters
Apostolick
and
the
Judges
of
the
Pontifical
Treasury
,
that
no
Man
who
bought
his
place
honestly
should
be
put
out
of
it
.
And
yet
those
that
were
concern'd
did
what
they
could
to
change
his
mind
:
and
among
the
rest
I
entreated
him
,
that
it
might
be
referr'd
to
the
publick
Judges
,
whom
they
call
Auditors
of
the
Rota
.
At
which
he
look'd
upon
me
with
a
stern
aspect
,
and
told
me
,
Do
you
(
said
he
)
refer
me
to
Judges
,
as
if
you
were
ignorant
,
that
all
the
Laws
were
laid
up
in
my
Breast
?
I
am
resolv'd
(
said
he
)
;
let
'em
all
be
gone
whither
they
will
I
value
'em
not
;
I
am
Pope
,
and
I
may
do
as
I
please
,
either
in
rescinding
or
approving
the
acts
of
others
.
When
we
heard
this
severe
Sentence
,
we
travel'd
about
and
strove
to
rowl
an
unmovable
stone
,
attending
Persons
of
the
Court
Day
and
Night
,
and
vainly
beseeching
every
mean
Servant
to
procure
us
admission
to
the
Pope
.
For
we
were
rejected
with
reproachful
Language
,
as
if
we
had
been
excommunicated
persons
,
or
Pagans
.
But
notwithstanding
we
attended
twenty
Nights
together
;
because
he
did
nothing
in
a
manner
,
but
what
he
did
by
Night
.
At
last
I
was
so
concern'd
for
the
disgrace
which
he
put
upon
us
,
that
(
seeing
I
and
my
Associates
could
not
come
to
speak
with
him
)
I
was
resolv'd
to
send
him
a
Letter
,
which
I
wrote
to
this
purpose
:
If
you
had
power
to
strip
us
of
all
we
had
just
and
lawful
right
to
,
then
it
ought
to
be
in
our
power
to
complain
of
the
injury
and
disgrace
that
you
have
done
us
.
And
therefore
seeing
we
are
rejected
by
you
with
so
much
ignominy
,
we
will
appeal
to
all
the
Kings
and
Princes
far
and
near
,
and
desire
'em
to
convene
a
Council
,
where
you
may
be
forced
to
shew
thy
reason
,
why
thou
robbest
us
of
our
Livelihoods
:
When
he
had
read
the
Letter
,
he
sent
for
Platina
,
as
a
Traytor
;
put
him
into
Prison
and
fetter'd
him
;
and
then
sent
Theodore
,
Bishop
of
Treviso
,
to
examine
him
.
He
soon
concluded
me
guilty
,
for
dispersing
Libels
against
Paul
,
and
mentioning
a
Council
.
The
first
Objection
I
thus
refuted
;
to
wit
,
That
those
were
called
Libels
,
in
which
the
Name
of
the
Writer
was
conceal'd
;
but
my
name
was
at
the
bottom
of
the
Letter
,
and
therefore
it
was
no
Libel
.
And
as
to
my
making
mention
of
a
Council
;
That
I
did
not
think
so
great
a
fault
,
seeing
the
fundamentals
of
true
Faith
were
established
by
the
holy
Fathers
in
Synods
,
which
had
been
sown
by
our
Saviour
and
his
Disciples
,
to
the
end
,
that
all
both
great
and
small
might
live
peaceably
together
and
have
right
done
them
.
And
that
by
the
Laws
of
Rome
,
not
onely
private
but
publick
persons
were
to
give
an
account
of
their
lives
and
how
they
discharged
their
Trusts
.
But
when
I
could
do
no
good
this
way
,
I
was
forced
to
be
content
and
lie
in
massie
Chains
in
the
middle
of
Winter
without
any
fire
,
and
in
an
high
Tower
,
which
was
exposed
to
all
the
Winds
that
blew
for
four
months
together
.
At
last
Paul
was
tired
with
the
importunity
of
Francis
Gonzaga
Cardinal
of
Mantua
,
and
freed
me
from
the
noisom
Prison
,
though
I
could
hardly
stand
upon
my
Legs
;
and
withal
he
bids
me
not
stir
from
the
City
:
For
(
says
he
)
if
you
go
into
India
,
Paul
will
fetch
you
back
.
I
obey'd
his
Commands
;
and
stayed
three
years
in
the
City
,
hoping
to
find
some
remedy
for
my
misfortunes
.
But
Paul
,
when
he
was
Crown'd
,
according
to
custom
,
remembring
that
the
Canons
Regular
were
formerly
turn'd
out
of
St.
Giovanni
Laterano
by
Calixtus
,
though
Eugenius
had
placed
'em
there
;
he
recall'd
'em
,
to
perform
Divine
Service
apart
from
the
Canons
Secular
.
And
because
he
had
a
mind
to
extirpate
the
name
of
Seculars
from
that
place
,
if
any
one
of
'em
died
,
he
put
no
body
into
his
place
;
or
if
any
Benefice
were
vacant
,
he
made
them
renounce
their
Canonships
and
so
translated
'em
to
other
Churches
,
till
at
length
the
profits
of
that
Church
being
reduced
into
one
body
might
satisfie
the
Canons
Regular
without
any
charge
to
him
,
he
being
before
forc'd
to
keep
'em
,
they
were
so
poor
.
But
by
this
means
Paul
did
much
estrange
the
Citizens
minds
and
affections
from
him
:
because
(
as
they
said
)
he
gave
those
Revenues
which
their
Forefathers
had
setled
(
instead
of
Citizens
)
to
foreiners
.
Nor
was
Paul
content
to
do
so
,
but
he
spoke
to
some
Canons
by
themselves
,
and
threaten'd
'em
till
they
quitted
their
Canonries
.
Some
indeed
contemn'd
his
Menaces
and
expected
an
opportunity
of
vindicating
their
Liberty
,
which
happen'd
not
till
he
was
dead
.
It
was
now
reported
that
the
Turks
had
taken
most
part
of
Epirus
and
were
coming
into
Sclavonia
,
he
therefore
sent
Nuncio's
immediately
to
all
Kings
and
Princes
,
to
advise
'em
,
to
compose
their
civil
Discords
and
make
War
against
the
Turk
the
common
Enemy
;
but
there
was
nothing
done
in
it
,
because
they
were
up
to
the
ears
in
blood
one
among
another
:
the
Germans
in
one
part
and
the
English
in
an
other
,
some
of
whom
desired
a
new
King
,
others
would
retain
their
old
one
.
And
then
the
Spanish
and
French
Princes
,
fear'd
their
King's
Power
,
who
attempted
to
bring
them
to
a
total
subjection
.
But
more
than
this
,
the
King
of
Bohemia's
Apostacy
vexed
Paul
very
much
,
in
that
he
withdrew
himself
from
the
Church
of
Christ
by
little
and
little
;
and
therefore
he
design'd
to
send
the
King
of
Hungary
with
an
Army
against
him
,
if
the
War
which
he
had
undertaken
against
the
Turks
,
would
give
him
leisure
;
and
that
he
could
compose
the
difference
between
the
King
and
the
Emperour
.
For
when
Ladislaus
King
of
Hungary
and
his
Nephew
was
dead
,
without
issue
,
the
Emperour
himself
pretended
a
right
to
that
Kingdom
,
which
Matthias
Son
to
the
Vaivod
was
in
possession
of
.
Thereupon
Paul
thought
it
best
to
defer
that
matter
till
another
time
,
and
apply'd
himself
to
make
up
some
breaches
between
certain
Citizens
of
Rome
.
For
there
was
a
quarrel
between
James
Son
to
John
Alberinus
,
and
Felix
Nephew
to
Anthony
Capharellus
:
and
therefore
he
sent
for
the
two
old
Gentlemen
,
the
Father
and
Uncle
of
'em
,
and
caused
'em
to
put
in
Sureties
,
that
they
would
be
friends
,
though
they
stood
out
a
good
while
.
But
James
Son
to
Alberinus
,
who
could
not
endure
that
any
Affront
should
be
put
upon
his
Father
,
attempted
soon
after
to
murther
Anthony
Capharellus
,
and
gave
him
several
such
grievous
wounds
that
he
left
him
for
dead
.
At
which
Paul
was
very
angry
,
that
Alberinus's
Son
had
broken
his
Father's
Oath
,
and
therefore
he
demolish'd
their
Houses
,
confiscated
all
their
goods
and
banished
them
from
the
City
,
but
he
afterward
recalled
'em
and
took
'em
into
favour
,
restoring
all
their
goods
;
and
made
Peace
between
the
parties
after
they
had
been
both
sometime
in
Prison
.
In
the
year
1465.
Alouisius
Patavinus
the
Pope's
Chamberlain
dy'd
.
He
was
Cardinal-Priest
of
St.
Laurence
,
a
very
rich
Man
and
prudent
in
the
management
of
business
,
but
not
so
wise
towards
his
later
end
:
in
that
he
left
most
of
his
Estate
to
his
two
Brothers
who
were
call'd
Scarampi
.
Men
that
were
good
Gentlemen
,
but
yet
not
worthy
of
such
a
vast
fortune
as
he
had
got
out
of
the
Church
Revenues
(
I
know
what
People
thought
)
whereupon
Paul
,
who
had
given
him
free
leave
to
make
a
Will
and
bequeath
it
to
whom
he
pleased
,
seized
upon
the
Estate
,
took
the
Scarampi
who
had
fled
and
kept
'em
(
though
in
no
scandalous
place
)
till
he
had
those
things
brought
him
which
were
carried
away
to
Florence
;
which
done
,
he
freed
the
Scarampi
,
to
whom
he
gave
a
good
share
,
and
was
more
liberal
to
the
other
Legatees
than
the
Testator
himself
had
been
.
And
thus
Alouisius's
Estate
,
which
he
got
with
great
industry
and
preserv'd
with
greater
,
(
as
if
in
the
strength
of
so
much
Wealth
he
could
have
lived
Mathusalem's
Age
)
was
seized
and
distributed
by
one
with
whom
he
had
had
so
many
quarrels
,
ill
words
and
Animosities
,
and
before
whom
he
would
have
chosen
the
Turk
for
his
Executor
.
Nor
was
Divine
Providence
thus
satisfied
,
but
was
pleased
that
his
body
also
which
was
already
buried
should
be
made
a
prey
;
for
the
Grave
was
open'd
in
the
Night-time
by
those
to
whom
he
had
given
the
Revenues
of
St.
Laurence
in
Damaso
,
and
he
stript
of
a
Ring
and
all
his
Cloths
.
But
indeed
Paul
,
when
he
knew
of
it
,
was
very
angry
at
them
.
About
that
time
Frederick
a
fine
Youth
,
Son
to
Ferdinand
,
who
passing
to
Millain
,
to
fetch
Francis
Sforza's
Daughter
,
his
Brother's
Wife
,
to
Naples
,
arrived
at
Rome
,
where
he
was
met
by
the
Nobility
and
Rhoderick
the
Vicechancelour
,
and
kindly
entertain'd
by
the
Pope
himself
,
who
presented
him
with
a
Rose
,
which
the
Popes
use
to
give
to
some
Christian
Prince
every
year
.
Ferdinand
now
minding
to
punish
those
of
his
own
Kingdom
,
who
had
revolted
from
him
when
he
was
engaged
with
the
French
,
sent
some
Forces
to
set
upon
the
Duke
of
Sora
;
but
the
Pope
was
desirous
to
divert
that
War
,
and
therefore
sent
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Millain
thither
with
all
speed
,
to
pray
him
,
that
he
would
send
those
Men
to
him
(
as
he
was
obliged
by
his
Tenure
to
do
)
because
he
had
a
Design
to
destroy
and
take
off
the
Count
Aversa's
Sons
that
had
denied
Obedience
to
the
Church
.
For
about
that
time
the
Count
Aversa
died
,
when
Paul
was
made
Pope
;
and
his
body
was
brought
to
Rome
,
where
it
was
buried
in
St.
Maries
the
Great
.
The
King
,
who
was
Deiphobus's
bitter
Enemy
,
as
having
been
attempted
by
him
with
Plots
,
Poison
and
open
force
in
the
late
War
,
gave
Order
to
the
Captains
of
his
Army
,
cited
to
go
where
the
Pope
bad
them
,
upon
the
first
Summons
.
He
had
Deiphobus
and
Francis
to
him
before
and
given
'em
charge
to
clear
the
Road
of
Thieves
,
(
who
used
to
rob
Travellers
at
the
very
Gates
of
Rome
,
as
it
were
)
and
that
they
should
restore
Caprarola
(
a
Town
so
called
)
to
the
Son
of
Securanza
,
the
greatest
part
of
whose
Estate
they
had
possest
themselves
of
:
they
not
onely
refused
to
do
either
,
but
threaten'd
him
,
and
brag'd
that
they
were
Count
Aversa's
Sons
,
nor
would
they
spare
any
one
that
gave
'em
a
provocation
.
Paul
therefore
having
privately
prepared
all
things
that
were
necessary
for
a
War
,
with
assistance
of
the
King's
Forces
,
he
surprised
and
subdued
'em
within
fourteen
days
after
he
attaqued
'em
,
reducing
nine
Castles
under
the
jurisdiction
of
the
Church
:
of
which
some
were
so
well
fortified
both
by
Art
and
Nature
,
that
they
seemed
impregnable
.
Deiphobus
fearing
lest
if
he
were
taken
he
should
be
sent
to
the
King
,
made
his
escape
.
But
Francis
his
Brother
and
his
Son
were
taken
and
kept
five
years
in
Castel
St.
Angelo
,
till
upon
the
Creation
of
Sixtus
,
they
were
freed
.
And
hence
afterward
arose
great
enmity
between
the
Pope
and
the
King
;
when
Ferdinand
demanded
that
Paul
would
remit
the
Tribute
which
he
was
to
pay
the
Church
,
as
a
reward
for
his
great
merits
:
and
would
retrench
or
take
off
part
of
it
for
the
future
,
seeing
his
Uncle
enjoy'd
the
Kingdom
of
Sicily
,
though
he
paid
Tribute
for
that
and
Naples
too
:
and
told
him
,
That
he
ought
to
consider
his
Deserts
and
what
might
happen
;
for
that
he
had
always
some
Batalions
in
Arms
,
not
more
upon
his
own
than
upon
the
Pope's
account
as
he
found
in
the
late
War
against
the
Aversans
.
Paul
on
the
other
hand
recounted
the
Churches
merits
toward
Ferdinand
;
and
so
they
spun
out
the
Debate
a
long
time
by
these
kind
of
wranglings
,
each
of
'em
seeking
an
opportunity
to
recover
their
Right
.
In
the
mean
time
the
King
was
very
cautious
how
he
caused
any
new
Commotions
,
because
he
fear'd
James
Picenninus's
Power
,
who
had
Sulmona
in
Abruzzo
,
and
some
other
Towns
in
his
possession
:
whom
afterward
his
Father-in-law
Francis
Sfortia
sent
to
the
King
,
who
gave
him
his
word
that
he
should
come
and
go
in
safety
when
he
pleased
.
But
all
things
did
not
go
according
to
James's
expectation
:
for
he
was
taken
at
Naples
by
Ferdinand
,
as
so
was
his
Son
,
and
there
thrown
into
Prison
,
and
not
long
after
put
to
Death
;
though
there
was
a
false
report
given
out
,
that
he
fell
down
in
the
Prison
and
broke
his
Leg
,
as
he
was
inconsiderately
staring
through
the
Window
to
see
the
King's
Galleys
that
came
from
Ischia
,
with
Victory
over
the
French
.
There
were
who
thought
him
still
alive
:
which
I
can
never
believe
,
because
there
was
no
Man
in
all
Italy
more
fit
(
if
you
look
upon
him
as
a
Soldier
)
to
subvert
the
Government
of
King
Ferdinand
.
The
Duke
of
Millain's
Daughter
,
when
she
heard
of
it
,
tarry'd
by
the
way
at
Siena
,
as
she
was
going
to
her
Husband
at
Naples
,
to
persuade
the
World
,
that
her
Father
was
not
any
way
concern'd
with
Ferdinand
in
contriving
the
Death
of
Picenninus
.
But
what
People
thought
of
it
,
we
very
well
know
.
There
were
likewise
some
,
that
said
,
the
Pope
knew
of
it
before
hand
,
because
at
that
time
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Millain
went
often
from
the
Pope
to
the
King
,
and
from
the
King
back
again
:
and
because
Paul
said
,
when
he
heard
of
his
Imprisonment
,
that
the
Judg
of
Appeals
was
taken
off
.
But
that
of
Virgil
is
too
true
,
Nescia
mens
hominum
fati
,
sortisque
futurae
.
Little
do
Men
their
future
Fortune
know
.
For
Paul
could
not
have
made
use
of
any
one
to
fit
to
curb
Ferdinand
as
James
Picenninus
was
,
if
he
had
been
alive
,
when
their
Debate
arose
about
the
Tribute
,
for
which
a
War
was
like
to
have
been
proclaimed
.
For
when
he
had
kept
his
Daughter-in-laws
,
and
his
Son's
Wedding
,
and
that
thereby
and
by
the
death
of
James
his
Kingdom
was
setled
,
Ferdinand
was
instant
with
the
Pope
,
that
he
would
retrench
the
Tribute
,
and
give
him
back
certain
Towns
which
belong'd
to
the
Kingdom
but
were
in
possession
of
the
Church
.
Thereupon
Paul
sent
to
him
Bartholomew
Roverella
,
Cardinal
Priest
of
St.
Clements
,
as
Legate
;
who
did
in
some
measure
satisfie
the
King
.
And
at
that
time
I
believe
,
they
both
fear'd
,
lest
the
Eclipses
of
the
Sun
and
Moon
,
which
all
Men
were
then
astonish'd
at
,
might
portend
some
changes
in
Government
.
Nor
can
you
think
the
heavenly
Bodies
have
no
efficacy
;
for
the
year
after
Francis
Sfortia
Duke
of
Millain
and
Genoua
died
.
For
he
had
gotten
Genoua
two
years
before
,
being
after
a
long
War
surrender'd
by
the
Citizens
.
For
they
having
rejected
the
French
Government
which
they
had
formerly
courted
,
kill'd
six
thousand
of
the
French
under
the
Nose
of
King
Renatus
,
who
came
with
some
Galleys
well
arm'd
,
to
retrieve
the
City
that
had
now
revolted
from
the
French
.
When
Francis
Sfortia
Duke
of
Millain
was
dead
,
Paul
summon'd
the
Cardinals
to
consult
what
was
to
be
done
.
They
all
concluded
that
he
must
send
Letters
and
Nuncioes
to
all
the
Princes
of
Italy
,
and
to
all
States
,
to
persuade
'em
against
Innovations
,
and
to
maintain
the
establish'd
Peace
;
especially
at
that
unhappy
time
when
we
were
so
threatned
by
the
Turk
the
common
Enemy
.
And
afterward
he
sent
the
Bishop
of
Conca
to
Millain
,
to
persuade
that
State
,
to
have
regard
to
the
Allegiance
they
had
sworn
to
Galeatius
,
Francis's
Son
.
At
that
time
Galeatius
was
absent
in
France
,
whither
his
Father
had
sent
him
with
an
Army
,
to
assist
King
Lewis
against
the
Princes
of
his
Kingdom
,
that
acknowledg'd
not
his
Authority
.
For
Francis
was
bound
by
the
League
he
made
with
him
,
when
he
possest
himself
of
Genoa
,
to
supply
him
with
some
Auxiliaries
:
Besides
the
Allegiance
which
they
had
contracted
obliged
him
to
it
;
for
he
had
married
the
Sister
of
the
Queen
and
the
Duke
of
Savoy
.
When
he
heard
of
his
Father's
Death
,
he
relinquish'd
the
War
which
he
engaged
in
upon
the
King's
account
against
the
Duke
of
Burgundy
,
and
going
from
Lions
return'd
with
a
small
Retinue
and
in
a
disguise
to
his
own
Country
,
where
he
peaceably
possess'd
himself
of
his
paternal
inheritance
by
the
help
of
his
Mother
who
kept
the
people
in
Obedience
till
he
came
.
But
Paul
,
when
the
Affairs
of
Italy
were
thus
composed
,
hearing
that
the
Rhodian
Soldiers
were
ready
to
starve
,
he
summon'd
the
Grand
Master
(
and
the
great
Clergymen
)
to
Rome
,
to
consider
of
a
Relief
,
who
after
frequent
meetings
in
St.
Peters
,
died
for
grief
and
Age
,
and
was
buried
in
that
Church
,
not
far
from
St.
Andrew's
Chappel
:
in
whose
room
Charles
Vrsin
was
chosen
and
sent
immediately
to
defend
the
Island
.
In
the
mean
time
when
Paul
heard
that
there
were
a
great
many
Hereticks
in
Tagliacozzo
,
he
having
heard
their
cause
severely
branded
the
Lord
of
the
place
,
eight
Men
and
six
Women
(
which
were
caught
and
brought
before
him
)
being
those
that
were
most
obstinate
;
but
dealt
more
favourably
with
those
that
confessed
their
Error
and
begg'd
pardon
.
They
were
of
those
perverse
sort
of
Hereticks
who
say
,
there
never
was
any
true
Vicar
of
Christ
since
St.
Peter
,
but
who
had
imitated
Christ's
Poverty
.
Then
he
encreased
the
number
of
Cardinals
;
and
made
ten
at
one
time
,
of
which
number
were
Francis
of
Savona
General
of
the
Order
of
Minors
,
M.
Barbo
,
Bishop
of
Vincenza
,
whose
Advice
he
always
took
in
great
Affairs
,
Oliver
Arch-Bishop
of
Naples
,
Amicus
Bishop
of
Aquila
,
and
Theodore
Montferrat
;
and
the
rest
were
partly
French
,
Hungarians
and
English
.
Having
thus
augmented
the
College
,
he
apply'd
himself
wholly
to
settle
the
peace
of
Italy
.
For
certain
Florentines
,
who
were
banish'd
by
Peter
Medices's
Faction
in
a
civil
Tumult
(
as
Detesalvus
Neronius
,
Angelus
Accioiolus
,
and
Nicolas
Soderinus
)
had
persuaded
Bartholomew
of
Bergamo
,
who
had
a
good
Army
of
Horse
and
Foot
,
to
march
into
Tuscany
,
and
restore
them
and
all
the
other
banish'd
Persons
to
their
Country
,
the
Venetians
under-hand
lending
their
assistance
;
these
seem'd
to
be
able
and
to
design
to
overthrow
the
State
of
Italy
at
first
dash
.
But
Galeatius
D.
of
Milan
with
the
Forces
of
the
King
and
of
the
Florentine
people
posting
himself
in
his
way
,
he
slacken'd
his
march
and
endeavour'd
to
get
the
better
rather
by
protracting
the
War
than
by
fighting
.
One
fierce
Battel
however
under
the
conduct
of
the
Count
of
Vrbin
they
fought
in
the
Territories
of
Bologna
near
a
Town
call'd
Ricardina
,
where
no
doubt
the
Bergamese
had
been
utterly
ruin'd
,
if
Galeatius
had
been
there
;
but
he
was
gone
to
Florence
a
little
before
,
to
settle
matters
relating
to
the
War
.
Those
that
were
present
at
this
Battel
say
,
that
it
was
fought
with
the
greatest
obstinacy
and
the
most
numerous
slaughters
of
any
in
our
Age.
But
now
the
Venetians
bethink
themselves
for
their
own
safety
,
rather
than
that
of
the
Bergamese
,
and
though
they
sent
some
Forces
to
his
assistance
,
yet
they
sought
earnestly
a
Peace
,
and
referr'd
the
whole
matter
to
the
Pope
;
who
also
lying
under
great
apprehensions
,
if
the
King
of
Naples
and
Duke
of
Millain
should
obtain
a
compleat
Victory
,
urg'd
on
the
Peace
too
.
It
was
indeed
the
Opinion
of
many
Men
of
Understanding
,
that
the
Pope
was
not
altogether
against
Bartholomew's
Design
,
knowing
that
if
an
alteration
were
made
in
the
Government
of
Florence
,
he
might
with
greater
facility
make
War
upon
Ferdinand
,
whom
he
so
hated
,
that
he
endeavour'd
to
raise
him
up
more
Enemies
in
Italy
.
Having
hereupon
called
together
the
Embassadours
of
the
several
Princes
,
he
mediated
a
Peace
upon
these
terms
,
That
each
Party
should
restore
what
they
had
taken
in
the
War
,
That
Bartholomew
should
retire
with
his
Forces
into
Lombardy
,
and
That
for
the
rest
the
Conditions
of
that
Peace
should
be
observed
,
which
had
been
made
at
Lodi
between
Francis
Sforza
and
the
Venetians
.
One
Point
was
yet
to
be
Disputed
,
Whether
the
Duke
of
Savoy
and
his
Brother
Philip
should
be
included
in
this
Peace
,
who
that
year
taking
pay
of
the
Venetians
,
had
ravag'd
Galeatius's
Country
with
their
Forces
.
Galeatius
denied
to
yield
to
it
,
professing
no
Man
should
ever
be
his
Ally
and
Friend
,
who
was
an
Enemy
to
the
King
of
France
.
But
Paul
with
Promises
and
fair
words
made
shift
to
get
Galeatius's
Embassador
to
sign
it
contrary
to
his
Master's
order
,
which
so
enrag'd
Galeatius
that
he
banish'd
the
said
Embassador
,
Lorenzo
da
Pesaro
,
and
so
infested
the
Savoyards
,
that
they
were
forced
to
sue
for
Peace
,
which
by
the
intercession
of
the
Queen
of
France
and
Duchess
of
Milan
,
both
Sisters
to
the
Duke
of
Savoy
,
they
at
last
procur'd
,
upon
conditions
proposed
by
the
King
of
France
.
Affairs
thus
setled
,
Paul
had
a
little
leisure
;
and
instituted
sumptuous
Plays
,
and
made
noble
Feasts
after
the
ancient
manner
for
the
people
of
Rome
,
Vianesius
of
Bologna
,
Vice-Chamberlain
to
his
Holiness
taking
care
of
them
.
He
proposed
eight
Cloaks
to
be
run
for
each
day
in
the
Carneval
;
old
Men
,
middle-ag'd
,
young
Men
,
nay
Jews
,
took
their
fortune
in
the
Races
,
as
also
did
even
Horses
,
Mares
,
Asses
,
Buffals
,
to
the
incredible
pleasure
of
the
Spectators
.
The
Race
was
from
Domitian's
Arch
to
St.
Mark
's
Church
,
where
the
Pope
himself
stood
to
behold
it
with
great
satisfaction
;
who
after
the
sport
was
over
gave
to
every
Boy
that
ran
(
daub'd
all
over
with
Dirt
)
a
Carlin
[
a
piece
of
Money
]
.
But
Paul
amidst
all
this
publick
Jollity
was
on
a
sudden
seiz'd
with
a
terrour
unexpected
;
for
news
was
brought
him
,
that
several
young
Men
,
whose
Ring-leader
was
one
Callimaco
,
had
form'd
a
Plot
against
him
;
and
the
Narrative
of
it
was
no
sooner
made
out
to
him
,
when
(
he
being
already
almost
dead
with
fear
)
comes
a
Fellow
that
call'd
himself
the
Philosopher
,
a
sad
Wretch
and
a
banish'd
Man
,
who
(
first
begging
pardon
for
his
life
and
liberty
to
live
in
his
Country
)
shams
a
Story
upon
him
,
that
he
saw
in
the
Wood
of
Velitre
,
one
Luca
Tozzo
,
a
Citizen
of
Rome
but
banish'd
,
with
a
great
number
of
other
Banditi
,
and
that
they
were
just
coming
upon
him
.
This
made
Paul
tremble
for
fear
,
apprehending
that
now
,
being
attack'd
both
without
and
within
,
he
should
surely
be
undone
:
and
therefore
he
clapt
up
a
great
many
both
Citizens
and
Courtiers
.
Vianesius
gave
him
occasions
of
fear
,
and
so
did
any
one
about
him
who
from
a
turn
of
Affairs
could
probably
expect
an
augmentation
either
of
Dignity
or
Estate
.
They
broke
up
Mens
Houses
without
distinction
,
and
drag'd
to
Prison
any
body
they
suspected
,
and
lest
I
should
have
miss'd
my
share
in
so
great
a
calamity
,
they
came
by
Night
and
set
a
Guard
about
my
House
,
broke
open
the
Windows
and
Doors
,
and
seiz'd
my
Servant
Demetrius
a
Lucchese
,
who
told
them
I
sup'd
that
Night
with
the
Cardinal
of
Mantua
;
hither
then
they
fly
and
taking
me
in
his
Chamber
,
they
bring
me
before
Paul
,
who
as
soon
as
he
saw
me
,
Are
you
too
(
says
he
)
in
the
Plot
with
Callimaco
against
me
?
But
I
,
conscious
of
my
Innocence
,
answer'd
him
so
fearlesly
,
that
no
sign
of
guilt
appear'd
in
me
.
He
being
negligently
drest
and
looking
pale
urg'd
me
still
,
and
sometimes
threatned
me
with
Torments
and
sometimes
with
Death
,
unless
I
would
confess
.
I
seeing
all
places
full
of
outrage
and
tumults
,
and
fearing
lest
we
should
suffer
mischief
,
by
reason
of
the
terrour
and
rage
that
I
saw
had
possess'd
them
,
shew'd
many
reasons
,
why
I
could
not
believe
Callimaco
would
attempt
nor
so
much
as
to
think
of
any
such
Design
,
being
without
cunning
,
an
ill
speaker
,
unactive
,
regardless
,
without
Wealth
,
wanting
Forces
,
Dependents
,
Ammunition
,
and
beside
being
almost
blind
;
more
drowsie
than
P.
Lentulus
and
more
unfit
for
action
,
by
means
of
his
corpulence
,
than
L.
Crassus
.
Moreover
,
he
was
no
Citizen
of
Rome
,
that
he
should
concern
himself
for
the
liberty
of
his
Country
;
nor
was
he
a
Prelate
that
upon
the
taking
off
of
Paul
,
he
should
expect
the
Papacy
.
What
could
Callimaco
do
?
What
dare
he
do
?
Was
he
good
either
at
Discourse
or
Action
?
Had
he
listed
any
Men
to
assist
him
in
bringing
about
so
important
a
Design
;
unless
you
will
make
Glaucus
and
Petreius
,
the
Companions
of
his
flight
,
to
be
other
Gabinii
and
Statilii
.
At
this
Paul
turns
him
to
Vianesius
,
and
looking
sternly
upon
me
,
(
says
he
)
this
Man
is
to
be
forced
with
the
Rack
to
confess
the
truth
;
for
he
understands
the
true
Art
of
Plotting
.
Would
to
God
Paul
had
dealt
more
considerately
with
me
,
he
had
not
then
applyed
tortures
to
me
.
For
when
the
Truth
is
to
be
gathered
from
circumstances
,
the
matter
of
fact
not
being
sufficiently
made
out
,
then
those
Actions
are
to
be
taken
notice
of
that
either
preceded
or
ensued
upon
the
Enterprise
;
the
life
of
the
Complotter
is
to
be
considered
and
his
way
of
living
,
his
Ambition
and
greediness
,
either
of
wealth
or
honour
,
and
what
he
had
before
talk'd
or
written
or
done
,
that
look'd
that
way
,
But
Paul
without
regard
had
to
any
of
these
,
clap'd
us
all
up
in
Jail
:
and
yet
taking
advice
of
some
who
knew
the
thing
well
enough
and
knew
that
Luca
Tozzo
had
never
departed
a
foot
from
the
City
of
Naples
,
to
create
so
great
a
commotion
with
such
danger
to
himself
,
he
recall'd
a
Proclamation
he
had
published
three
days
before
,
wherein
he
had
proposed
rewards
to
them
that
should
bring
his
Traitor
Luca
to
him
either
alive
or
dead
,
not
discharging
however
the
Quadratii
,
whom
he
had
seiz'd
and
tortur'd
upon
suspicion
of
the
same
.
He
design'd
it
should
be
thought
that
there
was
something
in
it
yet
undiscover'd
,
lest
he
should
be
charg'd
with
levity
.
But
Paul
being
rid
of
that
fear
,
begins
to
think
of
us
;
and
sends
into
the
Castle
Vianesius
,
John
Francisco
,
Sanga
of
Chiozza
and
one
of
his
Guard
,
to
force
us
with
any
kind
of
torture
to
confess
what
we
knew
nothing
of
.
The
first
and
second
day
many
were
put
to
the
Rack
,
of
whom
a
great
part
died
of
their
pains
under
the
hands
of
the
Executioner
.
You
would
have
taken
Castle
St.
Angelo
for
Phalaris
his
Bull
,
the
hollow
Vault
did
so
resound
with
the
cries
of
those
miserable
young
Men.
Lucidus
as
innocent
a
Man
as
any
in
the
World
suffer'd
the
Rack
,
as
did
Marsus
Demetrius
and
Augustinus
Campanus
a
hopeful
young
Man
and
an
honour
to
his
Age
for
Wit
and
Learning
,
who
I
think
died
soon
after
of
pain
and
anguish
.
The
Tormenters
were
yet
not
satisfied
,
though
weary
,
having
tortur'd
twenty
Men
in
those
two
days
,
but
sent
for
me
to
take
my
turn
too
.
The
Executioners
set
themselves
to
their
business
,
the
Instruments
of
Torture
were
ready
,
I
was
stript
,
torn
and
used
like
a
Murtherer
or
a
Thief
;
whilst
Vianesius
sat
like
another
Minos
upon
a
Tapestry-Seat
,
as
if
he
had
been
at
a
Wedding
or
rather
at
Atreus
and
Tantalus's
Feast
;
a
Man
(
I
say
)
in
Holy
Orders
whom
the
Ecclesiastical
Canons
forbid
to
be
Inquisitors
by
Torture
upon
Lay
men
,
lest
if
Death
follow
,
as
it
often
does
,
they
should
become
Irregular
(
as
they
term
it
)
and
profane
.
And
to
add
to
my
misery
,
while
wretched
I
hung
on
the
Rack
in
torment
,
he
play'd
with
a
Jewel
that
Sanga
had
,
asking
him
of
what
Girl
he
had
got
that
Love-token
;
and
then
the
Love-talk
being
over
,
he
turns
to
me
and
bids
me
give
him
a
full
Narrative
of
the
Conspiracy
or
rather
Sham-Plot
contrived
by
Callimaco
,
and
to
tell
him
why
Pomponio
writing
to
me
from
Venice
should
call
me
Holy
Father
?
What
,
says
he
,
the
Conspirators
had
agreed
to
make
you
Pope
!
Beside
he
examin'd
me
whether
I
had
not
sent
Letters
by
Pomponio
to
the
Emperor
or
any
other
Christian
Prince
in
order
to
raise
a
Schism
or
procure
a
Council
?
I
answer'd
that
I
never
was
a
party
in
the
Counsels
of
Callimaco
,
for
there
was
an
old
grudg
between
us
;
that
I
knew
not
why
Pomponio
should
call
me
Holy
Father
,
himself
could
best
tell
,
who
,
he
said
,
was
to
be
brought
Prisoner
quickly
;
as
for
the
Popedom
,
they
need
not
trouble
their
heads
about
me
,
I
having
been
always
content
with
a
private
life
;
that
I
never
sent
any
Letter
to
the
Emperor
,
or
made
use
of
Pomponio
to
that
purpose
,
which
also
might
be
known
from
him
.
At
last
having
a
little
pleased
but
not
satisfied
himself
with
my
Tortures
,
he
ordered
me
to
be
let
down
,
that
I
might
undergo
torments
much
greater
in
the
Evening
.
I
was
carried
half
dead
into
my
Chamber
,
but
not
long
after
,
the
Inquisitors
having
din'd
,
and
drunk
lustily
,
I
was
fetch'd
again
,
and
Lorenzo
Arch-Bishop
of
Spalato
was
there
.
They
ask'd
me
then
what
discourse
it
was
that
I
had
with
Sigismund
Malatesta
who
was
then
in
the
City
?
I
said
,
the
discourse
we
had
was
onely
concerning
the
ancient
and
modern
Learning
,
way
of
fighting
,
and
famous
Men
,
or
such
like
things
as
are
the
common
subjects
of
talk
.
Vianesius
then
threatned
me
bitterly
with
yet
greater
tortures
,
unless
I
would
confess
the
truth
,
and
told
me
he
was
to
come
again
the
next
day
,
advising
me
in
the
mean
time
to
consider
where
I
was
and
whom
I
had
to
do
withal
.
So
I
was
carried
back
to
my
Bed-chamber
,
where
I
was
seized
with
such
extream
pain
,
that
I
had
rather
have
died
than
endur'd
,
all
the
aches
of
my
shaken
and
batter'd
limbs
coming
afresh
upon
me
.
But
I
was
not
a
little
refresh'd
by
the
kindness
of
Angelo
Bufalo
a
Knight
of
Rome
,
who
had
been
committed
to
Prison
a
year
before
by
Paul
,
because
his
Son
Marcellus
had
killed
Francis
Cappocio
,
which
was
charged
to
be
done
by
his
instigation
.
This
Angelo
and
his
Nephew
Francis
being
my
Chamber-fellows
did
with
their
own
hands
assist
me
both
with
Food
and
Physic
,
otherwise
I
had
died
of
pain
and
want
:
Two
days
after
Paul's
Physician
,
Christopher
of
Verona
,
came
to
me
from
the
Pope
and
bad
me
have
a
good
heart
and
hope
well
of
him
,
and
I
should
soon
have
my
liberty
.
I
asked
him
in
how
long
time
it
might
be
expected
?
Nay
(
says
he
frankly
in
the
hearing
of
every
one
)
not
so
very
soon
neither
;
lest
the
Pope
should
be
charg'd
with
levity
and
cruelty
for
having
with
so
much
noise
taken
and
tortur'd
so
many
Men
and
then
letting
them
go
immediately
as
innocent
.
But
Paul
left
not
the
matter
so
,
but
altering
his
mind
upon
a
running
report
,
accuses
those
now
of
Heresie
whom
he
had
before
charged
with
Plotting
of
Treason
.
Pomponio
was
at
this
time
brought
from
Venice
like
another
Jugurtha
,
in
bonds
to
be
tried
,
a
downright
honest
Man
and
guilty
neither
of
the
Plot
nor
any
other
ill
thing
.
Being
examined
why
he
changed
the
names
of
the
Men
he
wrote
to
,
he
answer'd
boldly
as
his
humour
was
,
that
it
did
not
concern
either
his
Judges
or
the
Pope
,
under
what
name
he
pleased
to
go
,
so
that
he
had
no
naughty
end
in
it
;
for
that
out
of
respect
to
Antiquity
he
was
wont
to
make
use
of
many
antient
names
,
as
spurs
to
egg
on
the
modern
Youth
to
a
virtuous
Emulation
.
Lucillus
also
who
led
a
very
reserv'd
life
in
the
Country
near
Rome
,
was
fetch'd
up
before
them
for
Treason
,
because
in
a
Letter
of
his
to
Campanus
which
they
had
intercepted
,
he
had
faln
foul
upon
some
body
,
under
the
name
of
Heliogabalus
,
for
his
Love-tricks
,
but
with
such
conceal'd
expressions
,
that
no
one
who
was
not
conscious
would
take
it
to
himself
.
Our
diligent
Pastor
,
Vianesius
,
frequently
visiting
us
with
tortures
,
and
having
tormented
Petreius
the
Companion
of
Callimaco
(
whom
they
had
taken
endeavouring
to
make
his
escape
,
and
he
confessing
nothing
,
but
saying
that
the
drunken
talk
of
Callimaco
was
not
to
be
regarded
)
casting
his
eyes
about
as
if
he
fear'd
we
should
have
got
Wings
like
Daedalus
and
fled
out
of
our
Prison
,
he
projected
the
making
a
dungeon
for
us
and
set
Workmen
about
it
.
When
it
was
finished
he
put
into
it
Francisco
Anguillara
,
Gattalusco
,
Francisco
Alviano
,
and
Giaiomo
Ptolemeo
who
had
already
pin'd
away
four
years
in
Prison
.
But
not
a
word
yet
could
we
hear
of
our
freedom
.
At
this
time
the
Emperor
came
to
Rome
,
(
according
to
a
Vow
he
had
made
)
with
a
splendid
Attendance
,
whom
Paul
entertain'd
with
great
magnificence
,
at
the
expence
of
eighteen
thousand
Ducats
.
I
saw
them
from
the
Castle
returning
under
the
same
Canopy
from
the
Lateran
with
a
noble
retinue
;
and
Paul
stood
still
upon
the
Bridg
,
while
the
Emperor
made
several
Knights
.
The
Emperor
departing
,
and
Paul
by
having
quarter'd
the
greatest
part
of
his
Forces
both
Horse
and
Foot
in
the
City
,
being
rid
of
the
fear
he
had
lest
the
People
should
have
raised
tumults
upon
him
when
the
Emperor
was
there
,
after
we
had
lain
ten
months
in
Jail
,
he
comes
to
the
Castle
himself
,
and
that
it
might
seem
,
that
he
made
so
great
ado
not
without
cause
,
he
charged
us
with
many
things
,
but
especially
that
we
had
disputed
concerning
the
Immortality
of
the
Soul
,
and
that
we
held
the
Opinion
of
Plato
,
which
S.
Augustin
says
is
very
like
to
the
Christian
Faith
.
'T
is
with
good
reason
(
says
the
Saint
)
that
Cicero
makes
Plato
a
God
among
the
Philosophers
,
who
certainly
out-went
them
all
for
Wit
and
Understanding
:
and
with
him
therefore
I
chose
to
dispute
,
because
he
reasons
concerning
the
last
end
of
Man
and
the
Divine
Nature
better
than
any
of
the
rest
.
But
,
says
Paul
,
By
disputing
you
call'd
the
Being
of
a
God
into
question
.
Now
this
was
no
more
than
may
be
objected
to
all
both
Divines
and
Philosophers
of
our
times
,
who
for
Discourse-sake
and
that
the
truth
may
appear
,
do
frequently
make
a
question
of
the
beings
of
Souls
and
of
God
and
of
all
separate
Intelligences
.
Besides
,
as
S.
Austin
says
,
those
are
Heretics
,
who
defend
with
earnestness
any
false
Opinion
they
have
taken
up
.
We
never
declin'd
sound
Discipline
,
which
(
as
Leo
says
)
is
wont
to
be
done
by
the
Ringleaders
of
Error
,
who
are
deservedly
called
Heretics
,
according
to
S.
Jerom
,
for
maintaining
Opinions
in
opposition
to
the
Church
.
I
could
give
you
an
Account
of
my
Life
from
my
youth
till
this
time
,
ever
since
I
came
to
years
of
understanding
.
No
ill
action
can
be
charg'd
upon
me
,
no
theft
,
no
pilfering
,
no
sacriledg
,
no
cheat
upon
the
publick
,
no
murther
,
no
rapine
,
nor
Simony
.
I
have
lived
like
a
Christian
,
confess'd
and
receiv'd
the
Communion
at
least
once
a
year
.
Nothing
ever
fell
from
my
mouth
against
the
Faith
or
relishing
of
Heresie
.
I
follow'd
neither
Simoniacs
,
the
Carpocratiani
,
Ophilae
,
Severiani
,
Alogii
,
Paulini
,
Manichees
,
Macedoniani
,
nor
any
other
heretical
faction
.
But
beside
,
Paul
accused
us
as
too
great
admirers
of
Pagan
Antiquities
,
of
which
no
Man
could
be
more
fond
than
himself
,
for
he
procur'd
all
the
Statues
of
the
Antients
that
he
could
throughout
the
City
,
and
plac'd
them
in
his
House
which
he
had
built
near
the
Campidoglio
;
among
the
rest
he
took
away
a
Porphyry
Tomb
of
S.
Constantia
out
of
the
Church
of
S.
Agnes
,
maugre
the
denial
of
the
Monks
of
the
place
,
who
yet
after
Paul's
death
,
got
it
again
of
Pope
Sixtus
.
Beside
,
after
the
old
Heathen
way
,
he
coin'd
an
infinite
number
of
Medals
with
his
own
Image
,
of
Gold
,
Silver
and
Brass
,
and
laid
them
in
the
foundations
of
his
House
;
herein
imitating
rather
the
antient
Paynims
,
than
S.
Peter
,
Anacletus
or
Linus
.
Upon
a
debate
of
our
matter
before
the
Court-Bishops
and
two
Friers
,
one
a
Franciscan
,
the
other
a
Dominican
,
they
agreed
all
,
that
nothing
could
be
charged
upon
us
that
savour'd
of
Heresie
.
But
Paul
coming
to
the
Castle
,
and
having
on
purpose
excluded
Francisco
who
favour'd
us
,
that
so
Leonardo
our
Accuser
,
might
speak
the
more
freely
,
he
repeated
what
he
had
said
the
day
but
one
before
;
and
then
ask'd
the
Opinion
of
those
that
were
present
,
who
though
they
spoke
somewhat
to
please
the
Pope
,
yet
they
made
a
light
business
of
it
,
and
endeavour'd
to
persuade
him
into
a
milder
temper
.
Amongst
them
all
Lelio
del
Val
,
a
Citizen
of
Rome
and
an
Advocate
in
the
Consistory
,
defended
our
Cause
very
generously
.
He
confuted
all
that
Leonard
had
said
and
what
the
other
Advocate
had
asserted
;
but
as
they
were
arguing
,
mention
chanc'd
to
be
made
of
the
Academy
,
which
was
no
sooner
said
,
but
M.
Barbo
Cardinal
of
S.
Mark
,
cries
out
that
we
were
not
Academicks
but
a
scandal
to
the
name
.
Now
I
cannot
think
how
we
should
bring
any
reproach
to
it
at
all
:
we
were
neither
thieves
,
nor
pilferers
,
nor
incendiaries
,
nor
prodigal
fools
;
we
were
sectators
of
the
old
Academy
,
despising
the
new
as
establishing
nothing
certain
upon
which
Science
might
be
built
;
but
Paul
would
not
have
the
Academy
so
much
as
mention'd
under
pain
of
being
pronounc'd
Heretical
,
which
was
a
reflection
upon
good
old
Plato
and
let
him
look
to
it
.
Paul
lov'd
in
every
kind
of
learning
to
be
thought
an
acute
and
skilful
Man
;
he
desir'd
too
to
go
for
a
facetious
Person
,
so
that
he
derided
and
contemn'd
almost
all
Men.
He
after
a
scornful
manner
ask'd
Pomponio
,
what
was
the
name
his
Parents
gave
him
?
who
answer'd
he
was
Binomius
[
i.e.
had
two
names
]
which
Paul
not
understanding
,
persisted
to
ask
his
name
still
.
At
last
turning
to
me
,
he
fell
into
a
rage
to
such
a
degree
that
,
beside
charging
me
with
the
Plot
,
Heresie
and
Treason
,
of
which
I
had
cleared
my self
;
he
upbraided
me
too
with
Ingratitude
against
so
kind
a
Friend
as
he
had
been
to
me
:
If
it
be
a
kindness
for
a
Man
to
be
turn'd
out
of
that
which
he
has
bought
with
his
Mony
without
telling
any
reason
;
if
to
be
imprison'd
,
tormented
,
disgrac'd
and
slander'd
be
a
kindness
,
then
Paul
was
my
special
bountiful
Friend
,
and
I
was
very
ungrateful
,
who
unmindful
of
such
Courtesies
,
did
not
depart
the
City
in
obedience
to
his
command
,
when
I
had
been
so
often
deceiv'd
by
his
Promises
.
He
went
away
threatning
us
and
kept
us
in
Prison
a
whole
year
as
I
believe
he
had
sworn
he
would
,
when
he
took
us
first
and
clap'd
us
up
;
and
he
was
not
willing
to
seem
forsworn
.
At
length
however
we
were
enlarg'd
so
far
as
to
have
the
liberty
of
his
own
House
,
but
not
to
stir
a
foot
out
of
it
;
and
soon
after
we
had
the
freedom
of
the
Vatican
,
and
in
the
end
,
being
wearied
with
the
Intercessions
of
the
Cardinals
,
he
set
us
free
.
Not
long
after
I
was
sent
for
by
Lewis
Gonzaga
Duke
of
Mantua
to
the
Baths
,
in
order
to
cure
my
right
Arm
which
had
contracted
a
great
indisposition
during
my
imprisonment
;
which
Paul
forbad
me
at
first
to
do
;
promising
to
do
great
things
for
me
in
a
little
time
;
but
I
went
and
return'd
,
Cardinal
Bessarion
a
Person
of
great
wit
,
and
learning
,
being
Security
for
my
coming
back
.
Paul
commended
me
that
I
was
as
good
as
my
word
,
and
would
often
boast
what
a
kindness
he
had
for
me
,
and
what
great
things
he
would
do
for
me
as
soon
as
Borsius
d'
Este
was
gone
,
who
coming
to
the
City
with
a
great
Equipage
was
very
magnificently
and
splendidly
received
by
him
.
The
same
he
had
often
promised
to
the
Ambassadours
of
Venice
and
Milan
,
who
had
spoken
on
my
behalf
.
For
two
years
I
was
led
on
or
rather
beguil'd
with
these
hopes
,
till
at
length
I
resolv'd
to
go
with
the
Cardinal
of
Mantua
to
Bononia
,
of
which
he
was
Legat.
But
Paul
forbad
me
,
and
(
after
his
jesting
manner
)
said
I
had
wit
enough
already
,
and
wanted
Wealth
rather
than
Learning
.
And
now
while
I
was
in
expectation
that
I
should
be
reliev'd
after
so
many
troubles
and
afflictions
,
behold
the
Pope
dies
of
an
Apoplexy
about
two
hours
within
night
,
being
alone
in
his
Chamber
,
having
been
well
that
day
and
held
a
Consistory
.
His
death
happened
July
28.
1471.
in
the
sixth
year
and
tenth
month
of
his
Pontificate
.
As
to
his
Personage
,
it
was
Majestic
and
becoming
a
Pope
;
for
he
was
so
portly
and
tall
,
that
he
was
easily
distinguishable
from
the
rest
,
when
at
Mass
;
In
his
dress
though
he
was
not
curious
yet
he
was
not
reputed
negligent
.
Nay
,
't
is
said
that
when
he
was
to
appear
in
public
,
he
would
use
to
paint
his
face
.
In
his
Pontifical
Vestments
he
outwent
all
his
Predecessors
,
especially
in
his
Regno
or
Mitre
,
upon
which
he
laid
out
a
great
deal
of
Mony
in
purchasing
at
vast
rates
,
Diamonds
,
Sapphyrs
,
Emeralds
,
Chrysoliths
,
Jaspers
,
Unions
,
and
all
manner
of
precious
stones
,
wherewith
adorn'd
like
another
Aaron
he
would
appear
abroad
somewhat
more
august
than
a
Man
,
delighting
to
be
seen
and
admir'd
by
every
one
.
To
this
purpose
sometimes
by
deferring
some
usual
Solemnities
he
would
keep
Strangers
in
Town
,
that
so
he
might
be
view'd
by
greater
numbers
.
But
lest
he
alone
should
seem
to
differ
from
the
rest
,
he
made
a
Decree
that
none
but
Cardinals
,
should
under
a
Penalty
wear
red
Caps
;
to
whom
he
had
in
the
first
year
of
his
Popedom
given
Cloth
of
that
colour
,
to
make
Horse-Cloths
or
Mule-Cloths
of
when
they
rode
.
He
was
also
about
to
order
that
Cardinals
Caps
should
be
of
Silk
Scarlet
;
but
some
Persons
hindred
it
by
telling
him
well
,
that
the
Ecclesiastical
Pomp
was
rather
to
be
diminished
than
encreased
to
the
detriment
of
the
Christian
Religion
.
Before
he
was
made
Pope
,
he
used
to
give
out
,
that
if
ever
he
came
to
that
good
fortune
,
he
would
give
each
Cardinal
a
Castle
in
the
Country
where
they
might
retire
conveniently
to
avoid
the
Summer-heats
of
the
City
:
but
when
he
was
once
got
into
the
Chair
,
he
thought
of
nothing
less
.
However
,
he
endeavour'd
by
his
Authority
and
by
force
too
to
augment
the
Power
of
the
Papacy
:
For
he
sent
the
Bishop
of
Tricarico
into
France
to
hear
the
Cause
of
quarrel
between
the
Duke
of
Burgundy
and
the
People
of
Liege
,
and
upon
their
reconciliation
,
to
take
off
the
Interdict
laid
upon
the
Liegeois
for
wrongfully
expelling
their
Bishop
;
but
while
the
Legat
took
great
pains
to
subject
all
matters
to
the
Pope's
Judgment
,
he
and
their
Bishop
too
were
clapt
up
by
the
Liegeois
.
Hereupon
the
Duke
of
Burgundy
makes
Peace
with
the
French
King
(
with
whom
he
was
before
at
War
)
and
with
his
aid
,
gives
those
of
Liege
several
great
defeats
and
at
length
sacks
their
City
and
sets
free
the
imprison'd
Bishops
:
Moreover
,
Paul
hearing
of
the
Apostasie
of
the
King
of
Bohemia
,
he
by
his
Legat
,
Lorenzo
Roverella
Bishop
of
Ferrara
,
raised
the
Hungarians
and
Germans
upon
him
,
so
that
he
had
certainly
cut
off
both
the
King
George
and
his
Progeny
,
and
utterly
rooted
out
the
Heretics
,
had
not
the
Polanders
,
who
laid
claim
to
that
Kingdom
,
held
Matthias
King
of
Hungary
employ'd
in
War
,
lest
he
should
have
made
himself
Master
of
it
.
He
undertook
two
Wars
of
no
great
moment
in
Italy
,
which
being
not
openly
declared
,
but
begun
by
picqueering
Parties
,
he
afterwards
abandon'd
.
For
first
he
attempted
the
seizing
the
Signeury
of
Tolfa
by
cunning
wiles
,
which
failing
,
with
open
force
,
under
the
conduct
of
Vianesius
he
set
upon
it
and
besieged
it
;
but
the
King's
Army
(
in
which
the
Vrsini
serv'd
)
returning
from
the
War
they
had
now
ended
with
Bartholomew
of
Bergamo
,
on
a
sudden
he
raised
the
Siege
in
great
disorder
,
though
the
Enemy
was
not
within
sixty
miles
of
the
place
;
so
that
after
a
long
contention
in
which
he
had
extreamly
disobliged
and
almost
enrag'd
the
Vrsini
against
him
,
he
was
fain
to
purchase
Tolfa
for
seventeen
thousand
Ducats
of
Gold
,
for
fear
of
that
potent
Family
who
were
related
to
the
Lords
of
the
place
.
After
the
same
manner
he
set
upon
Robert
Malatesta
Son
of
Sigismund
,
when
having
taken
the
Suburbs
of
Rimini
by
a
Stratagem
,
and
for
sometime
having
besieged
the
City
,
Lorenzo
Arch-Bishop
of
Spalato
being
the
chief
in
the
Enterprise
,
Frederick
D.
of
Vrbin
came
upon
him
with
the
King's
Forces
and
those
of
the
Florentines
,
who
forc'd
him
to
raise
his
Siege
,
and
foil'd
his
Army
shamefully
,
so
that
he
accepted
of
a
Peace
upon
very
dishonourable
terms
.
Lorenzo
charg'd
the
reason
of
the
loss
of
Rimini
upon
the
niggardliness
of
his
pay
to
the
Soldiers
;
and
to
the
great
slowness
of
his
Resolution
,
while
through
ignorance
in
affairs
of
that
nature
,
he
deliberated
long
about
actions
which
should
be
done
in
a
moment
.
Paul
was
indeed
so
awkward
at
business
,
that
,
except
he
were
driven
to
it
,
he
would
not
enter
upon
any
Affair
however
plain
and
unencumbred
,
nor
when
begun
would
he
bring
it
to
peofection
.
This
humour
of
his
,
he
was
wont
to
boast
,
had
done
him
great
service
in
many
concerns
,
whereas
(
to
speak
truth
)
it
had
been
very
mischievous
both
to
himself
and
the
Church
of
Rome
.
He
yet
was
very
diligent
in
getting
Mony
,
so
that
he
generally
intrusted
the
disposal
of
Bishopricks
and
Benefices
to
such
Courtiers
,
whose
Places
being
saleable
,
nothing
could
be
bestowed
without
a
Present
.
All
Offices
indeed
in
his
time
were
set
to
sale
,
whereby
it
came
to
pass
,
that
he
who
had
a
mind
to
a
Bishoprick
or
Benefice
,
would
purchase
of
him
at
a
good
rate
some
other
Office
,
and
so
get
what
he
would
have
,
in
spight
of
any
other
Candidates
,
who
could
pretend
upon
the
score
of
either
Learning
or
good
Life
to
be
capable
of
whatsoever
honour
or
preferment
.
Beside
when
Bishopricks
were
vacant
,
he
would
remove
the
more
worthy
(
as
he
call'd
them
)
to
the
more
wealthy
Seat
,
by
these
Translations
raising
vast
Sums
of
Mony
,
because
more
Annates
became
due
at
the
same
time
.
He
also
allow'd
the
purchasing
of
Salaries
.
With
these
Moneys
he
would
sometimes
be
very
liberal
,
giving
exhibitions
to
the
poorer
Cardinals
and
Bishops
,
and
to
Princes
or
Noblemen
that
were
driven
out
of
their
Country
,
and
relieving
poor
Maidens
,
Widows
and
sick
People
.
He
took
great
care
too
,
that
Corn
and
all
manner
of
Victuals
should
be
afforded
cheaper
at
Rome
than
formerly
.
He
was
at
the
charge
of
several
magnificent
Buildings
near
Saint
Mark
's
and
in
the
Vatican
.
An
instance
of
his
Munificence
was
,
the
Hunting
which
with
great
charge
he
caused
to
be
represented
in
the
Campo
di
Merula
,
for
the
entertainment
of
the
Duke
of
Ferrara
:
The
management
of
which
was
committed
to
his
Nephew
by
his
Sister
,
whom
he
had
made
Cardinal
of
S.
Lucia
,
and
at
the
same
time
conferred
the
like
honour
of
a
Cardinal
on
Baptista
Zeno
his
other
Nephew
.
It
was
a
hard
thing
to
gain
access
to
him
,
considering
he
would
sleep
in
the
day-time
and
be
awake
in
the
night
looking
over
his
Jewels
and
pretious
Stones
;
and
if
after
long
waiting
you
came
into
his
presence
,
you
might
hear
him
indeed
,
but
your self
could
not
be
heard
;
he
was
so
very
talkative
.
He
was
morose
and
peevish
as
well
to
his
Courtiers
as
Strangers
,
and
would
often
alter
his
mind
from
what
he
had
promised
.
He
had
a
great
mind
to
be
thought
a
politick
Man
,
and
would
therefore
give
very
ambiguous
answers
;
so
that
he
continued
not
long
his
Friendships
with
any
Princes
or
Commonwealths
,
himself
having
several
different
Interests
.
He
lov'd
to
have
great
variety
of
Dishes
at
his
Table
,
and
generally
eat
of
the
worst
;
but
would
be
clamorous
if
what
he
used
to
like
were
not
provided
.
He
drank
often
,
but
his
Wine
was
small
and
diluted
with
Water
.
He
loved
Melons
,
Crabs
,
Sweetmeats
,
Fish
and
Bacon
;
which
odd
kind
of
Diet
,
I
believe
,
caused
the
Apoplexy
of
which
he
died
;
for
the
day
before
his
death
he
had
eat
two
very
large
Melons
.
He
was
reputed
a
just
and
yet
a
merciful
Man
;
endeavouring
to
amend
even
Thieves
,
Murderers
,
Traitors
and
perjur'd
Villains
,
by
tedious
Imprisonment
.
But
he
was
a
great
Enemy
and
Despiser
of
Human
Learning
,
branding
those
for
Heretics
that
gave
their
minds
to
it
:
and
dissuading
the
People
of
Rome
from
putting
their
Children
to
be
brought
up
to
it
,
telling
them
that
it
was
enough
if
they
had
learn'd
to
write
and
read
.
He
was
known
to
be
ill-condition'd
and
inexorable
to
Petitioners
,
not
onely
denying
,
but
reproaching
and
abusing
them
;
but
yet
he
would
make
a
show
of
doing
less
than
he
would
do
.
Lastly
,
one
thing
he
was
highly
to
be
commended
for
,
that
he
kept
no
ill
Men
about
him
;
but
contain'd
his
Family
and
all
his
Domestics
in
their
due
bounds
;
that
their
pride
and
insolence
might
not
procure
him
the
hate
of
the
great
Men
and
People
of
Rome
.
The
End
of
the
Lives
of
the
POPES
,
Written
by
B.
Platina
.
A
CONTINUATION
OF
THE
Lives
of
the
Popes
.
SIXTVS
IV.
FRANCIS
della
Rovere
,
born
the
21.
of
July
,
Anno
1414.
at
Celle
,
a
Village
near
Savona
,
a
City
under
the
Dominion
of
the
Republick
of
Genoua
,
was
created
Pope
on
the
9th
.
of
August
,
1471.
he
was
(
as
some
write
)
the
Son
of
a
Fisherman
:
tho
Onofrio
Panvinio
in
the
History
of
his
Life
deduces
his
Original
from
a
noble
,
and
ancient
Extraction
of
the
Longobards
;
and
reports
,
that
Simon
della
Rovere
,
in
the
year
of
our
Lord
700.
transplanting
himself
from
Premont
to
Savona
,
was
the
first
of
that
Family
,
from
whom
this
Sixtus
IV.
descended
.
His
Fathers
name
was
Leonard
,
a
person
of
Authority
and
Reputation
,
having
managed
many
publick
Offices
for
the
Service
of
his
Country
.
This
Francis
della
Rovere
was
in
the
time
of
his
infancy
dedicated
by
the
Vow
of
his
Mother
to
the
Order
of
S.
Francis
,
and
at
the
age
of
nine
years
was
put
into
a
Convent
,
and
committed
to
the
charge
of
John
Pinarolo
a
Frier
of
that
Society
;
by
whom
he
was
instructed
in
the
Rules
of
the
Franciscan
Order
,
and
in
the
first
Rudiments
of
Grammar
:
and
being
of
good
Wit
and
Capacity
,
he
became
Master
of
the
Ciceronian
Stile
and
Language
.
He
afterwards
went
to
Cheri
,
where
he
studied
Logick
,
and
thence
travelled
to
Pavia
and
Bologna
,
where
he
became
a
great
proficient
in
Philosophy
and
Divinity
.
Being
of
twenty
years
of
age
,
he
disputed
with
great
acuteness
and
subtilty
in
the
Schools
at
Geneva
;
and
afterwards
taking
the
degree
of
Doctor
in
Padua
he
was
made
Reader
of
the
Divinity
and
Philosophy
Lectures
at
Padoua
,
Pavia
,
Siena
,
and
other
parts
in
Italy
.
In
process
of
time
his
abilities
being
made
known
,
he
was
esteemed
and
courted
by
all
;
and
having
many
Scholars
and
admirers
,
amongst
which
Cardinal
Bessarion
was
one
,
he
gained
a
great
esteem
and
interest
in
all
Courts
of
Europe
;
so
that
in
time
he
was
constituted
General
of
his
Order
,
Procurator
of
the
Court
at
Rome
,
and
Vicar-General
of
all
Italy
.
He
was
highly
esteemed
by
Pius
the
second
,
and
Paul
the
second
being
a
great
admirer
of
his
abilities
and
Learning
,
did
at
the
instance
and
persuasion
of
the
Cardinals
Bessarion
and
Francis
de
Gonzaga
,
admit
him
,
with
seven
others
to
the
order
of
Cardinals
,
without
any
motion
In
process
of
time
his
abilities
being
made
known
,
he
was
esteemed
and
courted
by
all
;
and
having
many
Scholars
and
admirers
,
amongst
which
Cardinal
Bessarion
was
one
,
he
gained
a
great
esteem
and
interest
in
all
Courts
of
Europe
;
so
that
in
time
he
was
constituted
General
of
his
Order
,
Procurator
of
the
Court
at
Rome
,
and
Vicar-General
of
all
Italy
.
He
was
highly
esteemed
by
Pius
the
second
,
and
Paul
the
second
being
a
great
admirer
of
his
abilities
and
Learning
,
did
at
the
instance
and
persuasion
of
the
Cardinals
Bessarion
and
Francis
de
Gonzaga
,
admit
him
,
with
seven
others
to
the
order
of
Cardinals
,
without
any
motion
or
address
from
himself
,
or
so
much
as
his
own
knowledg
,
being
then
at
Pavia
,
with
design
to
go
for
Venice
.
On
this
occasion
coming
to
Rome
he
was
created
Cardinal
the
17th
.
of
September
,
1467.
and
being
by
the
beneficence
,
and
favour
of
the
Church
assisted
with
many
large
Contributions
,
he
was
enabled
to
repair
the
Palace
of
S.
Peter
ad
Vincola
,
where
he
formed
,
and
kept
his
Court
after
the
Rules
and
Customs
of
a
Convent
.
The
exercise
of
this
eminent
Office
,
and
his
attendance
on
the
Government
of
the
Church
,
could
not
so
distract
,
or
divert
his
mind
from
his
Studies
;
but
that
he
found
time
to
write
many
Tractates
,
and
Treatises
in
Divinity
,
namely
,
a
Tract
of
the
Blood
of
Jesus
Christ
;
of
the
Conception
of
the
Virgin
Mary
,
de
futuris
contingentibus
;
and
of
the
Power
of
God
,
against
the
Opinion
of
a
certain
Carmelite
Frier
,
who
held
,
that
God
could
not
by
his
Omnipotent
Power
,
save
any
person
whom
he
had
predestinated
to
damnation
.
He
also
wrote
a
Tractate
reconciling
the
opinions
of
Aquinas
,
and
Scotus
,
shewing
that
they
did
not
differ
in
substance
,
or
reallity
,
but
in
words
,
or
ways
of
expression
.
All
which
procured
him
such
fame
and
credit
,
that
Paul
the
second
dying
suddenly
on
the
28th
.
of
July
,
he
was
in
a
Conclave
of
seven
and
twenty
Cardinals
elected
Pope
on
the
9th
.
of
August
,
1471.
After
his
Election
he
was
Crowned
the
24th
.
of
September
following
,
after
which
he
esteemed
it
his
first
business
to
reconcile
the
Discords
amongst
Christian
Princes
,
and
to
turn
the
hatred
they
conceived
one
against
the
other
,
upon
their
common
enemy
the
Turk
.
To
which
end
Bessarion
was
Commissionated
to
be
his
Legat
to
Lewis
XI
.
of
France
,
Roderigo
Borgia
Vice-Chancellor
to
go
his
Legat
into
Spain
,
Marco
Barbo
into
Germany
.
and
Hungary
,
and
Oliviere
Carafa
to
Venice
,
and
the
Knights
of
Rhodes
;
to
every
of
which
Legats
he
assigned
a
Pension
of
500
Crowns
in
Gold
per
Month
,
but
the
success
answered
not
the
charge
,
all
the
Legats
returning
without
any
effect
,
or
fruit
of
their
Negotiations
.
For
Lewis
the
11th
.
had
already
levied
War
against
Charles
of
Burgundy
,
and
the
Duke
of
Brittany
.
Ferdinand
King
of
Aragon
made
War
on
the
King
of
Portugal
to
decide
the
dispute
between
them
for
the
Kingdom
of
Castile
.
The
Kings
of
Hungary
and
Poland
were
in
actual
Wars
,
fighting
for
the
Kingdom
of
Bohemia
;
so
that
the
Oratorical
persuasions
of
these
Ministers
of
Peace
,
were
not
able
to
prevail
on
the
incensed
,
and
resolved
minds
of
these
warlike
Princes
.
And
being
now
fixed
and
established
in
his
Apostolical
Seat
,
he
received
with
a
serenity
of
countenance
,
and
chearful
affability
,
the
Addresses
and
Congratulations
which
Forein
Princes
by
their
respective
Ministers
made
to
him
at
his
first
promotion
to
the
Papal
Dignity
:
which
Ceremony
being
performed
,
he
published
and
declared
two
persons
to
be
by
him
created
Cardinals
,
namely
,
Peter
Riario
,
and
Julian
della
Rovere
;
the
first
was
of
a
mean
Family
at
Savona
,
and
educated
by
this
Sixtus
in
the
Franciscan
Order
,
and
made
Bishop
of
Trevisi
:
The
other
was
Son
of
his
Brother
Raphael
della
Rovere
,
whom
he
had
constituted
Bishop
of
Carpentras
.
The
first
took
the
Title
of
S.
Sixtus
,
and
the
other
of
S.
Peter
ad
Vincola
,
who
was
afterwards
Pope
Julian
the
second
.
And
such
was
the
affection
which
this
Pope
indulged
to
his
own
natural
Relations
,
that
he
never
refused
to
grant
their
demands
,
or
yield
to
the
most
exorbitant
of
their
desires
;
for
which
he
was
much
blamed
,
and
hardly
censured
,
with
many
reflections
on
his
conduct
and
wisdom
:
for
he
had
enriched
this
Peter
Riario
with
several
fat
Benefices
,
on
the
Revenue
of
which
he
might
have
lived
with
splendor
,
and
greatness
.
But
so
exorbitant
were
his
expences
,
that
in
the
space
of
two
years
only
he
spent
two
hundred
thousand
Crowns
of
Gold
,
leaving
a
debt
of
seventy
thousand
Crowns
,
with
three
hundred
pounds
weight
of
wrought
Plate
;
and
then
being
discontented
with
disappointments
of
his
ambitious
desires
,
he
died
at
28
years
of
age
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Church
of
the
holy
Apostles
.
His
Brother
Jeronimo
,
tho
(
as
we
have
said
)
of
mean
extraction
,
was
yet
by
the
favour
of
this
Pope
made
Prince
of
Imola
,
and
Forli
,
and
married
to
Catherine
natural
Daughter
of
Galeazzo
Duke
of
Milan
:
and
on
this
account
and
reason
Ascanius
the
Son
of
Galeazzo
was
created
Cardinal
.
And
farther
did
the
affection
of
this
Pope
extend
towards
his
Nephews
,
and
Relations
,
that
he
married
Leonard
his
Brothers
Son
to
the
natural
Daughter
of
Ferdinand
,
King
of
Naples
,
and
ordained
him
Governor
of
Rome
:
and
he
dying
soon
after
,
his
place
was
bestowed
on
John
the
Brother
of
Cardinal
Julian
,
with
augmentation
of
the
Signiories
of
Sora
and
Senegaglia
;
on
the
reputation
of
which
he
married
Jane
the
Daughter
of
Frederick
Duke
of
Vrbin
by
whom
he
had
one
Son
called
Francisco
Maria
,
who
succeeded
in
the
Dukedom
of
Vrbin
after
his
Uncle
Guy
Vbald
,
who
died
without
issue
.
This
Pope
moreover
created
his
Brother
Christopher
,
and
Domenico
della
Rovere
Cardinals
,
as
also
Jeronimo
Basso
his
Sisters
Son
,
Raphael
Sanson
,
a
youth
of
17
years
of
age
,
Son
of
his
Sister
the
Wife
of
Peter
Riario
,
also
Schiafinato
of
Milan
,
who
was
his
Chancellor
,
and
Bishop
of
Parma
;
likewise
John
Baptista
Cibo
of
Genoua
,
who
afterwards
succceeded
in
the
Popedom
,
under
the
name
of
Innocent
VIII
:
and
besides
these
he
raised
many
others
to
the
number
of
34
,
whom
he
successively
created
Cardinals
during
his
Reign
.
And
so
free
and
liberal
was
Sixtus
in
his
Promotions
and
Gifts
,
that
nothing
was
asked
of
him
which
he
denied
;
which
liberality
gave
occasion
oftentimes
to
many
Disputes
,
when
the
free
nature
of
the
Pope
had
given
Donations
to
three
or
four
persons
of
the
same
thing
:
to
prevent
which
for
the
future
,
the
Privy
Signet
was
given
to
John
de
Montemirabile
,
a
severe
and
reserved
person
,
and
one
well
practised
in
the
Affairs
of
the
Court
,
who
keeping
an
account
of
all
matters
which
had
passed
the
Seal
,
vacated
such
Donations
as
were
not
regularly
granted
.
It
is
doubtful
amongst
the
Writers
of
Ecclesiastical
History
,
whether
it
was
this
Pope
Sixtus
,
or
Paul
the
Second
,
that
reduced
the
year
of
Jubile
to
25
;
howsoever
it
is
certain
,
that
this
Pope
in
the
year
1475.
did
Celebrate
the
Jubile
,
which
brought
a
great
concourse
of
people
to
Rome
,
amongst
which
were
several
Kings
and
Princes
present
,
such
as
the
Kings
of
Denmark
,
Sweden
and
Norway
,
of
Bosna
and
Walachia
,
the
Dukes
of
Calabria
and
Saxony
,
with
many
others
of
great
Quality
,
who
in
person
made
their
Pilgrimages
to
Rome
to
gain
the
Indulgences
,
Pardons
,
and
Privileges
which
were
granted
at
that
Solemnity
.
About
this
time
Mathias
King
of
Hungary
being
desirous
to
create
an
Alliance
between
himself
and
Casimir
King
of
Poland
,
did
in
the
year
1476.
make
demand
of
his
Daughter
in
Marriage
;
but
before
Casimir
would
assent
thereunto
,
he
sent
his
Son
Vladislaus
to
Frederick
the
Emperor
then
at
Vienna
,
to
desire
that
he
might
be
established
and
confirmed
in
the
right
of
the
Kingdom
of
Bohemia
,
notwithstanding
that
it
had
formerly
been
given
away
by
Paul
the
Second
to
Mathias
King
of
Hungary
.
On
which
Quarrel
the
Knights
of
the
Teutonick
Order
did
not
only
at
the
instigation
of
Balthasar
the
Popes
Legat
make
War
against
the
King
of
Poland
,
with
assistance
of
the
King
of
Hungary
;
but
likewise
the
Legat
Excommunicated
Vladislaus
the
new
King
of
Bohemia
and
his
Father
Casimir
,
upon
pretence
that
they
favoured
the
Doctrin
of
the
[
](A55007-e206350-b)*
*
John
Huz
.
Hussites
.
That
long
continued
Difference
and
Dispute
between
the
Secular
Priests
and
the
Mendicant
Friers
,
which
had
lasted
for
above
two
hundred
years
,
was
afterwards
by
the
Sentence
of
this
Pope
determined
in
this
manner
,
That
the
Seculars
should
never
hereafter
tax
,
or
impeach
the
Mendicants
as
Authors
of
Heresie
,
but
honor
and
respect
them
,
as
those
,
by
whose
Preaching
the
truth
of
the
Gospel
had
been
greatly
enlightned
.
That
all
Communicants
should
be
obliged
to
hear
Mass
said
by
their
Parochial
Priests
,
every
Sunday
,
and
solemn
Festival
,
without
which
the
Mendicants
were
not
admitted
to
Preach
.
That
the
Mendicants
should
not
declare
the
people
disobliged
from
making
their
Confessions
to
their
Parochial
Priest
,
at
least
every
Easter
,
according
as
they
are
directed
by
the
Ecclesiastical
Canons
;
provided
still
that
the
Mendicants
retain
their
Privilege
of
hearing
Confessions
,
and
enjoyning
Penance
.
These
,
and
some
other
particulars
being
declared
,
and
determined
by
this
Pope
,
the
animosity
and
hatred
between
the
Seculars
,
and
the
Religious
,
was
much
abated
,
and
the
long
continued
Controversie
brought
to
an
issue
.
But
to
pass
now
from
the
matters
of
Spiritual
Government
,
to
temporal
and
secular
Affairs
,
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
about
this
time
most
mortal
feuds
and
quarrels
arose
between
this
Pope
Sixtus
,
and
the
two
Brothers
of
the
House
of
Medicis
,
Julian
and
Laurence
,
the
original
of
which
proceeded
from
the
great
displeasure
which
Laurence
took
at
the
Pope
for
not
conferring
a
Cardinals
Cap
on
his
Brother
Julian
,
in
revenge
of
which
he
being
very
potent
in
Florence
,
gave
assistance
both
of
men
and
mony
to
Nicolas
Vitelli
,
Count
of
Tiferno
,
and
Lord
of
the
City
of
Castello
;
whereby
after
he
had
been
subdued
,
and
banished
by
the
Pope
,
and
had
resigned
his
Right
and
Possession
to
him
,
he
returned
again
,
with
the
favour
of
the
people
,
and
re-assuming
his
Inheritance
,
he
demolished
the
Citadel
which
Sixtus
for
his
better
security
had
made
and
fortified
with
a
good
Garison
:
Upon
revolt
of
the
City
,
the
Pope
sent
his
Nephew
Cardinal
Julian
with
a
strong
Army
against
it
,
and
by
a
long
Siege
of
three
months
became
master
of
it
.
Nor
did
Laurence
de
Medicis
only
show
his
indignation
against
the
Pope
by
furnishing
men
and
mony
to
Vitelli
,
but
likewise
by
disappointing
him
of
the
purchase
of
Imola
,
the
Prince
whereof
being
reduced
to
great
necessities
for
want
of
mony
,
offered
to
sale
;
to
prevent
which
,
and
that
it
should
not
fall
into
the
hands
of
the
Pope
,
who
now
grew
above
measure
great
and
powerful
in
Italy
,
Laurence
supplied
the
mony
,
and
so
eased
the
Prince
of
those
necessities
which
compelled
him
to
a
sale
of
his
Patrimony
.
The
Pope
growing
very
angry
hereat
,
and
resolving
to
revenge
these
affronts
,
entered
into
a
secret
conspiracy
with
Francis
de
Pazzi
,
who
was
head
of
that
Faction
,
which
was
contrary
to
the
House
of
Medicis
,
whereby
it
was
resolved
,
that
both
the
Brothers
Laurence
and
Julian
should
be
murdered
,
and
that
the
Commonwealth
of
Florence
should
be
disposed
of
,
according
to
the
pleasure
of
the
Pope
.
But
that
a
design
so
impious
as
this
,
should
not
seem
to
have
entered
into
the
heart
of
a
Pope
,
the
whole
management
was
committed
to
the
conduct
of
Jeronimo
Riario
,
who
in
the
first
place
prevailed
with
Ferdinand
King
of
Naples
to
send
an
Army
into
Tuscany
under
the
command
of
Alonso
his
Son
,
and
compel
the
Florentines
either
to
extirpate
the
Family
of
the
Medicis
,
or
force
them
to
abandon
their
Country
;
and
that
then
under
colour
of
the
Papal
Dignity
,
the
King
of
Naples
might
introduce
his
own
Authority
,
and
set
up
for
himself
:
but
to
make
all
things
sure
in
case
this
should
fail
,
Jeronimo
communicated
his
design
to
John
Baptista
Montesecco
,
a
man
very
expert
and
ready
in
such
attempts
,
who
quickly
engaged
several
with
him
in
the
Conspiracy
;
namely
Bartholomew
Salvian
Arch-Bishop
of
Pisa
,
who
had
conceived
a
private
pique
against
Laurence
;
also
Francis
de
Pazzi
,
and
James
Poggio
,
whose
Father
was
a
famous
Orator
in
his
time
.
And
to
put
a
better
face
on
the
matter
,
and
countenance
the
Plot
,
Raphael
Riario
Cardinal
of
S.
George
,
a
youth
,
and
Nephew
of
Jeronimo
,
was
sent
to
Pisa
on
pretence
of
his
Studies
;
under
whose
protection
the
Assassinates
having
performed
their
work
might
be
the
better
secured
.
Sunday
being
the
26th
of
April
,
was
the
day
appointed
for
this
murder
,
and
accordingly
the
Conspirators
,
who
were
many
,
assaulted
the
two
Brothers
in
the
Church
,
whilst
they
were
hearing
Mass
:
Julian
was
there
killed
,
but
Laurence
having
received
a
slight
wound
,
fled
into
the
Vestery
,
where
he
was
saved
from
the
violence
of
the
Assassinates
;
and
in
the
mean
time
the
Archbishop
of
Pisa
,
and
James
Poggio
endeavoured
to
possess
themselves
of
the
Palace
belonging
to
that
Signiory
:
But
the
rumor
hereof
spreading
quickly
over
all
the
City
,
and
that
Julian
was
killed
,
and
Laurence
still
living
,
the
Party
of
the
Medicis
took
courage
,
and
with
Arms
in
their
hands
seized
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Pisa
,
and
James
Poggio
,
together
with
their
Companions
;
and
putting
a
Halter
about
their
necks
,
they
executed
speedy
Justice
,
hanging
them
out
at
a
window
.
Antonio
da
Volterro
,
and
Stefano
a
Priest
who
attempted
Laurence
,
incurred
the
like
fate
.
Montesecco
was
tortured
to
make
Confession
,
which
having
done
,
he
was
likewise
put
to
death
.
The
Cardinal
at
the
time
of
this
Combustion
flying
to
the
High-Altar
,
was
scarce
protected
by
the
sacredness
of
the
place
,
and
the
earnest
intercession
of
Laurence
;
notwithstanding
which
having
for
some
days
been
committed
to
safe
custody
,
until
he
had
cleared
his
Innocence
,
he
was
out
of
respect
and
favour
to
the
Pope
set
at
liberty
.
Howsoever
Sixtus
was
not
so
well
pleased
with
the
grace
showed
to
the
Cardinal
,
but
that
he
resented
the
severity
they
had
used
against
a
Priest
,
and
an
Arch-Bishop
,
to
that
degree
,
that
at
the
persuasion
of
Jeronimo
Riario
,
he
interdicted
the
people
of
Florence
,
and
made
War
upon
them
.
Frederick
Duke
of
Vrbin
was
made
General
of
the
Papal
Army
,
and
Alfonso
Duke
of
Calabria
,
Son
of
Ferdinand
King
of
Naples
was
also
ready
with
another
Army
in
favour
and
assistance
of
the
Pope
.
On
the
other
side
Lewis
the
11th
.
King
of
France
sent
a
Succor
of
300
Horse
to
Florence
,
under
the
Command
of
Philip
de
Comines
,
Lord
of
Argenton
;
and
farther
to
affright
the
Pope
,
he
ordered
a
Synod
of
Prelates
assembled
at
Orleans
,
to
Decree
that
no
more
mony
should
be
carried
out
of
France
to
Rome
for
vacant
Benefices
.
The
Venetians
,
and
Dukes
of
Milan
,
Mantoua
,
and
Ferrara
concerned
themselves
in
the
League
,
that
they
might
repress
the
ambition
of
the
Pope
,
whom
they
esteemed
to
be
full
of
designs
to
advance
his
own
power
,
and
glory
in
Italy
.
Laurence
de
Medicis
by
his
vigilance
,
good
address
,
and
conduct
,
so
well
accommodated
matters
with
Ferdinand
King
of
Naples
,
that
he
engaged
that
King
to
his
Party
,
and
into
an
agreement
of
an
Offensive
,
and
Defensive
War
;
with
which
Union
and
Alliances
the
Pope
being
discouraged
,
Anno
1479.
the
War
concluded
without
any
remarkable
successes
;
the
Pope
suppressing
his
resentments
until
a
more
seasonable
time
,
when
he
could
with
better
effect
reak
his
anger
,
and
revenge
on
his
enemies
:
which
he
had
certainly
performed
with
the
first
opportunity
,
had
he
not
been
surprized
with
a
suddain
alarm
from
the
Turk
;
who
having
unexpectedly
seized
the
City
of
Otranto
,
put
all
Italy
into
fear
,
and
confusion
.
This
accident
confirmed
the
Peace
more
firmly
between
Sixtus
and
the
Florentines
;
on
whom
by
way
of
Penance
for
their
late
crime
,
he
imposed
a
charge
of
maintaining
15
Gallies
against
the
Turk
;
whose
great
force
having
entered
into
Italy
would
certainly
in
despight
of
all
the
power
of
that
Country
,
have
made
great
devastations
,
had
not
the
death
of
Mahomet
the
Great
,
who
had
taken
Constantinople
,
put
a
stop
to
the
progress
of
his
Arms
,
and
moved
Bajazet
his
Son
,
and
Successor
to
recall
A●●met
Pasha
his
General
with
his
Army
out
of
Puglia
:
and
this
happened
in
the
year
1481.
when
the
King
of
Cyprus
,
and
his
Son
being
dead
,
and
the
whole
power
remaining
in
the
hands
of
the
Queen
(
who
was
of
the
noble
Family
of
Cornaro
)
the
Venetian
Senate
laid
claim
to
the
Kingdom
,
as
devolving
to
them
by
right
of
inheritance
,
which
for
many
years
they
maintained
against
the
power
of
the
Turk
,
who
made
many
attempts
to
make
seizure
of
it
.
About
the
same
time
also
Dabuson
the
Great
,
Master
of
Rhodes
,
valiantly
defended
his
City
against
Mahomet
,
causing
him
to
raise
his
Siege
,
and
retire
with
disgrace
.
The
fear
of
the
Turk
by
their
Retreat
out
of
Italy
being
extinguished
,
Sixtus
re-assumed
his
former
designs
,
and
in
order
thereunto
favoured
the
party
of
the
Venetians
who
made
War
upon
Hercules
da
Este
Duke
of
Ferrara
:
by
these
means
all
Italy
was
put
into
a
new
flame
of
War
,
being
divided
into
diverse
Parties
and
Factions
.
On
one
side
were
the
Pope
,
the
Venetians
,
Genoueses
,
and
those
of
Siena
,
with
other
Cities
allied
in
a
Confederacy
.
On
the
other
were
Ferdinand
King
of
Naples
,
the
Florentines
,
Lodowick
Sforza
Protector
of
the
State
of
Milan
during
the
minority
of
the
young
Duke
.
The
Pope
in
favour
of
his
own
Party
managed
his
War
with
the
Spiritual
as
well
as
with
the
Temporal
Arms
;
for
in
the
year
1482.
he
Excommunicated
all
his
Enemies
,
and
as
many
as
took
their
part
,
or
favoured
their
Cause
;
and
encouraged
René
Duke
of
Lorain
and
Anjou
to
return
into
Italy
,
and
recover
his
Kingdom
of
Naples
.
But
René
being
otherwise
employed
,
could
not
make
use
of
this
opportunity
,
which
was
offered
;
and
therewith
Ferdinand
being
enraged
,
entered
the
Dominions
of
the
Pope
with
a
great
Army
,
and
approached
to
the
Gates
of
Rome
;
with
which
Sixtus
being
greatly
incensed
,
issued
out
an
Army
against
him
under
the
command
of
Robert
Malatesta
;
and
both
Armies
joyning
Battel
in
a
place
called
Campo
Morto
,
near
Velitri
;
Sixtus
had
the
fortune
of
the
day
,
and
to
overthrow
his
Enemy
;
many
were
slain
on
the
place
,
many
principal
Officers
taken
and
carried
in
triumph
into
Rome
,
and
Ferdinand
himself
narrowly
escaped
by
flight
.
Three
days
after
which
Victory
Malatesta
died
,
not
without
some
suspicion
of
being
poisoned
.
Not
long
after
a
Peace
being
concluded
between
Pope
Sixtus
,
and
the
King
of
Naples
,
all
the
Prisoners
were
set
at
liberty
;
amongst
which
were
the
Cardinals
Colonna
and
Savelli
,
who
at
the
beginning
of
the
War
,
were
as
disaffected
persons
committed
to
custody
.
This
War
being
in
this
manner
ended
,
the
Pope
turned
his
Arms
upon
the
Venetians
in
favour
of
Hercules
Duke
of
Ferrara
,
lest
that
State
being
too
powerful
for
him
,
should
augment
their
Force
by
the
addition
of
that
Dukedom
:
and
in
regard
that
State
would
not
give
ear
to
his
admonitions
,
and
desist
from
prosecution
of
their
War
at
his
command
,
the
Pope
made
use
of
his
spiritual
Arms
,
Excommunicating
all
the
Subjects
under
the
Dominions
of
Venice
,
and
entering
into
League
with
all
the
Confederate
Princes
of
Italy
,
waged
the
most
dangerous
War
,
that
ever
the
Venetians
had
sustained
;
and
certainly
had
proved
fatal
to
them
,
had
not
Lodowick
S●forza
Duke
of
Milan
made
a
separate
Peace
with
them
,
against
the
sense
,
and
opinion
of
all
the
other
Confederates
.
Sixtus
having
by
these
many
Wars
,
and
several
ways
exhausted
his
Treasury
,
contrived
by
sale
of
new
Offices
,
never
before
known
,
to
replenish
his
Coffers
;
he
also
imposed
new
Taxes
,
and
raised
the
old
ones
:
but
that
which
most
reflected
on
his
Reputation
,
and
blemished
him
with
the
character
of
a
covetous
person
,
was
that
he
decimated
the
Prelates
,
and
laid
new
impositions
on
the
Clergy
:
but
to
do
this
Pope
justice
,
and
give
him
his
due
,
never
was
any
more
generous
,
or
munificent
in
his
gifts
,
or
more
delighted
to
do
good
offices
than
this
;
for
he
freely
,
and
at
his
own
charge
maintain'd
Andrew
Paleologo
Prince
of
the
Morea
,
with
Leonard
di
Focco
Despor
of
Albania
,
who
had
been
deposed
,
and
exterminated
their
Dominions
by
the
Turk
:
he
likewise
with
great
magnificence
and
courtesie
treated
the
Queens
of
Cyprus
and
Bosna
,
whom
the
Turk
had
forced
to
abandon
their
Dominions
,
and
fly
for
refuge
under
his
protection
,
Also
when
the
Kings
of
Denmark
,
Swedeland
,
Norway
,
and
Gothland
,
with
the
Dukes
of
Saxony
,
and
Calabria
being
moved
,
and
guided
by
their
Devotion
,
came
to
visit
the
Roman
Sea
,
he
received
them
with
great
State
,
and
treated
them
with
a
magnificence
becoming
Kings
:
And
when
in
the
year
of
Jubile
Ferdinand
of
Aragon
King
of
Naples
came
to
gain
Indulgences
at
Rome
,
he
remitted
to
him
the
yearly
Tribute
which
he
was
obliged
to
pay
for
that
Kingdom
,
and
in
lieu
thereof
contented
himself
with
the
yearly
acknowledgment
of
a
White
Horse
with
its
Furniture
,
which
is
continued
to
this
day
.
And
farther
to
demonstrate
his
generous
and
great
Soul
,
he
re-built
the
Hospital
of
S.
Spirito
for
maintainance
and
education
of
young
Children
:
he
built
the
Church
of
S.
Mary
of
Peace
:
he
adorned
the
Basilicon
of
S.
Peter
with
new
Windows
,
making
the
Church
more
lightsome
and
pleasant
than
before
:
he
repaired
the
Palace
of
Lateran
,
as
also
the
Churches
of
the
Holy
Apostles
,
with
several
other
Churches
.
The
Pons
Janicularis
,
or
the
Bridg
of
Janicula
being
ruined
,
he
took
up
all
the
Stones
,
and
built
an
other
Bridg
over
Tybur
in
the
place
thereof
,
which
since
that
time
is
called
by
the
name
of
Ponte
Sesto
,
or
the
Bridg
of
Sixtus
.
He
cleared
all
the
Common
sewers
of
Rome
,
making
conveyances
for
the
sullage
of
the
City
to
run
into
the
Tybur
:
he
repaired
many
Aquaeducts
and
Fountains
,
and
brought
the
brazen
Statue
of
M.
Aurelius
from
an
obscure
place
,
and
erected
it
in
the
more
open
Area
of
the
Capitol
.
It
was
he
that
reduced
the
Vatican
Library
into
such
a
condition
as
hath
made
it
famous
through
all
the
world
;
for
he
not
only
brought
Books
thither
from
all
parts
of
Europe
,
but
left
also
certain
Rents
and
Revenues
for
the
increase
of
them
,
with
Pensions
also
to
the
Library-keepers
,
and
under-Officers
.
On
the
Pedestal
of
his
Statue
in
the
Library
,
these
Verses
are
written
.
Templa
,
Domum
expositis
vicos
,
fora
,
maenia
,
pontes
Virgineam
Trivii
quod
reparatis
aquam
.
Prisc
a
licet
Nautis
Statuas
dare
commoda
Portus
.
Et
Vaticanum
cingere
Christe
jugum
Plus
tamen
urbs
debet
,
nam
quae
squalore
latebat
Cernitur
in
celebri
Bibliotheca
loco
.
In
short
,
there
was
nothing
which
tended
to
the
glory
and
ornament
of
the
City
which
was
neglected
by
him
;
and
such
was
his
zeal
and
power
in
defence
of
the
Privileges
of
the
Church
,
that
he
would
never
suffer
them
to
be
infringed
,
nor
did
any
Prince
offer
him
an
injury
,
or
indignity
which
he
did
not
return
with
due
revenge
.
As
for
instance
,
appears
by
the
War
he
made
in
confederacy
with
Venice
and
Genoua
against
the
Duke
of
Ferrara
and
his
Allies
;
the
which
he
managed
with
so
much
heat
,
that
when
the
Venetians
made
a
separate
Peace
without
his
consent
,
or
approbation
,
he
so
highly
resented
it
,
that
it
brought
him
to
a
fit
of
the
Gout
,
which
increased
on
him
with
that
violence
,
that
he
died
thereof
on
the
13th
.
of
August
,
1484.
having
held
the
Pontifical
Sea
for
the
space
of
13
years
and
four
days
,
having
arrived
the
age
of
70
years
and
22
days
.
At
his
Death
this
Distick
was
made
.
Sistere
qui
nullo
potuit
cum
foedere
Sixtus
,
Audito
tantum
nomine
pacis
obit
.
His
Body
was
interred
in
S.
Peters
Church
under
a
Monument
of
Brass
,
which
Julian
Cardinal
of
Liens
caused
to
be
erected
for
him
before
the
High-Altar
.
After
which
the
Chair
was
vacant
16
days
.
INNOCENT
VIII
.
SIXTVS
being
dead
the
Cardinals
entered
the
Vatican
,
where
in
the
space
of
16
days
after
the
decease
of
the
former
Pope
,
they
elected
John
Baptista
Cibo
Cardinal
of
S.
Balbina
,
to
succeed
in
the
Papal
Chair
:
He
was
a
Native
of
Genoua
,
and
born
of
an
illustrious
Family
in
the
year
1432.
his
Father
being
a
Knight
,
and
Count
of
the
Empire
,
and
Senator
of
Rome
:
He
lived
a
long
time
in
the
Family
and
Service
of
Ferdinand
King
of
Naples
,
and
afterwards
coming
to
Rome
,
was
received
into
the
Family
of
the
Cardinal
of
Bologna
,
Brother
of
Pope
Nicolas
V.
He
was
created
Bishop
of
Savona
by
Paul
II.
and
of
Melfy
and
Priest
Cardinal
,
with
the
Title
of
S.
Balfina
by
Sixtus
IV.
after
whose
Decease
he
was
by
the
common
suffrages
of
24
Cardinals
elected
Pope
,
and
on
the
29th
.
of
August
1484.
was
Crowned
by
Francis
Piccolomini
,
calling
himself
by
the
name
of
Innocent
the
Eighth
,
and
at
his
Inauguration
he
used
these
words
,
Ego
autem
in
Innocentia
mea
ingressus
sum
.
Tho
Guiccardin
will
not
allow
this
Motto
to
correspond
with
his
manners
,
and
Onufrius
saith
,
that
he
often
covered
his
avarice
and
covetous
desires
,
with
Drollery
,
and
some
pleasant
expressions
.
Howsoever
he
is
stiled
by
most
Writers
with
the
honorable
character
of
pious
and
affable
,
and
commended
for
his
sanctity
of
life
,
and
profound
learning
.
The
first
business
he
took
in
hand
after
he
came
to
the
Papal
Chair
,
was
to
take
off
the
Excommunication
which
Pope
Sixtus
had
laid
on
the
Venetians
,
and
being
himself
in
perfect
amity
,
and
maintaining
a
fair
correspondence
with
the
Christian
Princes
,
he
endeavoured
so
to
reconcile
them
one
with
another
,
that
being
united
in
a
strict
confederacy
,
they
might
convert
their
Arms
against
the
Turk
,
who
was
now
become
the
formidable
,
and
common
enemy
of
Christendom
:
for
tho
he
was
naturally
averse
to
War
,
yet
his
zeal
for
the
Christian
Religion
moved
him
to
equippe
a
Fleet
at
the
cost
and
expence
of
150
thousand
Crowns
;
which
being
successful
in
their
enterprise
,
gained
him
great
renown
,
and
esteem
with
all
the
Christian
Princes
;
the
which
he
also
improved
by
various
good
offices
,
●nd
acts
of
justice
performed
towards
them
;
for
he
re-blessed
the
Venetians
after
they
had
been
desecrated
and
attainted
by
the
Excommunication
of
Sixtus
,
he
eased
the
Church
from
the
burden
of
extraordinary
Taxes
,
he
retrenched
many
superfluous
charges
of
his
own
Family
:
he
conferred
many
benefits
,
favours
,
and
privileges
on
the
Orders
of
S.
Francis
,
S.
Augustin
,
and
S.
Dominick
,
and
thundered
out
his
Excommunications
against
Women
that
used
Poisons
,
and
Incantations
,
and
such
as
cheated
and
purloined
from
the
Dataria
,
or
Exchequer
.
But
all
these
good
actions
,
and
just
intentions
were
interrupted
by
civil
Discords
at
Rome
arisen
between
the
Families
of
Colonna
and
Orsini
,
on
the
ground
of
ancient
hatred
,
and
resentments
between
them
;
and
had
proceeded
to
worse
effects
and
more
evil
consequences
,
had
they
not
been
asswaged
for
a
while
by
the
breaking
forth
of
a
forein
War
with
Ferdinand
King
of
Naples
;
who
having
oppressed
,
and
ill
treated
many
Lords
and
great
personages
,
and
particularly
the
Count
De
Montorio
,
who
was
of
great
repute
and
popular
in
the
City
of
Aquila
;
they
all
,
together
with
the
City
of
Abruzzo
had
recourse
to
the
Pope
for
sanctuary
,
protesting
,
that
in
case
he
would
not
receive
them
into
his
protection
,
that
they
should
be
forced
to
yield
,
and
resign
themselves
into
the
hands
and
power
of
some
Forein
Prince
.
The
Pope
being
moved
by
their
supplications
,
and
incensed
against
Ferdinand
for
his
ill
deportment
towards
the
Papal
See
,
for
he
had
denied
to
pay
the
yearly
tribute
of
twenty
thousand
Ducats
,
and
had
disposed
of
the
Ecclesiastical
Benefices
according
to
his
own
will
,
and
pleasure
▪
he
therefore
resolved
to
receive
Aquila
and
Abruzzo
and
the
other
complainants
into
his
care
and
protection
,
and
to
declare
War
against
the
King
of
Naples
:
for
carrying
on
of
which
with
better
success
,
he
entered
into
a
League
with
the
Venetians
,
and
drew
to
his
Party
the
Princes
of
Colonna
,
of
Bisignano
,
Salerno
,
Altamura
.
and
Duke
of
Oliveto
,
with
many
other
Lords
,
and
great
men
of
Naples
,
making
Robert
Sanseverino
the
General
of
his
Army
.
On
the
other
side
the
King
combined
with
the
Florentines
,
and
joyned
the
Orsi●i
to
his
party
;
and
such
were
the
animosities
on
both
sides
,
that
a
furious
and
bloody
War
began
,
which
was
maintained
for
some
time
with
changes
and
variety
of
fortune
:
the
evil
consequences
of
which
being
by
good
and
wise
men
esteemed
fatal
to
Italy
,
induced
the
Count
De
Pitigliano
,
and
the
Cardinals
of
Angioio
and
Sforza
to
intercede
and
mediate
between
the
two
parties
for
a
Peace
:
but
the
Pope
who
conceived
that
he
had
reason
and
justice
on
his
side
,
refused
to
condescend
unto
equal
terms
,
and
being
farther
encouraged
by
the
aids
given
him
from
Charles
the
Eighth
King
of
France
,
of
300
thousand
Crowns
in
mony
,
with
the
recruits
of
4000
Savoyards
,
and
3000
Switzers
,
he
became
inflexible
,
and
for
some
time
continued
resolute
to
maintain
the
War
:
but
at
length
considering
the
fatal
conquences
of
it
,
and
how
ill
the
effusion
of
blood
becomes
the
gentle
spirit
of
a
Prelate
,
he
hearkened
,
and
condescended
to
Articles
of
peace
on
these
following
conditions
.
That
the
King
should
pardon
and
forgive
all
the
Lords
,
and
Barons
who
were
his
Subjects
,
whether
they
belonged
to
the
City
of
Aquila
,
or
to
any
other
Town
,
or
part
of
his
Dominions
who
had
fled
to
the
Pope
for
his
succour
and
protection
.
That
he
should
not
farther
pretend
to
any
Collation
of
Benefices
.
That
he
should
pay
all
the
arrears
of
his
Tribute
at
a
convenient
time
appointed
.
That
Verginio
Orsino
should
humble
himself
at
the
foot-stool
of
the
Pope
,
and
demand
his
pardon
.
All
which
Articles
being
agreed
,
the
King
of
Spain
,
Lodowick
Sforza
,
and
Lorenzo
de
Medicis
,
with
two
Cardinals
,
and
James
Trivoltii
a
great
Favourite
of
the
Popes
,
became
Guarrenties
for
the
peace
.
But
no
sooner
had
the
Pope
disbanded
his
Forces
.
and
Ferdinand
freed
from
the
apprehensions
of
War
,
but
with
violation
of
his
own
Faith
,
and
in
despight
of
the
obligation
of
those
,
who
were
engaged
for
him
,
he
refused
compliance
with
the
conditions
he
had
agreed
and
concluded
;
for
he
not
only
imprisoned
the
Barons
,
and
others
,
who
had
sided
with
the
Pope
,
and
four
months
after
cut
off
their
Heads
,
and
confiscated
their
Estates
,
but
likewise
denied
to
pay
his
annual
Tribute
to
the
Papal
Sea
;
covering
the
breach
of
his
Faith
,
Phil.
Comin
.
Onuf.
and
the
persidiousness
of
these
acts
with
vain
and
frivolous
pretences
.
The
Pope
greatly
incensed
with
extreme
indignation
against
this
dishonest
treachery
,
in
which
the
Guarantees
for
the
late
Peace
acknowledged
him
to
have
reason
,
disposed
his
affairs
for
a
second
War
;
in
order
whereunto
he
in
the
first
place
Excommunicated
Ferdinand
,
absolved
his
Subjects
from
their
Obedience
,
and
deprived
him
of
his
Kingdom
;
but
because
this
would
prove
insignificant
,
unless
it
were
made
good
by
some
more
effectual
means
,
he
sent
to
the
King
of
France
for
the
aid
he
had
formerly
promised
,
and
having
raised
a
considerable
Army
of
Switzers
and
Italians
under
the
command
of
Francis
Cibo
;
and
having
also
the
countenance
of
all
Italy
in
detestation
of
this
false
treatment
:
Ferdinand
being
terrified
therewith
,
inclined
to
a
Peace
,
and
really
to
accept
with
unfeigned
devotion
,
and
obedience
,
such
conditions
as
the
Pope
should
be
pleased
to
impose
upon
him
;
and
in
farther
pursuance
of
this
Peace
,
the
Vrsini
were
induced
to
prostrate
themselves
at
the
feet
of
the
Pope
;
in
which
humble
posture
he
generously
granted
to
them
all
those
Petitions
and
requests
which
they
submissively
offered
to
him
;
and
at
the
same
time
bestowed
the
like
favours
in
the
pardon
of
Cardinal
Baldri
a
Frenchman
,
who
had
treacherously
conspired
against
him
.
And
farther
to
evidence
his
natural
inclinations
to
Peace
,
he
reconciled
the
enmities
of
Colonna
and
Vrsini
,
two
potent
Families
in
Rome
,
who
by
their
Dissentions
and
Wars
had
miserably
spoiled
and
vexed
each
other
.
This
Peace
produced
a
League
between
the
King
,
the
Venetians
,
the
Florentines
,
and
the
Duke
of
Milan
,
and
in
short
begat
a
general
peace
in
all
Christendom
,
which
continued
for
the
space
of
five
years
;
during
which
time
,
great
preparations
were
made
against
the
Turk
,
which
had
in
all
probability
happily
succeeded
,
had
not
that
honorable
and
glorious
design
been
unhappily
interrupted
by
the
Death
of
this
Pope
.
Yet
some
time
before
his
decease
,
being
in
the
year
1488.
he
had
the
honor
to
have
Zizimé
the
Brother
of
Bajazet
Emperor
of
the
Turks
to
be
his
Prisoner
,
being
taken
,
and
sent
to
Rome
by
the
Knights
of
Rhodes
.
And
tho
this
Sultan
was
splendidly
received
,
and
treated
,
yet
he
could
not
be
induced
either
by
fair
persuasions
,
or
ruder
menaces
to
prostrate
,
or
humble
himself
at
the
feet
of
the
Pope
;
wherefore
being
remanded
back
to
safe
custody
in
the
Vatican
,
he
lived
there
for
all
the
time
of
this
Pope
,
during
which
his
Brother
Bajazet
Emperor
of
the
Turks
sent
yearly
to
Rome
forty
thousand
Crowns
for
his
maintainance
:
and
to
render
his
Brother
more
acceptable
there
,
he
sent
with
an
honorable
Embassy
the
Key
of
the
Holy
Sepulchre
at
Jerusalem
to
the
Pope
,
together
with
the
Lance
with
which
Longinus
pierced
the
side
of
our
Saviour
;
both
which
he
received
with
great
humility
and
devotion
,
lodging
the
Key
in
a
Chappel
in
S.
Peter's
Church
,
where
it
is
to
be
seen
unto
this
day
:
and
laid
the
Spear
in
a
Marble
Chest
,
which
he
purposely
erected
in
a
Chappel
within
the
Church
of
the
Vatican
.
In
the
time
of
this
Pope
Innocent
,
there
was
but
one
Creation
of
Cardinals
,
at
which
eight
only
were
made
;
amongst
which
Laurence
Cibo
the
natural
Son
of
his
Brother
was
one
.
In
the
year
1489.
he
permitted
,
that
the
Mass
might
be
celebrated
in
Norway
without
Wine
,
because
that
the
Country
being
cold
,
and
the
distance
far
,
the
Wine
was
either
frozen
,
or
turned
Vinegar
before
it
could
be
brought
thither
.
This
Pope
as
we
have
said
,
Du
Cheshè
.
was
generous
and
magnificent
in
all
his
actions
,
performing
many
things
at
his
own
cost
and
charge
for
the
honor
and
adornment
of
the
City
.
For
he
built
a
house
of
pleasure
and
delight
for
recreation
of
the
Popes
,
called
the
Belvedere
;
he
re-built
the
Deanry
of
S.
Narcis
from
the
foundation
;
he
made
many
Galleries
in
the
Palace
of
the
Vatican
;
he
erected
a
Fountain
in
the
front
before
S.
Peters
,
and
adorned
many
other
places
in
the
City
;
and
having
disposed
all
things
in
order
to
the
quiet
and
happiness
of
Italy
,
he
ended
his
days
,
and
died
the
25th
.
day
of
July
,
1491.
being
about
the
age
of
sixty
years
.
He
was
buried
in
a
Sepulchre
of
Brass
,
near
the
Altar
which
he
had
lately
made
for
the
Spear
.
Lionel
Bishop
of
Concordia
Preached
his
Funeral
Sermon
,
wherein
he
recounted
the
most
memorable
passages
of
his
life
.
Over
his
Tomb
this
Epitaph
was
Engraven
,
Ego
autem
in
Innocentia
mea
Ingressus
sum
Redime
me
Domine
,
&
miserere
mei
.
ALEXANDER
VI.
INNOCENT
being
deceased
,
Roderigo
who
was
made
a
Bishop
,
and
afterwards
Cardinal
Albano
;
and
Porto
by
Sixtus
,
was
elected
Pope
,
calling
himself
by
the
name
of
Alexander
the
Sixth
,
and
fate
in
the
Papal
Chair
for
the
space
of
eleven
years
and
upwards
:
he
was
born
at
Valentia
in
Spain
,
his
Father
was
Geoffery
Lenzola
,
a
rich
and
noble
Gentleman
,
and
his
Mother
was
the
Sister
of
Pope
Calixtus
the
Fourth
;
by
the
favour
of
which
Uncle
he
was
designed
from
his
Youth
to
be
created
Arch-Bishop
of
Valentia
,
and
in
the
year
1456.
was
actually
made
Cardinal-Deacon
of
S.
Nicolas
,
and
Chancellor
of
the
Roman
Church
;
and
was
afterwards
by
Sixtus
the
Fourth
employed
upon
many
important
Affairs
,
and
Embassies
for
the
Church
;
and
particularly
to
intercede
and
mediate
in
the
differences
between
the
Kings
of
Spain
,
Portugal
,
and
Aragon
,
who
had
all
pretensions
to
the
Kingdom
of
Castile
;
by
which
Offices
and
places
,
having
gained
great
honor
and
interest
,
he
was
by
the
suffrages
of
two
and
twenty
Cardinals
elected
Pope
.
But
several
Writers
,
such
as
Guicciardin
Onufrius
and
others
,
brand
the
Election
of
this
Pope
with
the
infamy
of
Simonaical
corruption
;
for
reporting
that
most
of
the
Cardinals
were
bribed
by
sums
of
Mony
,
and
promises
of
Offices
,
and
high
Preferments
to
give
their
Votes
in
his
favour
,
those
who
were
most
active
,
and
had
taken
the
greatest
Bribes
for
this
promotion
,
were
the
Cardinal
Ascagnus
,
who
in
reward
had
the
Office
of
Chancellor
conferred
upon
him
,
likewise
Julian
Bishop
of
Ostia
,
and
Raphael
Riario
,
who
were
busie
,
and
talking
Cardinals
.
But
Alexander
who
was
an
excellent
dissembler
until
his
turn
was
served
,
and
who
loved
the
Treason
,
but
not
the
Traytor
,
or
the
Office
,
but
not
the
corrupt
ways
to
it
,
hated
this
abominable
practice
in
his
heart
;
so
that
by
violent
deaths
,
by
Banishment
,
and
other
various
calamities
,
he
found
means
to
bring
all
those
unto
ruine
,
who
had
thus
basely
conspired
to
his
promotion
;
and
particularly
Baptista
Orsino
(
to
whom
was
given
the
magnificent
Palace
of
Borgia
,
and
John
Michael
,
on
whom
was
conferred
the
Bishoprick
of
Porto
,
with
all
the
Wardrobe
of
the
Pope
,
which
was
of
inestimable
value
)
were
both
put
to
death
;
one
being
publickly
executed
in
the
Castle
,
and
the
other
secretly
made
away
by
Poison
.
This
sort
of
treatment
towards
his
Friends
induced
Guichardin
in
his
History
of
this
Pope
to
represent
him
under
the
notion
of
a
person
without
Truth
,
without
Faith
,
or
Religion
,
of
an
unsatiable
avarice
,
and
insuperable
pride
,
and
passionate
in
the
raising
and
advancement
of
his
Bastard
Sons
(
which
were
many
in
number
)
to
places
of
dignity
and
profit
;
the
which
character
is
farther
confirmed
by
all
the
Italian
Poets
and
Historians
of
those
times
,
who
ascribe
strange
and
monstrous
cruelties
to
him
,
making
him
the
Author
of
all
those
Calamities
and
Miseries
which
in
his
Reign
over-whelmed
Italy
,
rendering
its
condition
slavish
,
and
contemptible
to
Forein
Nations
.
Howsoever
his
temper
was
not
so
altogether
flagitious
,
but
that
it
admitted
of
some
alloy
,
and
mixture
of
Virtue
:
for
he
with
great
care
attended
to
the
government
of
the
City
,
and
regulation
of
the
Courts
of
Justice
;
to
which
end
he
ordained
Visitors
of
the
Prisons
to
examin
,
and
know
the
causes
for
which
persons
were
imprisoned
,
and
created
four
Judges
for
the
tryal
of
all
criminal
matters
,
so
that
Justice
was
the
more
punctually
executed
,
than
in
former
times
.
But
not
to
remain
too
long
on
his
personal
qualities
,
let
us
proceed
to
the
important
affairs
of
his
Government
.
And
in
the
first
place
,
being
created
Pope
,
he
was
according
to
custom
saluted
,
and
congratulated
in
his
Papal
Dignity
by
the
Ambassadors
of
Kings
,
Princes
,
and
States
,
whom
he
respectively
treated
with
affability
and
respect
;
persuading
them
to
peace
and
concord
amongst
themselves
;
and
by
the
virtue
of
such
union
and
confederacy
to
joyn
,
and
employ
their
Arms
against
the
Turk
,
who
was
the
common
Enemy
of
Christendom
.
And
at
that
time
being
about
the
year
1493.
in
honor
to
Ferdinand
King
of
Spain
,
he
gave
him
the
Title
of
Catholick
,
in
acknowledgment
and
memory
of
the
many
Victories
he
had
obtained
over
the
Moors
;
and
gave
him
a
Title
to
all
those
Lands
and
Countries
in
America
,
which
were
or
should
be
discovered
there
.
And
thus
as
he
was
civil
to
Kings
,
so
he
was
kind
and
more
affectionate
to
his
Family
.
For
in
the
first
Consistory
that
he
held
,
he
created
John
Borgia
his
Sisters
Son
Arch-Bishop
of
Montreat
,
Valentine
Borgia
his
Natural
Son
Arch-Bishop
of
Valentia
.
At
this
time
the
Emperor
Frederick
died
,
having
reigned
for
the
space
of
54
years
.
Likewise
Ferdinand
King
of
Naples
being
dead
,
he
sent
his
Legat
with
power
to
confirm
his
Son
Alonso
in
the
succession
to
the
Kingdom
;
and
having
contracted
an
Alliance
with
him
,
he
ordered
him
to
be
Crowned
,
and
invested
with
the
Regalities
.
At
this
time
being
the
year
1494.
Charles
the
Eighth
,
King
of
France
,
who
was
of
a
martial
and
ambitious
spirit
laid
claim
to
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
,
by
virtue
of
the
last
Will
and
Testament
of
René
Duke
of
Anjou
and
Lorain
;
and
being
encouraged
in
that
enterprise
by
Lodowick
Sforza
,
the
Guardian
of
John
Galeas
Duke
of
Milan
,
he
entered
Italy
with
a
puissant
Army
,
consisting
of
25000
Foot
,
and
5000
Horse
,
with
a
great
train
of
Artillery
.
The
Pope
apprehending
the
great
ruine
and
damage
which
this
incursion
of
the
French
would
bring
upon
Italy
,
entered
into
League
with
the
City
of
Florence
,
and
both
agreed
and
resolved
to
leavy
Soldiers
,
and
joyn
in
a
defensive
League
with
the
King
of
Naples
,
but
the
Venetians
and
Ferdinand
King
of
Spain
who
were
likewise
moved
to
enter
into
the
League
,
did
positively
refuse
to
accept
the
proposals
,
being
more
inclinable
to
be
unconcerned
and
Spectators
than
Actors
in
that
hazardous
War
.
Charles
being
entered
into
Italy
,
marched
victorious
thro
Lombardy
,
and
having
overthrown
the
Army
of
Florence
,
soon
after
became
Master
Of
the
City
it self
:
thence
he
proceeded
towards
Rome
,
where
he
entered
on
the
first
of
January
1494.
without
any
opposition
;
it
being
agreed
that
in
case
the
Romans
would
peaceably
open
their
Gates
,
and
give
free
admission
to
the
French
,
that
no
hurt
,
or
violence
should
be
offered
by
them
to
the
Inhabitants
,
but
that
on
the
contrary
,
if
they
made
opposition
,
they
would
put
all
into
flame
and
confusion
.
The
Romans
therefore
finding
themselves
in
no
condition
to
resist
,
readily
gave
a
reception
to
the
French
,
affording
them
plenty
of
Victuals
,
and
Provisions
;
and
they
on
the
other
side
performed
their
conditions
,
severely
punishing
such
as
were
guilty
of
Riots
,
or
Tumults
.
The
Pope
at
first
being
affrighted
with
the
approach
of
the
French
,
fled
for
security
into
the
Castle
,
but
at
length
finding
all
things
quiet
and
secure
from
the
outrages
of
their
Ghests
,
adventured
abroad
,
and
much
against
his
will
and
inclinations
entered
into
a
League
with
them
.
But
Charles
not
much
confiding
in
the
Faith
which
the
Pope
had
given
,
required
for
better
security
thereof
,
and
by
way
of
Hostage
,
that
Cesar
Borgia
who
was
called
Cardinal
Valentino
,
should
under
colour
of
being
the
Popes
Legat
,
accompany
him
in
the
War
,
together
with
Zizimé
the
Brother
of
the
Grand
Seignior
,
on
pretence
,
that
having
overcome
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
,
he
would
make
use
of
him
in
the
War
,
which
he
intended
to
make
upon
Constantinople
;
but
he
died
soon
after
of
a
Bloody-Flux
at
Capua
.
Upon
approach
of
the
French
near
to
Naples
,
King
Alonso
being
conscious
of
his
ill
government
,
whereby
he
had
contracted
the
hatred
of
his
people
,
and
despairing
of
the
success
of
his
Affairs
,
surrendred
up
the
Kingdom
into
the
hands
of
his
Son
Ferdinand
,
and
with
great
fear
and
ignominy
embarked
himself
with
the
best
part
of
his
wealth
,
and
fled
into
the
Island
of
Sicily
;
and
soon
after
Ferdinand
considering
the
weakness
of
his
Force
,
and
the
inequality
of
the
Match
between
him
and
the
French
,
betook
himself
also
to
the
Island
of
Ischia
.
Charles
following
the
favourable
course
of
his
good
,
and
victorious
fortune
,
with
great
expedition
made
himself
Master
of
all
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
:
the
which
success
giving
an
alarm
to
all
the
Christian
Princes
,
a
general
confederacy
was
agreed
amongst
them
,
for
intercepting
the
French
on
their
return
out
of
Italy
;
so
that
the
Pope
,
the
Emperor
Maximilian
,
the
King
of
Spain
,
Lodowick
Sforza
Duke
of
Milan
,
and
the
Venetians
,
uniting
their
Forces
for
the
common
safety
of
Italy
,
composed
an
Army
of
forty
thousand
men
.
Notwithstanding
which
Charles
boldly
returned
out
of
Italy
,
and
with
great
difficulty
having
passed
the
Apenine
Mountains
with
sixteen
pieces
of
weighty
Cannons
which
were
drawn
over
by
300
Swissers
,
and
having
by
the
greater
error
and
neglect
of
the
Enemy
passed
all
the
narrow
and
inaccessible
ways
about
Zerzana
and
Petra
Santa
at
length
descended
into
the
Plains
of
Lombardy
.
The
Confederate
Army
to
hinder
the
Kings
farther
passage
had
encamped
themselves
at
Fornovo
,
near
Tarro
,
and
at
no
far
distance
from
Parma
;
and
there
both
Armies
were
engaged
.
The
French
did
not
consist
of
more
than
9000
men
,
and
the
Confederates
of
40000
;
and
yet
the
French
had
the
advantage
,
and
won
the
Field
:
and
as
Philip
de
Comines
saith
,
the
King
entered
triumphant
into
Asti
;
tho
Panvinio
and
other
Italian
Writers
relate
the
Battel
to
have
been
bloody
,
but
the
success
and
advantage
doubtful
.
Howsoever
the
news
hereof
being
reported
at
Naples
to
the
great
advantage
of
the
Confederates
,
King
Ferdinand
re-assumed
his
courage
,
and
adventured
out
of
his
retirement
at
Ischia
;
and
then
the
French
Forces
being
grown
weak
,
and
all
Recruits
failing
them
,
he
recovered
his
Kingdom
with
the
assistance
of
the
Catholick
King
:
Not
long
after
Charles
the
Eighth
died
,
and
Lewis
the
Twelfth
Duke
of
Orleans
succeeded
in
his
Throne
:
Likewise
Ferdinand
dying
without
Issue
,
Frederick
his
Uncle
became
his
Successor
.
Lewis
XII
.
continuing
his
claim
by
right
of
Inheritance
to
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
,
and
also
to
the
Dukedom
of
Milan
in
right
of
his
Grandmother
the
Daughter
of
John
Galeazzo
,
entered
into
a
League
with
the
Pope
,
which
was
fatal
to
Italy
;
and
with
them
the
King
of
Spain
,
the
Florentines
,
and
the
Venetians
,
were
all
combined
against
Duke
Lodowick
Sforza
,
and
King
Frederick
,
on
conditions
that
Lewis
having
conquered
Milan
,
should
cause
Cremona
to
be
restored
to
the
Venetians
;
and
that
Caesar
Borgia
who
was
the
Popes
bastard
Son
,
having
renounced
his
Cardinals
Cap
,
and
taking
Carlotta
de
Alebretto
,
Daughter
to
the
King
of
Navar
,
and
Kinswoman
to
the
King
of
France
for
his
Wife
,
should
be
invested
in
Romagna
,
Marca
,
and
Vmbria
,
and
that
the
Kings
of
Spain
,
and
France
should
equally
divide
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
between
them
.
Lewis
entering
Italy
with
a
powerful
Army
,
drove
out
the
Duke
of
Milan
from
his
State
,
and
shortly
after
took
Cardinal
Ascanius
Prisoner
,
whom
he
sent
into
France
,
where
he
died
in
a
short
time
afterwards
.
The
Venetians
by
virtue
of
the
League
had
Cremona
consigned
to
them
;
and
all
matters
succeeded
so
prosperously
for
Lewis
in
Italy
,
that
Frederick
King
of
Naples
being
thereby
wholly
dis-animated
,
cast
himself
with
all
humble
confidence
into
the
arms
of
King
Lewis
,
who
treated
him
basely
,
and
with
the
highest
indignities
imaginable
.
In
the
mean
time
the
French
and
the
Spaniards
being
to
divide
the
spoils
of
the
Kingdom
,
such
differences
arose
betwixt
them
,
as
being
only
to
be
decided
by
the
Sword
,
the
French
were
all
cut
in
pieces
by
the
valor
of
Gonsalvo
a
brave
Captain
,
by
which
means
that
Kingdom
fell
into
the
hands
of
Spain
.
In
the
mean
time
Pope
Alexander
being
attentive
to
nothing
more
than
to
raise
and
enrich
his
Bastard
Children
,
encouraged
and
countenanced
his
Son
Caesar
Borgia
in
the
grievous
oppressions
he
laid
,
on
all
the
Barons
of
the
Ecclesiastical
State
;
for
he
designing
and
aspiring
to
make
himself
sole
,
and
absolute
master
of
it
,
made
the
Family
of
the
Orsini
the
most
remarkable
examples
of
his
insolent
indignities
,
spoiling
and
harassing
their
Country
for
the
space
of
a
whole
Summer
.
As
yet
Caesar
Borgia
had
not
renounced
his
Cardinals
Cap
,
and
therefore
continuing
still
under
the
notion
of
a
Prelate
,
Guido
Vbaldo
di
Vrbino
,
and
John
Borgia
,
an
other
of
the
Popes
Bastards
,
were
made
Generals
of
the
Ecclesiastical
Army
,
who
over-running
several
Countries
,
reduced
Braciano
by
Siege
,
and
proceeded
every
where
victoriously
,
until
Charles
the
natural
Son
of
Virginio
Orsino
,
joyning
Battel
with
them
,
routed
their
Army
,
and
took
the
Duke
of
Vrbin
prisoner
.
After
this
a
Peace
being
concluded
with
the
Orsini
,
and
the
Pope
perceiving
that
his
business
did
not
thrive
well
by
War
,
he
endeavoured
to
advance
his
designs
by
fortifying
the
interest
of
his
Family
with
great
,
and
potent
alliances
;
and
in
the
first
place
he
gave
his
Daughter
Lucretia
in
Marriage
to
John
Sforza
,
Lord
of
Pesaro
,
breaking
his
promise
to
a
certain
Nobleman
of
Spain
to
whom
he
had
formerly
contracted
her
;
then
he
took
her
from
Sforza
,
and
gave
her
to
Lewis
of
Aragon
,
Bastard
Son
of
Alfonso
King
of
Naples
;
who
being
killed
,
she
was
given
to
Alfonso
da
Esté
Duke
of
Ferrara
,
with
whom
afterwards
she
ended
her
days
.
This
Pope
had
also
three
Sons
,
Geoffery
the
youngest
was
made
Prince
of
Squillaci
,
Caesar
who
was
the
second
was
Cardinal
,
and
John
the
eldest
was
sent
into
Spain
,
and
there
made
Duke
of
Candia
;
but
he
rambling
one
night
in
his
pleasures
about
the
Streets
of
Rome
,
was
by
the
treachery
of
his
Brother
the
Cardinal
assassinated
,
and
his
body
thrown
into
the
●ybar
;
which
kindness
he
did
him
after
they
had
supped
the
same
night
together
at
the
Table
of
their
Mother
Vanoccia
;
with
which
horrid
act
the
Pope
was
not
so
much
displeased
,
as
he
was
terrified
,
fearing
that
upon
the
least
displeasure
the
spirit
of
this
miscreant
would
be
provoked
to
add
parricide
to
the
murder
of
his
Brother
.
After
this
he
made
little
account
of
his
Scarlet
,
or
degree
of
Cardinal
;
but
turning
his
thoughts
wholly
to
War
,
he
was
made
General
of
the
Popes
Army
,
and
uniting
his
Forces
with
the
French
,
and
joyning
with
their
interest
,
he
became
master
of
a
considerable
Principality
in
Italy
:
for
having
expelled
Sforza
from
Milan
,
and
imprisoned
the
Chiefs
of
that
Family
,
with
assistance
of
Lewis
the
12th
,
he
with
great
cruelty
and
blood
possessed
himself
of
all
the
Cities
of
Romagna
,
(
Bologna
only
excepted
)
banishing
,
or
putting
to
death
all
the
ancient
Lords
and
persons
of
quality
belonging
to
it
.
He
also
took
Imola
and
Forli
,
banishing
all
the
Children
of
Riario
,
to
whom
the
Inheritance
belonged
,
only
their
Mother
Catherina
he
took
prisoner
,
and
carried
her
in
triumph
with
him
to
Rome
.
Next
he
took
Sinigaglia
by
force
of
Arms
,
and
by
treachery
surprized
the
State
of
Vrbin
;
for
being
with
all
his
Army
at
Cagli
where
he
was
kindly
received
,
upon
the
signal
given
,
he
seized
that
City
,
and
marched
immediately
with
the
same
design
to
Vrbin
.
Guido
Vbaldo
da
Feltro
,
Prince
of
that
State
,
surprized
with
this
suddain
attempt
,
and
fearing
to
fall
into
the
cruel
hands
of
this
Tyrant
,
left
the
City
,
and
with
some
few
of
his
domesticks
saved
himself
by
flight
.
Then
this
Borgia
turned
his
Arms
upon
Camerino
,
which
he
took
,
and
put
many
of
the
ancient
Lords
,
and
Barons
of
it
to
death
:
with
the
like
cruelty
and
wickedness
he
treated
all
the
Lords
,
and
Barons
about
the
parts
of
Rome
,
particularly
that
noble
Family
of
the
Gaetani
,
which
were
Lords
of
ancient
possessions
in
the
Volsci
;
of
which
he
put
James
the
Son
of
Honorato
Gaetano
to
death
,
then
Protonotary
of
Rome
:
He
also
ordered
that
Cola
Gaetano
a
youth
,
who
was
the
only
Son
,
and
hopes
of
the
Family
,
should
be
removed
out
of
the
world
.
He
in
the
next
place
by
assistance
of
the
French
,
attacked
the
Family
of
Colonna
,
and
seized
on
all
their
State
,
forcing
them
to
fly
into
Puglia
,
and
Sicily
for
refuge
.
His
next
and
last
work
was
to
subdue
the
Orsini
,
but
they
having
always
been
constant
and
firm
friends
to
the
Pope
in
all
times
,
and
against
all
Factions
,
he
wanted
some
colourable
pretence
to
fix
a
quarrel
on
them
:
but
at
length
the
occasion
which
he
sought
,
the
Orsini
themselves
administred
;
for
they
growing
jealous
of
the
successes
,
and
fortune
of
Borgia
,
and
fearing
lest
his
insatiable
avarice
should
transport
him
also
to
an
appetite
of
devouring
them
,
they
considered
it
prudence
to
provide
in
time
against
a
danger
so
apparent
,
and
imminent
as
this
:
wherefore
consulting
with
others
,
who
were
possessed
with
the
like
apprehensions
and
fears
;
such
as
Bentivolio
Lord
of
Bologna
,
Paolo
Baglione
the
Usurper
of
Perugia
,
Vitellozzo
Vitelli
,
Lord
of
the
City
of
Castello
,
Liverotto
Lord
Fermo
,
Pandolfo
Petrucci
of
Siena
;
they
appointed
a
Council
to
be
held
at
Perugia
,
where
they
agreed
upon
an
alliance
,
and
confederacy
together
against
Borgia
;
and
accordingly
setting
out
an
Army
into
the
Field
,
they
took
Vrbino
,
and
Camerino
,
and
overthrew
the
Forces
of
Borgia
which
came
to
relieve
them
,
and
thence
made
an
incursion
into
all
the
Country
of
Romagna
.
The
Pope
being
greatly
troubled
,
and
concerned
for
these
losses
,
and
turn
of
fortune
,
used
all
his
subtilty
and
artifices
to
reconcile
these
differences
;
and
his
Authority
being
very
prevalent
,
he
persuaded
the
Orsini
into
a
Peace
,
and
into
an
assurance
of
all
security
;
in
short
therefore
with
promises
,
and
protestations
,
and
conditions
of
great
advantage
,
he
deluded
them
into
a
Peace
,
and
into
Articles
which
he
never
designed
to
perform
.
With
these
feigned
appearances
of
reconciliation
,
the
Towns
taken
from
Borgia
were
surrendred
to
him
;
and
Paul
,
and
Francis
Orsino
Duke
of
Gravina
,
Vitellozzo
,
and
Liverotto
then
together
at
Senegaglia
went
to
attend
Borgia
at
Imola
,
and
to
receive
his
Pardon
.
Borgia
went
forth
to
meet
them
;
and
gave
them
a
most
courteous
reception
;
and
conducting
them
into
an
inward
Room
in
his
Palace
;
as
if
he
had
had
something
of
importance
to
communicate
to
them
,
he
on
a
sudden
encompassed
them
with
his
Gascon
Soldiers
,
and
strangled
Vitellozzo
,
and
Liverotto
,
and
in
a
short
time
after
bestowed
the
like
fare
on
the
two
Orsini
;
all
which
proceeded
from
the
credulity
and
easiness
of
Paul
Orsino
,
who
against
the
Opinion
,
and
Protests
,
and
Dissuasions
of
Vitellozzo
,
being
corrupted
,
as
was
supposed
,
by
Mony
,
condescended
to
the
terms
of
Borgia
,
and
to
trust
,
and
believe
his
Faith
,
who
was
a
known
Tyrant
,
bloody
,
and
false
,
and
his
life
blackned
already
with
a
thousand
instances
of
Murder
and
Perjury
:
hereupon
Perugia
,
and
the
City
of
Castello
surrendred
themselves
into
the
hands
of
the
Pope
,
the
Families
of
Baglio
and
Vitello
being
banished
thence
.
This
success
was
followed
by
the
imprisonment
of
Baptista
Orsini
the
Cardinal
,
who
was
by
order
of
the
Pope
committed
to
the
Castle
of
S.
Angelo
:
in
like
manner
Renold
the
Bishop
of
Florence
,
and
James
de
Sancta
Croce
being
of
the
same
Family
,
were
likewise
imprisoned
;
James
howsoever
had
liberty
to
go
out
upon
Bail
,
but
the
Cardinal
was
in
a
few
days
poisoned
in
the
Prison
.
In
vigor
of
this
success
Borgia
,
now
called
Duke
Valentino
,
prosecuted
the
other
Confederates
with
an
Army
of
15000
men
,
for
fear
of
which
Pandolfo
Petrucci
leaving
his
Town
of
Siena
,
fled
to
Lucca
for
succor
and
refuge
,
whilst
Borgia
became
Master
of
all
the
Castles
,
and
Fortresses
belonging
to
the
Family
of
the
Orsini
.
Thus
did
he
continue
his
Wars
with
such
great
expence
,
and
with
a
magnificent
Equipage
agreeable
thereunto
,
that
the
Coffers
of
the
Pope
became
exhausted
,
the
Revenue
of
the
Church
,
not
being
able
to
provide
for
such
vast
designs
.
To
supply
which
,
this
Pope
Alexander
renewed
the
ancient
form
of
eighty
Writers
of
Breviates
,
according
to
the
custom
of
former
Popes
,
every
of
which
Offices
were
sold
for
750
Crowns
of
Gold
:
he
sold
also
all
other
Offices
at
excessive
rates
,
and
created
Cardinals
for
Mony
:
he
also
entertained
the
Marrani
at
Rome
,
whom
the
King
of
Spain
had
Banished
from
his
Countries
,
preferring
the
profit
which
he
squeezed
from
them
,
more
than
all
the
favour
and
interest
of
that
King
.
In
fine
,
he
omitted
no
ways
and
arts
,
honest
,
or
dishonest
,
to
raise
Mony
,
setting
every
thing
to
sale
.
that
was
vendible
,
or
could
yield
a
benefit
:
But
all
the
Revenue
of
the
Church
,
and
these
contrivances
,
and
artifices
for
raising
Mony
,
not
being
able
to
answer
the
expences
of
the
War
,
and
the
immense
luxury
and
prodigality
of
Duke
Valentino
,
it
was
resolved
by
the
Pope
to
poison
all
the
rich
Cardinals
,
and
Prelates
at
Rome
,
and
then
seizing
their
Revenue
and
Estates
,
to
sacrifice
their
Riches
to
the
lust
and
insatiable
avarice
of
his
wicked
Son
.
The
Plot
being
thus
laid
,
the
rich
Cardinals
and
Prelates
were
invited
to
a
Banquet
in
the
Garden
of
Belvedere
,
where
a
Table
was
spread
near
a
Fountain
,
and
Bottles
of
excellent
Wine
provided
;
those
for
the
Pope
and
his
Son
were
set
apart
,
from
those
into
which
the
poison
was
infused
,
being
designed
for
the
Guests
only
:
But
here
let
us
observe
the
just
Judgment
of
God
,
for
the
Butler
and
Cup-bearer
mistaking
the
Bottle
,
gave
the
poisonous
Dose
to
the
Pope
,
and
his
Son
,
and
to
Cardinal
Adrian
their
sole
Confident
,
instead
of
that
which
was
to
have
been
given
to
the
Cardinals
,
and
his
other
Guests
.
The
Pope
being
aged
at
the
years
of
72
,
and
not
able
to
struggle
with
the
violence
of
the
Poison
,
died
at
the
Vatican
in
the
month
of
August
,
1503.
and
was
buried
obscurely
in
a
Chappel
of
St.
Peter's
Church
,
under
a
poor
and
ignoble
Monument
:
but
Borgia
applying
present
Antidotes
,
and
being
a
man
of
a
young
and
robust
nature
,
was
able
for
some
time
to
struggle
with
the
prevailing
force
of
the
Poison
;
howsoever
the
malignity
of
it
so
crept
into
his
Vitals
,
and
affected
his
Blood
,
that
his
Body
growing
macerate
and
weak
,
and
being
ill
disposed
,
and
faint
,
he
was
not
able
to
attend
to
his
Affairs
,
and
the
discipline
of
his
Army
;
for
want
of
which
,
and
the
encouragement
of
his
presence
,
the
Soldiers
forsook
their
Colours
,
as
being
ashamed
of
the
detestable
Villany
of
their
Commander
,
and
therewith
his
whole
Army
disbanded
,
leaving
him
naked
,
and
exposed
to
the
displeasure
of
two
Popes
,
which
in
a
short
time
afterwards
appeared
,
that
were
his
mortal
enemies
.
After
which
,
all
the
Cities
and
Fortresses
which
he
had
by
force
,
and
rapine
possessed
,
returned
again
to
their
ancient
Masters
;
the
Families
of
Colonna
,
Vrsini
,
Savelli
,
Vitelli
,
and
Barons
of
Rome
,
reassumed
their
former
right
;
and
likewise
the
Lords
of
the
Signories
of
Vrbin
,
Pesaro
,
Camerin
,
and
Senogalla
were
again
re-instated
into
the
Dominions
of
their
Paternal
Inheritance
;
so
that
every
Bird
taking
his
own
Feather
,
left
him
a
poor
Caesar
,
being
devested
of
all
his
Power
,
and
ill
acquired
Riches
.
Notwithstanding
the
wickedness
of
this
Pope
Alexander
the
Sixth
,
there
are
those
who
will
allow
him
some
grains
of
Virtue
.
They
say
that
he
was
of
a
ready
Wit
,
of
a
great
Memory
,
and
profound
Judgment
;
and
of
that
persuasive
Eloquence
,
that
it
was
impossible
almost
to
refute
his
Arguments
,
or
deny
his
Demands
.
He
treated
the
Cardinals
with
great
affability
,
and
respect
,
and
gave
high
demonstrations
of
his
care
,
and
concernment
for
the
Christian
Cause
.
He
knew
so
well
how
to
accommodate
himself
to
the
humor
of
the
French
,
that
he
reconciled
their
Party
to
him
in
a
firm
and
strict
Alliance
;
and
so
well
how
to
govern
,
that
amidst
all
the
violences
,
and
slaughters
which
he
caused
to
be
committed
in
Rome
,
no
tumult
,
or
insurrection
of
the
People
ensued
thereupon
.
He
always
went
late
to
bed
,
contenting
himself
with
little
sleep
,
and
a
moderate
diet
:
he
was
a
great
lover
of
Learning
,
and
men
of
Literature
;
so
that
tho
he
was
covetous
,
yet
he
was
said
,
never
to
have
detained
the
allowance
to
Doctors
,
nor
pay
of
the
Soldiery
,
nor
wages
of
Workmen
.
Howsoever
his
Vices
were
so
enormous
,
that
these
mean
Commendations
could
bear
no
ballance
with
them
.
For
he
was
a
man
of
no
Faith
,
nor
Honor
;
he
was
Cruel
,
Covetous
,
and
insatiable
of
Riches
.
At
any
time
of
vacation
from
business
,
he
gave
himself
up
wholly
to
delights
,
and
pleasures
,
especially
to
Women
,
whom
he
loved
in
excess
;
but
the
Mistriss
of
his
Affection
was
the
fair
Vanoccia
,
a
Roman
Lady
,
whom
in
the
time
of
his
private
fortune
and
condition
he
kept
and
owned
as
a
lawful
Wife
.
He
was
a
great
lover
of
Plays
and
Comedies
,
and
would
be
always
a
spectator
of
Shows
,
and
pleasant
divertisements
.
In
his
time
he
created
43
Cardinals
,
of
which
18
were
Spaniards
.
In
the
year
1500.
he
celebrated
the
Jubilee
according
to
ancient
customs
,
giving
Bulls
,
and
Indulgences
,
for
Sins
,
to
all
those
who
personally
visited
the
Church
of
Rome
,
and
to
such
also
who
being
hindered
by
their
occasions
were
made
partakers
of
his
bountiful
remissions
.
Thus
he
who
could
so
easily
pardon
the
sins
of
others
,
must
expect
the
final
Sentence
of
him
,
who
is
the
just
Judg
,
and
renders
to
every
one
according
to
his
demerit
.
PIVS
III.
ALEXANDER
the
Sixth
being
now
deceased
,
the
Duke
Valentino
seized
on
all
his
Plate
,
and
Jewels
,
and
whatsoever
was
of
value
,
and
fortified
himself
in
the
Vatican
,
and
Castle
of
S.
Angelo
with
12000
men
,
supposing
that
he
might
be
able
by
such
a
force
to
over-awe
the
Cardinals
in
their
Suffrages
,
and
force
them
to
elect
such
a
person
,
as
was
most
acceptable
to
himself
.
The
Cardinals
,
to
avoid
the
awe
of
such
a
force
,
assembled
themselves
in
the
Minerva
,
which
is
a
Convent
in
Rome
;
but
that
place
also
was
presently
surrounded
by
a
Band
of
Soldiers
commanded
by
one
Captain
Coreglia
,
by
order
of
Borgia
,
who
himself
at
that
time
lay
sick
in
bed
.
The
news
of
this
restraint
on
the
Cardinals
,
put
all
Rome
into
an
alarm
,
and
great
confusion
,
so
that
the
Citizens
shut
their
Shops
,
chained
up
their
Streets
,
and
took
Arms
in
their
hands
;
all
things
seeming
in
that
fear
,
and
dread
,
as
if
Hannibal
had
been
at
the
Gates
of
the
City
;
so
that
Coreglia
finding
himself
in
some
danger
,
gave
way
to
the
present
necessity
,
and
setting
fire
to
the
Palace
of
the
Orsini
,
retired
without
doing
other
damage
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Cardinals
having
gathered
a
force
of
4000
Foot
,
resolved
contrary
to
custom
,
to
suspend
the
Election
,
until
such
time
as
the
Cardinals
resident
in
foreign
parts
beyond
the
Alps
could
convene
in
some
other
place
,
where
they
might
be
more
secure
,
and
free
in
their
Voices
.
Prospero
Colonna
coming
then
to
Rome
with
Fabius
Orsino
(
the
Son
of
him
whom
Borgia
had
put
to
death
)
were
by
order
of
the
Cardinals
sent
to
Borgia
,
to
intreat
him
,
that
he
would
be
pleased
to
remain
quiet
,
and
suffer
the
Election
to
proceed
free
,
and
without
disturbance
.
The
like
request
also
the
Embassadors
of
France
,
and
Spain
made
to
him
;
with
which
suffering
himself
to
be
persuaded
,
he
withdrew
his
force
from
Rome
,
and
departed
thence
in
a
Horse-litter
,
being
in
a
weak
state
,
and
condition
of
health
:
Howsoever
his
own
Soldiers
kept
the
Castle
,
tho
the
Governor
of
it
at
the
instance
of
Cardinal
Bernardino
Carvagiale
,
promised
to
act
every
thing
by
the
order
,
and
direction
of
the
College
.
In
this
manner
the
Vatican
being
cleared
,
the
Cardinals
employed
themselves
nine
days
in
performing
the
solemn
Obsequies
of
the
Pope
,
during
which
time
the
French
Army
was
persuaded
also
to
quit
the
Town
at
the
instance
of
the
Cardinal
of
Rouen
,
who
had
great
interest
with
that
Party
.
So
that
all
things
being
left
free
,
without
appearance
of
any
Commotion
or
Disorders
during
the
Election
;
the
Cardinals
entered
into
the
Conclave
to
the
number
of
38
,
Guicciardin
,
l.
6.
where
the
disagreement
which
at
other
times
kept
things
in
delay
,
was
now
the
cause
,
that
matters
were
put
to
a
speedy
issue
,
and
a
new
Pope
created
in
a
few
days
.
Cardinal
Amboise
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Rouen
being
supported
by
the
interest
of
France
,
and
the
power
of
Borgia
seemed
to
stand
the
fairest
of
any
for
the
Election
:
but
the
French
Forces
being
withdrawn
to
engage
the
Spaniards
in
the
Campagna
of
Rome
;
the
greatest
,
tho
not
the
best
number
of
the
Cardinals
agreed
in
the
Election
,
and
on
the
21.
day
of
September
,
1503.
chose
Francis
Piccolomini
Cardinal
of
Siena
for
their
Pope
,
who
to
renew
the
memory
of
Pius
the
Second
his
Uncle
,
took
upon
him
the
name
of
Pius
the
Third
,
and
was
solemnly
Crowned
on
the
8th
.
of
October
following
;
the
Sea
having
been
vacant
six
months
,
and
three
days
.
Cesar
Borgia
who
had
during
this
Election
remained
with
his
Army
at
Nepe
,
so
soon
as
he
received
intelligence
,
that
the
Pope
was
Created
,
returned
to
Rome
,
attended
with
150
men
at
Arms
,
with
the
like
number
of
Horsemen
,
and
800
Foot
;
and
having
paid
his
Reverence
,
and
Obeysance
to
the
Pope
,
he
returned
his
thanks
to
the
College
of
Cardinals
,
for
having
Elected
a
person
so
wise
,
so
religious
,
and
good
,
and
so
worthy
of
the
Papal
Chair
.
Borgia
having
performed
this
Ceremony
,
took
up
his
Lodgings
in
the
Vatican
,
where
the
Vrsini
,
thirsty
of
Revenge
,
assaulted
him
with
armed
force
,
and
he
as
valiantly
defending
himself
,
many
were
killed
on
both
sides
:
and
at
length
Borgia
by
order
of
the
Pope
was
for
his
better
security
sent
to
the
Castle
of
S.
Angelo
,
whence
without
license
from
the
Pope
,
he
had
not
liberty
to
go
abroad
,
all
his
people
forsaking
him
,
and
lying
where
their
fear
or
fortune
led
them
.
These
troubles
to
a
person
aged
and
sick
as
this
Pope
was
,
hastned
the
accomplishment
of
his
days
,
so
that
he
expired
his
last
breath
on
the
18th
.
of
October
,
1503.
being
the
26th
.
day
after
his
Election
;
not
without
some
suspicion
of
Poison
:
for
having
a
sore
Leg
,
it
was
imagined
that
by
the
suggestion
and
contrivance
of
Pandolfo
Petrucci
the
Tyrant
of
Siena
,
some
Poison
being
injected
to
the
Wound
,
he
was
thereby
greatly
afflicted
,
and
more
speedily
brought
to
his
end
,
being
aged
74
years
,
5
months
,
and
10
days
.
He
was
afterwards
buried
in
the
Chappel
of
S.
Andrew
,
belonging
to
S.
Peter's
Church
,
under
a
fair
Monument
of
Marble
,
near
to
the
Sepulchre
of
his
Uncle
.
After
which
the
Sea
was
vacant
14
days
only
.
JVLIVS
II.
THE
Funeral
Obsequies
of
Pope
Pius
being
performed
,
the
very
first
night
that
the
Cardinals
entered
into
the
Conclave
,
being
the
9th
.
day
of
October
,
Julian
de
la
Rovere
,
Bishop
Cardinal
of
Ostia
was
Elected
Pope
,
with
the
common
consent
of
37
Suffrages
,
all
of
them
so
unanimously
concurring
together
,
that
before
his
choice
,
all
reports
fixed
and
concentred
upon
him
;
and
afterwards
he
gave
himself
the
name
of
Julius
the
Second
.
He
was
born
in
Savona
,
within
the
Dominions
of
Genoua
,
his
Fathers
name
was
Raphael
,
the
Brother
of
Sixtus
the
Fourth
,
whose
Pedigree
we
have
already
mentioned
;
he
had
two
Brothers
,
Bartholomew
who
was
a
Frier
of
the
Order
of
S.
Francis
,
Bishop
of
Ferrara
,
and
Patriarch
of
Antioch
;
and
John
who
was
Prefect
of
Rome
,
and
Duke
of
Sora
,
and
Senegaglia
,
and
he
himself
from
Bishop
of
Carpentras
,
was
at
the
same
time
with
Peter
Riario
created
Cardinal
of
S.
Peter
ad
Vincula
,
by
the
said
Sixtus
the
Fourth
.
Having
obtained
this
Dignity
,
Julius
appeared
extremely
grave
and
modest
in
all
his
actions
,
so
that
he
acquired
the
good
esteem
and
opinion
of
all
persons
,
obliging
all
those
with
whom
he
treated
by
his
courteous
and
affable
behaviour
:
he
afterwards
obtained
the
Title
of
Bishop
of
Albano
,
then
of
Sabino
,
and
great
Penitentiary
,
and
lastly
of
Bishop
of
Ostia
,
Velletri
,
and
Legate
at
Avignon
.
In
the
time
of
Innocent
the
Eighth
he
had
gained
great
power
,
and
interest
in
the
Court
of
Rome
:
but
in
the
time
of
Alexander
the
Sixth
,
he
was
forced
to
give
way
to
other
Favorites
,
and
the
difficulties
of
those
times
,
and
retire
into
France
,
where
he
remained
for
the
space
of
ten
years
:
At
length
(
as
we
have
said
)
having
amassed
great
wealth
,
he
was
almost
by
the
common
agreement
of
the
whole
Conclave
promoted
to
the
Papal
Chair
,
not
without
the
astonishment
,
and
displeasure
of
many
,
who
being
acquainted
with
his
fierce
and
impetuous
Spirit
,
did
admire
(
as
Guicciardin
saith
)
how
a
man
known
to
be
impatient
of
rest
,
and
tranquillity
,
Lib.
6.
who
had
consumed
his
Youth
in
continual
Travels
,
offended
many
by
necessity
,
and
exercised
hatred
,
and
hostility
,
could
so
speedily
operate
on
so
many
dissenting
Spirits
,
and
cause
them
to
conspire
in
an
unanimous
agreement
for
his
promotion
.
But
on
the
contrary
,
it
will
not
seem
so
strange
,
if
it
be
considered
,
that
he
had
been
a
long
time
Cardinal
,
and
by
degrees
gained
such
interest
,
and
authority
in
the
Court
of
Rome
,
that
he
was
stiled
the
principal
Defender
of
the
Ecclesiastical
Dignity
,
and
Authority
,
that
he
was
magnificent
in
his
Buildings
,
generous
in
his
benefits
,
and
so
punctual
to
his
word
,
that
Pope
Alexander
,
who
was
otherwise
his
mortal
enemy
,
would
yet
do
him
that
right
,
as
to
confess
him
faithful
,
and
just
to
the
performance
of
his
promises
:
but
yet
this
good
quality
which
he
was
so
careful
to
preserve
in
his
private
condition
;
he
made
no
scruple
,
or
conscience
to
violate
that
he
might
become
Pope
:
for
the
obtaining
of
which
,
he
made
such
immoderate
promises
to
Cardinals
,
Princes
,
and
Barons
,
that
he
well
knew
the
whole
Revenue
,
and
Price
of
the
Papal
Sea
,
if
set
to
sale
,
had
not
been
able
to
have
satisfied
;
and
therefore
't
is
not
difficult
to
imagin
,
how
the
promises
of
a
person
,
not
used
to
beguile
,
should
procure
a
confidence
in
the
minds
of
the
most
scrupulous
,
and
wary
persons
.
Nor
were
the
Cardinals
only
possessed
with
these
expectations
;
but
Cesar
Borgia
himself
conceived
hopes
upon
his
promises
of
being
confirmed
General
of
the
Armies
of
the
Church
,
and
of
a
Marriage
between
his
Daughter
,
and
the
Popes
Nephew
called
Francis
Maria
de
la
Rovere
,
the
Prefect
of
Rome
.
But
he
soon
discovered
the
vanity
of
these
hopes
;
for
Julius
being
Crowned
the
26th
.
of
November
,
1503.
and
setled
in
the
Papal
Chair
,
would
afford
him
no
other
grace
,
or
favor
,
than
his
liberty
,
and
freedom
from
imprisonment
,
upon
condition
that
he
should
deliver
up
into
the
Power
of
the
Church
,
the
Fortresses
of
Cesena
and
Forli
,
which
were
the
retirements
of
his
impious
Guards
.
Borgia
who
had
deserved
a
thousand
deaths
,
being
in
this
manner
set
at
liberty
from
the
Castle
of
S.
Angelo
,
embarked
at
Ostia
in
a
Boat
for
Naples
,
where
so
soon
as
he
arrived
,
he
was
seized
by
the
great
Captain
Gonsalvo
,
by
order
from
the
Catholick
King
,
and
being
thence
transported
into
Spain
,
he
made
his
escape
,
and
fled
to
John
King
of
Navarre
,
where
in
a
certain
fray
,
he
was
cut
in
pieces
by
the
Cantabrians
,
who
are
a
people
that
border
upon
Asturias
.
Julius
being
thus
rid
of
this
Pest
of
mankind
,
by
whom
all
Italy
was
embroiled
,
and
several
dominions
dismembred
from
the
Church
;
he
endeavoured
to
recover
all
back
again
;
for
being
a
true
Defender
of
the
Ecclesiastical
Possessions
,
and
Rights
,
he
would
compound
for
nothing
,
but
rather
amplifie
,
than
retrench
the
Dominions
of
the
Church
.
The
first
enterprise
therefore
that
he
undertook
,
was
to
drive
out
and
expel
John
Bentivoglio
,
his
old
inveterate
enemy
,
who
had
unjustly
usurped
a
power
over
the
City
of
Bologna
;
forcing
him
with
his
Wife
,
and
Children
to
remain
banished
in
Bassetto
,
a
Country
belonging
to
the
Dominions
of
Parma
,
and
contentedly
to
consent
to
the
destruction
of
his
Palace
,
which
was
a
fair
and
noble
structure
.
His
next
design
was
against
the
Venetians
,
for
recovery
of
Arimino
and
Ravenna
with
the
Territories
thereunto
belonging
,
by
force
of
Arms
from
the
Venetians
;
and
to
that
end
entered
into
a
League
with
Maximilian
the
Emperor
,
the
Kings
of
France
,
of
Spain
,
with
the
Dukes
of
Ferrara
,
and
Mantoua
,
all
conspiring
to
the
total
ruin
and
subversion
of
the
Venetian
State
;
the
which
League
was
agreed
,
and
signed
at
Cambray
,
a
City
of
Flanders
.
Moreover
the
quarrel
between
the
Pope
and
the
Venetians
was
augmented
by
the
dispute
they
had
for
the
City
of
Faenza
,
which
the
Pope
laid
claim
unto
,
as
having
always
been
a
part
of
the
Ecclesiastical
State
;
the
which
he
resolved
to
wrest
from
their
hands
by
the
Spiritual
,
as
well
as
by
Temporal
Arms
,
having
thundered
out
his
Excommunications
both
against
the
Senate
,
and
People
.
On
the
contrary
the
Venetians
pleaded
,
that
the
City
of
Faenza
was
no
part
of
the
Possessions
of
the
Church
,
in
regard
that
the
Pope
,
and
Cardinals
had
in
a
full
Consistory
amply
transferrred
the
Rights
and
Jurisdiction
thereof
to
Cesar
Borgia
formerly
Duke
Valentino
.
That
before
that
Grant
,
the
Popes
had
never
possessed
Faenza
,
but
from
time
to
time
had
given
it
to
new
Vicars
,
Guicciardin
,
lib.
6.
without
acknowledging
other
superiority
,
than
the
Tribute
,
which
they
offered
to
pay
readily
,
when
it
should
be
required
.
These
Arguments
were
seconded
by
the
Venetians
,
with
an
Army
,
which
appearing
before
Faenza
,
and
the
Batteries
began
,
the
City
yielded
it self
into
the
hands
of
the
Enemy
;
they
might
with
like
facility
have
taken
Imola
and
Furli
;
but
not
to
excite
the
indignation
of
the
Pope
too
far
,
they
abstained
from
farther
proceedings
,
being
masters
already
of
Faenza
and
Rimini
in
Romagna
,
with
their
Countries
Montefiora
,
S.
Archangeo
,
Verruca
,
Gattere
,
Savignano
,
and
Meldole
,
with
the
Haven
and
Country
of
Cesena
,
and
in
the
Territory
of
Immola
,
of
Tossignana
,
Solarvola
,
and
Montfattagla
.
Notwithstanding
this
success
,
and
force
of
the
Venetians
,
the
storm
and
power
of
so
many
potent
Confederates
raised
against
them
,
was
too
furious
,
and
a
match
unequal
for
them
to
contend
with
.
The
first
beginning
to
so
great
a
War
was
made
the
15th
.
of
April
,
1509.
when
Monsieur
de
Chaumont
with
3000
Horse
,
passed
the
Ford
of
Adda
,
and
joyning
afterwards
with
the
other
Confederates
,
gave
Battel
to
Alviano
,
the
General
of
the
Venetian
Forces
:
the
Fight
was
continued
,
and
maintained
with
great
bravery
,
and
resolution
on
both
sides
;
but
at
length
the
Venetians
being
overwhelmed
with
the
number
of
their
Enemies
,
and
deprived
of
strength
rather
than
courage
,
without
turning
their
backs
to
the
Enemy
,
they
remained
almost
all
dead
upon
the
place
.
After
this
Defeat
,
which
happened
on
the
14th
.
of
May
,
1509.
at
Guiaradadda
,
Guicciardin
,
lib.
8.
the
Emperor
Maximilian
took
possession
of
Verona
,
Vicenza
,
Padoua
,
and
Trivigiano
.
The
King
of
France
,
of
Bergamo
,
Brescia
,
Cremona
,
and
Crema
.
The
King
of
Spain
of
Trani
,
Monopoli
,
and
Barletta
in
Puglia
.
The
Pope
had
Ravenna
,
Arimino
,
and
all
Romagna
delivered
to
him
.
The
Duke
of
Ferrara
was
made
master
of
Rovigo
,
and
the
Duke
of
Mantoua
was
re-possessed
of
Asola
.
So
that
this
Republick
,
which
had
not
long
since
been
so
renowned
,
and
famed
for
greatness
thro
the
whole
world
,
was
now
confined
within
those
Fortifications
which
the
Sea
had
made
them
,
and
wherein
their
Commonwealth
took
its
first
beginning
.
When
the
news
of
so
great
a
Calamity
arrived
at
Venice
,
great
was
the
consternation
of
the
Counsellors
,
and
the
cries
and
lamentations
of
the
Citizens
,
placing
before
their
eyes
nothing
but
the
utter
ruin
and
destruction
of
their
Government
,
and
Country
,
whose
glory
,
and
puissance
a
few
months
before
had
been
such
,
that
they
promised
to
themselves
no
less
than
the
Empire
of
all
Italy
.
But
now
being
reduced
to
a
low
,
and
despa●●●ng
condition
,
they
resolved
to
cast
themselves
at
the
feet
of
the
Pope
,
h●mbly
supplicating
his
Pardon
,
and
Mercy
;
and
that
he
would
be
pleased
as
a
tender
Father
to
receive
them
with
pious
compassion
into
his
Arms
,
and
Protection
.
And
now
Julius
having
gained
all
the
Cities
and
Countries
from
them
,
to
which
he
could
lay
any
Claim
or
Title
,
began
to
melt
with
pity
in
consideration
of
their
afflicted
State
:
And
therefore
to
comfort
them
again
,
he
openly
Absolved
their
Embassador
in
the
Portico
of
S.
Peter's
Church
,
and
by
them
in
a
solemn
manner
took
off
the
Excommunication
from
the
People
:
Then
Articles
of
Peace
were
made
,
and
a
League
between
them
:
The
Pope
was
to
have
a
full
power
and
authority
to
bestow
all
the
Benefices
,
Livings
,
and
Preferments
belonging
to
the
Church
within
their
Dominions
:
and
on
the
other
side
the
Venetians
were
to
have
Padoua
restored
to
them
;
and
their
Title
and
Dominion
over
the
Seas
confirmed
,
and
continued
.
The
Concession
of
Padoua
was
greatly
displeasing
to
the
Emperor
Maximilian
;
nor
was
the
French
King
contented
with
the
Reconciliation
which
passed
between
the
Pope
and
the
Venetians
:
so
that
a
misunderstanding
being
hence
created
between
the
Pope
,
and
these
two
great
Princes
,
matters
broke
out
into
an
open
War
.
Julius
that
he
might
weaken
the
French
Interest
and
Party
,
endeavoured
to
withdraw
Alfonso
de
Esté
,
Duke
of
Ferrara
from
the
friendship
of
King
Lewis
;
but
he
having
anciently
conceived
an
implacable
hatred
against
the
Venetians
,
and
being
bribed
also
by
the
French
Mony
,
refused
to
give
ear
to
the
persuasions
,
or
injunctions
of
the
Pope
.
Julius
highly
enraged
hereat
,
thundered
out
his
Excommunications
against
him
,
warning
the
French
King
not
to
take
part
against
him
in
defence
of
the
Contumacy
,
and
Rebellion
of
the
Duke
of
Ferrara
,
who
was
a
Feudatary
,
and
held
all
his
Lands
and
Dominions
in
right
of
the
Church
,
and
for
the
better
,
and
more
convenient
prosecution
of
this
War
,
he
removed
his
Court
to
Bologna
.
But
these
menaces
and
motions
not
being
able
to
divert
the
French
King
,
nor
Emperor
from
their
Alliance
with
the
Duke
of
Ferrara
,
nor
their
design
of
utterly
subverting
the
Venetian
State
;
the
Pope
resolved
to
fortifie
himself
by
a
League
with
Spain
,
and
having
hired
a
great
number
of
Switzers
,
he
joyned
the
Army
of
the
Church
with
that
of
the
Venetians
;
and
having
thereby
composed
a
Body
or
about
12000
Foot
,
under
the
command
of
Francisco
Moralva
,
he
took
the
City
of
Modena
,
and
the
City
and
Territory
of
Mirandola
,
and
then
returned
triumphantly
to
Bologna
.
But
this
good
success
continued
not
long
;
for
the
French
growing
strong
,
did
first
by
an
Army
under
Monsieur
Claumont
,
attempt
the
Siege
of
Bologna
;
but
the
Pope
being
recruited
with
the
Forces
of
Venice
,
and
Spain
,
obliged
Chaumont
to
withdraw
his
Army
,
after
the
propositions
of
Peace
negotiated
by
Laurence
Pucci
the
Popes
Datary
of
Florence
,
were
rendred
ineffectual
.
Afterwards
the
Pope
recommending
the
defence
and
safety
of
the
City
of
Bologna
to
the
care
of
the
Magistrates
,
and
exhorting
them
to
be
loyal
,
and
faithful
to
the
Church
,
departed
thence
for
Ravenna
,
with
intention
speedily
to
return
to
Rome
.
After
his
departure
Trivulse
who
was
constituted
General
of
the
French
Army
in
the
place
of
Chaumont
,
approaching
Bologna
with
all
his
Force
,
so
terrified
the
Cardinal
of
Pavia
,
who
was
left
there
for
Legat
,
or
Governor
of
the
City
,
that
he
immediately
fled
,
and
surrendred
all
without
striking
of
one
stroke
:
the
like
panick
fear
possessing
the
Army
of
the
Church
,
which
lay
quartered
not
far
from
thence
,
they
all
fled
,
leaving
their
Cannon
,
Provisions
,
and
Baggage
to
the
Enemy
.
Trivulse
entering
the
City
of
Bologna
,
delivered
it
into
the
hands
of
Bentivoglio
,
whose
Family
had
been
ancient
Lords
of
it
;
and
not
farther
to
irritate
the
anger
,
and
displeasure
of
the
Pope
,
he
proceeded
no
farther
,
but
retired
with
his
Army
into
the
Dutchy
of
Milan
.
The
Pope
(
as
he
had
just
cause
)
resenting
this
loss
of
Bologna
,
being
the
chief
City
next
to
Rome
of
the
Ecclesiastical
State
,
did
seem
inclinable
to
Articles
of
Peace
,
and
Accommodation
;
but
his
actions
were
guided
in
such
sort
,
that
they
seemed
rather
to
proceed
from
an
intention
to
avoid
the
present
danger
,
than
from
any
desire
he
had
to
Peace
:
fear
,
obstinacy
,
hatred
,
and
disdain
striving
together
in
him
.
In
the
mean
time
several
accusations
were
brought
to
him
of
Treason
and
Cowardise
against
the
Cardinal
of
Pavia
,
whom
the
Pope
so
entirely
loved
,
that
no
prejudicate
thoughts
could
take
place
in
his
mind
against
him
;
and
therefore
when
the
Cardinal
came
to
Revenna
to
clear
himself
of
the
aspersions
which
were
cast
upon
him
;
the
Pope
seemed
so
little
to
be
touched
,
or
affected
with
them
,
that
as
soon
as
the
Cardinal
arrived
and
demanded
Audience
,
he
rejoyced
much
,
and
invited
him
to
Dinner
.
But
as
he
was
going
to
the
Popes
Palace
,
attended
with
a
Guard
of
Horsemen
,
the
Duke
of
Vrbin
bearing
an
ancient
grudg
,
and
hatred
to
him
,
reproaching
him
of
Cowardise
,
which
had
caused
the
loss
of
Bologna
,
and
the
slight
of
the
Army
;
he
with
a
small
train
rusht
in
amongst
his
Guard
of
Horsemen
,
who
out
of
reverence
and
respect
made
him
way
,
and
with
a
Poniard
slew
the
Cardinal
with
his
own
hand
:
who
,
tho
for
the
degree
he
held
,
ought
to
have
been
treated
at
another
rate
;
yet
for
his
infinite
Vices
deserved
a
more
cruel
punishment
.
The
death
of
the
Cardinal
of
Pavia
by
the
many
ill
circumstances
of
it
,
did
more
nearly
affect
the
Pope
;
for
the
murder
having
been
perpetrated
by
his
Nephew
upon
his
dearest
Favourite
,
on
a
Cardinal
of
his
high
Degree
,
and
in
a
place
so
near
his
person
,
were
all
aggravations
to
increase
his
grief
,
and
shame
,
who
had
made
professions
to
preserve
and
exalt
the
Ecclesiastical
Dignity
.
The
Pope
not
able
to
beat
this
grief
,
nor
attemper
his
fury
,
departed
the
same
day
from
Ravenna
to
Rome
:
and
for
the
greater
augmentation
of
his
trouble
,
and
grief
,
he
was
overtaken
in
his
journey
as
he
travelled
,
with
a
report
,
that
at
Bologna
,
Modena
,
and
other
Cities
,
Placarts
were
affixed
in
all
publick
places
,
denouncing
and
publishing
a
Council
to
be
held
,
and
celebrated
on
the
first
day
of
September
following
at
Pisa
,
where
the
Pope
himself
was
also
cited
to
appear
.
This
Council
was
convened
by
the
Authority
of
the
dissenting
Cardinals
,
such
as
Bernardino
Carvagiale
a
Spaniard
,
who
was
the
chief
leader
and
director
of
the
Schism
,
William
Brisoner
a
French
Bishop
,
Francis
Borgia
a
Spaniard
,
Cardinal
of
S.
Cecilia
,
Renat
de
Brie
a
Frenchman
,
Cardinal
of
S.
Sabina
,
and
Frederick
Sanseverino
,
an
Italian
,
Cardinal
of
S.
Angelo
:
all
which
agreed
,
and
pretended
that
a
Council
might
,
where
was
apparent
necessity
,
be
judicially
convoked
by
them
:
and
that
when
a
Pope
was
guilty
of
Simony
,
infamous
and
damnable
in
his
manners
,
Author
of
so
many
Wars
,
Guicciardin
,
lib.
10.
and
notoriously
incorrigible
to
the
universal
scandal
of
all
Christendom
;
that
then
the
power
of
convocating
a
Council
(
which
was
the
only
remedy
,
and
redress
for
so
many
evils
)
did
lawfully
devolve
unto
them
,
especially
having
the
Authority
of
the
Emperor
,
and
the
consent
of
the
most
Christian
King
,
together
with
the
Clergy
of
Germany
,
and
France
concurring
.
The
Pope
enraged
with
this
bold
attempt
of
his
contumacious
Cardinals
,
issued
out
his
Excommunications
against
them
,
depriving
them
of
their
Hats
,
Honors
,
and
Dignities
Ecclesiastical
:
notwithstanding
which
,
the
design
of
the
Council
proceeded
,
and
on
the
first
day
of
September
,
the
Proctors
of
the
Cardinals
being
come
to
Pisa
,
did
there
celebrate
the
Acts
for
opening
of
the
same
:
with
which
the
Pope
conceiving
yet
higher
indignation
,
against
the
Florentines
,
for
that
they
had
suffered
the
Conventicle
,
(
for
so
he
called
it
)
to
take
beginning
in
their
State
,
did
declare
,
and
publish
,
that
whosoever
did
favour
the
Conventicle
of
Pisa
,
did
stand
actually
Excommunicated
,
Interdicted
,
and
subject
to
all
the
Penalties
severely
ordained
by
Laws
against
Schismaticks
and
Hereticks
;
and
that
accordingly
Lewis
XII
.
King
of
France
,
together
with
the
Cities
of
Florence
,
and
Pisa
,
did
stand
actually
Excommunicated
and
Interdicted
.
And
farther
to
countermine
this
Council
,
he
published
a
General
Council
to
be
held
at
the
Lateran
;
and
to
do
the
greatest
despight
imaginable
to
the
Florentines
,
he
constituted
Cardinal
John
de
Medices
,
who
with
his
whole
Family
was
exiled
from
Florence
,
Legate
of
Bologna
,
Romagna
,
and
of
the
whole
Army
of
the
League
:
and
to
give
farther
diversion
and
trouble
in
France
,
he
incited
Henry
VIII
,
King
of
England
,
and
Ferdinand
King
of
Spain
to
joyn
in
a
League
with
him
;
the
first
to
enter
his
Forces
into
Aquitaine
,
and
the
latter
to
wage
War
on
the
King
of
Navarre
,
who
being
joyned
in
Confederacy
with
Lewis
,
did
likewise
lie
under
the
censure
of
Excommunication
.
Matters
being
thus
disposed
,
he
finished
the
Articles
of
a
League
made
with
the
Catholick
King
,
and
the
Senate
of
Venice
,
which
was
solemnly
published
on
the
5th
.
of
October
in
the
Church
of
Santa
Maria
del
Popolo
,
the
Pope
and
Cardinals
being
present
.
where
it
was
solemnly
declared
,
that
the
intent
thereof
was
to
preserve
the
Unity
of
the
Church
,
to
defend
her
from
the
present
Schism
,
to
recover
the
City
of
Bologna
,
which
was
the
right
of
the
Church
,
to
confound
the
Assembly
at
Pisa
,
and
finally
to
chase
,
and
expel
the
French
by
force
of
Arms
out
of
Italy
.
Lewis
finding
himself
on
all
sides
hardly
beset
,
hastned
the
Recruits
of
his
Army
,
and
withdrawing
the
Forces
he
had
in
Brescia
,
which
he
had
lately
recovered
from
the
Venetians
,
and
from
Bologna
,
which
composed
in
all
a
Body
of
about
15500
men
,
he
marched
by
Ravenna
,
in
order
to
joyn
with
the
Troops
of
the
Duke
of
Ferrara
,
who
was
then
Confederate
with
France
.
The
Popes
Army
,
with
the
Allies
consisting
of
about
13000
Foot
,
and
1800
men
at
Arms
,
marched
towards
the
relief
of
Ravenna
,
which
was
then
hardly
besieged
by
the
French
Army
,
under
the
Command
of
Gaston
de
Foix
a
valiant
,
and
experienced
General
.
The
Papal
Army
being
encamped
at
no
far
distance
from
the
French
,
endeavoured
to
avoid
a
Battel
,
which
the
Enemy
frequently
offered
them
;
but
finding
that
unless
they
did
fight
,
Ravenna
would
be
taken
,
for
such
wide
breaches
were
made
in
the
Walls
by
the
Cannon
,
that
the
Enemy
was
ready
to
enter
,
and
in
sight
of
their
Army
to
make
themselves
Masters
of
the
City
;
to
prevent
which
,
and
the
disgrace
of
such
a
mischief
,
time
was
not
farther
to
be
lost
,
nor
an
Engagement
to
be
longer
declined
;
so
that
on
Easter
day
both
Armies
joyned
Battel
:
The
Fight
continued
so
very
long
,
and
bloody
,
that
in
the
space
of
six
hours
,
it
was
scarcely
discernable
to
which
side
the
Victory
inclined
.
At
length
,
by
direction
of
the
Duke
of
Ferrara
,
the
Cannon
being
brought
by
a
long
compass
about
to
play
on
the
Flank
of
the
Army
,
the
Spaniards
and
Italians
began
to
fly
,
leaving
their
Baggage
and
the
glory
of
the
day
unto
the
French
,
which
they
gained
with
so
much
blood
,
and
loss
of
the
principal
Commanders
,
and
flower
of
their
Army
,
that
they
seemed
rather
vanquished
,
than
Conquerors
,
and
to
remain
in
a
condition
which
afforded
them
no
cause
of
triumph
in
their
Victory
.
It
is
said
that
twenty
thousand
men
were
slain
in
this
Battel
,
and
the
numbers
almost
equal
on
each
side
:
amongst
which
150
Gentlemen
belonging
to
the
Court
of
the
French
King
were
killed
,
five
of
the
Family
of
Colonna
,
with
Gaston
de
Foix
their
General
.
Of
the
Popes
Army
the
Legate
John
de
Medices
,
with
several
other
Captains
was
taken
Prisoner
.
The
first
news
of
this
Defeat
,
and
the
ill
consequences
thereof
,
(
which
was
the
taking
and
sacking
of
Ravenna
)
was
entertained
at
Rome
with
great
fear
and
tumult
;
so
that
the
Cardinals
running
hastily
to
the
Pope
,
urged
and
pressed
him
with
earnest
and
vehement
Petitions
to
conclude
the
War
,
and
accept
such
reasonable
and
moderate
conditions
,
as
they
were
assured
the
King
of
France
would
be
ready
to
offer
.
On
the
other
side
the
Embassadors
of
the
King
of
Aragon
,
and
the
Senate
of
Venice
entertained
other
sentiments
,
judging
from
the
advices
they
had
received
,
that
matters
were
not
reduced
to
such
extremities
,
as
the
fears
and
melancholy
fancies
of
the
Cardinals
suggested
:
for
that
the
French
Army
had
not
gained
this
Victory
with
so
little
loss
,
but
that
the
great
effusion
of
blood
which
it
had
cost
,
had
weakened
their
Force
to
a
degree
,
as
was
not
in
a
short
time
to
be
recovered
;
nor
was
the
death
of
that
valiant
and
wise
General
Gaston
de
Foix
,
Guicciardin
,
lib.
10.
and
other
Captains
slain
on
the
French
side
to
be
repaired
in
this
age
.
Likewise
it
was
further
urged
,
that
the
Vice-Roy
was
escaped
with
the
greater
part
of
the
Cavalry
,
and
that
the
Spanish
Infantry
were
retreated
from
the
Battel
in
good
order
,
which
being
joyned
with
the
Swissers
,
which
were
daily
expected
,
there
would
be
no
necessity
at
present
of
yielding
to
the
conditions
of
the
French
,
which
in
this
conjuncture
,
would
be
very
unequal
,
and
dishonorable
,
and
that
therewith
they
must
expect
to
receive
Laws
from
the
pride
of
Bernardin
Carvagiale
,
and
the
insolence
of
Frederick
de
Sancta
Severin
,
and
the
other
dissenting
and
Schismatical
Cardinals
.
Things
being
in
this
manner
debated
before
the
Pope
,
he
remained
doubtful
what
to
conclude
,
or
resolve
,
fear
and
hope
striving
within
him
:
But
whilst
he
thus
remained
in
suspense
,
the
course
of
fortune
began
to
turn
;
for
Monsieur
de
Palissa
,
who
succeeded
Gaston
de
Foix
in
the
command
of
the
French
Army
on
a
suddain
departed
from
Romagna
,
and
drew
all
his
Forces
into
the
Dutchy
of
Milan
,
being
alarmed
by
descent
of
the
Swissers
into
Lombardy
,
leaving
only
300
Lances
,
300
Light-Horsemen
,
and
6000
Foot
,
with
eight
pieces
of
Artillery
behind
,
under
command
of
the
Legate
of
the
Council
.
This
news
delivered
the
Pope
from
the
fear
of
being
forced
to
leave
Rome
,
and
confirmed
the
state
of
his
affairs
in
such
manner
,
that
he
resolved
to
continue
the
War
with
better
hopes
,
and
expectations
of
success
.
For
the
Pope's
affairs
having
regained
their
reputation
,
the
new
Council
lately
convened
,
was
on
the
first
of
May
opened
in
the
Church
of
S.
John
Lateran
at
Rome
;
to
this
Assembly
the
dissenting
Cardinals
were
cited
to
give
their
attendance
;
but
they
not
appearing
,
were
on
the
8th
.
day
of
the
Sessions
declared
contumacious
,
and
Excommunicated
,
and
deprived
of
all
their
Temporal
and
Spiritual
Degrees
,
Honors
,
and
Offices
,
and
the
people
absolved
from
their
Submission
,
and
Obedience
to
them
.
It
was
farther
also
declared
,
That
their
Council
held
at
Pisa
,
and
afterwards
removed
to
Milan
,
was
but
a
Conventicle
,
and
an
unlawful
and
Schismatical
Meeting
,
and
all
their
Acts
rendered
void
,
null
,
and
of
none
effect
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Cities
of
Lombardy
being
encouraged
by
the
Swissers
,
who
were
now
come
into
Italy
in
favour
of
the
Pope
,
revolted
,
and
re-assuming
their
ancient
Liberty
,
assailed
the
French
with
open
force
,
and
overthrew
them
.
The
Venetians
also
joyning
with
them
,
prosecuted
their
Victory
in
such
manner
,
that
in
the
space
of
70
days
after
the
Battel
of
Ravenna
,
the
French
Army
was
almost
wholly
defeated
;
and
the
remainder
by
order
of
King
Lewis
,
was
recalled
to
his
assistance
against
the
Kings
of
England
and
Spain
,
who
at
that
time
miserably
infested
his
Country
:
so
that
in
a
short
time
all
Italy
was
freed
from
the
slavery
of
the
French
.
The
dissenting
Cardinals
having
lost
their
protection
at
Milan
,
fled
from
thence
to
Lions
,
where
they
were
kindly
received
,
and
entertained
at
the
charge
of
King
Lewis
.
The
French
being
thus
driven
out
of
Italy
,
all
the
Cities
and
Towns
belonging
to
the
Pope
,
did
by
consequence
return
to
the
Ecclesiastical
State
:
Parma
,
and
Piacenza
being
dependencies
on
the
Exarchat
of
Ravenna
,
voluntarily
yielded
to
the
Pope
,
all
the
other
Towns
of
Romagna
followed
their
example
,
together
with
Bologna
;
which
casting
off
all
respect
to
the
Family
of
the
Bentivogli
,
expelled
them
from
their
Confines
;
with
which
the
Pope
not
being
satisfied
,
pursued
them
with
the
thunder
of
his
Excommunications
.
Genoua
being
also
abandoned
by
the
French
,
was
possessed
by
Fregoso
.
The
Venetians
seized
on
Crema
,
and
Brescia
,
such
of
the
Family
of
the
Medices
,
as
had
followed
the
Popes
Party
,
were
re-instated
in
Florence
;
Peter
Joderini
,
who
had
been
created
perpetual
Gonfaloniere
,
being
expelled
thence
.
The
State
of
Milan
was
resigned
to
Maximilian
Sforza
,
as
the
true
,
and
lawful
Prince
;
all
which
benefits
,
and
happy
successes
being
procured
by
the
Arms
of
the
Swissers
,
they
were
in
the
Council
of
Lateran
adjudged
and
declared
to
be
the
Restorers
of
the
Liberties
of
Italy
.
And
now
all
things
being
restored
to
this
happy
state
,
the
Pope
required
the
Venetians
in
virtue
of
the
late
Articles
to
deliver
Verona
,
and
Vicenza
to
Maximilian
;
which
they
obstinately
refusing
to
perform
,
he
entered
into
a
League
with
the
Emperor
against
them
.
The
Venetians
on
the
other
side
being
well
acquainted
with
the
temper
of
the
Pope
,
confederated
themselves
in
an
Alliance
with
Lewis
the
French
King
,
hoping
by
his
assistance
and
protection
to
defend
themselves
from
that
League
:
to
this
interest
likewise
the
dissenting
Cardinals
adhered
;
who
instigating
Lewis
every
day
against
the
Pope
,
and
raising
tumults
in
several
places
,
gave
out
a
report
,
that
the
Abbot
of
Clugni
was
to
be
created
Pope
in
the
place
of
Julio
;
the
which
extremely
incensed
and
moved
him
with
choler
,
and
disdain
,
for
he
had
a
mind
always
unquiet
;
not
sooner
ending
one
enterprize
,
before
he
began
another
;
his
Plots
and
designs
always
increasing
.
Guicciardin
,
lib.
11.
He
determined
now
at
the
beginning
of
the
Spring
to
attempt
Ferrara
,
a
design
so
much
desired
:
He
had
bought
the
City
of
Siena
for
thirty
thousand
Ducats
.
He
agreed
to
lend
the
Emperor
forty
thousand
Ducats
,
receiving
Modena
in
pawn
.
He
threatned
Luca
for
seizing
Garsagnana
.
He
testified
some
anger
against
the
Cardinal
de
Medicis
,
because
he
seemed
more
inclining
to
the
Party
of
the
Catholick
King
than
to
his
;
and
studied
new
Plots
and
Practices
to
alter
the
Estate
of
Florence
.
And
in
this
manner
having
a
thousand
irons
in
the
fire
,
he
was
continually
plotting
how
he
might
drive
the
Spanish
Army
out
of
Italy
by
the
help
of
the
Swissers
,
whom
he
always
extolled
,
and
embraced
;
it
being
his
great
design
,
as
he
often
uttered
,
to
expel
all
Forein
Force
out
of
Italy
.
He
had
also
moved
Henry
VIII
.
King
of
England
to
make
War
upon
France
,
and
in
detestation
of
Lewis
,
he
had
transferred
by
a
publick
Decree
of
the
Council
of
Lateran
,
the
Title
of
Most
Christian
to
the
King
of
England
,
for
which
there
was
a
Bull
prepared
,
and
written
,
containing
also
in
the
same
,
a
deprivation
,
and
deposing
of
the
King
of
France
from
all
his
Power
and
Dignities
,
giving
that
Kingdom
for
a
prey
to
any
who
could
conquer
it
.
With
these
great
thoughts
,
and
perhaps
many
other
more
secret
intrigues
,
he
fell
sick
of
a
violent
Fever
,
caused
perhaps
by
the
violent
agitations
of
his
mind
;
and
in
a
few
days
died
in
the
Vatican
,
Anno
1513.
on
the
21.
of
February
,
1513.
the
Council
of
Lateran
still
sitting
:
He
was
aged
above
70
years
,
and
held
the
Papal
Chair
for
the
space
of
nine
years
,
three
months
,
and
five
and
twenty
days
;
and
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
,
in
the
Chappel
of
his
Uncle
Pope
Sixtus
.
This
Julius
the
Second
had
a
spirit
more
agreeable
to
a
Soldier
,
or
Martial
Governor
,
than
a
Pastor
of
the
Church
.
He
was
a
Prince
of
incredible
constancy
,
and
courage
,
but
so
violent
,
and
of
such
unmeasurable
apprehensions
,
that
the
Discord
of
Princes
,
and
the
Reverence
which
some
of
them
bore
to
the
Church
,
preserved
him
from
ruine
,
more
than
his
own
moderation
,
or
discretion
:
And
yet
nevertheless
he
was
lamented
by
such
,
who
knew
not
how
to
distinguish
between
the
tempers
which
are
decent
,
and
agreeable
to
difference
a
temporal
,
from
a
spiritual
Prince
:
for
certainly
,
had
he
been
a
Secular
,
his
inclinanations
,
his
industry
,
and
zeal
,
to
enlarge
,
and
advance
his
Dominions
,
might
have
been
more
commendable
,
than
in
him
,
who
pretended
to
be
Vicar
to
the
Prince
of
Peace
.
LEO
X.
POPE
Julio
being
dead
,
and
his
Funerals
performed
according
to
the
accustomed
Rites
:
the
Cardinals
being
four
and
twenty
in
number
,
entered
the
Conclave
in
a
peaceable
manner
,
without
any
appearance
of
outward
force
over-awing
their
Election
,
or
practices
of
Simony
,
and
corruption
,
or
other
bad
Arts
,
by
which
it
was
manifest
that
the
two
former
Popes
had
acquired
their
Dignity
,
and
so
on
the
11th
.
of
March
,
being
the
seventh
day
after
,
the
Cardinals
entered
the
Conclave
.
John
de
Medicis
of
that
great
and
illustrious
Family
in
Florence
,
(
now
Dukes
of
Tuscany
)
was
by
the
common
Suffrages
of
23
Cardinals
elected
Pope
,
taking
upon
himself
the
name
of
Leo
X.
At
the
age
of
13
years
he
was
made
a
Cardinal
by
Innocent
VIII
.
and
now
was
about
the
age
of
37
years
,
when
he
was
created
Pope
;
a
thing
rare
,
and
unusual
to
have
a
Pope
so
young
,
and
which
had
not
otherwise
been
practicable
but
by
the
concurrence
of
the
young
Cardinals
,
such
as
the
Cardinal
of
Aragon
,
Gonzaga
,
Cornaro
,
Petrucci
,
&c.
the
Conclave
before
they
came
to
this
Election
,
proposed
,
and
with
many
warm
Debates
considered
of
the
ways
,
how
the
Secular
Power
which
the
late
Popes
had
exercised
in
a
disorderly
manner
,
sacrificing
all
to
their
lust
and
ambition
,
might
be
restrained
within
some
limits
,
and
bounds
of
moderation
:
but
those
rules
,
and
terms
agreed
upon
,
were
speedily
relaxed
,
and
dispensed
with
,
so
soon
,
as
a
new
Lord
or
Governor
appeared
,
whom
every
one
courted
,
being
desirous
with
humble
obsequiousness
to
gratifie
;
and
freeing
him
from
all
the
clogs
,
and
limits
to
his
power
,
endeavoured
to
testifie
the
confidence
they
had
in
him
.
Being
thus
chosen
on
the
11th
.
of
March
,
he
was
crowned
on
the
19th
.
and
on
the
11th
.
of
April
following
,
in
a
most
pompous
,
and
solemn
manner
he
went
to
visit
the
Church
of
S.
John
Lateran
,
and
with
such
magnificence
,
and
State
,
as
was
never
equalled
by
former
Popes
.
The
world
conceived
great
joy
,
and
expectations
of
good
at
the
first
news
of
his
Election
;
for
being
a
person
of
unspotted
Chastity
,
of
exemplary
Piety
,
and
unblemished
in
his
manners
;
and
the
Papal
Dignity
obtained
fairly
by
him
without
Simony
,
Corruption
,
or
evil
Arts
,
it
was
reasonable
to
expect
,
and
presage
from
such
happy
beginnings
,
times
of
more
calmness
,
and
blessings
to
the
Church
,
than
under
the
turbulent
Reigns
of
the
two
former
Popes
.
The
exiled
Cardinals
,
(
of
which
those
of
greatest
note
were
S.
Croia
and
S.
Severin
)
hearing
of
the
death
of
Julius
II.
began
their
Journey
towards
Rome
;
and
being
landed
at
Livorn
,
they
went
to
Pisa
,
and
thence
had
safe
conduct
to
Florence
.
The
Pope
having
received
intelligence
of
their
arrival
in
that
City
,
sent
the
Bishop
of
Orvietto
to
advise
them
not
to
proceed
farther
,
until
such
time
,
as
it
should
be
determined
in
what
manner
they
should
be
received
at
Rome
.
For
considering
they
had
been
judicially
deprived
,
and
their
deprivation
confirmed
in
the
Council
of
Lateran
,
that
they
should
forbear
to
go
in
the
habit
of
Cardinals
,
but
present
,
and
offer
themselves
in
some
other
modest
,
and
penitential
dress
whereby
they
might
testifie
their
repentance
and
humility
,
which
would
be
the
best
motive
,
and
arguments
to
restore
them
again
to
their
pristine
condition
;
the
which
being
accordingly
agreed
,
the
Cardinals
renouncing
their
late
Schism
with
all
submission
,
and
humility
returned
to
Rome
,
and
kissed
the
feet
of
the
Pope
.
Notwithstanding
which
,
it
was
judged
fit
,
that
the
Council
of
Lateran
should
still
be
continued
,
until
many
disorders
which
had
crept
lately
into
the
Church
,
were
wholly
redressed
.
And
now
Leo
being
setled
in
the
Papal
Chair
,
shewed
himself
desirous
to
continue
,
and
conserve
the
Peace
of
Christendom
,
which
he
thought
would
be
most
easily
effected
by
persuading
the
warlike
and
martial
spirits
of
those
times
to
spend
their
fury
upon
the
Turk
,
and
in
the
mean
time
endeavoured
to
accommodate
,
and
compose
the
differences
between
Maximilian
the
Emperor
and
the
Venetians
touching
Verona
,
and
Piacenza
by
an
amicable
agreement
.
At
the
same
time
also
he
hired
the
Switzers
with
a
great
sum
of
mony
to
assist
Sforza
Duke
of
Milan
against
the
French
;
for
notwithstanding
his
inclinations
in
the
general
were
towards
a
peace
,
yet
his
dislikes
to
that
Nation
,
and
the
displeasures
he
had
taken
on
many
accounts
against
Charles
the
12th
.
moved
him
with
earnest
desires
to
chase
the
French
out
of
Italy
.
To
perform
which
the
Switzers
were
esteemed
the
only
instruments
capable
for
this
exploit
,
and
to
engage
them
therein
,
a
largess
was
sent
them
of
42
thousand
Ducats
with
pretence
,
(
in
case
the
matter
should
come
to
light
)
that
twenty
thousand
of
them
were
upon
account
of
their
yearly
Pensions
,
and
that
the
other
twenty
two
thousand
were
due
on
Arrear
by
preceding
Popes
,
to
the
three
Cantons
.
The
Switzers
being
satisfied
,
and
animated
with
this
payment
,
resolved
to
accept
of
no
conditions
with
the
French
,
who
being
now
in
Lombardy
,
had
forced
Milan
to
surrender
,
with
all
other
Cities
belonging
to
that
Dutchy
,
except
Novaro
,
and
Coma
,
which
being
defended
by
the
Switzers
,
held
out
as
yet
in
the
name
of
Maximilian
Sforza
.
Wherefore
the
French
having
no
other
work
remaining
,
Guicciardin
,
l●b.
11.
besieged
Novaro
,
and
had
so
battered
the
Walls
,
and
made
such
breaches
,
that
they
were
ready
to
enter
their
men
.
Howsoever
fearing
the
Resolution
of
the
Besieged
,
who
all
the
time
of
the
Siege
,
had
not
so
much
as
shut
their
Gates
against
the
Enemy
;
and
understanding
that
Relief
was
coming
to
the
Town
,
and
an
Army
under
the
command
of
that
renowned
Captain
Altosasso
,
they
retired
at
two
miles
distance
from
the
Walls
of
Novaro
;
with
which
the
Switzers
were
so
encouraged
,
that
not
staying
for
the
Relief
expected
,
they
made
a
Sally
on
the
Enemy
,
and
gave
them
a
total
Defeat
,
taking
all
their
Baggage
,
with
two
and
twenty
pieces
of
Artillery
,
remaining
a
prey
to
the
Conquerors
.
After
which
the
City
of
Milan
with
all
the
places
belonging
to
it
,
returned
again
into
the
possession
and
power
of
their
Duke
;
the
people
of
Milan
giving
two
hundred
thousand
Ducats
as
a
Reward
to
the
Switzers
for
the
restoration
of
their
Liberty
.
All
things
now
putting
on
a
face
of
Liberty
,
and
Peace
in
Italy
,
the
French
King
seemed
willing
to
demonstrate
a
filial
obedience
,
and
submission
to
the
Church
,
and
declared
himself
well
pleased
with
the
Pope
.
for
receiving
the
Dissenting
,
and
Schismatical
Cardinals
to
pardon
,
and
Grace
.
The
Pope
was
also
in
like
manner
successful
in
his
Negotiations
of
Peace
between
the
Emperor
,
and
the
Venetians
:
for
both
Parties
having
referred
the
determination
of
their
case
to
his
Arbitration
,
and
compromise
,
a
Peace
ensued
,
tho
the
Sentence
and
Determination
was
not
Pronounced
and
Published
until
the
year
following
.
Lewis
likewise
the
French
King
,
at
the
persuasions
and
instigation
of
the
Clergy
,
was
very
desirous
to
come
in
,
and
be
reconciled
to
the
Papal
See
;
and
to
that
end
sent
the
Bishop
of
Marseilles
his
Embassador
to
Rome
,
to
treat
,
and
conclude
all
matters
in
dispute
,
either
relating
to
Spiritual
,
or
Temporal
Affairs
.
At
the
arrival
of
this
Embassador
,
the
Pope
by
a
Decree
of
the
Lateran
Council
,
which
still
continued
,
gave
Licence
to
the
Bishop
of
France
,
and
other
Prelates
,
against
whom
his
Predecessor
Pope
Julius
had
proceeded
by
censure
of
Excommunication
to
come
in
,
and
in
the
space
of
one
years
time
to
purge
themselves
of
the
contumacy
with
which
they
stood
charged
.
In
pursuance
of
which
Decree
,
the
Embassador
,
and
other
Agents
from
France
,
did
in
the
name
of
the
King
abjure
all
the
Acts
,
and
Decrees
made
,
and
ordained
by
the
Conventicle
at
Pisa
:
promising
to
acknowledg
and
hold
for
true
and
sacred
,
all
those
Acts
,
and
conclusions
which
should
be
declared
by
the
Council
of
Lateran
,
and
that
six
of
those
Prelates
which
were
present
at
the
Convention
of
Pisa
,
should
repair
to
Rome
,
and
in
the
name
and
behalf
of
all
the
Gallican
Church
renounce
,
and
disown
that
Convention
;
and
promise
to
submit
,
and
hold
,
and
esteem
for
Sacred
,
and
Obligatory
,
whatsoever
should
be
determined
in
their
case
,
or
in
any
other
matter
by
the
Lateran
Council
;
and
that
then
upon
such
submission
,
the
Council
should
grant
a
full
and
plenary
Pardon
,
and
Absolution
for
all
those
Crimes
committed
by
them
against
the
Church
of
Rome
.
But
whilst
these
things
were
in
Treaty
,
Lewis
XII
.
being
surprized
by
a
Fever
,
died
the
first
day
of
January
1515.
at
Paris
,
in
whose
place
Francis
de
Valois
the
first
of
that
name
,
Duke
of
Angolesme
succeeded
.
Francis
having
made
a
Peace
with
the
King
of
England
,
assumed
the
Title
of
Duke
of
Milan
,
as
appertaining
to
him
not
only
by
the
ancient
right
of
the
Dukes
of
Orleans
,
but
also
as
comprehended
in
the
Investiture
made
by
the
Emperor
in
the
Treaty
of
Cambray
▪
to
recover
which
he
made
a
League
with
the
Venetians
,
and
passing
into
Italy
with
a
powerful
Army
,
declared
War
against
Maximilian
Sforza
Duke
of
Milan
,
who
on
the
other
side
had
made
an
Alliance
with
the
Emperor
,
the
Switzers
,
and
the
King
of
Spain
.
The
Pope
being
jealous
of
the
French
,
believing
that
so
soon
as
they
were
become
Masters
of
Milan
,
they
would
also
design
upon
Piacenza
,
and
Parma
,
favoured
the
cause
of
Duke
Sforza
,
and
encouraged
the
Switzers
by
his
Legate
the
Cardinal
of
Sedan
,
to
continue
firm
,
and
constant
in
defence
of
Italy
against
the
French
Arms
,
that
so
their
ancient
glory
which
had
been
in
former
years
crowned
with
so
much
success
,
might
be
maintained
by
them
,
and
the
Title
of
Restorers
of
the
Italian
Liberty
be
for
ever
continued
to
their
Honor.
The
Switzers
having
their
valour
provoked
by
such
incitements
as
these
encountred
the
French
Army
,
which
under
the
auspicious
Conduct
of
King
Francis
,
was
passed
into
Italy
,
near
Marignan
,
where
after
a
sharp
conflict
,
the
Venetians
coming
in
to
the
assistance
of
the
French
,
the
Switzers
were
overthrown
,
and
forced
to
retreat
into
Milan
,
which
afterwards
was
surrendred
▪
and
Duke
Sforza
being
taken
Prisoner
was
sent
into
France
,
with
an
allowance
of
five
and
thirty
thousand
Crowns
a
year
,
which
he
agreed
to
receive
in
lieu
of
his
Dukedom
.
After
this
success
,
Parma
and
Piacenza
which
had
been
annexed
to
the
Church
by
the
Arms
of
Julius
II.
fell
into
the
possession
of
the
French
;
for
Leo
not
having
the
courage
to
defend
them
,
made
them
a
Sacrifice
to
the
Conqueror
,
and
the
price
of
his
Peace
with
France
,
the
which
was
concluded
at
Bologna
,
where
an
interview
was
appointed
between
the
King
and
Pope
Leo.
The
Pope
entered
the
City
on
the
8th
.
of
December
1515.
and
the
King
two
days
after
,
having
been
received
on
the
Confines
of
the
Country
of
Reggia
by
the
Cardinals
of
Fieschi
and
Medicis
,
whom
the
Pope
had
appointed
to
be
his
Legates
Apostolical
to
him
.
The
King
,
so
soon
as
he
entered
was
immediately
conducted
into
the
Consistory
,
where
before
the
Pope
by
a
Speech
delivered
by
his
Chancellor
,
he
professed
all
Obedience
to
the
Papal
Chair
,
and
afterwards
was
lodged
three
days
in
the
same
Palace
with
the
Pope
,
during
which
time
all
the
signs
of
good
will
,
and
amity
interceded
between
them
,
and
all
matters
agreed
which
had
relation
to
Naples
,
Modena
,
and
other
controversies
:
and
thus
all
things
being
amicably
concluded
,
the
King
returned
to
Milan
,
and
in
a
short
time
after
into
France
;
leaving
the
Duke
of
Bourbon
Lieutenant
in
his
place
:
The
Pope
also
went
to
Florence
,
where
having
passed
the
Winter
,
he
in
the
Spring
returned
to
Rome
.
And
now
Pope
Leo
being
a
little
at
repose
,
designed
the
assistance
of
Maximilian
the
Emperor
(
with
whom
he
was
in
League
)
to
make
his
Brother
Julian
Lord
of
Siena
,
and
Lucca
,
and
thereunto
to
adjoyn
the
Dukedoms
of
Vrbin
and
Ferrara
:
but
Julian
unexpectedly
dying
,
the
same
fortune
was
intended
for
Laurence
his
Nephew
,
Son
of
his
Brother
Peter
de
Medicis
;
and
in
the
mean
time
,
until
this
design
could
be
ripened
and
put
in
practice
,
the
Pope
committed
to
him
the
Government
of
Florence
,
with
condition
that
he
should
act
nothing
without
the
privity
and
consent
of
the
Citizens
.
And
now
to
prepare
a
way
for
taking
the
Dutchy
of
Vrbin
from
Francisco
Maria
de
la
Rovere
,
the
Pope
began
with
his
Church
Censures
,
Guicciardin
,
lib.
12.
causing
the
Accusations
against
him
to
be
published
,
wherein
he
expressed
,
that
being
in
Pay
,
and
under
a
Sallary
from
the
Church
,
he
had
denied
him
the
Service
of
those
Regiments
for
which
he
had
received
Pay
,
and
had
secretly
compounded
with
the
Enemy
.
That
he
had
killed
the
Cardinal
of
Pavia
,
for
which
he
was
alsolved
by
Grace
,
and
not
by
Justice
,
as
also
for
many
other
Murders
committed
by
him
.
These
and
other
were
the
Crimes
,
which
were
alledged
against
him
;
but
yet
nothing
animated
the
Pope
so
much
with
anger
,
and
disdain
against
him
,
as
that
he
had
denied
unto
his
Brother
Julian
his
aid
,
and
assistance
to
return
to
Florence
.
The
success
of
the
War
was
this
.
So
soon
as
Renzo
di
Cere
the
Popes
General
with
a
considerable
Army
showed
himself
upon
the
Frontiers
of
the
Dutchy
,
the
City
of
Vrbin
with
other
Towns
belonging
to
it
,
surrendred
to
the
Pope
,
the
Duke
himself
retiring
to
Pesaro
;
which
also
yielded
together
with
Sinigaglia
,
and
in
the
space
of
four
days
all
submitted
to
the
obedience
of
the
Pope
;
and
then
the
Duke
with
all
his
Family
saved
himself
in
Mantua
.
These
successes
were
followed
by
new
designs
upon
Siena
,
from
whence
by
force
of
Arms
he
compelled
the
Prince
Borghese
,
and
Cardinal
Alfonso
his
Brother
,
both
Sons
of
Pandolfo
Petrucci
to
retire
,
and
make
place
for
Raphael
Petrucci
,
his
old
Friend
,
and
Companion
in
his
Exile
:
at
which
the
Cardinal
was
so
enraged
,
and
excited
beyond
all
patience
,
that
he
conspired
against
the
life
of
the
Pope
,
which
not
succeeding
,
proved
afterwards
the
cause
of
his
own
destruction
.
For
this
Alfonso
Cardinal
of
Siena
revolving
often
in
his
mind
the
ingratitude
of
this
Pope
,
who
by
the
labors
and
dangers
of
Pandolfo
Petrucci
his
Father
,
Guicciardin
,
lib.
13.
was
with
all
his
Family
restored
to
the
Government
of
Florence
;
and
yet
had
in
recompense
of
these
benefits
,
caused
him
and
his
Brother
Borghese
to
be
thrust
out
of
Siena
;
the
which
thoughts
boiling
in
his
mind
,
he
resolved
once
with
his
own
hand
to
stab
the
Pope
;
but
being
diverted
from
that
intention
by
the
danger
of
the
Fact
,
and
by
the
ill
fame
of
a
wickedness
without
example
,
to
have
a
Pope
killed
by
the
hand
of
a
Cardinal
,
he
changed
the
Plot
of
the
Dagger
to
Poison
,
which
by
the
help
of
Baptista
Vercelli
a
famous
Chirurgeon
,
and
his
familiar
Confident
,
he
hoped
to
effect
in
this
manner
.
The
Pope
being
greatly
afflicted
with
an
old
Fistula
in
his
Fundament
,
this
Baptista
was
to
be
preferred
as
an
able
man
for
this
work
;
and
then
in
dressing
of
the
Wound
he
was
to
have
injected
Poison
into
it
:
but
Baptista
being
long
in
getting
admission
to
the
Popes
privacy
,
Alfonso
grew
impatient
of
delays
,
and
not
being
able
to
contain
himself
,
continually
uttered
something
of
passion
,
which
gave
the
Pope
just
cause
of
suspicion
,
that
this
Alfonso
was
practising
something
against
his
life
:
at
length
by
some
Letters
which
were
intercepted
,
the
Conspiracy
was
detected
,
which
the
Pope
dissembling
,
invited
Alfonso
to
Rome
,
with
promises
of
Reconciliation
and
Preferment
;
and
for
his
encouragement
thereunto
,
he
gave
him
Letters
of
safe
conduct
,
and
his
promise
to
the
Spanish
Embassador
not
to
violate
the
same
.
But
so
soon
as
Alfonso
arrived
,
the
Pope
so
little
esteemed
the
Faith
he
had
given
,
that
he
caused
him
to
be
Arrested
,
with
his
Friend
Cardinal
De
Sauli
,
a
Genoese
,
one
so
familiar
and
intimate
with
him
,
that
it
was
believed
,
that
one
could
not
be
guilty
,
or
designing
any
action
without
the
privity
,
and
consent
of
the
other
.
These
two
Cardinals
being
committed
to
Prison
in
the
Castle
of
S.
Angelo
,
Ibidem
.
the
Spanish
Embassador
complained
of
the
breach
of
Faith
,
which
being
given
to
the
Kings
Embassador
,
ought
to
have
been
observed
with
the
same
sacred
fidelity
,
as
given
to
the
King
himself
.
Whereunto
the
Pope
made
answer
,
that
in
matters
of
a
Conspiracy
,
designing
against
the
life
of
the
Pope
,
no
safe
conduct
was
sufficient
,
unless
in
some
clause
of
it
,
the
Crime
it
,
self
had
been
specified
with
a
peculiar
Proviso
;
and
that
in
cases
of
Poisoning
,
which
is
detestable
to
God
and
man
,
no
sufficient
provision
can
be
made
for
security
of
the
Offender
,
unless
the
Crime
it self
be
first
mentioned
,
and
pardoned
.
The
matter
being
fully
examined
,
and
Alfonso
▪
and
Bandinello
in
a
full
Consistory
being
found
guilty
,
they
were
by
publick
sentence
of
the
Consistory
deprived
of
the
Dignity
of
Cardinals
,
and
delivered
over
to
the
Secular
Power
:
which
being
done
,
the
night
following
Alfonso
was
Strangled
:
but
the
Sentence
of
Bandinello
was
changed
to
a
perpetual
Imprisonment
;
from
which
afterwards
for
a
certain
sum
of
money
he
gained
a
release
.
The
success
which
the
Pope
had
against
the
Duke
of
Vrbin
,
was
different
to
that
which
he
had
against
Alfonso
Duke
of
Ferrara
,
for
he
being
a
watchful
man
,
and
a
good
Soldier
,
defended
himself
against
all
the
contrivances
,
and
attempts
of
the
Pope
.
Towards
the
end
of
the
year
1517.
the
King
of
Spain
died
,
leaving
his
Nephew
Charles
of
Austria
,
sole
Heir
of
all
his
Kingdoms
,
and
Dominions
in
Naples
,
Sicily
,
and
Spain
,
between
whom
,
and
the
French
King
,
there
passed
as
yet
,
a
fair
,
and
amicable
correspondence
,
Notwithstanding
which
things
were
troublesom
in
Italy
,
and
〈◊〉
●espight
of
all
the
endeavours
of
the
Pope
,
who
desired
nothing
so
much
〈◊〉
peace
,
all
things
were
unquiet
,
and
tended
to
War
:
for
the
Switzers
〈◊〉
●hose
minds
were
rather
inflamed
with
indignation
,
in
remembrance
of
their
late
Defeat
at
Marignan
,
than
abated
,
or
humbled
,
entered
into
a
League
with
Maximilian
the
Emperor
,
to
drive
the
French
out
of
all
their
Possessions
in
Italy
:
in
opposition
whereunto
,
the
French
joyning
with
the
Venetians
,
recovered
Brescia
out
of
the
hands
of
the
Spaniards
,
and
Verona
from
the
Emperor
:
and
the
Venetians
by
the
support
of
this
Alliance
,
made
no
account
of
any
amity
with
others
,
nor
offered
their
Obedience
to
the
Pope
,
notwithstanding
the
endeavours
of
Altobello
Bishop
of
Pola
,
whom
he
had
commissionated
to
be
his
Legate
at
Venice
,
not
without
some
just
reflections
,
as
a
matter
unworthy
the
Pontificial
Majesty
.
Francisco
Maria
Duke
of
Vrbin
continued
still
his
War
against
the
Pope
for
recovery
of
his
State
;
but
his
success
was
ill
both
against
the
City
of
Osimo
,
and
also
before
the
Town
of
Corinaldo
,
from
whence
with
great
blemish
of
honor
he
was
forced
to
raise
his
Siege
:
Nor
was
he
more
fortunate
in
his
attempt
to
recover
Pesaro
;
for
having
put
to
Sea
several
Ships
to
cut
off
all
Provisions
from
the
Town
,
they
were
encountred
by
another
Fleet
set
out
by
those
of
Rimini
,
consisting
of
sixteen
Sail
,
with
Barks
,
and
Brigantines
,
which
going
in
convoy
with
Vessels
laden
with
Provisions
to
Pesaro
,
met
the
Navy
of
Francisco
Maria
,
and
engaging
with
them
,
sunk
the
Admiral
,
and
destroyed
their
whole
Fleet
;
with
which
ill
success
,
Francisco
Maria
despairing
of
his
enterprize
,
departed
thence
.
At
Rimini
he
also
was
worsted
,
and
forced
to
return
with
his
Army
into
Tuscany
,
where
being
in
great
want
of
Provisions
,
and
the
Soldiers
without
Pay
,
lived
by
Prey
and
Pillage
,
whereby
they
began
to
be
no
less
terrible
to
their
friends
,
than
to
their
enemies
;
and
to
grow
weary
of
the
War
,
having
no
hope
to
better
their
condition
either
by
a
Battel
,
or
protraction
of
time
.
The
Pope
also
on
the
other
side
became
poor
,
having
exhausted
his
Treasury
,
and
doubtful
of
the
Faith
of
his
Allies
,
especially
of
the
King
of
France
,
who
was
slow
and
backward
in
the
payment
of
those
monies
agreed
by
Articles
;
so
that
Peace
being
the
best
expedient
for
good
to
both
parties
,
propositions
were
made
for
a
Peace
between
the
Legate
,
and
Francisco
Maria
,
which
by
the
Mediation
of
Monsieur
D'Escut
,
General
of
the
French
Forces
in
Italy
,
and
Don
Hugo
de
Monaco
Vice-King
of
Sicily
,
was
accorded
on
these
conditions
,
That
the
Pope
should
pay
to
the
Spanish
Footmen
five
and
forty
thousand
Ducats
,
and
to
the
Gascoins
and
Germans
threescore
thousand
;
and
that
upon
such
payment
they
should
all
depart
within
eight
days
out
of
the
State
of
the
Church
,
the
Jurisdiction
of
Florence
,
and
the
Territories
of
Vrbin
.
That
Francisco
Maria
should
leave
,
and
abandon
all
his
Possessions
in
that
State
within
the
term
aforesaid
,
with
Licence
to
carry
with
him
all
his
moveables
,
and
Artillery
,
with
his
famous
Library
,
which
with
great
charge
and
diligence
had
been
collected
by
Frederick
his
Grandfather
by
the
Mothers
side
.
That
the
Pope
should
absolve
him
of
all
Censures
,
and
pardon
all
the
Subjects
of
the
State
of
Vrbin
,
and
those
who
had
been
enemies
in
this
War
the
Spaniards
,
Gascoins
,
and
Germans
having
received
their
monies
,
marched
to
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
;
and
Francisco
Maria
abandoned
of
all
his
Allies
,
returned
to
Mantua
,
accompanied
only
with
one
hundred
Horse
,
and
six
hundred
Footmen
.
In
this
manner
ended
the
War
with
Vrbin
,
which
tho
it
continued
but
eight
months
,
yet
had
exhausted
the
Coffers
of
the
Pope
of
eight
hundred
thousand
Ducats
,
the
greatest
part
of
which
he
had
drawn
from
the
Commonwealth
of
Florence
,
on
the
score
of
his
great
interest
in
that
City
:
and
indeed
his
Charges
were
the
greater
,
because
that
with
much
ignominy
,
he
was
forced
to
purchase
his
peace
with
paying
the
Armies
of
his
Enemy
:
Nor
was
the
advantage
which
he
gained
at
the
conclusion
,
acquired
by
the
valour
of
his
Arms
,
or
Virtue
and
Conduct
of
his
Captains
;
for
they
being
men
of
lewd
lives
,
cowardly
,
and
base
,
were
prosperous
in
nothing
,
all
their
actions
tending
to
increase
disorders
,
and
multiply
errors
;
whereby
the
Pope
being
at
length
forced
to
crave
the
assistance
of
all
men
,
paid
dearly
for
the
purchase
of
Vrbin
.
In
this
manner
the
year
1518.
began
,
and
continued
with
peace
,
and
with
an
unusual
calmness
in
all
the
Regions
of
Italy
,
only
the
success
of
Sultan
Selim
Emperor
of
the
Turks
,
who
had
been
victorious
in
Persia
,
Syria
,
and
Egypt
,
alarm'd
the
Pope
and
the
Christian
Princes
;
who
apprehending
with
great
dread
the
progress
of
his
Arms
,
the
number
of
his
Ships
,
and
Gallies
,
which
he
was
building
,
and
all
other
Provisions
necessary
for
War
,
feared
lest
he
should
invest
Rhodes
,
the
Bulwark
of
Christendom
in
the
Eastern
parts
,
or
perhaps
fall
into
Hungaria
;
which
tho
formerly
defended
by
the
Valor
of
the
Inhabitants
,
yet
now
lay
exposed
by
its
own
Civil
and
Intestine
Dissentions
;
and
by
the
minority
of
a
King
,
governed
by
Priests
,
and
Jesuitical
Councils
.
Nor
was
Italy
free
from
the
like
fears
of
Invasion
by
that
Potent
Prince
,
which
had
under
meaner
circumstances
of
power
entered
the
City
of
Otranto
,
and
put
all
Italy
into
a
fear
and
consternation
:
And
therefore
now
to
obviate
,
and
prevent
the
like
dangers
at
a
distance
,
the
Pope
caused
most
devout
Processions
,
with
the
solemn
Pomp
of
Images
,
and
Relicks
of
Saints
to
be
made
at
Rome
,
and
in
person
walked
bare-foot
with
all
his
Court
from
S.
Peters
to
the
Minerva
,
where
Prayers
were
made
to
God
,
that
he
would
be
pleased
to
divert
the
fury
of
this
Common
Enemy
to
Christendom
.
And
because
Prayers
without
human
endeavours
are
not
available
,
Letters
were
wrote
to
all
Christian
Princes
to
joyn
in
this
War
;
for
the
more
orderly
management
of
which
,
the
task
,
and
enterprise
which
every
one
was
to
undertake
,
was
allotted
,
and
contrived
in
the
Consistory
,
and
an
Universal
Truce
for
five
years
was
published
amongst
all
Christian
Princes
,
and
States
,
with
grievous
censures
on
those
,
who
should
be
repugnant
thereunto
.
In
pursuance
of
this
method
and
design
the
Emperor
and
King
of
Poland
were
to
invade
the
Turk
on
the
parts
of
Servia
and
Bulgaria
.
The
French
King
,
Venetians
,
and
other
Princes
of
Italy
were
to
Embark
at
the
Port
of
Brundusium
,
and
pass
into
Albania
,
and
invade
Greece
on
that
side
.
The
Kings
of
England
,
Spain
,
and
Portugal
were
to
Rendezvous
at
Car●agena
in
Spain
,
and
with
a
Fleet
of
200
Sail
enter
the
Heliespont
,
and
attack
Constantinople
it self
;
and
for
carrying
on
of
this
Holy
War
,
voluntary
Contributions
were
to
be
made
,
and
Impositions
to
be
laid
as
well
on
the
Clergy
,
as
the
Laity
.
Now
tho
these
matters
were
begun
with
great
expectation
,
and
the
Universal
Truce
accepted
with
a
specious
show
,
and
mighty
promises
made
of
advancing
this
Enterprise
,
with
ostentation
and
bravery
of
words
;
yet
at
length
private
Interests
,
over-ruling
the
zeal
for
Religion
,
and
the
Universal
Union
,
the
minds
of
the
Princes
became
slackned
in
the
design
,
and
the
thoughts
of
War
vanished
;
every
one
looking
at
the
peril
as
uncertain
,
and
far
distant
.
The
Peace
still
continuing
in
Italy
until
the
year
1520.
Martin
Luther
a
Frier
of
the
Order
of
S.
Austin
began
to
make
some
disturbances
in
Germany
,
which
greatly
opposed
the
Authority
of
the
Church
of
Rome
;
The
beginnings
thereof
had
their
original
from
certain
Indulgences
which
Pope
Leo
exercised
in
a
more
ample
,
and
licentious
manner
than
was
customed
and
practised
by
former
Popes
.
For
in
the
year
1100.
being
in
the
Reign
of
Vrban
II.
Plenary
Indulgences
for
Pardon
and
Remission
of
Sins
were
bestowed
on
those
only
who
went
to
the
Holy
War
with
intent
to
deliver
the
Sepulchre
of
Christ
out
of
the
hands
of
Infidels
.
These
Indulgences
were
afterwards
in
like
manner
dispensed
unto
those
,
who
either
were
not
able
,
or
willing
to
undertake
the
design
in
person
,
provided
that
they
entertained
or
payed
another
at
their
own
charge
.
Afterwards
Indulgences
and
Pardons
of
this
nature
became
more
common
,
being
enlarged
to
those
who
took
part
in
the
Wars
against
those
who
resisted
the
Secular
Arms
of
the
Pope
;
tho
the
same
were
Christians
,
and
Princes
,
who
in
defence
of
their
own
Kingdoms
,
and
States
,
opposed
the
Encroachments
and
Extravagancies
of
the
Ecclesiastical
Claims
.
But
now
Pope
Leo
by
the
Counsel
of
Cardinal
Puccio
bestowed
his
Indulgences
in
more
ample
form
,
and
dispersed
them
in
all
parts
of
the
Christian
World
,
without
distinction
of
times
,
persons
,
or
places
,
not
only
for
the
help
of
such
,
who
were
yet
living
,
but
with
power
to
deliver
the
souls
of
the
Dead
from
the
pains
of
Purgatory
;
it
being
manifestly
known
,
that
the
design
of
these
Indulgences
was
only
to
obtain
money
from
the
people
,
which
the
Collectors
exacted
with
an
unparallel'd
impudence
,
the
matter
became
scandalous
,
especially
in
Germany
,
where
the
Officers
set
the
Indulgences
to
sale
at
a
small
price
;
and
sometimes
in
a
Tavern
this
power
of
redeeming
Souls
out
of
Purgatory
were
set
for
a
Stake
at
a
Game
at
Tables
.
This
shame
,
and
dishonor
was
increased
in
the
Country
of
Saxony
,
and
other
parts
of
Germany
,
when
it
was
known
,
that
the
proceed
,
and
benefit
of
those
Indulgences
,
extorted
with
great
rigor
and
avarice
by
the
Bishop
of
Arembauld
,
(
a
man
fit
to
be
employed
in
such
a
Commission
)
was
not
to
be
paid
in
to
the
Apostolical
Chamber
at
Rome
,
but
given
to
Magdalen
,
Sister
to
the
Pope
,
and
devoted
to
the
avarice
of
a
Woman
;
for
then
the
matter
became
detestable
,
and
the
cries
and
exclamations
lowed
in
all
parts
of
Germany
.
Luther
being
supported
by
the
favour
of
the
Duke
of
Saxony
,
took
this
occasion
to
contemn
these
Indulgences
,
and
preach
every
where
against
them
,
which
being
a
matter
very
plausible
,
his
Sermons
were
heard
with
great
attention
by
the
people
,
and
his
Doctrin
approved
by
his
Auditors
,
who
came
from
all
parts
to
hear
him
:
Having
this
encouragement
,
he
began
to
question
the
Power
of
the
Church
,
and
the
Authority
of
the
Pope
;
and
as
matters
grew
higher
,
he
disputed
against
Pardons
,
and
Penance
,
and
Purgatory
,
upon
which
the
Doctrin
of
Indulgences
had
its
foundation
:
on
the
truth
of
which
Doctrins
,
he
laid
so
much
stress
,
and
was
so
positive
in
the
certainty
of
all
his
Conclusions
,
that
he
would
often
say
,
he
would
not
refer
or
submit
them
to
the
judgment
of
Angels
.
After
these
beginnings
,
O●●cil
.
Trent
.
which
seemed
plausible
and
honest
,
and
which
made
great
noise
,
and
were
highly
controverted
in
the
world
by
the
most
acute
and
subtil
Wits
of
that
Age
;
Luther
proceeded
to
preach
against
Images
in
Churches
,
against
Prayers
to
Saints
,
to
question
Transubstantiation
in
the
Holy
Eucharist
,
and
to
allow
Marriage
to
Priests
,
Monks
,
and
Friers
,
the
which
he
not
only
maintained
by
force
of
Argument
,
but
confirmed
by
his
own
example
,
The
Pope
in
opposition
hereunto
sent
many
Religious
,
and
learned
men
into
Germany
to
hinder
(
if
possible
)
by
their
Preaching
,
and
Disputations
the
farther
spreading
of
these
Doctrins
:
The
Emperor
Charles
the
Fifth
in
a
Diet
at
Ratisbon
made
a
publick
,
and
solemn
Edict
against
Luther
and
his
Conclusions
;
the
University
of
Paris
condemned
them
;
and
the
King
of
England
,
Henry
VIII
.
wrote
a
Book
against
them
,
for
which
he
afterwards
received
from
this
Pope
Leo
,
the
Title
of
Defender
of
the
Faith
.
But
Luther
being
a
man
of
great
courage
,
and
supported
by
the
favour
of
the
Duke
of
Saxony
,
little
regarded
either
the
Arguments
of
the
School-men
,
or
the
Authority
of
the
Princes
;
saying
,
That
the
Prophet
forbad
to
trust
in
men
,
or
Princes
,
before
whose
judgment
,
the
Word
of
God
,
and
the
sentence
of
Scripture
was
to
be
preferred
.
These
disturbances
in
Germany
were
followed
by
the
like
in
Switzerland
,
where
Zuinglius
by
force
of
Argument
disputed
in
favour
of
the
Doctrin
of
Luther
;
which
caused
such
confusions
,
and
discord
,
that
for
the
settlement
,
and
quiet
thereof
the
Senate
of
Zurich
,
convened
all
the
Preachers
and
Doctors
of
their
Country
,
and
requested
the
Bishop
of
Constance
to
depute
such
wise
,
and
learned
persons
,
(
as
he
should
think
fit
)
to
assist
at
this
Conference
,
for
determination
of
the
matters
in
question
:
Great
numbers
of
people
being
assembled
at
this
Convocation
,
Zuinglius
proposed
his
Thesis
,
and
all
the
points
in
dispute
,
and
offered
to
answer
the
Arguments
of
any
Opponent
,
which
should
be
set
up
against
him
.
Peter
Faber
a
man
holy
in
his
life
,
and
of
profound
judgment
,
having
heard
,
and
weighed
all
the
strength
of
Argument
which
the
Jacobins
,
and
others
had
alledged
,
refused
as
Moderator
in
those
Controversies
to
determin
any
thing
in
those
matters
,
which
more
properly
belonged
to
the
cognizance
of
that
General
Council
,
which
was
shortly
by
Authority
of
the
Pope
,
and
the
consent
of
all
the
Christian
Princes
,
to
meet
,
and
assemble
,
consisting
of
all
the
Prelates
of
Christendom
.
This
Sentence
gave
Zuinglius
advantage
to
advance
his
Doctrin
,
and
say
,
that
these
were
but
delays
to
amuse
the
people
,
and
lull
them
in
their
ignorance
;
that
doubtful
matters
were
proper
to
be
treated
,
and
discussed
,
and
determined
by
the
Authority
of
General
Councils
;
but
that
matters
certain
,
and
clear
by
Scripture
,
which
was
the
Word
of
God
,
and
the
rule
of
our
lives
,
and
confirmed
by
the
practice
of
the
Primitive
Christians
,
stood
in
need
of
no
other
Authority
,
than
their
own
plain
evidence
to
confirm
them
.
In
fine
,
the
Assembly
broke
up
,
and
the
Senate
concluded
with
this
result
,
that
the
Gospel
should
be
Preached
according
to
the
Canon
of
the
Old
and
new
Testament
,
and
not
according
to
the
Decrees
,
and
Constitutions
of
men
.
This
matter
began
daily
in
the
Court
of
Rome
to
seem
of
greater
importance
,
fearing
lest
it
should
greatly
shake
the
Power
of
the
Popes
,
and
abate
the
profits
of
the
Church
of
Rome
,
and
discompose
the
Union
of
the
Christian
Religion
;
for
which
occasion
,
many
Consistories
were
summoned
at
Rome
,
and
many
Consultations
held
in
the
Chamber
of
the
Pope
amongst
the
Cardinals
and
Divines
,
for
remedy
of
this
growing
evil
.
The
Duke
of
Saxony
,
and
Luther
were
at
these
Meetings
condemned
,
and
Excommunications
thundered
out
against
them
with
most
grievous
Anathemaes
,
the
which
served
only
to
exasperate
the
Duke
of
Saxony
,
and
caused
him
to
become
a
more
severe
and
vehement
Protector
of
that
Cause
;
which
began
now
to
dilate
and
spread
more
diffusely
amongst
the
people
,
by
how
much
the
more
it
was
persecuted
by
vigorous
,
and
violent
courses
.
At
length
the
Court
of
Rome
,
as
well
as
other
People
,
and
Nations
,
did
conclude
,
that
the
only
means
to
quiet
mens
minds
,
and
settle
them
in
a
true
Belief
and
Faith
,
was
to
establish
all
doubts
and
Controversies
by
the
Authority
of
a
General
Council
:
the
which
was
desired
by
Princes
,
and
Lords
of
Countries
,
in
hopes
that
thereby
the
disorderly
lives
of
Priests
and
Friers
would
be
regulated
and
reduced
to
their
Primitive
Constitutions
;
and
that
the
Regalia
and
Temporal
Jurisdictions
,
which
had
long
been
usurped
by
the
Ecclesiastical
Power
,
would
at
length
be
restored
to
the
Secular
Dignity
of
Princes
.
But
to
reduce
matters
to
this
estate
,
they
did
not
judg
it
necessary
that
Ecclesiasticks
should
be
the
sole
Members
to
compose
such
an
Assembly
,
whose
interest
it
was
to
maintain
their
own
Corruptions
,
and
determin
all
matters
in
favour
of
themselves
against
the
Rights
and
Prerogatives
of
Christian
Princes
;
in
whose
Affairs
their
consents
and
Suffrages
ought
to
be
consulted
.
The
common
people
also
,
who
had
some
competent
knowledg
in
the
Affairs
of
the
world
,
were
desirous
of
a
Council
,
in
hopes
,
and
expectation
,
that
the
libidinous
Power
of
the
Church
,
which
had
for
a
long
time
tyrannized
over
them
,
might
at
length
be
limited
,
and
moderated
;
and
that
the
Exactions
which
were
charged
upon
them
,
under
the
specious
pretences
of
Alms
,
and
Indulgences
,
might
not
be
forced
,
and
distrained
by
the
violence
,
and
rudenesses
of
the
Episcopal
Officers
.
The
Court
of
Rome
did
likewise
desire
a
Council
,
in
hopes
the
Authority
of
the
Church
,
which
began
to
be
shaken
by
the
opposition
of
Adversaries
,
and
the
encroachments
which
Princes
made
on
its
Jurisdiction
,
might
thereby
be
confirmed
:
but
they
were
for
having
it
regulated
according
to
the
practices
of
modern
times
,
which
should
not
touch
on
the
present
Abuses
and
evil
customs
introduced
in
favour
of
the
Papal
Power
;
but
such
an
one
as
was
called
by
the
preceding
Pope
,
and
Assembled
at
the
Lateran
,
which
had
produced
many
happy
and
advantageous
successes
;
for
it
had
extinguished
the
Schisms
of
the
Cardinals
,
reduced
the
Kingdom
of
France
,
which
before
was
separated
,
to
an
Union
,
and
abolished
that
Sanction
which
highly
entrenched
on
the
Temporal
and
Spiritual
Monarchy
of
Rome
:
and
lastly
had
conferred
the
collation
of
Benefices
on
the
Pope
,
which
was
the
great
foundation
of
the
Papal
Grandeur
.
Howsoever
Pope
Leo
still
doubted
,
that
this
remedy
was
not
entirely
adapted
to
the
nature
of
this
evil
:
for
tho
the
power
of
a
Council
might
have
an
influence
over
Princes
,
and
great
Prelates
,
against
whom
their
Decrees
,
and
Determinations
might
avail
,
yet
could
not
reach
the
minds
of
the
common
people
,
or
produce
that
real
alteration
,
and
change
,
which
was
necessary
for
the
quiet
,
and
settlement
of
the
Ecclesiastical
State
.
In
this
condition
of
affairs
Leo
died
,
about
the
end
of
the
year
1521.
But
these
Divisions
and
Dissentions
in
Spiritual
Controversies
did
not
only
disquiet
the
Pope
;
but
likewise
the
Plots
of
certain
Cardinals
which
designed
against
his
Life
and
Government
;
of
which
a
discovery
being
made
,
several
of
them
were
deprived
of
their
Hats
,
and
Ecclesiastical
Benefices
:
and
Alfonso
Petrucci
being
chief
in
the
number
of
the
Conspirators
,
was
taken
,
and
strangled
by
a
Negro
Slave
in
the
Castle
of
St.
Angelo
at
Rome
.
Adrian
da
Cornetro
being
fled
,
and
escaped
from
Justice
,
was
for
ever
without
hopes
of
Restauration
deprived
of
the
Character
and
Honor
of
Cardinal
.
Raphael
Riario
,
and
Bendinello
Sauli
were
suspended
,
but
afterwards
restored
to
the
Dignity
of
Cardinals
.
Saderini
was
condemned
to
live
in
perpetual
banishment
.
Thus
by
the
punishment
and
degradation
of
several
Cardinals
,
the
College
being
wanting
and
unprovided
of
its
due
numbers
;
the
Pope
with
much
liberality
created
one
and
thirty
at
one
time
;
all
persons
of
quality
belonging
to
several
Countries
of
Christendom
;
some
of
which
were
advanced
for
their
Virtue
and
Merit
,
and
others
by
the
Favour
and
Interest
of
great
Personages
.
This
Pope
created
two
and
forty
Cardinals
in
all
during
the
time
of
his
Reign
,
besides
the
restauration
of
the
four
rebellious
Cardinals
deprived
by
Julio
;
amongst
these
Cardinals
which
he
had
ordained
,
Julio
de
Medici
his
Kinsman
was
one
,
whom
he
made
his
Vice-Chancellor
,
and
was
afterwards
Pope
under
the
name
of
Clement
VII
.
About
this
time
Maximilian
the
Emperor
dying
,
Charles
King
of
Spain
,
Naples
,
and
Sicily
was
elected
to
the
great
regret
,
and
indignation
of
Francis
King
of
France
,
who
with
much
envy
and
emulation
was
displeased
to
see
the
Imperial
Dignity
added
to
the
many
Kingdoms
,
and
Estates
holden
by
the
King
of
Spain
:
And
because
according
to
the
ancient
Rule
and
Canon
the
King
of
Naples
was
excluded
from
all
capacity
of
being
Emperor
;
a
Dispensation
was
purchased
from
the
Pope
,
with
expence
of
7000
Ducats
,
qualifying
the
King
of
Naples
for
the
Election
.
Afterwards
the
Pope
having
favoured
the
cause
of
Charles
,
and
he
by
his
assistance
being
Elected
Emperor
,
an
Alliance
,
and
League
was
agreed
between
them
to
drive
the
French
out
of
Italy
,
a
design
ever
pleasing
to
the
Popes
;
and
particularly
to
Leo
,
who
was
impatient
of
the
infamous
loss
of
Parma
,
and
Piacenza
,
which
being
gained
with
so
much
glory
and
trouble
by
Julio
,
he
hoped
to
regain
and
restore
to
the
Possessions
of
the
Church
.
In
pursuance
of
this
enterprize
,
a
considerable
Army
of
Germans
and
Switzers
were
sent
by
the
Emperor
into
Italy
,
and
joyned
with
the
Forces
of
the
Pope
.
Prospero
Colonna
was
made
Generalissimo
,
and
Frederico
Gonzaga
of
Mantoua
General
of
the
Army
of
the
Church
,
and
Julio
de
Medici
Legate
of
the
whole
Army
.
The
success
proved
agreeable
to
the
preparations
,
for
the
French
were
droven
out
of
Italy
,
which
had
long
groaned
under
their
pride
and
tyranny
▪
after
which
Milan
was
according
to
Articles
surrendred
into
the
hands
of
Francis
Sforza
the
true
and
natural
Lord
,
and
Parma
and
Piacenza
restored
to
the
Church
;
with
the
news
of
which
,
the
Pope
conceived
such
extremity
of
joy
,
that
he
died
suddenly
on
the
first
of
December
1521.
at
the
Village
of
Magliana
,
where
he
used
often
for
recreation
to
retire
himself
,
from
whence
the
next
day
his
body
was
removed
to
Rome
;
not
without
suspicion
of
having
been
poisoned
by
his
Chamberlain
Mal●spina
;
who
thereupon
being
imprisoned
,
was
afterwards
released
by
Cardinal
De
Medicis
,
so
soon
as
he
came
to
Rome
,
no
farther
proceedings
being
made
thereupon
,
lest
the
matter
being
examined
should
reflect
too
far
in
disgrace
of
the
French
King
.
Thus
died
Leo
X.
at
the
age
of
45
years
,
11
months
,
and
one
day
,
having
held
the
Papal
Chair
for
the
space
of
eight
years
and
twenty
days
;
having
at
the
hour
of
his
death
testified
the
great
satisfaction
he
received
by
the
restitution
of
Parma
,
and
Piacenza
to
the
Ecclesiastical
State
,
without
the
effusion
of
the
least
drop
of
blood
.
This
Pope
was
esteemed
a
great
lover
of
Justice
,
having
been
severe
against
Thieves
and
Robbers
.
He
was
a
great
lover
of
his
Recreation
,
and
Pleasures
,
spending
much
time
in
Hunting
,
and
Banquets
;
and
was
more
delighted
with
Musick
,
than
became
the
gravity
and
severity
of
a
Pope
.
He
was
highly
magnificent
in
his
Buildings
,
and
munificent
in
his
gifts
,
with
which
and
by
his
Wars
he
had
consumed
so
profusely
beyond
his
Revenue
,
that
for
maintenance
of
this
charge
he
was
forced
to
exact
mony
for
making
Cardinals
,
and
to
set
several
Offices
of
his
Court
to
sale
.
He
was
a
great
lover
of
Learning
,
and
learned
men
,
to
whom
he
was
very
liberal
in
his
gifts
,
imitating
therein
the
spirit
of
his
Father
Laurence
de
Medicis
.
He
enlarged
the
Power
of
the
Potesta
,
or
Civil
Magistracy
of
Rome
,
and
bestowed
on
them
several
Privileges
and
Immunities
;
for
which
reason
by
a
Solemn
Decree
they
made
Julian
his
Brother
a
Citizen
of
Rome
,
and
treated
him
at
the
Campidoglio
with
Feasting
,
and
other
Entertainments
;
where
they
also
erected
a
Statue
of
Marble
,
and
dedicated
it
to
Leo
,
with
this
Inscription
,
Optimo
Principi
Leoni
X.
Med.
Joan.
Pont.
Max.
ob
restitutam
instauratamque
Vrbem
,
aucta
Sacra
,
bonasque
artes
,
adscitos
Patres
,
sublatum
vectigal
,
datum
congiarium
S.P.Q.R.
In
fine
,
the
face
of
the
City
of
Rome
was
never
more
pleasant
,
nor
chearful
,
than
in
the
time
of
Leo
X.
His
body
was
buried
for
that
present
in
a
Sepulchre
of
Brick
erected
in
S.
Peter's
Church
,
and
for
afterwards
by
direction
of
Paul
III.
translated
to
the
Minerva
,
together
with
the
body
of
Clement
VII
.
ADRIAN
VI.
POPE
Leo
being
dead
,
and
his
Obsequies
solemnly
performed
,
the
Cardinals
on
the
16th
.
of
December
1521.
assembled
in
the
Chappel
of
Sixtus
Quartus
in
S.
Peter's
Church
;
and
thence
adjourned
to
the
Vatican
,
where
29
Cardinals
entered
into
the
Conclave
,
and
having
sang
Veni
Spiritus
,
they
for
some
days
were
employed
in
giving
Audiences
to
Forein
Ministers
,
in
ordering
matters
for
the
more
orderly
Government
of
the
City
,
and
regulating
the
Conclave
in
relation
to
their
choice
:
so
on
the
20th
.
they
began
seriously
to
proceed
to
an
Election
.
Cardinal
De
Medicis
aspiring
to
that
dignity
,
seemed
to
stand
the
most
fair
for
it
,
because
that
by
the
reputation
of
his
greatness
,
and
by
the
interest
of
his
Revenues
,
and
his
glory
lately
acquired
in
the
Conquest
of
Milan
,
he
had
obtained
the
Voices
of
15
Cardinals
:
howsoever
many
considerations
crossed
his
desires
;
for
it
seemed
irregular
,
and
against
the
common
Policy
for
one
of
the
same
Family
to
succeed
in
the
place
of
the
Pope
deceased
;
for
that
such
Presidents
might
soon
bring
the
Popedom
to
a
state
of
being
disposed
by
Succession
:
for
which
cause
all
the
ancient
Cardinals
who
pretended
to
be
of
the
French
action
;
and
all
those
who
were
enemies
to
Leo
,
and
discontented
by
him
,
stood
in
opposition
against
him
:
Moreover
all
the
Cardinals
who
were
Competitors
,
and
lived
in
hopes
of
succeeding
,
could
not
endure
,
and
suffer
the
Election
of
a
person
under
the
age
of
fifty
years
.
These
difficulties
occurring
,
retarded
the
Election
for
several
days
:
at
length
as
they
made
scrutiny
according
to
the
custom
of
the
Conclave
,
Cardinal
Adrian
a
Hollander
by
Nation
was
proposed
,
one
who
had
been
School-master
to
the
Emperor
,
and
by
his
means
made
Cardinal
under
Pope
Leo
:
so
soon
as
he
was
nominated
,
the
Cardinal
S.
Sixtus
began
to
recount
,
and
amplifie
his
Virtues
in
a
long
Oration
,
which
so
took
,
that
the
Cardinals
began
to
yield
,
and
give
up
their
Voices
for
him
,
the
residue
followed
from
one
to
another
,
seeming
guided
rather
by
chance
,
than
Counsel
;
so
that
by
the
common
Suffrages
of
all
the
Cardinals
,
Adrian
was
Elected
and
Created
Pope
on
the
9th
.
of
January
1522.
the
parties
themselves
not
being
able
to
render
a
reason
,
why
amidst
so
many
dangers
,
and
troubles
of
the
Ecclesiastical
State
,
they
had
chosen
a
stranger
for
Pope
of
a
remote
Country
,
who
had
never
seen
Italy
,
and
perhaps
might
never
have
seen
it
,
but
upon
this
occasion
;
and
who
had
neither
been
acquainted
with
the
customs
of
the
Court
of
Rome
,
nor
yet
had
entertained
such
conversation
with
the
Cardinals
,
as
to
have
hoped
by
their
interest
,
or
his
own
merit
to
have
attained
to
the
Election
:
of
which
the
Cardinals
not
being
able
to
render
any
solid
reason
,
gave
out
in
excuse
of
themselves
,
that
it
was
an
impulse
of
the
Holy
Ghost
which
did
often
inspire
the
hearts
of
Cardinals
in
Election
of
Popes
.
The
news
of
this
Election
was
brought
to
Adrian
,
then
residing
at
Victoria
,
a
Town
on
the
Confines
of
Biscay
;
upon
advice
whereof
taking
no
other
name
,
than
his
own
,
he
caused
himself
to
be
called
Adrian
the
sixth
.
He
was
born
at
Vtrecht
a
City
in
Holland
,
his
Father's
name
was
Florent
,
one
that
by
Profession
made
Tapestry
Hangings
;
and
this
his
Son
being
a
Youth
of
an
ingenious
,
lively
spirit
,
was
sent
to
Study
in
the
University
of
Lovain
;
where
afterwards
being
a
great
proficient
in
Learning
,
Margaret
the
Daughter
of
Maximilian
,
then
Governess
of
the
Low-Countries
,
receiving
information
of
his
Virtues
and
Abilities
,
made
him
Curate
of
a
Parish-Church
in
Holland
:
afterwards
he
was
preferred
to
be
Dean
of
the
Cathedral
in
Lovain
,
and
then
made
Vice-Chancellor
of
that
University
.
During
this
time
Philip
Arch-Duke
of
Austria
,
Son
of
Maximilian
the
Emperor
died
,
leaving
a
Son
of
seven
years
of
age
,
named
Charles
;
for
whose
Education
,
and
Instruction
,
a
Tutor
and
School-master
being
sought
in
all
parts
,
none
was
esteemed
more
proper
either
for
his
Virtue
,
or
Learning
,
than
this
Adrian
.
Having
for
some
time
honorably
acquitted
himself
in
this
Office
,
he
was
sent
Embassador
to
Ferdinand
King
of
Spain
,
with
whom
he
acquired
so
much
favour
and
interest
,
that
in
a
short
time
he
was
made
Bishop
of
Tortosa
;
and
afterwards
Chief
Counsellor
of
State
to
the
Emperor
Charles
V.
Likewise
by
the
recommendation
of
the
Emperor
Maximilian
,
and
on
account
of
the
great
esteem
,
and
reputation
he
had
acquired
,
he
was
created
Cardinal
by
Pope
Leo
X
,
with
the
Title
of
S.
John
and
S.
Paul
,
in
the
year
1519.
And
Charles
his
Scholar
being
chosen
Emperor
,
he
committed
to
his
care
,
and
charge
the
whole
,
and
entire
Government
of
Spain
;
in
which
Country
Adrian
resided
when
the
news
was
brought
him
of
his
Election
to
the
Popedom
.
Charles
the
Emperor
having
about
that
time
passed
by
Sea
into
Spain
,
sent
an
Express
to
congratulate
his
Promotion
,
desiring
him
,
that
he
would
be
pleased
to
make
some
little
stay
at
Barcelona
,
that
so
he
might
have
opportunity
to
pay
his
Respects
in
person
to
him
,
and
perform
that
Reverence
,
and
Obedience
which
he
owed
to
the
Apostolical
Sea
;
but
Adrian
was
in
so
much
hast
,
fearing
some
Revolutions
in
Rome
,
and
Italy
,
that
he
would
make
no
stay
at
Barcelona
;
but
Embarking
at
Taragona
,
on
the
11th
.
of
August
,
he
soon
after
with
a
placid
Navigation
arrived
at
Genoua
,
where
he
was
visited
by
the
Prelates
of
France
,
thence
proceeding
to
Ligorn
,
he
was
there
received
by
Cardinal
De
Medicis
,
and
five
other
Cardinals
,
as
also
by
the
Embassadors
sent
from
several
Princes
of
Italy
,
and
by
Francis
de
Gonzaga
,
who
was
General
of
the
Army
belonging
to
the
Church
.
At
Pyrgos
he
was
met
by
Pompey
Colonna
,
and
Francis
Vrsino
,
who
were
Cardinals
delegated
by
the
Senate
of
Rome
;
and
thence
proceeding
to
Ostia
,
he
was
carried
up
the
River
to
the
Monastery
of
S.
Paul
,
where
he
lodged
for
one
night
:
And
lastly
on
the
29.
of
August
,
the
people
of
Rome
,
with
the
several
Orders
of
the
Clergy
,
accompanied
him
with
great
pomp
to
the
Palace
of
the
Vatican
;
and
the
next
day
he
was
solemnly
Crowned
in
the
Portico
of
S.
Peter's
Church
.
Pope
Adrian
being
now
seated
in
his
Throne
,
employed
his
whole
time
at
first
to
hear
,
and
understand
the
Affairs
of
Rome
,
for
as
yet
he
was
altogether
ignorant
of
the
State
of
Italy
;
the
which
in
such
an
exigency
,
in
which
things
at
that
time
were
,
was
a
great
trouble
to
considering
men
,
who
thought
it
a
miserable
disadvantage
to
have
at
that
time
a
Pope
a
stranger
,
and
altogether
unexperienced
in
the
Affairs
of
Italy
and
of
the
Court
;
when
the
Pestilence
grievously
afflicted
the
City
,
a
matter
which
was
interpreted
for
an
ill
Prognostication
,
and
omen
of
his
future
success
:
The
Treasury
also
by
the
Wars
,
Disorders
,
and
Luxury
of
preceding
Popes
exhausted
,
and
drained
to
a
farthing
;
and
all
the
Jewels
,
and
Ornaments
of
the
Pontifical
Dignity
pawned
,
and
placed
in
the
hands
of
Usurers
,
first
by
Leo
,
and
afterwards
more
monies
raised
upon
them
by
the
College
,
to
supply
the
necessities
,
and
exigencies
of
the
Church
.
Arimino
also
was
seized
and
possessed
by
Sigismund
Malatesta
.
And
news
was
come
that
Soliman
the
Great
Turk
had
invested
Rhodes
,
and
put
it
into
great
danger
,
and
prepared
with
a
great
Army
to
invade
Hungary
:
all
which
being
matters
of
great
difficulty
,
did
much
puzzle
and
distract
the
mind
of
Adrian
,
who
was
as
yet
raw
and
unexperienced
in
the
Affairs
of
Rome
:
the
which
troubles
were
soon
followed
by
the
unhappy
news
of
the
loss
of
Rhodes
,
having
been
surrendred
up
on
conditions
after
a
six
months
Siege
.
And
now
Adrian
being
warm
in
his
Seat
,
began
in
the
first
place
to
design
the
recovery
of
Rimini
,
which
was
seized
and
possessed
by
Sigismund
,
and
Pandolfo
Malatesta
,
and
next
to
compose
those
differences
which
the
Duke
of
Ferrara
had
continued
with
his
two
late
Predecessors
;
for
the
more
effectual
performance
whereof
,
he
sent
1500
Spanish
Infantry
which
he
had
brought
with
him
out
of
Spain
,
for
security
of
his
passage
on
the
Sea
into
Romagna
,
the
which
with
addition
of
other
Forces
so
affrighted
Sigismond
and
Malatesta
,
that
by
the
mediation
of
the
Duke
of
Vrbin
,
they
surrendred
Rimini
to
the
Pope
,
upon
hopes
that
the
Pope
would
in
lieu
thereof
,
assign
them
some
other
honorable
support
and
maintenance
.
Afterwards
the
Duke
of
Vrbin
went
himself
to
Rome
,
where
the
memory
of
Pope
Julian
was
still
so
precious
,
as
to
entitle
him
to
some
kindness
from
this
present
Pope
;
on
which
motive
the
Ecclesiastical
Censures
,
which
were
issued
out
against
him
by
Leo
were
reversed
,
Plenary
Absolution
given
him
,
and
he
again
restored
to
the
Dutchy
of
Vrbin
by
Adrian
:
howsoever
with
this
clause
,
salvo
jure
,
&c.
that
it
might
be
without
prejudice
to
that
Grant
made
to
the
Florentines
of
the
Country
of
Montfeltra
,
in
considerarion
of
the
sum
of
350000
Crowns
,
which
they
had
lent
to
Pope
Leo
for
defence
of
that
Country
.
With
the
like
frank
generosity
Adrian
received
Alfonso
Duke
of
Ferrara
into
his
favour
;
and
not
only
invested
him
in
the
Dukedom
of
Ferrara
,
and
in
all
those
Lands
which
depended
on
the
Church
before
the
War
which
Pope
Leo
●ade
against
the
French
;
but
also
in
the
Towns
of
Felix
,
and
Final
,
which
he
had
taken
from
the
Church
during
the
time
of
the
last
Sede
Vacante
,
on
conditions
,
that
he
should
hold
those
Lands
of
the
Church
with
obligation
of
assisting
the
Pope
with
a
certain
number
of
men
,
to
be
ready
at
his
command
,
when
his
occasions
should
require
:
and
in
case
at
any
time
he
acted
any
thing
to
the
damage
,
and
prejudice
of
the
Church
,
that
then
he
should
incur
severe
Forfeitures
and
Penalties
,
and
lose
his
Investiture
,
and
be
actually
deprived
of
all
those
Liberties
,
Immunities
,
and
Rights
to
which
he
pretended
and
laid
a
claim
.
After
these
Affairs
the
Pope
re-assumed
the
thoughts
so
often
meditated
by
his
Predecessors
,
of
driving
the
French
out
of
Italy
,
the
which
was
also
greatly
desired
by
the
Emperor
Charles
,
on
supposition
that
the
matter
was
practicable
and
easie
in
case
they
could
induce
the
Venetians
to
separate
from
the
French
King
:
to
incline
them
hereunto
,
Embassadors
were
dispatched
from
the
Emperor
,
and
the
King
of
England
(
who
at
the
same
time
sent
a
Herald
to
denounce
War
against
the
French
King
,
in
case
he
would
not
make
a
Truce
with
the
Emperor
in
all
parts
of
the
world
for
three
years
)
in
which
also
the
Pope
,
the
Duke
of
Milan
,
and
the
Florentines
were
to
be
comprehended
.
The
pretence
of
this
Truce
was
grounded
on
agreement
of
all
Christian
Princes
to
turn
their
Forces
against
the
Turk
,
who
was
now
grown
formidable
in
Hungary
,
to
which
place
Cardinal
Cajetan
war
sent
his
Legate
with
a
supply
of
fifty
thousand
Crowns
to
carry
on
that
War
.
But
this
design
was
disappointed
by
a
discovery
made
by
some
Letters
intercepted
by
Cardinal
Julio
de
Medicis
,
wrote
from
Francis
Soderino
one
of
the
old
Cardinals
,
and
much
trusted
by
the
Pope
in
all
his
secrets
,
to
Francis
the
first
,
King
of
France
;
wherein
he
persuaded
him
to
invade
the
Kingdom
of
Sicily
,
laying
down
the
Plot
,
and
Design
as
easie
,
and
hopeful
.
The
Pope
being
greatly
moved
,
and
enraged
against
Soderino
,
who
was
Cardinal
of
Volterra
,
for
this
perfidious
disturbance
of
the
quiet
of
Italy
,
and
disappointment
of
the
Holy
War
,
greatly
inveighed
against
him
in
a
full
Assembly
of
the
Cardinals
,
and
afterwards
committed
him
Prisoner
to
the
Castle
.
Soderino's
Letters
were
then
produced
and
read
,
being
full
of
reflections
on
the
Pope
;
saying
,
That
he
was
a
person
to
whom
no
Faith
,
or
Credence
could
be
given
;
for
tho
he
pretended
the
quiet
and
peace
of
Italy
,
and
the
benefit
of
the
Church
,
yet
he
designed
it
no
farther
than
was
consistent
with
the
advancement
of
his
own
Charles
the
Emperor
,
to
whose
concernmentr
all
other
considerations
were
to
yield
and
give
place
:
The
Pope
took
measures
of
the
affections
of
all
the
other
Cardinals
by
this
character
which
Soderino
had
given
of
him
,
and
believing
them
to
be
all
of
the
same
humor
,
entertained
a
like
jealousie
and
suspicion
of
the
Cardinals
in
general
;
so
that
he
made
Confidents
of
none
but
of
such
men
only
,
as
were
of
his
own
Country
:
his
Secretaries
that
were
most
intimate
with
him
,
and
privy
to
all
his
designs
and
secrets
,
were
William
Eikenwort
,
whom
he
had
made
Chief
Datary
,
and
Bishop
of
Tortosa
,
and
the
only
Cardinal
created
by
him
,
and
Theodorick
Hetius
,
both
Dutch-men
,
and
John
Rufus
,
who
had
been
his
old
Acquaintants
and
Creatures
,
by
whose
counsels
,
and
advice
he
contrived
and
acted
all
matters
which
had
relation
to
the
Government
;
and
seldom
communicated
his
Counsels
and
designs
to
the
College
,
but
only
to
his
Dutch-men
,
whom
he
often
praised
,
for
their
sincere
and
real
intentions
,
without
●●aud
,
or
artifice
,
and
for
being
truly
faithful
to
the
Church
,
and
loyal
to
him
.
This
ill
correspondence
between
the
Pope
,
and
his
Cardinals
was
augmented
by
the
offence
he
gave
to
the
College
,
by
disanulling
all
the
Acts
and
Ordinances
they
had
made
,
during
the
vacancy
of
the
See
,
and
before
he
came
to
Rome
;
which
being
made
in
favour
to
themselves
,
and
for
their
own
benefit
,
he
made
void
for
the
greater
good
,
and
emolument
of
the
Church
,
revoking
and
taking
into
his
hands
those
Benefices
which
the
Cardinals
had
out
of
favour
,
and
courtesie
voted
and
bestowed
on
each
other
:
and
such
Offices
as
Pope
Leo
the
tenth
had
conferred
on
able
and
good
men
,
in
reward
of
their
Learning
,
and
Virtue
,
he
took
away
to
raise
mony
,
wherewith
to
supply
,
and
satisfie
the
urgent
necessities
of
the
Church
.
This
manner
of
proceeding
added
to
the
fuel
of
the
last
discontents
made
Adrian
appear
not
only
distrustful
,
but
covetous
in
a
high
degree
,
and
every
day
seem
more
odious
,
and
wearisome
to
the
Clergy
and
Grandees
of
Rome
:
of
which
the
Pope
being
sensible
,
would
often
say
,
that
the
happy
conjuncture
of
Affairs
was
greatly
conducing
to
a
Prince
,
who
desired
to
illustrate
his
Virtues
,
and
Actions
to
the
most
advantage
:
witness
the
happy
state
of
affairs
in
the
time
of
the
late
Pope
Leo
,
which
were
so
flourishing
and
chearful
,
that
they
seemed
to
be
the
golden
days
,
which
afterwards
by
that
licentiousness
which
was
crept
into
Rome
,
during
the
long
vacancy
of
the
Sea
,
and
absence
of
this
Pope
,
were
changed
,
and
altered
by
a
total
corruption
of
manners
:
to
which
a
contagion
of
Pestilence
supervening
,
joyned
with
Famine
,
and
War
,
which
greatly
afflicted
Italy
;
the
miseries
of
men
caused
them
to
retort
their
remembrances
on
the
late
more
chearful
days
of
Leo
,
and
by
such
unreasonable
comparisons
to
pass
a
judgment
between
the
Wisdom
and
Worth
of
Leo
,
and
Adrian
;
making
the
unavoidable
miseries
of
those
times
,
a
matter
and
subject
of
odium
and
detestation
of
the
present
Pope
;
tho
in
reality
he
was
a
person
of
a
severe
life
,
of
great
temperance
,
and
desirous
to
reform
abuses
,
which
were
crept
into
the
Church
;
and
correct
,
and
severely
chastise
the
dissolute
manners
in
the
City
,
such
as
Simony
,
Extortion
,
and
Sodomy
;
to
which
end
he
called
to
his
assistance
Caraffa
,
Arch-Bishop
of
Chieti
,
and
Marcello
Gazella
of
Gaeta
,
both
persons
of
gravity
and
sobriety
,
and
of
singular
Wisdom
and
Learning
;
with
whom
he
consulted
touching
a
reformation
of
manners
,
and
amendment
of
abuses
:
and
to
set
by
his
own
example
rules
of
moderation
and
temperance
,
he
appeared
extremely
severe
towards
his
own
Relations
and
Kindred
:
an
instance
whereof
he
gave
in
his
deportment
towards
a
Cousin
of
his
,
whom
he
having
setled
in
his
Studies
at
Siena
,
came
one
time
from
thence
to
Rom
,
without
the
order
or
command
of
the
Pope
;
at
which
he
conceived
so
much
anger
,
that
he
presently
returned
him
back
again
on
a
hired
Horse
,
reproving
and
telling
him
,
that
he
should
learn
modesty
,
and
temperance
by
his
example
:
several
Relations
also
of
his
being
in
a
mean
condition
,
travelled
afoot
through
Germany
,
and
came
to
Rome
in
expectation
of
arising
to
some
considerable
Preferments
:
but
he
disappointed
them
of
their
hopes
,
and
returned
them
back
again
with
no
greater
largess
,
than
a
plain
Suit
of
Cloth
to
each
,
and
with
so
much
mony
as
might
serve
to
bear
their
charges
and
expences
back
into
their
own
Country
.
And
in
this
manner
whilst
Adrian
was
intent
to
introduce
honesty
of
life
,
and
manners
into
the
world
,
and
bring
Virtue
into
fashion
;
and
employed
in
perfecting
the
League
and
Confederacy
between
the
Emperor
and
the
Venetians
,
and
other
Allies
,
in
order
to
the
main
design
of
expelling
the
French
out
of
Italy
:
It
happened
that
he
was
seized
by
a
Fever
,
which
affecting
him
at
first
in
a
gentle
manner
,
was
lightly
esteemed
by
the
Physicians
,
but
the
disease
afterwards
increasing
,
he
summoned
the
College
of
Cardinals
to
him
,
recommending
to
them
the
care
of
the
Church
,
and
the
welfare
of
Christendom
.
He
bestowed
his
own
Cardinals
Hat
,
with
his
Title
on
his
great
Friend
,
and
Confident
Eikenwort
,
in
gratitude
for
his
faithful
services
performed
towards
him
.
After
which
he
died
in
the
Vatican
on
the
14th
.
of
September
1523
,
having
held
the
Papal
Dignity
no
longer
than
one
year
,
eight
months
,
and
six
days
;
and
having
lived
64
years
.
three
months
,
and
13
days
,
he
departed
this
life
,
and
was
buried
in
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
,
with
this
Epitaph
.
Adrianus
Papa
VI.
hic
situs
est
Qui
nihil
sibi
infelicius
in
vitâ
Quam
quod
imperaret
,
duxit
.
But
afterwards
Cardinal
Eikenwort
in
grateful
remembrance
of
the
benefits
he
had
received
from
him
,
erected
a
fair
Monument
of
Alablaster
over
him
,
with
this
Inscription
,
Adrianus
VI.
Pont.
Max.
ex
Trajecto
insigni
Inferioris
Germaniae
Vrbe
Qui
dum
rerum
humanarum
Maxime
aversatur
splendorem
,
ultrò
à
Proceribus
ob
Incomparabilem
Sacrarum
disciplinarum
scientiam
Ac
prope
divinam
castissimi
animi
moderationem
Carolo
V.
Caesari
Augusto
Praeceptor
,
Ecclesiae
Derthusensi
Antistes
,
Sacri
Senatus
Patrium
Collega
,
Hispaniarum
Regnis
Praeses
,
Reipub.
denique
Christianae
divinitus
Pontifex
absens
adscitus
.
Vixit
annos
64
menses
6
dies
13
,
decessit
18
Cal.
Octobris
Anno
à
partu
Virginis
1523.
Pontificatus
sui
Anno
secuna●
:
In
this
manner
Pope
Adrian
died
,
to
the
great
disappointment
of
the
Confederates
,
to
whom
not
only
the
benefit
of
the
Papal
Authority
failed
by
his
death
,
but
also
the
Contribution
of
that
mony
,
to
which
he
had
obliged
himself
by
the
capitulations
of
Confederacy
.
He
left
behind
him
a
mean
esteem
,
and
opinion
in
the
world
of
his
Wisdom
,
or
abilities
of
mind
,
either
because
in
that
short
time
of
his
Reign
,
he
was
not
able
to
give
better
proof
;
or
else
because
he
wanted
experience
in
Affairs
:
howsoever
he
departed
this
life
to
the
incredible
joy
of
all
the
Court
,
who
desired
to
see
an
Italian
in
that
Seat
,
or
one
at
least
who
had
been
trained
up
and
practised
in
the
Affairs
of
Italy
.
CLEMENT
VII
.
POPE
Adrian
the
sixth
being
dead
,
and
his
Funeral
Obsequies
performed
,
the
Cardinals
to
the
number
of
thirty
,
entered
into
the
Conclave
for
Election
of
a
new
Pope
.
The
two
which
were
chiefly
in
nomination
,
and
which
stood
most
fair
for
the
Election
,
were
the
Cardinals
Medici
and
Colonna
;
the
first
supported
by
the
Faction
of
the
Emperor
,
and
the
other
of
France
:
but
that
which
made
most
against
Colonna
,
was
the
inveterate
enmity
which
Cardinal
Vrsino
bore
to
him
on
account
of
that
ancient
hatred
and
quarrel
which
was
hereditary
between
the
two
Families
,
who
therefore
opposed
him
with
all
his
power
and
interest
:
And
farther
upon
promise
given
by
Medici
to
Vrsino
to
confer
on
him
the
Office
of
Vice-Chancellor
:
the
contest
was
no
longer
doubtful
,
every
one
pressing
to
give
his
voice
that
he
might
not
seem
the
last
to
appear
in
favour
of
Medici
:
by
which
means
two
thirds
giving
their
suffrages
for
him
(
which
is
necessary
to
the
Election
of
every
Pope
)
an
end
was
put
to
this
Controversie
which
had
lasted
two
months
and
four
days
.
Thus
Julio
Medici
being
declared
Pope
,
was
conducted
by
all
the
Cardinals
,
together
with
great
numbers
of
Prelates
,
and
Clergy-men
to
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
,
where
being
seated
upon
the
High-Altar
ad
limina
Apostolorum
,
he
was
there
worshipped
,
and
reverenced
by
all
the
Clergy
,
who
presented
themselves
before
him
to
pay
him
rheir
respects
,
and
obedience
,
and
receive
his
blessing
.
He
there
took
upon
himself
the
name
of
Clement
VII
.
and
was
afterwards
conducted
,
and
attended
with
a
numerous
train
to
his
Lodgings
in
the
Vatican
.
This
Julio
,
now
Clement
VII
.
was
the
natural
Son
of
Juliano
de
Medici
,
who
was
murdered
by
the
Pazzi
,
and
other
Conspirators
,
as
before
declared
in
the
life
of
Sixtus
IV.
He
was
born
a
month
after
the
death
of
his
Father
,
whom
he
greatly
resembling
in
all
the
lineaments
of
his
face
,
and
vivacity
of
his
spirit
,
was
committed
to
the
charge
and
care
of
his
Uncle
Lorenzo
,
who
educated
him
in
all
sorts
of
Liberal
Sciences
,
and
elegancy
of
manners
,
which
might
serve
to
render
a
person
of
his
quality
and
condition
accomplished
.
His
Family
being
afterwards
expelled
out
of
Florence
by
the
power
of
Charles
the
Eighth
,
King
of
France
,
he
continued
in
exile
from
his
own
Country
for
the
space
of
18
years
;
during
which
time
,
he
was
created
Knight
of
Rhodes
,
and
Grand
Prior
of
Capua
:
and
afterwards
advanced
by
his
Kinsman
Leo
X.
to
the
Arch-Bishoprick
of
Florence
,
and
the
year
following
was
created
Cardinal
of
S.
Clement
,
and
then
instituted
Chancellor
of
the
Roman
Church
,
which
is
the
supreme
Office
in
the
Popes
Court
:
and
lastly
,
being
ascended
to
the
high
dignity
of
Pope
,
he
was
crowned
on
the
25th
.
of
November
1523.
with
the
common
joy
,
and
satisfaction
of
all
in
general
,
who
were
pleased
with
the
promotion
of
a
person
of
his
great
Authority
and
Sobriety
,
wholly
addicted
to
business
,
and
counsel
,
without
mixtures
of
pleasures
,
or
divertisements
;
for
which
reason
the
world
expected
great
and
extraordinary
matters
from
him
.
Howsoever
all
these
excellencies
in
a
person
of
his
high
condition
could
not
hinder
or
prevent
the
evils
of
an
insuing
War
:
nor
could
the
Pope
,
when
the
Emperor
Charles
the
Fifth
,
and
Francis
the
French
King
sent
their
Embassadors
to
Rome
to
complement
him
upon
his
late
Election
,
please
them
both
,
by
keeping
that
even
hand
of
moderation
and
temperance
which
became
his
Office
,
when
Christian
Princes
are
at
variance
:
for
the
Emperor
expected
the
same
strictness
of
Alliance
as
was
between
him
,
and
Pope
Leo
his
Predecessor
,
and
challenged
his
favour
and
partiality
on
his
side
,
for
being
assistant
and
instrumental
in
his
promotion
:
Howsoever
the
Election
of
a
person
of
his
Authority
and
Interest
had
a
considerable
Ascendant
over
the
Affairs
of
the
Church
:
For
the
Duke
of
Ferrara
,
who
during
the
vacancy
of
the
Sea
,
had
seized
upon
Reggia
,
having
understood
that
a
Pope
of
so
much
reputation
in
the
world
was
Elected
,
desisted
from
prosecution
of
his
design
of
taking
Modena
,
and
so
retired
peaceably
to
Ferrara
:
and
John
de
Sassatello
,
who
had
for
some
time
vexed
,
and
harassed
Romagna
,
from
whence
he
had
been
expulsed
by
the
Gibelines
,
under
the
Reign
of
Adrian
,
did
now
retire
with
his
contrary
Faction
of
Guelfs
,
being
appeased
by
the
Authority
and
influence
of
this
new
Pope
.
But
the
spirits
of
mightier
and
more
puissant
Princes
were
not
so
easily
allayed
by
the
charms
of
mediation
,
or
the
force
of
reason
;
for
tho
Clement
being
desirous
of
the
repose
,
and
quiet
of
Italy
,
proposed
to
Francis
the
French
King
in
behalf
of
the
Vice-King
of
Naples
,
a
Truce
for
five
years
,
with
condition
,
that
during
that
time
he
should
quietly
enjoy
all
the
Country
on
the
other
side
of
the
River
Adda
,
the
Town
of
Loda
only
excepted
:
yet
he
could
not
prevail
,
the
French
King
refusing
this
fair
offer
,
which
afterwards
turned
to
his
great
misfortune
.
Wherefore
the
Pope
finding
the
difficulty
,
or
impossibility
almost
of
making
this
Peace
,
he
remained
doubtful
to
which
of
these
two
Princes
it
was
most
to
the
interest
of
the
Church
,
and
security
of
Italy
for
him
to
incline
,
in
which
suspense
the
Count
Carpy
arriving
at
Rome
with
character
of
Embassador
from
the
King
of
France
,
so
well
mannaged
his
design
,
that
he
persuaded
the
Pope
to
lay
aside
,
and
forget
those
ancient
discontents
and
animosities
,
which
arose
between
his
Master
the
King
,
and
Pope
Leo
the
10th
.
his
Kinsman
,
and
to
enter
into
a
firm
Alliance
with
him
,
as
the
most
secure
,
and
wholesome
means
to
preserve
the
quiet
of
Italy
.
Clement
hereby
being
well
affected
towards
France
,
dispatched
an
Embassador
to
the
King
for
confirmation
of
the
Alliance
,
advising
him
to
undertake
the
Conquest
of
Naples
,
which
he
represented
as
an
enterprise
easily
effected
,
in
regard
that
there
was
no
Garrison
there
,
all
the
Emperors
Forces
being
at
that
time
employed
in
the
Dukedom
of
Milan
.
The
King
well
approving
this
design
,
ordered
John
Stuart
,
Duke
of
Albania
,
who
was
of
the
Blood
of
the
Kings
of
Scotland
,
and
his
Lieutenant-General
in
Italy
,
to
march
with
a
considerable
force
into
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
,
asking
license
of
the
Pope
to
pass
thro
his
Dominions
.
But
the
Pope
seeming
outwardly
,
and
in
appearance
averse
hereunto
,
Da
Chesne
.
persuaded
the
King
to
desist
from
this
design
,
as
a
matter
of
jealousie
to
the
Venetians
,
and
all
Italy
;
with
arguments
also
inciting
to
Peace
,
and
accommodation
,
as
best
became
the
Office
and
quality
of
a
Pope
.
But
the
Duke
of
Albania
without
attending
an
answer
,
Onuf.
Panv.
had
(
as
assured
of
the
Popes
consent
)
passed
the
River
Po
;
but
before
he
had
marched
five
days
,
he
was
called
back
again
by
the
King
;
who
understanding
that
some
Forces
and
new
Supplies
were
already
arrived
in
the
Enemies
Camp
,
and
more
daily
expected
,
he
judged
it
more
advisable
to
keep
his
Army
entire
,
until
the
new
Recruits
of
Switzers
and
Grisons
were
come
which
he
had
sent
to
levy
,
rather
than
to
weaken
his
Army
by
that
considerable
detachment
which
the
enterprise
of
Naples
would
require
;
during
which
time
the
King
continued
the
Siege
of
Pavia
.
But
the
Switzers
and
Grisons
being
at
length
arrived
in
the
Kings
Camp
,
the
Duke
of
Albania
repassed
the
Po
to
invade
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
;
in
which
design
,
that
the
Pope
might
seem
to
have
had
no
contrivance
,
he
dispatched
away
Paul
Vettorio
,
Captain
of
his
Gallies
,
to
the
Vice-Roy
,
letting
him
know
,
that
tho
he
had
used
all
diligence
to
divert
the
King
from
his
purpose
to
invade
Naples
;
yet
he
could
not
prevail
;
nor
could
oppose
,
or
obstruct
his
passage
thro
his
Country
,
unless
he
would
draw
upon
himself
the
difficulties
of
that
War
,
which
he
was
not
able
to
master
:
and
that
tho
he
was
forced
to
secure
himself
by
new
Articles
,
and
Contracts
,
yet
he
would
never
assent
,
or
agree
co
any
thing
,
which
might
be
prejudicial
to
the
interest
of
the
Emperor
.
In
fine
,
he
exhorted
both
Parties
to
a
Peace
,
and
in
order
thereunto
proposed
several
expedients
for
accommodation
;
but
nothing
prevailed
:
the
Duke
of
Albania
continuing
his
march
,
and
the
King
the
Siege
of
Pavia
.
And
now
the
Imperialists
drawing
near
to
the
relief
of
Pavia
,
the
treaties
and
practices
of
Princes
,
and
the
endeavours
and
studies
of
Embassadors
availed
little
;
all
the
difficulties
and
dangers
of
many
months
being
reduced
to
the
fortune
and
success
of
a
few
hours
.
In
short
,
the
Battel
of
Pavia
was
fought
on
the
24.
of
February
,
1525.
in
which
the
French
Army
was
entirely
defeated
,
and
the
King
himself
taken
Prisoner
;
and
all
the
flower
of
the
Nobility
of
France
either
slain
or
taken
:
of
which
the
Duke
of
Albania
having
received
intelligence
,
he
raised
his
Camp
from
Monte
Rotondo
near
Aquila
,
where
he
was
lodged
,
and
returned
into
France
;
but
the
greatest
part
of
this
Soldiery
being
composed
of
Italians
,
and
Corsicans
,
returning
to
Rome
,
were
for
the
most
part
rifled
and
pillaged
in
their
way
by
the
people
of
Campagna
,
who
were
Subjects
to
the
Prince
Colonna
,
and
by
some
Imperialists
who
belayed
the
ways
for
them
,
killing
them
within
the
very
Walls
of
Rome
;
to
which
place
they
fled
for
sanctuary
.
All
the
Princes
of
Italy
,
especially
the
Pope
,
being
extremely
affected
with
this
unexpected
success
,
obtained
by
the
Imperial
Forces
,
conducted
chiefly
by
the
valour
,
and
wisdom
of
the
Marquess
of
Pescara
,
remained
doubtful
in
what
manner
to
govern
,
and
mannage
their
affairs
:
for
the
ballance
being
now
no
longer
in
an
equality
,
but
carried
down
with
too
much
weight
on
the
side
of
the
Emperor
,
his
Captains
were
elevated
with
this
Victory
,
that
they
became
insolent
beyond
all
human
sufferance
,
seeming
to
aspire
to
an
universal
Monarchy
:
the
which
insolences
were
also
rendered
more
intolerable
by
the
complaints
brought
daily
to
Rome
from
Parma
,
and
Piacenza
,
which
Countries
the
Imperialists
had
exposed
to
plunder
,
and
desolation
:
and
the
suspicions
and
jealousies
of
the
Pope
were
increased
,
by
the
refusal
the
Emperor
made
of
restoring
Francis
Sforza
to
his
right
of
the
possession
of
Milan
,
whom
the
Imperialists
besieged
in
the
Castle
,
and
afterwards
banished
from
the
precincts
of
that
Country
.
And
farther
,
these
misunderstandings
were
increased
for
want
of
a
faithful
compliance
on
the
Emperors
side
with
the
Pope
,
who
having
paid
a
considerable
sum
of
mony
to
Charles
de
Lanoia
the
Emperors
Agent
,
on
condition
to
have
Reggio
restored
to
the
Popedom
,
which
after
the
death
of
Adrian
had
been
seized
by
Alfonso
Duke
of
Ferrara
:
when
these
conditions
came
to
be
performed
,
and
the
ancient
League
renewed
with
Charles
the
Fifth
,
he
disowned
the
agreement
,
lest
thereby
the
Pope
should
grow
more
potent
,
and
enlarge
his
Dominions
,
endeavouring
to
lessen
his
power
by
the
loss
of
his
mony
,
and
exclusion
from
the
possession
of
Reggio
.
All
these
umbrages
,
and
matters
of
displeasure
being
revolved
in
the
mind
of
Clement
,
with
extreme
melancholy
,
and
desire
of
redress
,
administred
cause
sufficient
to
him
of
ill
will
towards
the
Emperor
,
moving
in
him
at
the
same
time
compassion
of
the
unfortunate
state
of
Francis
the
French
King
,
then
a
Prisoner
,
in
respect
to
whom
he
sent
the
Bishop
of
Pistoia
to
condole
with
him
for
his
unhappy
success
.
Whilst
the
Pope
meditated
on
these
matters
with
some
sort
of
indignation
and
fear
,
the
Venetians
,
who
were
troubled
at
the
same
time
with
the
like
thoughts
,
unexpectedly
,
sent
with
many
pressing
instances
to
persuade
the
Pope
to
joyn
with
them
in
the
good
cause
for
preventing
the
total
servitude
of
all
Italy
;
which
they
proposed
to
effect
by
a
force
of
ten
thousand
Switzers
,
which
they
might
cause
in
a
short
time
to
descend
into
Italy
;
which
being
added
to
the
Italian
Bands
,
would
be
able
to
make
head
against
the
Imperial
Army
;
and
for
their
parts
they
promised
according
to
their
custom
,
far
greater
matters
,
than
they
were
able
to
perform
:
and
for
farther
encouragement
hereunto
,
they
represented
the
state
of
the
Imperial
Army
in
Italy
,
to
be
tumultuous
and
inclinable
to
Sedition
,
having
for
want
of
pay
seized
the
Artillery
,
and
fortified
themselves
in
Pavia
.
Farther
,
it
was
not
to
be
doubted
,
but
that
Loüisa
the
Queen
Mother
,
and
Regent
of
France
would
concur
with
these
Counsels
,
and
be
assistant
to
this
design
with
all
the
power
of
that
Kingdom
.
Moreover
,
it
was
not
to
be
doubted
,
but
that
the
Duke
of
Ferrara
,
who
favoured
,
and
depended
on
the
French
felicity
,
would
also
enter
into
this
League
;
the
conjunction
of
whom
was
of
great
importance
,
considering
that
he
was
a
Prince
very
rich
,
his
Town
of
Ferrara
strong
,
and
furnished
with
all
stores
of
Ammunition
.
But
the
Pope
considering
the
difficulty
of
this
enterprise
,
and
the
uncertain
concurrence
of
those
many
circumstances
which
were
required
to
make
it
successful
,
did
for
some
time
suspend
his
resolution
,
until
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Capua
who
had
been
his
ancient
Secretary
and
Counsellor
,
brought
him
such
agreeable
propositions
from
Don
Carlos
de
Lanoy
,
Vice-Roy
of
Naples
,
as
gave
him
assurances
of
an
advantageous
accommodation
with
the
Emperor
;
for
then
disposing
his
mind
wholly
to
the
thoughts
of
peace
,
he
labored
to
get
the
Venetians
comprehended
in
the
same
terms
of
accord
:
but
in
regard
the
chief
points
insisted
upon
by
the
Imperialists
were
sums
of
mony
to
be
paid
,
their
Army
already
mutining
for
want
of
their
Arrears
,
the
Venetians
,
who
judged
it
a
piece
of
folly
and
cowardise
to
compound
with
their
enemies
on
the
condition
of
putting
weapons
into
their
hands
,
absolutely
refused
any
agreement
on
such
terms
;
which
made
well
for
the
Pope
,
and
facilitated
his
negotiations
with
the
Vice-Roy
,
who
interpreting
this
refusal
of
the
Venetians
to
be
an
indication
of
new
stirs
,
and
commotions
,
intended
against
the
Imperial
interest
in
Italy
,
was
the
more
ready
to
condescend
to
the
more
easie
terms
with
the
Pope
.
In
short
therefore
25
thousand
Ducats
being
by
the
Popes
order
paid
by
the
Florentines
to
the
Marquiss
of
Pescara
,
Chief
of
the
Emperors
Forces
in
Milan
,
a
Confederacy
was
concluded
at
Rome
between
the
Pope
and
the
Florentines
on
the
one
side
,
and
the
Emperor
on
the
other
,
viz.
That
the
Pope
,
and
the
Emperor
should
be
in
a
perpetual
League
,
and
Alliance
,
and
that
the
Dutchy
of
Milan
should
be
always
defended
by
the
Arms
of
the
Pope
,
and
the
Emperor
with
such
numbers
of
men
,
as
should
be
agreed
by
a
certain
Article
,
and
that
the
same
should
be
possessed
,
and
governed
under
the
Emperor
by
Francis
Sforza
,
particularly
nominated
in
that
Capitulation
.
That
the
Emperor
should
take
into
his
protection
all
the
Estate
which
the
Church
held
;
and
particularly
should
have
a
care
of
the
House
of
Medicis
,
to
maintain
and
preserve
them
in
all
the
Dignities
and
Offices
which
they
hold
in
that
City
:
to
which
Treaty
the
greatness
of
that
illustrious
Family
is
in
some
measure
obliged
.
That
the
Florentines
should
presently
pay
to
the
Emperor
a
hundred
thousand
Ducats
more
,
in
recompence
of
that
which
they
had
engaged
to
contribute
to
the
last
War
,
in
virtue
of
that
Agreement
made
with
Pope
Adrian
,
which
was
not
to
expire
until
one
year
after
the
death
of
one
of
the
Confederates
.
That
the
Duke
of
Ferrara
should
immediately
render
to
the
Church
Reggia
,
Rubiera
,
and
other
Towns
which
he
had
unjustly
seized
,
and
usurped
,
during
the
last
vacancy
of
the
Papal
Sea
;
of
which
so
soon
as
the
Pope
was
possessed
,
he
was
in
consideration
thereof
to
pay
unto
the
Emperor
one
hundred
thousand
Ducats
.
Lastly
,
as
to
Modena
,
and
those
Towns
,
consideration
was
to
be
had
,
and
the
matter
examined
,
whether
they
of
right
appertained
to
the
Church
,
or
the
Emperor
,
and
being
found
only
belonging
to
the
Ecclesiastical
State
,
they
should
be
freed
from
all
acknowledgment
,
and
dependance
on
the
Empire
.
In
this
manner
this
Alliance
was
concluded
and
determined
,
and
the
designs
of
uniting
with
France
,
and
Venice
,
which
were
at
first
laid
open
as
the
fairest
game
,
were
now
diverted
by
far
different
measures
.
Matters
being
thus
agreed
,
and
concluded
in
the
year
1525.
between
the
Pope
and
the
Vice-Roy
,
the
Cardinal
Salviati
was
sent
to
the
Emperors
Court
with
Character
of
Legate
,
for
confirmation
of
the
Articles
;
his
reception
was
very
honorable
,
but
in
debating
of
particulars
on
the
Commission
,
the
Vice-Roy
,
who
for
the
common
safety
and
quiet
of
Italy
,
allowed
that
the
Investiture
might
be
given
to
the
Duke
of
Milan
,
did
dissuade
the
restitution
of
Reggia
,
and
Rubiera
;
which
being
a
scruple
started
after
the
Accord
,
did
ill
affect
the
mind
of
the
Pope
,
and
confirmed
the
opinion
he
had
of
the
Emperors
designs
,
not
to
endure
any
increase
of
power
and
greatness
in
the
Church
.
And
farther
whilst
these
things
were
debating
,
there
fell
out
in
Lombardy
several
events
which
hindred
the
Investiture
of
Sforza
in
the
Dutchy
of
Milan
,
and
therewith
broke
all
the
agreements
,
and
measures
which
were
formerly
taken
;
for
the
Emperor
not
willing
to
yield
to
this
Investiture
,
made
pretences
of
forfeiture
thereof
by
Sforza
,
and
earnestly
pressed
the
taking
of
the
Castle
of
Milan
:
so
that
now
the
Pope
having
no
expectations
from
the
Emperor
,
began
to
incline
again
,
and
be
biassed
on
the
side
of
France
;
and
the
other
Confederates
,
knowing
that
whilst
his
successes
were
prosperous
,
and
towering
in
Italy
,
the
Emperor
might
easily
dispose
of
the
Pope
,
and
oppress
him
at
his
pleasure
;
which
he
would
certainly
do
,
either
out
of
revenge
,
or
ambition
,
which
is
known
to
be
almost
natural
in
Emperors
,
against
the
Pope
.
Wherefore
a
League
and
Union
being
proposed
between
the
Pope
,
the
French
,
the
Venetians
,
and
Duke
of
Ferrara
,
with
hopes
also
that
the
King
of
England
would
joyn
in
it
;
all
things
were
designed
and
laid
down
in
a
regular
manner
,
and
form
for
carrying
on
the
War
,
and
suppressing
the
suspected
greatness
of
the
Emperor
:
But
this
Pope
Clement
,
who
was
of
a
temper
naturally
slow
,
and
irresolute
,
weighing
the
consequences
of
these
matters
with
his
Servants
,
and
Ministers
of
his
Councils
,
found
them
so
divided
,
each
of
them
abounding
in
his
own
sence
,
that
belabouring
the
Pope
on
all
sides
,
he
became
much
more
perplexed
and
distracted
in
his
thoughts
,
after
,
than
before
his
consultations
.
The
truth
was
,
there
were
two
men
of
great
Authority
with
him
,
one
Nicolas
Scomberg
a
German
,
and
John
Matthew
Giberto
a
Genoese
;
Scomberg
was
much
honored
,
and
almost
feared
by
the
Pope
,
but
Giberto
was
more
favoured
and
beloved
:
these
two
having
been
ancient
,
and
intimate
friends
to
him
,
whilst
he
was
Cardinal
,
agreed
well
together
;
but
afterwards
Ambition
,
and
different
Interests
put
them
at
variance
;
for
Scomberg
being
a
German
,
naturally
affected
the
interest
of
the
Emperor
;
but
Giberto
loved
no
man
but
the
Pope
:
and
tho
he
had
formerly
been
an
enemy
to
the
French
interest
,
yet
now
upon
the
change
of
Affairs
,
he
sided
with
them
against
the
Emperor
.
Thus
the
Pope
being
distracted
between
the
different
Councils
of
these
bosom
Friends
,
he
that
was
irresolute
in
his
own
nature
,
suffering
himself
to
be
guided
by
the
last
advice
of
different
judgments
,
seemed
always
so
tottering
and
wavering
,
that
he
rendred
himself
contemptible
and
ridiculous
to
all
that
knew
him
.
The
Arguments
used
by
Scomberg
to
dissuade
the
League
,
were
,
that
according
to
observation
,
Leagues
and
Alliances
of
several
Princes
had
seldom
,
or
never
any
good
effect
;
for
that
the
conjunction
of
the
Armies
,
and
the
due
provisions
for
them
,
do
seldom
arrive
in
season
,
or
at
convenient
times
;
that
where
so
many
minds
and
opinions
are
to
concur
,
and
divers
interests
are
carried
on
,
there
distrusts
,
and
discontentments
do
easily
happen
:
whereby
the
favour
of
fortune
,
and
benign
occasions
are
disappointed
:
howsoever
at
length
being
over-born
by
Giberto
,
he
inclined
to
go
through
with
the
League
,
and
in
company
with
the
other
Confederates
to
begin
a
War
against
the
Emperor
.
For
Francis
the
French
King
being
now
at
liberty
,
and
holding
himself
not
obliged
to
the
terms
he
had
made
,
encouraged
and
gave
life
to
the
League
▪
and
the
people
of
the
Dutchy
of
Milan
being
greatly
oppressed
by
the
Imperialists
,
were
ready
on
all
occasions
to
make
insurrections
,
and
mutinies
in
the
City
against
the
Soldiery
,
and
Collectors
of
the
Contributions
:
so
that
the
Pope
being
well
settled
,
and
confirmed
in
his
opinion
of
the
necessity
of
a
War
,
readily
entered
into
confederacy
with
the
French
King
,
and
the
Venetians
,
making
the
subject
and
ground
of
the
War
to
be
the
re-possession
of
Francis
Sforza
into
the
Dutchy
of
Milan
,
and
the
restoring
to
liberty
the
Kings
Children
,
which
were
given
for
Hostages
:
so
that
the
Forces
of
these
Princes
being
united
together
,
a
most
cruel
War
was
again
renewed
in
Italy
;
the
success
of
which
in
short
was
this
:
Lodi
was
at
the
beginning
of
all
taken
,
and
then
the
Confederate
Forces
joyning
with
the
Switzers
,
took
also
Cremona
,
and
besieging
the
Castle
of
Milan
,
forced
it
to
surrender
upon
Articles
,
and
then
resigned
it
into
the
possession
of
Sforza
;
the
Pope
also
sending
some
Forces
against
Arimino
,
which
was
seized
and
possessed
by
Sigismondo
Malatesta
,
he
recovered
the
City
,
and
expelled
the
Usurper
:
but
all
these
successes
received
some
alloys
,
by
the
ill
news
arrived
from
the
King
of
Hungary
,
who
being
overcome
,
and
slain
in
battel
,
the
City
of
Buda
yielded
to
the
Turk
;
the
which
being
grievously
resented
by
the
Pope
,
he
called
the
Cardinals
into
the
Consistory
,
where
having
complained
of
the
great
ignominy
and
damage
to
the
Christian
Cause
by
this
late
disgrace
,
he
with
great
gravity
proposed
,
that
for
the
common
good
of
Christendom
it
was
necessary
to
surcease
the
Wars
in
Italy
;
and
that
in
order
thereunto
,
laying
aside
all
the
considerations
of
incommodity
,
danger
,
and
dignity
of
his
person
,
he
resolved
to
meet
the
Christian
Princes
in
some
convenient
place
,
where
he
would
with
Tears
and
Prayers
incline
them
to
an
universal
Peace
,
and
unite
them
in
a
Holy
League
,
and
Confederacy
against
the
common
Enemy
of
Christendom
.
But
whilst
these
things
were
meditating
,
all
the
design
was
diverted
by
the
treason
and
conspiracy
of
the
Family
of
Colonna
,
which
succeeded
in
this
manner
.
The
Family
of
Colonna
which
was
always
favourable
to
the
Imperial
interest
,
observing
the
proceedings
of
the
Pope
,
was
desirous
to
act
some
thing
in
prejudice
to
the
Allies
,
and
of
advantage
to
the
Emperor
:
and
therefore
Cardinal
Pompeo
a
near
Kinsman
of
that
Family
,
retiring
from
Rome
to
Frescate
,
with
pretence
of
remaining
there
to
watch
against
any
attempts
,
that
might
be
made
upon
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
,
made
great
levies
of
men
to
be
ready
at
any
time
to
execute
his
designs
.
The
Pope
growing
jealous
hereof
,
increased
his
own
Forces
,
and
commanded
the
Colonnians
to
depart
,
and
withdraw
their
Soldiers
out
of
the
Dominion
of
the
Church
;
the
which
being
effected
at
the
instance
of
the
Cardinal
De
la
Valle
,
who
persuaded
them
to
quit
the
Ecclesiastical
State
,
which
they
could
not
disturb
without
great
scandal
;
the
Pope
thereby
judged
himself
secure
,
and
trusting
to
the
power
,
and
protection
of
the
League
,
did
against
the
common
advice
,
and
persuasion
of
all
his
Friends
,
for
the
cause
only
of
saving
charges
,
disband
his
Forces
.
The
Colonnians
observing
now
the
Pope
deprived
of
all
his
Guards
,
and
exposed
,
as
it
were
naked
to
their
pleasure
,
assembled
their
Forces
,
being
about
3000
Foot
,
and
800
Horse
near
Anagnia
,
assuming
to
their
society
Caesar
Filettin
,
their
Confederate
,
and
taking
a
compass
to
Rome
,
to
be
the
less
suspected
,
they
surprised
three
Gates
of
the
City
,
making
their
entry
by
that
of
S.
John
de
Lateran
;
and
having
passed
the
Bridg
of
Sistus
with
their
Battalions
orderly
drawn
up
,
they
entered
some
Forces
by
the
Burg
of
S.
Spirito
.
At
this
action
there
were
present
Don
Hugo
de
Moncada
,
Ascanio
Colonna
,
and
Vespasian
Colonna
,
which
last
had
been
instrumental
in
soliciting
the
late
accord
,
and
given
his
Faith
to
the
Pope
,
as
well
for
himself
,
as
for
the
residue
of
his
Companions
.
Likewise
Cardinal
Pompeo
was
there
,
being
so
far
transported
with
ambition
,
that
he
not
only
conspired
,
and
resolved
to
put
the
Pope
to
death
,
but
to
constrain
the
Cardinals
by
force
of
Arms
to
elect
him
to
the
Papal
Chair
.
The
Pope
surprised
with
the
unexpected
arrival
of
these
Guests
,
1525.
who
by
break
of
day
on
the
20th
.
of
September
entered
Rome
,
resolved
once
after
the
example
of
Pope
Boniface
VIII
.
to
seat
himself
in
his
Pontifical
Chair
,
and
there
receive
the
utmost
violence
of
these
Traitors
;
but
being
dissuaded
from
that
resolution
by
his
Friends
,
he
retired
to
the
Castle
of
S.
Angelo
,
where
he
in
vain
called
for
the
assistance
and
succor
of
his
friends
.
For
Clement
,
notwithstanding
the
great
opinion
which
at
his
first
Inauguration
the
world
conceived
of
his
worth
,
and
merit
,
was
now
fallen
so
low
in
the
esteem
of
the
people
by
his
avarice
,
and
mean
practices
,
that
there
was
not
one
man
,
who
seeing
him
betrayed
,
and
contrary
to
Religious
Oaths
,
and
the
common
Faith
of
mankind
falsly
treated
,
conceived
any
kind
remorse
,
or
compassion
of
his
fate
.
But
on
the
contrary
they
began
to
enumerate
the
many
miscarriages
of
his
Government
;
That
he
had
laden
the
Benefices
of
the
Clergy
with
new
and
unusual
decimations
;
That
he
had
taken
away
the
Revenues
belonging
to
certain
Colleges
,
made
void
the
Stipends
which
were
given
to
the
Professors
,
and
Readers
of
Diverse
Sciences
:
Nor
was
the
Commonalty
less
disgusted
against
the
Pope
than
others
of
greater
note
;
for
by
reason
of
the
Monopolies
he
had
granted
upon
Corn
,
to
increase
the
benefit
and
income
of
his
Exchequer
,
Bread
was
risen
to
that
excessive
price
,
that
it
seemed
as
if
a
Famin
had
been
in
the
City
.
He
had
also
destroyed
,
and
plucked
down
several
houses
,
for
making
the
Streets
more
large
and
beautiful
,
without
consideration
given
to
the
Proprietors
,
tho
to
the
enriching
of
his
own
Creatures
,
whom
he
had
made
Superiors
over
those
contrivances
.
Thus
the
people
being
full
of
hatred
,
and
disdain
against
the
Pope
,
refused
in
the
time
of
his
greatest
exigency
to
afford
him
any
relief
,
and
defence
against
his
enemies
;
who
therefore
without
opposition
entered
into
the
new
Suburbs
,
which
being
sacked
by
them
,
they
passed
no
farther
for
fear
of
the
Cannon
from
the
Castle
;
then
they
proceeded
to
the
Popes
Palace
,
and
the
great
Church
of
S.
Peters
,
which
they
plundered
,
and
rifled
,
laying
their
Sacrilegious
hands
on
every
thing
that
was
rich
,
or
of
value
:
but
at
length
the
tumult
being
appeased
(
for
this
Riot
did
not
continue
above
three
hours
,
by
reason
that
they
did
no
hurt
,
or
damage
to
any
particular
person
)
the
Pope
,
who
found
himself
within
the
Walls
of
the
Castle
,
without
any
provision
,
or
sustenance
for
himself
,
or
his
defendants
,
sent
to
Don
Hugo
de
Moncada
,
desiring
that
he
might
have
a
parly
,
and
treaty
with
him
,
for
the
better
understanding
of
matters
between
them
.
Tho
Cardinal
Pompeo
was
greatly
averse
to
all
proposals
,
or
addresses
for
accommodation
,
yet
Don
Hugo
under
the
Popes
Faith
,
having
received
the
Cardinals
Cibo
and
Rodolfo
,
who
were
of
the
Popes
kindred
,
as
Hostages
for
his
security
,
went
into
the
Castle
to
treat
,
and
discourse
with
the
Pope
;
where
after
many
words
had
passed
,
an
agreement
was
concluded
in
these
terms
.
That
a
Truce
should
be
made
between
the
Pope
and
the
Confederates
on
one
side
,
and
of
the
Emperor
on
the
other
,
for
the
space
of
four
months
:
That
in
the
mean
time
the
Pope
should
withdraw
his
Army
out
of
the
Dukedom
of
Milan
,
causing
them
immediately
to
retire
on
the
side
of
the
River
Po
towards
Rome
,
and
call
home
his
Fleet
at
Sea
under
the
command
of
Andrew
Doria
:
That
he
should
pardon
the
Cardinal
Pompeo
,
with
all
others
of
the
Family
of
Colonna
;
and
for
security
hereof
,
should
deliver
Philip
Strozzi
,
a
wealthy
person
,
who
had
married
the
Daughter
of
Peter
de
Medicis
,
and
one
of
the
Sons
of
James
Salviati
,
for
Hostages
;
and
to
send
them
to
Naples
within
the
space
of
two
months
,
on
penalty
of
thirty
thousand
Ducats
for
default
thereof
.
And
lastly
,
that
Don
Hugo
should
depart
from
Rome
with
his
whole
Army
,
causing
every
thing
to
be
restored
,
which
had
sacrilegiously
been
robbed
,
and
plundered
from
the
holy
places
.
The
Truce
being
thus
concluded
,
much
to
the
dissatisfaction
of
Cardinal
Pompeo
,
and
others
of
the
Family
of
Colonna
,
Don
Hugo
chearfully
departed
from
Rome
,
supposing
that
he
had
thereby
performed
sufficient
service
for
the
Emperor
;
and
the
Pope
as
readily
accepted
the
Agreement
,
wanting
provisions
in
the
Castle
,
and
all
other
means
to
make
a
resistance
:
But
the
Pope
so
soon
as
he
found
himself
at
liberty
,
and
freed
of
those
fears
,
and
dangers
which
encompassed
him
,
having
no
regard
to
that
Faith
,
he
had
given
under
such
compulsive
circumstances
,
as
Imprisonment
,
and
Arms
,
nor
care
of
the
Hostages
he
had
delivered
,
resolved
not
longer
to
maintain
the
Truce
;
and
thereupon
recalled
his
Forces
to
Rome
,
being
two
thousand
Switzers
,
and
seven
Companies
of
Italian
Infantry
,
under
the
command
of
John
de
Medicis
;
to
which
adding
new
Levies
as
an
Auxiliary
force
,
he
in
the
first
place
deprived
Pompeo
of
his
Cardinals
Hat
,
and
published
both
him
,
and
all
the
Family
of
Colonna
Excommunicated
,
and
enemies
to
the
Church
;
and
so
farther
prosecuting
them
by
Arms
,
he
demolished
and
laid
wast
Jubiaco
,
which
was
the
Country
House
,
and
only
place
of
Pleasure
,
in
which
Pompeo
delighted
,
and
divertised
himself
;
and
sent
Vitelli
with
his
Companies
to
burn
and
destroy
all
the
Towns
,
and
Countries
of
the
Colonnians
;
as
namely
,
Marina
,
Montfortin
,
Gallicano
,
and
Tagarolo
.
Whilst
these
things
were
in
action
,
the
Emperor
judging
it
not
time
to
sit
quiet
,
and
secure
,
commanded
Charles
de
Lonoia
Vice-King
of
Naples
to
put
in
a
readiness
six
thousand
Spaniards
,
and
ordered
thirty
Sail
of
stout
men
of
War
to
be
speedily
equipped
,
and
sent
to
the
Coast
of
Italy
;
and
wrote
also
to
his
Brother
Ferdinand
to
persuade
George
Franispergio
a
Captain
of
great
authority
,
and
renown
in
Augusta
,
that
he
would
speedily
with
three
Regiments
of
Germans
pass
into
Italy
;
whose
march
,
aed
passage
over
the
Po
,
whilst
John
de
Medicis
endeavoured
to
hinder
,
he
was
unhappily
killed
by
a
shot
from
one
of
the
Enemies
Sakers
,
which
breaking
his
thigh
a
little
above
his
knee
,
he
was
carried
to
Mantoua
,
where
he
died
within
a
few
days
after
,
to
the
great
prejudice
of
the
Enterprise
,
and
loss
to
the
Pope
,
for
being
a
young
man
of
nine
and
twenty
years
of
age
,
whose
Arms
alone
the
Enemy
feared
;
whose
time
and
years
his
Experience
,
and
Virtue
surpassed
;
and
being
of
a
most
excellent
temper
,
neither
too
forward
,
and
precipitate
,
nor
yet
too
wary
,
and
diffident
,
gave
evident
indications
of
becoming
with
time
one
of
the
most
eminent
Captains
in
the
world
.
In
this
manner
the
Truce
being
absolutely
broken
,
a
most
cruel
War
began
again
in
Italy
;
for
the
Imperialists
entering
the
Ecclesiastical
State
,
had
some
skirmishes
with
the
Popes
Forces
about
Frosolone
;
and
matters
pressing
hard
to
their
disadvantage
,
the
French
King
was
intreated
to
make
a
diversion
by
attempting
the
subjection
of
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
.
Hereupon
it
being
determined
to
invade
Naples
both
by
Sea
and
Land
,
Monsieur
De
Vaudemont
who
by
the
ancient
Right
of
King
René
laid
claim
to
that
Kingdom
,
was
appointed
for
that
enterprise
,
and
being
arrived
with
his
Fleet
,
he
at
the
first
on-set
took
Salerno
;
and
thence
with
great
courage
,
and
hopes
marching
to
Naples
it self
,
was
repulsed
by
the
Forces
under
the
command
of
Don
Hugo
de
Moncada
.
Howsoever
the
Pope
re-inforcing
his
Army
with
new
Levies
under
the
command
of
his
Legate
Augustin
Trivultio
,
one
greatly
affected
to
the
French
interest
,
the
Imperialists
were
worsted
,
and
at
length
forced
to
raise
their
Siege
from
before
Frosolene
,
and
retire
farther
within
the
Jurisdiction
of
that
Kingdom
.
But
this
good
fortune
passed
no
farther
.
For
after
various
successes
,
and
many
troubles
,
and
desolations
in
Italy
,
the
Pope
wanting
mony
,
grew
weary
of
the
War
;
and
being
disappointed
by
the
French
King
,
who
was
great
in
his
promises
,
but
little
in
his
performances
,
having
always
failed
in
his
times
of
payment
,
and
neither
complied
in
the
supplies
of
men
,
or
mony
,
he
resolved
to
close
with
the
propositions
made
him
by
Francis
de
Quignones
,
in
behalf
of
the
Emperor
;
in
reward
of
which
mediation
,
he
was
afterwards
promoted
to
the
dignity
of
Cardinal
.
In
short
,
the
Articles
agreed
were
these
:
That
there
should
be
a
cessation
of
Arms
for
eight
months
,
the
Pope
paying
60000
Ducats
to
the
Imperial
Army
:
That
whatsoever
had
been
taken
from
the
Church
,
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
,
and
the
Family
of
Colonna
,
should
be
made
good
and
rendered
:
That
Pompeo
Colonna
should
be
restored
to
the
dignity
of
Cardinal
,
and
absolved
from
all
Ecclesiastical
censures
;
which
condition
was
more
grievous
to
the
Pope
than
all
the
rest
:
That
the
French
King
and
the
Venetians
should
have
liberty
within
a
certain
time
to
enter
into
the
League
,
if
they
pleased
:
That
the
Pope
should
pay
forty
thousand
Ducats
in
the
space
of
two
and
twenty
days
,
and
the
residue
in
a
month
after
:
That
the
Vice-Roy
of
Naples
should
come
to
Rome
,
to
confirm
the
Articles
;
it
being
judged
a
good
expedient
to
cause
the
Duke
of
Bourbon
to
observe
the
accord
.
The
Capitulations
of
Peace
being
in
this
manner
signed
,
both
parties
speedily
retired
their
Forces
;
and
the
Pope
resolving
sincerely
to
keep
and
execute
the
Articles
,
was
also
persuaded
,
that
the
other
party
would
do
the
like
;
of
which
being
assured
by
the
coming
of
the
Vice-Roy
to
Rome
,
he
unadvisedly
disbanded
all
his
Soldiers
,
excepting
only
200
Horse
,
and
2000
Foot
,
which
he
still
continued
in
his
Pay
,
being
of
those
valiant
Black
Bands
which
had
been
commanded
by
John
de
Medici
.
Matters
continued
in
this
posture
for
the
space
of
eight
days
:
by
which
time
the
news
of
this
accord
being
made
known
to
the
Duke
of
Bourbon
and
his
Army
,
the
Soldiery
became
enraged
,
and
the
Duke
raised
infinite
difficulties
about
standing
to
the
Agreement
;
and
especially
the
Spanish
Soldiery
were
so
violent
therein
,
that
a
Gentleman
sent
by
the
Vice-Roy
to
the
Duke
to
persuade
him
to
accept
the
Agreement
,
had
been
killed
by
them
,
had
he
not
conveyed
himself
away
from
their
fury
:
wherefore
the
Duke
either
not
being
willing
,
or
not
able
to
restrain
his
Soldiery
,
marched
with
all
speed
imaginable
to
the
Walls
of
Rome
;
to
which
without
farther
demur
,
applying
his
Ladders
at
the
side
of
the
Vatican
,
was
the
first
,
(
that
he
might
give
courage
,
and
example
to
his
Soldiery
)
to
scale
the
Walls
;
in
which
attempt
being
shot
by
a
Cannon-Bullet
,
he
fell
dead
from
the
Walls
:
and
lest
his
body
lying
exposed
to
the
view
of
the
Soldiery
should
give
them
cause
of
discouragement
,
the
Prince
of
Orange
who
was
near
to
him
covered
his
Corps
with
his
Cloak
:
Howsoever
the
storm
succeeded
more
prosperously
towards
the
Mount
of
S.
Spirito
,
where
they
entered
on
the
14th
.
of
May
,
1527.
with
the
slaughter
of
some
few
,
who
had
the
courage
to
make
any
resistance
;
and
passing
the
Bridg
of
Sistus
,
the
whole
Army
consisting
of
Germans
,
Italians
,
and
Spaniards
,
to
the
number
of
40000
,
entered
the
City
,
where
they
committed
all
the
slaughter
,
rapin
,
and
violence
which
enraged
and
licentious
Soldiers
were
capable
to
act
,
without
respect
to
things
sacred
,
or
prophane
,
or
to
those
Cardinals
,
who
had
the
name
,
and
report
of
being
inclined
to
the
Emperors
Faction
.
Rome
never
saw
so
sad
and
dismal
a
day
,
no
not
when
they
had
been
sacked
by
the
Goths
,
and
other
barbarous
Nations
;
for
whomsoever
they
met
,
they
killed
,
and
cut
to
pieces
,
the
Streets
ran
with
blood
,
the
Altars
were
despoiled
,
the
Churches
and
Monasteries
plundered
,
the
Nuns
and
Women
ravished
,
and
the
Palaces
of
the
Pope
,
Cardinals
,
and
Princes
rifled
and
sacked
;
so
that
it
is
impossible
to
express
,
what
Wealth
and
Riches
lay
in
heaps
,
and
what
precious
Commodities
belonging
to
Merchants
were
made
the
prey
of
common
Soldiers
.
And
what
made
the
spoil
yet
more
great
,
was
the
number
of
Prisoners
,
every
one
of
which
was
forced
to
cut
his
ransom
,
and
redeem
himself
at
a
certain
price
:
and
to
augment
the
ignominy
,
as
well
as
the
desolation
of
this
miserable
fortune
,
the
Prelates
were
taken
by
the
Soldiers
,
and
in
all
their
Pontificalibus
and
Habits
,
were
set
upon
Asses
,
and
Mules
,
and
led
through
the
streets
with
contempt
and
derision
.
The
Pope
amidst
these
distractions
fled
to
the
Castle
of
S.
Angelo
,
his
usual
Sanctuary
,
where
being
streightly
Besieged
,
with
great
numbers
of
those
who
retired
thither
for
refuge
,
he
soon
began
to
want
Provisions
;
so
that
Famin
constrained
him
to
yield
himself
into
the
hands
of
his
Enemies
upon
discretion
,
and
on
conditions
of
doing
whatsoever
the
Emperor
should
as
a
Conqueror
impose
upon
him
:
And
in
the
mean
time
,
until
Messengers
could
be
sent
into
Spain
,
and
return
to
Rome
with
the
Emperors
pleasure
,
it
was
agreed
that
the
Pope
should
pay
to
the
Army
400000
Ducats
,
for
raising
of
which
,
all
the
Vessels
of
Gold
and
Silver
belonging
to
the
Churches
,
which
were
saved
from
the
rapin
of
the
Enemy
were
to
be
melted
down
,
and
coined
;
and
farther
for
raising
mony
,
divers
Cardinals
Caps
were
set
to
sale
,
as
by
publick
out-cry
to
whomsoever
would
give
most
,
who
upon
payment
of
the
sums
agreed
,
were
to
enter
into
the
College
and
dignity
of
Cardinals
.
The
persons
who
with
their
mony
had
purchased
this
quality
were
Marino
Grimano
,
and
Francis
Cornaro
,
both
Venetians
;
likewise
Sanseverino
,
Carrafa
,
and
Parmerio
,
Neapolitans
,
and
Cardona
a
Spaniard
;
and
for
an
Auxiliary
help
to
these
payments
,
an
impost
of
mony
was
to
be
charged
upon
the
whole
state
of
the
Church
.
It
was
farther
agreed
that
the
Pope
should
deliver
into
the
hands
of
the
Emperor
,
to
hold
them
so
long
as
he
pleased
,
the
Castle
of
S.
Angelo
,
Ostia
,
Civita
Vechia
,
Castellano
,
with
the
Cities
of
Parma
,
Piacenza
,
and
Modena
:
That
the
Pope
and
the
thirteen
Cardinals
with
him
should
remain
Prisoners
in
the
Castle
of
S.
Angelo
,
until
the
monies
were
paid
,
and
afterwards
should
go
to
Naples
,
or
Gaietta
,
Gaietta
,
until
the
pleasure
and
determination
of
the
Emperor
was
arrived
.
The
Duke
of
Bourbon
being
dead
,
the
Prince
of
Aurange
was
made
General
in
his
place
;
to
whom
whilst
things
were
acting
in
this
manner
,
advices
came
,
that
Monsieur
De
Lautrec
,
with
a
very
great
Army
,
by
order
of
Francis
the
French
King
,
to
which
also
Henry
the
Eighth
of
England
had
joyned
his
Forces
,
was
marching
towards
Rome
,
with
design
to
rescue
the
Pope
from
those
insolent
hands
,
under
which
he
was
a
Prisoner
:
The
news
of
which
caused
great
tumults
and
mutinies
amongst
the
Soldiery
,
who
being
desirous
to
depart
quietly
with
their
prey
,
before
they
were
forced
to
disgorge
it
again
,
used
all
imaginable
insolences
towards
the
Pope
,
to
compel
him
to
a
payment
of
their
Arrears
,
with
the
monies
promised
:
but
he
not
being
master
of
one
peny
,
was
constrained
to
deliver
into
their
hands
the
persons
of
several
rich
men
,
which
they
had
named
,
for
security
of
the
mony
promised
.
But
the
ill
fortune
of
Clement
stopped
not
here
,
for
so
soon
as
the
news
of
the
Popes
imprisonment
was
heard
at
Florence
,
the
Inhabitants
judged
it
a
seasonable
opportunity
to
recover
their
liberty
,
and
thereupon
betaking
themselves
to
Arms
,
they
forced
the
Cardinal
of
Cortona
,
with
Hippolito
,
and
Alexander
de
Medicis
to
abandon
the
City
,
and
so
reassumed
unto
themselves
the
free
administration
of
a
Common-wealth
,
under
the
Authority
of
a
Gonfalonnier
,
created
according
to
their
ancient
●o●●titution
for
the
space
of
a
year
:
for
indeed
the
hatred
they
had
con●●ived
against
the
House
of
Medicis
,
was
for
many
reasons
,
great
and
●e●ous
;
especially
because
they
had
been
forced
with
their
own
mony
to
bear
out
the
pride
,
and
greatness
of
that
Family
,
in
all
the
Wars
they
made
in
defence
of
the
Dutchy
of
Vrbin
,
and
in
the
Wars
which
Pope
Leo
made
against
the
French
:
for
which
reasons
,
they
persecuted
those
Citizens
that
had
been
friends
to
the
Medices
;
they
reversed
,
and
defac'd
through
the
City
the
Arms
of
that
Family
;
they
brake
the
Images
of
Leo
,
and
Clement
,
which
were
rare
pieces
of
Sculpture
,
and
famous
through
the
world
;
and
in
short
they
omitted
nothing
which
might
affect
the
Pope
with
indignity
,
and
dishonor
,
and
nourish
division
,
and
discord
in
the
City
.
At
Rome
the
Army
was
very
disorderly
and
tumultuous
,
governing
themselves
,
rather
than
obeying
the
command
of
their
General
the
Prince
of
Aurange
;
for
they
were
wholly
disposed
to
prey
and
violence
,
to
get
Ransoms
,
and
receive
the
mony
promised
them
by
the
Pope
,
no
care
being
had
of
the
interest
of
the
Emperor
;
nor
was
there
any
resolution
taken
to
remove
the
Army
from
Rome
,
where
the
Pestilence
raged
,
and
was
entered
into
the
Castle
of
S.
Angelo
,
to
the
great
hazard
of
the
Pope's
life
,
many
being
dead
thereof
who
served
about
his
person
:
during
which
time
,
as
the
Imperial
Army
yielded
little
obedience
to
their
Captains
,
so
they
made
no
great
disturbances
,
nor
gave
fears
to
their
enemies
;
for
the
Spaniards
and
Italians
flying
from
the
infection
of
the
Plague
lay
dispersed
about
the
Confines
of
Rome
;
and
the
Prince
of
Aurange
was
gone
to
Siena
to
avoid
the
Plague
,
and
keep
that
City
in
Devotion
,
and
Obedience
to
the
Emperor
.
Wherefore
all
matters
of
action
at
that
time
were
quiet
,
and
in
repose
,
until
Monsieur
De
Lautrec
who
was
Captain
General
of
the
League
made
between
Henry
the
Eighth
of
England
,
and
Francis
King
of
France
,
for
setting
the
Pope
and
all
Italy
at
liberty
,
appeared
in
Piedmont
,
whose
success
was
so
fortunate
,
that
he
took
Genoua
,
compelled
Alexandria
de
la
Paglia
to
surrender
,
and
having
for
four
days
battered
Pavia
,
he
forced
it
to
yield
at
discretion
,
giving
it
up
to
the
plunder
and
cruelty
of
his
Soldiery
;
and
lastly
ended
that
years
Champaign
with
glory
,
wintering
his
Army
in
the
City
of
Bologna
.
The
Imperialists
being
a
little
mortified
,
and
abased
with
this
success
of
Lautrec
,
were
desirous
to
make
the
best
bargain
they
could
with
the
Pope
,
before
he
were
forced
from
them
,
and
agreed
upon
the
payment
of
60000
Ducats
to
the
Germans
,
and
30000
to
the
Spaniards
,
with
engagement
to
pay
the
residue
at
a
certain
time
,
to
set
the
Pope
and
Cardinals
at
liberty
,
and
afford
them
safe
conduct
to
Orvieto
,
which
was
nominated
and
chosen
by
the
Pope
for
the
place
of
his
security
,
and
retreat
.
Upon
this
accord
the
Pope
being
guarded
by
the
Imperialists
,
with
less
caution
than
before
,
gave
him
opportunity
in
the
disguise
and
habit
of
a
Merchant
to
make
his
escape
;
which
he
rather
determined
to
do
,
and
recover
his
freedom
in
that
manner
,
than
to
expect
the
formal
conduct
of
the
Imperial
Guards
,
suspecting
that
Don
Hugo
de
Moncada
who
was
Vice
Roy
of
Naples
in
the
place
of
Lanoia
dead
of
the
Plague
,
and
who
had
no
good
will
towards
him
,
would
play
him
some
trick
,
and
baffle
with
him
at
the
conclusion
of
all
.
The
Pope
being
now
at
liberty
in
Orvieto
,
after
seven
months
imprisonment
,
was
instantly
congratulated
by
the
Duke
of
Vrbin
,
the
Marquiss
of
Salutta
,
and
other
Captains
of
the
League
,
to
whom
having
returned
thanks
for
their
kind
and
obliging
Offices
,
he
desired
them
to
withdraw
their
Forces
out
of
the
Dominions
of
the
Church
,
assuring
them
that
the
Imperialists
had
promised
to
depart
thence
,
in
case
the
Confederates
would
shew
them
the
first
example
:
He
wrote
also
Letters
to
Monsieur
Lautrec
,
giving
him
to
understand
,
that
he
with
great
sence
acknowledged
the
influence
which
his
appearance
in
Italy
had
contributed
towards
his
liberty
,
having
much
facilitated
,
and
eased
the
conditions
on
which
he
was
to
receive
it
:
and
that
the
reason
why
he
did
not
expect
the
glorious
time
,
in
which
he
was
to
have
been
delivered
by
his
powerful
hand
,
was
,
because
his
necessities
compelled
him
to
procure
his
liberty
with
the
greatest
speed
;
for
he
observed
,
that
the
conditions
imposed
on
him
,
always
changed
from
bad
to
worse
;
that
in
the
mean
time
the
Church
was
oppressed
,
his
Authority
contemned
,
and
he
rendred
uncapable
of
being
that
happy
instrument
of
mediation
,
which
was
now
required
to
settle
peace
among
Christian
Princes
.
Thus
far
were
excellent
words
,
and
such
as
became
a
Bishop
under
his
mortifying
circumstances
;
but
his
words
,
and
answers
in
other
things
,
according
to
his
natural
temper
,
were
in
substance
different
at
one
time
,
to
what
they
were
at
an
other
.
For
when
Gregory
Castle
,
the
King
of
Englands
Embassador
came
to
him
about
the
beginning
of
the
year
1528.
1528.
desiring
him
to
continue
firm
to
the
Confederates
,
he
would
some
time
give
him
hopes
,
and
then
again
excuse
himself
,
as
being
so
unfortunate
,
as
to
have
neither
Men
,
Mony
,
nor
Authority
remaining
to
him
.
The
Pope
having
now
abandoned
Rome
,
and
Monsieur
Lautrec
upon
his
march
towards
Naples
,
Ibidem
.
the
Imperialists
on
the
17.
of
February
left
the
City
in
a
naked
and
poor
condition
,
despoiled
of
all
its
Ornaments
,
and
Riches
,
and
applyed
themselves
to
Counsels
in
what
manner
they
might
give
a
stop
to
the
proceedings
of
Lautrec
,
who
departed
from
Bologna
the
9th
.
of
January
.
No
sooner
were
the
Imperialists
departed
,
than
the
Vrsins
with
their
Tenants
and
Paisants
entered
to
complete
the
spoil
and
desolation
of
that
City
,
of
which
not
only
the
Houses
were
ruined
,
and
the
Riches
carried
away
,
but
all
the
Statues
,
Columns
,
and
curious
pieces
remained
a
prey
to
these
Locusts
.
Lautrec
in
his
march
towards
Naples
,
took
not
the
nearest
way
,
but
rather
for
the
more
commodious
carriage
of
his
Cannon
,
and
for
the
benefit
of
Forrage
,
and
other
Provisions
,
fetched
a
compass
by
the
way
of
Puglia
:
his
Army
consisted
of
400
Lances
,
6000
Footmen
,
old
and
Veterane
Soldiers
;
besides
the
Forces
of
the
Marquiss
of
Salutta
,
who
marched
in
the
Van
,
and
the
Regiments
of
the
Venetians
,
and
the
Black
Bands
of
Florence
which
were
in
much
esteem
,
and
reputation
with
Monsieur
Lautrec
.
In
short
,
at
the
first
appearance
of
Lautrec
within
this
Kingdom
,
Capua
,
Nola
,
Acerra
,
Aversa
,
and
all
places
yielded
to
him
;
but
Naples
endured
a
long
Siege
:
at
which
Monsieur
Lautrec
dying
of
a
Fever
,
and
most
of
the
Captains
and
Soldiers
dead
of
the
Plague
,
caused
by
the
Contagion
of
those
that
were
privately
sent
out
of
the
City
to
infect
the
Camp
,
the
enterprise
upon
that
Kingdom
had
an
end
.
In
the
mean
time
whilst
these
things
were
in
action
,
Sassatello
rendred
to
the
Pope
the
Rock
of
Imola
,
and
Sigismond
Malatesta
upon
some
conditions
resigned
Rimini
into
his
hands
;
and
the
Pope
having
a
great
desire
to
re-instate
his
Friends
and
Relations
,
and
advance
his
own
Interest
and
Power
again
in
Florence
,
he
seemed
inclining
to
the
party
of
the
Emperor
,
in
whose
power
only
it
was
to
settle
the
Affairs
of
his
Family
in
their
pristine
state
:
and
therefore
perceiving
the
Affairs
of
the
French
,
and
the
other
Confederates
to
decline
in
Italy
,
he
forgot
all
the
former
injuries
done
to
him
by
the
Emperor
,
and
entered
into
a
perfect
friendship
,
and
fair
correspondence
with
him
.
And
farther
to
advance
himself
in
the
good
opinion
of
the
Emperor
,
he
called
for
a
review
of
the
cause
of
Divorce
between
Henry
VIII
.
of
England
,
and
Catharine
his
Queen
,
1529.
and
Aunt
to
the
Emperor
;
for
which
having
at
the
time
of
those
great
oppressions
he
lay
under
from
the
Emperor
granted
a
Bull
,
did
now
on
terms
of
reconciliation
,
cause
the
same
to
be
revoked
.
And
now
the
Pope
following
his
resolution
,
and
closely
attending
a
fair
conclusion
with
the
Emperor
,
a
Peace
was
concluded
between
them
at
Barcelona
,
much
to
the
advantage
of
the
Pope
;
proceeding
perhaps
(
as
may
be
believed
)
from
a
sense
the
Emperor
might
have
conceived
of
the
unjust
and
hard
usage
he
had
exercised
towards
him
:
and
because
the
urgency
of
his
Affairs
did
call
him
into
Italy
,
he
might
imagin
that
the
countenance
,
and
favor
of
the
Pope
might
be
useful
:
and
for
these
reasons
it
was
accorded
,
and
agreed
,
That
a
perpetual
Peace
,
and
Confederation
be
made
between
the
Emperor
,
and
the
Pope
:
That
the
Pope
should
grant
free
passage
to
the
Emperors
Army
through
the
Ecclesiastical
State
,
in
case
it
should
depart
out
of
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
:
That
the
Emperor
should
re-instate
the
Son
of
Laurence
de
Medicis
in
the
same
condition
of
greatness
and
power
at
Florence
,
as
they
had
been
in
before
their
expulsion
thence
,
or
their
Predecessors
had
enjoyed
at
any
time
before
:
That
the
Emperor
should
by
such
ways
and
terms
as
were
most
convenient
,
either
by
force
of
Arms
,
or
otherwise
,
cause
the
possession
of
Cervia
,
Modena
,
Reggio
,
and
Rubiera
to
be
restored
to
the
Pope
.
That
these
particulars
being
performed
,
the
Pope
should
in
consideration
thereof
yield
unto
the
Emperor
the
whole
and
absolute
Investitute
of
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
,
with
the
Tribute
only
of
a
White
Horse
yearly
to
be
given
in
acknowledgment
of
Fealty
;
together
with
the
nomination
of
four
and
twenty
Cathedral
Churches
,
which
had
formerly
been
in
dispute
,
but
now
were
determined
to
belong
to
the
Emperor
;
the
Churches
only
which
were
not
under
Patronage
to
be
reserved
to
the
Pope
:
That
when
the
Emperor
should
have
passed
into
Italy
,
that
the
Pope
and
he
should
have
an
interview
,
and
meet
at
Bologna
,
or
some
other
convenient
place
,
to
consult
about
their
Affairs
,
and
matters
relating
to
the
Peace
and
settlement
of
the
Church
.
And
that
the
Emperor
,
and
his
Brother
Ferdinand
should
exercise
their
Temporal
Arms
against
the
Lutherans
,
and
others
who
had
revolted
from
the
Roman
Church
,
and
second
the
Spiritual
Weapons
of
Excommunications
,
and
Ecclesiastical
censures
,
which
were
issued
against
them
:
That
the
Pope
should
grant
Plenary
Absolution
to
all
those
,
who
had
lately
been
injurious
to
the
Apostolical
Sea
,
or
had
by
any
violent
,
or
hostile
acts
committed
outrages
against
it
:
And
lastly
,
to
confirm
,
and
consummate
all
these
Articles
by
the
more
endearing
terms
of
Alliance
,
the
Emperor
was
to
give
Margaret
of
Austria
his
natural
Daughter
in
Marriage
to
Alexander
de
Medicis
Son
of
Laurence
,
late
Duke
of
Vrbin
,
with
twenty
thousand
Ducats
of
yearly
Revenue
;
on
whom
the
Pope
intended
to
establish
the
temporal
greatness
of
his
Family
;
having
not
long
since
created
Hippolito
Cardinal
,
who
was
the
Son
of
Julian
.
This
Peace
was
soon
afterwards
followed
by
another
between
the
Emperor
and
the
French
King
,
1529.
treated
at
Cambray
,
of
which
the
Pope
was
the
chief
Mediator
by
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Capua
,
who
was
sent
thither
as
Legate
.
The
conclusion
of
this
grand
Affair
did
much
facilitate
the
Emperors
design
upon
Florence
,
which
he
committed
to
the
charge
,
and
management
of
the
Prince
of
Orange
;
who
in
pursuance
of
those
commands
having
mustered
his
Forces
about
Aquila
,
he
was
desired
by
the
Pope
to
come
to
Rome
,
that
he
might
the
better
consult
,
and
resolve
with
him
upon
the
provisions
,
and
ways
of
carrying
on
the
War
.
The
Prince
of
Orange
accordingly
coming
,
was
received
by
the
Pope
with
great
respect
,
to
whom
towards
payment
of
the
Army
,
thirty
thousand
Ducats
were
issued
out
of
the
Popes
Treasury
,
and
soon
after
forty
thousand
more
;
with
which
,
and
with
three
pieces
of
Cannon
taken
out
of
the
Castle
S.
Angelo
,
the
Prince
departing
,
he
encamped
before
Perusa
,
which
was
in
the
first
place
to
be
reduced
to
the
obedience
of
the
Church
.
This
place
being
held
by
Malatesta
,
Baillon
was
surrendred
upon
composition
;
and
thence
the
Prince
entering
on
the
Lands
,
and
Country
belonging
to
the
Florentines
,
encamped
before
Spella
,
which
was
in
a
short
time
delivered
to
him
.
Whilst
these
things
were
acting
,
the
Emperor
departed
from
Barcelona
with
a
great
Fleet
,
wherein
were
a
thousand
Horsemen
,
and
nine
thousand
Foot
,
with
which
he
arrived
at
Genoua
,
to
the
great
terror
of
all
Italy
,
and
especially
of
the
Florentines
,
who
thereupon
made
choice
of
four
Embassadors
to
congratulate
his
arrival
,
and
endeavour
to
make
some
agreement
with
them
for
composition
of
their
Affairs
.
When
these
Embassadors
were
admitted
to
the
presence
of
the
Emperor
,
and
that
the
Ceremonies
of
Congratulation
were
past
;
they
declared
,
That
their
City
was
not
ambitious
,
or
desirous
of
great
enlargements
,
or
extents
of
jurisdictions
,
but
only
to
conserve
their
own
with
their
Rights
and
liberties
,
being
willing
to
be
beholding
to
the
power
of
any
mighty
Monarch
,
who
would
be
pleased
to
take
them
into
his
protection
.
That
they
had
associated
and
entered
into
Confederacy
with
France
,
it
was
no
matter
of
their
own
choice
,
but
in
obedience
,
and
compliance
with
the
Pope
,
who
at
that
time
commanded
them
;
but
that
now
they
had
thrown
off
all
considerations
of
his
Temporal
Power
,
or
his
Families
over
them
;
and
that
their
Commission
extending
no
farther
than
to
a
Treaty
with
the
Emperor
,
they
could
not
give
ear
to
any
thing
which
had
reference
to
the
Pope
.
This
answer
being
unpleasing
to
the
Emperor
,
the
Embassadors
were
refused
farther
Audience
at
Piacenza
,
tho
they
had
followed
the
Court
of
the
Emperor
with
that
expectation
from
Genoua
to
that
place
;
so
that
their
Negotiation
was
at
an
end
for
that
time
.
By
this
time
being
about
the
beginning
of
the
year
1530.
1530
the
Pope
arrived
first
at
Bologna
,
and
the
Emperor
soon
after
came
to
him
;
where
he
was
received
by
the
Pope
with
great
honor
,
and
lodged
in
the
same
Palace
with
him
;
and
such
signs
of
familiarity
and
friendship
passed
,
as
if
there
had
never
happened
any
of
those
disgusts
,
and
violent
actions
between
them
,
which
we
have
formerly
mentioned
,
or
at
least
that
they
had
with
a
real
and
unfeigned
pardon
been
entirely
forgotten
.
Thus
matters
appearing
fair
,
and
clear
between
them
,
the
Emperor
intended
to
pass
some
time
in
Italy
,
in
regard
his
Affairs
in
other
parts
seemed
not
much
to
require
his
presence
:
for
that
Soliman
the
Magnificent
,
who
was
then
Grand
Signior
,
and
had
besieged
Vienna
,
was
forced
to
raise
his
Camp
,
and
return
to
Constantinople
;
and
the
Peace
being
newly
concluded
with
France
,
nothing
seemed
in
outward
appearance
which
might
give
him
cause
of
avocation
,
or
diversion
from
the
Affairs
of
Italy
.
Wherefore
it
was
resolved
that
the
Emperor
should
proceed
to
Rome
,
and
there
be
Crowned
,
taking
Siena
in
his
way
,
for
better
dispatch
,
and
expedition
in
the
design
upon
Florence
:
but
whilst
these
things
were
meditating
,
Letters
came
from
the
Electoral
College
to
the
Emperor
,
earnestly
intreating
him
,
that
he
would
be
pleased
speedily
to
return
into
Germany
,
to
consider
about
the
matter
of
Summoning
a
General
Council
for
Reformation
of
Religion
,
and
Election
of
his
Brother
Ferdinand
to
be
King
of
the
Romans
;
and
also
to
prepare
matters
for
resistance
of
the
Turk
,
who
had
sworn
to
return
thither
again
in
a
short
time
.
These
matters
seeming
of
considerable
importance
,
were
the
cause
that
the
Emperor
changed
his
resolution
of
proceeding
to
Rome
,
and
was
Crowned
at
Bologna
by
the
hand
of
the
Pope
,
at
which
there
was
a
great
confluence
of
people
,
tho
not
that
magnificence
and
pomp
as
had
been
usual
at
the
Inauguration
of
other
Emperors
.
The
day
of
his
Coronation
was
the
Feast
of
S.
Matthias
,
a
day
thrice
auspicious
to
him
,
being
the
day
of
his
Nativity
,
the
day
on
which
he
took
the
French
King
Prisoner
,
and
the
day
on
which
he
was
invested
in
the
Imperial
Dignity
.
This
Solemnity
being
past
,
the
Emperor
prepared
for
his
Journey
into
Germany
;
howsoever
before
his
departure
,
the
Pope
having
setled
his
own
business
with
him
touching
the
subjection
of
Florence
,
other
matters
of
difference
relating
to
the
Venetians
,
to
the
Investiture
of
Francis
Sforza
into
the
Dutchy
of
Milan
,
and
Alfonso
d'
Este
,
Duke
of
Ferrara
,
were
referred
by
compromise
to
the
sentence
and
determination
of
the
Emperor
;
the
expectation
of
which
judgment
gave
for
some
time
quiet
and
repose
to
the
Affairs
of
Italy
.
After
which
,
the
Emperor
proceeded
to
Germany
,
and
the
Pope
returned
to
Rome
;
where
after
some
short
time
,
he
received
the
joyful
news
of
the
surrender
of
Florence
;
which
having
endured
a
long
Siege
by
the
Emperors
Army
under
the
command
of
the
Prince
of
Aurange
,
and
after
his
death
of
Don
Ferrand
de
Gonzaga
,
yielded
it self
by
common
consent
of
the
people
to
the
government
of
twelve
Citizens
,
who
being
of
the
Faction
of
the
Medices
,
did
without
attending
the
Declaration
of
the
Emperor
,
leave
Florence
entirely
to
the
pleasure
and
disposal
of
the
Pope
;
at
whose
instance
and
persuasion
the
Emperor
declared
Alexander
de
Medicis
Prince
,
and
Duke
of
Florence
;
and
the
same
right
of
Honor
and
Dignity
to
descend
from
him
,
to
his
Heirs
for
ever
:
the
which
power
and
title
hath
since
that
time
continued
in
that
Illustrious
Family
.
Whilst
these
things
were
acted
in
Italy
,
a
Diet
was
assembled
at
Ausbourg
,
at
which
Ferdinand
the
Emperors
Brother
was
elected
King
of
the
Romans
;
where
also
notice
being
taken
of
the
great
increase
of
the
Lutheran
Doctrin
,
which
had
spread
it self
in
all
parts
of
Germany
,
and
had
taken
root
in
the
greatest
and
most
Princely
Families
;
it
was
concluded
by
all
sides
,
and
parties
,
as
well
Lutherans
,
as
others
,
that
the
only
means
to
reform
Affairs
,
and
confirm
those
Doctrins
which
were
sound
and
Orthodox
,
was
only
in
the
Power
,
and
Authority
of
a
General
Council
:
for
the
moderate
Party
which
was
inclined
to
the
Papal
Interest
,
considering
the
many
abuses
crept
into
the
Church
,
and
the
exorbitant
power
of
the
Clergy
,
hoped
that
a
Council
would
reduce
matters
to
more
equal
terms
.
The
Lutherans
on
the
other
side
,
having
formed
a
great
and
numerous
Party
,
did
apprehend
that
many
of
the
dignified
Clergy
,
that
were
to
be
Members
of
that
Council
,
would
prove
well
inclined
,
and
affected
to
them
;
where
matters
being
debated
with
freedom
and
candor
,
the
nakedness
of
the
Church
of
Rome
would
be
exposed
,
and
its
Corruptions
discovered
.
This
being
the
general
sense
of
all
Germany
,
which
the
Emperor
was
willing
to
satisfie
,
he
sent
to
the
Pope
,
urging
him
to
summon
a
Council
;
to
persuade
him
whereunto
,
he
desired
him
to
recal
unto
his
memory
,
the
personal
Conferences
they
had
entertained
at
Bologna
,
and
the
assurances
he
had
there
given
him
of
faithfulness
,
and
adherence
to
the
Church
;
promising
him
,
that
neither
his
Authority
nor
Dignity
should
be
brought
into
any
danger
;
for
that
he
would
be
there
present
in
person
to
over-awe
any
contrivances
which
might
be
designed
against
either
.
Nothing
could
come
more
ungrateful
than
this
Proposition
to
the
Pope
and
Cardinals
,
who
were
not
willing
to
expose
the
excessive
abuses
and
exactions
of
the
Court
of
Rome
to
the
test
of
a
Council
;
where
perhaps
,
the
authority
of
Indulgences
,
the
largeness
of
Dispensations
,
and
other
Errors
being
discussed
,
would
give
admission
into
those
secrets
,
which
were
not
to
be
touched
,
or
opened
.
The
Pope
also
had
some
secret
reserves
of
his
own
,
which
he
would
not
have
committed
to
the
scrutiny
of
a
a
Council
:
he
was
not
willing
perhaps
to
have
it
debated
,
that
he
was
born
Illigitimate
which
incapacitates
him
of
being
a
Cardinal
,
and
consequently
of
being
Pope
.
Nor
would
he
have
the
suspicion
of
Simony
,
with
which
he
practised
with
Cardinal
Colonna
,
called
into
question
;
besides
many
other
particulars
,
of
which
he
feared
to
be
censured
by
the
Council
:
upon
consideration
of
all
which
,
after
consultations
had
with
the
Cardinals
deputed
to
the
discussion
of
that
matter
,
many
reasons
were
given
to
the
Emperor
,
against
the
present
Assembling
of
such
a
Council
;
but
when
the
time
should
appear
more
seasonable
,
that
then
the
Indictions
might
be
regulated
with
many
proper
and
cautious
circumstances
;
as
that
the
Council
should
be
celebrated
in
Italy
,
and
that
the
Pope
should
be
personally
present
at
it
:
and
that
the
Lutherans
should
promise
to
submit
the
determination
and
decision
of
their
Controversies
and
Opinions
,
to
the
judgment
and
sentence
of
a
Council
,
and
in
the
mean
time
desist
from
the
declaration
,
or
propagation
of
their
Doctrins
:
the
which
being
a
matter
difficult
,
and
unpracticable
,
the
proposition
for
a
Council
became
ineffectual
,
and
the
thoughts
thereof
laid
aside
until
the
Reign
of
another
Pope
.
Tho
the
Pope
did
not
think
fit
to
gratifie
the
desires
of
the
Emperor
,
and
all
Germany
with
a
General
Council
;
yet
the
Emperor
not
unmindful
of
the
Arbitration
he
had
accepted
for
settlement
of
the
Affairs
of
Italy
,
did
about
the
beginning
of
the
year
1531.
1531.
reassume
the
consideration
of
those
matters
.
In
the
first
place
therefore
he
decreed
that
the
City
of
Florence
should
be
governed
by
the
same
Magistrates
,
and
by
the
same
model
,
and
form
of
rule
,
as
it
had
formerly
been
in
the
time
of
the
Medices
;
that
Alexander
the
Popes
Nephew
should
be
chief
in
the
Government
,
and
so
successively
his
Heirs
for
ever
:
all
the
ancient
Privileges
and
Immunities
formerly
granted
by
him
,
or
his
Predecessors
were
again
restored
and
confirmed
;
with
condition
notwithstanding
of
forfeiture
,
in
case
the
Magistrates
or
People
of
that
City
should
attempt
any
thing
against
the
authority
and
greatness
of
the
Medices
:
the
which
Sentence
he
pronounced
with
a
Despotick
power
,
not
by
virtue
of
a
compromise
,
or
reference
to
him
by
the
parties
concerned
,
but
by
an
Authority
inherent
in
the
Imperial
Dignity
.
And
tho
this
determination
was
pleasing
to
the
Pope
,
yet
by
the
other
relating
to
the
Duke
of
Ferrara
he
was
much
offended
:
for
after
that
Controversie
had
been
opened
,
heard
,
and
examined
by
many
Doctors
and
Testimonies
,
and
Writings
produced
,
the
Emperor
according
to
the
counsel
,
and
report
made
him
,
pronounced
,
that
Modena
and
Reggio
appertained
of
right
to
the
Duke
of
Ferrara
;
who
paying
a
hundred
thousand
Ducats
to
the
Pope
,
the
Tributes
should
be
reduced
to
their
ancient
custom
,
and
he
invested
in
the
Jurisdiction
of
Ferrara
.
But
the
Pope
would
neither
allow
that
part
of
the
Sentence
,
nor
accept
the
payment
of
the
mony
,
wherein
the
Duke
was
condemned
,
refusing
the
Tribute
which
was
offered
to
him
according
to
the
usual
custom
:
so
that
there
was
neither
open
War
,
nor
a
setled
Peace
between
the
Pope
,
and
the
Duke
of
Ferrara
;
for
having
a
regard
,
and
some
respect
to
the
Emperors
Award
,
and
Sentence
,
he
feared
to
assail
him
with
open
force
,
contriving
in
the
mean
time
secret
plots
,
and
devices
wherewith
to
ensnare
him
.
Matters
thus
continued
with
some
tranquillity
,
until
the
year
1532.
1532
:
which
was
more
signal
for
Forein
Wars
,
than
for
the
Commotions
of
Italy
:
For
Francis
the
French
King
,
not
forgetting
the
sufferings
he
had
sustained
by
the
Emperor
,
contrived
all
ways
imaginable
for
his
revenge
,
not
being
scrupulous
or
ashamed
of
secret
practices
and
treaties
with
Soliman
Emperor
of
the
Turks
,
in
despight
of
his
Title
of
Most
Christian
,
to
stir
him
up
,
and
incite
him
to
a
War
against
Charles
the
Emperor
;
inviting
him
to
make
a
second
attempt
by
laying
siege
to
Vienna
.
Soliman
being
full
of
anger
,
and
disdain
for
the
late
foil
he
had
received
before
that
City
,
was
easily
persuaded
to
try
his
fortune
in
another
Expedition
;
but
the
Princes
and
Free
Towns
of
Germany
concurring
with
their
Forces
,
and
uniting
them
to
the
Imperial
Troops
,
composed
a
most
formidable
Army
,
which
being
conducted
by
Charles
the
Emperor
,
who
was
the
greatest
Captain
of
his
age
,
and
his
name
terrible
to
the
Turks
:
Soliman
made
only
some
incursions
into
Hungary
,
and
then
returned
again
to
Constantinople
.
But
before
this
news
came
,
and
whilst
these
things
were
in
action
,
Henry
VIII
.
King
of
England
,
and
Francis
the
French
King
being
both
highly
displeased
with
the
Emperor
,
met
together
at
Boloign
in
France
,
where
they
held
several
Consultations
how
to
improve
the
present
state
of
Affairs
to
their
own
advantage
.
And
giving
it
for
granted
,
that
the
Turk
would
Winter
in
Hungary
,
and
afford
the
Emperor
sufficient
employment
for
the
year
following
;
they
resolved
to
make
use
of
this
conjuncture
of
Affairs
to
their
mutual
benefit
:
in
pursuance
of
which
,
it
was
determined
between
them
,
that
the
French
King
was
to
invade
the
State
of
Milan
,
and
the
Pope
was
to
be
induced
to
assist
in
the
same
design
,
and
to
determin
the
cause
of
Divorce
of
Queen
Catharine
in
favour
of
King
Henry
,
then
depending
in
the
Court
of
Rome
:
with
which
message
and
instructions
the
Cardinals
of
Ternon
,
and
Gramont
were
sent
Embassadors
to
the
Pope
.
But
King
Henry
having
not
the
patience
to
attend
the
result
,
contemned
the
authority
of
a
Divorce
by
the
Papal
Power
,
contenting
and
satifying
his
own
Conscience
with
what
had
before
been
disputed
,
and
determined
in
the
Courts
of
England
about
that
matter
:
and
having
understood
,
that
the
Legate
Campeius
had
been
sent
into
England
with
a
Bull
of
Divorce
,
which
afterwards
upon
change
of
the
Pope's
mind
he
had
burnt
,
the
King
was
so
enraged
thereat
,
that
he
resolved
not
to
have
farther
dealings
with
the
Pope
;
Baker's
Chron.
and
thereupon
Proclamation
was
published
,
that
no
person
of
what
estate
or
condition
soever
,
c.
should
purchase
,
or
attempt
to
purchase
from
the
Court
of
Rome
,
any
thing
prejudicial
to
the
Jurisdiction
,
or
Prerogative
of
this
Realm
,
upon
pain
of
Imprisonment
,
or
other
punishment
,
according
to
the
pleasure
of
the
King
.
But
the
retirement
of
the
Turks
out
of
Hungary
put
a
period
to
the
design
of
Invading
the
Dutchy
of
Milan
,
and
to
the
expectation
the
King
of
England
had
of
receiving
a
favourable
sentence
at
Rome
in
the
point
of
Divorce
;
for
the
result
of
the
Interview
of
these
two
Kings
being
known
at
Rome
,
hastned
the
Pope
to
make
a
League
with
the
Emperor
,
which
was
concluded
at
a
second
meeting
at
Bologna
,
where
the
same
Ceremonies
,
and
terms
of
amity
,
and
friendship
passed
between
them
,
as
had
been
formerly
at
the
first
.
After
which
the
Emperor
by
the
way
of
Genoua
passed
into
Spain
;
and
the
Pope
returned
to
Rome
,
accompanied
thither
by
the
two
Cardinals
,
Ternon
,
and
Gramont
;
the
which
according
to
their
Commission
insisted
greatly
to
have
the
Divorce
of
Queen
Catharine
confirmed
by
the
Popes
Authority
;
alledging
the
great
damage
,
and
ruine
that
an
obstinate
persistance
to
the
contrary
might
bring
to
the
Church
:
but
the
Cardinals
of
the
Emperors
Faction
labouring
to
the
contrary
,
and
the
Pope
understanding
what
Henry
had
already
acted
in
that
point
in
England
,
issued
an
Excommunication
against
him
,
and
his
whole
Realm
,
unless
before
the
end
of
September
following
,
he
did
revoke
all
the
Acts
he
had
made
,
to
the
prejudice
of
the
Apostolical
Sea
,
and
the
Papal
Authority
.
These
French
Cardinals
finding
their
Negotiations
in
reference
to
England
to
be
unsuccessful
,
and
desperate
;
treated
notwithstanding
an
interview
between
the
Pope
and
the
French
King
,
to
be
held
at
Marseille
;
colouring
their
design
with
the
specious
pretence
of
finding
some
expedient
to
accommodate
matters
between
King
Henry
and
the
Pope
;
a
Charity
so
great
,
and
Christian
,
and
of
that
high
importance
,
as
might
challenge
the
labors
and
endeavours
of
the
most
Christian
King
:
and
farther
it
was
pretended
that
a
League
and
Union
between
the
Christian
Princes
was
there
to
be
negotiated
against
the
Turk
.
But
the
desire
of
the
Pope
being
in
reallity
to
marry
his
Niece
Catharine
de
Medicis
to
the
second
Son
of
the
King
of
France
,
was
easily
persuaded
to
condescend
to
a
proposition
so
agreeable
to
his
own
inclinations
:
in
pursuance
whereof
the
Pope
with
a
great
retinue
of
Cardinals
Embarked
at
Pisa
on
his
own
Gallies
,
and
in
a
few
days
of
prosperous
Navigation
,
he
landed
at
Marseille
,
where
being
saluted
with
three
hundred
pieces
of
Cannon
at
his
arrival
,
he
was
lodged
for
the
first
night
in
the
Palace
of
the
Duke
of
Montmorency
,
Grand
Master
,
and
Mareschal
of
France
.
The
next
day
he
made
his
entry
through
the
City
,
habited
in
his
Pontifical
Vestments
,
and
carried
in
his
Chair
upon
mens
shoulders
;
before
him
a
White
Horse
was
led
by
two
men
,
with
silken
Reins
,
carrying
the
Sacrament
of
the
Altar
;
then
followed
the
Cardinals
in
their
Habits
,
mounted
upon
their
Mules
;
after
which
came
Catharine
de
Medicis
,
Dutchess
of
Vrbin
,
attended
with
a
great
number
of
Ladies
and
Gentlemen
,
both
of
the
French
and
Italian
Nation
;
in
which
equipage
the
Pope
passed
the
Streets
to
the
Lodgings
which
were
provided
for
him
.
The
day
following
the
French
King
came
,
and
with
great
solemnity
went
to
perform
the
Offices
of
Duty
,
and
Obedience
to
the
Pope
.
These
Solemnities
and
Ceremonies
being
past
,
matters
of
publick
concernment
were
in
the
first
place
taken
into
consideration
by
those
who
were
by
the
King
and
the
Pope
delegated
to
consult
thereof
:
and
tho
the
Marriage
was
the
main
point
,
which
moved
the
Pope
to
undertake
this
Journey
,
yet
it
was
in
the
last
place
,
and
as
it
were
accidentally
,
and
by
the
by
treated
of
:
The
first
thing
assumed
,
was
the
proposal
about
a
General
Council
,
but
that
was
soon
rejected
,
and
executed
with
the
same
reasons
,
and
replies
as
were
given
to
the
Emperor
.
In
the
next
place
the
King
of
Englands
case
was
warmly
insisted
upon
by
the
Commissioners
of
the
French
King
as
it
had
been
formerly
agreed
between
the
two
Kings
at
Bulloin
;
but
those
instances
produced
little
effect
;
for
the
Ministers
of
the
King
of
England
being
in
a
huff
,
were
always
to
the
diminution
of
the
Popes
Authority
appealing
to
a
Council
;
with
which
the
Pope
referred
their
Cause
to
be
farther
debated
at
his
return
to
Rome
:
and
the
French
King
being
desirous
in
all
things
to
satisfie
,
and
comply
with
the
Pope
,
he
told
him
,
that
it
would
not
be
displeasing
to
him
,
in
case
he
proceeded
against
that
King
according
to
the
Rule
of
Justice
,
and
the
ancient
Canons
of
Ecclesiastical
Censure
;
by
which
fair
and
friendly
compliance
,
the
Pope
would
not
refuse
at
the
instance
of
the
French
King
to
create
four
Cardinals
,
tho
much
against
his
own
inclinations
,
fearing
thereby
to
have
rendered
the
French
Faction
too
strong
,
which
already
was
more
prevalent
in
the
Court
of
Rome
,
than
the
Pope
desired
.
In
the
last
place
,
tho
the
first
in
design
,
the
Marriage
between
the
Duke
of
Orleans
,
and
the
Pope's
Niece
was
treated
and
concluded
;
and
the
parties
married
by
the
Pope
himself
:
by
which
a
strict
and
firm
Alliance
,
and
friendship
being
created
between
the
French
King
and
the
Pope
,
it
seemed
as
if
all
those
professions
of
amity
and
good
will
,
which
had
lately
interceded
at
Bologna
between
the
Emperor
and
the
Pope
had
vanished
,
or
signified
little
;
and
now
amongst
other
Articles
,
it
being
capitulated
,
that
the
Duke
of
Orleans
should
be
invested
in
the
Dukedom
of
Milan
;
it
was
with
no
less
wonder
considered
,
that
the
interest
of
Francis
Sforza
the
true
and
right
Heir
to
that
Dutchy
,
and
for
which
both
this
,
and
other
Popes
had
so
earnestly
contended
,
could
so
easily
be
made
void
,
and
transferred
over
to
a
Forein
Prince
,
who
could
pretend
no
other
right
thereunto
,
than
the
might
,
and
power
of
his
own
Arms.
With
entertainment
of
these
Affairs
,
a
months
time
being
spent
at
Marseille
,
the
Pope
returned
to
Rome
;
where
,
so
soon
as
he
arrived
,
he
foretold
his
own
death
,
acquainting
his
Friends
,
and
Domesticks
about
his
person
;
that
he
had
not
long
to
live
;
and
therefore
in
order
to
his
Burial
,
he
commanded
the
Ring
to
be
provided
,
and
the
Vestments
in
which
Popes
were
usually
interred
:
howsoever
before
his
death
,
he
thundered
out
his
Bulls
of
Excommunication
against
Henry
VIII
.
King
of
England
,
and
all
the
people
of
his
Realm
;
with
which
the
King
being
highly
incensed
,
immediately
withdrew
his
Obedience
from
the
Papal
Sea
,
and
declared
himself
Head
under
Jesus
Christ
of
the
Church
of
England
;
forbidding
mony
to
be
transported
out
of
England
to
Rome
,
and
commanded
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Canterbury
to
renounce
his
Title
of
Legate
from
the
Pope
:
the
which
was
the
beginning
of
that
blessed
Reformation
,
1534.
which
hath
purged
the
Church
of
England
from
Errors
,
rendred
it
pure
in
its
Doctrin
,
introduced
the
true
,
and
glorious
light
of
the
Gospel
,
which
will
with
Gods
assistance
for
ever
remain
sure
,
and
immovable
in
despight
of
all
the
contrivances
either
of
the
Fanatical
irreligious
malice
,
or
the
power
,
or
policies
of
the
Roman
Church
:
And
moreover
it
was
the
beginning
of
that
liberty
which
we
now
enjoy
,
and
the
enrichment
of
this
flourishing
Nation
,
which
now
keeps
its
Treasures
and
Acquisitions
to
its
self
,
which
in
former
days
were
emptied
into
the
Coffers
of
the
Pope
to
make
Foreiners
opulent
,
and
its
people
poor
.
But
to
return
to
Pope
Clement
;
being
taken
with
a
pain
in
his
stomach
,
a
Fever
ensued
upon
it
;
of
which
according
to
his
own
prediction
,
he
departed
this
life
the
25th
.
day
of
September
,
1534.
leaving
behind
him
in
the
Castle
of
S.
Angelo
,
many
Jewels
,
in
the
Pontifical
Chamber
infinite
Offices
,
but
a
very
small
sum
of
mony
:
he
had
at
divers
Ordinations
created
three
and
thirty
Cardinals
;
all
which
(
except
Cardinal
De
Medicis
)
were
made
to
please
others
,
rather
than
himself
.
He
had
been
exalted
to
the
Popedom
with
wonderful
felicity
,
and
with
the
general
applauses
,
and
grand
expectations
of
the
world
;
but
in
a
short
time
he
fell
strangely
in
their
opinion
;
for
being
of
a
temper
naturally
irresolute
,
and
diffident
,
suffered
himself
to
be
divided
by
his
two
familiar
friends
,
men
differing
in
their
humors
,
affections
,
and
interests
;
which
laid
him
low
in
the
esteem
of
mankind
,
and
hated
and
detested
by
the
Romans
;
and
yet
he
was
sober
,
abstemious
,
and
a
greater
conqueror
of
himself
;
but
accounted
covetous
,
of
no
fidelity
,
or
faithfulness
to
his
word
,
nor
readily
inclined
to
do
any
man
a
good
office
,
unless
forced
thereunto
by
some
constraining
necessity
;
and
yet
he
was
grave
,
and
well
advised
in
his
actions
,
if
timorousness
had
not
oftentimes
corrupted
his
judgment
.
He
proved
such
diversity
of
fortunes
,
that
it
is
hard
to
determin
,
whether
his
bad
,
or
his
good
fortune
was
greatest
:
for
what
evil
can
be
compared
to
the
sacking
of
Rome
,
which
he
beheld
with
his
own
eyes
;
his
own
,
and
the
long
imprisonment
of
the
Cardinals
;
the
desolation
of
his
own
Country
,
of
which
he
was
an
instrument
,
for
the
promotion
only
of
the
Family
of
the
Medices
.
He
died
in
the
67th
.
year
of
his
age
,
having
held
the
Papal
Chair
ten
years
,
ten
months
,
and
seven
days
:
His
Corps
were
first
interred
in
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
,
but
afterwards
transported
to
the
Minerva
,
by
his
own
Relations
,
and
laid
by
the
Body
of
Pope
Leo
the
tenth
,
over
which
they
erected
a
stately
Monument
of
Marble
.
PAVL
III.
THE
Funeral
Rites
of
Clement
VII
.
being
performed
with
due
solemnity
,
the
Cardinals
entered
the
Conclave
the
12th
.
of
October
,
1534.
and
the
same
day
towards
night
agreed
unanimously
in
their
Election
,
and
published
Alexander
Farnese
Dean
of
the
College
of
Cardinals
to
be
with
general
consent
chosen
Pope
.
The
motives
which
the
Cardinals
might
have
to
hasten
with
such
facility
,
and
unanimous
assent
this
election
might
be
various
;
for
his
family
was
great
,
and
ancient
;
He
had
been
forty
years
a
Cardinal
,
and
thereby
acquired
a
competent
knowledg
of
the
Affairs
of
the
world
,
and
of
the
practices
of
the
Court
of
Rome
;
and
being
68
years
of
age
,
and
of
a
weak
and
tender
constitution
of
body
,
the
more
robust
,
and
ambitious
Cardinals
expected
,
that
his
Reign
could
not
be
long
before
he
made
way
for
one
of
them
.
And
in
regard
,
that
in
all
the
actions
,
and
negotiations
of
his
life
,
he
had
ever
shewed
an
indifferency
,
not
inclining
either
to
the
Imperial
,
or
French
Faction
;
the
parties
of
neither
side
did
make
it
their
business
or
concernment
to
oppose
him
;
for
tho
the
Family
of
Farnese
were
Guelfs
,
and
Vrsins
,
rather
than
Gibellins
,
and
of
the
party
of
Colonna
;
yet
this
Alexander
did
contain
himself
within
that
happy
neutrality
,
that
neither
Faction
had
a
prejudice
to
him
,
or
did
violently
oppose
him
:
so
that
all
parties
concurring
with
a
common
voice
in
his
Election
,
did
without
farther
demur
,
or
delay
,
salute
and
pay
their
respects
and
ceremonies
of
Worship
to
him
,
as
Universal
Bishop
:
the
which
Election
was
so
free
and
easie
,
neither
constrained
by
an
over-awing
force
of
armed
Bands
,
nor
by
the
power
of
a
prevailing
Party
;
that
for
many
ages
the
like
had
not
been
known
to
the
great
joy
of
good
men
,
who
are
always
pleased
with
regular
proceedings
.
Alexander
being
thus
chosen
,
he
took
on
himself
the
name
of
Paul
the
Third
;
in
consideration
as
some
conjecture
,
that
he
was
born
in
the
Reign
of
Paul
the
Second
in
Canino
,
a
place
in
Toscany
,
which
was
the
paternal
seat
of
his
Fathers
.
Being
now
Pope
,
he
declared
much
against
Nepotismo
,
or
advancing
Favorites
,
or
Nephews
to
eminency
,
or
greatness
;
and
therefore
expresly
forbad
his
natural
Son
Pier-luigi
to
come
to
Rome
,
or
medling
with
the
Affairs
of
the
Church
,
or
State
,
requiring
him
to
promise
unto
himself
no
other
benefit
or
advantage
by
his
promotion
to
the
Papal
Sea
,
than
only
to
live
a
quiet
,
and
a
commodious
life
.
Howsoever
he
was
not
so
firm
,
or
constant
to
this
resolution
,
but
that
he
promoted
the
Son
of
this
Pier-luigi
,
a
youth
of
14
years
of
age
to
the
Dignity
of
Cardinal
,
by
the
name
of
Cardinal
Farnese
;
and
another
also
yet
younger
than
the
former
,
named
Ascagno
Sforza
,
his
Sisters
Son
:
the
which
unreasonable
promotions
at
a
time
,
and
conjuncture
of
Affairs
so
unfit
,
afforded
just
matter
of
discourse
,
and
obloquy
to
the
Lutherans
,
and
Reformers
of
Religion
;
who
besides
the
impieties
of
former
Popes
,
had
yet
some
thing
material
to
object
against
the
levity
,
and
weakness
of
the
present
Government
:
howsoever
,
as
if
he
intended
to
make
amends
for
this
unripe
fruit
,
he
assumed
others
of
more
mature
age
and
wisdom
to
this
Dignity
,
whom
he
promoted
either
for
their
Virtues
,
or
Learning
,
or
Nobility
of
their
Families
;
amongst
which
John
Maria
de
Monte
Arezzo
,
Arch-Bishop
of
Siponto
was
one
,
who
was
afterwards
made
Pope
by
the
name
of
Julius
the
Third
:
He
also
created
John
Fisher
Bishop
of
Rochester
,
as
also
Renard
de
la
Poole
Cardinals
,
together
with
many
others
to
the
number
of
seventy
one
,
during
his
Reign
,
or
time
that
he
was
Pope
.
And
as
this
Pope
Paul
the
Third
was
very
bountiful
in
these
promotions
,
so
he
was
no
less
magnificent
,
and
stately
in
his
Structures
;
having
in
the
first
year
laid
the
Foundations
of
that
sumptuous
Building
at
Rome
,
called
by
the
name
of
The
Palace
of
the
Farnesi
,
which
is
one
of
the
most
noble
and
magnificent
Edifices
not
only
in
Rome
,
but
in
all
Europe
:
the
which
I
the
more
willingly
mention
,
because
that
being
my self
at
Rome
,
I
observed
it
to
be
most
agreeable
to
the
antique
Buildings
of
old
Rome
:
and
that
besides
the
outward
Magnificence
,
it
was
rarely
furnished
within
side
,
with
many
excellent
Statues
,
as
that
of
Hercules
,
of
Flora
,
and
a
Gladiator
,
esteemed
the
best
pieces
in
the
world
,
which
are
in
the
Court
,
or
Area
below
:
Then
above
stairs
you
have
the
Statues
of
Julius
Caesar
,
and
Augustus
,
Homer
,
Herodotus
,
Pindarus
,
Cicero
,
Seneca
,
and
others
;
but
that
of
Caracalla
is
beyond
them
all
:
he
looks
fierce
,
and
wants
nothing
but
motion
to
make
you
believe
it
is
alive
:
there
are
also
some
Idol
gods
,
and
a
Statue
of
Socrates
on
a
Pedestal
of
the
same
Marble
:
but
the
most
famed
piece
of
Art
,
is
the
Toro
Farnese
,
which
is
a
furious
Bull
held
by
the
Sons
of
Dirce
,
who
are
tying
their
Mothers
Hairs
to
the
Horns
of
the
Bull
;
it
was
brought
from
Rhodes
,
and
esteemed
at
a
very
high
value
.
This
Palace
was
begun
by
Antonio
Gallo
,
an
excellent
Architect
,
and
finished
by
Michael
Angelo
Buona
rota
.
Upon
the
Frontispiece
of
the
Gate
,
these
Verses
are
engraven
.
Tertius
has
Paulus
struxit
Farnesius
aedes
,
Quarum
forma
oculos
ponitur
ante
tuos
,
Aspicis
immensos
hospes
qui
frontis
honores
,
His
similes
,
dices
,
Roma
nec
orbis
habet
.
Thus
much
had
the
pacifick
,
and
quiet
spirit
of
Paul
the
Third
effected
;
that
amidst
the
troubles
,
and
inquietudes
of
Government
he
was
able
to
attend
to
such
an
expensive
piece
of
Structure
;
the
which
shews
his
aversion
to
War
:
for
stately
Buildings
,
and
ornaments
of
Cities
are
always
the
happy
effects
of
Peace
:
and
indeed
the
Maxim
which
this
Pope
observed
of
keeping
himself
in
a
discreet
neutrality
between
the
Emperor
and
the
French
King
,
did
marvellously
contribute
to
his
ease
,
and
prosperity
;
for
by
that
means
,
he
was
courted
by
them
both
,
and
lived
without
the
troubles
and
expence
of
War
,
until
he
was
necessitated
thereunto
by
other
emergencies
.
Moreover
,
the
first
year
of
this
Popes
Government
was
so
very
happy
in
the
seasonableness
of
the
Weather
,
and
fruitfulness
of
the
time
,
accompanied
with
so
many
other
auspicious
circumstances
,
as
made
those
,
who
had
suffered
in
the
late
cloudy
,
and
tempestuous
times
of
Adrian
,
and
Clement
,
bless
the
returns
of
Romes
glory
,
and
prosperity
,
as
if
the
Golden
Age
had
again
entered
,
attributing
all
to
the
conduct
,
and
wisdom
of
Paul
the
Third
;
of
whose
great
Parts
and
Abilities
they
had
received
apparent
instances
in
the
Reign
of
Clement
VII
.
who
so
kindly
accepted
the
solicitations
and
labors
which
this
Alexander
when
he
was
Cardinal
had
performed
to
relieve
him
when
he
was
besieged
in
the
Castle
of
S.
Angelo
,
by
bringing
Lautrec
to
his
assistance
,
that
he
gained
the
primary
station
of
authority
and
esteem
with
him
;
so
that
being
sick
,
and
oppressed
with
a
pain
in
his
stomach
,
he
would
often
say
,
that
if
the
succession
to
the
Popedom
were
hereditary
,
or
could
be
disposed
of
by
Will
and
Testament
,
he
should
judg
no
other
so
worthy
to
be
his
Heir
,
as
this
Alexander
;
who
now
,
as
we
have
said
,
being
elected
Pope
on
the
12th
.
of
October
,
was
Crowned
on
the
second
of
November
following
,
with
all
the
Ceremonies
usual
at
that
Solemnity
.
Being
thus
settled
in
his
Pontificate
,
he
resolved
to
adhere
to
his
ancient
Principle
,
and
Maxim
of
Neutrality
;
and
therefore
could
never
be
persuaded
to
revoke
,
or
annul
the
League
which
was
made
between
Clement
the
Seventh
his
Predecessor
,
and
Charles
the
Emperor
at
Bologna
:
for
tho
that
League
was
principally
calculated
,
and
designed
to
drive
the
French
out
of
Italy
,
to
which
,
tho
perhaps
the
dominion
of
the
Imperialists
might
be
equally
grievous
,
and
oppressive
;
yet
considering
,
that
such
a
breach
of
Articles
,
in
favour
of
the
French
,
could
not
be
performed
without
innovations
,
which
must
necessarily
produce
Wars
,
and
disturbances
in
Italy
,
nor
effected
without
impeachment
of
that
Neutrality
,
which
he
had
often
avowed
to
be
indispensably
belonging
to
the
Office
of
Popes
,
who
were
the
common
Parents
of
all
Christian
Kings
;
and
therefore
he
would
never
give
ear
to
those
suggestions
which
the
French
Ministers
,
and
Faction
would
frequently
inculcate
in
favour
to
that
King
.
And
whereas
the
former
Pope
was
always
averse
to
the
instances
which
the
Emperor
,
and
French
King
and
other
Princes
made
to
him
for
a
General
Council
to
be
held
for
reforming
abuses
crept
into
the
Church
,
and
suppressing
the
Opinions
of
Luther
,
which
they
called
heretical
,
and
which
began
to
dilate
,
and
spread
themselves
in
all
parts
of
Christendom
:
Now
this
Paul
the
Third
was
of
such
a
different
sense
herein
to
his
Predecessor
,
that
he
freely
declared
for
a
Council
,
shewing
himself
willing
to
meet
the
desires
of
the
Princes
,
and
promised
in
a
short
space
to
appoint
the
time
,
and
place
,
where
such
a
Council
should
be
held
,
and
celebrated
.
And
farther
to
confirm
and
improve
this
good
correspondence
with
the
Christian
Courts
,
he
dispeeded
his
Emissaries
,
and
Legates
into
all
parts
,
whose
care
it
was
as
well
to
advance
the
private
interests
of
his
Family
,
as
the
common
benefit
of
the
Church
;
and
particularly
to
solicit
,
and
promote
such
a
good
correspondence
,
and
peace
between
the
Emperor
,
and
the
King
of
France
,
that
uniting
their
Forces
for
the
common
safety
of
Christendom
,
might
joyntly
make
War
upon
the
Turk
,
and
other
enemies
to
the
Christian
Faith
:
but
herein
his
desires
found
little
success
,
for
the
French
being
beaten
out
of
Italy
,
could
not
support
the
prosperity
of
the
Emperor
,
against
whom
breathing
nothing
but
revenge
,
could
never
be
induced
to
unite
their
Arms
in
a
common
Cause
;
or
joyn
in
a
design
then
preparing
by
the
Emperor
against
the
Kingdom
of
Tunis
,
which
one
Barbarosso
had
usurped
:
who
having
by
the
help
of
Soldiers
,
and
a
strong
Fleet
furnished
and
equipped
at
the
expence
of
Soliman
Emperor
of
the
Turks
,
droven
Mulcasses
King
of
Tunis
out
of
his
own
Country
,
did
with
the
pyracies
he
committed
,
very
much
infest
the
Coasts
of
Spain
and
Sicily
;
and
being
arrived
to
a
considerable
power
,
threatned
to
invade
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
.
This
growing
greatness
of
Barbarosso
,
and
the
daily
Pyracies
he
committed
were
sufficient
provocation
to
Charles
the
Fifth
to
wage
War
against
him
;
and
being
a
Tyrant
,
and
an
Infidel
,
the
Pope
also
became
concerned
in
this
Holy
Cause
to
concur
with
the
Emperor
,
for
whose
assistance
,
he
furnished
out
nine
Gallies
,
which
were
fitted
at
Genoua
,
besides
three
others
which
were
the
usual
Guard
of
the
Coast
;
over
this
Fleet
Virginio
Orsinio
,
a
person
of
great
quality
was
constituted
Admiral
,
to
whom
was
joyned
Paulo
Giustiniano
a
Noble
Venetian
,
and
one
of
great
experience
in
Sea
Affairs
.
The
preparations
of
the
Emperor
also
were
very
great
,
his
Fleet
was
commanded
by
Prince
Doria
,
who
was
made
Commander
in
Chief
at
Sea
,
to
whom
the
Pope
made
a
present
of
a
short
Sword
,
or
Poniard
with
a
Hilt
set
with
Jewels
,
and
the
Scabbard
rarely
Engraved
,
and
consecrated
with
the
usual
Ceremonies
;
likewise
a
Cap
of
Velvet
Embroidered
with
Pearls
,
which
were
the
accustomary
Donatives
which
Popes
made
to
Generals
that
were
employed
in
a
Holy
War
against
Infidels
.
The
Marquiss
Del
Vasso
was
created
General
of
the
Italian
and
German
Infantry
,
and
being
on
his
Voyage
towards
Tunis
,
he
touched
in
his
way
thither
at
Civita
Vecchia
;
to
which
place
the
Pope
went
in
person
to
bless
the
Army
,
that
he
might
evidence
to
the
world
the
great
zeal
he
had
for
the
Christian
cause
:
the
which
office
of
Benediction
he
performed
on
the
top
of
a
high
Tower
,
from
whence
surveying
the
Fleet
of
Ships
,
and
Gallies
,
he
solemnly
prayed
with
a
Choire
of
Priests
for
the
happy
success
of
this
enterprise
,
making
thousands
of
Crosses
on
the
empty
Air
;
and
then
descending
into
the
Church
,
he
delivered
the
Banner
and
Scepter
of
the
Christian
Religion
into
the
hands
of
Vi●ginio
Orsino
his
General
.
The
success
of
this
Expedition
was
,
that
the
Emperor
having
landed
a
great
Army
on
the
Coast
of
Tunis
,
defeated
Barbarosso
,
and
put
his
Forces
to
flight
,
took
the
City
of
Tunis
,
and
restored
Mulcasses
the
vanquished
Prince
to
his
Kingdom
on
conditions
of
Homage
,
and
Tribute
;
for
better
security
of
which
payment
,
and
performance
,
he
built
two
Castles
at
the
Goleta
,
which
being
Garrisoned
with
Spaniards
,
served
for
Block
Houses
to
that
Port
;
and
having
released
twenty
thousand
Christians
from
Captivity
,
which
Barbarossa
had
by
his
depredations
at
Sea
,
and
Land
taken
,
and
enslaved
,
he
returned
with
his
Fleet
to
Sicily
,
and
then
to
Naples
,
where
he
solemnly
entered
in
a
triumphant
manner
,
with
such
joy
,
and
festivals
as
are
due
to
such
successes
.
Nor
was
this
good
news
less
welcome
to
Rome
,
where
Processions
of
Thanksgivings
were
made
,
and
Te
Deum
sang
in
the
most
solemn
manner
,
and
farther
to
●estifie
the
great
joy
which
the
Pope
conceived
for
this
success
,
John
Piccolomini
,
and
Alexander
Cesarini
were
sent
from
him
to
congratulate
with
the
Emperor
for
this
glorious
and
happy
Victory
.
Whilst
the
Emperor
was
in
his
passage
between
Sicily
and
Naples
,
advices
were
brought
him
of
the
decease
of
Francis
Sforza
,
who
was
the
last
Duke
of
Milan
,
by
whose
death
that
Dutchy
devolved
to
the
Empire
,
being
afterwards
governed
by
Antonio
de
Levae
,
in
form
of
a
Province
:
howsoever
the
Title
thereunto
was
not
so
clear
on
the
Emperors
side
,
but
that
the
King
of
France
laid
his
claim
unto
it
,
not
only
by
right
of
inheritance
,
as
descended
from
his
Great-Grand-Mother
Valentina
,
but
by
virtue
also
of
a
concession
granted
by
publick
Act
from
Maximilian
the
Emperor
to
King
Lewis
XII
.
of
France
,
on
a
valuable
consideration
of
mony
paid
for
it
,
after
Lodowick
Sforza
had
been
taken
,
and
droven
from
thence
.
But
this
pretence
seemed
of
little
moment
to
the
Emperor
,
who
judging
this
Dukedom
of
great
importance
to
his
State
,
came
from
Naples
to
Rome
with
intent
to
persuade
the
Pope
to
joyn
with
him
in
a
League
against
the
French
,
that
so
Italy
might
be
more
in
repose
,
and
quiet
by
expulsion
of
the
French
,
who
were
always
esteemed
great
disturbers
of
the
peace
of
it
.
On
the
5th
.
of
April
1536.
Anno
1536.
the
Emperor
came
to
Rome
,
where
being
received
by
the
Cardinals
,
Bishops
,
and
all
the
Orders
of
the
Clergy
,
with
the
Citizens
,
he
was
conducted
to
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
,
where
the
Pope
attended
him
on
the
steps
of
the
Porch
:
and
the
usual
Ceremonies
being
passed
,
he
was
lodged
in
that
apartment
of
the
Vatican
Palace
,
which
was
built
by
Innocent
VIII
.
During
the
residence
which
the
Emperor
made
at
Rome
,
he
entertained
frequent
Conferences
with
the
Pope
concerning
a
League
to
be
entered
into
,
between
them
and
the
other
Princes
of
Italy
,
for
expelling
the
French
out
of
that
Country
;
who
having
been
always
known
under
the
character
and
notion
of
the
disturbers
of
their
peace
,
they
could
neyer
hope
,
or
expect
quietness
,
whilst
that
restless
people
had
any
hold
,
or
possession
in
their
Quarters
.
And
farther
,
the
Emperor
in
a
publick
Assembly
of
the
Pope
and
all
the
Cardinals
,
and
Forein
Ministers
did
most
severely
inveigh
against
Francis
the
French
King
,
as
the
most
ungratetul
,
and
faithless
of
all
the
Princes
of
the
Universe
:
but
being
sharply
answered
,
and
replied
upon
by
Monsieur
Bellay
the
Embassador
of
France
,
the
Emperor
became
more
moderate
in
his
terms
,
and
discourses
on
that
subject
;
during
which
time
there
was
a
most
profound
silence
amongst
all
the
Cardinals
in
that
August
Assembly
.
But
then
as
to
the
proposition
made
of
a
League
between
the
Italian
Princes
for
expulsion
of
the
French
,
the
Pope
did
with
singular
respect
to
the
Emperor
,
approve
,
and
praise
the
pious
affection
he
had
for
the
care
,
and
repose
of
Italy
;
but
yet
as
to
himself
he
could
not
recede
from
his
Principle
,
and
resolution
of
Neutrality
,
which
he
had
grounded
on
the
foundation
of
his
Pastoral
Office
,
and
Charge
,
which
enjoyned
him
to
seek
,
and
endeavour
to
the
utmost
of
his
power
an
Union
,
and
Peace
between
Christian
Princes
;
and
therefore
he
heartily
urged
him
to
a
Peace
with
the
King
of
France
,
offering
himself
to
become
the
Mediator
and
Umpire
in
the
accord
between
them
:
But
so
far
was
the
Emperor
Charles
transported
with
anger
,
and
disdain
against
Francis
the
French
King
,
that
he
treated
him
with
all
the
terms
of
obloquy
,
that
his
rage
could
suggest
;
concluding
,
that
nothing
could
determin
,
or
put
a
period
to
the
differences
between
them
,
but
only
the
death
of
one
of
them
two
;
and
therefore
did
publickly
defie
and
challenge
Francis
to
a
single
Combat
:
but
the
Pope
being
desirous
to
mitigate
this
heat
with
fair
words
,
and
gentle
persuasions
,
embracing
him
,
desired
him
not
to
give
way
to
his
passion
;
and
when
the
Embassadors
of
France
would
have
answered
something
farther
in
favour
of
their
King
,
he
required
them
to
be
silent
,
resolving
not
to
give
ear
to
any
of
their
Expostulations
.
Hence
a
cruel
War
arose
between
the
Empire
and
France
;
for
the
Emperor
having
remained
14
days
at
Rome
,
departed
thence
with
design
to
Invade
France
;
and
so
passing
through
Toscany
,
and
the
Jurisdiction
of
Genoua
,
at
the
persuasion
of
Antonio
de
Leva
,
he
entered
Provence
,
where
for
want
of
all
Provisions
,
and
by
reason
of
the
Distempers
and
Sicknesses
which
at
that
time
reigned
in
that
Country
,
his
Forces
were
reduced
to
great
difficulties
;
which
was
the
reason
that
this
War
did
not
continue
a
year
,
before
a
Truce
was
concluded
of
ten
months
between
them
:
the
opportunity
of
which
quiet
interval
the
Pope
improving
for
making
a
firm
,
and
constant
Peace
,
laboured
to
appease
the
incensed
Spirits
of
those
two
Princes
by
an
interview
at
Nice
,
which
he
proposed
as
a
place
for
their
Meeting
,
and
where
he
himself
offered
to
be
personally
present
:
for
tho
being
73
years
old
,
his
age
might
excuse
him
from
the
fatigue
of
such
a
Journey
;
yet
for
the
sake
of
the
peace
of
Christendom
,
and
the
piety
of
this
work
,
he
offered
himself
to
be
Arbitrator
of
their
Controversies
:
the
which
being
assented
unto
by
the
two
Princes
,
about
the
beginning
of
June
,
1538.
the
Emperor
,
and
the
French
King
,
and
the
Pope
also
personally
appeared
at
the
place
appointed
,
where
the
Pope
taking
the
Propositions
,
and
the
Demands
on
both
sides
into
consideration
,
he
found
so
many
difficult
and
knotty
points
to
be
determined
,
that
despairing
of
any
conclusion
in
manner
of
a
Peace
,
he
proposed
a
Truce
for
ten
years
between
them
;
during
which
time
,
all
acts
of
Hostility
were
to
cease
,
and
free
Commerce
,
and
intercourse
of
Trade
to
be
admitted
between
their
Subjects
:
the
which
being
accepted
by
both
parties
,
the
Emperor
,
and
King
returned
to
their
Dominions
,
and
the
Pope
to
Rome
;
where
he
was
received
with
the
common
joy
,
and
acclamations
of
all
the
City
.
But
to
return
from
these
secular
Disturbances
,
and
Treaties
,
to
matters
more
nearly
relating
to
Religion
,
and
the
Church
.
It
was
now
about
twenty
years
that
Luther
had
preached
his
Doctrins
in
Germany
,
and
other
parts
;
and
that
the
Christian
Princes
had
long
desired
a
General
Council
;
against
which
this
Paul
the
Third
having
never
shewed
himself
averse
,
but
rather
testified
a
willingness
,
and
inclinations
thereunto
,
it
was
now
thought
fit
to
assign
the
time
,
and
place
for
assembling
this
Council
;
1537.
the
which
was
published
by
a
Bull
,
penned
with
great
caution
,
and
subtilty
,
by
six
Cardinals
,
and
three
Bishops
,
lest
the
words
should
prejudice
,
or
in
any
wise
infringe
the
Papal
Authority
;
the
which
was
dated
in
publick
Consistory
the
12th
.
of
June
,
and
signed
by
all
the
Cardinals
:
the
Tenure
of
which
was
to
this
effect
.
That
since
the
time
that
this
Pope
entered
into
the
Papal
Dignity
,
he
never
had
more
passionately
desired
any
thing
,
than
to
purge
the
Church
of
Christ
,
(
the
care
of
which
was
committed
to
his
charge
)
of
all
Errors
and
Schisms
,
and
to
restore
it
to
the
ancient
Discipline
and
severity
of
the
Primitive
times
;
to
effect
which
,
Hist.
Trent
.
he
judged
no
expedient
so
agreeable
,
and
proper
,
as
a
General
Council
,
the
which
he
had
often
signified
both
to
the
Emperor
,
and
other
Kings
;
in
hopes
that
after
all
Errors
were
corrected
,
and
exploded
,
and
abuses
in
manners
reformed
;
that
such
a
Sacred
Convention
would
procure
,
and
beget
a
right
understanding
between
all
Christian
Princes
,
that
laying
aside
all
Quarrels
and
Animosities
amongst
themselves
,
they
would
unite
together
in
a
War
against
Infidels
,
for
recovery
of
the
Countries
they
had
usurped
,
and
rescue
of
our
Christian
Brethren
who
suffer
under
their
servitude
,
and
slavery
.
To
which
end
,
by
virtue
of
that
absolute
Power
committed
to
him
by
God
,
and
by
and
with
the
consent
of
his
Brothers
the
Cardinals
,
he
did
Indict
,
and
publish
a
General
Council
to
be
held
at
Mantoua
,
at
,
or
upon
the
27th
.
of
May
,
of
the
year
following
:
Commanding
and
requiring
all
Bishops
,
and
Prelates
of
what
degree
or
place
soever
,
to
be
assistant
,
and
present
thereunto
,
as
they
were
obliged
by
Oath
,
and
by
Holy
Canons
,
and
Decrees
instituted
on
such
occasions
.
Desiring
and
intreating
the
Emperor
,
and
all
Christian
Princes
,
for
the
love
of
Jesus
Christ
,
to
be
present
and
assistant
there
in
person
,
if
it
were
possible
,
and
consistent
with
their
Affairs
;
and
if
not
,
then
to
depute
their
Embassadors
,
and
Ministers
with
plenary
Power
,
and
Authority
;
as
they
had
already
promised
both
to
Clement
and
himself
,
&c.
The
Pope
also
published
an
other
Bull
at
the
same
time
,
to
purge
,
(
as
he
called
it
)
the
City
of
Rome
from
Vices
,
and
corruption
of
manners
;
that
so
,
as
his
intentions
were
to
reform
all
that
was
amiss
in
the
Christian
world
,
(
of
which
in
spiritual
matters
he
was
the
Head
,
and
Chief
)
so
it
was
most
pious
to
begin
at
home
;
that
the
streams
from
the
original
Source
might
descend
more
pure
,
and
limpid
into
other
parts
.
But
the
first
Bull
indicting
a
Council
at
Mantoua
,
had
not
been
long
published
,
before
the
Duke
of
that
place
,
considering
,
that
for
the
security
thereof
,
it
would
be
necessary
to
maintain
a
stronger
Garrison
,
than
usual
;
the
extraordinary
charge
,
and
expence
of
which
he
demanded
of
the
Pope
;
with
many
other
hard
conditions
derogatory
to
the
Papal
Power
,
and
such
as
did
infringe
that
liberty
which
was
always
accorded
to
places
,
where
General
Councils
had
been
celebrated
:
it
was
therefore
thought
fit
to
assign
an
other
place
;
the
which
being
not
as
yet
agreed
,
the
time
of
Assembling
was
deferred
from
May
,
until
the
first
of
November
following
.
The
month
of
November
approaching
near
,
the
Pope
published
an
other
Bull
,
appointing
the
Council
to
be
held
at
Vicenza
,
a
City
under
the
Jurisdiction
of
the
Venetians
,
upon
the
first
of
May
next
,
in
the
year
1538.
deputing
for
his
Legates
the
Cardinals
Campeggio
,
Simonetta
,
and
Jeronimo
Alexandro
,
alledging
for
cause
of
such
prolongation
the
nearness
of
the
Winter
,
which
would
be
very
incommodious
to
those
,
who
were
to
travel
thither
from
remote
parts
.
Howsoever
upon
divers
obstacles
,
and
inconveniences
thereupon
occurring
,
the
place
for
meeting
of
this
Council
was
altered
,
and
the
time
deferred
for
some
years
after
,
as
will
appear
by
the
sequel
hereof
.
In
the
mean
time
Henry
the
Eighth
,
King
of
England
,
who
in
the
year
1535.
was
by
Act
of
Parliament
Authorized
Head
of
the
Church
of
England
,
did
now
absolutely
throw
off
all
Obedience
to
the
Papal
Sea
;
at
which
time
the
whole
Clergy
of
England
was
charged
by
the
Kings
Learned
Council
to
be
in
a
Praemunire
for
supporting
and
maintaining
the
Legantine
power
of
Cardinal
Wolsey
:
Baker's
Chron.
and
were
thereupon
called
by
Process
into
the
Kings
Bench
:
but
before
that
day
of
appearance
came
,
they
in
their
Convocation
concluded
an
humble
submission
in
writing
,
and
offered
the
King
a
hundred
thousand
pounds
to
have
their
Pardon
by
Parliament
,
which
offer
after
some
pause
,
and
deliberation
,
was
accepted
,
and
their
pardon
promised
.
Until
this
time
the
Popes
,
that
is
,
Clement
VII
.
and
this
present
Paul
the
third
had
subtilly
dissembled
matters
between
them
and
Henry
King
of
England
,
intending
if
necessity
had
required
to
have
confirmed
his
Divorce
from
Queen
Catharine
;
to
which
end
Cardinal
Campeggio
was
sent
into
England
,
and
joyned
in
Commission
with
the
Cardinal
of
York
,
with
Authority
to
give
Sentence
in
favour
of
the
King
;
and
that
the
matter
might
receive
a
speedy
dispatch
,
and
not
be
spun
out
by
length
of
time
,
required
in
the
solemnity
of
Judgment
,
and
passing
Sentence
;
a
Brief
was
ready
framed
,
and
drawn
up
,
and
the
Bull
,
or
Seal
thereunto
affixed
,
whereby
the
Marriage
with
Queen
Catherine
was
made
null
,
and
void
,
in
the
most
ample
manner
,
and
with
Terms
and
Clauses
so
full
,
as
nothing
could
be
more
expressive
,
nor
more
large
than
that
Instrument
,
with
instructions
notwithstanding
not
to
present
or
publish
the
same
,
unless
they
received
assurances
,
that
Henry
would
continue
firm
and
constant
in
his
Obedience
to
the
Authority
of
the
Church
;
and
in
this
manner
things
stood
,
and
thus
far
had
proceeded
in
the
year
1528.
Clement
the
Seventh
being
then
Pope
;
and
so
remained
in
suspense
until
the
time
of
this
present
Paul
the
Third
,
when
Henry
bidding
defiance
to
the
Papal
Authority
,
proceeded
to
actions
never
to
be
reconciled
with
that
Church
;
whereupon
the
Pope
issued
out
his
Bull
,
dated
the
30th
.
of
August
,
1535.
whereby
he
cited
King
Henry
to
appear
personally
before
him
,
and
the
College
of
Cardinals
at
Rome
,
to
give
answer
to
all
those
Cruelties
,
Sacrileges
,
Adulteries
,
and
other
Crimes
whereof
he
stood
accused
:
and
in
case
of
refusal
,
he
pronounced
him
,
and
all
his
Subjects
to
remain
under
censure
of
Excommunication
;
declaring
him
actually
deprived
of
his
Crown
,
and
Kingdom
;
his
Subjects
absolved
from
all
Obedience
;
all
actions
of
Religion
interdicted
and
forbidden
to
be
performed
,
or
celebrated
in
his
Dominions
:
commanding
all
Ecclesiastical
persons
to
depart
from
his
Kingdoms
,
and
the
Nobles
to
rise
up
in
Rebellion
against
him
.
But
all
this
lightning
and
thunder
of
Excommunication
did
little
terrifie
the
resolved
mind
of
King
Henry
,
but
rather
incensed
him
to
proceed
in
that
course
,
which
since
that
time
,
hath
laid
the
happy
beginning
of
that
blessed
Reformation
,
under
which
by
Gods
mercy
we
enjoy
the
true
,
and
glorious
light
of
the
Gospel
.
On
these
terms
England
stood
in
reference
to
the
Pope
,
when
publication
was
made
of
a
General
Council
to
be
held
at
Mantoua
,
and
then
altered
to
Vicenza
;
in
which
case
King
Henry
,
judging
himself
concerned
in
despight
of
his
Excommunication
,
published
a
Manifesto
in
his
own
name
,
and
in
the
name
of
all
his
Nobility
,
whereby
he
protested
against
any
such
Convocation
assembled
by
the
Popes
Authority
,
as
being
in
it self
of
none
effect
;
excepting
also
against
the
place
,
as
unsecure
,
and
the
Country
as
infested
with
continual
Wars
.
But
whereas
he
was
desirous
of
a
General
Council
,
as
being
the
only
means
whereby
to
reform
the
dissolute
matters
of
the
Clergy
,
and
suppress
the
exorbitant
Tyrannies
,
and
Usurpations
of
the
Clergy
:
he
should
willingly
give
his
consent
thereunto
,
provided
that
such
Convocation
were
assembled
by
the
Authority
of
the
Christian
Kings
and
Princes
,
who
had
the
sole
power
and
disposal
of
such
matters
;
for
as
to
the
Pope
,
he
esteemed
him
only
as
a
Bishop
in
his
own
Diocess
,
with
no
farther
extent
of
Jurisdiction
,
than
that
which
reacheth
thereunto
;
the
which
also
was
most
reasonable
at
this
time
,
when
the
abuses
of
the
Court
of
Rome
were
the
chief
matters
to
be
reformed
,
and
to
be
presented
to
the
cognisance
and
censure
of
such
a
Council
.
Besides
this
great
defection
of
England
from
the
Papal
Obedience
,
which
gave
a
fatal
blow
to
the
Church
of
Rome
,
the
Doctrin
of
Luther
daily
grew
,
and
dilated
it self
in
all
parts
of
Germany
and
France
,
with
much
disturbance
;
for
allaying
of
which
,
and
establishment
of
the
truth
of
the
Gospel
there
was
no
other
remedy
mentioned
,
and
cried
up
by
all
parties
,
but
a
General
Council
;
but
this
admitted
of
so
many
scruples
,
disputes
,
and
nicities
,
as
to
the
time
and
place
,
that
nothing
could
as
yet
be
resolved
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Turks
taking
advantage
upon
the
discord
amongst
Christians
,
entered
Dalmatia
with
Fire
and
Sword
,
and
took
the
strong
Town
of
Clissa
,
which
the
pope
had
fortified
with
all
sorts
of
Provisions
,
and
Ammunition
;
which
misfortune
the
Pope
greatly
resenting
,
ordered
solemn
Processions
to
be
made
in
Rome
,
at
which
he
was
present
in
person
,
and
walked
on
foot
;
and
sent
his
Legates
to
most
Christian
Princes
,
exhorting
them
to
lay
aside
the
Quarrels
,
and
Wars
amongst
themselves
,
and
unite
together
against
the
Common
Enemy
:
in
order
whereunto
a
League
was
made
between
the
Pope
,
the
Emperor
,
and
the
Venetians
;
the
conditions
whereof
were
,
that
the
Emperor
should
set
82
Gallies
to
Sea
,
and
the
Venetians
the
like
number
,
and
the
Pope
38
;
with
which
force
of
200
Sail
,
they
agreed
to
invest
the
Turks
Dominions
in
some
parts
of
Greece
.
Andrea
D'Oria
was
constituted
Admiral
of
the
Emperors
Fleet
,
Vicenzo
Capello
of
the
Venetians
,
and
Marco
Grimano
Patriarch
of
Aquileia
,
of
the
Popes
;
and
in
case
any
descent
were
made
,
or
Forces
landed
,
then
Fernando
Gonzaga
,
Vice-King
of
Sicily
was
to
be
Generalissimo
,
or
Commander
in
Chief
:
but
the
success
did
not
answer
so
great
preparations
,
which
proved
rather
dishonorable
,
than
advantagious
:
for
this
formidable
Fleet
being
at
Sea
,
near
the
Promontory
of
Antium
,
had
sight
of
the
Fleet
of
Barbarosso
;
and
might
with
much
ease
have
charged
and
vanquished
them
;
but
Andrea
D'Oria
the
Emperors
Admiral
refused
to
engage
;
so
that
leaving
the
Enemy
,
they
all
divided
themselves
into
three
Squadrons
under
their
respective
Commanders
,
sailing
away
in
manner
of
a
flight
,
to
the
great
ignominy
,
and
shame
of
the
Christian
Arms
;
which
inglorious
action
did
greatly
displease
the
Pope
,
and
more
especially
the
Venetians
,
who
instead
of
some
great
benefit
which
they
expected
in
return
for
all
their
expence
,
and
hazard
,
lost
Castlenuovo
,
which
was
soon
afterwards
taken
by
the
Enemy
.
Howsoever
this
publick
Disgrace
was
in
some
manner
repaired
by
the
favour
,
and
good
will
of
the
Emperor
towards
the
Pope
,
whh
bestowed
on
his
Son
Pier-luigi
the
City
of
Novara
,
and
gave
Margaret
of
Austria
,
the
Widow
of
Alexander
de
Medicis
in
marriage
to
his
Nephew
Ottavio
,
with
a
Portion
of
250
thousand
Ducats
.
It
happened
about
this
time
,
that
Francis
Naria
da
Meltro
,
Duke
of
Camerin
,
died
,
the
Pope
immediately
resolved
to
make
seizure
of
Camerino
,
pretending
that
that
place
was
devolved
to
the
Church
,
ever
since
the
death
of
John
Maria
Varano
,
whom
Leo
X.
had
made
Duke
of
that
place
;
for
that
he
leaving
no
Heirs
Male
,
Feltro
had
by
Usurpation
taken
possession
of
that
place
,
in
right
only
of
Julia
the
Daughter
of
John
Maria
Varano
,
whom
his
Son
Guido
Vbaldo
had
taken
to
Wife
,
and
held
the
same
in
despight
of
Clement
the
late
Pope
.
And
now
whereas
the
present
Duke
was
a
youth
of
tender
age
,
and
no
experience
,
the
Pope
made
use
of
this
opportunity
to
lay
his
claim
,
(
which
he
had
concealed
during
the
life
of
the
old
Duke
)
and
to
make
it
good
raised
an
Army
,
and
marched
against
Camerino
,
with
which
this
young
Duke
being
terrified
,
surrendred
the
place
without
other
difficulty
to
the
Pope
,
who
having
satisfied
all
pretenders
to
any
Arrears
by
disbursement
of
great
sums
of
mony
,
he
invested
his
Nephew
Ottavio
Farnese
in
the
place
,
creating
him
Duke
of
Camerino
,
chief
Prefect
of
Rome
,
and
Censuary
of
the
Church
.
By
this
and
other
expences
the
Chamber
was
greatly
exhausted
of
its
Treasure
;
to
recruit
which
the
Pope
laid
new
Gabels
and
Impositions
on
all
Commodities
in
his
Dominions
,
and
especially
upon
Salt
;
the
which
so
discontented
the
People
of
Perugia
,
that
from
a
mutiny
they
took
Arms
,
and
appeared
in
open
Rebellion
;
but
being
soon
que●led
by
the
Popes
Forces
,
all
their
Immunities
,
and
Privileges
were
seized
,
whereby
they
were
forced
to
send
their
Messengers
to
Rome
,
with
all
humility
,
and
submission
to
beg
Pardon
from
the
Pope
,
promising
all
Loyalty
,
and
Obedience
for
the
future
.
1539.
Ascanius
Colonna
making
also
some
disturbance
on
the
like
occasion
,
was
for
his
contumacy
deprived
of
his
Estate
in
Campagna
,
Paliano
was
dismantled
,
and
his
Fortress
of
Rocca
entirely
demolished
.
Things
being
thus
reduced
,
and
settled
in
the
Temporal
State
,
he
converted
his
thoughts
to
the
quiet
and
security
of
the
Church
;
and
considering
that
disturbances
in
the
world
proceeded
commonly
from
want
of
good
Instruction
,
and
corruption
of
manners
,
he
commanded
the
Bishops
to
their
respective
Diocesses
,
enjoyning
them
to
reside
there
,
and
teach
their
Flocks
with
good
Lectures
,
by
their
own
exemplary
lives
.
In
the
year
1540.
1540.
he
augmented
and
enlarged
the
Immunities
,
and
Privileges
of
the
Chamber
,
and
the
Authority
of
the
Referendaries
:
He
gave
liberty
to
Clergy
men
to
dispose
of
their
Estates
by
Testament
without
leave
,
or
interruption
of
the
Apostolical
Chamber
:
He
gave
liberty
also
to
Jews
which
were
converted
to
Christianity
to
dispose
of
their
Estates
according
to
their
own
will
and
pleasure
,
and
reformed
many
abuses
in
the
administration
of
Civil
,
and
Criminal
Causes
;
and
towards
the
end
of
this
year
constituted
Cardinal
Farnese
his
Nephew
Legate
at
Avignon
in
the
place
of
the
Cardinal
D'Auch
deceased
.
The
Pope
(
as
we
have
declared
before
)
shewing
himself
unresolved
in
the
matter
of
a
Council
,
being
very
wavering
as
to
the
time
,
and
place
,
tho
he
seemed
always
ready
to
agree
thereunto
;
and
from
the
first
time
,
that
he
was
created
Pope
,
evidenced
an
earnest
desire
above
all
things
to
comply
with
the
Christian
Princes
in
that
particular
;
at
length
the
Emperor
and
Princes
of
Germany
finding
their
Country
tossed
,
and
embroiled
with
various
disputes
of
Religion
,
resolved
to
call
a
Diet
at
Regensburg
,
supposing
that
a
National
Assembly
might
settle
,
and
determin
Controversies
in
want
,
and
for
defect
of
a
General
Council
;
and
in
pursuance
thereof
a
Diet
was
opened
at
Regensburg
about
the
beginning
of
March
,
Hist.
Trent
.
1541.
At
this
Diet
the
Emperor
himself
was
present
with
great
hopes
,
1541.
that
all
Controversies
about
Religion
would
be
here
determined
,
and
Germany
united
in
the
same
opinion
.
Hereunto
the
Pope
sent
Cardinal
Gaspar
Contarini
to
be
his
Legat
;
a
person
of
excellent
prudence
,
and
learning
,
accompanied
with
several
others
well
instructed
in
the
Interest
of
the
Court
of
Rome
,
and
with
publick
Notaries
skilful
in
drawing
up
Authentick
Acts
,
and
Forms
of
Law
,
to
whom
above
all
things
it
was
committed
in
charge
,
not
to
receive
any
Papers
,
or
Memorials
which
might
tend
to
the
least
abatement
,
or
diminution
of
the
Papal
Authority
;
but
in
such
case
to
break
up
abruptly
,
referring
those
matters
to
the
determination
of
a
General
Council
.
In
short
,
after
long
Conferences
,
and
Debates
,
the
Diet
broke
up
on
the
28th
.
of
July
,
the
Emperor
referring
all
that
had
been
done
,
or
transacted
there
to
a
General
Council
,
or
to
a
National
Synod
of
Germany
,
or
to
a
Diet
of
the
Empire
;
promising
to
go
himself
into
Italy
,
to
treat
with
the
Pope
on
that
matter
,
and
in
case
the
Pope
should
appear
refractory
thereunto
,
that
then
notwithstanding
he
would
within
the
space
of
eighteen
months
,
by
virtue
of
his
own
Authority
issue
forth
his
Writs
for
calling
a
Diet
of
the
Empire
,
for
setling
the
Affairs
of
Religion
,
and
prevail
with
the
Pope
to
send
his
Legat
to
it
:
And
in
the
mean
time
he
commanded
the
Protestants
not
to
receive
any
other
new
Doctrins
,
than
such
as
had
already
been
debated
;
and
enjoyned
the
Bishops
to
reform
the
abuses
of
their
Churches
.
He
forbad
also
the
dissolution
of
Monasteries
,
or
any
seizure
to
be
made
on
the
Estate
of
the
Church
,
and
any
person
or
persons
whatsoever
to
change
,
or
alter
his
or
their
Religion
.
And
for
the
better
satisfaction
and
contentment
of
the
Protestants
,
that
in
those
points
which
were
still
under
Controversie
,
he
left
every
man
free
,
and
at
liberty
in
his
own
judgment
;
and
farther
,
that
such
Monasteries
as
were
not
yet
demolished
,
should
still
remain
,
but
howsoever
should
be
reduced
to
a
Godly
and
Christian
way
of
practice
.
That
the
Goods
of
the
Church
should
not
be
seized
,
but
left
for
maintainance
of
the
Ministers
without
any
distinction
or
difference
relating
to
their
Sect
in
Religion
.
He
also
prorogued
the
Assembly
at
Ausburg
,
until
such
time
as
the
points
there
in
Controversie
could
come
to
the
decision
of
a
General
Council
,
or
a
Diet
of
the
Empire
.
After
this
the
Emperor
passed
into
Italy
,
and
at
Luca
met
the
Pope
,
where
in
a
long
discourse
he
treated
at
large
concerning
a
Council
,
and
the
management
of
a
War
against
the
Turks
;
the
result
of
which
was
this
,
That
the
Pope
should
send
a
Nuntio
into
Germany
,
to
advise
the
Diet
which
was
to
be
held
at
Spira
on
the
beginning
of
the
next
year
following
,
and
assure
them
of
his
resolution
to
assemble
a
General
Council
at
Vicenza
at
the
time
formerly
prefixed
.
But
in
regard
this
City
was
under
the
Dominion
of
the
Venetians
,
the
Pope
thought
fit
to
intimate
first
this
intention
to
the
Senate
,
before
he
signified
this
resolution
at
Spira
:
the
which
was
advisedly
considered
,
for
the
Venetians
rejected
the
proposal
,
being
jealous
of
the
ill
consequences
,
which
the
concourse
of
such
multitudes
might
produce
to
their
State
;
and
in
regard
they
had
lately
made
a
Peace
with
the
Sultan
,
they
apprehended
,
that
a
Treaty
and
Consultation
held
in
one
of
their
Towns
,
for
uniting
in
a
Confederacy
against
him
,
and
carrying
on
a
War
,
might
be
the
occasion
of
a
Rupture
,
and
breach
of
the
Peace
,
which
lately
they
had
with
great
charge
,
and
much
labour
concluded
:
upon
which
answer
from
the
Venetians
the
Pope
was
forced
to
take
other
measures
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Cardinal
Coutarini
lay
under
the
severe
censure
of
the
Pope
,
having
been
accused
,
for
behaving
himself
with
too
much
easiness
at
Regensburg
in
matters
which
concerned
the
interest
of
the
Church
,
for
that
he
seemed
as
if
he
had
been
a
little
shaken
,
and
staggered
with
the
subtil
Arguments
against
the
Doctrin
of
Transubstantiation
,
and
heard
with
too
much
indifferency
,
the
discourses
which
tended
to
the
diminution
of
the
Papal
Authority
.
But
the
Cardinal
Fregosa
being
his
friend
,
defended
him
in
despight
of
all
his
enemies
,
until
such
time
as
returning
to
the
Pope
at
Luca
,
he
rendered
such
an
account
of
all
matters
transacted
in
his
Embassy
,
as
gave
the
Pope
entire
satisfaction
.
This
was
the
state
of
Affairs
towards
the
end
of
the
year
1541.
when
at
the
beginning
of
1542.
the
Pope
dispatched
John
Mora
the
Bishop
of
Modena
to
the
Diet
held
at
Spira
,
under
Ferdinand
the
Emperors
brother
,
giving
them
to
understand
that
the
Pope
continued
his
resolution
of
holding
a
General
Council
,
which
he
had
for
some
time
deferred
in
expectation
of
that
good
issue
which
it
was
hoped
the
Diets
,
and
National
Conventions
would
have
produced
in
the
settlement
of
Religion
:
but
seeing
that
those
means
had
failed
,
he
now
again
re-assumed
his
former
deliberation
about
a
Council
,
which
he
should
gladly
cause
to
be
assembled
in
Germany
,
were
not
the
fatigues
of
so
long
a
Journey
,
and
the
alteration
of
Air
dangerous
to
a
person
of
his
age
:
and
therefore
after
he
had
thought
of
Mantoua
,
Vicenza
,
Ferrara
,
Bologna
,
and
Piacenza
for
places
proper
and
convenient
for
such
a
Convention
;
He
did
at
length
pitch
upon
Trent
as
a
City
without
exception
,
being
situated
on
the
Frontiers
of
Germany
,
and
therefore
did
now
unalterably
appoint
a
Council
there
to
be
opened
on
the
13th
.
of
August
next
ensuing
,
desiring
all
those
there
present
at
this
Diet
that
they
would
lay
aside
all
Animosities
and
Factions
,
and
appear
at
this
Council
with
clear
and
sincere
souls
to
favour
the
cause
of
God
,
and
the
truth
of
the
Gospel
.
Upon
this
proposal
Ferdinand
,
and
the
other
Princes
which
favoured
the
Cause
of
the
Roman
Church
,
returned
their
thanks
to
the
Pope
,
saying
,
that
since
there
was
no
City
in
Germany
judged
convenient
for
this
Council
,
that
they
were
contented
with
this
assignment
of
Trent
,
where
they
promised
to
come
,
and
there
to
be
assistant
.
But
the
Protestants
refused
to
accept
of
this
intimation
,
alledging
that
the
Pope
had
neither
Authority
to
indict
a
Council
,
nor
that
Trent
was
a
place
convenient
for
it
;
which
was
the
cause
that
no
farther
resolution
was
taken
hereupon
at
this
Diet.
Howsoever
the
Pope
proceeded
forward
in
his
intention
,
and
published
his
Bull
dated
the
two
and
twentieth
of
May
,
for
assembling
a
Council
at
Trent
to
meet
on
the
first
of
November
following
;
the
which
was
dispatched
from
Rome
to
all
the
Princes
of
Christendom
,
but
without
any
great
success
.
For
in
the
month
of
July
,
Francis
the
French
King
had
denounced
War
against
the
Emperor
,
having
in
a
Manifesto
published
his
reasons
for
it
in
such
severe
terms
,
as
greatly
reflected
on
the
honor
of
the
Emperor
,
and
which
so
much
provoked
him
to
anger
in
that
ill
humor
wherein
he
was
newly
returned
from
his
unhappy
adventure
before
Algier
into
Spain
,
that
when
the
Bull
was
delivered
ro
him
,
he
gave
this
answer
;
that
he
was
in
no
manner
satisfied
therewith
;
in
regard
that
it
made
no
distinction
in
the
terms
,
and
stile
thereof
between
him
and
the
King
of
France
:
for
tho
he
had
refused
no
pains
,
nor
spared
expence
to
compass
the
assembling
of
a
Council
;
and
that
the
French
King
on
the
contrary
had
endeavoured
by
his
Embassadors
at
Spira
to
nourish
discords
,
and
so
to
embroil
the
affairs
of
Religion
,
as
to
put
them
into
a
condition
beyond
all
hopes
,
or
possibility
of
accommodation
;
yet
this
Bull
treated
the
disservices
of
the
French
with
the
same
equality
of
merit
,
as
it
did
the
unwearied
zeal
of
Him
the
Emperor
,
whose
great
incumbence
it
had
always
been
to
render
faithful
,
and
effectual
Offices
of
Duty
to
the
Church
:
And
then
rehearsing
the
many
provocations
the
French
King
had
given
him
,
he
desired
the
Pope
to
consider
,
if
the
Behaviour
of
that
King
towards
him
did
correspond
with
a
design
,
or
intention
of
advancing
the
interest
of
Christendom
,
or
did
appear
with
such
a
face
,
or
guise
of
Peace
,
and
Reconciliation
,
as
was
necessary
at
such
a
time
when
a
General
Council
was
to
be
convened
;
of
which
we
may
then
conceive
the
most
promising
assurances
of
success
,
when
it
commences
with
Candor
,
Friendship
,
and
Charity
,
which
are
the
best
,
and
most
excellent
dispositions
towards
the
establishment
of
truth
,
and
peace
.
But
seeing
that
the
French
King
hath
ever
countermined
,
and
disturbed
this
course
,
some
other
way
,
was
to
be
found
for
the
settlement
of
Religion
besides
a
Council
;
and
in
the
mean
time
he
desired
that
the
Pope
would
attribute
the
disappointment
thereof
to
the
French
King
only
,
to
whom
it
was
necessary
,
that
he
should
declare
himself
a
publick
enemy
,
in
case
he
ever
hoped
to
expect
good
from
a
Council
,
in
the
settlement
of
Peace
,
and
Religion
in
the
world
.
The
French
King
being
well
assured
that
the
War
which
he
had
commenced
at
this
unseasonable
time
,
would
certainly
be
interpreted
,
as
prejudicial
to
Religion
,
and
as
if
he
favoured
the
Protestant
cause
;
did
therefore
,
to
forestal
such
suggestions
,
publish
most
severe
Edicts
against
the
Protestants
;
forbidding
them
to
assemble
at
any
Meetings
,
causing
all
their
Books
,
written
in
defence
of
their
Doctrin
to
be
burnt
,
and
enjoyning
the
Sorbonists
to
make
severe
inquisitions
concerning
such
,
who
observed
not
Fish
days
,
or
days
of
Abstinence
,
or
said
not
their
Prayers
in
Latin
,
or
in
any
manner
contradicted
,
or
withstood
the
Principles
,
or
Doctrins
of
the
Catholick
Church
.
Moreover
,
he
wrote
an
Apology
for
himself
to
the
Pope
in
answer
to
what
the
Emperor
had
accused
him
of
;
recalling
to
memory
the
hard
and
sacrilegious
usage
which
he
had
practised
against
Clement
VII
.
how
he
had
sacked
Rome
,
and
imprisoned
the
Pope
,
and
at
the
same
time
in
a
most
hypocritical
manner
,
illuding
God
Almighty
,
had
made
Processions
at
Madrid
for
the
Pope's
deliverance
,
when
he
himself
was
the
sole
Author
of
his
confinement
:
farther
purging
himself
of
being
any
impediment
,
or
hinderance
to
the
proceedings
of
a
Council
,
or
giving
an
interruption
to
the
quiet
,
and
settlement
of
Religion
.
Hereupon
the
Pope
,
that
he
might
shew
himself
the
common
Father
of
Christian
Princes
(
on
which
title
he
laid
the
great
stress
of
his
Authority
)
desired
to
interpose
himself
,
as
Mediator
of
their
differences
;
and
to
that
end
,
dispatched
Cardinal
Contarini
to
the
Emperor
,
and
Cardinal
Sadoler
to
the
French
King
;
but
Contarini
dying
in
his
journey
,
Cardinal
Viseo
was
constituted
in
his
place
,
who
being
a
person
not
very
acceptable
to
the
Emperor
,
was
not
a
proper
instrument
to
effect
the
Pacification
intended
.
Howsoever
,
tho
the
War
proceeded
,
and
that
acts
of
Hostility
were
committed
in
divers
places
,
yet
the
Pope
prosecuted
the
design
of
a
Council
,
judging
it
his
honor
to
be
now
positive
,
as
to
the
time
and
place
,
and
accordingly
towards
the
beginning
of
November
,
he
sent
three
Cardinals
,
viz.
Peter
Paul
Parisio
,
John
Morone
,
and
Reginal
le
Poole
an
Englishman
to
be
his
Legates
,
for
preparing
matters
in
order
to
the
Council
,
which
was
appointed
to
be
holden
at
Trent
:
besides
whom
,
many
other
Bishops
were
sent
,
who
were
all
men
of
excellent
Learning
,
and
subtil
Disputants
;
but
the
Protestants
refusing
to
meet
at
that
place
,
by
virtue
of
the
Pope's
Authority
;
these
learned
Doctors
became
all
of
one
side
,
and
finding
none
to
make
opposition
against
them
,
they
might
with
much
facility
have
confirmed
,
and
established
what
Fundamentals
and
conclusions
they
had
pleased
.
But
as
yet
things
were
not
prepared
for
any
publick
Act
,
nor
had
the
Legates
Instructions
as
yet
to
conclude
any
thing
,
but
only
entertain
the
Prelates
,
and
Embassadors
which
were
sent
thither
.
The
appearance
at
first
was
very
thin
,
and
few
Princes
had
sent
their
Ministers
to
Trent
;
howsoever
the
Emperor
tho
he
entertained
little
hopes
of
a
good
issue
of
these
proceedings
,
yet
he
resolved
for
prevention
of
Plots
,
or
Designs
against
him
to
send
Don
Diego
de
Mendoza
,
and
Cardinal
Granvel
to
be
his
Embassadors
at
that
place
;
who
being
arrived
,
pressed
the
Pope's
Legates
to
proceed
to
the
business
,
that
their
time
might
not
be
there
consumed
to
no
purpose
;
which
the
Legates
endeavouring
to
evade
,
and
still
to
put
delays
,
and
impediments
in
the
way
,
it
was
so
displeasing
to
the
Emperor's
Ministers
,
that
they
protested
against
those
delatory
excuses
;
to
which
the
Legates
giving
no
answer
,
Granvel
was
recalled
,
and
sent
to
reside
at
the
Diet
at
Noremberg
,
which
was
opened
about
the
beginning
of
the
year
1543.
so
that
nothing
moved
forward
in
this
Council
by
reason
of
the
many
obstructions
,
and
especially
of
the
fierce
War
,
which
now
grew
very
hot
between
the
Emperor
,
and
the
French
King
,
and
of
the
Plague
which
was
begun
at
—
so
that
after
some
few
Sessions
to
little
purpose
,
the
Council
was
by
order
of
the
Pope
adjourned
to
Bologna
.
1543.
The
Pope
having
advice
that
the
Emperor
,
who
had
now
entered
into
a
League
with
Henry
VIII
.
King
of
England
,
against
France
,
intended
to
pass
into
Flanders
by
way
of
Italy
;
he
resolved
to
meet
,
and
speak
with
him
,
pretending
that
his
Errand
was
no
other
,
than
like
a
Father
,
and
Spiritual
Pastor
,
to
persuade
,
and
exhort
him
to
Peace
,
and
Unity
,
and
to
impart
some
things
to
him
relating
to
the
Council
of
Trent
;
tho
in
reallity
he
had
a
more
secret
,
and
peculiar
design
under
the
covert
of
these
publick
interests
:
which
was
,
to
procure
the
Dukedom
of
Milan
,
for
one
of
his
Nephews
;
and
for
an
inducement
thereunto
intended
to
make
offer
of
a
good
sum
of
mony
,
which
he
supposed
might
be
very
prevalent
with
the
Emperor
at
a
time
when
his
Wars
in
Flanders
were
pressing
,
and
expensive
.
And
therefore
departing
from
Rome
on
the
26th
.
of
February
,
and
not
regarding
the
coldness
of
the
season
,
which
was
inconvenient
to
one
of
his
age
,
he
travelled
through
the
Dominions
of
the
Church
,
and
taking
Modena
,
Reggio
,
Parma
,
Ferrara
,
Ancona
,
Perugia
,
and
Viterbo
in
his
way
,
he
at
length
came
to
Bologna
,
where
he
remained
until
the
middle
of
Summer
,
when
Charles
V.
arrived
at
Genoua
,
where
he
was
received
into
the
Palace
of
Prince
D'Oria
,
prepared
for
him
in
all
Royal
and
sumptuous
manner
;
he
was
there
complemented
by
several
Princes
of
Italy
,
and
particularly
by
Pier
luigi
Farnese
,
whom
the
Pope
had
expresly
sent
to
the
Emperor
,
intreating
him
to
assign
a
time
,
and
place
where
the
Pope
might
have
discourse
with
him
in
order
to
some
matters
of
great
concernment
.
The
Emperor
who
was
pressed
to
make
all
the
speed
possible
into
Flanders
,
and
had
resentment
of
things
which
he
took
unkindly
from
the
Pope
,
made
several
excuses
▪
pretending
that
his
Affairs
would
not
permit
him
the
leisure
for
such
a
meeting
;
and
that
in
case
the
Pope's
business
were
exhortations
to
Peace
and
Reconciliation
with
France
,
the
matter
was
too
far
gone
for
him
to
afford
any
ear
thereunto
,
until
he
had
first
received
some
revenge
,
and
compensation
for
the
injuries
which
had
been
offered
him
.
Pierluigi
not
succeeding
in
this
request
,
the
Cardinal
Farnese
was
immediately
dispatched
in
post
to
Genoua
to
urge
the
Emperor
with
more
pressing
instances
;
and
being
a
person
very
eloquent
and
importunate
,
he
prevailed
with
the
Emperor
to
meet
,
and
discourse
with
the
Pope
at
Busetto
,
a
place
between
Vicenza
,
and
Cremona
;
provided
that
this
interview
should
not
retard
him
in
his
journey
,
for
above
the
space
of
three
days
.
Accordingly
the
Pope
came
to
Busetto
on
the
20th
of
June
,
and
the
next
day
also
the
Emperor
arrived
,
when
falling
immediately
upon
business
,
the
Emperor
would
by
no
means
hearken
to
the
proposition
which
was
made
him
for
investing
his
Nephew
Ottavio
in
the
State
of
Milan
;
and
tho
a
sum
of
mony
was
offered
for
it
,
which
the
present
necessities
did
greatly
require
;
yet
being
supplied
with
two
hundred
thousand
Crowns
by
agreement
with
Cormo
de
Medicis
,
whereby
he
released
to
him
all
the
Fortresses
of
the
State
of
Florence
,
he
would
upon
no
terms
give
ear
to
the
proposition
concerning
Milan
;
which
when
the
Pope
perceived
,
and
that
his
arguments
,
and
importunities
for
it
,
were
all
insignificant
;
he
turned
his
discourse
to
matters
of
more
publick
concernment
,
desiring
him
to
consider
the
present
state
of
the
Church
,
which
was
torn
in
pieces
by
diversity
of
Sects
in
Religion
,
which
took
their
advantage
of
those
confusions
,
which
the
Wars
between
him
,
and
France
had
caused
;
and
farther
he
represented
to
him
the
great
danger
in
which
his
Brother
Ferdinand
was
engaged
by
the
formidable
forces
of
the
Turk
,
which
threatned
Hungary
;
in
consideration
of
all
which
,
he
begged
of
him
to
put
an
end
to
his
Wars
against
Christians
,
that
he
might
repress
and
give
a
stop
to
the
violent
incursions
of
the
common
enemy
:
all
which
discourse
had
no
other
effect
,
than
only
,
that
hereupon
Julio
Or●●no
was
dispeeded
with
thirty
Companies
of
Foot
to
Guard
and
defend
the
Confines
of
Hungary
:
and
thus
the
Pope
having
spent
five
days
at
Busetto
,
with
no
other
advantage
to
his
Affairs
,
he
returned
again
to
Bologna
,
where
he
celebrated
the
Feast
of
S.
Peter
the
Apostle
.
About
this
time
Barbarosso
,
who
had
been
instigated
by
the
French
,
to
do
all
the
damage
they
were
able
to
the
Emperor
,
had
coasted
along
the
shore
by
Naples
;
and
having
slaid
some
time
before
the
Isle
of
〈…〉
,
they
at
length
appeared
near
Civita
Vecchia
,
at
the
mouth
of
the
〈…〉
which
gave
such
an
alarm
to
Rome
,
that
the
Inhabitants
had
certainly
abandoned
the
City
,
and
fled
to
the
Mountains
,
had
not
Poline
the
French
Envoy
aboard
the
Fleet
of
Barbarosso
,
written
a
Letter
to
Cardinal
Rodolfo
,
giving
him
assurance
,
that
there
was
no
design
upon
Rome
;
with
which
the
tumult
was
quieted
,
and
their
fears
dissipated
.
Now
began
the
year
1544.
which
was
very
remarkable
for
the
unexpected
Peace
concluded
between
the
Emperor
and
the
French
King
,
on
the
18th
.
of
September
at
Crespy
,
a
Castle
in
Valois
,
after
the
bloody
Battel
of
Cerisoles
:
the
which
was
received
with
extreme
joy
by
all
the
Christian
Princes
,
and
especially
by
Pope
Paul
,
who
being
returned
from
Bologna
to
Rome
,
had
lately
made
solemn
Processions
for
the
Peace
and
quiet
of
Christendom
;
the
which
unexpected
news
surprising
the
Pope
,
was
interpreted
by
him
,
as
a
return
of
those
Prayers
and
Supplications
,
he
had
made
for
Peace
,
tho
inwardly
he
conceived
some
secret
resentments
,
that
he
had
not
been
concerned
as
Mediator
in
it
.
Upon
this
news
of
Peace
,
the
Pope
thought
it
seasonable
to
publish
an
other
Sessions
of
the
Council
to
Commence
in
March
following
,
which
had
on
occasion
of
the
late
Wars
been
prorogued
:
but
this
hasty
indiction
of
a
Council
was
not
pleasing
to
the
Emperor
,
who
expected
to
have
been
first
consulted
;
esteeming
that
it
had
been
more
agreeable
to
his
Authority
,
and
more
acceptable
to
the
humor
of
Germany
,
had
he
been
made
the
principal
Author
of
this
Council
:
Howsoever
that
he
might
seem
to
be
the
first
mover
of
the
work
,
and
the
Pope
only
to
act
in
the
second
place
,
he
issued
out
many
Commissions
to
the
Prelates
of
Spain
,
and
of
the
Low-Countries
,
and
to
many
Divines
at
Lovain
,
to
meet
together
,
and
consider
of
several
Theses
,
and
Propositions
which
were
to
be
debated
in
the
Council
,
which
being
reduced
to
six
and
thirty
Heads
,
he
required
their
solution
of
them
positively
,
without
any
proofs
,
or
references
to
Holy
Scripture
.
All
which
solutions
being
made
,
were
confirmed
by
the
Emperor
's
Magisterial
Authority
,
and
Edicts
,
requiring
all
people
to
yield
entire
faith
,
Hist.
Trent
.
and
belief
thereunto
.
And
farther
,
the
Emperor
not
being
able
to
conceal
the
displeasure
he
had
conceived
against
the
Pope
,
vented
his
choler
frequently
to
the
Nuntio
in
very
severe
and
sharp
terms
:
and
whereas
the
Pope
in
the
month
of
December
had
created
thirteen
Cardinals
,
those
three
which
were
Spaniards
amongst
them
were
forbidden
by
the
Emperor
to
accept
the
Dignity
,
or
to
take
the
Title
,
or
wear
the
Habit.
1545.
Tho
the
Emperor
had
testified
this
open
displeasure
against
the
Pope
,
yet
he
so
far
complied
with
him
,
as
to
send
Don
Diego
de
Mendoza
,
who
had
lately
been
his
Embassador
at
Venice
,
with
ample
Commission
to
the
Council
of
Trent
,
as
did
also
the
other
Princes
who
were
in
amity
with
the
Pope
:
but
the
Protestants
who
had
sent
their
Commissioners
to
the
Diet
at
Worms
,
over
which
Ferdinand
presided
in
the
place
of
the
Emperor
,
refused
to
send
their
Embassadors
to
Trent
,
alledging
,
that
the
Assembly
held
at
that
place
,
was
not
legitimate
,
nor
could
be
termed
with
the
quality
,
and
character
of
a
General
Council
.
The
Pope
being
highly
incensed
at
this
refusal
,
and
separation
of
the
Protestants
,
which
he
esteemed
an
affront
to
the
Papal
Authority
,
dispatched
his
Nephew
the
Cardinal
Farnese
,
in
quality
of
Legate
,
with
ample
instructions
to
the
Emperor
;
wherein
besides
some
other
particular
interests
,
he
encharged
him
most
especially
to
incite
the
Emperor
to
make
a
War
of
Religion
against
the
Protestant
Princes
▪
of
which
he
conceived
the
greater
hopes
,
in
regard
that
by
frequent
advices
from
his
Nuntio
,
he
was
assured
of
the
displeasure
,
and
disdain
the
Emperor
had
of
the
Protestant
Cause
,
and
that
he
willingly
gave
ear
to
those
suggestions
which
advised
him
to
compel
their
Assents
,
and
Compliance
by
force
of
Arms.
To
this
Proposition
,
the
Emperor
made
answer
,
that
he
acknowledged
this
Counsel
which
the
Pope
gave
him
to
be
good
,
and
almost
necessary
,
and
which
he
resolved
to
follow
;
but
howsoever
,
that
it
was
to
be
executed
with
its
due
caution
;
and
that
a
Truce
was
first
to
be
concluded
with
the
Turk
,
which
was
secretly
treating
:
and
then
that
some
discords
,
and
dissentions
were
to
be
sowed
amongst
the
Protestant
Princes
;
for
that
being
united
together
,
their
numbers
were
so
formidable
,
and
great
,
that
instead
of
maintaining
the
Catholick
Religion
,
he
should
put
it
into
apparent
danger
,
and
hazard
,
which
a
doubtful
state
of
War
may
produce
.
This
Treaty
,
tho
secretly
carried
,
was
yet
suspected
by
the
Protestant
Princes
,
who
took
a
most
sensible
alarm
from
the
Sermon
of
a
Cordelier
Frier
that
preached
one
day
before
the
Emperor
,
King
Ferdinand
,
and
the
Legate
,
and
used
many
invective
Speeches
against
the
Lutherans
:
he
told
the
Emperor
plainly
,
that
it
was
his
duty
to
defend
the
Church
by
force
of
Arms
;
and
that
God
had
put
the
Sword
into
his
hands
for
extirpation
of
this
Heresie
,
and
destruction
of
this
pest
of
mankind
,
which
he
ought
not
to
suffer
to
live
in
this
world
.
This
Sermon
and
discourse
made
great
noise
,
being
interpreted
for
the
sense
of
the
Legate
,
and
to
be
an
effect
of
the
Treaty
which
he
secretly
held
with
the
Pope
,
and
that
the
Frier
Preached
in
that
manner
by
his
order
;
wherefore
to
abate
,
and
surcease
those
reports
,
the
Cardinal
departed
secretly
by
night
,
and
with
all
expedition
returned
into
Italy
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Debates
at
the
Diet
at
Worms
proceeded
,
where
the
Emperor
in
person
endeavoured
to
persuade
the
Princes
to
contribute
towards
a
War
against
the
Turk
;
which
they
absolutely
refused
to
do
,
until
assurance
were
given
them
,
that
the
Peace
between
them
and
the
Emperor
should
be
continued
,
and
maintained
without
any
respect
to
the
determinations
,
and
conclusions
at
Trent
,
which
they
could
not
esteem
a
General
Council
,
or
to
have
any
Power
and
Authority
to
oblige
them
to
an
observation
of
those
Decrees
,
and
Canons
which
were
formed
therein
:
to
which
the
Emperor
replied
,
that
he
could
not
assure
them
of
Peace
,
or
observation
of
any
Articles
,
which
should
exempt
them
from
the
determination
of
that
Council
,
to
which
all
Christians
were
obliged
to
submit
;
and
that
he
should
not
know
how
to
to
excuse
himself
to
other
Kings
and
Princes
,
in
case
he
should
endeavour
to
procure
that
exemption
for
Germany
only
,
from
obedience
to
the
Council
,
which
was
chiefly
convened
,
in
respect
,
and
in
order
to
the
settlement
of
their
Affairs
.
With
which
this
Diet
was
dissolved
on
the
4th
.
of
August
,
and
an
other
published
to
be
held
in
the
month
of
January
following
at
Regensburg
.
1546.
In
this
manner
time
passed
without
any
issue
or
determination
of
Disputes
:
the
Protestants
refused
to
own
or
acknowledg
the
Council
of
Trent
to
be
lawfully
Convened
;
and
the
Pope
could
not
suffer
the
Points
of
Religion
to
be
debated
in
the
Diets
of
Germany
,
which
were
assembled
by
the
Secular
Authority
.
So
that
the
Pope
published
a
Jubily
to
be
held
at
Rome
on
the
15th
.
of
July
,
1546.
in
the
Bull
for
which
,
after
he
had
amply
set
forth
the
great
care
and
pains
he
had
used
for
the
suppression
of
Heresie
,
which
could
not
be
compassed
by
any
other
human
means
,
than
by
a
General
Council
:
yet
such
was
the
obstinacy
of
Hereticks
,
that
they
contemned
,
and
slighted
its
Sentence
,
and
denied
Obedience
to
its
Authority
:
And
therefore
as
the
last
remedy
,
and
ultimate
prevention
of
these
growing
evils
,
he
declared
,
that
he
was
forced
to
make
a
League
with
the
Emperor
,
that
he
might
by
force
of
Arms
,
reduce
those
to
the
Church
,
who
were
by
no
other
more
gentle
means
capable
to
be
reclaimed
from
their
Heresies
and
Rebellion
:
for
the
success
of
which
,
he
exhorted
all
good
Catholicks
to
have
recourse
unto
God
by
Prayers
,
Fastings
,
Confessions
,
and
Communion
.
The
Emperor
on
the
other
side
,
on
the
20th
.
of
the
same
month
,
published
a
Remonstrance
against
the
Elector
of
Saxony
,
and
the
Landgrave
of
Hess
;
in
which
,
omitting
to
mention
any
particulars
about
Religion
,
he
charged
them
with
disobedience
to
his
commands
,
and
opposition
to
his
designs
;
that
they
had
made
Alliances
,
and
entered
into
Confederation
with
other
Princes
of
the
Empire
against
him
;
that
they
had
seized
Bishopricks
,
and
Ecclesiastical
Benefices
into
their
own
hands
,
under
the
specious
pretences
of
Religion
,
Peace
,
and
Liberty
.
And
therefore
that
as
seditious
Rebels
,
Traitors
,
and
Disturbers
of
the
publick
Peace
he
resolved
to
proceed
against
them
;
absolving
the
Nobility
from
their
Oath
of
Allegiance
to
them
,
and
requiring
the
people
to
withdraw
themselves
from
their
Obedience
,
not
to
joyn
with
them
,
nor
afford
them
any
aid
,
succor
,
or
assistance
.
Tho
the
Pope
and
the
Emperor
were
joyned
in
the
same
League
,
and
intended
the
same
thing
;
yet
the
motives
for
this
War
mentioned
in
their
Remonstrances
were
displeasing
to
each
other
,
as
not
corresponding
to
their
mutual
interests
:
for
the
Emperor
was
unwilling
to
have
this
War
stiled
a
War
of
Religion
,
lest
that
denomination
should
engage
a
stronger
,
and
a
more
numerous
party
than
he
was
able
to
Master
:
the
Pope
howsoever
was
desirous
to
have
it
so
named
,
and
believed
,
that
the
Emperor
having
to
contend
with
a
numerous
,
and
formidable
Enemy
,
his
Power
might
be
attempered
,
and
his
Greatness
reduced
to
some
tolerable
equality
in
the
Ballance
of
Christendom
.
1547.
Notwithstanding
these
different
considerations
,
the
Pope
united
his
Army
with
that
of
the
Emperors
;
who
now
casting
off
all
thoughts
concerning
the
transaction
of
Affairs
at
Trent
,
attended
wholly
to
the
War
:
in
prosecution
of
which
,
on
the
24th
.
of
April
1547.
both
Armies
were
drawn
up
,
and
stood
ranged
one
against
the
other
near
the
River
Albi●
:
O●uf
.
the
Protestant
Army
consisted
of
eighty
thousand
Foot
,
and
fifteen
thousand
Horse
:
that
of
the
Emperors
was
much
inferior
in
number
,
not
amounting
with
the
three
Italian
Regiments
,
and
six
hundred
Horse
sent
by
the
Pope
,
to
more
than
three
and
forty
thousand
men
.
Howsoever
the
Emperor
gained
the
Victory
,
the
Elector
of
Saxony
being
wounded
,
and
taken
Prisoner
,
and
his
whole
Army
defeated
:
and
in
a
few
days
after
the
Landgrave
of
Hesse
by
mediation
of
Maurice
his
Son-in
▪
law
,
and
the
Duke
of
Brandenbourg
,
with
all
submission
came
in
,
and
presented
himself
before
the
Emperor
.
The
Duke
of
Saxony
was
in
the
first
place
tryed
and
condemned
to
dye
;
but
afterwards
procuring
a
remission
of
the
Sentence
,
he
yielded
to
some
other
very
severe
terms
,
and
conditions
,
with
exemption
notwithstanding
from
being
obliged
to
the
Acts
,
and
determinations
of
the
Council
of
Trent
in
points
of
Religion
,
with
which
the
Emperor
was
willing
to
dispense
,
provided
he
would
subscribe
,
and
oblige
himself
to
other
Articles
.
The
Landgrave
tho
he
was
hardly
pressed
to
that
point
also
▪
yet
would
not
subscribe
;
but
only
in
general
terms
,
that
he
would
refer
himself
to
the
Decrees
,
and
Determinations
of
a
Council
,
that
was
free
,
and
holy
,
and
purged
from
the
leven
of
a
corrupt
Head
,
and
Members
,
as
did
also
Duke
Maurice
of
Saxony
,
and
the
Elector
of
Brandenbourg
.
Howsoever
the
Duke
of
Saxony
was
condemned
to
perpetual
imprisonment
,
and
the
Landgrave
during
the
pleasure
of
the
Emperor
.
By
which
great
Victory
the
Emperor
becoming
absolute
Master
of
all
Germany
,
and
having
gained
much
Cannon
and
Artillery
,
and
exhausted
great
sums
of
mony
from
the
Towns
and
Countries
which
were
in
subjection
to
those
Princes
,
whom
ho
had
conquered
,
he
was
arrived
to
that
pitch
of
heighth
,
and
greatness
which
the
Pope
could
not
gladly
allow
;
and
in
this
condition
,
for
security
of
the
peace
,
and
quiet
,
and
for
the
better
regulation
of
the
Affairs
of
Germany
,
the
Emperor
assigned
a
Diet
to
be
held
at
Ausbourg
.
Upon
the
first
news
of
this
Victory
,
the
Pope
to
outward
appearance
seemed
to
be
transported
to
an
extremity
of
joy
;
and
thereupon
immediately
dispatched
away
the
Cardinal
Francis
Sfondrato
with
Congratulatory
Letters
for
the
success
of
this
Victory
,
stiling
the
Emperor
Invictissimus
,
&
Maximus
Imperator
.
Howsoever
his
secret
thoughts
did
not
correspond
with
these
external
Demonstrations
;
for
ever
since
the
denial
which
the
Emperor
had
made
of
investing
his
Nephew
in
the
Dutchy
of
Milan
,
he
had
conceived
a
grudg
against
him
,
which
he
dissembled
,
until
this
time
,
when
his
displeasure
being
exalted
with
a
jealousie
that
the
Emperor
by
this
success
would
aspire
to
the
absolute
Dominion
of
Italy
;
and
observing
with
what
little
regard
the
Prelates
of
the
Empire
had
comported
themselves
,
during
the
Council
of
Trent
towards
the
Papal
Authority
:
and
reflecting
farther
,
that
he
could
never
obtain
from
the
Emperor
the
confirmation
of
his
Son
Pier-luigi
,
in
the
States
of
Parma
,
and
Piacenza
,
which
he
had
conferred
upon
him
;
he
could
not
longer
suppress
these
resentments
,
but
vented
with
all
the
spight
imaginable
many
reproaches
against
Charles
,
saying
,
that
out
of
malice
to
him
,
he
had
joyned
himself
to
Henry
VIII
.
King
of
England
,
who
was
condemned
of
Heresie
,
and
Excommunicated
from
the
Church
.
In
which
passion
he
prorogued
the
Council
,
which
in
compliance
with
the
Emperor
he
had
called
at
Trent
,
to
be
now
transferred
,
and
held
at
Bologna
;
for
which
he
seemed
to
have
received
some
just
motives
from
the
Behaviour
of
certain
Prelates
,
who
having
banded
themselves
into
Factions
,
seemed
to
intend
something
in
diminution
of
the
Popes
Dignity
,
and
Prerogative
:
to
prevent
which
,
all
those
Prelates
which
sided
with
the
Pope
,
pretending
that
the
Air
of
Trent
was
too
sharp
for
them
,
removed
to
Bologna
;
from
which
place
the
Emperor
was
not
able
to
dissuade
the
Pope
,
with
all
the
excuses
and
intreaties
he
could
use
.
This
and
other
matters
raising
and
exalting
these
feuds
,
the
Pope
applied
himself
to
the
French
King
,
intending
to
joyn
in
League
with
him
,
and
other
Princes
of
that
party
;
and
the
Emperor
finding
no
effects
,
or
issue
of
Affairs
at
Trent
,
repaired
to
the
Diet
at
Ausburg
.
The
Diet
there
began
on
the
first
of
September
,
where
the
Emperor
presiding
in
person
,
laboured
with
all
the
earnestness
,
154●
.
and
with
all
the
art
,
and
endeavours
he
was
able
to
compose
the
differences
,
and
settle
a
Peace
in
Germany
;
but
in
regard
the
point
of
Religion
was
the
cause
of
all
their
Troubles
,
whensoever
that
came
into
question
it
occasioned
great
Commotions
.
For
the
Ecclesiastical
Electors
,
or
such
as
belonged
to
the
Church
did
desire
,
and
urge
that
an
entire
,
and
absolute
reference
of
all
things
should
be
given
to
the
Council
at
Trent
,
without
any
reserve
,
or
condition
.
The
Secular
Electors
who
adhered
to
the
Doctrin
of
Luther
were
contented
also
to
refer
the
matters
in
dispute
to
the
Council
,
provided
that
neither
the
Pope
,
nor
any
other
deputed
from
him
,
should
preside
thereat
;
and
that
the
Council
should
be
free
,
and
holy
,
and
that
what
Bishop
soever
was
thereunto
admitted
,
should
be
absolved
from
any
Oath
he
had
taken
,
which
might
render
him
partial
to
the
Papal
Sea
.
During
the
time
of
this
Diet
at
Ausbourg
,
the
Pope
remained
in
a
continual
trouble
of
spirit
,
not
knowing
what
those
Sessions
might
produce
.
During
which
on
the
10th
.
of
September
,
advice
was
brought
him
,
that
his
Son
Pier-luigi
Duke
of
Piacenza
was
murdered
in
his
own
Palace
by
certain
Gentlemen
who
had
conspired
against
him
,
and
who
in
an
ignominious
manner
had
thrown
his
Body
into
the
Streets
to
be
a
spectacle
to
the
people
:
and
in
a
few
hours
after
several
Troops
arrived
from
Milan
by
order
of
Ferrand
Gonzaga
,
Governor
,
to
take
possession
of
the
City
.
The
which
unhappy
fate
,
and
violent
death
of
a
Son
,
as
it
sensibly
touched
the
Pope
with
natural
grief
;
so
the
loss
of
so
fair
a
City
did
serve
to
augment
the
sence
of
this
mischief
,
which
by
all
the
circumstances
of
it
,
did
appear
to
have
been
perpetrated
by
the
knowledg
,
and
contrivance
of
the
Emperor
.
This
unexpected
outrage
caused
great
consternation
at
Bologna
,
and
gave
interruption
to
the
proceedings
of
the
Council
at
that
place
;
for
the
Pope
in
his
great
affliction
could
not
bend
his
thoughts
to
any
transactions
there
;
only
he
forced
his
mind
to
read
the
particulars
of
what
was
debated
,
and
concluded
at
Ausbourg
,
which
were
twice
a
week
dispatched
thence
by
an
express
:
the
which
Diet
being
held
until
the
year
1548.
1548.
with
various
discourses
,
and
arguments
,
and
nothing
as
yet
concluded
:
But
being
the
general
sense
of
all
that
it
was
necessary
for
the
common
quiet
of
Germany
to
center
at
length
in
some
resolutions
,
and
that
such
resolutions
tending
to
a
composure
could
not
be
expected
from
the
Council
which
was
now
transferred
from
Trent
to
Bologna
,
at
least
during
the
Reign
of
this
Pope
;
wherefore
it
was
proposed
to
make
choice
of
some
few
persons
to
whom
the
care
of
this
work
should
be
committed
;
but
not
being
able
to
agree
in
the
persons
to
be
elected
,
the
choice
was
remitted
solely
to
the
Emperor
,
who
at
length
pitched
upon
three
persons
,
namely
Julius
●flug
,
Michael
S.
don
,
and
John
Islebe
to
be
the
Compilers
of
a
Formulary
of
Religion
;
the
which
after
several
consultations
being
reduced
to
a
method
,
it
was
reviewed
,
and
examined
so
often
,
by
such
different
Heads
,
and
Judgments
,
with
additions
,
and
retrenchments
,
puttings
out
,
and
in
;
that
at
length
being
finished
,
it
looked
like
a
patched
piece
,
compounded
by
men
of
dissenting
Judgments
,
and
differing
designs
.
Howsoever
being
compleated
,
it
contained
five
and
thirty
Chapters
,
or
Heads
;
a
Copy
of
which
was
delivered
to
the
Legat
by
order
of
the
Emperor
to
be
sent
to
Rome
to
receive
the
Pope's
Opinion
,
and
Approbation
thereunto
.
But
lest
this
Formulary
of
Religion
should
give
scandal
to
the
Pope
,
and
Cardinals
,
as
if
the
Emperor
in
a
Diet
had
given
new
forms
of
Faith
,
and
Religion
,
the
Title
Page
of
this
Book
was
qualified
by
an
Interim
,
that
is
,
that
the
same
Heads
,
and
Points
contained
in
that
Book
should
be
no
longer
Authentick
,
or
esteemed
Catholick
,
or
obliging
Doctrins
,
than
until
such
time
as
the
same
should
be
altered
,
and
changed
by
the
more
unerring
determinations
of
a
General
Council
,
to
whose
judgment
they
were
submitted
.
When
this
Book
came
to
Rome
,
where
the
Pope
was
now
retired
,
it
caused
great
consternation
and
noise
.
The
Clergy
exclaimed
highly
,
That
a
Temporal
Prince
in
an
Assembly
composed
only
of
Seculars
,
should
adventure
to
handle
all
matters
and
Points
of
Religion
:
upon
which
the
Learned
Men
,
and
such
as
were
read
in
Histories
,
called
to
mind
the
Henoticon
in
the
time
of
Zenon
,
the
Ecthesis
in
the
time
of
Heraclius
,
and
the
Typus
of
Constance
,
who
were
Emperors
;
and
the
Schisms
,
and
Divisions
in
the
Church
caused
by
the
Imperial
Constitutions
relating
to
Religion
,
with
which
they
compared
,
and
adjoyned
this
Interim
of
Charles
V.
And
farther
,
that
which
gave
the
greatest
cause
of
fear
,
was
,
lest
this
Interim
should
be
an
Introduction
to
a
greater
Change
;
and
that
the
Emperor
intended
this
compliance
with
the
Protestant
Doctrins
,
to
be
a
prelude
,
or
a
preparative
to
a
total
defection
from
the
Church
of
Rome
,
after
the
manner
,
and
example
of
Henry
VIII
.
King
of
England
,
The
Pope
,
who
was
wise
,
and
accustomed
to
dissemble
matters
,
until
such
time
as
he
was
able
to
remedy
,
or
revenge
them
,
reflecting
with
mature
consideration
on
this
present
emergency
,
did
make
an
other
judgment
thereof
than
appeared
to
ordinary
understandings
;
for
he
concluded
that
this
new
Formulary
did
tend
more
to
the
prejudice
of
the
Emperor
than
to
the
Ecclesiastical
State
:
wondering
greatly
that
a
Prince
of
so
much
Prudence
,
should
so
far
be
elated
with
his
late
Successes
,
as
to
believe
himself
able
to
be
the
Arbitrator
,
and
Moderator
of
all
mankind
;
or
to
be
in
a
capacity
by
his
single
Interest
to
oppose
both
the
great
,
and
prevailing
parties
in
the
world
.
It
was
possible
for
a
Prince
adhering
to
one
of
them
to
suppress
the
other
;
but
to
oppose
both
at
the
same
time
,
would
be
a
match
unequal
.
For
the
Pope
wisely
foresaw
that
these
Doctrins
for
the
most
part
would
be
as
displeasing
to
all
Catholicks
in
general
,
as
to
the
Court
of
Rome
,
and
would
be
no
less
contradicted
by
the
Protestants
;
so
that
being
oppugned
on
all
sides
,
it
would
consequently
fall
by
the
contrariety
of
Factions
.
To
which
end
,
the
Pope
seeming
in
himself
little
concerned
,
did
yet
under-hand
suggest
jealousies
in
the
minds
of
the
German
Prelates
;
the
which
being
dexterously
insinuated
by
the
Cardinal
Sfodrato
the
Popes
Legate
,
who
according
to
his
Instructions
gave
in
a
memorial
to
the
Emperor
,
representing
the
ill
foundation
,
and
consequences
of
this
new
Formulary
of
Doctrins
,
and
then
took
his
leave
,
and
departed
,
that
he
might
not
be
present
,
when
the
same
was
published
.
In
short
,
this
matter
succeeded
according
to
the
judgment
of
the
Pope
:
for
tho
the
Emperor
did
most
strictly
forbid
,
and
inhibit
any
person
to
oppugn
the
Doctrins
contained
in
this
Book
of
Interim
,
either
by
Practice
,
Writings
,
or
Preaching
:
yet
notwithstanding
the
Protestants
on
one
side
did
not
forbear
to
refute
this
Confession
of
Ausbourg
by
their
publick
Writings
,
and
Disputations
:
and
on
the
other
Francis
Romeo
General
of
the
Dominican
Friers
did
by
command
from
the
Pope
appoint
several
Learned
men
of
that
Order
to
refute
that
Formulary
of
the
Interim
:
In
France
also
many
wrote
against
it
,
and
in
a
short
time
great
numbers
both
of
Catholicks
and
Protestants
oppugned
it
with
heat
of
argument
,
it
having
hapned
in
this
matter
as
in
others
of
the
like
nature
,
that
where
middle
terms
,
or
moderate
expedients
have
been
proposed
between
the
extremes
of
opposite
Factions
for
accommodating
or
reconciling
their
differences
;
there
the
event
hath
been
no
other
,
than
that
the
contrary
parties
have
impugned
the
expedients
,
and
both
have
been
hardned
,
and
confirmed
in
their
own
Tenents
,
and
Opinions
.
1549.
These
debates
and
troubles
gave
a
stop
to
the
proceedings
of
the
Council
at
Bologna
,
for
the
space
of
two
years
;
and
until
almost
the
end
of
the
year
1549.
when
at
the
beginning
of
November
news
came
to
the
Pope
then
at
Rome
,
that
the
Duke
Ottavio
Farnese
his
Nephew
,
(
who
having
against
his
own
inclinations
been
detained
by
the
Pope
at
Rome
,
out
of
tenderness
to
his
life
,
lest
he
should
incur
the
same
fate
,
as
Pier-luigi
had
done
)
was
privately
escaped
out
of
the
City
,
and
was
then
actually
dealing
with
Ferdinand
Gonzaga
the
Governor
of
Milan
to
instate
him
in
Parma
,
in
despight
of
Camillo
Orsino
,
who
was
to
keep
and
defend
the
Town
in
right
of
the
Ecclesiastical
State
.
The
which
news
so
surprised
the
mind
of
the
Pope
with
sensible
grief
,
and
commotion
of
spirit
,
who
was
not
as
yet
recovered
of
the
sorrow
he
had
conceived
for
the
fate
of
his
Son
Pierluigi
that
he
presently
fell
into
a
swound
,
or
Leipothymie
,
from
which
being
revived
,
was
seized
by
so
violent
a
Fever
,
that
in
three
days
he
died
thereof
,
being
the
10th
.
of
November
,
at
his
Palace
of
Monte
Cavallo
,
where
he
usually
resided
,
because
it
was
esteemed
a
place
of
the
best
Air
in
Rome
.
He
had
held
the
Papal
Sea
15
years
,
and
28
days
,
and
was
arrived
to
the
age
of
81
years
,
eight
months
,
and
10
days
:
He
was
buried
in
S.
Peter's
Church
without
any
great
pomp
,
or
State
;
and
afterwards
the
Sea
was
vacant
two
months
,
and
29
days
.
JVLIVS
III.
THE
Cardinals
having
(
as
accustomary
)
celebrated
the
Funeral
Obsequies
of
the
Pope
deceased
,
for
the
space
of
nine
days
,
did
on
the
tenth
enter
into
the
Conclave
;
but
then
considering
the
small
appearance
of
Cardinals
,
few
being
then
present
,
the
formal
recess
and
retirement
into
the
Conclave
was
deferred
for
some
time
.
And
here
it
is
to
be
observed
,
that
the
Cardinals
were
divided
into
three
Factions
;
the
first
favoured
the
Emperor
;
the
second
was
inclined
to
the
French
King
;
and
a
third
consisted
of
such
Cardinals
as
had
been
the
creatures
of
the
late
Pope
deceased
,
and
by
him
promoted
to
several
Benefices
,
and
Dignities
;
the
Cape
,
or
chief
of
which
,
was
Cardinal
Farnese
,
Nephew
to
Paul
the
Third
,
who
tho
young
,
was
yet
active
,
subtil
,
and
of
a
judgment
solid
,
and
of
as
good
experience
in
the
Court
,
as
could
be
expected
in
a
person
of
his
years
.
This
last
party
as
it
was
numerous
,
so
it
was
composed
of
ancient
Cardinals
,
men
of
great
authority
and
knowledg
in
the
world
,
and
such
as
were
able
to
bear
down
the
ballance
in
favour
of
any
person
,
to
which
they
inclined
;
for
which
reason
great
courtship
was
made
to
Cardinal
Farnese
both
by
the
Imperial
,
and
French
Ministers
;
whose
arguments
on
both
sides
were
so
forcible
to
draw
him
to
their
party
,
that
being
doubtful
unto
which
he
should
incline
,
resolved
on
a
neutrality
,
as
the
safest
course
whereby
to
steer
,
tho
in
reality
,
he
seemed
on
occasions
to
lean
most
to
the
French
party
.
This
was
the
state
of
affairs
at
Rome
,
when
about
the
beginning
of
the
month
of
December
1549.
the
Cardinals
entered
into
the
Conclave
:
Farnese
in
the
first
place
proposed
to
his
own
Party
,
the
choice
of
Cardinal
Poole
,
an
English
man
,
a
person
,
against
whom
for
the
nobility
of
his
extraction
,
his
godliness
,
and
exemplary
life
nothing
could
be
objected
:
and
being
also
acceptable
to
the
Imperialists
,
and
displeasing
to
no
party
,
he
found
many
friends
ready
to
give
their
Votes
for
him
,
amongst
which
the
most
considerable
were
the
Cardinals
of
Trent
,
Sforza
,
and
Crescentio
,
who
had
drawn
also
Morone
,
and
Maffei
to
their
Party
;
who
being
all
men
of
considerable
interest
did
agree
immediately
to
present
him
in
the
Conclave
,
and
assume
him
to
the
Papal
Dignity
.
But
some
of
the
old
Cardinals
,
who
seemingly
assented
thereunto
,
yet
being
inwardly
envious
to
see
a
younger
man
preferred
over
their
heads
,
did
advise
to
delay
the
time
for
a
while
,
lest
the
Election
which
ought
to
be
mature
and
grave
,
should
seem
to
have
been
over-hasty
,
and
precipitate
,
tho
in
reality
this
delay
was
caused
by
that
hopes
which
every
one
entertained
of
being
himself
the
person
that
should
be
elected
:
by
which
means
the
choice
of
Poole
being
until
the
next
day
suspended
,
the
contrary
party
,
such
as
Monti
,
Cesis
,
and
Gaddi
,
who
were
all
Pretenders
,
and
Candidates
,
had
time
to
make
their
Parties
;
Cardinal
Salviati
labouring
all
the
night
for
the
exclusion
of
Poole
.
The
next
day
the
Cardinals
being
assembled
in
the
Chappel
to
the
number
of
49.
Cardinal
Fortone
one
of
the
French
Faction
publickly
accused
Poole
of
Heresie
,
and
for
that
reason
protested
against
his
choice
.
Howsoever
his
Friends
esteeming
his
report
false
,
and
scandalous
,
pressed
forward
the
scrutiny
;
in
pursuance
of
which
,
the
Votes
being
put
into
a
Chalice
,
26
were
found
in
favour
of
Poole
;
but
in
regard
that
33
at
least
out
of
49
were
required
to
make
the
Election
legitimate
,
Poole
was
excluded
,
to
the
great
disappointment
of
himself
,
and
the
Imperial
Party
,
who
esteemed
the
choice
to
have
been
secure
and
certain
.
In
relation
hereof
I
have
been
the
more
large
,
because
it
concerned
one
of
our
Country-men
,
and
may
have
reference
to
some
particulars
which
are
to
follow
.
After
which
,
several
other
Cardinals
experienced
their
fortunes
;
but
to
no
effect
,
the
Factions
being
every
day
more
heated
,
and
embroiled
,
so
that
they
could
not
come
to
any
agreement
:
at
length
they
resolved
to
nominate
nine
persons
,
out
of
which
the
Imperialists
might
choose
one
that
was
most
acceptable
to
them
.
The
persons
proposed
were
three
French
men
,
viz.
Lorene
,
Tornon
,
and
Bellai
:
three
Italians
,
Salviati
,
Ridolfi
,
and
Trani
:
and
three
Imperialists
,
Theatino
,
Monti
,
and
San
Marcello
,
against
whom
nothing
was
objected
;
excepting
Monti
,
whom
Cardinal
Ghisa
accused
of
a
wicked
life
,
publishing
many
Vices
of
which
he
was
guilty
,
and
rendering
him
unworthy
of
the
Priesthood
and
Holy
Orders
,
into
which
he
was
entered
.
Howsoever
at
length
the
Cardinals
growing
weary
with
so
long
a
continuation
of
the
Conclave
,
resolved
generally
to
adhere
unto
Monti
;
to
which
also
Cardinal
Farnese
assenting
,
laboured
with
all
his
power
to
reconcile
Ghisa
,
and
Monti
,
which
after
some
words
,
and
secret
conferences
together
being
happily
concluded
;
all
parties
concurred
in
the
Election
,
and
on
the
ninth
of
February
1550.
Monti
being
accompanied
by
42
Cardinals
descended
into
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
,
where
being
seated
in
the
Chappel
of
S.
Andrew
,
all
the
Cardinals
paid
their
respects
and
obedience
to
him
,
which
they
testified
,
as
was
usual
,
by
kissing
his
feet
;
which
being
finished
,
he
called
himself
by
the
name
of
Julius
III.
in
memory
of
Julius
II.
from
whom
he
derived
the
beginning
of
his
greatness
.
He
was
afterwards
crowned
by
Cardinal
Cibo
,
on
the
21.
of
the
same
month
of
February
.
His
Reign
began
with
the
year
of
Jubilee
1550.
the
which
in
its
regular
course
ought
to
have
commenced
the
Christmas
before
:
but
in
regard
the
Chair
was
then
vacant
,
that
solemnity
was
deferred
until
the
24th
.
of
February
,
being
the
Festival
of
S.
Matthias
,
when
the
four
Gates
were
opened
,
according
to
the
accustomed
manner
,
and
great
numbers
of
people
flocked
from
all
parts
of
Italy
,
who
having
visited
the
four
principal
Churches
,
namely
S.
John
of
Lateran
,
S.
Peter's
,
S.
Pauls
,
and
S.
Maries
the
Great
,
received
the
Indulgences
,
Privileges
,
and
Absolutions
,
which
are
the
fruits
and
rewards
of
that
Devotion
;
with
which
this
Holy
Year
ended
on
the
day
of
the
Epiphany
of
the
year
following
.
Amongst
the
other
Pilgrims
,
which
were
but
few
in
number
from
the
Western
parts
,
by
reason
of
the
Wars
,
and
confusions
about
Religion
;
Stephen
the
Patriarch
of
the
greater
Armenia
in
company
with
an
Arch-Bishop
and
two
other
Bishops
came
to
Rome
to
gain
the
Jubilee
.
This
people
who
had
been
always
of
the
Eastern
Church
,
and
submitted
to
their
own
Supreme
Patriarch
called
,
were
persuaded
by
the
Missionaries
from
Rome
in
the
time
of
Paul
III.
to
submit
to
the
Roman
Church
upon
promises
of
Preferments
and
increase
of
their
Revenue
;
in
which
Faith
they
have
ever
since
continued
,
adhering
to
all
Points
of
that
Church
;
tho
perhaps
little
regard
hath
been
had
to
an
augmentation
of
their
Benefices
;
for
I
have
been
acquainted
with
one
of
their
Patriarchs
accompanied
with
two
Dominican
Friars
,
who
were
so
poor
,
that
in
their
Travels
to
Rome
,
they
have
begged
Alms
to
defray
their
charges
.
During
this
year
of
Jubilee
,
and
the
first
of
his
Reign
,
the
Pope
Indicted
the
Council
which
Paul
III.
had
transferred
to
Bologna
to
be
held
at
Trent
,
and
to
begin
in
May
following
.
Charles
V.
was
then
at
the
Diet
of
Augsburg
,
when
this
Bull
of
the
Pope
was
delivered
to
his
hands
,
which
he
caused
to
be
promulged
in
the
hearing
of
all
the
Princes
,
who
were
present
at
the
Diet.
In
obedience
to
these
summons
,
some
of
the
Bishops
of
Germany
,
Spain
,
and
Italy
attended
and
made
their
personal
appearance
;
to
which
place
also
the
Pope
sent
Cardinal
Crescentio
to
reside
as
his
Legate
,
assisted
by
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Sipontino
,
and
the
Bishop
of
Verona
:
and
being
desirous
to
perform
acts
of
Favour
and
Grace
soon
after
his
Inauguration
,
he
bestowed
twenty
Cardinals
Hats
,
amongst
which
he
gave
one
to
a
Youth
of
thirteen
years
of
age
,
called
Innocent
de
Monte
,
born
at
Piacenza
,
one
of
poor
and
mean
Parentage
,
whom
he
received
and
adopted
by
that
name
into
his
Family
,
none
knowing
the
ground
or
reason
for
it
,
which
gave
a
large
and
copious
Theme
to
the
Pasquils
at
Rome
.
About
that
time
George
Martinuno
,
who
governed
the
Affairs
of
Transilvania
during
the
minority
of
that
King
,
was
at
the
instance
and
request
of
Ferdinand
created
Cardinal
by
this
Pope
Julius
;
but
he
afterwards
secretly
plotting
and
conspiring
with
the
Turks
against
the
Prince
,
who
was
under
his
charge
and
tuition
,
upon
discovery
and
proof
made
of
his
treacherous
designs
was
justly
put
to
death
.
This
Pope
who
was
of
a
pacifick
temper
,
and
naturally
inclined
to
peace
,
had
also
farther
inducements
thereunto
by
the
long
experience
he
had
in
the
affairs
of
the
Church
,
which
he
had
observed
to
thrive
,
and
prosper
most
with
the
lenitives
of
peace
,
rather
than
by
Arms
,
and
Slaughter
,
which
were
incongruous
and
dissentaneous
to
those
principles
on
which
the
Church
was
originally
founded
:
howsoever
the
Pope
contrary
to
these
principles
was
unhappily
forced
,
and
engaged
in
a
War
on
this
occasion
,
which
we
shall
here
relate
,
with
as
much
brevity
as
we
are
able
.
Paul
the
Third
,
after
Piacenza
was
lost
,
and
his
Son
Pier-luigi
slain
,
committed
the
charge
and
defence
of
Parma
to
Camillo
Orsino
(
who
was
reputed
a
great
Soldier
in
his
time
)
to
keep
and
defend
that
City
in
the
name
and
behalf
of
the
Church
,
strictly
commanding
him
not
to
resign
or
entrust
that
care
into
any
other
hands
,
without
express
and
positive
Commission
.
Paul
being
dead
,
and
Julius
III.
being
in
treaty
for
the
Succession
,
promised
Cardinal
Farnese
,
who
(
as
we
have
said
)
was
Chief
of
a
powerful
Party
,
to
deliver
Parma
into
the
hands
of
his
Brother
Ottavio
,
in
case
he
would
favour
him
with
his
Vote
,
and
Interest
;
which
he
assenting
unto
,
and
Julius
being
made
Pope
,
the
conditions
were
complied
with
;
the
Commission
of
Camillo
being
vacated
,
and
the
Government
of
the
City
surrendred
to
Ottavio
:
provided
notwithstanding
that
it
should
not
be
in
the
power
of
Ottavio
to
consign
the
City
into
the
hands
of
any
Prince
whatsoever
,
without
the
knowledg
,
license
,
and
consent
of
the
Pope
:
and
that
Ottavio
might
be
the
better
enabled
to
maintain
the
Garrison
against
the
force
,
and
temptation
of
the
Imperialists
,
a
stipend
was
allowed
him
of
2000
Crowns
a
month
.
In
a
short
time
Ottavio
finding
that
the
Imperialists
were
pressing
upon
him
,
and
that
he
was
not
able
to
defend
the
City
against
Charles
V.
without
greater
supplies
both
of
men
,
and
mony
,
desired
the
Pope
,
that
he
would
either
augment
his
Allowance
,
or
else
give
him
the
liberty
to
joyn
,
and
enter
into
Alliance
with
some
other
Prince
,
that
was
able
to
secure
and
defend
him
against
the
artifices
,
and
violences
of
the
Emperor
.
The
Pope
not
penetrating
the
depth
of
the
matter
,
without
due
,
and
mature
consideration
answered
,
that
confiding
in
his
prudence
,
he
gave
him
license
to
provide
for
his
safety
in
such
manner
,
as
he
thought
most
expedient
.
Ottavio
taking
these
words
in
the
largest
sense
,
and
supposing
he
had
obtained
license
to
do
,
and
act
as
he
pleased
,
agreed
privately
with
Henry
II.
King
of
France
to
receive
a
French
Garrison
into
Parma
;
which
being
done
,
and
the
Pope
too
late
complaining
thereof
,
as
a
matter
concluded
without
his
knowledg
or
permission
;
and
also
apprehending
that
the
Emperor
would
certainly
believe
that
this
was
acted
by
his
assent
,
and
concurrence
,
that
he
might
disabuse
the
world
,
and
persuade
the
Emperor
to
the
contrary
,
he
banished
Cardinal
Alexander
Farnese
to
Florence
,
and
calling
the
Emperors
Forces
to
his
assistance
,
made
War
upon
Duke
Ottavio
;
so
that
all
Italy
on
a
sudden
began
to
be
embroiled
and
enflamed
with
War
.
For
Parma
was
presently
besieged
by
Fernando
Gonzaga
,
who
was
Governour
of
Milan
under
the
Emperor
;
and
by
Angelo
de
Medici
Legat
for
the
Pope
:
and
in
the
mean
time
Monsieur
de
Thermes
General
of
the
French
Forces
was
raising
Men
in
Mirandola
,
and
making
preparations
of
Ammunition
,
and
provisions
for
a
War
,
and
Peter
Sirozzi
,
and
Oratio
Farnese
Captains
of
Henry
the
French
King
made
incursions
as
far
as
Bologna
,
spoiling
,
and
laying
waste
the
Country
round
about
;
wherefore
the
Imperialists
having
joined
the
Popes
Army
laid
siege
to
Mirandola
,
so
that
Parma
and
Mirandola
were
both
besieged
at
the
same
time
:
in
this
manner
the
War
continued
for
the
space
of
a
whole
year
without
any
memorable
action
on
either
side
,
onely
fire
,
and
sword
,
and
miserable
devastations
raged
in
all
parts
of
Italy
;
of
which
the
Pope
being
touched
with
an
inward
compassion
,
and
being
naturally
inclined
to
Peace
,
having
began
this
War
more
in
compliance
with
the
Emperour
,
than
his
own
humour
or
affections
,
or
with
intention
to
possess
himself
of
Parma
,
did
at
the
instance
of
certain
French
Cardinals
make
a
Peace
,
with
which
the
Siege
was
raised
both
from
before
Parma
,
and
Mirandola
:
howsoever
with
this
accommodation
on
the
Popes
side
,
the
Wars
did
not
end
between
Henry
of
France
,
and
Charles
the
Emperour
,
but
being
continued
from
one
year
to
another
produced
nothing
but
slaughter
,
ruin
and
miseries
to
their
People
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Pope
having
proclaimed
,
that
the
Council
held
at
Bologna
should
be
transferred
to
Trent
,
commanding
by
his
Indictions
,
and
Bulls
,
all
Patriarchs
,
Arch-Bishops
,
and
Bishops
to
repair
thither
,
and
having
sent
thither
Cardinal
Crescentio
to
preside
as
his
Legat
,
together
with
his
two
Assistants
before
named
,
the
eleventh
Sessions
was
commenced
on
the
first
of
May
,
1551.
1551.
Howsoever
,
before
it
could
be
agreed
to
transfer
the
Council
again
to
Trent
,
many
,
and
serious
Debates
were
held
thereupon
,
and
the
reasons
of
Paul
the
third
for
adjourning
it
to
Bologna
being
very
forcible
,
it
had
still
been
continued
there
had
not
the
considerations
of
pleasing
the
Emperour
prevailed
,
which
in
that
conjuncture
was
esteemed
necessary
:
and
also
it
was
resolved
,
that
all
the
Acts
,
and
determinations
which
had
been
concluded
,
and
agreed
in
the
former
Sessions
should
be
esteemed
authentick
,
and
ratified
,
and
not
farther
to
be
called
into
question
,
or
debate
either
in
any
Diet
,
or
in
this
Council
:
for
which
reasons
the
Protestants
refused
to
appear
at
Trent
,
alledging
that
the
place
was
neither
secure
for
them
,
nor
the
Council
free
in
such
manner
,
as
that
every
one
might
deliver
his
Sence
,
and
debate
his
Opinions
;
and
that
unless
the
conclusions
made
in
the
Council
might
be
again
examined
,
and
that
the
Divines
,
who
composed
the
Confession
of
Augsburg
,
might
have
a
Decisive
,
as
well
as
a
deliberative
Voice
,
and
that
unless
the
Pope
not
being
permitted
to
preside
in
the
Council
,
the
Bishops
might
be
absolved
from
their
Oath
,
which
obliges
to
the
Papal
Sea
,
and
suffered
freely
to
give
their
own
true
,
and
real
Sentiments
,
it
could
not
be
expected
,
that
any
happy
result
should
issue
from
this
Council
,
and
therefore
they
were
resolved
to
absent
themselves
,
and
not
give
their
attendance
according
to
the
citations
and
summons
from
the
Pope
.
Wherefore
the
Emperour
entering
into
a
closer
Treaty
with
the
Ecclesiastical
Electors
,
and
others
inclining
to
the
Church
of
Rome
,
advised
them
to
attend
personally
the
General
Council
to
which
all
due
,
and
humble
obedience
was
to
be
given
,
promising
them
all
security
,
and
safety
both
in
going
and
returning
;
For
as
he
was
in
the
quality
of
Emperour
,
so
he
was
Advocate
of
the
Church
,
and
the
Defender
of
Councils
,
the
which
Office
that
he
might
be
in
a
better
capacity
to
perform
,
he
would
take
up
his
residence
at
some
place
on
the
Frontiers
;
where
he
would
be
assistant
to
their
Liberty
,
that
every
one
might
have
a
freedom
to
propose
,
and
speak
what
he
in
Conscience
judged
most
agreeable
to
the
Word
of
God
,
and
the
Doctrine
of
the
Ancient
Fathers
.
This
Declaration
of
the
Emperour
seemed
to
be
made
,
and
erected
as
a
Battery
,
or
Counter-work
to
the
Popes
Bull.
For
whereas
the
Pope
pretended
to
govern
,
and
direct
Councils
,
the
Emperour
resolved
to
take
the
care
,
and
charge
to
see
them
orderly
,
and
regularly
directed
.
The
Pope
pretended
to
preside
,
and
to
be
himself
the
Rule
,
and
have
the
casting
Voice
;
and
the
Emperour
commands
that
all
Decisions
be
made
according
to
Scriptures
,
and
the
Holy
Fathers
.
The
Pope
directs
that
the
conclusions
made
at
former
Sessions
stand
in
force
,
the
Emperour
leaves
them
free
to
be
disputed
,
and
debated
as
every
Mans
conscience
directed
:
In
short
,
the
Court
of
Rome
not
being
able
to
digest
these
contradictions
,
complained
much
of
the
encroachments
which
the
Emperour
made
on
the
Ecclesiastical
Jurisdiction
,
and
that
his
Declaration
was
an
other
Convocation
of
a
Council
.
The
Emperour
having
declared
his
resolution
to
grant
his
Passes
,
and
safe
conduct
to
all
such
,
as
should
go
to
this
Council
.
The
Protestant
Princes
began
to
discourse
in
all
parts
of
Germany
of
sending
the
most
acute
,
and
learned
Men
amongst
them
to
Trent
:
and
accordingly
Maurice
Duke
of
Saxony
commanded
Melancthon
,
and
other
Divines
of
singular
note
,
and
reputation
to
repair
thither
.
In
like
manner
the
Duke
of
Wirtemberg
provided
others
of
equal
Learning
;
but
considering
that
a
safe
Conduct
,
or
Passeport
from
the
Emperour
was
not
sufficient
,
as
had
been
formerly
experienced
at
the
Councils
of
Constance
,
and
Basil
;
the
Emperour
was
desired
by
those
Princes
to
obtain
by
the
means
of
his
Ambassadours
safe
conducts
,
under
the
publick
Seal
of
the
Council
:
which
the
Emperour
promised
to
do
,
and
accordingly
gave
order
to
Count
Monfort
one
of
his
three
Ambassadours
residing
at
Trent
to
procure
the
same
,
the
which
afterwards
gave
occasion
of
much
Debate
,
and
Dispute
in
what
manner
,
and
with
what
Expressions
it
was
to
be
formed
.
The
Pope
though
to
outward
appearance
seemed
very
desirous
to
have
the
Council
commence
and
be
continued
at
Trent
according
to
the
time
appointed
:
yet
did
not
seem
much
concerned
,
or
greatly
pressing
to
have
the
Catholick
Prelats
assemble
:
onely
the
Emperour
seemed
most
urgent
,
conceiving
the
determinations
of
a
Council
to
be
the
onely
means
to
quiet
,
and
appease
the
disturbances
in
Germany
;
and
therefore
instantly
pressed
the
Electors
of
Cologne
,
Triers
,
and
Metz
together
with
several
Bishops
of
Spain
,
and
such
as
were
in
his
Dominions
of
Italy
to
hasten
their
Journey
unto
Trent
:
so
that
during
the
space
of
eight
months
,
that
the
Council
continued
,
the
whole
Assembly
of
Persons
actually
present
comprehending
also
the
Presidents
,
and
Princes
did
not
exceed
the
number
of
sixty
four
.
Time
being
protracted
unprofitably
from
the
first
of
May
to
the
first
of
September
:
a
Sessions
was
then
held
:
at
which
it
was
declared
,
1651.
that
considering
the
small
appearance
of
Bishops
by
reason
of
the
absence
of
the
German
Nation
;
the
Sessions
of
the
Council
had
been
until
that
time
deferred
.
But
now
in
regard
that
two
of
the
Electors
were
already
come
,
which
gave
hopes
,
that
many
others
of
the
same
Country
would
follow
their
example
,
and
speedily
attend
the
Summons
of
the
Holy
Council
;
it
was
resolved
in
expectation
thereof
to
adjourn
for
the
space
of
forty
days
,
that
is
from
the
first
of
September
to
the
eleventh
of
October
.
At
which
time
these
particular
Articles
would
be
then
treated
,
and
discussed
.
First
of
the
Sacraments
in
general
:
and
next
of
Baptism
,
the
Eucharist
,
and
confirmation
in
particular
:
After
which
the
Count
de
Monfort
made
a
Speech
in
behalf
of
his
Master
the
Emperour
;
and
several
Commissions
and
Letters
of
Credence
from
divers
Princes
were
publickly
read
by
the
Secretary
of
the
Council
.
After
which
Amiot
Abbot
of
Bellosane
presented
a
Letter
from
Henry
the
French
King
,
directed
to
the
Council
,
and
delivered
to
be
read
by
the
Secretary
;
the
Superscription
whereof
was
this
,
Sanctissimis
in
Christo
Patribus
Conventus
Tridentini
.
Against
which
the
Spanish
Prelats
took
great
exception
,
cryed
out
with
a
loud
Voice
,
That
that
Letter
was
not
directed
to
them
,
who
were
a
General
Council
,
and
not
an
Assembly
,
as
that
Superscription
would
insinuate
,
and
therefore
desired
that
the
Letter
might
not
be
read
,
but
that
in
case
the
Bearer
had
any
thing
to
propose
from
his
Master
,
he
might
be
heard
by
a
Committee
,
or
at
some
private
House
:
the
word
Conventus
,
gave
great
Scandal
,
and
an
occasion
of
much
noise
and
disturbance
;
until
such
time
as
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Metz
rising
from
his
Seat
,
asked
them
,
how
they
would
be
able
to
admit
audience
to
the
Protestants
,
who
stiled
them
Conventum
Malignantium
,
when
they
so
ill
relished
the
title
of
Sanctissimum
Conventum
:
howsoever
the
Spaniards
continued
their
Exclamations
until
the
Legat
and
his
Assistants
together
with
the
Emperours
Ambassadors
retiring
a
while
into
secret
Conference
,
returned
again
,
and
gave
their
assent
to
have
the
Letter
read
,
being
willing
to
have
the
word
Conventus
taken
in
the
largest
and
most
favourable
sense
.
The
Contents
and
substance
of
which
Letter
dated
the
13th
.
of
August
was
to
this
effect
.
That
the
King
out
of
due
respect
to
that
Council
,
and
according
to
the
custom
of
his
Ancestors
had
thought
fit
to
signifie
to
them
the
reasons
why
he
had
not
sent
any
of
his
Bishops
to
that
Assembly
convened
by
Pope
Julius
the
3d.
under
the
title
of
a
General
Council
;
the
which
was
caused
by
the
Obligation
he
had
upon
him
both
in
justice
,
and
honour
to
assist
the
Duke
of
Parma
;
for
which
cause
there
being
a
necessity
laid
upon
him
of
making
War
against
the
Pope
,
and
the
Ecclesiastical
State
,
there
could
be
no
security
or
safety
either
to
his
Ambassadours
,
or
Bishops
in
any
Dominions
of
the
Church
,
whilest
this
misunderstanding
between
him
,
and
the
Pope
remained
:
and
therefore
he
hoped
they
would
accept
this
,
as
a
just
reason
and
excuse
,
to
whom
he
appealed
as
favourable
,
and
impartial
Judges
in
the
case
,
&c.
After
the
Letter
a
Protest
was
read
,
containing
all
the
Particulars
,
of
which
Mounsieur
de
Termes
Ambassadour
for
France
complained
at
Rome
to
the
Pope
,
in
name
of
the
King
,
the
substance
whereof
was
this
:
That
having
taken
upon
him
the
protection
of
Parma
,
he
had
endeavoured
to
represent
his
Reasons
for
it
to
the
Pope
,
and
Cardinals
;
giving
them
to
understand
,
that
his
principal
Motives
thereunto
were
reasonable
,
pious
,
and
Royal
,
and
such
as
had
no
mixture
of
interest
,
but
purely
respected
the
welfare
,
and
benefit
of
the
Church
;
as
might
appear
by
the
Articles
of
agreement
with
Parma
,
which
onely
respected
the
Church
,
and
the
peace
and
liberty
of
Italy
:
of
which
having
informed
the
Pope
,
his
Holiness
seemed
not
willing
to
understand
the
same
,
seeming
more
inclinable
to
gratifie
his
own
humour
,
than
prevent
those
mischiefs
which
would
embroil
all
Europe
,
and
interrupt
the
proceedings
of
the
present
Council
,
which
he
could
not
esteem
,
or
stile
with
the
Character
of
General
,
but
of
a
particular
Convention
,
assembled
onely
to
serve
a
turn
,
and
promote
private
interests
;
so
long
as
he
who
was
the
most
Christian
King
,
and
the
eldest
Son
of
the
Church
was
excluded
thence
;
not
being
able
to
send
his
Ambassadours
or
Bishops
thither
with
that
security
to
their
Persons
,
and
freedom
in
their
Votes
,
as
was
required
in
a
General
Council
,
&c.
This
Protest
being
read
,
the
Answer
thereunto
was
deferred
until
the
eleventh
of
October
.
In
the
mean
time
this
Protest
afforded
matter
of
Discourse
to
all
Christendom
:
some
were
of
Opinion
that
the
Pope
hereupon
would
be
induced
to
dissolve
the
Council
,
which
could
have
no
Authority
,
or
be
termed
General
,
so
long
as
the
French
Nation
,
which
was
a
principal
Member
was
excluded
from
it
:
But
the
Pope
was
of
another
Opinion
,
pretending
that
his
sincere
endeavours
of
persuading
that
Nation
to
join
themselves
to
it
,
was
sufficient
:
and
the
Imperialists
,
who
cared
not
much
for
their
Company
,
judged
that
scruple
immaterial
;
since
that
being
cited
,
and
required
to
appear
thereat
,
as
members
of
the
Catholick
Church
;
their
causeless
,
and
obstinate
absence
ought
not
to
prejudice
the
proceedings
of
the
Council
;
for
in
regard
the
greater
part
include
the
Minor
;
the
whole
body
of
France
was
obliged
to
own
those
Acts
of
the
Council
to
be
Canonical
,
and
Obligatory
,
having
by
their
absence
,
when
they
might
have
been
present
,
or
by
their
silence
assented
thereunto
.
Howsoever
the
Parliament
of
Paris
was
of
an
other
Judgment
:
for
tho
it
be
true
that
the
greater
number
carries
the
point
,
in
those
Assemblies
,
where
is
a
common
concurrence
in
Votes
:
But
where
one
part
absents
it self
,
and
refuses
to
joyn
,
the
Acts
of
the
other
cannot
oblige
the
dissenting
Party
,
and
in
that
case
that
Rule
takes
place
,
Prohibentis
potior
est
conditio
;
of
which
nature
are
all
such
Ecclesiastical
Assemblies
which
how
numerous
soever
they
may
be
,
their
Acts
have
onely
an
Authority
to
oblige
their
own
Countries
,
but
not
such
as
have
dissented
,
or
are
not
concurring
with
them
:
which
was
the
sense
and
Opinion
of
ancient
times
,
as
we
may
read
in
the
Treatises
wrote
by
S.
Hilarius
,
Athanasius
,
Theodoret
,
and
Victorinus
expresly
upon
this
Point
:
for
which
reasons
certains
Canons
have
been
received
in
some
Churches
which
have
been
rejected
in
others
:
and
as
St.
Gregory
testifies
,
that
upon
the
same
account
,
the
Canons
of
the
second
Council
of
Constantinople
,
and
of
the
first
of
Ephesus
were
not
received
by
the
Church
of
Rome
.
But
lest
the
French
King
should
by
this
manner
of
Nonconformity
seem
Schismatical
,
or
be
suspected
of
an
intention
to
alienate
the
minds
of
his
People
from
the
Catholick
Religion
;
he
published
divers
severe
Edicts
against
the
Protestants
;
promising
rewards
to
such
,
who
should
detect
,
and
accuse
them
.
Now
according
to
the
Promise
made
to
the
Abbot
of
Bellozare
,
that
an
Answer
should
be
given
to
the
Letters
and
Protest
of
the
French
King
his
Master
on
the
eleventh
of
October
following
;
the
Cryer
of
the
Council
at
the
Church-gate
,
made
Proclamation
,
that
in
case
any
were
there
present
for
the
most
Christian
King
,
he
should
then
appear
.
But
the
Abbot
knowing
well
,
that
no
Answer
would
be
given
him
,
but
such
as
was
forged
at
Rome
by
the
Spanish
Party
,
had
by
Order
from
his
Master
the
King
withdrawn
himself
;
wherefore
none
appearing
to
receive
and
hear
the
Answer
,
Order
was
given
to
have
the
Answer
which
was
prepared
for
that
time
to
be
publickly
read
in
the
Council
,
the
substance
whereof
was
this
;
That
the
Council
was
not
conscious
of
having
given
any
such
offence
to
his
Majesty
,
that
he
should
have
cause
to
pass
such
hard
Censures
upon
it
:
that
it
had
been
at
first
convened
by
the
Authority
of
Paul
the
3d.
and
now
continued
under
this
Pope
Julius
,
and
therefore
could
not
be
suspected
of
having
had
it
's
original
from
any
private
Designs
of
advancing
particular
interests
,
as
his
Majesty
would
insinuate
,
and
therefore
they
desired
his
Majesty
would
be
pleased
to
send
his
Bishops
to
the
Council
,
that
they
might
concur
in
this
holy
Work
,
which
was
carried
on
with
no
other
aim
,
than
a
just
and
a
sincere
intention
to
settle
Religion
on
its
true
basis
,
and
to
produce
peace
and
quietness
in
the
World
:
Adding
farther
,
That
in
case
his
Majesty
should
upon
any
private
considerations
,
or
animosities
decline
this
happy
Union
denying
the
pretence
and
attendance
of
his
Ministers
at
this
Sacred
Assembly
;
that
yet
notwithstanding
they
were
well
assured
that
all
those
Acts
performed
there
,
would
have
the
same
force
,
and
Authority
obligatory
upon
Men's
Consciences
,
as
if
his
Majesty
had
by
the
presence
of
his
Ambassadours
and
Bishops
concurred
therein
.
Nor
did
the
French
King
onely
deny
to
send
his
own
Subjects
to
the
Council
,
but
also
prevailed
with
the
Suisses
,
and
Grisons
by
his
Ambassadours
to
do
the
like
,
who
being
well
acquainted
with
the
secret
Designs
and
Intrigues
of
the
Court
of
Rome
instilled
that
prejudice
in
their
minds
to
this
Council
;
that
as
well
Catholicks
,
as
Protestants
then
assembled
in
a
Diet
at
Basil
,
denied
and
disclaimed
all
concurrence
with
that
Council
,
and
as
an
evidence
thereof
recalled
Thomas
Plant
Bishop
of
Coire
from
thence
.
Notwithstanding
all
these
difficulties
,
and
oppositions
the
Council
proceeded
in
their
Decrees
,
and
determined
eleven
Points
with
Anathema
against
all
such
,
who
should
not
close
in
faith
and
in
belief
thereof
.
First
,
against
those
,
who
should
deny
the
very
Body
and
Blood
of
Jesus
Christ
together
with
his
Soul
,
and
Deity
to
be
really
and
substantially
contained
in
the
Eucharist
;
but
confess
it
to
be
only
in
sign
,
or
figure
,
or
mystically
:
the
which
conversion
of
the
Elements
of
Bread
and
Wine
,
into
the
Body
and
Blood
of
Christ
,
they
called
Transubstantiation
.
Secondly
,
against
those
,
who
should
hold
that
the
whole
Sacrament
of
the
Eucharist
is
not
contained
in
one
of
these
two
Species
;
Thirdly
,
against
those
who
hold
,
that
the
Body
and
Blood
of
Christ
is
then
onely
contained
in
the
Species
when
the
same
is
received
,
and
not
before
,
or
after
.
Fourthly
,
against
those
,
who
hold
,
that
the
chief
fruit
,
and
benefit
of
this
Sacrament
is
the
remission
of
sins
.
Fifthly
,
against
those
,
who
hold
,
that
Christ
in
the
Eucharist
is
not
to
be
adored
with
the
Service
of
Latria
,
or
carried
in
Procession
,
or
publickly
exposed
to
Worship
and
Adoration
.
Sixthly
,
against
those
,
who
being
come
to
the
age
of
discretion
shall
not
communicate
once
a
year
,
and
that
at
Easter
;
with
five
other
Points
relating
to
the
Sacrament
,
all
which
were
confirmed
as
irrevocable
,
and
immovable
fundamentals
,
of
which
it
was
not
lawful
to
doubt
,
much
less
to
dispute
.
These
and
other
Points
being
already
passed
in
the
Council
,
were
taken
as
granted
,
and
concluded
,
and
therefore
were
not
to
be
again
re
assumed
to
Debate
:
But
now
in
regard
the
matter
of
the
Passports
to
be
given
to
the
Protestants
,
was
again
to
be
considered
,
it
was
judged
fit
,
that
the
Tenure
thereof
should
be
restrained
with
prudent
cautions
,
that
when
the
Dissenting
Party
should
intermix
with
their
Assembly
,
it
should
not
be
in
their
Power
to
unravel
those
Doctrines
which
had
been
already
setled
,
and
determined
;
but
giving
them
for
granted
,
should
proceed
to
examine
other
Points
of
lesser
moment
,
which
they
limited
to
four
Articles
.
First
,
Whether
it
were
necessary
to
Salvation
that
Christ's
faithful
People
should
receive
the
Sacrament
of
the
Eucharist
in
both
kinds
.
Secondly
,
Whether
he
that
receives
in
one
kind
alone
,
receives
less
than
he
that
communicates
in
both
.
Thirdly
,
Whether
the
Church
be
guilty
of
an
Error
in
having
ordained
,
that
the
Laity
should
communicate
in
one
kind
only
.
And
then
Fourthly
,
Whether
the
Sacrament
of
the
Eucharist
may
be
given
to
Children
.
These
Points
of
limitation
being
thus
laid
down
,
the
Preamble
to
the
Passports
ran
in
this
manner
;
That
whereas
the
Protestants
did
desire
to
be
heard
upon
these
Points
before
they
were
finally
determined
,
and
for
the
end
they
might
have
free
and
safe
admission
to
this
Council
,
without
any
let
,
hinderance
,
or
interruption
whatsoever
:
It
was
therefore
by
the
Authority
of
this
Council
ordered
,
and
enacted
,
That
out
of
a
desire
,
and
zeal
they
had
to
reduce
the
erring
Christians
into
the
true
way
of
the
Gospel
,
they
did
with
humble
charity
condescend
unto
their
Demands
,
giving
,
and
granting
unto
them
the
publick
faith
,
and
assurance
to
come
,
and
repair
freely
to
this
Council
,
and
there
to
debate
of
the
preceding
Particulars
,
Provided
that
they
came
,
and
gave
their
personal
attendance
there
in
Council
,
at
,
or
before
the
25th
.
of
January
next
following
,
and
in
the
mean
time
that
the
Points
being
frequently
debated
and
discussed
,
might
be
prepared
and
made
ready
for
determination
against
the
end
of
that
Month.
The
Tenour
of
this
Passport
being
read
,
and
considered
by
the
Protestants
,
appeared
strangely
captious
,
and
such
as
gave
them
just
occasion
of
astonishment
and
admiration
;
for
considering
that
the
Protestants
had
not
onely
in
all
their
Diets
,
but
in
all
their
publick
Remonstrances
and
Writings
avowed
their
resolutions
to
hear
all
matters
in
Dispute
to
be
examined
in
their
presence
,
and
that
without
such
personal
intercourse
and
consent
,
they
would
never
receive
or
obey
any
Precepts
or
Articles
which
should
be
enjoyned
,
or
imposed
upon
them
from
Trent
:
it
seemed
strangely
magisterial
and
surprizing
,
that
the
Council
should
assume
a
liberty
to
say
,
that
the
Protestants
desired
to
be
heard
onely
upon
those
four
Points
;
it
being
most
evident
that
the
Design
of
the
Passport
was
no
other
than
to
delude
unthinking
Men
by
a
fair
appearance
of
invitation
,
and
safe
Conduct
,
and
yet
keep
the
Authority
of
the
Pope
,
and
of
the
Roman
Church
upon
its
guard
and
reserve
;
wherefore
the
Protestants
rejecting
the
allurements
of
such
feigned
Disguises
,
by
general
agreement
resolved
not
to
repair
unto
the
Council
,
unless
it
were
under
the
protection
of
such
a
safe
Conduct
as
was
given
be
the
Council
of
Basil
to
the
Bohemians
:
one
Clause
of
which
was
,
That
the
Holy
Scriptures
should
be
the
Judg
of
all
Controversies
;
which
in
case
they
could
not
obtain
,
they
might
have
wherewith
to
excuse
themselves
before
the
Emperour
.
The
Pope
having
understood
these
resolutions
of
the
dissenting
Germans
,
more
earnestly
urged
the
coming
of
the
Catholick
Suisses
to
the
Council
,
with
whom
also
the
Emperour
joyned
in
the
Invitation
;
but
the
French
King
had
so
charmed
them
by
his
Ambassadours
,
who
being
a
Person
well
versed
in
all
the
Intrigues
and
contrivances
of
the
Court
of
Rome
,
had
wrote
a
Treatise
on
that
Subject
,
sufficient
to
create
in
them
a
Diffidence
and
jealousie
of
the
Roman
Counsels
,
and
so
exposed
the
Designs
intended
against
them
,
that
not
onely
the
Protestant
,
but
also
the
Catholick
Swissers
did
at
a
Diet
held
at
Bade
unanimously
concur
not
to
send
their
Deputies
to
Trent
,
by
which
the
Grisons
also
taking
an
Alarm
,
conceived
a
jealousie
,
that
some
thing
was
contriving
at
Rome
to
their
prejudice
,
and
for
that
reason
recalled
Thomas
Plant
the
Bishop
of
Coire
from
his
residence
with
the
Council
.
Whilest
these
matters
were
in
Treaty
two
Ambassadours
from
the
Duke
of
Wirtemberg
arrived
at
Trent
,
whose
Commission
was
publickly
to
represent
the
Confession
of
their
Doctrine
before
the
Council
,
giving
them
to
understand
,
that
in
case
they
would
admit
their
Divines
to
a
Debate
,
and
grant
them
a
free
Passport
as
large
and
ample
in
the
Tenure
of
it
,
as
was
that
of
Basil
,
that
then
they
should
appear
in
the
Council
,
and
expound
and
explicate
their
Doctrine
,
and
Tenents
according
to
the
true
sense
and
meaning
of
them
:
but
before
these
Divines
were
admitted
,
it
was
ordered
by
the
Legat
,
that
they
should
first
present
and
make
known
to
the
President
the
Summary
of
their
Commission
,
that
so
it
might
be
considered
whether
the
particulars
therein
contained
were
such
as
were
lawful
,
and
which
might
be
regularly
admitted
into
the
Council
,
which
was
the
method
of
their
proceedings
.
But
the
Ambassadours
whose
Instructions
were
,
not
to
own
,
or
acknowledg
the
Authority
of
the
Pope
,
or
power
of
convoking
,
or
presiding
in
Council
either
in
Person
,
or
by
his
Deputies
,
could
not
be
persuaded
to
make
applications
to
the
President
,
being
a
matter
contrary
to
the
principal
Article
resolved
in
Germany
.
1551.
About
the
same
time
also
being
the
beginning
of
November
the
Emperour
arrived
at
Inspruck
;
which
being
a
City
not
above
three
days
journey
from
Trent
,
was
for
that
present
made
the
place
of
his
residence
,
that
so
he
might
with
more
ease
receive
daily
Advices
of
the
proceedings
of
the
Council
,
and
be
more
near
at
hand
to
administer
assistance
to
his
Wars
at
Parma
.
The
news
of
the
Emperours
near
approach
did
not
much
disturb
the
thoughts
of
the
Pope
,
who
depended
on
the
reiterated
Promises
which
the
Emperour
had
made
him
of
being
firm
,
and
steady
to
the
interest
of
the
Church
,
and
the
Court
of
Rome
.
But
to
the
Ambassadours
of
Wirtemberg
he
studied
not
much
to
give
a
Reply
,
or
new
Instructions
to
his
Legat
;
but
onely
recommended
to
him
a
firm
constancy
in
defence
of
the
Papal
Authority
,
which
having
in
the
time
of
Paul
the
third
convened
that
Council
,
and
which
had
by
the
same
Power
been
ever
since
continued
;
he
ought
not
in
the
least
Point
give
way
to
schismatical
,
and
seditious
motions
:
but
with
courage
and
zeal
,
defend
the
Right
and
Title
which
the
Pope
singly
had
both
to
Assemble
,
and
to
preside
as
Head
in
all
Ecclesiastical
Councils
.
The
Ambassadours
having
continued
at
Trent
without
being
heard
,
pressed
very
earnestly
for
a
Dispatch
,
and
that
their
Doctrines
might
be
read
in
the
Council
,
and
a
safe
Conduct
granted
to
their
Protestant
Brethren
according
to
the
form
of
that
given
at
Basil
,
that
so
they
might
have
liberty
to
deliver
their
Doctrines
,
and
Argue
,
and
Dispute
in
maintenance
thereof
without
interruption
,
or
danger
to
their
Persons
.
But
the
Legat
would
not
yield
to
either
of
the
Propositions
;
saying
,
That
as
to
their
Doctrines
,
they
were
already
notified
in
their
own
Books
,
and
lay
before
the
Council
to
consider
,
and
either
to
approve
,
or
condemn
them
;
and
that
the
Censure
given
ought
to
be
conclusive
,
and
received
with
humility
and
submission
,
as
a
final
Determination
.
And
whereas
they
desired
that
their
Doctrines
should
be
read
in
the
Council
,
it
seemed
as
if
the
Dissenters
intended
to
give
Laws
,
and
Precepts
,
and
teach
the
Church
what
was
Orthodox
,
and
what
Erronious
:
And
as
to
the
form
of
the
Passport
in
any
other
latitude
than
what
had
lately
been
prescribed
,
it
seemed
so
insufferable
an
indignity
to
the
Council
,
and
to
the
Church
of
God
to
have
their
former
resolutions
questioned
,
and
again
unravelled
,
that
all
good
Christians
were
obliged
to
engage
their
Lives
for
the
prevention
thereof
.
At
the
same
time
the
City
of
Strasbourg
,
and
five
other
Towns
sent
their
Ambassadours
to
Trent
with
the
like
Orders
to
represent
their
Doctrines
before
the
Council
;
who
finding
the
same
repulse
,
did
jointly
address
themselves
to
the
Emperour
,
complaining
,
that
contrary
to
the
Promises
of
his
Imperial
Majesty
their
Doctrines
could
not
be
read
in
the
Council
,
or
received
into
consideration
:
but
the
Emperour
being
willing
to
content
them
,
acquainted
them
that
the
Ambassadours
of
Saxony
were
shortly
expected
,
and
that
when
they
came
,
they
should
have
a
fair
hearing
,
and
be
admitted
to
a
charitable
,
and
friendly
Conference
.
On
the
seventh
of
January
1552.
1552.
the
Ambassadours
from
Maurice
Elector
of
Saxony
arrived
at
Trent
to
the
great
joy
of
the
other
Electours
,
and
Prelats
of
Germany
,
who
uniting
together
in
the
same
Interest
made
their
first
Addresses
and
applications
to
the
Emperor's
Embassadours
:
acquainting
them
that
their
Princes
,
being
desirous
to
cultivate
Union
,
and
Charity
amongst
Christians
,
had
sent
their
Divines
to
the
Council
,
who
were
moderate
Men
,
learned
in
the
Law
and
Gospel
,
and
such
as
were
lovers
of
Peace
,
and
Christian
Charity
,
and
that
all
the
other
Protestant
Princes
would
in
like
manner
send
their
Ministers
to
the
Council
under
the
protection
of
such
a
Passport
,
or
safe
Conduct
,
as
had
been
granted
at
Basil
,
Provided
,
that
all
matters
,
and
Points
already
Determined
might
be
again
examined
,
and
called
into
question
:
and
the
Pope
not
admitted
to
preside
as
Chief
of
the
Council
,
but
be
equally
liable
to
the
Sentences
,
and
Censures
of
the
same
with
other
Bishops
.
And
in
the
mean
time
their
desire
was
to
be
admitted
directly
to
the
Council
without
any
intermediate
Addresses
to
Crescentio
the
Pope's
Legat
;
and
that
in
publick
Assembly
their
Commissions
might
be
read
,
and
their
Doctrines
exposed
to
publick
consideration
:
But
these
Proposals
,
though
gently
received
and
hearkned
unto
by
the
Emperour's
Ambassadours
,
who
were
unwilling
to
disoblige
the
Electours
of
Saxony
,
and
Brandenbourg
,
were
violently
opposed
by
the
Pope's
Legat
,
and
Nuncios
;
who
alledged
,
that
it
was
a
matter
of
high
indignity
to
the
Council
,
which
represented
the
Church
Catholick
,
to
have
their
Decrees
,
and
Determinations
canvassed
,
and
reversed
by
an
inconsiderable
number
of
Sectaries
,
who
seemed
to
come
prepared
and
armed
rather
to
confound
,
than
establish
the
Council
:
for
seeing
that
their
Principles
were
,
to
disown
the
Pope's
Authority
,
on
which
that
Council
was
founded
;
and
then
to
be
admitted
to
a
freedom
of
Speech
,
in
which
they
might
vent
their
blasphemous
Doctrines
,
and
reproaches
to
the
dishonour
of
the
Apostolical
See
,
was
such
an
Indulgence
to
Impiety
,
and
a
betraying
the
Power
of
the
Church
,
as
rather
than
admit
,
were
ready
to
sacrifice
their
lives
,
or
at
least
withdraw
from
any
Meetings
,
where
such
matters
were
Debated
,
or
Acts
Decreed
.
But
notwithstanding
these
positive
refusals
,
the
Emperor's
Ambassadours
endeavoured
to
induce
the
Pope's
Party
to
admit
the
Dissenters
to
audience
in
the
Council
;
for
that
their
very
entrance
to
it
did
imply
a
tacite
owning
of
the
Pope's
Authority
,
though
the
usual
Ceremonies
,
and
Compliments
which
were
but
superficial
Points
,
were
pretermitted
by
them
,
the
which
would
be
an
act
most
religious
,
and
Christian
,
for
perhaps
such
charitable
condescension
would
be
a
means
to
prevent
a
War
,
which
might
endanger
the
safety
of
the
whole
Church
:
to
which
the
Cardinal
of
Toledo
one
of
the
Emperor's
Party
,
farther
added
:
That
he
had
often
heard
in
Sermons
,
how
that
the
salvation
of
one
Soul
was
so
dear
,
and
precious
to
Jesus
Christ
,
that
for
the
saving
thereof
he
would
descend
on
Earth
,
and
be
again
crucified
;
and
then
,
said
he
,
let
us
consider
,
if
we
imitate
this
example
,
in
case
for
the
saving
of
all
Germany
,
we
should
deny
to
recede
from
the
least
punctilio
of
our
honour
,
and
prerogative
.
At
length
,
to
be
short
,
after
many
Debates
,
and
consultations
in
despight
of
the
Legat
and
his
Adherents
,
the
Authority
of
the
three
Electours
,
and
the
Cardinal
Madrutio
promoted
by
the
mediation
of
the
Imperial
Ambassadors
prevailed
.
But
then
another
difficulty
arose
concerning
the
treatment
of
these
Ambassadours
when
introduced
to
the
Council
,
with
what
place
,
and
precedency
was
to
be
granted
to
them
;
and
how
,
and
where
the
Divines
were
to
be
seated
,
who
expected
a
rank
,
and
freedom
of
Voice
,
and
suffrage
equal
with
others
;
which
seemed
very
dangerous
to
be
yielded
to
known
Hereticks
,
who
by
Antient
Canons
,
and
Papal
Decretals
were
never
admitted
to
a
Communion
or
Society
with
other
Christians
,
unless
having
first
renounced
their
Errors
,
they
desired
with
humility
to
be
taught
,
and
directed
:
this
Point
though
at
first
disputed
with
the
same
difficulties
as
the
former
;
yet
at
length
it
was
concluded
:
That
the
necessity
ought
to
excuse
the
transgression
of
such
Canons
,
which
after
mature
deliberation
had
been
dispensed
within
all
the
Diets
of
Germany
;
and
that
the
like
might
be
safely
practised
at
this
Council
;
in
case
that
in
the
Preamble
to
this
Admission
,
it
were
declared
,
that
such
Indulgence
was
yielded
out
of
charity
,
and
compassion
,
to
the
end
that
Men
who
were
gone
astray
,
and
fallen
into
error
might
be
reclaimed
,
and
reduced
to
the
true
Faith
,
and
Orthodox
Doctrine
of
the
Church
.
And
though
the
Legat
would
not
yield
to
any
of
these
means
of
Accommodation
,
yet
it
was
concluded
against
him
;
that
on
the
24th
.
of
this
month
of
January
a
General
Convocation
should
be
held
,
at
which
the
Ambassadours
of
Saxony
should
be
received
,
and
heard
;
and
that
in
the
mean
time
the
Divines
who
remained
at
some
distance
from
Trent
might
repair
thither
,
and
that
the
25th
.
should
be
the
day
of
Session
;
which
being
agreed
,
a
Committee
was
chosen
to
draw
up
this
Decree
,
together
with
the
Preamble
to
the
Admission
,
and
the
safe
Conduct
.
The
Imperial
Ministers
having
made
this
report
to
the
Protestants
,
and
signified
in
an
eloquent
Speech
the
tenderness
the
Council
had
for
them
,
and
willingness
to
condescend
to
their
weak
Consciences
:
the
Protestants
retired
a
while
,
and
having
considered
the
minutes
of
the
safe
Conduct
;
made
their
exceptions
to
it
,
being
in
four
particulars
different
to
that
of
Basil
,
formerly
granted
to
the
Bohemians
,
and
on
which
they
were
obliged
by
their
Instructions
to
insist
.
As
first
,
That
in
Council
they
might
have
a
Vote
,
and
free
suffrage
.
Secondly
,
That
the
holy
Scripture
,
and
practice
of
the
Primitive
Church
,
Antient
Councils
,
and
Fathers
who
were
Expositors
of
the
Scriptures
might
be
the
Judges
of
all
Controversies
.
Thirdly
,
That
all
Ambassadours
during
the
continuance
of
the
Council
,
might
have
the
free
Exercise
of
their
Religion
in
their
own
Lodgings
.
Fourthly
,
That
nothing
should
be
said
,
or
acted
which
might
tend
to
the
defamation
of
their
Religion
,
or
render
it
ridiculous
.
These
particulars
being
offered
to
the
Council
,
were
generally
concluded
to
be
unreasonable
,
and
such
as
might
ensnare
their
wisdom
in
inextricable
difficulties
;
and
therefore
it
was
resolved
not
to
change
,
or
alter
any
thing
in
the
Minutes
of
the
Safe
Conduct
,
in
expectation
that
the
Protestants
observing
their
resolution
and
constancy
might
with
time
be
induced
to
condescend
to
their
terms
.
Matters
being
thus
protracted
till
the
24th
.
of
January
the
General
Convocation
was
held
at
the
House
of
the
Legat
,
where
the
Electors
,
all
the
Fathers
,
and
the
Emperor's
Ambassadours
were
present
;
who
having
taken
their
Places
,
the
Ambassadours
of
Saxony
were
called
in
,
who
having
made
their
Reverence
,
and
Salutes
to
the
Assembly
,
one
of
them
began
his
Speech
,
with
this
Compellation
,
Reverendissimi
,
&
Amplissimi
Patres
,
&
Domini
;
My
Lord
and
Master
Maurice
Elector
of
Saxony
after
his
hearty
Wishes
,
and
Prayers
,
that
God
would
inspire
all
your
Counsels
with
his
Holy
Spirit
,
hath
commanded
me
to
let
you
know
,
that
he
hath
a
long
time
desired
to
see
a
General
,
Christian
and
free
Council
held
,
and
celebrated
,
wherein
all
Errors
might
be
refuted
,
and
abuses
in
the
Church
corrected
,
and
reformed
;
and
that
the
Holy
Scriptures
might
be
made
the
Rule
of
our
faith
and
practice
:
in
which
good
work
that
he
might
be
assistant
,
he
hath
sent
his
Divines
to
represent
their
Confession
to
this
Council
,
being
commanded
to
abide
at
some
Leagues
distant
until
a
safe
Conduct
could
be
procured
for
them
;
for
having
understood
,
that
according
to
a
constitution
of
the
Council
of
Constance
,
it
was
not
necessary
to
keep
faith
with
Hereticks
,
or
those
who
were
so
reputed
;
and
that
the
Bohemians
being
sensible
of
such
Tenants
,
had
with
due
caution
armed
themselves
with
assurance
of
safe
Conduct
under
the
Seal
of
the
Council
of
Basil
;
so
in
like
manner
his
Master
the
Elector
did
desire
and
expect
the
security
of
safe
Conduct
for
his
Divines
,
Counsellors
and
their
domestick
Servants
in
a
more
ample
,
and
large
form
than
what
appeared
in
that
Draught
,
and
Copy
which
had
lately
been
presented
to
him
.
Which
request
being
granted
,
and
admission
given
to
the
Divines
to
take
their
place
in
Council
,
his
next
Proposition
was
to
have
them
heard
upon
those
Points
,
and
Articles
,
which
were
in
Controversie
between
the
Protestants
,
and
the
Catholicks
;
and
though
the
same
had
already
been
determined
by
the
Council
,
yet
that
they
might
again
be
revised
,
and
examined
,
and
determined
by
the
Word
of
God
,
and
according
to
the
common
belief
of
all
Christian
Nations
.
After
these
Ambassadours
had
finished
their
Oration
,
those
of
Wirtemberg
were
introduced
,
who
having
delivered
their
Message
almost
to
the
same
intent
,
and
purpose
with
the
former
they
were
caused
to
retire
;
and
after
a
Debate
whether
any
addition
,
or
alteration
should
be
made
in
the
form
of
Safe
Conduct
,
it
was
generally
concluded
in
the
Negative
,
lest
by
giving
the
liberty
proposed
,
the
Council
should
be
intrigued
in
most
inextricable
Disputes
,
of
which
Volumes
had
been
wrote
already
without
hopes
of
arriving
at
any
definitive
Sentence
or
Determination
.
The
next
day
being
the
25th
.
of
January
which
was
the
day
of
the
Session
,
all
things
were
managed
with
great
Order
,
and
Solemnity
;
and
after
Mass
was
ended
,
the
Council
sat
,
and
in
the
first
place
determined
all
points
relating
to
the
Sacrifice
of
the
Mass
,
and
Sacrament
of
Ordination
,
that
those
material
Points
might
be
passed
before
the
arrival
of
the
Protestants
,
in
expectation
of
whom
(
as
was
then
declared
)
and
in
hopes
that
they
came
provided
with
real
,
and
peaceable
intentions
to
acquiesce
in
the
truth
,
and
confirm
the
Decrees
of
their
Mother
the
Church
,
and
not
to
ruine
,
and
destroy
its
fundamental
Principles
,
they
had
prorogued
their
next
Session
until
the
19th
.
of
March
following
;
and
as
to
the
form
of
the
Safe
Conduct
it
appeared
to
them
so
large
,
and
ample
that
nothing
could
be
devised
,
or
imagined
to
render
it
more
extensive
,
or
of
greater
validity
.
With
this
,
and
the
like
tenderness
of
brotherly
compassion
the
Council
seemed
to
outward
appearance
to
treat
the
Protestants
,
though
the
chief
motive
thereunto
,
was
to
please
the
Emperor
,
who
apprehending
great
confusions
,
and
Wars
in
Germany
,
on
the
score
of
Religion
was
earnest
by
all
the
Sollicitations
his
Ministers
could
make
to
bring
matters
to
some
tolerable
accommodation
.
The
Emperor
also
being
desirous
to
abate
something
of
the
Authority
and
arrogance
of
the
Church
,
imagined
that
the
Protestants
might
be
made
use
of
,
as
the
happy
Instruments
to
effect
the
same
,
and
that
the
depression
of
the
Papal
Power
might
encrease
the
grandeur
of
the
Imperial
.
The
Pope
,
and
his
Party
discovering
these
secret
agitations
did
after
this
last
Session
think
little
of
the
farther
proceedings
of
the
Council
,
and
therefore
on
force
of
this
jealousie
entertained
private
Treaties
with
France
managed
by
the
Cardinal
Tournon
in
behalf
of
that
King
,
in
pursuance
and
execution
of
which
it
was
believed
,
that
an
entire
,
and
absolute
dissolution
of
the
Council
would
necessarily
follow
of
it self
,
without
any
Act
of
the
Pope
therein
.
Howsoever
these
matters
not
as
yet
discovered
;
the
Protestants
testified
their
dislike
of
the
Narrowness
of
the
Passport
,
as
not
comprehending
that
amplitude
,
which
their
Princes
required
.
And
also
observing
that
the
general
Congregation
proceeded
to
prepare
all
matters
in
Controversie
concerning
Marriage
,
adoration
of
Images
,
worship
of
Saints
,
Purgatory
and
the
like
,
which
they
called
Minute
Points
,
to
be
offered
against
the
next
Session
,
all
which
were
to
be
passed
without
the
intervention
of
the
Protestants
,
they
took
just
offence
against
the
proceedings
,
and
complained
thereof
to
the
Emperor's
Ministers
:
of
which
also
the
Emperor
himself
taking
notice
,
dispatched
an
Express
both
to
Trent
,
and
Rome
,
giving
them
notice
,
that
this
hasty
precipitation
of
Affairs
gave
just
cause
to
suspect
,
that
nothing
was
intended
fairly
towards
the
Protestants
,
who
on
these
due
and
reasonable
Resentments
would
become
more
obdurate
in
their
Opinions
;
to
prevent
which
,
he
laid
his
Commands
on
the
Prelats
not
to
act
,
or
join
in
any
farther
proceedings
;
which
resolution
being
signified
at
a
General
Congregation
,
all
Synodical
actions
and
Decrees
were
ordered
to
surcease
,
until
the
pleasure
of
the
Council
should
be
known
to
the
contrary
.
The
Pope
being
greatly
incensed
at
this
,
and
other
actions
of
the
Emperor
,
gave
license
to
this
Prorogation
for
a
few
days
onely
,
and
that
afterwards
they
should
again
assemble
,
and
reassume
their
Debates
with
such
Christian
fortitude
as
became
their
Ecclesiastical
functions
,
without
respect
to
any
worldly
consideration
.
During
this
vacation
a
Frier
preaching
on
the
Parable
of
the
Tares
sowed
amongst
the
Wheat
,
applyed
that
Doctrine
to
the
present
dissenting
Opinions
,
which
he
called
Heresies
,
and
which
ought
,
(
as
he
said
)
to
be
extirpated
with
fire
,
and
the
gallows
;
at
which
and
other
affronts
the
Protestants
taking
particular
exceptions
greatly
complained
of
their
ill
usage
,
which
tended
to
make
the
breach
wider
;
and
the
Elector
of
Triers
took
this
pretence
to
depart
,
feigning
also
an
excuse
of
his
health
;
though
in
reality
a
secret
intelligence
which
he
held
with
the
French
King
was
the
cause
thereof
.
About
the
beginning
of
March
the
Ambassadours
of
Saxony
received
Letters
from
their
Prince
to
prosecute
their
Demands
with
new
instances
to
the
Council
,
giving
them
to
understand
,
that
for
the
more
effectual
dispatch
thereof
,
he
intended
personally
to
wait
on
the
Emperor
;
which
was
cause
of
great
amusement
to
the
Papal
Party
:
but
in
a
few
days
,
it
was
generally
bruited
,
that
a
League
was
made
between
the
French
King
and
the
Protestant
Princes
to
make
War
upon
the
Emperor
;
which
news
giving
an
Alarm
to
the
Electors
of
M●tz
and
Cologne
they
departed
,
taking
Auspruck
in
their
way
homewards
,
entered
into
serious
,
and
private
consultations
with
the
Emperor
.
The
Ambassadours
likewise
of
Maurice
Duke
of
Saxony
fearing
least
in
those
rumours
,
their
Pesons
were
not
safe
,
privately
withdrew
from
Trent
,
and
by
different
ways
returned
to
their
own
Country
.
Notwithstanding
which
the
Ambassadours
and
Divines
of
Wirtemberg
and
two
of
Strasbourg
remained
still
in
Trent
;
where
not
having
been
able
to
procure
License
for
their
Confession
to
be
received
and
read
in
Council
,
they
printed
several
Copies
of
them
,
and
caused
them
to
be
dispersed
in
all
places
,
which
gave
publick
offence
to
the
whole
Council
;
nor
could
the
Interest
of
the
Imperial
Ambassadours
prevail
farther
,
for
the
Papal
Party
suspecting
that
all
those
instances
made
by
the
Emperour
in
behalf
of
the
Protestants
,
tended
to
no
other
end
than
to
depress
the
Court
of
Rome
,
embraced
all
occasions
of
excuses
,
and
delays
:
for
now
the
Emperor's
interest
was
grown
weak
at
Trent
by
the
retirement
of
the
German
Bishops
,
who
upon
the
Alarm
of
Wars
in
their
Country
were
retired
to
their
own
homes
:
indeed
the
report
of
Wars
raised
by
the
French
King
in
confederacy
with
the
Princes
of
Germany
against
the
Emperor
was
confirmed
,
and
Manifests
,
and
Protests
in
defence
of
Religion
and
the
liberty
of
Germany
were
printed
and
published
;
and
in
pursuance
thereof
on
the
first
of
April
the
Elector
of
Saxony
laid
siege
to
Augsbourg
;
1552.
the
which
combustions
had
so
great
influence
on
the
Affairs
of
Trent
,
that
the
Italian
Bishops
departed
,
as
did
also
the
Protestants
;
and
a
small
number
of
Prelats
remaining
,
and
the
Legat
greatly
indisposed
in
his
health
,
the
Council
broke
up
,
being
prorogued
for
the
space
of
two
years
,
during
which
time
it
was
hoped
,
and
expected
that
the
present
storms
would
be
blown
over
,
and
Men
return
to
a
more
mild
,
and
calm
temper
of
spirit
.
In
this
manner
the
Gown
gave
way
to
the
Sword
,
which
commonly
decides
the
most
knotty
difficulties
,
and
puts
an
end
to
long
Disputes
of
Councils
,
and
the
Schools
.
For
now
Henry
II.
King
of
France
having
joyned
his
Arms
with
Maurice
Duke
of
Saxony
,
and
other
discontented
Princes
of
Germany
made
War
on
the
Emperor
;
the
King
was
inveterately
angry
for
the
injury
he
had
received
in
the
matter
of
Parma
;
the
Duke
incensed
by
reason
of
the
ill
treatment
of
his
Father-in-law
Philip
the
Lantgrave
of
Hesse
,
whom
the
Emperor
suffered
to
languish
in
a
tedious
imprisonment
;
and
all
in
general
being
jealous
,
and
fearful
of
the
Emperor's
growing
greatness
,
(
whatsoever
there
might
be
of
Religion
pretended
in
the
case
)
united
their
Arms
upon
different
considerations
.
The
Duke
with
a
strong
Army
marched
to
Oenipont
in
Rhetia
;
and
with
such
expedition
that
the
Emperor
was
forced
to
rise
,
and
retire
from
thence
at
midnight
to
Villaco
in
the
Dukedom
of
Austria
,
on
the
confines
of
Italy
;
by
which
means
the
Duke
became
Master
of
Oenepont
,
a
place
distant
about
three
days
Journey
from
Trent
.
But
in
regard
the
successes
of
this
War
were
various
,
and
not
pertinent
to
our
present
Treatise
,
we
shall
proceed
to
matters
more
nearly
relating
to
the
Life
,
and
reign
of
this
Pope
Julius
III.
The
Council
of
Trent
being
dissolved
,
and
the
Pope
quiet
in
Rome
,
he
made
choice
of
a
certain
number
of
Cardinals
in
resemblance
of
a
Council
to
inspect
the
present
Errors
,
and
abuses
which
were
crept
into
the
Church
,
and
the
dissolute
,
and
corrupt
manners
of
the
Clergy
;
and
to
consider
of
means
to
correct
,
and
reform
them
:
but
whilest
they
attended
to
these
matters
,
they
found
themselves
so
engulfed
,
and
immers'd
in
difficulties
,
which
were
past
their
wisedom
to
redress
,
that
after
several
meetings
being
unable
to
conclude
any
thing
,
the
business
grew
cold
,
and
frequent
delays
,
and
adjournments
from
one
week
to
another
put
an
end
thereunto
without
any
effect
:
onely
it
was
agreed
that
the
prorogation
of
the
Council
which
at
first
was
limited
unto
two
years
only
,
should
now
be
farther
enlarged
to
the
term
of
Ten.
The
Pope
who
had
been
in
repose
until
now
,
was
also
disturbed
by
the
commotion
of
his
Neighbours
:
for
Vrtado
de
Mendoza
who
(
after
having
been
Ambassadour
from
the
Emperor
to
the
Pope
)
was
now
constituted
Governour
of
Siena
;
to
secure
which
from
the
civil
Discords
,
which
then
arose
,
and
to
keep
the
City
in
obedience
to
his
Master
,
he
began
to
lay
the
foundations
of
a
Cittadel
;
of
which
the
Inhabitants
being
apprehensive
,
lest
it
should
subject
them
to
a
perpetual
slavery
,
resolved
secretly
to
resign
themselves
into
the
protection
of
France
:
and
having
secretly
for
that
purpose
dispatched
their
Ambassadours
to
Henry
the
Second
,
they
received
such
favourable
assurance
of
aid
and
defence
from
him
,
that
the
People
,
in
a
tumultuous
manner
arose
in
Arms
,
and
being
encouraged
by
the
Count
Petigliano
and
Farnese
,
(
who
maintained
the
French
interest
in
that
part
of
Tuscany
)
,
they
raised
their
Forces
with
such
expedition
,
that
falling
on
the
Spaniards
in
a
kind
of
surprize
,
they
cut
them
to
pieces
;
and
having
demolished
and
subverted
the
very
foundation
of
the
Cittadel
,
they
returned
to
their
antient
form
of
Government
,
seeming
to
outward
appearance
to
have
recovered
their
pristine
Liberty
.
The
news
of
this
revolt
of
Siena
was
brought
to
the
Emperor
,
whilest
he
was
at
the
siege
of
Metz
the
principal
City
of
Lorain
;
upon
receipt
of
which
he
instantly
dispatched
his
Orders
to
Don
Pedro
de
Toledo
Vice-King
of
Naples
,
that
he
should
in
Person
attend
this
War
and
endeavour
the
recovery
of
Siena
.
Don
Pedro
having
received
these
Orders
in
the
depth
of
the
Winter
,
which
was
the
beginning
of
the
year
1553.
1553.
began
his
march
with
a
formidable
Army
of
twenty
thousand
Men
composed
of
Italians
,
Spaniards
,
and
Germans
.
The
Pope
remembring
the
times
of
Clement
VII
.
when
a
Napolitan
Army
sacked
Rome
;
and
fearing
to
be
surprized
with
the
like
calamity
,
levied
speedily
eight
thousand
Men
;
the
conduct
of
which
he
committed
to
Camillo
Orsino
.
So
that
now
all
Christendom
being
in
Arms
,
the
Pope
sent
his
Legats
to
the
Emperor
,
and
the
French
King
to
pacify
,
and
mediate
their
differences
in
order
to
a
general
Peace
;
but
so
far
were
the
spirits
of
these
Princes
exasperated
against
each
other
,
that
no
gentle
remedies
were
available
,
or
any
other
tryal
,
but
such
as
should
be
determined
by
the
judgment
of
the
Sword
:
and
now
no
preparations
being
made
but
for
War
,
the
Pope
constituted
Guido
Vbaldo
Duke
of
Vrbin
General
of
all
the
Forces
of
the
Church
;
whilest
Cardinal
da
Este
,
and
Monsieur
de
Termes
an
excellent
Soldier
defended
Siena
with
a
strong
Garison
in
the
name
of
the
French
King
,
The
Imperial
Army
being
on
their
march
took
Montechio
,
add
besieged
Montalcino
,
a
Fortress
belonging
to
Siena
,
where
happened
many
Skirmishes
,
and
Rencounters
,
with
great
slaughter
on
both
sides
:
and
Wars
being
begun
in
Siena
,
Montalcino
,
Orbitello
Grossetto
,
Chiusi
and
many
other
places
,
all
Tuscany
was
in
Arms
,
Fire
,
Sword
,
Rapine
,
and
Violence
raging
in
every
part
thereof
:
but
amidst
of
these
Combustions
Don
Pedro
dying
after
a
tedious
sickness
at
Florence
,
the
French
gained
the
advantage
;
and
the
Imperialists
having
placed
strong
Garisons
in
the
Fortresses
which
they
had
taken
returned
again
with
their
Troops
to
Naples
.
And
this
was
the
issue
of
the
first
years
War
.
But
then
the
second
was
more
fatal
to
Siena
,
proving
the
final
overthrow
of
the
Liberty
,
and
Government
of
that
Republick
.
For
Henry
King
of
France
on
whose
protection
Siena
depended
,
being
incensed
against
Cosmo
de
Medicis
Duke
of
Florence
for
favouring
the
Emperor's
Party
against
the
People
of
Siena
,
did
about
the
beginning
of
the
year
1554.
An.
1554.
send
Peter
Strozzi
,
one
banished
from
Florence
,
and
the
mortal
Enemy
of
Duke
Cosmo
with
a
formidable
Army
into
Tuscany
;
but
the
Arms
of
the
Duke
prevailed
,
and
obtained
such
success
against
those
of
Strozzi
;
that
the
Marquess
Marignano
,
who
was
the
Duke's
General
,
adventured
to
attempt
Siena
,
in
which
he
was
so
successful
that
he
surprized
the
Bastion
next
adjoyning
to
the
Post
Camollia
,
putting
all
the
Country
round
,
which
was
the
most
fruitful
and
flourishing
Soil
of
Italy
to
fire
,
and
sword
:
to
the
relief
whereof
Strozzi
coming
with
all
his
force
was
overthrown
by
Marignano
;
which
unhappiness
reduced
Siena
to
its
ultimate
extremity
;
and
being
at
last
constrained
to
surrender
by
reason
of
Famine
,
many
were
made
Prisoners
,
the
City
sacked
,
and
plundered
,
and
the
Spoils
and
Booty
brought
to
Florence
,
many
of
the
People
,
especially
those
of
the
Nobility
disdaining
to
become
Subjects
to
the
Duke
of
Florence
,
retired
to
Montalcino
,
a
place
strong
,
and
impregnable
by
nature
,
setting
themselves
in
the
form
of
a
Republick
under
the
protection
of
France
.
The
People
of
Siena
lamenting
their
unhappy
fate
,
accused
Pope
Julius
in
a
great
measure
to
be
the
Author
of
it
;
for
that
he
had
by
his
Money
bought
up
great
stores
of
Provision
,
Victuals
,
and
Ammunition
in
Marca
,
Vmbria
,
and
Tuscany
,
and
therewith
relieved
,
and
supported
the
Army
of
Florence
:
and
that
not
considering
the
publick
interest
of
Italy
,
nor
the
common
justice
of
mankind
,
he
,
for
gaining
a
poor
,
and
inconsiderable
Title
of
Marquis
of
Mount
Sabino
,
with
a
little
Land
to
his
Brother
Baldwin
,
and
on
the
promise
of
obtaining
the
Daughter
of
Duke
Cosmo
for
Wife
to
his
Brother's
Son
,
had
basely
,
and
ungratefully
betrayed
the
City
where
he
was
born
,
and
exposed
it
to
utter
ruin
and
desolation
▪
But
all
this
obloquy
,
and
defamation
little
,
moved
the
mind
of
the
Pope
,
who
perceiving
that
all
his
sollicitude
,
and
care
for
the
general
Peace
and
quiet
of
Christendom
availed
little
,
resolved
to
enjoy
,
and
give
himself
up
to
Buildings
,
and
other
divertisements
:
so
that
placing
all
his
thoughts
on
a
Country-house
,
Gardens
,
and
Vineyards
which
he
had
erected
,
and
made
without
the
Porta
del
popolo
at
Rome
,
he
was
so
enamoured
of
his
new
Paradise
,
where
he
continually
made
Feasts
and
Banquets
,
that
he
seemed
wholly
to
have
cast
off
all
care
of
the
Church
,
and
sense
of
the
miseries
of
Christendom
;
and
what
was
most
undecent
,
and
misbecoming
a
Person
of
above
seventy
years
of
age
and
of
his
gravity
,
and
function
,
he
immersed
himself
in
pleasures
as
if
there
had
been
no
other
Life
,
to
the
great
scandal
of
the
World
,
and
damage
and
greater
danger
of
Rome
.
In
this
year
1554.
Edward
the
Sixth
King
of
England
died
,
and
the
Queen
Mary
succeeding
,
immediately
sent
her
Ambassadours
to
Rome
to
signifie
to
the
Pope
the
conversion
of
her
whole
Kingdom
from
Heresie
to
the
Catholick
Church
,
and
to
acknowledg
,
and
Vow
all
Obedience
to
the
Papal
Sea
,
desiring
to
have
the
Excommunication
taken
off
,
and
a
general
Pardon
,
and
Absolution
given
to
her
Catholick
Subjects
:
on
which
grateful
Message
the
Ambassadours
coming
,
were
recieved
with
great
kindness
,
and
solemn
Processions
of
Thanksgiving
celebrated
,
at
which
the
Pope
assisted
in
Person
.
The
same
year
Philip
Son
of
the
Emperor
Charles
the
Fifth
was
married
to
Queen
Mary
,
the
Kingdoms
of
Sicily
and
Naples
being
setled
upon
him
,
together
with
Milan
,
Flanders
and
some
other
of
the
United
Provinces
:
with
which
news
Philip
dispatched
his
Ambassadour
the
Marquis
de
Pescara
to
the
Pope
,
to
acquaint
him
therewith
,
and
according
to
the
custom
of
former
Kings
to
do
homage
for
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
,
which
he
held
in
Fee
from
the
Pope
.
And
now
Pope
Julius
the
Third
being
by
reason
of
his
great
age
,
and
the
torment
of
the
Gout
,
which
miserably
afflicted
him
,
become
very
infirm
,
was
persuaded
by
the
Physitians
to
change
his
Diet
,
and
his
usual
regimen
of
living
;
the
which
ill
agreeing
with
his
habit
of
Body
,
brought
him
to
a
Fever
,
with
which
taking
his
Bed
in
the
month
of
February
1555.
1555.
he
lingred
therewith
until
the
23d
.
of
March
,
and
then
died
at
his
Palace
,
being
aged
seventy
seven
years
,
six
months
,
and
fourteen
days
:
he
was
afterwards
carried
without
any
great
Pomp
or
State
to
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
,
where
his
Corps
having
been
publickly
exposed
for
three
days
to
the
view
of
the
People
,
he
was
afterwards
buried
in
an
ordinary
Sepulcre
of
Bricks
near
the
Altar
of
S.
Andrew
.
After
which
the
Sea
was
vacant
seventeen
days
.
This
Julius
was
tall
of
Stature
,
of
a
plain
Country
Visage
,
his
Nose
great
;
his
Eyes
shewed
him
to
be
Cholerick
,
and
hasty
,
but
soon
pleased
;
his
Diet
was
gross
,
and
plain
,
being
much
pleased
with
a
sort
of
large
Onions
,
which
were
sent
him
from
Gaeta
,
the
alteration
of
which
Diet
hastned
his
Death
:
When
he
was
first
Pope
he
so
strangely
favoured
a
young
Boy
,
whom
he
called
Innocentius
,
that
without
any
apparent
motive
for
it
,
he
bestowed
upon
him
a
Cardinals
Hat
;
which
when
the
reason
was
asked
;
He
replied
,
What
reason
had
you
to
choose
me
Pope
?
Fortune
favours
whom
she
pleases
.
He
was
very
facetious
in
his
Discourse
,
but
more
familiar
,
in
his
Conversation
than
was
decent
;
for
without
respect
to
the
Majesty
of
his
Office
,
and
gravity
of
his
Function
;
He
would
often
shoot
such
Bolts
,
and
use
such
Expressions
,
as
were
unseemly
,
and
which
those
that
heard
,
pitied
,
and
blushed
for
him
.
MARCELLVS
II.
JULIVS
the
Third
dying
on
the
23d
.
of
March
,
and
his
Funeral
Obsequies
being
performed
after
the
accustomed
manner
;
the
Cardinals
to
the
number
of
thirty
seven
entred
the
Conclave
,
and
without
much
faction
,
or
dispute
chose
Marcellus
Cervinus
Cardinal
of
St.
Cross
at
Jerusalem
to
be
Pope
,
of
which
publication
was
made
with
the
usual
Ceremonies
on
the
9th
.
of
April
1555.
the
Sea
having
been
vacant
for
the
space
onely
of
eighteen
days
.
His
Father
was
Robert
,
or
as
some
call
him
Richard
,
Treasurer
of
the
Marquisat
of
Ancona
,
and
the
place
of
his
birth
was
Montfano
:
his
Father
pretended
to
great
Skill
,
or
knowledg
in
Astrology
,
by
which
Art
calculating
the
Nativity
of
his
Son
at
the
time
of
his
birth
,
it
appeared
that
the
Stars
under
which
he
was
born
,
would
be
very
propitious
to
him
in
his
promotion
to
Ecclesiastical
preferments
;
for
which
reason
Marcellus
being
first
sent
to
have
his
Education
in
the
University
of
Siena
;
he
came
from
thence
to
Rome
,
where
he
dwelt
with
Felix
the
Datary
of
Clement
the
7th
.
afterwards
he
obtained
the
Office
of
Secretary
to
Paul
the
Third
,
and
by
him
created
Cardinal
of
St.
Cross
of
Jerusalem
;
and
lastly
,
as
we
have
said
,
elected
Pope
on
the
9th
.
of
April
.
The
day
following
he
was
consecrated
Bishop
by
the
Cardinal
of
Naples
;
and
the
very
same
day
without
much
Pomp
or
Solemnity
was
Crowned
with
the
Pontifical
Miter
by
the
Cardinal
of
Pisa
who
was
Arch-Deacon
.
And
as
he
refused
to
change
his
Name
,
calling
himself
no
other
than
Marcellus
the
Second
,
in
imitation
of
Adrian
the
Sixth
,
so
he
survived
a
much
less
time
than
he
,
having
possessed
the
Papal
Chair
not
above
twenty
one
days
after
his
Election
;
so
that
there
remains
little
more
observable
of
him
,
than
that
after
his
Choice
,
he
would
give
no
invitation
,
or
encouragement
to
his
Kindred
,
or
Relations
of
coming
to
Rome
,
in
hopes
of
benefit
and
preferment
by
his
greatness
:
howsoever
his
intentions
were
good
and
his
Designs
great
,
having
drawn
a
Scheme
,
and
method
whereby
to
restore
Peace
,
and
Unity
in
the
Church
,
and
the
Papal
Power
to
its
antient
lustre
.
This
Design
of
his
,
he
communicated
to
the
Cardinal
of
Mantoua
,
maintaining
that
there
was
no
other
way
to
reconcile
differences
in
Religion
,
but
onely
by
a
General
Council
;
and
that
the
reason
,
why
hitherto
,
that
means
had
been
ineffectual
,
was
no
other
,
than
because
,
they
began
at
the
wrong
end
,
and
proceeded
not
with
the
due
method
:
for
that
first
they
should
begin
with
an
entire
reformation
of
Manners
,
which
would
supersede
,
and
quiet
all
superficial
Debates
,
and
disputations
about
words
,
and
reduce
Controversies
to
such
a
substantial
issue
as
would
be
easily
determinable
by
a
Council
.
That
for
want
hereof
his
five
immediate
Predecessors
had
much
erred
,
for
that
they
abhorred
the
name
of
Reformation
,
not
out
of
a
dislike
to
that
desirable
State
,
but
from
a
belief
,
that
it
would
be
a
means
to
abate
and
diminish
the
Papal
Authority
,
whereas
on
the
contrary
he
was
really
persuaded
,
that
a
Reformation
was
the
onely
means
to
render
it
more
Glorious
,
and
powerful
,
as
most
plainly
appeared
,
and
was
proved
by
the
Histories
of
past-times
,
in
which
those
Popes
onely
were
famous
,
and
renowned
,
who
had
supported
their
Papal
Chair
by
an
exactness
in
Manners
,
and
purity
of
Life
:
that
Reformation
respected
the
entrinsecal
,
and
circumstantial
appendages
of
Religion
,
and
served
onely
to
retrench
the
luxury
,
and
superfluous
pomp
of
the
Clergy
,
which
made
the
Prelats
envied
,
and
contemptible
;
when
as
a
modest
train
,
and
decent
comportment
adjoyned
to
a
severity
,
and
mortified
way
of
living
,
rendered
the
Prelats
awful
,
and
revered
;
and
such
Men
encompassing
the
Papal
Chair
made
it
appear
more
holy
,
and
Apostolical
;
and
above
all
so
fortified
it
with
the
Divine
Protection
,
that
nothing
would
be
able
to
remove
,
or
shake
the
firmness
of
that
Throne
,
which
was
established
on
so
sure
a
foundation
.
These
Designs
being
published
,
and
discoursed
of
in
the
Court
of
Rome
,
were
received
with
different
Sentiments
:
such
as
were
of
the
Pope's
Party
applauded
the
intention
,
as
pious
,
glorious
,
and
such
as
favoured
of
Peace
,
Charity
,
and
zeal
to
Religion
:
but
those
who
were
of
a
contrary
Faction
made
an
other
interpretation
,
construing
all
the
actions
of
this
Pope
to
be
regulated
by
Astrological
Schemes
,
to
which
he
gave
much
credence
,
in
regard
that
both
his
Father
,
and
himself
had
been
much
advanced
by
that
Art
.
Moreover
,
amongst
other
things
projected
by
this
Pope
;
he
intended
to
have
erected
a
new
Order
of
Chivalry
,
consisting
of
a
hundred
Knights
,
of
which
the
Pope
was
to
be
the
Chief
Commander
;
all
which
were
to
enter
into
an
Oath
of
Allegiance
,
and
fidelity
to
the
Pope
,
never
to
desert
his
Cause
,
or
Person
,
but
always
to
advance
his
Power
,
and
Interest
:
and
for
maintenance
of
this
Degree
five
hundred
Crowns
of
yearly
Pension
were
to
be
issued
out
of
the
Apostolical
Chamber
to
every
Person
of
them
:
the
which
allowance
was
never
to
be
augmented
,
or
enlarged
,
nor
could
other
Revenues
be
bequeathed
or
purchased
for
an
additional
maintenance
;
only
they
were
capable
by
their
Virtues
,
and
merits
of
being
created
Cardinals
without
any
impeachment
of
their
Vow
,
or
rules
of
their
Order
.
Out
of
these
he
intended
to
chuse
his
Nuntios
,
and
Ministers
for
all
Treaties
,
and
Negotiations
,
his
Governours
of
Towns
,
and
Legats
,
and
in
short
to
extract
all
his
Officers
out
of
this
Society
:
and
so
far
was
this
Project
resolved
that
several
wise
Men
,
and
Persons
of
merit
,
living
at
Rome
were
already
nominated
,
who
were
to
be
listed
and
admitted
into
this
Order
.
Thus
did
the
Pope
with
subtle
reasonings
and
refined
Discourses
draw
his
Methods
,
and
Schemes
of
Politicks
,
which
would
have
proved
more
rude
,
and
prickly
in
the
handling
.
But
whilest
the
Court
of
Rome
was
filled
with
talk
,
and
Novelty
,
unexpectedly
and
on
a
sudden
,
the
thred
of
all
these
Designs
were
cut
off
by
the
death
of
the
Pope
,
who
having
,
as
is
said
,
wearied
,
and
tired
himself
with
the
many
superfluous
and
painful
Ceremonies
,
which
he
sustained
in
the
Holy
Week
before
Easter
,
and
at
his
Inaugurations
,
fell
into
a
fit
of
an
Apoplexy
,
and
died
the
last
day
of
that
month
of
April
in
which
he
was
created
,
having
been
Pope
no
longer
than
twenty
one
days
;
which
was
a
far
shorter
time
than
what
the
predictions
he
had
made
by
his
Art
in
Astrology
had
flattered
his
belief
.
PAVL
IV.
THE
Funeral
Rites
and
Ceremonies
of
Marcellus
being
ended
;
the
Cardinals
to
the
number
of
sixty
four
returned
again
to
the
Conclave
,
where
as
preliminaries
to
the
future
Election
,
the
Cardinals
of
Augsbourg
,
seconded
by
Cardinal
Moron
instantly
pressed
,
that
to
the
other
Articles
which
were
accustomary
and
which
Popes
swear
to
maintain
after
their
Election
,
these
two
should
be
farther
added
;
namely
,
That
within
the
term
of
two
years
next
following
,
the
Pope
should
oblige
himself
by
Oath
to
convene
a
Council
to
finish
the
matters
of
Reformation
already
begun
,
and
to
determine
the
Disputes
,
and
Controversies
in
Religion
,
and
endeavour
by
all
means
to
induce
Germany
to
accept
the
Doctrines
of
the
Council
of
Trent
;
Secondly
,
That
in
regard
the
Colledg
of
Cardinals
by
the
licentious
munificence
of
former
Popes
was
become
very
numerous
,
That
the
succeeding
Pope
,
should
not
have
Power
to
create
above
four
in
the
space
of
two
years
next
following
.
The
which
being
premised
after
some
sharp
,
though
not
long
Contests
,
John
Caraffa
commonly
called
Cardinal
Chieti
,
was
by
general
consent
elected
Pope
,
being
then
sixty
nine
years
of
age
:
though
there
was
a
strong
Party
made
against
him
,
yet
by
the
powerful
interests
of
the
Cardinals
Farnese
,
and
Ferrara
prevailed
,
who
having
formed
a
Party
of
forty
four
,
the
dissenting
number
was
obliged
to
condescend
to
a
concurrence
with
the
plurality
of
Votes
.
This
Pope
who
took
on
himself
the
name
of
Paul
the
4th
.
was
the
Son
of
Anthony
Caraffa
Count
of
Montorio
;
he
was
first
created
Bishop
of
Chieti
by
Julius
II.
He
afterwards
received
a
Commission
from
Leo
X.
to
gather
the
Peter-pence
in
England
,
where
he
resided
for
the
space
of
three
years
.
He
was
afterwards
made
of
the
Privy
Council
to
Ferdinand
King
of
Spain
,
and
therein
confirmed
by
his
Heir
and
Successour
Charles
V.
By
Hadrian
VI.
He
was
recalled
to
Rome
to
join
with
other
Fathers
,
whose
incumbence
it
was
to
consider
in
what
manner
the
lives
and
practices
of
the
Clergy
might
be
reformed
,
and
amended
;
under
Clement
the
7th
.
he
not
onely
refused
the
Arch-bishoprick
of
Brundufium
,
but
quitted
also
his
Bishoprick
of
Chieti
;
and
retiring
to
Mount
Pincio
from
the
noise
,
and
bustle
of
the
World
,
and
almost
from
humane
Society
,
he
there
instituted
a
new
Order
of
Regulars
:
afterwards
going
to
Venice
,
he
affected
a
Society
and
Communication
with
learned
,
and
religious
Men
,
renowned
for
Wisdom
and
Sanctity
of
life
;
with
whom
he
first
instituted
the
Order
of
Theatini
:
from
the
name
of
his
Bishoprick
called
both
Chieti
,
and
Theatina
.
At
length
Paul
III.
in
the
year
1536.
calling
him
to
Rome
,
made
him
reassume
his
Bishoprick
,
creating
him
Cardinal
of
Santa
Maria
trans
Tiberim
,
and
Arch-bishop
of
Naples
:
and
then
under
Julius
III.
He
was
made
Bishop
of
Tusculum
,
Ostia
,
and
Velitres
:
and
lastly
,
being
elected
Pope
in
remembrance
of
his
late
Friend
,
and
chief
Benefactor
,
who
had
called
him
to
all
his
promotions
,
he
caused
himself
to
be
named
Paul
IV.
In
all
the
course
of
his
former
Life
,
being
of
a
morose
,
and
Saturnine
temper
,
he
shewed
great
severity
,
and
exactness
of
Life
;
so
that
his
Election
strook
a
great
fear
,
and
terrour
to
all
such
who
were
ill
inclined
to
a
Reformation
,
imagining
that
his
humour
would
transport
him
to
such
severe
proceedings
,
as
would
be
terrible
and
inconsistent
with
those
methods
,
which
gently
lead
Men
to
conversion
and
reformation
of
Manners
:
a
testimony
of
which
he
had
given
by
being
the
first
Author
and
Contriver
of
the
Inquisition
,
having
advised
,
and
persuaded
Paul
III.
to
appoint
,
and
authorize
a
certain
number
of
Cardinals
to
be
Inquisitors
of
such
,
who
had
embraced
the
new
Doctrines
of
Luther
,
and
to
proceed
to
Capital
Punishments
in
such
manner
as
is
provided
in
the
Canon
de
●aeretico
comburendo
,
the
which
severity
of
Councils
being
by
some
interpreted
for
zeal
towards
God
,
and
by
most
to
be
a
ferocity
in
his
Nature
,
his
Election
was
entertained
with
fear
and
dread
,
by
all
those
who
were
dependants
on
the
Court
of
Rome
.
However
he
so
palliated
,
and
disguised
his
humour
at
the
beginning
,
that
he
comported
himself
with
an
humble
,
and
affable
behaviour
towards
all
,
but
especially
towards
Strangers
,
whom
he
treated
,
and
caressed
in
that
friendly
manner
,
that
his
Servants
,
and
Dependants
were
glad
to
be
so
happily
mistaken
:
but
this
good
Nature
being
forced
,
and
constrained
did
soon
vanish
,
and
then
his
fierce
,
and
supercilious
temper
returning
to
its
natural
course
,
all
his
actions
were
influenced
with
a
spirit
of
Pride
and
haughty
severity
.
An
instance
of
which
,
he
gave
to
the
Steward
of
his
House
,
when
he
demanded
of
him
,
in
what
manner
he
was
pleased
to
be
served
;
his
Answer
was
short
,
saying
(
as
became
a
Prince
.
)
His
Coronation
he
ordered
with
more
Pomp
and
Ceremony
,
than
was
ever
before
practised
;
and
in
all
things
he
affected
Magnificence
,
and
State
,
and
was
no
less
indulgent
to
his
Nephews
,
than
the
most
tender
,
and
fondest
of
the
Popes
.
Soon
after
his
Coronation
,
he
ordered
the
first
Consistory
to
be
publick
,
that
he
might
with
the
greater
State
,
and
Pomp
give
Audience
to
the
Ambassadours
of
England
,
who
in
the
time
of
Pope
Julius
had
been
dispatched
thence
from
Queen
Mary
,
and
Philip
her
Husband
.
The
Ambassadours
being
introduced
to
his
presence
,
and
prostrating
themselves
at
his
feet
,
did
one
after
the
other
(
for
so
the
Pope
would
have
it
)
confess
and
acknowledg
the
faults
,
and
errors
of
the
Kingdom
of
England
,
in
having
strayed
,
and
deviated
from
the
flock
of
Christ
,
and
the
Sheepfold
of
the
Church
;
but
now
repenting
,
and
returning
again
,
did
humbly
beg
Absolution
and
to
be
received
into
the
bosom
of
the
Church
,
though
by
the
obstinacy
and
perseverance
in
their
Errors
,
they
had
rendered
themselves
unworthy
of
such
mercy
,
and
indulgence
.
The
Pope
having
for
some
time
beheld
these
Ambassadours
at
his
feet
,
and
contemplated
their
humble
posture
with
some
satisfaction
of
spirit
,
raised
them
at
length
from
the
floor
and
embraced
them
with
the
tenderness
of
a
Father
,
testifying
great
satisfaction
in
the
happy
conversion
of
this
Kingdom
:
and
because
the
Queen
and
King
were
the
happy
Instruments
of
this
blessed
,
and
religious
work
;
in
reward
of
so
much
Piety
,
he
confirmed
their
right
and
title
to
Ireland
;
and
by
virtue
of
that
Power
,
which
he
had
received
from
God
to
dispose
of
all
Earthly
Crowns
,
he
conferred
on
them
that
Kingdom
,
dignifying
them
amongst
their
other
Titles
with
that
of
King
and
Queen
of
Ireland
.
Which
piece
of
vanity
though
ridiculous
to
others
,
was
extreamly
pleasing
to
the
Pope
,
who
fancied
himself
in
that
Throne
of
Fools
Paradise
,
to
which
the
Devil
had
in
his
Pride
exalted
himself
,
when
he
tempted
our
Saviour
with
all
the
Kingdoms
of
the
Earth
.
But
then
afterwards
in
private
Conference
with
the
Ambassadours
,
he
blamed
England
for
having
but
in
part
shewed
their
penitence
,
for
that
whilst
they
retained
any
thing
of
the
goods
of
the
Church
and
did
not
make
restitution
to
the
utmost
farthing
,
a
Curse
would
remain
on
the
Kingdom
,
and
the
people
remain
in
a
perpetual
snare
,
and
danger
of
Damnation
.
He
farther
told
them
,
That
the
sooner
,
and
the
more
readily
they
paid
the
Peter-pence
(
for
collection
of
which
he
had
sent
an
Officer
into
England
)
the
more
easily
would
the
Gates
of
Heaven
be
opened
to
them
;
for
how
could
they
expect
that
St.
Peter
should
turn
his
Keys
whilest
they
denied
him
those
Fees
which
were
the
dues
of
his
Office
.
In
fine
,
the
Ambassadours
having
behaved
themselves
with
humility
,
(
which
was
the
onely
means
to
procure
the
favour
of
this
Pope
)
they
departed
from
Rome
,
laden
with
Praises
,
Honours
,
and
Graces
from
his
Holiness
:
and
then
attending
to
a
full
Reformation
in
England
;
he
purged
the
Universities
of
Oxford
,
and
Cambridg
of
those
Tenents
,
and
Lectures
which
had
been
there
taught
by
Peter
Martir
,
and
Bucer
,
and
deprived
Cranmer
of
his
Arch-bishoprick
of
Canterbury
.
Having
thus
obtained
his
pleasure
,
and
Designs
over
England
,
he
next
endeavoured
to
gain
an
Ascendant
over
the
Emperor
and
King
of
France
,
both
of
which
courted
him
to
that
Degree
,
that
he
expected
to
have
them
both
at
his
Service
,
and
Devotion
:
but
in
regard
it
was
impossible
to
entertain
them
both
in
the
same
equality
of
respect
,
and
dearness
;
both
Parties
strained
to
outvy
each
other
in
Proposals
of
advantage
,
which
might
give
them
admission
to
his
favour
:
in
pursuance
of
which
,
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
,
(
who
was
well
acquainted
with
the
humour
of
the
Pope
)
publickly
declared
in
a
full
Consistory
,
that
besides
the
many
steps
which
the
King
of
France
had
made
in
Obedience
to
the
Papal
Chair
,
he
did
acknowledg
that
the
Gallican
Church
had
need
of
Reformation
;
towards
which
he
was
ready
to
afford
all
the
aid
and
assistance
to
the
Pope
that
he
was
able
,
and
to
act
therein
by
such
ways
,
and
methods
as
his
Holiness
should
direct
,
whether
it
were
by
sending
his
Prelats
to
the
Council
or
by
any
other
means
,
that
should
be
esteemed
more
proper
and
expedient
.
The
which
so
took
with
the
Pope
,
that
France
for
that
time
gained
a
preeminence
in
his
favour
.
And
yet
notwithstanding
this
Pride
,
and
rudeness
in
his
nature
,
he
did
several
things
at
the
beginning
to
gratify
and
please
the
People
of
Rome
,
which
he
performed
by
abating
the
Taxes
and
Imposts
laid
on
Provisions
,
and
in
other
things
acted
with
such
obliging
circumstances
,
that
the
People
in
acknowledgment
for
such
abundant
favours
,
erected
a
Statue
of
Marble
for
him
in
the
Capitol
.
He
regulated
the
Manners
of
the
Jews
,
and
retrenched
that
liberty
,
and
freedom
they
used
;
and
for
the
better
distinction
of
them
,
ordered
them
to
wear
yellow
Hats
.
He
published
several
severe
Decrees
against
such
as
denied
the
Divinity
of
Jesus
Christ
,
and
that
he
died
for
the
redemption
of
Mankind
.
In
short
,
besides
many
good
Laws
and
Acts
which
he
ordained
against
corrupt
and
dissolute
Manners
,
which
were
grievous
to
the
Clergy
,
who
were
unaccustomed
to
a
Severity
,
He
selected
a
hundred
Citizens
of
the
Gentry
of
Rome
,
which
he
created
Knights
of
the
Faith
to
be
a
standing
Life-Guard
to
the
Popes
.
He
repealed
several
Decrees
of
Julius
III.
and
imprisoned
many
of
those
who
had
been
his
Creatures
,
and
familiar
Friends
.
Amongst
the
Counsellours
,
and
Familiar
Confidents
which
he
entertained
,
there
was
none
who
had
at
first
had
a
greater
share
in
his
favour
,
than
Osio
,
whom
he
declared
Datary
,
and
chief
Notary
,
or
Register
of
Petitions
,
and
created
Bishop
of
Riete
:
but
he
being
of
a
rude
,
and
morose
temper
did
always
clash
against
the
humour
of
the
Pope
,
which
was
hard
,
and
inflexible
like
his
;
which
therefore
ill
according
together
,
Osio
was
by
the
instigation
also
of
the
Pope's
Relations
,
who
were
always
busie
at
his
ear
,
deprived
of
his
favour
,
and
sent
Prisoner
to
the
Castle
,
where
he
remained
for
the
space
of
four
years
.
In
the
next
place
,
by
a
new
Decree
,
he
retrieved
all
those
goods
,
and
Ecclesiastical
Revenues
which
had
been
alienated
from
the
Church
since
the
time
of
Julius
II.
to
his
days
.
He
reformed
also
the
abuses
which
were
crept
into
the
Office
of
the
Penitentiaries
,
and
regulated
the
Habit
,
and
Tables
of
the
Clergy
,
and
refused
to
admit
any
into
Benefices
,
but
such
as
had
been
approved
for
holiness
of
Life
,
and
severity
of
Manners
.
Towards
the
three
Conservators
of
Rome
,
he
behaved
himself
with
great
respect
,
enlarging
their
Power
,
and
Authority
,
adjoyning
thereunto
the
jurisdiction
of
Tivoli
,
which
belonged
to
the
Cardinal
of
Ferrara
;
and
to
the
People
he
enlarged
their
Priviledges
,
and
confirmed
all
their
former
Immunities
by
a
new
Charter
.
But
all
this
indulgence
,
and
kindness
towards
the
Citizens
was
but
in
order
to
some
Design
of
a
higher
nature
,
which
soon
after
discovered
it self
:
for
whilest
he
was
thus
busied
in
matters
of
Government
,
and
things
laudable
enough
in
themselves
,
he
suffered
some
reports
of
a
Plot
against
his
Life
to
take
impression
in
his
mind
;
which
being
suggested
by
many
probable
circumstances
,
he
immediately
seized
on
the
Persons
of
as
many
as
were
suspected
to
be
guilty
thereof
,
and
committed
them
to
Prison
;
and
then
joyning
with
the
French
,
and
Switzers
,
he
commenced
a
War
against
Philip
King
of
Spain
,
by
which
those
antient
Feuds
and
Animosities
between
those
Kings
,
which
had
for
some
time
been
extinguished
,
or
as
it
were
raked
up
in
the
Embers
began
again
to
revive
,
and
be
enflamed
.
The
original
,
and
cause
whereof
was
this
.
Ever
since
the
time
that
Rome
had
been
sacked
by
the
Spaniards
,
who
had
plundered
,
and
sequestred
the
Estate
,
and
Rents
of
the
Family
of
Caraffa
;
this
Pope
Paul
the
4th
.
conceived
an
implacable
anger
,
and
an
inveterate
hatred
against
that
whole
Nation
:
the
which
also
was
encreased
by
that
ill
treatment
,
and
injustice
,
which
the
Vice-King
of
Naples
once
used
towards
his
own
Person
;
for
he
being
created
by
Paul
III.
Arch
bishop
of
Naples
,
was
debarred
from
the
possession
,
and
benefits
thereof
by
the
Vice-King
,
on
no
other
pretence
,
than
that
he
was
suspected
to
favour
the
French
Party
;
the
which
so
enraged
his
impetuous
spirit
,
that
with
all
the
arguments
,
which
subtilty
,
and
malice
could
draw
from
the
Topicks
of
Religion
,
and
publick
good
to
the
Church
,
he
endeavoured
to
persuade
Paul
III
,
to
a
War
against
Naples
,
promising
him
to
assist
him
with
the
whole
Estate
of
his
Family
,
and
with
all
the
interest
he
had
(
which
he
pretended
to
be
very
great
)
in
that
Kingdom
:
but
Paul
III.
being
too
prudent
to
give
ear
to
his
persuasions
,
and
Discourses
,
commended
his
Piety
,
and
zeal
towards
the
Church
,
but
refused
to
engage
himself
in
that
hazardous
War
.
So
that
the
anger
and
fury
of
this
Paul
IV.
being
suppressed
until
he
became
Pope
,
did
then
burst
forth
,
and
vent
it self
:
so
that
then
with
thoughts
full
of
disdain
against
the
Spaniards
,
and
with
imagination
that
the
Napolitans
would
gladly
shake
off
their
yoke
,
and
be
eased
of
the
Spanish
Servitude
,
and
that
France
would
enter
into
the
Alliance
with
him
,
he
positively
resolved
on
a
War
,
swallowing
already
into
his
thoughts
the
enjoyment
and
addition
of
that
Rich
Kingdom
to
the
Dominions
of
the
Church
.
This
Design
was
promoted
by
a
stricter
Union
with
France
,
occasioned
in
this
manner
:
Henry
King
of
France
had
taken
from
Charles
Sforza
Prior
of
Lombardy
two
Gallies
,
the
which
coming
afterwards
into
the
Port
of
Civita
Vecchia
,
Alexander
the
Brother
of
Charles
,
and
Chief
Clark
of
the
Camera
,
or
Chamberlain
,
made
seizure
of
them
,
and
without
any
respect
to
that
Protection
under
which
they
were
within
the
Pope's
Harbour
,
he
carried
them
away
by
force
to
Gaeta
:
of
which
the
French
Ministers
at
Rome
,
complaining
to
the
Pope
,
he
conceived
not
onely
anger
and
indignation
against
Alexander
,
but
suspecting
that
such
an
action
could
not
be
contrived
without
the
privity
of
his
Brother
the
Cardinal
,
he
loudly
exclaimed
against
him
,
and
clapt
his
Secretary
Lotini
into
Prison
,
who
was
lately
returned
with
some
secret
Negotiations
from
the
Emperour
Charles
V.
the
which
serving
to
encrease
and
heighten
the
differences
between
them
,
many
Cabals
,
and
Consults
were
formed
amongst
the
Cardinals
of
the
Imperial
Faction
;
at
which
the
Pope
being
alarm'd
he
reinforced
his
Guards
,
and
levied
Soldiers
,
and
to
break
the
seditious
Meetings
clapt
the
Cardinal
,
and
Camilla
Colonna
,
and
the
Abbot
of
Brisegna
,
who
was
a
Spaniard
,
into
Prison
:
Mark
Anthony
Colonna
,
who
upon
these
stories
,
was
fled
from
Rome
,
was
cited
to
appear
there
,
and
give
answer
to
the
Accusations
charged
against
him
:
but
afterwards
the
Gallies
being
again
restored
to
the
French
King
,
Cardinal
Sforza
,
and
Camillo
Colonna
,
upon
Bail
given
were
freed
from
Imprisonment
;
but
Alexander
Sforza
who
was
Chamberlain
not
appearing
upon
the
Summons
,
was
deprived
of
his
Office
;
and
because
Mark
Anthony
Colonna
did
not
appear
at
the
time
prefixed
by
the
Summons
,
all
his
Estate
within
the
Territories
of
the
Church
was
sequestred
,
and
seized
to
the
use
of
the
Pope
:
with
which
Joan
of
Aragon
the
Mother
of
Colonna
being
greatly
affrighted
,
escaped
secretly
from
Rome
about
the
beginning
of
the
year
1556.
contrary
to
the
Command
,
and
Injunction
of
the
Pope
;
with
which
he
was
so
incensed
,
that
he
then
resolved
to
act
,
and
put
all
those
mischiefs
into
practice
against
the
House
of
Colonna
,
which
he
had
before
onely
meditated
,
and
contrived
in
his
thoughts
:
and
in
pursuance
thereof
,
he
in
the
first
place
excommunicated
Mark
Anthony
,
and
his
Father
Ascanio
Colonna
,
and
having
confiscated
all
their
Estate
within
the
Dominions
of
the
Church
,
he
bestowed
it
on
his
Nephew
John
Count
of
Montorio
,
whom
he
created
Duke
of
Paliano
;
and
not
long
after
he
declared
Anthony
Carafa
an
other
Nephew
to
be
Marquis
of
Montebello
,
having
lately
dispossessed
Count
Bagno
of
that
Marquisate
for
having
converted
those
Moneys
which
the
King
of
France
sent
to
the
Pope
for
carrying
on
the
War
in
Italy
to
his
own
use
.
All
which
served
to
incense
the
spirits
of
a
great
,
and
powerful
Faction
,
and
raise
those
Wars
,
which
ended
in
miserable
desolation
of
Italy
.
But
the
Pope
,
who
was
of
Opinion
,
and
often
said
,
that
a
happy
Peace
was
onely
to
be
procured
by
a
calamitous
War
,
did
in
Order
thereunto
fortifie
Paliano
with
all
provisions
requisite
thereunto
;
for
that
being
a
place
situate
on
the
frontiers
of
Naples
,
was
of
great
importance
in
that
conjuncture
:
And
lest
the
Truce
which
was
made
for
five
years
between
the
Emperor
and
France
should
be
an
obstruction
to
this
War
,
he
dispatched
Charles
Caraffa
his
Legat
to
Henry
II.
pretending
,
that
his
Message
was
in
order
to
a
farther
accommodation
,
and
to
convert
the
Truce
into
an
everlasting
Peace
:
but
the
Negotiations
of
Caraffa
being
of
an
other
nature
,
he
possessed
Henry
with
great
hopes
and
expectation
of
success
by
a
War
with
Naples
;
wherefore
though
at
first
he
sent
but
two
thousand
Men
for
assistance
of
the
Pope
,
(
seeming
to
reserve
some
little
respect
to
the
Truce
so
lately
concluded
)
yet
afterwards
the
Popes
forces
not
being
able
to
withstand
the
Power
of
the
Imperialists
;
a
greater
Army
of
twelve
thousand
Foot
,
and
two
thousand
Horse
were
sent
to
Naples
under
the
conduct
of
Francis
Duke
of
Guise
.
With
these
Auxiliary
aids
the
spirit
of
the
Pope
being
highly
swelled
,
and
become
implacable
,
he
imprisoned
Juliano
Sesarini
Camillo
Colonna
,
with
his
Bother
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Taranto
,
and
divers
others
,
whom
he
suspected
to
be
in
any
manner
affected
,
and
inclinable
to
the
Imperial
Faction
.
Ferdinand
of
Toledo
Duke
of
Alva
then
Vice-King
of
Naples
,
being
alarmed
by
these
proceedings
resolved
not
to
attend
the
assaults
of
the
Enemy
;
but
rather
,
that
he
might
be
,
beforehand
with
them
,
made
Incursions
into
the
State
of
the
Church
,
and
without
much
resistance
took
Pontecorvo
Frosolone
,
Anagna
,
Marino
,
Valmontone
,
Palestrina
,
Tivoli
,
Ostia
,
Gave
,
Genazzano
,
Nettuno
,
Albano
,
Vicovaro
,
Monte
Fortino
;
and
in
short
,
made
himself
Master
of
all
the
Campania
of
Rome
:
the
Pope
on
the
other
side
with
the
aid
,
and
assistance
of
the
French
,
and
Switzers
,
recovered
several
of
those
places
again
;
but
the
War
being
continued
for
the
space
of
a
whole
year
with
great
fury
,
and
resolution
on
both
sides
,
that
Country
became
most
miserably
harassed
,
and
laid
desolate
by
fire
,
and
sword
.
By
the
vast
expences
of
this
War
the
Pope's
Treasury
being
much
exhausted
,
many
exorbitant
ways
were
contrived
to
replenish
it
again
;
as
namely
,
the
Tithes
upon
all
Benefices
were
doubled
,
the
Gabelles
,
and
Customs
were
raised
to
an
intolerable
degree
;
half
a
years
Revenue
was
exacted
from
all
Offices
:
and
the
Debts
which
particular
Persons
owed
to
their
Creditors
,
were
required
to
be
paid
into
the
Treasury
;
upon
which
the
Debtors
being
discharged
,
Debentures
were
given
from
the
Pope
to
the
Creditors
,
and
the
same
charged
as
a
Debt
upon
the
Church
.
He
farther
seized
on
all
the
Horses
in
Rome
to
serve
in
the
War
,
and
compelled
all
the
Friers
of
what
order
soever
to
labour
on
the
Works
,
and
carry
Earth
to
the
Fortifications
:
many
of
the
Churches
he
converted
into
Granaries
and
Store-houses
,
wherein
to
lay
Provisions
;
besides
many
other
Exactions
,
and
agrievances
,
which
he
imposed
on
the
People
,
who
were
by
this
time
possessed
with
a
detestable
hatred
against
his
Person
,
and
his
Actions
.
Howsoever
,
neither
the
Cries
,
nor
Exclamations
of
his
Subjects
,
nor
the
miseries
of
his
Country
were
able
to
incline
the
fierce
and
resolute
Spirit
of
the
Pope
to
any
terms
of
Peace
,
whilst
he
found
himself
seconded
by
the
French
,
and
Switzers
:
Howsoever
in
the
Month
of
August
following
,
the
French
having
received
a
Defeat
at
the
Battel
of
St.
Quintin
,
in
which
a
great
part
of
the
Nobility
of
France
were
taken
Prisoners
;
and
thereby
also
the
expectation
of
the
Pope
being
in
some
measure
defeated
;
his
haughty
Spirit
began
to
abate
and
hearken
to
some
terms
,
and
proposals
of
Accommodation
:
for
then
the
sad
Spectacle
of
Italy
,
laid
wast
with
fire
and
sword
appeared
before
him
,
and
the
dreadful
apprehension
of
Treason
against
his
Person
,
which
was
plotted
to
betray
Rome
into
the
hands
of
Mark
Anthony
Colonna
,
and
Ascanio
della
Corona
,
who
at
the
beginning
of
the
War
revolted
to
the
Spanish
Party
,
did
much
affright
him
:
so
that
as
I
say
,
the
Pope's
mind
being
become
more
flexible
,
a
Peace
was
concluded
on
the
thirteenth
of
September
1557.
1557.
by
the
mediation
of
the
Venetians
,
the
Duke
of
Florence
,
and
Cardinal
Sforza
,
and
signed
by
the
Cardinal
Caraffa
in
behalf
of
the
Pope
,
and
by
the
Duke
of
Alva
in
the
name
of
Philip
King
of
Spain
.
Which
being
concluded
the
Duke
of
Alva
coming
to
Rome
,
with
Christian
humility
kissed
the
feet
of
the
Pope
,
and
received
absolution
;
and
being
treated
with
high
honour
obtained
the
freedom
of
all
those
who
had
been
imprisoned
on
account
of
the
late
War
.
Matters
being
by
these
means
reduced
to
some
tolerable
quiet
,
the
Pope
dispatched
his
Legats
both
to
Spain
,
and
France
to
labour
a
cementing
of
that
Peace
,
which
he
himself
of
late
had
been
an
Instrument
to
break
;
recommending
more
particularly
in
their
Instructions
the
confirmation
of
the
Dukedom
of
Paliano
on
his
Nephew
.
So
that
now
being
wearied
with
War
,
the
fatigues
,
and
expence
,
and
unquietudes
of
which
he
had
never
before
been
acquainted
with
,
the
Pope
betook
himself
to
his
more
agreeable
trade
of
regulating
the
Manners
of
Men
,
and
the
corruptions
and
abuses
crept
into
the
Church
:
but
in
regard
the
particulars
hereof
were
various
,
and
burthensom
,
he
committed
the
greatest
part
of
that
trouble
to
the
Conduct
of
Cardinal
Caraffa
:
Attending
himself
with
sedulity
and
attention
to
the
Court
of
Inquisition
,
as
the
sole
Tribunal
then
capable
to
suppress
Heresies
,
and
the
present
distempers
of
the
Age
;
and
therefore
to
the
cognisance
of
that
Court
he
reduced
several
Crimes
triable
at
other
Bars
of
Judicature
;
so
that
the
Prisons
of
the
Inquisition
were
filled
with
Malefactors
:
and
in
this
way
of
Judicial
proceedings
he
was
the
more
passionate
,
because
he
had
been
the
first
that
persuaded
Paul
III.
to
erect
that
Court
,
and
had
contrived
the
Methods
,
and
Rules
for
the
proceedings
thereof
:
and
therefore
coming
now
himself
to
the
Popedom
,
he
put
all
those
Orders
into
practice
,
which
he
had
formerly
meditated
,
constituting
Cardinal
Alessandrino
Inquisitor
General
,
together
with
sixteen
Cardinals
,
who
were
made
Judges
of
the
Court
;
whose
first
work
was
to
publish
an
Index
Expurgatorius
of
all
Books
in
the
least
manner
suspected
,
or
attainted
of
Heresie
,
forbidding
all
Persons
under
pain
of
Excommunication
to
read
them
,
or
have
them
in
their
possession
.
He
recalled
Cardinal
Poole
from
his
Office
of
Legat
in
England
,
on
account
(
as
some
believe
)
of
an
old
Pique
that
had
been
between
them
,
and
having
accused
Cardinal
Morone
of
Heresie
,
by
reason
as
some
believe
of
his
friendship
to
Poole
,
he
imprisoned
him
in
the
Castle
together
with
the
Bishop
of
Cava
,
and
had
(
as
was
certainly
believed
)
deprived
them
of
all
their
Revenue
,
and
Dignities
,
had
not
his
malice
against
them
been
interrupted
by
his
Death
,
acting
in
every
thing
with
a
bitterness
agreeable
to
the
virulency
of
his
nature
.
About
this
time
the
Emperor
Charles
V.
being
wearied
with
the
turmoils
,
and
troubles
of
this
World
renounced
his
Imperial
Crown
to
his
Brother
Ferdinand
of
Austria
,
who
was
already
elected
King
of
the
Romans
,
and
his
Kingdom
of
Spain
and
other
Dominions
to
his
Son
Philip
II.
But
this
Abdication
the
Pope
would
not
understand
,
not
admitting
on
the
score
of
old
grudges
which
he
owed
to
Charles
,
that
according
to
antient
Canons
an
Emperor
could
make
such
a
renunciation
without
consulting
first
,
and
taking
the
advice
,
and
consent
of
the
Pope
;
and
for
that
reason
,
he
would
never
acknowledg
Ferdinand
for
Emperour
,
nor
under
that
Notion
,
and
Character
receive
Ambassadours
from
him
.
In
this
manner
with
a
froward
severity
acting
all
his
Affairs
,
he
would
admit
of
no
excuses
that
any
Man
made
for
a
failure
in
his
Duty
;
and
particularly
having
commanded
all
Monks
,
Friers
,
Abbots
,
and
Priors
to
return
to
their
Monasteries
,
he
would
not
admit
an
Excuse
from
any
Non-Residentiary
,
unless
he
had
obtained
a
License
on
occasion
of
some
publick
Service
for
the
Church
:
and
for
discovery
of
such
Trespassers
he
employed
Officers
,
or
Visitors
as
severe
,
as
himself
,
who
upon
strict
enquiry
having
found
any
Non-Residentaries
,
they
immediately
proceeded
against
them
as
Disobedient
,
and
Delinquents
,
committing
some
of
them
to
Chains
,
and
others
to
the
Gallies
.
This
Severity
howsoever
was
much
applauded
,
when
after
an
unknown
and
unpractised
manner
of
Justice
,
he
spared
not
the
Crimes
of
his
Nephews
,
into
whose
hands
he
had
committed
the
most
important
Government
of
the
Ecclesiastical
State
:
for
they
having
misbehaved
themselves
;
the
Pope
in
a
publick
Consistory
discharged
Cardinal
Caraffa
of
his
Government
,
and
Legantine
Power
in
Bologna
:
the
Duke
of
Palvano
he
dismissed
from
being
General
of
the
Ecclesiastical
Army
and
Admiral
of
the
Gallies
belonging
to
the
Church
,
and
the
Marquis
of
Montebello
from
being
Captain
of
his
Guards
:
which
Sentence
against
them
the
Pope
thundring
with
impetuous
Rage
,
certain
Cardinals
would
have
offered
something
to
mitigate
his
fury
,
and
extenuate
the
faults
of
his
Nephews
;
but
those
Lenitives
adding
more
flame
to
his
Fury
,
he
instantly
charged
the
Cardinal
Caraffa
without
farther
delay
to
depart
from
Rome
,
and
remain
confined
to
the
City
Indivina
,
and
the
other
two
unto
their
respective
Castles
:
in
places
of
these
,
he
constituted
other
grave
Prelats
,
whom
he
esteemed
able
,
and
worthy
to
bear
that
share
of
Government
,
which
by
reason
of
the
infirmity
of
his
old
age
he
was
uncapable
to
support
.
And
having
thus
disposed
the
Affairs
of
his
Temporal
Government
,
he
returned
his
thoughts
to
perfect
that
Reformation
,
which
he
had
then
projected
when
he
first
came
to
the
Papal
Chair
,
believing
that
the
accomplishment
thereof
would
be
the
greatest
Ornament
of
the
Apostolical
Sea
,
and
give
it
a
reputation
over
all
the
World
.
In
pursuance
whereof
,
he
erected
a
Congregation
composed
of
twenty
four
Cardinals
and
forty
five
Prelats
,
and
other
Persons
of
the
most
wise
,
and
learned
of
all
the
Court
,
to
the
number
of
one
hundred
and
fifty
.
These
he
divided
into
three
Classes
or
Chambers
;
to
each
of
which
he
allotted
eight
Cardinals
,
and
fifteen
Bishops
,
and
as
many
others
,
as
made
up
the
number
of
fifty
;
the
chief
incumbence
and
business
of
whom
was
to
examine
,
and
enquire
into
the
several
degrees
,
and
natures
of
Simony
;
the
which
being
stated
,
and
concluded
by
this
Congregation
,
Coppies
thereof
were
taken
,
and
published
and
sent
to
all
Universities
,
and
Schools
of
learned
Men
,
requiring
them
to
take
notice
of
the
particular
Cases
stated
,
and
concluded
by
the
Holy
Sea
,
which
was
the
Chief
Doctor
,
and
Cathedratical
Casuist
in
all
Points
of
Religion
,
and
Conscience
.
And
though
he
himself
,
as
he
affirmed
,
had
no
need
of
such
Regulations
being
well
acquainted
with
the
mind
of
Christ
,
and
versed
in
the
Duty
of
that
Office
to
which
he
was
called
;
yet
that
he
might
in
all
his
endeavours
for
Reformation
,
forestall
the
Objection
which
might
be
made
him
of
,
Physitian
,
cure
thy self
;
he
resolved
to
begin
at
home
,
and
reform
the
Crimes
of
Simony
,
which
were
objected
as
the
crying
sins
of
the
Court
of
Rome
,
and
that
when
he
had
gone
so
far
,
he
would
then
remonstrate
unto
other
Princes
the
Simony
of
their
own
Courts
,
which
was
more
rife
,
and
more
intolerable
in
them
than
was
ever
allowed
,
or
practised
at
Rome
.
But
when
the
particular
Cases
of
Simony
came
distinctly
to
be
handled
;
instancing
in
what
manner
Money
might
be
taken
and
in
what
not
;
there
arose
such
diversities
of
Opinions
;
that
at
length
the
conclusions
came
to
be
laid
before
the
Pope
,
as
the
ultimate
Moderator
of
all
Differences
:
the
which
he
having
with
some
perplexity
considered
,
he
finally
resolved
,
That
it
was
not
lawful
to
receive
any
Price
,
Money
,
Alms
,
or
any
reward
whatsoever
for
conferring
any
spiritual
Graces
,
or
Benefices
Ecclesiastical
:
and
that
as
to
the
Dispensations
in
cases
of
Matrimony
,
though
it
had
been
the
custom
to
receive
Money
for
them
,
he
resolved
,
that
the
same
should
never
be
again
brought
into
practice
by
himself
.
Howsoever
,
so
many
scruples
and
Objections
arose
in
many
particular
matters
,
that
nothing
could
ever
be
drawn
to
general
Heads
;
and
so
being
environed
by
difficulties
which
procured
delays
,
nothing
came
to
a
full
resolution
:
the
which
a
certain
Cardinal
having
observed
,
proposed
to
have
these
Questions
reserved
for
a
General
Council
:
at
which
the
Pope
being
moved
with
extreme
Choler
,
replied
,
That
he
had
no
need
of
any
Council
being
the
supreme
Head
and
above
it
;
but
the
Cardinal
being
desirous
to
mollifie
,
and
appease
his
anger
with
some
qualifications
of
his
Speech
,
said
,
that
though
it
was
true
that
a
Council
was
not
necessary
for
giving
force
,
and
Authority
to
the
Pope's
Determinations
;
yet
it
might
be
convenient
to
have
a
Council
,
for
settlement
of
that
Uniformity
of
Worship
which
was
necessary
in
all
Christian
Churches
:
to
which
the
Pope
assenting
,
farther
added
,
That
in
case
he
should
at
any
time
call
a
Council
,
that
the
same
should
be
held
at
Rome
and
not
at
Trent
,
which
was
in
the
midst
,
and
almost
the
Nest
of
the
Lutherans
.
Moreover
,
in
case
he
should
at
any
time
call
a
Council
,
it
should
be
composed
of
none
,
but
Catholicks
;
for
that
they
might
with
as
much
reason
admit
a
Turk
to
those
Debates
,
and
Consults
of
Religion
,
as
a
Lutheran
or
any
other
Heretick
:
and
that
it
was
unreasonable
,
and
preposterous
to
send
sixty
able
and
learned
Bishops
and
forty
Doctors
to
a
Town
within
the
Mountains
,
(
as
had
been
done
twice
already
)
on
supposition
that
they
were
better
able
to
govern
the
World
than
the
Vicar
of
Jesus
Christ
,
joined
to
the
wisdom
of
his
College
of
Cardinals
,
who
were
selected
out
of
the
most
wise
,
religious
,
and
excellent
personages
of
the
Chistian
Church
.
During
his
time
this
Pope
at
four
several
Ordinations
created
nineteen
Cardinals
;
and
changed
the
Festival
of
St.
Peter
which
by
antient
Canons
was
celebrated
on
the
18th
.
of
January
to
the
end
of
June
,
supposing
that
season
of
the
year
most
convenient
for
that
Solemnity
.
It
is
certain
that
this
Pope
intended
well
,
and
designed
with
the
strictest
severity
the
reformation
of
Manners
;
but
his
way
of
acting
therein
was
so
fierce
,
and
with
those
disobliging
circumstances
,
having
a
motion
with
his
Head
which
spoke
anger
,
and
spight
;
that
he
could
perform
nothing
though
never
so
holy
,
and
laudable
,
but
what
was
ill
censured
by
evil
Tongues
,
and
indeed
he
was
generally
hated
,
and
that
even
by
good
Men.
And
though
all
the
good
actions
which
this
Pope
performed
,
were
done
with
so
ill
a
meen
,
as
made
them
appear
bad
;
yet
he
had
the
good
Conduct
,
and
fortune
to
prove
a
successful
Instrument
in
making
that
memorable
Peace
between
Philip
King
of
Spain
,
and
Henry
King
of
France
;
for
which
happiness
,
and
Rejoycing
,
Tilts
and
Tornaments
being
appointed
at
the
French
Court
,
King
Henry
himself
acting
a
part
in
it
,
was
unfortunately
slain
,
and
his
Son
Francis
II.
being
then
a
Youth
,
succeeded
in
his
Throne
.
About
which
time
the
Pope
being
fallen
into
a
Dropsie
with
which
finding
himself
to
decay
,
and
his
end
approach
;
he
summoned
all
the
Cardinals
to
his
Chamber
,
desiring
them
to
cast
their
thoughts
upon
some
Person
,
excellently
qualified
both
for
holiness
of
Life
,
and
Wisdom
,
whom
they
might
judg
worthy
to
succeed
him
in
the
Apostolical
Chair
,
but
in
an
especial
manner
he
recommended
to
them
the
continuance
of
the
Inquisition
,
to
which
he
gave
the
Epithet
of
most
Holy
,
declaring
to
have
by
good
experience
proved
,
that
the
same
had
been
the
support
of
his
Authority
,
and
would
be
the
chief
Basis
,
and
Pillar
of
the
Papal
Dignity
.
But
so
soon
as
it
was
noised
abroad
,
that
the
Pope
drew
towards
his
end
:
the
People
arose
in
a
tumult
,
and
without
Counsel
or
Rule
running
through
the
City
cursed
the
name
and
actions
of
Paul
IV.
damning
all
the
Family
and
Party
of
Caraffa
;
and
having
opened
all
the
doors
of
the
common
Prisons
,
they
ran
to
the
House
of
the
Inquisition
,
of
which
having
opened
the
Gates
,
and
released
the
Prisoners
,
they
set
fire
to
the
Building
,
which
consumed
the
Prison
,
and
the
place
of
Judicature
together
with
all
the
Processes
,
Papers
,
and
Records
of
that
Court
;
and
had
proceeded
to
have
offered
the
like
to
the
Minerva
,
where
several
of
the
Judges
of
the
Inquisition
were
lodged
,
but
that
the
Rhetorick
,
and
persuasions
of
some
who
had
power
with
the
Rabble
diverted
their
fury
.
In
fine
,
this
Pope
died
the
18th
.
of
August
1559.
1559.
being
aged
eighty
three
years
,
one
month
,
and
twenty
two
days
,
and
having
governed
four
years
,
two
months
,
and
twenty
seven
days
,
and
his
Body
was
carried
with
little
Pomp
,
and
buried
in
a
Sepulcre
of
Brick
,
in
the
Church
of
St.
Peter
,
after
which
the
Sea
was
vacant
four
months
,
and
seven
days
,
but
no
sooner
was
the
breath
out
of
his
Body
,
than
the
furious
,
and
mad
Rabble
ran
to
the
Capitol
,
where
he
had
a
Statue
of
Marble
erected
by
an
excellent
Artist
,
and
placed
amongst
the
Conservators
of
Rome
,
the
Head
and
right
Hand
of
which
they
having
taken
off
,
drew
them
for
three
days
together
through
all
the
filth
,
and
ordure
of
the
City
,
and
afterwards
wearied
with
the
sport
,
they
threw
them
into
the
Tyber
:
and
,
finally
by
publick
Decree
of
the
People
of
Rome
,
it
was
commanded
,
that
in
what
place
soever
of
the
City
the
Arms
of
Caraffa
were
found
either
painted
,
or
engraven
,
they
should
be
defaced
,
or
broken
;
the
which
was
executed
with
so
much
readiness
,
that
in
one
days
time
,
there
were
no
signals
,
or
memorials
of
the
Caraffian
Family
remaining
in
the
whole
City
.
By
all
which
it
appears
,
that
this
Paul
IV.
had
been
happier
,
and
more
reverenced
had
he
died
with
the
Title
onely
of
Cardinal
Caraffa
,
and
with
the
Opinion
of
being
worthy
to
govern
,
though
he
had
never
reigned
.
Dignus
fuisset
Imperii
si
non
regnasset
.
PIVS
IV.
PAVL
the
Fourth
being
dead
,
and
his
Funerals
performed
,
the
Cardinals
after
the
Accustomed
manner
entered
the
Conclave
to
the
number
of
forty
four
for
Election
of
a
new
Pope
;
the
Contests
on
which
were
so
many
,
and
so
obstinately
maintained
by
the
interest
of
powerful
Cardinals
,
whose
equal
Authority
,
and
grandeur
of
Families
were
in
such
an
even
ballance
,
that
after
a
thousand
shufflings
,
and
alterations
of
Suffrages
which
happened
in
the
space
of
four
months
and
seven
days
;
all
the
Votes
came
at
length
on
the
24th
.
of
December
1559.
being
the
Eve
of
the
Feast
of
Christmas
to
terminate
in
the
choice
of
John
Angelo
de
Medicis
Cardinal
of
Santa
Prisca
:
On
the
Feast
of
Epiphany
,
or
Twelfth-day
1560
,
he
was
Crowned
to
the
common
joy
,
and
satisfaction
of
the
whole
City
of
Rome
,
which
conceived
great
expectations
of
good
Government
,
from
the
testimonies
of
Piety
,
and
Virtue
which
he
had
given
by
many
instances
of
his
past
Life
,
in
conformity
whereunto
he
took
on
himself
the
name
of
Pius
IV.
This
Pope
was
of
the
Illustrious
Family
of
the
Medicis
,
born
at
Milan
,
to
which
place
his
Father
amidst
the
turbulencies
,
and
intestine
Discords
of
Florence
was
constrained
to
sly
for
refuge
:
he
was
in
his
youth
educated
and
trained
up
in
all
the
Methods
of
good
Literature
,
in
which
having
run
through
all
the
Studies
and
Exercises
of
Philosophy
and
Physick
,
and
then
studying
the
Civil
Law
he
took
his
degree
of
Doctor
,
applying
himself
afterward
to
the
practice
of
the
Law
.
In
the
time
of
Clement
VII
.
he
was
made
one
of
the
Protonotaries
which
they
call
Partecipanti
:
under
Paul
III.
He
exercised
many
considerable
Charges
,
and
Offices
,
amongst
which
he
was
made
Commissary
of
the
Army
of
the
Church
,
then
Arch-Bishop
of
Ragusa
,
and
lastly
,
before
his
preferment
to
the
Popedom
,
he
was
by
Paul
IV.
made
Priest
and
Cardinal
of
Santa
Prisca
.
Du
Chesne
,
and
others
who
write
of
the
election
of
this
Pope
,
report
,
that
the
Debates
thereupon
having
been
long
,
and
intricate
,
the
Choice
came
at
length
to
be
decided
by
the
Holy
Ghost
,
which
in
the
form
of
a
Dove
,
entering
the
Chappel
of
Sixtus
,
after
many
flights
round
,
came
at
length
to
pierch
on
the
Cell
,
or
Seat
of
Cardinal
Santa
Prisca
,
which
being
observed
was
agreed
to
be
the
Holy
Omen
,
by
which
the
Holy
Ghost
pointed
out
the
Person
to
be
Elected
,
concluding
all
Controversies
by
a
Miracle
:
but
other
more
judicious
Authors
are
silent
in
such
a
foppery
,
and
particularly
Onufrius
Panvinius
,
who
writing
the
life
of
this
Pope
,
mentions
nothing
of
this
nature
,
though
he
professes
to
have
known
him
,
and
to
have
frequented
his
Table
when
he
was
Cardinal
,
which
was
always
incompassed
with
Men
of
Learning
,
and
parts
,
who
conversing
one
with
another
with
much
ingenuity
and
Candour
,
seemed
to
form
a
College
of
wise
,
and
virtuous
Persons
:
and
he
farther
declares
,
that
having
been
present
at
the
solemnities
of
his
Election
,
and
Inauguration
,
he
had
seen
,
and
observed
all
the
passages
of
it
.
He
moreover
pretends
to
have
had
a
personal
acquaintance
with
him
,
and
that
he
was
in
his
own
nature
generous
and
compassionate
,
having
by
many
,
and
great
Charities
he
had
performed
,
obtained
the
Title
of
Father
of
the
Poor
;
and
thus
having
acquired
a
general
esteem
amongst
the
Cardinals
of
a
meek
,
gentle
,
and
pious
temper
,
he
found
a
more
easie
access
to
the
Papal
Chair
,
which
had
lately
been
possessed
by
gall
,
and
bitterness
,
and
from
whence
nothing
but
Thunder
,
and
Lightning
and
terrours
had
proceeded
.
But
this
Pope
being
desirous
to
rectifie
this
harsh
humour
of
the
Chair
,
gave
himself
the
name
of
Pius
IV.
And
for
instances
thereof
;
his
first
care
,
and
incumbence
was
to
pass
an
Act
or
Decree
of
General
Pardon
to
all
such
who
during
the
vacancy
of
the
Sea
had
committed
any
enormous
Crimes
,
and
in
common
to
all
the
people
who
had
with
insolent
despight
broken
the
Statue
,
and
defaced
the
Arms
of
Paul
IV.
Then
his
next
business
was
to
enquire
into
,
and
redress
the
Oppressions
,
and
agrievances
imposed
by
his
Predecessour
,
referring
the
examination
of
those
matters
to
a
Committee
of
wise
and
sober
Men
,
who
rectifying
that
which
was
amiss
,
all
things
might
at
length
return
to
their
due
and
accustomed
Channel
:
upon
revision
of
which
cases
,
many
Decrees
passed
by
Paul
IV.
in
point
of
Simony
were
repealed
,
or
at
least
moderated
:
many
Friers
who
had
with
too
much
severity
been
expelled
their
Monasteries
,
were
restored
:
the
punishments
,
and
cruelties
of
the
Inquisition
were
regulated
with
more
moderation
;
and
in
fine
,
many
of
those
who
under
colour
of
Heresie
,
though
in
reality
out
of
malice
,
or
other
design
had
been
committed
to
that
Prison
;
were
by
Order
of
the
new
Inquisitors
released
and
set
at
liberty
;
amongst
which
Cardinal
Morone
,
was
one
.
Now
as
Mercy
is
always
to
be
accompanied
with
Justice
:
it
was
resolved
,
that
those
intolerable
miseries
,
and
devastations
which
all
Italy
almost
had
sustained
in
time
of
Paul
IV.
should
be
considered
,
and
the
Family
of
Caraffa
who
had
been
the
Instruments
,
and
wicked
Incendiaries
in
all
those
Calamities
should
be
questioned
,
and
tried
for
the
same
:
in
order
whereunto
on
the
7th
.
of
January
,
being
the
day
after
the
Incoronation
,
the
Cardinals
Charles
,
and
Alfonso
coming
from
the
Consistory
were
seized
,
as
was
also
the
Count
of
Montorio
,
then
called
Duke
of
Paliano
,
who
was
the
Brother
of
Charles
the
Cardinal
,
together
with
Count
Alife
his
Wife's
Brother
,
and
Leonard
de
Cardini
one
of
the
Kindred
;
for
these
having
been
evil
Counsellours
,
and
worse
Instruments
of
the
fury
and
cruelty
of
the
late
Pope
,
were
all
committed
Prisoners
to
the
Castle
,
as
were
also
several
other
Servants
,
and
Ministers
of
the
late
mischief
.
The
Process
against
them
for
these
Crimes
was
encharged
to
certain
Cardinals
in
Commission
with
the
Bishop
of
Savona
,
and
Governour
of
Rome
,
the
Indictments
being
preferred
against
these
Persons
,
and
the
Depositions
severally
made
and
taken
,
which
work
took
up
the
space
of
nine
months
,
in
which
time
the
proofs
,
and
testimonies
being
given
,
and
every
thing
prepared
for
a
Trial
,
the
whole
Process
was
read
before
the
Pope
and
Cardinals
in
publick
Consistory
;
where
the
Accusations
being
proved
,
and
made
clear
by
several
credible
Witnesses
,
Cardinal
Charles
Carafa
was
by
the
Pope
himself
convicted
of
Felony
,
and
the
Count
of
Montorio
,
with
Count
Alife
,
and
Leonard
de
Cardine
found
guilty
by
the
Governour
of
Rome
of
Murther
,
and
other
enormous
Crimes
,
and
all
delivered
into
the
hands
of
the
Civil
Judges
,
that
Sentence
of
death
might
be
passed
upon
them
;
in
execution
of
which
the
Cardinal
,
and
the
two
Counts
were
strangled
,
and
de
Cardine
beheaded
.
Onufrius
Panvinius
tells
us
,
that
he
having
had
a
familiar
conversation
with
this
Pope
had
often
heard
him
lament
the
sadness
of
this
Tragedy
,
which
he
was
constrained
to
execute
in
respect
to
the
Duty
he
owed
to
Justice
;
and
for
example
,
and
caution
to
the
Nephews
,
and
Relations
of
succeeding
Popes
,
who
when
they
soar
aloft
on
the
wings
of
good
Fortune
may
by
the
fate
of
others
be
fore-warned
,
how
they
commit
the
like
excesses
,
for
which
they
may
be
questioned
,
when
times
should
alter
.
Howsoever
this
Pope
himself
,
according
to
the
custom
of
his
Predecessors
admitted
his
Sisters
Sons
to
Rome
,
raising
them
to
all
those
Benefits
,
and
Dignities
he
was
able
to
bestow
upon
them
;
amongst
which
he
had
the
fortune
to
have
Charles
Borromeo
to
be
his
Relation
,
a
Person
of
that
modest
,
wise
,
and
industrious
temper
,
as
might
deserve
that
honour
,
and
preferments
which
he
designed
for
him
;
for
being
skilful
and
well
experienced
in
the
Civil
Law
,
and
in
the
management
of
worldly
Affairs
,
he
committed
the
most
important
charge
of
all
matters
relating
to
Government
to
his
fidelity
,
and
conduct
;
of
which
Borromeo
so
well
acquitted
himself
,
that
being
created
Cardinal
,
he
gained
the
reputation
of
a
wise
Minister
during
the
time
of
this
Pius
,
and
afterwards
by
the
holiness
of
his
life
in
succeeding
times
was
canonized
for
a
Saint
.
To
this
Borromeo
,
and
to
Cardinal
Morone
he
communicated
all
his
thoughts
and
Counsels
,
taking
their
Opinion
in
the
highest
emergencies
and
exigencies
of
State
;
amongst
which
nothing
appeared
more
difficult
,
and
worthy
of
disquisition
,
than
two
things
,
namely
the
recognizing
,
or
acknowledging
Ferdinand
for
Emperor
;
and
reviving
again
the
Council
of
Trent
.
The
first
as
we
have
said
,
was
denied
by
Paul
IV.
on
allegation
,
that
the
Constitution
of
an
Emperor
did
essentially
require
the
Pope's
authoritative
approbation
;
but
in
truth
the
obstruction
was
in
the
Electors
,
who
challenged
a
right
of
electing
the
Emperor
.
But
now
it
was
resolved
to
wave
all
that
,
and
to
grant
the
Emperor's
desires
,
before
they
were
demanded
,
that
so
the
frankness
of
this
Pope's
nature
might
be
distinguished
from
the
severity
of
his
Predecessours
.
In
pursuance
whereunto
Letters
were
wrote
to
the
Emperor
adorned
with
all
his
Imperial
Titles
,
wherein
the
Pope
approved
the
Surrender
which
Charles
had
made
of
the
Empire
,
and
the
succession
of
Ferdinand
thereunto
;
the
news
hereof
was
received
with
that
satisfaction
by
the
Emperour
,
then
at
Vienna
,
that
he
immediately
dispatched
his
Ambassadour
,
the
Count
d'
Arco
,
with
Letters
to
the
Pope
,
congratulating
his
exaltation
to
that
supreme
Dignity
,
and
rendering
him
thanks
for
having
out
of
his
wisdom
,
and
paternal
Justice
freely
determined
that
point
in
his
favour
,
which
Paul
IV.
against
all
sense
,
and
reason
had
denied
him
.
But
yet
things
did
not
so
smoothly
pass
,
but
that
the
Ambassadour
being
arrived
at
Rome
,
encountred
some
difficulty
before
admission
to
his
Audience
;
for
he
having
in
his
Instructions
,
Orders
onely
to
acknowledg
Reverence
to
the
Pope
in
behalf
of
his
Master
,
the
expression
seemed
to
sound
low
,
and
to
intimate
,
as
if
the
Emperor
intended
to
infer
an
Equality
with
the
Pope
;
and
therefore
to
clear
that
Scruple
,
it
was
required
,
that
the
word
Reverence
,
should
be
changed
into
Obedience
.
The
Ambassadour
having
no
such
warrant
in
his
Instructions
absolutely
refused
to
accept
his
Audience
upon
those
terms
,
alledging
that
Imperial
Ministers
had
never
used
that
Stile
towards
any
of
his
Predecessours
;
in
which
resolution
also
he
was
farther
confirmed
by
the
advice
of
the
Spanish
Ambassadour
:
Howsoever
the
Cardinals
Morone
,
and
Madrucio
persuading
him
to
the
contrary
,
their
Opinions
prevailed
,
because
the
Emperor
had
in
all
points
of
difficulty
,
directed
him
to
be
governed
by
their
Sentiments
.
This
difficulty
being
overcome
;
It
was
resolved
,
That
the
Pope
should
with
the
same
free
spirit
declare
his
intentions
speedily
to
assemble
a
General
Council
at
Trent
,
or
rather
a
continuation
of
the
same
after
divers
Prorogations
;
that
so
he
might
forestall
the
desires
of
the
Christian
Princes
,
whom
he
understood
were
ready
with
their
Addresses
to
that
purpose
.
But
in
regard
the
turbulent
commotions
about
Religion
were
heightened
with
that
fermentation
in
all
parts
of
Christendom
as
would
not
admit
of
those
slow
Methods
of
cure
which
were
to
proceed
from
the
Debates
and
Resolves
of
a
General
Council
:
it
was
in
the
first
place
desired
by
the
Duke
of
Savoy
,
that
Authority
might
be
given
him
by
the
Pope
for
a
Conference
touching
certain
points
of
Religion
to
be
held
within
his
Dominions
,
for
better
instruction
of
the
People
,
who
were
ready
to
fall
off
,
and
revolt
from
the
Church
of
Rome
:
and
indeed
this
expedient
seemed
most
urgent
at
this
time
,
in
which
many
,
who
having
made
a
total
defection
from
the
Church
,
and
finding
themselves
persecuted
in
Poland
,
Germany
,
Provence
,
Puglia
and
other
parts
,
were
fled
into
the
Vallies
of
Mont-cenis
,
Luserne
,
St.
Martin
,
and
the
places
adjoyning
,
where
they
maintained
themselves
in
separate
Congregations
under
certain
Ministers
,
until
such
time
as
the
Doctrine
of
Zuinglius
,
should
be
planted
,
and
setled
in
the
City
of
Geneva
.
And
whereas
the
Duke
being
resolved
to
reduce
his
Country
to
the
profession
of
the
Catholick
Religion
,
had
by
the
Authority
of
the
Inquisition
established
,
condemned
some
to
the
Gallies
,
and
others
to
the
Fire
:
yet
finding
that
these
severities
operated
little
upon
minds
already
prepossessed
with
an
Opinion
of
Religion
,
and
Conscience
,
he
was
desirous
to
make
trial
of
the
more
gentle
,
and
soft
means
of
Instructions
,
lest
his
People
becoming
desperate
under
their
hardship
and
torments
should
be
persuaded
to
believe
it
lawful
to
take
up
Arms
in
defence
of
their
Persons
,
and
their
Religion
.
The
Pope
ill
relished
this
Proposal
,
declaring
that
he
would
never
consent
to
have
his
Authority
put
to
compromise
,
or
his
Power
compounded
for
:
that
he
was
well
acquainted
with
what
obstinacy
the
Hereticks
maintained
their
Doctrines
,
which
were
never
to
be
confuted
but
by
the
Sword
;
the
which
he
esteemed
to
be
the
most
effectual
way
of
Instruction
;
and
having
persuaded
the
Duke
to
that
remedy
;
a
War
was
begun
in
the
Valleys
which
continued
for
a
long
time
.
Nor
were
the
disturbances
in
France
less
grievous
than
in
Savoy
:
where
many
were
put
to
death
for
no
other
cause
than
for
their
zeal
to
the
true
reformed
Religion
,
and
the
salvation
of
their
own
Souls
:
though
it
is
true
,
that
many
,
who
were
ambitious
,
and
desirous
of
Novelty
did
under
this
guise
,
and
cloak
of
Religion
,
and
with
pretence
of
rescuing
the
King
,
and
the
Dignity
of
the
Sovereign
Magistrate
from
the
usurpations
,
and
tyranny
of
the
Duke
of
Guise
,
and
his
Party
,
take
up
Arms
,
and
enter
into
Rebellion
against
their
King
;
but
being
afterwards
beaten
and
many
killed
,
others
were
afterwards
tried
,
and
for
their
Offences
justly
condemned
to
die
:
and
to
all
others
,
who
being
misguided
by
Religion
should
lay
down
their
Arms
in
the
space
of
twenty
four
hours
,
Proclamation
was
made
,
that
they
should
be
received
to
mercy
by
a
full
and
plenary
Pardon
from
his
Majesty
.
But
now
the
humours
of
the
People
being
moved
,
and
hopes
conceived
of
obtaining
liberty
of
Conscience
:
great
tumults
were
raised
in
Provence
,
Languedoc
,
Poitou
,
and
other
places
;
so
that
how
to
suppress
these
tumults
and
quiet
the
minds
of
the
people
,
which
were
feavered
with
the
heats
of
Religion
,
was
the
great
matter
debated
in
the
Councils
of
France
:
and
whereas
it
was
objected
by
the
Cardinal
Armagnac
,
that
no
Ecclesiastical
remedy
could
be
applyed
without
the
assent
,
and
concurrence
of
the
Pope
;
this
scruple
was
soon
exploded
by
the
contrary
Opinion
of
the
most
of
the
Council
:
who
alledged
,
that
God
had
given
to
every
Nation
a
full
Power
,
and
Authority
within
it self
to
provide
remedies
necessary
,
and
agreeable
to
the
present
government
of
their
State
,
without
having
recourse
to
forein
and
far
distant
Powers
:
for
as
it
were
unreasonable
in
case
of
fire
,
and
terrible
incendiations
within
the
City
of
Paris
,
to
expect
till
waters
were
brought
from
the
Tybur
to
extinguish
the
flames
:
and
in
the
mean
time
neglect
the
use
of
the
more
near
and
convenient
streams
of
the
Seine
,
and
Mearne
:
so
also
would
it
be
in
this
great
conflagration
of
civil-War
to
neglect
remedies
at
home
,
until
we
can
fetch
them
from
remote
,
and
distant
Countries
.
In
short
therefore
it
was
agreed
that
a
National
Council
should
be
assembled
,
composed
of
all
the
Prelats
of
the
Kingdom
,
whose
business
it
should
be
to
consult
,
and
find
out
means
to
give
a
stop
to
the
growing
evils
,
and
to
the
course
of
those
infections
which
were
ready
to
poison
,
and
overwhelm
the
whole
Kingdom
.
Howsoever
,
lest
this
Edict
for
summoning
a
National
Council
should
be
ill
taken
by
the
Pope
,
and
interpreted
for
a
point
of
disrespect
to
the
Apostolical
Sea
,
without
his
consent
thereunto
,
or
at
least
an
intimation
given
thereof
:
it
was
ordered
that
the
Ambassadour
residing
at
Rome
,
should
by
word
of
mouth
represent
the
many
dangers
,
and
growing
evils
within
the
Kingdom
of
France
,
which
could
be
cured
by
no
other
remedy
than
a
National
Assembly
,
and
that
the
dangers
thereof
were
so
pressing
,
as
not
to
admit
the
slow
Methods
of
forein
Assistance
.
These
matters
being
exactly
in
this
manner
represented
to
the
Pope
,
were
very
ill
resented
by
him
,
judging
that
such
an
Assembly
of
Prelats
could
not
be
convened
without
a
breach
of
the
Ecclesiastical
Canons
,
nor
without
prejudice
to
the
Papal
Authority
:
which
to
make
more
clearly
appear
he
resolved
to
dispatch
the
Bishop
of
Viterbo
into
France
,
to
make
known
unto
his
Majesty
;
That
such
an
Assembly
was
never
admitted
by
former
Popes
in
any
Country
or
Kingdom
whatsoever
;
they
being
well
assured
,
that
such
a
meeting
would
serve
to
no
other
end
,
than
to
administer
unto
greater
division
,
and
confusion
,
and
produce
a
Schism
in
the
Church
Catholick
:
and
,
That
it
would
serve
farther
to
exalt
the
pride
of
the
Prelats
,
inspiring
them
with
an
Opinion
of
some
superiour
Authority
inherent
in
them
,
above
that
of
the
Pope
,
or
of
the
King
;
but
if
he
would
apply
a
true
,
and
an
effectual
remedy
,
none
could
be
so
successful
as
a
General
Council
,
which
he
had
resolved
shortly
to
assemble
;
and
that
in
the
mean
time
nothing
could
be
so
available
,
as
that
the
Bishops
be
commanded
to
repair
to
their
respective
Dioceses
,
and
the
Curats
to
their
Parishes
,
and
there
to
watch
over
their
Flocks
,
and
hinder
Thieves
,
and
Wolves
from
breaking
within
the
Fold
:
and
finally
,
desired
that
their
Spiritual
Authority
might
be
reinforced
by
the
Power
of
the
Civil
Magistrate
,
and
the
Arms
of
Regal
force
.
The
Bishop
of
Viterbo
being
with
these
Instructions
dispeeded
into
France
;
he
was
farther
commanded
in
his
Journey
thither
to
negotiate
matters
in
the
same
form
at
the
Court
of
Savoy
;
and
to
incite
the
Duke
to
make
War
upon
Geneva
,
which
they
called
the
Nest
of
Heresie
,
and
the
root
from
whence
sprang
all
the
false
Doctrines
of
the
new
Religion
:
the
Bishop
accordingly
did
not
fail
on
his
part
to
represent
all
matters
to
the
Duke
agreeable
to
his
Instructions
,
and
found
in
him
a
ready
disposition
to
embrace
all
the
Proposals
made
him
by
the
Pope
,
especially
the
Enterprise
against
Geneva
,
provided
,
that
with
the
consent
both
of
Spain
,
and
France
he
might
possess
,
and
enjoy
that
City
:
This
Demand
was
easily
admitted
on
the
side
of
Spain
;
but
they
well
knew
,
that
it
would
never
be
granted
by
France
,
which
had
long
aspired
to
that
Dominion
;
to
which
the
Spaniards
would
accord
,
being
more
willing
to
see
that
place
the
Capital
Throne
of
the
new
Religion
,
than
a
Seat
of
the
French
Power
;
for
that
being
near
to
the
Dukedom
of
Burgundy
might
prove
an
ill
Neighbour
to
that
part
of
the
Spanish
Dominions
.
Howsoever
,
that
the
King
of
Spain
might
follow
the
Pope's
inclinations
in
concurrence
with
the
French
as
far
as
prudence
,
and
caution
directed
,
he
dispatched
Don
Antonio
de
Toledo
his
Ambassadour
into
France
to
offer
unto
that
King
his
utmost
assistance
,
and
to
joyn
his
Arms
unto
his
for
the
total
ruin
,
and
extirpation
of
Heresie
.
But
the
Court
of
France
would
yield
no
ear
to
either
of
these
Propositions
;
they
would
gladly
indeed
have
had
the
possession
of
Geneva
,
but
the
Enterprise
seemed
difficult
whilest
the
Civil
Wars
continued
,
and
whilest
Geneva
remained
in
League
with
the
Swisses
,
who
had
promised
to
afford
their
utmost
succour
,
and
aid
unto
that
place
:
and
as
to
the
National
Synod
they
persisted
in
their
resolution
,
promising
the
Pope
that
nothing
should
be
attempted
therein
derogatory
to
his
Power
,
and
the
Authority
of
the
Church
.
But
this
assurance
did
little
satisfy
the
jealousie
of
the
Pope
,
who
suspected
the
very
Prelats
to
be
tainted
with
Heresie
,
and
to
have
an
inclination
to
set
up
a
Gallican
Church
,
as
they
called
it
,
separate
,
and
independant
of
the
Roman
Sea
.
The
fear
and
jealousie
hereof
constrained
the
Pope
positively
to
resolve
on
a
General
Council
,
and
to
hasten
the
convocation
thereof
with
all
speed
possible
,
supposing
that
the
convention
of
a
General
Council
would
break
the
former
Measures
,
and
invalidate
the
Authority
of
all
National
Synods
:
This
being
agreed
,
the
next
thing
proposed
,
was
the
place
;
which
the
Pope
would
have
had
to
be
his
own
Town
of
Bologna
,
but
that
he
knew
,
it
would
be
generally
disliked
by
the
Prelats
;
nor
would
the
Spaniards
consent
to
have
it
held
at
Milan
,
for
though
they
were
zealous
Catholicks
,
yet
in
matters
of
worldly
interest
they
distrusted
the
Pope
,
as
much
as
other
Princes
:
In
fine
,
Trent
was
agreed
to
be
the
most
commodious
,
and
least
subject
to
exceptions
of
any
:
howsoever
the
French
were
of
another
Opinion
,
as
was
also
the
Emperour
who
proposed
Wormes
,
Triers
,
Constance
,
or
Hagunaw
,
as
more
convenient
;
for
that
the
Protestants
did
so
abhor
the
name
of
Trent
,
that
they
would
take
a
prejudice
to
any
thing
formed
there
;
nor
would
they
endure
to
have
the
Council
stiled
a
Continuation
of
a
former
,
but
one
new
,
and
established
on
its
own
foundation
:
nor
was
this
the
only
scruple
of
the
Emperor
;
for
he
declared
,
that
he
could
not
answer
for
the
Empire
,
unless
it
were
first
prepared
,
and
disposed
by
a
General
Diet
,
nor
would
the
Clergy
of
his
hereditary
Countries
be
induced
to
be
present
at
the
Council
,
unless
the
Cup
in
the
Sacrament
were
first
granted
to
the
Laiety
,
and
License
for
the
Priests
to
marry
;
but
all
these
matters
being
diametrically
opposite
to
the
Papal
interest
,
the
Pope
declared
his
resolution
was
,
rather
to
give
his
life
,
than
his
assent
thereunto
.
In
the
mean
time
the
numbers
of
those
of
the
Reformed
Religion
encreased
greatly
in
France
;
so
that
it
was
resolved
,
in
case
a
General
Council
were
not
speedily
assembled
,
that
a
National
Synod
should
meet
at
Meaux
on
the
13th
.
of
January
1561.
for
the
tumults
,
and
combustions
about
Religion
were
so
pressing
that
they
required
a
speedy
,
and
an
effectual
cure
:
the
fear
of
which
so
touched
the
Pope
,
as
did
also
the
Declaration
of
the
Emperor
;
that
taking
no
notice
of
the
exceptions
of
either
,
he
resolved
to
surmount
the
difficulties
,
and
therewith
signed
the
Bull
for
calling
a
Council
,
to
commence
on
Easter
day
1561.
giving
this
Title
thereunto
,
Indictio
Concilii
Tridentini
,
as
if
it
had
been
to
be
a
New
,
and
not
the
continuation
of
a
former
Council
:
howsoever
in
the
body
of
the
Bull
the
word
Continuation
being
mentioned
,
it
gave
great
scandal
and
offence
to
all
,
though
the
Pope's
Legats
endeavoured
to
smooth
it
over
,
by
saying
,
that
the
Continuation
could
be
no
impediment
to
any
revision
of
what
had
formerly
passed
,
nor
hinder
the
Council
from
repealing
any
Act
which
had
been
Decreed
,
and
ordained
in
the
times
of
Paul
,
and
Julius
III.
And
now
Francis
II.
King
of
France
being
dead
,
and
his
Brother
Charles
IX
.
a
Youth
of
ten
years
of
age
succeeding
,
gave
great
expectations
,
of
a
happy
change
to
the
Protestants
,
for
that
the
King
of
Navarre
having
declared
himself
of
the
Reformed
Religion
,
to
whom
of
right
as
first
Prince
of
the
Blood
,
the
Government
belonged
,
during
the
minority
of
the
King
,
and
that
he
was
ruled
much
by
the
Counsels
of
the
Admiral
de
Coligny
,
who
was
the
grand
Protector
of
the
Reformed
,
gave
them
hopes
,
that
the
severity
of
proceedings
against
them
would
be
abated
,
and
liberty
of
Conscience
granted
to
the
whole
Kingdom
:
the
which
though
it
did
not
take
effect
fully
to
their
desires
,
yet
at
an
Assembly
of
the
Estates
at
Orleance
,
it
was
ordained
,
That
an
Arrest
of
judgment
should
be
given
,
and
all
penal
Processes
stopped
which
were
made
against
any
for
account
of
Religion
:
and
at
the
same
time
Orders
were
given
to
the
Prelats
to
prepare
themselves
for
their
Journey
to
Trent
.
At
this
time
the
Protestant
Princes
were
assembled
at
Naumbourg
,
with
intention
to
guard
themselves
from
the
Plots
which
would
be
contrived
against
them
in
the
Council
of
Trent
;
and
to
take
off
the
reproach
of
Divisions
,
and
disagreement
in
the
points
of
Faith
amongst
themselves
.
But
such
was
the
variety
then
of
Opinions
that
it
was
difficult
to
concur
in
one
Symbol
of
Faith
;
for
the
Confession
of
Augsburg
had
lately
been
printed
in
several
Editions
,
and
every
one
with
some
difference
from
an
other
.
And
as
to
a
General
Council
they
petitioned
the
Emperour
,
that
such
an
one
might
be
convened
as
was
free
,
and
where
the
Pope
might
not
preside
,
and
overawe
the
Votes
of
the
Protestants
;
the
which
request
they
made
rather
in
excuse
for
their
not
going
to
Trent
,
than
out
of
any
prospect
of
a
concession
to
their
grant
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Pope
having
sent
two
Nuntios
to
the
Emperor
,
he
advised
them
to
go
to
Naumbourg
,
accompanied
with
two
of
his
Ambassadours
,
and
receive
the
sense
of
the
Assembly
which
was
there
convened
:
The
Protestants
received
the
Ambassadours
with
great
respect
,
and
heard
the
Nuntios
with
equal
civilities
;
but
still
continuing
firm
to
their
Principles
,
declared
that
they
could
not
acknowledg
the
Pope's
jurisdiction
,
and
therefore
could
not
esteem
themselves
obliged
to
make
known
unto
the
Pope
the
Opinion
they
had
of
a
Council
,
having
already
signified
their
thoughts
thereof
unto
the
Emperor
:
with
the
like
coldness
they
were
received
at
Norimberg
,
Frankfort
,
Ausbourg
,
and
other
Protestant
Towns
.
Elizabeth
Queen
of
England
at
the
same
time
refused
to
admit
the
Abbot
Martininguez
sent
by
the
Pope
,
within
her
Dominions
:
And
the
King
of
Denmark
in
like
manner
denied
entrance
to
the
Nuncios
within
his
State
,
saying
,
That
neither
his
Father
nor
he
having
ever
had
to
do
with
the
Pope
,
he
knew
no
business
his
Nuntios
could
have
with
him
.
Thus
did
these
Nuntios
meet
Oppositions
in
all
parts
,
nor
did
they
find
any
encouraging
compliance
in
the
Emperor
himself
,
who
insisted
on
the
Indiction
of
a
new
Council
,
which
was
not
founded
on
the
Continuation
,
or
basis
of
a
former
.
France
likewise
made
many
exceptions
to
the
Bull
of
Indiction
,
being
for
a
New
and
not
for
a
Continuation
of
the
Old
Council
;
Nor
was
this
all
;
many
other
things
concurring
in
that
Kingdom
to
the
diminution
of
the
Pope's
Authority
:
1561.
for
not
onely
were
the
penal
Laws
against
the
Protestants
taken
away
,
but
also
at
a
Convention
of
the
Estates
at
Orleance
,
the
Pope's
Annates
or
yearly
Revenue
was
taken
off
and
all
Moneys
forbidden
to
be
carried
to
Rome
;
the
agreement
between
Leo
X.
and
Francis
the
First
was
made
void
;
and
all
Friars
,
and
other
Religious
were
made
subject
to
the
Bishop
of
their
Diocese
.
So
that
France
seemed
in
a
manner
to
be
lost
:
onely
Spain
being
a
people
not
given
much
to
innovation
,
adhered
to
the
Pope's
Authority
,
and
to
a
Continuation
of
the
Old
Council
.
The
Feast
of
Easter
approaching
which
was
the
time
appointed
for
the
opening
the
Council
;
the
Pope
deputed
the
Cardinals
of
Mantoua
,
Warmia
,
Seripanda
,
and
Simonette
to
be
his
Legats
,
and
Presidents
of
the
Council
,
and
hastned
all
the
Bishops
of
Italy
to
repair
unto
Trent
,
that
so
they
might
counterballance
the
number
of
the
French
,
and
Spanish
Bishops
,
who
came
,
as
was
believed
,
with
no
other
intention
,
than
to
gain
one
Point
,
which
was
,
that
a
General
Council
in
its
Determinations
,
was
superiour
and
above
the
Authority
of
the
Pope
;
a
Position
which
the
Bishops
of
Italy
,
who
had
the
honour
of
being
the
Head
of
all
the
Clergy
,
ought
on
no
terms
whatsoever
to
admit
.
But
as
yet
there
was
a
very
thin
appearance
of
Bishops
at
Trent
;
for
the
eyes
of
all
were
fixed
on
the
issue
,
which
the
Convention
of
the
Estates
at
Orleans
,
and
the
Conference
at
Poissy
would
produce
,
which
in
every
Act
struck
at
the
Pope's
Authority
,
and
exposed
unto
the
people
the
corruptions
and
abuses
of
the
Roman
Sea
.
In
fine
,
after
all
,
the
Queen
Regent
wrote
a
Letter
to
the
Pope
,
wherein
she
represented
to
him
the
great
numbers
of
Protestants
in
France
,
and
the
daily
encrease
of
them
;
to
suppress
which
a
Reformation
in
many
things
was
necessary
;
as
namely
,
to
take
away
Images
out
of
the
Churches
;
the
Spittle
,
and
Exorcisms
in
Baptism
,
to
grant
the
Eucharistical
Chalice
to
the
Laiety
,
to
admit
the
Divine
Service
in
the
vulgar
Tongue
,
and
expunge
the
late
Festival
of
Corpus
Christi
out
of
the
Kalendar
;
All
and
every
Point
of
which
were
such
mortal
blows
to
the
Church
,
that
the
Pope
could
not
think
thereof
with
any
patience
,
nor
give
other
answer
thereunto
,
than
that
those
,
and
other
matters
should
be
deferred
to
the
decision
of
the
Council
.
With
these
expectations
,
and
Discourses
the
time
was
protracted
until
the
month
of
December
,
1561.
by
which
time
there
was
a
considerable
appearance
of
Bishops
at
Trent
,
so
that
the
Pope
commanded
without
farther
delay
,
that
the
Council
should
be
commenced
;
but
by
reason
of
some
other
Obstructions
,
and
at
the
desire
of
the
Emperor's
Ambassadours
it
was
again
deferred
until
the
middle
of
January
following
.
The
first
Session
was
held
the
18th
.
of
January
;
1562.
at
which
the
first
preliminary
afforded
great
matter
of
Dispute
;
for
it
was
there
to
be
made
a
standing
Rule
,
That
nothing
should
be
propounded
,
but
what
was
first
moved
by
the
Legats
,
Proponentibus
Legatis
:
which
being
opposed
by
four
Spanish
Prelats
,
was
notwithstanding
over-ruled
by
the
greater
number
,
and
the
next
Sessions
appointed
for
the
26th
.
of
February
following
.
In
the
mean
time
on
the
17th
.
of
January
the
Edict
was
made
at
St.
Germaines
,
whereby
the
Protestants
had
liberty
given
them
to
have
their
Churches
,
or
Temples
without
the
Cities
,
to
live
under
the
protection
of
the
King
in
observance
of
their
own
Discipline
,
Provided
,
that
they
taught
nothing
contrary
to
the
Doctrine
of
the
Old
and
New
Testament
,
and
to
the
Council
of
Nice
.
At
Trent
after
several
Congregations
held
there
,
another
Sessions
commenced
the
26th
.
of
February
,
at
which
some
matters
were
determined
in
relation
to
Precedency
,
and
the
Index
Expurgatorius
;
and
then
the
Council
adjourned
,
until
the
14th
.
of
March
,
which
time
being
come
,
nothing
passed
at
that
Session
worthy
of
observation
,
onely
they
adjourned
until
the
14th
.
of
May
;
and
then
again
to
the
4th
.
of
June
.
At
the
beginning
of
this
Session
the
Marquis
of
Pescara
,
who
was
Ambassadour
for
Spain
,
instantly
urged
that
this
Council
might
be
declared
a
Continuation
of
the
former
under
Paul
,
and
Julius
;
but
the
Emperor's
Ambassadours
made
such
fierce
opposition
that
nothing
for
that
time
was
concluded
therein
:
after
which
the
Marquis
de
Pescara
departed
from
Trent
upon
pretence
that
the
affairs
of
his
Government
required
his
presence
at
Milan
;
though
in
reality
it
was
to
avoid
a
concurrence
with
the
French
Ambassadours
,
who
were
then
upon
their
Journey
to
Trent
,
namely
,
the
Lord
of
Lansac
,
Ferrier
who
was
a
President
of
Parliament
,
and
Fabre
Lord
of
Pibrac
,
one
also
of
the
Long-Robe
,
who
arrived
two
or
three
days
after
the
departure
of
the
Spanish
Ambassadour
.
And
now
misunderstandings
encreased
between
the
Court
of
Rome
,
and
the
Council
of
Trent
,
the
Cardinal
of
Mantoua
himself
who
was
one
of
the
Pope's
Legats
,
being
suspected
of
not
having
had
sufficient
zeal
for
the
Authority
of
the
Court
of
Rome
,
because
he
had
not
seconded
the
Votes
of
the
Spanish
Party
,
who
would
have
declared
this
present
Council
a
Continuation
of
the
former
:
so
that
it
came
to
be
debated
at
Rome
,
whether
it
were
not
necessary
to
recall
the
Cardinal
of
Mantoua
from
his
Presidency
,
or
to
place
some
other
Collegue
in
Commission
above
him
.
On
the
other
side
the
Council
was
as
much
dissatisfied
with
the
Court
of
Rome
,
as
the
Court
of
Rome
was
with
Trent
;
because
that
many
things
were
designed
there
to
moderate
the
Papal
Authority
,
and
give
a
greater
latitude
of
Power
to
Princes
,
and
Arch-Bishops
in
the
exercise
both
of
the
spiritual
and
temporal
jurisdiction
:
nor
were
the
Prelats
free
from
all
variance
amongst
themselves
,
whose
interests
several
times
interfering
one
with
other
,
administred
subject
of
Dispute
,
which
ended
in
Reproaches
,
and
Obloquies
of
one
against
the
other
.
The
French
Ambassadours
being
admitted
to
Audience
in
a
Congregation
assembled
the
26th
of
May
;
Fibrac
made
a
very
eloquent
and
pathetical
Oration
,
wherein
he
reproved
the
indiscreet
and
ill-guided
zeal
of
those
,
who
would
not
part
with
one
insignificant
ceremony
,
to
gain
the
common
quiet
,
and
peace
of
the
Church
,
and
the
salvation
of
many
souls
.
He
also
openly
declaimed
against
the
violence
imposed
in
the
Council
,
which
ought
to
have
been
free
;
And
considering
that
preceding
Councils
had
for
some
Ages
past
suffered
their
Opinions
and
Sentiments
to
be
overswayed
by
a
superiour
Power
,
and
serve
an
interest
for
whose
sake
they
were
not
assembled
,
he
did
therefore
now
exhort
the
Fathers
then
present
,
that
they
would
take
such
measures
as
might
without
mixture
of
other
considerations
cure
,
and
heal
the
Diseases
of
the
Church
,
produce
Peace
,
and
propagate
Charity
in
the
World
;
and
secure
the
Flock
of
Christ
from
usurpation
,
and
Oppression
.
This
Speech
so
startled
the
Council
,
that
the
Prolocutor
having
nothing
to
reply
,
gave
an
end
to
the
Congregation
of
that
Day
.
On
the
4th
.
of
June
a
Session
was
held
,
in
which
the
Commissions
of
Ambassadours
were
read
and
an
Answer
given
by
the
Prolocutor
to
the
Speech
of
Pibrac
,
which
was
ill
resented
by
the
French
,
and
then
the
Session
ended
,
and
another
appointed
on
the
16th
.
of
July
.
In
the
mean
time
several
Congregations
were
held
,
whereat
the
chief
matter
debated
was
the
administration
of
the
Sacrament
of
the
Holy
Communion
to
the
Laiety
in
both
kinds
:
the
Imperial
and
French
Ambassadours
contended
for
it
,
as
did
also
the
Minister
of
the
Duke
of
Bavaria
;
and
on
that
subject
joyned
together
in
a
Memorial
:
in
which
they
represented
,
and
produced
the
Writings
of
the
Popes
Paul
,
and
Julius
,
wherein
they
had
acknowledged
the
necessity
of
yielding
the
Cup
to
such
of
the
Laiety
,
as
should
demand
it
,
it
being
the
only
means
whereby
to
conserve
the
Kingdom
of
Bohemia
in
obedience
to
the
Sea
of
Rome
.
That
already
in
the
Kingdom
of
Hungary
the
People
did
force
the
Priests
to
administer
the
Sacrament
to
them
in
both
kinds
,
threatning
for
want
thereof
to
seize
their
Estates
,
and
take
away
their
lives
.
After
many
Debates
on
divers
Subjects
at
several
Congregations
,
at
length
the
day
of
Session
came
being
the
16th
of
July
;
at
which
the
Decrees
were
read
,
and
four
Canons
confirmed
with
Anathemas
thereunto
annexed
.
First
,
That
the
faithful
Laiety
are
not
obliged
by
any
Command
to
communicate
in
both
kinds
.
Secondly
,
That
the
Church
upon
very
good
grounds
,
and
reasons
had
taken
away
the
Cup
from
the
Laiety
.
Thirdly
,
That
whosoever
receives
the
Bread
onely
,
receives
Jesus
Christ
,
as
fully
,
and
intirely
to
all
ends
,
and
purposes
of
spiritual
Grace
,
and
Salvation
.
Fourthly
,
That
the
Communion
is
not
necessary
for
Infants
.
All
which
was
impertinent
to
the
question
demanded
,
namely
,
whether
such
as
were
not
satisfied
herewith
might
not
receive
the
Sacrament
in
both
kinds
,
if
desired
by
them
:
wherefore
to
please
the
Germans
,
who
made
great
noise
about
this
Point
,
the
determination
thereof
was
referred
to
the
following
Session
:
likewise
many
other
matters
were
enacted
,
and
decreed
for
Reformation
of
abuses
committed
by
the
Questors
,
who
were
a
sort
of
Rascals
,
and
Caterpillers
,
who
under
the
pretence
of
recommendatory
Letters
to
all
Good
People
,
exhorting
them
to
contribute
their
Alms
to
pious
Works
,
such
as
the
building
of
Hospitals
for
the
sick
,
and
for
maintenance
of
Orphans
,
framed
a
thousand
damnable
Artifices
to
extort
Money
from
the
People
;
in
which
for
the
more
formality
they
disguised
themselves
in
strange
Habits
,
and
by
sound
of
Bell
carried
before
them
,
assembled
the
People
,
and
offered
their
Indulgences
to
sale
,
terrifying
those
who
refused
to
buy
them
with
a
thousand
Curses
,
and
Maledictions
;
the
which
Money
by
agreement
with
Officers
at
Rome
was
appropriated
to
their
own
use
and
a
part
to
the
benefit
of
those
,
who
had
procured
the
Authority
for
raising
these
Collections
.
So
that
this
abuse
was
condemned
,
and
wholly
abolished
.
Likewise
other
Decrees
passed
for
regulation
of
Dioceses
,
Parishes
,
and
Non-Residencies
:
And
in
the
mean
time
Posts
ran
continually
from
Trent
to
Rome
,
and
back
again
with
Treaties
,
and
Negotiations
between
the
Ambassadours
of
several
Princes
,
and
the
Legats
,
besides
a
thousand
other
Intrigues
formed
by
the
Prelats
,
who
were
encreased
to
a
number
four
times
greater
,
than
in
the
time
of
the
two
preceding
Councils
under
Julius
and
Paul
III.
All
which
in
the
conclusion
produced
so
little
,
that
we
may
well
apply
that
saying
.
Parturiunt
montes
nascetur
ridiculus
mus
.
The
French
Ambassadours
attended
all
this
time
in
the
Council
without
any
reasonable
satisfaction
;
for
they
observed
that
the
most
material
Points
of
Religion
were
debated
,
and
determined
in
the
absence
of
their
Bishops
,
all
being
carried
by
the
Vogue
,
and
suffrages
of
Spaniards
,
Portugueses
,
and
Italians
:
Wherefore
they
earnestly
wrote
to
the
King
to
hasten
his
Bishops
,
who
might
maintain
and
support
the
Points
they
had
to
propose
for
a
Reformation
;
for
want
of
whom
and
that
nothing
could
be
proposed
in
the
Council
,
but
by
the
Legats
,
that
clause
availing
in
the
Method
agreed
,
Proponentibus
Legatis
,
the
Court
of
Rome
became
absolute
Moderator
in
all
Disputes
,
carrying
every
thing
at
pleasure
,
by
the
great
numbers
of
their
Pensionary
Bishops
;
and
in
short
,
that
there
was
very
little
hopes
of
any
good
result
from
the
determination
of
this
Council
.
After
this
Session
;
matters
were
preparing
at
several
Congregations
against
the
next
,
which
was
appointed
to
be
held
on
the
17th
.
of
September
for
confirmation
of
the
Sacrifice
of
the
Mass
:
in
discussing
of
which
Point
;
an
unlucky
question
was
started
,
Whether
Jesus
Christ
did
then
offer
,
and
sacrifice
himself
,
when
he
first
instituted
the
Sacrament
of
the
Eucharist
:
for
if
he
did
not
at
that
time
sacrifice
himself
,
then
the
Mass
which
is
founded
on
this
Institution
,
Do
this
in
remembrance
of
me
,
is
no
Sacrifice
:
and
if
he
did
sacrifice
himself
,
it
must
have
been
propitiatory
,
and
then
the
Sacrifice
on
the
Cross
had
been
unprofitable
,
and
unnecessary
;
for
it
is
said
,
He
Offered
himself
but
once
;
and
then
the
sins
of
mankind
had
been
expiated
by
the
Sacrifice
of
the
Eucharist
:
the
which
created
so
much
doubt
,
and
Dispute
,
that
some
were
of
Opinion
,
that
it
were
best
to
leave
the
ceremonies
of
the
Roman
Mass
free
,
and
undetermined
by
any
particular
Decree
or
Canon
of
the
Church
:
the
which
Opinion
though
displeasing
to
the
generality
of
the
Council
,
was
yet
seconded
by
the
Bishop
of
quinque
Ecclesiae
,
the
Emperor's
Ambassador
;
who
moved
that
Germany
might
not
be
obliged
to
any
uniformity
of
Ceremonies
,
and
particularly
might
have
the
Cup
granted
to
their
Laiety
in
the
Sacrament
,
and
not
be
obliged
to
have
their
Service
in
the
Latin
Tongue
.
The
which
he
represented
in
the
name
of
his
Master
to
be
so
agreeable
and
necessary
to
the
present
State
of
that
Country
,
that
without
such
a
Dispensation
it
was
impossible
,
to
contain
his
people
under
any
obedience
to
the
Church
,
or
oblige
them
to
make
resistance
against
the
Turk
,
whose
violences
they
less
feared
,
than
the
impositions
,
and
tyrannies
of
the
Papal
Sea
.
This
matter
being
argued
with
great
heat
on
both
sides
,
and
without
any
determination
,
it
was
moved
,
that
this
Proposal
of
the
Germans
should
be
remitted
to
the
Pope
;
but
this
also
was
opposed
by
the
Bishop
of
Lavaur
;
who
argued
that
it
was
very
improper
to
remit
that
to
the
Pope
,
which
he
had
referred
to
the
judgment
of
that
Assembly
:
and
that
it
might
reasonably
be
questioned
whether
that
reference
were
made
to
him
under
the
notion
of
being
Superiour
,
or
Inferiour
to
the
Council
;
and
then
in
that
case
,
that
question
was
first
to
be
determined
.
Howsoever
,
at
length
it
was
carried
in
the
Affirmative
,
and
the
question
referred
to
the
judgment
of
the
Pope
to
consider
,
and
determine
under
what
restrictions
,
and
circumstances
the
Cup
might
be
granted
to
the
Laiety
.
In
this
manner
with
a
thousand
Disputes
and
difficulties
,
1562.
an
other
Session
was
held
on
the
17th
.
of
September
.
At
which
after
the
usual
Ceremonies
were
performed
;
they
immediately
fell
upon
the
particulars
treated
in
the
preceding
Congregation
,
containing
nine
several
Articles
,
all
which
were
confirmed
,
and
strengthned
with
Anathemas
:
the
contents
of
which
were
to
establish
the
Doctrine
of
the
necessity
of
a
perpetual
Sacrifice
,
to
verifie
the
Sacrifice
of
the
Mass
,
and
that
the
same
was
truly
and
really
propitiatory
.
The
Ceremonies
also
of
this
Sacrifice
,
and
the
purity
of
the
Canon
of
the
Mass
,
and
the
celebration
of
it
in
the
Latin
Tongue
,
were
all
confirmed
:
as
likewise
that
the
Mass
might
be
performed
without
other
Communicants
than
the
Priest
onely
,
that
it
might
be
celebrated
in
honour
of
the
Saints
,
and
that
the
Wine
ought
to
be
used
with
a
mixture
of
Water
.
To
which
particulars
the
Fathers
gave
their
Placet
22
,
or
23
,
only
excepted
,
amongst
which
the
chief
was
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Granada
,
who
could
by
no
means
be
persuaded
to
relish
the
Doctrine
,
that
Jesus
Christ
did
offer
himself
in
the
first
institution
of
the
Holy
Eucharist
.
Moreover
,
other
Decrees
were
read
,
and
passed
relating
to
the
regulation
of
Bishopricks
,
giving
the
Bishops
full
power
to
inspect
the
nature
of
Dispensations
,
whether
they
were
fairly
or
subreptitiously
procured
;
as
also
Authority
to
visit
Hospitals
,
and
Colledges
,
and
survey
the
Buildings
of
religious
Foundations
,
with
this
clause
,
and
under
this
Character
howsoever
,
as
being
Delegates
of
the
Holy
Sea
.
Likewise
other
things
passed
of
no
great
moment
,
with
which
this
Session
was
concluded
.
The
Decrees
of
this
Session
were
satisfactory
to
very
few
:
for
the
Emperor
remained
highly
displeased
,
that
the
matter
of
the
Cup
was
referred
to
the
Pope
,
well
knowing
that
the
concession
of
this
Point
would
have
been
much
more
acceptable
to
his
Subjects
from
the
Council
,
than
from
the
Pope
,
against
whom
they
had
demonstrated
a
detestable
aversion
.
Exceptions
were
also
made
to
that
Decree
,
which
gives
the
Bishops
a
Power
over
religious
Houses
contrary
to
the
intention
of
the
Donors
,
who
desired
that
the
Revenues
,
and
management
thereof
should
be
administred
by
Lay-persons
:
for
thus
said
they
,
was
the
manner
how
the
Clergy
possessed
themselves
of
the
Lands
,
and
Revenues
of
Hospitals
,
and
Colledges
,
and
other
religious
Foundations
,
making
themselves
Owners
,
and
absolute
Masters
of
what
they
were
onely
Stewards
,
and
Administrators
:
and
this
formerly
the
Parliament
of
Paris
looked
upon
as
an
Usurpation
,
and
encroachment
of
the
Clergy
on
the
civil
Right
,
and
Jurisdiction
;
the
like
judgment
also
they
gave
of
Wills
and
Testaments
,
the
inspection
into
which
by
the
Bishop
,
was
judged
an
intrenchment
,
of
the
Secular
Power
.
Howsoever
,
the
Pope
remained
extreamly
satisfied
with
the
conclusion
of
this
Session
,
all
things
having
been
managed
according
to
his
own
Orders
,
and
Instructions
.
And
now
for
the
future
he
resolved
to
stand
upon
his
guard
,
and
countermine
the
Plots
,
and
Artifices
of
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
,
who
came
,
as
he
was
well
assured
,
with
vast
designs
,
as
did
also
the
French
Bishops
who
were
armed
with
Maxims
diametrically
opposite
to
his
Authority
;
against
whom
and
the
other
Ultramontanes
,
he
resolved
to
reinforce
his
numbers
,
and
power
in
the
Council
by
new
recruits
of
Italian
Bishops
.
The
same
day
that
this
last
Session
was
concluded
,
the
French
Ambassadours
received
Letters
from
their
Master
,
requiring
them
to
move
the
Council
,
that
a
stop
might
be
given
to
their
proceedings
in
matters
of
Doctrine
,
until
the
Bishops
from
France
should
arrive
;
and
that
in
the
mean
time
they
would
prepare
matters
tending
to
the
Reformation
of
manners
and
abuses
crept
into
the
Church
,
which
was
the
only
Sovereign
remedy
capable
to
cure
the
distempers
of
the
Church
:
the
which
Instructions
the
Ambassadours
having
made
known
to
the
Legats
,
by
whom
according
to
due
Order
all
matters
were
proposed
;
received
this
Answer
from
them
:
That
they
could
not
invert
the
Rule
,
and
method
already
designed
,
for
decision
of
the
Doctrines
of
Faith
,
and
reformation
of
Manners
,
but
were
forced
to
proceed
,
in
their
usual
course
,
without
any
delay
,
and
interruption
;
and
if
their
King
had
any
thing
to
propose
,
it
might
be
done
by
them
his
Ambassadours
,
whom
he
had
deputed
to
represent
his
concernments
at
the
Council
.
This
Answer
did
little
please
the
Ambassadors
,
so
that
they
appeared
openly
discontented
:
and
the
Pope
on
the
other
side
fearing
lest
the
power
,
and
wisdom
of
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
,
should
be
stronger
than
his
Auxiliaries
of
Italian
Bishops
,
endeavoured
by
his
Legat
in
France
to
take
him
off
,
persuading
him
that
his
Negotiations
in
the
Council
could
procure
him
no
reputation
,
in
regard
that
all
things
were
already
done
,
and
concluded
.
And
indeed
they
were
much
in
the
right
,
for
the
Legats
having
a
desire
to
dispatch
,
and
put
a
period
to
the
Council
,
were
resolved
to
hearken
unto
no
delays
,
but
to
proceed
to
the
two
Articles
of
Doctrine
,
namely
,
the
Sacraments
(
as
they
called
them
)
of
Ordination
,
and
Marriage
,
which
were
the
onely
Points
remaining
to
be
examined
,
and
determined
.
On
which
Points
the
Congregations
began
to
treat
on
the
25th
of
September
,
and
continued
their
Discourses
and
Treatises
thereupon
until
the
second
of
October
.
1562.
But
all
the
Disputes
which
arose
upon
these
Subjects
seemed
impertinent
,
and
loss
of
time
to
the
Bishop
of
quinque
Ecclesiae
,
and
the
other
Hungarian
Prelats
,
as
also
to
the
Polanders
and
Spaniards
;
who
at
a
private
Conference
amongst
themselves
concluded
,
that
their
meeting
was
chiefly
with
design
to
reform
abuses
in
manners
which
were
crept
into
the
Church
,
rather
than
to
determine
matters
of
Faith
;
that
in
this
work
it
was
necessary
to
begin
the
Reformation
at
the
Court
of
Rome
,
which
was
the
Head
,
and
source
from
whence
the
streams
ought
to
be
derived
in
their
purity
;
reflecting
with
deep
sense
of
displeasure
,
on
the
encroachments
which
the
Court
of
Rome
made
on
their
Episcopal
Dignity
:
and
in
order
hereunto
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Braganca
was
of
Opinion
,
that
the
first
thing
to
be
done
,
was
to
reduce
the
Cardinals
to
their
primary
Institution
;
for
that
until
the
10th
.
Century
they
were
mere
Priests
;
and
onely
began
from
that
time
to
exalt
their
Dignities
,
and
yet
until
the
12th
.
Century
they
were
esteemed
inferiour
to
Bishops
;
though
since
that
time
by
several
degrees
and
steps
they
have
so
elevated
,
and
promoted
their
quality
with
Titles
,
and
extention
of
Power
,
that
a
Bishop
is
esteemed
to
have
had
honour
sufficient
,
in
being
onely
admitted
a
domestick
Chaplain
to
a
Cardinal
,
and
therefore
to
bring
the
Episcopal
Dignity
again
into
request
,
it
were
necessary
to
have
it
expresly
declared
by
the
Council
,
that
that
Hierarchy
is
Jure
Divino
,
and
that
Bishops
hold
their
Power
,
and
Authority
immediately
from
Jesus
Christ
,
and
not
from
the
Pope
.
The
which
question
came
at
a
seasonable
,
and
an
opportune
time
to
be
discussed
;
for
one
Article
under
consideration
being
then
to
define
that
the
Order
of
Episcopacy
was
above
that
of
Priesthood
,
it
fell
naturally
into
the
Enquiry
,
Whether
that
Superiority
was
by
Divine
Right
or
not
.
Now
the
Legats
at
first
not
comprehending
the
meaning
and
design
,
why
this
question
was
proposed
with
so
much
heat
,
suffered
it
to
proceed
to
a
free
examination
:
but
so
soon
as
they
discovered
by
the
Bishop
of
Fortosa
who
was
a
Spaniard
and
yet
Pensioner
of
Rome
,
that
the
Arch-Bishops
of
Granada
,
and
Barganca
intended
on
the
consequences
of
this
Determination
to
infer
,
that
their
Order
being
established
by
Divine
Right
and
not
received
from
the
Papal
Chair
,
their
Power
would
seem
more
inherent
in
themselves
,
and
less
dependant
on
the
Supreme
Bishop
.
So
that
the
Legats
being
awakened
by
this
intimation
,
denied
to
have
that
question
put
on
the
tryal
,
and
notwithstanding
the
high
and
passionate
words
which
intervened
between
them
,
and
the
Arch-Bishops
of
Spain
,
they
positively
forbad
the
Divines
to
treat
farther
on
that
Subject
.
Howsoever
after
the
Legats
had
considered
,
that
the
Authority
of
these
great
Men
had
so
deeply
impressed
this
Opinion
in
the
minds
of
the
inferiour
Clergy
,
as
was
not
to
be
defaced
by
the
single
dash
of
an
over-ruling
Power
;
they
appointed
four
Divines
to
confute
the
Arguments
of
the
Spanish
Prelats
,
and
to
prove
that
the
Bishops
held
their
Power
from
the
Pope
,
and
not
immediately
from
Jesus
Christ
;
and
that
Episcopacy
was
no
otherwise
of
Divine
Right
,
than
as
the
whole
Order
of
that
Hierarchy
was
inherent
in
the
Pope
,
as
the
Head
,
and
source
from
whence
all
Ecclesiastical
Power
was
derived
;
by
virtue
of
which
,
it
was
in
him
onely
to
ordain
Bishops
over
particular
Churches
,
to
augment
,
enlarge
,
or
restrain
their
jurisdiction
,
and
to
depose
,
suspend
,
and
transfer
their
trust
,
and
dignity
unto
others
,
as
he
in
his
wisdom
,
and
infallible
judgment
should
determine
,
and
command
.
In
defence
of
this
Opinion
Lainez
General
of
the
Jesuits
,
an
Orator
of
particular
Note
was
appointed
in
a
set
Speech
,
and
at
a
Congregation
purposely
called
to
hear
him
on
this
question
;
and
thereupon
such
liberty
was
given
him
of
Discourse
,
that
he
declaimed
for
the
space
of
two
hours
without
any
interruption
,
alledging
every
thing
which
with
any
appearance
of
colour
might
be
deduced
from
Scripture
,
or
the
Antient
Fathers
;
all
which
was
concluded
with
the
general
Applause
of
the
Papal
Party
;
whilest
others
of
the
contrary
Opinion
were
offended
,
and
netled
in
the
highest
degree
.
Amongst
the
rest
the
Bishop
of
Paris
at
the
next
Congregation
spake
high
,
and
protested
publickly
against
this
Doctrine
,
which
(
as
he
said
)
was
invented
by
Cajetan
,
who
thereby
merited
the
reward
of
a
Cardinals
Hat
,
that
the
gentle
Government
of
the
Church
was
degenerated
into
Tyranny
,
that
the
Spouse
of
Jesus
Christ
was
made
a
Slave
,
and
prostituted
to
the
Arbitrary
pleasure
of
a
single
Person
.
That
for
his
part
he
was
weary
of
those
affronts
,
and
contempts
which
were
daily
offered
to
the
Episcopal
Dignity
,
on
which
every
petty
Monk
began
to
trample
;
nor
could
he
longer
support
the
neglects
which
the
Order
of
begging
Friers
put
on
that
Sacred
Function
,
nor
the
insolences
of
the
upstart
Company
of
Jesuits
,
who
being
neither
Seculars
,
nor
Regulars
,
but
a
mix'd
composition
of
both
,
acknowledged
no
other
Jurisdiction
,
but
their
own
.
All
which
was
delivered
with
such
heat
and
vehemence
,
as
moved
the
bloud
,
and
farther
incensed
the
minds
of
all
those
who
were
already
enflamed
with
Resentments
against
the
Speech
of
Lainez
;
so
that
there
was
a
common
murmur
through
the
whole
Council
,
universally
concluding
that
the
Speech
of
the
Bishop
of
Paris
was
a
clear
refutation
of
all
the
frothy
Oratory
,
delivered
by
the
General
of
the
Jesuits
:
howsoever
the
Legats
still
persisted
in
their
Assertion
,
and
for
support
thereof
were
forming
a
new
Party
against
the
Spanish
Prelats
.
But
these
Disputes
,
and
heats
were
for
a
while
suppressed
by
the
many
instances
which
were
made
by
the
Spaniards
,
French
,
Germans
and
others
for
a
Reformation
;
desiring
that
all
other
Debates
,
and
Controversies
being
laid
aside
,
the
Council
would
be
wholly
intent
to
that
great
work
of
rectifying
abuses
,
which
was
the
onely
means
that
could
produce
peace
,
and
quiet
in
the
Church
.
But
the
Legats
withstood
this
shock
,
and
endeavoured
by
delays
and
Artifices
to
evade
this
Assault
made
upon
the
Papal
Power
:
on
which
they
dreaded
the
storm
,
which
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
would
make
thereupon
;
for
he
being
now
on
his
Journey
to
Trent
,
gave
out
in
all
places
through
which
he
travelled
,
that
his
Design
was
to
abate
the
greatness
and
pride
of
the
Pope
,
and
to
ease
the
People
of
their
Oppressions
,
and
Tyrannies
which
they
suffered
by
the
Court
of
Rome
.
This
Cardinal
was
a
Person
of
great
Power
,
Interest
,
and
Revenue
in
France
,
and
therefore
impatient
of
subjection
to
a
Foreiner
,
and
desirous
himself
to
be
Pope
,
or
supreme
Head
of
the
Gallican
Church
;
to
break
all
these
Measures
,
and
countermine
these
Plots
,
the
Legats
proposed
several
,
and
different
means
:
sometimes
it
was
resolved
,
that
the
Pope
should
come
to
Bolegna
,
that
his
near
residence
might
over-awe
the
Council
;
but
not
knowing
how
this
might
operate
;
the
next
expedient
was
to
adjourn
the
Council
to
some
other
place
,
to
pro●ogue
it
for
some
certain
time
,
and
in
fine
,
if
all
should
fail
,
then
to
dissolve
it
.
But
this
Remedy
seeming
too
violent
,
it
was
judged
more
convenient
to
suspend
for
a
while
the
ordinary
course
of
the
Congregations
,
hoping
that
with
time
the
spirits
,
and
heats
which
Lainez
Discourse
had
raised
,
would
abate
,
and
be
allayed
.
But
this
Remedy
produced
a
contrary
effect
;
for
the
Prelats
being
at
leisure
,
banded
together
,
and
dividing
into
several
Factions
,
and
Meetings
,
formed
as
many
Councils
,
as
were
Parties
,
or
interests
.
Thus
seven
days
passing
without
Congregations
,
the
Spaniards
grew
weary
of
the
delays
,
and
with
a
haughty
,
and
arrogant
manner
associating
themselves
together
came
to
the
Legats
,
and
possitively
demanded
,
that
Episcopacy
should
be
declared
to
be
by
Divine
Right
,
to
oppose
this
Spanish
stiffness
,
natural
to
the
humour
of
that
Nation
;
eighteen
or
twenty
Prelats
were
set
up
to
contradict
this
Demand
,
and
require
that
no
Determination
should
be
made
of
that
Controversie
.
So
that
the
Legats
making
use
of
these
divisions
to
excuse
themselves
,
not
being
able
to
satisfie
both
Parties
,
all
things
remained
in
suspense
,
and
in
the
mean
time
there
was
nothing
but
confusion
,
and
tumult
,
and
Consults
,
how
,
and
in
what
manner
to
make
Parties
,
and
Interests
;
which
gave
the
Legats
just
cause
to
fear
the
ill
effect
which
these
Disorders
might
produce
.
After
this
intermission
of
Congregations
;
on
the
3d.
of
November
they
began
again
to
meet
;
when
many
Expedients
were
proposed
to
accommodate
the
Disputes
which
made
so
great
a
noise
,
namely
,
Whether
Episcopacy
,
and
the
Residence
of
Bishops
in
their
respective
Dioceses
,
were
instituted
by
Divine
Right
.
As
to
the
latter
the
Cardinal
of
Mantoua
,
one
of
the
Legats
,
did
propose
to
have
the
question
remain
undecided
;
but
howsoever
,
that
every
Bishop
should
be
obliged
under
severe
penalties
to
reside
in
his
Diocess
;
it
being
not
material
,
whether
such
residence
were
Jure
Divino
,
or
not
,
provided
that
every
person
,
observed
,
and
performed
his
duty
therein
.
But
the
first
question
was
controverted
with
more
passion
,
the
Bishop
of
Segovia
averring
,
that
the
Order
of
Episcopacy
was
declared
by
the
Council
held
under
Julius
III.
to
be
Jure
Divino
.
Upon
reading
the
Act
,
though
the
Roman
Party
would
not
dare
▪
to
say
,
that
the
Council
had
erred
in
that
Point
;
yet
they
endeavoured
to
evade
the
force
of
it
,
by
distinguishing
between
the
Order
abstractively
,
and
the
Jurisdiction
of
it
.
During
these
Contests
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
arrived
at
Trent
,
where
he
made
his
entry
on
Horse-back
with
a
great
Train
,
and
Pomp
,
supported
between
the
two
Cardinals
of
Mantoua
,
and
Seripande
,
who
were
the
principal
Legats
.
By
this
addition
the
Council
began
to
be
numerous
;
the
Prelats
onely
amounting
to
the
number
of
two
hundred
and
eighteen
,
which
though
much
inferiour
to
Antient
Councils
,
were
howsoever
a
greater
appearance
than
any
,
that
had
yet
been
known
in
Trent
.
The
favourers
of
the
Roman
Party
looked
on
this
increase
,
as
a
recruit
of
Auxiliaries
,
which
were
come
in
to
reinforce
their
Enemies
:
and
therefore
to
redouble
their
vigilance
,
and
augment
their
force
,
the
Pope
dispeeded
all
the
Power
he
had
of
Cardinals
and
Bishops
to
the
Council
;
fearing
that
the
Union
which
was
formed
between
the
Spaniards
,
French
,
and
Germans
,
would
be
too
powerful
for
his
Italian
Adherents
.
The
23d
.
of
November
was
the
day
when
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
made
his
first
appearance
in
the
Congregation
:
when
as
a
Prologue
to
all
the
rest
,
the
King's
Letters
were
first
read
,
containing
little
more
,
than
to
pray
,
and
exhort
the
Council
in
general
terms
,
that
they
would
bend
all
their
labours
,
and
endeavours
,
towards
a
Reformation
,
and
to
those
means
,
which
might
restore
Peace
,
and
Unity
in
the
Church
.
The
Letters
being
read
,
the
Cardinal
,
in
an
elaborate
,
and
pathetical
Speech
began
to
relate
the
calamities
which
the
Wars
about
Religion
had
caused
in
France
:
desiring
the
Council
that
for
a
remedy
thereof
they
would
be
pleased
to
be
indulgent
to
the
Protestants
,
in
condescending
to
their
weak
,
and
tender
Consciences
so
far
,
as
was
consistent
with
the
Doctrines
of
Faith
:
and
then
declaiming
against
the
corruptions
which
were
crept
into
the
Church
,
he
instantly
desired
,
that
an
inspection
might
be
made
into
the
many
abuses
of
which
the
Clergy
were
guilty
,
to
whom
he
ingeniously
applyed
the
History
of
the
Prophet
Jonas
.
We
,
said
he
,
are
the
cause
of
all
these
storms
,
we
that
have
departed
,
and
fled
from
the
face
of
God
,
cast
us
into
the
Seas
,
and
the
tempest
will
abate
.
This
Discourse
was
seconded
by
the
French
Ambassadour
du
Ferrier
,
much
to
the
same
purpose
,
and
then
concluded
,
thus
:
If
you
ask
me
,
why
France
is
not
in
Peace
,
and
what
is
the
cause
of
all
these
divisions
which
thus
miserably
rend
,
and
tear
out
the
bowels
of
that
distressed
Nation
;
I
must
answer
you
in
the
same
manner
as
Jehu
did
to
Joram
2
Kings
c.
9.
v.
22.
when
he
asked
,
Is
it
peace
,
Jehu
?
How
can
it
be
peace
,
so
long
as
the
whoredoms
of
thy
mother
Jezebel
,
and
her
witchcrafts
are
so
many
?
In
fine
,
he
frankly
told
them
,
That
in
case
they
took
not
some
course
to
reform
the
disorders
in
France
,
all
the
bloud
that
was
there
spilt
,
would
be
laid
to
their
charge
:
and
though
this
plain
dealing
did
infinitely
displease
the
favourers
of
the
Court
of
Rome
,
yet
they
judged
it
seasonable
to
dissemble
their
Resentments
,
fearing
lest
France
in
that
doubtful
state
,
should
make
a
total
defection
from
the
Sea
of
Rome
.
And
now
it
is
curious
,
and
worthy
our
observation
to
consider
,
that
whilest
the
specious
Proposal
of
Reformation
was
offered
,
it
was
plausible
,
and
consented
unto
in
general
terms
by
every
Party
,
and
Interest
;
but
when
they
descended
to
particulars
,
and
would
apply
the
remedies
to
the
respective
abuses
,
then
there
appeared
a
strange
,
and
prodigious
diversity
in
their
Opinions
,
every
one
being
willing
to
reform
others
,
but
not
himself
,
or
his
Party
,
easily
observing
the
Moat
in
their
Brothers
Eye
,
but
not
the
Beam
in
their
own
.
The
Court
of
Rome
would
gladly
assent
to
a
reformation
of
Princes
,
and
Bishops
,
but
not
yield
to
any
inspection
which
might
be
made
into
the
corruptions
of
their
Consistories
,
or
into
the
Power
which
they
had
usurped
.
The
Bishops
could
easily
agree
to
a
reformation
of
Manners
in
the
Courts
of
the
Pope
,
and
of
their
respective
Princes
,
but
could
not
hear
of
having
their
Authority
,
or
Revenues
retrenched
.
The
Kings
and
Princes
instantly
pressed
to
have
a
reformation
of
the
Clergy
both
of
the
Head
and
of
the
Members
,
but
could
not
endure
to
hear
of
having
their
Regalia
diminished
,
or
the
Power
of
conferring
,
and
disposing
Benefices
according
to
their
pleasure
.
Wherefore
it
was
impossible
,
that
all
their
different
Interests
could
ever
be
reconciled
,
or
at
the
end
concenter
in
a
single
Tertio
,
or
common
agreement
.
Wherefore
being
wearied
with
these
Debates
,
and
finding
out
new
Expedients
,
which
could
never
square
with
the
form
of
such
Dissenting
Interests
;
they
again
re-assumed
the
old
and
wearisom
Debates
about
the
being
of
Residencies
,
and
Episcopacy
by
Divine
Right
in
which
nothing
of
the
former
heats
were
abated
.
The
Bishop
of
Auranch
declared
positively
,
that
his
Opinion
was
,
that
Episcopacy
was
by
Divine
Right
,
and
that
the
Authority
of
the
Pope
differed
not
from
that
of
an
ordinary
Bishop
,
but
onely
in
degree
,
and
was
restrained
within
the
limits
of
the
Canons
:
He
farther
applauded
the
Decrees
of
the
Parliament
of
Paris
,
which
declared
the
abusive
Bulls
of
the
Pope
to
be
void
in
their
own
nature
,
and
forbad
to
have
them
put
into
Execution
;
and
thus
much
,
said
he
,
the
Power
of
my
Master
is
able
to
verify
,
and
make
good
.
But
the
heats
about
Residencies
began
to
abate
;
it
being
made
appear
,
that
if
that
Point
were
once
gained
,
it
would
not
onely
be
an
eclipse
,
but
a
total
ruin
of
the
Papal
Authority
;
for
if
the
Residence
of
Bishops
were
declared
to
be
by
Divine
Right
,
it
would
follow
,
that
the
Pope
thenceforth
remains
devested
of
all
Power
to
transfer
,
diminish
,
divide
,
or
make
any
change
,
or
alteration
in
the
Episcopal
Seas
.
All
which
though
the
Spaniards
knew
very
well
,
and
that
their
aim
was
onely
to
advance
their
own
Interest
and
Authority
,
yet
they
would
seem
to
maintain
the
contrary
,
and
that
this
Concession
would
serve
to
render
the
Papal
Power
more
considerable
,
and
glorious
.
In
fine
,
it
was
agreed
to
send
this
Point
about
Residencies
to
the
Pope
by
the
Bishop
of
Ventimille
.
Thus
was
this
whole
year
consumed
in
these
Controversies
,
the
last
day
of
December
,
concluding
with
a
Congregation
,
at
which
it
was
resolved
,
that
the
Session
should
be
deferred
for
fifteen
days
.
At
the
beginning
of
this
year
1563.
1563.
the
French
proposed
thirty
four
Articles
in
order
to
a
Reformation
;
the
most
part
of
which
respected
the
Clergy
,
tending
to
the
correction
of
abuses
in
Ordinations
and
promotion
of
unworthy
Persons
both
for
their
lives
,
and
knowledg
,
to
places
of
eminence
,
and
honour
in
the
Church
.
Some
also
related
to
the
Court
of
Rome
,
and
to
the
retrenchment
of
its
Revenue
,
the
exaction
whereof
was
an
agrievance
to
the
People
of
France
.
Other
Articles
forbad
Plurality
of
Benefices
;
and
Moneys
,
or
rewards
to
be
given
for
administration
of
the
Sacraments
.
It
was
also
required
that
Divine
Service
might
be
rendred
,
and
performed
in
the
French
Tongue
,
at
least
that
the
principal
Prayers
be
pronounced
both
in
the
French
and
in
the
Latin
Tongue
.
That
the
Communion
be
delivered
in
both
kinds
.
That
Bishops
within
their
respective
Dioceses
have
a
jurisdiction
over
the
Religious
in
Monasteries
,
as
well
as
over
Seculars
.
That
all
abuses
be
taken
away
in
the
superstitious
worship
of
Images
,
and
the
fond
and
vain
imaginations
which
Men
conceive
of
Reliques
,
Pilgrimages
and
Indulgences
.
That
the
Doctrine
,
and
practice
of
Penance
should
be
again
renewed
,
and
established
according
to
the
custom
of
the
Primitive
Church
.
All
or
most
of
which
Articles
were
ungrateful
to
the
Legats
,
both
for
the
substance
of
them
,
and
circumstances
with
which
they
were
delivered
,
the
Ambassadours
at
the
same
time
declaring
,
that
in
case
they
were
not
granted
,
such
provisions
would
be
made
in
France
by
a
National
Council
as
were
agreeable
to
the
State
of
their
Affairs
.
Howsoever
the
Legats
seemed
favourably
to
accept
them
,
and
dispatched
them
to
the
Pope
by
the
Bishops
of
Viterbo
.
And
now
by
this
time
the
Pope
was
ready
to
make
a
return
of
the
conclusions
he
had
made
in
the
Point
about
Residencies
,
dispatched
from
Trent
by
the
Bishop
of
Ventimille
;
the
matter
of
which
though
couched
with
great
Art
,
and
in
such
ambiguous
terms
as
might
admit
of
various
interpretations
;
yet
that
artificial
fraud
could
not
pass
on
such
subtil
Heads
,
who
for
their
Learning
,
and
experience
were
chosen
out
of
the
wisest
Men
of
Europe
;
for
they
easily
discovered
the
Pope's
intent
to
advance
himself
above
an
Universal
Council
;
they
could
have
been
contented
to
have
admitted
him
the
Chief
super
Ecclesias
Vniversas
,
but
not
super
Ecclesiam
Vniversalem
;
that
is
over
all
Churches
in
particular
,
but
not
over
the
Universal
Church
as
it
was
aggregated
into
one
body
in
a
General
Council
.
Hereupon
great
Contests
arose
;
the
Pensioners
of
Rome
produced
in
favour
of
the
Pope's
Authority
a
Canon
made
by
the
Council
of
Florence
,
which
having
been
received
by
the
Spaniards
,
gave
them
some
trouble
in
what
manner
to
make
an
Answer
thereunto
.
But
the
French
,
who
had
never
received
the
Articles
of
that
Council
for
Canonical
,
opposed
the
Councils
of
Constance
,
and
Basil
against
it
,
which
had
determined
,
that
General
Councils
were
superiour
to
the
Pope
:
but
the
Italians
,
who
maintained
,
that
the
Council
of
Basil
was
Schismatical
,
and
that
the
Canons
of
Constance
were
partly
received
,
and
partly
rejected
,
so
heated
their
French
Opponents
,
that
Reasons
,
and
Arguments
being
on
both
sides
declined
,
the
Dispute
ended
with
high
words
,
and
reproaches
of
one
against
the
other
.
Which
the
Legats
well
observing
,
and
that
there
could
be
no
good
issue
of
such
high
Contests
,
desired
time
to
remit
these
matters
to
the
Pope's
Censures
;
and
so
proceeded
again
to
the
Point
about
Residencies
:
the
which
having
already
caused
inextricable
difficulties
(
for
the
Pope's
words
did
not
please
the
Council
)
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
proposed
something
by
way
of
Accommodation
,
putting
in
some
gentler
terms
which
might
serve
the
turn
of
both
Parties
:
but
the
Legats
penetrating
with
their
accustomary
Acuteness
into
the
words
,
found
that
the
sense
would
bear
an
Interpretation
,
which
might
be
expounded
in
favour
of
the
Opinion
that
Residencies
were
constituted
by
Divine
Right
.
Wherefore
slighting
,
or
laying
aside
the
words
which
the
Cardinal
had
projected
,
they
framed
another
according
to
their
own
humour
,
and
presented
it
to
the
Congregation
:
the
which
so
incensed
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
,
that
from
thence
forward
,
he
began
to
deal
plainly
,
and
express
himself
in
free
,
and
high
terms
,
protesting
that
for
the
future
he
would
meddle
no
farther
,
for
that
he
observed
a
secret
Combination
,
which
in
Cabinet
Consults
assumed
to
its
self
an
Authority
to
dispose
matters
differing
from
the
Sentiments
of
the
General
Council
.
That
the
Legats
sought
nothing
more
than
occasions
to
break
up
the
Council
in
discontent
.
That
nothing
was
acted
,
but
according
to
the
will
of
the
Legats
,
who
moved
by
such
measures
only
as
they
received
from
the
Pope
,
whose
resolution
in
every
thing
they
expected
from
Rome
according
to
that
old
saying
,
That
the
Holy
Ghost
was
brought
every
week
from
Rome
to
Trent
in
the
Courriers
Portmantle
.
That
he
for
his
part
was
resolved
to
have
patience
until
the
next
Session
,
at
which
if
matters
were
not
managed
with
more
fair
proceedings
,
he
was
resolved
to
retire
into
France
with
his
French
Nation
then
at
the
Council
,
where
renouncing
all
farther
applications
to
Rome
,
or
Trent
,
they
were
resolved
to
assemble
a
National
Council
,
by
which
they
would
establish
such
a
form
of
Concordat
,
as
should
be
agreeable
to
the
present
state
of
their
Country
,
and
which
might
secure
the
safety
of
the
King
and
the
quiet
of
his
People
.
To
the
same
purpose
the
French
Ambassadour
expressed
himself
at
Rome
;
but
the
Pope
who
had
been
long
used
to
such
kind
of
Menaces
,
and
a
noise
about
National
Councils
;
little
regarded
their
Censures
,
or
Threats
:
but
briskly
answered
,
That
the
Council
was
free
even
to
a
licentiousness
;
that
if
there
were
Parties
,
and
Factions
,
they
were
unknown
to
him
,
and
were
only
made
by
the
Vltramontane
Bishops
,
whose
design
was
to
trample
on
the
Authority
of
the
Papal
Chair
:
And
in
this
manner
such
distractions
,
and
Disputes
arose
at
Trent
occasioned
by
the
Power
and
Interest
which
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
had
there
with
the
greatest
part
of
the
Clergy
,
that
the
Congregations
were
for
some
time
suspended
,
until
the
Cardinal
of
Ventimille
returned
from
Rome
,
freighted
with
abundance
of
Complements
,
and
Salutes
,
and
especially
with
supplies
of
Mony
for
the
Pope's
Pensioners
;
and
then
the
Congregations
being
again
commenced
,
and
with
them
the
Discords
renewed
;
it
was
agreed
,
that
the
next
Session
should
be
deferred
until
the
22th
.
of
April
,
which
was
presently
after
Easter
.
The
Cardinal
of
Lorain
though
he
seemed
outwardly
to
consent
hereunto
with
some
reluctancy
,
and
onely
in
compliance
with
the
rest
of
the
Council
,
yet
in
reality
he
was
well
enough
pleased
,
hoping
that
a
short
time
would
put
an
end
to
the
life
of
this
Pope
,
who
was
very
aged
,
and
infirm
;
when
he
imagined
that
his
Greatness
,
and
Authority
would
be
very
instrumental
in
promoting
such
a
Person
to
the
Papacy
,
as
would
be
facil
,
and
easie
in
granting
every
thing
agreeable
to
his
desires
.
And
now
to
allay
a
little
the
heats
about
the
Divine
Right
of
Episcopacy
,
and
Residencies
,
the
Council
diverted
their
thoughts
and
Discourse
to
eight
several
Points
relating
to
Marriage
.
During
which
time
,
and
the
Interval
between
that
,
and
the
next
Session
,
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
took
the
opportunity
to
visit
the
Emperor's
Court
at
Inspruck
,
which
administred
great
cause
of
jealousie
to
the
Pope
;
who
not
onely
observed
the
Cardinal's
dissaffection
from
his
proceedings
in
the
Council
,
but
likewise
from
his
Letter
,
wherein
complaining
of
the
many
Factions
,
and
Intrigues
which
his
Italian
Bishops
had
caused
,
he
concludes
,
that
if
matters
were
carried
on
with
the
same
Measures
,
there
would
remain
nothing
more
for
him
,
either
to
consider
,
or
act
,
than
onely
to
pray
unto
God
to
direct
the
Council
with
his
Holy
Inspiration
.
The
Cardinal
of
Lorain
being
arrived
at
Inspruck
,
where
he
remained
five
days
,
had
frequent
Conferences
with
the
Emperor
,
and
his
Son
the
King
of
the
Romans
,
touching
the
many
disorders
,
and
corruptions
of
the
Council
at
Trent
;
as
also
of
the
means
how
,
and
in
what
manner
the
Cup
might
be
restored
to
the
Laiety
;
how
Marriage
might
be
granted
,
and
dispensed
to
Priests
;
and
Divine
Service
performed
in
the
Vulgar
Tongue
;
but
more
especially
their
thoughts
were
busied
about
reformation
of
the
Church
,
and
the
dissolute
Manners
both
of
the
Head
and
Members
of
it
.
The
Cardinal
being
returned
to
Trent
kept
all
his
Discourses
,
and
Negotiations
at
Inspruck
as
a
Secret
,
declaring
himself
onely
in
general
terms
,
that
he
observed
in
the
Emperor
a
passionate
desire
of
a
Reformation
,
but
yet
without
any
diminution
or
abatement
of
the
Papal
Authority
.
About
this
time
the
Cardinal
of
Mantoua
died
,
who
was
the
first
President
of
the
Council
,
by
whose
decease
the
Cardinal
Seripanda
being
the
next
Legat
,
took
on
him
that
Office
until
such
time
as
the
Pope
nominated
two
other
Cardinals
(
namely
Moron
,
and
Navagier
to
succeed
into
his
place
,
the
which
he
did
with
admirable
expedition
to
prevent
the
instances
,
which
the
French
might
make
in
the
behalf
of
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
.
And
now
the
Point
of
Celibacy
,
or
single
lives
of
Priests
which
was
one
of
the
eight
particulars
relating
to
Marriage
came
into
question
,
which
was
reserved
until
the
time
that
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
could
be
there
present
;
in
handling
of
which
all
the
Divines
agreed
;
that
it
was
Heresie
to
believe
,
that
the
Priests
of
the
Western
Church
being
under
a
Vow
,
and
an
Ecclesiastical
Canon
to
the
contrary
,
were
capable
of
entering
into
a
lawful
State
of
Marriage
;
onely
the
difficulty
was
,
whether
it
was
in
the
Power
of
the
Pope
in
some
cases
to
grant
a
Dispensation
to
a
Priest
against
his
Vow
of
Celibacy
,
and
Chastity
;
and
whether
the
present
emergencies
,
and
necessities
were
such
,
as
might
induce
the
Pope
to
grant
such
Dispensations
.
In
discussing
of
which
question
,
it
was
confessed
,
that
the
Oriental
Churches
,
did
frequently
confer
Holy
Orders
on
Persons
,
who
were
already
married
;
but
yet
that
it
was
never
their
custom
,
to
give
liberty
to
unmarried
Priests
to
change
the
State
of
their
single
life
.
But
others
extended
this
liberty
yet
farther
;
not
restraining
even
Monks
from
that
satisfaction
,
in
maintenance
of
which
they
alledged
the
Authority
of
St.
Austin
;
whose
Opinion
it
was
,
That
Monks
taking
Wives
,
their
Marriage
was
Legal
,
though
it
was
undecent
,
and
what
rendered
them
Prevaricators
from
their
Vows
to
God
,
and
their
Promises
to
the
World
.
In
fine
,
though
the
generality
of
Voices
would
not
proceed
so
far
as
to
make
the
marriage
of
Monks
lawful
,
yet
by
Plurality
of
Votes
,
it
was
carried
,
that
in
some
cases
a
Dispensation
might
be
granted
for
a
Priest
to
marry
:
for
which
Sentence
,
and
for
hazarding
that
question
on
its
tryal
;
the
Pope
much
blamed
his
Legats
,
in
excuse
of
which
,
they
alledged
their
inabibility
to
withstand
the
earnest
instances
which
the
Emperors
,
and
the
Duke
of
Bavaria's
Ambassadours
had
made
in
that
particular
.
About
this
time
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
received
the
bad
news
of
the
death
of
his
Brother
the
Duke
of
Guise
,
who
was
murthered
by
a
Ruffian
before
the
City
of
Orleans
;
which
allarm'd
the
Cardinal
and
caused
him
to
set
a
more
secure
Watch
,
and
Guard
over
his
own
Person
;
nor
was
the
Council
less
concerned
in
the
death
of
this
great
Man
,
who
was
esteemed
the
Head
,
and
Chief
Protector
of
the
Catholick
Party
in
France
.
Amidst
these
troubles
the
Bishop
of
quinque
Ecclesiae
returned
from
Inspruck
to
Trent
bringing
two
Letters
with
him
from
the
Emperor
;
one
whereof
was
to
the
Council
,
instantly
exhorting
them
to
labour
in
the
work
of
Reformation
;
and
another
to
the
Pope
,
earnestly
entreating
him
not
to
dissolve
the
Council
,
lest
thereby
he
should
give
scandal
to
the
Hereticks
,
and
cause
them
to
reproach
,
and
divide
both
the
Church
,
and
its
Assemblies
.
But
above
all
,
he
desired
that
the
Council
might
be
free
,
and
not
confined
by
the
Orders
of
his
Court
,
nor
by
such
Methods
of
proceeding
as
stop'd
the
mouths
of
all
but
his
Legats
,
there
being
nothing
to
be
propounded
but
by
their
words
,
Proponentibus
Legatis
:
and
in
fine
he
complained
,
that
after
all
the
labours
,
and
Disputes
of
the
Bishops
,
and
Divines
to
set
things
right
,
there
was
no
conclusion
,
or
establishment
of
any
matter
,
until
it
had
first
received
its
approbation
from
Rome
.
This
bold
Letter
which
the
Emperor
adventured
to
write
with
more
plain
dealing
than
ever
Charles
V.
or
his
other
Predecessors
durst
to
use
,
highly
offended
the
Pope
,
causing
him
to
return
a
smart
Answer
to
it
in
terms
very
disobliging
to
the
Emperour
;
telling
him
amongst
other
things
,
that
he
was
very
acute
in
observing
the
Disorders
of
the
Council
;
but
in
the
mean
time
was
blind
in
discerning
from
whence
they
proceeded
;
which
if
well
considered
,
were
chiefly
from
himself
,
and
from
others
who
instead
of
receiving
Laws
,
were
pleased
to
give
them
,
and
that
had
he
followed
the
example
of
Constantine
,
and
Theodosius
,
those
divisions
,
and
discords
which
appear
in
the
Council
would
never
entered
,
or
would
speedily
have
vanished
.
Howsoever
,
the
Emperor
still
continuing
to
oppose
the
Pope
,
joyned
with
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
,
and
the
French
Party
,
to
examine
▪
and
confute
the
arguments
which
the
Papal
Faction
brought
to
sustain
the
clause
of
Regens
Ecclesiam
Vniversalem
,
which
set
up
the
Pope
above
the
Authority
of
a
General
Council
.
So
that
the
Pope
perceiving
,
that
there
was
no
hopes
of
gaining
either
the
Emperor
,
or
the
French
to
his
side
,
resolved
to
joyn
himself
to
the
Spaniards
,
who
having
received
the
Council
of
Florence
were
easily
persuaded
to
admit
the
clause
,
against
which
the
others
had
objected
.
So
that
the
Pope
having
his
chief
support
from
the
Spanish
party
treated
the
Ambassadour
of
that
Nation
with
a
distinguishing
kindness
,
and
respect
;
for
which
reason
the
Count
de
Luna
,
then
Ambassadour
for
Spain
at
the
Emperor's
Court
,
wrote
to
the
Secretary
of
the
Embassy
at
Trent
,
as
also
to
the
Arch-Bishop
,
and
Bishop
of
Granada
,
Leon
,
and
Segovia
,
desiring
them
to
persuade
the
other
Spanish
Bishops
to
moderate
their
passions
against
the
Court
of
Rome
,
and
convert
them
into
a
zeal
for
the
Papal
Interest
;
so
that
the
like
inclinations
swaying
that
whole
Nation
,
the
Count
d'
Avila
who
was
Ambassadour
for
Spain
at
Rome
,
became
extreamly
partial
to
the
Pope's
side
:
for
when
the
Imperialists
at
a
Conference
with
the
Pope
demanded
,
that
the
Cup
might
be
given
to
the
Laiety
,
and
that
Priests
might
be
permitted
to
marry
,
the
Spaniards
opposed
both
;
by
which
Divisions
the
Pope
gladly
made
his
excuse
to
determine
neither
Point
,
pretending
in
that
doubtful
condition
to
refer
all
to
the
determination
of
the
Council
.
About
this
time
the
Cardinal
Seripanda
one
of
the
Legats
died
,
as
had
not
long
before
his
Colleague
the
Cardinal
of
Mantoua
,
so
that
for
some
time
the
Congregation
adjourned
,
until
the
supply
of
new
Legats
were
come
from
Rome
,
who
were
daily
expected
.
And
now
the
Pope
,
who
with
long
delays
and
general
terms
had
wearied
out
the
patience
of
those
,
who
expresly
contended
for
a
Reformation
,
began
to
consider
of
the
ways
,
and
means
,
how
he
might
absolutely
throw
off
the
thoughts
of
it
,
and
handsomly
acquit
himself
with
the
French
Nation
thereupon
,
He
was
once
inclined
,
as
was
▪
said
,
to
have
granted
all
the
Points
demanded
,
which
did
not
intrench
upon
the
Papal
Authority
,
and
voluntarily
have
yielded
a
License
for
Priests
to
marry
,
and
to
the
Laiety
the
Communion
in
both
kinds
:
but
then
considering
that
these
concessions
would
open
a
gate
to
other
Demands
,
and
to
such
a
croud
of
Novelties
,
which
pressing
in
at
this
breach
might
ruine
,
and
over-run
all
the
constitutions
,
and
Canons
of
the
Church
;
he
therefore
resolved
to
keep
himself
firm
to
the
present
State
of
Principles
,
and
Governments
,
which
he
doubted
not
but
to
maintain
,
in
case
he
could
work
off
the
Emperor
from
the
French
Party
;
to
which
end
,
he
ordered
the
Cardinal
of
Moron
who
was
to
succeed
into
the
place
of
one
of
the
deceased
Legats
to
pass
from
Trent
to
Inspruck
,
there
to
treat
with
the
Emperor
;
and
representing
to
him
,
how
fatal
such
Novelties
would
be
to
the
Church
,
endeavour
to
persuade
him
not
to
insist
farther
on
those
Points
,
but
leaving
the
French
to
their
own
Opinions
,
to
take
part
with
the
Pope
,
and
the
King
of
Spain
,
whose
friendship
was
more
stable
,
and
secure
,
than
that
of
France
.
At
this
time
news
came
to
Trent
,
that
the
King
had
concluded
a
Peace
at
Orleans
with
his
Protestant
Subjects
;
and
it
was
suggested
at
Rome
,
that
this
Peace
was
made
by
contrivance
of
the
French
Bishops
,
who
secretly
,
and
in
their
hearts
were
tainted
with
Heresie
;
at
which
the
Pope
was
so
incensed
,
that
at
a
Congregation
of
Cardinals
convened
the
31.
of
March
,
he
ordered
the
Judges
of
the
Court
of
Inquisition
to
proceed
against
such
Persons
,
as
were
Instrumental
in
that
Peace
:
and
accordingly
Coligny
Cardinal
of
Chatillon
,
St.
Romain
Arch-Bishop
of
Axi
,
John
de
Monlue
Bishop
of
Valence
,
the
Bishop
of
Troye
,
the
Bishop
of
Pamiers
,
and
the
Bishop
of
Chartres
,
were
all
accused
of
Heresie
,
and
cited
to
appear
at
Rome
before
the
Tribunal
of
the
Inquisition
.
By
these
Accidents
the
quarrels
of
France
encreasing
both
at
Trent
,
,
and
at
Rome
;
the
French
Divines
being
displeased
both
with
their
ill
treatment
,
and
with
the
long
delays
in
all
matters
at
Trent
,
resolved
to
take
their
leave
of
the
Council
;
which
the
Legats
easily
granted
;
and
to
which
the
French
Ambassadours
so
readily
assented
,
that
they
even
forced
them
to
retire
,
by
denying
to
them
their
Pensions
,
in
case
they
continued
in
that
station
against
the
pleasure
of
the
King
;
howsoever
three
Friers
who
were
Pensioners
of
Rome
continued
still
there
at
the
Pope's
charge
,
resolving
to
see
the
utmost
issue
of
all
those
Affairs
.
The
22.
of
April
having
been
the
day
formerly
appointed
for
the
Session
,
a
general
Congregation
was
held
the
day
before
;
at
which
the
Legats
declaring
that
matters
were
not
prepared
for
a
Session
did
propose
,
that
it
might
be
again
deferred
until
the
3d.
of
June
following
:
to
which
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
replyed
,
that
it
seemed
derogatory
to
the
wisdom
,
and
gravity
of
that
Council
,
so
often
to
appoint
times
for
a
Session
,
and
then
again
to
subject
them
to
farther
delays
;
wherefore
it
would
be
much
more
advisable
to
prefix
the
21th
.
of
May
following
for
the
time
when
a
day
should
precisely
be
appointed
for
holding
a
Session
:
This
Proposition
so
generally
pleased
the
Council
,
that
with
a
common
Voice
they
assented
thereunto
;
and
though
this
unanimous
concurrence
with
the
Cardinal
in
this
matter
of
small
importance
administred
subject
both
of
jealousie
,
and
envy
to
the
Legats
;
yet
they
could
well
enough
rellish
any
thing
of
delay
,
in
hopes
that
the
most
violent
,
and
hot
spirits
being
wearied
with
long
expectation
▪
would
either
abate
of
their
mettle
,
or
else
retire
in
despair
or
discontent
.
The
Cardinal
Moron
was
detained
at
Inspruck
for
a
longer
time
than
he
expected
,
by
reason
that
the
Emperor
suffered
all
his
Papers
,
and
Memorials
to
be
inspected
,
and
examined
by
certain
of
his
own
Divines
;
which
the
Cardinal
highly
resented
as
an
indignity
to
the
Pope
,
whose
Proposals
were
more
sacred
,
than
to
be
exposed
to
the
censures
of
a
few
silly
Priests
;
and
indeed
it
was
believed
,
that
this
manner
of
treatment
proceeded
from
the
dictates
of
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
,
who
at
that
time
had
dispatched
one
of
his
Gentlemen
to
the
Emperor
,
desiring
him
to
speak
plainly
to
the
Cardinal
Moron
,
giving
him
to
understand
;
that
the
Council
ought
to
be
free
,
and
not
to
be
translated
from
Trent
unto
any
other
place
,
as
some
had
contrived
out
of
no
good
intent
to
the
publick
welfare
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Pope
was
dealing
with
those
Ambassadours
who
resided
with
him
at
Rome
,
to
prevail
with
their
Masters
,
to
refer
all
Disputes
about
Reformation
to
himself
,
rather
than
to
the
Council
:
for
that
the
abuses
in
Discipline
were
never
esteemed
the
causes
of
Heresies
,
as
plainly
appeared
in
the
Primitive
Church
,
where
Heresies
were
very
importunate
and
troublesom
,
notwithstanding
the
purity
of
their
Government
and
the
incorruption
of
their
Manners
.
That
it
was
impossible
to
extract
a
Reformation
from
the
common
consent
of
such
different
Interests
,
most
of
which
being
guided
by
a
zeal
without
prudence
,
served
onely
to
discover
the
nakedness
of
the
Church
,
and
make
it
manifest
to
all
the
World
,
that
her
Evils
were
incurable
.
After
a
long
vacation
for
some
weeks
a
Congregation
was
held
on
the
14th
.
of
May
,
when
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
made
a
long
and
Eloquent
Oration
about
Bishops
,
and
the
means
how
to
prevent
the
abuses
in
their
Election
;
he
first
began
with
those
of
France
,
which
was
onely
an
Introduction
to
his
Satyr
against
the
Court
of
Rome
,
which
he
termed
the
source
,
and
original
of
all
the
abuses
,
and
corruptions
in
the
Church
:
he
inveyed
chiefly
against
those
Cardinals
who
held
Pluralities
of
Bishopricks
;
shewing
that
all
the
tricks
and
contrivances
for
holding
several
Benefices
in
Commendam
,
and
the
like
,
were
only
Artifices
to
delude
that
wise
God
,
who
would
neither
be
mocked
nor
deceived
.
Which
Discourse
might
proceed
well
enough
from
the
mouth
of
another
;
though
it
became
not
the
Cardinal
who
was
known
to
possess
a
Revenue
from
the
Church
of
a
million
of
Livers
per
annum
;
to
all
which
the
Cardidinal
Moron
who
was
newly
returned
from
the
Emperor
,
replyed
with
great
sharpness
,
nor
sparing
the
Cardinal
himself
in
the
least
,
which
served
to
enflame
those
Feuds
,
which
had
taken
their
Original
from
former
causes
.
And
now
upon
return
of
Cardinal
Moron
from
the
Emperor
,
every
one
began
to
discourse
of
the
issue
,
which
his
Negotiations
had
produced
;
on
which
Subject
,
the
common
report
was
,
that
the
Emperor
had
promised
to
defend
the
Authority
of
the
Pope
against
the
opposition
and
resistance
of
Hereticks
.
That
he
would
not
pass
beyond
Inspruck
,
nor
consent
to
have
the
Council
removed
from
Trent
to
Bologna
;
nor
could
he
accept
the
Proposition
of
coming
to
Bologna
,
and
there
be
crowned
by
the
hands
of
the
Pope
without
the
advice
,
and
consent
of
a
Diet.
This
,
as
we
said
,
was
what
appeared
above-board
,
and
the
more
common
Discourse
of
the
Town
:
but
the
truth
,
and
the
secret
of
it
was
this
,
That
the
Cardinal
Moron
had
persuaded
the
Emperor
,
and
the
King
of
the
Romans
to
consent
to
have
the
Council
dissolved
;
for
in
regard
the
intention
and
design
of
the
Council
was
really
no
other
,
than
to
reform
the
Church
,
and
the
many
corruptions
in
the
several
Members
of
it
,
and
whereas
it
was
apparent
by
plain
experience
,
that
a
Council
composed
of
such
different
Interests
,
and
Members
,
who
were
wedded
to
their
own
Parties
,
and
their
self-conservation
would
never
endure
a
Reformation
,
which
should
impair
,
or
lessen
their
condition
:
which
being
granted
for
a
certain
truth
,
the
continuance
of
this
Council
would
serve
onely
to
multiply
trouble
,
and
inflame
dissentions
:
of
which
the
Emperor
being
perfectly
made
sensible
,
consented
to
have
an
end
put
to
the
Council
:
but
lest
a
sudden
dissolution
of
it
,
should
make
too
great
a
noise
,
and
render
it
ridiculous
,
or
contemptible
to
the
Protestants
;
it
was
judged
most
convenient
to
have
the
Council
die
of
a
Consumption
by
suffering
the
Members
to
retire
by
degrees
,
whereby
it
would
come
to
expire
without
noise
,
or
trouble
:
and
indeed
every
one
growing
now
sensible
,
of
the
little
fruit
,
which
might
be
expected
from
the
continuation
of
this
Council
,
were
of
themselves
inclined
to
retire
;
many
of
them
reflecting
on
the
saying
of
Gregory
Nazianzen
.
That
the
troubles
of
the
Church
are
always
augmented
by
the
Assemblies
of
the
Bishops
.
Now
when
the
20th
.
of
May
was
approaching
,
1563.
which
was
the
day
appointed
to
consider
of
a
time
to
be
prefixed
for
the
following
Session
;
it
was
thought
fit
,
at
a
Congregation
held
on
the
19th
.
to
defer
the
day
for
appointing
a
Session
until
the
10th
.
of
June
following
,
by
reason
that
the
spirits
of
Men
were
still
boyling
with
high
fermentation
,
all
Controversies
being
still
in
dispute
,
and
nothing
tended
to
a
conclusion
.
And
in
the
mean
time
the
Count
de
Luna
Ambassadour
from
Spain
,
being
to
be
introduced
publickly
into
the
Congregation
,
gave
occasion
to
revive
that
antient
quarrel
about
precedency
between
the
Crowns
of
France
and
Spain
;
the
which
Point
being
obstinately
maintained
by
both
Parties
,
various
ways
,
and
expedients
of
Accommodation
were
contrived
both
at
Rome
,
and
Trent
to
satisfie
and
content
both
Parties
:
but
the
French
who
resolved
not
to
retire
the
least
step
backwards
,
declared
,
that
they
would
keep
that
station
and
rank
which
was
due
to
their
place
,
and
rather
than
recede
in
the
least
they
would
abandon
the
Council
,
and
protest
against
all
the
Acts
of
it
.
So
that
the
Count
de
Luna
found
great
difficulty
in
being
admitted
to
a
place
in
the
Council
;
nor
could
he
be
received
there
but
at
a
time
,
when
it
was
purposely
contrived
that
the
French
Ambassadour
should
be
absent
.
At
Rome
also
the
like
Dispute
arose
between
the
two
Ambassadours
,
which
thé
Pope
finding
impossible
to
be
reconciled
with
indifferent
terms
,
thought
fit
at
length
to
speak
plainly
to
the
Spanish
Ambassadour
and
tell
him
,
that
he
was
resolved
to
maintain
the
King
of
France
in
his
priviledg
of
Precedency
,
of
which
he
had
ever
been
possessed
:
Hereupon
the
Spanish
Ambassadour
desired
liberty
to
make
his
Protest
;
which
being
admitted
,
and
he
introduced
into
the
Pope's
Chamber
with
four
Witnesses
,
he
kneeled
down
,
and
having
declared
that
his
Master
justly
challenged
the
Precedency
,
as
well
on
the
Title
of
antient
Right
as
from
the
grandeur
of
his
Kingdom
of
Spain
,
and
the
large
extent
of
his
other
Dominions
;
he
proceeded
farther
to
magnify
the
constancy
of
his
Master
to
the
Catholick
Cause
,
which
he
had
with
Valour
,
and
success
defended
against
all
its
Enemies
,
having
never
condescended
,
as
the
French
had
lately
done
to
terms
prejudicial
to
the
Church
,
nor
dispensed
with
the
Articles
of
Faith
with
such
easiness
as
they
had
done
by
their
Treaty
with
Hereticks
at
Orleans
.
The
Pope
being
greatly
overswayed
with
this
last
argument
,
began
to
relent
of
his
former
Sentence
,
and
gently
replyed
,
That
he
was
ready
on
all
occasions
to
serve
,
and
favour
the
Catholick
King
,
and
therefore
not
to
appear
positive
in
his
own
Opinion
,
he
intended
to
remit
the
consideration
of
this
knotty
difficulty
to
the
Colledg
of
Cardinals
.
Thus
gently
was
this
matter
managed
at
Rome
;
But
at
Trent
it
made
greater
noise
,
and
disturbance
;
for
notwithstanding
the
various
contrivances
,
and
Propositions
which
were
made
to
accommodate
,
and
salve
the
honour
of
both
Nations
in
this
Point
,
nothing
proved
effectual
;
the
expedient
offered
to
have
a
separate
place
both
in
the
Chappel
,
and
in
the
Congregation
for
the
Spanish
Ambassadour
,
which
should
neither
seem
above
,
or
beneath
the
French
:
and
that
when
the
Incense
,
and
Peace
were
given
at
High
Mass
,
they
should
be
performed
at
the
same
time
by
two
Censors
,
and
two
Officials
,
that
so
neither
Ambassador
could
have
cause
to
complain
,
that
the
other
was
preferred
before
him
.
But
this
equality
,
and
concurrence
was
dispeasing
to
the
French
,
who
would
not
be
contented
with
indifferent
terms
which
should
conserve
the
Point
undecided
;
but
required
that
judgment
should
be
clearly
given
in
right
of
their
Precedency
;
in
default
of
which
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
did
not
onely
threaten
to
cause
great
disturbances
;
but
the
French
Ambassadours
declared
their
resolution
to
make
their
Protest
:
not
(
as
they
said
)
against
the
Legats
who
acted
according
to
their
Instructions
,
nor
against
the
Catholick
King
,
who
had
reason
to
support
and
maintain
his
own
Right
;
nor
against
the
Count
de
Luna
,
who
obeyed
the
Orders
of
his
Master
;
nor
yet
against
the
Papal
Chair
to
which
they
bore
all
Devotion
,
and
Obedience
,
but
against
Pius
IV.
who
falsly
stiled
himself
Pope
,
having
by
Simony
,
and
corruption
subreptitiously
got
himself
to
be
Elected
,
and
placed
in
the
Apostolical
Sea
.
In
proof
of
which
they
produced
two
Cedules
for
considerable
sums
of
Money
.
One
of
which
the
Cardinal
Caraffa
had
received
from
the
Duke
of
Florence
for
the
favour
,
and
assistance
he
had
given
in
the
Election
of
the
Cardinal
of
Medicis
;
the
which
was
afterwards
sent
by
the
said
Caraffa
to
the
French
King
;
the
other
Cedule
,
though
not
produced
,
was
positively
alledged
to
remain
in
the
possession
of
the
Cardinal
of
Naples
,
subscribed
by
the
proper
hand-writing
of
the
Pope
himself
.
And
farther
,
besides
this
high
manner
of
proceeding
by
Protest
;
the
Ambassadour
du
Ferrier
prepared
an
eloquent
Speech
in
Latin
,
which
was
afterwards
published
in
Print
,
though
not
spoken
in
the
Council
,
wherein
,
after
he
had
proved
the
right
of
Precedency
to
belong
to
his
Master
,
he
reproached
the
Person
,
and
conduct
of
Pius
IV.
for
having
sowed
the
seeds
of
Dissention
,
and
War
between
two
such
great
,
and
powerful
Allies
;
and
that
having
by
a
criminal
Ingratitude
forgotten
all
those
Obligations
,
which
the
Apostolical
Chair
owed
to
Pepin
,
Charlemagne
,
and
Lewis
his
Son
Kings
of
France
,
by
whose
favour
it
had
been
exalted
to
its
present
greatness
;
he
did
therefore
Protest
,
that
he
would
never
more
acknowledg
this
Pope
for
the
Vicar
of
Jesus
Christ
,
nor
own
the
Acts
of
this
Assembly
as
of
a
General
Council
,
having
never
been
free
,
but
restrained
wholly
to
the
Dictates
of
this
Pope
:
And
therefore
he
did
in
the
name
of
his
Master
Order
,
and
command
all
the
Prelats
of
the
French
Nation
to
retire
unto
their
respective
Dioceses
,
until
such
time
as
a
more
free
,
and
lawful
Council
were
convened
.
To
this
high
pitch
and
degree
of
Dissention
were
both
Parties
transported
,
that
no
other
event
,
or
issue
thereof
was
expected
,
than
a
speedy
and
rash
dissolution
of
the
Council
,
of
which
every
one
growing
weary
,
wished
to
see
an
end
of
their
fruitless
labours
;
but
the
Spanish
Ambassadour
remitting
something
of
his
former
heat
,
desired
time
to
acquaint
his
Master
with
all
the
preceding
passages
;
in
which
Interval
these
Heats
abated
,
and
the
Council
proceeded
to
other
matters
.
And
now
after
all
these
Stirs
,
and
Combustions
,
and
the
many
Protestations
which
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
made
against
the
Pope
,
and
his
complaints
against
the
abuses
,
and
corruptions
of
the
Court
of
Rome
;
on
a
sudden
his
humour
,
and
affections
changed
without
any
visible
causes
which
might
move
him
thereunto
,
so
that
now
instead
of
inveighing
against
the
Pope
,
or
being
the
Chief
in
private
Cabals
against
him
;
he
with
wonderful
address
applyed
himself
to
the
Legats
,
and
received
the
flatteries
of
Cardinal
Moron
with
a
pleasing
rellish
,
contenting
himself
to
hear
the
Legats
tell
him
,
that
they
desired
to
act
nothing
without
his
privity
,
wishing
that
he
would
bear
a
share
of
the
burthen
with
them
,
being
infinitely
satisfied
to
have
all
their
Affairs
guided
by
his
direction
.
But
this
dearness
between
them
lasted
not
long
,
before
the
Queen
Regent
wrote
a
Letter
to
the
Cardinal
,
in
which
she
required
his
speedy
return
into
France
,
where
his
presence
would
be
much
more
serviceable
to
the
Crown
,
than
it
could
be
at
Trent
,
from
whence
no
good
effect
either
towards
Peace
,
or
Reformation
could
be
expected
.
That
having
now
concluded
a
Peace
with
her
Protestant
Subjects
,
which
seemed
to
be
well
established
,
and
permanent
,
there
was
no
farther
necessity
of
giving
them
other
satisfaction
from
Acts
of
the
Council
,
or
concessions
of
the
Pope
;
and
therefore
that
for
the
future
he
should
give
Order
to
the
French
Clergy
,
not
to
combat
with
the
Papal
Authority
,
but
rather
to
be
concurring
in
whatsoever
might
fortifie
,
and
confirm
the
same
:
To
which
part
and
action
the
Cardinal
seemed
easily
to
incline
;
in
regard
that
standing
on
ill
terms
with
the
Protestants
,
who
were
mortal
Enemies
to
the
House
of
Guise
,
he
found
it
necessary
to
support
himself
with
the
favour
of
the
Court
of
Rome
,
to
which
notwithstanding
all
former
quarrels
,
and
Piques
,
he
professed
himself
a
true
Friend
and
an
obedient
Servant
.
And
now
a
new
Ambassadour
called
Birague
arrived
at
Trent
from
the
Court
of
France
with
Letters
,
rendering
an
account
unto
the
Council
,
of
the
Peace
lately
concluded
with
the
Protestants
,
for
which
,
and
for
the
Articles
granted
to
them
in
the
free
exercise
of
their
Religion
,
there
was
such
a
necessity
,
that
without
such
an
accord
,
the
Crown
,
and
welfare
of
France
would
have
been
exposed
to
utmost
extremity
;
the
which
being
performed
with
design
of
reducing
the
straying
,
and
wandering
Sheep
into
the
path
,
and
fold
of
the
Church
;
it
was
hoped
,
that
the
Council
would
put
a
good
Interpretation
on
this
transaction
,
and
approve
of
this
Cure
,
and
remedy
which
was
unavoidable
.
The
Council
being
doubtful
what
Answer
to
make
unto
this
Letter
,
desired
time
to
consider
thereof
,
intending
to
dispeed
it
by
the
Ambassadour
Lansac
,
who
was
preparing
for
his
return
into
France
;
Birague
having
in
the
mean
time
Commission
to
pass
unto
the
Court
of
the
Emperor
.
And
now
the
Congregation
proceeded
to
examine
the
Point
about
Ecclesiastical
Ordinations
;
in
the
discussing
of
which
,
the
Bishops
did
not
so
strictly
adhere
to
the
matter
in
hand
,
but
that
they
made
frequent
excursions
into
the
abuses
of
the
Court
of
Rome
;
and
thence
descended
to
the
old
controverted
Points
about
the
Divine
Right
of
Episcopacy
,
and
Residences
,
which
were
never
mentioned
without
Heats
and
Quarrels
.
In
the
treating
of
which
Lainez
General
of
the
Jesuits
undertook
to
give
a
more
home-blow
than
any
had
done
before
him
,
which
he
did
with
so
much
heat
,
and
vehemence
,
as
if
the
salvation
of
mankind
had
depended
thereupon
:
He
took
that
occasion
also
to
excuse
Dispensations
,
the
Impositions
and
Taxes
laid
by
the
Church
,
the
Riches
of
the
Court
of
Rome
,
and
all
those
things
which
are
commonly
termed
Abuses
;
thence
he
proceeded
to
exalt
the
Papal
Authority
above
the
Council
,
above
all
the
Church
,
nay
above
the
Clouds
,
and
higher
than
we
can
imagine
:
the
which
Discourse
,
tho
displeasing
both
to
the
Spaniards
,
and
French
,
and
all
but
the
Pensioners
of
Rome
,
was
highly
applauded
by
the
Legats
,
to
whom
his
long
Orations
did
never
seem
tedious
,
as
if
they
had
chosen
him
for
the
Interpreter
,
and
Explainer
of
all
their
thoughts
and
designs
;
to
which
end
,
when
his
turn
came
to
speak
he
was
commanded
to
take
his
place
in
the
middle
of
the
Assembly
,
and
heard
always
with
patience
,
and
applause
of
the
Legats
,
when
the
Chiefes
of
other
Orders
were
ordered
to
speak
in
their
places
,
and
were
brow-beaten
,
and
discouraged
.
Howsoever
,
a
certain
Benedictin
Monk
offered
to
confute
Lainez
,
and
prove
that
the
Position
maintained
by
him
,
namely
,
That
the
Tribunal
of
the
Pope
,
is
the
same
with
that
of
Jesus
Christ
,
was
impious
,
and
scandalous
.
But
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
,
who
had
now
changed
his
Designs
,
and
Interests
,
moderated
the
zeal
,
and
heats
of
both
Parties
;
and
the
Legats
laboured
to
pen
such
a
Determination
of
that
matter
,
as
might
by
the
subtilty
,
and
ambiguity
of
those
words
seem
to
content
all
Parties
:
which
Instrument
though
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
seemed
to
remain
satisfied
,
yet
the
Canonists
of
Trent
,
and
Pensioners
of
Rome
made
a
thousand
difficulties
,
imagining
that
the
words
did
not
screw
or
strain
up
the
Papal
Authority
to
its
true
Note
,
and
degree
.
About
this
time
Maximilian
who
was
no
great
Friend
to
the
Pope
,
having
been
lately
chosen
King
of
the
Romans
,
sent
his
Ambassadour
to
Rome
to
give
him
notice
of
his
Election
;
but
not
in
the
same
method
which
his
Predecessours
had
practised
,
who
promised
,
and
swore
to
whatsoever
the
Popes
imposed
upon
them
:
for
before
he
would
pass
that
Point
,
he
desired
first
to
know
what
terms
the
Pope
would
require
of
him
;
to
which
answer
was
made
by
the
Cardinals
,
That
he
should
acknowledg
his
confirmation
to
the
Pope's
Authority
,
and
swear
Obedience
to
him
in
such
manner
,
as
his
Predecessours
had
formerly
practised
;
which
though
the
Ambassadour
in
the
name
of
his
Master
refused
to
do
,
in
such
strict
sense
,
as
the
Pope
required
,
and
would
onely
promise
Devotion
,
Reverence
,
and
compliance
with
the
Apostolical
Chair
;
yet
the
Pope
was
pleased
to
accept
thereof
,
and
interpret
those
Expressions
to
be
equivalent
to
the
term
of
Obedeince
,
and
accordingly
granted
the
Confirmation
,
which
was
never
demanded
,
and
accepted
the
Obedience
,
which
was
never
offered
.
At
a
Congregation
held
on
the
21th
.
of
June
,
all
things
were
preparing
against
the
Session
appointed
for
the
15th
.
of
July
following
,
that
nothing
might
then
obstruct
the
proceedings
,
or
give
occasion
to
defer
the
time
,
as
had
formerly
been
done
to
the
great
dis-reputation
of
the
Council
,
and
scandal
of
its
Enemies
.
The
great
difficulties
,
in
the
questions
so
often
discussed
,
about
Residences
,
and
Institution
of
Bishops
were
still
undecided
;
and
therefore
the
great
care
then
incumbent
on
the
Legats
was
to
frame
,
and
pen
those
Points
in
such
words
,
as
might
please
at
least
the
Plurality
,
or
major
part
of
the
Congregation
,
which
being
tired
out
,
and
wearied
with
the
frequent
recital
of
those
Arguments
Pro
,
and
Con
,
were
willing
to
accept
of
indifferent
terms
,
or
such
,
as
might
bear
a
dubious
Interpretation
,
or
such
perhaps
as
contained
no
sense
at
all
;
and
others
were
for
having
those
Articles
buried
in
silence
;
only
the
Spaniards
remained
unchangeable
and
unwearied
,
being
still
constant
to
their
first
Principles
.
Howsoever
,
the
Legats
were
resolved
to
exhibit
their
Decree
about
Residences
,
in
the
manner
,
they
had
already
penned
,
namely
,
That
all
those
,
who
have
a
Cure
of
Souls
were
obliged
by
the
Commandment
of
God
,
to
have
a
particular
knowledg
▪
and
acquaintance
with
every
Member
of
their
Flock
;
which
not
being
to
be
performed
but
by
a
continuance
in
the
Parish
,
or
Diocese
,
it
was
thence
inferred
,
and
interpreted
that
Residences
were
by
Divine
Right
.
The
second
Point
about
Episcopal
Institution
was
concluded
in
general
terms
,
that
the
Hierarchy
of
Bishops
was
an
Ordinance
of
God
.
Howsoever
these
terms
did
not
please
the
subtle
,
and
hot-headed
wits
of
neither
side
.
The
Spaniards
did
not
think
the
words
plain
,
and
explicite
enough
:
and
the
Bishop
of
Tarante
,
and
the
other
Favourers
of
Rome
,
who
were
jealous
of
the
least
shadow
of
that
,
which
might
infringe
or
abate
the
Papal
Authority
,
were
apprehensive
,
that
such
consequences
might
be
deduced
from
those
words
,
as
might
plainly
infer
,
that
the
Orders
of
that
Hierarchy
were
rather
by
Divine
,
than
Papal
Institution
:
but
these
People
were
more
jealous
of
the
Pope's
Authority
,
than
the
Pope
himself
;
for
though
this
very
form
of
words
had
been
debated
above
a
hundred
times
at
Rome
,
and
approved
,
and
proposed
by
the
Legats
,
yet
these
Canonists
,
and
zealous
favourers
of
Papirius
were
violent
sticklers
against
and
opposers
of
the
Decree
;
howsoever
the
Assembly
by
plurality
of
Voices
passed
the
Decree
,
and
ordered
,
that
they
should
remain
in
the
same
form
and
words
delivered
.
In
fine
,
the
15th
.
of
July
which
was
the
day
of
the
Session
being
come
,
which
had
been
so
often
adjourned
,
and
with
such
impatience
expected
;
all
the
points
of
Doctrine
were
▪
reduced
to
four
Chapters
,
and
eight
Canons
with
Anathemas
.
The
first
established
,
that
Ecclesiastical
Ordination
is
a
Sacrament
:
That
under
the
New
Testament
there
is
but
one
visible
Order
of
Men
,
which
can
offer
the
Sacrifice
of
the
true
,
and
real
Body
,
and
Blood
of
Jesus
Christ
:
That
there
are
several
degrees
higher
,
and
lower
of
this
Order
:
That
Priesthood
hath
a
character
impressed
upon
it
;
and
inspires
with
it
the
Holy
Ghost
.
That
Unction
is
necessary
at
the
institution
of
a
Priest
:
That
the
Hierarchy
of
Priests
is
by
Divine
Right
:
That
Bishops
are
superiour
to
Priests
;
That
the
Bishops
,
and
Priests
who
are
established
by
the
Pope
,
or
by
Authority
derived
from
him
,
are
onely
true
,
and
Evangelical
in
their
Orders
.
Then
proceeding
to
the
eight
Canons
which
respect
Reformation
;
the
first
was
that
about
Residence
,
which
had
made
so
much
noise
,
and
disturbance
,
the
words
of
which
obliged
every
Pastor
to
be
acquainted
with
and
to
feed
his
Flock
;
in
explanation
of
which
,
this
Canon
forbad
all
long
absence
from
their
charge
under
severe
penalties
;
howsoever
,
that
clause
was
moderated
with
a
Dispensation
for
three
months
,
and
with
a
proviso
,
unless
the
benefit
,
and
service
of
the
Church
,
and
State
should
require
it
.
The
other
Canons
had
respect
onely
to
the
collation
and
regulation
of
Orders
:
and
that
they
were
not
to
be
conferred
upon
debauched
persons
,
or
such
,
as
were
unworthy
of
them
;
and
directed
the
manner
,
and
government
of
Seminaries
,
in
which
Priests
were
educated
;
with
several
other
matters
of
little
importance
;
all
which
passed
,
and
were
enacted
in
the
Council
without
any
opposition
,
or
disturbance
:
though
the
Spaniards
would
never
more
be
reconciled
to
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
,
for
deserting
their
party
,
in
the
point
of
Residencies
to
which
he
had
so
often
promised
,
and
assured
them
of
his
constancy
;
but
what
he
lost
on
one
side
,
he
gained
on
the
other
;
the
Legats
,
and
favourers
of
Rome
crying
up
his
wisdom
,
and
conduct
,
and
true
zeal
to
the
Church
and
the
Apostolical
Sea
.
All
Europe
in
the
mean
time
was
in
great
expectation
of
the
issue
of
this
Session
,
which
had
been
preparing
for
the
space
of
ten
months
,
and
with
the
wit
,
and
contrivance
of
two
or
three
hundred
Prelats
,
and
Divines
.
At
the
end
of
which
,
nothing
could
be
more
surprizing
to
the
World
,
than
to
find
their
expectations
so
wholly
defeated
,
and
the
product
of
this
mighty
Machine
,
or
Engine
to
be
so
inconsiderable
as
not
to
have
yielded
matter
sufficient
to
have
employed
the
brains
of
one
intelligent
person
for
the
space
onely
of
a
single
Week
:
the
contradictions
which
appeared
in
their
Canons
,
and
the
weak
preambles
to
all
their
conclusions
were
the
common
talk
,
and
subject
of
sport
and
derision
in
all
places
,
and
administred
matter
and
discourse
for
the
Protestants
to
treat
,
and
rally
upon
in
their
Sermons
;
particularly
Vergere
who
had
once
been
the
Pope's
Nuncio
in
Germany
,
but
now
become
a
preaching
Minister
in
the
Valtoline
,
(
which
is
a
Country
of
the
Grisons
,
did
with
great
perspicuity
,
and
strength
of
reason
lay
before
his
Flock
the
many
false
reasonings
,
and
vain
contestations
amongst
the
Bishops
,
and
the
scandalous
proceedings
of
the
whole
Council
;
the
reports
of
which
with
all
the
particular
passages
he
dispatched
to
all
places
,
where
the
most
Eminent
Divines
,
and
Preachers
of
the
Protestants
resided
;
for
he
being
a
near
Neighbour
to
Trent
,
was
in
a
better
capacity
to
receive
true
,
and
constant
information
of
all
passages
,
than
those
who
resided
at
farther
distances
:
for
which
the
Pope
and
the
Cardinal
Moron
were
so
offended
at
him
;
that
they
endeavoured
by
menaces
to
affright
,
and
drive
him
to
more
remote
parts
:
but
he
resolved
still
to
continue
his
Station
,
notwithstanding
several
attempts
,
that
were
made
upon
his
life
.
The
Session
being
in
this
manner
ended
,
the
Legats
designed
to
hasten
all
remaining
Points
,
and
contract
them
in
such
a
compass
,
as
might
tend
towards
a
speedy
end
,
and
conclusion
of
the
Council
.
The
points
of
Indulgences
,
Invocation
of
Saints
,
Images
,
and
Purgatory
were
gathered
all
into
a
bundle
requiring
no
great
examination
,
in
regard
that
being
matters
which
intrenched
on
the
Interest
of
no
Party
,
administred
little
cause
of
Dispute
,
or
opposition
:
onely
a
Controversie
arose
about
Clandestine
Marriages
,
or
such
,
as
were
contracted
without
the
consent
of
Parents
,
which
the
French
would
have
to
be
declared
in
themselves
void
,
and
null
,
by
reason
of
the
inconvenience
,
and
ruins
which
such
sort
of
Marriages
have
proved
to
certain
Families
in
that
Kingdom
:
but
herein
a
difficulty
arose
,
for
that
Marriage
which
is
one
of
the
seven
Sacraments
being
once
celebrated
,
is
of
force
,
and
not
to
be
again
dissolved
,
but
by
Authority
and
dispensation
of
the
Church
.
After
divers
debates
thereupon
,
the
Bishop
of
Metz
was
so
happy
as
to
find
a
form
of
words
for
that
Canon
,
which
contented
all
Parties
,
which
was
this
,
That
though
the
Church
hath
ever
forbidden
,
and
detested
Clandestine
Marriages
,
yet
whosoever
denies
Clandestine
Marriage
to
be
a
Sacrament
,
let
him
be
Anathema
.
The
marriage
of
Priests
admitted
now
of
no
farther
difficulty
;
for
though
the
Emperor
,
the
King
of
France
,
and
the
Duke
of
Bavaria
,
demanded
that
priviledg
in
behalf
of
their
People
,
yet
that
Point
was
now
laid
aside
,
and
all
instances
in
that
matter
were
denied
to
be
heard
,
or
admitted
to
farther
question
,
or
examination
in
the
Council
.
After
this
the
Legats
proposed
thirty
eight
Articles
in
order
to
a
Reformation
,
which
contained
the
many
abuses
,
and
encroachments
which
Secular
Princes
had
made
upon
the
Rights
of
the
Church
:
but
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
was
for
abbreviating
the
Articles
,
and
for
cutting
off
all
those
which
might
administer
matter
of
Controversie
,
so
that
by
a
speedy
dispatch
thereof
the
Council
might
tend
towards
a
conclusion
;
which
caused
many
to
wonder
,
that
the
zeal
which
he
had
so
warmly
evidenced
at
first
for
a
Reformation
,
should
so
soon
vanish
and
be
evaporated
.
A
Copy
of
these
Articles
being
communicated
to
the
Ambassadours
,
every
one
made
his
observations
,
reflections
,
and
additions
thereunto
,
as
was
most
consistent
with
the
affairs
of
their
respective
Masters
;
For
the
chief
Remarks
and
alterations
of
the
Ambassadours
tended
to
something
which
might
abate
the
Power
,
and
Authority
of
the
Pope
over
the
Ordinaries
,
and
the
jurisdiction
of
the
Bishops
themselves
over
the
Civil
and
Municipal
Courts
.
But
the
French
were
the
most
severe
of
any
in
the
rules
of
Reformation
.
For
they
would
have
the
number
of
Cardinals
restrained
to
twenty
four
;
that
the
Nephews
of
Popes
,
during
the
life
of
the
Pope
should
not
be
capable
to
receive
a
Cardinals
Hat
,
that
Cardinals
should
be
made
uncapable
to
hold
Bishopricks
;
that
criminal
causes
against
Bishops
should
not
be
judg'd
at
other
Tribunals
,
than
such
as
are
within
the
Dominions
of
France
.
That
Bishops
should
be
endued
with
plenary
Power
to
give
absolution
in
all
Cases
.
That
Ecclesiastical
persons
should
not
be
concerned
,
or
intermedle
in
secular
Affairs
;
and
in
short
,
that
they
do
no
act
or
thing
which
may
infringe
the
Law
of
France
,
or
intrench
on
the
Liberties
of
the
Gallican
Church
.
These
particulars
for
reformation
of
the
Church
thus
delivered
,
were
to
be
prepared
against
the
next
Session
,
and
as
resolved
so
to
be
enacted
;
and
for
Reformation
of
the
Courts
of
Princes
it
was
by
agreement
of
the
Ambassadours
reserved
as
the
chief
matter
,
and
subject
for
a
subsequent
Session
.
These
Proposals
were
in
no
manner
acceptable
to
the
Pope
who
could
not
endure
such
fatal
attempts
on
the
Power
and
prerogative
of
the
Church
;
to
avoid
which
nothing
could
be
a
defence
,
or
remedy
,
but
onely
the
dissolution
of
the
Council
;
to
which
end
he
earnestly
wrote
to
all
his
Nuncios
residing
in
the
Courts
of
forein
Princes
,
commanding
them
to
use
their
utmost
art
,
and
skill
to
persuade
the
respective
Princes
to
be
aiding
,
and
concurring
herein
.
And
farther
,
gave
orders
to
his
Legats
at
Trent
to
grant
freely
whatsoever
could
not
be
refused
,
and
with
all
decent
speed
to
put
a
final
end
and
conclusion
to
the
Council
:
but
this
Design
encountred
some
rubs
,
and
obstructions
from
the
Spanish
Ambassadour
and
others
of
that
Party
,
who
complained
of
the
private
Cabals
which
the
Legats
held
with
certain
Cardinals
,
and
other
Confidents
,
in
exclusion
of
the
Spanish
Interest
.
But
their
complaints
were
little
regarded
by
the
Legats
,
whose
greatest
incumbence
then
was
,
to
satisfy
the
Bishops
,
without
whose
concurrence
the
Council
could
not
be
dissolved
.
For
now
the
intention
of
the
Bishops
being
to
make
use
of
this
occasion
to
enlarge
their
Power
,
and
obtain
some
priviledges
which
were
derogatory
to
the
Papal
Chair
;
made
that
point
of
gaining
the
good
will
of
the
Bishops
to
be
the
more
difficult
;
because
that
their
pretences
of
subjecting
Monasteries
and
regulation
of
Friers
,
and
certain
priviledged
Churches
to
the
Episcopal
Jurisdiction
,
which
were
exempted
from
it
by
Orders
of
the
Pope
,
found
most
opposition
from
the
Generals
of
the
respective
Orders
;
and
indeed
the
Ambassadours
themselves
did
not
much
favour
this
Demand
,
which
seem'd
too
highly
to
advance
and
exalt
the
pride
and
power
of
the
Bishops
.
Whilest
these
things
were
under
Debate
,
the
French
Ambassadours
received
a
large
Pacquet
from
their
Master
,
in
answer
to
the
late
Proposals
projected
for
a
Model
to
reform
abuses
in
the
Courts
of
Princes
:
the
which
much
displeased
the
King
,
and
his
Ministers
of
State
,
who
wondered
at
the
daring
attempts
of
the
Clergy
on
the
King
's
Royal
Power
and
Authority
under
a
pretence
of
Reformation
,
contenting
themselves
in
the
mean
time
with
a
slight
,
and
superficial
review
of
their
own
abuses
:
and
therefore
persuaded
the
Fathers
of
the
Council
,
to
attend
unto
matters
purely
Spiritual
,
and
to
such
Acts
as
might
serve
to
reform
corruptions
crept
into
the
Church
,
and
to
correct
the
debauched
lives
of
Priests
,
and
Monks
,
(
the
scandal
of
which
had
been
the
cause
of
all
the
Schism
in
the
Church
)
rather
than
to
intermedle
with
the
sacred
Prerogative
of
Kings
,
or
abett
,
and
maintain
the
Clergy
in
their
opposition
and
contumacy
against
their
Sovereign
.
Thus
much
the
Ambassadours
had
Orders
to
signifie
to
the
Council
,
with
farther
Instructions
,
that
in
case
they
should
notwithstanding
this
intimation
,
proceed
to
encroach
on
the
King's
Regalia
,
that
then
they
should
make
their
Protest
,
and
retire
to
Venice
;
all
which
the
Ambassadours
made
known
to
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
,
and
declared
to
the
Legats
,
requiring
the
Bishops
to
supersede
their
pretensions
to
those
honours
,
and
priviledges
which
were
the
sole
Right
,
and
Prerogative
of
Kings
.
The
Bishops
who
were
resolutely
bent
to
maintain
those
Emoluments
which
so
nearly
concerned
them
,
protested
before
the
Legats
,
that
they
would
neither
enter
more
into
the
Congregation
,
nor
give
their
advice
,
or
Voice
in
any
matter
,
unless
they
were
first
secured
of
the
Rights
to
which
they
pretended
,
which
a
hundred
of
them
obliged
themselves
by
solemn
Oath
never
to
remit
.
All
which
violent
Contests
took
up
so
much
time
,
that
when
the
15th
.
of
September
was
come
which
was
the
day
before
the
Session
,
1563.
nothing
was
duly
prepared
in
order
to
pass
into
a
Canon
;
and
therefore
the
time
was
prorogued
until
the
11th
.
of
November
,
that
so
in
the
interim
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
might
have
sufficient
time
to
make
his
Journey
to
Rome
,
where
he
was
greatly
desired
by
the
Pope
,
and
all
that
Party
.
The
Cardinal
being
arrived
at
Rome
,
was
received
with
all
the
joy
,
and
honours
imaginable
,
he
was
lodged
in
the
Pope's
Palace
and
immediately
in
Person
visited
by
him
,
which
was
a
Complement
that
never
Pope
had
made
before
to
any
under
that
character
of
a
Cardinal
.
After
which
there
passed
such
kindness
between
them
at
several
private
Conferences
,
that
the
Pope
seemed
to
refuse
nothing
which
might
engage
,
and
oblige
the
Cardinal
,
having
at
his
instance
granted
an
alienation
from
the
Church
of
three
hundred
thousand
Livers
a
year
to
the
King
of
France
,
which
Bene
had
formerly
been
demanded
,
and
sollicited
with
great
importunity
,
but
could
never
be
obtained
,
until
this
endearment
happened
between
the
Cardinal
,
and
the
Pope
.
For
now
their
mutual
intimacy
,
and
friendship
began
to
be
so
great
,
that
the
Pope
opened
his
bosom
and
heart
to
him
,
giving
him
to
understand
,
that
the
Council
being
become
a
burden
to
him
,
which
he
could
not
support
,
he
had
therefore
sent
a
private
Bull
to
his
Legats
either
to
prorogue
,
or
adjourn
it
to
some
other
place
,
as
should
be
most
agreeable
to
the
state
of
Affairs
:
but
the
Cardinal
who
professed
to
have
the
same
Interest
,
for
that
his
occasions
required
his
presence
in
France
,
yet
could
not
concur
in
Opinion
either
to
have
the
Council
prorogued
,
or
adjourned
to
an
other
place
;
but
rather
to
dispose
matters
in
order
to
a
Conclusion
,
which
might
easily
be
effected
,
by
laying
aside
all
those
Points
which
might
administer
matter
,
or
cause
of
Dispute
;
promising
to
contribute
to
this
Design
all
the
Power
,
and
Interest
he
had
with
the
Ambassadours
and
Bishops
,
that
so
every
thing
might
terminate
happily
,
and
to
the
satisfaction
of
the
Court
of
Rome
.
The
Pope
being
overjoyed
with
these
Promises
,
was
comforted
in
the
highest
degree
by
the
consolatory
expressions
of
the
Cardinal
;
in
return
for
which
,
he
promised
to
use
all
his
endeavours
to
create
him
his
Successour
,
by
engaging
such
a
number
of
Cardinals
in
his
favour
as
should
secure
his
Election
;
promising
in
the
mean
time
to
make
him
the
chief
Instrument
of
all
his
grand
Designs
.
Thus
was
the
one
elevated
in
his
hopes
,
and
expectations
of
high
preferments
;
and
the
other
encouraged
against
the
refractory
opposition
of
the
French
Prelats
,
who
were
now
grown
mutinous
,
and
the
Papal
Authority
rendered
contemptible
to
them
.
For
at
that
time
Chatillion
had
voluntarily
renounced
his
character
of
Cardinal
,
and
called
himself
by
the
title
of
Count
de
Beauvais
,
and
in
contempt
of
that
Dignity
,
was
married
in
the
habit
of
a
Cardinal
,
as
if
he
intended
by
that
action
to
have
rendered
that
Honour
ridiculous
.
The
French
Prelats
also
being
disgusted
,
five
of
them
retired
from
Trent
,
having
easily
obtained
their
license
from
the
Legats
,
whose
chief
endeavours
,
and
labour
was
now
to
appease
the
Sedition
,
and
mutinies
of
the
Bishops
,
who
were
come
to
that
unbridled
usurpation
,
and
entrenchments
on
the
temporal
jurisdiction
of
Princes
,
and
Magistrates
,
that
they
constrained
the
Legats
to
read
in
the
Congregation
,
that
Model
of
a
Decree
which
they
had
projected
for
Reformation
of
Secular
Magistrates
;
the
particulars
of
which
were
so
licentious
,
and
extravagant
,
as
deserve
to
be
noted
for
discovery
of
that
Pride
which
reigned
amongst
the
Clergy
of
those
days
,
the
contents
of
which
were
these
:
That
a
Clergy-man
was
not
liable
to
the
Sentence
of
a
Secular
Court
,
nor
could
he
be
tryed
at
that
Bar
,
though
he
himself
should
consent
thereunto
,
that
the
Secular
Judges
should
not
intermedle
with
causes
relating
to
Matrimony
,
to
Heresie
,
to
Tenths
,
Advowsons
,
or
rights
of
Patronage
,
nor
with
any
other
causes
whether
civil
or
criminal
,
wherein
the
Ecclesiastical
Censure
was
or
might
be
concerned
,
That
no
Injunction
be
issued
out
of
a
Secular
Court
,
to
hinder
the
proceedings
of
the
Ecclesiastical
,
in
points
of
Excommunication
,
though
taken
out
against
the
Emperor
himself
or
against
Kings
.
Nor
shall
the
Civil
Law
contradict
,
or
interfere
with
the
Ecclesiastical
in
matters
which
relate
to
the
Affairs
,
Goods
,
or
possessions
of
the
Church
;
which
is
endued
with
a
Power
of
constituting
its
own
Courts
,
and
Officers
of
several
degrees
,
ranks
,
and
qualities
.
That
the
Clergy
shall
be
exempt
from
Taxes
,
Imposts
,
Tithes
,
or
Subsidies
whatsoever
.
That
Princes
or
Magistrates
shall
not
have
Power
to
quarter
Soldiers
,
Officers
,
or
Horse
within
the
Houses
,
or
on
the
possessions
of
the
Clergy
,
with
several
other
Articles
of
like
tenure
,
which
were
so
repugnant
to
the
Power
of
Kings
,
that
is
seemed
to
shake
their
Authority
,
and
set
up
an
other
Soveraignty
within
their
own
Kingdoms
independant
of
the
Regal
Jurisdiction
:
for
which
reason
the
French
Ambassadours
having
made
their
Protest
against
these
Articles
in
the
space
of
fifteen
days
afterwards
,
retired
from
Trent
to
Venice
,
according
to
the
Orders
which
they
had
received
from
France
.
The
news
of
this
retreat
of
the
Ambassadours
was
very
unwelcome
to
the
Court
of
Rome
,
and
especially
to
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
,
who
apprehended
that
this
unexpected
accident
would
much
eclipse
his
Credit
,
and
Reputation
with
the
Pope
,
and
defeat
the
hopes
he
had
conceived
of
his
new
preferment
;
which
that
he
might
still
keep
up
,
he
promised
the
Pope
to
write
and
accordingly
did
write
unto
the
King
in
such
terms
,
as
plainly
evidenced
,
how
far
he
had
abandoned
the
Principles
he
brought
from
France
,
and
sacrificed
them
to
a
new
aad
strange
Interest
which
he
had
acquired
at
Rome
.
After
which
the
Pope
wrote
to
the
Legats
to
prepare
for
the
following
Session
according
to
the
time
appointed
,
and
to
commence
immediately
after
the
return
of
the
Cardinal
to
Trent
;
and
then
speedily
to
wind
all
things
up
,
so
as
to
put
a
final
conclusion
to
the
Council
,
in
which
there
seemed
no
great
difficulty
,
for
that
the
French
,
and
Germans
being
drawn
off
,
they
had
none
to
deal
with
,
but
onely
with
the
Spaniards
.
Howsoever
the
Pope
resenting
highly
the
retirement
of
the
five
French
Bishops
,
accused
them
of
Heresie
,
and
cited
them
to
make
their
defence
before
the
Tribunal
of
Inquisition
at
Rome
:
in
like
manner
he
issued
out
Process
against
Jane
Queen
of
Navarre
Widow
of
Anthony
of
Bourbon
upon
an
accusation
of
Heresie
,
in
order
to
depose
her
from
her
Crown
and
Dignity
;
the
which
Decrees
were
divulged
,
and
affixed
on
all
publick
places
.
And
though
the
Cardinal
did
in
dislike
thereof
,
represent
unto
the
Pope
,
that
this
manner
of
proceeding
was
contrary
to
the
received
Maxims
of
France
,
and
the
liberties
of
the
Gallican
Church
,
and
that
it
was
not
seasonable
to
proceed
with
such
rigour
against
a
Queen
,
who
was
an
Ally
of
France
,
and
the
Relict
of
one
lately
slain
in
Battel
against
the
Hugenots
;
and
that
it
was
too
early
to
summon
Bishops
to
receive
judgment
at
Rome
,
against
which
the
Council
of
France
had
so
lately
protested
:
yet
the
Cardinal
having
performed
this
Office
in
a
cold
,
and
perfunctory
manner
,
as
if
he
intended
rather
to
acquit
himself
with
his
Master
,
than
gain
his
Point
,
gave
no
satisfaction
to
the
Government
of
France
;
which
therefore
making
use
of
the
Ambassadour
Monsieur
d'
Oisel
in
this
Negotiation
;
his
endeavours
succeeded
so
well
;
that
the
Process
against
the
Queen
of
Navarre
and
the
five
Bishops
,
was
superseded
,
and
the
whole
matter
buried
in
silence
:
And
that
the
King
might
shew
,
how
little
he
regarded
the
Decrees
of
the
Council
;
he
proceeded
actually
to
alienate
the
Lands
of
the
Church
,
before
the
License
and
Grant
of
the
Pope
arrived
his
hands
,
and
raised
thereupon
two
millions
and
five
hundred
thousand
Livres
.
By
this
time
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
was
returned
,
and
the
eleventh
of
November
came
,
which
was
the
day
appointed
for
the
Session
;
after
the
usual
ceremonies
of
which
were
performed
,
the
Article
about
Clandestine
Marriages
was
read
,
and
after
some
Contests
thereupon
,
was
passed
by
plurality
of
Voices
:
but
yet
it
did
not
pass
the
raillery
of
some
witty
Men
;
who
reflected
on
the
words
of
the
Canon
,
which
pronounces
Anathema
against
those
,
who
deny
Clandestine
Marriage
to
be
a
true
Sacrament
;
and
yet
in
the
conclusion
saith
,
that
the
Church
hath
ever
disapproved
and
detested
it
.
Afterwards
the
Decrees
of
General
Reformation
were
read
,
which
are
too
long
to
be
here
inserted
,
upon
passing
of
which
,
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
declared
,
that
the
French
Nation
did
so
far
accept
them
,
as
they
were
not
prejudicial
to
the
Priviledges
,
Rights
,
and
antient
Constitutions
of
the
Kings
of
France
.
Howsoever
,
amongst
all
the
Chapters
of
General
Reformation
,
there
was
not
one
Point
of
those
many
touched
,
which
the
People
of
divers
Nations
required
;
nothing
being
therein
contained
,
or
resolved
,
but
what
served
to
advance
the
Pope's
Authority
over
the
Clergy
,
and
warrant
the
Power
of
the
Clergy
in
oppression
of
the
People
.
Amongst
these
Points
of
General
Reformation
,
there
was
one
which
made
void
all
Titles
,
or
Rights
to
Benefices
which
were
obtained
by
Simony
,
which
in
the
Opinion
of
some
,
would
have
ruined
the
greatest
part
of
the
Pope's
Annates
,
or
yearly
Income
,
had
it
been
strictly
observed
:
but
this
was
as
duly
obeyed
,
as
the
Canon
which
prohibits
Cardinals
to
enjoy
plurality
of
benefices
;
in
both
which
,
time
,
and
experience
have
shewn
us
,
how
little
either
the
one
,
or
the
other
hath
been
regarded
.
Another
Chapter
which
ordained
that
those
who
had
publickly
sinned
,
should
do
publick
Penance
,
seemed
,
as
if
it
designed
to
restore
the
Primitive
Discipline
;
but
that
was
again
spoiled
by
this
clause
,
Ni
aliter
Episcopo
videatur
,
with
these
,
and
matters
of
the
like
nature
,
this
Session
concluded
.
And
now
the
Scene
of
Affairs
began
much
to
change
their
face
;
for
every
one
growing
weary
of
Disputes
,
passed
every
thing
almost
without
examination
,
or
contest
.
The
Pope
was
infinitely
tired
,
and
fainted
under
the
burthen
of
the
Council
.
The
French
who
now
expected
no
benefit
from
this
Assembly
,
followed
the
dictates
of
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
,
who
had
intirely
devoted
himself
to
the
Papal
Interest
.
The
Germans
had
long
since
abandoned
the
Council
,
despairing
of
any
good
,
or
cure
from
it
:
onely
the
Spaniards
to
whom
delays
have
been
always
pleasing
,
and
to
whom
by
force
of
gravity
all
fatigues
of
long
continuance
are
rendered
Ease
,
were
those
,
who
willingly
would
have
protracted
the
longer
course
of
the
Council
;
but
not
being
able
to
stem
the
Torrent
,
with
which
other
Nations
precipitated
the
Council
to
a
conclusion
,
they
yielded
to
the
same
humour
,
and
concurred
with
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
,
and
others
in
their
Design
to
put
an
end
to
the
Council
at
the
next
Session
.
The
Points
about
Indulgences
,
on
which
Luther
had
grounded
his
first
quarrel
with
the
Pope
,
Adoration
of
Saints
,
Purgatory
,
Images
and
Fasts
,
were
all
slubber'd
over
,
and
passed
in
the
space
of
fifteen
days
:
The
greatest
difficulty
was
that
,
which
related
to
the
Reformation
of
Princes
,
against
which
the
Ambassadours
of
France
had
so
seriously
protested
;
which
being
a
knotty
,
and
insuperable
Point
,
it
was
resolved
to
leave
it
undecided
:
and
in
lieu
thereof
to
perform
something
for
the
better
satisfaction
of
the
Clergy
;
allowing
unto
the
Bishops
some
enlargement
of
Power
over
their
respective
Chapters
.
But
as
to
the
Decree
which
was
drawn
up
,
for
reforming
,
and
moderating
the
Authority
of
Princes
,
they
thought
fit
in
lieu
thereof
to
renew
the
tenure
of
the
Antient
Canons
,
not
enforcing
them
with
Menaces
,
or
Anathemas
,
but
onely
with
exhortations
to
Princes
,
to
conserve
,
and
maintain
the
Church
in
its
priviledges
,
concluding
with
gentle
terms
full
of
respect
to
the
Sovereign
Power
.
The
expressions
of
this
Article
being
thus
moderated
to
the
satisfaction
(
as
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
imagined
)
of
temporal
Princes
,
he
endeavoured
to
persuade
the
French
Ambassadours
to
return
again
from
Venice
to
Trent
,
which
they
absolutely
refused
to
do
;
for
though
the
Article
for
reforming
Princes
'
was
revoked
,
yet
several
other
Acts
being
pass'd
to
the
prejudice
of
the
Gallican
Church
,
the
Ambassadours
pretended
that
their
return
and
presence
,
would
imply
or
argue
a
concurrence
,
or
an
assent
to
all
the
Decrees
of
the
Council
.
Notwithstanding
this
refusal
,
the
Council
proceeded
forward
to
consider
of
the
reformation
of
Friers
,
Monks
,
Abbots
,
and
other
Religious
;
in
respect
to
whom
,
few
Rules
were
altered
,
onely
some
additions
were
made
,
according
to
the
Proposals
and
desires
of
the
Generals
of
the
respective
Orders
.
All
other
things
(
as
we
have
said
)
proceeded
smoothly
,
the
Point
of
Indulgences
being
superficially
touched
;
for
considering
the
many
difficulties
comprehended
in
that
question
,
which
might
,
if
distinctly
treated
,
have
taken
up
a
long
time
in
the
examination
of
every
Point
;
it
was
thought
fit
to
couch
all
in
few
words
,
prohibiting
the
abuses
thereof
in
general
terms
.
Thus
did
matters
hasten
towards
an
end
,
but
what
did
more
eagerly
precipitate
a
conclusion
,
was
the
Pope's
indisposition
of
health
;
for
it
was
feared
in
case
the
Pope
should
die
during
the
Session
,
that
then
the
Council
would
by
the
example
of
that
of
Constance
,
take
upon
themselves
a
Power
of
electing
an
other
;
so
that
notwithstanding
the
opposition
of
the
Spaniards
(
who
desired
to
proceed
with
gravity
,
and
phlegm
,
until
they
could
receive
an
answer
of
what
they
had
wrote
to
Madrid
)
the
ultimate
Session
was
appointed
for
the
9th
.
of
December
:
but
in
regard
that
time
seemed
too
long
to
Persons
impatient
of
an
end
,
the
day
was
shortned
to
the
third
of
that
month
,
and
to
be
continued
on
the
day
following
in
case
the
Affairs
seemed
too
weighty
and
various
to
be
ended
at
one
sitting
.
The
Spanish
Ambassadour
with
fourteen
of
his
Bishops
not
being
able
to
withstand
this
general
Torrent
,
promised
to
concur
with
the
others
on
these
two
conditions
;
First
,
That
the
Pope
should
regulate
all
matters
not
determined
by
this
Council
;
And
secondly
,
That
in
the
Chapters
of
Indulgences
,
the
word
(
gratis
)
should
not
be
used
,
lest
it
should
prejudice
the
Indulgences
granted
by
the
Crusada
of
Spain
.
All
the
difficulties
being
now
overcome
,
the
Session
was
held
on
Friday
the
3d.
of
December
,
at
which
,
after
the
Sermon
,
and
usual
Ceremonies
,
all
the
Acts
prepared
according
to
form
were
read
,
but
being
too
long
for
the
work
of
one
day
,
the
remaining
part
was
left
until
the
day
following
:
at
the
conclusion
of
all
,
fearing
lest
in
any
of
the
Decrees
of
Reformation
,
some
words
should
have
escaped
,
which
might
seem
to
entrench
,
or
diminish
the
Pope's
Authority
;
it
was
determined
that
the
Interpretation
of
the
Canons
,
and
the
liberty
to
dispense
with
any
of
them
should
remain
in
the
breast
,
and
at
the
free
pleasure
and
will
of
the
Pope
;
in
confirmation
of
which
it
was
publickly
declared
by
common
Voice
,
that
the
intention
of
the
Council
in
all
,
and
every
of
their
Canons
was
to
maintain
the
Papal
Dignity
in
its
antient
Power
,
and
Authority
,
without
any
abatement
,
or
diminution
thereof
.
And
finally
an
Act
was
read
,
and
published
,
whereby
it
was
declared
▪
That
the
place
,
or
rank
which
any
Ambassadour
or
Representative
had
holden
,
or
possessed
in
that
Council
,
should
give
no
Title
,
or
ground
of
claim
for
the
like
degree
,
or
place
for
the
future
;
the
Council
not
pretending
to
determine
any
thing
in
prejudice
of
the
rights
and
priviledges
of
Kings
,
Princes
,
or
States
.
Lastly
,
at
the
breaking
up
of
the
Council
,
Excommunications
and
Anathemas
were
read
against
all
Hereticks
in
general
,
mentioning
Luther
,
Zuinglius
,
or
others
in
particular
.
And
then
the
period
was
closed
with
loud
acclamations
in
praise
of
the
Pope
,
the
Emperor
,
the
Kings
,
the
Legats
,
and
all
the
Fathers
:
which
was
performed
in
a
different
manner
to
the
practice
of
other
Councils
,
which
ended
with
acclamations
,
and
blessings
pronounced
with
the
confused
noise
,
or
murmurings
of
the
whole
Assembly
;
but
at
Trent
it
was
performed
by
way
of
Responses
,
or
Antiphonas
;
in
which
the
Cardinal
of
Lorain
pronounced
the
first
Sentence
,
and
was
again
answered
by
all
the
Prelats
;
which
being
the
part
of
a
Deacon
,
or
Chanter
,
seemed
an
Office
too
mean
to
be
personated
by
his
Eminence
,
and
not
onely
gave
subject
of
railery
to
the
World
,
but
subjected
him
to
a
thousand
Censures
at
his
return
home
,
where
it
was
charged
upon
him
,
that
in
the
Acclamations
,
or
Antiphonas
,
then
made
,
there
was
no
mention
of
the
King
of
France
.
And
in
the
last
place
it
was
ordained
,
That
all
the
Prelats
should
sign
the
Decrees
before
their
departure
upon
pain
of
Excommunication
;
for
execution
whereof
a
form
of
Congregation
being
appointed
,
the
Hands
,
or
subscriptions
consisted
of
four
Legats
,
two
Cardinals
,
three
Patriarchs
,
twenty
five
Arch-Bishops
,
two
hundred
sixty
eight
Bishops
,
seven
Abbots
,
thirty
nine
Procurators
,
or
Substitutes
in
behalf
of
such
as
were
absent
,
and
seven
Generals
of
the
Religious
Orders
:
the
subscriptions
of
the
Ambassadours
were
not
required
,
to
avoid
the
late
Contestations
,
and
Disputes
about
place
.
And
yet
notwithstanding
this
number
of
Bishops
,
there
was
not
one
of
Germany
present
in
the
last
Convocation
,
which
was
far
the
most
numerous
,
and
solemn
of
any
:
for
Hungary
,
or
Poland
,
there
were
very
few
Bishops
present
;
there
appeared
not
one
for
Sweden
,
Denmark
,
England
,
or
the
Low-Countries
.
The
Bishops
of
France
which
came
onely
towards
the
latter
end
,
being
joyned
with
the
Bishops
of
Spain
,
could
not
in
all
make
above
the
number
of
forty
;
so
that
of
the
two
hundred
and
odd
Bishops
of
which
this
Council
was
composed
,
there
was
at
least
one
hundred
and
fifty
of
them
Italians
,
who
were
Creatures
,
and
Pensioners
of
the
Pope
.
For
which
reason
this
Assembly
was
justly
termed
the
Council
of
the
Pope
,
and
his
Italians
.
The
Council
being
in
this
manner
broken
up
every
one
returned
to
his
home
,
and
Country
;
and
all
things
being
concluded
to
the
satisfaction
of
the
Pope
,
caused
great
joy
in
the
Court
of
Rome
,
where
the
Legats
,
and
the
other
Favourers
thereof
were
received
and
welcomed
with
applause
,
and
commendations
;
and
the
Pope
to
gratifie
his
Friends
,
who
had
taken
such
pains
,
and
served
so
well
in
this
important
Affair
,
promoted
nineteen
of
them
to
the
Dignity
of
Cardinals
,
and
amongst
the
rest
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Taranto
was
in
a
singular
manner
remembred
,
and
gratified
.
Nor
had
the
Pope
so
much
taken
up
his
thoughts
with
the
Council
,
but
that
being
transported
with
a
spirit
of
munificence
and
Building
,
he
could
attend
to
raise
,
and
continue
his
Name
by
mighty
,
and
Excellent
Structures
:
and
figuring
to
himself
a
model
of
the
antient
Rome
,
as
if
he
intended
to
have
restored
it
to
its
antique
glory
,
he
commanded
the
antient
Monuments
to
be
conserved
,
the
Streets
restored
,
and
at
his
great
expence
the
Aqueducts
which
brought
the
Water
from
distant
places
to
the
City
to
be
again
repaired
.
It
was
this
Pope
who
re-built
the
Baths
of
Diocletian
upon
Mount
Quirinus
,
converting
them
into
a
Church
,
and
to
a
Monastery
,
which
he
personally
consecrated
.
He
fortified
the
Castle
of
St.
Angelo
and
repaired
the
ruins
of
the
Castle
of
Civita
Vecchia
,
and
made
many
other
Structures
for
convenience
,
and
Ornament
of
the
City
.
1564.
Whilest
he
was
intent
upon
these
Affairs
,
a
certain
number
of
Villains
designed
to
have
murthered
him
,
and
to
have
perpetrated
this
wickedness
at
the
time
,
when
he
was
busied
in
reading
a
Paper
which
they
were
to
consign
into
his
hand
:
the
Person
who
was
to
deliver
him
the
Writing
was
one
Acolti
;
and
the
Contents
,
or
substance
thereof
was
a
persuasion
to
resign
up
his
Papal
Authority
into
the
hands
of
such
a
Person
,
whom
they
should
describe
to
him
;
for
they
pretended
to
have
received
a
Revelation
,
and
seen
a
Vision
,
that
the
Successour
to
this
Pope
should
be
of
an
Angelical
Spirit
,
elected
by
the
common
consent
of
all
Christendom
,
that
he
should
become
the
Universal
Monarch
of
all
the
World
,
reform
the
Manners
of
Mankind
,
teach
them
to
live
up
to
the
perfection
of
humane
Life
;
and
in
short
,
convert
all
People
and
Nations
to
the
Christian
Faith
.
Acolti
having
delivered
his
Paper
,
and
being
about
to
strike
the
fatal
blow
,
his
heart
failed
him
:
upon
which
one
of
the
Assassinates
discovering
the
Conspiracy
,
they
were
all
seized
,
and
justly
executed
with
such
torments
as
the
blackness
of
the
Crime
deserved
.
Not
long
after
this
being
on
the
10th
.
of
December
,
1565.
the
Pope
died
,
having
governed
five
years
,
eleven
months
and
a
half
;
he
had
during
his
time
created
forty
five
Cardinals
,
some
out
of
favour
to
Princes
,
and
others
in
reward
of
their
own
worth
,
and
merit
;
and
had
he
lived
,
his
intention
was
to
have
made
up
his
number
a
full
hundred
,
so
that
they
might
have
been
called
,
Centum
Patres
.
But
he
died
in
the
77th
.
year
of
his
age
,
and
his
body
was
buried
in
the
Baths
of
Diocletian
,
lately
converted
into
a
Church
by
him
,
and
called
Sancta
Maria
Angelorum
.
And
the
Sea
was
vacant
twenty
nine
days
.
PIVS
V.
PIVS
the
Fourth
being
dead
,
and
his
funeral
Rites
after
the
accustomed
manner
being
performed
,
the
Cardinals
entered
the
Conclave
to
the
number
of
fifty
two
,
and
by
common
consent
with
the
concurrence
of
Cardinal
Borromeus
(
afterwards
canonized
for
a
Saint
)
and
of
Cardinal
Farnese
,
the
two
leading
Men
at
that
time
,
elected
Anthony
Ghisler
to
the
Succession
in
the
Papal
Chair
.
This
Anthony
Ghisler
so
called
by
Papyrius
Massonius
,
but
by
Cicarella
named
Michael
,
was
born
of
mean
and
ordinary
Parents
at
a
Town
called
Boschi
,
not
far
from
Alexandria
della
paglia
,
which
lies
between
Montferrat
,
and
the
State
of
Milan
;
he
was
entered
into
the
Order
of
Jacobin
Friers
at
the
age
of
fourteen
years
,
and
then
changed
his
name
to
Michael
;
he
was
ordained
Priest
at
Genua
,
and
proved
a
most
strenuous
Preacher
,
and
Master
of
a
most
powerful
,
and
moving
Eloquence
;
he
was
afterwards
constituted
Prior
of
his
Convent
of
Vigevani
,
and
Commissary
of
the
Inquisition
;
he
was
by
Paul
the
4th
.
made
Bishop
of
Nepi
,
and
then
Cardinal
de
Sancta
Sabina
,
but
in
regard
,
that
he
was
born
at
Boschi
not
above
six
miles
distant
from
Alexandria
,
he
was
commonly
stiled
Cardinal
Alessandrino
;
and
then
as
we
have
said
,
without
much
faction
,
or
debate
,
he
was
with
common
consent
on
the
7th
.
of
Jan.
1566.
created
Pope
.
All
the
Writers
of
his
Life
,
give
him
the
commendation
of
unblemished
Virtue
,
of
a
strict
,
and
severe
Devotion
,
and
of
a
most
excellent
Spirit
in
the
government
of
the
Church
;
but
for
a
more
perfect
Character
of
him
take
the
words
of
Papyrius
Massonius
,
which
are
these
:
He
did
neever
seek
,
or
pursue
honours
,
but
walking
always
in
the
direct
,
and
even
path
of
Virtue
,
he
was
always
courted
and
overtaken
by
them
:
the
Dignity
of
Cardinal
had
changed
nothing
in
his
humour
,
and
served
onely
to
render
his
Virtues
more
conspicuous
to
the
World
:
for
he
still
reserved
the
same
sweetness
and
affability
in
his
nature
,
the
same
severity
in
his
life
and
discipline
,
and
the
same
freedom
,
and
candour
in
his
advice
and
Counsel
,
as
he
had
maintained
in
his
private
condition
,
having
always
a
more
strict
regard
to
Justice
,
and
Truth
,
than
to
the
favour
,
and
flattery
of
great
Personages
;
and
in
delivering
his
Advice
,
as
his
words
were
plain
,
and
sincere
,
so
his
gestures
,
and
countenance
enforced
them
with
prevailing
Authority
.
Thus
was
his
advancement
to
the
Papal
Authority
raised
on
the
pedestal
of
his
own
merit
,
so
that
there
is
no
place
left
for
doubt
,
but
that
his
Election
proceeded
from
Divine
Providence
,
or
Inspiration
,
rather
than
from
the
judgment
,
or
direction
of
Men
:
for
he
had
no
fumes
,
or
vanities
of
an
antient
Family
to
boast
of
,
no
grandeur
of
richness
,
nor
favour
of
Princes
,
which
might
assist
,
and
concur
to
his
Instalment
,
and
prepare
his
way
to
the
Papal
Sea
;
onely
the
same
Vertue
which
had
accompanied
him
from
his
youth
,
gave
him
favour
in
the
eyes
of
the
World
,
and
lead
him
by
the
hand
to
this
degree
of
Sovereignty
.
On
the
Festival
of
St.
Anthony
being
then
of
the
age
of
sixty
two
,
he
was
Crowned
Pope
but
not
without
the
fears
,
and
apprehensions
of
the
World
,
who
imagined
,
that
his
quick
,
and
hot
nature
being
prone
to
sudden
anger
,
being
conjoyned
with
that
severity
of
Life
which
he
had
always
professed
,
would
render
him
as
froward
,
and
impetuous
as
Paul
IV.
but
his
teasty
nature
which
was
subject
to
sudden
anger
,
was
as
easily
,
and
quickly
past
;
and
then
his
good
nature
returning
again
,
he
would
execute
his
passion
,
which
being
free
from
Pride
and
Ambition
,
and
worldly
considerations
,
did
never
transport
him
beyond
the
limits
of
Decency
,
and
Reason
.
Being
now
seated
in
the
Papal
Chair
,
the
Establishment
,
and
Ornament
whereof
he
esteemed
to
be
holiness
of
Life
in
himself
,
and
purity
,
and
religious
deportment
in
the
Clergy
;
he
endeavoured
to
put
those
Rules
of
Piety
into
practice
,
which
the
Council
of
Trent
had
prescribed
for
reformation
of
Manners
,
and
Discipline
amongst
Priests
,
and
religious
Persons
.
In
order
unto
which
,
he
designed
to
banish
all
the
Cortesans
from
Rome
,
which
was
a
work
of
no
small
adventure
at
that
time
,
when
those
Ladies
of
pleasure
possessed
the
most
sumptuous
,
and
magnificent
Palaces
of
the
City
,
and
were
favoured
by
the
Patronage
of
some
Senators
,
and
Cardinals
,
who
to
hinder
that
unkind
action
,
alledged
,
that
the
Church
would
not
onely
lose
a
considerable
Revenue
,
which
did
arise
from
the
pains
of
that
industrious
sort
of
People
,
but
also
Strangers
be
deprived
of
those
entertainments
of
Musick
,
and
Dancing
;
which
they
promised
to
themselves
during
their
residences
at
Rome
:
howsoever
,
though
these
considerations
did
not
wholly
avail
with
the
Pope
,
yet
they
did
moderate
the
rigour
of
his
Sentence
;
so
that
some
of
the
Cortesans
were
permitted
License
to
remain
,
and
abide
in
a
certain
corner
of
the
City
being
forbidden
to
pass
through
the
high
,
and
publick
streets
,
and
to
frequent
any
of
the
Churches
,
excepting
two
or
three
which
were
appointed
for
them
,
where
Masses
were
allowed
and
Sermons
preached
on
Texts
proper
to
their
condition
,
and
in
order
to
reduce
them
to
contrition
,
and
conversion
of
life
.
As
he
was
severe
in
this
manner
against
the
Cortesans
,
so
he
carried
a
strict
Eye
over
all
the
Clergy
;
enjoyning
all
such
as
enjoyed
any
Benefices
from
the
Church
to
have
the
Crown
of
their
head
constantly
shaved
,
and
never
to
wear
Silk
in
any
of
their
Habits
and
Garments
,
unless
in
their
Stoles
and
Vestments
in
which
they
officiated
,
or
celebrated
Mass
;
the
like
modesty
,
and
grave
deportment
he
ordained
amongst
all
the
Officers
of
his
own
Family
,
where
he
appointed
three
Lectures
of
Divinity
to
be
read
every
Week
for
entertainment
of
the
Clergy
:
and
commanded
his
Suisses
,
and
Soldiers
of
his
Life-guard
to
comport
themselves
with
Civility
towards
all
,
without
Extortion
,
or
Insolence
.
As
to
his
own
Relations
,
he
commanded
them
all
to
retire
from
Rome
,
having
provided
for
them
in
other
places
with
small
Pensions
;
excepting
onely
one
young
Nephew
,
who
was
a
Student
in
the
German
College
;
and
an
other
called
Michael
Bonnello
who
being
a
youth
of
excellent
parts
,
and
a
hopeful
disposition
,
was
at
the
great
instance
of
Friends
promoted
to
the
degree
of
a
Cardinal
.
A
certain
rich
Jew
at
Rome
called
Elias
,
one
learned
in
the
Rabbins
and
Mosaical
Law
,
and
Master
of
a
Synagogue
,
did
usually
frequent
the
Society
of
this
Cardinal
Alexandrino
,
before
he
came
to
be
Pope
;
between
whom
questions
being
often
controverted
about
Religion
:
the
Cardinal
by
the
force
of
Reason
and
the
Example
of
his
holy
life
so
prevailed
at
length
upon
the
Jew
,
that
he
promised
to
become
a
Christian
,
and
profess
that
faith
,
so
soon
,
as
this
Cardinal
should
be
created
Pope
:
the
which
promise
Alexandrino
immediately
challenged
so
soon
as
he
was
promoted
to
the
Papal
Chair
:
the
Jew
was
not
able
to
resist
or
deny
the
engagement
;
but
believing
that
this
unexpected
advancement
of
his
Friend
to
the
Popedom
,
was
an
impulse
of
the
Holy
Ghost
for
his
conversion
,
did
immediately
profess
the
Christian
Faith
;
and
together
with
his
Wife
,
three
Children
,
and
a
Nephew
were
all
baptized
by
the
Pope
himself
about
the
Feast
of
Pentecost
in
the
year
1566.
And
thus
much
shall
serve
for
a
Character
in
general
of
the
humour
,
and
temperament
of
this
Pope
Pius
V.
Now
as
to
the
management
of
his
temporal
Power
;
he
was
extreamly
zealous
against
the
Protestants
on
the
one
side
,
and
against
the
Turks
on
the
other
:
For
as
to
the
first
he
sent
Cardinal
Commendone
to
be
present
at
a
General
Diet
in
Germany
,
convened
by
the
Emperour
Maximilian
and
be
their
assistant
to
the
Roman
Catholicks
,
and
offer
such
cautions
,
and
Caveats
in
their
proceedings
,
as
might
defend
,
and
secure
the
Papal
Authority
,
as
much
as
was
possible
.
Then
to
subject
and
subdue
the
Protestants
in
France
,
he
furnished
King
Charles
IX
.
with
an
Army
of
four
thousand
four
hundred
Foot
;
and
nine
hundred
Horse
under
the
command
of
the
Count
St.
Fleur
:
and
farther
to
supply
the
occasions
of
this
King
with
Money
,
he
gave
license
to
sell
,
and
alienate
so
much
of
the
Church
Lands
in
France
,
as
might
suffice
for
the
carrying
on
of
this
War
,
in
which
Trust
of
Sales
the
Cardinals
of
Lorain
,
and
Bourbon
,
being
made
Commissioners
,
the
Lands
belonging
to
the
Church
,
which
were
then
sold
amounted
to
the
value
of
one
hundred
and
fifty
thousand
Crowns
of
yearly
Revenue
.
In
the
next
place
,
it
was
this
Pope
Pius
V.
who
out
of
his
great
zeal
,
excommunicated
Elizabeth
Queen
of
England
,
with
all
her
Subjects
of
the
same
profession
.
And
in
the
year
1569.
conferred
on
Cosmo
de
Medicis
Duke
of
Florence
,
the
Title
of
Great
Duke
of
Tuscany
;
in
Gratitude
for
which
the
Duke
coming
to
Rome
to
acknowledg
the
honour
done
him
,
was
there
crowned
with
a
Ducal
Crown
by
the
hands
of
the
Pope
,
about
the
Circle
of
which
this
Motto
was
engraven
,
Pius
quintus
Pont.
Max.
ob
eximiam
Dilectionem
,
ac
Catholicae
Religionis
Zelum
praecipuumque
Justitiae
studium
donavit
.
Then
to
demonstrate
his
zeal
against
the
Turks
,
the
prevailing
Enemies
over
Christianity
under
the
conduct
of
Solyman
the
Magnificent
,
who
at
that
time
was
entered
into
Hungary
with
an
Army
of
two
hundred
thousand
fighting
Men
:
He
instantly
desired
,
and
exhorted
the
Christian
Princes
unto
Unity
amongst
themselves
,
that
they
might
repulse
the
common
Enemy
of
the
Christian
Faith
:
and
to
shew
that
he
would
not
persuade
others
to
that
performance
,
in
which
he
did
not
readily
offer
himself
to
be
an
Example
;
he
freely
sent
unto
the
Emperour
a
Present
of
ninety
thousand
Ducats
,
with
promise
to
furnish
fifty
thousand
Crowns
more
every
year
,
so
long
as
the
Wars
should
continue
.
And
indeed
at
that
time
there
needed
Counsel
,
and
Arms
,
and
Money
to
resist
Solyman
,
who
had
besieged
the
strong
Fortress
of
Segeth
,
which
was
then
commanded
by
Count
Serini
,
whose
Family
like
that
of
Hanibal
against
the
Romans
,
had
ever
sworn
enmity
,
and
irreconcileable
hatred
to
the
Turks
.
It
happened
,
that
though
Solyman
died
in
the
Siege
against
this
City
,
yet
the
assaults
,
and
force
were
continued
by
Mahomet
the
Grand
Visier
,
who
concealed
the
death
of
Solyman
,
until
he
had
first
advised
the
news
thereof
unto
his
Successour
Sultan
Selim
the
Second
,
during
which
time
,
he
plied
the
Town
with
such
continual
storms
,
as
reduced
the
Defendants
to
the
last
extremity
;
and
to
a
resolution
of
selling
their
Lives
at
the
dearest
rate
;
which
they
accordingly
performed
by
a
Sally
of
five
hundred
Men
,
in
which
all
of
them
being
slain
with
their
Leader
Count
Serini
,
the
Town
was
soon
after
surrendered
into
the
hands
of
the
Turk
.
It
was
now
the
year
1570.
when
Sultan
Selim
succeeding
his
Father
the
Great
Solyman
,
and
being
a
Prince
as
ambitious
and
as
desirous
to
enlarge
his
Empire
,
as
was
his
Predecessour
,
resolved
upon
the
Conquest
of
Cyprus
,
then
belonging
to
the
Venetian
Dominions
.
But
that
he
might
not
seem
to
attempt
the
Countries
of
his
Neighbour
,
before
he
had
first
denounced
War
;
he
dispatched
a
Chiaus
to
Venice
,
demanding
the
surrender
of
the
Kingdom
of
Cyprus
,
as
a
dependance
on
the
City
of
Constantinople
,
and
a
Member
of
the
Grecian
Empire
,
to
which
he
had
gained
a
Title
by
the
power
of
his
Sword
.
This
Message
or
Summons
being
delivered
in
full
Senate
,
was
seconded
by
many
Incursions
made
into
Dalmatia
,
and
Sclavonia
,
and
great
preparations
for
transporting
Soldiers
into
Cyprus
.
The
Venetians
being
thus
assaulted
by
the
potent
Enemy
of
Christendom
,
applyed
themselves
to
the
Pope
,
desiring
him
that
he
would
be
pleased
out
of
his
paternal
commiseration
to
the
Christian
Cause
,
to
administer
some
effectual
help
from
his
own
hand
,
and
exhort
all
other
Christian
Princes
to
enter
into
a
League
,
and
unite
their
Forces
against
the
common
Enemy
of
the
Christian
Faith
:
In
compliance
with
this
Request
,
the
Pope
prevailed
with
the
King
of
Spain
to
furnish
the
Venetians
with
fifty
Sail
of
Galleys
under
the
Command
of
John
Andrew
d'
Oria
,
a
valiant
,
and
experienced
General
,
requiring
him
to
obey
Mark
Anthony
Colonna
Commander
in
Chief
of
the
Pope's
Gallies
;
and
accordingly
in
the
Month
of
August
1570.
a
very
considerable
Force
met
at
the
Rendezvouz
in
Candia
consisting
of
one
hundred
and
eighty
Gallies
,
eleven
Galeasses
,
and
six
Ships
of
War
.
But
the
Turks
being
more
forward
in
this
Expedition
,
had
a
Month
before
that
time
landed
a
formidable
Army
in
the
Island
of
Cyprus
;
where
after
having
taken
the
Cities
of
Nicosia
,
and
Famagosta
with
great
effusion
of
blood
,
they
made
themselves
Masters
of
the
whole
Island
;
whilest
in
the
mean
time
the
two
great
Commanders
Colonna
and
D'
Oria
,
being
at
variance
,
for
D'
Oria
refused
to
yield
to
Colonna
,
the
design
was
frustrated
,
and
the
Fleets
returned
home
without
any
Action
considerable
in
that
Voyage
,
which
verified
the
truth
of
that
saying
of
Livy
,
Quam
plurium
imperium
bello
inutile
.
However
●his
ill
success
did
not
discourage
these
Allies
from
making
farther
trial
of
their
fortune
;
for
being
all
concerned
to
resist
the
Turk
,
they
renewed
their
League
again
for
the
succeeding
year
which
was
An.
1571.
And
that
they
might
prevent
the
misunderstandings
which
the
year
before
had
happened
between
the
two
Generals
;
it
was
agreed
,
that
Don
John
d'
Austria
,
who
was
natural
Brother
to
the
King
of
Spain
should
be
Commander
,
or
Generalissimo
of
the
whole
Navy
,
that
Mark
Anthony
Colonna
General
of
the
Pope's
Gallies
,
should
be
his
Lieutenant
,
and
accordingly
preparations
being
made
,
Messina
in
the
Island
of
Sicily
was
appointed
for
the
place
of
Rendezvouz
,
where
about
the
Month
of
August
the
whole
Fleet
joined
together
,
consisting
of
one
hundred
Venetian
light
Gallies
,
6
Galleasses
,
two
Ships
,
besides
Brigantines
,
Felucas
and
other
smaller
Vessels
under
Dominico
a
Nobleman
of
Venice
.
The
Pope's
Gallies
were
twelve
,
commanded
by
Mark
Anthony
Colonna
,
and
the
Fleet
or
Spain
commanded
by
Don
John
d'
Austria
consisted
of
eighty
one
Gallies
,
amongst
which
the
three
Gallies
of
Malta
were
comprehended
,
and
twenty
two
Sail
of
Ships
.
With
this
Force
this
mighty
Fleet
departed
from
Messina
on
the
16th
.
of
September
1571.
and
sailed
to
Corfu
a
safe
Port
belonging
to
the
Venetians
in
the
Adriatick
Sea
:
where
having
advice
that
the
Turks
Armata
,
was
in
the
Gulf
of
Lepanto
;
they
weighed
Anchor
,
and
stood
directly
for
that
place
,
where
on
the
3d
▪
of
October
they
joined
Battel
with
the
Turks
,
and
gave
them
that
memorable
overthrow
;
which
hath
ever
since
disabled
them
from
forming
any
considerable
Force
at
Sea
against
the
Christians
:
for
in
that
fight
the
which
continued
not
above
five
hours
,
the
most
formidable
Fleet
that
was
ever
equipped
,
or
set
out
from
Constantinople
,
was
destroyed
;
for
they
lost
one
hundred
and
seventeen
Gallies
,
eighty
Brigantines
,
or
smaller
Vessels
which
were
sunk
,
or
burn'd
,
or
put
ashoar
,
forty
Sail
of
Gallies
,
or
thereabouts
were
taken
in
the
pursuit
.
Of
the
Turks
were
killed
thirty
two
thousand
Men
,
amongst
which
were
many
Bashaws
,
and
Beglerbeges
,
and
three
thousand
five
hundred
Captives
were
taken
,
and
fifteen
thousand
poor
Christians
were
released
,
who
had
been
chained
to
the
Oar
in
the
Gallies
of
the
Turks
:
Of
the
Christians
after
the
fight
was
ended
,
upon
the
numbers
wanting
in
every
Vessel
,
the
account
of
the
slain
amounted
to
seven
thousand
six
hundred
fifty
six
.
This
signal
Victory
was
attributed
as
much
to
the
devout
Prayers
,
and
Benediction
of
the
Pope
,
as
to
the
valour
of
the
Soldiers
,
and
conduct
of
the
Captains
:
the
report
of
which
as
it
filled
all
Europe
with
joy
,
so
it
made
way
for
the
glories
of
Don
John
,
who
was
received
into
Messina
with
all
the
Triumphs
,
and
Festivals
which
that
City
could
express
;
also
Antonio
Colonna
was
with
the
like
honour
,
and
triumph
received
at
Rome
.
Nor
did
the
Venetian
General
want
such
encouragements
and
honours
,
as
that
Republick
commonly
bestows
in
reward
of
Valour
and
Merit
;
In
memory
of
which
signal
Victory
,
they
stamped
divers
Medals
with
this
Inscription
,
Anno
Magnae
Navalis
Victoriae
Dei
gratiâ
contra
Turcas
.
This
memorable
Victory
was
obtained
in
the
time
of
this
Pius
V.
who
was
certainly
one
of
the
best
of
the
Popes
,
and
therefore
I
know
not
why
we
may
not
say
without
offence
to
any
;
that
this
happy
success
might
be
given
in
reward
of
the
Devotion
,
and
Piety
of
this
Pope
;
for
I
am
persuaded
that
God
hath
a
particular
care
of
godly
Kings
,
and
Princes
,
for
whose
sake
as
he
often
blesseth
their
people
,
so
he
bestows
some
memorable
blessings
on
them
of
signal
Remark
in
their
Reign
.
On
which
persuasion
,
I
am
apt
to
believe
,
that
as
God
bestowed
this
Victory
on
the
Christians
in
the
time
of
this
Pius
V.
against
that
great
Sultan
Selim
II.
So
now
in
these
our
days
,
he
hath
given
Victory
,
and
unexpected
success
to
the
Christians
before
the
Walls
of
Vienna
against
Mahomet
IV.
in
reward
of
the
great
Piety
,
and
Devotion
of
Leopold
the
Emperour
,
whose
Devotion
,
and
Prayers
joyned
to
the
Arms
of
the
King
of
Poland
,
and
of
other
Princes
have
operated
Miracles
,
and
delivered
Germany
in
a
wonderful
manner
from
the
power
of
the
Turk
.
And
yet
notwithstanding
the
religious
temper
of
this
Pope
,
we
find
that
he
excommunicated
Queen
Elizabeth
,
as
far
as
his
Bull
would
operate
he
deposed
her
from
Royal
Dignities
,
and
conferred
her
Crown
on
Mary
Queen
of
Scots
;
and
persuaded
Philip
King
of
Spain
,
to
seize
on
the
effects
of
the
English
Merchants
at
Antwerp
,
and
other
parts
of
the
Low-Countries
,
and
to
assist
the
Catholick
Subjects
in
England
in
their
godly
,
Lib.
3.
cap.
9.
and
religious
Conspiracies
,
as
Gabutius
calls
them
,
against
the
Queen
their
natural
Sovereign
.
Pius
oblatam
occasionem
haud
contemnendam
esse
ratus
,
efflatigabat
ab
Rege
ut
Anglorum
in
Elizabetham
pie
conspirantium
studia
foveret
.
Thus
we
see
,
how
far
a
mistaken
zeal
may
transport
good
Men
,
which
though
it
may
in
some
measure
excuse
from
the
aggravation
of
a
Crime
,
yet
it
cannot
prove
sufficient
to
set
Men
entirely
upright
at
the
great
day
of
the
just
Ballance
.
This
Pope
added
also
to
his
other
Excellencies
▪
the
Virtue
of
loving
wife
,
and
learned
Men
,
and
such
as
were
endued
with
a
vivacity
,
and
acuteness
of
parts
;
for
he
scarce
preferred
any
to
considerable
Dignity
,
but
such
as
were
excellent
in
some
degree
or
other
;
and
of
the
twenty
one
Cardinals
which
he
created
at
three
several
times
,
there
were
five
of
them
at
least
who
were
Men
of
extraordinary
Abilities
,
and
famous
in
their
Generation
.
He
founded
certain
publick
places
for
Learning
,
and
Piety
,
amongst
which
he
endowed
a
College
in
the
University
of
Pavia
,
for
the
Education
of
Youth
,
and
affixed
over
it
the
Arms
of
the
Ghislers
;
at
Boschi
the
place
of
his
Birth
,
he
built
a
Monastery
for
Dominican
Friers
,
and
endowed
it
with
a
competent
Revenue
;
and
to
demonstrate
his
gratitude
to
his
Antient
Benefactors
,
he
created
a
Magnificent
Sepulcre
in
memory
of
Paul
V.
by
whom
he
was
created
Cardinal
:
and
in
short
he
made
many
new
Buildings
,
and
repaired
several
that
were
decayed
in
the
Vatican
,
and
both
within
,
and
without
the
City
of
Rome
.
After
all
which
about
the
middle
of
March
1572.
he
became
indisposed
by
a
stoppage
of
Urin
,
of
which
he
commonly
had
a
fit
in
that
Month
;
the
which
illness
encreasing
upon
him
gave
him
notice
,
that
his
end
approached
,
from
which
time
converting
all
his
thoughts
to
holy
,
and
pious
meditations
,
he
spent
the
short
remainder
of
his
time
in
the
preparation
of
his
Soul
for
death
,
which
happened
on
the
first
of
May
following
;
the
same
day
he
died
,
his
Body
was
embowel'd
,
and
three
little
stones
found
at
the
neck
of
his
bladder
,
which
the
Physitians
declared
to
be
the
cause
of
his
death
.
He
was
generally
lamented
by
all
,
and
especially
by
vertuous
Men
for
considering
his
principles
,
his
Enemies
had
nothing
worse
to
object
,
than
that
he
gave
a
Dispensation
to
Philip
King
of
Spain
to
marry
with
the
Daughter
of
his
Sister
and
of
Maximilian
his
near
Kinsman
,
and
yet
would
never
be
induced
to
consent
unto
the
Marriage
of
Margaret
of
Valois
Sister
of
the
King
of
France
,
with
Henry
King
of
Navarre
,
making
the
difference
of
Religion
a
greater
bar
to
Marriage
,
than
the
degrees
of
consanguinity
forbidden
by
the
Levitical
Law
.
The
day
after
his
death
his
Body
being
clothed
in
the
habit
of
a
Jacobin
was
carried
into
the
Church
of
St.
Peter
,
where
the
people
assembled
in
great
numbers
to
render
him
Honour
,
and
Veneration
,
every
one
touching
their
Beads
,
and
Rosaries
at
his
Body
in
the
same
manner
as
was
their
practice
at
the
Reliques
of
Saints
;
and
afterwards
he
was
honourably
buried
in
the
same
Church
;
where
his
Body
lay
deposited
,
until
afterwards
Sixtus
V.
in
grateful
remembrance
of
the
benefits
he
had
received
from
him
,
transported
it
to
the
Church
of
Santa
Maria
Maggiore
,
and
erected
a
stately
Monument
over
it
in
a
Chappel
built
for
that
purpose
with
this
Epitaph
inscribed
upon
it
.
Pio
V.
Pont.
Max
,
ex
Ordine
Praedicatorum
Sixtus
V.
Pont.
Max.
ex
Ordine
Minorum
grati
animi
monumentum
posuit
.
GREGORY
XIII
.
PIVS
the
Fifth
being
dead
,
and
his
Funeral
Rites
after
the
accustomed
manner
being
performed
;
the
Cardinals
entred
the
Conclave
,
and
with
common
consent
elected
Hugo
Buoncompagno
,
who
was
Priest
and
Cardinal
of
S.
Sixtus
to
the
dignity
of
Pope
;
he
was
born
at
Bologna
of
the
antient
Family
of
the
Buoncompagni
,
his
Father
was
called
Christopher
,
and
his
Mother
Agnola
Marascalchi
,
by
whom
he
was
at
first
educated
in
the
Studies
of
the
Civil
Law
,
in
which
having
made
great
proficiency
;
he
took
his
degree
of
Doctor
in
the
University
of
Bologna
at
the
age
of
twenty
eight
years
,
and
in
a
short
time
was
made
Judg
of
the
Court
of
Trade
,
erected
in
that
City
for
tryal
of
Mercantile
Causes
;
afterwards
in
hopes
of
better
preferment
he
went
to
Rome
,
where
he
was
constituted
an
Assistant
to
the
Senator
,
who
was
Judg
of
the
Court
held
in
the
Capitol
,
and
the
year
following
he
was
made
Clerk
of
the
Signet
for
Dispensasations
,
and
other
Beneficences
.
In
the
time
of
Paul
III.
he
was
employed
at
the
Council
of
Trent
,
and
made
Vice-Auditor
of
the
Camera
:
under
Julius
III.
he
was
made
Secretary
Apostolical
,
and
sent
Vice-Legat
with
Cardinal
Cigalla
into
the
Campaign
of
Rome
.
Under
Paul
IV.
he
was
ordained
Priest
and
Bishop
of
Veste
,
and
in
the
year
1562.
he
was
employed
to
the
Council
of
Trent
,
where
he
remained
until
the
prorogation
thereof
.
Under
Pius
IV.
he
was
constituted
Assessor
of
the
Papal
Chappel
,
and
on
St.
Gregory's
day
was
created
Cardinal
of
St.
Sixtus
,
and
employed
by
him
for
his
Legat
into
Spain
;
from
whence
returning
again
to
Rome
in
the
time
of
Pius
V.
he
performed
his
several
Offices
with
such
Integrity
,
and
general
satisfaction
;
that
having
acquired
a
singular
Fame
,
and
good
esteem
,
he
was
by
the
common
consent
of
all
the
Cardinals
,
and
particular
concurrence
of
Morone
,
Granvel
,
Farnese
,
Altemps
,
and
Borromeo
,
who
were
the
Leading
Men
in
the
Conclave
,
promoted
to
the
Papal
Chair
,
and
on
the
13th
.
of
May
1572.
declared
Pope
,
stiling
himself
by
the
Name
of
Gregory
XIII
.
out
of
the
great
devotion
,
and
respect
he
had
to
Saint
Gregory
Nazianzen
,
on
whose
Festival
he
had
been
created
Cardinal
.
In
which
Election
there
was
nothing
more
remarkable
,
than
that
it
was
made
in
the
space
of
four
or
five
hours
,
different
to
the
Customs
,
and
former
practices
of
Conclaves
,
in
which
by
Factions
,
and
Artifices
of
prevailing
Cardinals
Elections
have
been
protracted
for
several
Months
.
On
the
day
of
Pentecost
or
Whitsunday
Gregory
XIII
.
being
Crowned
;
and
established
in
the
Papal
Chair
,
his
first
Enterprise
was
in
prosecution
of
the
Design
commenced
by
his
Predecessour
against
the
Turk
,
in
which
the
Spaniard
and
Venetians
being
already
engaged
;
the
Pope
for
better
strengthening
of
this
League
dispeeded
Fulvio
Cardinal
of
Vrsino
into
France
unto
Charles
IX
.
with
Letters
exhorting
him
to
enter
into
the
Alliance
,
and
sacred
League
which
he
,
with
other
Princes
,
had
formed
against
the
Turk
:
but
that
King
being
then
engaged
in
a
War
with
his
Protestant
Subjects
,
had
neither
Men
nor
Mony
to
spare
;
so
that
the
Legat
returned
to
Rome
with
fair
words
,
and
professions
only
of
Obedience
to
the
Papal
Sea
.
Howsoever
the
Allies
being
encouraged
by
their
late
success
,
proceeded
in
the
War
;
in
order
unto
which
,
Colonna
was
confirmed
General
of
the
Gallies
by
this
Pope's
Commission
,
and
with
his
Fleet
joyned
to
that
under
the
command
of
the
Providitor
General
Soranzo
,
and
to
20.
Gallies
supplyed
by
Don
John
of
Austria
,
(
who
promised
to
follow
them
with
the
main
body
of
his
Fleet
unless
he
were
diverted
by
the
Wars
in
Flanders
)
they
sailed
to
the
Rendezvouz
at
Corfu
.
Towards
the
end
of
July
1572.
1572.
they
arrived
at
Corfu
,
and
there
joyning
with
Foscarini
General
of
the
Venetians
,
composed
a
considerable
Fleet
,
consisting
of
one
hundred
and
thirty
Gallies
,
six
Galleasses
,
and
ten
Ships
,
with
which
they
esteemed
themselves
of
sufficient
strength
to
encounter
the
Turks
,
whose
force
,
(
notwithstanding
the
late
Defeat
)
was
reported
to
consist
of
two
hundred
and
fifty
Sail
;
but
they
being
for
the
most
part
Vessels
built
in
haste
,
and
framed
of
green
and
unseasoned
Timber
,
were
notwithstanding
their
numbers
esteemed
of
inferiour
force
to
the
well-built
and
equipped
Fleet
of
the
Christians
;
who
on
that
confidence
resolved
to
attaque
the
Turks
,
then
anchoring
on
the
Coast
of
Mavoisia
.
The
Christians
being
come
as
near
to
them
as
Cerigo
,
weighed
their
Anchors
,
and
had
sight
of
the
Turks
about
Capomalio
:
upon
which
Vzun
Hali
Captain
Pasha
of
the
Turk's
Armata
not
adventuring
to
stand
a
shock
with
so
well
composed
,
and
so
well
ordered
a
Force
,
turned
the
stern
of
his
Gallies
to
the
Enemy
,
and
rowed
to
the
Westward
,
directing
his
course
to
the
Isle
of
Cervi
:
the
Christians
in
the
mean
time
toaing
their
heavier
Vessels
,
pursued
them
so
slowly
,
that
the
Night
came
on
,
before
they
arrived
within
shot
of
the
Enemy
;
at
which
time
Vzun
Hali
putting
a
good
face
on
the
business
,
as
if
he
intended
to
engage
,
but
with
hopes
,
that
the
Night
would
soon
separate
them
;
he
turned
the
Prow
of
his
Gallies
on
the
Enemy
,
whom
when
he
observed
coming
on
,
with
heat
,
and
valour
;
he
tacked
about
,
and
basely
put
himself
into
flight
,
and
rowed
away
so
hard
,
that
the
Christians
not
being
able
to
overtake
him
,
returned
again
to
Cerigo
;
where
having
remained
for
the
space
of
two
days
,
they
returned
again
in
pursuit
of
the
Turks
:
and
on
the
10th
.
of
August
,
they
discovered
them
at
an
Anchor
in
the
Port
of
Quailes
under
Cape
Matagan
.
The
Turks
on
fight
of
the
Christians
not
daring
to
engage
with
them
,
fled
and
saved
themselves
in
the
Port
of
Coron
;
from
whence
the
Christians
returned
again
to
their
Rendezvouz
in
Cerigo
.
By
this
time
advices
came
that
Don
John
was
arrived
with
his
Fleet
at
Corfu
,
and
that
he
was
highly
displeased
,
that
the
Confederates
should
endeavour
to
engage
the
Enemy
without
the
conjunction
of
his
Forces
;
Colonna
was
sensibly
touched
at
this
displeasure
of
Don
John
,
as
were
all
the
other
Commanders
,
and
therefore
it
was
agreed
,
to
return
unto
Corfu
,
to
unite
themselves
with
Don
John
;
which
being
accordingly
performed
,
and
the
Forces
joyned
;
the
whole
Fleet
consisted
there
of
one
hundred
and
eighty
light
Gallies
,
eighteen
Ships
,
and
six
Galleasses
:
Upon
this
conjunction
of
Forces
a
Counsel
▪
of
War
being
held
,
it
was
resolved
,
to
surprise
the
Turks
in
Coron
,
but
they
having
Watches
on
the
top
of
the
Hills
,
discovered
the
Christian
Fleet
at
a
distance
,
by
which
means
they
had
time
to
retire
to
the
Port
of
Modon
,
which
being
a
secure
and
well
guarded
place
,
they
could
not
be
provoked
by
all
the
insults
,
and
defiance
the
Christians
could
make
to
adventure
a
Battel
with
them
:
for
now
not
farther
confiding
in
their
Maritime
Forces
,
they
applyed
themselves
to
fortifie
the
Hills
,
and
Eminences
about
the
Town
with
Canon
,
for
better
defence
and
security
of
the
Haven
;
by
which
this
Enterprise
on
Modon
appearing
difficult
,
the
Christians
resolved
to
attempt
the
Castle
of
Navarine
,
and
to
that
end
landed
three
thousand
Italians
,
and
one
thousand
two
hundred
Spaniards
under
the
command
of
Prince
Alexander
Farnese
,
intending
the
next
day
to
raise
Batteries
against
the
Castle
;
but
being
advised
by
some
fugitive
Slaves
which
escaped
from
the
Turks
,
that
great
preparations
were
making
,
and
eight
thousand
Horse
were
already
in
a
Body
,
for
the
relief
of
the
Castle
,
the
Design
was
given
over
,
and
the
Forces
recalled
again
aboard
the
Fleet
;
upon
whose
retreat
a
Body
of
ten
thousand
Horse
appearing
,
the
Christians
had
been
greatly
worsted
,
had
they
not
embarked
under
the
security
of
their
own
Cannon
.
It
being
now
about
the
7th
.
of
October
,
that
the
Winds
were
high
,
the
Rains
falling
in
great
abundance
,
and
the
Seas
unsafe
for
Gallies
;
and
no
hopes
appearing
,
that
the
Enemy
would
be
drawn
to
an
Engagement
;
it
was
resolved
to
conclude
the
Designs
of
this
year
;
And
so
the
Christian
Fleet
sailing
to
the
Westward
,
Don
John
and
Colonna
directed
their
course
to
Messina
and
Foscarini
to
Corfu
.
When
the
success
of
this
year
was
told
the
Pope
,
his
Answer
was
;
That
it
was
well
it
was
no
worse
,
for
if
the
first
year
of
his
Reign
had
been
celebrated
with
the
like
glory
,
as
was
the
former
;
his
beginning
would
have
been
too
happy
,
and
auspitious
.
Therefore
that
the
ensuing
year
might
prove
more
fortunate
,
he
intended
to
make
it
his
chief
employment
of
the
whole
Winter
,
to
offer
his
Prayers
,
and
supplications
to
God
with
fasting
,
Masses
,
and
Processions
,
that
he
would
be
pleased
to
favour
,
and
assist
the
Cause
,
and
Arms
of
the
Christians
against
the
Enemies
of
the
Cross
of
Christ
.
But
whilst
the
Pope
was
meditating
of
these
things
,
and
contriving
means
to
prosecute
the
War
with
most
advantage
;
the
Venetians
unexpectedly
about
the
beginning
of
the
year
1573.
clapt
up
a
Peace
with
the
Turks
by
the
mediation
of
their
Bailo
,
who
then
with
the
French
Ambassadour
at
Constantinople
had
treated
the
Conditions
with
good
success
;
to
which
Sultan
Selim
the
more
readily
inclined
;
for
having
done
right
to
his
honour
by
the
Conquest
of
Cyprus
,
and
by
taking
several
Fortresses
in
Dalmatia
,
he
more
easily
condescended
to
terms
of
Peace
without
diminution
,
or
disparagement
as
was
supposed
to
the
greatness
of
his
Power
.
But
both
the
Pope
and
the
Spaniards
were
not
satisfied
with
the
Venetians
,
for
having
without
their
consent
and
privity
,
and
contrary
to
the
Articles
of
their
League
made
this
Peace
with
the
Turk
:
In
excuse
for
which
the
Venetians
dispatched
their
Ambassadours
to
the
Pope
and
King
of
Spain
,
giving
them
to
understand
,
that
the
extream
urgency
of
their
Affairs
,
which
by
many
circumstances
were
rendered
difficult
had
forced
them
to
an
Accommodation
with
the
Turk
;
and
in
like
terms
they
expressed
themselves
to
Cardinal
Buoncompagno
the
Pope's
Nephew
,
whom
Gregory
had
in
the
year
1574.
sent
unto
Venice
to
complement
Henry
King
of
Poland
,
who
by
the
death
of
Charles
IX
.
was
returning
by
that
way
into
France
,
to
take
possession
of
that
Kingdom
.
In
this
manner
the
Pope
being
eased
of
his
expensive
War
against
the
Turk
,
converted
the
current
of
his
Treasure
to
the
assistance
of
Henry
III.
against
his
Protestant
Subjects
in
France
:
for
supply
of
which
,
he
raised
the
sum
of
four
hundred
thousand
Crowns
by
Impositions
,
which
he
laid
on
Cities
belonging
to
the
Church
;
and
confirmed
the
Bull
given
by
Pius
V.
for
sale
of
Church-Lands
;
of
which
there
remaining
as
yet
to
the
value
of
fifty
thousand
Crowns
of
yearly
Rent
,
unsold
:
he
constituted
the
Cardinals
of
Bourbon
,
Guise
,
and
Lewis
d'
E●●e
,
Commissioners
for
the
Sales
.
Nor
was
this
Pope
in
other
matters
esteemed
less
generous
,
and
magnificent
;
for
to
the
Duke
of
Bruswick
,
who
came
to
visit
him
at
Rome
,
he
made
a
Present
of
seven
thousand
Crowns
,
and
erected
many
Churches
there
from
the
foundation
,
and
built
Colleges
and
Churches
to
the
number
of
twenty
seven
in
divers
remote
parts
of
the
World
for
Seminaries
,
and
places
of
Worship
,
and
Religion
.
And
for
the
more
solemn
,
and
ornamental
Celebration
of
the
Jubilee
in
the
year
1575.
An.
1575.
he
enlarged
the
Street
leading
from
the
Church
of
Santa
Maria
Maggiore
to
the
Lateran
,
for
the
more
commodious
passage
of
Pilgrims
;
and
having
repaired
the
Portico
or
Porch
of
S.
Maries
,
which
was
become
ruinous
,
he
caused
this
Inscription
to
he
engraven
over
it
.
Gregorius
XIII
.
Pont.
Max.
Eugenii
labantem
Porticum
refecit
,
&
magnificentius
restituit
.
Viam
rectam
ad
Lateranum
aperuit
.
Anno
Jubilei
MD.
LXXV
.
In
this
year
arose
dangerous
Discords
,
and
civil
Dissentions
between
the
antient
,
and
the
new
Nobility
of
Genoua
;
to
which
latter
the
Commonalty
of
the
City
adhered
,
having
by
them
been
possessed
with
an
Opinion
,
that
the
Antient
Nobles
,
in
favour
of
whom
most
of
their
Laws
ran
,
intended
to
usurp
such
an
Authority
over
them
,
as
should
be
little
different
from
Slavery
;
this
jealousie
made
so
deep
an
impression
in
the
minds
of
the
people
,
that
they
betook
themselves
to
Arms
,
and
had
proceeded
to
blood
,
and
ruin
,
had
not
a
stop
been
made
thereunto
by
the
Wisdom
,
and
Oratory
of
Senarega
the
Chancellour
,
who
being
a
moderate
Person
,
and
one
,
of
whose
prudence
,
and
honesty
the
people
had
a
great
Opinion
,
persuaded
both
Parties
to
remit
their
differences
to
the
Pope
,
the
Emperor
Maximilian
,
and
the
King
of
Spain
.
The
which
being
accorded
on
all
hands
,
Senarega
was
in
behalf
of
the
New
Nobility
dispeeded
to
the
Pope
;
with
whom
whilst
he
was
stating
the
case
between
both
Parties
,
Intelligence
was
brought
to
Rome
,
that
Don
John
d'
Austria
was
then
at
Gaeta
preparing
a
very
great
Fleet
against
Genoua
,
in
expectation
,
and
with
probable
hopes
to
prevail
by
the
means
and
advantages
of
those
intestine
Discords
of
the
City
.
But
the
Pope
at
the
request
and
upon
the
applications
made
by
Senarega
,
dispatched
a
Letter
to
Don
John
,
exhorting
him
to
desist
from
his
Design
,
which
was
so
displeasing
to
him
,
that
in
case
he
persisted
therein
,
he
was
resolved
to
raise
all
the
force
of
Italy
to
oppose
his
Enterprise
;
the
which
Menaces
having
given
a
stop
to
the
proceedings
of
Don
John
;
several
persons
were
substituted
Arbitrators
in
these
differences
by
the
Pope
,
the
Emperor
,
and
the
King
of
Spain
;
namely
,
Cardinal
Morone
,
Castacciaro
,
Borgia
,
and
Idiaquez
;
who
taking
the
state
of
the
whole
matter
into
their
consideration
,
rectified
,
and
reformed
many
antient
Statutes
,
established
new
in
their
places
,
and
so
governed
all
things
with
that
even
hand
,
that
an
accord
was
made
and
concluded
in
the
Month
of
May
1576.
with
that
satisfaction
to
both
Parties
,
that
the
Citizens
,
and
Inhabitants
who
had
retired
from
Genoua
for
fear
of
the
civil
Dissensions
,
returned
again
to
enjoy
their
repose
and
ease
according
to
their
accustomed
Liberty
.
Nor
was
the
Pope
less
concerned
for
the
Peace
of
Poland
,
where
great
differences
arose
amongst
the
Nobility
(
as
hath
been
accustomary
)
about
the
election
of
a
King
.
For
Henry
III.
of
France
,
having
(
as
we
have
said
)
resigned
his
Elective
Government
to
take
possession
of
his
hereditary
Kingdom
of
France
;
the
Election
of
a
new
King
administred
great
cause
of
dispute
,
and
argument
;
by
reason
of
the
many
powerful
Princes
which
stood
in
competition
,
and
were
Candidates
for
the
Election
;
as
namely
the
Emperor
Maximilian
II.
and
Ernest
his
Son
,
with
his
Brother
the
Arch
Duke
of
Austria
,
Stephen
Battori
Prince
of
Transilvania
,
Alphonso
II.
Duke
of
Ferrara
,
together
with
the
Great
Duke
of
Moscovy
.
The
Contests
between
these
mighty
Rivals
proceeded
to
that
degree
,
that
nothing
but
force
of
Arms
could
determine
the
Controversie
;
which
the
Arch-bishop
of
Gnesne
with
many
other
Associates
intending
to
prove
,
forsook
the
place
of
Election
,
and
with
armed
Bands
declared
for
Maximilian
the
Emperor
;
against
whom
an
other
party
appeared
in
favour
of
Anne
Daughter
of
the
Royal
Family
of
Jagellona
in
Poland
,
intending
in
right
of
her
to
confer
in
Marriage
the
Crown
upon
Battori
Prince
of
Transilvania
:
but
these
dissentions
were
soon
after
concluded
by
the
death
of
Maximilian
the
Emperor
;
Battori
being
after
his
Marriage
with
Anne
by
general
consent
of
all
the
Nobles
received
,
and
crowned
King
of
Poland
;
and
thereupon
sent
his
Ambassadours
to
Rome
to
pay
his
respects
,
and
obedience
to
the
Papal
Chair
.
In
the
year
1576.
a
grievous
Pestilence
afflicted
most
parts
of
Italy
,
especially
Trent
,
Milan
,
and
Venice
:
it
is
recorded
of
Cardinal
Borromeo
who
was
Arch-Bishop
of
Milan
,
that
he
was
in
a
most
pious
manner
charitable
to
the
Poor
,
and
others
of
his
City
at
that
time
of
common
Calamity
,
to
whom
he
not
onely
contributed
a
maintenance
for
their
food
,
and
Medicines
for
their
sickness
,
but
in
person
visited
such
as
were
afflicted
with
the
Pestilence
,
and
administred
to
them
the
Sacraments
of
the
Church
and
other
spiritual
comforts
;
for
which
and
other
works
of
like
piety
he
was
afterwards
canonized
for
a
Saint
.
Nor
was
Venice
less
afflicted
with
this
spreading
Contagion
,
of
which
most
of
the
Friers
,
and
other
Religious
,
whose
duty
it
was
to
visit
the
sick
,
died
of
the
same
Disease
;
for
which
reason
the
Pope
sent
his
Indulgences
into
the
aforementioned
places
,
that
all
such
who
died
with
a
sorrow
for
their
sins
,
should
obtain
the
same
pardon
,
as
if
they
had
confessed
,
and
communicated
,
and
received
the
other
Sacraments
of
the
Church
required
for
dying
persons
.
It
will
not
be
very
pertinent
to
this
History
to
relate
the
Troubles
which
happened
in
Portugal
in
the
days
of
this
Pope
;
which
in
reality
were
very
great
,
caused
by
the
rashness
of
Sebastian
King
of
that
Country
;
who
suffering
himself
to
be
persuaded
by
Mahomet
King
of
the
Moors
,
who
was
expelled
his
Kingdom
,
transported
an
Army
of
thirty
thousand
Men
into
Africa
,
to
restore
again
the
expelled
King
to
his
Government
.
But
as
this
Design
was
commenced
against
the
Opinion
,
and
counsel
of
the
King
of
Spain
and
the
other
Friends
of
King
Sebastian
;
so
accordingly
the
success
was
unfortunate
,
for
his
whole
Army
was
defeated
near
the
City
of
Alquivir
,
1578.
and
himself
slain
in
the
year
1578.
Sebastian
dying
in
this
manner
without
Issue
,
Cardinal
Henriquez
Uncle
to
the
deceased
,
and
Son
of
King
Emanuel
was
Crowned
King
;
but
he
being
at
that
time
Aged
and
infirm
,
and
unfit
for
Matrimony
convened
an
Assembly
of
eleven
Barons
of
the
Land
,
to
consider
of
a
Successour
,
that
so
future
Contests
,
and
civil
Wars
for
the
Crown
might
,
if
possible
,
be
avoided
.
Whilst
this
matter
was
under
consideration
the
Cardinal
King
died
,
and
then
all
things
were
in
confusion
;
the
Commonalty
cryed
up
for
Don
Antonio
who
was
the
bastard
Son
of
Don
Alvize
Brother
to
the
Cardinal
;
but
the
Nobility
declared
for
King
Philip
of
Spain
,
to
whom
the
right
of
succession
to
the
Crown
did
legally
appertain
according
to
the
Opinion
of
all
the
Doctors
of
the
Civil
Law
,
this
Controversie
came
at
length
to
be
decided
by
the
Sword
,
in
which
King
Philip
having
the
advantage
,
sent
an
Army
of
thirty
thousand
Men
under
the
Command
of
the
Duke
of
Alva
into
Portugal
,
where
having
taken
several
Towns
,
at
length
made
himself
Master
of
Lisbon
;
where
Philip
soon
after
arriving
was
acknowledged
King
,
and
Fealty
paid
him
by
all
the
Nobles
,
and
Commonalty
of
the
Land
;
and
having
remained
some
short
time
at
Lisbon
returned
in
peace
to
his
Court
at
Madrid
.
Whilst
these
things
were
in
action
the
Pope
sent
Cardinal
Riario
to
accommodate
differences
,
and
moderate
between
both
Parties
;
but
coming
too
late
,
after
the
Controversie
was
decided
,
he
changed
his
Office
of
Mediation
to
Complements
,
and
joy
for
the
successes
of
the
Conquerour
.
About
this
time
Pope
Gregory
confirmed
the
Excommunication
which
Pius
V.
had
published
against
Elizabeth
Queen
of
England
;
and
outed
Gilbert
Truckhesius
Bishop
of
Cologna
of
his
Arch-Bishoprick
,
for
marrying
,
and
for
adhering
to
the
Confession
of
Augsbourg
:
He
also
rectified
the
Kalendar
,
which
we
call
the
New
Stile
or
Gregorian
Account
,
differing
ten
days
from
that
which
we
use
in
England
,
called
the
Julian
Account
:
the
which
was
to
commence
in
all
places
where
they
would
receive
it
in
the
year
1583.
About
this
time
also
there
happened
an
irreconcileable
difference
between
the
Grand
Master
of
Malta
and
the
chief
Knights
of
that
Order
;
which
arose
to
that
degree
and
height
,
that
the
Knights
deposed
their
Master
,
put
him
into
Prison
,
and
having
accused
him
of
many
enormous
Crimes
,
they
created
Marturin
Romagasso
a
Gascon
to
succeed
him
in
his
place
.
On
the
other
side
the
Grand
Master
appealed
to
the
Pope
,
and
complaining
of
the
many
injuries
he
had
susteined
,
desired
that
he
might
be
removed
to
Rome
,
and
his
cause
heard
before
the
Apostolical
Tribunal
.
The
Pope
highly
resenting
this
insolence
,
and
indignity
which
the
Knights
had
exercised
towards
their
Master
,
dispatched
his
Legat
to
Malta
,
who
by
virtue
of
a
Writ
from
the
Pope
,
brought
the
Grand
Master
to
Rome
;
and
with
him
came
three
hundred
Knights
on
three
Gallies
;
where
being
arrived
,
the
Pope
favoured
the
Cause
of
the
Master
,
and
in
evidence
thereof
,
sent
eight
hundred
Horse
to
meet
him
,
which
with
great
pomp
,
and
triumph
conducted
him
to
the
Palace
of
Cardinal
d'
Este
,
where
he
was
lodged
with
much
honour
.
After
a
few
days
allotted
for
his
refreshment
he
was
admitted
to
Audience
with
the
Pope
,
and
having
in
humble
manner
kissed
his
feet
,
he
repeated
the
Hymn
of
Nunc
dimittis
,
,
or
,
Lord
lettest
thou
now
thy
Servant
depart
in
peace
,
for
mine
eyes
have
seen
thy
Salvation
.
Which
piece
of
flattery
so
pleased
the
Pope
,
that
he
would
give
no
credence
to
the
Calumnies
,
and
charge
of
his
Accusers
,
but
dismissed
his
Cause
,
and
returned
him
back
to
his
Lodging
with
honour
,
and
entire
satisfaction
.
After
which
Romagasso
his
Rival
coming
to
Rome
to
hear
,
and
see
how
matters
were
carried
;
and
finding
himself
discountenanced
both
by
the
Clergy
and
by
the
Princes
,
conceived
so
sad
a
resentment
of
this
miscarriage
,
that
falling
sick
with
grief
,
he
soon
after
departed
this
life
about
the
beginning
of
November
1581.
Two
Months
after
which
the
Grand
Master
being
also
transported
with
a
different
passion
died
at
Rome
;
both
which
accidents
so
happily
concurring
obviated
all
the
difficulties
which
might
offer
about
a
new
Election
,
Hugh
de
Verdal
a
Gascon
being
chosen
by
common
consent
without
trouble
,
or
other
tumult
.
The
year
1583.
began
with
two
unfortunate
Calamities
which
much
afflicted
the
Pope
,
and
the
City
of
Rome
:
the
first
was
Famine
,
and
want
of
Bread-corn
which
so
miserably
pinched
the
poor
,
for
the
space
of
two
Months
,
that
many
of
them
were
starved
to
death
.
The
other
was
a
sad
,
and
doleful
Tragedy
which
began
at
Rome
,
and
ended
at
Padoua
;
the
cause
and
matter
thereof
in
short
was
this
.
The
Head
Bayliff
of
Rome
with
his
Followers
,
understanding
that
a
certain
Bandito
was
come
for
a
Spy
to
Rome
,
and
for
Sanctuary
was
fled
to
the
Palace
of
the
Orsini
;
by
one
means
,
or
other
he
seized
,
and
brought
him
from
that
place
;
but
it
happened
that
as
he
was
carrying
him
from
thence
,
Raimond
,
Orsini
,
Savillo
,
and
Rustici
being
on
Horse-back
with
their
Servants
unhappily
met
the
Bayliff
,
and
commanded
him
to
release
the
Prisoner
,
who
was
illegally
seized
within
the
priviledges
of
the
Orsini
.
The
Bayliff
refusing
so
to
do
,
Rustici
strook
him
over
the
Head
with
his
Cane
,
which
so
incensed
the
Bayliff
that
he
commanded
his
Followers
to
revenge
this
affront
with
their
Arms
;
which
they
readily
obeying
immediately
shot
Rustici
dead
from
his
Horse
;
and
so
mortally
hurt
Orsini
,
and
Savello
,
that
in
two
days
after
they
died
of
their
wounds
.
This
unhappy
accident
troubled
all
Rome
,
but
especially
incensed
the
party
,
and
Creatures
of
Orsini
to
that
degree
,
that
rising
in
a
tumult
,
they
ran
with
Weapons
in
their
hands
to
kill
all
the
Sbiri
or
Bayliffs
they
could
find
,
and
having
way-laid
all
the
Avenues
,
where
they
could
make
an
escape
,
the
confusion
continued
for
the
space
of
two
days
,
and
rendered
the
City
a
sad
spectacle
of
blood
,
and
massacre
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Pope
,
and
civil
Government
not
being
able
to
apply
a
Remedy
gave
way
to
the
fury
of
the
people
,
which
(
as
it
was
believed
)
would
have
been
inflamed
higher
by
opposition
of
the
civil
Magistrate
;
The
Head
bayliff
having
hidden
himself
for
some
days
was
at
length
taken
,
and
beheaded
at
Rome
.
But
this
evil
ended
not
here
:
for
from
this
fatal
accident
,
another
quarrel
arose
between
Vitelli
who
was
Deputy
to
Buoncompagno
General
of
the
Church
and
Lodwick
Orsino
Brother
of
Raimond
,
who
was
lately
killed
;
in
prosecution
of
which
,
Orsino
taking
with
him
several
persons
in
disguise
,
and
Masks
,
assaulted
Vitelli
in
his
way
from
Monte
Magnopoli
to
Rome
,
and
shot
him
dead
with
a
Carbine
in
his
Coach
,
for
which
offence
Orsino
being
condemned
to
banishment
,
he
departed
from
Rome
,
and
went
to
live
at
Padoua
,
where
having
taken
up
his
Lodgings
,
he
soon
after
committed
a
like
murther
on
Vittoria
the
Wife
of
Paul
Giordano
,
and
her
Brother
;
for
which
Crime
being
prosecuted
by
the
Justice
of
Venice
,
he
fortified
himself
within
his
House
,
resolving
to
preserve
himself
by
force
of
Arms
;
but
not
being
long
able
to
hold
out
against
the
Soldiers
which
were
sent
against
it
,
the
House
was
almost
levelled
to
the
ground
,
and
the
Defendants
taken
Prisoners
,
which
being
all
punished
by
death
,
or
other
Sentences
of
Justice
,
this
fatal
Tragedy
was
at
length
ended
.
After
these
sorrowful
Stories
,
the
Pope
being
willing
to
cheer
and
comfort
the
City
,
created
nineteen
Cardinals
,
amongst
which
his
Nephew
was
made
one
with
the
title
of
St.
Sixtus
,
and
John
Anthony
Fachinesti
of
Bologna
,
who
was
afterwards
made
Pope
by
the
name
of
Innocent
IX
.
After
which
he
received
no
small
contentment
to
see
his
Stately
Structure
of
the
Jesuits
College
finished
at
Rome
,
over
the
Gate
of
which
these
words
were
Engraven
.
Greg.
XIII
.
P.M.
Religioni
,
&
Bonis
Artibus
MDLXXXIII
.
in
memory
and
in
gratitude
for
which
the
Jesuits
at
their
own
expence
painted
in
their
wide
Court
,
or
Area
,
all
the
Colleges
,
and
Foundations
which
this
Pope
had
built
,
and
endowed
in
divers
parts
of
the
World
:
and
particularly
in
reference
to
their
own
College
,
this
Inscription
was
engraven
in
Capital
Letters
.
Gregorio
XIII
.
Pont.
Max.
Hujus
Collegii
Fundatori
Societatis
Jesu
amplissimis
ab
eo
Privelegiis
Munita
,
&
Ingentibus
Aucta
Beneficiis
,
Vniversa
in
hoc
totius
Ordinis
Seminario
parentis
Optimi
Maximi
Memoriam
,
suique
grati
animi
Monumentum
P.
Nor
were
these
favours
ill
bestowed
on
the
Jesuits
,
who
had
always
been
so
industrious
,
and
true
Drudges
to
the
Sea
of
Rome
,
that
they
brought
Proselytes
from
the
most
remote
parts
of
the
World
;
and
in
the
year
1585.
after
a
long
Navigation
of
three
years
,
conducted
four
Ambassadours
to
Rome
from
the
Island
of
Japan
in
the
East-Indies
,
sent
from
some
great
Lords
,
and
from
the
Community
of
Christians
converted
in
that
Country
to
the
Faith
of
the
Gospel
.
The
arrival
of
such
Strangers
at
Rome
filled
all
the
City
with
Discourse
,
and
Novelty
;
and
were
entertained
with
free
treatment
at
the
expence
of
the
Church
,
being
lodged
in
the
Jesuits
College
,
who
were
the
Authors
,
or
Apostles
of
their
conversion
:
though
some
years
afterwards
by
the
indiscreet
management
of
the
Jesuits
,
who
usurped
too
much
on
the
civil
Jurisdiction
and
temporal
Power
of
that
Kingdom
,
Christianity
was
totally
extirpated
by
the
most
cruel
persecution
that
the
most
fierce
Enemies
to
the
Gospel
of
Christ
had
ever
exercised
against
his
People
:
for
the
particulars
whereof
which
are
most
doleful
,
and
Tragical
to
relate
,
and
not
pertinent
to
this
History
,
we
shall
refer
the
Reader
to
the
Writers
of
the
Description
of
Japan
.
But
as
to
these
four
Ambassadours
who
were
all
young
Men
,
not
much
exceeding
the
age
of
twenty
years
,
they
had
remained
but
few
days
in
Rome
before
Pope
Gregory
departed
this
life
.
He
was
rather
surprized
with
death
,
than
reduced
thereunto
by
long
sickness
,
his
indisposition
being
discovered
by
his
countenance
,
before
he
was
really
sensible
thereof
within
himself
;
his
Distemper
was
esteemed
by
the
Physitians
to
be
a
Quinsy
with
which
he
was
suffocated
,
and
died
the
tenth
day
of
April
1585.
being
aged
eighty
three
years
,
and
three
months
.
He
may
be
numbred
amongst
the
good
Popes
,
having
ended
his
days
with
a
general
good
esteem
of
all
,
and
especially
of
the
people
of
Rome
who
bewailed
his
death
,
and
in
honour
to
his
memory
engraved
these
words
,
under
his
Statue
of
Brass
which
he
had
in
his
life-time
caused
to
be
erected
in
the
Capitol
.
Gregorio
XIII
.
Opt.
Max.
ob
farinae
vectigal
sublatum
Vrbem
Templis
&
Operibus
Magnificentis
exornatam
H.S.
Octingenties
Singulari
beneficentiâ
in
egenos
distributum
Ob
Seminaria
Exterarum
Nationum
in
urbe
,
ac
toto
pene
Terraram
Orbe
Religionis
propagandae
causa
instituta
Ob
paternam
in
omnes
gentes
caritatem
Qua
ex
ultimis
Novi
Orbis
insulis
Japoniorum
Regum
Legatos
Triennii
Navigatione
Ad
obedientiam
Apostolicae
Sedi
Exhibendam
Primum
venientes
Romam
Pro
Pontificia
dignitate
accepit
.
S.P.Q.R.
The
Pope
being
dead
,
his
Corps
were
with
funeral
Pomp
brought
into
St.
Peter's
Church
,
and
buried
in
a
Chappel
which
he
himself
had
erected
,
which
was
afterwards
richly
adorned
,
and
beautified
by
his
Kindred
and
Relations
.
He
was
naturally
of
a
cheerful
Countenance
,
and
pleasing
Aspect
,
and
being
of
a
good
habit
of
Body
,
and
sound
temperament
by
temperance
and
sobriety
he
conserved
that
good
constitution
unto
old
Age
:
he
used
much
Exercise
,
and
delighted
in
Riding
,
being
so
active
,
that
to
his
latter
time
he
could
mount
on
Horseback
without
the
help
of
his
Servants
;
the
place
of
his
Recreation
,
and
retirement
was
Monte
Dragone
at
Frescati
,
about
ten
Miles
distant
from
Rome
where
he
frequently
enjoyed
the
fresh
Air
,
which
is
accounted
the
most
healthful
of
all
Italy
.
This
Palace
now
belongs
to
the
Prince
Borghese
,
and
is
situated
in
a
most
delightful
prospect
from
one
of
the
open
Galleries
,
of
which
I
copied
these
Verses
.
Thessala
quid
Tempe
,
qui
quaeris
Adonidis
hortos
?
Haec
tibi
pro
cunctis
villa
Dragonis
erit
.
Prospicis
hinc
Tybur
,
colles
,
&
rura
Catonis
Pulchrior
aspectu
quae
tibi
Scena
subit
.
The
greatest
care
and
trouble
which
this
Pope
susteined
in
the
time
of
his
Reign
,
was
to
suppress
the
unruly
numbers
of
the
Banditi
who
were
grown
to
that
bold
insolence
,
that
they
commanded
and
pillaged
all
the
Cities
round
;
nor
were
the
Lives
,
nor
Estates
of
honest
Men
safe
,
nor
secure
within
the
Cities
.
It
is
incredible
to
relate
what
numbers
they
murthered
in
divers
places
,
and
what
Robberies
they
committed
;
and
though
this
Gregory
sent
many
Troops
of
armed
Soldiers
against
them
,
yet
he
was
not
able
to
extirpate
those
bands
of
villanous
Men
;
that
work
being
reserved
for
Sixtus
Quintus
,
whose
Life
is
the
next
which
offers
it self
to
our
Pen.
SIXTVS
V.
GREGORY
being
dead
,
the
Cardinals
to
the
number
of
thirty
nine
entered
the
Conclave
on
Easter
day
being
the
eleventh
of
April
,
which
were
all
that
were
then
present
at
Rome
;
to
which
in
a
short
time
afterwards
three
more
were
added
,
namely
,
the
Cardinals
of
Austria
,
Madrucci
,
and
Vercelli
:
The
Conclave
being
divided
into
no
less
than
six
Factions
,
prolonged
the
choice
by
the
many
Scrutinies
that
were
made
;
but
at
length
all
things
seemed
to
favour
Cardinal
Montalto
and
the
minds
of
the
Conclave
to
encline
towards
him
;
for
he
was
considered
as
a
Person
learned
,
peaceable
,
pleasant
in
his
Conversation
,
and
one
,
who
was
free
of
dependancies
or
Relations
;
for
he
had
onely
some
Nephews
by
a
Sister
who
were
all
so
young
,
and
of
that
tender
age
,
that
they
were
never
likely
to
put
him
to
expence
,
or
intrude
into
the
management
of
Affairs
:
besides
he
had
been
always
obliging
in
his
carriage
,
and
given
demonstrations
of
due
honour
,
and
respect
to
all
the
Cardinals
;
he
was
also
of
a
quiet
behahaviour
living
in
a
modest
retirement
,
and
having
at
any
time
entertained
a
Dispute
,
or
controversie
with
any
Cardinal
in
the
Consistory
,
he
would
rather
gently
yield
the
question
,
than
seem
obstinate
in
any
impertinent
adherence
to
his
own
Opinion
.
When
at
any
time
he
had
been
reviled
,
as
once
he
was
in
the
Consistory
,
where
one
of
the
Cardinals
called
him
,
the
Ass
of
la
Marca
,
he
laughed
,
and
took
it
for
a
jest
,
and
as
an
effect
of
that
intimacy
,
and
familiarity
which
was
between
them
.
In
short
,
his
plausible
carriage
made
him
acceptable
to
all
and
opened
a
way
to
his
Election
,
which
happened
the
24th
.
day
of
April
,
the
Sea
having
been
vacant
fourteen
days
onely
.
This
Pope
was
named
Felix
or
Felice
born
of
poor
,
and
obscure
Parents
at
Montalto
in
the
Marches
of
Ancona
:
at
the
age
of
fourteen
years
he
took
the
habit
of
St.
Francis
and
became
a
Cordelior
Frier
,
in
a
Convent
at
Ascoli
not
far
distant
from
the
place
of
his
birth
.
As
he
grew
forward
in
years
,
he
became
a
good
proficient
in
his
Studies
,
and
so
subtil
a
Disputant
,
that
he
was
always
challenging
and
provoking
his
fellow
Students
to
Disputations
,
which
moved
them
to
that
anger
,
and
envy
against
him
,
as
made
them
often
to
fly
into
passions
,
and
revile
him
with
the
meanness
of
his
birth
,
terming
him
with
the
reproach
of
being
the
Son
of
a
Hog-driver
,
or
the
Boy
of
a
Swineherd
;
all
which
he
took
very
mildly
,
and
without
displeasure
to
be
accounted
of
mean
Parentage
;
for
he
would
often
in
jest
,
say
,
that
he
was
born
of
an
Illustrious
House
which
was
so
conspicuous
,
that
the
very
Sun-beams
darted
through
it
.
But
when
he
had
passed
from
his
Sophistry
to
more
substantial
Learning
;
he
took
his
Degree
of
Doctor
of
Divinity
in
the
City
of
Fermo
;
and
soon
after
in
company
with
certain
other
learned
Fathers
he
went
to
a
publick
Disputation
held
at
Asciti
,
where
in
presence
of
Cardinal
Carpi
,
who
was
then
Protectour
of
the
Franciscan
Order
,
he
shewed
so
much
subtlety
,
and
acuteness
of
Wit
in
defending
certain
conclusions
,
that
he
acquired
the
esteem
both
of
a
learned
Disputant
and
an
elegant
Oratour
.
In
the
year
1551.
he
was
ordained
Preacher
,
at
Siena
,
and
the
year
following
at
Camerino
;
and
afterwards
by
order
of
his
General
he
was
appointed
one
of
the
Lent
Preachers
,
in
the
Church
of
the
Holy
Apostles
at
Rome
,
and
therein
acquitted
himself
with
great
honour
and
applause
.
Afterwards
he
was
made
one
of
the
Council
of
the
Inquisition
,
and
constituted
by
Pope
Pius
IV.
Vicar
General
of
his
Order
,
and
together
with
Cardinal
Buon-compagno
made
Legat
Apostolical
in
Italy
.
Pius
V.
created
him
Bishop
of
St.
Agatha
,
and
Cardinal
with
title
of
St.
Jerome
:
And
lastly
(
as
we
have
said
)
he
was
on
the
11th
.
of
April
1585.
chosen
Pope
,
giving
himself
the
name
of
Sixtus
V.
though
desired
by
others
to
assume
the
name
of
Nicholas
in
honour
to
Nicholas
IV.
whose
memory
he
was
observed
much
to
affect
,
as
appears
by
a
stately
Monument
,
which
he
at
his
own
charge
,
when
Cardinal
,
erected
over
the
Sepulcre
of
that
Pope
in
the
Church
of
Santa
Maria
Maggiore
at
Rome
:
But
the
name
of
Sixtus
prevailed
with
him
,
both
in
Complement
to
Cardinal
St.
Sixtus
,
as
also
in
honour
to
the
memory
of
Sixtus
IV.
who
was
a
Frier
likewise
of
the
same
Order
.
Sixtus
being
thus
Elected
,
he
contrived
to
be
crowned
on
Wednesday
the
first
of
May
;
which
day
had
often
proved
auspicious
to
him
;
for
on
a
Wednesday
he
was
first
initiated
into
the
habit
of
St.
Francis
,
and
on
a
Wednesday
he
was
created
Vicar
General
,
Cardinal
,
and
Pope
;
on
Sunday
following
he
went
to
St.
John
of
Lateran
(
according
to
usual
custom
)
to
take
possession
of
his
sublime
Office
.
But
before
we
proceed
to
the
particular
Affairs
which
occurred
in
his
Government
;
it
may
not
be
unpleasant
to
the
Reader
to
recite
some
delightful
passages
which
happened
upon
his
Election
.
For
when
the
Scrutiny
was
past
and
that
Montalto
thought
himself
secure
of
his
Election
,
he
immediately
began
to
cast
off
his
disguise
of
Humility
,
with
which
he
had
for
above
fifteen
years
cloaked
his
Ambition
:
for
no
sooner
were
half
the
Votes
recited
in
his
favour
,
by
which
he
found
himself
secure
of
his
Election
;
but
being
impatient
to
enjoy
the
honours
of
the
Papal
Throne
;
he
arose
on
his
Feet
,
before
the
Scrutiny
was
wholly
finished
,
and
placing
himself
in
the
middle
of
the
Hall
;
he
threw
away
his
little
Staff
,
which
he
usually
carried
for
a
support
of
his
crooked
old
Age
,
and
then
strutting
and
stretching
himself
bolt
upright
,
he
seemed
a
foot
higher
than
before
,
that
all
wondered
to
see
the
Pope
grown
in
a
moment
so
much
taller
,
than
when
he
was
Cardinal
:
and
with
that
he
began
to
hum
,
and
spit
with
as
much
force
as
any
young
Man
of
thirty
years
of
Age
and
of
sound
Lungs
was
able
to
do
.
At
which
the
Cardinals
looking
one
upon
the
other
,
wondred
at
this
strange
Metamorphosis
shewing
some
kind
of
dissatisfaction
at
their
Choice
;
and
therewith
the
Cardinal
Deacon
cryed
aloud
,
Hold
,
fair
and
softly
,
here
is
an
Errour
in
the
Votes
,
the
Scrutiny
is
not
good
.
But
Montalto
would
by
no
means
be
so
put
off
,
but
boldly
replyed
,
It
is
good
,
it
is
good
,
and
began
to
sing
Te
Deum
Laudamus
,
with
such
a
clear
and
Audible
Voice
,
that
he
made
the
whole
Hall
ring
again
;
though
an
hour
or
two
before
,
he
did
not
speak
a
word
without
Coughing
,
or
spitting
three
or
four
times
.
And
therewith
placing
himself
before
the
Altar
,
with
his
Eyes
on
a
Crucifix
,
he
said
a
short
mental
Prayer
,
as
was
accustomary
;
and
then
the
Master
of
the
Ceremonies
asked
him
,
Whether
he
was
pleased
to
accept
of
the
Papal
Office
?
At
which
turning
about
with
a
Majestick
,
and
grave
Countenance
;
he
replyed
:
We
are
not
now
to
receive
that
which
we
have
already
accepted
;
but
if
you
had
another
Popedom
to
confer
,
we
were
capable
also
to
receive
that
,
for
by
the
Grace
of
God
,
we
are
well
assured
,
that
we
have
force
,
and
vigour
sufficient
to
Rule
,
and
govern
two
Worlds
with
as
much
facility
,
as
we
can
do
this
one
Popedom
.
When
the
Masters
of
the
Ceremonies
vested
him
in
his
Pontifical
Habit
,
they
observe
;
d
with
what
marvellous
vigour
he
extended
his
Arms
,
to
cloth
himself
with
his
Robes
,
which
he
performed
with
such
haste
and
agility
,
as
if
he
feared
to
lose
his
Office
,
and
honour
,
by
appearing
slow
and
unactive
,
which
Cardinal
Rusticucci
attentively
observing
,
said
to
him
,
Most
Holy
Father
,
the
Papal
Dignity
is
a
most
admirable
Medicine
,
for
it
turns
old
Cardinals
into
young
Men
,
and
sickly
and
unfirm
Persons
,
it
makes
sound
,
and
robustious
;
To
which
the
Pope
replyed
,
That
it
was
very
true
,
for
he
found
it
so
by
good
experience
.
But
what
was
most
remarkable
in
this
Pope
was
,
that
no
sooner
was
the
Scrutiny
past
,
than
immediately
the
Scene
was
changed
with
him
;
for
he
was
now
no
longer
the
humble
,
modest
,
and
infirm
Cardinal
Montalto
,
but
the
haughty
,
Majestick
,
and
grave
Pope
Sixtus
,
;
he
was
now
no
longer
familiar
,
and
jocular
with
the
Cardinals
,
but
severe
,
and
morose
,
disdaining
to
maintain
an
easie
conversation
with
any
,
nay
even
with
those
who
had
promoted
him
to
the
Papal
Dignity
.
Being
thus
habited
in
his
Pontificalibus
,
and
conducted
to
St.
Peter's
Church
,
where
was
a
great
concourse
of
People
from
all
parts
of
the
City
to
behold
the
new
Pope
;
and
being
come
to
the
Portico
,
he
was
met
by
the
Canons
of
that
Church
singing
that
Antiphona
.
Ecce
Sacerdos
Magnus
,
qui
in
diebus
suis
placuit
Deo
,
&
inventus
est
Justus
;
which
is
,
Behold
the
High
Priest
,
who
in
his
days
,
was
pleasing
unto
God
,
and
was
found
just
.
As
he
passed
forward
into
the
Church
,
he
went
making
Crosses
,
and
scattering
his
Benedictions
on
the
People
,
with
such
firmness
of
Hand
,
and
strength
of
Arm
;
that
they
all
wondered
at
the
change
,
and
as
if
they
could
not
give
credit
to
their
Eyes
,
they
cryed
aloud
,
which
is
the
Pope
?
which
is
the
Pope
?
Others
also
running
to
one
,
and
other
,
said
,
is
this
the
Cardinal
,
who
the
other
day
was
so
feeble
and
decrepit
,
that
he
seemed
ready
to
fall
at
every
step
?
is
this
he
,
who
walked
always
stooping
,
with
his
Head
hanging
down
,
and
awry
towards
one
shoulder
,
but
how
is
he
now
changed
!
with
what
vigour
and
Majesty
doth
he
now
walk
like
another
Aaron
!
It
is
reported
,
when
his
Physitians
came
to
pay
him
their
respects
and
adoration
,
as
he
sat
in
his
Throne
in
St.
Peter's
Church
,
that
one
of
them
should
say
to
him
,
Your
Holiness
seems
to
have
another
garb
,
and
meen
,
than
when
you
were
Cardinal
:
to
which
the
Pope
replyed
;
'T
is
true
indeed
,
for
when
we
were
Cardinal
,
we
went
always
stooping
,
and
poring
on
the
ground
,
to
find
the
Keys
of
Heaven
gate
;
but
now
having
found
them
,
we
need
not
to
look
so
low
,
but
rather
cast
our
Eyes
aloft
towards
Heaven
;
having
need
of
no
other
matter
now
upon
Earth
.
The
Ceremonies
in
S.
Peter's
being
over
,
he
was
conducted
by
the
Cardinals
to
the
usual
Lodgings
of
the
Pope
,
where
having
left
him
alone
,
he
refreshed
himself
onely
with
a
little
Bisket
,
passing
the
whole
day
with
great
abstinence
:
and
being
alone
,
his
Servants
observed
him
to
walk
in
his
Chamber
quick
and
fast
,
but
in
a
thinking
and
pensive
manner
,
at
which
they
much
wondered
;
because
they
never
knew
him
before
to
move
from
his
Chair
,
to
walk
in
that
manner
;
and
being
in
this
melancholly
motion
,
the
Steward
of
his
House
came
to
him
,
(
as
usually
)
to
know
what
he
was
pleased
to
order
for
his
Supper
;
whereunto
the
Pope
replyed
,
with
his
Eyes
fixed
on
him
,
and
with
a
stern
countenance
.
It
is
not
accustomary
to
demand
of
great
Princes
what
it
is
that
they
are
pleased
to
eat
;
but
prepare
us
such
a
Supper
as
is
Royal
,
and
then
we
shall
choose
that
Dish
,
which
is
most
agreeable
to
our
Palate
.
Then
he
commanded
,
that
the
Cardinals
Alessandrino
,
Medici
,
Rusticucci
,
Este
,
San-Sisto
and
Altemps
,
should
be
invited
with
him
to
Supper
:
which
being
accepted
by
them
,
they
all
appeared
,
except
onely
Este
,
who
for
some
reasons
excused
himself
;
and
being
sat
down
at
the
Table
,
the
Pope
began
a
Discourse
of
the
great
honour
which
was
due
to
the
Papal
Dignity
;
and
of
the
high
favour
which
Christ
had
bestowed
on
the
Pope
in
making
him
his
supreme
Vicar
on
Earth
,
repeating
often
those
words
,
Thou
art
Peter
,
and
upon
this
Rock
will
I
build
my
Church
.
And
then
with
vehemence
of
Speech
,
he
proceeded
:
O
said
he
,
how
profound
are
the
Judgments
of
God
:
Christ
would
not
ordain
on
Earth
more
than
one
Peter
,
one
high
Priest
,
one
Vicar
,
one
Head
;
To
one
single
Person
onely
,
he
gave
Authority
to
govern
his
Flock
,
and
to
feed
his
Sheep
.
Tu
es
Petrus
.
Thou
,
Thou
onely
art
High
Priest
:
To
thee
will
I
give
the
Keys
of
Heaven
,
To
thee
onely
do
I
give
the
Keys
to
open
,
and
shut
,
and
to
bind
and
loose
.
To
thee
,
to
Thee
onely
do
I
give
Authority
to
sustain
,
and
govern
my
Flock
:
to
Thee
only
who
art
my
Vicar
,
and
not
to
others
,
who
are
Servants
,
and
simple
Ministers
of
thine
.
The
Cardinals
had
all
this
while
wit
enough
to
understand
,
that
this
whole
Discourse
was
levelled
onely
at
them
,
and
at
the
beginning
to
take
them
off
of
all
expectation
of
governing
,
or
managing
Affairs
for
him
.
For
he
was
willing
to
eradicate
that
Opinion
out
of
their
minds
,
which
they
had
conceived
of
him
;
that
being
a
weak
,
and
an
infirm
person
,
he
would
easily
have
submitted
to
the
management
and
direction
of
his
Cardinals
;
which
was
true
enough
,
and
which
doubtless
was
the
chief
motive
at
his
Election
.
And
to
evidence
farther
his
resolution
to
rule
alone
,
he
would
scarce
suffer
any
of
them
to
interpose
a
word
,
but
he
would
take
them
short
;
and
still
repeat
that
saying
,
That
in
the
Church
there
ought
to
be
but
one
Commander
.
With
this
satisfaction
the
Cardinals
after
Supper
returned
to
their
own
Lodgings
,
discoursing
as
they
went
of
the
Complement
the
Pope
had
passed
on
them
,
and
of
the
manner
how
he
had
unfolded
his
mind
and
thoughts
;
but
above
all
,
Cardinal
Medici
seemed
to
be
most
concerned
,
having
had
the
fairest
game
in
all
appearance
at
the
Election
;
and
therefore
could
not
contain
himself
from
saying
:
I
see
a
great
storm
coming
towards
us
,
but
who
is
to
be
saved
,
shall
be
saved
.
The
day
following
,
or
some
short
time
afterwards
,
the
Pope
called
before
him
the
Governour
of
Rome
,
and
all
the
Judges
of
civil
and
criminal
Causes
,
to
whom
he
recommended
with
great
fervour
and
zeal
of
spirit
an
impartial
,
and
severe
Administration
of
Justice
,
but
uttered
his
words
with
such
vehemence
of
speech
,
that
they
seemed
rather
like
Menaces
,
than
gentle
Exhortations
,
concluding
at
their
dismission
with
these
words
:
Non
veni
pacem
mittere
,
sed
gladium
,
I
came
not
to
bring
Peace
into
the
World
,
but
a
Sword
.
The
reception
he
gave
to
Ambassadours
and
forein
Ministers
as
also
to
Princes
,
and
great
Lords
of
Rome
,
was
with
a
cheerful
Aspect
,
and
Countenance
;
but
their
Audience
was
but
short
,
excusing
himself
,
that
the
first
days
of
his
Pontificate
were
taken
up
with
so
much
solid
business
,
that
he
had
not
leisure
to
bestow
much
time
on
superficial
Complements
.
Howsoever
he
shewed
himself
more
benign
,
and
obliging
to
the
Ambassadours
from
Japon
,
who
(
as
we
have
said
)
arrived
in
the
latter
days
of
Pope
Gregory
late
deceased
;
and
to
whom
Sixtus
was
very
ambitious
to
shew
the
glory
of
his
Coronation
,
which
being
now
preparing
with
great
pomp
and
magnificence
,
he
was
desirous
to
have
the
report
of
his
State
and
Grandeur
extend
to
the
remote
confines
of
the
World
.
And
now
Sixtus
being
seated
in
his
Chair
,
he
was
affected
with
the
same
desire
,
which
commonly
possessed
the
mind
of
Popes
,
of
shewing
his
greatness
,
and
glory
to
his
near
Relations
;
in
compliance
wherewith
,
he
gave
orders
for
conducting
his
Sister
Camilla
with
her
Sons
to
Rome
,
warning
them
beforehand
,
that
they
should
content
themselves
with
that
sober
modesty
which
became
the
meanness
of
their
birth
,
and
the
gravity
of
those
who
were
related
to
the
Papal
Chair
,
where
nothing
but
decency
,
and
awful
reverence
did
reside
.
But
so
soon
as
news
came
,
that
the
Lady
Camilla
was
near
the
City
,
the
Cardinals
Medici
,
Este
,
and
Alessandrino
,
intending
to
oblige
the
Pope
,
went
forth
to
meet
her
,
and
having
detained
her
at
a
Palace
near
adjoyning
,
until
she
was
dressed
in
the
habit
of
a
Princess
,
they
afterwards
conducted
her
to
Rome
,
where
the
Pope
expected
her
with
great
impatience
:
but
being
presented
before
him
in
that
garb
and
habit
,
by
Cardinal
Alessandrino
;
the
Pope
would
not
seem
to
know
her
,
saying
,
where
is
my
Sister
?
Behold
her
,
quoth
the
Cardinal
,
Most
Holy
Father
here
before
you
.
No
,
replyed
the
Pope
,
this
cannot
be
she
;
for
I
have
but
one
Sister
and
she
a
poor
Country
Woman
living
in
a
Cottage
;
but
this
wherewith
you
present
me
here
,
is
a
Princess
of
Rome
:
when
I
see
her
,
in
such
a
homely
,
and
Country
habit
,
as
I
left
her
in
,
I
shall
then
own
her
,
and
ackowledg
her
for
my
Sister
.
The
next
day
Camilla
returned
to
him
again
in
her
own
simple
,
and
Country
habit
,
accompanied
onely
with
her
Daughter
,
and
the
two
Sons
from
that
Daughter
;
and
then
when
he
saw
her
he
tenderly
embraced
her
,
and
said
,
This
indeed
is
my
Sister
,
we
now
acknowledg
you
in
this
habit
;
and
none
shall
make
you
a
Princess
but
my self
;
for
his
humour
was
to
be
obliged
by
none
,
nor
would
he
have
his
Cardinals
to
boast
and
glory
in
a
report
of
having
clothed
,
and
adorned
his
Sister
,
and
setting
her
up
in
the
garb
and
state
of
a
Princess
.
The
first
of
May
was
now
come
,
which
was
the
day
appointed
for
his
Coronation
,
which
was
performed
with
all
the
solemnity
and
pomp
that
could
be
contrived
.
After
which
he
proclaimed
that
publick
Prayers
should
be
made
,
that
God
would
be
pleased
to
illuminate
his
Vice-gerent
here
on
Earth
with
Grace
and
Wisdom
sufficient
to
govern
the
vast
extent
of
his
Universal
Church
,
granting
to
such
as
were
devout
Supplicants
in
his
behalf
Indulgences
,
and
Pardons
in
a
most
ample
manner
.
Which
being
performed
,
he
armed
his
mind
with
such
constancy
,
and
resolution
in
the
administration
of
Justice
,
as
seemed
to
surpass
the
usual
severity
of
former
Popes
;
and
for
the
first
Assay
,
and
proof
thereof
,
he
caused
four
Men
to
be
hanged
,
for
carrying
prohibited
Arms
,
notwithstanding
the
great
Intercessions
,
and
Interest
which
particular
Friends
made
in
their
behalf
.
The
which
piece
of
Justice
was
most
seasonable
in
those
days
,
considering
the
insolence
of
the
Banditi
,
or
banished
Men
,
who
in
the
late
times
of
Gregory
,
did
so
infest
all
parts
of
Italy
,
that
neither
the
City
,
nor
Country
could
secure
the
Estates
or
Lives
of
honest
Men
from
their
rapine
and
violence
.
Nor
was
he
rigorous
onely
in
his
own
proceedings
,
but
required
the
like
severity
in
all
the
Officers
and
Ministers
of
Justice
,
that
acted
under
him
:
so
that
if
he
observed
any
of
his
Judges
either
remiss
in
their
duty
,
gentle
,
or
inclinable
to
mercy
,
or
moderation
in
what
the
Law
inflicted
;
he
would
presently
discharge
them
from
their
Office
,
and
place
others
more
severe
,
and
morose
;
and
in
case
he
observed
any
of
a
Saturnine
,
tetrical
aspect
;
he
would
presently
enquire
after
him
,
and
having
received
any
tolerable
character
of
his
condition
,
he
would
esteem
him
a
Man
sit
for
his
turn
,
and
prefer
him
before
a
mild
and
gentle
temper
,
which
he
thought
very
disagreeable
to
the
constitution
of
Magistracy
.
As
to
his
Politicks
,
he
thought
Intelligence
to
be
the
life
of
Government
,
and
therefore
would
have
Spies
over
every
Cardinal
to
watch
his
most
private
actions
;
that
nothing
was
either
said
at
his
Table
,
or
whispered
in
his
Bed-chamber
,
but
what
was
reported
to
the
Pope
.
He
appointed
also
Spies
over
the
Princes
and
Barons
of
Rome
;
and
over
the
Prelats
of
the
Court
who
observed
their
actions
,
and
remarked
their
Discourses
:
others
also
crept
into
Shops
,
and
insinuated
themselves
among
the
vulgar
at
publick
Meetings
;
others
had
a
Station
allotted
in
the
Monasteries
,
that
the
very
Secrets
of
the
Cells
were
discovered
:
the
like
course
was
taken
in
all
Towns
and
Cities
of
Italy
;
and
with
such
secrecy
was
every
thing
managed
,
that
one
Spy
was
not
acquainted
with
the
walks
,
nor
business
of
the
other
.
To
all
the
Nuntios
,
and
Inter-Nuntios
residing
in
the
Courts
of
forein
Princes
,
it
was
ever
an
Instruction
the
most
warmly
recommended
of
any
,
to
be
diligent
in
their
Advices
;
and
not
to
content
themselves
with
the
common
reports
of
the
Town
;
but
to
penetrate
into
the
secrets
,
and
Cabinets
of
Princes
;
to
which
end
,
no
Mony
was
spared
which
might
corrupt
the
chief
Ministers
,
and
Secretaries
of
Councils
.
He
ordained
certain
Visitors
to
review
all
criminal
Cases
,
which
for
the
space
of
ten
years
past
,
had
been
recorded
in
any
Court
within
the
Ecclesiastical
State
,
with
power
to
reverse
the
same
,
and
proceed
against
the
Offender
,
in
case
the
Sentence
upon
due
examination
should
be
found
remiss
,
or
moderated
below
that
rigour
which
the
Law
required
:
In
prosecution
of
which
,
many
who
were
already
dead
were
mulct
,
or
fined
in
the
Patrimony
they
had
left
;
others
who
for
the
space
of
four
or
five
years
past
had
been
released
from
Prison
,
either
by
the
Intercession
of
Friends
,
or
by
Bribery
,
or
by
other
indirect
means
,
were
remanded
back
again
,
until
the
extream
rigour
of
the
Law
was
satisfied
.
He
farther
issued
out
Warrants
of
discovery
of
all
Thefts
and
Robberies
committed
;
charging
the
people
upon
pain
of
Excommunication
to
reveal
,
and
inform
every
matter
of
bribery
,
corruption
,
or
misbehaviour
,
which
they
knew
,
or
of
which
they
could
accuse
their
Judges
,
who
had
for
the
space
of
five
or
six
years
sat
in
the
Seat
of
Judicature
.
By
these
means
every
day
one
poor
Judg
or
other
,
who
perhaps
also
was
out
of
employment
,
was
dragged
away
to
Prison
,
and
close
shut
up
for
what
Crime
he
knew
not
,
or
perhaps
had
forgot
the
Sentence
he
had
passed
in
the
Case
,
for
which
he
was
accused
.
These
and
many
such
like
cases
of
severity
strook
such
a
terrour
into
the
minds
of
those
who
sat
on
the
Tribunals
of
Justice
,
or
managed
any
publick
employment
;
that
every
one
became
cautious
,
and
nice
in
the
Sentences
he
gave
,
or
how
,
by
fear
,
or
bribery
he
remitted
the
least
scruple
,
or
severity
which
the
Law
enjoyned
,
or
required
.
Farther
,
he
gave
strict
charge
to
all
Sindics
and
Governours
of
Towns
,
and
Castles
,
to
give
in
,
a
particular
List
,
or
account
of
all
Felons
within
their
respective
Precincts
,
who
had
for
the
space
of
ten
years
past
been
accused
,
or
branded
with
Capital
Crimes
;
and
also
of
all
such
,
who
had
been
convicted
for
scandalous
,
and
infamous
persons
,
and
Incorrigible
during
the
time
of
their
Sindicate
;
In
which
Lists
he
required
such
an
exact
impartiality
;
that
upon
Information
given
against
the
Sindic
of
Albano
,
how
in
the
List
of
the
Dissolute
and
Incorrigible
,
he
had
omitted
to
insert
the
name
of
his
Nephew
;
he
was
sentenced
by
the
Pope
himself
to
undergo
the
Strapado
in
the
publick
Market-place
,
from
which
punishment
all
the
Intercession
,
and
Prayers
,
and
Interest
which
the
Spanish
Ambassadour
could
make
in
his
behalf
,
was
not
able
to
deliver
him
.
By
these
means
the
Lists
of
Dissolute
Persons
which
were
immediately
directed
to
the
hand
of
the
Pope
,
were
so
very
exact
,
that
no
person
was
exempted
,
who
was
guilty
of
the
least
Crime
.
Which
when
the
Pope
saw
,
and
observed
every
Week
,
as
they
were
sent
him
,
he
was
greatly
pleased
,
and
especially
with
those
which
were
filled
with
a
great
number
of
names
;
for
in
reading
of
them
,
he
would
often
say
,
Oh
happy
Gallies
,
which
I
intend
to
build
:
O
happy
I
,
who
have
first
found
Men
for
my
Gallies
,
before
I
found
Gallies
for
my
Men.
The
which
severity
of
the
Pope
,
(
from
whom
there
could
never
be
any
expectation
of
Pardon
)
so
terrified
all
sorts
,
and
conditions
of
People
;
that
every
one
comported
himself
with
the
greatest
modesty
,
and
gravity
imaginable
,
that
an
Oath
,
or
a
rude
,
or
uncivil
word
was
not
heard
through
any
of
the
streets
of
Rome
:
but
every
one
being
alarm'd
,
and
dreading
,
as
if
he
had
always
a
Constable
,
or
a
Pursuivant
at
his
back
,
walked
with
his
beads
in
his
hand
,
repeating
a
Pater-Noster
,
or
some
other
Prayer
,
with
a
sorrowful
and
penitential
countenance
.
By
these
Methods
all
the
Banditi
,
who
being
grown
licentious
under
the
gentle
Government
of
other
Popes
,
and
who
spoiled
and
destroyed
all
Italy
,
were
now
by
the
Justice
of
this
Pope
almost
wholly
extirpated
;
for
such
as
fled
out
of
the
State
of
the
Church
to
the
Dominions
of
other
Princes
,
he
so
prosecuted
,
by
laying
Fines
on
any
who
secured
,
or
succoured
them
,
and
setting
a
price
on
the
head
of
every
considerable
Bandito
;
that
in
a
short
time
he
reduced
them
to
a
small
number
,
and
totally
suppressed
the
pride
and
insolence
of
that
pest
of
mankind
.
And
thus
resolutely
was
Sixtus
bent
to
punish
the
Enormities
of
wicked
Men
;
that
whereas
it
had
been
the
custom
of
former
Popes
to
shew
acts
of
mercy
and
pardon
on
the
day
of
their
Coronation
,
opening
the
Prison
Gates
,
and
enlarging
the
Prisoners
;
this
Sixtus
absolutely
refused
to
grant
releasement
to
any
,
though
instantly
urged
by
the
Cardinals
;
alledging
,
That
there
were
Rogues
sufficient
about
the
streets
,
without
ransacking
the
Prisons
for
them
:
That
he
had
taken
a
resolution
,
when
he
was
first
made
Pope
,
to
chastise
the
wicked
,
and
not
suffer
their
Villanies
to
corrupt
,
and
intermix
with
the
Vertues
of
good
Men.
By
these
severities
all
people
lived
in
quiet
and
peace
one
with
the
other
:
no
Sword
was
drawn
in
the
City
,
nor
quarelsom
words
,
or
uncivil
language
uttered
:
it
being
a
common
saying
to
Men
at
variance
together
,
Remember
these
are
the
times
of
Sixtus
.
Thus
when
the
Banditi
were
suppressed
,
the
good
and
benefit
was
so
great
to
all
Italy
,
that
the
Citizens
of
Rome
erected
a
Statue
of
Brass
to
the
memory
of
this
Rome
,
on
which
these
words
were
engraven
.
Sixto
V.
Pont.
Max.
ob
quietem
publicam
compressa
Sicariorum
Exulumque
licentiâ
restitutam
Annonae
inopiam
sublevatam
,
urbem
edificiis
,
viis
,
aquaeductu
illustratam
SPQR
.
And
farther
,
to
demonstrate
the
inflexible
humour
of
this
Pope
;
it
is
observable
,
that
a
poor
Youth
of
about
seventeen
years
of
age
,
making
a
resistance
against
the
Bayliffs
,
who
came
to
distrain
an
Ass
,
for
some
Duties
owing
,
and
by
Law
ordained
to
be
paid
;
in
which
seizure
though
the
Officers
made
a
mistake
,
for
that
the
Ass
did
not
belong
to
the
party
who
owed
the
Mony
;
yet
because
he
offended
against
the
course
of
Justice
,
by
making
opposition
to
it
,
he
was
condemned
to
die
;
nor
could
the
persuasions
or
Intercessions
of
the
G.
Duke's
Ambassadour
,
nor
of
the
Cardinal
of
Medici
prevail
in
his
behalf
,
or
mitigate
the
rigour
of
the
Sentence
:
and
when
the
Governour
of
Rome
alledged
that
the
youth
being
under
age
could
not
by
Law
be
put
to
death
for
this
Crime
:
the
Pope
replyed
,
If
he
want
years
,
I
will
lend
him
ten
of
mine
.
Nor
did
Sixtus
exercise
this
severity
onely
towards
his
own
People
;
but
he
was
brisk
,
and
haughty
towards
all
Christian
Princes
,
for
in
a
few
days
after
his
Coronation
,
or
at
most
in
two
months
after
,
he
quarrelled
with
Henry
III.
King
of
France
,
with
Henry
King
of
Navarre
,
and
with
Philip
II.
King
of
Spain
.
The
occasion
of
his
quarrel
with
Spain
seemed
to
have
had
no
other
cause
or
foundation
,
than
his
own
pride
,
and
desire
of
usurpation
,
and
which
happened
in
this
manner
.
It
had
been
the
custom
ever
since
the
time
of
the
Emperour
Charles
V.
for
the
King
of
Spain
by
his
Ambassadour
at
Rome
,
to
present
yearly
on
the
29th
.
day
of
June
,
which
is
the
Festival
of
St.
Peter
,
a
white
Horse
,
with
a
Purse
of
seven
thousand
Ducats
in
Gold
to
the
Pope
,
for
a
Tribute
,
and
acknowledgment
for
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
,
which
that
King
holds
,
as
feudatary
to
the
Ecclesiastical
State
:
And
now
on
the
usual
day
Sixtus
appearing
on
a
Throne
with
pomp
,
and
mignificence
to
receive
his
Tribute
,
which
the
Ambassadour
in
a
quaint
Speech
,
and
with
fine
Complements
presented
:
he
seemed
not
very
well
satisfied
therewith
,
but
returned
this
tart
,
and
Satyrical
Reply
:
You
think
now
,
said
he
,
that
you
have
made
a
fine
Speech
,
and
indeed
so
you
have
,
for
you
have
made
us
change
a
Kingdom
for
a
Beast
;
and
still
seeming
uneasie
,
as
he
was
about
to
rise
;
he
added
these
suspitious
words
:
But
we
believe
,
that
this
business
will
not
proceed
long
in
this
manner
.
These
words
immediately
touched
the
Ambassadour
to
the
quick
;
and
giving
him
just
cause
of
reflection
thereupon
,
he
dispatched
them
for
Spain
by
the
first
Post
,
and
to
the
Duke
of
Ossuna
then
Vice-King
of
Naples
;
the
which
administred
not
onely
cause
of
jealousie
,
and
incited
the
Vice-King
to
be
watchful
against
the
least
commotions
;
but
was
the
cause
of
misunderstanding
and
ill
correspondence
between
Sixtus
,
and
Philip
of
Spain
.
But
the
quarrel
which
he
had
with
the
French
King
was
of
another
nature
,
and
grounded
on
more
substantial
differences
:
and
considering
the
fierce
resolution
of
Sixtus
might
have
produced
more
prejudicial
consequences
.
The
Dispute
had
its
beginning
from
a
Message
sent
by
the
Pope
to
the
French
Ambassadour
,
signifying
to
him
by
break
of
day
in
the
morning
;
that
it
was
the
Pope's
pleasure
,
that
in
t●●
space
of
two
days
time
he
should
depart
from
Rome
,
and
from
the
jurisdiction
of
the
Ecclesiastical
State
:
the
occasion
of
this
intimation
was
this
.
The
Pope
for
reasons
best
known
to
himself
,
had
recalled
from
the
Court
of
France
his
Nuntio
the
Bishop
of
Bergamo
,
with
intention
to
dispeed
Fabio
Mirto
the
Arch-bishop
of
Nazaret
to
reside
in
his
place
;
for
he
being
a
Person
of
prudence
,
and
noted
for
his
admirable
conduct
,
and
dexterity
in
the
management
of
Affairs
,
the
Pope
took
an
extraordinary
liking
to
him
,
especially
for
having
managed
the
Office
of
Nuntio
at
other
times
with
great
success
:
but
the
French
King
so
soon
as
he
received
Intelligence
,
that
this
Arch-bishop
of
Nazaret
was
coming
Nuntio
to
Paris
,
and
understood
by
his
Character
,
that
he
was
a
Person
zealous
,
and
entirely
devoted
to
the
Interest
of
the
Pope
;
he
immediately
dispatched
an
Express
to
him
with
Letters
,
desiring
him
,
that
wheresoever
those
Letters
should
be
delivered
to
his
hands
,
he
should
remain
,
and
abide
,
until
new
Orders
should
come
to
the
Pope
,
whom
he
had
instantly
desired
,
that
the
Bishop
of
Bergamo
might
still
continue
in
his
Office
.
The
Arch-bishop
of
Nazaret
being
proceeded
as
far
as
Lions
,
when
he
received
the
King's
Orders
,
seemed
greatly
surprized
with
this
unexpected
interruption
;
saying
,
that
his
Master
the
Pope
,
who
was
impatient
of
Injuries
,
would
highly
resent
an
Affront
of
this
nature
;
and
that
whereas
he
had
Instructions
to
return
back
from
what
place
soever
,
he
found
the
least
difficulty
,
or
interruption
in
his
Journey
;
he
was
resolved
the
next
day
to
set
his
face
towards
Rome
;
the
which
would
produce
an
ill
correspondence
with
France
;
for
the
Bishop
of
Bergamo
would
certainly
be
recalled
,
and
the
Kingdom
left
without
the
residence
of
a
Nuntio
.
So
soon
as
this
News
was
brought
to
Rome
,
the
Pope
resented
it
in
a
fierce
manner
,
and
with
high
words
against
the
French
King
,
threatned
revenge
with
Thunderbolts
of
Excommunication
,
and
other
Ecclesiastical
Censures
:
and
in
the
heat
of
this
fury
without
the
consultation
of
a
Consistory
,
he
sent
immediately
to
the
French
Ambassadour
to
depart
from
Rome
,
and
out
of
the
Dominion
of
the
Church
.
On
the
other
side
when
this
news
arrived
at
the
French
Court
,
the
King
expressed
his
resentments
thereof
to
his
Council
,
and
calling
together
all
the
Ministers
of
forein
Princes
,
he
in
their
presence
,
stated
the
difference
in
the
case
between
himself
and
the
Pope
,
protesting
against
the
Injuries
he
had
received
.
In
fine
,
after
several
Letters
which
passed
by
Expresses
between
the
King
and
the
Pope
,
without
any
good
understanding
on
either
side
,
for
the
Pope
was
resolved
not
to
yield
his
Point
;
at
length
by
the
mediation
of
forein
Ambassadours
at
Paris
,
and
the
interposition
of
Cardinal
d'
Este
,
and
other
Cardinals
at
Rome
the
matter
was
accommodated
,
so
that
the
King
received
the
Arch-bishop
of
Nazaret
at
Paris
,
and
the
Pope
recalled
the
French
Ambassadour
the
Sieur
St.
Godart
to
Rome
,
whom
in
his
fury
he
had
lately
dispeeded
from
thence
.
But
such
quarrels
as
these
,
were
like
the
fallings
out
of
Friends
,
which
are
easily
reconcileable
;
and
of
small
importance
in
respect
of
those
grand
Feuds
which
were
commenced
between
the
Pope
,
and
Henry
King
of
Navarre
on
the
score
of
Religion
:
for
in
regard
,
that
in
the
Reign
of
Gregory
XIII
.
a
League
was
made
against
the
Protestant
Religion
,
and
directed
against
the
Person
of
the
said
Henry
;
which
Pope
Gregory
refused
to
subscribe
:
but
now
this
Sixtus
V.
who
was
of
a
towring
Spirit
,
and
one
,
who
delighted
out
of
the
pride
of
his
heart
,
to
mortifie
Princes
,
and
contend
with
great
Personages
,
not
onely
subscribed
to
the
League
in
a
most
solemn
manner
;
but
with
terrible
maledictions
issued
out
his
Bulls
of
Excommunication
against
the
person
of
Henry
King
of
Navarre
,
and
the
Prince
of
Conde
,
declaring
them
guilty
of
Heresie
,
and
to
be
the
chief
Fomenters
and
Protectors
of
the
heretical
party
:
and
that
consequently
the
said
Henry
,
his
Heirs
,
and
all
descended
from
him
was
by
the
just
Censures
of
the
Canonical
Law
rendered
uncapable
to
succeed
in
the
right
of
any
Principality
,
and
particularly
to
the
Crown
of
France
;
and
accordingly
he
did
absolve
all
his
Subjects
from
their
Oath
of
Allegiance
,
and
the
Obedience
they
had
sworn
to
him
.
Notwithstanding
all
these
Menaces
of
the
Pope
,
and
the
power
of
the
League
,
Henry
comported
himself
with
that
Courage
,
and
generosity
of
mind
;
that
the
Pope
could
not
but
much
admire
the
heroick
spirit
of
that
King
,
and
conceived
such
an
extraordinary
Opinion
of
his
Abilities
and
worth
,
that
he
would
frequently
say
,
that
there
were
onely
two
Princes
in
the
World
,
namely
the
King
of
Navarre
,
and
Elizabeth
Queen
of
England
,
whose
friendship
,
and
correspondence
he
would
court
and
desire
;
but
that
the
guilt
of
Heresie
had
rendered
them
uncapable
of
his
Acquaintance
.
And
in
such
esteem
those
two
were
with
him
,
(
notwithstanding
the
prejudice
he
had
to
them
,
for
the
cause
of
Religion
,
)
that
in
his
ordinary
Discourse
he
would
use
this
saying
:
That
to
make
things
go
well
in
the
World
,
there
was
need
onely
of
three
Persons
,
viz.
Elizabeth
,
Henry
,
and
Sixtus
.
It
is
said
also
that
Queen
Elizabeth
conceived
such
an
esteem
for
this
Pope
Sixtus
,
that
she
would
often
commend
his
Talent
,
and
excellent
Qualities
for
Government
.
And
that
when
some
would
discourse
of
her
Marrying
;
she
would
often
say
,
that
if
she
did
marry
she
would
have
no
other
Husband
,
than
Pope
Sixtus
;
which
being
reported
to
him
again
,
he
replyed
thereupon
,
That
if
they
two
should
lie
one
night
together
,
they
should
beget
an
other
Alexander
for
the
World
.
The
Duke
of
Ossuna
in
the
time
of
this
Sixtus
was
Vice
King
of
Naples
,
a
Person
esteemed
the
wisest
Governour
,
and
the
best
Politician
of
his
Age
;
and
yet
was
highly
blamed
by
this
Pope
,
for
not
revenging
the
murther
of
Starace
,
who
in
a
popular
Insurrection
was
assassinated
by
the
people
,
for
no
other
reason
,
than
that
he
was
esteemed
a
Confident
,
and
a
Creature
of
Ossuna
:
upon
which
neglect
,
and
default
the
Pope
entertaining
Discourses
frequently
with
the
Spanish
Ambassadour
,
would
often
say
,
That
two
Instruments
were
necessary
for
the
people
,
that
is
,
Bread
and
cold
Iron
,
repeating
those
words
often
,
Bread
I
say
and
cold
Iron
.
But
Ossuna
,
who
had
no
need
of
those
Admonitions
,
not
long
after
,
(
or
so
soon
as
it
was
convenient
)
revenged
the
blood
of
his
Friend
Starace
in
such
a
signal
manner
;
that
the
Pope
changed
his
Note
,
and
began
to
applaud
him
,
and
●estow
the
Character
on
him
of
a
most
Excellent
Governour
.
These
Commotions
happened
at
Naples
some
few
days
after
Sixtus
was
elected
Pope
;
and
before
he
was
scarce
warm
in
his
Chair
:
for
had
he
been
well
setled
therein
,
it
may
reasonably
be
collected
from
some
sayings
of
his
;
that
he
would
rather
have
nourished
,
and
fomented
those
broils
,
then
instigated
the
Vice-King
to
punish
the
Authors
of
them
:
for
having
always
had
an
ambition
,
to
convert
the
feud
of
that
Kingdom
into
an
actual
possession
,
he
would
have
made
use
of
those
late
disturbances
,
to
inflame
the
minds
of
the
people
and
exasperate
them
against
the
Government
,
as
a
means
to
introduce
his
own
Authority
into
the
place
thereof
;
and
so
much
may
be
collected
from
his
words
one
day
to
Cardinal
Rusticucci
when
discoursing
of
the
death
of
Starace
.
This
Man
,
said
he
,
might
have
done
us
great
Service
,
had
he
lived
at
least
one
year
longer
.
Sixtus
all
this
time
would
not
suffer
,
or
endure
any
Counsellour
to
advise
or
direct
him
in
his
Affairs
,
but
affected
to
manage
all
by
his
own
wisdom
and
conduct
:
howsoever
he
was
desirous
of
Confidents
,
and
familiar
Acquaintance
,
with
whom
he
might
discourse
matters
,
and
use
for
Spies
to
inform
him
of
all
passages
in
the
World
:
amongst
this
sort
of
Creatures
,
his
Nephew
Cardinal
Montalto
possessed
a
considerable
share
of
his
affection
;
for
though
he
was
but
a
young
Man
,
yet
he
was
of
a
mature
judgment
,
and
for
his
years
well
practised
in
the
Affairs
of
the
World
:
howsoever
he
gave
him
this
caution
,
that
he
should
beware
how
the
kindness
he
had
for
him
,
did
encourage
him
to
a
confidence
of
making
any
request
for
Benefits
,
or
favours
either
for
himself
,
or
others
:
the
like
Admonition
he
gave
also
to
his
Sister
,
and
his
other
Nephews
,
whom
he
tenderly
loved
,
and
laboured
to
make
rich
;
oftentimes
forbidding
them
,
to
ask
any
thing
of
him
:
For
,
said
he
,
I
charge
you
,
never
to
make
any
motion
to
me
in
behalf
of
any
;
for
we
resolve
to
do
all
our selves
;
and
consider
,
that
what
bribes
soever
you
take
,
are
but
unlawful
,
and
ill-gotten
goods
;
but
what
Money
you
receive
from
us
,
will
be
hallowed
,
and
blessed
.
Notwithstanding
this
severity
,
and
morose
humour
of
Sixtus
,
he
would
sometimes
divertise
himself
with
more
pleasant
and
delightful
entertainments
;
amongst
which
he
took
a
particular
contentment
to
read
a
Book
of
Memoirs
,
or
recital
of
several
passages
,
which
in
the
time
,
when
he
was
a
young
Frier
,
he
had
wrote
for
his
own
remembrance
;
the
which
being
now
Pope
,
he
was
much
pleased
to
read
,
and
contemplate
.
One
whereof
was
,
That
being
at
Macerata
,
he
had
occasion
to
buy
a
pair
of
shooes
,
for
which
the
Shoo-maker
demanded
seven
Giulios
or
three
shillings
and
six
pence
English
.
Frier
Montalto
desirous
to
get
them
cheaper
,
offered
him
three
shillings
,
and
assured
him
,
that
some
time
or
other
he
would
bring
him
the
other
six
pence
:
Yes
,
said
the
Shoo-maker
,
and
when
?
when
you
are
Pope
,
I
warrant
you
.
Yes
,
said
he
,
stay
but
till
then
,
and
I
promise
to
pay
you
the
Money
with
full
Interest
until
that
time
.
The
Shoo-maker
laughing
,
delivered
him
the
shooes
,
and
said
,
since
I
find
you
disposed
to
accept
the
Popedom
,
be
sure
you
remember
to
pay
this
Debt
,
when
you
are
exalted
to
that
Dignity
.
Sixtus
,
as
I
say
,
reading
this
passage
in
his
Book
;
immediately
wrote
to
Macerata
,
to
know
if
this
Shoo-maker
were
living
;
which
when
he
understood
,
he
ordered
the
Governour
of
the
place
to
send
him
up
by
one
of
his
Officers
.
The
poor
Shoo-maker
surprized
,
and
affrighted
with
the
news
,
that
the
Pope
desired
to
see
him
in
Rome
,
for
he
neither
remembred
any
thing
either
of
the
shooes
,
or
of
the
Giulio
,
it
being
a
matter
of
forty
years
standing
;
so
that
at
every
step
he
made
,
he
was
still
thinking
,
and
wondring
at
these
Summons
,
recalling
to
mind
all
the
sins
he
had
committed
in
his
life
,
considering
for
which
of
them
he
was
thither
cited
.
Being
come
to
Rome
,
and
introduced
to
the
Pope's
presence
;
He
asked
him
,
whether
he
remembred
ever
to
have
seen
him
at
Macerata
?
the
poor
Shoo-maker
trembling
,
told
him
,
No.
Nor
do
you
remember
ever
to
have
sold
me
a
pair
of
shooes
?
No
,
said
the
poor
Fellow
shrinking
up
his
shoulders
:
but
,
said
the
Pope
,
we
well
remember
,
that
we
are
your
Debtor
,
and
have
sent
for
you
to
pay
you
your
Money
;
for
we
owe
you
a
Giulio
on
account
of
a
pair
of
shooes
,
which
we
are
now
to
pay
you
with
Interest
according
to
agreement
:
and
so
calling
for
the
Steward
of
his
House
to
pay
him
the
Giulio
,
with
the
Interest
upon
it
for
forty
years
which
amounted
to
two
Giulios
more
,
he
then
dismissed
the
Shoo-maker
,
bidding
him
go
in
peace
.
The
Shoo-maker
having
received
his
three
Giulios
;
murmured
,
and
complained
very
much
,
that
the
Pope
should
send
for
him
,
and
bring
h●m
from
so
remote
a
place
,
and
from
his
Trade
and
Employment
,
which
was
above
twenty
Crowns
charge
and
damage
to
him
,
onely
to
give
him
three
Giulios
,
or
eighteen
pence
;
which
he
always
carried
in
his
hand
,
and
complained
to
every
one
he
met
.
The
news
of
the
Shoo-maker's
laments
being
brought
to
the
Pope
by
his
Spies
;
he
presently
sent
for
him
again
,
and
demanded
of
him
,
if
he
had
a
Son
?
the
Shoo-maker
answering
,
yes
,
and
that
he
was
an
honest
good
Priest
of
the
Order
of
the
Servi
;
whereupon
the
Pope
caused
him
to
be
called
to
Rome
,
and
before
the
departure
of
his
Father
,
invested
him
in
a
small
Bishoprick
within
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
:
and
then
bid
the
Shoo-maker
make
up
his
Account
,
and
see
,
to
what
sum
the
Interest
of
his
Giulio
had
amounted
.
Many
are
the
stories
of
this
nature
recounted
of
this
Pope
,
which
we
shall
omit
,
contenting
our selves
to
have
given
the
Reader
this
familiar
Tale
,
which
seems
too
light
,
and
frivolous
for
History
:
yet
since
it
is
our
end
,
and
design
to
give
a
Character
of
the
Popes
;
their
humour
,
and
disposition
,
may
some
times
be
more
clearly
shewn
by
familiar
passages
,
than
by
the
more
profound
transactions
of
business
.
The
Jesuits
,
who
formerly
were
in
high
esteem
with
Gregory
XIII
.
and
influenced
his
Counsels
in
such
manner
,
as
that
he
acted
nothing
but
by
their
pleasure
,
and
direction
:
were
very
studious
to
insinuate
themselves
in
the
like
good
Opinion
of
Sixtus
;
and
to
that
end
courted
Cardinal
Montalto
,
inviting
him
often
to
the
Recreations
,
and
Exercises
of
their
Schools
,
that
(
if
possible
)
they
might
prefer
a
Confessor
to
the
Pope
:
which
motion
when
it
was
made
to
Sixtus
;
he
in
great
indignation
answered
,
That
it
were
better
,
that
the
Jesuits
confessed
to
the
Pope
,
than
the
Pope
to
the
Jesuits
.
Howsoever
,
they
still
continued
their
courtship
towards
him
,
and
invited
him
one
day
to
hear
Mass
in
the
new
Chappel
built
by
Gregory
;
and
being
introduced
thereunto
by
way
of
the
Cloisters
,
he
was
detained
a
while
by
the
young
Scholars
who
rehearsed
many
Verses
in
honour
of
their
great
Benefactor
Pope
Gregory
,
particularly
recounting
the
thousand
Benefits
and
Donations
they
had
received
from
him
;
hoping
by
this
example
to
excite
Sixtus
to
the
like
bounty
;
but
he
not
being
a
Person
to
be
wheedled
with
fine
Verses
;
after
he
had
heard
all
they
could
say
,
he
told
them
plainly
:
Fathers
,
said
he
,
you
are
much
mistaken
,
you
take
us
to
be
Gregory
,
and
we
are
Sixtus
,
and
We
promise
you
ever
to
remain
the
good
Sixtus
,
and
never
to
be
the
bad
Gregory
.
At
another
time
being
persuaded
by
them
to
come
to
a
solemn
Festival
celebrated
at
their
College
;
they
with
that
occasion
shewed
him
the
magnificence
,
and
neatness
of
their
House
,
and
the
convenience
of
their
Offices
:
all
which
Sixtus
much
approving
,
merrily
told
them
,
That
he
would
rather
see
their
Treasury
,
than
their
Refectory
:
to
which
the
Father
Rector
answered
:
That
they
had
never
been
so
poor
,
as
at
present
.
Continue
so
still
,
said
Sixtus
,
for
unless
you
be
poor
,
you
shall
never
be
truly
Religious
;
for
your
Poverty
is
beneficial
to
the
Church
,
and
your
Riches
prejudicial
to
the
Popes
.
By
these
sharp
Replies
,
the
Jesuits
had
touched
the
pulse
of
the
Pope
,
and
finding
that
nothing
was
to
be
gotten
by
him
,
would
never
trouble
him
afterwards
with
Requests
or
begging
Petitions
.
Howsoever
Sixtus
in
his
heart
loved
and
affected
this
People
,
●eing
excellent
Spies
,
and
such
as
brought
him
the
best
Intelligence
;
and
therefore
he
was
often
heard
to
say
,
That
the
Jesuits
were
the
best
sort
of
Religious
Orders
,
and
useful
in
the
Church
,
and
that
he
loved
them
heartily
,
because
they
asked
him
nothing
.
Sixtus
had
for
a
long
time
got
a
fancy
,
or
project
in
his
head
to
confine
all
the
Courtesans
,
or
Whores
in
Rome
within
a
place
,
or
circuit
of
the
City
,
as
the
Jews
were
;
and
having
communicated
this
Design
to
the
Governour
of
Rome
,
he
was
made
sensible
by
him
of
the
great
difficulty
of
the
thing
;
for
that
their
numbers
filled
the
greatest
part
of
the
City
:
howsoever
,
not
being
able
to
suffer
the
propudious
,
and
shameless
Courtesans
to
live
intermixed
with
the
honourable
,
and
vertuous
Matrons
;
he
banished
the
most
common
and
impudent
strumpets
from
the
City
,
confining
the
remaining
part
within
a
certain
limit
,
and
quarter
of
the
Town
.
But
this
remedy
of
Vice
,
enereased
two
great
Evils
:
for
the
small
number
of
Courtesans
did
not
abate
the
sin
,
but
procured
greater
custom
and
Trade
to
the
Ladies
of
Pleasure
,
who
having
more
employment
than
they
could
turn
their
hands
unto
:
the
looser
sort
of
Italians
for
want
of
Women
burned
in
lust
one
towards
the
other
,
and
addicted
themselves
to
that
abominable
,
and
unnatural
Crime
of
Sodomy
;
of
which
the
Pope
being
made
sensible
,
he
reversed
his
sentence
,
and
gave
license
to
the
banished
Whores
to
return
to
their
usual
stations
:
howsoever
strict
Orders
were
given
,
that
Priests
should
not
entertain
Wenches
in
their
Houses
under
the
notion
of
Servants
,
or
House-keepers
;
which
yet
was
so
connived
at
,
that
when
it
was
told
the
Pope
,
that
a
certain
Cardinal
kept
a
Mistris
;
The
better
,
said
he
,
for
having
his
Conscience
stained
with
this
scandal
,
he
will
be
the
more
cautious
,
how
he
speaks
boldly
,
or
with
freedom
in
our
presence
.
This
first
year
of
the
Pontificate
of
Sixtus
was
in
the
Month
of
December
ended
with
the
promotion
of
eight
Cardinals
,
all
Men
of
honour
,
and
merit
;
amongst
which
Hippolito
Aldobrandino
of
Florence
was
one
,
with
title
of
Cardinal
Pancratio
,
who
was
afterwards
created
Pope
,
and
called
Clement
VIII
.
Sixtus
being
now
at
ease
in
his
Chair
,
began
his
second
year
with
the
long
desired
work
of
raising
the
Obeliske
,
called
by
the
Italians
Aguglia
,
An.
1586.
or
Guglia
,
which
had
lain
for
many
years
neglected
in
the
Circus
of
Nero
,
where
now
is
the
Sacristia
or
Vestry
of
St.
Peter's
Church
.
This
Obeliske
,
as
some
Writers
affirm
,
was
made
by
Nycoreus
,
who
reigned
in
Egypt
about
the
time
of
Numa
Pompilius
;
and
that
at
first
it
was
one
hundred
and
fifty
Cubits
high
,
but
in
raising
of
it
,
it
broke
,
and
so
was
shortned
fifty
Cubits
,
which
afterwards
with
several
others
of
less
magnitude
was
brought
to
Rome
,
and
consecrated
to
Octavianus
Augustus
,
and
Tiberius
his
adopted
Son
,
as
may
be
seen
by
this
Insciption
now
remaining
,
Divo
Caesari
Divi
Julii
F.
Aug.
Tiberio
Caesari
Divi
Aug.
F.
Augusto
Sacrum
.
But
being
erected
in
the
times
of
Christianity
,
it
was
consecrated
to
the
Holy
Cross
,
with
this
Motto
:
Sanct.
Cruci
Sacravit
Sixtus
V.
Pont.
Max.
E
priore
sede
avulsum
,
&
Ces.
Aug.
&
Tib.
ablatum
.
On
the
Basis
of
it
on
the
South
side
are
these
words
;
Sixtus
V.
Pont.
Max.
Cruci
Invictae
Obeliscum
Vaticanum
.
ab
impurâ
superstitione
expiatum
justius
,
&
felicius
Consecravit
Anno
MD.LXXXVII
.
Pont.
II.
To
erect
this
Obelisk
without
breaking
it
,
was
accounted
a
matter
of
that
difficulty
,
and
Art
,
that
none
would
undertake
it
:
till
at
length
Domenico
Fontana
a
rare
Architect
of
Como
contrived
the
Engines
to
perform
the
work
,
which
were
so
many
,
that
the
materials
of
them
,
the
labour
,
and
the
workmanship
cost
thirty
six
thousand
Crowns
;
there
is
a
Book
extant
in
the
Vatican
Library
,
which
I
have
seen
,
that
describes
all
the
Instruments
,
and
Engines
which
were
formed
for
that
Design
.
The
whole
weight
of
the
Obelisk
rests
on
four
Lions
of
Brass
,
which
are
placed
on
a
Pedestal
.
Besides
this
great
Work
,
Sixtus
also
was
very
industrious
this
year
,
and
intent
in
great
and
mighty
works
of
Munificence
and
Charity
.
For
he
raised
,
and
repaired
four
other
Obelisques
in
divers
parts
of
Rome
.
He
built
also
a
Chappel
in
Santa
Maria
Maggiore
which
he
dedicated
to
the
Manger
of
Christ
,
called
ad
praesepe
,
which
he
adorned
with
rare
,
and
precious
stones
of
the
finest
Marble
,
Porphiry
,
Alabaster
,
Agats
and
the
like
,
which
cover
the
walls
of
the
Chappel
within
;
he
erected
a
stately
Sepulcre
,
or
Monument
in
memory
of
Pius
V.
He
was
at
great
charge
,
and
expence
in
bringing
the
Water
by
Aqueducts
to
his
Palace
of
Monte
Cavallo
,
antiently
Mons
Quirinus
.
He
also
brought
Water
to
Rome
by
Pipes
from
the
possessions
of
Prince
Colonna
far
distant
from
Rome
;
yet
by
the
help
of
two
thousand
Men
which
he
employed
for
the
space
of
eighteen
Months
,
he
happily
finished
the
same
;
the
charge
of
which
amounted
to
270000
Crow●s
,
comprehending
the
sum
of
twenty
five
thousand
pounds
,
which
he
gave
to
Prince
Colonna
in
purchase
of
that
stream
of
Water
,
which
he
had
taken
from
his
Land
.
To
which
Aqueduct
he
gave
the
name
of
Felice
,
which
was
the
name
he
owned
,
when
he
was
a
Frier
.
He
built
also
the
Portico
of
the
Lateran
which
is
a
Noble
Sructure
.
He
caused
a
Statue
of
St.
Peter
to
be
cast
in
Brass
,
and
placed
it
on
the
Pillar
of
Trajan
;
and
an
other
of
St.
Paul
,
which
he
set
on
the
Column
of
Antonius
Pius
.
He
enlarged
many
of
the
streets
in
Rome
,
made
them
strait
,
and
so
wide
,
that
five
Coaches
might
pass
abreast
.
He
built
a
very
stately
Church
and
dedicated
it
to
St.
Jerome
,
and
endowed
it
with
a
plentiful
Revenue
.
But
amongst
all
the
magnificent
structures
which
he
hath
raised
,
there
is
none
so
famous
,
and
worthy
of
his
Name
as
the
Vatican
Library
,
being
about
three
hundred
and
eighteen
foot
in
length
,
and
sixty
nine
in
breadth
;
on
the
Walls
are
painted
all
the
General
Councils
in
Fresco
,
with
the
famous
Libraries
mentioned
by
antient
Authors
,
as
also
the
manner
of
raising
the
Guglia
or
Obelisque
before
St.
Peters
.
At
the
entry
to
this
Library
are
two
Statues
of
Marble
,
that
on
the
right
hand
represents
Aristides
an
antient
Philosopher
of
Smyrna
,
that
on
the
lest
is
Hypolitus
who
first
invented
the
perpetual
Kalendar
,
he
lived
fourteen
hundred
years
ago
.
The
Books
are
all
kept
in
Presses
containing
twenty
thousand
Manuscripts
,
and
sixteen
thousand
Books
which
are
printed
;
round
about
thee
first
Chamber
the
Pictures
are
placed
of
all
those
,
who
have
been
Library-keepers
since
Sixtus
V.
The
Books
commonly
shewn
here
to
Strangers
are
:
The
antient
Copy
of
the
Septuagint
,
a
vast
Bible
in
Hebrew
,
a
little
Book
written
on
the
bark
of
a
Tree
,
certain
Sermons
,
with
Annotations
wrote
by
Thomas
Aquinas
,
and
with
his
own
hand
,
an
old
Terence
wrote
one
thousand
two
hundred
years
ago
,
a
Letter
which
Henry
VIII
.
of
England
wrote
to
Anne
of
Bolen
with
his
own
hand
,
as
also
his
Book
against
Luther
:
hereunto
is
added
the
Duke
of
Vrbin's
Library
,
bequeathed
to
this
place
,
as
also
that
of
the
Prince
Palatine
Frederick
,
transported
from
Heidelberg
to
the
Vatican
,
after
that
Town
was
plundered
by
the
Duke
of
Bavaria
.
All
which
and
many
other
rare
Works
of
the
like
nature
were
performed
at
the
charge
of
this
Pope
,
which
are
now
extant
at
Rome
and
commonly
seen
and
observed
by
Travellers
.
Besides
all
which
he
built
several
other
Colleges
,
Monasteries
,
and
places
of
Charity
at
Bologna
and
in
his
own
Country
.
And
at
a
vast
expence
he
turned
the
poor
Village
of
Montalto
,
where
he
was
born
into
a
City
,
encompassing
it
about
with
a
Wall
,
to
perform
which
he
was
forced
to
cut
through
a
Rock
,
and
threw
down
a
high
Hill
to
make
it
equal
to
the
lower
Level
;
and
to
give
some
more
esteem
and
honour
to
this
place
,
he
made
it
a
Bishoprick
,
endowing
it
with
a
thousand
Crowns
of
yearly
Revenue
,
besides
many
other
priviledges
,
and
immunities
which
he
bestowed
both
on
the
Diocese
,
and
the
Government
of
the
City
:
during
the
time
of
which
Work
he
built
a
Bridg
at
Rome
over
the
Tybur
which
was
of
great
use
,
and
benefit
to
the
Trade
and
Commerce
of
the
City
,
called
at
this
day
il
ponte
Sisto
tras
Tevere
.
Thus
far
have
we
discoursed
concerning
the
humour
and
disposition
of
this
Pope
,
his
Conduct
,
and
Wisdom
in
the
management
of
Affairs
relating
to
Rome
,
and
the
Church
,
together
with
his
Munificence
,
and
greatness
of
his
Soul
in
matters
of
building
,
and
stately
Structures
,
which
have
perpetuated
his
memory
to
these
times
.
Let
us
now
proceed
to
other
particulars
which
may
demonstrate
his
dexterity
and
conduct
of
Affairs
relating
to
Negotiations
with
forein
Princes
;
and
in
what
manner
he
studied
to
fortifie
the
Ecclesiastical
State
as
well
with
the
Sword
of
St.
Paul
,
as
the
Keys
of
St.
Peter
.
In
order
whereunto
,
in
the
first
place
,
he
formed
and
setled
the
Militia
of
the
Church
in
so
good
a
method
,
that
he
was
able
within
the
space
of
one
Month
to
bring
twenty
thousand
fighting
Men
into
the
Field
;
and
in
the
next
place
,
he
consulted
with
the
most
knowing
Enginiers
in
what
manner
the
Ecclesiastical
State
might
be
most
commodiously
,
and
with
most
advantage
fortified
,
the
which
was
executed
with
most
Labour
,
and
Art
on
that
side
which
borders
on
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
;
which
was
a
just
cause
of
jealousie
to
the
Spaniards
,
who
by
the
words
,
and
actions
of
this
Pope
,
had
long
suspected
,
that
his
Intentions
and
Designs
tended
towards
that
Kingdom
,
the
possession
of
which
he
had
for
a
long
time
swallowed
in
his
thoughts
,
resolving
not
longer
to
content
himself
with
the
bare
feud
,
or
tribute
for
it
:
the
which
jealousie
was
encreased
,
when
they
found
the
Pope
intent
in
building
ten
new
Gallies
,
for
defraying
the
cost
of
which
,
and
of
their
maintenance
,
he
imposed
a
new
Tax
on
the
people
of
Rome
,
and
the
whole
Ecclesiastical
State
.
About
this
time
the
Cantons
of
Switzerland
,
which
continued
firm
to
the
Church
of
Rome
,
sent
their
Ambassadours
to
the
Pope
,
not
onely
to
make
their
acknowledgments
of
Obedience
to
the
Papal
Sea
;
but
likewise
to
inform
his
Holiness
of
the
unhappy
state
and
condition
of
their
Country
,
caused
by
the
neighbourhood
of
the
Protestant
Cantons
,
who
daily
sent
Preachers
into
their
Dominions
,
who
seducing
many
from
the
Catholick
Doctrine
,
their
numbers
,
and
force
did
daily
encrease
.
For
prevention
of
which
and
to
confirm
the
doubtful
in
the
Catholick
Religion
they
desired
,
that
the
Pope
would
be
pleased
to
send
his
Nuntio
into
those
parts
,
which
would
be
an
encouragement
to
the
people
to
continue
in
the
way
of
truth
,
as
well
as
an
honour
to
their
Country
.
The
Pope
with
all
readiness
embracing
the
Proposition
,
dispatched
Baptista
Santorio
Bishop
of
Fricarico
and
Steward
of
his
Houshold
,
to
be
,
and
remain
his
Nuntio
within
the
Dominions
of
the
Catholick
Cantons
.
Santorio
being
there
arrived
,
found
all
things
in
great
disorder
,
the
people
living
without
,
(
as
it
were
)
any
respect
,
or
dependance
on
the
Roman
Sea
,
by
reason
that
for
many
years
the
Popes
had
not
thought
this
Country
worthy
the
charge
or
maintenance
of
a
Nuntio
therein
.
But
now
Santorio
appearing
there
with
the
Character
,
and
in
the
quality
of
a
Nuntio
,
caused
speedily
a
Diet
to
be
convened
in
the
Month
of
October
1586.
at
which
two
things
were
agreed
,
and
concluded
highly
advantageous
to
the
Papal
Authority
.
The
first
was
,
that
all
the
Deputies
,
which
were
present
in
great
numbers
received
the
Communion
from
the
hand
of
the
Nuntio
,
and
then
entered
into
strict
League
and
Confederacy
together
,
solemnly
swearing
before
the
Altar
to
maintain
,
and
uphold
the
Papal
Authority
,
and
to
sacrifice
their
lives
and
fortunes
in
the
defence
thereof
.
In
the
second
place
,
they
gave
full
power
and
Authority
unto
the
Nuntio
to
exercise
a
free
,
and
Arbitrary
Jurisdiction
over
all
Ecclesiastical
persons
within
their
Dominions
,
subjecting
them
to
his
Courts
as
well
in
criminal
,
as
in
civil
Causes
:
which
was
a
concession
,
that
the
Wise
Republick
of
Venice
did
never
judge
fit
to
grant
,
notwithstanding
all
the
bluster
,
and
noise
with
which
the
Popes
required
,
and
challenged
it
from
them
.
But
this
Power
given
to
the
Nuntio
,
was
the
cause
soon
after
of
some
disturbance
amongst
the
Cantons
;
for
it
happened
,
That
one
day
the
Nuntio
having
Complaints
brought
him
against
a
certain
Priest
for
scandal
,
and
misbehaviour
,
he
immediately
issued
out
his
Warrant
to
the
chief
Constable
and
his
Officers
to
take
,
and
seize
the
person
of
that
Priest
,
and
put
him
into
safe
custody
:
the
Priest
hearing
of
this
prosecution
,
fled
into
the
Dominions
of
the
Protestant
Cantons
,
where
the
Officers
pursuing
him
,
took
him
,
and
by
violence
and
force
brought
him
thence
,
and
secured
him
in
the
Nuntio's
Prison
.
The
news
of
this
Attempt
allarm'd
all
the
Protestant
Cantons
,
who
by
way
of
Reprisals
seized
the
first
Priest
they
could
meet
,
and
confined
him
within
their
own
Prison
,
resolving
not
to
set
him
at
liberty
,
without
the
release
,
or
enlargement
of
the
other
.
This
Accident
caused
great
disturbance
and
commotions
both
amongst
the
Protestants
,
and
Catholicks
:
Diets
being
called
on
both
sides
,
matters
ran
so
high
,
that
a
general
rupture
,
or
War
was
feared
of
all
the
Cantons
.
The
Nuntio
being
also
sensible
of
these
disorders
,
and
not
knowing
unto
what
they
might
amount
,
wrote
to
the
Pope
the
whole
sum
of
this
matter
,
to
which
he
returned
answer
in
this
manner
:
We
have
sent
you
to
pacifie
,
and
quiet
matters
,
and
not
to
make
disturbances
,
to
give
ease
,
and
repose
to
the
Catholicks
,
and
not
to
put
Arms
into
the
hands
of
the
Hereticks
,
to
convert
the
one
,
and
not
to
put
the
others
into
danger
,
no
people
will
be
contented
to
lose
their
own
right
;
the
point
of
Jurisdiction
is
more
nice
,
and
brittle
than
a
Christal
Glass
,
and
therefore
those
cases
are
to
be
managed
tenderly
,
and
with
severe
caution
:
troubles
,
and
disquiets
are
dangerous
to
Catholicks
,
but
to
Hereticks
it
may
be
profitable
to
fish
in
troubled
Waters
:
to
give
to
Hereticks
is
a
great
evil
,
but
to
take
from
them
is
highly
dangerous
.
Be
therefore
prudent
in
this
case
,
both
for
your
own
quiet
,
and
for
mine
.
The
Nuntio
collecting
from
this
Answer
,
that
it
was
the
Pope's
pleasure
to
accommodate
these
matters
;
He
ordered
it
so
,
that
the
Priest
should
be
set
at
liberty
,
but
by
way
of
escape
,
rather
than
by
formal
enlargement
;
the
like
expedient
the
Protestants
took
,
as
to
the
other
Priest
,
by
which
means
these
matters
were
pacified
,
and
concluded
.
Henry
III.
King
of
France
,
(
as
before
related
)
having
composed
his
quarrel
with
the
Pope
about
reception
of
his
Nuntio
the
Bishop
of
Nazaret
;
so
good
and
fair
a
correspondence
passed
between
them
,
that
the
King
adventured
to
demand
license
of
the
Pope
to
raise
a
hundred
thousand
Crowns
from
the
revenue
of
the
Church
.
Sixtus
who
was
unwilling
to
deprive
the
Church
of
such
a
sum
,
nor
yet
to
disoblige
the
King
by
a
plain
and
positive
refusal
;
entertained
his
Ambassadour
the
Marquess
Pisani
with
a
delatory
Answer
,
such
as
this
,
We
shall
consider
,
we
shall
do
nothing
rashly
,
but
with
Mature
consideration
;
which
being
often
repeated
,
and
the
Ambassadours
wearied
with
such
insignificant
puts
off
,
which
according
to
the
stile
of
Italy
,
and
Rome
,
imported
no
less
than
a
civil
denial
,
acquainted
the
King
with
their
Sentiments
in
the
case
,
which
were
,
that
nothing
could
be
expected
from
the
Pope's
bounty
or
concession
;
upon
which
advice
,
and
upon
a
belief
,
that
this
refusal
was
instilled
by
such
Instruments
,
as
were
employed
in
the
Catholick
League
,
and
particularly
by
the
Duke
of
Guise
,
and
his
party
:
the
King
resolved
to
stand
on
his
own
bottom
and
to
steer
a
course
between
the
League
,
and
the
Hugonots
,
for
as
he
durst
not
confide
in
the
Catholick
League
,
so
he
feared
the
issue
of
the
War
against
his
Protestant
Subjects
,
both
which
though
to
appearance
were
equally
dangerous
,
yet
a
peace
with
the
latter
seemed
most
safe
,
and
desireable
;
in
pursuance
of
this
Counsel
,
a
peace
being
concluded
with
the
Protestants
by
negotiation
of
the
Queen
,
the
promotors
of
the
League
,
of
which
the
Duke
of
Guise
was
the
Chief
,
dispatched
an
Express
immediately
to
Rome
,
giving
the
Pope
to
understand
the
matter
in
these
precise
words
:
That
the
cause
of
Religion
was
betrayed
:
That
the
Cause
of
the
Hugonots
was
openly
,
and
publickly
favoured
:
That
the
measures
of
the
War
were
broken
,
and
all
expectation
of
good
,
and
benefit
lost
,
which
might
redound
by
means
of
the
League
to
the
Catholick
Cause
:
That
the
heart
of
the
King
seemed
much
estranged
to
the
Catholick
party
,
resolving
to
espouse
,
protect
,
and
maintain
the
Heresie
in
France
.
The
Pope
,
so
soon
as
he
received
this
Intelligence
,
called
the
French
Ambassadour
,
to
whom
with
words
full
of
disdain
,
and
fury
he
complained
of
the
proceedings
of
the
King
,
whom
he
mentioned
as
one
infected
with
Heresie
,
and
already
alienated
and
estranged
from
the
Papal
Sea
;
and
having
called
a
Consistory
,
Letters
were
wrote
to
the
Nuntio
Nazaret
,
with
Orders
to
intimate
the
Pope's
just
complaints
to
the
King
,
giving
him
to
understand
,
how
much
he
did
resent
the
Resolution
he
had
taken
to
the
prejudice
of
the
Catholick
Church
,
which
was
of
such
ill
consequence
,
as
took
deep
impression
in
the
mind
of
the
Pope
,
and
would
be
recorded
with
everlasting
Characters
of
Infamy
in
the
Histories
of
his
Reign
.
The
Nuntio
having
received
these
Instructions
,
and
being
backed
by
the
instigation
of
the
Duke
of
Guise
,
represented
the
Pope's
sence
in
warm
,
and
passionate
terms
:
In
return
unto
which
,
the
King
,
contrary
to
the
equal
temper
of
his
nature
,
retorted
an
Answer
in
brisk
and
sharp
Expressions
:
That
it
was
a
fine
,
and
easie
matter
for
the
Pope
to
stand
and
behold
at
a
distance
the
miseries
and
afflictions
of
his
Country
,
and
to
give
Counsel
without
assistance
,
or
contribution
to
the
War
;
for
want
of
which
,
and
of
a
license
to
alienate
so
much
of
the
Lands
of
the
Church
,
as
might
serve
to
raise
the
sum
of
a
hundred
thousand
Crowns
,
he
was
forced
for
preservation
of
his
Kingdom
,
and
Regal
Dignity
,
to
accept
those
Conditions
,
which
they
called
,
ruinous
to
the
Church
.
And
then
moderating
his
passion
a
little
,
in
more
gentle
,
and
mild
terms
,
he
desired
the
Nuntio
,
to
assure
the
Pope
;
That
he
would
ever
adhere
,
and
remain
constant
to
the
faith
of
the
Catholick
Church
,
and
act
in
every
thing
to
the
advancement
of
it
,
so
far
,
as
he
was
able
,
and
that
the
want
onely
of
Money
had
forced
him
to
this
resolution
.
These
particulars
being
wrote
to
Rome
,
quieted
a
little
the
mind
of
the
Pope
,
who
did
all
the
time
before
,
do
nothing
either
in
the
Consistory
with
the
Cardinals
,
or
in
his
Discourses
with
the
forein
Ministers
,
but
rail
and
storm
against
the
French
King
.
But
being
now
satisfied
by
his
Nuntio
that
the
King
had
changed
his
mind
,
and
would
be
induced
to
continue
the
War
against
the
Protestants
,
provided
he
could
be
assisted
with
Aid
from
the
Church
;
the
Pope
immediately
appointed
a
Bull
to
be
drawn
up
,
and
sealed
,
giving
Authority
and
Power
to
the
King
,
not
onely
to
raise
a
hundred
thousand
Crowns
out
of
the
Estate
of
the
Church
,
as
the
King
had
demanded
,
but
also
twenty
thousand
Crowns
more
for
better
encouragement
to
continue
,
and
persevere
in
the
assurances
given
;
enjoyning
the
Nuntio
to
raise
those
sums
on
the
Clergy
,
without
any
contradiction
,
or
delatory
proceedings
.
Thus
as
Sixtus
was
zealous
,
and
profuse
in
such
Expences
,
as
he
judged
conducive
to
the
support
of
the
Papal
Authority
;
so
he
was
no
less
generous
in
works
,
which
might
tend
to
the
honour
and
ornament
of
it
:
In
which
consideration
reflecting
one
day
on
the
manner
,
and
garb
,
in
which
he
desired
his
Nuntios
might
live
in
the
Courts
of
forein
Princes
;
he
thought
it
would
be
more
magnificent
to
buy
,
or
purchase
Palaces
for
them
,
in
the
Capital
Cities
,
and
Courts
,
rather
than
to
rent
Houses
which
appeared
mean
and
low
in
the
Eyes
of
the
World
.
The
Venetians
so
soon
as
they
understood
the
Pope's
Design
herein
,
which
they
were
extreamly
forward
to
gratifie
,
immediately
wrote
to
their
Ambassadour
residing
at
Rome
,
ordering
him
to
acquaint
the
Pope
,
that
the
Senate
out
of
their
good
will
,
and
affection
to
the
Papal
Sea
,
had
resolved
to
bestow
on
the
Nuntios
Apostolical
a
Palace
,
wherein
to
reside
at
Venice
,
and
to
remain
to
them
,
and
their
Successours
for
ever
:
And
accordingly
gave
possession
,
to
Matteucci
the
Pope's
Nuntio
then
residing
,
of
a
magnificent
Palace
in
the
square
of
St.
Francis
at
Venice
;
and
by
Deeds
,
and
conveyances
under
the
Seal
of
St.
Mark
passed
over
the
right
,
and
title
thereof
unto
the
present
Nuntio
and
his
Successours
for
ever
.
The
Pope
having
received
the
news
hereof
,
confirmed
by
the
authentick
Copy
of
the
Deed
,
was
so
greatly
pleased
,
that
with
a
Letter
full
of
kind
Expressions
he
returned
his
thanks
to
the
Republick
for
their
generous
Present
;
and
lest
he
should
seem
to
be
backward
or
defective
in
the
like
liberal
returns
,
he
assigned
to
the
Minister
of
Venice
an
other
Palace
at
Rome
,
in
lieu
of
that
which
they
had
presented
to
his
Nuntio
at
Venice
.
Other
Princes
according
to
this
Example
were
inclined
to
accommodate
the
Papal
Minister
with
a
Habitation
;
in
expectation
of
a
like
exchange
at
Rome
;
but
the
truth
was
,
the
Pope
began
to
grow
sensible
of
an
inconvenience
in
this
sort
of
Presents
;
for
that
he
could
neither
find
Palaces
in
Rome
sufficient
to
receive
so
many
Ministers
,
as
were
sent
him
from
forein
Princes
,
in
lieu
of
those
which
were
allotted
to
his
Nuntios
in
the
respective
Courts
;
nor
situation
of
places
so
fitted
to
the
humour
and
rank
of
each
Representative
,
but
that
the
condition
of
the
Palace
being
more
,
or
less
magnificent
might
administer
cause
of
exception
,
and
quarrel
to
the
respective
Ministers
:
for
which
reason
the
Pope
considering
better
of
this
matter
,
refused
after
the
Present
made
him
by
Venice
,
to
accept
the
like
from
any
other
Prince
,
declining
the
Obligation
with
a
Complement
,
and
an
Excuse
;
and
that
rather
than
put
the
Prince
to
so
great
an
Expence
,
he
was
resolved
to
purchase
Houses
for
the
convenience
of
his
Nuntios
with
his
own
Money
.
Thus
as
Sixtus
was
haughty
in
his
nature
,
and
affected
high
,
and
glorious
matters
;
so
he
was
severe
,
and
morose
,
judging
every
criminal
action
,
or
misbehaviour
in
Men
to
proceed
from
a
contempt
,
or
want
of
fear
,
which
Men
ought
to
bear
towards
his
Government
.
Several
instances
of
which
might
be
given
;
but
because
we
would
not
enlarge
into
many
particulars
,
we
shall
only
mention
one
Story
not
unpleasant
to
be
related
,
which
was
this
:
The
Statue
of
Pasquine
(
into
the
hand
of
which
all
Libels
are
put
at
Rome
,
from
whence
they
are
called
Pasquils
)
was
one
day
covered
with
a
very
dirty
Shirt
;
and
that
other
Statue
called
Marforio
asking
the
reason
of
it
,
Pasquine
answered
,
because
his
Landress
had
left
him
to
be
made
a
Princess
,
alluding
to
the
Lady
Camilla
the
Pope's
Sister
,
who
from
a
Landress
was
promoted
to
be
a
great
Lady
.
The
report
of
this
Pasquil
was
immediately
brought
to
the
Pope
,
who
conceiving
thereat
a
secret
indignation
,
endeavoured
by
his
Spies
to
detect
the
Author
of
it
;
but
this
being
a
secret
known
only
to
the
Party
himself
,
the
discovery
seemed
impossible
by
other
means
,
than
the
Confession
of
the
Author
;
to
procure
which
,
the
Pope
published
an
Edict
,
wherein
he
promised
upon
the
word
of
a
Pope
to
give
two
thousand
Pistols
,
together
with
the
safety
of
his
life
to
any
person
,
who
should
reveal
the
matter
and
confess
himself
to
be
the
Author
of
this
Pasquil
;
and
on
the
contrary
threatned
the
Gallows
,
and
Torments
to
whomsoever
should
be
discovered
,
and
by
sufficient
testimony
be
proved
guilty
.
The
Author
being
more
covetous
of
the
two
thousand
Pistols
,
than
wise
,
went
directly
to
the
Pope
,
and
confessed
and
acknowledged
himself
to
be
the
Person
,
who
made
the
Pasquil
:
which
when
the
Pope
heard
;
he
admired
not
a
little
at
the
boldness
of
the
Man
,
and
earnestly
looking
on
him
gave
him
this
Answer
:
We
are
obliged
to
maintain
the
word
and
faith
we
have
given
you
,
and
therefore
we
order
,
that
the
Money
promised
you
,
shall
be
paid
:
which
being
performed
,
and
a
Receipt
given
for
it
,
the
Pope
farther
added
:
It
is
true
,
said
he
,
We
promised
you
the
Money
,
and
your
life
,
both
which
we
have
performed
,
but
howsoever
we
have
reserved
another
Reward
for
you
in
our
breast
,
which
is
a
Sentence
that
both
your
Hands
,
and
Tongue
be
cut
off
,
that
so
you
may
not
be
able
to
speak
,
or
write
more
Satyrs
of
this
kind
.
In
pursuance
of
this
intention
of
the
Pope
,
this
person
was
taken
into
custody
▪
and
immediately
his
Confession
produced
as
a
testimony
against
him
before
the
Judges
;
by
which
being
convicted
,
immediately
without
delay
his
Hands
were
cut
off
,
and
his
Tongue
bored
through
;
which
sort
of
severe
poceedings
affrighted
all
Rome
,
which
was
not
accustomed
to
such
Cruelties
;
the
which
action
,
with
several
others
of
the
like
nature
strook
an
awe
,
and
fear
into
the
minds
of
all
Men
,
so
that
generally
people
walk'd
with
great
circumspection
,
lest
they
should
fall
into
the
merciless
,
and
unrelenting
hands
of
Sixtus
.
Cardinal
Buoncompagno
,
who
was
constituted
Gran
Penitentiary
by
Gregory
XIII
.
dying
this
year
with
great
Riches
;
that
Office
by
his
decease
becoming
vacant
,
it
was
expected
,
that
the
Pope
would
have
conferred
the
place
on
Cardinal
Montalto
his
Nephew
:
but
to
convince
the
World
,
that
merit
,
and
not
affection
prevailed
in
his
mind
,
he
readily
conferred
that
Office
on
Cardinal
Aldobrandino
,
a
person
of
singular
prudence
and
Learning
,
and
one
whom
he
gladly
found
an
occasion
to
gratifie
the
services
he
had
performed
to
the
Church
;
the
choice
of
a
person
so
deserving
was
acceptable
to
all
Men
,
and
of
whom
the
Pope
conceived
such
an
esteem
,
that
he
communicated
to
him
all
the
secrets
of
his
Counsels
,
being
confidently
assured
of
the
prudence
,
sincerity
,
and
profoundness
of
his
judgment
.
87.
The
year
1587.
being
the
third
year
of
the
Pontificate
of
Sixtus
,
was
now
entered
,
when
the
People
of
Rome
reflecting
on
the
great
plenty
,
and
abundance
of
all
provisions
within
the
City
,
caused
by
the
care
and
wise
contrivance
of
the
Pope
,
whilest
all
the
neighbouring
Dominions
laboured
under
want
,
and
scarcity
:
And
also
beholding
the
City
of
Rome
by
the
munificence
of
this
Pope
adorned
with
stately
Edifices
;
the
Citizens
received
so
much
satisfaction
thereby
,
that
they
erected
a
Statue
of
Brass
to
him
in
the
Capitol
with
this
Inscription
:
Sixto
V.
Pont.
Max.
ob
quietem
publicam
compressâ
Sicariorum
,
Exulumque
licentiâ
,
restitutam
Annonae
inopiam
,
sublevatam
urbem
,
Edificiis
,
Viis
,
Aquaeductu
illustratam
,
S.P.Q.R.
Sixtus
for
his
divertisement
did
often
use
to
walk
about
the
City
Incognito
,
or
in
disguise
;
in
which
kind
of
perambulation
passing
once
in
his
Coach
by
the
Convent
of
the
Holy
Apostles
he
was
pleased
to
alight
and
enter
into
the
Convent
;
the
Gate
being
open
,
he
went
first
into
the
Porters
Lodge
,
who
was
then
a
Probationer
,
or
in
the
first
year
of
his
Novitiate
:
the
Pope
surprizing
him
,
whilest
he
was
eating
a
dish
of
Beans
,
was
pleased
with
the
remembrance
of
his
own
poor
condition
,
when
in
the
like
posture
he
was
forced
to
content
himself
with
the
same
Diet
;
in
contemplation
of
which
,
he
sat
down
on
the
stairs
,
and
taking
a
wooden
Spoon
began
to
eat
heartily
,
and
help
the
Porter
to
make
an
end
of
his
Mess
.
The
standers
by
wondered
at
the
humour
,
and
fancy
of
the
Pope
,
and
especially
to
see
him
eat
up
the
oiled
Beans
so
heartily
;
which
when
he
had
done
,
he
arose
up
and
thanked
the
Porter
:
saying
,
These
Beans
will
add
two
years
of
life
to
us
,
because
we
have
eaten
them
with
a
good
appetite
,
and
without
fear
.
And
then
lifting
up
his
eyes
to
Heaven
,
he
said
,
Blessed
be
thy
Name
most
Almighty
Father
,
that
thou
hast
granted
this
favour
to
thy
High
Priest
to
eat
once
in
peace
and
quietness
.
Thus
much
he
was
apprehended
to
say
,
out
of
the
caution
and
fear
he
had
of
Poison
;
for
he
was
confident
,
that
the
Porters
Beans
were
free
from
such
Ingredients
;
though
he
could
not
be
secure
of
his
own
Dishes
at
home
;
of
which
living
in
continual
suspition
,
he
confined
his
Cook
always
ways
to
his
Kitchin
,
keeping
a
Guard
always
upon
him
to
keep
him
from
all
correspondence
or
communication
with
others
.
The
Pope
thus
pleased
with
his
Entertainment
,
commanded
that
the
Porter
,
who
was
a
Probationer
onely
,
should
be
immediately
vested
in
the
Friers
habit
;
which
being
performed
;
in
his
presence
he
gave
him
his
Blessing
at
departure
,
adding
these
words
:
We
have
been
what
you
are
,
do
you
endeavour
to
be
what
we
are
.
But
we
must
not
omit
to
recount
one
pleasant
passage
,
before
we
return
to
more
serious
,
and
important
Affairs
.
Sixtus
out
of
an
affection
to
the
Friers
of
his
own
Order
,
had
a
desire
to
celebrate
this
year
a
Chapter
General
,
over
which
he
would
preside
in
Person
,
giving
license
not
onely
to
such
Friers
as
were
invited
thereunto
;
but
also
to
all
others
,
who
had
the
curiosity
to
be
there
present
:
and
not
to
burden
the
Order
with
the
expence
,
which
such
a
concourse
of
people
might
bring
,
he
declared
that
he
would
bear
the
charge
on
his
own
account
;
by
reason
of
which
,
never
was
any
Chapter
at
Rome
celebrated
with
such
State
,
and
Magnificence
as
this
.
At
this
Chapter
a
new
General
of
the
Order
being
chosen
;
the
Pope
commanded
,
that
after
the
Election
all
the
Friers
should
walk
in
procession
to
kiss
his
Feet
at
the
Vatican
;
giving
the
Friers
to
understand
the
day
before
,
that
he
gave
license
to
every
one
of
them
to
demand
some
grace
,
or
favour
from
him
,
by
which
distinguishing
Act
of
benevolence
,
he
might
give
sufficient
testimony
to
the
World
of
that
love
,
and
affection
which
possessed
his
heart
towards
the
Companions
of
his
Order
.
The
Friers
receiving
this
gracious
Message
by
their
Cardinal
Protector
,
were
highly
exalted
in
their
spirits
,
and
every
one
began
to
consider
with
himself
what
Boon
,
or
Gift
,
or
priviledg
would
be
most
corresponding
to
his
own
convenience
.
In
the
mean
time
the
report
of
this
excessive
Grace
flying
about
into
all
Convents
of
the
City
:
the
Friers
of
other
Orders
began
to
envy
the
happiness
and
fortune
of
the
Cordeliers
:
the
Dominicans
murmured
against
Pius
V.
who
had
never
evidenced
the
like
respect
towards
them
:
the
Cardinals
also
repined
,
and
blamed
the
prodigality
,
and
excess
of
the
Pope
in
promising
favour
to
every
individual
Frier
of
his
Order
;
when
on
all
the
Cardinals
together
he
never
bestowed
one
ray
of
his
bounty
,
nor
granted
one
priviledg
to
the
whole
Sacred
College
.
But
these
Discourses
little
touched
the
mind
of
Sixtus
,
who
the
next
day
gave
admission
to
the
Friers
one
after
the
other
,
as
they
were
in
Precedency
,
and
Seniority
;
at
the
reception
of
whom
the
Pope
sat
in
his
Chair
of
State
,
and
his
Secretary
on
his
left
hand
at
a
little
Table
to
take
their
Names
,
and
a
brief
of
the
Petitions
,
and
Requests
they
made
,
the
which
for
the
most
part
were
so
ridiculous
,
and
extravagant
,
as
yielded
the
Pope
,
subject
sufficient
for
laughter
,
and
pass-time
:
For
one
being
a
Napolitan
whispering
in
the
Pope's
Ear
,
desired
,
that
he
might
have
license
to
renounce
his
Order
,
and
marry
,
or
else
,
that
he
might
have
a
Dispensation
to
keep
a
Wench
,
and
not
be
liable
to
the
Censure
of
his
Superiours
:
some
of
them
demanded
to
be
made
Cardidinals
,
others
to
be
made
Arch-bishops
,
Bishops
,
and
Abbots
with
other
Dignities
:
some
would
have
crept
into
the
Offices
which
belonged
to
other
Orders
:
one
particularly
demanding
to
be
made
Chief
Master
of
the
Sacred
Palace
,
which
belongs
to
the
Dominicans
:
and
an
other
desired
to
have
Bishops
removed
to
make
places
for
them
.
In
short
,
their
Requests
were
so
exorbitant
,
that
to
satisfie
them
all
,
Sixtus
must
have
overturned
the
whole
Order
of
Friers
,
and
unhinged
all
the
Dignities
,
and
Rules
of
the
Church
.
Only
it
is
observable
that
a
poor
Lay-Brother
,
who
had
been
a
Cook
,
and
Butler
in
a
Convent
,
being
one
of
the
last
to
kiss
the
feet
of
the
Pope
;
shed
many
tears
of
joy
at
his
admittance
to
so
unexpected
an
honour
,
which
having
done
,
the
Petition
he
made
was
this
:
That
since
his
Holiness
was
pleased
to
suffer
such
a
poor
wretch
as
he
,
to
speak
to
him
,
all
he
had
to
desire
,
was
onely
this
,
that
he
would
vouchsafe
out
of
his
great
bounty
to
build
a
Fountain
for
his
Convent
,
which
suffered
very
much
(
as
his
Holiness
well
knew
)
for
want
of
Water
.
The
Friers
having
thus
in
their
order
exposed
their
several
Petitions
,
they
were
called
in
together
:
and
then
in
a
full
Assembly
,
the
Pope
made
this
general
Answer
to
them
all
;
Had
your
petitions
,
and
demands
been
correspondent
to
our
expectation
,
we
should
have
made
no
difficulty
of
giving
satisfaction
to
your
desires
:
We
imagined
,
that
you
,
who
are
persons
sequestred
from
the
World
,
would
have
entertained
no
thoughts
of
particular
interest
:
for
Friers
having
their
wills
restrained
,
and
bound
up
with
chains
of
Obedience
;
can
possess
nothing
in
reference
to
their
own
persons
,
but
onely
with
regard
to
the
publick
benefit
;
to
which
Rule
had
you
confined
your
desires
,
our
bounty
had
been
enlarged
to
the
ultimate
concession
of
what
you
could
demand
;
which
we
are
now
forced
to
deny
,
lest
we
should
offend
against
the
Rules
of
your
primary
Institution
and
Vows
,
which
require
you
to
mortifie
,
rather
than
me
to
gratifie
your
Ambition
.
Thus
were
the
Friers
all
dismissed
from
the
Pope's
presence
,
where
Petitions
and
Desires
became
the
common
talk
and
laughter
of
the
Town
,
and
served
to
discover
the
secret
,
that
the
minds
of
mortified
Friers
are
as
capable
of
vain
thoughts
and
ambitious
desires
,
as
those
of
secular
Men
,
who
profess
not
the
like
strictness
of
mortification
and
sanctity
.
Howsoever
,
the
poor
Lay-brother's
request
for
a
Fountain
was
taken
into
consideration
;
for
that
being
agreeable
to
the
Munificent
humour
of
Sixtus
was
received
,
and
immediately
ordered
to
be
put
in
execution
by
bringing
Water
to
the
Convent
from
the
Pope's
Gardens
at
Monte-cavallo
,
which
flows
there
in
plentiful
streams
.
But
now
to
proceed
unto
more
serious
matters
.
Towards
the
end
of
this
year
1587.
Stephen
Battory
Prince
of
Transilvania
,
and
King
of
Poland
,
having
reigned
in
that
Kingdom
for
the
space
of
nine
years
,
departed
this
life
:
his
death
was
universally
lamented
by
all
,
having
proved
a
most
excellent
Prince
,
and
a
zealous
Champion
of
the
Christian
Religion
against
the
Turk
:
for
he
recovered
the
Dukedoms
of
Suevia
,
and
Smolensko
from
the
Moscovites
,
and
united
them
again
to
the
Crown
of
Poland
.
He
also
behaved
himself
with
constant
resolution
against
the
Turk
,
who
having
in
the
year
1584.
demanded
according
to
antient
Articles
assistance
of
some
Polish
Troops
against
the
Persians
:
Battory
resolutely
denied
them
to
him
,
saying
,
That
,
whereas
the
white
Eagle
of
Poland
had
lately
moulted
her
feathers
,
and
was
displumed
,
and
become
weak
,
she
had
now
recovered
her
wings
,
and
her
train
,
and
had
sharpned
both
her
beak
,
and
her
talons
:
Which
brisk
Reply
and
bravery
of
Battory
in
all
the
actions
of
his
Reign
,
did
calm
the
spirit
of
the
Turks
,
and
checked
those
frequent
Incursions
,
which
they
made
into
Poland
.
But
Battori
,
as
we
have
said
,
dying
this
year
,
the
Nobility
of
that
Kingdom
were
very
desirous
to
elect
a
King
,
who
might
in
Wisdom
,
and
Courage
prove
equal
to
the
valour
of
the
deceased
Prince
.
Many
there
were
,
who
offered
themselves
Candidates
for
that
Election
.
Ridolphus
the
Son
of
Maximilian
the
Emperor
,
was
one
,
who
for
being
of
the
House
of
Austria
,
seemed
qualified
for
that
Crown
:
Some
cast
their
eyes
on
the
Duke
of
Parma
,
who
for
his
prudence
,
and
experience
in
War
,
was
one
of
the
most
renowned
Captains
of
those
days
:
but
being
an
Italian
,
it
was
suspected
,
that
his
humour
would
not
be
agrreable
to
the
customs
of
Poland
.
The
Vaivod
of
Transilvania
,
and
Cardinal
Battori
were
others
,
who
appeared
fitly
qualified
for
this
Dignity
:
the
first
being
a
young
Man
,
and
full
of
spirit
,
assisted
with
the
advantage
of
his
own
Riches
,
and
in
great
reputation
with
the
Turk
,
appeared
with
a
lustre
deserving
a
Crown
,
but
having
been
Nephew
to
the
late
King
,
his
Alliance
prejudiced
his
pretentions
,
not
being
consistent
with
the
policy
of
that
Nation
,
to
have
a
succession
in
the
same
Family
;
the
same
consideration
also
was
an
impediment
to
the
Cardinal
,
though
otherwise
a
Prince
of
excellent
Endowments
.
The
Duke
of
Ferrara
was
an
other
proposed
,
but
he
,
as
well
as
the
Duke
of
Parma
was
an
Italian
,
whose
humour
was
inconsistent
with
the
Poles
.
Many
Nobles
also
of
Poland
it self
seemed
fitly
qualified
both
in
Riches
,
and
Vertue
for
that
Dignity
;
amongst
which
Zamowski
the
Grand
Chancellour
had
a
most
considerable
party
:
for
,
he
having
managed
all
the
Affairs
of
that
Kingdom
during
the
Reign
of
Battori
,
who
communicated
all
his
Counsels
with
him
,
and
entrusted
him
with
the
greatest
secrets
of
State
;
by
which
he
became
the
most
experienced
in
Affairs
,
and
high
in
Reputation
,
living
little
inferiour
to
the
Royal
pomp
:
howsoever
the
Nobles
not
enduring
at
that
time
subjection
to
any
of
their
own
degree
,
and
Country
;
and
having
never
for
the
space
of
six
hundred
years
admitted
a
Prince
of
their
own
to
reign
over
them
,
they
would
neither
now
introduce
a
Novelty
repugnant
to
their
antient
customs
,
and
constitutions
.
Upon
the
preceding
considerations
the
election
falling
on
none
of
the
foregoing
Princes
;
the
Votes
came
at
length
to
concenter
between
the
Prince
of
Sweden
,
and
the
Arch-Duke
of
Austria
called
Maximilian
,
Brother
of
the
Emperor
Ridolphus
,
a
person
of
that
affable
,
and
obliging
deportment
,
as
took
much
with
the
humour
of
the
Polanders
.
Howsoever
,
the
contrary
party
and
the
most
prevalent
objected
;
that
being
Brother
to
the
Emperor
,
he
might
be
too
potent
,
and
in
time
by
the
power
of
Germany
subvert
the
Government
,
and
turn
it
from
an
elective
to
an
hereditary
Kingdom
:
wherefore
totally
declining
Maximilian
,
this
party
resolutely
fixed
on
the
Prince
of
Sweden
a
youth
of
twenty
years
of
age
,
greatly
favoured
by
the
Poles
for
being
descended
from
the
Family
of
Jagellona
;
which
for
having
added
the
Dukedom
of
Lituania
to
their
Commonwealth
,
was
so
highly
esteemed
by
them
,
that
the
merit
to
that
Family
could
be
no
otherwise
extinguished
,
than
by
transferring
the
Crown
to
the
Prince
thereof
.
But
these
considerations
in
favour
of
Sweden
were
turned
to
quite
contrary
Sentiments
by
the
differing
party
,
so
that
the
whole
body
of
the
Nobility
being
divided
between
these
two
Princes
,
the
Election
still
remained
in
suspense
;
both
designing
to
determine
the
Dispute
by
force
of
Arms.
Whilest
the
Election
remained
under
these
doubtful
circumstances
,
Sixtus
wrote
to
the
Arch-bishop
of
Naples
,
then
Nuntio
residing
at
the
place
of
Election
,
secretly
to
favour
the
side
of
Maximilian
,
but
yet
with
such
caution
,
as
not
too
far
to
engage
himself
,
but
that
,
in
case
fortune
favoured
the
Prince
of
Sweden
,
he
might
without
a
blemish
declare
himself
for
that
party
,
that
so
he
might
own
in
some
measure
his
Election
unto
him
.
Maximilian
to
make
good
his
cause
appearing
before
Cracovia
with
an
Army
of
sixteen
thousand
fighting
Men
,
demanded
of
the
Citizens
to
receive
him
in
;
but
they
refused
it
,
and
sent
with
all
diligence
to
the
Prince
of
Sweden
to
expedite
his
March
,
for
that
delays
in
this
case
were
dangerous
,
and
that
the
day
of
his
Coronation
was
fixed
to
be
celebrated
on
the
Feast
of
St.
Luke
,
then
near
approaching
:
In
the
mean
time
,
they
repaired
their
Fortifications
,
and
strengthened
their
Suburbs
,
making
daily
Sallies
on
the
Forces
of
Maximilian
,
and
most
commonly
were
successful
therein
to
the
great
encouragement
of
the
Citizens
.
In
a
short
time
after
,
Ambassadours
arrived
at
Cracon
from
the
Prince
of
Sweden
,
advising
that
the
Prince
,
though
detained
by
contrary
Winds
,
was
come
as
far
as
Donzilca
,
and
that
though
it
was
impossible
for
him
to
be
so
soon
with
them
as
St.
Luke's
day
;
yet
certainly
he
would
not
fail
to
be
there
by
St.
Martin's
,
which
was
on
the
15th
.
of
November
,
and
be
ready
to
receive
that
Dignity
on
the
Sunday
following
;
for
according
to
the
custom
of
that
Country
the
Coronation
must
always
be
solemnized
on
the
Lord's
Day
.
During
all
this
time
the
Army
of
Maximilian
was
greatly
weakned
for
want
of
provisions
;
and
having
neither
Wine
,
nor
good
Beer
,
they
were
forced
to
drink
bad
Waters
,
which
with
the
cold
and
moisture
of
the
season
caused
Fluxes
and
Dysenteries
and
other
distempers
amongst
the
Soldiery
,
which
reduced
them
to
small
numbers
.
Howsoever
Maximilian
leaving
the
City
of
Cracovia
,
marched
towards
Pietricovia
with
intention
to
stop
the
march
of
the
Prince
of
Sweden
:
but
finding
that
the
Army
of
his
Enemy
was
greater
,
than
his
own
,
and
that
he
received
the
worst
in
many
Skirmishes
,
he
retreated
to
Bellone
,
and
thence
to
Pitschen
of
the
frontiers
of
Silesia
belonging
to
the
Duke
of
Briga
.
But
being
pursued
thither
by
the
Enemy
,
he
was
there
besieged
,
and
afterwards
taken
Prisoner
towards
the
end
of
January
1588.
The
Pope
who
was
greatly
concerned
for
this
disgrace
of
Maximilian
,
dispeeded
Cardinal
Aldobrandino
into
Poland
to
treat
a
Peace
,
and
an
Accommodation
between
Maximilian
,
and
the
Prince
;
the
which
after
various
difficulties
,
and
Disputes
was
happily
concluded
,
about
the
beginning
of
March
1589.
The
Articles
of
which
were
,
that
Maximilian
should
renounce
all
Title
,
and
pretence
to
the
Crown
of
Poland
by
reason
of
the
late
Election
,
or
any
other
demand
whatsoever
;
and
that
the
Prince
of
Sweden
should
remain
the
lawful
and
undoubted
King
:
which
being
agreed
the
Prince
took
possession
,
and
was
named
Sigismond
III.
The
Pope
,
who
was
no
less
zealous
for
the
success
of
the
King's
Arms
in
France
against
his
Protestant
Subjects
;
sent
a
Sword
to
the
Duke
of
Guise
,
who
was
chief
of
the
Catholick
League
,
as
he
had
lately
done
to
the
Prince
Farnese
,
who
was
Governour
of
Flanders
;
the
which
was
delivered
by
a
Bishop
who
was
purposely
sent
to
present
it
,
and
therewith
to
tender
his
paternal
love
,
and
benediction
to
the
Duke
,
assuring
him
that
he
possessed
a
large
room
in
the
heart
and
breast
of
the
Pope
.
The
Ceremony
of
delivering
this
Sword
was
performed
with
such
pomp
,
and
triumph
at
Paris
,
and
with
such
popular
acclamations
of
the
multitude
in
favour
of
Guise
,
as
administred
just
cause
of
jealousie
,
and
fear
to
the
King
;
and
though
Guise
was
ambitious
enough
to
be
pleased
therewith
,
yet
being
immoderate
,
and
irregular
,
his
modesty
told
him
,
that
they
were
undecent
.
The
King
in
the
mean
time
being
eclipsed
by
the
popular
grandeur
of
Guise
,
and
by
the
troubles
of
a
Civil
War
with
which
his
Kingdom
was
infested
,
did
seem
to
resent
the
favours
which
the
Pope
shewed
to
Guise
,
as
unseasonable
;
of
which
when
Sixtus
had
knowledg
,
and
of
the
popular
acclamations
at
the
delivery
of
his
Sword
,
he
was
much
troubled
;
for
he
being
of
a
humour
always
desirous
to
maintain
Sovereignty
in
its
highest
degree
of
Honour
,
and
Power
,
did
by
a
Letter
to
the
King
exhort
him
to
maintain
his
Prerogatives
,
and
conserve
the
honour
of
his
Crown
against
the
Insolencies
,
and
rebellions
of
his
Subjects
:
adding
,
That
a
Canker
in
the
bowels
of
his
State
was
curable
onely
by
cauterizing
,
and
by
fire
,
and
Sword
:
and
that
it
was
necessary
to
vent
some
of
that
blood
,
which
was
too
redundant
in
the
veins
of
his
Subjects
.
The
King
made
frequent
reflections
on
this
Letter
,
and
often
gave
it
to
the
Duke
of
Guise
to
read
,
and
consider
:
and
being
one
day
in
Parliament
,
where
many
Debates
arose
touching
the
ways
,
and
means
by
which
the
Civil
Wars
might
be
accommodated
,
and
a
good
understanding
produced
between
him
and
his
Subjects
;
the
King
declared
the
great
aversion
of
his
mind
to
blood
,
or
other
extremities
;
which
though
he
might
justly
by
the
Counsels
,
and
persuasions
of
the
Pope
,
yet
he
was
more
tender
of
the
lives
of
his
Subjects
,
than
to
cure
his
troubles
by
such
severe
Remedies
;
and
to
confirm
the
truth
thereof
,
he
produced
the
Pope's
Letter
,
causing
it
publickly
to
be
read
in
that
Assembly
:
which
when
the
Parliament
heard
,
they
Blessed
themselves
,
and
as
well
the
Catholicks
,
as
Protestants
remained
astonished
and
scandalized
at
this
cruelty
of
the
Universal
Pastor
,
who
with
such
little
remorse
could
suck
the
blood
of
Christ's
Sheep
,
as
if
he
had
rather
been
the
Wolf
,
than
Shepherd
of
the
Christian
Flock
.
Which
when
the
Pope
understood
,
and
was
informed
of
all
the
Satyrs
,
and
Libels
which
the
Protestants
had
composed
on
this
occasion
,
he
was
greatly
disturbed
,
that
the
King
should
so
publickly
expose
his
Counsels
,
which
he
designed
for
his
secret
directions
;
and
having
signified
his
resentment
thereof
by
his
Nuntio
,
he
would
never
afterwards
adventure
to
write
him
a
Letter
,
but
on
all
occasions
of
business
referred
himself
by
word
of
mouth
to
the
report
of
his
Nuntio
.
And
now
Sixtus
whose
thoughts
were
ever
employed
on
means
which
might
enlarge
,
or
make
great
the
Church
;
did
much
incite
Philip
II.
King
of
Spain
to
make
War
on
Elizabeth
Queen
of
England
,
pressing
him
to
re-assume
his
Right
to
that
Kingdom
which
he
had
once
governed
;
and
for
encouragement
thereunto
,
he
promised
Count
Olivarez
the
King's
Ambassadour
at
Rome
,
that
so
soon
as
the
Spanish
Army
should
be
landed
on
any
part
of
the
English
shoar
,
he
would
immediately
contribute
a
million
of
Crowns
to
that
Design
.
Nor
was
the
Pope
moved
hereunto
out
of
a
zeal
onely
to
Religion
,
but
out
of
a
secular
Design
;
supposing
that
the
chief
Flower
of
the
Nobility
and
Soldiery
of
Naples
being
drained
thence
on
this
Enterprize
,
he
might
have
a
more
facil
passage
to
the
possession
of
that
Kingdom
.
In
pursuance
therefore
of
this
Design
,
a
great
and
wonderful
Fleet
of
vast
Caracks
to
the
number
of
one
hundred
and
fifty
Sail
being
set
to
Sea
,
on
which
were
twenty
three
thousand
Land
Soldiers
,
with
two
thousand
pieces
of
Cannon
,
of
which
the
Duke
of
Medina
Sidonia
was
made
General
;
they
entered
the
Channel
of
England
,
where
being
met
by
a
small
Fleet
of
Ships
under
the
Command
of
Sir
Francis
Drake
,
several
broad-sides
passed
between
them
:
but
at
length
the
Divine
Providence
assisting
England
,
and
defending
the
Protestant
Cause
;
the
valour
of
the
English
,
and
the
successful
direction
of
the
Fire-ships
prevailed
with
admirable
fortune
over
the
Spaniards
,
against
whom
also
God
himself
fighting
,
(
as
we
may
say
)
by
his
Storms
and
Tempests
:
totally
defeated
,
and
destroyed
this
invincible
Armada
,
as
we
may
more
at
large
read
in
our
Chronicles
of
England
.
Sixtus
having
received
the
news
of
this
unhappy
defeat
,
wrote
Letters
to
Philip
to
condole
with
him
for
the
loss
:
and
therewith
taking
an
occasion
to
blame
the
management
and
conduct
of
his
Officers
,
he
attributed
the
miscarriage
of
all
to
the
want
of
care
,
and
experience
of
the
Chief
Commanders
:
by
which
reflection
of
disgrace
his
intent
was
,
to
prevent
all
Demands
from
him
of
reparation
for
this
loss
;
and
on
this
subject
he
proceeded
in
a
publick
Consistory
to
blame
,
and
tax
every
Individual
Chief
both
in
the
Army
,
and
in
the
Council
of
ill
administration
;
onely
he
took
upon
him
to
excuse
Alexander
Farnese
Governour
of
the
Low-Countries
,
and
to
answer
the
aspersions
which
his
Enemies
had
charged
upon
him
,
declaring
him
to
be
the
onely
person
,
who
for
his
personal
Valour
,
and
excellency
of
his
Conduct
was
the
most
approved
Captain
of
that
Age.
This
Letter
of
Condolance
wrote
by
the
Pope
was
dispatched
to
his
Nuntio
at
Madrid
to
be
delivered
to
the
King
,
whose
constancy
of
mind
,
and
evenness
of
temper
was
such
,
that
though
the
Nuntio
well
knew
he
had
no
need
of
Cordials
,
or
consolatory
Exhortations
,
yet
the
Commands
of
his
Master
,
were
to
be
obeyed
,
and
the
formality
observed
.
Whilest
King
Philip
was
reading
the
Letter
,
he
often
smiled
,
as
if
the
Stile
had
rather
been
to
congratulate
his
Victory
,
than
to
condole
for
his
loss
:
Howsoever
he
thanked
the
Nuntio
,
and
promised
to
return
an
Answer
thereunto
speedily
,
the
which
he
accordingly
did
in
the
space
of
two
days
after
in
words
to
this
effect
.
That
his
Holiness
would
be
pleased
together
with
him
to
render
thanks
to
God
Almighty
,
for
being
pleased
to
conserve
the
remnant
of
his
Fleet
from
such
dreadful
storms
,
and
tempests
,
and
for
bestowing
on
him
Riches
,
and
Power
sufficient
to
set
out
,
and
equippe
an
other
equal
to
the
former
.
That
he
had
sent
his
Fleet
to
fight
against
the
Enemies
of
Christ
,
but
not
to
Combat
with
the
Seas
,
and
Winds
,
and
therefore
saw
no
cause
to
blame
his
Officers
either
Civil
or
Military
:
And
in
fine
,
perceiving
the
subtil
manner
of
the
Pope
to
forestall
his
demands
of
succours
,
or
reparations
,
he
concluded
his
Letter
in
this
manner
:
That
the
loss
did
as
well
concern
the
Pope
,
as
himself
,
by
whose
directions
,
and
encouragement
he
had
undertaken
that
Enterprise
:
That
he
having
had
the
glory
to
have
lost
a
Fleet
in
the
service
of
Christ
;
had
already
performed
his
part
;
and
that
now
for
the
future
the
next
attempt
belonged
to
the
Church
,
in
which
he
promised
to
follow
,
but
not
to
precede
.
It
was
believed
,
that
the
King
wrote
with
this
resolution
,
and
indifferency
of
mind
to
the
Pope
;
to
let
him
know
that
this
misfortune
did
not
abate
his
Courage
,
or
force
in
defence
of
his
own
Dominions
;
for
the
King
was
jealous
,
and
had
cause
sufficient
to
suspect
,
that
the
Gallies
which
the
Pope
had
lately
built
,
and
the
vast
sums
of
Money
,
which
he
had
lately
amassed
were
with
design
on
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
;
on
which
the
Count
Olivarez
Ambassadour
at
Rome
,
having
always
a
vigilant
Eye
,
did
constantly
inculcate
to
the
Pope
in
his
Discourses
:
That
so
much
as
his
Master
had
lost
in
seeking
the
Conquest
of
others
Kingdoms
,
as
much
he
did
not
doubt
but
to
recover
on
any
Prince
,
who
should
attempt
on
his
Dominions
.
This
year
1588.
famous
for
the
destruction
of
the
Spanish
Armada
,
was
signalized
also
towards
the
end
thereof
on
the
23d
.
of
December
by
the
death
of
the
Duke
of
Guise
,
a
Prince
of
such
popular
esteem
,
that
he
appeared
greater
than
the
King
,
and
to
eclipsed
the
Sovereignty
,
that
not
longer
enduring
to
be
so
clouded
,
he
resolved
to
break
through
the
obscurity
,
by
the
destruction
of
the
Duke
,
whom
the
King
caused
to
be
assassinated
by
eight
Executioners
,
as
he
was
entering
into
his
Closet
,
being
thereunto
called
by
his
Command
;
these
Officers
of
the
King's
displeasure
so
effectually
performed
their
work
,
by
the
mortal
stabs
they
gave
him
,
that
he
had
not
time
to
utter
one
word
,
but
onely
breathed
out
his
life
with
dying
groans
:
the
same
day
the
Cardinal
his
Brother
was
imprisoned
,
and
the
next
day
being
the
Eve
of
Christmas
was
put
to
death
:
the
which
misfortune
to
the
House
of
Guise
was
followed
by
the
imprisonment
of
the
Cardinal
of
Bourbon
the
Pope's
Legat
at
Avignon
,
the
Arch-bishop
of
Lions
,
and
of
the
eldest
Son
of
the
Duke
of
Guise
.
The
news
of
the
Duke's
death
was
dispeeded
to
Rome
with
such
diligence
by
an
Express
,
that
the
Pope
received
it
on
the
3d.
of
January
1589.
at
the
same
time
,
that
he
was
discoursing
with
the
Cardinal
Joyeuse
touching
the
Affairs
,
and
interest
of
France
.
The
Pope
at
the
arrival
hereof
,
did
not
seem
troubled
,
or
in
the
least
manner
surprized
;
for
though
the
Duke
was
a
zealous
Defender
of
the
Roman
Catholick
Religion
,
yet
considering
that
he
was
ambitious
,
and
popular
,
and
one
who
checked
the
Sovereign
power
;
the
Pope
who
was
a
great
Assertor
of
the
Monarchical
Authority
in
its
Supreme
degree
,
received
the
news
of
his
unhappy
fate
without
any
remorse
,
or
resentment
;
and
so
shrinking
up
his
shoulders
,
said
:
Had
we
been
King
of
France
,
we
should
have
done
the
same
.
And
when
the
particulars
were
all
recounted
,
he
added
,
Such
is
commonly
the
destiny
of
Men
,
who
committed
many
Errors
with
subtil
Arts
,
but
then
know
not
how
to
conserve
themselves
with
mature
judgment
,
and
due
caution
.
But
when
about
four
days
after
that
Intelligence
came
,
how
that
the
Cardinal
of
Guise
was
likewise
put
to
death
,
and
that
the
Cardinal
of
Bourbon
,
and
the
Arch-bishop
of
Lions
were
imprisoned
;
he
then
began
to
fume
and
storm
like
an
enraged
Bear
,
venting
his
passion
with
ten
thousand
violent
expressions
against
the
King
,
clapping
his
hands
,
and
stamping
with
his
feet
on
the
floor
,
in
such
manner
as
affrighted
all
his
Servants
,
and
Attendance
.
Henry
III.
of
France
being
acquainted
with
the
humour
of
Sixtus
;
and
how
apt
he
was
to
resent
the
least
injuries
towards
Ecclesiastical
persons
,
and
encroachment
on
his
Authority
;
dispatched
Girolamo
Gondi
a
Florentine
Gentleman
with
all
expedition
to
Rome
to
join
with
his
Ambassadour
the
Marquess
Pisani
in
making
excuses
for
the
death
of
the
Cardinal
,
and
the
imprisonment
of
the
Cardinal
of
Bourbon
,
and
Arch-Bishop
of
Lions
,
being
thereunto
necessitated
contrary
to
his
own
nature
for
the
conservation
of
his
own
life
,
and
Crown
.
Gondi
being
arrived
at
Rome
,
and
having
consulted
together
with
the
Ambassadour
,
the
way
,
and
manner
,
to
address
themselves
unto
the
Pope
;
and
being
admitted
to
Audience
,
the
Pope
with
a
stern
Countenance
looked
on
them
,
and
with
sharp
,
and
severe
terms
began
to
reproach
the
King
,
wondering
how
he
could
dare
to
violate
the
immunities
,
and
priviledges
of
the
Ecclesiastical
State
,
and
the
dignity
of
Cardinals
,
and
against
all
Laws
both
Divine
,
and
humane
,
could
entertain
so
much
wickedness
in
his
heart
,
as
to
murther
a
Cardinal
,
and
imprison
two
others
of
eminent
dignity
in
the
Church
,
as
if
they
had
been
subjected
to
the
Secular
power
.
The
Ambassadours
for
Reply
hereunto
in
modest
terms
,
but
yet
with
grave
,
and
unmoved
constancy
began
to
relate
the
Treason
,
and
Plots
of
which
the
Cardinal
was
guilty
contrary
to
the
Faith
,
and
Allegiance
which
he
owed
unto
the
King
,
with
whom
also
the
Cardinal
of
Bourbon
,
and
the
Arch-bishop
of
Lions
had
been
Complices
.
It
is
true
,
said
they
,
it
would
have
best
become
the
righteousness
,
and
judgment
of
a
King
to
have
proceeded
in
a
juditiary
way
according
to
all
the
methods
,
and
rules
of
Law
,
but
the
Cardinal
assisted
by
the
power
of
his
Brother
,
and
by
the
Authority
of
the
two
other
potent
Prelates
,
was
become
too
strong
for
the
Law
,
or
to
be
treated
by
the
usual
formalities
of
common
Process
;
for
they
having
forced
the
King
to
abandon
his
Palace
,
and
fly
in
disguise
through
the
streets
of
Paris
,
there
remained
no
mild
terms
of
Accommodation
,
but
either
the
King
must
become
a
Subject
unto
them
,
and
divest
himself
of
his
Dignity
,
and
resign
his
Power
into
the
hands
of
those
Guardians
,
as
if
he
were
in
his
pupillage
,
or
years
of
minority
,
or
else
he
must
serve
himself
of
those
means
,
which
God
appointed
him
for
conservation
of
his
Crown
,
and
Regal
Office
in
which
he
was
anointed
.
In
fine
,
they
concluded
,
that
the
King
was
an
obedient
Son
of
the
Church
,
and
was
ready
to
satisfie
the
desires
of
his
Holiness
to
the
utmost
of
his
power
;
and
to
that
end
he
had
expresly
sent
this
Gondi
now
present
before
him
,
humbly
to
beseech
his
Holiness
to
pardon
what
was
past
,
and
as
a
testimony
,
and
evidence
of
his
reconciliation
to
send
him
his
Blessing
.
But
Sixtus
having
neither
by
these
reasons
,
nor
yet
by
the
gentle
and
submissive
terms
of
the
Ambassadours
,
abated
the
fury
and
anger
which
appeared
in
his
countenance
:
Replyed
with
a
loud
Voice
;
That
,
he
was
well
assured
,
that
Gondi
was
dispatched
on
an
other
Errand
,
than
this
;
and
that
by
any
thing
they
had
said
,
there
was
no
judgment
to
be
made
of
sorrow
,
or
repentance
in
the
King
for
the
Crimes
he
had
committed
,
or
of
such
obedience
,
which
they
professed
to
the
Apostolical
Sea
,
so
long
as
contrary
to
the
priviledges
thereof
,
he
detained
the
Prelates
in
Prison
;
and
that
in
case
he
expected
absolution
,
he
was
to
seek
it
with
tears
,
and
by
a
Person
express
,
and
employed
to
no
other
purpose
,
and
that
there
ought
to
be
a
Session
of
Prelates
thereupon
,
to
consider
,
whether
such
repentance
were
real
,
and
unfeigned
.
And
at
last
concluded
with
these
sharp
words
.
You
,
said
he
,
think
you
have
to
do
with
some
poor
simple
Frier
,
that
is
unacquainted
with
Men
,
and
the
World
;
but
you
shall
find
,
that
you
have
to
do
with
Sixtus
,
who
is
ready
to
expend
blood
in
defence
of
the
Dignity
of
the
Holy
See
.
After
which
he
dismissed
the
two
Ambassadours
,
and
the
next
day
called
a
Consistory
,
in
which
he
appeared
with
a
countenance
full
of
Choler
which
boiled
in
his
breast
;
and
then
began
to
exclaim
against
his
Legat
Morosini
residing
at
Paris
,
as
if
he
had
consented
to
the
death
of
the
Cardinal
,
or
at
least
might
have
prevented
both
that
and
the
imprisonment
of
the
Prelats
,
in
case
he
had
vigorously
appeared
against
such
indirect
Counsels
:
In
the
next
place
he
railed
against
some
Cardinals
,
who
had
the
boldness
to
excuse
the
murther
which
the
King
had
committed
;
wondering
that
Cardinals
should
so
little
esteem
their
Dignity
,
and
degree
,
as
to
expose
the
sanctity
of
their
purple
to
be
profaned
,
by
the
unhallowed
violences
of
an
usurped
jurisdiction
.
As
to
us
(
said
he
)
it
concerns
little
what
affronts
are
put
on
the
Cardinals
dignity
,
but
we
are
sure
,
that
it
is
of
a
high
consequence
to
you
:
for
we
cannot
believe
,
that
you
would
readily
consent
to
be
dispoiled
of
their
Authority
,
your
liberties
,
prerogatives
,
and
other
priviledges
with
which
you
are
adorned
:
of
which
you
will
certainly
be
,
if
this
murther
of
a
Cardinal
be
connived
at
,
or
passed
by
without
any
resentment
.
We
therefore
are
resolved
to
perform
our
duty
,
and
do
that
which
God
,
and
his
Laws
require
at
Our
hands
:
and
if
from
thence
,
as
you
may
possibly
object
,
ill
consequences
ensue
to
the
Kingdom
of
France
,
we
shall
remain
acquitted
in
the
sight
of
God
;
for
justice
must
be
done
,
though
the
World
should
be
ruined
,
and
dissolved
thereby
.
The
Cardinals
remaining
all
silent
,
none
daring
to
make
a
Reply
.
The
Pope
proceeded
,
and
said
:
We
shall
depute
a
Congregation
of
Cardinals
to
examine
this
case
,
and
search
farther
into
this
matter
,
and
accordingly
the
persons
nominated
were
Anthony
Sorbellone
,
the
Arch
bishop
of
Santa
Severina
,
Facchinetto
,
Lancilotto
,
Sastagna
and
others
;
the
which
Deputation
was
now
the
common
Discourse
,
and
filled
all
the
World
with
high
expectation
of
the
success
,
and
issue
thereof
.
The
King
being
informed
of
these
proceedings
,
redoubled
his
Guards
,
and
cautions
in
the
Court
of
Rome
,
to
which
place
he
dispatched
the
Bishop
of
Mans
,
a
person
of
singular
probity
,
and
eloquence
to
make
his
defence
:
and
having
received
his
Instructions
,
and
being
fully
informed
of
all
the
reasons
,
and
arguments
which
might
be
produced
in
behalf
of
the
King
,
he
arrived
at
Rome
,
where
having
first
consulted
the
Ambassadours
,
he
was
with
them
admitted
unto
Audience
with
the
Pope
:
to
whom
he
began
with
most
profound
humility
to
argue
and
plead
:
That
the
King
had
not
incurred
the
punishment
of
any
Ecclesiastical
Censure
,
having
in
no
manner
violated
,
or
infringed
the
Liberties
,
or
Immunities
of
the
Church
.
For
that
the
Cardinal
having
been
found
guilty
of
high
Treason
against
the
King
,
was
by
the
fundamental
Laws
,
and
constitutions
of
France
,
subjected
to
the
Secular
Power
:
and
in
regard
he
was
a
Peer
of
that
Realm
,
his
Cause
was
more
immediately
triable
in
the
Parliament
of
Paris
,
and
in
a
grand
Assembly
of
all
the
Princes
,
and
Officers
of
the
Crown
;
so
that
if
the
King
had
trespassed
against
any
Laws
,
it
was
against
the
priviledges
of
his
own
Parliaments
,
and
not
against
the
jurisdiction
of
the
Ecclesiastical
State
.
In
the
next
place
he
argued
,
that
a
King
of
France
according
to
the
priviledges
of
the
Gallican
Church
could
not
incur
the
Censure
of
Excommunication
.
But
these
Arguments
,
and
ways
of
reasonings
were
in
no
wise
pleasing
to
the
humour
of
Sixtus
,
being
against
the
Idea
,
and
Scheme
that
he
had
figured
to
himself
of
the
Power
of
the
Church
and
Keys
:
but
rather
served
to
inflame
his
passion
,
and
therefore
setting
aside
all
those
Arguments
,
as
not
worth
an
Answer
,
he
declared
,
and
sentenced
,
That
in
case
within
a
certain
time
limited
,
the
King
did
not
free
,
and
set
at
liberty
the
Cardinal
of
Bourbon
,
and
the
Arch-bishop
of
Lions
:
and
that
in
case
within
the
space
of
sixty
days
after
such
releasement
,
the
assurance
thereof
were
not
intimated
to
himself
and
the
Apostolical
See
,
by
writings
under
the
King
's
own
hand
,
and
the
Royal
Signet
,
That
then
in
such
case
the
King
remained
actually
Excommunicated
,
and
incurred
all
the
Ecclesiastical
Censures
,
as
expressed
in
the
Sacred
Canons
,
and
Constitutions
of
the
Church
.
Farther
,
The
Pope
cited
the
King
to
appear
at
Rome
either
in
person
,
or
by
his
Proxy
within
the
space
of
sixty
days
after
intimation
of
these
Summons
should
be
given
him
;
to
render
an
account
,
and
to
give
answer
to
the
accusation
charged
upon
him
,
for
having
murthered
the
Cardinal
of
Guise
,
and
imprisoned
the
Cardinal
of
Bourbon
,
and
the
Arch-bishop
of
Lions
:
and
for
default
of
such
appearance
,
that
then
the
King
did
actually
incur
the
pain
of
Excommunication
,
from
which
he
could
not
be
absolved
by
any
other
person
whatsoever
,
than
onely
by
the
Pope
himself
,
unless
at
the
point
of
death
;
nor
then
neither
,
unless
upon
a
confident
,
and
faithful
assurance
and
Vows
to
act
,
and
obey
all
matters
and
Injunctions
whatsoever
which
should
be
enjoyned
,
and
commanded
by
the
Holy
Church
.
Two
Months
,
and
some
few
days
after
the
Pope
had
issued
out
this
Excommunication
;
it
happened
,
that
the
King
being
at
the
Head
of
a
great
Army
near
St.
Clou
about
two
Leagues
from
Paris
was
on
the
first
day
of
August
1589.
stabbed
in
the
Belly
by
a
Dominican
Frier
,
who
was
a
youth
of
about
twenty
three
years
of
age
:
and
with
him
ended
his
quarrel
with
the
Pope
.
1589.
Such
being
the
fate
of
Henry
III.
the
news
thereof
flew
speedily
to
Rome
,
where
the
Spaniards
caused
a
report
to
be
spread
:
that
the
Affairs
of
the
King
of
Navarre
were
reduced
to
a
mean
,
and
a
low
condition
,
and
almost
desperate
;
and
that
not
onely
those
of
the
League
,
but
also
the
whole
Kingdom
had
declared
the
Cardinal
of
Bourbon
to
be
King
by
the
name
of
Charles
XI
.
Upon
this
grand
Crisis
of
Affairs
,
the
Pope
resolved
to
dispeed
Cardinal
Cajetan
in
quality
of
his
Legat
into
France
with
a
numerous
train
of
Prelats
famous
for
their
Wisdom
,
and
Learning
,
intending
to
furnish
him
with
the
sum
of
a
hundred
thousand
Pistols
to
defray
the
charge
,
and
pomp
of
his
sublime
Character
.
Whilest
things
were
thus
preparing
,
Advices
came
from
the
Duke
of
Luxemburg
that
Henry
of
Vandosme
King
of
Navarre
having
been
victorious
in
many
bloody
Battels
,
was
acknowledged
by
all
the
Nobility
to
be
the
true
,
and
lawful
King
of
France
:
and
that
he
,
(
namely
the
Duke
of
Luxemburg
)
was
designed
Ambassadour
by
the
said
Nobility
unto
his
Holiness
,
to
inform
him
of
the
reasons
,
which
moved
them
to
such
an
acknowledgment
,
and
to
demand
his
Counsel
and
direction
,
as
the
common
Father
,
how
,
and
in
what
manner
they
might
apply
such
remedies
,
as
might
tend
to
a
happy
,
and
a
well
grounded
peace
.
The
Pope
discovering
hereby
,
that
the
Agents
of
the
League
had
falsely
represented
the
state
of
Affairs
to
him
,
immediately
dispatched
a
Letter
in
answer
to
the
Duke
of
Luxemburg
,
acquainting
him
,
that
his
Person
should
be
welcome
at
Rome
and
civilly
treated
;
together
with
an
other
to
the
Nobility
of
France
in
the
Camp
of
Navarre
,
exhorting
them
to
remain
firm
and
constant
to
the
Catholick
Religion
;
adding
,
that
as
to
the
person
of
the
King
,
it
was
indifferent
to
him
,
who
it
was
that
reigned
,
provided
,
he
were
a
true
Son
of
the
Church
,
and
such
as
the
Nobility
desired
.
And
now
the
Legat
being
upon
departure
,
the
Pope
altered
many
particulars
of
his
former
Instructions
,
and
expresly
warned
him
to
keep
,
as
much
as
was
possible
,
an
even
,
and
steady
hand
in
all
the
pretensions
of
Secular
Princes
;
but
that
he
should
be
sure
always
to
incline
towards
the
side
of
the
Church
,
and
Religion
:
that
he
should
not
shew
himself
an
open
Enemy
to
the
King
of
Navarre
,
until
his
case
was
desperate
,
and
past
all
hopes
of
being
reclaimed
to
the
Church
;
but
that
so
soon
as
he
found
him
wavering
,
he
should
then
encourage
him
;
but
stand
a
Neuter
,
until
he
professed
himself
a
true
Convert
,
and
from
that
time
to
declare
for
his
Person
,
and
Interest
.
But
the
Legat
not
well
observing
these
Rules
,
but
running
quite
contrary
in
favour
of
the
League
,
and
making
his
aboad
at
Paris
,
which
had
declared
it self
against
the
King
of
Navarre
;
did
greatly
incur
the
displeasure
of
the
Pope
,
who
not
approving
his
Negotiations
,
gave
a
stop
to
those
sums
of
Money
which
he
had
designed
for
him
.
In
short
therefore
this
deportment
which
the
Pope
used
towards
Henry
,
did
greatly
contribute
towards
his
establishment
:
for
the
World
observing
,
that
so
wise
a
person
as
the
Pope
,
professing
no
other
quarrel
to
him
,
than
onely
on
the
score
of
Religion
;
and
that
this
scruple
being
removed
,
he
was
ready
to
side
with
him
against
all
other
Interests
;
and
that
he
had
induced
the
wise
,
and
politick
Senate
of
Venice
to
acknowledg
him
for
King
of
France
:
there
is
no
doubt
,
but
that
these
favourable
appearances
did
bring
great
reputation
to
the
Arms
of
Henry
,
and
much
facilitated
his
ascent
to
the
Crown
.
Having
in
this
manner
laid
down
the
Methods
,
and
ways
of
proceedings
in
Secular
Affairs
,
and
with
forein
Princes
;
let
us
now
before
we
conclude
the
Life
of
this
great
Man
,
return
to
the
treatment
which
he
exercised
towards
his
own
People
,
and
the
rules
he
observed
in
the
maintenance
,
and
nourishment
of
his
own
natural
Body
.
Sixtus
having
now
for
five
years
observed
many
things
relating
to
Government
:
nothing
appeared
more
extravagant
than
the
gallantry
which
people
used
in
their
Clothing
;
which
was
become
so
excessive
,
that
for
the
regulation
thereof
,
he
constituted
Cardinal
Aldobrandino
to
be
the
Reformer
;
by
whose
care
,
and
wisdom
such
sumptuary
Laws
were
enacted
,
as
reduced
all
persons
into
a
modesty
of
dress
,
and
habit
;
which
being
imposed
with
severe
penalties
on
the
Transgressour
,
which
Sixtus
would
never
remit
,
all
the
Rules
were
observed
and
obeyed
,
during
the
time
of
this
Pope
,
who
did
not
supervive
for
many
Months
after
.
It
is
observable
that
this
Sixtus
,
when
he
was
a
Frier
,
and
a
Cardinal
,
and
not
incumbred
with
a
load
of
business
,
was
very
temperate
,
and
abstemious
in
his
Diet
:
but
being
made
Pope
and
burdened
with
an
intense
application
of
mind
to
business
,
he
seemed
to
want
greater
nourishment
to
keep
up
his
spirits
,
which
otherwise
might
have
sunk
under
the
weight
of
Affairs
;
and
therefore
did
eat
much
,
and
drink
often
of
divers
sorts
of
delicious
and
exquisite
Wines
,
and
would
often
sit
two
or
three
hours
at
Meals
discoursing
of
Theological
,
and
political
Subjects
:
howsoever
his
Diet
was
ordinary
,
and
course
,
and
his
Table
as
frugal
,
as
of
any
Pope
that
ever
preceded
him
.
He
slept
little
,
having
his
mind
always
intent
to
Studies
,
or
businesses
,
giving
Audiences
to
forein
Ambassadours
,
or
hearing
the
Consults
,
and
Advices
of
his
Cardinals
,
or
administring
Justice
,
so
that
he
was
never
observed
to
be
idle
,
or
at
leisure
.
He
was
ever
chiding
in
a
clamorous
manner
with
his
Servants
,
and
yet
he
loved
them
,
preferring
many
of
them
to
high
degrees
,
and
dignities
,
having
made
three
of
them
Cardinals
,
and
Bishops
besides
Castruccio
Ardas
;
as
he
was
forward
to
advance
those
who
had
merited
well
from
him
,
so
he
was
rigorous
and
severe
against
any
,
who
offended
either
out
of
negligence
,
or
malice
:
An
example
of
which
,
he
shewed
in
the
condemnation
of
Bellochio
his
Cup-bearer
,
to
the
Gallies
,
for
having
affixed
the
Annulus
Piscatorius
,
or
the
Pope's
Seal
to
a
certain
writing
,
which
Sixtus
had
refused
to
pass
;
nor
could
he
be
dissuaded
by
all
the
Intreaties
which
the
Friends
of
Bellochio
used
,
and
being
cast
into
the
Gallies
,
he
died
miserably
in
two
Months
time
of
his
disgrace
,
and
servitude
.
He
was
extreamly
tender
and
affectionate
to
his
own
Kindred
and
Relations
,
and
in
an
especial
manner
to
his
Sister
Camilla
,
one
of
whose
Grandsons
by
a
Daughter
,
a
youth
very
young
he
raised
to
be
a
Cardinal
in
the
first
Month
that
he
was
made
Pope
,
who
so
well
improved
himself
by
time
,
in
the
dexterous
management
of
all
Affairs
,
that
he
became
so
very
useful
to
his
Uncle
the
Pope
,
that
he
bestowed
a
Revenue
upon
him
of
an
hundred
thousand
Crowns
of
yearly
Rent
.
The
Palace
of
Montalto
is
to
this
day
to
be
seen
at
Rome
rarely
furnished
,
and
famous
for
the
abundance
of
rare
Pictures
,
Statues
,
and
Urns
,
and
the
Garden
one
of
the
best
in
all
Rome
.
He
was
infinitely
covetous
,
and
contriving
for
Money
,
for
raising
of
which
he
laid
Taxes
on
those
things
which
were
never
before
charged
,
and
sold
those
Offices
,
which
were
never
until
his
time
set
to
sale
;
so
that
he
advanced
the
Papal
Revenue
to
above
six
hundred
thousand
Crowns
a
year
,
above
the
ordinary
Income
:
and
in
the
first
year
of
his
Reign
,
he
laid
up
a
million
of
Gold
in
the
Castle
of
St.
Angelo
,
ordaining
,
that
this
Money
should
never
be
employed
in
any
thing
whatsoever
,
unless
it
were
towards
maintenance
of
a
War
for
recovery
of
the
Holy
Land
.
In
the
third
year
also
of
his
Pontificate
,
he
laid
up
another
million
to
the
same
end
and
purpose
,
swearing
himself
never
to
make
use
of
the
same
,
but
for
that
War
,
or
for
some
other
War
in
defence
of
the
Church
against
Infidels
,
or
Hereticks
;
and
this
Oath
of
his
,
he
would
have
all
Popes
obliged
to
conserve
,
and
keep
inviolate
.
And
that
he
might
the
better
accumulate
Wealth
in
this
nature
,
as
he
was
sparing
in
his
Diet
,
so
he
was
also
in
his
Clothing
,
causing
his
very
Shirts
to
be
patched
before
he
would
give
them
to
his
Servants
:
and
besides
these
two
millions
,
he
laid
up
three
other
in
the
same
Castle
;
so
that
at
his
death
five
millions
were
found
of
his
hoard
,
and
heaps
.
And
yet
notwithstanding
all
this
Riches
,
which
he
had
spared
,
he
had
been
most
profuse
in
his
publick
Buildings
,
and
magnificent
in
Noble
Structures
,
Aqueducts
,
and
other
things
of
common
use
,
and
benefit
;
and
besides
all
this
,
he
employed
a
stock
of
two
hundred
thousand
Crowns
to
maintain
plenty
in
Rome
,
during
the
times
of
scarcity
and
famine
in
other
parts
of
Italy
.
He
ordained
that
the
number
of
Cardinals
should
not
exceed
seventy
in
all
,
amongst
which
four
at
least
ought
to
be
Doctors
in
Divinity
,
chosen
out
of
the
several
Orders
of
Friers
as
well
Mendicants
as
Regulars
:
and
that
Cardinals
should
never
be
ordained
,
but
in
the
Ember
Week
of
December
,
as
had
been
observed
from
the
time
of
Clement
I.
though
in
the
promotions
of
Cardinal
Allen
,
and
Morosini
he
himself
transgressed
that
Rule
:
and
created
in
his
time
thirty
three
Cardinals
.
For
more
speedy
decision
of
matters
of
Law
,
and
that
Suits
might
not
spin
out
into
many
years
,
he
erected
a
Court
of
Conscience
,
composed
of
wise
and
godly
Men
,
and
such
as
feared
God
.
He
enacted
that
Adultery
should
be
punished
with
Death
;
and
prohibited
judicial
Astrology
.
About
four
Months
before
his
death
,
he
began
to
find
himself
indisposed
,
and
complained
of
an
illness
in
his
Head
;
of
which
distemper
and
of
the
nature
of
his
Disease
he
often
discoursed
with
much
reason
according
to
the
Rules
of
Galen
,
and
Hippocrates
;
howsoever
during
the
time
of
this
indisposition
,
he
omitted
nothing
of
his
business
,
and
ate
and
drank
of
such
Meats
,
and
Liquors
,
as
are
usual
for
Men
of
the
best
health
;
having
often
in
his
Mouth
the
saying
of
Flavius
Vespatian
the
Emperor
,
That
a
Prince
ought
to
die
on
his
feet
,
and
in
action
,
signifying
that
a
Prince
ought
to
die
in
the
work
of
his
Vocation
.
But
being
more
grievously
feised
by
a
malignant
Fever
on
the
twentieth
of
August
1590.
on
the
thirtieth
of
the
same
Month
in
the
Evening
he
died
,
being
in
the
seventieth
year
of
his
Age
,
having
governed
the
Papal
Sea
five
years
,
four
months
,
and
three
days
.
The
Night
after
,
his
Body
was
carried
in
a
Hearse
to
the
Church
of
St.
Peter
near
the
Vatican
,
for
he
died
at
his
Palace
of
Monte
Cavallo
;
from
whence
Cardinal
Montalto
caused
it
to
be
transported
with
solemn
and
Princely
equipage
to
a
Chappel
which
Sixtus
had
built
adjoyning
to
the
Church
of
Santa
Maria
Maggiore
.
After
whose
death
the
Sea
was
vacant
eighteen
days
.
VRBAN
VII
.
URBAN
the
Seventh
,
called
John
Baptista
Castagna
was
born
at
Rome
,
his
Family
came
from
Genoua
,
being
descended
from
the
Antient
Nobility
of
that
City
;
but
his
Mother
was
a
Roman
of
the
house
of
the
Ricci
.
He
was
educated
in
all
the
usual
Methods
of
good
Literature
;
and
applying
himself
chiefly
to
the
Studies
of
the
Canon
,
and
Civil
Law
,
he
became
so
good
a
Proficient
therein
that
he
attained
the
degree
of
Doctor
in
the
University
of
Belogna
:
In
the
time
of
Julius
III.
he
accompanied
his
Uncle
Veralli
into
France
,
who
was
employed
in
that
Court
in
quality
of
Legat
;
and
acting
there
under
his
Uncle
,
he
gave
clear
demonstrations
of
quickness
of
parts
,
and
vivacity
of
Spirit
,
fit
for
great
and
important
undertakings
:
returning
afterwards
to
Rome
,
he
dwelt
in
the
House
of
the
Arch-bishop
of
Rosano
.
Paul
IV.
made
him
Governour
of
Perusa
:
and
Pius
IV.
who
immediately
succeeded
him
,
sent
him
with
the
Character
of
his
Legat
into
Spain
;
in
which
employment
he
was
continued
by
Pius
V.
for
the
space
of
seven
years
.
Gregory
XIII
.
recalled
him
out
of
Spain
to
Rome
,
and
bestowed
on
him
the
Arch-bishoprick
of
Rosano
,
without
reservation
to
himself
of
any
quit-rent
thereupon
:
and
afterwards
delegated
him
his
Nuntio
to
Venice
,
and
with
that
Character
gave
him
a
Commission
to
treat
a
Peace
in
the
Low
Countries
between
King
Philip
and
those
States
.
At
his
return
to
Rome
,
he
was
made
Counsellour
of
the
Ecclesiastical
State
,
and
assumed
into
the
number
of
Prelats
of
the
Office
of
the
Inquisition
;
in
which
Employments
he
continued
until
the
year
1583.
when
he
was
created
Cardinal
by
the
said
Gregory
with
the
Title
of
Saint
Marcellus
at
a
promotion
of
nineteen
Cardinals
,
and
soon
after
he
was
sent
Legat
to
Bologna
.
He
was
also
held
in
great
esteem
by
Sixtus
V.
and
entrusted
by
him
in
the
management
of
the
most
important
Affairs
both
in
Church
and
State
;
and
by
him
judged
the
most
probable
person
to
succeed
him
in
the
Papal
Chair
;
the
which
he
expressed
one
day
,
when
contriving
in
what
manner
to
enlarge
the
Street
from
Santa
Croce
to
Santa
Maria
Maggiore
,
and
thence
how
it
might
be
continued
in
a
direct
line
to
Santa
Maria
del
popolo
,
he
turned
about
to
Cardinal
Saint
Marcellus
,
and
told
him
,
That
to
finish
that
work
,
would
belong
to
him
;
meaning
,
that
the
succession
being
his
,
it
would
appertain
to
him
to
compleat
what
he
had
happily
begun
.
Nor
was
it
onely
the
Opinion
of
Sixtus
,
that
Cardinal
Marcellus
was
to
be
his
Successour
;
but
the
common
Voice
,
and
rumour
of
the
people
fixed
the
Papal
Dignity
upon
him
;
the
which
accordingly
succeeded
:
for
so
soon
as
Sixtus
was
dead
,
and
the
usual
Obsequies
of
his
Interment
solemnized
;
the
Cardinals
to
the
number
of
fifty
four
on
the
7th
.
of
September
1590.
entred
the
Conclave
,
where
a
very
great
party
laboured
much
for
the
election
of
Cardinal
Colonna
;
who
though
he
were
a
person
of
merit
and
worth
,
yet
he
was
so
highly
opposed
by
a
contrary
faction
;
that
both
parties
being
intrigued
in
difficulties
,
did
,
as
it
were
by
mutual
consent
concur
in
their
suffrages
for
Cardinal
St.
Marcellus
,
who
was
a
person
without
exception
,
and
grateful
both
to
Princes
,
Cardinals
,
and
People
;
for
no
sooner
was
the
Scrutiny
begun
,
than
all
things
so
appeared
in
his
favour
,
that
on
the
14th
.
of
September
at
Night
,
the
Cardinals
were
assured
of
the
person
,
on
whom
the
Election
should
fall
;
more
Votes
appearing
for
him
than
the
Complement
required
;
howsoever
,
though
the
Election
was
deferred
until
the
next
day
at
Noon
;
yet
so
unanimous
,
and
constant
was
every
person
to
his
Vote
,
that
the
delay
of
time
produced
no
alteration
:
so
that
on
Saturday
the
15th
,
he
was
with
common
consent
declared
Pope
.
And
then
clothing
himself
in
his
Pontifical
Habit
,
whilest
he
took
the
Rocket
,
which
is
made
of
a
fine
sort
of
Tiffany
,
he
was
observed
to
say
these
words
:
Who
would
think
that
this
light
Habit
should
be
of
so
weighty
a
Burden
.
And
now
being
seated
in
his
Chair
,
and
adored
after
the
accustomary
manner
by
the
Cardinals
,
he
was
pleased
to
call
himself
by
the
name
of
Vrban
VII
.
signifying
thereby
the
urbanity
of
his
Disposition
,
which
was
inclinable
to
use
all
Persons
with
an
obliging
,
and
gentle
treatment
.
The
same
Evening
that
he
was
created
Pope
he
presented
two
thousand
Ducats
to
Cardinal
Sans
,
and
a
thousand
to
Cardinal
Alano
in
consideration
of
the
want
,
and
poverty
of
their
condition
:
and
when
Cardinal
Albano
desired
him
onely
two
days
forbearance
of
the
payment
of
three
thousand
three
hundred
Crowns
,
which
were
lent
him
by
Sixtus
V.
he
freely
forgave
him
the
Debt
,
as
he
did
several
other
great
sums
of
Mony
,
which
he
had
lent
when
he
was
Cardinal
.
The
second
day
after
he
was
chosen
Pope
,
not
finding
himself
well
disposed
in
his
health
,
he
determined
to
remove
from
the
Vatican
to
Montecavallo
,
as
being
a
more
wholesom
and
pleasant
Air
;
but
being
put
in
mind
,
that
it
was
not
the
custom
for
Popes
to
remove
or
pass
the
streets
of
Rome
without
an
Equipage
,
and
attendance
of
Cardinals
,
Prelats
,
and
other
Lords
,
which
was
never
done
,
until
his
Coronation
was
solemnized
;
in
compliance
with
such
admonition
,
he
deferred
his
removal
until
that
function
was
performed
;
when
the
day
following
his
indisposition
turning
to
a
malignant
Fever
,
he
grew
worse
and
worse
,
and
on
the
27th
.
of
September
he
expired
his
last
breath
,
dying
on
the
thirteenth
day
of
his
Papacy
,
and
in
the
seventieth
year
of
his
Age
,
and
was
buried
in
St.
Peter's
Church
.
Some
do
alledg
,
that
having
not
been
Crowned
,
he
ought
not
to
be
numbred
amongst
the
Popes
;
but
this
matter
is
otherwise
determined
by
an
Antient
Canon
,
which
says
:
Vt
is
,
qui
electus
est
in
Apostolatum
si
juxta
consuetudinem
inthronizari
non
valeat
;
electus
tamen
sicut
verus
Papa
obtinet
auctoritatem
regendi
R.
Ecclesiae
,
&
disponendi
omnes
facultates
illius
,
guod
B.
Gregorium
ante
suam
coronationem
cognovimus
fecisse
,
&c.
Vrban
being
dead
,
the
Sea
was
vacant
two
months
and
nine
days
.
GREGORY
XIV
.
GREGORY
the
Fourteenth
,
called
Nicholas
Sfrondati
,
of
a
Rich
,
and
antient
Family
in
Milan
,
was
on
the
5th
.
of
December
of
this
year
,
elected
Pope
:
his
Father
was
Francis
Sfrondati
a
Senatour
of
Milan
,
and
by
Charles
V.
was
constituted
Governour
of
Siena
.
Pope
Paul
III.
who
was
always
inquisitive
after
wise
,
and
able
Men
whom
he
might
raise
,
and
prefer
unto
places
of
Trust
,
made
him
Bishop
of
Cremona
,
after
the
death
of
his
Wife
,
and
Cardinal
with
the
same
Title
.
This
Nicholas
being
descended
from
Francis
a
wise
and
excellent
Parent
,
was
educated
in
all
manner
of
Learning
,
and
good
literature
agreeable
to
his
rank
and
quality
:
he
first
studied
at
Perusa
,
afterwards
at
Pavia
,
where
he
took
his
degree
of
Doctor
of
the
Civil
Law
:
Pius
IV.
created
him
Bishop
of
Cremona
,
with
which
Title
he
resided
at
Trent
three
years
,
during
which
Council
,
the
affability
he
used
in
his
Conversation
,
was
very
pleasing
to
the
other
Fathers
,
and
the
knowledg
he
had
in
the
Law
made
him
useful
in
the
service
of
the
Pope
;
though
he
was
one
of
those
Prelats
who
contended
much
,
that
Risidences
were
Jure
Divino
.
Gregory
XIII
.
promoted
him
to
the
Dignity
of
Cardinal
,
and
in
honour
to
his
memory
,
when
he
came
to
be
elected
Pope
,
he
called
himself
by
the
name
of
Gregory
XIV
.
The
Conclave
in
which
he
was
chosen
was
very
memorable
,
as
namely
for
the
number
of
Cardinals
there
present
who
were
fifty
four
,
also
for
the
many
pretenders
to
the
Papal
Dignity
,
who
were
no
less
than
sixteen
,
all
persons
of
great
worth
and
merit
,
also
for
the
Leaders
,
and
Heads
of
Parties
,
who
were
six
,
and
for
the
time
that
the
Conclave
continued
being
almost
two
months
;
which
at
first
according
to
the
common
Opinion
,
was
believed
not
to
last
two
days
,
all
persons
concluding
,
that
the
Election
would
terminate
in
the
person
of
Cardinal
St.
Severina
,
one
of
great
Learning
,
and
experience
in
Affairs
,
and
most
zealous
for
the
welfare
,
and
honour
of
the
Papal
Chair
:
But
he
being
a
person
of
a
morose
humour
,
and
austerity
of
life
,
was
rejected
,
and
endeavours
made
for
Cardinal
Colonna
,
a
Prince
of
that
high
reputation
and
merit
,
that
at
Rome
his
Election
was
generally
believed
,
and
concluded
to
be
certain
;
but
for
want
of
some
Votes
,
both
he
and
Mandovi
,
who
stood
equal
with
him
were
laid
aside
.
Cardinal
Aldobrandino
was
the
next
brought
to
the
Scrutiny
;
and
after
him
Cardinal
della
Rovere
,
but
those
,
who
delighted
to
find
difficulties
in
all
matters
rendered
their
Elections
void
,
like
the
former
.
At
length
to
bring
things
to
a
period
,
seven
Cardinals
were
proposed
,
who
were
esteemed
Men
of
that
Integrity
,
and
of
that
general
good
reputation
with
all
,
that
none
of
them
could
be
chosen
amiss
,
and
that
(
as
it
was
believed
)
the
choice
would
come
to
terminate
in
one
of
them
:
but
upon
a
Scrutiny
made
,
the
same
difficulties
occurred
,
as
in
the
former
;
the
like
also
happened
to
Paleotto
,
and
Santi
quatro
.
At
length
after
divers
,
and
various
turnings
of
Affairs
,
,
Cardinal
Montalto
followed
by
many
other
Cardinals
to
the
number
of
twenty
six
,
who
were
his
own
Creatures
moved
for
the
Election
of
Cardinal
Cremona
,
and
with
this
train
went
to
his
Chamber
,
where
they
found
him
on
his
knees
at
Prayers
;
in
which
posture
Montalto
told
him
,
that
he
should
prepare
himself
against
the
next
day
to
receive
his
promotion
to
the
Papal
Chair
:
and
accordingly
the
next
Morning
early
he
raised
him
from
his
Bed
,
and
causing
him
hastily
to
cloth
himself
,
conducted
him
with
seven
Cardinals
to
the
Chappel
,
where
Scrutiny
being
made
,
Cremona
was
with
common
consent
,
and
suffrages
of
all
elected
Pope
:
presently
after
which
the
Adoration
was
made
with
all
the
other
usual
Ceremonies
.
So
soon
as
he
was
promoted
to
this
Dignity
,
he
made
large
Presents
to
many
of
the
Cardinals
,
giving
a
thousand
Crowns
to
each
,
telling
them
,
that
it
was
to
defray
the
charges
they
had
been
at
,
during
the
long
time
they
had
resided
in
the
Conclave
.
He
bestowed
also
great
sums
to
pious
uses
:
and
ordered
that
the
domestick
Servants
of
his
Family
should
be
clothed
in
new
and
rich
Habits
:
He
provided
against
the
scarcity
,
and
dearness
of
Corn
and
other
provisions
;
and
restored
those
Romans
to
their
Places
,
and
Offices
which
Sixtus
V.
had
taken
from
them
.
Howsoever
the
day
but
one
after
he
was
chosen
,
finding
himself
indisposed
,
he
refused
to
give
Audience
either
to
Cardinals
,
or
to
the
Ambassadours
of
Princes
;
yet
notwithstanding
on
the
18th
.
of
December
,
being
the
Feast
of
the
conception
of
our
Lady
,
he
forced
himself
in
despight
of
his
distemper
to
pass
all
the
Ceremonies
of
his
Coronation
,
and
on
the
13th
.
to
take
solemn
possession
of
the
Papal
Chair
at
the
Lateran
;
all
the
streets
through
which
he
passed
were
hung
with
Tapistry
,
and
other
Ornaments
,
and
thronged
with
people
to
receive
his
Benediction
;
at
which
great
honours
,
though
he
was
observe
;
d
to
smile
,
and
carry
a
countenance
not
becoming
the
gravity
of
a
Pope
,
yet
he
would
often
praise
God
,
and
say
,
Lord
,
I
thank
thee
,
that
with
all
these
honours
,
and
worship
,
thou
hast
not
suffered
the
heart
of
thy
servant
to
be
puffed
up
,
or
transported
with
worldly
glory
.
And
for
the
greater
solemnity
of
this
Procession
,
the
People
of
Rome
erected
a
triumphal
Arch
,
with
this
Inscription
,
Gregory
XIV
.
ob
Egregia
,
&
Felicia
Pontificatus
auspicia
pristina
Munera
,
&
Beneficia
Capitolio
restituta
,
Civitatem
egestate
,
atque
annonâ
laborantem
opportunâ
liberalitate
sublevatam
,
insignibus
ejus
virtutibus
SPQ.R.
On
the
other
side
were
Inscribed
.
Optimo
Principi
Gregorio
XIV
.
Pont.
Max.
ab
ineunte
aetate
per
gradus
verae
Sapientiae
,
Pietatis
,
Beneficentiae
,
caeterarumque
virtutum
ad
Apostolici
Fastigii
gloriam
,
&
Majestatem
evecto
,
ob
fausta
Sacri
,
Augustique
Principatus
initia
,
&
non
dubiam
spem
rerum
Maximarum
Reipub.
Christianae
oblatam
,
S.P.Q.R.
Fornigem
Triumphalem
pro
tempore
excitavit
;
On
the
other
sides
were
divers
Verses
Inscribed
out
of
Holy
Scripture
,
signifying
the
great
hopes
,
and
expectations
they
had
from
the
administration
and
good
Government
of
Gregory
.
On
the
19th
.
of
this
Month
of
December
he
held
the
first
Consistory
,
commonly
called
the
Consistory
of
peace
,
because
as
is
usual
the
Popes
do
with
fair
words
harangue
the
Cardinals
,
and
endeavour
an
amicable
correspondence
with
them
;
after
which
,
he
at
this
Consistory
created
his
Nephew
Cardinal
.
On
the
18th
of
January
he
published
a
form
of
Jubily
,
whereby
he
ordained
.
That
all
Christians
should
offer
up
their
Prayers
unto
God
in
his
behalf
;
that
he
might
have
grace
faithfully
to
feed
the
Flock
of
Christ
,
and
wisely
,
and
successfully
to
administer
the
Affairs
of
the
Universal
Church
.
On
the
6th
.
of
March
following
he
created
six
Cardinals
;
and
a
short
time
afterwards
he
made
his
Nephew
Count
Sfrondati
Duke
of
Mont-Marcian
,
and
General
of
the
Forces
of
the
Church
,
sending
him
into
France
with
an
Army
for
assistance
of
the
League
,
in
which
War
he
spent
five
hundred
thousand
Crowns
of
Gold
.
At
Whitsunday
which
happened
that
year
on
the
9th
.
of
May
,
he
bestowed
on
the
Cardinal
Friers
a
License
,
and
priviledg
to
wear
red
Hats
,
for
until
that
time
,
their
Hats
were
of
the
same
colour
with
the
habit
of
their
Order
:
the
which
favour
of
wearing
red
Hats
,
and
Caps
was
demanded
in
the
time
of
Pius
V.
Gregory
XIII
.
and
Sixtus
V.
but
it
was
refused
,
and
those
Cardinals
confined
to
their
own
colour
.
In
the
Month
of
August
the
Duke
of
Ferrara
came
to
Rome
,
to
receive
his
Investiture
into
the
Dukedom
from
the
hands
of
the
Pope
;
where
he
was
received
with
great
pomp
,
and
honour
,
and
his
Table
,
and
other
Charges
defrayed
at
the
expence
of
the
Pope
.
On
the
22th
.
of
September
he
began
to
find
himself
indisposed
of
a
Fever
,
the
which
encreasing
daily
,
caused
by
the
Stone
,
and
retention
of
his
Urin
,
he
expired
his
last
on
the
15th
.
day
of
October
1591.
with
excessive
pains
.
Being
dead
his
Bladder
was
opened
,
a
stone
taken
from
thence
weighing
two
ounces
and
a
quarter
.
His
Body
was
carried
that
Night
to
St.
Peters
,
where
it
was
buried
in
the
Chappel
of
Gregory
.
He
had
been
Pope
ten
months
,
and
ten
days
,
after
which
the
Sea
was
vacant
fifteen
days
.
INNOCENT
IX
.
IF
ever
any
Person
was
elected
to
the
Popedom
with
the
common
,
and
general
consent
of
the
whole
Conclave
,
and
without
those
factions
,
and
parties
which
usually
arise
at
those
Meetings
,
it
was
certainly
this
Innocent
IX
.
who
in
the
Conclave
,
which
chose
his
Predecessour
Gregory
XIV
.
had
so
fair
a
prospect
of
this
promotion
,
that
he
missed
of
it
then
but
by
some
few
rubs
onely
,
which
he
had
time
afterwards
to
remove
:
and
so
probable
was
the
Papal
Diadem
to
be
his
,
that
the
Mitre
of
Gregory
fell
on
his
Head
,
when
he
came
in
an
humble
manner
to
pay
his
Respects
,
and
obedience
at
the
feet
of
the
Pope
;
the
which
accident
seemed
to
foretel
,
and
be
prophetick
of
that
fortune
which
afterwards
ensued
.
An.
1591.
In
this
manner
on
the
29th
.
of
October
1591.
the
Papal
Chair
was
again
supplied
by
John
Anthony
Fachinetti
commonly
called
Cardinal
of
Santi
Quattro
,
taking
on
himself
the
name
of
Innocent
IX
.
but
his
time
was
short
,
for
he
reigned
onely
two
Months
:
his
Father
and
Mother
were
Natives
of
Gravegni
a
City
in
Navarre
,
but
he
was
born
at
Bologna
,
and
there
educated
in
good
Learning
until
the
year
1544.
when
he
took
the
degree
of
Doctor
:
Afterwards
coming
to
Rome
,
he
was
entertained
in
the
Family
of
Cardinal
Farnese
,
who
sent
him
for
his
Vicar
to
Avignon
,
and
afterwards
to
Parma
.
Pius
IV.
created
him
Bishop
of
Nicastro
a
City
in
Calabria
,
and
in
the
year
1561.
employed
him
at
the
Council
of
Trent
.
In
the
year
1566.
Pius
V.
delegated
him
his
Nuntio
at
Venice
,
where
he
was
a
successful
Instrument
in
making
a
League
,
and
confederacy
between
the
Pope
,
the
King
of
Spain
,
and
the
Venetians
against
the
Turk
.
Gregory
XIII
.
created
him
Patriarch
of
Jerusalem
,
President
of
the
Court
of
Inquisition
,
and
Cardinal
with
the
Title
of
Santa
Quattro
,
by
which
appellation
he
was
commonly
known
.
And
lastly
,
after
the
decease
of
Gregory
he
was
unanimously
elected
on
the
day
before-mentioned
.
The
first
thing
he
did
after
his
Election
,
and
which
he
was
so
ready
to
perform
without
loss
of
time
,
that
even
then
,
when
he
was
vesting
himself
in
his
Pontifical
Habit
,
he
signed
the
Bolle
,
De
non
alienandis
bonis
Ecclesiae
;
and
then
declared
with
words
proceeding
from
the
depth
of
his
heart
,
that
he
was
resolved
to
provide
for
the
afflicted
people
of
Rome
,
and
contrive
some
effectual
means
to
relieve
the
necessities
of
the
City
,
which
laboured
almost
under
a
Famine
,
or
scarcity
of
Bread
:
To
which
end
he
summoned
a
Congregation
,
and
commanded
that
the
Barons
of
Rome
should
bring
their
Corn
into
the
City
,
and
made
Vitelli
Overseer
of
the
Provisions
,
or
Praefectus
Annonae
.
On
Sunday
the
second
of
November
he
was
Crowned
,
but
not
on
the
stairs
ascending
to
St.
Peters
,
but
in
a
little
Apartment
which
looks
towards
those
stairs
,
by
which
means
a
thousand
Crowns
were
saved
of
the
expence
:
the
next
day
he
held
the
first
Consistory
,
at
which
he
returned
his
hearty
thanks
to
the
Cardinals
for
favouring
his
Election
,
proposing
several
things
which
he
esteemed
convenient
for
conservation
of
the
Ecclesiastical
State
;
amongst
which
he
gave
them
to
understand
,
how
necessary
it
was
to
keep
always
a
considerable
sum
of
Money
in
the
Treasury
,
as
a
reserve
at
all
times
to
supply
the
necessities
,
and
emergencies
of
the
Church
:
the
which
had
been
an
antient
practice
in
the
Republick
of
Rome
,
where
as
Tacitus
saith
,
they
ever
reserved
a
secret
Treasure
distinct
from
their
running
Cash
,
never
to
be
used
,
but
then
only
,
when
the
ultimate
exigencies
of
State
required
it
.
In
the
next
place
,
he
wrote
Epistles
to
all
Patriarchs
,
Arch-bishops
,
and
Primates
,
giving
them
advice
of
his
promotion
to
the
Papal
Dignity
,
exhorting
them
within
their
respective
Jurisdictions
to
make
Prayers
for
him
,
that
God
would
inspire
him
in
such
manner
with
his
heavenly
grace
,
as
might
enable
him
to
support
the
great
,
and
important
burthen
of
Ecclesiastical
Government
.
The
29th
.
of
this
Month
of
November
,
the
Duke
of
Mantoua
arrived
at
Rome
to
do
him
homage
,
and
was
received
with
a
chearful
welcome
,
being
lodged
in
the
Pope's
Palace
,
in
the
Apartment
belonging
to
his
Nephews
.
On
the
11th
.
of
November
he
issued
forth
a
regulation
of
the
prices
of
all
Provisions
,
which
were
mounted
to
an
excessive
rate
:
On
the
18th
.
he
created
two
Cardinals
,
namely
Segas
Bishop
of
Piacenza
,
and
Anthony
Fachinetti
his
great
Nephew
,
whom
he
also
constituted
Referendary
of
both
the
Seals
.
On
the
21th
.
he
began
to
find
himself
indisposed
in
his
health
,
which
encreasing
to
a
high
degree
did
on
the
23th
.
give
indications
of
a
malignant
Fever
,
which
in
eight
days
time
put
an
end
to
his
life
,
and
dying
on
the
29th
.
of
December
1591
,
his
Body
was
buried
in
the
Church
of
St.
Peter
,
having
reigned
only
two
Months
:
and
the
Sea
was
vacant
a
month
,
and
a
day
.
And
now
to
shew
the
frailty
of
humane
condition
,
and
the
uncertainty
of
great
Places
,
one
year
,
four
months
,
and
three
days
made
an
end
of
four
Popes
.
CLEMENT
VIII
.
IN
the
place
of
Innocent
Cardinal
Hippolito
Aldebrandino
was
elected
Pope
,
and
possessed
the
Chair
thirteen
years
or
thereabouts
.
He
was
descended
from
an
antient
Family
of
Florence
,
which
had
continued
from
the
Langobards
for
the
space
of
a
thousand
years
,
originally
called
Hildebrando
,
or
Hildebrandino
,
and
so
by
corruption
Aldebrandino
:
his
Ancestours
had
held
the
chief
Offices
,
and
Dignities
in
that
City
,
having
the
honour
to
have
had
the
chief
and
supreme
Magistracy
of
Gonfaloniere
twenty
three
times
in
their
Family
,
of
which
great
promotions
,
and
Dignities
in
that
City
none
can
boast
so
much
,
as
this
,
unless
the
House
of
the
Medici
,
who
in
this
Age
are
Dukes
of
that
City
and
Country
.
This
Hippolito
was
the
Son
of
Silvester
Aldobrandino
,
born
at
Florence
,
where
,
and
at
Pisa
having
studied
the
Law
,
he
gained
considerable
knowledg
therein
,
to
which
having
added
an
excellency
in
the
gift
of
Eloquence
,
and
a
just
,
and
upright
mind
he
became
fit
and
qualified
for
Government
,
and
for
management
of
the
most
important
Trusts
,
and
charges
of
State
.
After
many
honours
and
Places
which
he
had
obtained
,
as
well
at
Florence
,
as
with
the
Dukes
of
Ferrara
,
and
Vrbin
;
he
was
at
Rome
made
Auditor
of
the
Rota
,
and
Datary
under
Sixtus
V.
who
afterwards
created
him
Cardinal
,
and
sent
him
under
Character
of
his
Legat
into
Poland
.
He
afterwards
was
employed
in
matters
of
great
importance
under
Vrban
VII
.
Gregory
XIV
.
and
Innocent
IX
.
in
all
which
acquitting
himself
with
singular
Justice
,
and
Wisdom
,
he
prepared
his
way
to
the
attainment
of
that
supreme
Dignity
,
after
which
the
Cardinals
so
much
thirst
,
and
languish
.
The
Funeral
Obsequies
of
Innocent
being
performed
,
the
Cardinals
having
celebrated
the
Mass
of
the
Holy
Ghost
,
and
heard
an
Oration
pronounced
by
the
Bishop
of
Traw
de
eligendo
Summo
Pontifice
,
they
entered
the
Conclave
on
the
10th
of
January
to
the
number
of
fifty
two
,
singing
the
Hymn
of
Veni
Creator
Spiritus
.
Many
and
various
were
the
endeavours
,
and
practices
amongst
the
Cardinals
,
during
the
time
of
this
Conclave
:
Montalto
who
was
the
great
stickler
,
and
promoter
of
Elections
,
designed
the
choice
for
Cardinal
Santa
Severina
,
being
a
person
much
esteemed
for
his
Vertues
,
and
Learning
;
but
such
opposition
appearing
against
him
,
as
could
not
be
withstood
,
divers
others
were
put
into
the
predicament
,
as
Como
,
Paleotto
,
and
others
:
Colonna
had
a
fair
prospect
of
success
,
and
so
also
had
Madruccio
,
but
were
all
excluded
by
contrary
factions
:
so
at
length
Montalto
proposed
Cardinal
Aldobrandino
,
who
being
nominated
,
was
generally
acceptable
,
and
esteemed
for
his
rare
qualities
,
and
the
excellency
of
his
Vertue
,
and
Piety
;
and
disquisition
or
trial
of
Votes
being
made
,
there
soon
appeared
a
unanimous
consent
,
and
concurrence
to
create
him
Pope
,
which
was
accordingly
effected
on
the
30th
.
of
January
1592.
and
publication
made
in
the
Conclave
that
Aldobrandino
was
chosen
:
whereupon
Madruccio
,
Montalto
,
and
others
assembling
together
went
in
company
to
his
Cell
to
congratulate
his
Election
;
which
he
received
without
any
alteration
,
or
change
of
countenance
;
and
being
conducted
thence
to
the
Chappel
Paolina
,
he
was
there
by
publick
Scrutiny
of
all
the
Cardinals
,
and
with
their
common
,
and
unanimous
Vote
Elected
Pope
.
It
is
said
,
that
after
his
Choice
,
he
kneeled
down
before
the
Altar
,
and
instead
of
shewing
that
joy
,
which
Sixtus
V.
and
others
had
betrayed
,
he
let
full
abundance
of
tears
,
seeming
to
be
filled
with
great
fear
and
confusion
:
and
when
according
to
the
usual
formality
,
it
was
inquired
of
him
by
the
Masters
of
the
Ceremonies
,
whether
he
accepted
of
his
Election
to
the
Popedom
,
he
remained
silent
without
returning
any
Answer
,
so
that
the
Cardinals
who
were
standing
near
his
Person
,
made
Answer
for
him
,
that
he
did
accept
it
:
but
the
Masters
not
accepting
this
assent
from
the
mouth
of
others
:
told
him
,
That
his
consent
could
not
be
recorded
from
the
words
of
others
,
but
onely
from
his
own
;
wherefore
being
thus
urged
,
he
with
abundance
of
tears
expressed
himself
in
this
manner
:
O
Lord
God
,
who
seest
the
hearts
of
all
Men
,
and
from
whom
no
secrets
are
hid
,
and
knowest
what
is
present
,
and
what
is
to
come
;
if
this
Election
which
thou
hast
made
of
me
,
to
be
thy
Vicar
on
Earth
,
shall
not
be
to
thy
glory
,
and
service
,
and
good
of
thy
faithful
people
,
Grant
,
I
beseech
Thee
,
that
my
Tongue
may
cleave
to
the
root
of
my
Mouth
,
Vt
lingua
mea
adhaereat
faucibus
meis
:
but
if
thou
by
thy
Providence
dost
foresee
that
I
shall
be
useful
,
and
serviceable
to
thy
Holy
Church
,
then
do
I
in
vertue
of
thy
Divine
Assistance
,
accept
of
this
Office
,
and
be
it
unto
thy
Servant
according
to
thy
Will.
And
thus
being
,
as
accustomary
,
vested
in
his
Habit
,
and
placed
in
the
Chair
,
he
was
with
great
joy
of
all
the
Cardinals
adored
by
them
;
calling
himself
by
the
name
of
Clement
VIII
.
he
was
afterwards
conducted
to
St.
Peters
,
where
he
was
met
by
the
Canons
,
singing
the
usual
Antiphona
:
Ecce
Sacerdos
Magnus
,
qui
in
diebus
suis
placuit
Deo
,
&
Inventus
est
Justus
.
All
the
Ceremonies
of
his
Election
,
and
Inauguration
being
compleated
;
he
immediately
applyed
his
mind
to
the
Affairs
of
Government
.
And
in
the
first
place
after
the
Example
of
Sixtus
V.
he
resolved
to
destroy
and
extirpate
that
vile
,
and
abominable
sort
of
Men
,
called
Banditi
,
who
were
Vagabonds
,
and
Robbers
,
and
committed
most
execrable
Murthers
,
and
spoils
in
all
parts
of
the
Roman
Territories
:
to
effect
which
he
sent
several
Troops
of
armed
Men
against
them
,
who
cut
them
in
pieces
,
and
destroyed
them
without
any
remorse
,
or
compassion
,
as
the
Enemies
,
and
pest
of
humane
Society
.
But
that
which
was
of
greatest
importance
to
him
,
was
the
success
of
the
League
against
Henry
King
of
Navarre
;
to
support
and
strengthen
which
,
he
dispatched
the
Bishop
of
Viterbo
into
France
with
Instructions
,
and
Money
to
favour
the
Party
and
Interest
of
the
Allies
against
the
King
and
his
Protestant
Party
,
who
stood
Excommunicated
by
Pope
Sixtus
.
I●
is
not
our
part
here
to
relate
all
the
passages
,
and
successes
of
that
War
,
being
that
which
appertains
to
the
History
of
France
;
we
can
onely
say
,
that
Henry
IV.
being
victorious
in
all
the
Battels
which
he
fought
,
and
having
entered
all
the
Provinces
of
that
Kingdom
with
Triumph
:
we
may
imagine
that
France
stood
at
that
time
on
its
vertical
point
of
becoming
all
Protestant
.
But
certainly
that
wise
King
considering
,
that
Victory
in
War
is
not
sufficient
to
settle
a
Prince
quiet
,
and
secure
in
his
Throne
,
unless
his
inauguration
be
attended
with
the
affection
of
his
People
,
and
a
concurrence
,
or
conformity
with
the
professed
,
and
established
Religion
of
the
Country
,
did
suffer
himself
to
be
overborn
by
those
arguments
,
which
were
produced
in
favour
of
the
Church
of
Rome
,
whose
greatest
weight
consisted
in
those
considerations
which
had
respect
to
the
Union
,
and
peace
of
the
Kingdom
.
And
thereupon
,
all
the
pretences
of
opposition
to
their
lawful
Sovereign
being
taken
off
from
the
people
;
Meaux
,
Lion
,
Orleans
,
and
Bourges
with
other
places
,
which
stood
in
Rebellion
against
him
,
submitted
to
his
pleasure
,
and
the
King
was
received
into
Paris
with
all
joy
and
triumph
imaginable
.
The
King
having
made
profession
of
the
Roman
Catholick
Faith
,
was
absolved
by
the
Arch-bishop
of
Bourges
in
the
Church
at
St.
Denys
;
at
which
the
Pope
was
highly
displeased
,
in
regard
the
absolution
of
Monarchs
in
cases
of
Heresie
could
not
be
performed
but
by
the
Pope
himself
in
Person
,
or
by
immediate
Deputation
from
him
:
Howsoever
the
Duke
of
Nevers
being
sent
Ambassadour
to
Rome
,
carrying
with
him
from
the
Nuntio
Attestations
of
the
King
's
sincere
conversion
;
which
was
confirmed
not
long
afterwards
by
the
Sieur
du
Perron
,
the
Excommunication
was
taken
off
,
which
Pope
Sixtus
had
thundred
against
him
;
and
having
received
him
for
the
eldest
Son
of
the
Church
,
the
Pope
solemnly
gave
him
his
Absolution
,
and
blessing
in
the
year
1595.
In
this
year
Pope
Clement
restrained
the
liberal
Grants
of
Indulgences
,
which
having
for
Money
been
issued
to
every
Chapman
,
they
became
common
even
to
contempt
;
for
remedy
of
which
he
imposed
a
greater
difficulty
on
the
concessions
of
them
.
He
also
at
that
time
relieved
the
people
of
Rome
by
abatements
on
the
price
of
Corn
,
having
caused
great
quantities
to
be
imported
from
Sicily
:
he
likewise
suppressed
by
his
Naval
Force
the
many
Pirats
which
infested
the
Mediterranean
Sea
:
and
concluded
a
League
between
himself
,
the
Emperor
,
the
Prince
of
Transilvania
,
and
the
Princes
of
Germany
against
the
Turk
:
for
the
effectual
prosecution
of
which
,
he
afterwards
in
the
year
1597.
sent
ten
thousand
Men
into
Hungary
paid
at
his
own
charge
under
the
conduct
of
Francis
Aldebrandino
,
which
being
joyned
with
six
thousand
,
which
the
Emperour
sent
into
Transilvania
,
and
other
Forces
raised
,
and
paid
by
the
circles
of
the
Empire
,
composed
a
strong
and
formidable
Army
against
the
Turk
.
Howsoever
the
Wars
between
France
and
Spain
still
continuing
without
any
probable
appearance
of
accommodation
,
the
Turk
availed
himself
of
those
unhappy
divisions
;
and
forced
the
Emperor
to
raise
the
Siege
of
Raab
;
and
shamefully
caused
the
Transilvanians
to
retreat
from
Temeswar
,
and
being
victorious
in
all
parts
of
Hungary
,
threatned
to
enter
Germany
by
force
of
Arms
:
with
which
the
Pope
being
greatly
alarm'd
,
and
fearing
the
success
of
the
common
Enemy
of
Christendom
,
bended
all
his
thoughts
towards
making
a
Peace
between
Spain
,
and
France
,
which
he
hoped
to
effect
in
that
juncture
of
time
,
when
the
circumstances
of
Christendom
made
it
almost
necessary
to
put
an
end
unto
the
War
:
In
this
grand
Affair
he
employed
Cardinal
Alexander
de
Medicis
,
(
who
was
afterwards
his
Successour
)
to
be
his
Legat
to
Henry
IV.
of
France
,
and
by
his
Nuntio
who
resided
with
Philip
II.
in
the
Court
of
Spain
,
he
used
many
instances
,
and
warm
Exhortations
,
persuading
both
of
them
that
laying
aside
the
hatred
,
and
animosities
which
were
between
them
,
they
would
seriously
apply
themselves
to
embrace
such
Conditions
,
which
might
produce
Amity
and
a
Christian
peace
between
them
,
that
so
they
might
join
in
a
League
against
the
Turk
,
who
was
now
victorious
,
and
breathed
out
ruin
,
and
destruction
to
all
Christendom
:
but
because
these
two
Princes
were
high
spirited
,
and
haughty
,
as
not
to
be
the
first
to
condescend
,
and
ask
a
peace
,
the
General
of
the
Cordelier
Friers
was
employed
by
the
Pope
,
to
carry
the
Offers
,
and
proposals
of
mediation
between
one
,
and
the
other
,
in
which
he
had
such
success
,
that
labouring
with
the
Legat
,
and
Monsieur
de
Sillery
,
who
was
aftewards
made
Chancellour
of
France
,
they
agreed
at
St.
Quintin
on
the
most
difficult
,
and
disputable
Points
and
Conditions
,
which
were
afterwards
perfected
,
and
concluded
at
Vervins
in
the
year
1598.
But
that
which
had
like
to
have
interrupted
and
spoiled
all
this
Treaty
,
was
the
restitution
of
the
Marquisat
of
Salluces
,
which
the
French
King
demanded
of
the
Duke
of
Savoy
:
but
lest
this
pretension
should
frustrate
and
defeat
the
former
Agreement
,
the
King
was
contented
to
constitute
the
Pope
sole
Arbitrator
and
Judg
of
this
difference
,
promising
to
stand
to
his
Umpirage
and
Award
,
provided
,
that
his
Sentence
were
published
in
one
year
after
the
Date
of
this
present
Peace
.
But
this
Peace
did
not
produce
that
union
of
Arms
against
the
common
Enemy
,
as
the
Pope
expected
;
the
Kings
resolving
to
make
use
of
this
Peace
,
for
the
quiet
,
and
repose
of
their
Subjects
;
and
therefore
taking
no
notice
of
any
preparations
against
the
Turk
,
they
dispatched
their
respective
Letters
to
the
Pope
,
freighted
with
Salutes
and
Thanks
for
the
good
Offices
he
had
performed
towards
the
happy
establishment
,
and
conclusion
of
a
Peace
.
But
before
this
Peace
was
agreed
in
the
Month
of
October
1599.
Alfonso
d'
Este
the
second
of
that
Name
Duke
of
Ferrara
died
without
issue
Male
,
by
which
the
City
of
Ferrara
,
and
the
Territory
thereunto
belonging
devolved
to
the
Papal
Chair
,
which
the
Pope
made
known
to
the
Cardinals
in
a
full
Consistory
;
with
his
Claim
thereunto
,
according
to
antient
Articles
agreed
between
the
Ancestors
of
the
Duke
of
Ferrara
,
and
the
Sea
of
Rome
:
But
news
coming
afterwards
that
Cesare
d'
Este
Bastard
brother
of
the
Duke
deceased
,
had
made
seisure
,
and
taken
possession
of
the
Dukedom
by
vertue
of
his
Brother's
Testament
,
resolving
to
defend
his
Title
thereunto
by
force
of
Arms
;
the
Pope
was
greatly
troubled
,
and
incensed
,
and
immediately
gave
Orders
to
raise
an
Army
of
twenty
five
thousand
Foot
and
three
thousand
Horse
,
to
march
under
the
Command
of
his
Nephew
Cardinal
Aldobrandino
;
(
John
Francis
Aldobrandino
,
being
,
as
we
have
said
,
at
that
time
in
Hungary
)
and
to
make
these
temporal
Arms
the
more
available
,
he
accompanied
them
with
the
Spiritual
Artillery
of
Excommunication
,
which
he
caused
to
be
thundered
out
,
and
affixed
in
all
the
publick
places
of
Ferrara
.
The
Cardinal
being
proud
of
the
honour
to
be
so
great
a
General
,
used
such
diligence
in
raising
and
providing
his
Army
,
that
in
less
than
two
Months
after
his
departure
from
Rome
,
he
had
compleated
his
Leavies
,
and
appointed
his
general
Rendezvouz
at
Rimini
.
With
the
unexpected
news
of
this
speedy
dispatch
,
Cesare
d'
Este
was
much
surprized
,
and
being
now
in
great
fear
,
and
doubt
of
his
success
,
began
to
consult
of
what
moderate
,
and
reasonable
propositions
he
might
offer
unto
the
Pope
:
wherefore
he
desired
his
Friends
at
Rome
to
intercede
for
him
,
and
by
their
hands
offered
many
,
and
various
expedients
,
condescending
every
day
to
Conditions
more
favourable
to
the
Pope
than
the
former
:
but
the
Pope
refusing
all
other
terms
than
those
,
which
made
him
Master
of
the
City
,
and
jurisdiction
of
Ferrara
;
he
was
at
length
obliged
to
yield
thereunto
,
whereby
that
Dominion
devolved
to
the
Church
,
and
the
delivery
thereof
was
agreed
by
Articles
signed
at
Faenza
;
of
which
when
the
Pope
received
advice
,
he
sang
Te
Deum
,
and
rendered
thanks
publickly
to
God
;
and
with
the
general
concurrence
and
Counsel
of
the
Cardinals
in
a
full
Consistory
,
he
constituted
Cardinal
Aldobrandino
his
Legat
at
Ferrara
;
giving
him
order
to
take
possession
of
the
City
;
which
about
the
end
of
February
1598.
An.
1598.
was
accordingly
surrendered
with
all
quietness
,
and
peace
,
not
so
much
as
with
a
Sword
drawn
,
or
a
Musket
fired
:
before
which
time
Don
Cesare
retired
to
Reggio
,
and
Modena
,
of
which
Cities
he
was
shortly
after
created
Duke
by
the
Emperor
and
invested
in
the
Government
thereof
,
and
also
made
Prince
of
the
Roman
Empire
.
Afterwards
the
Pope
resolving
to
make
a
Journey
to
Ferrara
,
to
settle
,
and
establish
Affairs
in
his
new
Dominions
,
he
caused
on
Sunday
being
the
12th
.
of
April
(
according
to
the
usual
Custom
,
when
Popes
travel
)
the
Sacrament
of
the
Altar
to
be
carried
the
day
before
his
departure
;
and
then
the
next
day
after
Mass
,
laying
his
Vestments
aside
,
and
clothing
himself
with
his
shorter
Garments
,
the
Antiphona
was
sung
:
In
viam
pacis
,
with
other
short
Prayers
for
the
happy
success
of
this
Journey
:
and
then
mounting
into
his
Horse-litter
he
was
accompanied
to
the
Gate
of
the
City
by
the
Cardinals
,
where
turning
towards
them
he
gave
them
his
Benediction
,
and
proceeded
on
his
way
,
in
this
order
.
First
,
after
the
Baggage
,
belonging
to
the
Kitchin
,
the
Horse-litters
,
and
Horses
appertaining
to
the
Pope
preceded
,
led
by
the
Grooms
of
the
Stables
,
clothed
in
red
:
next
followed
the
Carriages
with
the
Robes
:
next
to
them
a
Squadron
of
Light-Horsemen
with
four
Trumpets
before
them
,
then
the
Pope's
Family
,
with
the
Guard
of
Switzers
on
foot
armed
with
Carbines
,
and
Halberts
:
after
followed
the
Governour
of
Rome
,
who
accompanied
his
Holiness
as
far
as
Ponte
Molle
,
then
went
the
Standard-bearer
carrying
a
Crucifix
,
and
immediately
after
him
went
the
Pope
in
his
Litter
,
and
then
followed
the
Cardinals
Baronius
,
Arigoni
,
Monte
,
and
St.
Georgio
on
Mules
with
Ombrelles
in
in
their
hands
,
with
a
great
number
of
other
Prelats
,
some
on
Horses
,
and
others
in
Coaches
:
In
this
manner
they
travelled
until
Thursday
in
the
Evening
,
(
being
treated
on
the
way
by
several
Cardinals
)
when
they
arrived
at
Loretto
,
and
there
for
Devotion
,
and
for
refreshment
remained
until
Sunday
.
When
the
Pope
being
on
his
departure
,
presented
to
the
Lady
of
Loretto
a
stately
Cross
with
six
Silver
Candlesticks
,
and
two
Bases
of
massive
Silver
,
with
a
thousand
Crowns
in
Money
,
and
rich
Vestments
with
which
the
Pope
was
clothed
,
when
he
said
Mass
in
that
Chappel
.
Departing
on
Sunday
from
Loretto
;
they
arrived
that
Evening
at
Ancona
,
where
being
received
with
Triumphant
Arches
and
splendid
entertainment
,
they
were
pleased
to
remain
until
the
Friday
following
;
during
which
time
Cardinal
Aldobrandino
arrived
,
and
was
received
by
the
Pope
with
all
the
demonstrations
of
kindness
,
and
respect
imaginable
.
On
Thursday
being
Ascension
day
,
and
the
day
before
the
Pope's
departure
,
the
Sacrament
of
the
Altar
took
its
journey
forward
for
Sinigaglia
,
where
the
day
following
it
arrived
,
as
also
did
the
Pope
,
being
received
by
the
Duke
of
Vrbin
with
a
sumptuous
,
and
splendid
entertainment
.
From
Sinigaglia
they
came
to
Fano
,
which
being
the
City
where
the
Pope
was
born
,
he
was
received
with
all
demonstrations
of
joy
,
and
triumph
;
from
thence
they
travelled
to
Pesaro
,
where
the
Duke
of
that
place
was
not
wanting
in
his
respects
and
duty
,
and
next
day
to
Rimini
where
the
Duke
of
Modena
came
to
kiss
the
feet
of
the
Pope
.
On
Tuesday
they
came
to
Ravexna
,
on
Thursday
they
arrived
at
the
Church
of
St.
George
,
not
far
distant
from
Ferrara
,
where
was
a
stately
Monastery
possessed
by
Monks
of
the
Order
of
Mount
Olivet
;
the
Sacrament
being
there
arrived
in
the
Morning
,
was
met
about
a
Mile
distant
from
the
Church
,
by
the
Clergy
,
and
Religious
of
Ferrara
,
with
all
reverence
,
and
devotion
:
where
the
Pope
coming
afterwards
about
an
hour
before
Sun-setting
,
retired
into
the
Convent
,
where
his
Lodgings
were
prepared
,
being
the
very
same
,
in
which
Clement
VII
.
had
formerly
been
received
:
and
here
all
things
were
prepared
for
the
solemn
Cavalcade
,
and
entry
into
Ferrara
.
We
shall
not
need
to
entertain
the
Reader
with
the
Order
and
sumptuous
manner
of
this
Cavalcade
,
as
we
have
done
of
the
Pope's
Journey
to
this
place
;
it
is
sufficient
to
mention
that
the
Entry
into
Ferrara
was
truly
Royal
,
and
Magnificent
,
and
what
might
suit
with
the
State
,
and
glory
of
the
greatest
Monarch
of
Europe
.
During
the
time
of
the
Pope's
residence
in
that
place
which
was
from
the
Months
of
April
,
until
the
middle
of
December
following
,
several
matters
,
and
actions
of
importance
succeeded
:
and
particularly
a
contract
of
Marriage
between
four
persons
of
the
same
Name
,
Family
,
and
bearing
the
same
Escutcheons
,
and
Arms
;
to
wit
,
between
Philip
III.
King
of
Spain
,
and
Margaret
of
Austria
,
Sister
of
the
Arch-Duke
Ferdinand
of
Austria
;
and
between
the
Arch-Duke
of
Austria
Albert
,
late
Cardinal
,
with
the
Infanta
Isabella
Clara
Eugenia
Sister
of
the
King
of
Spain
;
the
which
most
illustrious
Persons
were
joyned
together
by
the
hands
of
the
Pope
,
during
the
time
that
the
Pope
resided
at
Ferrara
.
For
though
in
the
life
of
Philip
II.
the
Marriage
was
agreed
between
his
Son
,
and
the
Lady
Margaret
,
yet
not
being
celebrated
before
his
death
,
the
consummation
thereof
was
deferred
until
the
days
of
mourning
for
the
deceased
King
were
accomplished
:
which
happening
to
be
at
the
time
,
when
Pope
Clement
was
at
Ferrara
;
it
was
thought
fit
,
that
the
Lady
Margaret
in
her
passage
to
Spain
,
should
take
Ferrara
in
her
way
;
which
accordingly
she
did
,
being
splendidly
treated
by
the
State
of
Venice
,
as
she
journied
through
their
Dominions
,
and
being
conducted
by
the
Governour
of
Milan
with
a
numerous
train
she
entered
the
City
of
Ferrara
,
where
she
was
magnificently
received
by
the
whole
College
of
Cardinals
,
and
lodged
at
the
expences
of
the
Pope
.
The
same
Evening
that
she
arrived
,
she
made
her
visit
to
the
Pope
,
and
being
admitted
to
his
presence
,
she
kissed
his
feet
;
and
then
his
Holiness
vouchsafed
to
arise
,
and
bow
to
her
,
and
give
her
his
blessing
:
after
her
the
Arch-Dutchess
presented
her self
;
who
was
received
with
the
like
forms
of
blessing
.
On
the
Sunday
following
,
which
was
the
day
appointed
for
the
Marriage
,
the
Queen
appeared
richly
adorned
like
a
Bride
,
and
being
conducted
into
the
Cathedral
,
which
was
magnificently
prepared
,
she
was
there
by
the
hand
of
the
Pope
espoused
to
Philip
the
third
King
of
Spain
,
the
Arch-Duke
Albert
representing
the
person
of
the
said
King
;
and
then
the
Arch-Duke
himself
espoused
the
Infanta
of
Spain
,
the
Ambassadour
of
Spain
standing
in
her
stead
,
and
in
representation
of
her
person
.
After
all
which
Ceremonies
and
Festivals
were
ended
,
at
which
there
was
a
concourse
of
almost
all
the
great
personages
of
Italy
;
the
Queen
took
her
journey
by
way
of
Mantoua
into
Spain
,
where
she
was
splendidly
treated
by
that
Duke
.
And
the
Pope
also
having
resided
for
the
space
of
eight
Months
at
Ferrara
to
the
great
satisfaction
of
his
new
Subjects
,
who
were
not
used
to
such
sights
,
not
to
such
plenty
of
Mony
,
as
the
concourse
of
such
great
Personages
had
brought
them
,
were
highly
pleased
with
the
Ecclesiastical
Government
.
At
length
the
Pope
intending
for
Rome
,
departed
from
Ferrara
with
many
expressions
,
and
evidences
of
love
,
and
affection
towards
his
people
,
recommending
them
to
the
care
of
Cardinal
St.
Clement
,
whom
he
had
made
Governour
of
that
City
,
and
jurisdiction
belonging
to
it
.
On
the
20th
.
of
December
the
Pope
arrived
at
Rome
,
full
of
joy
,
and
triumph
for
the
happy
acquisition
of
his
new
Dukedom
;
but
this
contentment
was
much
allayed
by
the
sudden
irruption
of
the
Tybur
,
which
overflowing
all
its
banks
,
made
such
an
inundation
as
drowned
all
the
City
,
and
the
Country
round
about
;
which
was
not
onely
of
damage
to
many
in
their
Estates
and
ruin
of
their
Houses
;
but
divers
persons
were
drowned
with
all
their
substance
,
and
Estate
;
never
did
Rome
endure
such
desolation
;
for
on
Christmas
Day
the
Churches
being
filled
with
Water
,
there
was
neither
Mass
nor
Prayers
,
nor
Priest
,
that
was
heard
,
or
seen
within
those
Walls
,
and
the
Pope
himself
was
forced
to
pray
on
the
tops
of
the
Hills
of
Rome
:
the
poor
that
had
saved
themselves
,
were
yet
in
great
misery
and
want
,
and
though
spared
by
the
Waters
,
might
have
perished
by
Famine
had
not
the
charity
of
the
Pope
,
and
Cardinals
administred
a
relief
to
them
;
and
herein
especially
Cardinal
Aldobrandino
was
signally
useful
;
for
he
visited
the
Houses
of
the
poor
in
Boats
,
and
supplied
them
with
Bread
and
other
Victuals
,
as
their
occasions
required
.
The
like
almost
we
read
of
in
the
Life
of
Adrian
I.
And
now
the
year
of
1599.
An.
1599.
being
entered
,
the
Pope
began
to
make
preparations
for
the
following
year
,
which
was
called
and
appointed
for
the
year
of
Jubilee
;
and
in
order
thereunto
he
exhorted
all
Christian
Princes
to
peace
,
and
unity
,
especially
his
labours
were
more
intent
,
and
concerned
for
peace
,
and
good
correspondence
in
Italy
,
inviting
all
Sovereign
Princes
by
his
Apostolical
Letters
(
as
they
called
them
)
to
Rome
to
gain
the
Jubilee
,
promising
all
those
Blessings
,
Indulgences
,
and
Pardons
which
are
of
as
high
moment
,
as
the
Salvation
of
their
Souls
.
And
because
I
am
of
Opinion
that
the
form
of
this
general
Letter
may
be
curious
,
and
pleasing
to
the
Reader
,
I
have
undertaken
to
transcribe
the
same
,
as
translated
from
the
Latin
,
the
words
are
these
:
Clement
the
Bishop
,
Servant
of
the
Servants
of
God
,
to
all
the
Faithful
in
Christ
,
who
shall
read
these
present
Letters
,
be
Health
,
and
the
Apostolical
Benediction
.
Since
that
by
the
Grace
of
God
(
beloved
Children
in
Christ
)
the
acceptable
year
of
our
Lord
,
Isaiah
61.
which
is
the
year
of
Remission
and
Pardon
doth
approach
:
and
the
day
is
come
of
Eternal
Salvation
,
and
redemption
from
your
sins
:
Cor.
6.
Now
that
we
are
come
to
the
year
so
much
desired
by
all
Christian
people
,
which
is
the
most
Holy
Jubilee
,
and
which
since
the
birth
of
Christ
born
of
the
blessed
Virgin
Mary
,
is
the
year
1600.
and
which
is
now
according
to
the
usual
custom
to
be
celebrated
with
so
much
the
greater
joy
,
and
concourse
of
people
,
by
how
much
it
is
to
be
represented
without
corruption
in
the
pure
Original
,
and
primary
Institution
thereof
:
for
in
regard
we
have
by
antient
Tradition
,
and
testimony
of
our
Forefathers
received
assurance
,
that
it
was
accustomary
for
the
Church
of
Rome
to
grant
Indulgences
,
and
remission
of
sins
to
all
such
who
in
every
Age
,
that
is
in
the
term
of
every
hundred
years
,
came
to
Rome
to
visit
the
Churches
of
the
Holy
Apostles
St.
Peter
,
and
St.
Paul
:
and
because
that
this
Custom
should
not
be
esteemed
by
the
World
,
as
a
vain
,
and
superstitious
rite
of
Gentilism
,
Boniface
VIII
.
our
Predecessour
thought
fit
to
confirm
the
same
by
his
Apostolical
Decree
to
all
Ages
:
howsoever
other
Popes
who
were
our
Predecessours
have
undertaken
to
reduce
the
same
to
a
shorter
term
of
years
.
And
indeed
,
it
hath
not
without
the
Divine
,
and
mysterious
Ordination
been
enacted
,
and
decreed
,
that
within
the
Age
,
and
memory
of
Man
,
this
great
benefit
of
God
to
mankind
should
be
celebrated
,
and
remembred
:
who
when
like
the
Sun
of
Righteousness
,
he
arose
from
the
Inclosures
of
the
Virgins
Womb
,
to
bestow
eternal
Salvation
on
all
the
World
,
he
was
pleased
to
appoint
,
that
the
remembrance
of
this
Benefit
should
be
celebrated
in
no
other
place
,
than
this
(
of
Rome
)
which
is
the
Rock
,
and
the
receptacle
of
the
Christian
Religion
,
where
all
the
Subjects
,
as
Sons
of
one
Father
,
and
Sheep
of
one
Shepherd
,
resort
to
the
Chair
of
St.
Peter
,
and
to
the
firm
Rock
of
Faith
which
shall
never
by
the
continued
Course
of
Ages
,
nor
variety
of
times
be
altered
,
or
changed
:
that
the
World
may
see
one
Sheep-fold
,
and
one
Shepherd
,
and
the
true
splendour
of
one
Faith
,
and
all
the
members
thereof
joyned
,
and
cemented
together
under
one
Head
with
the
bonds
of
Love
,
and
Charity
:
and
lastly
,
that
they
may
see
,
with
what
unity
in
the
Roman
Church
,
the
religious
Solemnity
of
this
year
is
observed
in
its
due
course
which
we
may
truly
stile
the
Holy
year
.
This
year
therefore
we
may
reasonably
call
the
Holy
year
of
Our
Lord
,
and
the
acceptable
year
;
because
that
Jesus
Christ
himself
,
who
is
the
Author
of
our
Salvation
,
the
Son
of
God
,
who
was
sent
by
the
Eternal
Father
in
the
fulness
of
Grace
,
and
of
the
Holy
Ghost
,
hath
so
named
it
:
Isaiah
61.
To
heal
the
contrite
in
heart
,
to
proclaim
liberty
to
the
Captives
,
and
the
opening
of
the
Prison
to
them
who
are
bound
,
to
proclaim
the
acceptable
year
of
our
Lord
.
And
whereas
we
though
unworthy
,
do
sit
in
the
Seat
of
Christ
upon
Earth
,
and
are
stated
in
this
sublime
Place
,
watching
as
a
Centinel
,
and
a
Guard
Apostolical
,
do
declare
,
publish
and
preach
to
all
you
who
are
the
faithful
in
Christ
this
year
of
Jubilee
;
which
though
it
be
a
year
of
repentance
,
yet
it
is
also
a
year
of
Jubilee
,
and
of
spiritual
joy
and
comfort
.
Now
because
the
love
of
Christ
for
whom
we
are
Ambassadours
to
all
Nations
constraineth
us
,
and
the
zeal
which
we
have
for
your
Souls
,
2
Cor.
5.
Psalm
▪
68.
doth
consume
our
spirit
;
we
exhort
,
and
beseech
you
all
by
the
blood
which
Jesus
Christ
hath
spilt
,
and
by
his
coming
in
the
last
day
of
Judgment
,
especially
at
this
time
of
Jubilee
:
That
every
one
be
converted
from
the
evil
of
his
way
,
and
turn
unto
the
Lord
with
a
pure
heart
,
Hebr.
12.
Isaiah
35.
and
good
conscience
and
faith
unfeigned
,
because
the
Lord
is
gracious
,
1
Tim.
1.
and
merciful
,
full
of
compassion
and
long-suffering
.
Joel
2.
Wherefore
according
to
the
duty
of
our
Pastoral
Office
,
we
do
call
,
and
chearfully
invite
you
Our
dear
Children
in
Christ
,
namely
the
Emperor
,
the
Kings
,
and
Catholick
Princes
,
with
all
the
faithful
of
Christ
wheresoever
dispersed
in
the
most
remote
parts
of
the
World
,
that
they
would
be
present
at
this
joyful
solemnity
of
the
Jubilee
;
though
we
cannot
but
at
the
same
time
be
miserably
afflicted
with
consideration
of
the
great
numbers
of
people
who
have
separated
themselves
from
the
union
and
Communion
of
the
Catholick
and
Apostolical
Church
,
within
the
last
Age
of
one
hundred
years
past
did
with
one
mind
and
heart
celebrate
this
holy
year
of
Jubilee
:
for
the
eternal
salvation
of
whose
souls
,
we
would
gladly
and
willingly
spill
our
blood
,
and
give
our
lives
.
Wherefore
you
who
are
obedient
Children
,
and
Catholick
,
and
beloved
of
God
and
us
,
Venite
,
&
Ascendite
ad
locum
quem
elegit
Dominus
.
Deut.
26.
Come
unto
this
spiritual
Jerusalem
,
and
to
this
holy
Mount
of
Sion
,
not
according
to
the
letter
,
but
Allegorically
and
by
spiritual
understanding
;
because
that
from
this
place
,
the
holy
light
of
Evangelical
truth
hath
from
the
first
beginning
of
the
Primitive
Church
been
diffused
through
all
Nations
.
This
is
that
happy
City
,
whose
faith
the
Apostle
praises
,
and
commends
in
these
words
:
Rom.
1.8
.
I
thank
my
God
through
Jesus
Christ
for
you
all
,
that
your
faith
is
spoken
of
throughout
the
whole
World
.
This
is
the
City
where
the
Chief
of
the
Apostles
Peter
and
Paul
,
did
vent
their
Doctrine
with
the
effusion
of
their
blood
;
that
Rome
being
the
sacred
Seat
of
St.
Peter
,
might
become
the
capital
City
of
the
World
,
the
Mother
of
all
the
Faithful
,
and
the
Majesty
of
all
the
other
Churches
.
Here
is
the
Rock
of
Faith
placed
,
and
from
hence
springs
the
fountain
of
the
Priestly
unity
;
from
hence
are
derived
the
clear
streams
of
the
purest
Doctrine
;
here
are
found
the
Keys
of
the
Kingdom
of
Heaven
with
full
power
to
bind
,
and
loose
:
and
lastly
,
here
is
conserved
that
Treasure
of
Indulgences
which
shall
never
fail
,
of
which
the
Roman
High
Priest
is
the
principal
keeper
and
Dispenser
.
And
though
he
doth
dispense
some
part
hereof
every
year
,
as
occasion
doth
require
,
yet
more
especially
in
this
Holy
year
of
Jubilee
a
greater
affluence
thereof
is
dispersed
,
when
according
to
the
solemnity
of
the
most
antient
Churches
of
Rome
,
when
the
gates
are
opened
by
the
pious
and
liberal
hands
:
that
so
entering
into
the
presence
of
God
with
joy
,
and
having
cast
off
from
their
shoulders
the
yoke
of
sin
,
and
the
tyranny
of
the
Enemy
,
you
may
be
reconciled
unto
God
by
means
of
the
Sacrament
;
and
therefore
come
you
as
true
Children
,
Heirs
of
Heaven
,
and
Possessours
of
Paradise
.
Given
at
Rome
near
St.
Peters
,
in
the
year
of
our
Lord's
Incarnation
,
1599.
June
18.
in
the
8th
.
year
of
our
Pontificate
.
The
Copy
of
this
Letter
being
sent
to
all
Christian
Princes
in
communion
with
the
Court
of
Rome
,
the
Pope
busily
employed
himself
in
making
preparations
,
and
provisions
for
entertainment
of
Pilgrims
,
who
in
the
following
year
of
Jubilee
crouded
in
those
numbers
to
gain
the
Indulgences
and
Pardons
as
of
Men
and
Women
the
account
made
,
amounted
unto
three
Millions
of
Persons
.
But
the
Pope
was
not
so
busily
employed
in
his
preparations
for
the
Jubilee
,
but
that
he
attended
to
the
decision
of
the
Controversie
of
the
Marquisat
of
Saluces
,
which
(
as
we
have
said
)
was
at
the
late
Treaty
at
Vervins
put
into
his
hands
and
power
to
be
concluded
,
and
determined
in
the
space
of
one
year
:
In
order
unto
which
the
President
Bruslard
was
dispatched
to
Rome
in
behalf
of
the
French
King
,
and
the
Count
d'
Archonas
of
the
Duke
of
Savoy
,
and
both
met
there
about
the
beginning
of
this
year
1599.
the
Cause
being
pleaded
before
▪
the
Pope
,
both
Parties
pressed
the
Arguments
so
home
in
favour
of
the
right
of
their
respective
matters
:
that
the
Pope
esteeming
the
Point
difficult
to
be
decided
,
required
some
longer
time
before
he
would
undertake
to
pass
his
judgment
:
and
in
the
interim
proposed
,
that
the
Marquisat
should
remain
in
his
hands
as
a
Depositary
,
and
an
indifferent
person
between
both
Parties
.
And
though
neither
the
King
nor
the
Duke
were
well
pleased
with
these
delatory
proceedings
,
yet
the
King
was
contented
to
allow
two
Months
for
such
determination
;
but
the
Duke
,
who
had
been
possessed
by
the
suggestions
of
his
Minister
at
Rome
,
that
the
Pope
required
to
be
the
Depositary
with
design
to
bestow
the
Marquisat
on
one
of
his
Nephews
,
conceived
such
a
jealousie
of
the
Pope's
intentions
,
that
he
began
to
decline
the
Umpirage
;
which
when
the
Pope
understood
he
with
great
indignation
refused
to
interpose
farther
,
resolving
neither
to
meddle
with
the
Arbitration
,
nor
the
Deposite
.
The
King
who
knew
well
,
in
what
manner
to
do
right
unto
himself
by
his
Sword
,
was
not
much
concerned
for
the
rejection
which
the
Pope
had
made
of
the
Arbitration
:
and
the
Duke
being
contented
to
have
his
Cause
pass
by
other
formalities
than
that
of
the
Consistory
,
judged
his
right
more
secure
,
and
more
easily
convincing
by
a
personal
Treaty
with
the
King
himself
;
which
matter
being
now
taken
out
of
the
hand
of
the
Pope
,
we
leave
to
the
temporal
determination
of
these
Princes
and
proceed
to
other
matters
more
agreeable
to
this
History
.
Henry
IV.
of
France
being
in
good
favour
,
and
correspondence
with
Clement
VIII
.
treated
with
him
about
obtaining
a
Divorce
,
or
rather
a
dissolution
of
marriage
between
him
,
and
Margaret
Dutchess
of
Valois
;
to
which
this
Pope
might
perhaps
be
more
inclinable
and
easie
on
some
reflections
he
made
on
the
ill
consequences
which
the
delays
of
the
like
Divorce
to
Henry
VIII
.
of
England
,
produced
to
the
Papal
Power
.
The
Cardinal
d'
Ossac
with
the
President
Monsieur
de
Silery
,
having
Orders
to
prosecute
this
matter
in
the
Court
of
Rome
,
represented
to
the
Pope
the
state
of
the
marriage
with
Queen
Margaret
,
and
that
though
the
King
their
Master
had
ever
since
his
conversion
to
the
Catholick
Religion
entertained
reverend
,
and
obedient
thoughts
towards
the
Papal
Sea
,
and
might
on
score
of
being
the
eldest
Son
of
the
Church
expected
more
than
ordinary
favours
,
yet
on
consideration
of
the
Nullity
of
this
Marriage
,
he
desired
nothing
more
than
common
justice
.
The
Pope
who
was
very
desirous
to
favour
,
and
oblige
the
King
,
referred
the
disquisition
,
and
examination
of
the
Marriage
to
the
Cardinal
Joyeuse
,
the
Bishop
of
Modena
,
who
was
Nuntio
for
the
Pope
in
France
,
and
the
Arch-bishop
of
Arles
,
whom
he
delegated
to
consider
of
those
reasons
which
were
offered
to
invalidate
the
legality
of
the
Marriage
.
In
the
mean
time
Henry
treating
a
Contract
of
marriage
with
his
Mistris
Gabriele
d'
Estrees
,
God
disposed
otherwise
of
that
intention
;
and
the
Delegates
who
were
willing
to
comply
with
the
desires
of
the
King
,
declared
the
Marriage
Null
having
been
in
the
third
degree
of
consanguinity
,
by
which
both
parties
were
set
at
liberty
,
and
put
in
the
same
estate
and
condition
as
before
their
Matrimony
.
Of
which
the
King
having
received
information
from
his
Ambassadour
Monsieur
de
Sillery
then
residing
at
Rome
,
he
immediately
dispatched
the
Sieur
d'
Alincourt
Governour
of
Pontois
,
to
render
his
humble
thanks
to
the
Pope
for
his
obliging
determination
,
and
to
demand
his
Counsel
concerning
the
Alliance
which
he
intended
to
make
with
the
House
de
Medicis
,
having
placed
his
affections
on
the
Princess
Mary
Niece
to
the
Grand
Duke
of
Florence
.
The
Sieur
de
Sillery
taking
Post
upon
this
Errand
arrived
at
Rome
the
6th
.
of
February
being
Ash-wednesday
in
the
year
1600.
An
1600.
and
the
year
of
Jubilee
,
which
made
that
Lent
the
more
Solemn
,
and
devout
,
than
that
of
common
years
:
for
it
was
commanded
that
Prayers
of
forty
hours
continuance
should
be
made
in
the
Churches
of
the
Jesuits
:
the
Pope
himself
with
the
Colledg
of
Cardinals
began
the
first
hour
,
and
every
hour
afterwards
was
employed
in
Prayers
,
and
ended
with
an
Exhortation
made
by
some
Cardinal
,
or
Learned
Prelat
.
To
gain
the
Indulgences
of
this
Jubilee
though
many
personages
of
great
quality
did
resort
to
Rome
,
yet
none
was
of
higher
dignity
than
the
Duke
de
Bar
,
who
Incognito
and
with
a
small
train
,
and
equipage
travelled
to
Rome
to
gain
a
Dispensation
for
his
Marriage
,
which
he
had
celebrated
between
himself
,
and
the
Princess
Catharine
the
Onely
Sister
of
the
French
King
:
for
having
performed
the
same
within
the
degrees
of
consanguinity
forbidden
by
the
Church
,
the
Bishop
of
Lorain
,
and
others
had
refused
to
admit
him
to
the
Sacrament
,
and
Communion
of
the
Church
.
Thus
we
see
,
whilest
the
King
sues
for
a
Divorce
,
the
Duke
desires
a
confirmation
,
and
dispensation
of
his
Marriage
and
both
were
granted
,
though
the
same
reasons
,
and
considerations
were
in
both
cases
;
the
same
ground
which
might
dissolve
the
one
might
null
the
other
,
and
the
same
salve
might
serve
for
both
Cures
:
In
short
,
the
Duke
de
Bar
applyed
himself
with
all
the
humility
,
and
submission
imaginable
to
the
Papal
Chair
,
and
carrying
with
him
the
King
's
recommendatory
Letters
to
the
Cardinals
Aldobrandino
,
Ossac
,
and
his
Ambassadour
,
he
obtained
as
much
favour
in
his
Cause
as
he
could
expect
,
or
desire
.
On
the
other
side
,
in
pursuance
of
the
late
Divorce
,
the
Sieurs
de
Sillery
,
and
Alincourt
went
to
Florence
to
treat
a
new
Marriage
between
the
King
▪
and
the
Princess
Mary
de
Medicis
.
As
the
Duke
of
Florence
received
the
honour
of
this
Match
with
great
readiness
,
it
being
an
addition
to
the
grandeur
of
his
House
;
so
the
Pope
to
forward
the
same
,
contributed
on
his
part
a
hundred
thousand
Crowns
with
many
Jewels
by
way
of
Dowry
,
or
Portion
,
which
was
agreed
to
be
six
hundred
thousand
Crowns
in
ready
Mony
.
So
soon
as
the
Articles
were
signed
,
the
Duke
of
Florence
published
the
intended
Marriage
;
and
the
King
to
bring
it
to
a
consummation
,
being
then
at
Lions
in
order
to
his
Journey
to
Grenoble
deputed
Bellegarde
his
Grand
Escuyer
with
Commission
to
the
Grand
Duke
,
to
espouse
Mary
de
Medicis
in
his
name
:
and
the
Pope
to
have
a
farther
hand
in
this
work
,
deputed
his
Nephew
Cardinal
Aldobrandino
to
be
his
Legat
at
Florence
,
and
to
be
present
at
the
Nuptials
,
which
he
accordingly
performed
,
and
bestowed
the
Benediction
in
the
Pope's
Name
.
The
Cardinal
having
performed
this
piece
of
service
hastned
away
by
order
of
the
Pope
to
Tortona
,
there
to
find
the
Duke
and
stipulate
with
him
the
conditions
of
a
firm
Peace
;
for
the
King
had
already
commenced
a
War
,
and
taken
several
places
both
in
Savoy
,
and
Bresse
.
The
Cardinal
representing
before
the
Duke
the
danger
,
and
inequality
of
a
War
with
France
,
persuaded
him
to
resign
his
pretensions
and
interest
to
the
Marquisat
of
Saluses
;
and
having
obtained
this
promise
,
he
proceeded
to
Lions
,
where
managing
this
Affair
with
the
King
,
a
Peace
was
concluded
▪
and
published
in
the
year
1601.
on
Conditions
,
that
the
Duke
should
quit
all
claim
to
the
Marquisat
of
Saluces
in
exchange
for
Bresse
,
and
some
other
Countries
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Queen
embarqued
at
Ligorne
with
seventeen
Gallies
,
arrived
happily
at
Marseille
,
and
thence
was
conducted
with
great
honour
and
pomp
to
Lions
,
where
meeting
with
the
King
the
marriage
was
consummated
,
and
the
Nuptial
Benediction
given
by
Cardinal
Aldobrandino
the
Pope's
Legat
before
the
great
Altar
of
St.
John's
Church
in
the
City
of
Lions
.
All
these
kindnesses
passed
between
the
Pope
,
and
the
King
;
the
Pope
resolved
to
make
use
of
this
good
Correspondence
to
intercede
in
behalf
of
the
Jesuits
,
whose
whole
Order
having
for
certain
reasons
been
banished
,
and
exterminated
from
the
Dominions
of
France
,
was
now
at
the
instance
and
desire
of
the
King
restored
again
under
certain
Conditions
to
their
possessions
,
and
habitations
in
that
Kingdom
.
And
in
regard
the
Emperor
was
at
the
same
time
hardly
pressed
by
the
Turk
,
the
Pope
,
as
at
other
times
furnished
him
with
a
hundred
thousand
Crowns
,
which
was
a
seasonable
Recruit
and
supply
in
those
exegencies
of
the
Empire
.
And
now
it
was
about
the
year
1603.
An.
1603.
that
Elizabeth
Queen
of
England
dying
,
and
James
VI.
King
of
Scotland
succeeding
to
the
Crown
,
when
the
Pope
conceived
great
hopes
,
and
expectations
,
that
by
means
of
this
King
,
(
whom
he
fancied
to
be
a
favourer
of
the
Roman
Church
)
the
Kingdoms
of
Great
Britain
would
submit
unto
,
and
acknowledg
the
Papal
Authority
;
but
what
ground
,
or
reasons
there
were
for
such
an
Opinion
▪
or
why
the
Roman
Catholicks
in
England
had
conceived
,
and
(
for
forty
years
together
)
had
framed
such
a
fancy
to
themselves
no
rational
account
can
be
given
:
but
this
conceit
soon
vanishing
by
the
contrary
effects
which
appeared
,
the
Papists
of
England
made
two
Remonstrances
to
the
new
King
in
favour
of
their
Religion
,
desiring
at
least
that
a
liberty
of
Conscience
might
be
granted
to
them
;
but
these
had
no
more
effect
,
than
the
Declaration
,
which
the
Protestants
made
the
same
year
in
favour
of
their
Religion
in
France
.
The
Cardinals
Bonvisi
,
and
Ossac
dying
this
year
at
Rome
,
An.
1604.
Henry
the
French
King
did
greatly
urge
the
Pope
for
a
promotion
of
Cardinals
,
recommending
several
of
his
own
Creatures
,
and
Friends
to
that
Dignity
:
And
though
the
Pope
was
very
desirous
to
have
reduced
the
Order
of
Cardinals
to
their
ancient
number
,
yet
being
overcome
by
the
instances
of
some
Friends
,
he
bestowed
a
Cardinals
Cap
on
the
Son
of
one
of
his
Nephews
,
being
a
Youth
of
about
fourteen
or
fifteen
years
of
age
;
and
suffering
himself
to
be
prevailed
with
by
the
passion
of
Princes
,
he
created
in
this
very
year
at
least
eighteen
Cardinals
,
amongst
which
there
were
not
above
two
French
,
and
two
Spaniards
.
The
first
which
was
found
in
this
List
was
Serafim
Olivari
Patriarch
of
Alexandria
,
who
was
originally
of
Italian
extract
,
but
born
at
Lions
,
and
proved
to
be
a
Prelat
of
Incomparable
parts
,
and
Learning
,
being
always
educated
amongst
Men
,
and
business
;
the
Bishop
of
Eureux
was
an
other
promoted
to
this
Dignity
,
which
were
the
two
French-Men
,
who
received
this
honour
by
the
recommendations
of
their
King
:
all
the
others
were
Italians
,
unless
the
Bishop
of
Cracovia
who
was
a
Polander
,
and
Madrutio
Bishop
of
Trent
,
who
was
a
German
,
and
two
Spaniards
.
Cardinal
Aldobrandino
preferred
also
his
Secretary
Erminio
to
this
honour
;
and
the
Pope
himself
forced
Anselme
Marzat
a
Capucin
to
accept
the
red
Hat
;
which
he
had
often
refused
,
protesting
that
such
preferments
were
against
the
Rules
,
and
a
violation
to
the
Orders
of
St.
Francis
,
but
the
express
commandment
of
the
Pope
prevailing
;
he
unwillingly
,
(
or
at
least
seemed
so
)
from
the
mere
consideration
of
obedience
submitted
to
the
promotion
.
About
this
time
three
Questions
were
moved
,
and
discussed
at
Rome
,
the
first
was
managed
by
a
notable
Disputant
,
and
a
great
Sophister
;
his
position
was
this
:
That
it
was
not
an
essential
,
or
a
fundamental
point
of
Faith
,
to
believe
that
Clement
VIII
.
was
the
true
and
lawful
Successor
of
St.
Peter
:
it
was
a
bold
Thesis
for
that
time
,
and
place
;
for
he
was
imprisoned
for
his
impertinence
,
and
it
had
cost
him
dearer
,
had
not
the
Spanish
Ambassadour
interceded
for
him
.
An
other
published
an
Opinion
,
That
Confessions
wrote
in
Letters
and
sent
by
the
Post
,
were
as
available
,
as
those
,
which
were
whispered
into
the
Ear
of
the
Priest
.
A
third
was
about
Grace
,
and
Free-will
,
in
such
manner
as
held
,
and
maintained
by
Pelagius
;
which
latter
was
debated
in
the
presence
of
the
Pope
and
Cardinals
but
remained
without
determination
,
by
reason
of
more
important
matters
which
at
that
time
lay
before
the
Consistory
.
For
then
the
Canonizing
of
Ignatius
Loyola
for
a
Saint
was
first
propounded
:
and
also
the
Deputies
of
the
Clergy
of
the
City
of
Milan
presented
themselves
before
the
Pope
,
and
Cardinals
,
desiring
that
their
antient
Arch-bishop
Charles
Borromeo
might
be
canonized
.
Upon
these
two
motions
the
Pope
constituted
a
certain
Committee
of
Cardinals
to
enquire
into
the
sanctity
of
the
Lives
,
and
of
the
Miracles
which
were
done
at
the
Invocation
of
the
Names
,
and
at
the
Sepulcres
of
these
Saints
.
After
which
an
Ambassadour
was
introduced
into
the
Consistory
from
the
Emperor
,
representing
the
many
occasions
of
advantage
which
were
lost
in
Hungary
for
want
of
Money
to
carry
on
the
War
;
to
which
the
Pope
gave
Answer
,
That
his
Coffers
at
the
present
were
empty
,
but
howsoever
he
would
lay
a
Tax
of
decimation
on
the
Clergy
,
whereby
to
supply
the
urgencies
of
the
Emperor
against
the
common
Enemy
.
Thus
did
this
Pope
,
(
who
in
reality
merited
the
name
of
a
good
Man
)
employ
his
whole
time
in
the
Consistory
,
either
designing
to
make
peace
between
Christian
Princes
,
or
to
carrry
on
a
War
against
the
Turk
,
who
is
the
common
Enemy
of
Christians
;
and
in
these
good
works
of
Piety
he
incessantly
laboured
,
being
frequently
in
consultation
concerning
the
temporal
,
and
spiritual
Affairs
in
the
Church
;
in
discharge
of
which
his
fortune
was
to
be
assisted
with
many
wise
,
and
able
Cardinals
,
such
as
Joyeuse
,
Serafim
Olivari
,
and
Perron
and
other
Counsellours
,
who
amongst
several
other
matters
advised
him
to
take
a
Guard
of
Corsi
,
or
Men
of
the
Isle
of
Corsica
,
who
being
quartered
in
several
parts
of
the
City
might
be
ready
to
suppress
the
Banditi
who
began
again
to
be
troublesom
and
to
infest
Rome
,
as
well
as
other
parts
of
Italy
;
from
which
time
until
the
reign
of
Alexander
VII
.
this
Guard
was
maintained
,
when
upon
some
Affronts
,
and
violences
offered
to
the
French
Ambassadour
,
they
were
disbanded
and
dismissed
never
afterwards
to
appear
in
Rome
.
The
Arch-bishoprick
of
Ravenna
in
this
year
1605.
An.
1605.
becoming
vacant
,
the
Pope
bestowed
it
on
his
Nephew
Cardinal
Aldobrandino
,
who
was
no
sooner
received
into
that
City
with
such
pomp
and
solemnity
,
as
became
the
dignity
of
that
Episcopal
Sea
,
than
news
arrived
of
the
Pope's
indisposition
,
which
speedily
posted
the
Cardinal
back
to
Rome
;
for
the
Pope
falling
ill
on
the
10th
.
of
February
his
sickness
still
increased
,
notwithstanding
all
the
Remedies
,
and
care
which
Aldobrandino
,
and
his
Physitians
could
use
:
for
after
he
had
sat
in
the
Papal
Chair
for
the
space
of
thirteen
years
,
one
month
,
and
three
days
,
he
expired
his
last
breath
on
the
third
of
March
,
in
the
sixty
ninth
year
of
his
Age
,
An.
1605.
and
was
interred
in
St.
Peter's
Church
,
and
the
Sea
was
vacant
twenty
nine
days
.
LEO
XI
.
CLEMENT
the
Eighth
having
departed
this
Life
,
and
his
Funeral
Obsequies
being
performed
,
the
Cardinals
to
the
number
of
sixty
one
entered
the
Conclave
on
the
14th
.
of
March
,
and
having
according
to
the
accustomed
manner
sung
the
Hymn
of
Veni
Creator
,
and
celebrated
the
Mass
of
Spiritus
Sanctus
,
and
every
Cardinal
having
received
the
Sacrament
from
the
hand
of
the
Dean
of
the
Conclave
,
they
immediately
made
the
first
Scrutiny
,
whereby
it
might
appear
unto
whom
the
plurality
of
Votes
was
most
probable
to
incline
;
but
at
first
the
Conclave
was
so
divided
,
that
no
person
had
any
considerable
number
of
Votes
bestowed
on
him
;
for
Bellarmine
,
who
had
the
most
,
accounted
but
eleven
,
and
Baronius
but
eight
,
and
all
others
an
inferiour
number
:
at
length
after
several
other
Scrutinies
,
Baronius
by
the
assistance
of
Cardinal
Aldobrandino
arrived
to
thirty
,
thirty
one
,
and
thirty
two
,
and
thirty
seven
,
but
still
wanting
some
few
more
to
make
the
number
arise
unto
two
thirds
of
the
Conclave
,
the
Election
was
imperfect
:
nor
could
he
arise
higher
,
by
reason
that
the
Spanish
faction
opposed
him
out
of
a
pique
and
exception
they
had
taken
against
him
,
for
what
he
had
wrote
in
the
11th
.
Tome
of
his
Ecclesiastical
Annals
,
disproving
the
title
of
the
King
of
Spain
to
the
Kingdom
of
Sicily
.
Whereupon
Cardinal
Joyeuse
concurring
with
Aldobrandino
,
(
without
whom
nothing
was
to
be
done
in
the
Conclave
)
nominated
Alexander
de
Medicis
;
who
was
no
sooner
proposed
than
a
strange
concurrence
,
and
union
appeared
in
the
minds
of
all
the
Cardinals
towards
him
,
so
that
he
was
as
it
were
elected
by
an
unanimous
consent
,
and
saluted
Pope
on
the
first
of
April
1605.
calling
himself
by
the
name
of
Leo
XI
.
He
was
then
of
the
age
of
seventy
years
,
or
thereabouts
,
of
a
chearful
and
sanguine
Aspect
,
grave
in
his
Speech
and
deportment
,
and
of
a
strong
and
vigorous
Complexion
,
only
he
sometimes
was
subject
to
pains
of
the
Cholick
;
he
was
a
great
lover
of
the
virtuosi
,
and
Learned
Men
and
zealous
for
the
interest
of
the
Church
.
After
his
Election
he
seemed
not
in
the
least
manner
altered
,
or
transported
,
conserving
still
a
Majesty
becoming
the
gravity
,
and
seriousness
of
the
Papal
Chair
unto
which
he
was
promoted
.
Nor
did
he
ascend
unto
this
height
on
a
sudden
,
but
by
degrees
,
and
previous
dispositions
;
for
besides
the
advantages
of
his
birth
being
the
Son
of
Octaviano
de
Medicis
,
Cousin
of
Cosmo
Great
Duke
of
Tuscany
,
he
had
exercised
many
honourable
,
and
important
Offices
:
for
in
the
first
place
he
had
been
Arch-bishop
of
Florence
,
and
Francis
the
Great
Duke
of
Florence
had
sent
him
his
Ambassadour
at
Rome
.
Gregory
XIII
.
created
him
Cardinal
under
the
Title
of
St.
John
and
St.
Paul
;
and
the
13th
.
of
December
1593.
Clement
VIII
.
deputed
him
his
Legat
to
Henry
IV.
King
of
France
and
Navarre
;
in
which
Office
he
was
a
good
Instrument
in
making
the
Peace
between
this
Henry
and
Philip
II.
King
of
Spain
,
in
recompence
of
which
,
and
to
evidence
the
respect
he
had
for
him
,
King
Henry
presented
him
with
a
Jewel
of
ten
thousand
Crowns
:
and
finally
being
chosen
Pope
to
the
general
satisfaction
of
all
Rome
,
he
was
on
the
2d
.
of
April
carried
with
the
usual
pomp
to
the
Church
of
St.
Peters
,
where
Te
Deum
was
solemnly
sang
;
after
which
the
people
of
Rome
coming
to
salute
him
,
he
promised
to
abate
their
Subsidies
,
and
Taxes
,
to
adorn
the
City
,
to
treat
the
Nobility
with
favour
,
and
respect
,
and
conserve
and
maintain
the
priviledges
of
all
People
respectively
according
to
their
qualities
and
conditions
.
On
the
10th
.
of
April
being
Easter
day
he
was
solemnly
Crowned
,
but
the
day
of
Procession
to
St.
John
de
Lateran
where
the
Pope
takes
the
possession
was
deferred
until
the
seventeenth
instant
,
when
the
Florentines
,
and
the
several
Orders
of
the
City
did
endeavour
to
outvy
each
other
in
such
demonstrations
,
as
might
evidence
the
satisfaction
,
and
contentment
they
received
by
this
Election
:
amongst
which
the
Florentines
erected
a
Triumphal
Arch
with
this
Inscription
on
the
one
side
thereof
:
Leoni
XI
.
Florentino
P.O.M.
Florentini
ad
declarandam
fidem
,
laetitiam
,
&
animi
alacritatem
.
And
on
the
other
side
:
Dignus
est
Leo
in
virtute
Agni
accipere
librum
,
&
solvere
septem
signacula
ejus
.
But
this
joy
,
and
contentment
did
not
continue
long
;
for
the
Pope
being
wearied
with
the
tedious
length
of
these
Ceremonies
,
and
over-heated
with
the
Weather
,
and
weight
of
his
Vestments
took
an
extream
cold
which
turned
to
a
Fever
,
which
encreasing
daily
on
him
,
he
expired
his
last
breath
on
the
25th
.
day
after
his
Election
,
and
in
the
seventieth
year
of
his
age
;
the
same
Evening
his
Body
was
carried
to
the
Chappel
of
Sixtus
,
and
the
next
day
being
the
28th
.
of
April
to
the
Church
of
St.
Peters
,
where
according
to
the
usual
custom
great
numbers
of
people
thronged
to
kiss
his
feet
.
The
sadness
at
Rome
for
this
sudden
accident
was
certainly
very
great
;
but
none
had
so
much
reason
to
lament
this
loss
,
as
his
own
Family
,
who
had
not
time
to
receive
the
honours
designed
for
them
,
and
particularly
his
great
Nephew
Octaviano
on
whom
he
intended
to
bestow
his
own
Cardinals
Hat
.
After
which
the
Papal
Sea
was
vacant
for
nineteen
days
.
PAVL
V.
LEO
the
Eleventh
being
deceased
,
the
same
Cardinals
who
had
elected
the
preceding
Pope
to
the
number
of
sixty
one
,
entered
the
Conclave
on
the
8th
of
May
,
where
the
day
following
the
first
Scrutiny
was
made
;
but
without
effect
,
by
reason
of
the
diversity
of
Votes
,
and
divisions
amongst
the
Cardinals
.
Sauli
was
then
proposed
,
but
excluded
:
Bellarmine
was
then
next
who
in
all
probability
might
have
carried
the
Prize
,
had
not
the
Scrutiny
been
deferred
,
after
the
Pratica
was
made
for
him
.
Camerino
,
and
Clemente
were
also
put
to
the
Votes
,
but
excluded
;
only
Cardinal
Tosco
had
gained
so
great
a
Party
,
being
assisted
by
Aldobrandino
,
Montalto
and
others
of
the
best
Interest
,
that
his
Election
had
certainly
been
perfected
,
had
not
Baronius
,
and
Farugio
crossed
the
matter
,
which
caused
a
loud
cry
for
Baronius
,
but
by
a
like
accident
of
contradiction
,
as
well
Baronius
,
as
Tosco
was
excluded
:
at
length
after
diversity
of
Successes
Cardinal
Borghese
being
nominated
,
such
unanimous
consent
appeared
in
all
the
Conclave
,
that
every
one
seemed
to
assent
having
no
other
objection
against
him
,
than
the
small
number
of
his
years
,
having
scarce
attained
to
the
age
of
fifty
three
,
but
that
scruple
not
availing
,
he
was
conducted
to
the
Chappel
of
Paolino
,
where
he
was
elected
,
and
having
vested
himself
in
his
Pontifical
garments
was
worshiped
as
Pope
on
the
16th
.
of
May
,
which
being
performed
he
took
on
himself
the
name
of
Paul
.
V.
This
Camillo
,
for
so
was
his
Christian
Name
,
was
born
at
Rome
,
his
Father
was
Antonio
Borghese
of
Siena
,
but
his
Mother
was
a
Roman
Lady
.
His
Studies
were
chiefly
in
the
Civil
Law
,
in
which
having
taken
his
degree
of
Doctor
he
became
so
famous
,
that
he
was
made
Referendary
both
of
one
,
and
the
other
Signet
.
In
the
year
1588.
he
was
constituted
Vice
Legat
of
Bologna
.
Gregory
IV.
made
him
Auditor
of
the
Chamber
,
which
is
an
Office
that
requires
great
dexterity
,
and
experience
in
Affairs
.
Clement
VIII
.
created
him
Cardinal
with
the
title
of
St.
Chrusogono
,
and
afterwards
made
him
his
Vicar
,
which
is
one
of
the
four
principal
Dignities
of
Rome
.
In
this
manner
he
still
advanced
in
greatness
and
honour
,
until
he
came
to
the
height
of
the
Papal
Dignity
,
seeming
to
have
arisen
thereunto
rather
by
the
force
of
his
own
merits
,
and
Virtue
than
by
fortune
,
or
the
favour
and
recommendation
of
Friends
or
Patrons
.
On
the
29th
.
of
May
being
Whit-sunday
he
was
Crowned
with
all
the
usual
Ceremonies
;
and
then
he
bestowed
freely
his
general
Indulgences
,
exhorting
all
people
to
pray
for
the
encrease
of
God's
Church
,
the
tranquillity
and
peace
of
the
Christian
State
,
and
extirpation
of
Heresie
.
He
abated
,
or
took
off
some
of
the
Taxes
,
which
lay
most
heavy
on
the
People
,
moderated
the
price
of
Provisions
at
Rome
,
and
contrived
a
great
abundance
of
all
things
necessary
,
or
convenient
for
humane
life
.
And
to
give
some
indication
to
the
World
of
his
magnificence
,
and
generous
Mind
,
he
built
a
Chappel
in
the
Church
of
Santa
Maria
Maggiore
,
just
opposite
to
that
of
Sixtus
V.
which
he
enriched
,
and
adorned
with
Porphiry
,
and
Marble
,
and
endowed
afterwards
with
a
considerable
Revenue
.
Paul
V.
being
thus
setled
in
the
Papal
Chair
,
and
invested
with
all
the
Power
attendant
on
that
supreme
degree
,
made
it
the
scope
,
and
chief
end
of
all
his
designs
,
and
Counsel
to
scrue
up
the
Ecclesiastical
Authority
to
the
sublime
pitch
of
greatness
;
or
(
to
use
his
own
words
)
to
restore
it
to
that
State
from
which
his
Predecessours
,
and
particularly
Clement
VIII
.
had
by
their
remissness
,
or
want
of
care
suffered
it
to
elapse
,
and
decay
.
And
indeed
his
own
natural
disposition
,
and
the
course
of
his
life
seemed
to
have
fitted
him
for
such
a
work
as
this
;
for
having
been
educated
a
Lawyer
,
and
made
Auditor
of
the
Chamber
,
whose
title
is
,
Sententiarum
,
&
censurarum
intus
,
&
extra
latarum
universalis
Executor
,
he
made
such
use
of
his
Trade
,
that
all
the
Popes
his
Predecessours
,
for
above
fifty
years
before
,
had
not
thundered
out
so
many
Briefs
,
Monitories
,
and
Excommunications
,
as
he
had
done
,
in
the
space
onely
of
five
years
:
In
order
to
this
design
of
advancing
the
Ecclesiastical
Power
,
(
to
which
all
his
thoughts
were
applyed
)
he
constituted
a
new
Congregation
at
Rome
,
whose
business
it
was
to
contrive
ways
and
means
to
amplifie
,
and
enlarge
the
Authority
,
and
Dominion
of
the
Church
:
and
all
the
Nuntios
,
or
Ministers
which
he
sent
to
Christian
Princes
were
all
prepared
,
and
composed
of
the
same
humour
,
having
special
Instructions
to
cry
up
the
Vertue
and
sacred
force
of
the
Ecclesiastical
Authority
;
amongst
these
Champions
none
was
more
zealous
than
Oratio
Mathei
Bishop
of
Gierace
,
whom
the
Pope
had
made
his
Nuntio
at
Venice
;
where
one
day
making
a
Speech
before
the
Doge
and
Council
;
he
had
the
impertinence
,
or
rather
the
impudence
to
say
,
That
Alms-deeds
,
and
other
works
of
Charity
and
Piety
,
and
frequent
Communion
in
the
Holy
Sacrament
,
and
the
most
sublime
works
of
Christian
devotion
,
ad
nihilum
valent
,
were
all
nothing
,
unless
they
were
attended
with
respect
,
and
favour
to
the
Ecclesiastical
liberty
and
authority
.
To
which
he
added
:
That
the
Pope
had
commanded
him
to
persist
in
this
Opinion
to
the
death
,
and
accordingly
he
was
resolved
to
endure
martyrdom
,
rather
than
be
remiss
or
cold
in
advancement
of
the
Papal
Authority
.
And
these
words
he
delivered
with
such
arrogance
,
and
supercilious
affectation
,
that
he
seemed
to
say
,
I
am
Pope
in
this
place
,
and
expect
no
Reply
,
or
Contest
,
but
onely
Obedience
.
Howsoever
at
first
for
several
Months
this
design
was
not
prosecuted
with
such
heat
as
the
importance
of
the
matter
did
require
;
for
we
must
allow
some
abatement
,
and
allay
for
the
joy
,
and
satisfaction
which
the
Pope
would
take
within
himself
for
his
late
Atchievements
:
And
likewise
upon
farther
thoughts
,
he
judged
it
not
convenient
to
erect
the
Congregation
he
designed
;
for
that
it
would
be
a
means
to
lay
open
,
and
discover
his
contrivances
,
and
make
Princes
more
jealous
:
a
proof
whereof
was
given
by
the
Congregation
,
which
was
constituted
for
management
of
the
Affairs
of
England
;
which
served
onely
to
give
better
light
and
aim
to
King
James
than
reigning
,
and
to
render
him
more
watchful
,
and
observing
over
all
the
actions
,
and
designs
of
the
Papists
in
England
.
And
moreover
,
the
Pope
having
passed
some
few
days
of
joy
after
his
Inauguration
,
was
possessed
with
a
melancholly
caused
by
an
hypocondriacal
Fancy
,
that
he
should
speedily
depart
this
life
,
which
gave
some
retardment
for
a
while
to
the
heat
of
his
actions
:
and
indeed
the
ground
of
his
apprehension
proceeded
from
a
common
report
about
Rome
,
that
the
Image
of
the
Virgin
of
Subiaco
had
sweated
,
which
commonly
fore-runs
the
death
of
Popes
:
also
a
Dutch
Astrologer
had
predicted
,
that
Clement
VIII
.
should
die
in
March
,
and
that
after
him
Leo
,
and
Paul
should
succeed
,
and
both
Reign
for
a
short
time
.
The
thoughts
hereof
so
disturbed
,
and
perplexed
his
mind
,
that
for
the
space
of
five
Months
he
could
not
apply
himself
to
any
business
of
moment
;
until
in
the
Month
of
September
certain
of
his
Friends
being
desirous
to
cure
this
melancholly
assembled
all
the
Astrologers
,
and
Diviners
together
in
the
House
of
the
Pope's
Brothers
,
where
having
had
a
Consultation
,
they
all
concluded
,
that
there
had
been
certain
black
and
unhappy
Influences
which
threatned
the
life
of
the
Pope
,
but
being
now
past
and
blown
over
,
there
remained
nothing
but
chearful
,
and
auspitious
Omens
,
which
promised
long
life
,
and
happiness
,
and
great
successes
unto
him
.
Thus
being
relieved
of
his
Melancholly
,
his
thoughts
were
at
liberty
to
reassume
the
design
to
advance
the
Ecclesiastical
Jurisdiction
;
in
order
to
which
his
first
beginning
was
to
persuade
the
King
,
that
the
Council
of
Trent
might
be
received
in
France
.
In
Spain
he
laboured
to
gain
an
exemption
for
the
Jesuits
,
that
they
might
be
freed
from
payment
of
their
Tenths
.
At
Naples
he
endeavoured
to
have
had
the
Marquess
of
Morcone
called
the
Regent
of
Ponte
,
sent
to
Rome
,
for
condemning
a
Book-seller
to
the
Gallies
,
for
printing
libellous
Pamphlets
,
the
which
he
pretending
to
belong
to
the
Inquisition
,
was
an
encroachment
on
the
Ecclesiastical
Power
,
and
therefore
merited
the
Censure
,
and
punishment
of
the
Church
.
He
also
took
away
certain
Rents
,
and
Benefices
belonging
to
the
religious
Order
of
Malta
,
and
conferred
them
on
Cardinal
Borghese
,
who
was
his
Nephew
by
the
Sisters
side
,
called
Scipio
,
of
the
Family
of
Caffarelli
a
youth
of
twenty
three
years
of
age
.
But
these
,
and
other
matters
of
this
nature
made
no
great
noise
,
and
only
served
to
open
the
gate
or
way
to
particulars
of
greater
importance
,
the
which
soon
afterwards
happened
in
two
considerable
Instances
.
The
first
related
to
the
Republick
of
Luca
,
which
observing
that
many
of
their
Citizens
having
professed
the
Protestant
Religion
were
retired
from
their
Habitations
and
Country
,
had
in
the
times
of
former
Popes
forbidden
,
and
interdicted
them
from
all
Commerce
,
or
correspondence
with
their
fellow-Citizens
:
the
which
Act
though
well
approved
by
the
Pope
to
be
in
it self
both
pious
,
and
commendable
,
yet
he
pretended
,
that
such
Act
of
Interdiction
belonged
to
the
Ecclesiastical
,
and
not
to
the
Civil
Power
;
and
therefore
required
that
the
same
should
be
cancelled
,
and
made
void
,
that
so
place
,
and
room
might
be
opened
for
the
Censure
of
the
Church
.
The
second
related
to
the
City
of
Genoua
,
where
at
the
Jesuits
Colledg
an
Oratory
or
Chappel
was
set
up
for
Christian
exercises
,
and
here
the
Citizens
of
this
Congregation
agreed
amongst
themselves
to
favour
none
with
their
Votes
at
the
Election
of
Magistrates
,
but
such
as
were
entered
and
enrolled
in
this
Confraternity
.
This
resolution
being
made
known
to
the
Supreme
Rulers
of
the
City
,
they
immediately
dissolved
the
Congregation
,
not
knowing
what
might
be
the
ill
effects
and
consequences
of
such
Sedition
.
This
,
and
other
matters
of
like
nature
were
ill
resented
by
the
Pope
,
as
encroachments
on
the
Ecclesiastical
liberty
;
wherefore
he
commanded
that
such
Orders
be
reversed
,
and
if
not
,
then
he
threatned
them
with
Censures
,
and
Excommunications
.
But
the
Pope
began
to
deal
more
roundly
with
the
State
of
Venice
;
for
being
very
urgent
with
them
to
assist
the
Emperor
with
Money
towards
his
Wars
against
the
Turks
in
Hungary
,
he
exacted
it
in
such
a
manner
,
as
Kings
,
and
Emperors
require
contributions
from
their
Subjects
;
which
though
the
Venetians
could
not
digest
without
secret
resentments
,
yet
their
Answer
was
with
much
modesty
:
That
though
the
Senate
would
gladly
contribute
towards
a
War
against
the
Turk
,
yet
being
at
high
charge
,
and
expence
to
conserve
their
own
State
,
and
secure
themselves
against
those
fears
,
and
jealousies
which
were
given
them
by
their
Neighbours
,
they
could
not
apply
their
nerves
and
sinews
of
War
to
any
design
,
but
what
tended
to
their
own
security
at
home
.
This
Answer
seemed
very
strange
to
the
Pope
,
who
had
learned
from
the
doctrine
of
the
modern
Casuists
,
That
Popes
might
lay
any
Tax
or
Imposition
on
Christian
Princes
,
and
require
from
them
whatsoever
they
judged
for
the
common
good
,
and
welfare
of
Christendom
.
But
the
Pope
did
not
think
this
ground
to
have
sufficient
foundation
,
on
which
to
build
,
and
commence
a
quarrel
,
but
rather
on
the
matters
,
which
did
more
neerly
relate
to
the
Interest
of
the
Papal
Sea
.
It
was
not
long
before
an
occasion
of
this
nature
offered
it self
by
means
of
one
Scipio
Saraceno
a
Prebend
of
Vicenza
,
who
had
contemptuously
torn
off
,
and
broken
the
Seals
which
the
Magistrates
had
fixed
on
the
Episcopal
Chancery
,
during
the
vacancy
of
that
Office
:
and
likewise
finding
that
he
could
not
debauch
a
Lady
of
known
Vertue
,
whom
he
tempted
in
the
Churches
,
and
Streets
,
and
in
all
places
where
he
could
have
any
convenience
to
meet
her
;
he
became
so
enraged
with
lust
,
and
malice
,
that
he
besmeared
with
filthiness
and
tar
the
Gate
,
and
front
of
her
House
;
which
being
a
high
affront
,
and
disgrace
to
the
Lady
,
she
with
the
advice
of
her
Friends
cited
this
insolent
Prebend
before
the
Court
of
Justice
at
Venice
,
who
as
readily
and
willingly
appeared
,
being
encouraged
and
bolstred
up
by
the
Bishop
of
Citta
Nuova
,
a
person
of
great
esteem
in
Venice
,
and
one
who
was
Director
of
the
Affairs
of
all
the
Nuntios
and
Papal
Ministers
at
that
place
.
The
Nuntio
who
was
desirous
to
obtain
a
licentious
exemption
of
all
Priests
from
the
Secular
Power
,
embraced
the
cause
of
the
Prebendary
with
all
readiness
imaginable
,
and
immediately
dispatched
the
news
hereof
to
the
Pope
,
and
to
the
Bishop
of
Vicenza
,
who
was
then
at
Rome
;
where
after
divers
Consultations
,
it
was
resolved
as
an
essential
Point
relating
to
the
Ecclesiastical
liberty
,
that
the
Cause
of
the
Prebend
should
be
maintained
and
defended
:
and
therefore
the
Pope
who
was
glad
of
this
occasion
to
assert
the
Authority
and
Rites
of
the
Churches
,
stormed
,
and
raved
with
the
Venetian
Ambassadour
,
telling
him
,
that
he
would
not
endure
or
suffer
the
imprisonment
of
an
Ecclesiastical
Person
by
the
Precepts
of
a
Secular
Tribunal
;
nor
would
he
admit
that
a
Judg
of
temporal
matters
should
take
cognisance
of
any
Cause
,
wherein
a
Priest
,
or
Churchman
was
concerned
.
Of
all
which
,
the
Ambassadour
gave
advice
to
the
Senate
.
The
Pope
at
an
other
Audience
complained
to
the
said
Ambassadour
,
that
the
Senate
of
Venice
had
since
the
death
of
Clement
VIII
.
made
a
Statute
of
Mortmain
,
whereby
Lay-persons
were
forbidden
,
and
restrained
from
bequeathing
,
or
bestowing
their
Estates
on
the
Church
;
which
Statute
though
it
were
founded
on
an
old
Law
,
yet
the
new
one
was
more
restrictive
:
but
both
of
them
being
against
the
antient
Canons
,
Councils
,
and
Imperial
Laws
were
in
themselves
void
,
and
null
,
being
scandalous
,
and
impious
,
in
that
they
made
the
state
,
and
condition
of
Churchmen
worse
than
that
of
infamous
persons
;
and
therefore
those
who
made
these
Laws
did
incur
the
Censures
of
the
Church
:
in
the
like
terms
the
Nuntio
at
Venice
explained
the
mind
of
the
Pope
unto
the
Senate
:
and
when
the
Ambassadours
arrived
at
Rome
to
congratulate
the
Pope
for
his
exaltation
to
that
dignity
,
he
could
not
refrain
even
before
the
Ceremony
was
ended
,
to
make
his
resentments
,
and
complaints
of
those
Laws
made
in
derogation
of
the
Rites
,
and
immunities
belonging
to
the
Church
.
And
thus
we
have
laid
down
the
true
state
of
the
quarrel
between
the
Pope
,
and
the
Venetians
:
to
which
we
shall
add
a
third
Point
,
namely
a
Law
made
at
Venice
in
the
year
1603.
prohibiting
the
building
of
Churches
without
consent
,
and
license
for
it
obtained
from
the
Senate
;
which
the
Pope
termed
a
piece
of
Heresie
.
These
being
the
three
Points
in
Controversie
,
the
Senate
for
answer
thereunto
commanded
their
Ambassadour
to
represent
in
their
name
unto
his
Holiness
;
That
the
just
Right
,
and
Title
they
had
to
judg
Ecclesiastical
Persons
in
Secular
Causes
was
founded
in
the
natural
Power
of
the
Supreme
Prince
,
and
confirmed
by
an
uninterrupted
course
of
a
thousand
years
,
the
which
may
be
proved
by
the
Pontifical
Briefs
extant
in
their
publick
Archives
,
or
Records
.
That
the
Law
of
Mort-main
,
or
Statute
restraining
Laymen
from
alienation
of
their
Estates
to
the
Church
,
was
not
onely
enacted
at
Venice
or
peculiar
to
the
Cities
under
that
Metropolis
,
but
exercised
in
other
Christian
Kingdoms
,
and
States
;
and
that
this
Law
was
more
conducing
to
the
welfare
of
Venice
,
than
to
any
other
people
;
being
that
which
could
onely
conserve
its
Forces
entire
against
the
common
Enemy
of
Christendom
,
which
would
otherwise
be
enfeebled
by
those
daily
Legacies
,
and
Endowments
which
were
bequeathed
,
and
conferred
on
the
Church
.
The
Pope
was
so
netled
with
this
way
of
reasoning
,
that
he
sat
all
the
time
uneasie
in
his
Seat
,
shrugging
his
shoulders
,
and
turning
his
head
which
intimated
the
unquietness
of
his
mind
.
At
length
he
replyed
:
That
those
arguments
were
invalid
,
and
of
no
force
:
for
that
there
was
no
foundation
to
be
made
on
the
accustomed
course
of
their
Judicature
,
which
was
so
much
the
worse
,
by
how
much
more
they
pretended
Antiquity
.
And
as
to
the
Briefs
,
there
was
no
authentick
Register
or
Record
of
them
,
but
what
was
found
at
Rome
,
and
that
the
others
were
forged
Copies
,
and
cheats
imposed
on
the
Clergy
.
And
as
to
their
Acts
,
and
Ordinances
,
he
was
so
well
acquainted
,
and
versed
in
them
,
since
the
time
of
his
youthful
Studies
;
and
that
having
passed
the
Offices
of
Vice-Legat
,
Auditor
of
the
Chamber
,
and
Vicar
of
the
Pope
,
he
was
sufficiently
assured
,
that
that
Law
could
not
stand
,
and
that
the
old
Act
made
in
the
year
1536.
which
takes
from
the
Laiety
a
power
of
disposing
of
their
own
private
Estates
,
was
in
it self
void
,
and
of
no
force
,
and
a
tyrannical
imposition
on
the
Subject
.
That
the
Senate
themselves
were
so
sensible
of
this
injurious
Law
,
that
they
were
ashamed
to
issue
forth
any
Copies
of
it
:
and
if
in
case
a
Law
of
this
nature
,
were
found
in
any
other
Country
,
it
was
established
by
the
Authority
and
with
the
concurrence
of
the
Popes
;
and
then
he
concluded
,
that
he
was
resolved
not
to
make
a
long
work
of
it
,
for
that
in
case
he
were
not
obeyed
,
he
would
make
use
of
such
Remedies
as
he
thought
convenient
,
being
so
positive
in
this
matter
,
and
zealous
for
the
Church
,
that
he
was
ready
to
spill
his
blood
in
this
righteous
Cause
,
and
in
the
defence
thereof
;
That
in
case
it
were
necessary
to
give
a
stop
to
the
alienation
of
Lands
,
or
a
restraint
of
building
Churches
,
he
would
always
have
been
ready
to
have
followed
the
sentiments
of
the
State
,
and
to
have
concurred
in
just
causes
with
the
desires
of
the
Secular
Council
:
but
as
to
the
point
of
drawing
the
Clergy
to
the
Secular
Tribunals
he
would
never
admit
,
that
such
as
were
his
Subjects
,
should
be
liable
to
the
sentence
of
an
other
Jurisdiction
;
this
in
fine
was
his
resolution
on
the
three
foregoing
Cases
,
in
which
he
was
resolved
to
be
obeyed
,
and
make
use
of
that
Power
which
God
had
given
him
over
all
things
,
and
over
all
Princes
to
depose
them
,
and
could
command
Legions
of
Angels
to
come
to
his
aid
and
assistance
.
The
Senate
having
received
these
Informations
from
their
Ambassadour
did
well
weigh
,
and
consider
the
anger
,
and
furious
displeasure
of
the
Pope
on
the
one
side
,
and
the
publick
liberty
,
and
the
necessity
of
upholding
their
Government
on
the
other
:
and
having
put
both
these
considerations
into
the
balance
,
they
returned
this
answer
to
the
Pope's
Nuntio
,
and
wrote
also
to
their
Ambassadour
at
Rome
to
this
effect
.
That
they
could
neither
release
the
Prisoners
lawfully
arrested
,
nor
repeal
,
or
dispence
with
those
Laws
which
were
justly
established
,
lest
they
should
violate
that
natural
liberty
which
God
had
bestowed
on
their
Republick
,
and
which
had
been
conserved
for
many
hundreds
of
years
by
the
wisdom
,
and
with
the
blood
of
their
Ancestours
.
For
that
to
admit
such
a
breach
into
their
Power
,
would
breed
such
confusion
in
their
Government
,
as
could
not
but
end
in
a
dangerous
Sedition
.
The
which
resolution
was
so
unanimous
,
and
general
that
not
one
Vote
in
the
Senate
was
dissenting
,
and
accordingly
it
was
signified
to
the
Nuntio
,
that
so
they
might
disabuse
and
take
off
the
Pope
from
those
expectations
,
which
the
Jesuits
had
promised
,
of
making
a
division
,
and
Schism
amongst
the
Senators
.
But
these
reasons
made
little
impression
in
the
mind
of
the
Pope
,
or
did
in
the
least
move
him
from
prosecuting
the
violent
course
he
designed
,
and
accordingly
he
ordered
two
Briefs
to
be
drawn
up
;
one
relating
to
the
two
Laws
,
and
the
other
to
the
two
Prisoners
;
for
besides
the
Canon
or
Prebend
whom
we
have
formerly
mentioned
,
the
Abbot
of
Nervesa
was
also
apprehended
by
the
Secular
Justice
.
The
Crimes
laid
to
the
charge
of
this
Abbot
were
such
as
were
flagitious
,
and
of
a
high
nature
,
being
accused
of
having
exercised
an
unlimited
tyranny
upon
his
Neighbours
,
and
Tenants
;
that
he
had
robbed
,
and
taken
away
their
goods
at
the
prices
he
was
pleased
to
set
;
that
he
lived
in
Whoredom
,
and
committed
Rapes
on
the
Bodies
of
vertuous
and
chast
Women
;
and
that
in
order
thereunto
he
used
Magical
Spells
,
and
Enchantments
,
and
compounded
subtle
Poisons
,
by
which
he
had
destroyed
his
own
Brother
who
was
an
Augustine
Frier
,
and
with
him
his
Servant
;
that
by
his
Poisons
he
had
macerated
the
Body
of
his
Father
in
such
manner
,
as
had
reduced
him
to
the
last
extremity
of
life
.
That
he
had
committed
Incest
with
his
own
Sister
,
and
poisoned
her
Maid
,
lest
his
Crime
should
be
detected
by
her
;
besides
many
other
Murthers
,
and
wickedness
of
the
deepest
dye
of
which
he
was
guilty
:
and
this
was
the
pretious
Fellow
,
with
his
Comrade
the
Canon
of
Vicenza
whom
the
Pope
was
so
instant
to
defend
and
exempt
from
the
Sentence
of
the
Secular
Justice
.
The
Breviates
(
as
we
have
said
)
being
wrote
,
and
Sealed
were
directed
in
this
manner
,
Marino
Grimano
Duci
,
&
Reipub.
Venetorum
,
and
then
dispeeded
with
all
secrecy
by
the
Pope
to
his
Nuntio
at
Venice
:
which
when
he
had
done
he
called
a
Consistory
of
Cardinals
,
and
then
first
published
,
and
made
known
the
whole
matter
to
them
,
enlarging
himself
with
such
heat
,
and
vehemence
on
every
particular
Point
,
as
that
he
seemed
impatient
of
any
contradiction
,
not
admitting
any
debate
,
or
consultation
thereupon
.
The
Cardinals
not
being
used
to
this
manner
of
treatment
,
who
according
to
the
antient
constitution
of
Consistories
were
not
only
reputed
Counsellours
,
but
Parties
also
in
all
matters
of
this
moment
,
did
murmure
at
this
rash
and
precipitate
resolution
of
the
Pope
:
and
having
understood
the
reasons
of
the
Pope
on
the
one
side
,
and
of
the
Republick
on
the
other
,
were
divided
into
various
Opinions
:
The
Consistory
being
ended
,
the
Cardinals
Baronius
,
and
Perron
used
many
arguments
in
private
to
the
Pope
persuading
him
to
desist
from
so
difficult
and
hazardous
an
Enterprise
;
at
least
that
he
should
expect
a
more
favourable
conjuncture
of
Affairs
,
rather
than
adventure
all
by
a
hasty
and
inconsiderate
advice
:
but
the
Pope
who
was
fixed
on
his
Design
became
deaf
to
all
Counsels
which
concurred
not
with
his
sense
.
The
Nuntio
having
received
the
Briefs
,
delivered
them
on
Christmas
day
in
the
Morning
to
the
Counsellours
at
the
time
when
they
were
assembled
,
to
hear
the
high
Mass
;
but
the
Doge
Grimani
lying
at
that
time
on
his
Death-bed
,
and
dying
the
next
day
,
the
Senate
delayed
to
open
the
Briefs
,
until
according
to
their
usual
Methods
,
they
had
compleated
the
election
of
a
new
Prince
.
Of
which
the
Pope
having
advice
he
immediately
dispatched
Orders
to
his
Nuntio
,
commanding
him
to
protest
against
the
Republick
,
and
against
their
Election
,
as
being
void
,
and
invalid
,
and
of
no
power
,
whilest
they
remained
under
the
Censure
of
Excommunication
:
with
this
new
device
the
Pope
expected
to
make
a
division
,
and
a
confusion
in
their
Councils
;
for
he
measuring
the
constitutions
of
Venice
at
the
death
of
their
Prince
with
those
at
Rome
during
the
vacancy
of
the
Sea
,
did
imagine
that
such
a
Bone
as
this
thrown
into
so
numerous
an
Assembly
would
beget
great
disturbances
,
and
diversity
of
Opinions
;
but
this
Government
which
hath
always
been
firm
,
and
constant
,
and
which
admitted
of
no
Interregnum
kept
constant
to
their
antient
Principles
,
refusing
to
give
Audience
to
the
Nuntio
or
any
other
forein
Representative
,
unless
it
were
to
pass
the
Offices
of
Condolance
for
the
death
of
the
Prince
.
Thus
(
as
we
say
)
this
Election
admitting
of
no
interruption
,
the
same
was
compleated
on
the
10th
.
of
January
1606.
An.
1606.
by
the
unanimous
consent
of
the
Nobles
concurring
in
the
choice
of
Leonard
Donato
a
Senatour
of
great
eminence
,
and
esteem
for
the
probity
of
his
life
,
his
experience
in
Government
,
and
knowledg
in
Learning
:
besides
his
heroick
Vertues
,
and
qualities
which
recommended
him
to
all
mankind
.
After
this
Election
all
the
Ambassadours
from
forein
Princes
went
to
congratulate
with
the
new
Doge
;
onely
the
Pope's
Nuntio
refrained
from
this
Office
;
notwithstanding
which
the
Doge
according
to
the
usual
form
wrote
to
the
Pope
giving
him
advice
of
his
Election
;
to
which
the
Pope
contrary
to
his
former
intentions
returned
a
favourable
answer
,
giving
his
Nuntio
Order
to
pass
the
Complement
,
and
in
person
to
congratulate
with
the
Doge
for
the
honour
with
which
he
was
invested
.
The
first
thing
which
after
the
election
of
the
Prince
was
transacted
in
the
Senate
,
was
the
Controversie
between
the
Pope
,
and
the
Republick
;
and
in
the
first
place
the
Cavalier
Peter
Duodo
was
appointed
Ambassadour
to
be
dispeeded
to
Rome
,
Then
the
Pope's
Briefs
were
in
the
next
place
to
he
considered
:
the
which
being
opened
,
and
read
,
were
found
to
run
almost
in
the
same
stile
,
and
tenure
;
one
having
reference
to
the
Laws
,
and
the
other
to
the
Prisoners
,
the
Contents
whereof
were
as
followeth
.
That
whereas
for
some
years
past
the
Senate
had
in
their
publick
Councils
,
transacted
,
and
established
several
matters
against
the
Liberties
and
Immunities
of
the
Church
,
and
against
the
Canons
,
Councils
,
and
Pontifical
Constitutions
:
And
whereas
the
Council
of
the
Pragadi
in
pursuance
of
such
Laws
made
by
their
Predecessours
,
had
in
the
year
1603.
Ordered
,
and
enacted
,
That
no
Churches
,
or
religious
Houses
should
be
built
,
or
erected
without
license
first
obtained
from
the
Senate
:
And
whereas
such
Laws
being
in
themselves
void
,
ought
to
have
been
repealed
,
and
cancelled
;
the
said
Council
did
not
onely
confirm
but
enlarge
the
same
,
making
those
Laws
which
were
once
restrained
,
and
limited
to
the
City
of
Venice
onely
,
to
reach
,
and
extend
to
all
parts
and
places
subjected
to
that
Dominion
,
under
severe
forfeitures
,
and
penalties
to
the
Offenders
;
as
if
both
Churches
,
and
Ecclesiastial
persons
were
subjected
to
the
temporal
Jurisdiction
,
and
as
if
it
were
a
capital
crime
,
nnd
wickedness
to
build
a
Church
.
And
whereas
in
pursuance
of
an
other
Law
made
in
the
year
1536.
whereby
a
Statute
of
Mortmain
was
made
,
and
penalties
laid
on
such
,
who
should
without
license
obtained
from
the
Senate
alienate
the
Lands
of
Lay-persons
and
bestow
them
to
pious
uses
;
which
Law
,
as
it
ought
to
have
been
repealed
,
so
on
the
contrary
in
the
Month
of
March
last
past
the
Senate
did
not
onely
confirm
the
same
,
but
did
likewise
enlarge
,
and
extend
the
power
thereof
to
all
parts
within
their
Dominions
:
as
if
that
Signory
which
is
but
a
temporal
power
had
Authority
with
consent
,
or
concurrence
of
the
Pope
to
dispose
of
Ecclesiastical
Estates
,
Goods
,
or
Revenues
,
though
left
by
pious
,
and
faithful
Believers
as
an
Offering
for
sin
,
and
as
an
ease
to
their
burdened
Consciences
.
The
which
things
being
damnable
,
scandalous
,
and
contrary
to
the
Ecclesiastical
liberty
are
null
,
and
void
in
themselves
,
and
from
the
observance
of
which
,
all
persons
are
disobliged
.
And
it
is
hereby
farther
declared
,
that
those
who
have
been
contrivers
,
or
Legislators
of
these
or
the
like
Statutes
,
have
incurred
the
censure
of
the
Church
,
and
a
forfeiture
of
all
those
Lands
which
they
hold
of
the
Church
,
and
their
States
,
and
Dominions
are
also
liable
to
other
punishments
.
So
that
unless
every
thing
be
restored
to
its
pristine
State
,
perseverance
in
the
same
will
be
an
aggravation
of
the
crime
,
for
which
no
absolution
can
be
given
,
but
on
terms
of
restauration
of
all
matters
to
their
original
condition
.
Wherefore
being
exalted
on
our
supreme
Throne
,
on
which
we
cannot
nor
ought
to
dissemble
any
matters
,
We
admonish
you
to
consider
the
danger
of
your
Souls
,
for
which
this
Republick
is
obliged
to
provide
:
for
we
command
under
pain
of
Excommunication
that
the
aforesaid
Laws
,
whether
antient
,
or
modern
be
revoked
and
cancelled
,
and
that
the
same
be
published
in
all
parts
of
your
Dominions
;
and
in
case
you
refuse
to
perform
the
same
,
We
shall
then
be
forced
to
proceed
to
the
execution
of
this
Our
Sentence
,
so
soon
,
as
we
have
understood
the
presentation
of
these
Our
Letters
,
from
the
report
of
Our
Nuntio
;
and
afterwards
you
are
not
to
expect
any
other
citation
,
or
process
from
us
:
for
we
are
unwilling
,
that
God
should
in
the
last
day
of
Judgment
demand
an
account
of
this
matter
,
and
condemn
us
for
want
of
performance
of
Our
duty
in
this
case
.
Wherefore
we
,
whose
end
,
and
design
it
is
to
govern
the
Christian
State
in
peace
,
and
righteousness
,
cannot
dissemble
in
cases
,
where
the
Apostolical
Sea
is
offended
,
the
Ecclesiastical
liberty
trampled
under
foot
,
the
Canons
neglected
,
the
Rites
of
the
Church
and
the
priviledges
of
the
Clergy
violated
,
which
is
the
sum
of
this
Our
accusation
against
you
.
And
We
do
farther
make
known
unto
you
,
that
we
are
not
moved
to
pass
this
Our
Censure
out
of
any
worldly
respect
,
having
onely
an
ambition
of
zeal
to
exercise
our
Apostolical
Government
as
far
as
we
are
able
,
in
its
due
perfection
.
And
as
we
would
not
intrench
on
the
temporal
Authority
,
so
neither
will
we
permit
that
the
Ecclesiastical
should
be
infringed
.
But
in
case
the
Republick
would
be
obedient
to
these
Our
Commands
,
they
would
free
Vs
from
great
troubles
,
and
anguish
of
mind
which
we
sustain
for
their
sakes
:
And
they
also
may
conserve
the
Lands
which
they
hold
from
the
Church
:
nor
can
this
Republick
defend
themselves
from
the
force
,
and
violence
of
Infidels
by
any
better
,
and
prevailing
means
,
than
by
doing
right
,
and
justice
to
the
Clergy
,
who
day
and
night
watch
over
them
,
and
pray
unto
God
for
this
Republick
.
The
Senate
having
read
,
and
considered
these
Briefs
,
thought
fit
to
confer
,
and
consult
with
the
most
judicious
,
and
able
Lawyers
of
their
age
,
such
as
Antonio
Pellegrini
,
and
Erasmus
Gratiani
,
together
with
Father
Paul
of
the
Order
of
the
Servi
a
person
profoundly
learned
in
Theology
,
and
the
Canons
of
the
Church
:
unto
these
three
,
they
added
several
other
learned
Men
,
eminent
for
wisdom
and
piety
of
Life
,
not
Subjects
onely
to
the
State
of
Venice
,
but
belonging
to
other
parts
of
Italy
,
namely
Menocchio
President
of
Milan
,
and
others
;
in
consideration
of
which
case
,
they
perused
,
and
search'd
the
Books
,
and
Writings
of
the
most
famous
Doctors
of
France
and
Spain
:
and
according
to
the
Opinion
,
and
sence
of
all
those
learned
Men
in
the
Law
,
the
Controversie
between
the
Pope
,
and
the
Republick
did
relate
wholly
to
temporal
matters
,
unto
which
the
Papal
Authority
did
not
extend
;
and
that
the
Republick
might
in
such
cases
order
,
and
determine
according
to
the
nature
,
and
exigency
of
their
Affairs
:
and
in
farther
proof
and
testimony
hereof
,
many
Laws
were
cited
,
which
had
been
enacted
in
other
Christian
Countries
,
and
Dominions
,
of
the
same
substance
,
and
tenure
with
these
.
And
in
this
manner
the
Senate
having
received
and
understood
the
Opinion
,
and
report
of
their
Doctors
returned
their
answer
unto
the
Pope
to
this
effect
,
dated
the
28th
.
of
January
.
An.
1606.
With
much
astonishment
and
trouble
of
mind
this
Republick
hath
been
informed
by
Letters
from
your
Holiness
,
that
those
Laws
which
for
some
ages
have
been
observed
with
much
benefit
to
this
Republick
,
and
never
questioned
by
your
Predecessors
,
should
now
be
reprehended
,
and
repealed
by
the
Authority
of
the
Apostolical
Sea
,
the
which
Laws
are
so
sound
,
and
safe
for
us
,
that
the
alteration
of
them
would
shake
the
very
foundation
of
this
Government
;
And
we
are
troubled
to
think
that
those
Persons
who
were
of
excellent
piety
,
and
vertue
,
that
made
and
established
these
Laws
,
and
who
are
now
in
Heaven
,
should
be
termed
,
and
branded
as
violators
of
the
Ecclesiastical
liberty
.
And
now
according
to
the
desire
of
your
Holiness
,
we
have
caused
all
our
Laws
,
both
antient
and
modern
relating
to
the
points
in
Controversie
to
be
reviewed
,
and
examined
;
and
we
find
nothing
which
hath
been
established
by
the
Power
of
the
Supreme
Prince
,
in
the
least
derogatory
to
the
Papal
Authority
:
it
being
apparent
,
that
it
is
the
duty
of
the
Secular
Magistrate
to
inspect
and
consider
what
kind
of
Companies
are
fit
to
be
admitted
into
the
City
;
what
Edifices
are
fit
to
be
erected
,
and
what
are
not
,
and
what
may
in
time
prove
hurtful
to
the
publick
safety
:
for
in
regard
the
Dominion
of
Venice
doth
abound
with
Churches
,
and
religious
Houses
,
as
much
as
any
other
part
,
and
that
when
it
was
convenient
to
erect
more
,
a
license
to
build
was
not
onely
granted
,
but
contributions
made
thereunto
by
the
publick
liberality
,
and
munificence
;
so
when
it
was
necessary
to
set
bounds
and
limits
thereunto
,
this
Senate
made
use
of
their
own
Power
alone
without
any
diminution
to
the
Canons
of
the
Church
.
And
whereas
the
Pope
hath
a
Power
to
restrain
the
Clergy
from
alienating
their
Lands
,
and
Estates
to
the
Laiety
without
his
consent
,
and
dispensation
,
so
also
hath
the
temporal
Prince
the
like
Authority
to
forbid
and
inhibit
all
Lay-persons
from
making
alienation
of
their
Estates
unto
the
Church
.
Nor
do
Ecclesiastical
persons
lose
any
thing
by
this
restriction
,
but
rather
procure
a
benefit
;
for
when
the
temporal
Power
is
weakned
by
such
alienation
,
this
State
which
is
the
Bulwark
of
Christendom
,
will
not
be
able
to
withstand
the
common
Enemy
,
nor
afford
due
protection
either
to
the
Clergy
,
or
Laiety
.
And
therefore
the
Senate
doth
not
believe
,
that
they
have
incurred
the
Ecclesiastical
Censure
,
considering
that
Secular
Princes
have
received
that
Power
from
God
of
making
Laws
,
which
no
other
humane
Authority
is
able
to
take
from
them
:
and
much
less
have
the
Briefs
of
your
Holiness
any
place
,
or
prevalence
in
matters
purely
temporal
,
which
are
clearly
distinct
from
those
which
are
spiritual
,
to
which
the
Papal
Power
doth
singly
extend
.
Nor
can
this
Senate
imagine
,
that
your
Holiness
,
who
is
full
of
Piety
,
and
Religion
,
will
persist
in
these
your
Comminations
,
until
the
cause
hath
first
been
fully
examined
,
and
discussed
.
And
thus
much
they
thought
fit
in
short
to
make
known
unto
your
Holiness
,
referring
all
things
to
be
treated
and
explained
more
at
large
by
their
Ambassadour
Extraordinary
.
These
Letters
of
the
Senate
being
arrived
at
Rome
were
presented
to
the
Pope
by
the
hands
of
the
Ambassadour
,
who
immediately
opened
,
and
read
them
;
but
the
Contents
so
little
pleased
him
,
that
he
was
angry
,
and
froward
all
the
time
that
they
were
in
reading
:
and
in
fine
,
he
told
the
Ambassadour
,
that
those
Letters
were
no
Answer
to
his
Admonitory
Briefs
,
that
the
Answer
was
frivolous
and
insignificant
;
that
the
matter
was
clear
and
evident
on
his
side
,
and
that
therefore
he
was
resolved
to
proceed
unto
Sentence
:
that
the
Senate
must
resolve
to
submit
,
and
obey
,
for
his
cause
was
the
cause
of
God
.
Et
Portae
Inferi
non
praevalebunt
adversus
eam
.
If
the
Monks
of
Padoua
had
purchased
more
Lands
than
were
requisite
,
or
consistent
with
the
welfare
of
the
State
,
upon
address
made
to
him
he
could
have
applyed
a
Remedy
,
but
the
Senate
proceeding
in
another
manner
were
Tyrants
,
Usurpers
,
and
Men
of
Principles
different
from
their
Ancestours
:
wherefore
he
exhorted
them
not
to
deceive
themselves
with
the
thoughts
of
protracting
the
time
,
in
hopes
of
deciding
the
Dispute
by
his
death
,
for
that
in
case
he
received
not
satisfaction
therein
,
in
the
space
of
fifteen
days
he
would
then
proceed
to
execution
of
his
Sentence
.
The
fifteen
days
were
scarce
expired
when
the
Ambassadour
Nani
acquainted
the
Pope
that
Duodo
was
dispatched
from
Venice
in
quality
of
Ambassadour
Extraordinary
to
inform
his
Holiness
more
amply
of
all
matters
;
to
which
the
Pope
replied
,
that
there
was
no
need
of
farther
expostulations
,
the
matter
was
clear
,
and
he
would
be
obeyed
.
But
notwithstanding
the
Pope's
hast
time
was
protracted
till
towards
the
end
of
March
,
when
Duodo
the
Ambassadour
Extraordinary
arrived
at
Rome
;
to
whom
the
Pope
would
not
have
patience
to
grant
all
the
methods
of
Complements
,
but
immediately
at
his
arrival
admitted
him
to
Audience
;
when
the
Ambassadour
largely
discoursing
on
every
point
in
Controversie
,
concluded
that
the
Senate
could
not
yield
to
the
Demands
of
his
Holiness
,
without
betraying
that
Power
which
God
had
put
into
their
hands
.
But
the
Pope
making
no
reply
to
the
Arguments
in
particular
,
adhered
close
to
the
Conclusion
,
that
Ecclesiastical
persons
were
exempted
Jure
Divino
from
the
Secular
Dominion
,
that
he
had
heard
enough
from
Nani
of
this
kind
of
reasoning
,
that
the
Cause
was
God's
,
and
must
prevail
.
This
resolution
of
the
Pope
being
made
known
at
Venice
,
the
Senate
thought
fit
to
communicate
these
their
differences
to
the
Ministers
of
forein
Princes
,
desiring
their
Opinions
on
those
Points
.
From
which
the
Spanish
Ambassadour
excused
him
,
not
desiring
to
concern
his
Master
in
those
matters
,
which
might
yield
the
least
displeasure
to
the
Pope
;
but
the
Imperial
,
and
French
Ambassadours
were
much
more
frank
and
open
in
their
Opinions
;
for
the
first
did
allow
and
approve
the
reasons
of
the
Senate
,
alledging
the
Customs
of
his
own
Country
the
French
Comte
,
where
the
same
things
were
practised
,
and
Monsieur
de
Fresnes
the
French
Ambassadour
declared
,
that
he
could
not
understand
those
Papal
Laws
which
deny
unto
Princes
the
Government
of
their
own
State
,
and
therefore
the
Republick
was
much
to
be
commended
for
preferring
their
liberty
before
any
other
respect
.
At
Rome
the
Cardinals
of
Verona
,
and
Vicenza
used
all
the
Interest
,
and
persuasions
they
were
able
to
induce
the
Pope
to
defer
the
promulgation
of
his
Sentence
for
some
time
;
putting
him
in
mind
,
that
the
Spiritual
Arms
were
not
to
be
exercised
,
but
in
cases
where
they
were
sure
to
prevail
;
Then
said
the
Pope
,
I
shall
make
use
of
the
Temporal
:
and
in
the
mean
time
to
manifest
to
the
World
my
patience
,
and
tenderness
towards
them
,
I
shall
grant
them
the
term
of
twenty
four
days
to
consider
,
and
repent
:
and
accordingly
having
formed
and
printed
his
Monitory
on
the
17th
.
of
April
,
he
caused
it
to
be
read
and
published
in
the
Consistory
.
After
which
he
added
,
That
he
had
greatly
studied
this
Point
,
and
having
consulted
with
the
most
famous
Canonists
,
the
general
Opinion
of
them
all
,
was
,
that
the
Republick
acted
contrary
to
the
Authority
of
the
Apostolick
Sea
,
and
against
the
liberties
,
and
immunities
of
the
Church
;
alledging
in
his
favour
the
Council
of
Simmaco
,
and
of
Lions
under
Pope
Gregory
,
with
other
Decrees
made
by
the
Councils
of
Constance
and
Basil
:
and
that
the
same
was
so
declared
in
the
case
against
Henry
II.
against
the
Kings
of
Castile
,
and
other
Kings
;
and
caused
a
Constitution
made
by
Innocent
III.
to
be
read
;
and
to
proceed
the
more
regularly
in
this
important
matter
,
the
Votes
of
the
Cardinals
were
distinctly
required
:
the
number
of
Cardinals
then
present
in
the
Consistory
were
forty
one
,
all
which
did
either
in
few
words
assent
,
or
more
at
large
produce
the
Authority
of
the
Canonists
in
confirmation
of
the
Pope's
reasons
.
And
indeed
little
less
than
this
free
concurrence
could
be
expected
from
them
:
for
though
some
few
out
of
a
zeal
towards
the
Ecclesiastical
liberty
,
might
really
be
possessed
with
this
Opinion
;
yet
the
generality
were
guided
by
other
Principles
;
some
perhaps
were
unwilling
to
displease
the
Pope
in
expectation
of
preferments
of
themselves
,
or
Friends
;
others
had
a
prospect
of
arising
to
the
Popedom
,
and
for
that
cause
were
willing
to
exalt
its
Power
:
every
one
had
some
consideration
or
other
for
his
own
benefit
,
but
not
such
consideration
as
was
required
in
study
of
the
case
,
or
to
find
out
the
truth
of
the
matter
under
debate
.
For
Popes
in
the
Consistory
are
always
sure
to
find
the
Cardinals
pliant
,
and
ready
to
yield
assent
unto
whatsoever
they
propose
,
that
is
Assentiri
in
Assentari
.
The
Consistory
being
risen
the
Monitory
was
affixed
in
all
the
publick
places
of
Rome
;
of
which
a
multitude
of
Copies
both
in
Latin
,
and
Italian
were
printed
,
and
dispatched
into
all
the
Cities
of
Italy
,
especially
into
the
Dominions
of
Venice
,
and
dispersed
into
all
parts
by
the
Jesuits
accompanied
with
seditious
Letters
,
and
Pamphlets
derogatory
to
the
honour
of
the
Republick
.
The
Monitory
was
directed
to
the
Patriarchs
,
Arch-bishops
,
Bishops
,
Vicars
,
and
all
Ecclesiastics
either
Secular
,
or
Regular
,
who
held
any
Dignities
,
and
preferments
of
the
Church
within
the
Dominion
of
Venice
,
and
therein
it
was
exposed
.
That
whereas
some
Months
past
he
was
given
to
understand
,
(
that
is
the
Pope
)
how
that
the
Doge
,
and
Senate
of
Venice
,
had
for
many
years
past
made
several
Decrees
in
prejudice
of
the
Apostolical
Sea
,
and
priviledges
of
the
Church
,
notwithstanding
that
the
same
were
repugnant
to
the
General
Councils
,
and
to
the
antient
Canons
,
and
Constitutions
of
the
Popes
of
Rome
:
and
now
more
lately
a
Law
was
made
in
the
year
1602.
whereby
Ecclesiastical
persons
are
incapacitated
to
appropriate
to
themselves
any
Lands
,
or
Estates
.
Secondly
,
He
mentioned
the
Law
made
in
the
year
1603.
which
restrains
,
and
prohibits
the
erecting
or
building
any
Churches
,
or
religious
Houses
without
the
leave
or
license
of
the
Senate
.
Thirdly
,
He
mentioned
the
Law
in
1605.
which
extends
these
Laws
over
all
the
Dominions
of
the
Republick
which
formerly
were
terminated
to
the
City
of
Venice
onely
;
and
lastly
,
the
imprisonment
of
the
Canon
of
Vicenza
,
and
the
Abbot
of
Nervesa
:
by
which
particular
offences
the
Ecclesiastical
liberty
being
infringed
,
the
Doge
,
and
Senate
of
Venice
have
to
the
danger
of
their
own
Souls
and
scandal
of
the
World
incurred
the
Ecclesiastical
Censures
to
the
forfeiture
of
their
Lands
,
and
Jurisdiction
,
from
which
they
cannot
be
absolved
but
by
the
Pope
himself
,
who
being
satisfied
with
their
repentance
,
demonstrated
by
a
repeal
of
those
Laws
,
and
restauration
of
all
things
to
their
pristine
condition
,
hath
the
sole
power
to
receive
them
again
into
the
bosom
of
the
Church
.
And
whereas
the
Doge
,
and
Senate
after
many
fatherly
Admonitions
,
have
not
repealed
those
Laws
,
nor
released
the
Prisoners
,
he
could
in
no
wise
suffer
,
that
the
liberties
and
immunities
of
the
Church
,
and
the
Authority
of
the
Apostolical
Sea
should
be
violated
,
and
infringed
:
And
though
those
Laws
are
in
themselves
void
and
of
none
effect
,
yet
by
the
example
of
ten
Popes
and
more
his
Predecessours
in
confirmation
hereof
,
and
by
and
with
the
consent
,
and
counsel
of
the
Cardinals
(
with
whom
he
had
advised
hereupon
)
he
doth
farther
declare
those
Laws
to
be
null
,
and
cancelled
:
and
doth
farther
declare
,
and
denounce
Excommunication
against
the
Doge
,
and
Senate
in
general
,
in
such
manner
,
as
if
they
had
been
particularly
named
,
and
against
their
Successours
,
Councellours
,
Adherents
,
and
Abettors
,
in
case
the
said
Doge
and
Senate
shall
not
within
the
space
of
twenty
four
days
after
the
publication
hereof
,
(
assigning
eight
days
for
each
term
of
Admonition
)
repeal
,
cancel
,
and
make
void
the
aforesaid
Decrees
,
with
all
Writs
,
and
Orders
proceeding
thereupon
:
and
without
farther
delay
or
Excuse
,
shall
not
restore
all
things
to
their
former
,
and
original
condition
,
with
promise
never
to
do
,
or
perform
the
like
again
;
And
shall
not
consign
into
the
hands
of
his
Nuntio
both
the
Canon
,
and
the
Abbot
,
giving
advice
,
and
notice
of
all
unto
the
Pope
himself
:
and
for
default
thereof
the
Excommunication
to
remain
in
force
,
from
whence
no
Absolution
can
be
granted
,
but
by
the
Pope
himself
,
unless
at
the
point
of
death
:
from
which
State
in
case
the
person
so
absolved
shall
recover
,
and
still
continue
,
and
persist
in
the
same
obstinacy
,
he
shall
again
be
liable
to
the
same
Excommunication
as
before
;
and
in
case
he
die
his
body
notwithstanding
shall
not
be
interred
in
any
consecrated
place
,
until
obedience
be
yielded
unto
these
Commands
by
all
others
concerned
.
And
in
case
after
the
expiration
of
twenty
four
days
the
Doge
,
and
Senate
shall
still
persist
in
their
contumacy
for
other
three
days
,
then
he
did
Interdict
all
their
Dominion
,
forbidding
all
Masses
,
and
divine
Offices
to
be
performed
therein
;
unless
in
such
places
,
manner
,
and
cases
as
are
granted
by
the
Common
Law
:
And
farther
,
he
did
deprive
the
Doge
,
and
Senate
of
all
their
Revenue
,
and
possessions
which
they
hold
of
the
Roman
Church
,
or
other
Churches
and
of
all
the
priviledges
granted
them
in
favour
thereof
;
reserving
still
unto
himself
,
and
his
Successours
a
Power
to
aggravate
and
encrease
the
Censures
,
and
penalties
against
them
,
their
Adherents
,
and
Abettors
therein
,
&c.
And
to
proceed
unto
farther
punishments
,
and
Remedies
in
case
of
continuance
in
such
like
contumacy
.
Notwithstanding
,
&c.
Commanding
all
Patriarchs
,
Arch-bishops
,
and
Bishops
,
and
other
Inferiour
Clergy
upon
penalty
,
&c.
That
after
the
receipt
of
these
Letters
,
or
notice
thereof
given
,
that
they
publish
the
same
in
the
respective
Churches
,
at
such
times
,
as
when
the
greatest
concourse
of
people
is
present
,
and
to
affix
the
same
at
the
Church
doors
,
&c.
After
publication
was
made
of
this
severe
Excommunication
thundered
out
against
a
Republick
of
such
greatness
and
esteem
in
the
World
:
all
the
Ambassadours
and
Ministers
of
foreign
Princes
residing
at
Rome
were
greatly
troubled
,
and
concerned
,
considering
that
an
Act
of
this
nature
had
some
oblique
reflection
on
every
Prince
,
that
professed
obedience
,
or
devotion
for
the
Papal
Sea
.
Wherefore
every
one
of
those
Ministers
residing
at
Rome
made
their
applications
,
and
addresses
to
the
Pope
,
desiring
him
to
moderate
,
and
prorogue
the
Sentence
until
the
matter
were
examined
,
and
considered
by
the
Republick
,
and
ways
or
means
contrived
for
an
accommodation
.
To
whom
the
Pope
returned
this
general
Answer
,
That
the
way
to
compose
,
and
accommodate
these
differences
were
to
incline
the
Republick
to
a
resolution
of
becoming
obedient
;
but
that
word
Obedient
would
not
well
pass
with
the
Ministers
,
who
made
some
reflections
thereon
,
as
unbeseeming
the
degree
of
Sovereign
Princes
,
and
therefore
persuaded
the
Pope
rather
to
use
some
more
moderate
,
and
gentle
terms
,
and
enlarge
the
time
allotted
for
termination
of
the
Sentence
.
The
news
hereof
being
come
to
Venice
,
the
Senate
immediately
and
in
the
first
place
ordered
,
that
Prayers
should
be
made
in
all
Churches
,
and
Chappels
imploring
the
Divine
assistance
in
that
great
emergency
of
Affairs
;
and
in
the
next
place
they
resolved
to
recall
their
Ambassadour
Extraordinary
from
Rome
,
leaving
Nani
to
reside
there
,
lest
they
should
seem
to
despise
,
and
stand
in
open
defiance
against
the
Apostolical
Sea
.
Sir
Henry
Wotton
was
at
that
time
Resident
for
the
King
of
England
at
Venice
,
when
the
Senate
thought
fit
to
communicate
to
him
the
rigour
of
the
Pope's
Sentence
,
for
until
then
they
had
never
mentioned
any
thing
with
him
of
their
Controversie
with
the
Pope
,
as
they
had
also
ordered
their
Ambassadour
in
England
not
to
discourse
any
thing
of
that
Point
unto
his
Majesty
or
his
Counsellours
.
But
when
the
matter
came
to
be
advised
to
Sir
Henry
Wotton
,
he
complained
that
the
Senate
had
been
much
more
free
,
and
open
to
other
Ambassadours
than
to
him
;
and
as
to
the
pretensions
of
the
Pope
,
he
said
,
That
he
could
not
understand
that
piece
of
Romish
Divinity
,
which
was
contrary
to
Justice
,
and
moral
honesty
.
And
now
to
provide
against
all
those
inconveniences
,
and
mischiefs
which
might
be
the
consequences
of
this
Excommunication
,
the
Senate
commanded
all
Prelats
,
and
Ecclesiastical
persons
not
to
permit
or
suffer
any
Bulls
,
Briefs
,
or
any
other
Writing
to
be
affixed
at
any
Church
door
,
or
publick
place
whatsoever
,
ordaining
upon
pain
of
the
Prince's
displeasure
that
every
person
whatsoever
,
who
had
any
of
the
Copies
of
that
Brief
,
which
was
lately
published
at
Rome
against
the
Republick
,
should
immediately
deliver
them
up
into
the
hands
of
the
Magistrates
in
Venice
,
and
to
the
Rulers
,
and
Governours
respectively
in
all
places
subject
to
that
Dominion
:
which
the
people
so
readily
obeyed
,
that
in
a
short
time
so
great
a
number
of
Copies
were
brought
in
,
as
was
wonderful
to
consider
,
how
so
many
could
be
printed
:
and
such
diligence
was
used
by
the
Magistrates
,
and
by
the
people
themselves
,
that
not
one
Brief
was
affixed
in
any
publick
place
;
the
persons
who
endeavoured
to
act
therein
being
discovered
,
and
prevented
.
And
farther
,
the
true
state
of
that
difference
,
which
the
Republick
had
with
the
Pope
was
advised
,
and
intimated
to
all
the
Ministers
for
foreign
Princes
residing
at
Venice
:
and
the
same
also
signified
to
all
the
Agents
residing
for
that
Republick
in
forein
parts
.
In
like
manner
the
Senate
wrote
to
all
their
Governours
,
and
Magistrates
of
Towns
,
and
Cities
subjected
to
their
Dominions
,
acquainting
them
with
the
injuries
they
had
received
from
the
Pope
,
and
with
the
reasons
they
had
to
defend
their
Laws
,
and
Liberties
,
all
which
being
signified
as
was
commanded
unto
the
Counsels
,
and
Magistracy
of
the
Cities
;
it
took
such
impression
every
where
that
the
people
yielded
a
most
entire
,
and
chearful
obedience
thereunto
,
shewing
themselves
ready
to
defend
the
publick
Liberty
,
and
in
maintenance
thereof
every
one
offered
Money
,
and
Arms
according
to
his
ability
:
and
in
pursuance
of
such
Resolution
,
furnished
the
same
,
as
time
required
.
After
publication
made
of
the
Monitory
Brief
,
the
Pope's
Nuntio
spent
most
of
his
time
in
the
Jesuits
College
,
where
many
of
those
Fathers
were
received
,
who
had
been
eminently
known
for
the
confusions
,
and
disturbances
they
had
created
in
the
World
:
and
particularly
amongst
the
rest
was
one
Bernardino
of
Siena
,
who
had
lately
acted
the
like
part
at
Paris
,
when
the
Jesuits
were
expelled
from
that
City
:
and
Antonio
Possevino
who
was
famous
for
his
Actions
in
Moscovy
,
and
Poland
,
and
skilful
in
the
management
of
Intrigues
:
there
was
also
Barone
a
Venetian
a
bold
confident
Fellow
,
one
that
would
have
a
hand
in
every
matter
of
publick
disturbance
:
likewise
John
Gentes
,
who
made
profession
of
truly
stating
all
cases
of
Conscience
,
being
endued
with
an
excellent
faculty
,
of
finding
fault
,
and
of
condemning
,
and
reproving
every
thing
which
was
acted
without
his
concurrence
,
and
of
justifying
every
thing
which
was
appointed
,
and
directed
by
the
Jesuits
;
all
of
them
being
excellent
Instruments
in
their
way
,
and
faithful
performers
of
the
fourth
Article
of
their
Vow
.
But
the
Nuntio
having
thus
frequented
the
Society
of
Jesuits
,
and
learned
his
Lesson
in
every
particular
made
a
visit
to
the
Doge
,
to
whom
having
in
the
first
place
expressed
his
grief
for
the
unhappy
estate
of
Affairs
,
he
desired
his
Serene
Highness
to
consider
of
some
ways
,
and
means
,
by
which
these
differences
might
be
composed
,
and
in
order
thereunto
he
promised
his
ultimate
endeavours
,
and
all
the
good
Offices
which
his
authority
,
and
interest
were
able
to
perform
:
which
Discourse
he
sweetned
with
the
most
persuasive
,
and
affectionate
expressions
imaginable
,
often
invoking
the
name
of
Almighty
God
;
of
whom
when
he
had
occasion
to
speak
,
he
called
him
Our
Lord
,
and
in
like
manner
,
when
he
had
occasion
to
mention
the
Pope
,
he
called
him
,
Our
Lord
,
so
that
in
his
Discourse
,
it
was
difficult
to
distinguish
which
of
the
two
Lords
he
meant
;
onely
some
observing
persons
,
had
taken
notice
,
that
when
he
intended
the
name
of
God
,
he
kept
his
head
covered
,
but
when
he
meant
the
Pope
,
he
always
took
his
Cap
off
.
The
Pope
having
understood
how
resolute
the
Senate
seemed
in
maintenance
of
their
Laws
,
and
Liberties
,
and
with
what
chearful
readiness
the
people
obeyed
them
,
conceived
little
hopes
at
the
present
of
obtaining
his
desires
;
and
therefore
judging
that
his
Nuntio
could
not
continue
longer
with
honour
at
Venice
,
he
dispatched
his
Letters
to
recal
him
from
thence
,
and
intimated
to
the
Ambassadour
Nani
by
the
bishop
of
Soana
that
he
should
depart
from
Rome
,
not
leaving
any
of
his
Domesticks
,
or
Substitutes
in
his
place
.
At
Venice
the
Superiours
and
Priors
of
Monasteries
,
and
other
Churches
were
convened
before
the
Council
of
Ten
,
who
signified
to
them
,
that
the
pleasure
of
the
Prince
was
,
that
they
should
still
continue
to
officiate
and
perform
the
Divine
Offices
,
and
that
none
of
them
should
leave
the
State
without
license
obtained
.
It
was
also
declared
,
that
protection
should
be
given
to
such
as
remained
,
and
that
such
as
would
depart
,
should
not
carry
with
them
the
Utensils
,
or
Vestments
,
or
Riches
belonging
to
the
Church
.
And
that
in
case
any
Brief
should
be
sent
them
from
Rome
,
or
Order
from
their
Superiors
,
they
should
first
present
it
to
the
Magistrates
,
before
it
was
read
by
themselves
;
and
the
like
Command
was
given
to
all
Governours
of
Cities
,
and
places
under
Dominion
of
Venice
.
As
yet
the
Capucins
,
Theatins
,
and
other
Religious
,
had
not
entertained
thoughts
of
departure
;
for
when
the
Monitory
was
first
published
at
Rome
,
the
Provincial
,
and
other
Capucins
held
a
Consultation
together
,
where
it
was
concluded
,
that
in
regard
the
differences
between
the
Pope
and
the
Republick
had
no
relation
to
matters
of
Faith
,
they
were
not
obliged
to
follow
the
Pope's
dictates
so
far
in
this
case
,
as
to
abandon
their
Habitations
,
and
subsistence
:
yet
afterwards
the
Superiours
obeying
the
pleasure
of
the
Pope
expresly
commanded
all
sorts
of
Religious
Orders
to
depart
,
and
leave
their
Dwellings
within
the
jurisdiction
of
Venice
;
saying
unto
them
,
Come
forth
from
them
,
O
my
People
.
The
term
of
twenty
four
days
being
almost
expired
,
when
the
Monitory
was
to
Commence
,
the
Senate
called
the
Jesuits
to
know
their
resolution
whether
they
would
continue
in
the
City
,
or
not
:
to
which
they
made
answer
,
That
they
had
intentions
and
desires
to
stay
,
but
could
not
promise
to
say
Mass
,
excepting
which
,
they
would
engage
to
perform
all
other
Divine
Offices
,
and
Service
.
The
Senate
taking
this
Answer
into
consideration
;
resolved
that
the
Jesuits
should
either
celebrate
Mass
,
as
formerly
,
with
all
the
other
functions
of
Priesthood
,
and
not
remain
in
a
kind
of
indifferency
between
the
Pope
,
and
the
Republick
,
serving
God
and
Mammon
,
or
otherwise
should
have
intimation
to
depart
.
The
which
Order
was
signified
to
them
by
the
Patriarchal
Vicar
,
with
positive
Orders
immediately
to
depart
,
and
to
consign
into
his
hands
all
the
Plate
,
Vestments
,
and
goods
belonging
to
their
Church
:
and
in
like
manner
Orders
were
given
to
all
Governours
to
execute
the
same
Decree
in
their
respective
jurisdictions
.
This
Command
being
signified
to
the
Jesuits
,
they
assembled
all
their
Votaries
into
their
Church
,
and
gathered
great
Contributions
from
them
;
and
persuaded
the
Capucins
,
that
when
they
departed
,
they
should
march
two
and
two
in
a
rank
,
as
in
Procession
,
with
a
Crucifix
on
the
breast
of
every
one
which
perhaps
might
move
some
disturbance
in
the
minds
of
the
Commonalty
,
who
beholding
so
many
Crucifixes
departing
from
them
,
might
apprehend
also
,
that
Christ
himself
,
and
the
light
of
the
Gospel
was
leaving
their
City
,
which
Opinion
might
be
the
beginning
of
some
happy
Sedition
.
The
Jesuits
themselves
were
hastned
away
,
and
forced
to
depart
about
two
hours
in
the
Night
,
every
one
carrying
his
Christ
as
they
called
it
about
his
Neck
;
the
People
flocked
in
great
numbers
to
see
their
departure
,
and
accompanied
them
to
the
Boats
,
shouting
,
and
crying
aloud
,
Let
them
go
to
the
Devil
.
In
divers
parts
of
the
City
they
had
concealed
,
and
hid
away
the
Vessels
,
and
pretious
Ornaments
of
their
Church
,
and
their
best
Houshold-stuff
with
their
Library
:
leaving
their
College
empty
,
and
void
of
all
Furniture
whatsoever
,
or
of
any
thing
of
moment
,
unless
the
Library
given
to
them
by
the
late
Arch-bishop
Lewis
Molino
,
with
an
other
Library
of
prohibited
Books
.
And
though
the
Jesuits
of
Venice
had
burnt
many
of
their
Papers
,
yet
at
Padoua
they
left
divers
Copies
of
a
certain
Book
containing
eighteen
Rules
,
with
this
title
,
Regulae
aliquot
servandae
,
ut
cum
Orthodoxâ
Ecclesiâ
verè
sentiamus
.
In
the
seventeenth
Rule
of
which
,
they
were
commanded
,
not
to
insist
overmuch
in
their
Sermons
,
on
the
force
and
energy
of
the
grace
of
God
.
And
in
the
third
Rule
,
they
were
enjoyned
to
believe
according
as
the
Hierarchy
of
the
Church
believed
;
that
is
,
if
the
Church
determined
any
thing
to
be
white
,
they
should
believe
it
so
to
be
,
though
the
colour
appeared
black
to
the
sight
of
their
own
eyes
.
And
lastly
,
they
left
unto
their
Disciples
and
Votaries
certain
Rules
,
whereby
to
govern
themselves
during
this
Interdict
.
But
though
the
Jesuits
,
Capuchins
,
and
other
Orders
of
St.
Francis
Reformed
had
abandoned
Venice
,
and
were
retired
to
other
Convents
in
Milan
,
Mantoua
,
Bologna
,
and
Ferrara
;
yet
the
Capuchins
of
Brescia
,
and
Bergamo
,
(
where
were
no
Jesuits
to
seduce
them
)
remained
in
excellent
Concord
and
Obedience
;
and
securing
themselves
with
that
Protection
which
they
received
from
the
Senate
,
remained
resolute
,
and
constant
to
their
Principles
against
all
the
Censures
of
Excommunication
,
and
other
Spiritual
penalties
issued
against
them
by
their
Superiours
;
and
in
regard
many
of
them
were
sober
and
learned
Men
,
they
retorted
all
those
Spiritual
Arms
with
great
force
,
and
power
of
argument
and
reason
.
It
was
certainly
believed
at
Rome
,
that
this
Monitory
would
have
produced
three
notable
Effects
:
First
it
was
given
for
granted
,
that
all
the
Religious
Orders
would
immediately
abandon
the
Dominions
of
Venice
,
by
which
the
Interdict
must
of
necessity
have
been
observed
.
Secondly
,
That
the
City
,
and
People
finding
themselves
deprived
of
all
the
Divine
Offices
,
would
rise
in
a
mutiny
against
the
Government
,
and
compel
them
to
give
satisfaction
to
the
Pope
.
Thirdly
,
That
it
would
beget
a
misunderstanding
amongst
the
Nobility
,
and
cause
them
to
divide
into
several
Factions
,
towards
which
the
Jesuits
,
(
though
absent
)
did
labour
with
all
the
Art
,
and
industry
imaginable
.
But
the
Court
of
Rome
against
their
expectations
finding
that
all
matters
had
a
contrary
effect
,
that
Mass
,
and
other
Offices
of
the
Church
were
Celebrated
without
interruption
,
that
the
people
frequented
the
Churches
with
greater
Devotion
than
before
;
that
the
Senate
were
unanimous
in
their
Counsels
,
and
the
Commonalty
quiet
,
and
obedient
;
they
began
to
repent
them
of
this
proceeding
,
and
many
severely
blamed
the
Pope
for
being
over-rash
,
and
hasty
:
for
that
though
there
might
be
reason
in
the
merit
of
his
Cause
,
yet
the
prosecution
of
it
was
of
that
importance
,
as
ought
to
have
been
attempered
with
prudence
,
and
the
consequences
well
weighed
,
before
matters
were
screwed
up
to
that
Degree
,
as
admitted
of
no
indifferent
terms
,
or
accommodation
.
Wherefore
now
it
concerned
the
Pope
,
and
Clergy
to
labour
with
Art
,
and
power
of
the
Spiritual
Arms
in
vindication
of
their
Cause
,
in
order
whereunto
the
Cardinals
were
set
at
work
to
prevail
with
the
refractory
Friers
,
and
Monks
to
leave
their
Dwellings
,
and
Party
and
come
over
to
them
,
promising
in
reward
of
that
good
Service
,
honours
,
and
preferments
in
the
Church
;
and
on
the
contrary
threatned
them
with
Censures
,
and
punishments
both
Spiritual
and
Temporal
.
Howsoever
,
they
observed
a
different
manner
in
treating
with
the
rich
Friers
,
and
the
poor
Mendicants
.
For
to
the
Poor
they
said
,
that
if
they
could
not
observe
the
Inderdict
,
they
should
then
depart
,
and
leave
all
they
had
for
sake
of
the
Gospel
;
and
if
that
were
not
permitted
,
they
should
then
seek
after
the
glorious
Crown
of
Martyrdom
;
But
to
the
Rich
,
they
thought
better
than
to
use
this
hard
saying
,
Durus
est
hic
sermo
,
for
though
they
were
commanded
to
observe
the
Interdict
,
yet
were
advised
not
to
leave
,
or
abandon
their
Monasteries
,
and
Revenues
;
and
the
better
to
inculcate
these
persuasions
,
Commissaries
were
appointed
out
of
the
same
Orders
privately
to
convey
themselves
into
the
Dominions
of
Venice
,
to
instil
,
and
foment
this
Doctrine
in
the
minds
of
the
Regulars
;
but
the
ways
were
so
obstructed
by
the
diligence
,
and
watchfulness
of
the
Governours
in
their
respective
Dominions
:
that
not
a
Frier
durst
adventure
to
steal
in
,
and
engage
in
that
Errand
.
Seeing
therefore
that
this
course
would
not
take
:
the
next
expedient
was
to
raise
a
dust
,
and
disturbance
in
the
Court
of
forein
Princes
.
And
in
the
first
place
,
the
Jesuits
(
who
were
and
still
are
very
prevalent
in
Poland
)
laboured
to
put
an
affront
on
Foscarini
Ambassadour
for
the
Republick
to
that
King
;
causing
two
of
the
Gentlemen
belonging
to
his
Retinue
to
be
disturbed
at
Mass
,
and
expelled
the
Church
:
And
the
Nuntio
made
very
warm
Instances
to
the
King
,
that
the
Monitory
against
Venice
might
be
affixed
in
all
publick
places
of
his
Dominions
:
but
the
King
on
the
contrary
did
not
onely
refuse
to
grant
this
request
,
but
highly
resented
the
late
Affront
offered
to
the
two
Venetian
Gentlemen
,
in
satisfaction
for
which
by
the
King's
Order
,
the
Marshal
of
the
Court
,
and
the
Cardinal
of
Cracow
,
having
assembled
the
Friers
together
,
and
duly
reprehended
their
insolence
,
commanding
them
the
next
day
to
sing
High
Mass
in
their
Church
,
to
which
having
invited
the
Ambassadour
they
obliged
the
Friers
to
ask
his
Pardon
for
the
affront
offered
to
his
Servants
:
And
farther
the
King
,
with
approbation
of
his
Council
gave
Orders
to
all
his
People
to
treat
the
Ambassadour
,
and
his
Retinue
with
all
kindness
,
and
due
respect
:
and
moreover
wrote
a
Letter
to
the
Pope
,
complaining
of
the
late
design
of
his
Nuntio
,
attempting
to
publish
Ecclesiastical
Censures
against
forein
Princes
within
his
Kingdom
,
which
was
a
new
and
an
unknown
practice
within
his
State
;
and
had
been
refused
in
the
Case
of
Henry
III.
King
of
France
,
and
in
the
Cause
of
Cesare
d'
Este
Duke
of
Ferrara
:
much
less
could
he
be
induced
to
allow
of
such
proceedings
against
the
State
of
Venice
,
whose
Cause
was
the
same
with
that
of
his
own
Kingdom
.
And
considering
that
that
State
had
merited
well
of
Christendom
by
the
opposition
they
made
with
their
Arms
against
the
common
Enemy
,
he
exhorted
his
Holiness
to
supersede
farther
proceedings
,
for
Causes
which
ought
to
be
stifled
,
and
which
for
better
peace
of
the
Church
ought
never
to
be
brought
into
question
,
An.
1606.
or
Dispute
.
Francis
Soranzo
a
Cavalier
of
Venice
being
at
this
time
Ambassadour
at
the
Emperor's
Court
,
did
rightly
inform
the
Imperial
Ministers
with
the
true
state
of
the
difference
between
the
Pope
,
and
that
Republick
:
and
in
regard
the
Constitutions
of
all
Germany
were
the
same
,
they
could
not
do
less
than
approve
the
Cause
of
the
Venetians
,
and
condemn
the
Cause
of
the
Pope
,
which
confirmed
the
Protestants
in
their
reasons
which
they
alledged
,
for
detaining
Ecclesiastical
Benefices
in
their
own
hands
.
Howsoever
,
the
Great
Chancellour
,
and
Marshal
Prainer
were
of
different
Opinions
,
taking
part
with
the
Pope
against
the
affections
,
sence
,
and
Interest
of
the
whole
Court
.
When
news
came
first
to
the
Court
of
Spain
of
the
differences
between
the
Pope
,
and
the
Venetians
;
the
constancy
and
firmness
of
that
State
to
the
Principles
of
their
Government
,
was
highly
applauded
,
being
the
common
Cause
of
all
Secular
Princes
.
Howsoever
,
the
Nuntio
made
it
his
business
to
have
the
Venetian
Ambassadour
declared
in
all
Pulpits
to
be
under
Excommunication
:
The
Genoeses
also
who
were
powerful
in
that
Court
,
being
touched
with
envy
on
old
grudges
,
and
for
having
lately
yielded
that
Point
of
their
liberty
to
the
Pope
,
which
Venice
still
conserved
,
did
all
the
ill
offices
they
were
able
against
the
Republick
:
but
above
all
the
Ambassadour
of
Tuscany
joyning
with
the
Jesuits
shewed
himself
an
open
Enemy
,
and
so
prevailed
with
the
King
,
and
Council
,
that
a
Congregation
of
twelve
Divines
was
held
at
Madrid
in
presence
of
the
Cardinal
of
Toledo
to
consider
,
whether
the
Ambassadour
of
Venice
ought
to
be
admitted
into
the
Church
at
the
time
of
Celebration
of
Divine
Offices
?
the
result
of
which
was
,
that
the
Ambassadour
should
not
be
excluded
,
every
one
concurring
in
that
Opinion
,
the
Nuntio
,
and
Jesuits
onely
excepted
.
So
soon
as
the
news
came
to
Paris
,
that
the
Monitory
was
published
against
Venice
,
Barberino
the
Pope's
Nuntio
made
urgent
addresses
to
the
King
,
that
Priuli
the
Venetian
Ambassadour
should
be
excluded
from
admission
into
the
Church
;
but
his
desire
was
positively
rejected
;
both
because
the
King
was
willing
to
remain
Neuter
,
and
because
it
was
and
is
a
Maxim
of
that
Kingdom
.
That
Popes
have
no
power
over
the
Temporal
Government
of
Princes
,
and
have
no
Authority
on
account
for
Secular
matters
to
proceed
against
them
,
or
their
Officers
by
Ecclesiastical
Censures
.
In
England
we
may
easily
imagine
what
Opinion
was
conceived
of
these
proceedings
:
for
when
Giustiniano
the
Ambassadour
of
Venice
had
acquainted
King
James
with
the
state
of
the
difference
between
the
Pope
and
the
Republick
:
the
King
did
much
applaud
the
Laws
and
Constitutions
of
Venice
,
and
the
constancy
,
and
resolution
of
the
Senate
in
the
maintenance
of
them
:
adding
,
That
he
would
gladly
see
a
free
Council
established
,
which
was
the
onely
means
to
reform
the
Church
of
God
,
and
put
an
end
to
all
Controversies
amongst
Christians
,
which
had
no
other
original
,
or
source
,
than
onely
from
the
usurpation
of
Popes
,
and
ambition
of
the
Clergy
:
in
which
holy
,
and
sacred
Design
,
he
did
not
doubt
but
that
the
French
King
,
and
all
other
Christian
Princes
would
readily
concur
;
and
that
perhaps
a
beginning
thereof
might
arise
from
these
troubles
,
and
labours
of
the
Republick
.
And
farther
the
King
added
,
That
the
Popes
exalting
themselves
above
God
were
the
ruin
of
the
Church
,
and
that
it
was
no
wonder
,
that
their
Pride
admitted
of
no
serious
reflections
,
or
moderate
advices
,
being
puffed
up
,
and
elated
by
the
common
adulation
,
and
flattery
which
was
used
towards
them
.
The
States
of
the
Vnited
Provinces
wrote
very
obliging
Letters
to
Venice
,
proffering
to
assist
them
with
Arms
,
and
Provisions
,
in
case
they
came
to
an
open
rupture
,
and
acts
of
hostility
with
the
Pope
.
In
the
mean
time
many
effectual
good
Offices
were
performed
both
at
Rome
and
Venice
by
the
Dukes
of
Mantoua
,
and
Savoy
,
and
by
Guicciardin
Ambassadour
of
the
Great
Duke
of
Tuscany
;
and
more
especially
by
Monsieur
de
Fresnes
the
French
Ambassadour
at
Venice
:
To
all
which
instances
,
and
applications
from
several
Princes
the
Senate
thought
fit
to
make
this
general
Answer
:
First
,
they
returned
thanks
for
the
good
endeavours
,
and
labours
towards
a
Mediation
,
and
then
complained
of
the
firm
resolutions
of
the
Pope
,
which
could
not
be
shaken
,
or
made
plyable
by
any
reasonable
terms
which
the
Republick
could
offer
.
That
there
could
be
no
hopes
of
accommodation
until
the
Pope
by
taking
off
his
Censures
,
did
open
a
way
to
Treaties
,
and
terms
of
Peace
.
That
the
Pope
had
proceeded
so
far
in
his
injuries
and
affronts
,
as
were
past
all
manner
of
reconciliation
,
and
yet
the
Republick
which
was
truly
Catholick
would
still
bear
their
due
respect
to
the
Pope
,
so
far
,
as
was
consistent
with
their
liberty
,
and
with
that
right
of
Government
which
was
committed
to
them
by
God
.
But
whilest
matters
were
thus
in
Treaty
at
Venice
and
Rome
,
and
in
the
Courts
of
Princes
;
the
Jesuits
who
were
vigilant
,
and
intent
to
do
all
the
mischiefs
they
were
able
against
the
Republick
;
did
not
cease
to
disperse
Scandals
,
and
Libels
as
well
without
Italy
,
as
within
,
and
to
preach
,
and
rail
against
them
in
their
Pulpits
,
and
Schools
,
endeavouring
to
possess
their
Auditories
with
the
most
malicious
impressions
they
could
beget
,
or
frame
in
minds
of
Men
;
they
also
wrote
Letters
into
all
places
defaming
the
Republick
;
some
who
would
not
adventure
into
the
Dominions
of
Venice
,
treated
on
the
Confines
with
their
Disciples
and
Votaries
:
and
others
in
disguise
entered
within
the
Dominions
sowing
Division
,
and
Faction
in
all
parts
,
promising
extraordinary
Indulgences
to
all
such
as
should
observe
the
Interdict
.
They
also
forged
several
Letters
entitling
one
from
the
Republick
of
Genoua
to
the
Senate
of
Venice
,
another
from
the
City
of
Verona
to
the
City
of
Brescia
which
were
most
scandalous
,
and
abominable
Papers
.
Then
in
other
Writings
they
justified
themselves
for
having
in
their
Sermons
inveighed
against
the
Republick
,
calling
it
a
Lutheran
,
Heretical
,
and
tyrannical
Government
,
with
infinite
other
abominable
Epithets
.
In
fine
,
it
was
proved
,
that
the
Jesuits
were
the
causes
of
all
these
disturbances
,
having
instigated
the
Pope
to
this
Design
,
upon
assurances
,
that
they
were
able
to
divide
the
Senate
,
and
by
confusion
of
their
Councils
to
make
way
for
the
Pope's
Authority
.
It
was
farther
proved
,
That
they
had
kept
correspondence
with
the
Enemies
of
the
Republick
to
the
great
damage
,
and
prejudice
of
the
State
,
always
interposing
,
and
insinuating
themselves
into
publick
Affairs
.
That
they
were
always
contriving
to
inveigle
sick
and
dying
Persons
,
persuading
them
for
the
sake
of
their
Souls
to
bestow
their
Estates
,
and
Inheritance
on
them
,
to
the
ruin
,
and
destruction
of
their
lawful
Heirs
and
Families
.
And
▪
farther
,
the
Senate
took
into
their
consideration
,
their
Principles
,
which
were
always
Monarchical
,
in
prejudice
,
and
depression
of
Aristocracy
,
and
dangerous
to
the
Maxims
,
and
principles
of
their
Government
.
It
was
farther
also
alledged
,
that
the
Jesuits
had
been
the
Causes
,
and
Instruments
of
all
the
tolerations
,
seditious
disorders
,
and
evil
successes
which
had
happened
in
our
age
in
all
the
Kingdoms
,
and
Provinces
of
the
World
:
and
herein
not
only
some
particular
persons
were
culpable
,
but
even
the
whole
Society
,
and
order
of
them
were
dangerous
and
rotten
in
their
Principles
,
and
destructive
to
the
Government
under
which
they
lived
.
All
which
being
proved
,
and
made
good
in
the
Senate
against
them
;
It
was
deliberated
,
An.
1606.
and
carried
in
the
Affirmative
by
Decree
of
the
14th
.
of
June
,
That
the
Jesuits
,
who
from
their
first
beginning
had
been
received
into
Venice
,
and
there
cherished
and
favoured
,
and
having
in
recompence
of
such
Indulgence
and
respect
returned
nothing
but
Ingratitude
:
being
at
present
the
Authors
of
all
the
troubles
incumbent
on
the
Republick
,
vilifying
the
same
with
all
the
Obloquy
which
could
be
uttered
from
the
blackest
Tongue
of
malice
,
and
having
been
false
Traitors
,
and
Men
of
insupportable
Insolences
;
the
most
Serene
Republick
did
therefore
spue
them
out
,
and
banish
them
for
ever
the
precincts
of
the
State
;
and
did
Decree
,
and
Enact
,
that
they
should
never
be
again
received
without
a
concurrence
of
five
Sixths
at
least
of
the
Senate
,
the
number
of
which
was
to
consist
of
one
hundred
and
eighty
Votes
.
In
passing
of
which
Act
,
it
is
most
apparent
that
their
Crimes
were
as
enormous
,
as
they
were
clear
and
evidently
proved
;
for
the
Scrutiny
being
made
by
the
Ballot
,
their
banishment
was
pass'd
with
an
unanimous
concurrence
,
and
a
Decree
made
for
their
eternal
Exclusion
;
though
perhaps
some
few
might
be
excepted
who
had
been
their
Votaries
and
Penitents
.
This
perpetual
banishment
of
the
Jesuits
made
the
breach
wider
,
and
more
difficult
to
be
reconciled
:
and
the
Pope
being
sensible
,
that
the
hopes
he
conceived
from
the
contrivances
of
the
Jesuits
were
vain
and
fruitless
,
he
applied
himself
to
some
other
new
Inventions
;
one
of
which
was
a
Jubilee
,
which
was
published
on
the
19th
.
of
June
,
inviting
all
Christian
people
to
pray
unto
God
for
the
unity
and
peace
of
the
Church
,
granting
Indulgences
,
Absolutions
,
and
Remissions
unto
all
,
excepting
such
as
belonged
to
Venice
,
and
the
Interdicted
Churches
,
to
which
none
of
those
graces
,
blessings
,
and
pardons
were
to
be
dispensed
.
Now
in
regard
that
nothing
is
so
desireable
in
Italy
,
as
the
benefit
of
a
Jubilee
,
It
was
conceived
to
be
a
most
admirable
Artifice
to
make
the
Venetian
People
sensible
of
their
separation
from
the
Church
,
when
they
should
find
themselves
uncapable
to
receive
the
Indulgences
,
and
excluded
from
all
the
priviledges
of
the
faithful
:
upon
which
advantage
the
Jesuits
shewed
all
their
Art
in
the
Towns
bordering
on
the
Dominions
of
the
Republick
,
preaching
up
the
Blessings
of
a
Jubilee
,
and
lamenting
the
miseries
of
that
People
,
who
by
their
disobedience
,
and
contumacy
had
extruded
themselves
from
without
the
Pale
,
and
become
unworthy
of
such
mysterious
graces
.
Notwithstanding
which
,
the
World
was
so
well
satisfied
with
the
Cause
,
and
ground
of
this
Jubilee
,
that
though
at
other
times
Men
were
fond
of
this
priviledg
,
and
held
it
in
great
esteem
and
Devotion
,
yet
the
Indulgences
granted
hereby
were
coldly
received
in
every
place
:
nor
did
the
Venetian
Commonalty
so
much
repine
at
this
loss
,
as
to
quarrel
or
mutiny
with
their
Government
for
want
of
that
Spiritual
Benefit
.
Thus
when
all
religious
Arts
failed
,
and
the
Weapons
of
the
Church
were
not
keen
enough
to
do
Execution
,
the
Pope
resolved
to
try
what
might
be
effected
by
the
temporal
Sword
;
but
in
regard
his
own
was
not
sharp
enough
,
for
the
Venetians
;
he
applied
himself
to
the
Spanish
Ambassadour
at
Rome
,
desiring
to
write
to
his
Master
the
King
;
giving
him
to
understand
,
that
he
did
entirely
cast
himself
under
his
Protection
,
desiring
his
favour
and
Aid
against
his
Enemies
;
and
therewith
delivered
him
two
Letters
,
one
directed
to
the
King
,
wherein
he
exposed
the
Reasons
for
his
proceedings
against
the
Venetians
:
and
another
to
the
Duke
of
Lerma
,
chief
Minister
of
State
,
in
which
he
recommended
himself
,
and
his
Affairs
to
his
care
and
defence
,
and
with
many
obliging
Expressions
and
acknowledgments
,
called
him
the
Basis
of
the
Crown
of
Spain
,
on
which
the
Catholick
Monarchy
was
established
,
and
on
which
the
foundation
of
the
Church
solely
was
reposed
,
and
depending
.
This
kind
Letter
so
pleased
the
Duke
of
Lerma
,
that
an
Answer
equally
pleasing
was
returned
from
the
King
to
the
Pope
,
and
with
much
formality
delivered
by
the
Spanish
Ambassadour
attended
with
three
Cardinals
,
the
substance
of
which
was
:
That
the
King
was
extreamly
troubled
to
observe
,
that
the
breach
and
differences
between
him
and
the
Venetians
were
so
widened
,
and
so
far
proceeded
:
but
in
regard
the
honour
of
his
Holiness
was
far
engaged
,
he
was
resolved
to
vindicate
the
Dignity
of
the
Apostolical
See
with
his
Arms
;
and
accordingly
had
wrote
to
his
Ministers
,
and
Officers
in
Italy
,
and
other
Princes
depending
on
his
Crown
.
This
Letter
being
read
,
was
the
subject
of
great
joy
and
satisfaction
to
the
Pope
,
and
all
his
Party
,
and
was
proclaimed
through
▪
all
Italy
much
to
the
reputation
of
the
Papal
Cause
;
howsoever
the
triumph
,
and
joy
hereof
was
somewhat
attempered
by
the
Proposals
which
were
made
by
Spain
in
recompence
of
the
troubles
,
and
inconveniencies
they
were
to
receive
by
a
War
:
the
which
Demands
were
;
A
release
of
the
yearly
Tribute
for
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
;
a
surrender
of
Ferrara
for
a
Garrison
to
offend
the
Enemy
,
and
of
Ancona
for
an
Arsenal
and
maritime
Provisions
.
The
which
Conditions
being
grievous
,
and
difficult
to
the
Pope
were
only
answered
in
general
terms
;
but
the
report
hereof
was
like
a
Trumpet
of
War
which
alarm'd
all
parts
of
the
Venetian
Dominions
:
and
caused
the
Senate
to
write
immediately
to
their
Proveditor
General
in
Candia
to
send
all
the
Gallies
under
his
Command
into
the
Gulph
:
Orders
also
were
given
to
the
Proveditor
General
in
Dalmatia
to
raise
four
hundred
Albaneses
,
and
Croats
under
four
Captains
,
and
to
embark
them
on
ten
Vessels
which
were
built
for
that
purpose
,
placing
forty
on
each
Vessel
.
Likewise
thirty
Captains
were
nominated
and
appointed
to
be
ready
as
occasion
should
require
.
The
Pope
on
the
other
side
,
repaired
his
Fortifications
at
Rimini
,
and
Ancona
,
and
reinforced
his
Garrison
at
Ferrara
with
a
thousand
Foot
;
he
likewise
banished
all
Strangers
from
Marca
,
and
Romagna
,
and
commanded
the
Natives
thereof
to
return
into
their
own
Country
.
But
to
the
management
of
this
War
designed
,
many
difficulties
occurred
:
for
in
the
first
place
,
there
was
an
excessive
scarcity
of
all
Provisions
in
Rome
,
and
the
Ecclesiastical
State
as
also
in
Naples
and
Abruzzo
,
by
reason
of
which
the
People
cryed
out
nothing
but
Peace
,
and
Bread
:
and
on
the
contrary
,
there
was
great
abundance
of
all
things
within
the
Dominions
of
Venice
,
from
whence
the
People
of
the
Pope's
Country
receiving
the
most
part
of
their
Provisions
were
kindly
affected
to
the
Venetian
State
:
but
notwithstanding
all
these
difficulties
,
the
Pope
resolved
to
proceed
in
his
War
,
and
to
recruit
his
Troops
;
and
for
maintenance
thereof
new
Impositions
were
laid
on
Salt
,
Flesh
,
and
Paper
,
with
intention
also
to
lay
a
Tax
on
Wine
,
and
Timber
,
if
occasion
should
require
.
And
in
the
mean
time
the
Count
de
Fuentes
Governour
of
Milan
gave
out
,
that
he
would
have
an
Army
speedily
in
the
Field
consisting
of
twenty
five
thousand
Men
,
composed
of
Germans
,
Napolitans
,
Switzers
,
and
Spaniards
.
Though
the
Venetians
did
not
neglect
all
due
care
towards
the
provisions
of
War
,
and
to
make
their
Defence
whensoever
they
should
be
attacked
;
yet
with
more
especial
regard
they
had
an
Eye
to
Plots
,
and
Conspiracies
within
the
State
;
giving
Orders
to
their
Sea-Captains
to
stop
all
Vessels
which
sailed
in
the
Gulf
,
unless
such
as
had
Passes
from
the
King
of
Spain
for
his
own
particular
Affairs
;
which
caused
great
embroils
along
the
Coast
of
Romagna
,
and
the
Marca
d'
Ancona
,
which
seemed
,
(
as
it
were
)
,
to
be
blocked
up
:
Orders
were
likewise
given
to
hinder
all
exportation
of
Corn
out
of
the
Dominions
of
Venice
;
and
Sequestrations
laid
on
the
Revenues
of
the
Clergy
who
had
quitted
,
or
abandoned
the
Venetian
Countries
;
for
which
cause
many
Prelats
at
Rome
were
forced
to
retrench
their
Families
.
But
notwithstanding
the
Promises
made
by
the
Spaniards
of
administring
Aid
to
the
Pope
,
which
at
the
first
heat
were
positive
and
large
;
yet
the
Court
at
Madrid
coming
to
make
more
mature
reflections
on
the
tenure
of
their
former
Letters
,
thought
fit
to
explicate
their
sence
more
at
large
,
and
to
signifie
to
the
State
of
Venice
,
That
it
was
not
the
intention
of
his
Catholick
Majesty
to
make
a
War
on
the
Republick
,
but
onely
to
demonstrate
unto
the
World
,
that
that
Crown
,
would
on
all
occasions
be
joyned
to
the
Apostolical
Sea
.
And
accordingly
D.
Inigo
de
Cardenas
Ambassadour
residing
in
Ordinary
at
Venice
,
did
on
the
13th
.
of
July
present
a
memorial
to
the
Senate
.
signifying
:
That
the
King
being
desirous
of
doing
good
Offices
in
the
mediation
of
Peace
between
the
Pope
,
and
that
Republick
,
had
commanded
him
his
Ambassadour
to
interpose
therein
,
assuring
him
,
that
whatsoever
he
should
act
in
order
thereunto
would
be
most
pleasing
to
his
Majesty
.
And
that
some
Overtures
might
be
made
in
order
to
this
Accommodation
,
Cardenas
desired
,
that
for
a
beginning
thereunto
,
the
Senate
would
give
him
leave
,
in
their
name
,
to
desire
and
supplicate
the
Pope
,
that
he
would
be
pleased
to
take
off
his
Censures
from
them
,
being
much
troubled
that
they
had
ever
given
his
Holiness
any
cause
of
displeasure
;
which
being
words
of
formality
,
and
Complement
onely
,
could
not
in
reality
be
prejudicial
to
the
right
of
their
Cause
;
and
yet
were
in
this
state
of
things
of
importance
,
and
absolute
necessity
.
To
which
the
Doge
made
Answer
,
That
neither
by
himself
,
nor
by
the
Senate
was
there
ever
any
just
cause
of
displeasure
given
to
the
Pope
;
and
therefore
to
Scandals
,
and
Disgusts
voluntarily
taken
,
and
not
given
,
there
was
no
other
remedy
,
than
voluntary
Acknowledgments
.
The
same
day
the
French
Ambassadour
urged
the
Senate
,
to
be
the
first
to
make
Overtures
of
Peace
to
the
Pope
,
which
could
be
no
dishonour
to
the
Republick
,
considering
with
what
respect
,
and
duty
all
Christian
Princes
treated
the
Pope
,
and
that
it
is
,
Jus
Commune
,
to
submit
,
and
humble
themselves
before
his
Holiness
for
other
matters
,
they
might
with
all
confidence
rely
on
the
directions
of
his
Majesty
herein
,
whom
they
had
always
found
a
true
Friend
,
and
a
faithful
Ally
.
That
considering
on
what
terms
the
King
of
Spain
stood
with
them
,
and
how
he
had
declared
himself
of
the
Papal
Party
;
it
was
not
now
seasonable
to
disgust
the
King
his
Master
,
and
that
therefore
they
would
be
pleased
to
think
of
some
Answer
,
which
he
might
with
confidence
communicate
to
the
King
.
The
Senate
having
taken
these
particulars
into
consideration
,
gave
almost
the
same
Answer
,
as
they
had
newly
done
to
the
Spanish
Ambassadour
;
Adding
onely
to
the
French
,
That
by
way
of
Mediation
,
he
would
be
pleased
to
represent
unto
the
Pope
;
That
the
Senate
was
troubled
,
that
his
Holiness
would
take
displeasure
at
the
actions
of
a
Republick
,
which
was
entirely
devoted
,
and
dedicated
to
the
glory
,
and
service
of
God
,
to
the
publick
quiet
,
and
tranquillity
of
the
World
,
and
to
the
maintenance
of
that
liberty
,
and
Power
which
was
committed
to
them
by
Divine
Right
.
These
Negotiations
being
ineffectual
,
and
fruitless
;
the
Senate
gave
Order
to
Giustiniano
their
Ambassadour
in
England
,
to
inform
King
James
with
the
progress
and
success
of
all
these
Affairs
,
and
differences
with
the
Pope
:
which
when
the
King
had
rightly
understood
,
he
returned
this
Answer
:
That
he
was
highly
satisfied
with
the
constancy
of
the
People
,
and
unanimous
resolution
of
the
Senate
in
defence
of
their
Native
liberty
,
and
justice
,
and
of
that
Power
,
which
God
hath
bestowed
upon
Princes
.
That
the
Declaration
made
by
Spain
in
a
Letter
was
ridiculous
,
and
that
matters
of
such
importance
required
more
than
words
:
That
he
was
highly
sensible
of
the
honour
which
the
Republick
had
done
him
in
sending
him
an
Ambassadour
Ordinary
,
and
Extraordinary
;
wherefore
that
he
might
return
them
the
like
demonstrations
of
sincere
Friendship
,
he
promised
to
grant
and
condescend
to
all
the
desires
of
the
Senate
;
for
that
he
should
be
very
ungrateful
,
and
unjust
in
case
he
should
deny
protection
to
that
righteous
Cause
of
the
Republick
,
which
was
engaged
in
the
maintenance
of
that
liberty
and
Authority
,
which
is
the
common
Right
of
all
Princes
in
the
Universe
.
And
therefore
in
case
the
Senate
should
at
any
time
be
engaged
in
War
for
this
Cause
,
they
might
be
assured
,
and
rely
on
the
word
of
a
Prince
,
that
he
would
assist
them
with
all
the
power
he
was
able
,
and
that
he
had
given
Commission
to
his
Ambassadour
at
Venice
to
assure
the
Senate
the
like
in
his
name
:
And
farther
,
the
Earl
of
Salisbury
by
the
King's
Order
added
,
That
the
King
was
not
induced
to
grant
them
these
succours
,
on
expectation
,
that
they
should
leave
Communion
with
the
Church
of
Rome
,
but
onely
from
a
principle
of
Justice
,
by
which
he
esteemed
himself
obliged
to
vindicate
the
Cause
of
Princes
,
and
the
Authority
of
the
Secular
Power
;
as
also
from
a
Spirit
of
Animosity
,
being
resolved
to
take
that
side
,
to
which
Spain
was
declared
an
Enemy
:
in
return
for
which
the
Senate
made
their
due
acknowledgments
to
the
King
.
An.
1606.
Whilest
these
things
were
in
Treaty
,
the
Spaniards
endeavoured
to
raise
a
War
between
the
Turk
,
and
the
Venetians
,
supposing
thereby
to
drive
the
Senate
to
those
streights
,
as
would
inevitably
compel
them
to
a
composition
with
the
Pope
:
To
perform
which
,
the
Marquiss
of
Santa
Croce
having
received
the
Nuntio's
Benediction
,
departed
from
Naples
with
a
Fleet
of
twenty
six
Gallies
:
and
having
advice
that
the
Venetian
Armata
was
then
at
Corfu
,
he
privately
crossed
the
Gulf
,
and
on
the
10th
.
of
August
arrived
at
Durazzo
a
City
of
Albania
;
which
being
empty
almost
of
all
its
People
,
at
that
season
of
the
year
,
when
the
Inhabitants
are
for
the
most
part
in
their
Fields
,
and
Gardens
gathering
their
Fruits
,
he
easily
surprized
the
place
,
sacked
,
and
burnt
it
,
carrying
away
Captives
about
one
hundred
fifty
five
Men
,
Women
,
and
Children
,
together
with
thirty
pieces
of
Canon
.
The
news
hereof
coming
to
Venice
,
did
much
trouble
the
Senate
,
who
apprehending
lest
the
Turks
should
attribute
this
act
of
Hostility
ro
the
Venetians
,
would
in
revenge
thereof
make
War
upon
them
:
to
prevent
which
they
immediately
dispatched
advice
to
their
Bailo
at
Constantinople
,
giving
him
to
undestand
the
truth
of
this
Aggression
,
which
being
performed
by
the
Spaniards
,
and
not
by
them
,
ought
to
be
represented
to
the
Grand
Signior
in
such
manner
,
as
might
not
be
occasion
of
any
Rupture
.
The
Grand
Signior
being
rightly
informed
of
the
truth
of
this
matter
,
did
believe
that
this
attempt
was
performed
by
the
Spaniards
with
Artifice
,
and
design
,
and
therefore
gave
Order
to
the
Captain
Pasha
or
Admiral
of
his
Gallies
,
to
entertain
a
perfect
good
correspondence
with
the
Venetians
,
and
joyn
with
them
to
the
confusion
of
the
Pope
,
and
the
Spaniards
.
Some
few
days
after
this
,
the
Turkish
Fleet
consisting
of
fifty
five
Gallies
came
to
an
Anchor
not
far
from
Corfu
,
commanded
by
Gieffier
Pasha
,
to
whom
General
Pasqualigo
,
who
then
commanded
the
Venetian
Fleet
and
was
at
Corfu
,
sent
a
Complement
by
his
Secretary
to
the
Pasha
,
which
was
in
like
manner
returned
with
many
obliging
Expressions
,
telling
him
of
the
great
Esteem
and
honour
which
the
Grand
Signior
had
for
the
Republick
;
and
as
a
demonstration
thereof
had
given
him
Commission
to
joyn
with
the
Venetian
Fleet
,
and
to
make
War
on
the
Pope
,
and
the
King
of
Spain
,
in
such
manner
,
as
he
should
receive
direction
from
the
Venetians
,
acting
a
part
,
or
in
the
same
body
with
them
,
as
they
should
think
convenient
and
necessary
:
and
in
farther
assurance
hereof
he
dispeeded
three
Gallies
commanded
by
the
Bei
of
Damiata
to
inform
Pasqualigo
of
these
Resolutions
,
which
he
had
received
in
Commission
from
his
Master
the
Grand
Signior
:
to
which
friendly
offer
,
Pasqualigo
returned
a
like
courteous
acknowledgment
;
saying
howsoever
,
that
he
could
neither
do
,
nor
act
any
thing
herein
without
Orders
,
and
directions
from
the
Senate
;
and
in
the
mean
time
,
whilest
these
Advices
were
in
going
,
and
Answers
expected
,
he
prevailed
with
the
Turks
to
withdraw
their
Forces
from
those
Seas
,
promising
to
give
them
timely
notice
,
An.
1606.
in
case
there
should
be
occasion
to
desire
their
Assistance
.
About
this
time
being
in
the
Month
of
August
,
the
Pope
in
justification
of
these
his
proceedings
,
employed
Scipio
Gobellucci
to
write
the
reasons
,
and
arguments
which
moved
and
directed
him
in
this
Cause
,
which
Papers
were
dispersed
over
Mantoua
,
Milan
,
Cremona
,
and
Ferrara
,
and
Copies
thereof
sent
into
Spain
,
and
other
parts
:
which
Writings
the
Senate
taking
into
consideration
,
It
was
proposed
that
they
should
be
answered
by
some
learned
Hand
,
and
that
all
the
Letters
,
Reasons
,
and
Proceedings
in
this
Cause
should
be
printed
,
and
published
to
the
World
:
but
this
Proposal
was
generally
disliked
by
the
Senate
,
as
a
matter
which
would
exasperate
,
and
keep
alive
the
difference
,
and
rub
on
the
Sore
which
already
smarted
too
much
:
that
the
Cause
of
the
Senate
was
sufficiently
known
to
the
World
;
and
that
silence
would
look
more
like
contempt
,
esteeming
such
Pamphlets
not
worthy
the
publick
notice
,
or
consideration
;
and
would
argue
greater
reverence
to
the
Apostolical
Sea
,
than
to
expose
and
lay
it
open
even
in
those
matters
,
wherein
the
Republick
had
received
most
manifest
Injuries
.
Howsoever
,
it
was
impossible
to
restrain
the
Wit
,
and
Pens
of
some
working
Heads
and
Spirits
,
who
still
were
writing
Papers
on
one
side
,
and
the
other
,
which
being
as
yet
onely
in
Manuscript
could
not
be
so
publick
to
common
view
,
as
when
they
were
issued
from
the
Press
:
howsoever
in
Milan
there
was
a
scandalous
Pamphlet
printed
,
and
set
out
by
some
Churchmen
;
in
which
against
the
Rules
of
all
Sense
and
Reason
,
it
was
intimated
;
that
during
this
Interdict
,
all
Marriages
,
being
a
Sacrament
of
the
Church
,
were
invalid
,
the
copulation
adulterous
,
and
the
Children
Bastards
;
the
which
Paper
being
spread
over
all
Bergamo
,
Brescia
,
and
Crema
,
it
was
thought
fit
that
in
confutation
hereof
a
Treatise
wrote
about
one
hundred
and
fifty
years
ago
by
Gerson
,
should
be
re-printed
,
and
divulged
;
which
was
so
opposite
to
the
matter
in
hand
,
and
so
properly
accommodated
to
the
present
times
,
and
differences
,
that
nothing
could
then
have
been
better
,
nor
more
fitly
applyed
:
to
which
was
annexed
a
Letter
without
name
,
exhorting
all
Curates
to
attend
their
Flock
,
and
Charge
,
without
fear
of
giving
any
offence
to
God
by
not
observing
the
Interdict
.
This
Treatise
of
Gerson
being
wrote
so
many
years
past
,
carried
such
Authority
,
and
weight
,
that
Bellarmine
esteemed
it
worth
his
Answer
;
and
Baronius
cryed
it
down
,
with
such
passion
,
as
if
the
belief
thereof
had
been
a
total
subversion
of
the
Christian
Religion
:
The
Authority
of
these
two
learned
Cardinals
was
so
great
,
and
considerable
;
that
the
Senate
of
Venice
thought
fit
for
the
better
ease
of
pious
,
and
tender
Consciences
,
to
give
a
License
to
certain
learned
Writers
to
publish
their
Reasons
,
and
Arguments
in
defence
of
the
Republick
,
restraining
themselves
always
within
the
compass
of
those
Rules
which
the
Laws
prescribe
:
that
is
,
That
nothing
should
be
asserted
contrary
to
Faith
,
good
Customs
,
and
manners
,
and
the
Authority
of
the
Prince
;
for
perusal
,
and
approbation
of
which
,
five
Divines
were
appointed
to
assemble
in
the
House
of
the
Patriarchal
Vicar
;
and
to
allow
all
writings
of
that
nature
,
with
their
Imprimatur
,
before
any
Printer
should
dare
to
put
them
in
the
Press
,
or
publish
the
same
.
Thus
were
all
the
Wits
set
at
work
in
writing
,
some
on
one
side
,
and
some
on
the
other
:
the
chief
Heads
which
those
who
wrote
in
favour
of
the
Republick
were
these
:
That
God
had
constituted
two
sorts
of
Government
in
the
World
,
one
Spiritual
,
and
the
other
Temporal
:
The
Spiritual
was
committed
to
the
Apostles
▪
and
their
Successours
;
the
Temporal
unto
Princes
,
and
both
were
restrained
within
such
limits
,
as
that
one
ought
not
to
meddle
,
or
interfere
with
the
other
.
That
the
Pope
hath
no
Power
to
annull
the
temporal
Laws
made
by
Princes
,
nor
to
depose
them
,
or
free
their
Subjects
from
their
Allegiance
to
them
;
the
which
practice
though
endeavoured
for
the
space
of
above
five
hundred
years
to
be
introduced
,
is
yet
contrary
to
the
Scriptures
and
the
Example
of
Christ
,
and
his
Saints
.
That
the
Doctrine
which
teaches
,
that
in
case
of
Controversie
between
the
Pope
,
and
a
Prince
,
it
may
be
lawful
to
persecute
such
a
Prince
either
by
open
War
,
or
secret
Treason
,
and
that
Dispensations
may
be
given
to
Subjects
to
rebel
against
such
a
Prince
;
is
a
damnable
,
seditious
,
and
sacrilegious
Position
.
That
by
Divine
Law
the
Clergy
are
not
exempted
from
subjection
to
the
Secular
Power
,
either
as
to
their
Persons
,
or
Estates
though
by
many
immunities
,
and
priviledges
granted
to
them
by
the
favour
of
pious
Princes
,
from
Constantine
to
Frederick
II.
several
exemptions
have
been
granted
according
to
the
exigence
of
times
,
and
convenience
of
places
.
That
the
Exemptions
which
Popes
have
given
to
the
Clergy
from
the
Secular
Power
have
not
been
received
in
many
places
;
and
where
they
have
been
received
,
the
Concessions
,
and
Grants
are
no
farther
obligatory
to
the
Prince
,
than
whilest
they
are
consistent
with
the
present
state
,
and
convenience
of
the
Publick
.
Another
Point
insisted
upon
was
this
:
That
the
Pope
was
not
Infallible
,
but
onely
in
such
matters
wherein
God
had
promised
him
his
Divine
assistance
:
which
according
to
the
Doctrine
of
some
Modern
Divines
was
onely
in
necessary
points
of
Faith
.
And
that
the
Power
of
binding
,
and
loosing
,
was
onely
,
Clave
non
Errante
.
That
according
to
the
Doctrine
of
St.
Austin
,
An
Excommunication
against
a
multitude
,
or
against
any
one
who
Commands
in
Chief
is
dangerous
,
and
sacrilegious
.
That
the
new
name
of
Blind
Obedience
invented
by
Ignatius
Loyola
was
unknown
to
the
antient
Church
,
and
every
good
Divine
,
the
which
as
it
takes
away
our
Election
,
and
desire
of
knowledg
in
every
good
work
,
so
it
exposes
Men
to
the
danger
of
offending
God
,
and
hath
been
the
cause
of
those
many
Seditions
,
which
have
arisen
in
the
World
for
the
space
of
forty
years
past
.
The
Popish
Party
on
the
other
side
proceeded
on
these
Maxims
:
That
the
temporal
Power
of
Princes
is
subject
to
the
Ecclesiastical
;
on
which
ground
the
Pope
hath
Power
to
depose
Princes
from
their
Authority
for
Errours
committed
in
their
Government
,
when
the
Pope
judges
it
may
be
beneficial
to
the
Church
.
That
the
Pope
hath
Power
to
absolve
Subjects
from
Allegiance
to
their
Prince
,
the
which
some
moderate
and
modest
Men
explaining
,
said
,
not
that
Christ
had
given
this
temporal
Power
absolutely
to
the
Pope
,
but
indirectly
as
it
was
necessary
to
the
better
Government
of
the
Spiritual
;
but
others
who
were
more
bold
did
not
think
it
worth
the
while
to
mince
the
matter
,
but
confidently
wrote
,
That
the
Pope
was
endued
with
all
Authority
both
in
Heaven
and
Earth
,
and
made
Supreme
over
all
Princes
of
the
World
,
who
were
his
Vassals
,
and
may
punish
them
for
their
faults
,
and
errours
;
that
he
is
the
Supreme
Temporal
Monarch
over
all
the
World
and
appeals
may
be
made
to
the
Pope
from
all
Temporal
Princes
.
That
he
can
give
Laws
to
all
Princes
,
and
annull
theirs
;
As
to
the
Exemption
of
the
Clergy
,
they
all
denied
that
they
were
subject
to
the
temporal
Law
;
and
that
this
priviledg
was
not
given
them
by
the
favour
of
Princes
;
but
(
as
some
would
have
it
)
Jure
Divino
,
others
by
the
Constitutions
,
and
Decrees
of
Councils
,
and
Popes
;
but
in
this
they
all
agreed
,
that
they
were
not
subject
to
the
Prince
,
not
so
much
as
in
cases
of
Treason
;
and
that
they
were
not
obliged
to
obey
the
Laws
of
the
Land
wherein
they
lived
,
but
onely
Vi
Directivâ
.
And
some
were
so
bold
as
to
proceed
so
far
,
as
to
say
,
that
the
Clergy
were
Judges
,
whether
the
Laws
of
Princes
were
just
or
not
,
and
whether
the
people
were
obliged
to
obey
them
.
That
in
regard
the
Pope
who
hath
the
Spirit
of
God
cannot
err
,
his
Sentences
are
to
be
observed
,
whether
they
be
just
,
or
unjust
.
That
so
powerful
,
and
authentick
is
the
Opinion
of
the
Pope
,
that
it
ought
to
prevail
against
all
other
determinations
of
the
World
.
That
the
Pope
is
God
upon
Earth
,
the
Sun
of
●●stice
,
and
light
of
Religion
,
that
the
sentence
of
God
,
and
of
th●
Pope
are
the
same
,
and
their
Tribunal
the
same
:
but
it
is
very
observable
,
what
Bellarmine
asserted
;
That
to
restrain
obedience
due
to
the
Pope
unto
matters
appertaining
onely
to
the
Soul
is
to
reduce
it
to
nothing
;
that
St.
Paul
appealed
unto
Caesar
who
was
not
his
Judg
and
not
to
St.
Peter
,
was
because
he
would
not
make
himself
in
those
days
ridiculous
.
That
the
antient
Popes
professed
subjection
to
the
Emperours
was
to
comply
with
the
humour
,
and
affection
of
those
times
.
Others
also
have
added
,
That
the
Empire
of
the
Pope
was
to
be
introduced
by
degrees
,
and
insisted
upon
with
some
moderation
out
of
respect
to
the
infirmities
of
Princes
who
were
lately
become
Proselytes
to
the
Church
.
But
to
return
now
to
the
matter
of
Treaty
.
Towards
the
end
of
August
an
other
Overture
was
made
,
which
was
the
summary
of
all
this
Negotiation
,
though
various
things
were
afterwards
treated
without
any
effect
.
For
about
the
17th
.
of
August
Monsieur
de
Fresnes
,
the
French
Minister
at
Venice
did
in
the
name
of
his
Master
propose
,
as
entrance
to
an
Accommodation
;
That
the
Senate
should
suspend
the
Execution
of
those
Laws
,
which
gave
offence
to
the
Pope
,
conditionally
that
the
Pope
suspend
the
Censures
of
his
Monitory
for
the
space
of
four
or
six
Months
:
but
if
this
Expedient
would
not
be
accepted
,
then
it
was
proposed
,
That
the
Prisoners
should
be
consigned
into
the
hands
of
the
Pope
at
the
instance
,
and
desire
of
the
King
without
prejudice
to
the
Right
,
and
Reason
of
the
Senate
;
for
that
it
was
necessary
to
give
some
colour
of
submission
,
and
condescention
to
the
demands
of
the
Pope
;
there
being
no
President
,
that
any
Pope
did
ever
recal
his
Boles
unless
that
which
by
Authority
of
the
Council
of
Constance
was
repealed
.
These
Proposals
being
debated
in
the
Senate
,
it
was
in
the
first
place
concluded
,
and
agreed
,
That
the
liberty
of
the
Publick
was
to
be
conserved
,
and
preferred
before
all
other
worldly
respects
whatsoever
.
That
the
Prisoners
indeed
might
be
resigned
into
the
hands
of
the
Pope
at
the
instance
,
and
request
of
the
French
King
,
without
being
made
a
precedent
in
like
cases
,
or
be
a
prejudice
to
the
Liberty
in
times
to
come
;
but
that
to
suspend
the
force
of
the
Laws
,
was
a
certain
violation
of
it
,
and
a
shake
of
the
Foundation
of
that
Government
which
had
for
many
hundreds
of
years
been
rooted
,
and
established
;
for
that
every
suspension
of
a
Law
doth
argue
either
weakness
in
the
Authority
,
or
in
the
Council
,
which
being
the
substance
of
this
Consult
,
it
was
given
for
Answer
to
Monsieur
de
Fresnes
the
French
Ambassadour
,
as
also
to
the
Spanish
Ambassadour
de
Cardenas
,
who
insisted
on
the
like
Terms
.
An.
1606.
Whilest
these
things
were
negotiating
by
the
forein
Ministers
;
and
that
the
Senate
was
resolved
to
adhere
to
that
Principle
,
That
no
way
or
concession
was
to
be
given
to
the
least
point
or
particle
which
might
prejudice
the
publick
Liberty
;
News
came
about
the
beginning
of
September
,
that
a
new
Congregation
was
erected
in
Rome
,
called
the
Congregation
of
War
,
which
was
appointed
to
assemble
twice
every
Week
to
consult
of
the
manner
,
and
means
of
waging
the
Temporal
War
;
This
new
term
of
a
Congregation
of
War
,
which
was
never
heard
of
before
in
Rome
,
administred
subject
of
Discourse
to
all
Italy
,
both
because
it
was
contrary
to
the
antient
practices
of
that
Court
,
which
did
always
cover
their
temporal
Designs
with
Spiritual
names
;
and
because
the
management
thereof
was
committed
to
the
care
of
fifteen
Cardinals
,
who
were
all
Men
of
Letters
,
but
not
of
Arms
:
howsoever
they
served
the
present
turn
,
for
being
Men
of
the
Spanish
faction
,
and
depending
upon
Spain
,
it
was
believed
,
that
their
Interest
and
Power
would
have
been
very
available
in
that
Court
for
carrying
forward
the
War
,
and
engageing
the
principal
Ministers
in
their
quarrel
.
All
Princes
of
Christendom
being
now
concerned
in
this
difference
,
and
great
endeavours
made
for
reconciliation
;
it
was
encharged
to
Giustiniano
Ambassadour
to
the
Court
of
England
to
represent
unto
that
King
the
provisions
which
were
making
at
Rome
for
a
War
,
desiring
,
that
his
Majesty
would
prepare
those
Forces
,
which
he
had
already
promised
in
defence
of
their
Republick
;
for
that
Spain
was
arming
,
and
threatned
on
all
sides
to
invade
them
:
To
which
the
King
answered
,
That
he
was
resolved
to
defend
their
Cause
,
not
out
of
any
grudge
or
quarrel
of
his
own
with
the
Pope
;
but
,
(
as
he
called
God
to
witness
)
out
of
a
principle
of
duty
to
conserve
that
Liberty
which
God
had
given
to
Princes
:
nor
had
he
any
respect
to
his
own
particular
benefit
,
or
hopes
to
receive
Rewards
from
the
Republick
;
but
onely
to
the
justice
of
that
Cause
which
was
most
just
,
and
pleasing
to
God
:
and
that
therefore
he
would
speedily
perform
his
Promise
with
more
sincerity
and
constancy
of
mind
towards
the
Republick
,
than
the
King
of
Spain
had
done
to
the
Pope
,
whose
Letters
,
and
Promises
contained
nothing
but
froth
,
and
vanity
.
Thus
were
all
Christian
Princes
concerned
in
this
quarrel
on
one
side
,
or
the
other
,
some
being
intent
to
accommodate
differences
by
middle
,
and
moderate
terms
,
and
others
to
take
Parties
,
and
assist
with
Arms
,
and
open
Violence
:
until
at
length
about
the
middle
of
October
,
the
Pope
taking
it
into
his
consideration
,
that
so
much
the
longer
,
that
this
quarrel
continued
,
and
that
the
Venetians
remained
in
their
separation
from
the
Church
,
so
much
more
did
his
Reputation
suffer
,
and
the
Power
of
the
Spiritual
Authority
discover
its
own
weakness
:
wherefore
calling
Monsieur
d'
Alincourt
the
French
Ambassadour
unto
him
,
he
declared
,
and
protested
,
that
he
was
infinitely
desirous
of
an
Accommodation
,
and
was
ready
to
accept
of
any
terms
which
were
not
prejudicial
,
or
derogatory
to
the
honour
of
the
Papal
Sea
:
Upon
which
Alincourt
entering
into
consultation
with
the
French
Cardinals
,
some
Proposals
were
sent
to
the
Republick
,
and
communicated
by
the
hand
of
de
Fresnes
,
containing
a
Project
,
for
making
,
and
establishing
a
Peace
.
Nor
was
the
King
of
Spain
unactive
herein
;
but
to
shew
his
zeal
,
he
dispatched
an
Ambassadour
Extraordinary
to
Venice
upon
this
occasion
,
who
declared
in
the
Senate
,
that
his
Master
was
so
passionate
in
this
business
,
That
if
he
had
two
Sons
he
would
be
contented
to
sacrifice
one
of
them
on
condition
,
it
might
be
an
offering
of
atonement
,
and
reconciliation
between
the
Pope
and
the
Venetian
State
.
Whilest
all
these
Treaties
,
and
Instances
were
a
foot
,
An.
1607.
Letters
were
dispatched
from
the
Court
of
Spain
to
the
Count
de
Fuentes
Governour
of
Milan
,
that
he
should
levy
an
Army
to
be
in
a
readiness
for
assistance
of
the
Pope
,
and
accordingly
three
thousand
Italian
Foot
were
raised
for
this
Service
,
which
with
the
other
Forces
already
prepared
and
levied
in
other
parts
:
the
King
designed
to
compose
an
Army
of
twenty
five
thousand
Foot
,
and
four
thousand
Horse
.
The
Senate
of
Venice
observing
,
that
the
Spaniards
armed
,
did
not
think
it
agreeable
to
the
Rules
of
good
Government
for
them
to
sit
idle
,
but
to
put
themselves
in
a
posture
of
War
to
repel
Force
with
Force
,
and
to
be
in
a
readiness
on
all
occasions
which
might
happen
.
And
accordingly
they
added
six
hundred
Italian
Foot
,
and
one
thousand
Albanians
to
the
nine
thousand
six
hundred
Foot
,
and
six
hundred
Men
at
Arms
,
and
one
hundred
and
fifty
Albanian
Horse
which
were
already
listed
and
in
a
readiness
.
They
also
ordered
Count
Martinengo
to
raise
four
thousand
French
Soldiers
,
and
six
hundred
Curassiers
:
and
not
to
be
wanting
in
their
Fleet
at
Sea
,
they
ordered
that
to
the
thirty
eight
Sail
of
Gallies
already
equipped
,
twelve
more
should
be
set
out
with
addition
of
five
more
which
were
recalled
from
the
Islands
in
the
Levant
.
An.
1607.
Whilest
the
Spaniards
,
and
Venetians
were
arming
in
this
manner
on
one
side
and
the
other
:
Priuli
Ambassadour
for
the
Republick
in
France
,
acquainted
the
King
with
all
these
preparations
,
desiring
his
Majesty
would
be
pleased
to
declare
himself
in
favour
of
the
Senate
:
to
which
the
King
gave
Answer
,
That
it
was
not
as
yet
time
;
and
that
there
remained
still
hopes
of
Accommodation
;
and
that
being
moved
and
sollicited
herein
by
all
the
Princes
of
Italy
,
he
was
dispatching
the
Cardinal
Joyeuse
to
Venice
and
thence
to
Rome
to
interpose
effectually
in
this
Mediation
.
And
indeed
this
Cardinal
was
the
most
fit
and
proper
Instrument
of
any
to
effect
this
accord
:
for
he
was
not
onely
a
Person
of
great
Esteem
and
Authority
in
the
Court
of
Rome
,
being
a
Cardinal
of
the
first
degree
,
and
rank
;
but
also
of
great
reputation
with
the
Senate
of
Venice
;
who
being
desirous
to
commit
the
Office
of
mediation
to
the
Interest
of
the
French
King
,
whom
they
had
found
more
sincere
,
and
real
to
them
,
than
the
King
of
Spain
and
his
Adherents
,
they
received
the
Cardinal
with
entire
satisfaction
,
who
arrived
at
Venice
about
the
middle
of
February
.
The
Cardinal
spending
little
time
in
formal
Ceremonies
,
and
Visits
,
immediately
entered
on
his
business
,
delivered
his
Credential
Letters
,
and
opened
his
Commission
:
and
in
the
first
place
insisting
that
as
it
was
necessary
to
provide
for
the
security
,
and
reputation
of
the
Republick
;
so
also
it
was
necessary
to
contrive
such
means
as
might
give
satisfaction
to
the
Pope
,
whose
Proposals
were
these
:
That
an
Ambassadour
be
sent
from
the
Republick
to
desire
his
Holiness
,
that
he
would
be
pleased
to
take
off
the
Ecclesiastical
Censures
which
he
had
passed
upon
them
;
That
all
the
Religious
,
as
well
Jesuits
as
others
,
who
had
left
,
and
abandoned
their
dwelling
,
and
Habitations
,
should
be
again
restored
.
That
the
King
should
give
his
word
to
the
Pope
,
that
during
this
Treaty
at
Rome
,
the
Laws
about
which
this
Controversie
arose
,
should
be
suspended
:
And
the
Cardinal
insisting
more
on
this
Point
,
than
on
any
other
,
earnestly
urged
that
some
resolution
might
be
taken
speedily
,
and
with
secrecy
on
which
the
King
might
with
confidence
establish
this
his
promise
and
assurance
.
On
this
last
Point
the
Cardinal
insisted
with
more
than
ordinary
pressures
,
declaring
,
that
the
season
of
the
year
which
was
now
only
proper
for
Consultations
,
and
Treaties
was
but
short
;
and
that
the
time
of
War
,
and
action
approached
,
and
therefore
it
was
necessary
to
come
to
a
determination
;
and
that
the
Senate
would
more
especially
declare
themselves
concerning
the
Laws
:
for
as
the
King
did
not
desire
,
nor
approve
,
that
any
Decree
,
or
Law
should
be
made
and
recorded
for
suspension
of
these
Laws
,
nor
any
other
thing
which
might
prejudice
the
dignity
of
the
State
,
and
the
publick
Liberty
:
so
he
also
did
consider
:
That
as
the
Pope
had
passed
these
Censures
openly
,
and
in
the
sight
of
the
World
,
so
he
could
not
take
them
off
,
without
some
apparent
reasons
and
causes
,
which
might
salve
his
reputation
,
and
his
honour
.
And
because
the
King
his
Master
did
well
know
,
that
the
Republick
was
extreamly
averse
to
such
suspension
,
he
was
willing
to
touch
that
Point
very
tenderly
,
and
ease
them
therein
by
taking
the
whole
burden
on
his
own
shoulders
,
giving
his
word
to
the
Pope
,
that
those
Laws
should
be
suspended
during
this
Treaty
,
without
any
Decree
,
or
Declaration
on
part
of
the
Republick
:
conditionally
,
that
as
the
Pope
shall
hereupon
without
farther
delay
take
off
the
Censures
;
so
the
Republick
shall
promise
unto
the
King
not
to
execute
these
Laws
during
the
time
of
this
Treaty
:
the
which
being
assented
unto
by
the
Senate
,
he
did
not
doubt
but
to
give
satisfaction
unto
the
Pope
,
and
maintain
and
secure
their
Liberty
,
and
conclude
all
with
a
happy
and
blessed
Peace
.
As
to
that
Article
,
which
concerned
the
Jesuits
,
his
Master's
desire
was
,
that
they
should
be
restored
;
it
being
an
ordinary
concession
and
grant
in
the
conclusion
of
all
Treaties
;
that
such
as
have
been
Parties
,
Fomenters
,
or
Abettors
on
either
side
should
be
remitted
,
and
included
in
the
Articles
,
for
that
indeed
it
was
not
consistent
with
the
honour
of
the
Pope
,
that
those
,
who
had
suffered
for
his
Cause
,
and
for
their
Obedience
to
the
Apostolical
Sea
should
be
excluded
,
and
suffer
for
the
performance
of
their
duty
.
To
this
Speech
of
the
Cardinal
the
Senate
made
this
Answer
,
That
the
expulsion
of
the
Jesuits
was
resolved
,
and
decreed
upon
very
sound
,
and
mature
considerations
,
and
the
Law
against
them
so
firmly
established
,
as
could
not
be
repealed
:
and
yet
to
salve
the
Pope's
reputation
herein
;
all
other
Religious
,
such
as
Friers
,
and
others
,
who
were
Parties
and
Abettors
of
the
Pope's
Cause
,
should
be
included
,
and
restored
to
their
pristine
state
,
and
condition
:
but
as
to
the
Point
of
giving
their
word
to
the
King
for
non-execution
,
or
suspension
of
the
Laws
during
this
Treaty
,
they
could
not
recede
from
the
determination
so
often
repeated
,
which
was
,
That
in
the
use
of
these
Laws
,
they
will
not
depart
from
their
antient
Piety
,
and
Religion
professed
.
But
the
Cardinal
insisted
,
and
desired
to
have
had
some
thing
more
plain
,
and
agreeable
to
his
Proposition
:
but
howsoever
(
being
well
acquainted
with
the
Pope's
mind
to
agree
almost
on
any
terms
)
he
made
this
Reply
to
the
Senate
,
that
though
he
expected
to
receive
an
Answer
more
satisfactory
to
his
Demands
;
yet
considering
that
it
was
the
King's
pleasure
that
the
Republick
should
have
entire
contentment
,
he
rested
satisfied
with
this
Answer
,
which
he
desired
might
be
kept
as
a
Secret
,
lest
being
divulged
,
it
might
be
interrupted
by
the
contrivances
of
unquiet
,
and
malitious
spirits
.
Howsoever
,
the
Senate
resolved
to
communicate
all
that
passed
to
Don
Francisco
the
Spanish
Ambassadour
,
who
had
offered
a
like
Equivolent
;
and
having
been
to
make
the
Cardinal
a
Visit
had
desired
to
joyn
with
him
in
this
Negotiation
;
which
the
Cardinal
refusing
,
Don
Francisco
was
very
urgent
to
know
all
particulars
,
which
the
Senate
very
readily
communicated
to
him
.
Thus
were
the
Treaties
so
far
proceeded
,
as
administred
great
hopes
of
Peace
,
had
not
the
great
preparations
made
for
War
by
the
Count
de
Fuentes
Governour
of
Milan
,
and
the
disturbances
amongst
the
Grisons
rendered
all
things
cloudy
,
and
tending
to
a
storm
:
howsoever
the
Cardinal
Joyeuse
with
such
Answer
,
and
Proposals
,
as
he
had
obtained
from
the
Senate
,
resolved
for
Rome
,
and
accordingly
departed
from
Venice
on
the
17th
.
of
March
.
The
Cardinal
was
no
sooner
departed
,
but
the
Marquess
de
Castiglione
arrived
at
Venice
with
Character
of
Ambassadour
from
the
Emperor
to
the
Pope
;
And
though
the
Duke
of
Savoy
was
employed
for
the
Emperour
,
and
then
resided
at
Venice
in
quality
of
his
Ambassadour
,
yet
Castiglione
had
Orders
in
his
way
to
stop
there
and
encline
the
Senate
,
(
as
well
as
he
was
able
)
towards
a
Peace
;
but
this
Marquess
could
obtain
nothing
more
than
what
was
delivered
to
the
Ministers
of
France
and
Spain
;
of
which
the
Ambassadour
Don
Francisco
made
collections
in
writing
,
with
the
proceedings
of
all
the
Treaty
,
Copies
of
which
he
sent
with
diligence
to
Rome
,
and
were
not
onely
shewed
to
the
Pope
,
but
dispersed
through
all
the
Court
,
to
the
intent
,
that
it
might
be
made
known
to
the
World
,
that
the
French
were
not
able
to
procure
,
or
gain
other
terms
from
the
Senate
,
than
such
as
had
been
already
granted
to
the
Ministers
of
Spain
,
and
other
Princes
.
Of
which
the
Senate
having
information
,
thought
fit
for
prevention
of
false
Reports
to
send
authentick
Copies
of
all
proceedings
to
their
Ministers
in
forein
Courts
,
and
particularly
that
of
their
last
resolution
.
The
arrival
of
the
Cardinal
at
Rome
filled
all
the
Town
with
Discourse
;
every
one
speaking
variously
as
his
passion
guided
,
some
being
of
Opinion
that
the
matters
were
all
concluded
;
others
of
different
sentiments
believed
,
that
they
were
impossible
:
and
indeed
the
Pope
himself
being
distracted
by
both
sides
,
remained
unresolved
for
the
space
of
three
or
four
days
;
during
which
time
,
he
confessed
himself
to
have
been
as
it
were
tormented
on
the
wrack
:
For
he
considered
,
that
to
yield
unto
the
Venetians
almost
in
every
Point
,
was
a
scandalous
diminution
to
the
Papal
Power
;
and
to
abandon
the
Jesuits
his
faithful
Officers
was
yet
more
hard
,
and
intolerable
;
for
if
for
two
Clergymen
onely
there
had
been
such
a
clutter
,
how
much
more
ought
he
to
be
concerned
for
a
whole
Order
,
and
for
the
conservation
and
re-establishment
of
his
most
beloved
Emissaries
.
But
in
regard
the
Venetians
seemed
resolute
in
that
Point
,
the
Cardinal
Perron
persuaded
the
Pope
to
wave
the
Dispute
,
lest
when
all
other
Points
were
agreed
,
it
should
be
said
,
that
the
particular
Cause
of
the
Jesuits
should
become
the
Universal
Concernment
of
the
whole
Church
;
and
that
it
was
necessary
in
the
first
place
to
establish
the
Papal
Authority
in
Venice
,
before
he
could
hope
to
gain
admission
for
the
Jesuits
:
and
that
herein
he
would
do
well
to
follow
the
Example
of
Clement
VIII
.
who
in
a
Controversie
he
had
with
France
on
the
same
Subject
,
was
contented
to
wave
the
Point
concerning
the
restoration
of
the
Jesuits
,
and
in
the
time
obtained
that
,
which
at
that
present
seemed
impossible
:
upon
which
Advice
the
Pope
was
contented
to
leave
that
matter
wholly
to
the
management
of
the
Cardinal
,
with
Instructions
to
perform
the
best
he
could
therein
,
but
not
to
break
off
upon
the
refusal
of
it
.
The
Cardinal
having
agreed
all
matters
with
the
Pope
,
and
received
Instructions
how
to
manage
his
Interest
,
(
for
he
confided
more
in
the
Cardinal
than
in
any
other
of
the
Ministers
:
)
he
in
the
first
place
gave
account
to
the
King
his
Master
of
his
success
;
and
then
taking
Post
rode
very
hard
to
Ancona
,
from
whence
taking
a
Boat
he
arrived
in
hast
at
Venice
,
hoping
in
the
Holydays
of
Easter
to
operate
better
in
favour
of
the
Pope
,
and
prevail
on
the
minds
of
the
Senate
,
which
he
expected
to
find
more
gently
disposed
in
the
days
preparatory
to
that
Festival
.
The
next
day
after
his
arrival
the
Cardinal
had
Audience
of
the
Senate
,
to
whom
he
declared
the
substance
of
his
Negotiations
,
but
did
not
yet
so
far
open
himself
,
as
to
specifie
the
particulars
,
which
were
contained
in
the
Pope's
Breviate
,
though
the
Senate
was
well
advised
,
that
the
Cardinal
had
no
other
Writing
,
than
certain
Instructions
subscribed
by
the
Pope's
own
hand
:
but
yet
the
reputation
which
the
Cardinal
had
of
being
one
of
the
first
Degree
in
the
Court
of
Rome
,
forbad
all
farther
enquiry
into
his
Power
or
Authority
.
The
Cardinal
therefore
in
the
first
place
enlarged
himself
in
a
Rhetorical
Speech
concerning
the
good
will
,
and
intention
of
the
Pope
,
which
was
directed
to
no
other
end
,
than
the
good
,
and
welfare
of
the
Christian
Church
,
being
desirous
to
support
,
and
maintain
the
Papal
Dignity
with
a
constancy
becoming
the
Apostolical
Chair
:
and
though
the
Pope
had
long
since
endeavoured
to
accommodate
his
differences
with
the
Serene
Republick
,
yet
the
conclusion
had
been
often
interrupted
by
the
ill
Offices
,
and
contrivances
of
Men
not
well
inclined
to
the
publick
Peace
;
Howsoever
his
Holiness
being
willing
to
surmount
all
Controversie
,
the
difficulties
were
reduced
unto
two
Heads
:
The
first
Point
was
,
that
an
Ambassadour
should
be
designed
unto
Rome
before
the
Censures
were
taken
off
;
and
the
second
,
that
the
Jesuits
should
be
restored
:
howsoever
,
since
the
Senate
had
made
so
much
difficulty
on
the
first
Point
;
he
had
received
Instructions
to
yield
it
unto
them
,
and
in
the
first
place
to
take
off
the
Censures
;
but
as
to
that
concerning
the
Jesuits
it
admitted
of
longer
Dispute
,
of
which
he
desired
to
be
heard
at
a
more
private
Audience
.
In
conclusion
,
after
that
matters
were
debated
for
three
or
four
days
in
the
Senate
,
all
came
to
be
resolved
in
this
manner
:
That
the
Cardinal
should
publickly
in
the
Palace
of
St.
Mark
,
and
in
the
face
of
the
whole
Senate
declare
that
the
Censures
were
taken
off
,
or
that
he
did
then
make
them
void
,
and
null.
For
though
the
Senate
did
still
insist
on
their
Innocence
,
and
that
they
had
never
justly
incurred
the
penalty
of
the
Ecclesiastical
Censure
,
yet
however
it
being
judged
an
Act
of
no
prejudice
to
their
Cause
,
the
Cardinal's
Declaration
was
admitted
:
though
the
Senate
would
not
consent
,
to
accompany
the
Cardinal
to
St.
Mark
's
Church
,
and
there
after
Mass
was
ended
to
receive
a
Benediction
from
him
,
lest
it
should
appear
to
the
People
,
as
if
the
Censures
were
taken
off
by
that
Benediction
,
which
would
be
a
tacite
Confession
that
the
State
was
guilty
of
some
fault
,
which
they
in
no
wise
yielding
unto
,
would
not
admit
of
the
least
colour
,
or
appearance
of
Absolution
.
Secondly
,
That
at
the
same
time
when
the
Cardinal
declared
the
Censures
taken
off
,
the
Doge
should
deliver
to
his
hand
a
revocation
of
the
Protest
which
the
Senate
had
made
,
when
the
Censures
were
published
.
Thirdly
,
The
manner
,
and
form
was
agreed
for
delivery
of
the
Prisoners
.
Fourthly
,
It
was
agreed
,
that
all
Friers
and
other
Religious
should
be
restored
again
to
their
Monasteries
,
and
Convents
,
excepting
onely
the
Jesuits
,
and
fourteen
other
Friers
who
were
fled
for
their
Crimes
,
and
not
on
account
of
the
Pope's
quarrel
▪
Fifthly
,
It
was
agreed
,
that
an
Ambassadour
should
be
immediately
chosen
,
and
with
all
convenient
speed
sent
to
the
Pope
.
An.
1607.
The
Articles
being
thus
agreed
,
and
confirmed
,
the
21th
.
of
April
was
the
day
appointed
for
putting
matters
in
Execution
,
which
were
performed
in
this
manner
:
The
Cardinal
being
lodged
in
the
Palace
of
the
Duke
of
Ferrara
,
Monsieur
de
Fresnes
early
attended
him
at
that
House
,
where
Mark
Ottobon
the
Secretary
,
accompanied
with
two
Notaries
belonging
to
the
Ducal
Office
of
Chancery
,
and
with
other
Officers
of
the
Prison
,
brought
before
the
Ambassadour
the
two
Prisoners
,
viz.
the
Abbot
of
Nervesa
,
and
Scipio
Saraceno
Canon
of
Vicenza
:
and
then
the
Secretary
having
made
his
Obeysance
to
the
Ambassadour
;
said
,
These
are
,
my
Lord
,
the
Prisoners
,
which
our
most
Serene
Prince
,
according
to
a
late
agreement
hath
sent
to
be
consigned
to
your
Excellency
:
Protesting
howsoever
that
the
same
was
done
with
intent
,
and
design
onely
to
gratifie
his
most
Christian
Majesty
,
without
prejudice
,
or
infringment
of
that
Authority
and
Right
which
the
Republick
hath
to
pass
Judgment
on
Ecclesiastical
Persons
,
and
to
cite
them
before
their
Secular
Tribunals
of
Justice
.
To
which
the
Ambassadour
replyed
,
That
he
understood
it
so
,
and
in
that
manner
he
received
them
;
Of
which
the
Ducal
Notaries
taking
notice
,
entered
the
same
in
their
publick
Registers
.
This
being
done
,
the
Prisoners
recommended
themselves
to
the
Ambassadour's
protection
,
who
promised
them
his
favour
;
and
causing
them
to
follow
him
into
a
withdrawing
Room
where
the
Cardinal
was
seated
;
He
said
to
him
,
These
are
the
Prisoners
,
which
are
to
be
delivered
into
the
hands
of
the
Pope
;
Then
said
the
Cardinal
,
consign
them
into
the
hands
of
this
Person
(
pointing
to
the
Officer
,
who
was
Claudio
Montano
the
Pope's
Commissary
,
sent
to
that
end
and
purpose
;
)
who
having
touched
them
in
token
of
seizure
,
and
possession
,
he
desired
the
Ministers
of
Justice
that
they
would
be
pleased
to
take
the
care
,
and
custody
of
them
.
This
matter
being
past
,
the
Cardinal
with
the
Ambassadour
went
to
the
Doge
,
who
after
Mass
returned
to
the
College
,
attended
with
the
Signory
,
and
the
Savii
;
and
having
there
taken
their
Seats
the
Cardinal
entered
,
and
declared
himself
in
these
words
:
I
rejoyce
much
to
see
this
most
happy
day
,
greatly
desired
by
me
;
in
which
I
declare
to
your
Serene
Highness
,
That
all
the
Censures
of
the
Church
are
taken
off
from
you
,
as
in
reality
they
are
;
and
hereof
I
cannot
but
testifie
a
most
sensible
satisfaction
,
in
respect
to
that
great
benefit
which
all
Christendom
,
and
Italy
in
particular
will
receive
thereby
.
Then
the
Doge
delivered
into
the
hands
of
the
Cardinal
the
revocation
of
the
Protest
,
which
was
in
this
form
directed
to
all
the
Prelats
,
to
whom
the
Protest
was
sent
,
and
was
to
this
purpose
:
That
whereas
expedients
and
means
have
been
found
to
make
the
Pope
sensible
of
the
true
candour
of
mind
,
and
the
sincere
actions
of
this
Republick
;
so
that
all
Causes
are
removed
of
the
present
differences
:
And
whereas
this
Republick
hath
always
endeavoured
to
maintain
a
perfect
good
understanding
with
the
Apostolical
Chair
;
so
now
more
especially
it
remains
satisfied
in
having
at
length
obtained
this
their
most
just
desire
,
of
which
it
is
thought
fit
to
give
them
notice
.
Adding
farther
,
That
all
matters
being
performed
on
both
sides
,
which
were
most
equal
,
and
the
censures
taken
off
,
the
Protest
also
was
revoked
.
In
the
Evening
the
Senate
assembled
for
choice
of
an
Ambassadour
to
be
sent
to
Rome
and
reside
with
his
Holiness
;
the
Person
elected
was
the
Cavalier
Contarini
,
who
in
Company
with
three
others
had
formerly
been
employed
to
congratulate
with
the
Pope
for
his
assumption
to
the
Papal
Chair
:
and
herewith
ended
this
great
Controversie
between
the
Pope
,
and
the
Venetians
,
which
had
disturbed
all
Christendom
,
and
might
have
been
the
ruin
,
and
destruction
of
the
Papal
Authority
,
had
not
the
Pope
wisely
in
time
been
made
sensible
thereof
,
and
granted
every
thing
almost
,
which
the
Venetians
required
:
In
the
beginning
and
progress
of
this
whole
matter
,
we
may
observe
the
spirit
of
this
Paul
V.
who
aspired
to
make
himself
as
great
,
as
Sixtus
V.
and
seemed
to
follow
much
of
his
way
,
and
method
;
but
he
undertok
an
Enterprise
which
was
too
difficult
,
and
out
of
his
power
:
his
Errour
in
which
was
grounded
on
a
mistake
;
that
he
was
better
able
to
cope
,
or
deal
with
a
Republick
,
than
with
a
Monarch
;
for
that
the
first
being
composed
of
divers
Heads
,
and
humours
might
sooner
admit
a
division
in
Councils
,
than
in
a
single
person
;
and
that
many
of
them
being
zealous
,
and
most
of
them
superstitious
in
Religion
might
be
affected
by
Ecclesiastical
Censures
,
and
terrified
by
Excommunications
.
But
the
contrary
was
made
to
appear
by
the
effects
,
which
most
evidently
have
signalized
the
Wisdom
,
and
Constancy
of
this
Republick
,
which
would
never
be
obliged
to
become
pliant
,
and
flexible
by
all
the
fires
of
Hell
,
and
damnation
which
the
Pope
could
threaten
.
And
indeed
it
farther
appears
,
that
as
the
Republick
was
of
Opinion
,
that
the
Censures
of
the
Pope
were
invalid
,
when
they
were
not
established
on
just
,
and
legal
causes
;
so
likewise
they
believed
,
that
they
could
not
depart
from
the
least
scruple
of
their
temporal
Power
which
God
had
given
them
,
without
betraying
that
Trust
,
which
God
had
committed
to
their
charge
;
and
herein
they
were
so
resolute
and
constant
,
that
lest
they
should
seem
to
acknowledg
a
fault
in
any
one
step
of
the
late
transactions
,
they
would
not
so
much
as
accept
of
the
Cardinals
Blessing
,
lest
it
should
seem
to
be
given
in
form
of
Absolution
.
This
Controversie
being
ended
,
which
had
hitherto
allayed
all
the
joy
,
and
contentment
which
the
Pope
conceived
for
his
late
exaltation
to
the
Papal
Dignity
:
the
Venetians
in
pursuance
of
the
Articles
agreed
,
dispatched
the
four
Ambassadours
to
Rome
,
namely
Francisco
Molino
Procurator
of
St.
Mark
,
John
Mocenigo
,
Peter
Dudo
,
Francisco
Contareno
,
all
Knights
,
and
Senatours
of
Chief
Renown
;
whom
the
Pope
received
with
all
imaginable
honour
,
being
overjoyed
to
have
put
an
end
to
a
business
so
full
of
danger
to
himself
,
and
in
which
his
measures
having
failed
him
,
he
no
longer
argued
in
defence
of
his
Cause
,
nor
entertained
the
Ambassadours
with
Expostulations
concerning
matters
past
,
which
having
had
little
foundation
in
any
reasons
,
he
was
desirous
to
pretermit
,
and
to
have
buried
in
silence
.
Soon
after
the
promotion
of
this
Pope
,
in
the
Month
of
November
1605.
that
diabolical
Plot
of
the
Gun-powder
Treason
to
blow
up
the
King
and
Queen
of
England
,
all
the
Nobles
and
Commons
assembled
in
Parliament
was
happily
,
and
by
God's
immediate
Providence
discovered
,
the
particulars
of
which
being
recorded
in
our
Chronicles
,
and
believed
,
to
have
been
contrived
at
Rome
,
we
shall
not
need
to
relate
in
this
place
:
onely
that
King
James
for
security
of
himself
and
his
Dominions
issued
forth
a
Proclamation
commanding
all
Roman
Priests
,
Seminaries
,
Baker's
Hist.
and
Jesuits
as
being
the
chief
Incendiaries
of
troubles
to
depart
the
Kingdom
of
England
,
and
not
to
return
upon
pain
of
the
severity
of
those
Laws
which
were
made
against
them
:
as
also
all
Recusants
to
return
home
to
their
Dwellings
,
and
not
to
remain
in
London
or
come
within
ten
miles
of
the
Court
without
special
License
.
After
which
Proclamation
,
the
Oath
of
Allegiance
was
presently
administred
to
all
sorts
of
people
,
and
their
names
certified
to
the
Lords
of
the
Council
,
who
refused
to
take
it
.
The
form
of
this
Oath
administred
to
the
Recusants
in
England
was
brought
to
Rome
,
and
examined
,
and
discussed
by
the
College
of
Cardinals
,
who
after
mature
,
and
serious
deliberation
did
unanimously
concur
,
that
the
said
Oath
could
not
be
lawfully
taken
by
any
true
Catholick
with
a
safe
Conscience
.
Wherefore
the
Pope
signified
so
much
by
his
Brief
,
exhorting
his
people
in
England
to
refuse
the
said
Oath
,
and
with
patience
,
constancy
,
and
faith
to
suffer
those
persecutions
which
for
this
cause
were
laid
upon
them
.
In
the
year
1607.
the
King
of
Congo
sent
an
Ambassadour
to
this
Pope
called
Anthony
Emanuel
Vunthi
,
for
so
the
Jesuits
and
other
Missionaries
into
those
parts
had
named
him
;
he
was
received
honourably
at
Rome
,
where
the
Pope
promised
to
furnish
him
with
several
learned
and
godly
Preachers
,
which
should
return
with
him
into
his
own
Country
,
and
there
labour
to
encrease
and
propagate
the
Gospel
;
but
this
Ambassadour
falling
sick
soon
after
his
arrival
at
Rome
,
was
buried
in
the
Church
of
Santa
Maria
Maggiore
,
and
with
him
ceased
the
design
of
sending
Apostles
into
those
parts
.
Howsoever
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Goa
,
in
imitation
of
the
late
Ambassadour
from
Congo
,
procured
Letters
from
the
King
of
Persia
to
this
Pope
dated
at
Spahaun
the
20th
.
day
of
January
1608.
and
were
afterwards
followed
by
an
Ambassadour
called
Ali
Golikek
Mordar
,
who
arrived
at
Rome
in
the
year
1609.
and
was
received
into
the
Vatican
,
where
the
Pope
sate
on
his
Throne
,
and
on
each
side
the
Cardinals
in
form
,
and
manner
of
a
Consistory
.
Those
Writers
who
favour
the
Papal
Cause
,
pretend
that
the
King
of
Persia
sent
then
to
acknowledg
Obedience
to
the
Pope
,
who
for
that
cause
returned
solemn
thanks
to
God
for
having
enlightned
those
remote
parts
with
the
rays
of
his
Gospel
,
and
that
the
Sun
of
Righteousness
was
arisen
in
those
parts
,
after
so
long
a
Night
of
obscure
Gentilism
,
and
false
Religion
.
But
the
success
of
following
times
proved
the
mistake
of
this
matter
,
the
King
's
of
Persia
continuing
still
in
the
Doctrine
of
their
Prophet
Ali
;
and
therefore
it
may
with
more
reason
be
asserted
,
and
believed
,
that
this
Ambassadour
from
Persia
,
was
sent
in
favour
and
at
the
instigation
of
some
of
the
Persian
Subjects
,
who
were
,
or
had
been
Christians
of
the
Armenian
Church
,
which
by
some
Friers
crept
in
amongst
them
had
been
seduced
from
their
own
to
the
Roman
Church
;
which
was
not
difficult
to
perform
,
if
we
consider
the
poverty
of
those
poor
Armenians
,
who
were
easily
inclined
to
the
profession
of
that
Faith
upon
promises
of
preferments
in
the
Church
,
so
that
until
these
days
there
are
several
Bishops
of
the
Roman
rite
in
Armenia
,
and
Monasteries
of
Dominican
Friers
.
In
the
year
1610.
An.
1610.
this
Pope
beatified
Ignatius
Loyola
,
who
was
the
first
Founder
,
and
Institutor
of
the
Order
of
Jesuits
,
giving
them
leave
and
permission
amongst
themselves
and
publickly
in
their
own
Churches
to
invoke
him
as
a
Saint
,
or
as
one
of
those
happy
Souls
who
live
,
and
reign
in
Heaven
with
God
;
but
not
to
be
prayed
unto
,
or
invoked
by
the
Universal
Church
.
But
with
more
Ceremony
,
and
joy
he
canonized
the
same
year
Charles
Borromeo
the
Arch-bishop
of
Milan
.
In
the
time
of
Clement
VIII
.
the
people
of
Milan
had
earnestly
desired
this
grace
,
and
had
begun
the
methods
,
and
rules
of
proceedings
observed
in
that
case
,
the
which
being
continued
until
the
time
of
this
Paul
V.
were
then
at
the
desire
and
request
of
the
Kings
of
Spain
,
Poland
,
and
Sweden
,
as
also
of
the
College
of
Cardinals
,
and
Bishops
of
the
Province
of
Milan
,
consummated
,
and
finished
with
great
pomp
,
and
expence
.
In
the
Month
of
May
of
this
year
1610.
Henry
IV.
King
of
France
was
wickedly
,
and
traiterously
assassinated
by
Ravillac
,
the
particulars
of
which
are
specified
in
the
French
History
,
the
which
diabolical
Act
,
as
it
astonished
the
whole
World
,
so
it
sadly
affected
Pope
Paul
,
who
had
received
many
Obligations
from
that
King
,
being
endeared
to
him
by
many
late
circumstances
in
the
Controversie
with
Venice
,
and
upon
this
score
he
deeply
lamented
this
unhappy
fate
,
which
he
said
was
a
loss
to
all
Christendom
,
and
the
Universal
Church
;
and
understanding
that
some
young
French
Men
,
then
at
Rome
rejoyced
at
the
fact
,
and
stiled
the
villanous
Assassinate
The
Deliverer
of
their
Country
,
he
caused
them
to
be
seized
,
and
upon
Process
made
against
them
,
he
condemned
them
to
the
Gallies
.
And
though
Popes
do
seldom
assist
at
the
Obsequies
of
deceased
Princes
,
yet
he
was
resolved
to
be
present
at
these
,
which
were
celebrated
at
Rome
with
great
solemnity
,
where
one
Sequier
preaching
the
funeral
Sermon
of
this
great
Prince
,
he
bestowed
on
him
these
Titles
of
Praise
,
and
Dignity
,
calling
him
The
Protectour
of
the
publick
Peace
,
the
Ornament
of
the
Catholick
,
Apostolick
,
and
Roman
Church
,
the
sole
Arbitrator
between
Christian
Kings
and
Princes
,
and
the
delight
of
the
Universe
;
with
which
the
Pope
was
so
well
affected
,
that
he
acknowledged
all
that
was
said
of
him
,
to
have
been
true
,
but
yet
that
this
Elogium
came
far
short
of
the
merit
of
this
great
Prince
.
Besides
these
honours
performed
to
the
three
forementioned
Parties
,
he
beatified
Phillippus
Nerius
Founder
of
the
Order
of
the
Fathers
of
the
Oratory
,
called
in
French
Les
peres
d'
Oratoire
,
and
in
Spain
known
by
the
name
of
Observantes
Minores
;
as
also
the
Virgin
Teresa
,
who
for
it
instituted
the
Order
of
descalced
Carmelites
,
with
divers
others
.
But
now
to
enumerate
the
many
publick
works
done
by
this
Pope
,
we
shall
find
none
to
have
exceeded
him
in
Magnificent
Structures
.
For
in
the
first
place
,
he
highly
beautified
the
Vatican
Basilicon
called
by
us
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
,
which
being
begun
by
Julius
II.
and
amplified
and
encreased
by
Gregory
XIII
.
and
Sixtus
V.
was
not
yet
perfected
until
the
time
of
this
Pope
,
who
by
the
help
,
and
contrivance
of
Michael
Angelo
de
Bonarora
,
caused
the
old
Building
of
Constantine
to
be
demolished
,
and
began
a
most
stupendous
work
,
erecting
from
the
very
foundation
the
whole
body
of
the
Church
from
the
Chappel
of
Gregory
to
the
farthest
end
,
building
the
Quire
,
Chancel
,
and
both
the
lower
and
upper
Portico
,
from
whence
the
Pope
on
certain
days
blessed
the
People
:
and
in
remembrance
whereof
this
Inscription
is
engraven
within
the
Church
.
Paulus
V.
Pont.
Max.
Vaticanum
Templum
a
Julio
II.
Inchoatum
.
Et
usque
ad
Gregorii
&
Clementis
Sacella
Assiduo
Centum
Annorum
Opificio
Productum
.
Tantae
Molis
Accessione
Vniversum
Constantinianae
Basilicae
Ambitum
includens
Confecit
Confessionem
Beati
Petri
Exornavit
Frontem
Orientalem
&
Porticum
Extruxit
.
But
besides
this
foregoing
work
of
great
Magnificence
and
charge
bestowed
on
St.
Peter's
Church
,
he
enlarged
the
Vatican
Palace
,
adding
several
convenient
Stairs
,
and
passages
into
the
Garden
called
the
Bel
vedere
;
by
which
in
a
more
direct
way
he
might
pass
into
it
;
for
that
Palace
is
said
to
be
so
great
,
as
to
contain
five
thousand
six
hundred
and
fifty
Chambers
:
He
also
enlarged
the
Vatican
Library
,
and
adorned
it
with
the
Pictures
of
many
Men
famous
in
their
Ages
,
made
,
and
drawn
by
excellent
hands
;
to
this
Library
he
added
a
place
to
keep
the
Records
of
the
secret
transactions
of
the
Roman
Sea
,
which
he
called
,
Archivium
Apostolicum
.
Nor
did
his
Munificence
end
with
this
work
,
but
with
more
State
and
charge
he
erected
a
Chappel
called
the
Chappel
of
Burghese
,
in
the
Church
of
Santa
Maria
Maggiore
,
dedicated
to
the
Blessed
Virgin
;
the
outside
of
which
though
built
of
Stone
digged
from
Quarries
on
the
banks
of
the
Tybur
,
yet
the
inside
was
enriched
with
Numidian
,
and
Carian
Marble
,
and
with
Granite
Marble
,
and
Alabaster
fetched
from
Chios
,
and
Phrygia
,
the
High
Altar
was
supported
with
four
lofty
Pillars
of
Jasper-stone
beset
with
Topaces
,
Rubies
,
Emeralds
,
Chrysolites
,
Onyx
,
Amethysts
,
and
divers
other
pretious
Stones
from
Persia
and
India
:
and
dressed
up
the
Image
of
our
Lady
upon
it
,
with
rich
embroidered
Cloths
,
with
Chains
of
Gold
,
and
Pearl
,
and
the
rarest
Gems
.
To
this
Chappel
he
gave
a
Cross
of
Silver
weighing
one
hundred
twenty
eight
pounds
,
costing
two
thousand
one
hundred
and
fifty
Ducats
;
He
also
erected
the
Statues
of
the
Twelve
Apostles
in
Silver
,
which
cost
six
thousand
Ducats
of
Gold
,
with
six
silver
Candlesticks
gilded
,
which
cost
three
thousand
Crowns
:
also
two
massy
Candlesticks
of
Silver
,
which
were
placed
at
the
foot
of
the
high
Altar
,
weighing
one
hundred
and
fourteen
pounds
,
and
cost
one
thousand
four
hundred
Ducats
of
Gold
.
Moreover
,
he
gave
the
heads
of
six
Saints
in
Silver
,
which
cost
two
thousand
and
thirty
Ducats
,
and
the
Arms
of
six
Saints
,
which
cost
one
thousand
two
hundred
Ducats
;
and
also
two
Silver
Basons
,
weighing
twenty
three
pounds
,
and
which
cost
five
hundred
pieces
of
Eight
,
the
Crown
which
he
bestowed
on
the
Image
studded
with
precious
Stones
,
was
valued
at
twelve
thousand
Ducats
of
Gold
,
before
which
was
hanged
a
Lamp
of
Silver
weighing
thirty
one
pounds
,
with
many
other
rare
and
rich
gifts
,
which
amounted
in
all
to
31725
Ducats
of
Gold
.
I
remember
my self
to
have
seen
,
and
observed
this
Chappel
with
great
admiration
,
and
particularly
noted
the
four
Pillars
of
Jaspar
and
Bases
of
Brass
,
and
that
the
back
of
the
Altar
was
all
of
Lapis
Lazuli
,
and
the
Cupolo
of
the
Chappel
was
painted
by
Guido
Rheni
of
Bologna
:
this
Chappel
is
just
opposite
to
another
built
by
Sixtus
V.
the
chief
Architect
,
of
which
was
Domenico
Fontana
,
and
cost
seven
hundred
thousand
Crowns
,
they
are
both
additions
to
the
Sancta
Maria
Maggiore
,
which
is
one
of
the
greatest
Churches
in
Rome
,
it
is
seated
on
Mons
Esquilinus
,
and
by
some
is
nam'd
Sancta
Maria
ad
Nives
,
because
that
in
the
heats
of
the
month
of
August
it
was
revealed
in
a
Vision
to
those
,
who
first
founded
this
Church
,
that
they
should
build
it
in
that
place
where
at
that
season
they
found
Snow
,
which
it
seems
appeared
within
the
compass
of
that
Church
,
and
gave
measures
for
all
the
dimensions
of
it
,
there
being
no
Snow
in
any
other
part
of
all
the
City
or
Country
.
And
in
regard
the
Vatican
Palace
was
esteemed
to
be
situate
in
an
unhealthy
Air
,
and
almost
pestilential
in
the
heats
of
the
Summer
,
it
was
accustomary
for
the
Popes
in
the
hot
season
of
the
year
to
remove
themselves
to
a
small
House
on
the
Mons
Quirinus
,
hiring
to
the
great
inconvenience
of
the
Inhabitants
,
several
Houses
for
accommodation
of
the
Servants
,
and
followers
of
the
Court
.
But
this
Pope
Paul
who
was
of
a
great
and
large
Soul
,
not
enduring
to
be
confin'd
within
so
narrow
a
compass
;
bought
several
Houses
belonging
to
the
Neighbourhood
,
the
which
having
pulled
down
,
he
in
the
place
thereof
erected
that
large
and
stately
Palace
,
now
called
Monte
Cavallo
,
from
the
two
Horses
which
are
erected
on
a
Pedestal
before
this
Palace
;
in
memory
of
which
Building
on
the
Eastern
side
thereof
there
is
this
Inscription
engraved
,
Paulus
Quintus
Pont.
Max.
Anno
Salutis
MDCXI
.
Pont.
Sui
VII
.
There
was
no
Pope
that
was
ever
more
magnificent
in
Building
than
this
,
or
who
delighted
more
in
publick
Works
,
which
tended
to
the
common
benefit
of
the
City
,
either
for
use
or
Ornament
;
for
he
enlarged
the
ways
on
the
Mount
Quirinus
leading
to
this
Palace
,
which
were
before
very
narrow
and
inconvenient
,
and
brought
several
Aqueducts
to
it
with
plentiful
streams
;
many
streets
of
the
City
which
were
before
crooked
,
he
made
direct
and
streight
with
much
Beauty
and
Ornament
.
All
that
part
of
the
City
which
is
situate
on
the
other
side
of
the
Tybur
called
at
present
Frastevere
,
suffering
much
for
want
of
Water
,
he
refreshed
with
admirable
Streams
flowing
in
great
abundance
,
Ex
Agro
Braccianensi
,
which
he
brought
by
Aqueducts
at
thirty
five
miles
distance
,
partly
under
ground
,
and
part
with
arched
Work
;
which
was
divided
into
four
Fountains
,
or
rather
Rivers
of
Water
,
falling
from
the
top
of
that
Hill
where
is
now
a
Church
,
and
Monastery
of
Franiscan
Friers
:
and
there
they
shewed
us
a
Chappel
built
over
that
place
,
where
St.
Peter
,
(
as
they
said
)
was
crucified
,
and
the
very
hole
where
his
Cross
was
fixed
.
On
the
high
Altar
of
this
Church
,
was
that
excellent
and
famed
Piece
of
our
Saviour's
Ascension
made
by
Raphael
Vrbin
;
he
was
himself
so
pleased
with
it
,
and
so
much
admired
it
,
that
he
ordered
it
should
be
carried
next
to
his
Coffin
when
he
went
to
be
buried
.
Besides
all
these
,
and
many
other
publick
Works
which
this
Pope
performed
,
he
was
much
to
be
commended
for
his
charitable
Gifts
,
and
Alms
to
the
Poor
;
amongst
which
it
was
none
of
his
least
acts
of
Charity
;
that
he
established
a
Revenue
,
out
of
which
every
month
there
was
raised
a
convenient
Portion
whereby
to
bestow
an
honest
and
vertuous
Maid
in
Marriage
.
He
was
greatly
pleased
with
Frescati
,
a
Village
about
ten
miles
distant
from
Rome
,
called
anciently
Villa
Tusculana
,
where
Cicero
was
much
delighted
,
and
made
it
the
place
of
his
retirement
and
Studies
;
and
for
that
reason
this
Pope
enlarged
the
Papal
Palace
there
,
and
brought
it
into
great
reputation
with
the
Cardinals
,
and
Nobles
of
Rome
.
During
the
Wars
between
the
Emperour
and
the
Count
Palatine
of
the
Rhine
,
which
happened
in
the
Reign
of
this
Pope
,
he
laid
a
Tax
on
all
the
Clergy
towards
the
maintenance
and
support
of
the
Catholick
Cause
:
and
a
new
Order
of
Knighthood
was
created
under
the
patronage
of
the
Blessed
Virgin
,
St.
Michael
,
and
St.
Francis
,
who
entered
into
a
Vow
to
make
War
against
the
Hereticks
,
and
extirpate
them
and
the
Heresies
they
professed
:
And
about
this
time
began
that
great
Controversie
between
the
Jesuits
and
the
Dominicans
concerning
the
immaculate
Conception
of
the
Blessed
Virgin
,
which
was
rather
smothered
,
than
decided
.
Thus
did
this
Pope
Paul
V.
pass
his
time
in
Peace
;
for
the
quarrel
he
had
with
the
Venetians
,
having
given
him
some
taste
of
the
inquietudes
of
War
,
he
ever
afterwards
attended
to
a
pacifick
and
reposed
Life
,
which
produced
those
excellent
effects
of
Peace
,
such
as
great
Structures
,
and
munificence
towards
the
Poor
,
which
by
unquiet
Spirits
are
always
diverted
by
the
expences
of
War
:
And
thus
having
consumed
his
days
,
he
departed
this
life
on
the
24th
.
of
January
1621.
and
in
the
seventieth
year
of
his
Age
,
having
reigned
fifteen
years
,
eight
months
and
thirteen
days
,
he
was
buried
for
a
while
in
the
Church
of
St.
Peter
,
but
his
Body
was
in
a
short
time
after
removed
from
thence
to
his
Chappel
,
which
he
had
erected
and
added
to
the
great
Church
of
Santa
Maria
Maggiore
.
During
his
Reign
he
created
sixty
Cardinals
.
The
Epitaph
on
his
Monument
is
as
followeth
:
Paulus
V.
Pont.
Max.
Patria
Romanus
,
ex
Burgesia
Familia
Cui
perpetua
Vitae
innocentia
&
sectata
Virtus
;
Bononiae
Prolegato
praefuit
,
mox
à
Gregorio
XIV
.
Causarum
Cam.
Apost.
Auditor
Creatus
,
&
à
Clemente
VIII
.
Ad
Philippum
II.
Hispaniarum
Regem
de
gravissimis
rebus
Legatus
;
In
Amplissimum
Ordinem
cooptatus
inter
Generales
Inquisitores
Adscriptus
,
Et
Vrbis
Vicarius
Electus
,
cum
omnes
tantorum
Munerum
Partes
Summa
cum
laude
obivisset
Ad
Summum
Pontificatum
Leone
XI
.
è
Vivis
Erepto
Florens
Adhuc
Aetate
Incredibili
Patrum
Consensu
Evectus
Est
Cumque
Vigili
Solicitudini
Securitatem
Annonae
Copiam
Justitiam
,
Et
Quietem
Populis
Ecclesiasticae
Ditionis
Concordiam
Vero
Et
Pacem
Vniverso
Christiano
Orbi
Semper
Praestitisset
Religionem
Summa
Pietate
Coluissit
Vrbem
Magnificentissimis
Adificiis
Ornasset
Atque
Gregoriis
Omnium
Virtutum
Officiis
Aditum
Sibi
Ad
Immortalitatem
Aperuisset
E
Mortalibus
Raptus
Grave
Cunctis
Sui
Desiderium
Reliquit
.
Sedit
in
Potificatu
Annos
XV.
Menses
VIII
.
Dies
XIII
.
Obiit
Anno
Sal.
MDCXXI
.
Die
XXII
.
Januarii
.
GREGORY
XV.
THE
Funeral
Obsequies
of
Paul
V.
having
been
celebrated
for
the
space
of
nine
days
according
to
the
usual
Form
and
Custom
;
the
Cardinals
on
the
tenth
day
being
the
eighth
of
February
,
entered
the
Conclave
,
to
the
number
of
fifty
,
to
which
two
others
were
added
,
who
arrived
at
Rome
a
few
days
after
the
death
of
the
Pope
,
one
of
which
was
Cardinal
Alexander
Ludovisio
,
Arch-bishop
of
Bologna
,
who
after
many
and
various
Factions
,
and
diversity
of
Opinions
in
the
Conclave
,
was
chosen
Pope
:
the
first
and
most
antient
Party
was
that
of
Montalto
,
the
second
of
Aldobrandino
,
the
third
of
Borghese
,
the
fourth
was
that
of
the
Spanish
Faction
,
the
fifth
was
of
the
French
,
besides
which
were
Bonti
,
Sforza
,
Farnese
,
Medici
,
and
Este
,
all
which
stood
on
their
own
bottoms
,
and
formed
distinct
Parties
of
their
own
.
When
the
first
Scrutiny
was
made
Bellarmine
had
far
the
greater
number
of
Votes
,
but
falling
short
of
two
Thirds
he
was
excluded
,
Campori
made
the
greater
bustle
,
and
so
also
did
Aquino
,
but
great
and
strong
Parties
opposing
against
them
vacated
their
Elections
.
At
length
Cardinal
Borghese
naming
Ludovisio
,
was
followed
by
a
general
concurrence
of
almost
all
the
Cardinals
,
almost
we
may
say
,
because
Campori
upon
the
news
thereof
,
turned
pale
and
ready
to
fall
into
a
swoon
,
Aldobrandino
also
and
Aquino
fell
sick
,
and
were
carried
out
of
the
Conclave
;
and
Aquino
having
now
lost
all
hopes
of
being
made
Pope
,
took
it
so
grievously
to
heart
,
that
in
two
days
he
departed
this
life
.
Thus
Ludovisio
being
elected
,
he
was
conducted
into
the
Chappel
Parlina
,
where
he
was
vested
in
his
Pontificalibus
,
and
acknowledged
,
and
adored
for
Pope
on
the
21th
.
of
February
1621.
and
took
the
name
of
Gregory
XV.
This
Pope
was
born
at
Bologna
on
the
third
of
January
1554.
his
Father
was
Count
Pompeo
Ludovisio
,
and
his
Mother
Camilla
Blanchina
,
he
was
in
his
youthful
years
educated
in
the
Jesuits
Colledg
at
Rome
,
where
he
was
instructed
in
all
sorts
of
Humane
and
Philosophical
Learning
:
returning
afterwards
to
Bologna
he
studied
the
Civil
Law
,
in
which
he
arrived
to
the
degree
of
Doctor
,
and
thence
again
setling
himself
at
Rome
,
he
gained
the
friendship
of
three
succeeding
Popes
:
by
Gregory
XIII
.
he
was
chosen
and
created
Principal
Judg
of
the
Capitol
;
by
Clement
VIII
.
he
was
made
Referendary
of
both
Signatures
,
and
presided
in
all
Civil
Causes
,
in
the
place
of
Deputy
to
Cardinal
Rusticuccio
the
Pope's
Vicar
;
he
was
afterwards
assumed
into
Commission
with
the
Auditors
of
the
Rota
,
which
Office
one
of
his
Ancestors
named
Lodowick
Ludovisio
,
had
about
one
hundred
and
fifty
years
before
,
with
great
satisfaction
,
and
prudence
admitted
.
He
was
likewise
by
the
same
Clement
VIII
.
adjoyned
in
Commission
with
Maffeo
Barbarini
Clerk
of
the
Apostolical
Chamber
,
(
who
afterwards
was
Pope
)
and
sent
to
Beneventum
to
appease
Tumults
and
Seditions
arisen
between
the
Officers
of
the
Pope
,
and
those
of
the
King
of
Spain
.
And
lastly
Paul
V.
created
him
Arch-bishop
of
Bologna
;
upon
promotion
to
which
Prelacy
,
he
wrote
a
Letter
to
his
Diocesans
full
of
Charity
,
and
paternal
affection
,
which
was
printed
at
Bologna
,
and
is
extant
at
this
day
.
About
this
time
a
War
was
begun
between
Charles
Emanuel
Duke
of
Savoy
,
and
Ferdinand
Duke
of
Mantoua
,
grounded
on
certain
differences
about
some
places
in
the
Dutchy
of
Montferrat
,
which
were
the
cause
of
great
trouble
in
Milan
,
and
other
places
of
Italy
,
in
regard
that
Philip
III.
King
of
Spain
took
part
with
the
Duke
of
Mantoua
:
to
appease
which
disturbances
,
and
compose
which
differences
Pope
Paul
employed
this
Alexander
Ludovisio
,
qualifying
him
with
the
Title
of
his
Nuntio
in
those
three
Provinces
to
confer
with
the
Ambassadours
of
France
and
Spain
;
in
which
negotiation
he
so
well
acquitted
himself
,
and
with
such
honour
towards
the
Papal
Sea
,
that
Peace
being
concluded
and
all
Disputes
ended
,
the
Pope
in
reward
of
the
pains
and
prudence
of
Ludovisio
,
on
the
20th
.
of
November
1616.
promoted
him
to
the
degree
of
Cardinal
,
with
which
Title
he
resided
in
his
Diocese
,
until
news
came
of
the
death
of
Paul
V
;
when
he
immediately
repaired
to
Rome
,
and
entred
the
Conclave
,
on
the
8th
.
of
February
with
the
other
Cardinal
,
and
on
the
21th
.
of
that
month
was
himself
created
Pope
.
Some
few
days
after
which
,
being
crowned
in
St.
Peter's
Church
with
the
usual
pomp
,
he
took
possession
of
the
Sovereign
Power
of
the
Church
in
the
Church
of
St.
John
de
Lateran
:
which
Ceremonies
being
past
,
he
published
Jubilies
,
and
Pardons
over
all
Christendom
to
all
such
,
who
should
with
sincere
minds
pray
for
the
prosperity
and
happiness
of
his
Reign
.
At
this
time
a
War
began
to
be
inflamed
between
the
Inhabitants
and
Neighbours
of
the
Valteline
,
in
which
the
Kings
of
Spain
,
and
France
became
involved
,
the
causes
and
original
of
which
doth
not
appertain
to
this
History
:
Spain
being
desirous
to
interest
Gregory
in
this
Cause
,
offered
to
deposite
the
Forts
of
the
Valteline
in
his
hands
,
making
great
ostentations
of
their
desires
to
Peace
and
quietness
:
but
in
Rome
the
Opinions
and
Counsels
upon
an
offer
of
such
importance
were
doubtful
,
and
divided
;
for
those
who
penetrated
the
most
deeply
into
matters
of
Policy
,
were
not
willing
that
the
Authority
of
the
Church
and
Power
of
the
Pope
should
be
so
far
engaged
,
or
that
the
professed
neutrality
,
and
mediation
should
run
so
much
hazard
,
for
that
being
once
accepted
by
the
Pope
,
the
Conditions
of
Peace
would
be
rendered
more
difficult
,
and
perhaps
impossible
:
for
if
in
case
an
agreement
should
happen
between
two
Kings
of
restoring
all
things
to
their
former
estate
;
it
would
be
difficult
to
conceive
with
what
decency
the
Pope
could
restore
into
the
hands
of
the
Protestants
,
(
whom
he
esteemed
Hereticks
)
those
places
which
were
committed
to
his
Guardianship
and
custody
.
The
Venetian
Republick
being
of
the
same
Opinion
sent
Soranzo
Ambassadour
Extraordinary
to
Rome
to
disuade
the
Pope
from
lending
his
Name
,
and
Authority
to
the
interests
of
Spain
:
but
he
yielding
an
Ear
to
his
Nephews
,
who
were
overcome
by
Pensions
and
Benefices
from
Spain
,
was
possessed
with
an
Opinion
and
belief
,
that
at
the
appearing
of
his
Colours
,
all
the
Arms
of
the
Enemy
,
would
out
of
Veneration
fall
from
their
hands
;
upon
which
the
glorious
memorial
of
Peace
preserved
,
and
Religion
protected
would
remain
as
an
Ornament
to
his
Name
,
and
a
Crown
upon
his
Sepulcre
.
But
the
French
shewed
themselves
displeased
,
that
Gregory
had
not
expected
the
sence
of
that
Crown
upon
the
matter
,
before
he
resolved
to
accept
the
Deposite
:
howsoever
in
the
French
Councils
the
Opinion
prevailed
,
that
the
Pope
should
accept
of
the
Deposite
with
certain
limitations
and
reserves
;
and
it
was
declared
,
that
the
Deposite
should
remain
until
the
end
of
July
(
it
being
now
the
month
of
May
)
within
which
time
,
the
Forts
being
demolished
,
and
all
restraints
upon
the
Grisons
,
and
Armies
removed
which
did
oppress
them
,
affairs
should
be
restored
to
their
former
State
;
which
not
being
performed
,
the
League
should
supplicate
the
Pope
to
join
himself
to
their
Arms
,
thereby
to
obtain
the
effect
.
In
pursuance
of
these
resolutions
the
Duke
of
Fiano
the
Pope's
own
Brother
,
a
dull
and
sottish
Man
,
was
sent
with
fifteen
thousand
Foot
and
five
hundred
Horse
to
take
possession
of
the
Towns
to
be
deposited
;
but
had
been
resisted
in
the
Valley
had
not
the
Governour
of
Milan
removed
all
obstacles
,
but
these
matters
came
to
no
maturity
:
for
amidst
these
transactions
the
Pope
departed
this
life
.
In
the
year
1622.
Lewis
XIII
.
of
France
was
involved
in
great
Wars
against
his
Protestant
Subjects
,
and
rendered
himself
Master
of
the
Provinces
of
Poictou
,
Xantonge
,
Gascony
,
Dauphino
,
and
Languedoc
.
Philip
IV.
King
of
Spain
was
employed
in
Wars
against
the
Hollanders
:
likewise
the
Emperour
Ferdinand
II.
waged
Wars
with
the
Protestants
in
Germany
,
and
with
assistance
of
Marquis
Spinola
,
and
the
Duke
of
Bavaria
despoiled
the
Prince
Palatine
of
the
Rhine
of
his
Dominions
;
and
having
the
plunder
of
Heidelberg
,
the
Duke
of
Bavaria
sent
the
Library
antiently
belonging
to
the
Princes
Palatines
to
Rome
,
which
by
this
Pope
was
transmitted
into
the
Vatican
with
this
Inscription
:
Sum
De
Bibliotheca
Quam
Heidelberga
Capta
Spolium
Fecit
,
Et
Pont.
Max.
Greg.
XV.
Trophaeum
Misit
,
Maximilianus
Vtriusque
Bavariae
Dux
S.R.
Imperii
Archi-Dapifer
Et
Princeps
Elector
Anno
M.DCXXIII
.
Besides
which
,
several
Standards
taken
at
the
Battel
of
Prague
were
sent
to
Rome
,
and
there
by
the
Pope's
order
hanged
up
,
in
the
Church
of
Sancta
Maria
de
Victoria
.
The
success
of
the
Catholick
Princes
being
to
the
great
comfort
of
the
Pope
thus
fortunate
,
he
encouraged
the
Duke
of
Savoy
to
make
War
upon
Geneva
,
and
render
himself
Master
of
that
place
,
whereby
he
would
not
only
do
justice
to
his
own
Right
and
Title
,
but
also
overthrow
the
capital
Seat
of
Heresie
,
and
Calvinism
.
With
the
like
zeal
did
the
Pope
require
of
the
four
Venetian
Ambassadours
,
sent
according
to
custom
to
congratulate
his
promotion
to
the
Papal
Chair
;
that
the
Republick
would
again
admit
into
their
State
those
Religious
People
of
the
Society
of
Jesus
,
which
had
been
banished
from
thence
in
the
time
of
his
Predecessor
Paul
V.
But
this
request
being
repugnant
to
many
Laws
and
formalities
,
and
the
indissoluble
bonds
of
Government
,
could
not
be
obtained
;
though
it
was
pressed
more
home
by
the
Marquis
de
Coevre
,
who
passed
from
Rome
to
Venice
in
the
name
of
his
Master
King
Lewis
III.
and
seconded
with
earnest
importunity
by
the
Bishop
of
Monte
Fiascorie
the
Pope's
Nuntio
,
and
the
powerful
Letters
of
the
Cardinal
Ludovisio
.
For
the
Senate
declared
,
that
they
could
not
depart
from
their
first
resolution
,
which
being
founded
on
Decrees
,
and
solid
considerations
could
in
no
wise
be
altered
;
and
therefore
Princes
in
Amity
with
them
,
ought
not
to
press
them
unto
that
,
which
was
neither
permitted
to
them
to
grant
,
nor
could
they
deny
without
doing
a
displeasure
to
themselves
.
An.
1622.
In
this
year
Osman
the
Emperour
of
the
Turks
invaded
Poland
with
a
powerful
Army
;
but
King
Sigismond
III.
being
assisted
with
Mony
from
the
Pope
,
made
a
vigorous
resistance
,
and
gained
a
signal
Victory
against
the
Enemy
.
In
this
year
also
Antonius
de
Dominis
,
who
was
Arch-bishop
of
Spalato
in
Dalmatia
,
deserting
his
Bishoprick
and
all
his
Ecclesiastical
Preferments
for
the
sake
of
the
Gospel
,
and
the
true
Protestant
Religion
,
went
into
England
,
where
he
wrote
a
Book
against
the
Ecclesiastical
State
:
but
being
unconstant
,
and
wavering
in
his
Principles
,
he
returned
to
Rome
where
he
renounced
all
the
Principles
of
the
Protestant
Faith
;
and
yet
afterwards
in
the
year
1624.
in
the
time
of
Vrban
VIII
.
being
troubled
in
Conscience
for
his
Apostacy
,
and
reassuming
again
the
Profession
he
made
in
opposition
to
the
Roman
Church
,
he
was
imprisoned
in
the
Castle
of
St.
Angelo
,
where
he
died
;
after
which
his
Body
was
burn'd
together
with
his
Writings
.
The
Congregation
de
Propaganda
Fide
was
first
instituted
by
this
Gregory
V.
as
appears
by
his
Letters
Patents
for
the
same
dated
the
10th
.
of
July
1622.
and
for
maintenance
thereof
he
setled
a
certain
Revenue
to
support
such
,
as
employed
themselves
in
that
important
work
.
In
the
same
year
also
he
canonized
Ignatius
Loyola
first
Founder
of
the
Jesuits
,
who
was
formerly
beatified
;
likewise
Philip
Neri
Founder
of
the
Oratorians
,
called
in
French
,
les
Peres
d'
Oratoire
,
with
Isidore
a
Spaniard
,
who
had
been
a
Husbandman
,
Teresia
a
Nun
that
reformed
the
Order
of
the
Carmelites
,
and
Francis
Xaverius
a
Jesuit
,
whom
they
call
Apostle
of
the
Indies
.
Moreover
,
this
Pope
at
the
instance
and
desire
of
King
Lewis
XIII
.
advanced
the
Bishoprick
of
Paris
to
be
an
Arch-bishoprick
.
But
what
is
more
observable
in
his
time
,
was
a
Diploma
,
which
he
made
for
the
more
orderly
,
and
easie
Election
of
Popes
by
way
of
secret
Suffrages
,
which
divers
had
attempted
to
perform
,
but
could
never
be
perfected
until
this
Pope
wrote
and
published
the
same
,
the
which
Rule
was
afterwards
practised
at
the
Election
of
Vrban
VIII
.
the
succeeding
Pope
.
This
Pope
had
created
eleven
Cardinals
during
the
time
of
his
Reign
,
which
lasted
only
two
years
,
five
months
and
twenty
nine
days
,
he
departing
this
life
on
the
8th
.
of
July
1623.
after
which
the
Sea
was
vacant
twenty
eight
days
,
his
Body
was
carried
to
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
,
where
it
was
deposited
only
for
some
time
,
and
afterwards
translated
to
the
Roman
College
of
Jesuits
,
where
it
was
buried
in
a
most
magnificent
Chappel
,
erected
by
his
Nephew
Cardinal
Ludovisio
,
with
this
Epitaph
inscribed
thereupon
:
Gregorius
XV.
Pontifex
Ter
Maximus
Terrarum
Orbis
bene-merentissimus
Multa
brevi
jaculatus
Imperio
Quot
Mensium
tot
Lustrorum
aequavit
Annos
,
Immortali
dignus
Nomine
Rebus
praeclare
Gestis
Romae
pro
Româ
;
Pietatem
auxit
novo
Cultu
Religionis
,
Religioni
Aras
extruxit
;
Nova
Sanctorum
Apotheosi
Inter
quos
Ignatium
Societatis
Jesu
Fundatorem
Franciscum
Xaverium
Antesignanum
Gemellum
Numen
Coeli
Albo
Vtriusque
Orbis
gemellum
veluti
Castorem
Festa
Omnium
Acclamatione
intulit
.
Fecisset
plura
,
ni
Eato
abreptus
praepropero
Objisset
.
Lugendus
semper
,
quod
imperasset
parum
.
An.
Sal.
MDCXXIII
.
VRBAN
VIII
.
GREGORY
XV.
being
dead
,
and
his
Funeral
Rites
according
to
Custom
being
performed
;
on
the
19th
.
of
July
early
in
the
morning
the
Cardinals
to
the
number
of
fifty
four
entered
the
Conclave
.
It
was
the
common
Opinion
of
most
people
that
the
Election
would
be
long
,
and
take
up
much
time
before
it
were
determined
;
because
,
that
as
the
Rules
and
Methods
prescribed
by
the
Bull
of
Gregory
V.
for
Election
of
Popes
(
which
as
yet
had
not
been
put
in
practice
)
might
increase
the
difficulty
;
so
also
,
it
was
observed
,
that
the
Cardinals
were
much
divided
in
their
Opinions
,
and
Votes
;
there
being
many
persons
at
that
time
,
who
for
their
Age
,
Vertues
,
and
Services
formerly
rendered
to
the
Ecclesiastical
State
,
stood
Candidates
,
and
esteemed
themselves
worthy
of
the
Papal
Dignity
,
namely
four
Princes
,
viz.
Farnese
,
Este
,
Savoy
,
and
Medici
,
and
four
Nephews
of
Popes
,
Bourghese
,
Ludovisio
,
Buoncompagno
,
and
Aldobrandino
;
howsoever
contrary
to
common
Opinion
,
and
beyond
expectation
of
all
,
the
Cardinals
agreed
,
and
on
the
6th
.
of
August
being
Sunday
,
and
the
day
of
the
Festival
observed
in
remembrance
of
the
Transfiguration
of
Christ
,
they
all
concurred
with
common
Voice
in
the
Election
of
Maffeo
Barberini
,
who
was
the
fourth
Pope
,
which
the
City
of
Florence
had
given
to
the
Church
,
namely
three
of
the
House
of
Medicis
,
Aldobrandino
,
and
this
Barberini
who
was
the
fifth
.
This
Pope
was
of
the
age
of
fifty
six
years
when
he
was
chosen
;
much
to
the
wonder
of
the
Electors
themselves
,
who
were
amazed
to
have
deceived
their
own
hopes
by
promoting
a
Person
,
who
for
his
complexion
,
and
vigour
might
out
live
the
greater
part
of
them
.
This
Family
of
Barberini
had
flourished
for
the
space
of
five
hundred
years
in
the
little
Republick
of
Simi-Fontana
,
which
was
situated
between
Florence
and
Siena
,
and
not
above
two
miles
distant
from
the
Town
of
Barberini
:
but
this
Republick
being
afterwards
destroyed
by
the
Florentines
,
the
Family
of
Barberini
transplanted
themselves
to
the
City
of
Florence
,
where
they
lived
with
great
honour
and
esteem
,
and
being
employed
in
honourable
places
of
charge
and
trust
,
they
rendred
their
House
most
illustrious
by
their
faithfulness
,
and
dexterous
management
of
Affairs
.
But
it
will
not
be
pertinent
to
our
purpose
to
enumerate
the
many
great
Men
of
this
Family
;
we
shall
onely
name
Antonio
Barberini
,
who
was
the
first
of
this
name
,
who
setled
his
House
at
Rome
,
and
was
the
Father
of
two
Sons
Francis
and
Antonio
.
This
latter
was
the
Father
of
our
Maffeo
who
was
born
at
Florence
the
fifth
day
of
April
1568.
he
had
five
Brothers
,
three
of
which
died
in
their
youth
,
but
two
of
them
had
the
satisfaction
to
see
Maffeo
installed
in
the
Papal
Throne
,
one
of
which
being
a
Capuchin
,
was
called
from
his
Cell
to
the
College
of
Cardinals
,
and
dignified
by
his
Brother
with
the
Title
of
St.
Onufrio
.
But
as
to
Maffeo
,
having
been
carefully
educated
in
his
youth
,
and
having
applied
himself
to
all
sorts
of
Learning
,
and
Vertue
;
he
was
so
greatly
beloved
,
and
admired
by
Sixtus
V.
that
at
the
age
of
twenty
one
years
,
he
was
made
Abreviator
of
the
principal
Tribunal
of
Justice
,
and
Gregory
XIV
.
conferred
on
him
the
Signet
Office
for
Grants
of
favour
and
Grace
.
Clement
V.
sent
him
to
Fano
to
be
chief
Governour
of
that
City
and
of
the
Marches
of
Ancona
,
where
by
his
modesty
,
and
sweetness
of
his
carriage
he
acquired
the
friendship
,
and
good
will
of
all
the
Inhabitants
of
those
parts
.
Afterwards
he
was
made
one
of
the
seven
Pronotaries
of
the
Records
of
Rome
;
in
execution
of
which
Office
,
he
faithfully
delivered
in
writing
all
the
particular
Acts
,
and
Ceremonies
observed
at
the
two
illustrious
Marriages
celebrated
at
Ferrara
between
Philip
III.
King
of
Spain
,
and
Margaret
of
Austria
;
as
also
between
Albert
Arch-Duke
of
Austria
,
and
Isabella
Clara
Eugenia
Infanta
of
Spain
:
and
being
made
afterwards
Clerk
of
the
Apostolical
Chamber
▪
he
was
joyned
in
Commission
with
Alexander
Ludovisio
Auditor
of
the
Rota
;
with
whom
it
was
his
good
fortune
to
compose
the
Differences
which
arose
about
the
limits
,
and
borders
of
the
Ecclesiastical
State
,
and
the
Dominions
of
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
,
in
determination
of
which
,
the
Proposals
,
and
offers
of
Maffeo
were
applauded
,
and
accepted
to
the
great
contentment
and
satisfaction
of
Pope
Clement
VIII
.
who
afterwards
sent
him
in
quality
of
his
Nuntio
into
France
,
to
carry
the
Blessed
Clouts
to
the
Dauphin
who
was
born
in
the
year
1601.
and
succeeded
to
his
Father
Henry
IV.
with
the
name
of
Lewis
XIII
.
On
this
occasion
Maffeo
obtained
the
re-establishment
of
the
Jesuits
in
France
,
who
had
been
banished
from
thence
in
the
year
1594.
Having
thus
acquitted
himself
with
great
honour
in
France
,
he
returned
again
to
Rome
;
from
whence
he
was
again
sent
into
France
with
the
character
of
Nuntio
in
Ordinary
,
Cardinal
Bubalo
(
who
had
held
that
place
formerly
)
being
recalled
from
thence
.
Upon
receiving
this
charge
,
Maffeo
was
farther
dignified
with
the
Title
of
Arch-bishop
of
Nazaret
in
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
;
Clement
VIII
.
being
dead
,
as
was
also
his
Successour
Leo
XI
.
Maffeo
was
still
continued
by
Paul
V.
in
his
Office
of
Nuntio
;
but
in
the
year
1607.
after
the
differences
between
that
Pope
,
and
the
Venetians
were
composed
,
he
was
recalled
to
Rome
,
where
he
received
the
honour
of
the
Cardinals
Hat
in
October
of
the
same
year
with
Title
of
St.
Peter
de
Monte
Aureo
,
which
he
afterwards
changed
for
that
of
S.
Onufrio
,
and
kept
the
same
until
the
time
that
he
was
elected
Pope
,
when
he
conferred
it
on
his
Brother
,
as
we
have
before-mentioned
.
After
he
was
Cardinal
,
he
was
constituted
the
Pope's
Legat
at
Bologna
where
he
resided
for
the
space
of
three
years
;
he
was
Protectour
of
the
Scotch
Nation
;
and
having
resigned
his
Arch-bishoprick
of
Nazareth
,
he
was
created
Bishop
of
Spoleto
,
where
he
kept
his
residence
,
and
ordered
all
matters
according
to
the
Orders
,
and
Directions
of
the
Council
of
Trent
:
and
to
keep
up
the
force
of
the
Ecclesiastical
Canons
,
he
erected
a
Congregation
of
Casuists
,
by
whom
all
difficult
,
and
doubtful
Cases
were
explicated
,
and
determined
.
He
was
also
a
Man
of
that
great
Vertue
,
and
Learning
,
that
his
House
was
a
Musaeum
,
and
the
Asylum
of
vertuous
and
learned
Men
,
and
received
such
Strangers
with
great
humanity
,
who
were
Persons
of
parts
and
Learning
.
Wherefore
Gregory
XV.
declared
him
Patron
,
and
Protectour
of
the
Greeks
,
and
all
the
Oriental
Nations
,
who
coming
to
Rome
represented
their
Causes
and
Conditions
without
the
help
,
and
intervention
of
an
Interpreter
.
And
thus
Maffeo
Barberini
having
made
many
steps
in
the
degrees
of
Honour
,
and
prepared
himself
for
the
Pontifical
Dignity
by
the
many
Services
he
had
rendered
to
the
Ecclesiastical
State
;
his
turn
came
to
ascend
unto
the
Popedom
;
for
(
as
we
have
said
)
Gregory
being
deceased
,
this
Barberini
was
on
the
sixth
of
August
elected
Pope
,
taking
the
name
of
Vrban
VIII
.
with
applause
of
the
World
by
reason
of
the
high
conceit
then
had
of
his
Learning
,
and
Ability
.
The
Pope
soon
after
his
Election
fell
sick
of
a
violent
Fever
caused
by
the
inconveniencies
he
had
suffered
in
the
Conclave
,
and
the
unhealthfulness
of
the
Air
,
to
the
great
grief
,
and
fear
of
the
People
of
Rome
,
who
being
extreamly
rejoyced
with
his
Election
,
were
much
dejected
with
the
danger
of
his
death
;
but
being
recovered
again
,
he
took
this
Motto
:
In
Domino
sperans
non
Infirmabor
.
He
was
of
the
age
of
fifty
five
years
,
when
he
was
first
elected
;
at
which
time
before
he
would
retire
to
cloath
himself
in
his
Pontifical
Vestments
,
he
prostrated
himself
before
the
Altar
,
and
with
tears
did
earnestly
intreat
of
God
,
that
in
case
according
to
his
Omniscient
Providence
,
he
foresaw
that
he
were
unequal
for
so
great
a
charge
,
or
should
not
prove
an
useful
Instrument
to
the
Church
,
that
he
would
rather
be
pleased
to
strike
him
dead
,
than
permit
him
to
go
forth
,
and
cloath
himself
with
those
hallowed
Garments
.
After
which
,
as
if
he
would
ascribe
all
to
the
glory
of
God
,
he
stamped
this
Motto
on
his
Coyn
:
Facit
mirabilia
magna
solus
.
The
sickness
of
the
Pope
was
the
cause
that
his
Coronation
was
deferred
until
the
29th
.
of
September
,
which
was
the
Feast
of
St.
Michael
the
Arch-Angel
,
whom
the
Popes
commonly
have
taken
for
their
Guardian
Angel
.
Alexander
d'
Este
Prince
of
the
Cardinal
Deacons
had
the
honour
to
plant
the
triple
Crown
upon
his
head
,
at
which
time
the
people
made
loud
shouts
,
and
acclamations
.
And
now
Vrban
having
a
particular
devotion
for
St.
Michael
,
he
erected
the
Image
of
that
Angel
in
Brass
upon
the
Altar
of
Sancta
Petronella
in
St.
Peter's
Church
,
and
his
own
person
on
his
knees
in
an
humble
posture
before
him
with
these
words
:
Te
Mane
,
Te
Vespere
.
And
because
it
was
the
custom
for
Popes
on
the
19th
.
of
November
to
go
in
Procession
from
the
Vatican
to
St.
John
de
Lateran
,
he
performed
that
Custom
with
such
Solemnity
,
beyond
what
was
usual
,
that
one
Mascardus
thought
it
worthy
his
description
in
a
particular
Treatise
of
that
pompous
Subject
;
in
memory
of
which
the
People
of
Rome
erected
a
Triumphal
Arch
in
the
Capitol
with
this
Inscription
on
the
one
side
thereof
:
Vrbano
Octavo
Barberino
Pont.
Max.
Antiquae
Gloriae
Restitutori
Authori
Novae
SPQR
In
Veteris
Capitolii
ruderibus
Hoc
qualecunque
Recidivae
Majestis
specimen
Ponit
At
the
beginning
of
his
Pontificate
he
confirmed
the
Decree
of
Pius
V.
against
alienation
of
Church-Lands
,
as
also
of
the
Towns
,
Places
and
Demesnes
belonging
to
the
Church
.
And
for
imploring
the
blessing
of
God
on
his
Rule
and
Government
:
He
ordered
Prayers
of
forty
hours
continuance
to
be
held
in
the
Churches
of
St.
Peter
,
St.
John
of
Lateran
,
and
St.
Mary
ad
praesepe
,
vulgarly
called
Santa
Maria
Maggiore
,
and
in
two
other
Churches
in
several
quarters
of
the
City
.
He
instituted
also
a
new
Order
of
Militia
with
the
Title
of
Knights
of
the
Conception
of
our
Lady
,
who
took
the
Vow
,
and
observed
the
Rules
of
St.
Francis
,
under
the
protection
of
St.
Michael
,
and
St.
Basil
.
This
Order
was
first
honoured
by
Charles
Gonzaga
,
and
Vladislaus
IV.
King
of
Poland
,
who
took
this
Knighthood
on
occasion
of
a
War
against
the
Turks
;
and
Gonzaga
coming
to
Rome
with
a
Noble
Retinue
,
received
the
Cross
,
and
Habit
from
the
Pope
.
Of
this
Order
were
seventy
Knights
,
whose
Banner
was
a
Red
Cross
,
carrying
a
Flag
fastned
to
it
with
a
Golden
Chain
,
in
which
was
a
bright
Image
of
the
Virgin
with
the
Devil
under
her
feet
with
these
words
:
Vince
Hoc
Insigni
Vere
Nostro
.
And
further
at
the
beginning
of
his
Reign
,
he
appointed
a
select
number
of
religious
,
and
grave
Men
to
visit
all
the
Monasteries
both
of
Men
,
and
Women
,
as
also
all
Colleges
,
and
Hospitals
,
and
other
publick
places
,
to
take
an
account
,
and
knowledg
of
the
abuses
,
and
disorders
committed
therein
,
and
to
give
their
Opinions
and
advices
for
a
redress
of
them
:
and
of
their
proceedings
herein
,
their
Instructions
were
to
render
weekly
an
account
unto
the
Pope
.
He
exhorted
also
all
Bishops
to
reside
in
their
respective
Dioceses
:
and
not
to
excuse
the
Cardin●ls
from
the
like
Duty
,
and
Obligation
,
he
admonished
them
in
a
full
Consistory
to
watch
personally
over
their
Flock
and
Charge
,
for
default
of
which
,
and
of
strict
Discipline
,
a
depravity
of
Manners
,
and
loosness
of
life
was
spread
amongst
the
people
:
Vt
nostrae
conscientiae
consulamus
,
vos
monitos
esse
volumus
à
caeteris
Episcopis
in
hâc
parte
,
non
differre
Cardinales
Episcopos
,
iisque
non
suffra
gari
,
q●od
dicitur
,
Pontifex
scit
,
&
tolerat
,
quia
in
nobis
nulla
est
tolerantia
,
nulla
conniventia
.
But
this
earnestness
of
the
Pope
in
this
Point
was
believed
to
proceed
from
a
desire
he
had
to
rid
himself
from
some
troublesom
Cardinals
,
who
were
always
projecting
and
forming
matters
for
Intrigues
in
the
Court.
And
now
according
to
the
Bull
of
Paul
II.
reducing
the
Jubilies
to
every
twenty
five
years
;
the
time
was
return'd
in
this
year
1625.
An.
1625.
for
a
Jubily
,
the
last
having
been
held
in
the
year
1600.
under
Clement
VIII
.
To
make
a
preparation
hereunto
,
a
Bull
was
issued
under
the
date
of
the
29th
.
of
April
1624.
to
advise
the
World
that
the
following
year
was
the
holy
year
of
Jubily
,
that
so
all
those
who
were
desirous
to
gain
the
benefit
of
Indulgences
,
might
have
timely
notice
so
to
dispose
their
Affairs
,
as
with
convenience
to
repair
to
the
Holy
City
,
and
obtain
the
fruits
of
the
Holy
year
;
and
accordingly
on
the
24th
.
of
December
1624.
he
opened
the
Holy
Gate
,
in
conformity
to
the
Ceremonies
described
in
other
places
.
But
before
the
beginning
of
this
Jubily
the
Republick
of
Venice
,
sent
their
Ambassadours
to
kiss
the
Pope's
feet
,
and
make
tender
of
their
Obedience
to
the
Apostolical
Sea
,
the
like
was
performed
by
Ambassadours
from
the
Duke
of
Florence
,
the
Republicks
of
Genoua
,
Luca
,
and
other
Princes
of
Italy
:
And
when
in
the
month
of
July
1625.
the
Ambassadours
from
the
Catholick
King
came
to
perform
their
Obeysance
,
Don
Bartolines
de
Castro
uttered
himself
in
this
manner
.
By
this
Man
(
meaning
the
Duke
of
Alcala
who
was
Ambassador
in
chief
)
who
is
chosen
out
of
the
principal
Ministers
of
State
,
King
Philip
doth
offer
and
present
to
you
(
most
Holy
Father
)
all
that
duty
,
and
obedience
,
which
may
evidence
the
subjection
,
and
reverence
which
he
acknowledges
due
to
your
Holiness
,
and
the
Apostolical
Sea
;
and
therewith
subjects
all
his
Kingdoms
,
Provinces
,
Islands
,
Seas
and
People
,
as
a
most
obedient
Son
,
and
offers
them
at
your
holy
Feet
.
Then
Vrban
▪
VIII
.
he
adores
on
his
knees
:
Thee
he
acknowledges
to
be
the
Vicar
of
Christ
Our
Lord
,
and
the
Successour
of
St.
Peter
.
To
Thee
who
art
the
Head
of
the
Catholick
Church
and
of
all
the
Christian
Commonwealth
,
he
willingly
and
freely
offers
all
obedience
,
promising
,
and
vowing
to
lend
all
his
Force
,
Riches
and
Strength
both
by
Sea
,
and
Land
in
defence
of
the
Apostolical
Sea
,
and
Orthodox
Religion
,
from
which
no
Power
or
other
consideration
whatsoever
shall
be
able
to
divert
or
separate
his
Resolutions
.
The
year
of
Jubily
passing
with
these
Ceremonies
,
and
acts
of
Devotion
,
at
the
end
thereof
being
the
24th
.
of
December
1625.
the
Gate
of
the
Church
of
St.
John
de
Lateran
was
shut
by
Cardinal
Levi
Arch-deacon
of
that
Church
;
that
of
Santa
Maria
Maggiore
by
Cardinal
Millin
,
the
Arch
deacon
also
of
that
Church
,
that
of
St.
Paul
by
Cardinal
de
Monte
Dean
of
the
Sacred
College
:
and
during
the
time
that
these
three
Cardinals
were
employed
in
these
Ceremonies
,
the
Pope
assisted
at
the
Vespers
in
St.
Peter's
Church
;
which
being
ended
,
he
himself
shut
the
Gates
of
the
Church
of
the
Vatican
with
the
ordinary
Solemnity
,
in
memory
of
which
this
Inscription
was
engraved
:
Vrbanus
VIII
.
Pont.
Max.
Portam
Sanctam
reseravit
,
Et
Clausit
Anno
M.DC.
XXV
.
Howsoever
,
in
favour
to
Pilgrims
the
Pope
thought
sit
to
continue
the
benefit
,
and
priviledg
of
his
Indulgences
until
the
first
day
of
the
year
1626.
And
now
the
Pope
,
who
at
the
beginning
of
his
Pontificate
had
created
Francis
Barberino
his
Nephew
Cardinal
Deacon
of
St.
Onufrio
;
was
still
designing
greater
honours
for
him
;
and
in
the
year
1624.
gave
him
the
Title
of
Cardinal
of
St.
Agatha
,
and
made
him
Pretor
of
the
Cities
of
Tiburtia
,
and
Firmiana
,
Patron
,
and
Protector
of
Aragon
,
Portugal
,
England
,
Scotland
,
&c.
Library-keeper
of
the
Apostolical
Sea
,
and
Vice-Chancellour
of
the
Holy
Church
of
Rome
;
and
farther
to
exalt
him
with
higher
honours
,
in
the
year
1625.
he
sent
him
into
France
with
the
character
of
Legat
à
Latere
,
and
to
make
his
reception
more
splendid
,
he
dispatched
Bernardino
Mari
a
Patrician
of
Rome
into
France
to
intreat
Lewis
XIII
.
that
he
would
be
pleased
to
receive
his
Nephew
under
that
degree
,
and
quality
.
At
his
departure
from
Rome
the
Pope
delivered
to
him
a
Cross
with
his
Benediction
;
and
the
Cardinals
accompanied
him
to
the
gate
of
St.
Angelo
.
At
his
arrival
in
the
Suburbs
of
Paris
,
he
was
visited
in
the
name
of
the
King
and
Queen
by
the
Duke
of
Nemours
,
and
other
chief
Peers
of
France
;
and
at
his
entry
he
was
accompanied
by
the
Duke
of
Orleans
,
the
King
's
only
Brother
with
a
great
train
of
Nobility
of
the
first
rank
,
and
Order
in
that
Kingdom
.
This
Legat
who
was
young
and
but
lately
admitted
into
the
Order
of
Priesthood
reserved
his
first
Mass
,
wherewith
to
treat
the
King
,
and
Queen
,
which
he
offered
to
them
as
the
first
fruits
of
his
Sarifices
,
celebrating
it
at
Fontainbleau
on
the
15th
.
of
August
,
which
is
the
day
of
the
Festival
of
the
Assumption
of
our
Lady
.
Being
returned
afterwards
to
Rome
,
his
presence
was
desired
by
Philip
III.
King
of
Spain
under
the
same
quality
,
and
character
at
his
Court
,
to
be
Godfather
in
place
of
the
Pope
to
the
Daughter
of
the
King
,
who
was
afterwards
baptized
with
the
name
of
Maria
Clara
Eugenia
.
But
not
to
confer
all
the
stock
of
honour
on
one
single
person
of
his
Kinred
,
the
Pope
called
Anthony
Barberini
his
other
Nephew
,
Son
of
another
Brother
from
his
Capuchin's
Cell
,
to
rank
him
together
with
the
Cardinals
;
it
was
he
,
who
was
called
for
a
long
time
Cardinal
Antonio
,
he
was
esteemed
a
very
upright
Man
,
and
one
who
observed
the
rules
of
S.
Francis
,
notwithstanding
that
his
degree
of
Cardinal
excused
him
in
a
great
measure
from
the
severity
of
them
.
During
the
absence
of
Francisco
Barberino
in
France
,
Antonio
was
Chief
Minister
with
the
Pope
in
his
stead
,
which
at
his
return
,
he
did
most
voluntarily
resign
into
the
hands
of
Francisco
;
in
the
execution
of
which
,
it
is
reported
of
him
,
that
he
would
never
be
present
at
the
consultations
of
War
,
which
at
that
time
infested
Italy
upon
a
Dispute
concerning
the
Valteline
,
saying
,
that
his
Order
obliged
him
to
the
exercise
of
Peace
,
and
works
of
Charity
,
the
affairs
of
War
being
incompatible
with
his
Vow
,
and
his
Profession
.
In
the
year
1626.
this
Pope
had
the
honour
to
consecrate
the
great
Basilicon
of
St.
Peter's
Church
,
which
having
been
created
by
Constantine
the
Great
,
was
afterwards
enlarged
and
adorned
by
the
munificence
of
many
other
Popes
;
and
now
being
compleatly
finished
by
this
,
he
with
great
Pomp
in
presence
,
and
with
the
assistance
of
twenty
two
Cardinals
,
of
which
three
were
Bishops
,
performed
all
the
Ceremonies
,
and
rites
of
consecration
;
in
memory
of
which
this
Inscription
was
engraven
over
the
Walls
:
Vrbanus
VIII
.
Pontif.
Max.
Vaticanam
Basilicam
A
Constantino
Magno
Extructam
A
Beato
Silvestro
Dedicatam
In
Amplissimi
Templi
Formam
Religiosâ
multorum
Pontificum
Magnificentiâ
Redactam
Solemni
ritu
consecravit
Sepulcrum
Apostolicum
Area
Mole
Decoravit
O
Deum
,
Aras
Et
Sacella
Statuis
Ac
Multiplicibus
Operibus
Ornavit
.
And
indeed
that
Area
Moles
,
or
the
Corinthian
Brass
,
with
which
he
made
the
high
Altar
,
was
fetched
from
the
roof
of
the
Pantheon
,
called
now
the
Rotunda
from
the
form
of
it
,
built
by
Agrippina
;
the
which
Brass
not
only
served
for
the
high
Altar
,
for
out
of
the
surplusage
of
it
,
there
was
founded
a
great
Cannon
,
now
in
the
Castle
of
St.
Angelo
,
which
gave
occasion
to
that
Libell
,
which
was
put
into
the
hands
of
Pasquin
:
Quod
non
fecerunt
Barbari
fecerunt
Barberini
.
And
indeed
it
seems
strange
,
that
the
Romans
,
who
are
so
curious
,
should
destroy
such
a
piece
of
Antiquity
;
for
as
I
remember
I
took
off
this
Inscription
from
the
Architrave
of
the
Portico
:
M.
Agrippa
L.F.
Cos.
Tertium
fecit
.
And
undeneath
in
lesser
Letters
:
Imp.
Caes.
L.
Septimius
Severius
,
Pius
,
Pertinax
,
Arabicus
,
Adiabenicus
,
Parthicus
Maximus
.
Pont.
Max.
Trib.
Pop.
XI
.
Cos.
III.
P.P.
PROCos
.
&
Imp.
Caes.
M.
Aurelius
Antoninus
Pius
,
Faelix
Aug:
Trib.
Potest
.
V.
Cos.
PROCos
.
Pantheum
vetustate
corruptum
cum
omni
cultu
restituêrunt
.
This
Temple
formerly
dedicated
to
all
the
Gods
,
was
now
dedicated
to
all
Saints
.
Now
as
to
matters
of
political
Government
,
and
his
management
thereof
:
the
Pope
found
himself
much
engaged
by
Gregory
his
Predecessour
,
who
,
(
as
we
have
said
in
his
life
)
had
accepted
the
Valteline
in
Deposite
;
which
bringing
an
unseasonable
charge
upon
him
,
he
complained
thereof
,
but
found
no
way
to
get
out
,
for
Ludovisio
had
strongly
tied
the
knot
,
both
of
business
,
and
decency
.
And
though
Vrban
by
reason
of
employments
exercised
in
France
,
was
judged
inclinable
,
and
in
a
manner
partial
to
that
Court
,
yet
it
was
fit
that
he
should
appear
serviceable
,
at
least
in
name
to
the
designs
of
Spain
;
and
indeed
he
was
so
in
reality
;
for
though
the
Deposite
of
the
Valteline
was
said
to
be
in
the
hands
of
the
Pope
,
yet
Leopold
continued
in
possession
,
and
enjoyed
the
conveniencies
and
advantages
,
and
the
Grisons
groaned
under
the
burden
,
to
remedy
which
the
Pope
proposed
divers
expedients
,
but
the
preliminary
to
all
,
and
his
chief
condition
,
was
a
reimbursement
of
the
Money
which
he
had
expended
,
before
he
would
quit
or
part
with
his
Trust
.
The
Confederates
readily
accepted
the
proffer
,
and
willingly
would
have
reimbursed
the
Pope
,
provided
the
Valley
were
put
into
their
hands
,
and
rendred
to
the
first
Owner
when
the
Forts
were
razed
,
and
Religion
restored
.
But
the
Pope
being
fearful
to
offend
Spain
,
proposed
,
that
a
strong
body
of
Soldiery
belonging
to
the
Valteline
should
be
razed
,
and
united
either
to
the
Catholick
Cantons
of
Helvetia
,
or
as
a
fourth
League
to
the
three
Cantons
of
the
Grisons
.
But
the
Confederates
proposing
to
themselves
the
end
of
restoring
things
to
their
former
state
,
judged
,
that
by
these
means
,
they
should
be
wanting
to
the
protection
,
which
they
had
promised
to
the
Grisons
,
and
that
the
Spaniards
should
still
enjoy
the
predominancy
,
and
liberty
of
passage
to
the
exclusion
of
all
others
:
upon
which
considerations
,
and
several
others
,
the
Dispute
still
continued
until
the
year
1627
,
when
the
Pope
acquainted
the
Cardinals
in
a
full
Consistory
,
that
the
Disputes
,
and
Wars
arisen
about
the
Valteline
were
composed
,
and
ended
,
on
the
conditions
,
that
the
Fortifications
of
those
places
which
were
committed
to
his
Trust
,
were
by
consent
of
the
Kings
of
France
,
and
Spain
,
to
be
ruined
and
demolished
.
To
which
he
added
these
words
:
At
length
(
said
he
)
we
have
attained
that
which
we
much
wished
,
and
desired
,
for
by
mutual
consent
of
both
Kings
,
the
Peace
is
concluded
,
and
established
;
we
have
omitted
nothing
,
which
might
conduce
to
the
good
of
the
Church
,
and
it
hath
been
our
principal
care
that
the
Catholick
Religion
should
suffer
no
detriment
,
the
Kings
themselves
are
witnesses
hereof
,
and
God
himself
knows
,
that
we
have
always
had
his
glory
,
and
honour
before
our
eyes
.
And
now
that
the
Grandeur
of
the
Apostolical
Chair
be
advanced
,
and
the
Consistory
gratified
and
pleased
;
Vrban
in
the
year
1631.
bestowed
the
Title
of
Eminence
upon
the
Cardinals
,
forbidding
them
to
receive
any
other
distinction
of
honour
,
and
for
establishment
thereof
a
Decree
was
made
and
entred
into
the
Records
of
the
Congregation
of
Ceremonies
that
the
Titles
of
Cardinals
should
be
,
the
most
Eminent
and
most
Reverend
;
but
as
to
the
Order
of
the
Knights
of
St.
George
instituted
by
Paul
V.
he
wholly
abolished
it
.
The
Illyrian
Colledg
founded
at
Loreto
by
Gregory
XIII
.
but
translated
afterwards
to
Rome
by
Clement
VIII
.
consisting
in
all
but
of
twelve
persons
,
he
restored
again
to
Loreto
with
augmentation
of
the
Revenue
,
and
of
the
Scholars
to
the
number
of
thirty
six
.
And
in
regard
his
hand
was
now
employed
in
giving
,
and
taking
away
Honours
,
he
was
pleased
to
declare
,
that
the
Commonwealth
of
Venice
was
a
crowned
Head
,
and
was
to
be
treated
with
a
Dignity
equal
to
that
of
Kings
.
About
this
time
great
combustions
,
and
terrible
Wars
threatned
Italy
;
for
the
House
of
Gonzaga
which
reigned
in
Mantua
,
was
now
considered
without
issue
male
,
and
as
a
dead
Corps
without
hopes
of
any
branches
springing
from
thence
,
neither
could
Ferdinand
the
elder
Brother
,
nor
Vincenzo
the
present
Duke
leave
after
them
any
other
,
than
the
young
Princess
Mary
their
Niece
,
who
as
a
Woman
was
excluded
from
the
Investiture
of
the
Dutchy
,
had
yet
some
reason
,
though
doubtful
to
pretend
to
that
of
Montferrat
.
In
her
marriage
therefore
the
pledges
of
Peace
,
or
the
seeds
of
great
contention
seeming
to
be
lodged
,
many
believed
it
expedient
to
marry
her
to
Charles
Duke
of
Rhetel
,
Son
of
the
Duke
of
Nevers
,
the
nearest
and
lawful
Heir
:
for
this
Branch
,
though
transplanted
to
a
forein
Soil
,
was
sprung
from
the
same
Root
,
enjoying
in
France
the
revenue
of
three
large
Dukedoms
,
viz.
Nevers
,
Rhetel
,
and
Maine
.
The
Spaniards
who
were
jealous
of
this
House
,
and
above
any
thing
apprehended
this
Succession
,
lest
it
should
introduce
the
French
into
Italy
,
promised
the
pretensions
of
Ferrand
Prince
of
Guastalla
,
a
branch
also
of
the
House
of
Gonzaga
,
but
derived
farther
than
that
of
Nevers
;
but
by
how
much
the
Austrians
favoured
Guastalla
with
benefits
,
and
declarations
,
by
so
much
the
more
was
France
earnest
to
strengthen
the
rights
of
Nevers
;
with
whom
the
Venetians
also
concurring
in
Opinion
,
put
the
Duke
in
mind
to
establish
the
Succession
in
his
life-time
,
and
therewith
confirm
the
Peace
of
Italy
.
Nor
was
Charles
Emanuel
Duke
of
Savoy
less
attentive
to
his
interest
,
and
game
,
than
the
others
,
designing
upon
the
death
of
Vincenzo
,
(
now
crazy
,
and
infirm
,
not
so
much
with
age
,
as
with
riot
,
and
luxurious
living
)
to
revive
his
pretended
title
to
Montferrat
,
and
colour
it
with
the
marriage
of
Mary
to
his
Son
Maurice
.
To
pervent
which
,
Vincenzo
with
great
secrecy
called
to
him
Rhetel
,
that
he
might
marry
him
to
the
Princess
,
declaring
him
immediately
upon
his
arrival
Lieutenant
General
,
and
his
Heir
by
solemn
Testament
:
To
perfect
this
Marriage
nothing
was
now
wanting
,
but
the
Pope's
Dispensation
in
matter
of
consanguinity
or
nearness
of
kindred
;
which
being
obtained
,
the
Bull
seasonably
arriv'd
the
night
before
that
Duke
Vincenzo
died
,
so
that
the
marriage
was
consummated
,
whilst
the
Corps
were
yet
warm
;
and
the
day
following
,
the
Bridegroom
,
together
with
his
mourning
assumed
the
Title
of
Prince
of
Mantua
,
and
having
in
his
power
the
Garrison
,
and
the
Cittadel
called
Porto
,
required
from
the
people
an
Oath
of
Fidelity
in
the
name
of
his
Father
.
Guastalla
in
the
mean
time
published
a
Patent
from
the
Emperour
,
empowering
him
to
take
possession
of
Mantua
,
until
the
right
should
be
declared
,
and
commanding
the
Governour
of
Milan
to
maintain
this
Decree
by
force
,
if
need
should
require
:
Guastalla
also
had
thoughts
of
going
himself
to
Mantua
,
but
the
passage
was
already
stop'd
by
the
anticipations
of
Rhetel
:
wherefore
he
practised
upon
Casal
,
endeavouring
to
alienate
the
minds
of
that
people
from
their
new
Prince
;
but
all
in
vain
,
because
the
name
of
Nevers
,
was
universally
cryed
up
both
at
Casal
,
and
in
the
Country
of
Montferrat
.
The
interest
of
Princes
being
now
discovered
,
reason
or
justice
were
no
longer
debated
in
the
cause
of
Mantua
,
but
calculations
made
of
Force
,
opportunity
,
and
advantage
.
The
Republick
of
Venice
resolved
to
joyn
with
Nevers
,
as
the
safest
interest
in
which
to
maintain
the
liberty
of
Italy
:
howsoever
being
willing
to
decline
the
assistance
of
France
,
and
other
Strangers
,
they
designed
a
middle
party
composed
of
a
League
with
the
Pope
,
and
other
Princes
of
Italy
,
by
which
they
believed
it
easie
to
protect
the
Justice
of
Nevers
by
Negotiation
,
and
defend
themselves
on
all
occasions
against
violence
.
This
Remonstrance
of
the
Venetians
Vrban
approved
,
and
offered
his
interposition
with
powerful
Offices
:
But
what
,
said
he
,
can
be
promised
from
Reason
without
Arms
,
in
dealing
with
him
who
places
Reason
,
and
Justice
in
nothing
but
Arms
?
the
excess
of
Power
in
Princes
makes
little
account
of
the
Pope's
Prayers
,
and
their
Mediation
is
reduced
to
almost
nothing
else
,
but
to
adorn
the
Frontispiece
of
Treaties
with
his
Name
.
The
intentions
of
Vrban
were
in
reality
conformable
to
his
expressions
:
for
he
desired
to
maintain
Nevers
in
the
succession
of
Mantua
,
but
abhorred
to
engage
himself
so
far
,
as
to
be
obliged
to
come
to
the
extremity
of
taking
up
Arms.
But
whilest
these
things
were
in
meditation
and
discourse
between
the
Pope
,
and
other
the
Friends
of
Rhetel
;
the
Duke
of
Savoy
taking
the
advantage
of
the
diversion
,
which
the
Arms
of
Lewis
XIII
.
found
against
his
Protestant
Subjects
in
France
,
entered
with
his
Army
into
Montferrat
,
and
hoped
to
be
speedily
Master
both
of
that
Country
,
and
of
the
strong
Fortress
of
Casal
which
was
besieged
already
by
Marquis
Spinola
Lieutenant
General
of
the
Spanish
Forces
in
Italy
;
as
was
Mantua
also
at
the
same
time
by
the
Forces
of
the
Emperour
.
At
length
on
the
18th
.
of
July
1630.
in
the
Night
the
City
of
Mantua
was
by
treachery
taken
by
the
Germans
,
and
for
the
space
of
three
days
committed
to
the
pillage
,
and
cruelty
of
the
Soldiers
,
with
all
the
outrages
,
which
lust
,
impiety
,
and
licence
could
suggest
to
merciless
Conquerours
:
the
Princess
Mary
retired
into
a
Monastery
,
where
being
respected
for
her
Sex
and
Quality
,
she
obtained
licence
to
be
carried
to
the
Empress
,
to
whom
she
was
nearly
related
;
the
Duke
retired
hastily
into
Porto
,
where
the
Ammunition
for
full
accomplishment
of
the
Treason
taking
fire
,
he
was
forced
to
surrender
on
condition
,
that
he
should
be
convoyed
by
two
Companies
of
German
Horse
into
the
Country
of
Ferrara
to
remain
at
Melara
,
where
the
Duke
was
supplied
with
Mony
for
his
maintenance
from
the
Venetians
.
The
taking
of
Mantua
in
this
terrible
manner
increased
the
hopes
of
the
Spaniards
,
who
besieged
Casal
,
that
they
should
speedily
become
Masters
of
that
important
place
,
but
their
expectations
were
disappointed
by
the
coming
of
the
French
Troops
under
the
command
of
Mareschal
Schomberg
sent
by
Lewis
XIII
.
for
relief
of
his
Ally
the
Duke
of
Mantua
;
Thoiras
who
was
Governour
of
Casal
defended
the
place
with
great
gallantry
,
which
gave
such
discouragement
to
the
Enemy
,
that
upon
approach
of
the
French
Troops
the
Siege
was
raised
,
and
the
Town
conserved
to
its
lawful
Master
.
In
this
manner
was
France
,
Spain
,
and
the
Emperor
engaged
in
a
bloody
War
within
the
confines
of
Italy
.
But
Pope
Vrban
,
after
various
troubles
and
Negotiations
established
the
Peace
of
Italy
,
and
by
the
dexterous
management
of
Cardinal
Mazarine
then
his
Nuntio
,
appeased
the
differences
between
Spain
and
France
,
and
therewith
established
an
universal
Peace
.
In
the
life
of
Sixtus
IV.
we
have
shewed
,
how
that
that
Pope
married
John
his
Nephew
,
and
Brother
to
Cardinal
Julian
,
to
Jane
the
Daughter
of
Frederick
Duke
of
Vrbin
,
by
whom
he
had
one
Son
called
Francisco
Maria
della
Rovere
,
who
succeeded
in
that
Dukedom
.
And
whereas
for
want
of
Heirs
male
,
that
Dutchy
did
of
right
devolve
to
the
Demesnes
of
the
Church
;
yet
Sixtus
to
advance
the
honour
of
his
own
Family
de
la
Rovere
,
An.
1632.
was
pleased
still
to
continue
that
Fief
in
separation
from
the
Church
,
the
which
remained
in
such
condition
until
the
year
1632.
when
Francisco
Maria
della
Rovere
,
the
last
Duke
of
Vrbin
dying
,
this
Pope
Vrban
assumed
the
property
,
and
without
difficulty
united
it
to
the
patrimony
of
the
Church
:
for
this
Pope
having
an
Eye
thereunto
in
the
life
of
the
Duke
,
who
was
then
grown
very
old
,
kept
a
Prèlate
in
that
Country
,
which
assisted
in
all
affairs
;
by
which
means
after
his
death
Taddeo
Barberino
the
Pope's
Nephew
Prince
of
Palestrina
,
entred
peaceably
with
his
Soldiers
,
and
took
such
quiet
possession
thereof
,
as
if
the
old
Dominion
had
been
continued
,
rather
than
a
new
one
introduced
.
The
Pope
expecting
this
accident
,
was
already
in
Arms
under
pretence
of
the
commotions
in
Italy
,
so
that
in
case
amidst
these
confusions
,
any
one
should
have
designed
to
disturb
his
peaceable
possession
he
was
in
a
condition
to
maintain
his
right
with
a
puissant
Force
.
But
the
Princes
were
so
far
from
invading
the
Dutchy
,
that
they
universally
concurred
in
the
confirmation
of
his
Title
,
advising
him
to
invest
one
of
his
Nephews
in
the
Principality
.
But
the
Pope
considering
the
severe
Bulls
of
his
Predecessours
against
such
alienations
,
feared
that
he
might
entail
a
patrimony
of
unquietness
,
and
trouble
to
his
posterity
;
and
therefore
resolved
to
annex
that
Dominion
to
the
Church
against
the
persuasions
of
divers
Princes
,
who
were
willing
to
see
the
Ecclesiastical
State
increase
in
Temporal
Power
:
in
memory
of
which
Union
of
this
Principality
to
the
Church
without
Arms
,
or
effusion
of
bloud
,
but
only
by
prudence
,
and
gentleness
,
these
words
are
engraven
in
the
Vatican
.
Civitates
,
&
Ditiones
Ducat
us
Vrbini
Nomine
comprehensae
,
quas
à
Romanis
Pontificibus
Feltria
prius
,
deinde
Ruveria
familia
beneficiario
Jure
possidebat
in
Francisco
Maria
II.
extinctâ
utriusque
sobole
,
in
liberam
Apostolicae
Sedis
Dominationem
concessere
:
Vrbano
VIII
.
Pont.
Max.
Anno
Salutis
MDCXXXII
.
Regio
autem
Virorum
tum
Militari
studio
,
tum
insigni
Opificio
,
&
Doctrinae
laude
praestantium
multitudine
celeberrima
est
.
But
that
the
Pope
might
not
displease
his
Nephew
Taddeo
by
this
disappointment
,
he
conferred
upon
him
the
Pretorship
of
Rome
,
which
had
long
been
enjoyed
by
the
Family
of
Rovere
.
This
Office
,
and
Dignity
which
still
retained
the
antient
,
and
venerable
Name
of
Praetor
Praetorii
,
and
in
the
times
of
the
Caesars
was
in
great
esteem
,
and
Authority
,
conserved
now
little
more
,
than
an
empty
name
without
power
;
for
which
reason
forein
Ambassadours
who
were
the
Representatives
of
the
Emperour
,
and
Kings
,
refused
to
give
precedency
of
place
to
this
Prefect
,
or
Governour
,
at
such
times
,
when
at
the
most
solemn
Functions
,
they
assisted
at
the
Chair
of
the
Pope
.
The
Barberins
depending
on
the
greatness
of
their
Uncle
,
who
was
ever
partial
in
the
Cause
and
Interest
of
his
kinred
,
obstinately
maintained
their
pretended
Right
,
by
which
the
Controversie
arose
so
high
,
that
the
Ambassadours
by
Order
of
their
respective
Princes
abstained
from
the
Churches
,
and
from
all
solemn
Meetings
,
at
which
they
might
be
present
with
the
Prefect
.
From
this
common
distast
of
Princes
,
arose
an
other
of
a
private
nature
,
between
the
Cavalier
Giovanni
Pesari
Ambassadour
for
the
Republick
of
Venice
,
and
Taddeo
the
Prefect
;
the
occasion
was
this
:
the
Prefect
casually
meeting
in
the
street
with
Pesari
,
caused
his
Coach
to
stop
;
(
as
the
custom
is
always
in
Rome
,
that
when
the
Coaches
of
Cardinals
,
Ambassadours
and
other
Great
Men
meet
,
they
always
stop
,
and
send
Messages
of
Complement
one
to
the
other
)
but
Pesari
not
observing
it
by
reason
that
it
was
in
the
dusk
of
the
Evening
,
drove
on
without
notice
of
the
Prefect
;
which
though
Pesari
sent
afterwards
expresly
to
excuse
,
yet
the
Prefect
was
so
offended
,
that
he
purposely
designed
to
meet
him
an
other
time
;
and
that
he
might
requite
the
late
neglect
,
he
corrupted
the
Ambassadours
Coachman
to
stay
his
Horses
,
feigning
that
his
Hat
was
fallen
off
;
and
so
in
the
mean
time
,
the
Prefect
passed
without
notice
of
the
Ambassadour
.
Pesari
intended
to
have
chastised
his
Servant
for
this
piece
of
treachery
,
but
that
he
was
rescued
by
some
armed
Men
from
the
punishment
he
deserved
.
The
Court
of
Rome
which
is
always
talkative
,
and
figuring
a
strange
kind
of
effects
from
such
shadows
,
and
appearances
made
great
account
of
these
Formalities
,
discoursing
of
them
with
the
same
direful
apprehensions
,
as
Men
in
other
parts
use
to
conclude
from
bloudy
Battels
,
and
important
Conquests
.
But
the
Senate
of
Venice
having
notice
hereof
,
was
well
assured
,
that
by
support
of
the
Uncle
,
the
party
of
the
Barberins
would
be
too
strong
in
Rome
;
ordered
their
Ambassadour
Pesari
,
that
for
evidence
of
a
publick
Resentment
,
he
should
immediately
leave
the
City
without
taking
the
least
notice
either
of
the
Pope
,
or
his
Nephews
;
and
in
the
mean
time
at
Venice
the
Nuntio
was
suspended
from
Audience
.
To
this
disgust
an
other
quarrel
was
annexed
,
occasioned
by
a
Bull
made
the
last
year
by
Vrban
,
whereby
he
Decreed
to
Cardinals
,
the
Ecclesiastical
Electors
,
and
the
Great
Master
of
Malta
,
the
Title
of
Eminence
,
forbidding
them
to
receive
any
other
,
unless
from
Kings
.
The
Republick
of
Venice
,
which
have
always
adhered
to
their
antient
Forms
,
and
Stile
,
and
will
upon
no
occasion
whatsoever
be
induced
to
alter
,
and
change
their
Customs
,
would
never
give
other
Title
to
them
,
than
of
Reverendissimo
,
&
Illustrissimo
,
which
gave
great
disgust
,
and
mortification
to
the
Pope
,
and
served
to
increase
the
former
discontent
.
To
these
were
added
other
sharp
contests
between
those
of
Loreo
,
Subjects
to
the
Venetians
and
those
of
Ferrara
,
where
Cardinal
Palotta
the
Pope's
Legat
,
encroached
on
the
undoubted
confines
of
the
Venetians
,
and
imprisoning
the
Venetian
Subjects
,
shewed
an
intention
to
attempt
greater
Novelties
;
and
by
erecting
,
and
changing
the
High
▪
ways
,
diverted
the
course
of
the
Waters
in
such
manner
,
as
made
the
River
Po
almost
useless
.
The
Venetians
provoked
by
these
mischiefs
,
laboured
to
repair
themselves
with
like
returns
:
for
Luca
Pesaro
Captain
of
the
Gulf
,
entring
into
the
Sacca
di
Goro
with
some
Gallies
,
and
armed
Barks
,
stopped
the
Ships
,
which
with
Victuals
,
and
Merchandise
passed
by
Sea
towards
Ferrara
:
He
destroyed
also
the
works
,
which
were
lately
made
in
the
River
to
divert
its
course
.
The
Troops
also
encreased
on
both
sides
;
and
the
Pope
raised
on
his
Confines
a
Fort
called
della
Bocchette
,
to
which
the
Venetians
opposed
another
calling
it
della
Donzella
;
so
all
things
looked
turbulent
,
as
if
they
would
have
proceeded
farther
than
words
.
But
to
give
a
stop
to
the
heat
of
Arms
the
French
Ministers
interposed
,
and
both
the
Pope
,
and
the
Republick
giving
their
promise
to
King
Lewis
not
to
offend
each
other
in
a
hostile
manner
,
there
remained
a
large
field
for
Treaty
.
The
Pope
assured
the
French
Ambassadour
Monsieur
Brisac
,
that
of
what
had
hapned
at
Rome
to
Pesar●
,
he
had
had
no
information
until
afterwards
,
much
less
that
his
Nephew
had
been
concerned
in
the
rescue
of
the
Coachman
,
and
was
a
stranger
to
both
matters
;
expressing
himself
much
discontented
for
what
had
hapned
,
and
that
for
evidence
hereof
he
had
punished
the
Offenders
with
banishment
.
That
as
to
the
Title
given
to
Cardinals
of
Illustrissimo
by
the
Republick
,
he
was
well
satisfied
,
nor
did
he
require
them
to
alter
their
Stile
,
for
that
the
Republick
having
always
been
connumerated
with
crowned
Heads
,
they
were
comprehended
with
Kings
in
exception
of
the
Title
of
Eminence
,
and
so
commanded
the
Cardinals
to
receive
Letters
from
the
State
of
Venice
in
the
usual
Form
;
with
which
the
Senate
being
satisfied
,
admitted
the
Nuntio
to
Audience
.
But
the
Dispute
about
the
Confines
being
of
more
Antient
date
,
admitted
of
greater
difficulties
:
For
the
Pope
came
to
lay
claim
to
certain
Lands
which
the
Po
,
and
the
Sea
had
left
,
called
Alluvioni
:
the
contest
seemed
of
no
great
value
;
but
the
Parties
,
especially
the
Venetians
judged
it
of
great
importance
,
because
it
carried
with
it
the
rights
,
and
jurisdiction
of
the
Sea
.
The
business
at
last
was
brought
into
Venice
by
the
mediation
of
the
French
Ministers
,
and
the
Treaty
continued
part
of
the
year
following
;
at
length
the
Venetians
declaring
themselves
ready
to
accept
any
Conditions
,
which
were
consistent
with
the
jurisdiction
of
the
Sea
,
to
which
also
the
mouths
of
Rivers
and
the
Sacca
di
Goro
did
appertain
,
preserved
the
antient
Covenants
with
those
of
Ferrara
,
and
the
Power
to
divert
the
prejudices
of
Ports
,
and
Channels
,
which
are
the
Veins
,
and
life
of
the
Capital
City
.
Yet
still
the
differences
continued
,
and
though
they
broke
not
forth
into
acts
of
violence
,
and
War
,
yet
the
Dispute
was
not
determined
.
In
the
year
1633.
one
Centini
a
Cardinals
Nephew
,
hoping
that
if
Vrban
were
dead
,
his
Uncle
would
be
chosen
into
his
place
,
contrived
the
Pope's
death
by
Witchcraft
,
and
Negromancy
;
for
having
fashioned
the
Pope's
Image
in
Wax
,
he
wounded
it
with
Pins
and
Needles
,
after
the
antient
manner
of
Witchcraft
,
In
jecur
urget
acus
,
but
the
Villany
being
discovered
,
Centini
and
a
Frier
his
associate
,
were
punished
according
to
their
demerit
.
But
we
must
not
omit
to
mention
,
in
the
great
Hall
of
the
Vatican
,
where
the
Embassies
of
Kings
,
(
termed
the
Embassies
of
Obedience
)
are
received
by
the
Pope
;
there
is
that
famous
Picture
,
representing
the
History
of
Alexander
III.
and
under
it
was
written
an
Elogy
in
honour
of
the
Venetian
Commonwealth
,
by
whose
assistance
the
Pope
prevailed
over
the
Emperour
Frederick
Barbarossa
;
which
Elogy
,
this
Pope
Vrban
caused
to
be
blotted
out
,
and
defaced
.
Rome
it self
was
amazed
at
such
a
Novelty
,
because
the
Inscriptions
,
by
which
the
Picture
in
the
Hall
of
the
most
memorable
Actions
of
Christendom
were
explained
,
had
been
chosen
and
selected
in
the
time
of
Pope
Pius
IV.
and
had
been
approved
by
a
Consultation
of
Cardinals
,
and
other
learned
Persons
,
and
that
in
particular
had
been
extracted
out
of
the
most
Antient
proofs
,
the
consent
of
Authors
,
Inscriptions
,
Pictures
,
Marbles
,
and
out
of
Authentick
,
and
infinite
Memorials
:
and
though
in
these
later
times
Cardinal
Baronius
,
(
who
would
justifie
the
Pope
,
and
the
Church
in
all
things
,
which
either
they
would
say
,
or
act
)
hath
called
the
truth
thereof
in
question
,
yet
the
credit
of
the
History
remains
,
and
the
praise
of
that
Republick
never
to
be
forgotten
.
Now
in
regard
this
Pope
Vrban
had
defaced
,
and
blotted
out
the
Elogium
,
he
seemed
to
deny
the
matter
of
Fact
,
and
suppress
the
fame
of
that
Victory
which
the
Venetians
had
gained
,
and
deprive
them
of
that
merit
,
and
gratitude
which
was
owing
to
them
from
the
Church
,
abolishing
out
of
the
World
the
memorials
,
and
as
much
as
he
was
able
,
cancelling
the
glory
of
their
Ancestors
,
to
which
his
Predecessours
had
not
disdained
to
confess
themselves
obliged
.
The
advice
hereof
greatly
disturbed
matters
at
Venice
,
and
gave
an
interruption
to
the
Negotiation
about
the
Confines
which
in
the
year
1635.
An.
1635.
was
again
reassumed
by
the
French
Ambassadour
Monsieur
de
la
Thuillerie
at
Venice
,
and
by
Nani
,
and
Soranzo
deputed
by
the
Senate
;
the
Treaty
was
far
advanced
,
it
being
agreed
to
draw
a
line
,
which
should
terminate
the
Land
;
so
that
there
remained
no
difficulty
concerning
the
change
which
the
Po
should
make
in
its
Channels
,
for
that
if
the
Po
should
change
its
course
and
pass
the
line
to
the
Donzella
,
then
it
should
be
esteemed
to
belong
to
the
Ecclesiastical
State
,
but
if
contrariwise
,
it
should
pass
to
the
Goro
,
then
it
should
belong
to
the
Venetians
:
but
this
,
and
all
other
Negotiations
were
broken
off
by
defacing
the
Elogium
,
which
was
so
hainously
resented
at
Venice
,
that
the
Senate
immediately
commanded
their
Ambassadour
Rossi
from
Rome
,
with
Orders
neither
to
take
leave
of
the
Pope
,
nor
of
his
Nephews
,
nor
Cardinals
,
and
that
Audience
also
should
be
denied
to
the
Pope's
Nuntio
at
Venice
:
for
all
confessed
,
that
the
Republick
could
no
more
send
Ambassadours
to
venerate
in
that
Hall
(
as
was
customary
)
the
Vicars
of
Christ
,
so
long
as
their
Illustrious
Memorials
were
suspended
,
if
not
condemned
:
wherefore
the
Republick
would
maintain
no
other
Minister
at
Rome
,
than
onely
Girolamo
Bono
,
with
Title
of
Secretary
.
Whilest
these
matters
were
acting
in
Italy
,
all
other
Countries
of
Christendom
were
for
the
most
part
engaged
in
War
;
for
composing
of
which
,
and
in
performing
acts
of
mediation
tending
to
Peace
,
the
Pope
was
engaged
;
until
towards
the
year
1640.
the
War
,
and
troubles
came
nearer
home
,
caused
by
Contests
,
and
resentments
between
him
and
Edward
Duke
of
Parma
,
the
beginning
,
and
end
whereof
we
shall
here
relate
.
An.
1640.
Vrban
being
much
impaired
with
age
,
and
weakened
in
the
vigour
of
his
Authority
,
and
Power
,
the
Barberins
his
Nephews
,
took
upon
them
to
manage
all
matters
with
an
excess
of
Arbitrary
Command
:
He
that
possessed
most
of
the
Pope's
favour
,
and
affection
was
Cardinal
Francisco
,
who
was
deep
in
his
Designs
,
conceited
of
his
own
Counsels
,
and
eager
and
violent
in
the
prosecution
of
what
he
affected
.
On
the
other
side
,
Edward
Duke
of
Parma
was
of
a
high
and
active
Spirit
,
apt
to
resentments
,
but
yet
being
adorned
with
Arts
both
Civil
and
Military
,
might
have
been
esteemed
a
most
admirable
Prince
,
had
either
fortune
given
him
an
Empire
and
Power
equal
to
his
mind
,
or
prudence
equalled
his
mind
to
his
power
and
fortune
.
Many
secret
piques
,
and
disgusts
had
for
some
time
passed
between
him
and
the
Barberins
,
which
were
concealed
,
and
covered
;
until
at
length
in
the
year
1639.
Duke
Edward
going
to
Rome
,
the
antient
discontents
brake
forth
more
openly
:
for
in
the
first
place
the
Duke
thought
he
was
not
treated
with
that
Ceremony
,
and
respect
which
was
due
to
his
condition
and
quality
;
then
that
his
Brother
Prince
Francisco
Maria
was
not
created
Cardinal
,
as
was
promised
:
but
what
was
most
important
of
all
,
was
the
disappointment
of
many
favours
,
and
concessions
expected
from
the
Pope
;
and
particularly
an
abatement
of
half
per
cent
.
on
the
revenue
which
the
Duke
paid
to
Monti
,
which
is
an
Annual
rent
antiently
assigned
by
the
Farnesi
Dukes
of
Parma
upon
the
revenues
of
Castro
,
a
Dukedom
they
held
in
Fief
of
the
Church
:
for
though
the
Pope
had
made
this
Grant
,
and
had
not
recalled
it
,
yet
is
was
crossed
by
the
Nephews
,
and
with
sundry
delays
,
difficulties
,
and
excuses
prolonged
and
diminished
.
The
Duke
resenting
these
neglects
,
and
unkindnesses
,
departed
angrily
from
Rome
,
without
taking
leave
either
of
the
Pope
or
Nephews
,
inveighing
violently
against
Cardinal
Francisco
,
and
his
Government
.
The
Cardinal
to
requite
the
Duke
,
persuaded
the
Pope
to
recal
the
Grant
he
had
given
for
exportation
of
Corn
out
of
the
Ecclesiastical
State
into
the
Country
of
Castro
,
by
which
the
people
were
not
onely
ready
to
be
famished
,
but
the
best
revenues
of
Castro
ceased
;
for
the
Duke
having
farmed
the
Exportation
of
Corn
to
certain
Merchants
for
ninety
seven
thousand
Crowns
per
annum
;
the
Exportation
being
forbidden
,
the
Merchants
renounced
the
agreement
:
whereupon
the
sum
failing
to
pay
the
Montists
,
they
complained
to
the
Courts
of
Justice
,
and
obtained
,
that
the
Duke
being
a
Vassal
,
and
subject
to
the
Church
should
be
juridically
cited
.
The
Duke
imputed
all
to
the
malice
and
covetousness
of
the
Barberins
to
despoil
him
of
his
Country
,
and
believing
that
he
should
be
overborn
by
his
Enemies
,
who
were
both
Judges
and
Parties
,
resolved
to
fortifie
himself
against
force
,
and
accordingly
dispatched
a
Gentleman
of
Montferrat
to
be
Governour
with
a
Garrison
to
Castro
,
causing
Half-moons
,
and
Redoubts
to
be
cast
up
about
the
place
.
This
being
judged
a
Crime
by
the
Barberins
,
and
a
rebellion
against
his
Sovereign
,
a
Monitory
was
published
by
the
Auditor
of
the
Chamber
,
limiting
unto
the
Duke
thirty
days
to
demolish
the
fortifications
of
Castro
,
and
disband
the
Garrison
,
and
otherwise
declared
him
to
have
incurred
Rebellion
,
and
Excommunication
.
The
quarrel
being
thus
begun
,
the
Barbarins
raised
six
thousand
Foot
and
five
hundred
Horse
with
all
speed
under
the
command
of
Taddeo
,
the
Prefect
of
Rome
,
appointing
their
Rendezvouz
at
Viterbo
,
where
they
fortified
their
Camp
with
a
train
of
Artillery
,
and
provided
it
with
all
sorts
of
Victuals
,
and
Ammunition
.
These
preparations
administred
occasions
of
various
Discourse
,
and
reflections
to
the
people
,
who
attributed
the
blame
of
all
to
the
pride
,
and
ambition
of
the
Nephews
;
for
the
World
would
not
be
induced
to
believe
,
that
the
Pope
,
who
,
when
he
was
young
cultivated
peace
in
all
parts
,
and
was
naturally
of
a
quiet
Spirit
,
must
needs
be
affected
with
strange
thoughts
,
and
designs
,
if
now
in
the
extremity
of
his
age
,
he
should
be
persuaded
to
disturb
it
;
and
so
much
the
more
in
a
conjuncture
,
when
all
Christendom
was
torn
in
pieces
with
War
and
Dissension
,
and
stood
rather
in
need
of
his
paternal
mediation
to
produce
Concord
amongst
Princes
,
than
to
see
him
the
Author
and
contriver
of
War
in
Italy
.
The
Viceroy
of
Naples
seemed
above
all
jealous
of
the
event
of
this
War
,
believing
that
the
Barberins
had
engaged
the
French
in
the
Design
.
Ferdinand
the
Grand
Duke
of
Tuscany
was
also
displeased
to
see
the
Pope
armed
on
his
Confines
with
intention
to
make
new
Conquests
.
Wherefore
both
the
Viceroy
and
the
Grand
Duke
interposed
in
the
Offices
of
mediation
;
to
which
the
Pope
making
some
short
replies
,
that
his
resolution
was
onely
to
humble
his
Vassal
,
and
make
himself
obeyed
,
gave
no
place
or
opportunity
for
Treaty
.
The
Senate
of
Venice
kept
themselves
silent
for
a
while
,
which
the
Barberins
interpreted
,
(
as
indeed
it
was
)
an
effect
of
their
discontent
,
rather
than
a
token
of
their
satisfaction
:
but
being
at
length
sollicited
much
by
the
Duke
of
Parma
to
interess
themselves
in
the
quarrel
,
after
various
Debates
,
it
was
resolved
with
general
consent
,
to
intreat
the
Pope
,
that
he
would
yield
to
the
instances
and
common
satisfaction
of
the
Princes
,
who
with
unanimous
desires
interposed
themselves
for
the
Peace
,
by
giving
time
and
expedients
for
a
Treaty
.
To
the
Duke
they
gave
Counsel
of
moderation
,
and
to
humble
himself
in
such
decent
sort
to
the
Pope
,
as
might
pacifie
him
,
and
bring
him
honourably
off
from
his
Engagements
and
Enterprise
.
But
in
the
mean
time
the
Barberins
,
that
they
might
prevent
the
importunities
of
Princes
,
hastned
their
march
towards
Castro
,
upon
an
Opinion
,
that
having
once
taken
the
place
,
the
fervour
,
with
which
the
Mediators
interposed
for
a
Peace
,
would
be
abated
,
and
matters
reduced
to
such
intricacies
,
as
that
in
the
end
the
glory
of
the
Counsels
,
and
the
merit
of
the
Enterprise
would
fall
out
to
their
advantage
.
Howsoever
,
to
make
the
matter
more
plausible
,
another
Bull
was
published
in
which
the
time
prescribed
to
Prince
Edward
was
prolonged
for
fifteen
days
;
and
yet
at
the
same
time
on
the
27th
.
of
September
1641.
An.
1641.
the
Pope's
Army
entered
the
the
territories
of
Castro
,
and
appearing
before
Rocca
Montalto
which
is
towards
the
Sea
,
the
Guard
consisting
of
fifty
Soldiers
abandoned
the
place
;
and
soon
after
Castro
it self
surrendered
,
upon
conditions
of
life
,
and
enjoyment
of
goods
to
the
Soldiers
and
Inhabitants
;
and
so
the
Garrison
being
two
hundred
and
fifty
in
number
marched
forth
,
on
the
seventh
day
after
the
Siege
was
laid
:
which
news
much
troubled
the
Duke
,
coming
to
him
just
at
the
time
that
he
in
person
,
and
Count
Palmia
by
permission
of
the
Grand
Duke
,
was
conducting
Forces
,
through
Tuscany
for
relief
of
the
place
.
Duke
Edward
being
thus
foiled
,
made
new
applications
to
the
Senate
of
Venice
,
fearing
lest
he
should
be
attacqued
in
his
Dominions
of
Parma
and
Piacenza
:
and
in
the
mean
time
to
keep
himself
from
those
prejudices
,
which
in
the
way
of
Judicature
,
the
Acts
which
had
past
might
bring
upon
him
,
he
caused
a
Protest
to
be
presented
to
the
Auditor
della
Camera
,
wherein
he
declared
,
that
the
Barberins
being
his
Enemies
,
he
had
no
other
Judg
left
him
,
but
Force
,
nor
hope
of
favour
,
but
from
his
Friends
.
But
the
Barberins
being
flattered
by
all
upon
these
successes
,
and
elated
with
vanity
and
pride
,
denied
to
give
admittance
to
any
Treaty
;
the
Pope
seemed
to
hear
with
trouble
the
Offices
brought
to
him
by
Order
of
the
Senate
of
Venice
,
scorning
to
admit
Mediators
betwixt
Sovereign
,
and
Vassal
.
Nor
were
the
French
either
silent
,
or
unactive
upon
this
occasion
;
but
laying
hold
on
this
turbulent
conjuncture
of
Affairs
,
proffered
the
Pope
the
powerful
Forces
of
their
Crown
to
drive
the
Spaniards
out
of
Italy
;
and
raising
his
thoughts
to
a
more
noble
Design
,
than
that
of
Castro
,
proffered
to
leave
the
disposal
of
the
Conquests
to
his
own
pleasure
,
and
the
Crown
of
Naples
to
his
Nephews
.
But
Vrban
looking
on
these
Propositions
,
as
more
specious
than
easie
,
absolutely
refused
them
;
and
in
despight
of
all
the
applications
and
addresses
made
by
several
Princes
in
favour
of
Parma
,
the
Duke
was
declared
to
have
incurred
the
greater
Excommunication
,
and
in
vertue
thereof
to
be
deprived
of
his
Dominions
,
and
Fiefs
,
and
of
the
Dignity
he
held
of
the
Holy
Sea
,
and
condemned
in
all
charges
,
done
,
or
to
be
done
:
in
pursuance
of
which
Sentence
,
his
Palaces
,
and
Goods
in
Rome
were
exposed
to
sale
,
and
Castro
taken
into
the
possession
of
the
Camera
,
though
not
annexed
to
the
Popedom
by
vertue
of
the
rigorous
Bull
ordained
by
Pius
Quintus
,
which
forbids
all
alienations
of
Lands
,
or
Goods
,
which
were
once
united
to
the
Papal
Chair
.
The
Princes
were
highly
moved
,
to
find
all
their
intercessions
,
and
instances
so
little
esteemed
by
the
Barberins
;
and
much
more
alarm'd
when
they
understood
,
that
the
Pope
demanded
passage
for
his
Army
through
the
Dominions
of
Modena
,
against
Parma
,
and
Piacenza
,
which
being
places
unprovided
for
War
,
An.
1642.
and
the
Duke
of
Modena
not
having
force
to
resist
the
powerful
Army
of
the
Pope
consisting
of
eighteen
or
nineteen
thousand
Men
,
consented
to
grant
a
passage
;
provided
,
That
there
should
be
six
days
before
the
Army
moved
,
and
that
in
other
four
it
should
have
passed
his
Confines
.
The
Venetians
,
and
the
Grand
Duke
,
who
were
averse
to
Arms
,
and
not
inclined
to
use
them
,
but
as
their
last
remedy
:
yet
not
being
willing
that
the
Duke
should
perish
,
or
the
Barberins
be
accustomed
to
the
happy
issue
of
their
Counsels
,
sent
a
supply
of
seventy
thousand
Crowns
to
Parma
,
which
gave
courage
to
the
Soldiery
and
credit
to
the
cause
amongst
the
Subjects
,
who
thence
conceived
some
hopes
of
greater
succours
.
In
the
mean
time
all
the
Offices
,
and
warm
instances
imaginable
of
mediation
,
were
employed
at
Rome
by
the
Ministers
of
Venice
,
and
Florence
,
which
produced
nothing
but
uncertain
,
and
ambiguous
answers
,
and
to
the
Ambassadour
of
France
it
was
plainly
declared
,
that
a
suspension
of
Arms
should
be
granted
,
when
promises
,
and
assurances
should
be
given
by
the
Duke's
Friends
,
that
he
should
testifie
due
respect
,
and
obedience
to
the
Ecclesiastical
State
;
and
that
no
words
,
or
instances
should
be
made
for
the
restitution
of
Castro
,
which
by
reason
of
the
Debt
to
the
Montists
and
the
charge
of
the
War
,
was
already
forfeited
to
the
Camera
,
and
condemned
thereby
.
But
such
Answers
as
these
not
satisfying
the
Princes
;
the
Venetians
resolved
to
send
three
thousand
Foot
and
three
hundred
Horse
,
to
joyn
with
two
thousand
Men
sent
by
the
Grand
Duke
,
to
oppose
the
march
of
the
Pope's
Army
into
the
State
of
Parma
.
The
news
of
these
Forces
,
and
their
march
,
and
the
rumour
of
Treaties
,
and
Leagues
forming
in
favour
of
Parma
greatly
perplexed
the
Barberins
;
because
that
their
Army
,
which
was
composed
of
new
Men
,
and
which
expected
to
enter
the
Country
of
Parma
;
as
to
an
easie
,
and
secure
Triumph
,
was
so
terrified
with
the
noise
of
an
Enemy
,
marching
to
oppose
them
that
they
ran
away
in
full
Troops
,
so
that
their
numbers
were
very
much
diminished
in
a
short
time
.
Vrban
growing
sensible
of
the
opposition
which
was
making
against
the
farther
progress
of
his
Arms
by
the
Neighbouring
Princes
,
did
voluntarily
,
and
of
his
own
accord
offer
to
the
French
Ambassadour
a
suspension
of
Arms
for
fifteen
days
.
During
this
cessation
the
Venetians
,
the
Grand
Duke
,
and
the
Duke
of
Modena
entered
into
a
League
to
assist
,
and
give
succours
to
the
Duke
of
Parma
,
as
occasion
should
require
;
who
being
encouraged
by
such
Seconds
,
entered
boldly
into
the
Eccle●●ast●cal
State
with
three
thousand
Horse
,
without
Foot
,
or
Cannon
,
or
other
preparations
for
defence
of
his
Camp
;
which
was
looked
upon
,
as
so
rash
,
and
inconsiderate
an
attempt
,
that
the
other
Confederates
gave
those
Troops
over
for
lost
,
and
destroyed
.
But
Duke
Edward
entering
resolutely
into
the
Bolognese
,
strook
such
terrour
into
the
people
,
and
the
Army
of
the
Pope
,
that
all
was
in
a
moment
seen
in
confusion
,
and
disorder
:
for
the
Prefect
retired
flying
into
Ferrara
,
the
Soldiers
quitted
their
Quarters
,
the
Authority
,
threats
,
or
intreaties
of
the
Officers
prevailing
nothing
against
their
cowardise
,
and
fears
.
Thus
without
bloud
,
and
without
a
Battel
Edward
prevailed
,
and
became
Master
of
the
Field
,
which
is
a
passage
the
more
memorable
,
because
that
in
an
Enemies
Country
,
nothing
could
have
been
more
done
by
an
Army
never
so
powerful
.
For
Bologna
it self
a
great
and
populous
City
sent
Letters
to
him
full
of
respect
;
the
Governour
of
Smola
sent
the
Keyes
▪
of
the
Town
to
meet
him
.
Faenza
opened
its
Gates
,
and
the
Governour
descended
from
the
Walls
to
meet
,
and
pacifie
him
.
Furli
seemed
as
if
it
would
make
some
resistance
;
but
soon
surrendred
at
discretion
;
where
he
lodged
only
for
one
whole
day
to
refresh
his
Soldiers
wearied
with
their
march
,
and
incommoded
with
the
Rains
.
Upon
these
successes
,
the
fear
,
and
terrour
which
possessed
the
minds
of
the
people
at
Rome
,
is
not
to
be
expressed
;
for
that
City
being
composed
of
a
cowardly
sort
of
Inhabitants
,
such
as
Priests
who
are
unaccustomed
to
danger
,
and
Strangers
who
are
pleased
with
Reports
,
and
Novelties
,
seemed
distracted
by
various
affectations
:
for
some
feared
plunder
,
others
desired
disorder
,
and
all
reproached
the
Government
.
During
these
troubles
,
and
distractions
,
Guards
were
placed
in
the
streets
,
and
the
command
of
them
given
to
several
Prelates
,
Soldiers
were
levied
in
all
places
,
and
the
Coach-Horses
in
Rome
seised
to
mount
the
Soldiers
.
The
Prefect
also
was
recalled
to
Court
,
and
great
murmurings
against
him
for
having
shewn
as
much
baseness
in
danger
as
he
exercised
Avarice
in
the
Government
:
in
his
place
Cardinal
Antonio
was
sent
,
but
Cardinal
Francisco
attended
to
the
Arts
of
Negotiation
,
intending
with
hopes
of
Peace
to
amuse
the
Duke
,
and
frustrate
the
League
.
Cardinal
Antonio
made
his
head
quarters
at
Viterbo
,
whilest
the
Duke
of
Parma
was
at
Aqua
Pendente
:
and
the
Cardinal
having
put
considerable
Garrisons
into
the
Towns
,
advanced
with
seven
thousand
Foot
and
two
thousand
Horse
to
Montefiascone
,
intending
to
streighten
the
Duke
in
his
quarters
,
and
obstruct
his
passage
into
the
State
of
Castro
:
But
the
Duke
mounting
on
Horseback
,
and
making
a
shew
as
if
he
would
advance
towards
him
,
though
much
inferiour
to
the
Enemy
in
force
;
yet
the
Cardinal
retired
,
and
would
not
stand
the
shock
,
chusing
rather
to
overcome
with
Prudence
,
than
run
the
hazard
of
Fortune
.
So
that
now
the
month
of
October
being
come
,
and
the
Rains
having
fallen
in
great
abundance
,
the
approach
of
the
Winter
seemed
a
season
more
proper
for
Treaty
than
for
War
.
In
the
management
of
which
Cardinal
Barberino
laying
more
stress
on
tricks
,
and
delusions
,
than
on
the
substantial
points
of
solid
Reason
in
Treaties
,
dispatched
the
Abbat
de
Bagni
to
the
Great
Duke
at
Florence
with
Proposals
.
That
absolution
of
the
Censures
should
be
given
to
Edward
with
the
forms
contained
in
the
Ceremonial
.
The
investiture
of
his
Dominions
should
be
given
to
his
eldest
Son
,
with
restitution
of
all
that
was
past
,
except
Castro
and
Montalto
,
with
so
much
of
the
Country
round
about
as
was
within
Cannon
shot
.
These
Propositions
being
transmitted
from
the
Great
Duke
to
the
Venetians
,
were
by
common
consent
rejected
,
An.
1643.
seeming
unreasonable
to
be
offered
to
the
Duke
of
Parma
,
and
dishonourable
to
the
League
;
wherefore
the
Treaties
at
Venice
were
more
closely
confirmed
between
Gondi
the
Great
Duke's
Secretary
,
the
Duke
of
Modena
and
the
Senate
,
being
resolved
not
to
abandom
their
first
intentions
of
protecting
the
Duke
of
Parma
.
But
amidst
these
Negotiations
Duke
Edward
moved
by
the
fury
,
and
impatience
of
his
disposition
,
dispeeded
three
thousand
Foot
to
cross
the
Appenines
,
with
design
to
embark
them
on
some
Tartanes
,
and
other
Vessels
,
which
were
laid
ready
to
receive
them
at
that
place
,
where
the
River
Magra
falls
into
the
Mediterranean
Sea
;
that
so
surprising
the
Rock
of
Montalto
they
might
easily
make
themselves
Masters
also
of
the
City
of
Castro
:
but
not
only
the
Snows
on
the
Mountains
hindred
the
passage
of
the
Soldiers
so
long
,
that
the
design
was
discovered
at
Rome
,
and
provisions
made
against
it
:
but
also
the
Soldiers
being
embarked
were
encountred
with
such
a
storm
of
contrary
Winds
as
drove
them
to
Genoua
,
and
Porto
fino
,
where
being
unprovided
of
Victuals
,
and
Mony
,
part
of
them
perished
,
and
the
remainder
was
received
into
pay
by
the
Spanish
Ambassadour
,
who
seasonably
sent
them
to
strengthen
the
Governour
of
Milan
,
who
besieged
Fortona
.
Duke
Edward
angred
with
this
ill
success
,
designed
to
enter
the
Country
of
Ferrara
,
which
beyond
the
Po
confines
with
the
Republick
;
but
being
disappointed
herein
,
he
demanded
passage
through
Tuscany
to
go
with
one
thousand
five
hundred
Horse
,
and
a
few
Foot
for
recovery
of
Castro
:
but
the
Great
Duke
denied
it
,
until
matters
were
agreed
,
and
better
ordered
on
more
solid
,
and
more
probable
grounds
at
Venice
;
because
that
he
going
forth
with
weak
Forces
,
and
often
foiled
,
his
unhappy
success
diminished
the
vigour
,
and
reputation
of
the
Arms
of
the
Confederates
equally
with
his
own
.
Thus
the
minds
of
Men
being
on
all
sides
irritated
,
the
War
proceeded
:
and
the
hot
Spirit
of
Duke
Edward
not
being
capable
of
restraint
,
he
with
six
weak
Regiments
of
Foot
,
and
as
many
of
Horse
,
composed
of
several
Nations
,
and
one
of
Dragoons
entered
the
Country
of
Ferrara
,
and
came
to
Bondeno
,
defended
by
Mauriconi
a
Neapolitan
with
five
hundred
Foot
,
and
four
hundred
Horse
;
but
he
no
sooner
heard
a
Volley
of
the
Duke's
Men
,
which
in
the
duskiness
of
the
Evening
approached
his
Fort
,
but
he
immediately
abandoned
his
Post
,
and
ran
away
to
Ferrara
,
where
he
was
followed
by
his
Garrison
:
then
the
Duke
attaqued
la
Stellata
,
which
making
some
small
resistance
,
afterwards
surrendred
.
But
Cardinal
Antonio
that
he
might
hinder
the
Duke's
farther
progress
,
encamped
at
Osteria
Nuova
,
a
convenient
place
between
Ferrara
and
Bologna
.
Wherefore
the
Confederates
hastned
the
result
of
all
their
Counsels
,
thinking
they
had
no
time
to
lose
,
but
to
close
with
this
conjuncture
,
before
the
people
were
delivered
from
their
present
fears
,
or
that
Cardinal
Antonio
should
have
defeated
,
or
made
the
Duke
of
Parma
to
retire
.
Wherefore
it
was
agreed
:
That
their
Forces
should
be
encreased
to
eighteen
thousand
Foot
,
and
two
thousand
six
hundred
Horse
:
These
were
to
be
divided
into
two
Bodies
,
one
in
Toscany
,
and
the
other
in
the
Dominions
of
Modena
,
and
in
both
,
the
colours
of
the
League
were
to
be
displayed
:
What
was
taken
was
to
be
held
in
the
name
of
all
,
until
the
Duke
of
Parma
was
restored
to
his
own
Dominions
.
It
was
also
farther
agreed
,
That
the
Venetians
should
seize
the
Banks
of
the
Po
,
and
when
there
was
occasion
of
taking
the
Field
,
the
Troops
in
Modena
with
those
of
Parma
,
if
they
could
joyn
,
should
at
the
same
time
second
the
Enterprise
.
From
Venice
,
and
Florence
the
Nuntios
were
to
be
discharged
,
and
the
Revenues
of
the
Barberins
were
to
be
sequestred
.
And
now
several
feats
of
Arms
passed
with
various
successes
:
for
Cardinal
Antonio
had
removed
his
Camp
to
Cento
,
where
he
so
well
fortified
himself
,
that
he
equally
defended
the
territories
of
Ferrara
,
and
Bologna
:
The
Confederates
to
make
some
advance
desired
to
dislodg
him
;
but
the
Cardinal
being
better
fortified
than
was
imagined
,
gave
some
demur
unto
their
Counsels
in
what
manner
to
act
.
But
in
the
mean
time
the
Venetians
employed
part
of
their
Forces
at
Sea
,
infesting
the
Coast
with
six
Gallies
,
and
some
armed
Barks
even
to
the
City
of
Ancona
;
they
took
also
the
Tower
of
Premiero
,
which
being
recovered
afterwards
by
the
Ecclesiasticks
was
demolished
:
the
Proveditor
Delfino
surprised
also
in
the
Night
that
small
Fort
,
called
delle
Bochette
,
which
the
Pope
,
(
as
we
have
said
)
had
lately
built
.
The
Towers
likewise
of
del
Abbate
,
and
di
Goro
were
rendered
;
as
was
Arriano
a
great
Town
,
which
in
a
fear
drove
out
their
Garrison
,
and
yielded
to
Delfino
.
Cardinal
Antonio
on
the
other
side
intending
to
carry
the
War
into
Modena
,
took
in
Spilimberto
,
Vignivola
,
and
St.
Cesario
open
places
of
the
Ftontier
:
but
the
Duke
,
with
the
Proveditor
Corraro
followed
him
with
all
their
Army
,
desirous
to
draw
him
to
a
Battel
:
and
to
provoke
him
thereunto
they
resolved
to
invest
Crevalcuore
(
a
good
Town
in
the
Country
of
Ferrara
,
but
not
strong
)
in
the
view
,
and
sight
of
the
Cardinal
:
but
this
Exploit
being
put
into
execution
with
one
thousand
Foot
and
four
hundred
Horse
,
only
the
Cardinal
opposing
them
with
a
great
Force
,
constrained
them
to
retire
in
disorder
,
leaving
one
of
their
Cannon
sticking
in
the
mire
.
The
Great
Duke
of
Toscany
in
the
mean
time
coming
in
person
as
far
as
St.
Casciano
,
had
put
the
Army
into
the
Field
under
the
command
of
Prince
Mathias
,
but
with
direction
of
Alexander
del
Borro
a
valiant
and
experienced
Soldier
:
Cardinal
Antonio
sent
a
Body
of
five
or
six
thousand
Men
against
them
commanded
by
the
Duke
of
Savelli
;
notwithstanding
which
the
Florentines
advanced
into
the
Ecclesiastical
State
,
and
having
taken
the
strong
Pass
of
Buterone
,
attacked
the
City
della
Pieve
,
where
a
Garrison
of
one
thousand
five
hundred
Men
without
force
of
Cannon
,
soon
capitulated
and
surrendered
on
conditions
,
that
they
might
march
forth
with
their
Swords
only
;
From
thence
Borri
with
two
thousand
Foot
,
and
eight
hundred
Horse
made
an
Incursion
as
far
as
Orvieto
,
forcing
Savelli
to
retire
farther
into
the
Country
.
Howsoever
not
long
after
,
the
Cardinal
sent
Valanze
to
enter
Toscany
with
three
thousand
Foot
,
and
one
thousand
Horse
;
which
he
did
with
such
expedition
that
he
attacked
Pistoia
before
the
Great
Duke
could
supply
it
with
such
succours
as
it
required
,
yet
the
courage
of
the
Inhabitants
,
and
Soldiers
was
such
,
that
they
repulsed
the
Enemy
,
and
preserved
their
City
:
Howsoever
the
news
hereof
strook
a
terrour
into
the
hearts
of
the
people
of
Florence
,
who
for
a
long
time
had
not
been
accustomed
to
so
near
an
approach
of
the
Enemy
:
but
the
news
of
the
success
soon
quieted
their
minds
;
and
the
Great
Duke
to
shew
a
confidence
in
his
people
,
put
Arms
into
their
hands
,
which
had
not
been
accustomary
for
many
years
past
.
Thus
did
matters
pass
with
various
successes
,
but
most
commonly
in
favour
of
the
Confederates
,
until
the
season
proper
for
action
ended
;
when
the
Winter
approaching
,
the
Treaties
interrupted
by
the
War
,
were
again
reassumed
:
And
indeed
Vrban
discovered
not
only
an
inclination
,
but
a
desire
of
Peace
;
for
being
burthened
with
years
,
and
weary
of
the
cares
which
War
carries
with
it
,
was
desirous
to
end
his
days
in
calmness
,
and
quiet
:
and
though
his
Nephews
endeavoured
to
disguise
matters
which
were
the
most
tragical
,
and
sad
,
yet
the
clamours
of
the
people
,
which
had
suffered
under
the
devastations
,
and
pressures
of
War
had
come
to
his
Ears
:
wherefore
he
consented
to
a
Treaty
with
the
restitution
of
Castro
,
entreating
the
Cardinal
Bichi
,
who
was
sent
by
the
Court
of
France
for
the
Office
of
Mediation
,
to
hasten
the
Peace
,
that
the
short
residue
of
his
life
might
terminate
in
quietness
:
The
Congregation
of
State
erected
purposely
for
direction
of
the
Military
Affairs
concurred
in
their
desires
with
the
Pope
,
to
which
Cardinal
Barberin
,
though
much
against
his
will
,
was
forced
to
condescend
,
knowing
that
with
the
restitution
of
Castro
a
dishonourable
Peace
was
to
be
the
consequence
of
an
unhappy
War
.
With
these
dispositions
towards
a
Peace
,
Cardinal
Bichi
departed
from
Rome
,
and
in
his
way
to
Venice
passed
through
Florence
,
where
in
Discourse
he
understood
from
the
Great
Duke
,
that
saving
his
own
Rights
,
and
Interests
the
Confederates
would
be
satisfied
with
the
full
restoration
of
the
Duke
of
Parma
.
The
Cardinal
being
arrived
at
Venice
was
followed
by
the
Dukes
of
Modena
,
and
Parma
;
Gondi
,
and
Testi
were
already
there
,
debating
with
Nani
,
and
Gussoni
,
whom
the
Senate
had
deputed
for
that
purpose
.
It
was
now
the
beginning
of
the
year
1644.
An.
1644.
when
the
Cardinal
Bichi
proposed
,
That
Absolution
and
Pardon
should
be
demanded
by
France
for
Duke
Edward
,
and
that
Castro
should
be
restored
to
him
,
and
that
the
rights
of
the
Montists
should
remain
,
as
before
:
and
that
the
Confederates
should
restore
that
which
they
possessed
belonging
to
the
Church
:
And
to
take
off
the
diffidence
which
the
Confederates
conceived
of
non-performance
of
Articles
by
the
Barberins
he
proposed
the
word
of
France
for
Guarantie
,
upon
declaration
and
promise
,
that
their
Arms
should
be
employed
against
him
,
that
should
fail
in
execution
of
the
Agreement
.
Vrban
falling
extreamly
sick
,
whilst
matters
were
in
Treaty
,
Bichi
hastned
the
conclusion
,
considering
,
that
his
death
would
cause
great
alteration
in
the
Treaty
:
and
as
a
preparation
thereunto
proposed
a
cessation
of
Arms
;
to
which
the
Confederates
assented
,
being
sensible
that
such
an
accident
could
not
happen
without
great
revolutions
in
the
Dominions
of
the
Church
;
and
that
with
the
death
of
the
Pope
,
the
Authority
of
the
Nephews
ceasing
,
those
motives
would
vanish
,
which
had
been
the
Original
and
cause
of
the
War
:
but
the
Pope's
recovery
altered
all
those
Counsels
which
were
contrived
in
case
of
his
death
;
and
induced
them
to
hasten
a
conclusion
of
the
Peace
.
The
Articles
therefore
proposed
by
the
Cardinal
being
debated
in
several
Assemblies
,
were
at
last
concluded
,
and
agreed
;
and
subscribed
at
Venice
by
Cardinal
Bichi
for
France
,
by
Giovanni
Nani
for
Venice
,
by
Battista
Gondi
for
the
Great
Duke
,
and
by
the
Marquis
Fassoni
for
Modena
:
and
though
the
Duke
of
Parma
refused
to
subscribe
upon
certain
difficulties
he
made
;
yet
being
over-ruled
by
the
Confederates
he
was
forced
to
concur
.
The
Cardinal
with
this
Agreement
posted
in
all
hast
to
Rome
,
being
entertained
in
all
places
of
the
Ecclesiastical
State
,
with
the
Acclamations
,
and
Prayers
of
the
People
longing
for
Peace
.
The
Articles
subscribed
by
the
Confederates
began
with
a
Preamble
,
and
Declaration
;
That
they
had
entered
into
this
War
with
no
other
Design
than
for
the
restoration
of
Prince
Edward
,
reserving
in
all
other
matters
their
most
constant
Obedience
to
the
Pope
,
and
the
Holy
See
:
That
all
acts
of
Hostility
be
suspended
,
and
that
the
Confederate
Princes
withdraw
their
Forces
into
their
own
Dominions
.
That
all
Fortifications
raised
during
this
present
War
shall
be
demolished
on
one
side
and
the
other
.
To
the
Persons
and
Places
which
had
served
,
or
rendred
themselves
to
any
other
Party
,
Pardon
was
granted
:
Prisoners
were
set
at
liberty
,
the
Religious
Persons
who
had
withdrawn
themselves
were
permitted
to
return
,
and
the
Sequestration
was
taken
off
from
the
Rents
of
the
Knights
of
Malta
,
and
all
Rights
were
clearly
reserved
to
the
Parties
as
aforesaid
.
For
execution
of
all
which
Hostages
were
given
to
the
French
King
,
and
the
King
for
satisfaction
of
both
Parties
,
declared
,
that
he
having
become
Guarantie
for
the
Peace
,
his
Arms
should
be
employed
against
those
,
who
observed
not
the
Articles
,
and
in
favour
of
those
,
who
executed
the
Accord
.
Thus
Castro
was
rendered
,
and
the
Accord
on
all
sides
executed
,
and
Peace
ensued
to
the
satisfaction
of
the
Pope
,
and
quiet
of
Italy
;
but
Vrban
did
not
long
enjoy
the
happiness
of
this
Peace
;
for
being
entered
into
the
seventy
seventh
year
of
his
age
,
he
died
on
the
29th
.
of
July
in
the
year
1644.
having
reigned
twenty
one
years
,
wanting
eight
days
.
He
was
certainly
a
Person
of
high
prudence
,
generosity
,
and
fit
for
Business
;
in
his
youth
he
was
esteemed
a
great
Poet
;
and
excellently
well
versed
in
all
the
Books
of
Antient
Poesie
.
He
was
very
munificent
in
his
publick
Buildings
:
and
in
his
own
private
Concernments
he
was
no
less
splendid
,
having
in
his
life-time
erected
a
stately
Monument
for
himself
in
a
corner
of
St.
Peter's
Church
near
the
Sepulchre
of
Paul
III.
and
adorned
it
with
pillars
of
Marbles
according
to
the
contrivance
,
and
direction
of
Cavalier
Bernini
,
with
this
Inscription
.
Vrbani
VIII
.
Barberini
Florent
.
Pont.
Max.
In
Vaticano
Tumulum
Excitavit
&
Ornavit
Johannes
Laurentius
Berninus
Eques
.
His
greatest
fault
was
Nepotisme
,
or
too
great
a
fondness
for
his
Nephews
,
and
indulgence
to
his
whole
Family
,
which
he
was
resolved
to
make
Rich
,
and
Great
;
and
indeed
he
had
opportunity
so
to
do
in
the
long
time
of
his
Pontificate
,
having
reigned
almost
twenty
one
years
,
during
which
at
nine
several
Creations
he
made
seventy
four
Cardinals
,
of
which
number
of
seventy
four
,
three
were
his
own
Nephews
,
viz.
Francisco
Barberino
,
Antonio
Barberino
the
Capuchin
,
commonly
known
by
the
name
of
Cardinal
Barberino
to
distinguish
him
from
the
other
Cardinal
Antonio
,
the
younger
Brother
of
Cardinal
Francisco
,
who
was
Prior
of
the
Order
of
Jerusalem
,
and
a
Knight
of
the
Great
Cross
of
Malta
,
and
made
General
of
the
Ecclesiastical
Army
in
the
place
of
Taddeo
Barberino
the
Prefect
,
who
for
his
cowardise
,
and
ill
success
was
recalled
from
that
Charge
.
INNOCENT
X.
URBAN
VIII
.
having
,
An.
1644.
(
as
is
said
)
breathed
his
last
on
the
29th
.
of
July
;
the
Cardinals
then
residing
in
Rome
to
the
number
of
thirty
nine
assembled
at
a
Congregation
,
in
order
to
dispose
,
and
settle
matters
for
the
more
quiet
and
regular
management
of
Affairs
during
the
vacancy
of
the
Papal
Chair
.
The
day
following
being
the
second
day
Cardinal
Montalto
acquainted
the
Congregation
,
that
he
had
received
Orders
from
the
Grand
Duke
to
let
them
know
,
that
Cardinal
de
Medicis
could
not
judg
himself
safe
at
Rome
,
whilst
the
Power
of
the
City
and
of
the
Militia
remained
in
the
hands
of
Taddeo
Barberin
his
mortal
Enemy
;
and
therefore
he
desired
,
that
either
an
other
General
of
the
Forces
of
the
Church
might
be
nominated
,
or
else
that
he
might
have
license
to
enter
Rome
with
his
own
Guards
of
Soldiers
for
defence
and
security
of
his
Person
;
and
that
otherwise
in
case
of
refusal
he
protested
against
the
legality
of
the
Conclave
,
as
not
free
,
nor
secure
to
those
Members
who
resorted
to
it
.
After
mature
consideration
of
this
Point
,
the
whole
Congregation
of
Cardinals
(
excepting
some
few
)
agreed
,
that
it
was
not
fit
to
remove
Taddeo
either
from
one
,
or
the
other
Office
;
but
in
regard
the
Spanish
Faction
,
who
were
close
Adherers
to
the
House
of
Medicis
,
were
of
Opinion
,
that
some
satisfaction
ought
to
be
given
to
the
Grand
Duke
herein
,
it
was
concluded
,
and
agreed
;
That
the
Sacred
Colledg
of
Cardinals
should
by
a
Writing
subscribed
with
their
own
hands
,
give
Security
,
and
Assurance
to
Cardinal
de
Medecis
that
nothing
should
be
attempted
in
Rome
against
his
Person
.
Secondly
,
That
two
other
Cardinals
should
be
joined
in
Commission
with
Taddeo
the
Prefect
in
the
Government
of
the
City
:
And
thirdly
,
That
a
Lieutenant
General
should
be
created
,
Independent
of
the
Prefect
with
absolute
Power
over
the
Soldiery
.
These
Expedients
having
given
satisfaction
to
Cardinal
de
Medicis
,
and
the
Funeral
Rites
of
Vrban
being
performed
,
the
Cardinals
to
the
number
of
fifty
five
entered
the
Conclave
.
The
Persons
which
seemed
to
stand
most
fair
for
the
Election
were
the
Cardinals
Pamphilio
and
Sachetti
,
one
of
which
Cardinal
Barberin
was
desirous
to
promote
though
he
was
most
inclined
to
the
first
:
for
though
Sachetti
was
esteemed
for
a
great
Lover
,
and
Friend
of
the
Family
of
the
Barberins
in
general
,
yet
Pamfilio
was
reputed
to
be
more
intimate
with
Cardinal
Barberin
,
and
one
who
entertained
a
particular
affection
for
his
Person
.
Howsoever
Sachetti
was
the
first
in
nomination
,
but
wanting
the
number
of
Votes
required
in
the
Scrutiny
;
the
Conclave
proceeded
to
others
,
all
which
by
the
contrariety
of
Factions
,
and
Interests
were
rejected
.
But
at
length
Pamfilio
to
whom
Cardinal
Barberin
had
passed
some
Promises
,
and
assurances
of
favour
before
the
beginning
of
the
Conclave
,
was
after
a
contest
of
six
weeks
by
a
general
concurrence
of
all
the
Cardinals
(
five
only
excepted
)
assumed
to
the
Pontifical
Dignity
,
to
which
the
Power
,
and
Interest
of
the
Barberins
did
much
contribute
,
who
by
the
long
Reign
,
and
Government
of
Vrban
their
Uncle
had
contracted
great
friendships
,
as
well
as
enmities
.
Cardinal
Pamfilio
,
whose
title
was
St.
Eusebius
,
was
born
at
Rome
,
his
Father
was
Camillo
Pamfilio
,
his
Mother
Flaminia
del
Bufalo
,
both
antient
Families
of
Rome
.
His
younger
years
were
employed
in
profitable
Studies
,
in
which
he
became
so
great
a
Proficient
,
that
at
the
years
of
twenty
he
took
his
Degree
of
Doctor
of
the
Civil
Law
,
by
vertue
of
which
he
was
made
one
of
the
Advocates
of
the
Consistory
,
and
thence
promoted
by
Clement
VIII
.
to
be
Auditor
of
the
Rota
:
by
Gregory
XV.
he
was
sent
Nuntio
to
Naples
:
by
Vrban
VIII
.
he
was
sent
with
Cardinal
Francisco
his
Nephew
in
quality
of
the
first
Minister
of
the
Legation
,
or
Embassy
into
France
,
and
at
his
return
was
created
Patriarch
of
Antioch
.
Afterwards
he
was
sent
with
Cardinal
Francisco
when
he
went
Legate
into
Spain
,
and
bore
the
same
Office
,
and
quality
of
the
first
Minister
of
the
Legation
,
as
he
had
done
in
France
;
in
discharge
of
which
,
he
gave
such
testimonies
of
his
Abilities
and
faithfulness
;
that
the
Legate
being
intirely
satisfied
with
his
management
and
conduct
of
Affairs
left
him
at
his
departure
in
the
Residency
of
Nuntio
in
Ordinary
for
the
Court
of
Rome
.
In
which
Office
,
he
so
well
acquitted
himself
to
the
satisfaction
of
the
Pope
,
and
contentment
of
his
Catholick
Majesty
,
that
in
the
year
1627.
he
was
created
Cardinal
;
though
by
reason
of
his
continuance
in
the
Court
of
Spain
,
his
promotion
was
not
published
until
the
year
1629.
And
being
returned
to
Rome
in
the
year
1630.
he
received
the
Cardinals
Hat
in
a
full
Consistory
.
After
which
he
was
made
Prefect
of
the
Ecclesiastical
Immunities
,
and
lastly
Supreme
Judg
of
the
Inquisition
,
An.
1644.
and
Protectour
of
the
Kingdom
of
Poland
:
And
having
risen
by
such
degrees
,
and
steps
of
Honour
,
he
was
at
length
elected
Pope
on
the
15th
.
of
September
1644.
calling
himself
by
the
name
of
Innocent
X.
in
honour
to
the
memory
of
Pope
Innocent
,
his
Uncle
by
the
Mothers
side
.
The
Cardinals
then
present
at
the
Conclave
having
after
this
Election
performed
according
to
the
usual
custom
their
acts
of
Adoration
to
the
person
of
the
Pope
;
Francisco
Barberino
took
the
Cross
,
and
carried
it
before
the
Pope
,
though
that
Office
properly
belonged
to
Cardinal
de
Medicis
,
the
Chief
Deacon
,
who
perhaps
for
some
dislike
of
the
Choice
,
and
for
want
of
concurrence
in
any
thing
pleasing
to
the
Barberins
,
had
excused
or
absented
himself
.
And
thus
Cardinal
Barberin
carrying
the
Cross
conducted
the
Pope
before
the
High
Altar
of
St.
Peter
,
where
with
a
loud
Voice
he
uttered
these
words
:
An.
1644.
Annuncio
vobis
gaudium
magnum
,
habemus
Papam
Eminentissimum
,
&
Reverendissimum
Joannem
Baptistam
Pamphilium
,
qui
sibi
nomen
imposuit
Innocentius
Decimus
.
On
the
4th
.
of
October
Cardinal
de
Medicis
set
the
tripple
Crown
on
his
Head
,
with
great
applause
,
and
acclamations
of
the
People
:
for
though
this
Cardinal
had
excused
himself
from
carrying
the
Cross
before
him
after
his
Election
,
as
his
Office
of
Arch-Deacon
did
require
,
upon
imagnations
perhaps
,
that
the
Pope
would
become
a
favourer
of
the
Barberins
his
mortal
Enemies
;
as
his
gratitude
to
that
Family
might
require
:
yet
having
in
that
Interval
of
time
which
was
between
his
Election
,
and
Coronation
discovered
,
that
his
inclinations
were
otherwise
disposed
(
as
we
shall
hereafter
make
appear
)
he
then
altered
his
Affections
to
the
Pope
,
and
became
willing
to
plant
the
Crown
upon
his
head
.
On
this
occasion
some
Medals
were
stamped
with
the
Image
of
our
Lady
with
this
Inscription
,
Vnde
venit
Auxilium
mihi
.
But
his
own
Motto
was
:
Da
Servo
Tuo
Cor
Docile
,
ut
Populum
Tuum
judicare
possit
.
And
now
all
the
Ceremonies
of
his
Inauguration
being
past
,
he
began
to
apply
his
mind
to
the
Government
of
Church
and
State
;
and
in
the
first
place
he
ordained
a
Congregation
to
inspect
and
state
the
accounts
of
the
Church
,
and
contrive
some
ways
,
and
means
for
payment
of
Debts
:
and
then
according
to
the
custom
of
former
Popes
,
he
provided
for
a
cheap
year
,
and
to
make
Bread
,
and
other
Victuals
plentiful
in
the
City
;
than
which
nothing
can
be
more
acceptable
to
the
People
of
Rome
,
who
always
labour
under
the
scarcity
of
Bread
,
unless
supplied
from
Sicily
,
or
other
parts
.
The
Barberins
did
now
believe
,
that
this
Pope
being
sensible
of
the
many
Obligations
he
had
to
their
Uncle
Vrban
VIII
.
whose
Creature
he
had
been
;
and
to
themselves
for
his
advancement
to
the
Papal
Dignity
,
would
have
protected
and
defended
the
greatness
,
and
Riches
they
had
gained
during
the
long
Pontificate
of
Vrban
:
but
his
respects
to
them
being
changed
with
his
condition
,
made
it
soon
appear
,
that
Services
to
Princes
are
acceptable
,
when
they
can
be
requited
;
but
when
the
Obligations
grow
immense
,
and
the
Debt
too
great
,
the
sense
of
inability
to
make
due
returns
,
changes
kindness
into
hatred
;
Beneficia
eousque
lae●
dum
videntur
exsolvi
posse
,
ubi
multum
ante
venêre
pro
gratiâ
odium
redditur
.
Tacitus
lib.
For
so
it
fared
with
the
Barberins
:
For
whilest
matters
were
preparing
for
Coronation
of
the
Pope
,
the
Ambassadours
from
Christian
Kings
demanded
the
place
of
precedency
at
that
Ceremony
before
Taddeo
Barberini
Prefect
of
Rome
;
for
though
in
the
time
of
Vrban
that
place
was
granted
to
him
in
quality
of
a
Prince
,
for
the
relation
he
had
to
the
Pope
his
Uncle
;
which
now
expiring
,
the
sole
Office
of
Prefect
could
not
entitle
him
to
a
precedency
before
Ambassadours
.
The
Marquis
of
St.
Chamont
Ambassadour
of
France
appeared
most
vigorously
against
the
Prefect
,
and
was
seconded
by
the
Emperour
's
and
the
King
of
Spains
Ambassadours
,
who
by
several
memorials
given
to
the
Pope
,
did
protest
that
they
would
be
present
at
the
Solemnity
of
the
Coronation
,
and
possess
their
due
rank
and
place
which
belonged
to
them
;
and
if
his
Holiness
should
think
fit
to
restrain
them
by
force
from
giving
their
attendance
there
,
they
would
counsel
their
Masters
to
recal
them
,
and
never
send
others
to
perform
the
Embassies
of
Obedience
.
For
answer
hereunto
the
Pope
made
no
great
matter
of
hesitation
,
or
doubt
,
but
immediately
determined
in
favour
of
the
Ambassadours
.
Though
this
indifference
,
and
coldness
of
the
Pope
to
the
Barberins
was
a
great
mortification
to
them
;
yet
they
were
more
sensibly
touched
,
so
soon
as
Cardinal
Antonio
was
informed
by
the
French
Ambassadour
,
how
ill
his
matter
was
satisfied
with
the
late
actions
of
his
Family
;
in
resentment
of
which
,
he
had
Orders
to
require
from
him
the
Commission
,
which
constituted
him
Protectour
of
the
French
Nation
,
and
consequently
to
take
down
the
Arms
of
France
from
the
Portal
of
his
Gate
;
declaring
that
his
unfaithfulness
to
his
Majesty
was
the
cause
of
his
displeasure
,
for
that
in
the
late
Conclave
he
had
been
an
active
Instrument
in
the
promotion
of
Pamfilio
to
the
Papal
Dignity
,
whom
he
knew
to
be
an
Enemy
to
him
,
and
entirely
dedicated
to
the
interest
of
Spain
.
The
two
Cardinals
Barberins
finding
themselves
thus
abandoned
by
France
,
made
their
supplications
to
the
Ambassadours
of
Spain
for
protection
;
but
here
also
they
found
their
way
obstructed
by
the
Cardinal
de
Medicis
,
who
gave
the
Cardinal
Albornos
,
and
the
Spanish
Ambassadour
to
understand
,
that
both
he
,
and
his
Nephew
the
Grand
Duke
should
be
forced
to
abandon
the
Interest
,
and
Service
of
Spain
,
in
case
they
should
think
fit
to
espouse
the
quarrel
of
the
Barberins
,
and
receive
them
into
the
protection
of
the
Catholick
King
.
And
thus
being
forsaken
by
these
two
powerful
Crowns
,
they
were
desirous
to
cast
themselves
into
the
Arms
of
the
Pope
,
as
their
last
refuge
and
Sanctuary
:
to
gain
which
,
they
proposed
a
Marriage
between
the
Daughter
of
the
Prefect
,
and
Don
Camillo
the
Son
of
Donna
Olympia
;
offering
to
give
her
in
Dowry
all
the
Lands
of
Montelibreto
,
which
they
had
purchased
from
the
Vrsini
for
a
million
of
Livers
,
together
with
a
Revenue
of
thirty
thousand
Crowns
of
yearly
Pension
to
be
raised
out
of
the
Benefices
which
they
held
from
the
Church
,
besides
such
a
sum
of
ready
Money
as
his
Holiness
should
reasonably
require
.
And
though
Donna
Olympia
was
well
enough
pleased
with
these
Propositions
,
yet
the
Project
was
crossed
by
the
French
Ambassadour
,
who
having
represented
unto
the
Pope
the
ill
satisfaction
his
Master
would
receive
from
this
Alliance
,
quite
broke
off
the
Match
;
the
Pope
declaring
,
that
he
had
too
much
consideration
for
his
Majesty
to
be
overborn
by
any
Interest
which
might
be
displeasing
,
or
inconsistent
with
that
of
France
:
and
farther
to
take
of
all
suspition
,
and
jealousies
of
this
Match
,
and
to
put
it
almost
into
a
state
of
impossibility
,
he
created
Don
Camillo
Cardinal
,
to
the
great
trouble
,
and
disappointment
of
the
Barberins
;
who
being
now
without
Friends
,
or
protection
,
remained
exposed
to
the
scorn
,
and
injury
of
the
People
;
and
to
the
covetous
desires
of
the
Pope
,
who
now
casting
off
all
considerations
to
the
Family
of
the
Barberins
,
in
despight
of
the
Obligations
he
had
to
them
,
sought
for
a
pretence
,
or
colour
to
seize
th●●r
Estates
,
and
enrich
his
own
Family
.
The
Barberins
esteeming
their
condition
desperate
,
unless
they
could
regain
the
Protection
,
and
favour
of
France
,
adventured
to
try
their
antient
Friend
Cardinal
Mazarine
,
to
whom
they
dispatched
a
Courier
Express
with
a
Letter
,
representing
their
case
to
the
Court
of
France
;
The
Cardinal
who
was
a
dexterous
Minister
,
and
soon
hit
that
point
of
Interest
which
concerned
his
Master
,
did
with
a
most
quick
and
piercing
judgment
consider
that
the
Court
of
Rome
was
then
for
the
most
part
composed
of
a
Faction
entirely
devoted
to
the
House
of
Austria
,
and
the
Grand
Duke
,
and
of
which
the
Pope
himself
was
Chief
:
and
that
to
counterpoise
so
prevailing
a
Party
,
it
might
be
adviseable
to
support
,
and
make
use
of
the
Barberins
,
who
having
still
some
Confidents
,
and
Adherenrs
of
their
own
,
might
be
able
upon
the
credit
of
France
,
to
keep
the
Cardinal
Pamfilio
,
(
formerly
Don
Camillo
)
the
Spaniards
,
and
Florentines
within
some
tolerable
terms
of
modesty
,
and
moderation
.
This
Proposal
being
debated
in
the
Council
of
France
,
was
judged
reasonable
,
and
agreed
,
that
the
Barberins
should
be
received
into
Protection
,
and
favour
,
provided
,
that
as
pledges
of
their
future
Fidelity
,
they
should
oblige
themselves
to
purchase
Lands
,
and
Demesnes
within
the
Dominions
of
France
.
The
unexpected
news
of
the
restoration
of
the
Barberins
to
the
favour
of
the
French
King
,
was
strangely
surprizing
at
Rome
,
and
much
changed
the
Scene
of
Affairs
;
for
the
Commonalty
converting
their
hatred
into
compassion
,
did
much
lament
the
persecutions
,
which
the
Barberins
undeservedly
sustained
;
but
the
Pope
,
and
his
Party
being
highly
incensed
against
Cardinal
Mazarine
,
by
whose
sole
contrivance
a
Pardon
was
granted
to
the
Barberins
,
laboured
underhand
with
the
Duke
of
Orleans
against
him
,
moving
him
by
a
thousand
ill
suggestions
to
destroy
the
Cardinal
,
and
for
his
encouragement
and
reward
,
promised
to
advance
his
Confident
the
Abbat
de
la
Riviere
to
the
degree
of
Cardinal
;
but
all
these
Artifices
produced
little
effect
,
for
Cardinal
Antonio
without
taking
leave
of
the
Pope
secretly
departing
from
Rome
;
arrived
at
Paris
,
where
casting
himself
at
the
feet
of
the
King
was
upon
his
submission
received
to
Pardon
,
and
favour
.
And
now
the
restoration
of
the
Barberins
to
the
protection
of
France
,
being
no
longer
a
secret
,
both
the
Prefect
,
and
Cardinal
Francisco
with
that
whole
Family
loudly
professed
themselves
Servants
to
his
most
Christian
Majesty
,
and
in
testimony
thereof
replaced
the
Arms
of
France
again
over
their
Gates
.
The
reception
also
of
the
Barberins
to
favour
was
signified
by
the
King
in
a
Letter
to
the
Pope
,
An.
1645.
which
was
delivered
by
the
hand
of
Cardinal
Grimaldi
,
who
was
at
that
time
employed
in
the
Affairs
of
France
;
but
this
Letter
operated
little
of
good
,
but
served
rather
to
irritate
the
mind
of
the
Pope
:
for
within
three
days
afterwards
he
erected
a
Congregation
of
five
Cardinals
,
all
Enemies
to
the
Barberins
to
inspect
the
Affairs
of
that
Family
,
and
to
proceed
by
the
methods
of
Law
against
them
:
so
that
Cardinal
Francisco
,
who
was
esteemed
innocent
,
and
unblameable
in
his
Conversation
,
and
had
not
as
yet
been
attacked
by
any
,
was
cited
to
make
his
personal
appearance
before
this
Court
,
where
an
Act
was
intimated
unto
him
,
which
annulled
,
and
made
void
the
Dispensation
which
his
Uncle
Vrban
had
made
to
indemnifie
his
Nephews
,
and
exempt
them
from
rendering
an
account
of
the
publick
Moneys
which
had
passed
through
their
hands
:
and
in
pursuance
hereof
Taddeo
the
Prefect
was
enjoyned
to
bring
in
all
the
Accounts
of
Expences
and
Moneys
which
had
issued
out
of
the
Chamber
during
the
time
of
his
Uncle
,
though
the
Books
and
Receipts
were
in
the
hands
and
Office
of
the
Paymasters
.
And
in
regard
that
Cardinal
Antonio
was
absent
in
France
,
a
Brief
was
sent
him
to
appear
personally
at
Rome
within
the
space
of
two
months
under
pain
of
Excommunication
,
and
forfeiture
of
all
his
Estate
,
Revenues
,
and
Benefices
which
he
held
of
the
Church
;
and
in
the
mean
time
Cardinal
Francisco
,
and
the
Prefect
were
obliged
in
a
Bond
of
thirty
thousand
Crowns
to
advertise
Cardinal
Antonio
of
these
proceedings
,
and
not
to
remove
any
of
their
Goods
,
Housholdstuff
,
Jewels
,
&c.
out
of
their
Houses
at
Rome
,
or
any
other
place
,
sequestring
also
the
whole
revenue
of
Cardinal
Antonio
.
And
whereas
Cardinal
Francisco
had
been
superintendent
over
the
Revenues
of
the
Church
,
he
was
ordered
not
only
to
give
an
account
of
the
Moneys
,
but
of
all
other
managements
,
and
transactions
during
the
Government
of
his
Uncle
.
These
violent
,
and
severe
proceedings
against
the
Nephews
of
a
former
Pope
,
seemed
a
Policy
disagreeable
to
the
inclinations
and
designs
of
Innocent
,
who
intended
to
advance
his
Nephew
Cardinal
Pamfilio
,
and
was
as
passionate
towards
his
Relations
as
ever
Vrban
had
been
,
and
more
perhaps
than
he
;
for
being
wholly
guided
by
the
directions
of
Donna
Olympia
Mildachini
,
a
Woman
of
untamed
Pride
and
unsatiable
Avarice
;
it
was
not
to
be
imagined
,
that
the
Revenues
of
the
Church
should
be
better
employed
,
or
used
with
more
moderation
than
they
were
in
the
times
of
the
late
Vrban
.
This
Donna
Olympia
was
but
of
an
ordinary
extraction
in
Rome
,
but
being
married
to
Signior
Pamfilio
Brother
to
this
Pope
,
made
the
off-spring
which
came
from
her
to
be
illustrious
;
and
for
governing
one
,
who
governed
the
Church
hath
made
herself
famous
in
all
the
Histories
of
Italy
,
and
the
Ecclestastical
State
.
She
was
a
Woman
which
naturally
affected
Rule
and
Dominion
;
and
therefore
,
because
her
Husband
crossed
her
desires
,
and
would
subject
her
to
Obedience
,
she
had
a
quarrel
to
him
,
and
held
him
in
abhorrence
and
detestation
,
though
his
person
was
comely
and
handsom
enough
to
be
beloved
:
on
the
other
side
,
none
was
more
pleasing
,
and
acceptable
to
her
than
her
Husband's
Brother
,
first
Abbat
,
and
then
Cardinal
Pamfilio
;
for
though
he
was
one
of
the
most
ugly
,
and
ill-favoured
persons
in
the
World
,
yet
because
he
never
entered
on
any
Affair
either
publick
or
private
,
before
he
first
consulted
his
Sister-in-law
,
making
her
his
Oracle
,
and
presenting
her
with
the
entire
disposal
of
his
Will
,
she
became
perfectly
enamoured
of
his
Person
,
and
Soul
,
and
would
never
be
separated
from
his
company
.
After
he
was
created
Pope
,
she
then
took
upon
herself
the
State
and
Garb
of
a
Princess
,
and
seizing
with
absolute
Dominion
,
and
Authority
on
the
person
of
the
Pope
,
exerted
her
Power
to
such
a
degree
,
that
she
made
the
whole
Court
of
Rome
subservient
to
her
Beck
,
and
obsequious
to
her
Commands
.
The
greediness
of
the
Barberins
in
amassing
Money
was
the
most
exorbitant
,
that
ever
had
been
known
before
in
Rome
:
but
when
this
Woman
came
,
she
swept
with
both
hands
,
making
the
rapine
,
and
extortion
which
had
been
used
before
,
seem
to
be
attempered
with
some
qualifications
of
modesty
,
and
mercy
.
For
no
Judg
of
criminal
Causes
being
made
without
her
recommendations
,
they
all
received
their
Instructions
from
her
,
which
she
gave
with
such
Rules
and
Methods
,
as
conduced
to
her
Avarice
.
She
ordered
them
to
bleed
the
Purse
,
rather
than
the
Veins
of
Malefactors
;
that
all
the
Fines
,
and
redemptions
of
the
Guilty
should
be
sent
to
her
,
that
she
might
employ
them
to
the
use
and
benefit
of
the
Poor
;
by
which
means
,
and
to
satisfie
the
Judges
,
who
would
always
have
their
share
in
the
Booty
the
Fines
were
raised
beyond
all
the
measures
of
Justice
,
and
though
complaints
hereof
were
made
unto
the
Pope
,
yet
neither
were
the
oppressed
relieved
,
nor
the
Judges
punished
.
We
have
said
before
,
that
the
Pope
had
created
his
Nephew
Don
Camillo
Cardinal
,
who
was
the
Son
of
Donna
Olympia
,
and
at
her
instigation
was
declared
Cardinal
Patron
,
being
a
Title
commonly
conferred
on
the
Pope's
nearest
Relation
;
the
which
was
done
,
to
disappoint
the
match
between
Camillo
,
and
the
Daughter
of
the
Prefect
.
But
this
young
Gallant
being
of
a
gay
and
light
temper
,
and
uncapable
of
serious
thoughts
,
and
business
,
was
weary
of
his
Cardinal's
Hat
,
which
against
the
consent
and
without
the
knowledg
of
the
Pope
,
and
his
Mother
,
he
laid
aside
to
marry
the
Princess
Rossana
,
who
by
the
death
of
her
Husband
the
Prince
was
become
a
Widow
.
The
news
of
this
Wedding
was
strangely
surprising
to
all
Rome
,
but
more
especially
to
the
Pope
and
his
Sister
,
who
after
a
conference
of
two
hours
together
in
private
,
resolved
that
Prince
Camillo
,
and
his
Lady
should
be
banished
from
Rome
.
The
disgrace
of
these
two
personages
,
was
as
surprising
to
the
World
as
was
the
Marriage
;
for
there
was
in
reality
no
Objection
to
the
match
,
especially
since
he
was
the
onely
branch
of
the
House
of
Pamfilio
,
whose
noble
change
to
joyn
himself
with
a
Lady
of
Beauty
,
Quality
,
Riches
,
and
Understanding
,
was
conducing
to
that
common
desire
of
mankind
,
which
is
to
keep
up
,
and
perpetuate
their
Families
:
wherefore
there
being
no
just
reason
why
the
Pope
should
be
displeased
at
the
match
;
the
cause
of
banishing
the
new
married
couple
was
attributed
solely
to
Donna
Olympia
,
who
being
jealous
of
having
the
Princess
Partner
,
or
Corrival
with
her
in
the
Government
,
thought
fit
to
keep
her
at
a
distance
from
the
Court
.
But
the
World
in
the
mean
time
,
could
not
but
remain
astonished
at
this
passage
:
for
,
it
was
wonderful
to
see
a
Pope
so
sensless
,
as
to
punish
his
Nephew
for
having
directed
his
love
to
a
Princess
of
equal
quality
with
himself
;
whilest
he
himself
was
so
besotted
as
to
be
given
up
to
the
extravagancy
of
an
aspiring
Woman
;
permitting
her
to
govern
his
Person
,
Church
,
State
,
and
Court
with
an
Imperious
hand
;
and
yet
at
the
same
time
not
to
indulge
his
Nephew
the
love
of
a
young
,
Noble
,
and
beautiful
Lady
,
who
brought
a
considerable
Patrimony
to
the
House
of
Pamfilio
.
Nor
was
Donna
Olympia
more
kind
,
or
less
jealous
of
Nicolo
Ludovisio
Prince
of
Piombino
,
who
was
married
to
her
second
Daughter
,
on
hopes
that
as
Nephew
to
the
Pope
,
he
should
enter
into
Offices
,
and
Affairs
:
for
this
Prince
having
been
Nephew
to
Gregory
XV.
and
Brother
to
that
Cardinal
Patron
,
who
since
the
time
of
his
Uncle
absolutely
disposed
of
all
the
Affairs
of
the
Church
,
did
now
hope
to
find
the
same
fortune
,
and
reap
the
same
benefit
under
this
Innocent
X.
But
Donna
Olympia
was
too
wise
to
admit
a
Nephew
into
the
privacies
of
the
Pope
,
or
a
Partner
with
her
in
business
:
for
she
entirely
bestowed
all
Benefices
,
whether
great
or
small
;
the
Officers
of
the
Datary
being
charged
to
keep
them
in
hand
,
till
she
had
fully
informed
herself
of
the
value
:
whatsoever
Bishoprick
fell
void
,
they
that
pretended
to
it
,
were
to
address
themselves
to
her
;
Abbeys
,
Canons
,
and
all
other
Dignities
and
Governments
,
Ecclesiastical
or
Civil
,
were
all
conferred
at
the
pleasure
,
and
command
of
Donna
Olympia
:
there
was
no
appearing
with
empty
hands
before
her
.
The
Rates
of
all
Places
were
set
,
an
Office
of
one
thousand
Crowns
a
year
for
three
years
was
valued
at
one
years
Revenue
,
and
for
six
years
at
double
;
and
so
proportionably
:
if
for
life
,
then
it
was
valued
at
twelve
years
,
and
the
moiety
thereof
to
be
paid
in
hand
.
Cardinal
Panzirolo
who
was
then
the
great
Favourite
of
the
Pope
and
who
transacted
all
Affairs
,
durst
yet
act
nothing
without
the
consent
of
this
Lady
,
for
such
an
absolute
Ascendant
she
had
over
the
Pope
,
that
his
Soul
seemed
to
be
animated
with
hers
,
and
his
Will
subservient
to
her
dictates
;
and
strange
it
was
to
see
her
sit
in
Council
with
the
Pope
with
bundles
of
Memorials
in
her
hands
,
to
receive
his
Assent
for
formally
onely
unto
that
which
she
had
already
determined
:
so
that
it
is
believed
,
she
had
charmed
him
with
some
strange
diabolical
Arts
,
Histories
having
never
given
us
an
Example
of
the
like
nature
.
And
now
to
give
farther
instances
,
and
miracles
of
her
Power
,
she
introduced
into
the
place
of
Cardinal
Pamfilio
,
(
who
had
laid
aside
his
Scarlet
to
marry
with
the
Princess
Rosana
)
a
certain
Nephew
of
hers
Son
to
her
Brother
,
a
youth
of
about
eighteen
years
of
age
;
who
was
afterwards
called
Cardinal
Maldochino
:
Olympia
intended
once
to
have
made
him
Cardinal
Patron
,
but
he
was
so
great
a
Sot
,
and
so
stupid
a
Fool
,
that
he
was
uncapable
of
Business
,
abhorred
by
the
Pope
,
and
a
shame
to
the
College
and
Dignity
of
Cardinals
.
The
Office
of
Cardinal
Patron
was
ever
esteemed
of
great
Honour
,
and
importance
,
and
when
managed
by
a
Wise
and
dexterous
Person
,
was
of
great
ease
,
and
relief
to
him
who
sate
in
the
Papal
Chair
:
for
if
the
Pope
were
sick
,
or
absent
,
he
gave
Audience
to
Ambassadours
,
and
presided
in
the
Council
;
subscribed
Letters
to
the
Nuntios
,
Legats
,
and
Governours
of
Provinces
.
But
this
help
being
as
yet
wanting
to
Innocent
,
for
want
of
a
Cardinal
Nephew
endued
with
some
tolerable
understanding
;
Olympia
contrived
to
adopt
Camillo
Astalli
Brother
of
Marquis
Astalli
,
who
had
married
her
Niece
into
the
Family
of
the
Pope
;
with
whom
she
so
prevailed
,
that
he
created
him
Cardinal
Patron
,
and
gave
him
the
name
of
Pamfilio
,
though
not
of
the
bloud
,
nor
allied
to
his
Family
.
It
was
wonderful
to
the
Court
,
to
see
a
young
Man
of
twenty
seven
years
of
age
,
raised
on
a
sudden
to
so
important
a
preferment
.
'T
was
true
,
he
was
endued
with
a
gentile
behaviour
,
and
good
address
,
and
with
qualities
of
mind
sufficient
to
make
himself
acceptable
;
but
yet
neither
his
years
,
nor
his
practice
in
Affairs
enabled
him
to
support
the
great
burden
of
Church
,
and
State
.
In
making
of
this
Creature
,
as
well
Panzirolo
,
as
Olympia
was
believed
to
concur
;
she
with
a
design
to
advance
the
Brother
of
him
that
had
married
her
Niece
;
but
he
,
to
have
an
influence
over
all
his
actions
,
being
well
assured
,
that
this
young
Man
would
act
nothing
without
his
direction
.
But
whilest
Olympia
thus
governed
all
Affairs
,
the
Court
of
Rome
became
scandalous
,
nothing
but
libellous
Jests
to
the
disparagement
of
the
Pope
were
daily
put
into
the
hands
of
Pasquin
at
Rome
;
In
the
Courts
of
the
Emperour
,
of
France
,
and
Spain
,
the
Nuntios
seemed
to
lose
much
of
that
Reverence
,
which
was
formerly
given
them
;
and
when
any
of
those
Princes
were
refused
the
demands
they
made
,
and
expected
from
the
Pope
;
it
was
often
said
with
raillery
,
That
if
Donna
Olympia
had
made
the
request
,
it
would
readily
have
been
granted
.
It
was
the
common
Discourse
in
the
Pulpits
of
Geneva
,
that
a
Woman
was
Head
of
the
Church
,
and
the
Universal
Bishop
,
and
that
now
the
mystery
of
the
Whore
of
Babylon
was
plainly
discovered
.
In
the
Protestant
Countries
,
the
Comedies
,
and
Farces
represented
the
Loves
,
and
Intrigues
of
Innocent
X.
and
Donna
Olympia
upon
the
Stage
:
all
which
the
young
Cardinal
Patron
,
at
the
instigation
of
Panzirolo
made
known
to
the
Pope
,
who
being
conscious
of
the
truth
thereof
,
and
inwardly
ashamed
,
resolved
often
to
forbid
Olympia
the
Court
,
and
all
concernment
,
or
intermedling
in
Affairs
;
but
knowing
not
how
to
come
out
with
it
,
his
inward
grief
suppressed
his
words
:
but
at
length
taking
courage
and
resolution
,
he
burst
out
into
tears
,
and
therewith
into
words
Interdicting
Olympia
all
farther
communication
with
the
Court.
After
this
,
Cardinal
Astalli
,
I
should
have
said
Pamfilio
,
gained
ground
in
the
affections
of
the
Pope
,
and
being
guided
by
Panzirolo
took
daily
deeper
root
in
his
esteem
;
Panzirolo
likewise
himself
kept
in
great
credit
,
and
unshaken
by
his
Adversaries
;
but
being
tired
with
the
burden
of
business
,
and
continual
watches
,
until
after
midnight
in
consultations
with
the
Pope
,
he
fell
sick
and
died
,
Nature
effecting
that
which
his
Enemies
endeavoured
.
The
Cardinal
Patron
above
all
lamented
his
loss
,
presaging
thereby
the
mischief
,
which
afterwards
ensued
:
for
now
Donna
Olympia
began
,
though
Incognita
,
to
frequent
the
Court
,
and
by
degrees
to
repossess
her
first
Station
.
But
we
shall
for
a
while
leave
this
Lady
weaving
her
Webbs
,
and
managing
Intrigues
,
and
return
again
to
the
Barberins
,
whose
Cause
was
taken
into
the
defence
and
protection
of
France
.
In
the
month
therefore
of
January
1746.
Cardinal
Barberin
,
An.
1646.
and
Taddeo
the
Prefect
,
in
compliance
with
the
Pope's
Brief
presented
their
accounts
,
having
had
but
fifteen
days
time
allotted
to
bring
them
in
;
and
in
failure
thereof
were
to
forfeit
five
hundred
Crowns
a
day
for
every
day
,
until
they
were
delivered
.
The
Accounts
being
given
,
the
Pope
cast
his
eyes
upon
them
with
much
indignation
and
prejudice
,
not
allowing
them
for
true
and
legal
,
excepting
against
the
sum
with
which
they
had
charged
themselves
,
which
the
Auditors
would
have
to
be
eight
Millions
;
But
Counsel
pleading
in
behalf
of
the
Barberins
,
desired
for
justification
of
them
,
it
might
be
permitted
to
examine
the
Books
of
Accounts
which
were
remaining
in
the
Apostolical
Chamber
,
to
which
for
their
own
discharge
they
referred
themselves
.
But
this
Demand
gave
no
satisfaction
or
stop
to
the
proceedings
of
Court
,
whereby
in
an
extraordinary
manner
,
and
without
form
of
Law
,
the
Estate
belonging
to
the
Barberins
in
the
Monte
,
was
sequestred
with
all
the
other
Rents
belonging
to
them
within
the
City
of
Rome
,
or
any
other
place
within
the
Ecclesiastical
Dominions
:
wherefore
the
Barberins
being
apprehensive
of
farther
proceedings
against
their
Persons
,
(
after
consideration
held
with
their
Friends
)
both
Cardinal
Francisco
,
and
Taddeo
the
Prefect
retired
from
Rome
,
and
other
parts
within
the
Dominions
of
the
Church
to
places
of
Sanctuary
,
and
Refuge
.
In
the
mean
time
proceedings
of
Court
against
them
were
carried
on
with
greater
rigour
,
and
severity
;
so
that
the
news
of
their
arrival
in
France
was
the
common
Discourse
of
all
Rome
,
and
their
resolution
therein
greatly
applauded
by
all
indifferent
persons
,
to
be
prudent
and
agreeable
to
their
present
circumstances
,
considering
that
the
French
King
had
espoused
their
quarrel
,
and
taken
them
into
his
care
,
and
protection
.
But
the
little
esteem
and
great
neglect
which
the
Pope
seemed
to
shew
to
those
instances
which
the
King
made
in
behalf
of
the
Barberins
were
so
highly
resented
by
his
Majesty
;
that
both
the
Senate
of
Venice
,
and
the
Great
Duke
(
though
an
Enemy
to
them
)
greatly
fearing
that
this
Cause
might
introduce
the
French
Arms
into
Italy
,
interceded
with
the
Pope
to
moderate
the
anger
he
had
conceived
against
the
Barberins
,
and
to
allow
of
some
Conditions
,
and
expedients
of
Reconciliation
;
but
all
their
good
Offices
were
not
able
to
give
any
stop
,
or
arrest
of
judgment
,
seisure
being
made
of
their
Estates
,
and
Revenue
,
without
any
other
reason
,
than
quia
hic
placet
.
The
news
hereof
being
extreamly
ill
resented
at
the
Court
of
France
;
it
was
judged
fit
to
send
the
Bishop
of
Angiers
to
Rome
to
confer
with
Cardinal
Grimaldi
upon
this
matter
,
that
so
a
greater
Authority
might
be
given
to
his
Negotiations
.
The
Ambassadour
of
Venice
being
recalled
from
Rome
by
the
Senate
,
before
his
departure
thence
,
consulted
with
Cardinal
Grimaldi
,
and
the
Bishop
of
Angiers
in
what
manner
to
govern
his
Discourse
at
his
last
Audience
;
and
having
taken
his
directions
from
them
,
he
warmly
applied
himself
to
the
Pope
,
representing
the
danger
of
a
War
with
France
,
and
that
it
was
not
prudent
for
the
Cause
of
a
private
Family
,
and
to
gratifie
some
particular
grudges
,
to
engage
the
Church
,
and
all
Italy
in
publick
calamities
:
but
the
Pope
seeming
regardless
of
all
those
considerations
,
replied
,
That
it
became
not
his
greatness
to
capitulate
with
his
Subjects
;
but
in
case
the
Barberins
would
voluntarily
come
in
,
and
throw
themselves
at
the
feet
of
his
mercy
,
he
would
shew
them
such
favour
,
as
the
World
might
take
notice
,
how
much
the
instances
of
his
most
Christian
Majesty
,
and
the
Republick
of
Venice
in
their
behalf
had
prevailed
upon
him
.
But
these
general
terms
and
uncertain
expressions
giving
no
satisfaction
to
the
French
Court
,
the
King
wrote
to
his
Ambassadours
at
Munster
,
where
the
general
Peace
of
Christendom
was
then
in
Treaty
,
Ordering
them
to
give
that
Assembly
to
understand
the
Passion
he
conceived
for
the
Cause
of
the
Barberins
,
was
such
as
would
obstruct
all
proceedings
,
unless
some
Expedients
were
contrived
,
and
some
Conditions
provided
for
their
security
,
and
restoration
:
by
which
the
Pope
was
made
sensible
that
the
King
resolved
to
carry
these
matters
to
the
highest
extremity
.
The
Abbot
of
St.
Nicolas
having
now
for
some
time
remained
at
Rome
,
and
informed
himself
of
the
true
state
of
the
Controversie
with
the
Barberins
,
he
demanded
Audience
,
and
being
thereunto
admitted
,
he
presented
his
Letters
of
Credence
,
which
the
Pope
received
with
many
obliging
expressions
;
letting
fall
a
few
tears
from
his
Eyes
,
when
he
declared
how
much
he
loved
the
French
Interest
,
and
how
affectionate
he
had
shewed
himself
thereunto
,
even
to
a
Passion
;
of
which
his
Christian
Majesty
was
so
sensible
,
that
had
the
whole
Power
of
the
Conclave
been
in
the
King
,
he
was
persuaded
,
he
would
have
created
him
Pope
,
in
exclusion
of
all
others
in
the
World
.
But
the
Abbat
was
little
surprised
with
those
tears
,
esteeming
them
no
indications
of
his
mind
,
but
his
usual
preparations
to
important
Treaties
;
proceeded
to
discourse
in
favour
of
the
Barberins
,
whom
he
beseeched
to
receive
again
into
his
grace
,
and
good
will
;
which
though
his
Master
might
expect
from
him
,
as
a
point
of
Justice
,
yet
he
would
take
it
as
an
act
of
kindness
,
and
Obligation
to
himself
.
That
the
Barberins
should
make
their
submission
in
such
humble
terms
,
as
he
should
require
,
and
direct
;
and
all
things
ordered
to
the
greater
reputation
,
and
glory
of
his
Holiness
;
that
the
refusal
hereof
would
disturb
the
quiet
of
Christendom
,
obstruct
the
general
Peace
in
Treaty
at
Munster
,
and
hinder
the
succours
,
which
were
then
preparing
to
give
the
Catholicks
in
England
;
and
in
fine
,
would
be
the
cause
of
great
confusion
and
disturbance
in
Europe
.
In
answer
hereunto
,
the
Pope
desired
the
Abbat
to
represent
unto
the
Queen
Regent
how
much
the
Barberins
had
ruined
the
Church
by
the
expence
of
more
than
twenty
Millions
,
which
they
had
charged
upon
the
People
by
unsupportable
Impositions
,
to
maintain
a
War
against
the
Duke
of
Parma
,
for
which
no
justifiable
account
could
be
given
;
that
they
had
so
abused
the
Authority
and
Government
of
the
Church
in
the
last
years
of
their
Uncle's
Pontificate
,
that
all
the
World
cryed
out
for
justice
and
vengeance
against
them
:
and
if
now
after
all
these
mischiefs
they
should
find
refuge
,
and
protection
for
their
crimes
in
France
,
the
Nephews
of
Popes
would
for
the
future
become
licentious
,
and
not
fear
what
they
acted
,
or
designed
,
when
after
the
example
of
the
Barberins
,
they
might
hope
to
find
a
Sanctuary
and
impunity
for
their
crimes
,
if
not
in
France
,
yet
at
least
in
Spain
,
or
Germany
,
or
some
other
Prince
,
where
they
were
able
to
make
an
Interest
,
or
a
friendship
.
That
the
Avarice
,
and
ambition
of
the
Barberins
,
was
beyond
all
example
;
having
purchased
a
Revenue
of
above
two
hundred
and
fifty
thousand
Crowns
a
year
,
besides
their
many
Benefices
and
immense
Riches
,
which
they
had
concealed
,
and
the
magnificent
furniture
of
their
Palaces
,
which
out
of
respect
to
their
Majesties
of
France
he
had
suffered
to
remain
without
seisure
or
confiscation
.
With
these
and
the
like
Arguments
was
the
cause
of
the
Barberins
debated
between
the
Pope
,
and
the
Abbat
without
any
effect
,
and
the
Audience
ending
without
satisfaction
to
either
side
;
the
Cardinals
of
the
French
Interest
concluded
,
that
nothing
would
be
done
until
such
time
,
as
that
the
success
of
the
Siege
of
Orbetello
were
known
,
and
the
Fate
of
that
place
determined
.
For
now
the
Faction
of
the
Barberins
,
An.
1646.
and
particularly
Cardinal
Grimaldi
,
being
sensible
that
nothing
would
operate
so
easily
with
the
Pope
,
as
the
near
approach
of
the
French
Arms
to
the
Dominions
of
the
Church
,
prevailed
with
Cardinal
Mazarine
to
send
a
Fleet
to
the
Siege
of
Orbetello
.
In
pursuance
of
this
design
(
which
was
kept
with
great
secrecy
)
the
French
Fleet
commanded
by
the
Duke
de
Breze
,
and
assisted
with
some
Troopes
by
Prince
Thomas
of
Savoy
,
landed
their
Forces
at
the
Port
of
St.
Steffano
,
of
which
they
easily
made
themselves
Masters
,
as
also
of
the
Lands
of
Talamone
,
which
the
Spaniard
had
guarded
with
a
very
inconsiderable
Garrison
;
and
afterwards
the
Duke
de
Breze
came
to
an
Anchor
before
the
Port
of
Orbetello
.
The
news
of
the
French
Arms
before
Orbetello
alarm'd
the
City
of
Rome
with
great
terrour
;
and
so
sensibly
affrighted
the
Pope
himself
,
that
he
evidently
discovered
a
mind
much
more
flexible
to
the
Cause
of
the
Barberins
than
formerly
,
moderating
his
Sentence
,
and
granting
many
things
in
their
favour
,
which
he
had
lately
refused
.
The
other
Princes
also
of
Italy
,
who
were
their
implacable
Enemies
,
growing
sensible
of
the
near
approach
of
danger
,
became
earnest
Intercessours
with
the
Pope
to
give
all
the
satisfaction
he
was
able
to
the
Crown
of
France
;
to
which
the
Pope
lending
a
gentle
Ear
,
was
contented
that
the
surrender
which
Cardinal
Antonio
should
make
of
himself
at
his
City
of
Avignon
,
should
be
esteemed
as
a
point
of
submission
;
and
from
thence
receiving
Letters
from
him
,
he
ordered
the
Commissioners
of
the
Chamber
to
take
off
the
Sequestrations
which
were
laid
on
their
Revenue
,
and
Estate
;
for
which
first
step
of
Grace
Cardinal
Grimaldi
returned
thanks
to
the
Pope
in
a
full
Consistory
.
But
no
sooner
was
Orbetello
succoured
by
the
Marquis
of
Torrecuso
,
who
was
dispeeded
with
a
considerable
body
of
Men
by
the
Vice-King
of
Naples
;
and
the
French
forced
to
raise
their
Siege
and
return
to
Tolon
,
with
the
loss
of
the
Duke
of
Breze
their
Admiral
;
but
the
Pope
reassuming
again
his
antient
displeasure
and
hatred
against
the
Barberins
,
retracted
all
the
favours
,
and
concessions
he
had
lately
granted
to
them
,
and
inveighing
against
Cardinal
Mazarine
with
bitter
words
,
called
him
a
Betrayer
of
his
Country
,
and
unworthy
the
Purple
with
which
the
Church
had
cloathed
him
;
having
for
the
sake
of
his
own
ambitious
desires
,
and
envy
to
the
flourishing
Estate
of
the
House
of
Pamfilio
,
endeavoured
to
involve
Italy
in
a
most
ruinous
,
and
dangerous
War
.
An.
1647.
But
these
invectives
which
the
Papal
party
used
against
the
Cardinal
served
to
no
other
end
than
to
provoke
his
choler
,
and
whet
his
desires
of
revenge
:
so
that
having
fitted
out
another
Fleet
not
inferiour
in
number
,
and
strength
to
the
former
,
commanded
by
the
Mareschals
de
Milliarey
,
and
Plessis
Praslin
,
they
quitted
the
design
against
Orbetello
,
and
Portohercole
,
and
sailed
to
Piombino
,
and
Portolongone
in
the
Island
of
Elba
;
the
first
being
a
place
bordering
on
Tuscany
,
and
opening
a
passage
into
the
Dominions
of
the
Pope
,
was
esteemed
convenient
and
advantageous
against
the
Princes
of
Italy
,
and
such
as
might
curb
the
Pope
,
and
render
him
more
respectful
to
the
Interest
of
France
;
the
other
being
situate
between
Naples
,
and
Milan
was
judged
of
great
importance
for
intercepting
succours
,
and
correspondencies
between
one
and
the
other
Territory
.
The
first
attempt
therefore
was
made
upon
Piombino
,
which
being
defended
by
some
few
Troops
of
Spanish
Horse
,
and
a
weak
Garrison
within
,
upon
appearance
of
a
Battery
of
five
Pieces
of
Cannon
raised
against
it
,
capitulated
,
and
surrendered
itself
.
The
success
of
Piombino
strook
a
terrour
into
the
Defendants
of
Portolongone
;
which
notwithstanding
was
for
some
time
defended
by
the
Garrison
;
but
the
French
having
prepared
some
Mines
,
and
being
ready
to
make
a
general
storm
the
Defendants
demanded
a
Parly
,
and
surrendered
upon
honourable
Conditions
;
the
which
places
the
French
looked
upon
,
as
so
considerable
,
as
might
be
worth
the
labour
,
and
charge
of
stronger
Fortifications
.
The
news
hereof
being
brought
to
Rome
,
did
immediately
silence
the
Party
opposite
to
Mazarine
,
and
again
mollifie
the
mind
of
the
Pope
in
such
manner
,
that
he
began
to
give
favourable
Audiences
to
the
French
Ministers
,
and
to
hearken
again
with
some
gentleness
to
those
Proposals
,
which
were
made
in
behalf
of
the
Barberins
;
howsoever
,
he
could
not
frame
his
mind
to
the
promotion
of
Frier
Michael
Mazarin
to
the
degree
of
Cardinal
,
for
his
heart
was
so
full
of
distance
against
his
Brother
the
Chief
Minister
of
France
,
that
he
could
not
contain
his
resentments
,
but
ever
vented
them
,
so
often
,
as
he
had
occasion
to
discourse
with
any
of
the
French
Nation
.
It
happened
at
that
time
that
the
Duke
of
Guise
being
at
Rome
,
was
admitted
to
Audience
with
the
Pope
,
and
received
with
all
the
expressions
of
joy
,
and
tenderness
imaginable
,
it
being
the
custom
of
Innocent
to
abound
in
his
excessive
demonstrations
of
love
towards
that
Nation
,
which
he
inwardly
abhorred
and
detested
.
The
Duke
having
this
opportunity
took
the
liberty
to
lay
before
Innocent
the
present
State
of
all
Europe
,
and
particularly
that
of
France
,
which
was
now
governed
entirely
by
Cardinal
Mazarin
,
a
Person
so
wedded
to
the
Interest
of
that
Crown
,
that
it
were
injustice
to
separate
one
from
the
other
,
and
that
indeed
he
was
so
riveted
in
the
favour
of
the
Queen
Regent
,
and
of
all
the
great
Men
of
that
Court
,
(
some
few
persons
only
excepted
)
that
his
Holiness
could
not
exercise
effects
of
his
displeasure
against
the
person
of
the
Cardinal
without
disobliging
the
noble
Court
,
and
Nation
of
France
.
That
the
Cardinal
desired
nothing
more
than
the
favour
of
his
Holiness
,
and
to
live
in
peace
and
amity
with
the
Court
of
Rome
,
on
which
condition
and
upon
the
least
demonstration
of
kindness
,
the
Cardinal
would
be
ready
to
yield
all
obsequious
submission
to
his
most
Holy
Person
,
and
would
adore
,
and
reverence
him
with
highest
esteem
.
But
to
make
the
first
step
herein
he
told
him
,
that
it
was
necessary
to
call
Frier
Mazarin
from
Aix
where
he
was
Arch-bishop
,
unto
Rome
,
and
freely
and
generously
to
confer
upon
him
the
Dignity
of
Cardinal
;
for
that
by
this
means
obliging
the
Arch-bishop
,
and
detaining
him
by
preferments
near
his
Person
,
he
would
easily
become
his
Creature
,
and
probably
so
influence
his
Brother
,
that
all
misunderstandings
,
and
disgusts
between
the
Courts
of
France
,
and
Rome
being
reconciled
,
a
happy
correspondence
,
and
peace
would
ensue
for
the
future
.
The
Pope
approving
this
Discourse
,
and
proposal
of
the
Duke
,
immediately
gave
order
to
call
Frier
Mazarin
then
residing
at
his
Arch-bishoprick
of
Aix
,
unto
Rome
,
with
promises
of
advancement
;
of
which
the
Duke
gave
advice
to
Cardinal
Mazarin
his
Brother
;
but
this
Expedient
was
so
little
satisfactory
to
the
Cardinal
,
who
was
ever
suspicious
of
the
Pope's
good
inclinations
to
himself
and
Family
,
that
he
endeavoured
to
dissuade
his
Brother
from
the
danger
of
an
affront
,
being
perhaps
unwilling
to
receive
any
Obligations
from
the
Pope
,
whom
he
believed
,
could
never
be
heartily
reconciled
to
his
Person
,
and
Interest
:
but
the
Arch-bishop
was
so
ambitious
of
the
Scarlet
,
that
contrary
to
the
persuasions
of
his
Brother
,
he
posted
to
Rome
,
where
after
some
few
months
,
he
was
created
Cardinal
,
to
the
great
satisfaction
,
and
joy
of
the
Duke
of
Guise
,
and
of
all
the
French
Party
,
who
expected
from
thence
the
happy
fruits
of
Peace
,
and
of
a
perfect
understanding
between
France
and
the
Papal
Sea
.
Howsoever
the
mind
of
the
Pope
was
not
yet
quieted
,
An.
1648.
nor
could
he
forget
his
quarrel
to
the
Barberins
,
though
he
seemed
to
be
so
far
appeased
,
as
to
admit
of
the
return
of
Cardinal
Barberin
to
Rome
,
which
grant
was
obtained
by
the
Marquis
de
Fontena
,
who
succeeded
the
Abbat
of
St.
Nicholas
in
the
Agency
for
France
;
but
howsoever
he
could
not
so
far
prevail
,
as
to
obtain
the
like
favour
for
Cardinal
Antonio
,
whom
the
Pope
detested
,
and
would
not
hear
of
his
admission
,
until
he
had
given
in
his
Accounts
,
and
answered
the
Crimes
of
which
he
was
legally
accused
,
as
his
Brother
had
already
performed
.
Nor
would
the
Pope
admit
the
Son
of
Taddeo
the
Prefect
,
a
youth
of
about
eighteen
years
of
age
,
to
execute
that
Office
,
during
the
absence
of
his
Father
,
retired
(
as
we
have
said
)
to
the
Court
of
France
;
though
pressed
with
the
most
warm
instances
imaginable
,
by
the
Marquis
de
Fontena
,
the
Pope
positively
refusing
it
as
a
judged
case
already
by
the
College
of
Cardinals
in
the
time
of
Sixtus
IV.
when
the
Son
of
Antonio
Colonna
,
though
in
joint
commission
with
his
Brother
,
was
declared
uncapable
to
exercise
that
charge
in
the
time
of
his
Minority
.
For
indeed
the
Pope
did
not
much
consider
the
applications
made
from
France
in
any
Affair
,
nor
was
he
greatly
concerned
to
satisfie
their
Ministers
,
knowing
that
the
Civil
Wars
at
that
time
,
had
so
employed
the
hearts
and
hands
of
that
Kingdom
that
no
mischief
could
be
derived
from
thence
.
Nor
did
Innocent
shew
himself
much
more
favourable
to
any
Nation
,
for
the
Emperour
could
obtain
no
other
help
in
his
Wars
against
Sweden
,
than
a
few
Indulgences
,
so
that
he
was
forced
to
patch
up
a
Peace
to
the
disadvantage
of
the
Empire
,
and
the
Roman
Religion
.
The
Spaniards
received
nothing
but
flat
denials
to
all
demands
,
as
the
Conte
d'
Ognate
,
and
the
Duke
dell'
Infantado
who
were
then
Ambassadours
did
often
complain
.
The
French
required
nothing
besides
the
restoration
of
the
Barberins
,
for
if
the
Spaniards
could
obtain
nothing
,
who
had
been
chief
Instruments
in
the
Pope's
Election
,
what
could
the
French
expect
who
remained
as
out-lawed
people
,
and
as
Enemies
to
himself
,
and
party
.
Nor
did
Innocent
after
the
Example
of
other
Popes
interest
,
and
concern
himself
much
in
the
quarrels
between
the
Christian
Princes
:
or
like
those
who
esteeming
themselves
the
universal
Fathers
,
interposed
by
their
Agents
in
the
Offices
of
Peace
,
and
Mediation
;
but
Innocent
casting
off
those
cares
,
and
by
the
advice
,
and
counsel
of
Donna
Olympia
being
desirous
to
excuse
the
charge
,
and
expence
of
Nuntios
in
forein
Courts
,
as
useless
and
unnecessary
,
took
up
new
Maxims
,
and
grounds
of
State
:
having
an
Opinion
,
that
the
intercessions
of
Popes
availed
little
with
Princes
,
until
their
own
conveniences
,
and
pressures
by
War
inclined
them
to
a
Peace
.
It
is
reported
,
that
Innocent
looking
out
one
day
at
his
Window
saw
two
Porters
at
Fifty-cuffs
;
some
that
were
standers
by
,
would
have
parted
them
,
but
the
Pope
forbad
it
,
giving
Order
that
they
should
fight
it
out
:
They
,
after
half
an
hours
scuffle
,
being
weary
,
and
out
of
breath
,
gave
over
of
themselves
,
and
without
other
mediation
parted
:
which
when
the
Pope
saw
,
he
turned
to
Pan●irolo
(
who
was
then
living
)
So
,
(
said
he
)
will
the
French
,
and
Spaniards
do
;
for
when
they
are
well
wearied
with
beating
one
another
they
will
part
,
and
agree
of
themselves
without
the
mediation
of
others
.
But
Innocent
was
not
so
wholly
averse
from
sending
Nuntios
into
forein
parts
,
but
that
with
concurrence
and
approbation
of
his
Olympia
,
he
was
ready
to
spend
Money
in
Negotiations
,
which
were
judged
beneficial
,
and
necessary
for
the
welfare
of
the
Ecclesiastical
State
:
in
pursuance
of
which
aim
,
considering
it
of
absolute
necessity
to
have
a
Minister
at
the
Treaty
of
Munster
,
where
the
general
peace
of
Christendom
was
in
debate
;
he
appointed
Fabio
Chigi
a
Senese
to
be
present
at
that
Meeting
,
who
with
Aloisio
Contareni
a
Senator
of
Venice
,
and
both
Men
of
experience
,
were
by
general
consent
admitted
Mediators
:
The
Emperour's
Commissioners
were
Lodowick
Count
of
Nassau
,
and
Isaac
Volmar
Doctor
of
the
Civil
Law
,
to
them
afterwards
Count
Trotmansdorff
a
person
of
extraordinary
Abilites
was
superadded
.
Avossie
and
Servient
appeared
in
behalf
of
France
.
Count
Pignoranda
,
and
one
Antonio
â
Sequanis
,
who
with
his
two
Pages
in
a
slashed
Suit
,
and
a
tattered
Coach
,
was
of
greater
importance
to
the
Work
,
than
half
the
Meeting
besides
,
were
Commissioners
for
the
Spaniard
;
and
Count
Oxensterne
,
and
John
Sauge
Osnabrugge
for
the
Swede
;
who
being
Protestants
had
a
Seat
appointed
for
them
apart
,
that
they
might
not
mingle
with
the
Catholicks
.
Paw
of
Amsterdam
,
and
Knute
the
Zelander
,
Commissioners
for
Holland
,
were
of
greater
eminency
than
those
from
the
other
Provinces
:
to
Avossie
and
Servient
,
Longueville
of
the
bloud
Royal
of
France
,
was
afterwards
added
,
entering
Munster
with
a
train
like
an
Emperour
.
These
were
the
chief
Ministers
which
graced
the
Meeting
at
Munster
,
besides
several
Accessories
sent
by
their
respective
Princes
.
Fabio
Chigi
being
of
a
mild
,
and
patient
temper
,
did
diligently
remove
all
such
things
,
as
he
judged
might
obstruct
,
or
retard
the
business
of
Peace
;
but
Contareni
,
though
a
Man
of
able
parts
,
yet
being
passionate
,
did
sometimes
proceed
with
more
violence
,
than
wariness
.
It
will
not
be
pertinent
to
this
History
,
to
relate
the
particulars
of
this
Treaty
,
what
jugling
,
and
what
Sophistry
was
practised
.
How
much
Money
;
how
much
time
was
idly
thrown
away
;
how
many
Letters
were
written
in
Ciphers
,
and
how
many
deciphered
;
what
insisting
upon
Punctilios
;
never
did
an
Assembly
more
gloriously
play
the
Mad-men
,
as
if
this
Serious
Meeting
had
been
held
about
the
place
of
Princes
,
not
for
the
peace
of
Christendom
.
In
short
therefore
as
to
what
concerns
our
purpose
,
The
Hollanders
impatient
for
a
peace
,
looking
on
the
French
successes
with
a
jealous
Eye
,
resolved
to
improve
the
present
opportunity
,
and
without
the
advice
,
and
consent
of
the
French
,
to
strike
up
a
perpetual
Peace
with
Spain
.
The
French
resenting
this
manner
of
proceeding
by
the
Hollanders
,
sent
to
the
Hague
to
complain
,
but
without
any
effect
,
that
people
after
their
usual
custom
,
preferring
their
quiet
,
and
ease
from
War
,
before
the
Leagues
,
and
faith
,
and
promises
made
with
,
and
given
to
their
Allies
.
And
thus
this
Assembly
the
most
famous
next
to
that
of
Trent
,
for
the
resort
of
divers
Nations
,
was
dissolved
without
any
effect
.
Chigi
the
Pope's
Nuntio
,
labouring
much
toward
the
general
Peace
,
had
still
in
his
Eye
the
design
of
conserving
the
Revenue
,
and
immunities
of
the
Church
free
,
and
entire
;
but
finding
that
by
the
Articles
of
this
hasty
Peace
,
a
great
part
of
the
Ecclesiastical
Revenue
was
remitted
,
and
many
Benefices
of
the
Church
abandoned
to
the
disposal
and
possession
of
Enemies
to
the
Roman
Sea
,
did
in
a
solemn
manner
protest
against
this
Peace
,
remonstrating
all
the
damages
,
and
losses
,
which
did
thereby
accrue
to
the
Apostolical
Chair
:
And
so
well
,
and
with
such
Art
did
Chigi
manage
this
,
and
other
Affairs
,
that
at
his
return
to
Rome
,
he
was
promoted
by
this
Pope
to
the
degree
of
Cardinal
;
and
afterwards
had
the
good
fortune
to
succeed
him
in
the
Papal
Throne
.
At
Osnaburgh
almost
at
the
same
time
,
was
the
agreement
of
the
German
Peace
concluded
,
without
the
intervention
of
the
Spaniards
;
by
which
means
the
Swedes
gained
the
French
Assent
to
the
Capitulations
,
but
the
Princes
,
and
Free-States
of
the
Empire
having
little
to
ask
besides
the
exercise
of
their
Religion
,
rested
satisfied
with
the
enjoyment
thereof
,
and
liberty
of
Conscience
to
serve
God
after
their
own
fashion
,
which
so
angred
Chigi
the
Nuntio
,
that
he
tore
the
papers
about
the
Peace
,
resolving
never
more
to
interpose
therein
.
During
these
transactions
abroad
,
the
Pope
continued
in
his
persecutions
against
the
Barberins
to
the
utmost
severity
,
and
yet
being
in
conversation
with
Cardinal
Barberin
,
he
would
with
much
tenderness
weep
,
and
lament
the
unhappy
fate
of
their
House
,
terming
his
tears
effects
of
compassion
(
which
he
had
always
ready
to
vent
)
which
others
called
tears
of
joy
,
to
see
the
poor
Cardinal
at
his
feet
,
reduced
by
him
to
the
utmost
extremity
of
Fortune
.
All
which
ill
treatment
was
against
the
former
pretensions
and
Promises
of
the
Pope
,
who
had
given
faithful
assurances
to
the
Marquis
de
Fontenay
Ambassadour
of
France
;
that
in
case
this
Cardinal
would
return
to
Rome
,
so
as
that
he
might
have
one
hours
discourse
with
him
,
he
would
forget
and
pardon
all
the
late
quarrels
,
and
would
enter
into
as
strict
Friendship
with
him
,
and
his
Family
,
as
he
had
ever
entertained
with
them
before
he
was
Pope
;
but
contrary
to
this
faith
given
,
the
Cardinal
was
entertained
with
all
the
contempt
and
scorn
imaginable
,
notwithstanding
that
France
had
declared
it self
engaged
in
the
quarrel
,
and
resented
all
the
Affronts
given
to
that
House
in
the
same
manner
,
as
offered
to
their
own
natural
Subjects
,
or
to
any
Family
of
highest
quality
,
and
esteem
with
that
Court.
Notwithstanding
which
,
it
had
been
the
ultimate
consummation
of
all
the
joys
which
could
have
happened
to
the
Pope
,
could
he
have
onely
allured
the
Cardinal
Antonio
by
promises
,
and
persuasions
to
Rome
;
for
then
in
despight
of
all
his
Vows
,
and
Engagements
,
he
would
have
sacrificed
his
Family
,
his
Reputation
,
and
his
very
triple
Crown
in
satisfaction
of
his
Revenge
,
and
for
destruction
of
that
person
whom
,
(
Cardinal
Mazarine
excepted
)
he
hated
above
all
things
in
the
World
.
An.
1651.
Never
was
the
Interest
of
France
in
that
low
ebb
in
Rome
as
it
was
in
this
year
,
when
the
Civil
Wars
and
distractions
of
that
Kingdom
rendered
its
Power
less
formidable
abroad
.
And
so
the
Pope
presuming
on
the
ill
state
of
those
Affairs
,
little
esteemed
the
character
of
Ambassadour
which
the
Bailly
of
Valency
maintained
at
Rome
for
the
Crown
of
France
,
suffering
him
to
receive
many
Affronts
from
his
Soldiers
without
redress
,
or
satisfaction
;
for
which
cause
the
Ambassadour
retired
to
Tivoli
,
whilest
the
Pope
contrived
to
dispossess
him
of
the
Palace
of
the
Barberins
,
which
he
inhabited
at
Rome
:
telling
the
Ambassadour
of
Venice
,
that
whensoever
a
reconciliation
should
be
made
between
him
and
France
,
the
first
Article
should
be
,
that
the
French
Ambassadour
should
quit
that
Palace
.
The
Bailly
of
Valency
being
sensible
of
all
these
matters
made
his
complaints
to
the
King
his
Master
;
upon
which
he
received
Orders
to
expose
,
and
lay
before
the
Pope
,
all
the
ill
usage
,
and
scornful
treatment
,
which
his
Majesty
had
received
from
him
since
his
assumption
to
the
Papal
Chair
;
and
accordingly
being
admitted
to
Audience
,
he
represented
,
That
all
those
Cardinals
,
whom
Lewis
XIII
.
his
Father
of
glorious
memory
had
gained
to
his
Party
,
and
allied
by
his
friendship
,
were
now
become
the
only
mortal
Enemies
of
his
Holiness
,
some
of
which
he
had
exiled
from
Rome
,
and
others
,
whom
he
had
permitted
to
remain
in
the
City
,
he
had
rendered
so
uneasie
in
their
Habitations
,
that
banishment
was
much
more
desireable
,
than
the
liberty
he
gave
them
to
reside
and
breath
within
the
precincts
and
air
of
his
Court.
Witness
the
Cardinals
,
Brichi
,
Grimaldi
,
Antonio
,
and
Mazarine
,
all
which
received
such
daily
affronts
,
and
discountenances
,
for
devoting
themselves
to
the
Crown
of
France
,
that
it
was
a
capital
crime
so
much
,
as
to
own
a
concernment
for
that
Party
.
That
he
had
made
Medicis
the
Protectour
of
Spain
,
but
Barberin
retained
no
more
than
a
shadow
of
it
,
for
France
.
In
short
,
he
omitted
no
instances
whereby
he
might
make
known
the
injustices
done
to
the
House
of
Barberin
:
and
the
Affronts
offered
to
the
King
,
and
particularly
by
the
succours
given
to
Naples
,
and
Portolongone
to
the
prejudice
of
France
.
But
the
Pope
returned
no
solid
Answer
hereunto
;
but
broke
out
into
passion
and
a
hundred
exclamations
,
which
after
his
manner
he
accompanied
with
tears
,
and
in
fine
complained
of
the
Cardinals
devoted
to
the
French
Interest
to
be
persons
in
whom
he
could
not
confide
,
nor
receive
satisfaction
in
their
Society
or
correspondence
.
The
Pope
being
in
this
manner
disturbed
,
and
tormented
with
the
continual
importunities
of
the
French
in
behalf
of
the
Barberins
,
entered
into
consultation
with
his
most
intimate
Confidents
of
the
Spanish
Faction
concerning
the
means
,
whereby
he
might
ease
himself
,
and
throw
off
these
daily
vexations
.
This
matter
being
considered
,
an
Expedient
was
projected
,
to
draw
off
the
Barberins
totally
from
the
French
Interest
;
and
having
joined
them
by
the
Pamfilian
,
and
Spanish
Party
,
the
Faction
of
France
would
be
inconsiderable
in
the
Conclave
;
and
to
give
a
beginning
hereunto
the
Pope
would
often
smile
,
and
cast
a
gratious
Eye
on
Cardinal
Barberin
,
so
often
as
he
saw
him
in
the
Consistory
,
seeming
as
it
were
to
entertain
some
thoughts
of
entire
reconciliation
with
his
Family
.
The
Spaniards
also
to
instil
this
Opinion
,
and
make
it
to
be
swallowed
more
glibly
down
,
offered
some
advantageous
Propositions
of
Marriage
for
the
Princess
Palestrina
with
a
considerable
Person
of
their
Country
;
not
that
the
Spaniards
had
any
such
real
intentions
,
but
onely
by
this
Overture
to
give
occasion
unto
Barberin
,
to
write
unto
Cardinal
Mazarine
,
and
Cardinal
Antonio
,
giving
them
to
understand
,
that
since
the
Spaniards
had
offered
a
convenient
Match
for
his
Niece
;
it
was
not
reasonable
to
neglect
that
Proposal
,
unless
they
resolved
to
provide
more
honourably
for
her
in
France
,
where
she
was
deposited
as
a
Pawn
for
the
fidelity
of
her
Family
with
the
Queen
Regent
.
The
Ambassadour
at
Rome
observing
by
these
passages
,
that
Barberin
was
staggering
in
his
adherence
to
the
French
Interest
,
signified
his
thoughts
thereupon
to
the
Count
de
Brienne
principal
Secretary
;
advising
it
as
absolutely
necessary
for
confirmation
of
the
Barberins
in
their
engagements
to
France
,
that
the
Queen
should
match
the
Princess
with
one
of
the
most
illustrious
Families
of
the
Kingdom
;
not
that
any
Portion
was
required
from
her
Majesty
;
for
that
this
Lady
had
sufficient
of
her
own
Estate
bestowed
by
her
Uncle
Vrban
VIII
.
to
make
her
acceptable
to
the
greatest
Peer
of
France
;
onely
that
she
would
be
pleased
as
a
Jewel
from
her
Cabinet
,
and
with
other
obliging
circumstances
to
bestow
her
on
some
great
Lord
,
that
was
most
devoted
to
the
Interest
of
her
Majesty
.
And
farther
the
Ambassadour
pressed
,
that
it
was
necessary
to
give
the
Cardinal
Barberin
some
speedy
answer
hereunto
,
lest
despairing
of
any
substantial
benefit
from
France
,
he
should
close
with
the
Spaniards
,
who
had
promised
to
restore
him
forty
thousand
Crowns
a
year
,
which
he
held
in
Abbies
within
the
Dominions
of
his
Catholick
Majesty
,
so
soon
,
as
he
had
given
testimony
of
his
detachment
from
the
French
Interest
.
That
the
Cardinal
apprehended
,
that
Mazarine
had
no
real
kindness
for
him
,
and
would
never
assent
to
the
marriage
of
the
Princess
Palestrina
with
any
considerable
Match
,
which
he
reserved
for
one
of
his
own
Nieces
.
The
substance
of
the
Ambassadour's
Letter
being
well
considered
;
it
was
judged
necessary
to
gratifie
the
Barberins
with
some
thing
more
than
words
;
and
accordingly
Cardinal
Barberin
was
made
Grand
Almoner
of
France
,
and
Cardinal
Antonio
created
Bishop
of
Poictiers
,
which
the
French
Ambassadour
signified
to
the
Pope
with
such
formality
,
as
gave
matter
of
discourse
to
all
the
Court
.
But
notwithstanding
all
these
evidences
of
favour
the
constancy
of
the
Barberins
was
not
able
to
withstand
the
favourable
conjuncture
which
offered
it self
for
an
entire
reconciliation
with
the
Pope
:
for
none
was
more
ready
to
embrace
this
offer
than
Cardinal
Antonio
,
who
now
having
been
almost
eight
years
an
Exile
from
Rome
and
State
,
and
living
in
forein
parts
at
the
expence
of
some
Millions
,
besides
the
sequestration
of
his
Revenue
from
the
Church
,
was
infinitely
desirous
to
close
with
any
reasonable
Propositions
which
might
restore
him
to
favour
,
and
his
Estate
.
The
design
hereof
was
projected
by
Donna
Olympia
,
who
made
this
Proposition
to
Cardinal
Francisco
:
that
in
case
he
would
assent
to
the
marriage
of
the
Son
of
Taddeo
the
Prefect
with
the
Daughter
of
her
Daughter
by
Prince
Justiniani
,
she
would
restore
the
Barberins
to
all
their
Offices
,
Revenues
,
and
intimate
favour
with
the
Pope
;
provided
that
this
Reconciliation
should
be
valued
the
price
of
her
Portion
.
The
Barberins
looking
on
this
unexpected
Offer
as
a
blessing
from
Heaven
,
made
this
speedy
and
short
Answer
,
That
they
should
esteem
themselves
much
honoured
,
and
happy
in
such
an
Alliance
;
for
having
been
for
almost
eight
years
under
a
Cloud
,
and
a
great
part
of
their
Revenue
seized
;
they
began
to
fear
,
that
if
Innocent
should
die
,
his
Successour
would
detain
their
Revenues
,
and
confer
them
on
his
own
Relations
.
Donna
Olympia
had
contrived
to
have
the
match
with
the
eldest
Son
of
Don
Taddeo
;
but
the
Barberini
,
though
very
earnest
to
have
the
matter
concluded
,
yet
pretended
,
that
the
eldest
resolving
to
be
a
Cardinal
,
had
relinquished
his
Birthright
to
his
youngest
Brother
,
who
in
recompence
thereof
had
made
a
resignation
of
his
Abby
to
him
,
that
was
the
elder
.
This
was
a
subtle
Masterpiece
of
their
Art
,
for
by
this
means
being
restored
,
they
got
another
Red
Cap
,
a
thing
not
known
of
before
,
to
have
three
Cardinals
at
the
same
time
of
the
same
name
and
Family
.
These
resolutions
being
carried
on
with
great
secrecy
,
advices
thereof
were
dispeeded
in
Characters
to
Cardinal
Antonio
;
who
wearied
with
the
promises
,
and
expectations
of
France
,
and
with
the
delays
of
Cardinal
Mazarine
,
who
,
(
as
he
was
persuaded
)
designed
no
good
to
his
Family
;
joyfully
embraced
the
Proposition
,
and
immediately
with
privacy
conveyed
his
Niece
the
Princess
Palestrina
unto
Padoua
:
the
unexpected
news
whereof
,
and
the
strange
change
of
Affairs
in
the
Court
of
Rome
surprised
the
whole
World
,
but
more
especially
the
Queen
Regent
of
France
,
and
Cardinal
Mazarine
the
chief
Minister
,
who
now
began
too
late
to
consider
of
the
cold
entertainment
given
the
Barberins
,
and
that
more
substantial
preferments
should
have
been
bestowed
on
them
,
to
confirm
,
and
ever
oblige
them
to
the
Interest
of
France
:
for
indeed
they
were
were
grown
very
high
in
their
own
imaginations
,
and
could
not
stoop
to
a
mean
,
or
to
an
indifferent
way
of
living
;
for
when
they
considered
of
the
long
R●●gn
of
twenty
years
of
their
Uncle
;
during
which
they
had
missed
of
the
Dukedom
of
Vrbin
,
which
devolved
to
the
Church
in
the
year
1631.
by
the
decease
of
that
Duke
,
who
died
without
Heirs
;
and
when
they
farther
considered
how
they
were
defeated
of
their
project
designed
upon
the
Republick
of
Lucca
;
and
succeeded
not
in
their
War
against
the
Duke
of
Parma
,
whom
they
intended
with
all
the
Farnesi
to
drive
out
of
Castro
,
and
all
their
Principality
by
force
of
Arms
;
when
I
say
,
they
considered
these
matters
;
they
could
not
with
patience
read
the
Histories
of
Sixtus
IV.
Alexander
VI.
Clement
VII
.
Paul
III.
who
had
not
reigned
half
the
time
of
Vrban
VIII
.
and
yet
were
able
to
make
their
Nephews
free
Princes
;
they
could
not
,
but
much
reproach
their
own
fortune
,
and
conduct
;
to
repair
which
,
they
resolved
to
close
with
this
present
favourable
opportunity
,
breaking
through
all
their
ties
,
and
promises
,
and
engagements
to
France
.
And
now
Cardinal
Antonio
being
returned
to
Rome
,
An.
1653.
the
Scene
was
miraculously
changed
;
for
not
only
was
Charles
the
eldest
Son
of
Taddeo
created
Cardinal
,
and
their
Niece
married
to
the
Duke
of
Modena
,
a
Prince
of
a
noble
descent
,
but
Cardinal
Barberin
was
admitted
to
the
Cabinet-Counsel
which
was
composed
of
the
Pope
,
Donna
Olympia
,
the
Cardinal-Patron
,
and
Monsignor
Azzolini
,
who
was
Guard
of
the
Briefs
a
place
of
great
care
,
and
trust
:
they
now
governed
with
Donna
Olympia
all
the
important
Affairs
of
the
Church
;
and
were
in
such
high
esteem
with
the
Pope
,
who
denied
them
no
favours
,
that
being
Men
well
practised
in
the
Government
,
and
in
the
manner
of
Popes
Favourites
they
so
well
managed
their
own
affairs
,
that
in
the
two
last
years
of
Innocent's
Reign
,
they
licked
themselves
whole
,
and
repaired
the
losses
,
which
their
eight
years
absence
,
and
disgrace
had
brought
upon
their
Estates
.
Nor
is
it
to
be
wondred
,
that
the
Pope
should
add
an
other
Cardinal
to
this
Family
,
though
there
were
two
already
of
great
esteem
therein
,
since
there
was
this
justice
,
and
reason
for
it
.
It
hath
been
an
antient
and
common
custom
,
for
Popes
to
bestow
their
own
Cardinals
Hat
on
the
kindred
of
that
Pope
,
from
whom
he
had
received
his
:
so
that
Innocent
,
who
was
created
Cardinal
by
Vrban
VIII
,
and
being
obliged
to
relinquish
his
Red
Hat
,
so
soon
as
he
was
created
Pope
,
was
also
obliged
to
bestow
it
on
one
of
the
Barberins
at
their
instance
;
but
they
being
under
a
cloud
of
his
disfavour
,
could
not
obtain
this
just
request
,
until
after
their
reconciliation
,
when
,
it
was
not
farther
to
be
delayed
,
or
refused
to
them
.
So
soon
as
the
Barberins
were
fully
restored
,
and
received
into
intimate
favour
with
the
Pope
,
the
Power
of
the
Cardinal
Patron
began
to
decline
,
being
seldom
,
or
never
admitted
to
secret
Consultations
:
so
that
Ambassadours
to
make
the
shorter
work
,
omitting
the
usual
address
by
way
of
the
Cardinal
Patron
,
applied
themselves
to
the
Barberins
,
to
whom
the
Pope
began
to
disclose
all
the
secrets
of
his
heart
,
being
confident
of
success
by
the
reputation
they
had
gained
in
the
management
of
Affairs
for
the
space
of
twenty
two
years
of
their
Uncle's
Reign
;
so
that
there
remained
but
a
shadow
of
Power
to
the
adopted
Nephew
.
For
as
the
Authority
and
Interest
of
the
Barberins
encreased
,
so
that
of
the
Cardinal
Patron
abated
:
at
first
the
Pope
seemed
very
cold
,
and
neglective
of
him
,
but
at
length
burst
out
into
storms
of
rage
,
and
indignation
against
him
:
he
forbad
him
his
presence
,
banished
him
the
Court
,
deprived
him
of
the
title
of
Cardinal
Patron
,
disclaimed
the
Adoption
to
be
his
Nephew
,
with
express
Order
,
that
he
should
no
longer
be
called
Pamfilio
,
but
Astalli
:
all
his
Revenues
,
Offices
,
and
Preferments
were
sequestred
,
and
at
length
was
banished
from
Rome
,
and
not
permitted
to
carry
any
of
his
moveables
with
him
.
These
extravagant
changes
,
and
sports
of
fortune
made
most
Men
laugh
,
none
being
able
to
assign
the
Cause
or
Original
thereof
.
For
they
could
not
attribute
it
to
his
Avarice
or
his
unjust
gains
:
for
besides
his
ordinary
Emoluments
,
which
might
be
worth
to
him
about
fifty
thousand
Crowns
a
year
,
attended
with
a
great
expence
,
he
had
not
laid
up
one
farthing
:
the
poor
Man
had
once
made
a
little
Money
of
a
vacant
Benefice
,
which
so
soon
as
Donna
Olympia
had
smelt
out
,
she
ran
with
open
mouth
to
the
Pope
,
and
complained
,
and
caused
him
to
refund
all
into
her
Apron
.
Azzolini
by
exclusion
of
Astalli
being
created
Cardinal
was
admitted
into
the
Cabal
,
where
deep
designs
,
and
plots
were
hatching
;
the
Barberins
suggested
the
conquering
of
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
,
blaming
the
Pope
,
for
not
making
his
advantage
of
the
Insurrection
of
Masinello
in
the
year
1647.
Howsoever
in
this
declining
Estate
of
the
Spaniards
,
the
design
upon
Naples
seemed
very
feasible
.
The
Barberins
promised
to
maintain
an
Army
of
ten
thousand
Men
at
their
own
cost
,
until
they
had
reduced
that
Kingdom
to
the
Dominion
of
the
Church
:
provided
that
the
principality
of
Salerno
might
remain
to
their
Family
,
independant
of
any
other
Prince
:
and
with
such
fancies
,
and
projects
as
these
,
did
they
tire
,
and
torment
the
decaying
carcass
of
the
dying
Pope
.
But
as
the
Pope
daily
languished
,
so
Donna
Olympia
was
ever
more
industrious
,
taking
bribes
with
both
hands
,
bestowing
Benefices
,
and
Livings
in
all
parts
of
Italy
;
having
in
the
Marca
onely
which
is
but
a
small
Province
,
disposed
of
three
hundred
thirty
six
Benefices
,
which
were
commonly
known
,
besides
what
had
passed
underhand
:
and
at
that
time
the
Sin
of
Simony
was
become
so
scandalous
,
and
common
,
that
People
began
to
abhor
Churchmen
,
and
hate
their
Ministery
,
to
which
they
had
attained
by
abominable
practices
.
These
transactions
at
Rome
were
equally
displeasing
to
the
Courts
both
of
France
,
and
Spain
;
who
now
considering
that
the
two
Parties
and
Families
of
Pamfilio
,
and
Barberin
were
united
in
one
,
they
imagined
them
able
to
stand
on
their
own
bottoms
,
and
to
have
power
sufficient
to
elect
a
Pope
,
in
despight
of
those
two
Kingdoms
,
or
opposition
of
the
Medices
;
The
Spaniards
were
most
of
all
vexed
at
this
Conjunction
,
entertaining
an
inveterate
hatred
against
the
Barberins
,
to
whom
they
attributed
all
the
Affronts
,
and
neglects
passed
upon
them
,
in
the
time
of
their
Uncle
,
and
judged
the
loss
of
Piombino
,
and
Portolongone
to
proceed
from
them
,
and
on
score
of
their
quarrel
with
the
Pope
:
the
French
also
though
angry
enough
with
the
person
of
Cardinal
Barberin
,
whom
they
considered
as
unconstant
,
faithless
,
and
wedded
to
his
own
Interest
;
yet
entertained
more
gentle
thoughts
of
Cardinal
Antonio
,
whom
having
obliged
with
the
honour
of
Grand
Almoner
of
France
with
the
Bishoprick
of
Poictiers
,
and
the
Order
of
the
Holy
Ghost
,
they
imagined
,
that
the
impressions
they
had
made
upon
him
,
by
such
obliging
favours
could
never
be
defaced
by
time
,
or
altered
by
a
new
Conversation
:
Nor
did
they
wholly
lose
all
hopes
of
conserving
this
Interest
,
which
was
the
cause
,
that
when
the
French
Ambassadour
at
Rome
made
his
Complement
to
young
Barberin
Son
of
the
Prefect
on
his
promotion
to
the
degree
of
a
Cardinal
:
he
put
him
in
mind
of
the
good
correspondence
which
had
passed
between
his
Uncle
Vrban
VIII
.
and
the
Court
of
France
;
what
affection
that
good
Pope
demonstrated
to
Henry
IV.
and
after
him
to
Lewis
XIII
.
and
afterwards
to
his
present
Majesty
now
reigning
;
the
memory
of
which
was
so
grateful
to
him
,
and
the
Queen
Regent
,
that
they
could
not
but
rejoice
in
all
the
good
fortune
of
their
Family
,
wishing
it
might
still
advance
,
and
be
exalted
to
a
greater
height
of
grandeur
,
and
glory
.
And
now
all
the
Art
was
,
and
great
labour
used
by
the
Pope
,
Donna
Olympia
,
and
Cardinal
Barberin
to
draw
off
Cardinal
Antonio
from
his
patiality
,
and
concernment
which
he
had
a
thousand
times
vowed
in
the
Interest
of
France
,
the
which
abated
much
of
their
confidence
in
him
,
and
gave
a
stop
to
many
of
their
great
designs
:
the
French
Ambassadour
endeavoured
to
keep
him
firm
by
many
obliging
favours
;
the
Pope
persuaded
him
to
a
neutrality
,
which
was
most
agreeable
to
a
good
Italian
,
and
a
religious
Cardinal
:
his
Brother
urged
him
to
cast
off
the
blue
Ribbon
of
his
Order
,
as
incompatible
with
the
great
Cross
of
Malta
,
and
to
entertain
no
intimate
communication
with
the
French
Ambassadour
,
nor
to
affix
the
Arms
of
France
over
the
gate
of
his
Palace
:
but
Antonio
giving
no
ear
to
any
of
these
insinuations
,
Francisco
plainly
told
the
Pope
,
that
the
onely
way
to
reclaim
his
Brother
from
the
French
,
was
to
shew
his
displeasure
by
refusing
to
restore
to
him
the
Offices
and
Places
of
Trust
which
Vrban
VIII
.
had
conferred
upon
him
,
and
to
bestow
that
of
Great
Chamberlain
on
his
Nephew
Charles
lately
made
Cardinal
:
but
this
course
seemed
too
violent
both
to
the
Pope
,
and
Donna
Olympia
,
they
took
a
contrary
way
,
and
caused
a
Brief
to
be
carried
to
Cardinal
Antonio
for
restitution
of
all
his
Offices
and
Places
;
the
which
was
delivered
him
by
the
Prince
of
Palestrina
his
Nephew
,
that
so
he
might
seem
to
have
gained
these
favours
from
the
Pamfilians
;
and
not
from
the
French
:
After
which
Cardinal
Antonio
with
all
liberty
avowed
his
concernment
for
France
;
which
appeared
much
more
generous
to
the
Pope
,
than
the
dissimulations
of
Cardinal
Barberin
,
in
whom
the
Pope
could
never
retain
a
perfect
confidence
,
nor
an
entire
affection
;
that
it
is
believed
,
had
the
Pope
lived
but
some
years
longer
he
would
have
been
as
weary
of
the
Barberins
,
as
he
had
declared
himself
satisfied
in
them
,
after
some
few
months
experience
of
their
conduct
the
misfortune
of
this
Pope
was
,
that
he
never
knew
how
to
make
choice
of
a
wise
Chief
,
or
Directour
of
his
own
Party
.
Cardinal
Pamfilio
was
ever
esteemed
as
a
Partisan
of
Spain
,
and
of
the
Medices
.
His
whole
Family
,
Mother
,
Children
,
Daughters
,
Sons
in
law
and
Daughters
in
law
were
engaged
in
mortal
Feuds
one
against
another
.
The
Faction
of
the
Barberins
was
not
well
united
:
for
the
greatest
part
of
the
Creatures
of
Vrban
VIII
.
entertained
a
secret
rancour
,
and
venom
against
Cardinal
Francis
Barberin
,
who
after
having
vowed
himself
a
thousand
times
to
the
Interest
of
the
Pope
,
of
Donna
Olympia
,
and
that
Family
,
turned
his
Coat
,
and
endeavoured
with
all
obsequious
diligence
to
be
received
into
the
Service
and
friendship
of
Spain
.
Thus
having
continued
the
History
of
the
Barberins
with
almost
an
uninterrupted
course
,
or
mixture
of
other
Affairs
,
we
must
return
a
little
back
to
other
passages
of
moment
which
intervened
in
the
Reign
of
this
present
Pope
.
After
the
death
of
Edward
Duke
of
Parma
,
which
happened
in
the
year
1649.
the
Montists
wanting
the
usual
payments
agreed
by
the
Duke
in
the
time
of
Vrban
VIII
.
and
afterwards
confirmed
by
him
at
the
conclusion
of
the
late
Peace
,
made
their
complaints
to
the
present
Pope
;
upon
which
license
was
obtained
,
and
Briefs
were
issued
from
the
Camera
to
proceed
against
the
Lands
,
and
Estate
possessed
by
that
Duke
in
the
state
of
Castro
.
The
prosecution
of
this
matter
was
more
violently
carried
on
by
the
persuasions
of
Donna
Olympia
,
because
she
was
dissatisfied
with
that
Duke
for
not
selling
to
her
his
Naboth's
Vineyard
,
which
was
a
certain
Castle
in
the
Dominion
of
Castro
;
and
because
,
as
she
supposed
,
he
had
been
instrumental
in
persuading
the
Princess
of
Rossano
,
who
was
his
kinswoman
to
take
Sanctuary
under
the
protection
of
France
,
from
the
Wiles
,
and
Plots
of
her
Step-mother
;
The
Officers
and
Soldiers
of
the
Duke
made
resistance
against
the
Commissioners
of
the
Camera
,
who
came
to
make
seisures
for
payment
of
the
Montists
;
which
greatly
enraged
the
Pope
,
who
was
impatient
,
and
frowned
at
the
least
opposition
made
to
his
Commands
;
but
the
Great
Duke
of
Toscany
apprehensive
,
that
the
consequences
hereof
might
be
an
engagement
to
a
second
War
,
he
endeavoured
by
means
of
Cardinal
Albornozzi
to
compose
the
differences
,
making
divers
propositions
to
facilitate
the
payments
,
and
satisfie
the
Montists
:
but
whilest
these
matters
were
depending
,
it
unfortunately
happened
that
the
Bishop
of
Castro
was
murdered
by
certain
Assassinates
,
who
attended
his
passage
on
the
confines
of
the
Ecelesiastical
State
.
The
Pope
being
furiously
enraged
by
the
perpetration
of
this
impious
fact
,
which
he
attributed
to
the
machinations
of
the
Duke
of
Parma
;
immediately
dispeeded
certain
Troops
under
the
command
of
David
Vidman
,
and
Girolamo
Gabriel
to
lay
Siege
unto
the
City
of
Castro
.
At
that
time
the
French
being
Masters
of
Piombino
,
and
Portolongone
,
and
having
an
Army
in
Lombardy
under
the
command
of
the
Duke
of
Modena
,
and
Mareschal
du
Plessis
Praslin
,
kept
the
Spaniards
in
awe
,
and
gave
countenance
to
the
designs
of
the
Duke
of
Parma
,
in
maintenance
of
his
right
invaded
by
the
Pope
:
the
Duke
encouraged
by
hopes
given
him
by
the
French
,
and
with
an
opinion
that
the
Pope
,
who
was
aged
,
and
loved
ease
and
quietness
would
gladly
compound
upon
reasonable
terms
,
so
soon
as
he
found
himself
pressed
by
any
vigorous
opposition
:
he
therefore
imitating
the
example
of
his
Father
raised
a
considerable
Army
,
which
he
committed
to
the
conduct
of
Marquis
Gaufrid
with
Orders
to
march
directly
into
the
Dominions
of
the
Pope
;
and
lest
in
their
passage
thither
they
should
commit
Violences
,
or
acts
of
Hostility
,
or
burden
the
people
,
he
furnished
Money
sufficient
to
defray
all
the
charges
necessary
for
maintenance
of
the
Army
;
whereby
he
might
make
appear
the
caution
he
used
to
give
no
offence
,
and
that
his
War
was
onely
defensive
,
and
designed
to
no
other
end
,
than
to
protect
and
maintain
his
own
Subjects
and
Estate
.
This
tenderness
of
doing
hurt
to
any
,
had
been
well
accepted
,
and
interpreted
,
if
the
success
had
answered
the
hopes
and
expectations
of
the
Duke
:
but
the
contrary
happened
out
;
for
so
soon
as
Gaufrid
was
entered
into
the
Dominions
of
the
Church
,
he
was
encountred
by
the
Marquis
Mattei
a
knowing
,
and
an
experienced
Captain
,
to
whom
the
Pope
had
committed
the
charge
,
and
defence
of
those
Countries
;
and
being
strengthened
by
a
considerable
force
,
and
with
many
Gentlemen
Voluntiers
,
who
came
from
Ferrara
and
Bologna
to
signalize
their
Valour
;
he
gave
Battel
to
the
Enemy
,
and
soon
routed
and
defeated
the
Army
of
Parma
;
the
General
Gaufrid
shamefully
flying
,
fell
under
the
heavy
displeasure
and
disgrace
of
his
Prince
;
and
being
accused
by
his
Enemies
of
many
enormous
Crimes
,
and
miscarriages
,
and
of
not
having
observed
the
Orders
of
his
Master
,
he
was
with
much
ignominy
put
to
death
;
whereby
he
gave
a
new
Example
to
the
World
of
the
mutability
of
fortune
,
which
from
an
obscure
beginning
and
birth
being
raised
on
a
sudden
to
the
highest
degree
of
reputation
and
esteem
with
his
Master
,
was
with
as
swift
a
turn
tumbled
,
and
precipitated
down
to
an
abyss
of
shame
and
dishonour
.
The
Garrison
of
Castro
losing
all
hopes
of
relief
and
succours
by
this
defeat
,
surrendered
the
Town
upon
Articles
into
the
hands
of
the
Pope
;
who
being
enraged
for
the
murder
committed
on
the
Bishop
,
commanded
for
expiation
of
that
Offence
,
that
the
City
should
be
demolished
;
and
accordingly
it
was
so
entirely
ruined
,
that
not
one
stone
remained
upon
another
.
The
Duke
in
the
mean
time
being
terrified
with
these
acts
of
severity
,
and
with
the
victorious
Arms
of
the
Pamfilians
,
who
threatned
the
other
Dominions
of
Parma
;
and
finding
that
neither
French
,
nor
Spaniards
,
nor
other
Princes
did
much
take
his
cause
and
sufferings
to
heart
,
he
resolved
to
compound
with
the
Pope
by
a
sale
of
the
Dukedom
of
Castro
and
Ronciglione
with
all
the
Territories
and
dependences
thereunto
belonging
,
with
Power
howsoever
of
Redemption
within
the
space
of
eight
years
.
And
thus
ended
these
differences
for
the
present
,
which
several
years
afterwards
broke
out
into
new
troubles
;
and
will
ever
remain
an
occasion
of
quarrel
and
scandal
,
until
such
time
as
equal
expedients
and
proportionate
to
justice
are
given
for
mutual
satisfaction
.
After
the
City
was
thus
destroyed
,
the
Pope
set
up
a
Pillar
with
this
Inscription
:
Here
was
CASTRO
;
and
several
Crosses
in
the
places
,
where
Churches
had
been
with
the
same
Motto
:
The
Bishoprick
of
Castro
with
all
the
Benefices
,
and
emoluments
thereof
was
afterwards
annexed
to
the
neighbouring
Metropolis
of
Aquapendente
.
It
is
very
certain
,
that
this
Pope
was
extreamly
rigorous
in
doing
justice
,
well
vers'd
in
business
,
and
might
have
deserved
the
character
of
a
skilful
,
and
an
understanding
Person
,
had
he
not
blemished
his
Reign
with
his
unpardonable
weakness
towards
a
rapatious
Woman
:
and
therefore
we
shall
as
well
repeat
his
good
actions
,
as
his
bad
,
and
give
the
Reader
some
instances
of
his
Vertues
,
as
well
,
as
of
his
Vices
.
He
was
a
severe
lover
of
Justice
in
his
Officers
,
and
would
punish
those
Crimes
in
them
which
savoured
of
partiality
,
or
corruption
,
Examples
hereof
we
have
in
many
kinds
:
and
particularly
it
is
not
to
be
forgotten
,
that
a
certain
Nobleman
of
Rome
having
been
guilty
of
many
enormous
Crimes
,
could
not
be
protected
from
his
Justice
by
the
Power
and
Interest
of
his
Friends
,
and
Relations
;
for
having
threatned
one
of
the
Judges
to
be
revenged
one
day
upon
him
,
in
the
vacancy
of
the
Sea
;
he
was
apprehended
,
and
accused
upon
those
words
;
which
though
they
would
bear
no
action
in
rigour
,
yet
they
were
so
severely
interpreted
against
him
,
being
aggravated
by
his
former
Offences
,
that
he
was
condemned
to
die
,
and
accordingly
suffered
in
the
publick
face
of
all
the
City
.
Another
instance
we
have
of
his
fortitude
in
the
punishment
of
a
Judg
of
the
Court
for
Bribery
,
whom
he
committed
to
Prison
,
and
afterwards
condemned
to
the
Gallies
.
With
the
like
impartiality
,
and
resolution
,
he
punished
the
people
of
Firma
,
for
having
in
a
Mutiny
,
and
Sedition
killed
Viscount
Vbert
their
Governour
:
in
prosecution
of
which
justice
,
he
sent
Count
Vidman
his
chief
Captain
with
some
Troops
against
the
City
,
that
those
,
who
were
the
principal
leaders
in
this
Sedition
might
without
fear
,
or
favour
be
brought
to
condign
punishment
:
and
accordingly
some
were
imprisoned
,
others
banished
,
others
fined
,
or
sent
to
the
Gallies
,
or
put
to
death
;
and
that
he
might
attemper
in
some
measure
Clemency
with
his
Justice
,
he
enclined
a
favourable
Ear
to
the
submissive
petitions
of
that
People
,
and
received
them
into
his
gracious
favour
,
and
mercy
.
Nor
was
his
justice
less
eminent
in
the
punishment
of
Mascambruno
,
who
was
Sub
▪
datary
of
the
Apostolical
Chamber
,
in
which
Office
having
behaved
himself
without
regard
to
the
faith
,
and
integrity
required
;
he
forged
many
false
Writings
,
affixing
the
Pope's
Seal
to
them
,
and
counterfeited
his
Hand
,
besides
many
other
accusations
of
bribery
,
and
corruption
;
all
which
being
proved
against
him
,
he
was
devested
of
his
Office
,
and
dignity
of
Priesthood
,
and
publickly
executed
in
the
face
of
the
whole
City
.
It
is
also
farther
to
be
added
in
commendation
of
this
Pope
,
that
he
restored
the
Elogy
,
which
Alexander
III
had
inscribed
in
the
great
Hall
of
the
Vatican
in
memory
of
the
assistances
,
which
the
Venetians
had
given
to
the
Church
;
and
which
Vrban
VIII
.
without
any
just
cause
,
or
reason
had
blotted
out
,
and
defaced
.
He
was
also
munificent
in
publick
Buildings
,
and
adornments
of
the
City
,
and
according
to
the
generous
temper
of
his
nature
had
been
much
more
,
had
not
his
Moneys
been
intercepted
by
Olympia
.
Howsoever
he
enlarged
the
common
Prisons
of
the
City
,
and
built
others
,
which
were
before
so
narrow
,
and
streight
as
to
be
noisom
,
and
unhealthy
to
the
Prisoners
.
He
also
finished
the
Walls
of
the
City
on
the
other
side
of
the
Tyber
,
which
were
begun
by
his
Predecessour
Vrban
VIII
.
He
farther
repaired
,
and
adorned
the
Church
of
St.
John
Lateran
,
being
much
decayed
since
the
time
of
Constantine
the
Great
,
who
had
built
it
for
a
Chappel
to
his
Palace
,
and
had
been
neglected
by
former
Popes
.
But
more
especially
munificent
was
he
towards
the
great
Church
of
St.
Peter
;
for
that
a
Memorial
might
remain
of
his
Beneficence
amongst
other
Popes
,
to
that
place
he
added
many
and
various
Works
,
and
beautified
those
places
which
wanted
Ornament
;
but
what
the
particulars
were
will
best
appear
by
this
following
Inscription
,
which
was
engraven
over
the
great
Gate
of
this
Church
.
Basilicam
Principis
Apostolorum
In
hanc
molis
Amplitudinem
Multiplici
Romanorum
Pontificum
Aedificatione
perductam
Innocentius
X.
Pont.
Max.
Novo
Caelaturae
Opere
Ornatis
Sacellis
Interjectis
in
utraque
Templi
Ala
Marmoreis
Columnis
Strato
è
Vario
lapide
Pavimento
Magnificentius
Terminavit
.
Besides
all
which
publick
Works
,
many
others
are
recorded
of
him
by
Ciconius
,
in
the
life
of
this
Pope
to
whom
the
Reader
may
be
referred
.
In
the
beginning
of
1649.
the
year
of
Jubily
approaching
,
he
caused
great
provisions
to
be
made
for
entertainment
of
Pilgrims
,
and
that
there
should
be
no
want
of
Bread
,
and
Wine
in
the
City
,
he
sent
Ofcers
,
and
Purveyors
into
all
the
neighbouring
Countries
to
buy
up
the
Corn
,
and
fill
up
the
granaries
of
the
City
;
and
lest
in
so
general
a
concourse
of
people
who
flocked
to
enjoy
the
Indulgences
,
and
Pardons
granted
at
that
season
,
Provisions
should
be
raised
to
excessive
Rates
,
care
was
taken
to
moderate
the
prices
,
and
render
every
thing
cheap
and
commodious
for
Pilgrims
.
On
the
24th
.
of
December
1649.
the
year
of
Jubily
began
,
when
the
Pope
in
presence
of
all
the
Cardinals
,
Ambassadours
,
and
Magistrates
of
the
City
opened
the
Holy
Gate
,
which
being
again
shut
by
him
at
the
end
of
the
following
year
,
this
Inscription
was
engraven
upon
a
Cross
of
stone
over
the
portal
of
the
Gate
:
Innocentius
X.
Pont.
Max.
Portam
Hanc
Sanctam
Reseratam
,
&
Clausam
AB
Vrbano
VIII
.
Pont.
Max.
Anno
Jubilei
MDCXXV
.
Aperuit
&
Clausit
Anno
Jubilei
MD.C.L.
About
this
time
a
Book
was
published
in
France
,
written
by
an
unknown
Author
,
which
aimed
to
subvert
the
Pope's
Authority
,
by
proving
that
there
was
an
equality
in
Order
,
and
Government
between
the
Apostles
St.
Peter
and
St.
Paul
;
or
that
the
Authority
of
St.
Paul
was
not
subordinate
to
that
of
St.
Peter
.
This
Book
falling
under
the
examination
,
and
scrutiny
of
the
Inquisition
was
condemned
as
heretical
;
and
the
same
Censure
was
passed
thereupon
by
the
Pope
,
who
caused
a
Brief
against
it
to
be
affixed
in
all
publick
places
of
Rome
.
But
the
Opinions
of
Jansenius
Bishop
of
Ypres
more
successfully
prevailed
in
France
,
and
Flanders
;
for
prevention
whereof
,
and
to
give
a
stop
to
the
farther
spreading
of
those
Tenents
which
were
five
in
number
,
a
Congregation
composed
of
Cardinals
,
and
Divines
was
appointed
by
Innocent
to
examine
the
several
Articles
,
and
to
give
their
Opinion
upon
the
same
.
And
to
quicken
the
Pope
,
and
make
him
more
zealous
in
the
Work
;
both
the
King
of
France
,
and
Queen
Regent
sent
their
Letters
to
the
Pope
,
desiring
him
in
a
matter
of
such
importance
(
the
determination
whereof
would
tend
to
the
settlement
and
quiet
of
Mens
minds
,
and
Consciences
)
to
interpose
with
the
final
Sentence
of
his
Infallibility
,
and
Apostolical
Doctrine
.
In
like
manner
most
of
the
Bishops
of
France
desired
the
Pope's
distinct
determination
of
every
one
of
those
five
Propositions
:
for
though
Vrban
VIII
.
of
happy
memory
had
in
general
terms
published
a
Bull
against
the
Book
of
Jansenius
,
and
had
confirmed
the
Decrees
of
Pius
V.
and
Gregory
XIII
.
against
Michael
Baius
,
whose
Doctrines
concurred
with
those
of
Jansenius
;
yet
were
not
convincing
to
the
multitude
for
want
of
a
distinct
explication
,
and
particular
Sentence
against
every
one
of
those
five
Propositions
:
wherefore
the
Pope
after
discussion
of
all
those
Points
by
the
aforesaid
Congregation
,
at
which
he
was
for
the
most
part
personally
present
;
he
promulged
these
his
determinations
thereupon
,
and
affixed
these
distinct
Notes
,
and
Censures
to
every
Proposition
;
which
we
have
thought
fit
to
deliver
in
Latin
in
such
manner
,
as
they
are
set
down
by
Ciacconius
:
in
vitâ
Innocentii
X.
Primam
praedictarum
Propositionum
scilicet
,
Aliqua
Dei
praecepta
hominibus
justis
volentibus
&
conantibus
secundum
praesentes
quas
habent
vires
sunt
impossibilia
;
deest
quoque
illis
gratia
,
quâ
possibilia
fiant
.
Temerariam
,
impiam
,
blasphemam
,
Anathemate
damnatam
,
&
haereticam
declaramus
,
&
uti
talem
damnamus
.
Secundam
,
Interiori
gratiae
in
statu
naturae
lapsae
nunquam
resistitur
:
Haereticam
declaramus
,
&
uti
talem
damnamus
.
Tertiam
,
Ad
merendum
,
&
demerendum
in
statu
naturae
lapsae
non
requiritur
in
homine
libertas
à
necessitate
,
sed
sufficit
libertas
à
coactione
:
Haereticam
declaramus
,
&
uti
talem
damnamus
.
Quartam
,
Semipelagiani
admittebant
praevenientis
gratiae
interioris
necessitatem
ad
singulos
actus
,
etiam
ad
initium
fidei
,
&
in
hoc
erant
haeretici
,
quod
vellent
eam
gratiam
talem
esse
,
cui
posset
humana
voluntas
resistere
,
vel
obtemperare
.
Falsam
&
Haereticam
declaramus
,
&
uti
talem
damnamus
.
Quintam
,
Semipelagianum
est
dicere
,
Christum
pro
omnibus
omnino
mortuum
esse
,
aut
sanguinem
fudisse
.
Falsam
,
temerariam
,
scandalosam
:
&
intellectam
eo
sensu
,
ut
Christus
pro
salute
duntaxat
Praedestinatorum
mortuus
sit
;
impiam
,
blasphemam
,
contumeliosam
,
Divinae
pietati
derogantem
,
&
Haereticam
declaramus
,
&
uti
talem
damnamus
.
But
notwithstanding
this
infallible
determination
the
Jansenists
keep
up
their
Party
in
France
,
and
will
not
be
run
down
unless
confuted
by
more
convincing
Arguments
.
Towards
the
end
of
this
Pope's
Reign
Francis
Piccolomini
General
of
the
Jesuits
Order
signified
to
Innocent
the
intentions
of
Christina
Queen
of
Sweden
to
relinquish
her
Kingdom
,
and
embrace
the
Roman
Catholick
Faith
,
which
that
she
might
profess
in
greater
liberty
,
and
more
to
her
Christian
Edification
,
she
resolved
to
make
the
Holy
City
of
Rome
the
place
of
her
habitation
,
where
she
resolved
to
spend
the
remainder
of
her
days
.
This
news
was
received
with
great
joy
at
Rome
,
but
more
especially
by
the
Pope
,
who
finding
his
strength
decaying
and
languishing
,
was
much
troubled
,
that
his
life
would
not
last
until
he
could
see
the
Queen
of
Sweden
,
and
a
general
peace
restored
amongst
Christian
Princes
.
This
Pope
at
ten
promotions
created
thirty
nine
Cardinals
according
to
Livello
,
but
Ciconius
enumerates
forty
;
of
which
two
of
them
were
afterwards
Popes
;
namely
Fabio
Ghigi
,
who
was
Alexander
VII
.
and
Benedetto
Odescalchi
,
who
is
Innocent
XI
.
now
at
present
reigning
.
After
the
month
of
September
1654.
the
Pope
began
to
decline
past
all
hopes
of
recovery
;
and
though
he
were
nursed
by
Donna
Olympia
with
all
tenderness
and
care
,
yet
old
age
was
such
an
incurable
Disease
,
that
there
was
no
Herb
,
or
Medicine
in
Nature
to
cure
it
:
and
yet
this
good
Lady
did
what
she
could
to
prolong
his
life
,
she
kept
him
from
the
disturbances
of
Business
,
not
admitting
any
Person
to
discourse
at
his
Bed-side
,
unless
in
her
presence
,
and
then
she
would
mind
them
of
the
Pope's
weakness
,
and
interrupt
Ambassadours
in
the
midst
of
their
Audience
,
desiring
them
to
defer
their
Business
until
a
time
that
he
might
be
in
a
more
strong
and
able
disposition
of
health
.
It
is
said
,
that
the
Pope
continued
ten
days
without
any
use
of
Reason
,
in
which
time
Donna
Olympia
got
at
least
half
a
Million
;
for
she
made
use
of
her
time
setting
every
thing
at
low
and
mean
Rates
,
so
that
she
did
not
want
Chapmen
for
all
vacant
Benefices
,
and
Ecclesiastical
preferments
.
At
length
on
the
7th
.
of
January
1655.
Innocent
died
at
his
Palace
of
Monte
Cavallo
,
which
is
Mons
Quirinalis
,
after
he
had
governed
ten
years
,
and
three
months
and
twenty
three
days
,
being
aged
eighty
years
and
eight
months
.
His
Body
was
interred
for
some
time
in
St.
Peter's
Church
,
but
was
afterwards
removed
by
Prince
Pamfilio
to
the
Church
of
St.
Agnes
,
where
he
erected
a
stately
Monument
in
memory
of
his
Uncle
Innocent
X.
The
death
of
the
Pope
was
no
sooner
divulged
through
the
City
,
but
all
People
began
to
rejoice
;
the
Cardinals
were
pleased
in
expectation
and
hope
of
their
own
promotions
:
the
Clergy
were
pleased
because
the
Church
was
freed
from
the
Simony
,
and
scandal
of
Donna
Olympia
;
and
the
Commonalty
rejoiced
for
the
enjoyment
of
that
liberty
,
which
is
commonly
indulged
at
the
vacancy
of
the
Sea
;
and
every
one
expected
that
Donna
Olympia
would
be
torn
in
pieces
by
the
multitude
,
who
had
long
since
threatned
her
,
being
the
person
whom
they
perfectly
hated
.
Howsoever
nothing
happened
,
for
as
they
say
in
Rome
,
When
the
Dog
is
dead
,
all
the
malice
dies
with
him
.
And
so
it
fared
with
Donna
Olympia
;
who
being
allied
to
many
great
Families
was
protected
by
them
,
none
daring
to
offer
her
any
injury
,
lest
it
should
be
revenged
by
her
more
powerful
Relations
.
ALEXANDER
VII
.
INNOCENT
X.
being
dead
,
and
the
eight
or
nine
days
past
,
which
are
,
according
to
custom
,
appointed
,
for
the
solemn
celebration
of
the
Funeral
Rites
of
the
deceased
Pope
:
The
Cardinals
after
having
sung
the
Mass
,
which
they
call
de
Spiritu
Sancto
,
or
the
Mass
invoking
the
Divine
Inspiration
of
the
Holy
Ghost
,
to
assist
them
in
the
election
of
the
Pope
,
and
having
heard
a
Sermon
to
that
purpose
,
preached
by
Abbat
Rospigliosi
,
they
entered
the
Conclave
on
the
18th
.
of
January
1655.
It
would
require
much
time
to
set
down
all
the
passages
of
this
Conclave
;
for
indeed
the
Intrigues
were
so
many
,
and
so
various
,
that
they
daily
twisted
and
streightned
the
knot
of
difficulties
,
in
such
manner
,
that
little
less
than
three
months
time
was
required
to
unty
it
;
and
then
also
it
was
rather
cut
than
unloosed
when
the
Cardinals
were
wearied
with
their
own
divisions
,
factions
,
and
contrivances
.
For
besides
the
usual
factions
of
Spain
,
and
France
,
there
arose
a
third
,
called
the
Flying
Squadron
,
which
consisted
of
the
new
Colledg
of
such
Cardinals
as
had
been
created
by
Innocent
X.
and
consequently
the
friends
of
Donna
Olympia
,
who
resolved
if
possible
to
continue
an
Oar
in
the
Boat
of
St.
Peter
,
stickled
very
hard
to
have
the
Election
fall
on
some
of
the
new
Colledg
,
under
whom
she
hoped
to
find
good
quarter
,
and
to
enjoy
the
ill-gotten
Goods
,
and
Riches
she
had
amassed
by
Simony
,
and
other
Villanies
;
to
effect
this
,
and
to
manage
this
Party
to
best
advantage
,
she
proposed
to
put
this
Flying
Squadron
under
one
Head
,
which
she
nominated
to
be
John
Carlo
de
Medicis
,
who
for
his
Noble
Birth
and
Seniority
,
having
been
the
first
Cardinal
that
was
created
by
the
late
Pope
,
might
deserve
to
be
the
Chief
Directour
of
that
Interest
;
but
the
Squadron
refused
that
formality
,
saying
,
That
each
of
them
had
a
Head
of
his
own
,
and
feet
to
walk
upon
;
nor
would
Maldachini
,
who
was
Nephew
to
Donna
Olympia
be
persuaded
into
this
Combination
;
but
rather
declared
himself
openly
to
be
her
Enemy
;
howsoever
his
Power
was
little
in
the
Conclave
,
though
he
made
more
noise
than
all
the
rest
,
which
his
Aunt
termed
the
braying
of
an
Ass
,
whose
Voice
never
reached
to
Heaven
.
To
prolong
the
length
of
this
Conclave
,
there
were
twenty
two
Pretenders
,
most
of
them
having
considerable
Interest
,
and
all
of
them
high
expectations
.
The
wise
and
antient
Cardinals
,
such
as
Sachetti
,
Barberino
,
and
Chigi
,
resolved
to
suffer
the
fury
of
the
Conclave
to
vent
it self
,
by
divers
Exclusions
,
before
they
were
offered
to
the
Scrutiny
.
So
Maculano
and
Palotta
otherwise
called
Cardinal
of
St.
Clement
was
excluded
,
with
Gualtieri
,
Cherubino
,
Corrado
,
and
others
:
At
length
Sachetti
was
nominated
,
but
was
excluded
by
the
Spanish
Party
,
who
for
the
sake
of
the
Conde
Duca
Olivarez
,
with
whom
he
had
maintained
a
quarrel
ever
since
the
time
he
had
been
Nuntio
in
Spain
,
bore
a
perfect
hatred
to
him
:
and
though
by
means
of
the
Flying
Squadron
thirty
three
Voices
appeared
for
him
,
yet
Spain
was
stronger
,
by
the
addition
of
other
Cardinals
to
the
Conclave
,
namely
the
Arch
bishops
of
Naples
,
Prague
,
Genoua
,
and
others
,
all
which
were
united
to
the
interest
of
Spain
:
Cardinal
Barberino
was
the
next
that
was
put
to
the
Scrutiny
,
in
favour
of
whom
appeared
so
great
a
number
,
as
affrighted
Cardinal
de
Medices
the
inveterate
Enemy
of
that
Family
.
It
was
once
alledged
against
him
,
that
his
Uncle
had
been
lately
Pope
,
and
therefore
that
it
was
scarce
practicable
to
have
the
triple
Crown
planted
on
the
head
of
the
Uncle
,
and
so
soon
after
on
the
head
of
the
Nephew
:
for
though
Paul
II.
succeeded
his
Uncle
Eugenius
VI.
yet
it
was
after
several
intermediate
successions
of
other
Popes
,
in
like
manner
Alexander
VI.
succeeded
Calixtus
III.
so
did
Pius
III.
to
Pius
II.
and
Julius
II.
to
Sixtus
IV.
and
Clement
VII
.
to
Leo
X.
But
for
Barberino
to
succeed
so
soon
after
to
his
Uncle
Vrban
VIII
.
only
with
the
interposition
of
one
single
Pope
,
would
have
been
an
action
without
Example
,
and
unknown
to
former
Ages
.
At
length
the
Cardinals
weary
of
a
three
months
imprisonment
,
resolved
to
come
to
a
conclusion
;
and
the
rather
because
that
the
People
would
not
longer
endure
to
be
without
a
Governour
:
there
having
been
such
Villanies
committed
during
the
vacancy
of
the
Sea
,
that
none
desired
the
prolongation
thereof
,
but
dissolute
Persons
,
whilest
Men
of
honesty
,
and
substance
lived
in
danger
,
and
without
protection
:
wherefore
,
I
say
,
they
were
resolved
to
make
an
end
by
the
Election
of
one
,
who
should
be
grateful
and
acceptable
to
all
Parties
,
and
this
was
Fabio
Chigi
,
who
afterwards
called
himself
by
the
name
of
Alexander
VII
.
This
Chigi
was
one
of
the
new
Colledg
,
being
created
Cardinal
by
Innocent
X.
and
therefore
it
was
not
probable
that
he
would
prove
an
Enemy
to
the
House
of
Pamfilio
,
nor
consequently
to
Donna
Olympia
,
if
he
were
endued
with
a
Soul
inclined
to
gratitude
.
On
the
other
side
,
the
Enemies
to
that
Lady
,
were
so
well
assured
of
the
justice
,
zeal
and
vertue
of
Chigi
,
that
he
would
never
suffer
such
Scandals
and
Villanies
offered
to
the
Church
to
remain
unpunished
,
that
they
could
not
apprehend
he
would
ever
favour
the
cause
of
that
Woman
.
The
Medici
fearing
lest
Sachetti
should
at
last
be
elected
,
concurred
in
Chigi
.
The
Spaniards
always
esteemed
him
of
their
Party
,
and
partial
to
their
Interest
;
Barberino
likewise
desirous
to
do
something
which
might
put
a
Complement
,
or
an
Obligation
on
Spain
concurred
with
the
others
:
the
only
difficulty
was
that
of
France
,
to
overcome
which
,
Cardinal
Bichi
,
who
was
extreamly
active
in
this
Election
undertook
to
deal
with
Sachetti
,
who
was
one
of
the
Leaders
of
the
French
Party
,
and
to
persuade
him
to
a
concurrence
:
in
management
of
which
,
he
highly
exalted
the
Wisdom
,
Religion
,
and
Vertue
of
Chigi
,
to
be
in
every
respect
qualified
for
this
eminent
Dignity
;
that
being
every
way
fitted
to
do
service
to
God
and
his
Church
,
it
would
be
a
blemish
to
Religion
,
and
the
Catholick
profession
to
have
such
a
Person
laid
aside
,
from
a
mere
punctilio
of
distast
,
or
unreasonable
dis-satisfaction
:
With
these
and
such
like
Arguments
he
prevailed
with
Sachetti
to
write
a
Letter
to
Cardinal
Mazarine
to
encline
him
to
a
good
Opinion
and
esteem
of
Chigi
;
whom
Sachetti
represented
so
effectually
,
that
Mazarine
gave
his
assent
,
and
approbation
.
So
that
all
difficulties
being
overcome
,
Chigi
was
with
the
common
Votes
of
the
whole
Conclave
elected
on
the
7th
.
of
April
1655.
in
which
they
were
so
unanimous
that
there
was
not
one
dissenting
Voice
found
in
the
Scrutiny
,
which
seldom
happens
;
and
Rosetti
himself
,
who
once
swore
,
that
he
would
cut
his
hand
off
before
it
should
contribute
to
Ghigi's
Election
,
gave
his
Vote
also
in
the
end
.
Fabius
Chigi
was
born
at
Siena
in
the
year
1599.
his
Father
Flavio
Ghigi
,
and
his
Mother
Laura
Marsilia
both
of
Patrician
Families
,
but
by
misfortunes
of
the
World
and
other
accidents
were
much
declined
from
their
antient
splendour
:
his
Father
dying
when
he
was
young
,
his
education
was
committed
to
his
Mother
,
who
took
care
to
have
him
instructed
by
the
best
Masters
in
Grammar
,
Philosophy
,
Divinity
and
studies
of
the
Civil
Law
.
Being
arrived
at
the
age
of
eighteen
years
,
his
Brother
Augustine
persuaded
him
to
try
his
fortune
in
Rome
,
which
is
commonly
the
place
which
raises
Men
of
parts
and
industry
to
highest
preferments
:
his
Estate
was
indeed
very
low
and
mean
,
the
Patrimony
of
his
Father
being
divided
amongst
a
numerous
issue
of
Brothers
and
Sisters
:
wherefore
to
help
his
fortune
Augustino
procured
him
Letters
of
recommendation
to
Marquis
Sfortia
Pallavicinio
,
a
Gentleman
of
great
Wit
and
Parts
,
then
living
at
Rome
,
who
discovering
more
than
ordinary
ingenuity
,
and
vertue
in
Chigi
,
introduced
him
to
acquaintance
with
Pope
Vrban
VIII
.
who
soon
took
a
great
liking
to
him
for
his
faculty
in
Poesie
,
and
particularly
for
being
an
Admirer
of
Horace
;
in
imitation
of
whom
he
composed
many
Odes
,
which
were
extreamly
delightful
to
Vrban
who
himself
was
an
excellent
Poet
,
and
in
his
youthful
days
had
wrote
many
Poems
with
much
Elegancy
.
By
these
means
Chigi
became
a
chief
Favourite
of
the
Pope
,
who
discovering
in
him
a
mind
capable
of
higher
matters
than
a
strain
of
Poesie
,
recommended
him
with
much
affection
to
his
Nephew
Francisco
Barberino
.
Chigi
being
of
a
gentle
and
tractable
disposition
,
and
extreamly
modest
,
comported
himself
towards
Barberino
with
a
behaviour
free
from
affectation
and
flattery
;
and
yet
in
such
a
sincere
and
pleasing
manner
,
that
Barberino
preferred
him
to
the
Charge
and
Office
of
Inquisitor
General
,
in
which
capacity
he
was
sent
to
Malta
,
where
he
so
well
acquitted
himself
to
the
satisfaction
of
those
Knights
,
that
having
finished
the
time
allotted
him
by
his
Commission
;
he
returned
to
Rome
with
Letters
,
and
testimonials
from
the
Grand
Master
applauding
his
actions
,
and
comportment
during
the
whole
time
of
his
residence
;
and
with
this
particular
character
,
That
Malta
had
never
before
been
made
happy
with
any
Person
equal
to
him
in
merit
.
And
having
given
this
first
Essay
of
his
abilities
,
the
Pope
constituted
him
his
Vice-Legat
in
Ferrara
,
where
he
also
so
well
demeaned
himself
,
that
in
the
space
of
three
years
,
there
was
not
any
who
complained
against
his
justice
;
but
was
esteemed
by
all
for
a
just
,
and
an
impartial
Judg.
Being
returned
to
Rome
,
it
was
not
long
before
he
was
dispatched
to
Cologn
in
quality
of
Nuntio
:
which
employment
may
serve
for
an
evident
proof
of
the
great
esteem
which
the
Court
of
Rome
conceived
of
him
;
when
in
that
conjuncture
of
affairs
,
all
the
World
being
disunited
and
at
variance
,
there
required
a
Minister
of
more
than
ordinary
conduct
,
and
dexterity
to
manage
the
difficulty
of
Treaties
then
in
action
;
for
having
to
deal
between
the
Catholicks
,
and
Protestants
,
he
could
not
act
with
due
Equity
towards
the
latter
,
without
giving
scandal
to
the
former
,
and
granting
that
which
was
detrimental
,
and
derogatory
to
the
Power
of
the
Roman
Church
.
And
though
the
Negotiations
of
Chigi
for
the
Interest
,
and
in
favour
of
his
Master
the
Pope
were
such
,
as
rather
obstructed
than
forwarded
the
conclusion
of
the
Treaty
;
yet
the
Emperour
and
King
of
Spain
,
Hollanders
,
and
French
growing
weary
with
the
troubles
of
a
bloudy
War
,
agreed
of
themselves
without
being
obliged
to
the
Pope
for
his
Offices
of
Mediation
:
for
on
the
contrary
the
Articles
agreed
were
so
detrimental
to
the
Ecclesiastical
State
;
that
the
Pope
was
so
far
from
having
a
hand
in
the
making
of
them
,
that
he
wholly
disowned
and
protested
against
them
,
by
his
Nuntio
Ghigi
;
who
in
that
dexterous
,
and
discreet
manner
so
well
represented
his
Master's
complaints
to
the
Imperial
and
Spanish
Ministers
,
that
they
could
not
but
allow
the
resentments
of
the
Pope
to
be
just
for
which
they
had
no
excuse
,
but
the
unhappy
state
,
and
urgency
of
their
affairs
:
but
as
to
the
person
of
Ghigi
,
and
his
conduct
,
every
one
remained
satisfied
,
giving
him
the
character
of
a
prudent
,
wise
,
and
an
able
Minister
.
These
Negotiations
at
Cologne
rendered
him
more
capable
to
serve
the
Papal
Interest
at
Munster
,
in
quality
of
the
Pope's
Legat
,
in
which
he
behaved
himself
with
such
equality
of
mind
and
good
temper
towards
the
Protestants
without
offence
to
the
opposite
party
,
that
with
general
satisfaction
he
acquitted
himself
in
this
great
charge
:
all
which
being
observed
and
known
to
Innocent
X.
he
was
in
reward
of
his
many
Services
promoted
to
the
degree
of
Cardinal
;
and
afterwards
was
made
Secretary
in
the
place
of
Cardinal
Panzirolo
deceased
,
a
person
of
that
judgment
,
and
quickness
of
parts
fit
for
business
;
that
his
equal
perhaps
was
not
again
to
be
found
in
any
part
of
the
World
.
And
yet
Ghigi
pleased
the
Pope
as
well
,
or
perhaps
better
than
Panzirolo
;
for
Innocent
being
on
his
death-bed
,
where
Men
commonly
put
off
all
disguises
of
dissimulation
,
declared
,
that
of
all
the
Cardinals
,
there
was
none
more
fit
to
succeed
him
,
than
Chigi
.
Howsoever
in
the
Conclave
there
was
scarce
any
task
,
or
discourse
of
Chigi
for
the
first
three
months
;
until
at
length
being
named
,
the
whole
Colledg
concurred
with
unanimous
Votes
in
his
Election
;
the
news
of
which
was
received
in
the
City
of
Rome
with
extraordinary
joy
and
satisfaction
of
the
People
.
The
first
ten
days
after
his
promotion
he
spent
in
ordering
the
state
of
his
publick
and
private
Affairs
,
giving
Audience
to
Ambassadours
,
and
receiving
Visits
,
and
Complements
from
Cardinals
and
Civil
Magistrates
:
And
on
the
18th
.
of
April
he
was
Crowned
after
the
manner
of
other
Popes
,
in
the
great
Portico
of
St.
Peter's
Church
;
after
which
Ceremony
was
ended
he
was
publickly
heard
to
use
this
saying
,
Vivo
Ego
,
jam
non
Ego
,
vivit
verò
in
me
Christus
:
I
live
,
but
not
I
,
but
Christ
who
liveth
in
me
,
which
was
the
Motto
he
commonly
inscribed
over
the
Chambers
of
his
private
retirements
.
In
the
next
place
,
he
wrote
his
Letters
to
the
Kings
of
France
and
Spain
,
acquainting
them
with
his
promotion
to
the
Apostolical
Chair
;
and
having
given
them
the
paternal
Benediction
,
he
persuaded
them
to
Peace
,
and
Concord
amongst
themselves
,
and
so
turn
their
Forces
against
the
Turks
,
for
assistance
of
the
Venetians
who
were
a
match
unequal
to
contend
with
so
mighty
an
Emperour
.
But
before
we
proceed
farther
,
it
is
to
be
expected
that
we
should
make
an
end
of
the
Story
of
Donna
Olympia
,
who
remained
all
this
while
between
hope
,
and
fear
,
in
what
manner
Alexander
would
deal
with
her
.
Prince
Pamfilio
was
one
of
the
first
who
went
to
congratulate
with
him
:
and
her
Ladyship
that
she
might
not
be
the
last
,
to
express
her
joy
,
sent
her
Maggiordomo
or
Steward
to
pay
her
Respects
,
declaring
the
great
joy
she
conceived
to
see
one
created
Pope
,
to
whom
her
Kinsman
had
opened
the
way
by
making
him
Cardinal
,
and
her
joys
were
consummate
,
in
that
she
had
always
represented
him
to
Innocent
as
a
Person
of
extraordinary
Abilities
,
so
that
she
could
not
but
share
with
him
in
the
advance
of
his
fortunes
.
The
Pope
answered
little
and
in
ambiguous
terms
;
so
that
to
discover
his
more
deep
,
and
real
thoughts
,
Cardinal
Azzolini
was
employed
,
who
making
great
professions
in
her
behalf
endeavoured
to
draw
from
the
Pope
something
of
his
intentions
towards
her
.
But
Alexander
who
professed
always
to
do
things
leisurely
,
was
not
very
open
in
declaring
himself
,
which
gave
Olympia
the
first
occasion
of
distrust
:
and
indeed
she
had
very
much
reason
,
for
every
day
made
new
discoveries
of
the
corruptions
and
abuses
she
had
exercised
both
in
Civil
,
and
Ecclesiastical
matters
.
The
Datary
was
wholly
corrupted
by
the
Simonies
she
had
introduced
,
all
Places
sold
,
no
Treasure
left
,
besides
a
thousand
other
Villanies
,
and
mischiefs
she
had
committed
.
There
was
not
a
day
passed
,
but
the
Pope
had
his
hands
filled
with
Memorials
against
her
;
so
that
his
zeal
for
the
Church
could
not
without
scandal
fit
still
,
and
let
slip
such
horrid
Crimes
without
Punishment
.
At
the
report
hereof
the
Lady
trembling
with
fear
sent
Cardinal
Barberino
to
discourse
the
Pope
before
matters
were
gone
too
far
:
but
the
Pope
was
too
zealous
,
and
wife
to
hearken
to
any
smooth
and
eloquent
Speeches
in
her
behalf
:
and
therefore
positive
in
his
resolutions
sent
his
express
Commands
to
Olympia
to
leave
Rome
in
three
days
,
and
in
eight
to
be
at
Orvieto
,
which
is
a
City
about
thirty
miles
distant
from
Rome
,
from
whence
she
was
not
to
remove
without
new
Orders
from
the
Pope
.
There
was
no
opposing
these
positive
Commands
,
which
were
neither
to
be
questioned
nor
delayed
;
so
that
her
Ladyship
privately
departed
the
City
,
for
fear
of
being
affronted
by
the
Rabble
,
who
every
where
made
Songs
,
and
Jests
of
her
;
the
same
day
that
her
Ladyship
quitted
Rome
,
the
Pope
began
to
take
the
examination
of
Witnesses
for
drawing
up
the
Process
,
but
the
work
was
too
tedious
to
be
speedily
finished
;
for
so
many
several
Charges
,
and
Impeachments
came
daily
against
her
that
there
was
no
end
,
nor
could
the
Books
be
shut
up
though
swelled
to
incredible
Volumes
.
Wherefore
to
make
short
work
,
the
Pope
commanded
ten
of
the
most
material
Points
to
be
filed
against
her
,
to
which
she
was
in
the
first
place
to
give
answer
,
before
a
subsequent
Charge
was
to
be
formed
:
and
in
the
mean
time
,
it
was
the
discourse
of
the
Town
,
that
the
Pope
resolved
to
sequester
her
Estate
,
and
imprison
her
Person
.
But
whilst
Affairs
went
on
in
this
manner
a
dreadful
Visitation
of
Pestilence
in
the
year
1656.
fell
upon
Rome
,
which
so
afflicted
the
City
,
that
not
onely
Trade
and
Commerce
was
interrupted
,
but
the
common
Courts
of
Justice
were
shut
up
,
so
that
the
farther
prosecution
of
Donna
Olympia
ceased
:
but
the
Justice
of
God
took
up
the
Cause
against
her
,
and
the
divine
Vengeance
reached
this
guilty
Wretch
by
a
stroak
of
the
Plague
,
of
which
she
died
at
Orvieto
some
few
months
after
her
persecution
.
It
was
computed
that
she
left
more
than
two
millions
of
Crowns
in
ready
Money
,
besides
Land
,
and
moveables
inestimable
,
and
what
she
had
already
bestowed
on
her
kinred
.
After
her
death
there
was
nothing
more
done
,
and
not
much
more
talk'd
of
her
,
for
the
Prince
Pamfilio
as
Heir
to
her
Estate
quietly
possessed
himself
of
all
,
taking
his
Habitation
in
her
Palace
in
the
Piazza
of
Navona
,
which
is
the
fairest
in
all
Rome
:
onely
it
is
said
,
she
left
some
few
Legacies
amongst
her
other
kindred
,
which
did
not
exceed
three
hundred
thousand
Crowns
.
When
Alexander
came
first
to
the
Papal
Chair
he
publickly
declared
against
Nepotism
,
and
with
some
direful
asseverations
that
he
would
never
rule
by
his
Kinred
,
nor
enrich
his
Family
with
the
spoils
of
the
Church
:
whilst
he
continued
in
this
humour
he
prosecuted
Donna
Olympia
with
as
much
severity
and
rigour
,
as
the
methods
,
and
course
of
Law
would
allow
;
so
that
after
her
death
,
it
was
believed
,
he
would
have
confiscated
all
her
Estate
to
the
use
of
St.
Peter
:
but
it
seems
,
the
detestation
of
her
Crimes
,
and
his
anger
for
all
her
evils
,
died
,
and
vanished
with
her
person
;
only
't
is
said
,
that
he
drew
away
about
a
million
of
Crowns
from
Prince
Pamfilio
her
Heir
,
to
bestow
on
his
own
Kindred
(
robbing
Peter
,
as
we
say
,
to
pay
Paul
)
But
this
sturdy
humour
against
his
Kindred
continued
not
long
,
before
he
suffered
himself
to
be
overcome
by
the
yerning
of
his
own
bowels
towards
them
,
and
by
the
persuasion
of
some
Cardinals
his
Confidents
,
who
observing
a
desire
in
him
to
break
his
late
protestation
met
his
wishes
with
their
arguments
of
love
towards
his
own
Bloud
,
and
Relations
;
for
why
should
he
be
singular
,
and
less
kind
to
himself
,
and
Family
than
other
Popes
?
or
why
should
the
House
of
Chigi
remain
onely
obscure
,
and
mean
?
whilest
the
Barberini
,
and
Pamfilii
were
opulent
,
and
exalted
,
and
all
the
Princes
of
Rome
derived
their
Riches
,
and
greatness
from
the
favour
and
benefice
of
Popes
,
who
had
been
their
Predecessours
.
These
considerations
melted
the
tender
heart
of
Alexander
in
such
manner
,
that
towards
the
end
of
the
first
year
of
his
Pontificate
,
he
called
his
Brother
Don
Mario
with
his
Son
Flavio
,
and
Don
Augustino
the
Son
of
his
Brother
Augusto
,
unto
the
Court
;
and
being
now
provided
with
a
Brother
,
and
two
Nephews
he
used
them
with
as
much
indulgence
,
as
other
Popes
had
shewn
to
their
kindred
;
giving
the
World
to
understand
,
how
little
Men
are
acquainted
with
their
own
hearts
,
and
how
easily
they
change
their
resolutions
,
and
affections
with
the
alteration
of
their
fortunes
,
and
encrease
of
their
honours
:
but
lest
it
should
seem
strange
to
the
World
,
that
after
such
solemn
protestations
against
Nepotism
,
he
should
without
other
methods
introduce
his
Nephews
into
Offices
,
and
the
principal
benefits
,
and
profits
of
the
Church
,
he
with
much
formality
in
a
publick
Consistory
demanded
the
Opinion
of
the
Cardinals
,
whether
the
admittance
of
such
faithful
friends
,
as
his
Brother
and
Nephews
might
not
rather
be
useful
,
than
detrimental
to
the
Church
?
The
Cardinals
who
are
always
civil
to
the
Pope
and
ready
to
concur
with
his
desires
;
every
one
entertaning
an
expectancy
of
being
Pope
himself
,
when
it
might
be
his
own
case
and
might
feel
the
like
warm
inclinations
towards
his
own
bloud
;
would
not
be
so
rude
as
to
exclude
his
Family
from
their
share
in
the
Government
;
but
rather
encouraged
him
to
indulg
his
own
Family
,
and
be
as
kind
to
his
,
as
his
Predecessours
had
been
to
their
Relations
:
and
lest
the
World
should
by
this
admittance
of
a
new
Nepotism
,
imagine
,
or
suspect
that
the
Revenues
of
the
Church
should
be
employed
to
the
raising
of
the
Family
of
Chigi
,
and
that
the
times
of
Vrban
VIII
.
and
Innocent
X.
were
returned
;
he
ordered
Briefs
to
be
issued
against
Simony
,
and
other
corruptions
with
more
severe
terms
,
and
under
other
more
execrable
maledictions
than
had
formerly
been
used
:
He
renewed
also
antient
Decrees
against
Pensions
and
Gifts
:
and
farther
Ordained
,
that
several
vacant
Benefices
should
not
be
supplied
,
but
that
the
Revenue
of
them
being
received
into
the
Apostolical
Chamber
,
should
be
employed
towards
extinguishing
the
vast
Debts
of
the
Church
.
And
that
he
might
farther
engage
,
and
insinuate
himself
into
the
minds
and
good
will
of
the
People
,
who
conceived
high
thoughts
of
him
,
and
demonstrated
unusual
expressions
of
joy
at
the
beginning
of
his
Inauguration
;
he
exercised
his
paternal
Love
,
and
Charity
towards
them
in
three
several
calamities
which
befel
the
people
of
Rome
,
and
followed
one
,
as
it
were
,
on
the
neck
of
the
other
.
In
the
year
1656.
the
City
(
as
we
have
said
)
was
visited
with
such
a
raging
Pestilence
,
which
continued
for
two
years
,
as
rendered
it
almost
desolate
;
during
which
time
the
Famine
had
been
as
destructive
,
and
made
an
end
of
those
which
the
Plague
had
left
,
had
not
the
Poor
been
relieved
and
comforted
by
the
generous
care
,
and
pious
charity
of
this
Pope
.
No
sooner
was
the
Pestilence
ceased
,
but
the
Tyber
swelling
with
inordinate
Rains
,
surpassed
its
banks
with
such
a
deluge
,
as
drowned
all
the
Campagne
,
and
lower
Villages
of
Rome
:
but
those
which
were
seated
on
higher
elevations
of
Hills
,
were
environed
so
with
the
Waters
on
all
sides
,
that
for
the
space
of
fifteen
days
,
they
could
have
no
communication
with
their
Neighbours
for
relief
,
and
sustenance
;
onely
the
Pope
taking
compassion
on
his
People
,
employed
great
numbers
of
flat-bottomed
Boats
,
laden
with
Provisions
to
pass
from
one
Village
to
another
,
for
the
succour
,
and
sustenance
of
the
Inhabitants
;
after
which
,
he
took
all
the
courses
,
and
expedients
possible
to
moderate
the
price
of
Wheat
,
that
the
People
might
be
supported
,
and
not
die
with
Famine
.
After
two
such
extream
Calamities
many
of
those
who
escaped
the
Pestilence
,
and
the
Deluge
,
perished
by
a
fatal
Earthquake
,
which
overturned
almost
all
the
Villages
in
the
Country
of
Romagne
;
to
repair
which
and
rebuild
their
Towns
,
the
Pope
like
a
common
Father
,
was
highly
liberal
,
and
bountiful
in
his
Contributions
.
Soon
after
the
enstalment
of
Pope
Alexander
,
the
Christian
Princes
sent
their
respective
Ambassadours
to
Rome
after
the
usual
custom
,
to
pay
(
as
they
call
it
)
their
Acts
of
Obedience
,
and
homage
to
the
Pope
.
Those
who
were
most
conspicuous
,
and
eminent
were
the
Duke
de
Crequi
sent
from
the
Crown
of
France
,
and
the
Cardinal
of
Aragon
from
his
Catholick
Majesty
:
they
were
both
received
with
great
honour
and
respect
at
the
Court
of
Rome
;
but
if
either
of
them
had
acquired
a
greater
esteem
than
the
other
,
it
was
the
Duke
of
Crequi
,
a
person
extreamly
handsom
,
and
well
fashioned
,
of
a
most
antient
and
illustrious
Family
,
first
Gentleman
of
the
King's
Bed-Chamber
,
and
in
all
things
so
well
accomplished
,
that
the
Court
of
Rome
esteemed
it self
highly
honoured
by
the
presence
,
and
administration
of
so
noble
a
Personage
:
his
onely
fault
was
,
that
he
was
haughty
,
and
of
an
humour
so
fierce
,
as
became
a
Camp
better
than
the
more
polite
,
and
gentle
comportments
of
an
Italian
Court
,
or
the
conversation
of
Ecclesiastical
Persons
.
Howsoever
,
his
deportment
was
pleasing
enough
to
the
Pope
and
Cardinals
,
so
long
as
Don
Mario
and
the
Nephews
comported
themselves
,
(
as
they
did
at
first
)
within
the
limits
of
some
reasonable
modesty
;
but
so
soon
as
they
began
to
pass
those
terms
,
and
become
insolent
,
this
Ambassadour
could
not
long
sustain
their
pride
,
before
their
resentments
broke
forth
into
outragious
violences
:
as
we
shall
have
occasion
to
discourse
when
we
come
to
the
year
1662.
In
the
year
1655.
An.
1656.
Christina
Queen
of
Sweden
renounced
the
Protestant
Religion
in
which
she
had
been
educated
,
and
with
it
her
Crown
,
which
she
resigned
to
her
kinsman
Charles
Gustavus
,
conserving
to
herself
a
Rent
of
one
hundred
thousand
Crowns
a
year
out
of
the
Dukedom
of
Pomerania
:
and
making
publick
profession
of
the
Roman
Catholick
Religion
,
she
resolved
to
spend
her
days
at
Rome
,
where
she
might
enjoy
it
in
the
most
pompous
and
triumphant
manner
;
and
where
she
might
not
onely
delight
herself
in
conversation
with
grave
Cardinals
,
and
the
most
learned
Men
in
the
World
,
(
of
whom
she
was
a
great
Admirer
)
but
also
being
favoured
by
the
Pope
,
could
on
all
occasions
have
recourse
to
him
for
Pardons
,
Indulgences
,
and
his
paternal
Benediction
.
Wherefore
leaving
her
Kingdom
,
she
apparrelled
herself
in
the
habit
of
a
Man
;
in
which
disguise
passing
through
Denmark
,
and
the
lower
Germany
,
she
came
by
way
of
Holland
to
Brussels
,
where
in
the
Privy-Chamber
of
the
Arch-Duke
Leopold
at
that
time
Governour
of
the
Low-Countries
,
and
in
presence
of
him
and
all
his
Nobles
on
the
Eve
of
Christmas
,
she
solemnly
abjured
the
Heresies
of
Luther
,
and
made
profession
of
the
Roman
Catholick
Faith
.
The
Plague
raging
that
year
at
Rome
,
she
deferred
her
journey
thither
,
until
health
was
restored
to
that
City
,
and
Country
;
at
which
time
Alexander
VII
.
being
created
Pope
,
she
prosecuted
her
design
of
setling
her
Habitation
in
Rome
,
which
she
having
signified
to
the
Pope
,
and
received
his
license
,
she
made
at
his
desire
an
other
solemn
abjuration
of
Lutherism
at
Inspruck
,
which
might
dispose
and
prepare
her
more
solemn
reception
into
Italy
.
When
the
Queen
was
in
Germany
the
Pope
dispatched
Luke
Holsten
a
Hamburgher
by
Nation
,
who
was
keeper
of
the
Vatican
Library
to
make
her
Majesty
a
Complement
in
his
name
;
the
which
Person
was
the
more
acceptable
to
her
in
respect
of
the
fame
,
and
reputation
he
had
acquired
of
being
the
most
learned
Man
of
that
age
.
When
she
approached
near
unto
Rome
,
he
sent
four
Nuntios
to
meet
her
,
viz.
the
Arch-bishop
of
Thebes
,
the
Arch-bishop
of
Ravenna
,
with
the
Dean
,
and
Clerk
of
the
Apostolical
Chamber
,
where
attendance
was
truly
Royal
and
magnificent
:
at
her
entrance
into
the
City
,
she
was
met
by
two
Legats
à
Latere
,
namely
,
Cardinal
John
Charles
de
Medices
Brother
to
the
great
Duke
of
Toscany
,
and
Cardinal
Frederick
Brother
of
the
Lantgrave
of
Hessen
,
who
with
a
pompous
train
conducted
her
to
the
Vatican
Palace
,
where
she
was
lodged
with
all
the
Royalty
appertaining
to
a
Queen
.
Many
and
various
were
the
Ceremonies
which
passed
at
the
reception
of
this
great
Person
;
after
which
on
Christmas
day
she
was
confirmed
by
the
Pope
in
St.
Peter's
Church
,
who
superadded
the
name
of
Alexandra
to
that
of
Christina
.
In
the
year
1657.
An.
1657.
the
Venetians
were
hardly
pressed
by
the
formidable
Power
of
the
Ottoman
Arms
;
and
being
unable
by
their
own
force
to
wage
a
War
against
that
potent
Enemy
;
the
Senate
omitted
no
applications
,
or
addresses
to
persuade
forein
Princes
to
yield
them
succour
either
by
Men
,
or
Money
.
But
Wars
raging
in
all
parts
of
Christendom
administred
trouble
,
and
care
sufficient
for
every
Prince
to
consult
and
provide
for
his
own
affairs
and
safety
.
The
Czar
of
Moscovy
,
to
whom
the
Venetians
sent
their
Ambassadour
,
promised
fair
,
and
gave
good
words
,
but
with
little
other
effect
;
it
being
difficult
to
concert
matters
,
or
engage
affections
,
or
reconcile
the
Interest
of
Princes
so
remote
.
Thus
the
Venetians
becoming
destitute
of
all
succours
from
forein
Powers
,
addressed
themselves
to
the
Pope
,
as
their
ultimate
refuge
in
all
their
distresses
,
beseeching
his
Holiness
to
grant
them
such
sums
of
Mony
as
might
supply
their
present
occasions
.
But
alas
,
Rome
being
but
newly
recovered
from
a
languishing
state
of
Pestilence
and
from
other
calamities
before
mentioned
,
during
which
immense
sums
had
been
issued
from
the
publick
Treasury
to
sustain
the
Commonalty
in
their
scarcity
and
want
;
the
Pope
alledged
just
Causes
to
excuse
the
disbursment
of
Money
from
his
Treasury
,
which
had
of
late
years
been
miserably
exhausted
by
the
Avarice
of
those
who
had
had
the
management
of
it
:
Howsoever
though
the
Pope
pretended
himself
not
able
to
issue
out
Money
from
his
own
Exchequer
;
yet
he
hearkened
to
some
Proposals
and
expedients
for
raising
it
,
by
the
sale
of
certain
Lands
,
and
Rents
belonging
to
the
two
Orders
of
the
Crociferi
,
and
of
the
Santo
Spirito
;
which
the
Pope's
Authority
,
and
the
cause
for
which
they
were
sold
,
being
for
maintenance
of
a
War
against
Infidels
,
and
of
the
Christian
Cause
against
Turks
;
was
sufficient
to
warrant
and
hallow
the
sale
,
and
give
a
lawful
Title
to
any
Purchaser
.
The
Order
of
the
Crociferi
was
very
ancient
,
and
possessed
several
Monasteries
dispersed
in
all
parts
of
Italy
;
but
that
of
the
Spirito
Santo
consisted
of
three
Monasteries
onely
,
and
all
within
the
Dominion
of
the
Republick
,
by
which
they
had
been
endowed
under
the
protection
and
government
of
the
Council
of
Ten
:
howsoever
the
desolation
of
these
Monasteries
could
not
pass
without
the
severe
Censures
and
reflections
of
the
World
:
and
though
the
Friers
of
those
Orders
were
much
fallen
from
the
integrity
of
their
antient
institution
,
and
become
corrupt
and
debauched
in
their
lives
,
and
manners
,
yet
their
clamours
could
not
be
suppressed
,
nor
the
calumnies
which
they
daily
uttered
against
the
Pope
,
and
the
Republick
be
quieted
.
Howsoever
a
Bull
being
passed
,
and
a
Decree
of
the
Senate
for
sale
of
the
Lands
,
together
with
those
of
some
other
smaller
Monasteries
;
the
Pope's
Nuntio
with
three
Senators
were
commissionated
to
sell
,
and
pass
the
Title
to
the
Purchasers
,
whereby
the
Senate
raised
above
a
million
of
Ducats
,
which
were
all
employed
to
carry
forward
a
War
against
the
Turk
.
Whilest
this
good
correspondence
passed
between
the
Pope
and
the
Republick
,
and
that
the
Venetians
had
daily
need
of
succours
,
and
assistances
from
the
Church
;
it
was
thought
a
convenient
season
in
the
heat
of
these
Negotiations
,
for
the
Pope
to
propose
the
restoration
of
the
Jesuits
to
their
possessions
on
the
Dominions
of
Venice
,
from
whence
they
had
been
banished
on
occasion
of
the
differences
between
Paul
V.
and
the
Venetians
.
Carlo
Carafa
Bishop
of
Antwerp
,
then
Nuntio
at
Venice
represented
the
Pope's
desires
herein
at
a
full
Senate
,
laying
before
them
the
conveniences
they
might
expect
,
and
benefits
they
might
reap
,
by
closing
with
the
Pope's
demands
in
this
Case
,
which
seemed
to
be
much
changed
,
since
the
first
Original
Decree
,
and
bando
against
them
;
for
that
those
Jesuits
who
had
fomented
the
divisions
,
and
Sedition
were
already
dead
;
and
that
those
who
were
to
supply
their
places
would
be
more
cautious
,
and
careful
for
the
future
in
what
manner
they
incurred
the
displeasure
of
the
Republick
:
these
considerations
being
seconded
by
warm
instances
of
the
French
Ambassadour
to
the
same
purpose
,
the
matter
was
carried
in
the
Senate
for
restoration
of
the
Jesuits
,
and
though
the
antient
Decrees
of
the
Senate
in
this
case
were
positive
,
and
rigorous
to
the
contrary
,
and
that
Cavalier
Soranzo
greatly
opposed
the
admission
;
yet
the
pressure
of
Affairs
,
and
the
necessity
of
gratifying
the
Pope
was
such
,
that
the
former
Decrees
were
repealed
,
and
the
Laws
against
the
Jesuits
made
void
;
and
in
this
manner
and
on
this
occasion
in
the
year
1657.
they
again
restored
to
their
possessions
within
the
Venetian
Dominions
,
the
Church
of
the
Crociferi
being
conferred
upon
them
in
the
City
of
Venice
.
The
whole
Court
of
Rome
being
gratified
by
this
concession
;
not
onely
the
Pope
,
but
the
Cardinals
also
concurred
in
their
liberal
contributions
towards
maintenance
of
the
War
against
the
Turk
:
of
which
five
especially
were
signally
bountiful
,
and
munificent
above
the
others
;
namely
,
Antonio
Barberino
,
who
gave
one
hundred
thousand
Ducats
in
Gold
;
Cardinal
Mazarine
gave
two
hundred
thousand
;
Francisco
Barberino
,
and
Flavio
Ghigi
agreed
to
maintain
three
Gallies
at
their
own
expence
;
and
lastly
Cardinal
Nicholas
who
was
a
Count
of
the
Bath
,
not
having
sufficient
Estate
in
ready
Money
to
make
such
a
contribution
as
he
desired
,
sold
his
Palace
and
Houshold-stuff
,
and
Vineyards
,
that
he
might
be
registred
amongst
the
Benefactors
to
this
War
.
At
this
time
also
the
Ottoman
Arms
prevailed
against
the
Emperour
in
the
upper
parts
of
Hungary
,
so
that
Varadin
was
taken
,
and
the
Turks
became
very
formidable
:
Wherefore
that
Pope
Alexander
might
not
seem
less
sollicitous
for
conservation
of
the
Emperour
than
he
was
for
the
Venetians
;
he
issued
considerable
sums
out
of
his
Treasury
,
and
laid
a
Decimation
on
the
Revenue
of
the
Clergy
over
all
Italy
,
wherewith
to
assist
the
Imperial
Arms
:
and
farther
wrote
Letters
to
the
Kings
of
France
,
and
Spain
then
busily
employed
in
a
Treaty
at
the
Pyreneans
,
that
having
concluded
a
Peace
amongst
themselves
,
and
confirmed
,
and
strengthned
the
Alliance
by
the
ties
,
and
Obligations
of
a
Marriage
,
they
would
have
respect
to
the
Wars
in
Hungary
,
which
were
carried
on
by
the
Turk
to
the
destruction
,
and
ruin
of
the
Christian
Cause
.
But
we
are
not
here
to
omit
,
that
this
Treaty
of
the
Pyreneans
which
was
held
in
the
Island
of
Pheasants
,
where
the
Marriage
was
concluded
between
the
present
King
Lewis
XIV
.
and
Maria
Teresa
Infanta
of
Spain
,
was
acted
and
carried
on
between
Cardinal
Mazarini
,
and
Don
Luis
d'
Haro
,
without
the
mediation
and
concurrence
of
this
Pope
Alexander
:
which
seems
the
more
strange
,
in
regard
that
this
very
Pope
was
Nuntio
at
Munster
,
and
once
managed
that
Treaty
there
in
behalf
of
Innocent
X.
with
great
applause
,
and
proof
of
his
abilities
and
integrity
,
and
was
personally
known
to
the
Cardinal
;
many
therefore
and
various
were
the
reflections
on
this
Point
by
the
Politicians
of
those
times
;
and
many
Writers
on
this
Subject
have
assigned
divers
Causes
,
and
reasons
for
it
.
Some
would
have
it
,
that
during
the
time
that
Cardinal
Mazarine
,
and
the
Pope
,
then
in
quality
of
Nuntio
were
together
in
Germany
,
several
differences
had
arisen
between
them
,
not
then
reconciled
;
and
that
the
Nuntio
had
always
shewn
some
partiality
towards
the
Court
of
Spain
;
for
which
cause
Mazarine
had
opposed
the
election
of
him
to
be
Pope
;
and
though
afterwards
he
had
been
sweetned
by
the
character
,
and
commendations
which
Sachetti
had
given
of
him
;
yet
still
some
acrimony
remained
on
the
spirits
of
the
Pope
,
because
he
observed
an
aversion
in
the
Cardinal
to
treat
the
Peace
in
any
part
,
where
the
Pope
did
reside
;
he
also
observed
with
what
indignity
to
the
Papal
Sea
he
had
treated
the
Cardinal
of
Retz
:
and
with
what
neglect
,
and
almost
contempt
he
comported
himself
towards
his
Nuntio
at
Paris
.
Moreover
,
the
Pope
was
not
a
little
displeased
to
observe
what
backwardness
,
and
delay
was
used
by
the
Court
of
France
,
no
onely
in
sending
the
Extraordinary
Embassy
of
Obedience
to
Rome
,
but
the
Ordinary
also
of
Residency
;
nor
was
the
Pope
ignorant
of
those
slight
,
and
contemptible
expressions
,
which
both
the
Cardinal
,
and
his
Favourite
the
Bishop
of
Omodei
publickly
uttered
with
ill
reflections
on
his
Person
.
On
the
other
side
the
Cardinal
complained
of
the
Pope's
Ingratitude
;
for
that
after
he
had
so
freely
concurred
in
his
Election
,
he
always
evidenced
an
aversness
to
comply
with
him
in
the
most
reasonable
Demands
,
and
ever
favoured
that
Party
which
interfered
with
the
Interest
of
France
;
so
that
the
Cardinal
would
often
say
,
that
the
Pope
offered
him
frequently
injuries
,
that
so
,
if
at
any
time
,
he
did
him
right
,
it
might
seem
to
proceed
from
favour
rather
than
from
the
motives
of
Justice
.
These
matters
,
and
the
like
occasioning
coldness
of
correspondence
,
it
is
no
wonder
,
that
Writers
should
attribute
the
reason
of
the
Pope's
exclusion
from
this
Treaty
of
Peace
to
the
preceding
Causes
;
Whenas
the
most
reasonable
Obstacle
might
be
,
the
Pope's
incapacity
to
moderate
,
and
concur
in
the
terms
of
this
Peace
:
for
whereas
the
foundation
of
this
Peace
between
the
two
Crowns
,
was
established
on
the
Articles
concluded
and
agreed
at
the
Treaty
of
Munster
;
which
the
Pope
having
condemned
,
disanulled
,
and
protested
against
,
it
could
not
be
expected
,
that
the
Pope
should
be
called
,
and
made
a
Party
to
that
Treaty
,
unless
they
had
resolved
to
raise
difficulties
,
by
that
opposition
,
and
obstructions
which
would
have
been
made
by
the
Pope
,
and
his
Ministers
.
In
short
,
the
Marriage
being
celebrated
between
the
most
Christian
King
;
and
the
Infanta
Maria
Teresa
,
the
onely
cause
,
and
Object
of
the
Peace
;
was
afterwards
the
original
of
many
quarrels
,
and
disorders
in
Christendom
.
For
the
Spaniards
not
having
been
so
strict
,
and
wary
as
the
importance
of
the
matter
required
,
did
not
take
care
to
pen
the
Instrument
of
Renuntiation
which
the
Infanta
signed
to
the
Dominions
of
her
Father
,
and
all
her
Paternal
Inheritance
with
such
strict
terms
,
but
that
there
was
still
a
Gate
open
to
pretensions
:
nor
was
the
form
of
the
Oath
so
strict
,
and
expressive
,
but
that
there
was
place
left
for
evasions
,
as
the
ambition
of
Men
,
and
their
desire
of
Dominion
should
govern
and
transport
them
;
from
whence
great
confusions
,
and
bloudy
Wars
have
arisen
,
as
the
Annals
of
our
times
are
able
to
attest
.
In
the
beginning
of
this
year
a
quarrel
arose
at
Rome
between
the
Contestabile
Colonna
,
and
the
Cavalier
Chiaia
,
An.
1660.
Captain
of
the
Pope's
Guards
,
caused
by
a
Dispute
they
had
for
a
Bank
or
Seat
at
a
Comedy
.
An
other
quarrel
this
Colonna
maintained
with
the
Ambassadour
of
Toscany
,
for
not
resigning
to
him
the
principal
place
at
a
Visit
which
they
made
to
the
Princess
Farnese
:
An
other
quarrel
he
created
not
long
after
at
Milan
with
the
Prince
of
Avellino
,
on
occasion
of
a
Dispute
about
the
Title
of
Excellency
;
all
which
had
proceeded
farther
than
to
words
,
had
they
been
to
be
managed
by
other
measures
,
than
those
of
wise
and
cautious
Italians
.
About
this
time
the
Duke
of
Bracciano
,
Father
of
the
Cardinal
of
that
name
,
dying
at
Rome
,
the
Duke
of
Nerula
his
Brother
,
a
Person
of
great
parts
and
abilities
,
succeeded
to
the
Estate
,
and
to
the
Inheritance
;
taking
on
himself
the
Title
of
Highness
;
which
he
caused
his
Subjects
to
inscribe
in
all
the
Memorials
,
and
Writings
they
made
to
him
.
Howsoever
,
such
as
were
Foreiners
,
and
independent
to
the
Duke
,
refused
to
give
him
other
Title
than
that
of
Excellency
;
until
the
Cardinal
de
Retz
was
persuaded
to
pass
that
Complement
upon
him
;
and
then
the
Prince
Pamfilio
,
and
all
the
Princes
of
Rome
,
who
were
in
any
wise
considerable
for
Birth
,
Riches
,
or
Power
,
began
to
assume
the
honour
of
Highness
:
to
prevent
which
and
the
many
Controversies
which
might
arise
from
these
beginnings
,
the
Pope
gave
Order
,
that
Title
of
Highness
should
be
given
to
no
Prince
,
who
was
Vassal
or
Feudatary
of
the
Church
,
unless
to
the
Duke
of
Parma
onely
,
and
as
to
all
the
Families
descended
from
Popes
,
as
also
to
all
the
Roman
Barons
,
they
were
not
to
pretend
to
a
Title
above
that
of
Colonna
,
and
Orsina
,
which
was
no
other
than
that
of
Excellency
.
In
the
year
1661.
An.
1661.
one
Francis
Borri
born
at
Milan
vented
strange
and
unheard
of
Heresies
and
Enthusiastical
Doctrines
at
Rome
,
drawing
unto
himself
many
followers
and
Disciples
,
by
a
feigned
Hypocrisie
and
disimulation
,
tending
to
sublime
Notions
,
and
elevations
of
a
spiritual
Life
.
The
Doctrines
he
taught
,
which
he
pretended
to
have
received
from
Divine
Inspiration
were
:
That
the
Blessed
Virgin
was
really
a
Goddess
;
because
she
was
Mother
of
the
Word
Eternal
which
was
God
.
And
to
express
this
Mystery
to
his
Disciples
,
he
maintained
,
that
the
Blessed
Virgin
was
the
Holy
Ghost
Incarnate
in
the
Womb
of
St.
Anne
.
And
for
this
reason
,
he
stiled
the
Blessed
Virgin
,
most
Holy
Goddess
,
and
onely
Daughter
of
the
Most
High
.
He
taught
farther
:
That
in
the
Holy
Eucharist
,
there
was
not
only
the
Natural
Body
of
Christ
,
but
that
of
the
Virgin
Mary
joined
with
it
.
That
besides
Hell
,
and
Purgatory
,
and
Limbo
,
there
was
a
fourth
place
appointed
for
the
receptacle
of
Infidels
.
That
the
Book
of
Ecclesiastes
wrote
by
Solomon
was
not
Scripture
,
but
a
Treatise
full
of
Errours
composed
by
him
,
at
the
time
,
when
he
remained
in
Original
Sin
.
And
that
it
was
not
necessary
to
make
confession
of
secret
sins
in
the
Ear
of
a
Priest
.
These
,
and
many
other
wild
Fancies
being
figments
formed
in
the
hot
and
disturbed
brain
of
Borri
;
the
Inquisition
had
no
sooner
notice
of
,
but
they
sent
out
Warrants
to
take
him
,
of
which
he
having
notice
,
fled
first
to
Inspruck
:
howsoever
his
Heresies
were
examined
,
and
condemned
by
the
Inquisition
,
and
he
who
was
the
Author
of
them
was
burnt
in
Effigie
:
of
which
when
Borri
had
notice
,
he
went
to
Strasbourg
,
where
to
be
revenged
of
the
Pope
,
he
burn'd
him
also
in
Effigie
.
Thence
passing
through
Holland
,
he
vented
a
thousand
chimerical
Opinions
at
Roterdam
.
Thence
he
went
to
Coppenhagen
in
Denmark
,
where
he
made
profession
of
Chymistry
,
and
wherein
ha
was
so
excellent
an
Operator
,
that
he
created
a
real
belief
in
King
Frederick
III.
that
he
had
the
Philosopher's
Stone
,
by
which
he
was
able
to
turn
any
metal
into
Gold
:
but
that
King
dying
,
his
Son
Christian
V.
was
far
from
such
a
belief
,
and
discovering
him
to
be
an
Impostor
,
gave
him
five
hundred
Crowns
,
and
a
Passport
,
and
so
dismissed
him
from
his
Dominions
.
Borri
afterwards
designing
to
travel
into
Turky
,
was
in
Moravia
,
on
his
way
thither
seised
by
the
Emperour's
command
,
and
sent
to
Rome
,
where
being
sentenced
by
the
Inquisition
,
he
was
in
the
year
1670.
condemned
to
perpetual
imprisonment
.
The
which
Story
I
the
more
willingly
mention
,
because
I
remember
in
the
year
1678.
to
have
seen
him
at
Rome
,
a
Prisoner
in
the
Castle
of
St.
Angelo
.
An.
1662.
The
Duke
of
Crequi
,
who
(
as
we
have
said
)
resided
at
Rome
with
character
of
Ambassadour
Extraordinary
from
his
most
Christian
Majesty
,
was
at
first
received
,
and
caressed
with
all
the
ceremony
,
and
respect
,
which
that
Court
was
able
to
express
;
but
afterwards
the
Duke
in
the
greatness
of
his
Spirit
,
not
being
able
to
support
the
pride
,
and
disdain
which
he
observed
to
be
lodged
in
the
breast
of
Don
Mario
the
Brother
,
and
the
Cardinal
Ghigi
,
Nephew
to
the
Pope
,
he
retired
,
to
evidence
the
little
esteem
he
had
for
them
,
by
preferring
other
Cardinals
before
them
in
his
Visits
.
The
Pope
highly
resenting
this
neglect
,
and
want
of
due
respect
,
received
the
Ambassadour
at
all
his
Audiences
with
much
coldness
and
indifferency
,
refusing
to
grant
him
any
thing
which
he
demanded
of
favour
to
the
King
his
Master
,
or
his
Subjects
.
The
Pope
also
plainly
told
the
Ambassadour
,
that
he
had
deferred
to
make
the
Complement
which
he
owed
to
the
Ambassadress
his
Lady
,
until
first
he
had
done
him
right
,
in
performance
of
that
honour
,
which
was
due
to
his
Kindred
and
Relations
.
Whilest
this
ill
correspondence
continued
between
the
Pope
and
the
Ambassadour
,
it
happened
,
that
a
quarrel
arose
between
two
French
men
,
and
three
Corsi
,
who
were
of
the
Pope's
Guard
(
which
had
lately
been
recruited
with
one
hundred
and
fifty
Soldiers
of
the
same
Country
of
Corsica
.
)
The
cause
of
which
was
this
,
Two
French
Men
to
shew
their
bravery
undertook
to
disarm
the
Night
Petrol
of
three
Corsi
,
which
they
easily
effected
,
because
the
Officer
which
was
with
them
commanded
them
,
not
to
fire
their
Carbines
,
or
make
resistance
,
for
which
default
,
he
was
cashiered
the
Service
,
and
declared
uncapable
of
farther
Office
;
and
the
Soldiers
also
were
punished
for
cowardise
and
neglect
of
their
duty
.
It
is
reported
also
,
that
Don
Mario
upbraided
the
Corsi
with
ignominious
terms
;
saying
,
that
they
knew
not
how
to
make
use
of
their
Arms
;
and
that
upon
any
other
default
of
this
nature
,
he
would
shave
their
heads
,
and
send
them
to
the
Gallies
.
The
Corsi
to
excuse
themselves
laid
some
fault
on
Cardinal
Imperiale
the
Governour
,
who
to
acquit
himself
,
and
recover
his
honour
;
ordered
the
Bailiffs
,
and
Officers
,
which
he
had
employed
to
make
search
for
some
persons
in
a
House
adjoyning
to
the
Palace
of
Farnese
where
the
French
Ambassadour
lodged
,
to
make
farther
search
for
them
into
the
very
House
of
his
Excellency
,
during
the
time
that
he
was
at
Mass
in
his
Chappel
.
The
Ambassadour
had
just
reason
to
resent
this
Affront
,
and
indignity
offered
to
his
Sanctuary
,
(
the
Houses
of
forein
Ministers
being
so
esteemed
at
Rome
)
but
the
quarrel
was
higher
enflamed
by
a
certain
French
Man
,
who
that
Evening
,
as
he
passed
through
the
quarters
of
the
Corsi
,
uttered
some
indiscreet
words
of
scorn
,
and
contempt
against
them
,
for
which
they
pursued
him
as
far
as
the
Ambassadour's
Stables
;
who
hearing
a
noise
,
sent
some
of
his
Servants
to
appease
the
tumult
:
but
his
endeavours
rather
enflamed
,
than
quieted
the
disturbance
,
for
the
Corsi
being
gathered
in
great
numbers
began
to
fire
their
Carbines
at
the
Ambassadour
himself
,
whilst
he
looked
out
at
his
Windows
,
killing
some
of
his
Lacquies
with
three
or
four
more
,
who
casually
happened
to
be
then
present
with
the
Ambassadour
.
And
not
content
with
this
outrage
put
themselves
into
a
Body
,
and
in
Military
order
with
their
Colours
flying
,
and
Drums
beating
,
came
and
presented
themselves
again
before
the
Palace
Farnese
;
on
which
appearance
the
Ambassadour
caused
the
Gates
to
be
shut
:
During
this
tumult
,
it
happened
that
the
Lady
Ambassadress
returned
home
,
whom
when
the
Corsi
espied
,
these
barbarous
beasts
fired
a
Volley
of
shot
into
her
Coach
,
and
killed
a
Page
,
who
attended
at
the
Boot
;
with
which
unexpected
accident
the
Lady
being
affrighted
,
fled
for
refuge
into
the
Palace
of
Cardinal
d'
Este
;
who
soon
afterwards
,
with
a
Guard
of
two
hundred
Men
convoyed
her
safe
to
the
Duke
her
Husband
,
though
Cardinal
Imperiale
the
Governour
had
ordered
the
Captain
of
the
Corsi
to
obstruct
the
passage
of
Cardinal
d'
Este
;
but
when
this
Cardinal
sent
Imperiale
word
,
that
he
should
answer
the
least
disorder
,
which
should
happen
hereupon
,
with
the
loss
of
his
life
,
he
considered
better
upon
it
,
and
desisted
from
giving
farther
interruption
.
The
Duke
of
Crequi
passed
all
the
Night
following
in
consultation
with
the
Ambassadours
of
Spain
,
Venice
,
Malta
;
and
with
others
whom
he
esteemed
well
affected
to
the
Crown
of
France
;
all
which
agreed
that
the
Dignity
and
Character
of
sacred
Embassies
was
wounded
and
violated
by
this
outrage
.
On
the
other
side
,
the
Cardinal
Imperiale
,
Don
Mario
,
and
others
of
that
faction
held
long
conferences
concerning
the
management
of
this
Affair
:
for
to
justifie
it
,
the
matter
was
too
foul
,
and
barbarous
to
admit
of
any
plea
,
or
excuse
:
and
therefore
it
was
resolved
to
give
it
the
name
of
a
Riot
,
and
tumult
raised
by
insolence
of
the
Soldiery
;
and
that
all
the
Family
of
the
Ghigi
both
Men
and
Women
should
make
their
Visits
of
Condolence
to
the
Ambassadour
and
his
Lady
,
expressing
abundance
of
sorrow
and
trouble
for
the
late
misfortune
,
which
they
solely
attributed
to
the
insolence
and
fury
of
Soldiers
,
and
not
to
any
design
,
or
premeditated
Act
of
the
Commanders
.
But
this
Wound
was
too
fresh
,
and
sore
to
be
salved
with
a
remedy
of
such
vain
excuses
;
considering
that
the
Gates
of
Rome
were
by
express
Order
left
open
all
the
Night
,
to
afford
means
,
and
opportunity
for
the
Corsi
to
retire
,
and
make
their
escape
.
The
news
of
what
had
passed
at
Rome
,
was
brought
to
the
King
whilst
he
was
performing
the
Ceremonies
of
his
Birth-day
at
St.
Germains
;
which
though
it
disturbed
his
Majesty
,
and
took
much
off
from
the
Revels
and
jollity
of
the
day
;
yet
no
sudden
resolution
was
taken
until
some
days
after
.
In
the
mean
time
Letters
arrived
both
from
the
Pope
,
and
the
Queen
of
Sweden
,
representing
the
matter
,
as
a
mere
accident
caused
by
a
sudden
,
and
an
unreasonable
outrage
of
the
Soldiery
,
for
which
neither
the
Pope
,
nor
his
Kinred
,
nor
the
Commanders
could
be
accountable
;
and
with
this
account
the
King
began
to
be
so
well
satisfied
,
that
he
had
once
thoughts
to
pass
it
by
,
and
shew
no
farther
resentments
of
it
.
But
whilest
this
was
meditating
,
Letters
came
from
the
Duke
of
Crequi
,
advising
,
that
by
reason
of
the
ill
treatment
he
received
from
the
Court
of
Rome
,
the
common
provisions
for
the
support
of
his
House
were
in
a
great
measure
restrained
;
so
that
he
should
be
forced
with
his
Family
to
leave
Rome
,
and
to
retire
into
the
Dominions
of
the
Duke
of
Toscany
.
This
Advice
and
new
matter
of
Affront
so
enraged
the
mind
of
the
King
,
that
he
immediately
commanded
the
Nuntio
to
depart
his
Dominions
,
which
was
executed
so
effectually
,
that
he
was
conducted
by
a
Guard
to
the
confines
of
Savoy
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Pope
being
desirous
to
excuse
,
and
protect
Cardinal
Imperiale
,
was
contented
to
take
the
blame
upon
himself
;
and
to
mannage
the
matter
,
he
constituted
a
select
Congregation
of
Cardinals
,
viz.
Rospigliosi
,
Chigi
,
Borromeo
,
Imperiale
,
Pio
,
Sachetti
,
Corrado
,
and
Farnese
,
to
examine
,
and
discourse
the
matters
in
Dispute
in
a
Political
manner
,
and
to
give
their
Opinions
by
what
ways
and
means
,
things
might
best
admit
of
an
Accommodation
.
The
Cardinal
Chigi
also
obtained
licence
to
be
admitted
to
a
Visit
with
the
French
Ambassadour
:
but
it
signified
little
,
for
the
Ambassadour
appeared
sullen
,
and
reserved
;
saying
,
that
he
had
no
quarrel
with
the
Corsi
,
nor
had
he
reason
to
blame
them
for
executing
onely
the
commands
of
their
Masters
.
On
the
first
of
September
Crequi
departed
from
Rome
,
in
company
with
the
Duke
of
Cesarini
,
who
having
shewed
some
concernment
,
and
partiality
for
the
French
Party
,
lay
under
the
displeasure
and
indignation
of
the
Pope
.
So
soon
as
the
Ambassadour
was
gone
,
discontents
slew
yet
higher
than
before
;
for
it
was
not
onely
advised
to
commit
Cardinal
d'
Este
into
the
Prison
of
St.
Angelo
,
but
also
to
deprive
both
him
,
and
Mancini
of
the
degree
and
dignity
of
Cardinals
.
But
howsoever
,
it
was
thought
necessary
to
appease
the
King
by
some
pleasing
Lenitives
,
and
by
means
which
might
pacifie
his
just
Anger
and
displeasure
:
To
which
end
,
the
Pope
dispatched
divers
affectionate
Letters
to
him
,
full
of
sorrow
,
and
resentment
for
the
late
unhappy
mischiefs
:
divers
Proposals
were
also
dispatched
to
the
Duke
of
Crequi
tending
to
an
Accommodation
:
and
Edicts
published
against
the
Corsi
,
who
were
criminals
in
this
Action
,
desiring
all
Princes
into
whose
Dominions
they
were
fled
,
not
to
allow
,
or
grant
them
protection
.
And
farther
in
detestation
of
this
late
fact
,
a
Company
of
the
Corsi
,
which
were
not
concerned
in
the
Riot
,
were
disbanded
,
and
cashiered
from
service
of
the
Pope
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Crequi
remained
at
Radocofani
(
which
is
within
the
Dominions
of
the
Great
Duke
)
expecting
Orders
from
the
King
in
what
manner
he
was
to
behave
and
govern
himself
:
which
being
come
with
the
forms
of
adjustment
,
and
some
private
instructions
in
favour
of
the
Dukes
of
Parma
,
and
Modena
;
the
Abbat
Rospigliosi
(
Nephew
of
the
Cardinal
of
that
name
)
was
dispatched
to
the
Ambassadour
with
Instructions
,
and
Proposals
:
but
this
Treaty
taking
no
effect
,
Rasponi
was
employed
:
but
then
the
Duke
proposed
two
Alternatives
,
the
one
was
totally
excluded
,
and
the
other
admitted
of
so
many
exceptions
;
that
Crequi
despairing
of
any
reconciliation
,
went
to
Luca
,
and
thence
to
Ligorne
,
from
whence
passing
into
France
,
he
added
more
fuel
to
the
Fire
,
encreasing
the
differences
which
were
as
yet
too
fresh
,
and
new
to
be
reconciled
.
The
two
Alternatives
were
as
follow
:
That
Castro
and
Rociglione
should
be
restored
to
the
Duke
of
Parma
,
and
the
Valley
of
Comachio
to
the
Duke
of
Modena
:
the
most
Christian
King
requiring
no
other
satisfaction
for
the
late
injuries
he
received
,
than
that
he
might
be
able
to
do
justice
to
the
two
Princes
his
Allies
and
Friends
,
who
had
resigned
themselves
to
his
defence
,
and
protection
.
And
to
the
end
that
Ambassadours
from
his
Majesty
and
other
Princes
might
for
the
future
live
quietly
at
Rome
with
their
Families
,
and
enjoy
the
priviledges
and
immunities
which
appertain
to
them
according
to
the
Law
of
Nations
;
no
Design
should
be
enterprised
against
them
,
without
the
consent
,
and
knowledg
of
the
Sacred
Colledg
.
That
the
Processes
at
Law
against
the
Duke
Cesarini
should
be
superseded
;
and
reparations
made
him
for
all
detriment
done
to
his
Estate
,
and
disparagement
to
his
Honour
.
And
that
likewise
proceedings
at
Law
,
whether
Civil
,
or
criminal
against
any
Person
on
this
occasion
should
cease
,
after
the
twentieth
of
August
.
That
all
Corps
of
Guard
after
that
time
,
and
quarters
of
Soldiers
be
removed
out
of
Rome
;
and
after
this
,
That
the
manner
,
how
the
Duke
Cesarini
is
to
be
received
into
Rome
,
be
treated
,
and
agreed
with
himself
.
But
in
case
the
Pope
did
not
judg
fit
to
assent
,
and
agree
to
these
Proposals
,
then
this
Alternative
was
offered
:
That
Don
Mario
be
banished
to
Siena
for
five
years
.
That
Cardinal
Ghigi
be
sent
Legat
into
France
,
to
make
the
Pope's
excuse
at
his
first
Audience
,
upon
the
matters
which
lately
happened
in
Rome
.
That
at
his
second
Audience
,
he
shall
supplicate
his
Majesties
Pardon
both
for
himself
and
his
whole
Family
;
and
that
the
form
,
and
circumstances
of
this
Address
,
shall
be
ordered
and
concerted
with
the
Ambassadour
Crequi
.
That
Cardinal
Imperiale
be
degraded
,
and
deprived
of
his
Hat
.
That
the
Captain
of
the
Guards
be
cashiered
,
and
for
ever
banished
.
That
a
Pyramid
be
erected
amidst
the
late
quarters
of
the
Corsi
at
Rome
,
with
an
Inscription
specifying
the
Crime
for
which
they
were
banished
,
and
for
which
they
were
rendered
uncapable
for
ever
more
to
serve
,
or
bear
Arms
in
Rome
.
These
were
the
first
draughts
of
those
Proposals
which
France
offered
in
order
to
an
Accommodation
;
which
being
brought
to
Rome
did
greatly
trouble
the
mind
of
the
Pope
,
with
many
melancholly
and
distracted
thoughts
;
of
which
he
eased
himself
in
a
full
Consistory
,
complaining
of
the
hard
terms
exacted
from
him
by
the
King
of
France
:
For
reply
whereunto
some
of
the
Cardinals
,
and
particularly
Azzolino
,
spake
loudly
against
the
Proposals
,
encouraging
the
Pope
to
a
fortitude
of
mind
,
and
to
stand
stiff
upon
his
terms
,
rather
demanding
satisfaction
from
the
King
,
than
yielding
to
terms
derogatory
to
his
Honour
.
Howsoever
the
Pope
being
streightned
in
his
thoughts
,
and
being
divided
between
the
apprehensions
he
conceived
of
a
War
against
the
Church
,
and
the
tenderness
he
had
for
his
Relations
,
his
own
Honour
,
and
the
reputation
of
the
Sacred
Colledg
,
which
he
esteemed
wounded
in
the
person
of
Cardinal
Imperiale
;
he
inclined
rather
to
the
second
Alternative
,
than
to
the
first
:
and
accordingly
he
designed
to
send
Cardinal
Chigi
his
Legat
into
France
:
and
Imperiale
was
to
be
removed
from
his
Government
in
Rome
,
and
sent
Legat
into
the
Marca
.
But
because
this
change
appeared
to
the
King
rather
a
promotion
,
than
a
punishment
,
he
was
sent
to
Genoua
,
there
to
reside
,
until
he
could
contrive
means
to
reconcile
himself
to
the
King
:
but
because
the
Brief
did
not
denote
this
dismission
under
the
term
of
Banishment
,
exceptions
were
made
thereunto
as
dissentaneous
from
the
pleasure
of
his
Majesty
:
but
as
to
Don
Mario
the
Pope
seemed
to
grant
whatsoever
was
desired
,
and
to
sacrifice
him
,
and
all
his
Relations
,
for
the
quietness
and
peace
of
the
Church
;
but
this
was
only
a
flourish
,
and
an
excess
of
words
as
afterwards
appeared
in
the
sequel
,
when
matters
came
to
be
put
in
execution
.
As
to
the
Corsi
,
whatsoever
was
demanded
,
was
condescended
unto
.
But
things
being
in
this
imperfect
manner
agreed
;
this
year
ended
with
fears
,
and
apprehensions
of
an
ensuing
War
.
And
in
the
mean
time
Avignon
revolting
from
the
Pope
,
the
Inhabitants
pulled
down
the
Arms
of
the
Church
,
and
expelled
the
Papal
Officers
from
the
City
:
the
People
crying
aloud
for
France
,
and
their
return
to
that
Dominion
,
from
whence
they
had
been
unjustly
alienated
by
connivance
,
or
indulgence
of
former
Kings
:
and
now
they
erected
the
Arms
of
France
in
all
publick
places
;
and
restored
,
or
renewed
the
Antient
Inscriptions
,
which
vindicated
,
and
attested
the
Right
which
the
Kings
of
France
held
unto
that
City
.
To
augment
all
these
difficulties
,
Spain
seemed
inclining
to
the
concernments
of
France
;
for
which
reason
the
Venetians
appeared
the
most
proper
Instruments
to
be
employed
in
the
Offices
of
Mediation
;
and
accordingly
the
Ambassadour
of
that
Republick
residing
at
Paris
called
Luigi
Grimani
received
Instructions
to
treat
in
favour
of
the
Pope
;
and
indeed
the
way
of
Treaty
was
the
onely
remedy
which
Rome
could
propose
;
for
the
King
of
Spain
,
to
the
great
admiration
of
the
World
,
had
granted
leave
for
the
French
Troops
to
march
through
Milan
into
the
Ecclesiastical
State
.
The
Duke
of
Savoy
adhered
to
the
French
Interest
;
Genoua
being
weak
,
and
unable
to
resist
,
durst
not
deny
a
compliance
;
the
Duke
of
Parma
,
and
Modena
for
their
own
convenience
,
and
hopes
of
benefit
,
became
parties
in
combination
against
the
Pope
.
So
that
France
nourishing
vast
Designs
by
this
conjuncture
of
Affairs
,
kept
up
their
dissatisfactions
in
the
Court
of
Rome
,
which
they
pretended
to
have
been
augmented
,
and
enflamed
by
that
honourable
treatment
and
reception
,
which
the
Pope
had
given
to
Charles
Duke
of
Loraine
,
who
was
fled
from
France
,
and
shrouded
himself
under
the
protection
of
the
Church
.
An.
1663.
About
the
beginning
of
this
year
Cardinal
d'
Este
,
and
the
Duke
of
Crequi
arrived
at
Paris
,
where
they
gave
a
full
relation
of
all
matters
which
had
lately
passed
in
that
Outrage
,
committed
by
the
Corsi
;
with
all
the
particulars
of
the
Treaty
which
had
been
acted
at
St.
Quirico
:
But
they
represented
things
in
such
severe
terms
,
as
greatly
exasperated
the
mind
of
h●●
Majesty
,
and
caused
him
to
reject
all
the
Briefs
,
Papers
,
and
Letters
which
were
sent
from
the
Pope
,
and
Cardinals
for
their
〈…〉
:
so
that
nothing
was
now
discoursed
of
at
Paris
but
War
,
and
the
manner
how
to
carry
,
and
manage
the
French
Arms
in
Italy
;
which
were
so
feared
and
apprehended
at
Rome
,
that
all
the
consultations
of
the
Consistory
were
to
facilitate
the
Negotiations
,
and
give
such
satisfaction
,
as
might
prevent
a
War
.
In
the
mean
time
Aloisé
Grimani
Ambassadour
for
the
Republick
of
Venice
,
then
residing
at
Paris
,
used
all
means
possible
to
bring
matters
to
a
reasonable
understanding
:
in
which
he
so
well
succeeded
,
that
he
procured
a
new
Deputation
for
Plenipotentiaries
to
be
nominated
,
and
appointed
by
both
sides
,
and
the
place
for
Treaty
to
be
Lions
:
So
on
the
twentieth
of
February
an
Instrument
was
signed
by
the
Ambassadour
Grimani
,
and
the
Duke
of
Crequi
,
and
subscribed
also
by
Monsieur
Tellier
Secretary
of
State
,
and
War
;
whereby
it
was
concerted
,
and
agreed
to
enter
upon
a
Treaty
at
the
place
aforesaid
,
and
that
Plenipotentiaries
should
be
sent
thither
with
Commissions
from
his
Majesty
.
Thus
for
some
time
whilest
the
troubles
were
a
little
appeased
,
and
quieted
;
the
Court
of
France
passed
the
Carneval
with
their
usual
jollity
;
and
entertained
it self
with
celebration
of
the
marriage
,
between
Madmoiselle
de
Valois
,
and
the
Duke
of
Savoy
,
the
Count
de
Soissons
representing
the
person
of
the
Duke
at
the
ceremony
of
Espousals
.
The
which
few
days
after
was
followed
by
the
marriage
of
Madmoiselle
Mariana
Mancini
Niece
of
Cardinal
Mazarini
,
with
the
Duke
of
Buglion
great
Chamberlain
of
France
.
And
now
the
Plenipotentiaries
preparing
for
their
meeting
at
Lions
:
Aloisé
Sagredo
arrived
at
Paris
in
quality
of
Ambassadour
for
the
Venetians
,
and
to
succeed
in
the
place
of
Grimani
,
who
was
to
be
assisting
in
the
Office
of
Mediation
at
Lions
;
Grimani
,
and
Monsignor
Rasponi
Plenipotentiary
from
the
Pope
met
at
the
time
,
and
place
appointed
;
but
the
Duke
of
Crequi
on
pretence
of
the
Queen
Mother's
sickness
,
or
rather
because
he
desired
to
be
waited
,
and
attended
for
,
came
not
to
Lions
till
towards
the
middle
of
May
:
where
entering
on
their
Conference
,
matters
were
proceeded
to
a
hopeful
condition
of
agreement
;
when
on
a
sudden
they
were
unhappily
interrupted
,
by
the
Title
which
the
Pope
sent
to
Rasponi
to
be
his
Nuntio
Extraordinary
to
all
Christian
Princes
:
for
whereas
the
French
King
had
absolutely
determined
,
not
to
receive
any
person
from
the
Pope
with
Title
of
Nuntio
until
the
differences
were
accommodated
between
himself
and
Rome
;
the
Treaty
was
by
Order
of
the
King
broken
off
upon
that
punctilio
;
but
afterwards
was
by
Order
renewed
again
at
Bonvicino
,
a
place
situate
on
the
Frontiers
of
Savoy
;
the
Parochial
Church
of
which
is
in
the
Dominions
of
France
;
and
on
the
other
side
of
the
Bridg
,
(
which
is
the
Territory
of
Savoy
)
is
an
antient
,
and
famous
Monastery
of
Carmelite
Friers
;
thither
as
we
have
said
the
Treaty
was
transferred
,
where
besides
Crequi
,
Rasponi
,
and
Grimani
,
there
were
present
the
Agents
for
Modena
,
and
Parma
,
and
the
twelve
Consuls
of
Avigion
;
Rasponi
took
his
quarters
on
the
side
of
Savoy
,
and
the
other
on
that
of
France
.
Here
the
particulars
were
again
debated
;
and
the
Pope
was
persuaded
to
condescend
to
all
the
pretensions
of
France
,
excepting
onely
to
the
restitution
of
Castro
;
on
which
the
King
peremptorily
insisted
,
because
he
had
engaged
his
Honour
and
Authority
therein
,
by
the
Articles
of
Peace
made
at
the
Pyreneans
.
The
Pope
on
the
other
side
insisted
.
That
it
was
not
in
his
Power
to
pass
an
Act
so
prejudicial
to
the
Apostolical
Chair
,
and
contrary
to
the
many
Bulls
of
his
Predecessours
.
And
thus
whilest
both
sides
insisted
resolutely
on
this
Point
with
many
delays
and
punctilios
,
which
obstructed
a
conclusion
,
the
King
dispatched
an
express
to
Rome
,
to
know
the
ultimate
resolution
of
the
Pope
on
that
Point
:
and
when
answer
was
returned
,
that
by
reason
of
the
Sentences
passed
by
the
Tribunals
of
Justice
,
and
that
Castro
was
in
the
Camera
annexed
to
the
triple
Crown
,
and
incorporated
into
the
Dominions
of
the
Church
;
he
could
not
assent
to
have
it
dismembred
from
St.
Peter's
Patrimony
:
so
soon
,
I
say
,
as
this
news
came
,
the
Treaty
broke
off
,
every
one
returning
to
his
Place
and
Country
.
During
this
Treaty
at
Buonvicinio
,
great
preparations
were
making
at
Rome
for
a
War
;
and
when
it
broke
up
without
agreement
,
then
contrary
to
all
expectation
the
Troops
were
disbanded
,
and
the
Officers
Reformed
;
though
in
the
mean
time
the
French
Troops
began
to
march
into
Italy
,
which
was
the
occasion
of
a
witty
saying
:
That
at
Rome
they
armed
,
when
they
knew
not
with
whom
they
were
to
have
War
,
and
disarmed
,
when
they
knew
not
with
whom
they
should
have
Peace
.
And
yet
it
is
probable
,
and
by
most
believed
,
that
there
was
never
any
real
design
of
Rupture
by
either
side
;
but
that
the
pretensions
,
and
preparations
for
this
War
,
were
onely
in
appearance
,
and
made
subservient
to
other
Projects
:
though
to
make
it
appear
real
,
the
Duke
of
Beaufort
was
sent
with
a
Fleet
of
Ships
on
the
Coast
of
Italy
,
the
approach
of
which
gave
an
Allarm
at
the
very
Gates
of
Rome
;
but
afterwards
disappeared
,
and
stood
off
again
into
the
Sea
,
pretending
to
be
driven
to
Calari
in
Sardinia
by
Tempests
and
contrary
Winds
.
And
though
neither
the
Pope
,
nor
King
(
as
was
believed
)
were
in
earnest
in
matter
of
a
War
;
yet
the
ill
correspondence
between
them
was
judged
prejudicial
to
Christendom
,
and
obstructive
to
those
succours
which
were
intended
against
the
Turk
,
who
had
then
lately
made
himself
Master
of
Newhausell
,
and
was
triumphant
in
Hungary
.
Wherefore
the
Venetians
with
more
warm
instances
than
ever
,
laboured
to
renew
the
Treaty
;
in
which
Office
the
Spaniards
also
judged
themselves
obliged
to
join
,
because
they
desired
to
keep
the
Arms
of
France
distant
from
Italy
:
and
both
one
and
the
other
used
their
endeavours
so
effectually
with
the
Pope
and
the
King
;
that
they
both
consented
to
enter
into
another
Treaty
:
and
accordingly
the
French
King
constituted
Monsignore
Bourlemont
then
at
Florence
to
be
his
Plenipotentiary
,
and
the
Pope
ordained
Rasponi
with
a
like
Power
from
him
;
Pisa
being
the
place
appointed
for
the
Treaty
:
where
after
some
few
days
of
debate
,
all
matters
came
to
be
concluded
,
and
agreed
in
form
,
and
manner
following
:
That
his
Holiness
to
please
the
most
Christian
King
,
had
assented
to
dismember
Castro
from
the
Patrimony
of
the
Church
:
conditionally
that
the
Duke
of
Parma
within
the
space
of
eight
years
pay
the
sum
of
eight
millions
six
hundred
and
nineteen
Crowns
to
the
Camera
:
Of
which
sum
having
paid
one
half
,
he
shall
be
invested
,
and
restored
into
one
half
of
the
Principality
.
And
in
case
that
any
dispute
shall
arise
touching
the
division
of
the
moiety
,
the
same
shall
be
determined
by
two
Arbitrators
indifferently
chosen
,
and
they
not
agreeing
,
the
difference
shall
be
referred
to
the
Umpirage
of
a
third
Person
.
Or
otherwise
the
Camera
making
the
division
,
the
Duke
shall
have
Power
to
chuse
;
or
otherwise
if
the
Duke
makes
the
division
,
then
the
choice
shall
be
in
the
Power
of
the
Camera
.
That
the
Duke
of
Modena
shall
renounce
all
his
pretensions
to
Comacchio
.
And
the
Pope
at
the
instance
of
the
King
shall
in
lieu
thereof
give
and
surrender
unto
the
said
Duke
Mount
d'
Este
,
which
was
valued
at
two
hundred
and
fifty
thousand
Crowns
or
thereabouts
;
and
shall
remit
to
him
the
Interest
which
he
owes
to
the
Montists
,
which
was
estimated
at
fifty
thousand
Crowns
;
together
with
a
donative
of
forty
thousand
Crowns
,
or
in
lieu
thereof
some
Palace
in
Rome
to
the
Duke's
satisfaction
.
And
that
the
Pope
shall
give
a
Bull
of
Jus
Patronatus
Perpetui
to
the
House
of
Este
of
the
Abby
of
Pomposa
;
and
Bondeno
,
to
which
the
Popes
shall
never
pretend
Right
or
Title
.
That
the
Cardinal
Nephew
shall
be
sent
Legat
into
France
,
where
at
his
first
publick
Audience
with
the
King
,
he
shall
repeat
these
very
words
:
That
his
Holiness
is
extreamly
sorry
for
the
late
barbarous
outrage
committed
against
the
Person
of
the
Duke
of
Crequi
his
Majesties
Ambassadour
;
in
which
matter
he
prays
his
Majesty
to
believe
,
that
neither
he
,
nor
any
of
his
Family
was
concerned
,
or
was
culpable
,
the
truth
of
which
he
shall
Attest
unto
his
Majesty
with
all
the
assurances
of
respect
,
and
reverence
for
the
Person
of
his
Majesty
.
That
Cardinal
Imperiale
be
dispeeded
into
France
to
justifie
himself
;
in
regard
his
Majesty
is
pleased
to
grant
him
liberty
so
to
do
,
and
will
accept
of
his
submission
.
That
his
Holiness
shall
restore
Cardinal
Maldachino
to
his
pristine
State
and
condition
,
and
free
him
of
all
damage
and
interest
:
and
for
better
security
shall
send
a
Brief
to
the
King
of
such
Tenour
.
That
so
soon
as
the
Ratification
of
this
Treaty
shall
arrive
at
Rome
,
Don
Mario
shall
immediately
depart
from
thence
,
and
shall
by
a
Writing
under
his
hand
,
and
upon
the
faith
of
a
Gentleman
declare
,
that
he
was
no
ways
concerned
in
the
late
Riot
of
the
Corsi
;
the
which
shall
be
confirmed
by
a
Brief
of
the
Pope
avouching
,
and
giving
assurance
of
his
innocence
of
that
Fact
:
And
that
he
shall
not
return
to
Rome
until
such
time
,
that
his
justification
being
carried
to
the
King
by
the
hand
of
the
Legate
,
his
Majesty
shall
declare
his
pleasure
therein
.
That
Don
Augustino
shall
upon
approach
of
the
Duke
of
Crequi
to
Rome
,
go
forth
to
meet
him
as
far
as
St.
Quirico
in
case
he
comes
by
way
of
Toscany
:
if
by
Sea
,
then
he
shall
meet
him
at
Civita-vecchia
;
if
by
Romagna
,
then
at
Narni
;
and
shall
there
make
known
to
him
the
great
trouble
,
which
the
Pope
hath
conceived
for
the
late
accident
.
That
Donna
Beronice
,
and
the
Princess
Farnese
,
shall
go
and
meet
the
Lady
Ambassadress
,
as
far
as
Ponte
Molle
,
where
they
shall
both
testifie
the
extraordinary
sorrow
they
conceived
for
the
late
misfortune
which
caused
her
departure
,
and
the
joy
they
have
for
her
return
,
and
happy
understanding
of
all
matters
.
That
his
Holiness
shall
in
a
most
effectual
manner
instruct
his
Ministers
to
make
known
unto
the
Ambassadour
,
the
high
esteem
he
hath
for
a
personage
of
his
Quality
who
represents
the
Person
of
so
great
a
King
,
who
is
eldest
Son
of
the
Church
.
That
the
Duke
of
Cesarini
shall
be
restored
to
the
possession
and
enjoyment
of
his
Goods
,
and
Estate
.
That
the
like
shall
be
observed
,
and
practised
towards
all
Persons
who
have
had
any
concernment
in
the
late
matter
.
That
the
whole
Nation
of
the
Corsi
shall
be
declared
uncapable
to
serve
not
onely
in
Rome
,
but
in
any
other
part
of
the
Ecclesiastical
State
.
And
that
the
Captain
of
the
Guards
in
Rome
shall
be
cashiered
from
his
Office
.
That
a
Pyramid
shall
be
erected
in
Rome
over
against
the
place
where
the
Corsi
held
their
Corps
of
Guard
,
with
an
Inscription
declaring
the
Crime
for
which
they
were
banished
from
the
Ecclesiastical
State
.
That
so
soon
as
the
Cardinal-Legat
should
arrive
at
Paris
,
and
the
former
particulars
were
accomplished
,
that
then
the
King
would
again
restore
Avignon
to
the
Pope
:
It
being
agreed
that
neither
any
of
the
Inhabitants
,
Strangers
,
or
Sojourners
there
living
,
shall
be
troubled
,
or
questioned
for
any
thing
they
said
or
acted
in
in
the
revolt
of
that
City
,
which
happened
on
the
twentieth
of
August
1662.
or
for
any
thing
which
passed
on
this
occasion
from
that
time
,
until
the
day
that
his
Majesty
restored
it
to
the
Pope
.
These
Particulars
thus
agreed
,
and
signed
by
the
Plenipotentiaries
were
sent
to
Rome
and
Paris
to
be
ratified
and
confirmed
;
and
in
the
mean
time
the
Pope
laboured
to
excuse
the
banishment
of
Don
Mario
,
and
the
sending
of
Cardinal
Chigi
in
quality
of
his
Legat
into
France
;
but
neither
the
one
nor
the
other
would
be
dispensed
with
.
Wherefore
Don
Mario
retired
to
Sora
in
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
;
and
Cardinal
Chigi
began
his
Journey
with
a
noble
Equipage
and
Attendance
of
Prelates
and
Gentlemen
,
amongst
which
was
Monsignor
Colonna
,
appointed
to
reside
at
Avignon
in
quality
of
Legat
for
the
Pope
.
The
Cardinal
being
entered
into
France
,
was
received
in
all
places
with
great
honour
,
and
splendid
entertainment
;
and
being
conducted
to
Fontainbleau
,
where
the
Court
then
resided
,
he
had
his
first
Audience
with
the
King
;
all
things
passing
to
the
mutual
satisfaction
of
both
Parties
.
Some
days
after
,
Cardinal
Imperiale
arrived
at
Paris
,
to
accomplish
another
Article
of
the
Treaty
;
where
having
justified
himself
according
to
agreement
,
the
King
accepted
his
submission
,
and
returned
him
with
testimonials
,
signifying
the
entire
satisfaction
he
received
by
his
Address
.
The
other
Points
in
the
Articles
being
to
be
executed
at
Rome
by
the
Duke
of
Crequi
,
the
Cardinals
d'
Este
and
Maldachino
arrived
there
,
and
were
received
by
the
Pope
,
and
the
Court
according
to
the
formalities
agreed
.
And
the
Duke
being
likewise
mollified
by
the
Addresses
which
the
Queen
of
Sweden
made
to
him
,
as
also
by
the
Application
made
to
him
by
the
Cardinals
Corrado
,
and
Azzolino
,
who
always
spake
loud
and
boldly
against
the
French
;
all
Animosities
were
appeased
,
and
these
troubles
ended
,
which
had
administred
great
vexation
and
unquietness
to
the
spirit
of
the
Pope
,
during
three
years
that
they
had
continued
.
The
Controversies
of
France
being
thus
happily
composed
,
Don
Mario
had
licence
to
return
again
to
Rome
;
and
the
Pope
had
time
to
inspect
the
turbulencies
in
Spain
,
which
were
growing
into
dangerous
consequences
,
upon
Disputes
raised
concerning
the
Immaculate
conception
of
the
Blessed
Virgin
.
The
Dominicans
violently
maintained
the
contrary
Tenent
,
in
opposition
to
the
Jesuits
;
in
which
the
Disciples
of
both
sides
became
so
concerned
,
that
what
could
not
be
determined
by
a
Moderator
in
the
Schools
,
was
in
danger
to
be
decided
in
the
Fields
,
or
Streets
by
the
Sword
.
To
prevent
which
,
the
King
sent
the
Bishop
of
Piacenza
to
the
Pope
,
desiring
his
Sentence
and
determination
of
the
question
,
as
being
the
Oracle
to
whom
they
were
to
have
recourse
for
solution
in
all
difficulties
of
this
nature
.
The
Pope
who
was
a
great
Favourer
of
the
Jesuits
and
their
Doctrines
,
consulted
the
question
with
such
,
who
were
inclined
to
that
Opinion
;
and
after
some
days
consideration
,
he
determined
for
the
Immaculate
Conception
:
which
though
he
would
not
enter
,
or
enumerate
amongst
the
Doctrines
of
Faith
;
yet
he
published
a
Bull
,
denouncing
several
Penalties
,
and
Censures
against
those
,
who
should
either
publickly
or
privately
maintain
the
contrary
.
And
in
the
same
year
,
he
canonized
Francis
Sales
Bishop
,
An.
1665.
and
Prince
of
Geneva
;
who
by
his
Treatise
called
an
Introduction
to
a
Holy
Life
,
hath
given
sufficient
testimony
of
a
devout
,
and
spiritual
Soul
.
This
year
also
the
Sorbonists
at
Paris
undertook
to
censure
and
condemn
two
Books
,
the
one
of
James
Vernant
,
who
asserts
the
Pope's
Power
,
and
Infallibility
of
the
Pope
in
derogation
of
Councils
,
Kings
,
and
Bishops
,
and
the
other
of
Amadeus
Guimenius
,
who
defends
the
Morals
of
the
Jesuits
:
the
Pope
being
displeased
with
this
confidence
of
the
Sorbonists
,
who
being
but
a
Colledg
only
,
should
presume
to
determine
Cases
of
such
high
nature
,
complained
to
the
King
,
who
in
compliance
with
his
Holiness
,
assembled
a
Congregation
of
Bishops
at
Pontoise
;
the
which
being
met
,
passed
a
Censure
on
the
Sorbonists
;
not
condemning
their
Opinion
,
but
their
presumption
for
that
being
but
a
private
Colledg
,
they
should
usurp
a
Power
which
appertained
to
the
Congregation
,
and
not
unto
them
.
The
Pope
not
satisfied
with
these
imperfect
proceedings
,
amends
them
at
Rome
,
and
by
a
Bull
condemns
the
Opinions
of
the
Sorbonists
under
penalty
of
Excommunication
.
But
this
Doctrine
of
the
Pope's
could
not
be
digested
by
the
Parliament
of
Paris
,
who
appeared
Favourers
of
the
Sorbonists
;
howsoever
lest
these
questions
should
engender
discords
,
and
cause
great
trouble
in
the
State
,
they
were
silenced
,
and
by
the
King's
Authority
suppressed
,
every
one
being
under
severe
penalties
forbidden
to
dispute
,
or
handle
questions
of
this
dangerous
consequence
.
Wherefore
these
Points
being
laid
asleep
,
rather
than
eradicated
are
sometimes
revived
,
and
suffered
to
be
started
,
whensoever
they
are
seasonable
,
and
judged
commodious
for
the
welfare
of
the
State
.
The
same
year
likewise
the
Pope
condemned
the
five
Propositions
of
Cornelius
Jansenius
Bishop
of
Ypres
concerning
Grace
,
and
Free-Will
;
and
confirmed
the
Edict
,
which
Innocent
X.
had
made
against
them
.
Notwithstanding
which
,
so
little
regard
was
had
thereunto
,
that
those
Opinions
are
still
maintained
and
defended
both
by
words
and
Writings
.
But
now
to
proceed
to
his
Acts
and
publick
Works
.
That
Alexander
VII
.
might
not
appear
less
splendid
in
his
publick
Monuments
,
than
other
Popes
:
he
repaired
many
Ruins
,
enlarged
and
adorned
many
Streets
,
much
to
the
Ornament
of
the
City
,
and
convenience
of
the
Inhabitants
.
The
Pantheon
which
was
a
famous
Temple
of
Old
Rome
,
built
by
M.
Agrippa
;
and
afterwards
by
Boniface
IV.
dedicated
to
the
Blessed
Virgin
,
he
repaired
,
and
altered
with
much
advantage
:
for
whereas
formerly
they
descended
unto
it
by
steps
,
he
filled
the
low
places
with
rubbish
,
so
that
an
entrance
was
made
thereunto
upon
a
level
;
and
having
raised
the
Pillars
which
were
almost
buried
in
the
Earth
,
he
therewith
erected
a
stately
Portico
,
making
it
a
magnificent
structure
,
which
before
was
filled
up
with
dirt
and
rubbish
cast
thereunto
by
the
neighbouring
Market
.
The
Forum
or
Market-place
,
where
the
Columna
Antoniana
stands
,
he
cleansed
,
and
removed
all
rubbish
from
it
,
and
so
beautified
it
on
all
sides
,
that
it
is
now
a
pleasant
,
and
convenient
part
of
the
City
.
The
Archigymnasium
Romanum
which
was
begun
by
Leo
X.
he
finished
,
and
adorned
with
a
sumptuous
Library
;
the
Chamber
for
which
,
he
erected
at
his
own
charge
,
and
supplied
it
with
excellent
Books
,
for
the
common
use
of
learned
Men.
He
also
designed
to
build
a
Colledg
,
wherein
to
entertain
the
most
learned
and
famous
Men
of
the
Age
,
invited
thereunto
from
all
parts
of
the
World
.
So
that
where
any
one
was
esteemed
excellent
and
famous
in
any
Science
,
and
especially
if
he
were
learned
,
and
an
acute
Disputant
in
Divinity
;
he
might
be
here
entertained
with
a
convenient
subsistence
:
to
support
which
,
and
make
a
Revenue
for
this
Colledg
,
he
designed
the
desolation
of
some
Monasteries
,
which
having
formerly
been
ordained
with
holy
Discipline
,
and
to
a
good
end
,
were
now
fallen
from
their
original
,
and
primary
Institution
:
but
whilest
he
was
contemplating
,
and
contriving
this
design
,
he
became
infirm
,
and
afflicted
with
a
Chronical
Distemper
,
which
abated
the
heat
of
his
proceedings
,
which
afterwards
ended
,
and
were
wholly
laid
aside
by
his
death
.
He
erected
a
noble
,
and
magnificent
Hall
adjoyning
to
the
Vatican
,
which
he
called
an
Archivium
,
or
a
place
to
lodge
all
Papers
and
Writings
relating
to
the
Apostolical
Sea
;
that
is
,
all
Papers
rendering
an
account
of
the
Negotiations
of
Nuntios
in
the
Courts
of
forein
Princes
:
Likewise
the
Letters
written
to
Popes
from
the
Governours
,
and
Ministers
of
Provinces
belonging
to
the
Church
;
such
Letters
also
as
had
been
written
concerning
the
Rights
and
Priviledges
of
the
Papal
Chair
:
for
which
there
having
formerly
been
no
certain
place
allotted
,
wherein
to
conserve
them
,
they
were
dispersed
,
and
scattered
in
divers
places
,
and
many
of
them
in
the
hands
of
such
,
whose
Uncles
,
or
Relations
had
been
Popes
.
The
Vatican
Library
he
encreased
with
an
addition
of
all
the
Books
of
the
Dukes
of
Vrbin
,
both
Manuscripts
,
and
Books
printed
;
And
lest
whilest
he
was
intent
to
the
adornment
of
Rome
,
he
should
seem
forgetful
of
his
own
City
,
he
beautified
the
Cathedral
Church
of
Siena
,
which
by
demolishing
the
Houses
which
stood
near
it
,
he
made
a
large
,
and
open
Area
to
it
,
removing
all
impediments
which
obscured
,
or
obstructed
the
Prospect
.
The
barbarous
Latin
which
is
written
about
the
outside
of
this
Church
is
very
observable
,
the
words
are
these
:
Omnis
centenus
Romae
semper
est
Jubilenus
Crimina
laxantur
,
cui
paenitet
ista
donantur
,
Et
confirmavit
Bonifacius
,
&
roboravit
.
Whilest
Alexander
was
employed
in
these
,
and
other
greater
Works
,
he
was
esteemed
to
have
neglected
those
assistances
which
former
Popes
have
usually
given
and
contributed
for
support
of
those
Princes
,
which
have
been
borderers
,
and
in
War
with
the
Turk
,
who
is
the
grand
Enemy
of
Christendom
.
Wherefore
that
he
might
give
some
instances
to
the
contrary
,
in
the
year
1666.
An.
1666.
he
equipped
his
Fleet
of
Gallies
under
command
of
Bichi
,
and
having
joined
them
with
the
Gallies
of
Malta
(
which
by
their
Institution
are
obliged
to
serve
under
the
Standard
of
the
Church
,
)
they
entered
the
Archipelago
,
and
committed
some
spoils
on
the
Maritime
Towns
,
or
places
under
Dominion
of
the
Turk
;
in
which
having
passed
that
Summer
without
any
action
very
memorable
,
they
returned
towards
the
end
of
the
year
to
their
Winter
quarters
:
and
this
year
the
Pope
recruited
the
Regiment
which
he
maintained
in
Dalmatia
with
two
hundred
Soldiers
.
During
the
twelve
years
of
this
Pope's
Reign
he
created
thirty
eight
Cardinals
,
of
which
eight
were
made
in
the
last
year
of
his
life
;
namely
Roberti
his
Nuntio
in
France
,
Visconti
his
Nuntio
in
Spain
,
Julio
Spinola
his
Nuntio
to
the
Emperour
,
Caracciolo
Auditor
of
the
Camera
;
likewise
John
Dolfino
Patriarch
of
Aquileia
was
made
Cardinal
at
the
instance
of
the
Venetians
,
Ghidobald
de
Thun
Arch-bishop
of
Saltzburg
at
the
desire
of
the
Emperour
,
the
Duke
of
Vendosme
in
compliance
with
France
,
and
the
Duke
of
Montalto
to
please
Spain
.
And
farther
to
exalt
and
dignifie
the
degree
of
Cardinals
,
he
appointed
a
Congregation
of
the
Sacred
Colledg
to
consider
,
and
direct
some
Formulary
,
or
Rules
which
might
serve
to
augment
the
Prerogatives
of
Cardinals
in
opposition
to
the
pretences
of
the
Roman
Barons
:
one
amongst
which
was
,
that
the
little
Bell
,
which
was
carried
and
sounded
before
the
Cardinals
,
should
be
no
more
in
use
;
for
that
the
lustre
of
their
Purple
was
so
evident
,
as
needed
no
such
mean
Signal
to
make
them
known
.
In
fine
,
Pope
Alexander
having
reigned
twelve
years
with
frequent
fits
and
agonies
of
the
Stone
;
at
length
being
worn
out
with
business
,
and
extremity
of
his
Disease
,
he
died
on
the
twelfth
day
of
May
1667.
in
the
sixty
ninth
year
of
his
Age
,
having
reigned
twelve
years
,
one
month
,
and
sixteen
days
.
Some
time
before
his
departure
out
of
this
World
,
he
made
a
short
Discourse
to
the
Cardinals
concerning
the
frailties
of
humane
life
,
from
which
the
greatness
of
Popes
was
not
exempted
:
and
which
was
more
demonstrable
in
him
,
by
reason
of
the
Chronical
distemper
under
which
he
had
for
many
years
laboured
;
concluding
at
the
last
with
exhortations
to
elect
such
a
Pope
,
who
might
correct
,
and
make
amends
for
those
Infirmities
to
which
he
had
been
subject
.
This
Pope
was
naturally
of
a
good
habit
of
body
,
but
much
weakned
by
a
dissection
which
was
made
for
the
stone
in
his
Bladder
,
when
he
was
at
Colen
;
he
was
lean
,
and
not
very
robust
in
his
limbs
,
but
howsoever
had
such
strength
in
the
gripe
of
his
hands
,
that
scarce
any
one
could
quit
himself
from
him
,
whom
he
had
seized
.
He
was
of
a
middle
stature
,
of
a
pleasant
Air
in
his
Countenance
,
and
of
excellent
grace
in
Elocution
,
which
was
not
much
altered
by
the
loss
of
his
teeth
,
which
were
loosened
,
and
falled
out
by
a
continual
defluxion
of
rheum
upon
his
gums
.
He
was
very
facetious
and
pleasant
in
his
Conversation
,
and
delighted
himself
very
much
in
reading
the
antient
Latin
Poets
:
Wherefore
when
the
Cardinals
came
to
congratulate
his
Election
to
the
Pontificate
,
he
made
use
of
that
Verse
out
of
Virgil
,
—
Dies
,
quem
semper
acerbum
Semper
honoratum
(
sic
vos
voluistis
)
habebo
.
This
Pope
was
endued
with
natural
parts
in
an
extraordinary
manner
;
and
was
very
polite
in
his
dress
,
and
in
his
way
of
living
:
howsover
in
the
course
of
his
years
he
gave
an
instance
,
and
example
to
the
World
what
difference
there
is
in
those
qualifications
which
are
required
to
make
up
the
virtues
of
a
Prince
,
and
of
a
private
Person
,
or
of
a
Pope
,
and
a
Prelate
.
For
whilest
he
onely
wore
the
Purple
of
a
Cardinal
,
he
governed
himself
in
such
a
mean
between
the
defects
blamed
in
the
Pope
that
Reigned
,
and
the
Virtues
desired
and
expected
in
a
Successour
,
that
he
appeared
the
onely
desireable
Person
in
the
World
,
to
whom
with
most
confidence
the
Keys
of
St.
Peter
might
be
delivered
.
But
being
arrived
at
the
top
,
and
summary
point
of
his
Ambition
,
of
his
desires
and
designs
,
he
lived
with
much
less
caution
and
industry
than
before
,
and
giving
way
to
that
vanity
of
Genius
,
which
he
had
formerly
suppressed
or
disguised
;
he
so
amused
himself
in
the
ostentation
of
Buildings
,
that
he
neglected
both
the
concernments
of
Princes
and
the
care
of
his
People
:
And
whilest
he
laboured
to
exalt
and
enrich
his
Nephews
and
Kindred
,
he
died
unlamented
,
and
much
abated
in
that
reputation
,
with
which
he
entered
into
the
Papal
Chair
.
CLEMENT
IX
.
THE
Funeral
Rites
of
Alexander
VII
.
being
performed
according
to
the
solemn
customs
of
former
Popes
,
and
the
Cardinals
having
held
several
Congregations
,
at
which
Audience
was
given
to
the
Ambassadours
of
forein
Princes
;
and
the
Chigi
with
other
Officers
of
the
Church
and
City
being
confirmed
in
their
several
places
,
the
Cardinals
entered
the
Conclave
on
the
second
day
of
June
1667.
But
first
,
and
before
they
entered
,
a
great
Dispute
arose
concerning
the
place
where
the
Conclave
was
to
be
held
;
for
that
the
Vatican
being
seated
in
a
bad
Air
,
was
at
that
season
of
the
year
reputed
almost
contagious
,
at
least
so
incommodious
by
reason
of
the
excessive
heats
of
the
Summer
,
that
it
was
judged
pernicious
to
the
health
of
all
the
Colledg
;
and
therefore
Monte
Cavallo
was
proposed
,
as
a
situation
more
secure
,
and
which
with
the
expence
of
two
thousand
Crowns
might
be
rendered
as
commodious
as
the
Vatican
:
The
Persons
appointed
to
oversee
this
Work
,
were
the
Cardinals
Barberino
,
Orsino
,
and
Este
;
who
having
considered
thereof
,
made
their
report
,
that
the
House
of
Monte
Cavallo
was
not
capable
of
being
made
convenient
to
receive
the
Conclave
in
such
form
,
as
in
the
Vatican
;
where
after
the
manner
of
Conclaves
,
the
Cells
of
the
Cardinals
are
all
on
the
same
floor
;
the
which
,
and
many
other
inconveniencies
rendered
that
,
and
all
other
places
in
Rome
uncapable
to
receive
the
Conclave
in
such
form
,
as
was
ever
practised
at
the
Vatican
;
and
therefore
it
was
the
place
chosen
and
appointed
as
formerly
.
Notwithstanding
the
badness
of
the
Air
,
and
the
heat
of
the
season
,
which
served
to
hasten
the
Election
;
for
though
the
Cardinals
were
divided
into
many
Parties
,
and
adhered
to
their
several
Interests
;
yet
being
wise
Men
,
they
knew
to
prefer
health
,
and
long
life
before
other
considerations
whatsoever
.
Wherefore
the
Cardinals
entering
the
Vatican
;
the
third
of
June
was
the
first
day
of
the
Conclave
,
which
was
divided
into
five
several
Parties
or
Factions
:
the
first
was
that
of
the
Chigi
,
which
was
the
most
numerous
of
any
,
consisting
of
thirty
four
Votes
;
the
second
was
that
of
the
Barberini
,
composed
of
sixteen
;
the
Spaniards
of
nine
,
and
the
French
of
seven
;
and
lastly
the
Flying
Squadron
made
up
of
the
Pamfilians
,
and
other
male-contents
,
formed
a
party
of
about
ten
Voices
:
of
which
Imperiale
,
and
Azzolini
were
the
chief
,
who
joyning
themselves
to
the
Spanish
Cardinals
opposed
at
the
first
Scrutiny
the
election
of
Farnese
in
such
manner
,
that
he
seemed
excluded
from
all
possibility
of
being
Pope
:
howsoever
his
Party
had
certainly
prevailed
,
had
not
Barberino
with
his
Associates
opposed
the
Choice
:
for
though
Farnese
was
a
Person
qualified
with
all
the
knowledg
of
Political
Laws
,
and
Ecclesiastical
Canons
;
yet
the
memory
of
what
had
passed
,
between
his
Uncle
Vrban
and
the
Dukes
of
Parma
,
was
too
fresh
to
be
in
a
few
years
so
well
reconciled
,
as
to
engage
the
Barberini
to
that
Interest
.
Wherefore
Barbarino
casting
his
Eye
on
an
other
Person
,
assembled
all
the
Creatures
of
his
Uncle
Vrban
VIII
.
to
favour
the
Election
which
he
designed
.
And
having
hereunto
joined
the
Cardinals
of
the
Flying
Squadron
,
with
several
others
;
he
went
to
the
Apartment
of
Cardinal
Chigi
,
to
whom
in
the
name
of
his
Party
,
he
gave
him
to
understand
,
that
they
were
sufficiently
sensible
,
that
the
Power
of
his
Enemy
in
the
Conclave
was
such
;
that
none
was
in
a
possibility
of
being
created
Pope
,
without
his
assent
and
concurrence
;
and
therefore
they
were
come
to
know
which
of
his
Creatures
he
judged
worthy
of
his
suffrage
.
To
which
Chigi
,
after
having
returned
thanks
to
Barberino
,
made
this
Reply
,
That
all
his
Friends
were
beloved
,
and
esteemed
by
him
with
that
equality
of
affection
,
that
he
knew
not
how
to
prefer
one
before
another
;
or
by
the
nomination
of
one
to
disoblige
others
.
Whereunto
Barberino
made
Answer
,
That
since
his
Eminence
was
not
pleased
to
name
any
,
he
would
propose
Rospigliosi
,
which
Chigi
seemed
readily
to
accept
;
but
in
reality
his
mind
was
contrary
,
as
appeared
by
the
Scrutiny
,
in
which
his
Vote
was
otherwise
disposed
.
And
indeed
Chigi
had
no
great
affection
for
the
person
of
Rospigliosi
;
having
not
only
taken
some
disgust
against
him
in
the
time
that
he
served
in
quality
of
Secretary
to
his
Uncle
Alexander
VII
.
but
also
had
discovered
the
bad
inclination
which
many
others
of
the
Chigian
Party
had
to
him
:
at
which
Barbarino
did
not
openly
demonstrate
any
great
resentment
,
hoping
that
by
such
delays
and
Controversies
,
he
might
spin
a
Clue
so
fine
,
as
would
lead
and
conduct
him
to
the
heighth
of
his
desires
;
and
indeed
he
had
improved
his
interest
so
well
,
that
he
had
attained
to
nineteen
Votes
.
In
the
mean
time
endeavours
were
made
for
the
Cardinals
Brancacci
,
Spinola
,
Elci
,
and
others
which
prolonged
the
issue
of
Affairs
,
which
every
Cardinal
by
reason
of
the
heats
,
and
ill
Air
desired
to
conclude
,
that
so
they
might
be
enlarged
from
their
confinement
,
which
began
to
be
so
unhealthful
that
many
of
the
Cardinals
fell
sick
,
as
also
their
Conclavists
who
attended
them
,
and
Cardinal
Sforsa
Palavicino
died
:
the
which
gave
such
an
allarm
to
the
whole
Conclave
,
that
the
Cardinals
resolved
on
a
dispatch
,
which
in
all
probability
appeared
most
easie
in
the
Person
of
Rospigliosi
.
The
interest
which
most
opposed
it
,
was
that
of
Chigi
;
against
which
the
other
Cardinals
uniting
their
Power
,
induced
Chigi
to
concur
,
lest
a
Pope
should
be
chosen
in
despight
of
his
opposition
,
and
against
his
consent
;
wherefore
Chigi
and
Barbarino
agreeing
upon
the
matter
concerted
with
the
factions
of
France
and
Spain
,
though
the
Cardinal
Vandorme
was
not
well
pleased
with
the
Choise
.
In
fine
,
all
Parties
agreeing
,
the
Cardinals
hastned
into
the
Chappel
;
where
Barbarino
and
Azzolino
,
having
procured
thirty
one
Votes
for
Rospigliosi
;
Chigi
and
his
Party
came
in
,
and
concurred
with
the
rest
,
so
that
of
sixty
four
Cardinals
then
in
the
Conclave
,
Rospigliosi
was
elected
,
and
created
Pope
by
sixty
one
.
Thus
after
eighteen
days
that
this
Conclave
had
continued
,
Rospigliosi
was
on
the
twentieth
of
June
proclaimed
Pope
by
Cardinal
d'
Este
with
these
words
,
which
are
according
to
the
usual
form
:
Annuncio
vobis
Gaudium
magnum
.
Habemus
Eminentissimum
,
&
Reverendissimum
Dominum
Cardinalem
Julium
Rospigliosum
in
Summum
Pontificem
,
qui
vocatur
Clemens
Nonus
.
After
which
the
usual
Adoration
followed
which
was
performed
by
the
Cardinals
,
and
the
Pope
being
habited
in
his
Pontifical
Vestments
,
was
carried
in
procession
with
attendance
of
all
the
Cardinals
to
St.
Peter's
Church
.
And
on
the
26th
.
of
June
he
was
there
Crowned
,
according
to
all
the
Rites
and
Ceremonies
of
Popes
.
Julio
Rospigliosi
was
born
at
Pistoia
,
a
City
in
the
Dominions
of
the
Great
Duke
of
Toscany
;
his
Family
was
Noble
,
and
much
more
illustrated
by
his
own
Vertues
and
Fortune
.
For
being
naturally
of
a
quick
and
lively
understanding
,
he
plentifully
answered
the
expectation
of
his
Parents
,
rendering
abundant
fruits
in
return
of
that
care
,
and
expence
they
had
employed
in
his
Education
:
and
being
arrived
at
some
maturity
of
age
,
Vrban
VIII
.
then
reigning
,
observed
a
genius
in
him
fit
and
proper
for
business
;
so
that
the
first
step
he
made
to
preferment
was
by
the
favour
of
Vrban
,
who
made
him
Auditor
to
his
Nephew
Cardinal
Barberin
,
when
he
sent
him
in
a
solemn
manner
with
the
Character
of
his
Legat
into
France
,
and
then
into
Spain
with
Instructions
to
compose
the
differences
about
the
Valteline
,
and
establish
a
happy
Peace
between
the
two
Kings
:
in
which
Employment
he
so
well
discharged
and
acquitted
himself
,
that
Vrban
made
him
his
Nuntio
in
Ordinary
to
the
Court
of
Spain
;
the
which
Office
,
though
commonly
conferred
but
for
three
years
,
yet
Rospigliosi
made
himself
so
pleasing
unto
and
esteemed
by
his
Catholick
Majesty
,
and
so
useful
to
the
Interest
of
Rome
,
that
his
Commission
was
continued
for
the
full
space
of
eleven
years
,
to
the
intire
and
plenary
satisfaction
both
of
the
Pope
,
and
the
King
.
After
the
death
of
Vrban
VIII
.
those
who
had
taken
the
Government
into
their
hands
under
Innocent
X.
beholding
Rospigliosi
with
an
Eye
of
envy
,
and
emulation
,
caused
him
to
be
recalled
from
his
residence
of
Nuntio
,
to
make
room
for
some
other
Favourite
.
After
which
returning
to
Rome
,
he
lived
in
a
private
manner
without
other
preferment
,
than
of
one
of
the
Canons
of
Santa
Maria
Maggiore
,
until
the
death
of
this
Pope
,
when
during
the
vacancy
of
the
Sea
,
he
was
by
the
unanimous
consent
of
the
Colledg
of
Cardinals
constituted
Governour
of
Rome
;
which
at
that
time
is
always
so
licentious
,
that
it
requires
a
sober
,
severe
,
and
vigilant
Officer
to
restrain
the
abuses
and
outrages
which
are
daily
committed
in
the
City
.
Afterwards
Alexander
VII
.
being
elected
Pope
,
to
whom
the
Abilities
and
Vertues
of
Rospigliosi
were
sufficiently
known
,
he
chose
him
for
his
Secretary
of
State
;
and
to
render
him
the
more
considerable
in
that
Office
,
he
conferred
on
him
the
honour
of
the
Cardinals
Hat
;
in
which
employment
he
gave
such
testimonies
of
his
abilities
and
integrity
,
that
Alexander
would
usually
say
,
That
he
was
served
by
a
Secretary
after
his
own
heart
,
on
whom
he
could
confidently
rely
,
and
repose
all
his
cares
.
And
indeed
his
Services
were
not
onely
pleasing
to
his
Master
,
but
in
such
manner
conspicuous
to
the
whole
Colledg
of
Cardinals
,
and
to
all
Rome
,
as
served
him
for
a
step
to
that
high
promotion
to
which
he
succeeded
.
And
now
Rospigliosi
being
Elected
,
Crowned
,
and
established
in
the
Papal
Chair
(
as
we
have
said
)
under
the
name
of
Clement
IX
.
he
in
the
first
place
rendered
thanks
to
every
Cardinal
in
particular
,
for
the
suffrage
he
had
given
him
,
and
then
to
them
all
in
general
in
a
full
Consistory
;
where
he
delivered
himself
with
such
eloquent
expressions
,
and
with
such
excellency
of
Speech
,
as
gave
sufficient
proof
of
the
gift
of
Rhetorick
,
with
which
he
was
naturally
endued
,
and
which
with
an
admirable
elocution
adorned
all
the
Speeches
which
he
made
in
publick
.
It
hath
been
the
custom
of
Popes
to
perform
some
Act
after
their
Coronation
,
which
may
reconcile
the
minds
of
the
people
to
them
;
and
accordingly
this
Pope
,
that
he
might
give
some
Essay
of
his
liberal
and
generous
inclinations
towards
the
Publick
;
he
in
the
first
place
took
care
,
that
Provisions
might
be
cheap
and
plentiful
at
Rome
,
and
eased
the
People
of
some
Taxes
with
which
they
were
burdened
;
and
on
this
occasion
he
caused
certain
Medals
of
Gold
and
Silver
to
be
stamped
,
with
the
impression
of
a
Pelican
,
and
with
this
Motto
:
Non
sibi
,
sed
aliis
Clemens
.
Moreover
,
To
give
some
indications
of
his
Mind
to
the
World
concerning
those
resolutions
,
which
he
had
taken
to
govern
with
Prudence
,
Wisdom
,
and
severe
adherence
to
Righteousness
and
Judgment
,
he
stamped
this
Motto
on
the
first
Money
he
coined
:
Constantia
Silverii
ad
imitandum
proposita
.
For
he
himself
being
elected
Pope
on
Silverius
,
or
St.
Sylvesters's
day
,
who
was
a
Pope
firm
and
steady
to
his
resolutions
,
and
unmoveable
in
matters
which
related
to
the
welfare
of
the
Church
,
he
took
this
Omen
for
an
Admonition
,
obliging
him
to
govern
with
the
same
Spirit
,
which
animated
his
Predecessour
Sylverius
.
Wherefore
,
attending
to
the
welfare
of
his
Subjects
,
and
to
the
advancement
of
the
Christian
Cause
,
he
eased
(
as
we
have
said
)
his
People
of
several
Taxes
,
and
in
lieu
thereof
charged
himself
with
a
Debt
of
a
million
of
Crowns
:
to
extinguish
which
,
and
to
make
that
provision
which
the
Venetians
required
against
the
Turk
,
who
that
year
hardly
pressed
the
City
of
Candia
,
he
assented
to
the
dissolution
of
certain
Religious
Houses
,
which
seemed
superfluous
and
of
little
benefit
,
or
concernment
to
the
Church
;
namely
,
the
Canons
of
St.
George
in
Alga
,
the
Gesuati
,
the
Jeronimites
of
Fiesole
;
which
being
places
remote
,
and
of
no
great
use
,
were
formerly
under
the
consideration
of
Innocent
X.
and
Alexander
VII
.
and
by
both
marked
out
with
design
to
be
reduced
,
when
the
emergent
pressures
of
the
Republick
should
require
a
supply
.
And
now
that
time
being
come
:
for
the
Vizier
Kuperlee
had
for
above
the
space
of
a
whole
year
besieged
the
City
of
Candia
,
had
strongly
intrenched
himself
,
and
being
daily
re
inforced
with
new
supplies
,
was
in
a
probable
and
fair
way
to
gain
the
Town
,
and
therewith
to
become
Master
of
all
the
Island
of
Candia
.
Wherefore
the
Pope
issued
his
Bull
,
granting
licence
to
the
Venetian
Republick
to
sell
the
Lands
and
Revenues
belonging
to
those
places
afore-mentioned
within
their
Dominions
,
and
to
make
use
of
the
Money
to
carry
on
their
War
,
and
expel
the
Turks
from
the
Kingdom
of
Candia
.
In
this
conjuncture
the
Pope
intended
to
avail
himself
of
the
urgencies
,
and
necessities
of
the
Republick
;
and
to
induce
them
thereby
to
consent
to
the
abolition
of
certain
Laws
,
which
were
,
and
had
been
very
derogatory
to
the
Power
of
the
Court
of
Rome
:
but
the
wise
Republick
adhering
to
the
same
principles
which
influenced
them
in
the
time
of
Paul
V.
declared
their
unshaken
constancy
,
and
resolution
to
admit
no
innovation
of
such
a
nature
as
was
demanded
:
of
which
the
Pope
being
well
advised
,
relinquished
his
pretensions
;
it
seeming
unseasonable
to
take
an
advantage
on
the
present
emergencies
of
the
Republick
,
to
obtain
that
from
them
,
which
could
not
be
granted
without
unhinging
the
whole
frame
of
the
publick
Liberty
.
And
though
the
suppression
of
these
Convents
proceeded
currently
within
the
Dominions
of
the
Republick
;
yet
on
this
occasion
great
difficulties
and
Disputes
arose
between
the
Court
of
Rome
,
and
the
Governments
of
Milan
and
Naples
.
For
at
Milan
they
pretended
that
these
Convents
being
of
Royal
foundation
could
not
be
dissolved
without
the
King's
consent
;
and
at
Naples
they
refused
to
admit
,
that
the
Money
arising
from
the
dissolved
Convents
,
should
be
disposed
according
to
the
will
and
pleasure
of
the
Court
of
Rome
;
denying
all
Power
to
the
Archbishop
to
intermeddle
therein
,
as
Delegate
to
the
Pope
,
by
vertue
of
his
Ecclesiastical
Authority
:
and
this
Controversie
was
maintained
with
that
heat
,
that
the
Provost
of
Naples
opposed
the
Arch
bishop
with
armed
Bands
,
when
he
came
to
execute
the
Decrees
of
Rome
;
on
which
the
Pope
made
use
of
his
thundering
Excommunications
:
howsoever
they
availed
little
;
for
the
heats
were
blown
into
a
flame
,
and
the
matters
become
so
intriguesom
,
as
not
to
be
composed
,
until
the
time
of
Clement
X.
the
succeeding
Pope
.
Howsoever
,
this
Pope
being
in
an
extraordinary
manner
zealous
for
the
success
of
the
Christian
Cause
against
the
Turk
,
and
sollicitous
for
the
preservation
of
Candia
,
omitted
no
means
which
might
conduce
to
the
safety
of
it
.
And
therefore
after
the
example
of
his
Predecessours
,
he
laboured
to
engage
the
Christian
Princes
in
a
holy
League
against
the
Turk
:
but
in
regard
that
it
could
not
possibly
be
performed
,
until
such
time
as
a
Peace
was
concluded
between
France
and
Spain
:
the
Pope
recalled
his
Nephew
Cardinal
Rospigliosi
from
Bruxels
,
where
for
the
space
of
three
years
he
had
resided
in
quality
of
Internuntio
,
by
Commission
from
Alexander
VII
.
ordering
him
in
his
return
home
to
pass
through
Paris
,
and
in
a
private
manner
to
complement
the
King
,
endeavouring
to
discover
the
inclinations
of
his
Majesty
to
a
Peace
with
Spain
,
and
how
he
was
disposed
to
yield
those
succours
,
which
were
necessarily
required
for
the
preservation
of
Candia
.
In
pursuance
hereof
Rospigliosi
performed
the
Offices
enjoined
him
by
his
Uncle
so
well
,
that
he
inclined
the
mind
of
his
Majesty
to
succour
Candia
,
which
was
languishing
and
almost
ready
to
expire
,
and
to
yield
itself
to
the
prevailing
Arms
of
the
Turk
:
and
hence
it
was
,
that
Count
S.
Paul
,
the
Duke
of
Beaufort
,
and
Monsieur
la
Fenillade
,
with
many
other
Cavaliers
adventuring
themselves
in
this
generous
Enterprise
,
at
least
prolonged
the
fate
,
though
not
able
to
divert
it
,
or
rescue
Candia
from
the
subjection
of
it's
unchristian
Enemies
.
Moreover
,
Rospigliosi
made
those
impressions
of
kindness
,
and
good
correspondence
between
the
King
and
the
Pope
,
as
continued
during
the
whole
term
of
his
Uncle's
Reign
:
and
as
an
evidence
of
this
friendship
,
the
Pope
upon
return
of
his
Nephew
at
Rome
,
dispatched
the
Arch-bishop
of
Thebes
in
quality
of
Legat
in
Extraordinary
into
France
,
and
Frederick
Borromeo
with
a
like
Character
into
Spain
;
which
Legats
finding
a
disposition
in
both
Kings
towards
a
Peace
so
well
negotiated
in
behalf
of
the
interest
of
Rome
,
that
Lewis
XIV
.
of
France
,
and
the
Queen
Regent
of
Spain
(
her
Son
being
in
his
minority
)
appointed
Aquisgrane
for
the
place
to
treat
a
Peace
,
of
which
the
Pope
was
by
mutual
consent
of
both
Kings
ordained
the
sole
Umpire
and
Moderator
.
The
zeal
which
affected
the
Pope
for
the
succour
,
and
relief
of
Candia
was
so
great
,
that
he
laboured
with
all
his
Power
to
bring
the
Peace
between
the
two
Crowns
to
a
speedy
issue
;
but
the
French
King
proceeding
in
a
prosperous
course
of
his
Arms
,
concluded
that
his
successes
did
merit
,
and
require
the
grant
of
such
conditions
from
his
Catholick
Majesty
,
as
were
not
consistent
with
the
honour
and
welfare
of
that
Crown
,
and
therefore
resolved
to
make
an
entire
Conquest
of
the
Franch
Compte
,
before
he
entered
into
farther
Treaties
,
or
restrain
himself
within
any
narrower
bounds
or
limits
than
those
he
designed
.
Whereupon
the
Prince
of
Conde
being
declared
General
for
this
Expedition
,
in
the
beginning
of
the
year
1668.
An.
1668.
he
marched
to
Digion
in
Burgundy
to
prepare
military
Affairs
in
a
readiness
to
begin
early
the
ensuing
Campaign
:
the
King
also
,
notwithstanding
the
inconvenience
of
the
Winter
season
,
thought
fit
to
be
there
present
in
Person
,
which
gave
that
life
to
action
;
that
neither
cold
,
or
rains
,
or
shortness
of
the
days
interrupted
the
progress
of
the
War
;
the
Officers
and
Soldiers
issuing
from
their
Winter
quarters
,
with
the
same
chearfulness
as
in
the
Summer
,
readily
invested
the
most
considerable
places
of
the
Franch
Compte
,
which
in
a
few
days
surrendred
themselves
to
the
victorious
Arms
of
the
French
;
leaving
the
World
to
wonder
at
those
effects
of
fear
,
which
a
sudden
surprize
had
produced
;
for
those
Cities
and
Fortresses
which
in
other
times
had
valiantly
stood
out
for
many
months
against
the
Sieges
and
storms
of
their
Enemies
;
did
now
shamefully
yield
so
soon
as
they
discovered
the
French
Banners
displayed
before
their
Walls
.
To
this
success
the
surprise
of
the
action
did
much
contribute
;
for
had
the
King
deferred
this
enterprise
until
the
Summer
,
't
is
more
than
probable
,
that
he
might
have
encountred
a
greater
opposition
by
the
union
of
the
German
Princes
,
who
in
a
season
fit
for
Armies
to
take
the
Field
,
would
scarce
have
suffered
so
considerable
a
part
as
the
Franch
Compte
to
be
lopped
off
,
and
dismembred
from
the
Body
of
the
Empire
.
This
sudden
and
unexpected
success
begat
a
jealousie
in
the
neighbouring
Princes
;
and
was
the
first
moving
Cause
which
gave
beginning
to
the
Triple
League
between
England
,
the
Vnited
Provinces
,
and
Sweden
,
leaving
a
door
open
to
other
Princes
to
be
comprehended
(
as
they
should
see
cause
)
in
the
same
Agreement
.
This
Sacred
Alliance
became
the
common
discourse
of
all
Europe
,
and
many
happy
effects
were
expected
as
consequences
thereof
.
In
which
conjuncture
our
Clement
IX
.
renewing
his
former
sollicitations
for
Peace
,
procured
a
suspension
of
Arms
;
and
though
he
desired
that
Rome
,
or
Venice
should
be
the
places
appointed
for
this
Treaty
:
yet
Aquisgrane
being
esteemed
a
place
more
convenient
for
the
Electoral
Princes
,
who
were
much
concerned
in
this
Accommodation
,
it
was
by
common
consent
ordained
for
the
onely
place
of
Treaty
.
And
now
France
at
the
instant
pressures
of
so
many
powerful
Princes
inclining
to
hearken
unto
Propositions
of
Peace
;
and
the
King
calling
to
remembrance
his
Articles
with
the
King
of
Portugal
,
not
to
make
a
Peace
with
Spain
in
exclusion
of
him
;
he
immediately
sent
his
Advices
to
Lisbon
,
advising
that
King
to
dispatch
his
Plenipotentiary
to
Aquisgrane
which
was
appointed
for
the
place
of
Treaty
.
This
intimation
being
given
to
the
Court
of
Portugal
;
the
Count
Olivarez
Son
of
the
late
Favourite
,
being
then
a
Prisoner
at
Lisbon
,
taken
at
the
Battel
of
Canal
,
began
to
propose
several
Conditions
in
order
to
a
Peace
;
for
which
afterwards
receiving
a
Commission
from
Madrid
;
a
Treaty
was
separately
set
on
foot
without
concerning
France
in
it
.
At
this
time
the
Earl
of
Sandwich
resided
at
the
Court
of
Spain
in
quality
of
Ambassadour
from
his
Majesty
of
Great
Britain
,
a
Person
so
well
affected
by
both
Courts
,
that
by
mutual
consent
of
both
Parties
he
was
in
the
place
of
the
King
his
Master
,
chosen
Umpire
of
the
Peace
between
the
two
Kingdoms
.
This
Overture
being
acceptable
to
our
gratious
King
,
he
sent
his
Orders
and
Instructions
to
the
Earl
of
Sandwich
to
remove
from
Madrid
to
Lisbon
;
there
to
be
Arbitrator
of
the
Peace
,
and
in
order
thereunto
to
perform
all
the
good
Offices
of
Mediation
.
The
Plenipotentiaries
being
accordingly
assembled
at
Lisbon
;
after
some
few
Conferences
between
the
Earl
of
Sandwich
,
and
Count
Olivarez
a
Peace
was
concluded
,
and
published
in
the
month
of
March
,
without
any
respect
or
consideration
to
the
agreement
contracted
the
year
before
with
France
,
or
the
endeavours
of
the
Abbat
of
St.
Romain
to
the
contrary
.
And
indeed
the
People
were
grown
so
weary
of
a
War
,
which
had
continued
for
the
space
of
twenty
eight
years
,
that
they
were
ready
to
have
broken
out
into
a
common
mutiny
,
had
the
least
interruption
been
given
thereunto
,
the
Commonalty
scarce
tempering
their
rage
against
the
French
Minister
,
for
labouring
to
disappoint
that
happiness
they
had
so
long
desired
.
Some
few
days
after
the
Peace
was
proclaimed
:
a
Sentence
of
Divorce
,
declaring
the
Marriage
void
between
the
King
Alphonso
and
the
Queen
was
published
,
grounded
on
the
suppos'd
impotency
of
the
King
her
Husband
,
whereby
the
Matrimonial
knot
was
dissolved
,
and
both
Parties
freed
,
and
stated
in
a
lawful
separation
with
power
to
dispose
of
their
own
Persons
.
The
confirmation
of
this
act
of
Divorce
was
a
subject
of
serious
consideration
to
the
Pope
,
but
afterwards
when
it
was
to
extend
so
far
,
as
to
make
the
Prince
lawful
possessour
of
his
Brother's
Wife
and
Dominions
,
it
was
so
much
the
more
weighty
and
worthy
consideration
:
but
at
length
reasons
of
State
,
and
conveniences
of
that
Kingdom
overswayed
the
strict
Rules
and
Canons
of
the
Church
.
But
in
the
first
place
,
we
must
understand
that
this
Divorce
was
the
consequence
of
a
general
revolt
of
the
People
from
their
King
;
for
they
being
guided
by
a
prevailing
Party
in
opposition
to
the
Conde
de
Cassel
Meglior
Chief
Minister
of
State
,
murmured
against
the
Government
,
and
perhaps
not
without
some
cause
;
for
the
King
himself
being
given
to
Wine
,
practised
such
extravagancies
as
were
intolerable
,
and
which
did
not
pass
without
some
reflections
on
the
Favourite
,
though
as
to
himself
he
managed
all
things
with
prudence
and
good
conduct
:
Moreover
,
the
Conde
opposing
the
Peace
with
Castile
,
on
other
terms
,
than
such
as
were
agreeable
to
the
method
,
and
Articles
concluded
with
France
,
became
so
displeasing
to
the
People
,
that
he
was
displaced
from
his
Office
,
and
the
Prince
admitted
to
the
sole
management
and
direction
of
Affairs
.
But
the
Conspiracy
stopped
not
its
course
at
this
period
:
for
the
Queen
hereupon
retiring
into
a
Monastery
,
and
declaring
the
dissatisfaction
she
had
to
the
King
her
Husband
,
demanded
the
justice
of
the
Country
(
upon
the
causes
given
)
to
dissolve
the
Matrimonial
knot
by
a
sentence
of
lawful
Divorce
.
The
People
at
this
news
were
stirred
with
great
commotions
,
and
being
naturally
enclined
to
Novelty
joined
with
the
Prince's
Party
to
chuse
him
Governour
of
the
Kingdom
,
committing
the
Person
of
the
King
to
safe
custody
,
until
the
States
of
Portugal
should
otherwise
provide
in
cases
of
this
great
emergency
.
The
States
being
assembled
about
the
beginning
of
the
year
,
approved
the
reasons
for
deposing
the
King
,
and
confirmed
the
Regency
on
the
Prince
:
and
upon
hearing
the
Cause
between
the
King
and
Queen
.
the
Marriage
was
found
void
,
and
null
;
and
accordingly
an
Instrument
of
Divorce
was
formed
and
published
,
and
license
given
to
the
Prince
to
take
the
Queen
for
his
Wife
,
on
supposition
that
she
was
still
a
Virgin
,
and
unknown
to
his
Brother
.
The
case
though
strange
to
scrupulous
Ears
,
and
Consciences
was
not
yet
without
former
examples
.
For
in
Poland
John
Casimiro
succeeded
to
the
Crown
,
and
to
the
Wife
of
his
Brother
Vladislaus
.
And
in
former
Histories
of
Portugal
,
it
is
recorded
,
that
the
Nobility
desired
John
III.
to
match
with
the
Queen
F●●●●ora
,
relict
of
King
Emanuel
his
Father
:
and
therefore
this
case
was
not
without
a
Precedent
,
which
after
dissolution
of
the
Marriage
,
and
publication
of
the
Queen's
divorce
from
Alfonso
VI.
might
confirm
,
and
make
lawful
the
espousals
with
the
Prince
his
Brother
.
A
particular
account
of
all
these
Occurrences
being
given
at
Paris
,
by
the
Sicur
Verius
who
then
resided
at
Lisbon
for
the
Crown
of
France
.
The
Cardinal
Vandosme
then
Legat
à
Latere
from
the
Pope
to
the
most
Christian
King
,
immediately
dispatched
a
Brief
of
dispensation
into
Portugal
,
in
the
name
and
by
the
Authority
of
Pope
Clement
IX
.
confirming
the
former
Sentence
given
by
the
States
,
and
Justitiaries
of
that
Kingdom
;
leaving
this
example
to
the
World
,
that
there
may
be
a
Case
wherein
a
younger
Brother
may
lawfully
usurp
the
Dominion
of
his
Elder
;
and
righteously
possess
himself
of
his
Wife
,
and
of
his
Crown
.
But
the
Prince
Don
Pedro
not
satisfied
with
the
single
dispensation
of
the
Cardinal
Vandosme
,
who
for
the
space
of
two
months
only
was
commissionated
to
be
Legat
à
Latere
at
Paris
,
to
assist
at
the
Baptism
of
the
Dolfin
in
behalf
of
the
Pope
:
did
for
better
assurance
dispatch
Father
Villa
a
Jesuit
the
Queens
Confessour
unto
Rome
to
procure
a
more
authentick
dispensation
from
the
Pope
himself
.
The
Case
being
new
,
and
strange
and
difficult
to
find
a
way
,
how
to
make
this
matter
with
its
present
circumstances
to
become
legal
:
the
Pope
troubled
within
himself
proposed
the
case
in
publick
Consistory
,
where
after
long
debates
on
both
sides
,
the
question
still
remained
dubious
and
undecided
;
until
it
was
averred
,
that
the
Queen
was
several
months
gone
with
Child
:
the
which
circumstance
altered
the
case
,
and
then
the
convenience
of
the
Marriage
was
not
farther
alledged
,
but
the
necessity
thereof
urged
,
both
for
the
reputation
of
the
Queen
and
safety
of
that
Kingdom
,
which
could
not
otherwise
be
setled
but
by
the
Pope's
definitive
Sentence
,
confirming
the
legality
of
the
Divorce
;
and
though
the
Pope
hereupon
granted
his
Bull
,
dispensing
both
with
the
Marriage
and
translation
of
the
Power
,
yet
the
minds
of
the
contrary
Party
were
not
so
quieted
,
but
that
several
Conspiracies
were
contrived
against
the
life
of
the
Prince
;
and
particularly
a
certain
Priest
was
apprehended
with
a
Dagger
in
his
Pocket
,
and
confessed
,
that
he
designed
therewith
to
stab
the
Prince
,
judging
it
an
action
meritorious
and
pleasing
to
God
,
to
destroy
a
person
guilty
of
Rebellion
,
and
Incest
,
who
had
usurped
the
Kingdom
,
and
ravished
away
the
Wife
of
his
Brother
.
Wherefore
the
Prince
was
in
a
manner
constrained
for
his
own
security
,
and
for
settlement
of
himself
in
the
Administration
of
Affairs
to
remove
the
King
from
the
Eyes
of
the
people
,
and
accordingly
he
was
transported
into
the
Islands
of
Teraeras
.
The
French
(
as
we
have
said
)
having
gained
their
point
by
the
Conquest
of
the
Franch
Comte
,
the
Spaniards
having
concluded
a
Peace
with
Portugal
;
and
the
triple
League
being
well
formed
and
concluded
,
the
conjuncture
of
Affairs
seemed
propitious
,
and
tending
towards
the
calm
of
Peace
;
to
improve
which
,
the
Pope
laboured
with
incessant
sollicitations
between
both
Kings
to
commence
that
Treaty
which
was
once
proposed
to
be
held
at
Aquisgrana
;
and
now
more
instantly
desired
by
him
,
not
only
in
relation
to
his
Office
of
Mediator
between
Christian
Princes
:
but
in
zeal
to
the
Christian
Cause
which
then
suffered
in
the
City
of
Candia
,
which
with
the
whole
Island
was
then
in
danger
,
and
ready
to
yield
to
the
Arms
of
the
Turks
;
hoping
that
upon
conclusion
of
the
Peace
,
the
force
of
Christendom
would
be
converted
from
itself
,
and
employed
against
the
common
Enemy
(
as
we
may
believe
.
)
But
the
Intercession
and
good
Offices
of
the
Pope
did
not
so
effectually
operate
towards
the
conclusion
of
Peace
as
the
Negotiations
of
the
triple
League
were
available
:
by
means
of
which
the
Peace
was
projected
first
on
the
15th
.
of
April
at
St.
Germans
,
and
afterwards
concluded
between
both
Crowns
on
the
27th
.
of
April
at
Aquisgrana
,
otherwise
called
by
the
French
Aux
la
Chappelle
in
form
following
:
That
for
the
future
,
and
ever
hereafter
,
a
good
,
firm
,
and
inviolable
Peace
and
a
perpetual
League
,
and
mutual
friendship
shall
be
established
between
the
two
Kings
,
their
Heirs
,
and
Successours
:
and
that
as
good
Brothers
,
they
shall
mutually
to
the
utmost
of
their
Power
be
assisting
unto
the
welfare
,
honour
and
reputation
of
each
other
;
and
shall
faithfully
,
as
far
as
is
possible
,
avoid
every
thing
,
which
may
tend
to
the
hurt
,
loss
,
or
damage
of
each
other
.
That
so
soon
as
the
Articles
of
this
Treaty
shall
be
exchanged
,
and
ratified
,
the
Peace
shall
be
published
,
and
then
all
Acts
of
War
and
hostility
shall
cease
;
and
both
Parties
shall
attend
to
the
performance
of
the
Covenants
,
by
surrender
of
Towns
and
Fortresses
,
and
release
of
Prisoners
without
delay
,
Ransom
,
or
any
charges
whatsoever
.
That
the
most
Christian
King
and
his
Successours
,
shall
for
ever
hereafter
remain
lawfully
possessed
,
and
Masters
of
Charles
Stadt
,
Binch
,
Aeth
,
Doway
,
Scarp
Fort
,
Tornay
,
Audemont
,
Lille
,
Armentiers
,
Cotray
,
Berguen
,
Fuernes
,
with
all
the
Royalties
,
Guards
,
Castles
,
Territories
,
dependencies
,
and
Subjects
,
with
all
the
rights
,
and
immunities
both
Ecclesiastical
,
and
secular
thereunto
appertaining
,
in
the
same
form
,
Title
,
and
plenary
possession
as
they
were
formerly
enjoyed
,
claimed
,
and
possessed
by
his
Catholick
Majesty
.
On
the
other
side
the
most
Christian
King
,
shall
speedily
after
publication
of
the
Peace
,
withdraw
all
his
Forces
from
the
French
Comte
,
and
shall
really
,
effectually
,
entirely
,
and
faithfully
restore
,
and
surrender
to
his
Catholick
Majesty
all
that
Country
,
without
delay
,
and
without
reserving
any
part
or
parcel
thereof
unto
himself
.
That
all
other
places
taken
,
or
to
be
taken
,
until
publication
of
the
Peace
,
shall
in
like
manner
be
mutually
restored
,
and
surrendred
.
That
the
Treaty
of
the
Pyreneans
shall
remain
in
its
full
force
,
and
Virtue
,
(
excepting
that
part
onely
,
so
far
as
concerns
the
Kingdom
of
Portugal
,
with
which
Spain
hath
already
concluded
a
Peace
)
but
as
to
all
other
matters
and
things
nor
expressed
in
this
Treaty
,
reference
shall
be
had
to
the
Pyrenean
Peace
.
That
those
Kings
and
Princes
who
are
desirous
to
enter
into
the
Guarantie
for
the
Peace
,
may
respectively
give
their
Instruments
of
Promise
,
and
Obligation
to
each
King
,
for
maintenance
,
and
execution
of
whatsoever
is
contained
,
and
agreed
in
the
aforesaid
Treaty
.
That
this
Treaty
agreed
,
and
covenanted
by
the
Plenipotentiaries
,
shall
be
ratified
by
their
Majesties
respectively
,
and
registred
in
the
Councils
,
and
Chambers
or
Courts
of
Justice
,
in
such
manner
as
was
observed
in
the
Pyrenean
Treaty
:
and
that
Orders
be
accordingly
issued
within
the
space
of
three
months
after
publication
of
this
present
Peace
.
This
was
the
substance
of
matters
agreed
at
Aix
la
Chappelle
,
so
called
by
the
French
:
but
antiently
Aquisgrana
,
from
Grano
(
as
some
think
)
the
Brother
of
Nero
;
who
for
the
convenience
of
some
hot
Waters
,
arising
near
thereunto
,
built
a
Town
and
a
Fortress
;
to
which
he
gave
his
own
name
,
with
the
adjunction
of
Aqua
in
reference
to
the
Waters
:
it
is
now
an
Imperial
Town
situate
between
the
Mosel
and
the
Rhine
,
famous
for
being
the
place
where
the
Roman
Emperours
were
first
Crowned
and
Inaugurated
;
and
where
Charles
the
Great
was
interred
,
whose
Monument
is
there
to
be
seen
.
But
now
having
touched
on
the
Treaty
concluded
at
this
place
,
so
far
as
concerned
Clement
IX
.
who
was
a
promoter
thereof
,
it
will
be
impertinent
to
this
History
to
recount
the
Councils
,
the
successes
,
and
proceedings
which
issued
thereupon
.
Nor
will
it
be
to
our
purpose
to
rehearse
the
Instrument
by
which
the
Triple
League
was
established
between
the
King
of
Great
Britain
,
the
King
of
Sweden
,
and
the
States
of
the
Vnited
Provinces
,
with
the
various
Acts
,
and
successes
thereupon
.
Nor
is
it
to
our
purpose
to
declare
the
disturbances
given
to
this
Peace
by
the
pretensions
which
the
French
made
to
the
dependencies
,
which
were
so
comprehensive
,
as
took
in
almost
all
the
Dominions
belonging
to
the
Spaniards
in
the
Low
Countries
;
for
the
better
interpretation
,
understanding
and
limitation
of
which
word
(
Dependencies
)
a
meeting
was
appointed
at
Lisle
,
at
which
the
Commissioners
for
both
Crowns
were
to
be
present
,
and
debate
the
Controversie
.
Wherefore
to
return
now
to
the
Affairs
of
Italy
,
and
the
actions
of
Clement
IX
.
we
find
him
after
the
conclusion
of
this
Peace
extreamly
intent
and
zealous
for
the
relief
of
Candia
,
and
urgent
both
with
France
and
Spain
to
send
succours
thereunto
.
In
pursuance
of
which
,
his
endeavours
in
France
,
(
as
we
have
said
)
were
very
successful
,
great
succours
being
sent
to
Candia
as
we
have
related
in
our
History
of
the
Turks
;
and
indeed
the
correspondence
was
so
good
between
his
Christian
Majesty
and
this
Pope
during
the
whole
time
of
his
Reign
;
that
nothing
seemed
to
be
denied
which
was
requested
by
either
:
for
the
Pope
at
the
King's
desire
granted
a
Bull
,
allowing
him
to
nominate
,
and
constitute
such
persons
as
he
should
judg
fit
,
in
all
Churches
,
Benefices
and
Monasteries
,
and
in
all
Bishopricks
and
Arch-bishopricks
within
his
own
Dominions
.
In
return
of
which
kindness
,
and
as
a
signal
of
this
good
correspondence
,
the
French
King
allowed
the
Pope
to
demolish
the
Pillar
,
which
was
erected
at
Rome
in
the
time
of
Alexander
VII
.
for
a
memorial
of
the
banishment
of
the
Corsi
,
and
to
deface
the
Inscription
engraven
thereon
;
In
like
manner
the
Pope
gave
license
to
the
French
to
take
away
and
demolish
the
Cross
which
was
erected
at
Rome
over
against
the
Church
of
St.
Anthony
in
the
time
of
Clement
VIII
.
in
memory
of
the
conversion
of
Henry
IV.
to
the
Roman
Faith
.
So
that
now
the
other
particulars
concluded
at
the
Treaty
of
Pisa
not
as
yet
executed
began
to
wear
out
,
and
to
be
forgotten
,
and
the
late
warm
interposition
of
France
in
behalf
of
the
Duke
of
Parma
,
for
what
related
to
Castro
,
became
cold
and
remiss
.
For
though
in
the
days
of
Alexander
VII
.
the
Duke
had
provided
his
Money
according
to
the
time
allotted
him
by
the
Treaty
,
upon
payment
of
which
Castro
was
to
have
been
redeemed
;
yet
the
Pope
found
out
ways
to
avoid
the
receiving
thereof
;
pretending
that
other
Creditors
were
ready
to
attach
and
sequester
the
Money
,
so
soon
as
it
should
be
brought
within
the
Walls
of
the
City
:
but
this
being
only
an
excuse
,
and
an
artificial
pretence
of
the
Pope
,
the
Duke
of
Parma
resolved
to
expect
the
arrival
of
the
Duke
of
Chaunes
at
Rome
,
then
coming
in
quality
of
Ambassadour
from
France
,
to
whom
making
his
complaint
,
he
might
most
properly
by
his
means
challenge
a
performance
of
that
part
of
the
Treaty
,
which
was
in
his
favour
concluded
and
agreed
at
Pisa
.
But
this
Expedient
failing
,
and
the
Ambassadour
taking
this
matter
a
little
to
heart
:
the
Duke
supplied
his
Money
at
Rome
by
Letters
of
Credit
,
and
Bills
of
Exchange
,
which
though
refused
by
the
Court
notwithstanding
the
many
addresses
,
Processes
made
according
to
the
Methods
and
formalities
of
Law
;
yet
all
proved
ineffectual
,
and
little
regarded
by
the
Interest
of
France
,
even
to
the
very
time
of
this
present
Pope
;
of
which
coldness
,
and
unconcernment
of
his
Christian
Majesty
in
this
matter
,
wherein
he
once
shewed
so
much
zeal
and
affection
,
various
causes
have
been
assigned
;
of
which
none
seems
to
be
more
probable
,
than
the
engagements
of
France
in
the
Low
Countries
,
during
the
time
of
Alexander
VII
.
and
afterwards
the
kind
correspondence
held
with
this
Clement
IX
.
of
which
the
Crown
of
France
being
entirely
satisfied
,
was
unwilling
to
be
importunate
,
or
disturb
the
quiet
of
the
Church
for
the
sake
of
a
forein
Prince
,
whose
interest
had
no
influence
,
or
concernment
at
that
time
with
the
welfare
and
conveniencies
of
France
.
As
the
Pope
was
instant
with
his
most
Christian
Majesty
to
send
Forces
into
Candia
;
and
obtained
by
his
sollicitations
a
strong
Fleet
under
the
command
of
the
Duke
of
Beaufort
,
which
carried
the
Banner
of
the
Church
:
so
also
he
was
not
remiss
,
or
backward
to
send
and
engage
his
own
Fleet
of
Gallies
,
under
the
conduct
and
command
of
his
Nephew
Vincenzo
Rospigliosi
,
which
with
the
Gallies
of
France
and
Malta
made
up
the
number
of
twenty
nine
.
Nor
was
Clement
less
urgent
with
Spain
,
than
with
other
Princes
to
enter
,
and
engage
in
this
common
cause
of
Christianity
;
so
that
having
occasion
to
send
the
Abbat
Arroldi
who
was
Bishop
of
Milan
in
quality
of
his
Internuntio
to
Bruxels
,
he
gave
him
particular
Instructions
to
sollicite
the
Catholick
Princes
of
Germany
to
concur
with
the
rest
in
contribution
towards
the
relief
of
Candia
:
in
which
Act
the
Internuntio
so
well
succeeded
,
that
the
Electour
of
Bavaria
,
the
Bishop
of
Argentina
,
or
Strasburg
,
and
several
other
Princes
of
the
Rhine
administred
effectual
succours
to
the
present
necessity
of
that
languishing
place
.
But
the
successes
of
this
War
and
the
fate
of
Candia
have
been
our
Subject
,
and
Theme
in
an
other
History
.
In
the
mean
time
whilst
these
Affairs
were
in
agitation
,
the
Cardinals
Palotta
,
and
Farnese
,
two
of
the
chief
Ornaments
of
the
College
departed
this
life
:
in
place
of
whom
the
Pope
promoted
Prince
Leopold
of
Toscany
to
the
dignity
of
Cardinal
;
a
Person
though
of
excellent
qualifications
of
mind
,
and
of
unblameable
conversation
in
the
days
of
his
youth
,
yet
reasons
of
State
had
prevented
his
just
advancement
,
and
Title
to
the
Purple
,
until
the
time
of
his
old
Age.
After
which
he
promoted
Portocarrero
with
seven
others
to
the
same
degree
of
Cardinals
,
viz.
Altieri
who
was
Master
of
the
Camera
,
Nerli
,
who
was
Secretary
of
the
Briefs
,
Pallavicino
Dean
of
the
Clerks
of
the
Camera
,
Certi
Dean
of
the
Ruota
,
Bonaccorsi
Treasurer
General
,
Acciaoli
Auditor
General
of
the
Camera
,
and
Father
Buona
Abbat
of
St.
Bernard
in
Piedmont
,
besides
which
he
created
James
Rospigliosi
his
Brother's
Son
,
and
Emanuel
Theodosio
,
who
draws
his
pedigree
from
the
Dukes
of
Aquitaine
,
so
that
during
his
Reign
at
three
promotions
he
created
twelve
Cardinals
,
and
not
more
.
The
most
important
Affair
during
the
Reign
of
this
Pope
,
was
the
Siege
of
Candia
,
which
(
as
we
have
said
)
so
affected
him
,
that
he
employed
all
his
thoughts
and
endeavours
towards
the
relief
thereof
;
Nicholas
the
fifth
was
not
so
much
troubled
for
the
loss
of
Constantinople
,
nor
Hadrian
VI.
for
the
subjection
of
Rhodes
,
nor
Pius
Quintus
for
the
surrender
of
Cyprus
,
as
our
Clement
IX
.
for
the
ill
success
and
conclusion
of
the
Cretian
War
;
in
which
the
Duke
of
Beaufort
being
lost
with
many
French
Cavaliers
,
and
other
generous
Heroes
from
divers
parts
of
Christendom
,
the
City
was
delivered
into
the
hands
of
the
Turks
:
the
fatal
news
of
which
being
brought
to
him
by
the
Venetian
Ambassadour
;
the
Pope
(
as
is
reported
)
was
so
affected
therewith
,
that
grief
taking
a
deep
impression
in
his
heart
,
he
suddenly
fell
into
a
species
of
Apoplexy
,
from
which
first
Fit
,
though
he
at
present
revived
,
yet
melancholy
suppressed
his
spirits
in
such
manner
,
that
in
the
space
of
one
month
following
,
he
on
the
ninth
of
December
1669.
expired
his
last
breath
,
having
lived
seventy
one
years
or
thereabouts
,
and
governed
the
Pontificate
two
years
,
five
months
and
eighteen
days
.
He
was
universally
lamented
,
being
a
Man
of
a
publick
Spirit
,
and
great
generosity
,
so
that
his
Family
was
rather
impoverished
than
enriched
by
his
advancement
to
the
Papal
Authority
.
He
was
a
Person
not
ambitious
or
desirous
of
the
vain
glory
of
this
World
,
of
which
that
he
might
give
a
testimony
at
his
death
,
he
forbad
his
Relations
to
raise
any
magnificent
Monument
in
recommendation
of
him
to
posterity
,
leaving
behind
him
some
few
words
for
a
short
Epitaph
to
be
inscribed
on
the
Marble
,
which
was
to
cover
him
;
which
were
scarce
sufficient
to
denote
the
Character
by
which
he
was
to
be
known
and
recommended
to
Posterity
:
to
supply
which
his
Successour
Clement
X.
at
the
desire
of
the
Publick
,
and
in
gratitude
to
the
memory
of
his
deceased
Friend
and
Benefactor
inscribed
on
the
pedestal
of
a
Pillar
(
which
Clement
IX
.
at
the
foot
of
the
Bridg
Aelius
had
repaired
at
his
own
charge
)
a
brief
Narrative
of
his
life
;
and
having
likewise
erected
a
stately
Monument
with
his
Statue
thereupon
in
the
Church
of
S.
Peter
,
he
adorned
it
with
this
Inscription
:
Clementis
IX
.
Aeternae
memoriae
Pontificis
Magni
Cineres
Ne
absque
ullo
Sepulchri
Honore
Sicut
Ipse
jusserat
Humi
laterent
,
Clemens
X.
Pont.
Max.
Benefactori
Suo
,
Et
ob
Spectatum
Fidei
Zelum
,
Ob
Egregiam
Erga
Omnes
Beneficentiam
Et
Charitatem
De
Re
Christiana
Optime
Merito
Grati
Animi
Monumentum
Posuit
Anno
Domini
MDCLXXI
.
This
Pope
being
dead
was
generally
lamented
by
all
People
of
what
Degree
,
or
Nation
,
or
Quality
soever
:
for
he
was
of
a
most
gentle
and
easie
temper
,
delightful
and
pleasant
in
his
Conversation
,
and
studied
sincerely
the
welfare
of
the
Church
,
without
much
regard
to
the
advancement
of
his
Family
:
in
his
Diet
he
was
very
abstemious
,
and
lived
much
after
the
fashion
of
the
Primitive
Christians
.
He
was
ever
zealous
of
a
good
correspondence
with
Kings
and
Princes
subjected
to
the
Papal
Sea
,
and
always
endeavoured
to
reconcile
them
one
to
the
other
;
as
appears
by
his
endeavours
at
Aix
la
Chapelle
,
where
a
Peace
was
concluded
between
the
two
Crowns
of
Spain
and
France
.
And
when
the
difference
arose
between
the
Queen
Regent
,
and
Don
John
of
Austria
,
he
interposed
in
such
manner
by
his
Nuntio
Cardinal
Borromeo
,
that
with
much
success
he
reconciled
matters
,
and
diverted
a
storm
which
might
have
engaged
Spain
in
ruinous
troubles
.
Though
this
Pope
from
the
humility
of
his
Spirit
,
was
not
very
forward
to
raise
Columns
of
his
own
praise
,
or
engraven
Inscriptions
like
other
Popes
on
every
fair
Marble
,
that
was
erected
in
the
most
publick
and
conspicuous
places
of
the
City
:
yet
the
People
of
Rome
did
voluntarily
,
and
of
their
own
accord
supply
several
Euloges
to
the
honour
of
his
memory
,
of
which
we
shall
add
this
one
,
which
is
worthy
to
be
rehearsed
;
for
being
engraven
in
the
Area
of
the
Capitol
on
the
Triumphal
Arch
of
Septimius
Severus
being
a
comparison
of
this
Pope
with
that
Emperour
in
these
words
:
Triumphale
Septimii
Severi
Caesaris
Nomen
,
ne
quaeras
Lector
.
Ad
Orientem
Clementis
IX
.
P.O.M.
Majestatem
obscuratur
:
Quid
prodeat
,
Severus
?
Vbi
Clemens
elucet
,
Legationem
ille
Gallicam
suâ
ferociâ
funestavit
.
Hispanicam
iste
munificentiâ
beavit
,
suâ
sibi
purpuram
ille
cruore
tinxit
.
Hic
sudore
,
manu
ille
,
hic
mente
firmavit
Imperium
,
bellorum
ille
flammas
accendit
;
hic
conatur
extinguere
Tributa
,
ille
auxit
;
hic
levavit
;
uterque
rei
frumentariae
Amplificandae
studiosus
,
sed
ille
Ambitionis
Ingenio
,
hic
Genio
Charitatis
.
Supra
Caesarem
in
cunctis
Pontifex
.
Spectacula
ille
Pop.
Rom.
dedit
,
hic
unum
se
Gentibus
Omnibus
adorandum
Spectaculum
fecit
.
CLEMENT
X.
CLEMENT
the
Ninth
dying
,
(
as
we
have
said
)
on
the
ninth
of
December
1669.
his
Funeral
Obsequies
were
celebrated
with
the
usual
Rites
,
and
Ceremonies
practised
in
honour
to
deceased
Popes
.
After
which
the
Cardinals
entered
the
Conclave
to
make
election
of
an
other
Successour
to
S.
Peter
;
but
such
were
the
difficulties
which
arose
thereupon
,
by
reason
of
the
many
Candidates
which
appeared
to
the
number
of
no
les●
than
twenty
two
;
all
which
both
for
years
,
gravity
,
wisdom
,
and
Au●hority
seemed
worthy
of
the
Papal
Dignity
;
that
until
the
end
of
four
months
and
twenty
days
the
different
Interests
could
not
agree
,
and
be
reconciled
;
and
at
length
concurred
in
the
Election
rather
out
of
weariness
,
than
satisfafaction
in
their
Choice
.
Cardinal
Chigi
was
then
at
Florence
,
when
he
received
the
first
news
of
the
death
of
Clement
IX
.
where
entering
into
a
private
Cabal
with
the
Great
Duke
,
and
Cardinal
Medici
;
and
with
some
other
Associates
of
the
Spanish
Interest
,
they
pitched
upon
one
of
these
four
,
namely
Elci
,
Celsi
,
Bonvisi
,
and
Vidoni
,
but
with
especial
regard
to
the
exclusion
of
Barberino
;
but
as
this
was
an
account
made
up
without
their
Hoast
,
so
it
had
a
success
accordingly
,
and
they
forced
to
an
other
reckoning
.
Chigi
to
strengthen
his
Party
made
his
addresses
to
the
French
,
pretending
great
services
for
that
Crown
;
and
in
the
mean
time
despised
the
interest
of
the
Flying
Squadron
:
but
the
Duke
of
Scion
,
being
then
arrived
from
France
in
quality
of
Ambassadour
,
made
scorn
of
the
applications
of
Chigi
,
so
soon
as
he
discovered
his
practices
with
the
Spaniards
:
and
indeed
his
double
dealing
abated
much
of
his
reputation
in
the
Conclave
,
where
he
might
have
formed
a
strong
Party
,
had
not
his
ambition
to
become
sole
Arbitrator
weakened
his
Interest
,
and
brought
all
his
words
,
and
actions
under
a
suspition
.
This
Opinion
of
Chigi
gave
a
beginning
to
a
Combination
between
Barberino
,
Rospigliosi
,
and
the
Flying
Squadron
;
which
strong
Parties
standing
in
opposition
each
to
other
,
fifty
days
were
passed
without
any
effect
,
and
so
resolved
were
Chigi
,
and
Barberino
,
that
one
said
,
He
would
eat
Cherries
,
and
the
other
Figs
in
the
Conclave
;
with
which
sayings
,
all
Parties
growing
warm
,
Cardinal
Este
declared
openly
with
exclusion
against
Chigi
,
Retz
against
Medici
,
and
the
French
King
against
Elci
;
with
which
Medici
growing
angry
replied
,
that
if
France
excluded
Elci
,
that
Spain
should
do
the
like
by
Vidoni
.
Thus
Factions
daily
increasing
,
and
new
difficulties
arising
,
Chigi
and
Medici
the
two
great
sticklers
in
the
Conclave
grew
more
calm
,
and
less
concerned
for
those
,
whom
they
had
once
designed
to
promote
;
and
to
make
appear
how
disinterested
they
were
,
put
every
Person
,
that
was
qualified
,
into
some
hopes
of
being
chosen
.
Amongst
the
rest
they
complemented
C●rpegna
one
of
the
Spanish
Faction
,
and
a
favourite
of
the
Great
Duke
.
From
him
they
passed
to
Cardinal
Pio
;
and
then
to
Odescalchi
,
against
which
last
were
not
many
exceptions
,
only
that
the
French
Party
esteemed
him
too
much
inclined
to
the
Spanish
Interest
:
and
though
the
reputation
of
Odescalchi
was
high
,
and
his
merits
great
,
yet
his
time
being
not
yet
come
,
all
endeavours
for
him
vanished
into
Air
,
he
also
himself
beseeched
Chigi
,
as
it
were
upon
his
knees
,
to
desist
from
farther
actions
in
his
favour
:
howsoever
the
Conclave
being
impatient
of
farther
delay
seemed
generally
inclined
to
make
choice
of
Odescalchi
;
yet
some
esteemed
him
too
young
,
others
too
morose
,
and
austere
;
and
Chigi
himself
freely
discoursing
with
Celsi
taxed
him
for
want
of
practice
in
business
,
and
that
having
addicted
himself
much
to
speculation
and
study
,
imagined
that
he
would
prove
unpleasant
in
his
humour
;
and
that
Abbat
Marc
Antonio
being
his
Brother
,
it
was
more
than
probable
he
would
be
created
Cardinal
and
Favourite
;
who
also
being
a
Person
of
an
austere
life
,
and
severe
Vertue
,
might
concur
with
the
Pope
in
designs
to
reform
the
Vices
and
luxury
of
the
Clergy
.
Which
considerations
being
weighty
,
and
prevalent
with
the
Conclave
,
his
exclusion
was
publickly
declared
.
After
which
every
one
was
at
a
stand
,
and
in
expectation
of
what
time
and
the
power
of
Barberino
,
and
others
would
produce
.
Chigi
had
laboured
to
the
utmost
of
his
power
to
advance
one
of
his
Friends
;
but
all
proving
ineffectual
,
he
gave
them
at
least
the
satisfaction
,
that
nothing
had
been
wanting
on
his
part
.
Medici
was
well
contented
with
the
exclusion
of
Nerli
,
who
was
a
Creature
of
Rospigliosi
,
because
Altieri
,
who
was
under
the
same
notion
of
a
Friend
,
and
dependant
on
that
Family
,
was
still
in
nomination
.
In
the
mean
time
the
aged
Cardinals
zealous
for
the
honour
,
and
sanctity
of
the
Conclave
,
exclaimed
against
the
delatory
proceedings
,
which
gave
scandal
to
the
World
,
and
cause
of
complaint
to
the
People
,
who
by
reason
thereof
were
impoverished
by
a
deadness
of
Trade
,
and
oppressed
by
the
extortions
of
the
Mons
Pietatis
,
which
during
the
vacancy
of
the
Sea
,
exacted
four
times
more
from
indigent
Persons
,
than
the
known
rates
allowed
by
Law
,
and
the
justice
of
the
Popes
.
The
Ambassadour
of
Spain
more
concerned
than
any
other
for
these
delays
,
having
Audience
in
the
Conclave
,
requested
the
Cardinals
in
the
name
of
his
Master
to
agree
in
their
Election
:
for
whereas
they
had
an
Authority
free
and
independent
of
temporal
Crowns
,
and
secular
considerations
,
they
were
obliged
to
proceed
in
the
speedy
choice
of
a
Successour
to
St.
Peter
,
and
of
a
Pastor
to
the
Universal
Church
,
and
not
suffer
the
same
to
become
subservient
to
Intrigues
and
private
Interests
;
which
as
they
were
daily
more
scandalous
,
they
gave
occasion
to
the
World
of
discourse
,
as
if
the
inspirations
of
the
Holy
Ghost
were
banished
the
Conclave
,
the
divine
Illuminations
damped
,
and
eclipsed
by
the
interposition
of
Secular
designs
.
It
was
strange
to
observe
,
how
on
a
sudden
after
this
discourse
,
the
humour
of
the
Conclave
was
altered
:
the
old
Cardinals
weary
of
their
restraint
would
yield
to
the
Election
of
any
,
provided
,
they
might
gain
their
liberty
;
and
the
young
Men
were
ready
to
give
their
suffrages
for
whomsoever
the
Leaders
of
their
Party
,
and
Interest
should
direct
:
so
that
now
merit
,
and
Vertue
,
and
experience
in
Government
were
laid
aside
and
a
Pope
chosen
by
those
who
were
most
obstinate
,
and
tenacious
of
their
Opinion
,
and
could
hold
out
longest
.
Thus
different
Interests
began
to
agree
;
and
Chigi
and
Medici
to
entertain
discourse
with
Barberino
,
proposing
to
pitch
upon
the
Creature
,
or
favourite
of
the
House
of
Rospigliosi
,
to
which
both
these
leading
Factions
were
well
inclined
:
the
Person
nominated
was
Cardinal
Emilio
Altieri
generally
grateful
to
the
whole
Conclave
,
for
his
great
Age
,
having
passed
the
years
of
eighty
:
Chigi
took
occasion
hereupon
to
complement
Barberino
,
declaring
,
that
rather
by
divine
Inspiration
,
than
humane
fansie
,
he
had
fixed
on
the
sole
Person
of
the
World
,
whom
he
had
reserved
in
his
breast
as
the
most
worthy
of
this
Dignity
,
for
that
he
was
a
Man
who
never
concerned
himself
in
embroils
,
and
Intrigues
of
different
Parties
;
never
was
a
Pensioner
of
France
,
or
Spain
,
or
depended
on
the
favour
of
Italian
Princes
,
or
was
obliged
by
any
of
the
Roman
Families
.
Barberino
on
the
other
side
,
vowed
,
that
the
nomination
he
had
made
of
Altieri
,
was
rather
an
effect
of
his
good
wishes
towards
Chigi
,
than
to
his
own
Family
:
for
that
he
was
not
ignorant
of
the
great
Obligations
,
which
Cardinal
Paluzzi
the
Creature
of
Emilio
Altieri
had
unto
him
,
by
whose
means
onely
he
was
first
preferred
to
be
Auditor
of
the
Camera
,
then
to
be
a
Prelate
,
and
lastly
to
be
a
Cardinal
;
all
which
were
such
good
Offices
,
as
would
certainly
oblige
Altieri
in
case
that
to
the
preceding
kindnesses
which
he
had
performed
towards
his
Favourite
he
should
add
,
that
also
of
being
an
Instrument
to
advance
himself
unto
the
Papacy
.
In
the
mean
time
great
Interests
were
made
for
Odescalchi
,
and
his
Party
was
so
earnest
thereupon
,
that
they
designed
secretly
to
elect
him
by
Accession
,
as
a
more
ready
way
than
by
Treaties
,
or
making
Parties
.
But
Barberino
was
zealous
for
Altieri
,
and
instant
to
have
his
Election
passed
without
other
dispute
,
or
consideration
.
Howsoever
Chigi
was
a
little
wavering
,
because
he
doubted
,
whither
Paluzzi
would
prove
constant
to
him
,
and
bear
him
the
same
respect
in
the
time
of
his
prosperity
,
and
under
the
circumstances
of
the
Pope's
favour
as
he
had
testified
to
him
in
his
former
condition
of
fortune
:
wherefore
that
he
might
secure
him
the
better
,
he
addressed
himself
to
Paluzzi
,
persuading
him
to
believe
,
that
his
endeavours
for
the
promotion
of
Altieri
,
were
in
a
great
measure
founded
on
that
friendship
,
and
good
will
which
he
owed
to
him
;
and
for
that
reason
before
he
would
engage
his
Party
and
Interest
in
his
Election
,
he
would
be
assured
that
Altieri
should
promise
to
adopt
Paluzzi
,
and
create
him
Cardinal
Nephew
,
than
which
nothing
could
be
more
just
and
due
to
a
Person
of
his
Wisdom
,
and
Talents
,
and
practised
in
all
Affairs
of
the
Court
of
Rome
.
Having
said
thus
much
,
Chigi
conducted
Paluzzi
to
Medici
,
and
they
together
with
Buglion
,
and
Barberino
went
to
the
lodging
of
Altieri
;
to
whom
the
Dean
Cardinal
Barberino
with
a
loud
Voice
,
and
profound
reverence
made
the
same
Complements
,
as
were
accustomary
to
Popes
elect
:
with
which
Altieri
being
surpriz'd
,
made
Answer
with
tears
in
his
Eyes
,
That
he
was
unfit
for
the
performance
of
so
great
a
function
,
which
might
more
easily
be
sustained
by
any
of
their
Eminencies
than
by
himself
,
and
pointing
to
Cardinal
Brancacci
:
Behold
,
said
he
,
the
Man
,
whose
Virtues
,
Godliness
,
and
Abilities
have
rendered
worthy
of
this
high
Exaltation
.
By
this
time
the
Cell
,
or
Lodging
was
filled
with
Cardinals
,
who
with
one
Voice
,
(
two
onely
excepted
)
proclaimed
Altieri
Pope
on
the
twenty
eighth
day
of
April
,
An.
1670.
and
having
performed
the
usual
Ceremonies
of
Adoration
,
and
other
matters
practised
at
the
Election
of
Popes
;
he
took
the
name
of
Clement
X.
to
the
great
joy
and
satisfaction
of
the
People
of
Rome
;
who
praised
God
for
having
given
them
a
Prince
chosen
from
the
number
of
their
own
Patricians
,
who
was
of
a
gentle
and
placid
nature
and
temper
,
and
grateful
to
all
the
Princes
of
Rome
and
Italy
.
This
Pope
now
Clement
X.
was
born
at
Rome
,
in
the
Reign
of
Sixtus
V.
and
in
the
time
of
Paul
V.
was
first
admited
into
Ecclesiastical
Orders
.
Gregory
XV.
testified
a
high
esteem
for
his
Person
,
and
recommending
him
to
his
Nephew
Vrban
VIII
.
dispeeded
him
into
Poland
with
the
charge
of
Auditor
to
the
Nuntio
;
and
after
his
return
constituted
him
Governour
of
Loretto
,
and
of
all
the
Marca
,
and
lastly
of
Ravenna
,
to
which
he
added
the
Bishoprick
of
Camerino
.
Innocent
X.
sent
him
his
Nuntio
unto
Naples
,
where
he
resided
,
at
the
time
when
Masanello
made
an
insurrection
of
the
People
.
Whilst
the
Sea
was
vacant
by
the
death
of
Innocent
X.
the
College
of
Cardinals
gave
him
a
Commission
to
treat
with
the
Duke
of
Parma
,
and
with
the
Governour
of
Milan
.
Alexander
VII
.
so
soon
as
he
was
promoted
to
the
Papal
Dignity
,
made
him
Secretary
of
the
sacred
Congregation
of
Bishops
and
Regulars
;
and
had
therewith
conferred
on
him
the
dignity
of
Cardinal
,
had
not
some
Persons
who
were
emulous
of
his
worth
,
prevented
the
good
intentions
of
the
Pope
towards
him
.
But
Clement
IX
.
having
received
sufficient
testimony
of
his
Abilities
by
a
long
course
of
Services
to
the
Church
,
made
him
Chief
of
his
Bed-Chamber
,
and
on
the
29th
.
of
November
1669.
promoted
him
to
the
dignity
of
Cardinal
.
The
first
action
performed
by
this
Pope
,
after
his
Election
was
to
declare
Cardinal
Paluzzi
his
Nephew
by
Adoption
,
obliging
him
to
take
the
name
of
Altieri
,
and
the
Arms
of
his
Family
;
which
were
six
Stars
Argent
in
an
Azure
Field
;
the
which
he
performed
in
so
much
haste
,
that
before
he
descended
from
the
stairs
of
the
Vatican
,
he
embraced
his
new
Nephew
,
and
published
his
Title
before
all
the
College
;
he
also
declared
Signior
Carpegna
a
Roman
to
be
Datario
then
already
Auditor
of
the
Rota
,
and
Frederick
Borromeo
to
be
Secretary
of
State
;
the
which
are
the
three
greatest
Offices
,
and
preferments
in
the
Court
of
Rome
.
But
nothing
occasioned
so
much
discourse
in
Rome
,
as
the
choice
and
adoption
of
Paluzzi
into
the
Family
of
Altieri
;
to
which
he
had
no
other
Relation
,
than
that
his
Nephew
Don
Gasparo
Paluzzi
was
married
to
Donna
Laura
Altieri
Niece
to
the
Pope
.
The
Politicians
,
and
speculative
Men
of
Rome
,
who
undertake
to
prognosticate
strange
events
of
things
from
small
and
inconsiderable
matters
,
formed
diverse
Judgments
on
this
new
Adoption
.
Some
reflecting
on
the
poverty
of
the
House
of
Paluzzi
,
which
was
greatly
indebted
;
and
on
the
humour
of
the
Cardinal
who
had
employed
his
whole
Estate
in
purchasing
Offices
,
and
was
covetous
in
his
nature
;
(
as
most
Romans
are
)
did
conclude
,
that
the
Court
would
be
inclined
to
a
sordid
Parsimony
,
the
Officers
mercenary
,
and
all
Benefices
set
to
sale
in
a
manner
as
scandalously
Simoniacal
,
as
they
were
in
the
time
of
Innocent
X.
But
others
framing
a
more
charitable
Opinion
of
Paluzzi
,
believed
,
that
he
considering
himself
no
other
than
as
an
adopted
Nephew
,
from
whom
the
World
expects
a
gentle
comportment
,
would
contain
himself
within
narrower
terms
of
modesty
than
Nephews
of
the
natural
bloud
to
whom
Men
with
less
envy
allow
more
freedom
,
and
licentiousness
in
their
actions
;
and
that
calling
to
mind
the
fate
of
Cardinal
Astalli
adopted
into
the
Family
of
Pamfilio
,
would
serve
himself
of
that
Example
,
to
govern
in
all
the
exercises
of
his
Power
.
On
the
other
side
,
some
reflecting
on
the
old
Age
of
the
Pope
,
who
was
entered
into
a
Station
of
Life
,
which
inclined
to
repose
,
and
freedom
from
turbulent
thoughts
,
imagined
,
that
the
Pope
would
cast
all
his
cares
,
and
troubles
into
the
hands
of
his
supposed
Nephew
,
who
considering
the
life
of
this
Clement
,
which
according
to
the
course
of
Nature
could
not
be
of
long
continuance
,
would
make
use
of
his
time
and
amass
Riches
after
the
Example
of
the
Ludivisi
,
who
were
of
the
Kindred
of
Gregory
XV.
and
had
in
the
space
of
two
years
so
well
improved
their
fortunes
,
that
besides
immense
sums
of
ready
Money
,
which
they
had
accumulated
and
heaped
up
,
they
had
also
erected
many
sumptuous
Palaces
,
and
purchased
Lands
,
Mannors
and
Seignories
,
by
means
of
evil
Arts
well
known
to
the
World
.
Thus
every
one
framed
his
Predictions
of
the
event
of
matters
according
to
his
own
conceit
and
fansie
;
the
truth
of
which
was
soon
illustrated
by
the
Negotiations
of
Paluzzi
,
(
whom
for
the
future
,
we
intend
to
call
by
the
name
of
Cardinal
Altieri
)
for
now
to
give
the
first
Essay
of
his
Power
and
management
,
it
was
observed
,
that
when
the
Pope
(
as
is
usual
at
the
time
of
Coronation
)
received
Memorials
,
and
granted
Favours
,
and
Benefices
to
several
Petitioners
,
such
graces
seemed
freely
given
,
and
accepted
with
a
thankful
mind
;
until
the
Grants
coming
to
be
executed
,
Altieri
gave
an
unexpected
stop
to
them
,
denying
them
to
pass
the
Seal
;
on
pretence
,
that
the
Pope
was
surprized
and
ill
informed
,
or
had
passed
them
to
others
before
for
want
of
memory
,
incident
to
old
Age
;
by
which
Artifice
this
good
Cardinal
disposed
of
all
Offices
,
Benefices
,
and
places
of
Trust
,
according
to
his
own
pleasure
,
which
was
always
regulated
by
the
rules
of
greatest
Profit
.
Though
this
early
manner
of
Negotiation
made
a
noise
,
and
caused
great
murmuring
at
Court
;
yet
Altieri
continuing
firm
to
his
Principles
,
and
to
the
method
which
he
had
chalked
out
unto
himself
,
gave
express
Orders
to
the
Master
of
the
Pope's
Chamber
,
and
to
all
the
Attendants
near
his
Person
,
not
to
admit
of
any
Addresses
,
or
suffer
Petitions
to
be
presented
to
the
Pope
without
his
knowledg
and
permission
;
so
that
the
Pope
seemed
to
be
(
as
it
were
)
besieged
in
the
Vatican
,
and
serve
onely
for
a
Cipher
,
or
a
property
to
Altieri
,
and
remain
as
a
Statue
without
Eyes
,
or
Ears
.
This
manner
of
dealing
gave
occasion
to
many
witty
Men
at
Rome
(
according
to
their
custom
)
to
publish
Pasquils
(
which
we
call
Libels
)
one
of
which
was
affixed
on
the
Pope's
Picture
,
hanging
over
the
door
of
his
Bed-Chamber
,
and
was
this
,
Qui
slô
,
per
Insegna
,
that
is
,
I
am
here
for
a
Sign
;
alluding
to
the
person
of
the
Pope
,
who
served
onely
for
a
shadow
,
whilest
Altieri
governed
all
with
a
despotical
Power
.
In
like
manner
they
affixed
a
Paper
at
the
door
of
Altieri
with
this
Inscription
:
To
the
most
Eminent
Cardinal
Signor
Paluzzi
Altieri
,
by
title
Cardinal
Patron
,
but
in
reality
Pope
himself
.
Another
of
like
nature
was
affixed
at
the
Pope's
Chamber
door
:
To
His
Holiness
Clement
X.
our
Lord
,
and
Prince
,
living
under
the
tuition
of
Cardinal
Altieri
.
On
the
eleventh
of
May
after
his
Election
,
he
was
Crown'd
in
S.
Peter's
Church
with
the
usual
Ceremonies
;
three
days
after
which
,
he
held
a
private
Consistory
,
whereat
he
returned
thanks
individually
to
every
Cardinal
for
his
good
will
,
and
suffrage
at
his
Election
:
and
according
to
the
Politicks
of
former
Popes
,
he
made
some
Laws
,
and
Orders
for
regulation
of
the
Markets
,
and
for
supplies
of
the
City
with
Victuals
,
and
Provisions
,
that
the
People
might
at
the
beginning
of
his
Government
,
find
Peace
and
plenty
.
But
these
plausible
,
and
specious
appearances
which
cost
little
to
the
Pope
,
great
discontents
arose
in
the
Court
of
Rome
,
by
reason
of
the
exorbitant
Power
of
the
Cardinal
Nephew
;
who
assuming
all
matters
into
his
own
hands
,
suffered
no
applications
to
be
made
unto
the
Pope
but
by
his
means
,
and
intercession
:
nor
would
he
suffer
the
Seals
to
pass
for
any
Livings
,
or
Benefices
without
a
payment
of
Mony
for
and
in
consideration
thereof
unto
himself
,
in
which
he
was
so
strict
,
that
a
Living
of
ten
Crowns
a
year
did
not
escape
him
without
some
acknowledgment
.
And
for
better
management
of
this
Simonaical
Traffick
,
he
appointed
Brokers
in
the
Palace
to
set
up
an
Office
,
and
there
publickly
to
profess
and
without
shame
,
to
bargain
,
and
contract
for
Offices
and
Benefices
.
This
scandalous
manner
of
dealing
discouraged
all
Men
of
Virtue
and
Merit
,
from
hopes
of
obtaining
Employments
,
for
since
Money
,
and
not
Desert
,
was
the
step
to
all
preferments
,
good
Men
for
the
greatest
part
were
excluded
,
and
none
but
a
sort
of
progging
,
and
traffiquing
Clergymen
advanced
to
Benefices
and
Places
of
Trust
.
Thus
did
this
adopted
Nephew
play
his
part
,
when
a
great
swarm
of
Kindred
appeared
at
Court
,
pretending
to
be
allied
either
by
bloud
,
or
alliance
to
the
Pope
:
for
though
when
he
was
onely
a
simple
Prelat
,
and
had
no
great
matter
to
dispose
of
,
few
or
none
would
own
his
Relation
;
but
being
now
advanced
to
the
Pontifical
Chair
every
Citizen
of
Rome
would
be
his
Kinsman
,
and
frame
a
Scheme
,
or
Tree
of
his
Pedigree
,
deducing
their
linage
by
one
Branch
,
or
other
from
the
Family
of
Altieri
:
all
which
finding
an
adopted
Nephew
surreptitiously
crept
into
the
favour
of
their
Kinsman
,
and
themselves
excluded
,
openly
murmured
against
Paluzzi
,
and
complained
of
the
injustice
and
ill
fortune
:
but
he
little
regarded
their
clamours
,
suffering
none
of
them
to
approach
the
Pope
,
or
challenge
kindred
,
unless
the
Family
of
the
Massimi
,
of
which
he
advanced
some
to
Places
of
Trust
and
Profit
.
The
College
of
Cardinals
,
though
much
divided
in
their
inclinations
,
yet
the
greatest
part
of
them
could
not
support
the
despotical
Government
of
Altieri
;
who
though
he
could
not
absolutely
restrain
the
Cardinals
from
access
to
the
Pope
;
yet
he
made
their
Audiences
difficult
to
be
obtained
,
and
often
caused
them
(
upon
I
know
not
what
excuses
)
to
be
deferred
until
other
days
,
and
times
,
when
he
contrived
to
be
always
present
,
that
he
might
be
a
witness
of
their
discourses
,
and
prevent
that
freedom
,
which
they
designed
with
the
Pope
.
This
design
of
Cardinal
Altieri
was
greatly
promoted
by
the
retirement
of
Persons
powerful
for
their
Riches
and
Interest
from
Rome
:
for
soon
after
the
Election
of
the
Pope
;
the
Ambassadour
of
the
most
Christian
King
,
and
the
Cardinals
of
Retz
and
Boglion
were
returned
into
France
,
and
Cardinal
de
Este
,
whose
Power
was
sufficient
to
shake
the
mightiest
Favourite
,
was
gone
into
his
own
Country
:
Cardinal
Antonio
was
sick
,
and
languishing
in
his
Bed
;
and
the
Flying
Squadron
whose
pretences
were
onely
pure
zeal
for
the
universal
good
of
the
Church
,
were
contented
to
let
matters
pass
according
to
the
humour
of
Altieri
,
hoping
that
the
Pope
by
reason
of
his
age
could
not
hold
out
long
;
and
that
therefore
it
were
better
to
employ
their
time
in
forming
Parties
against
the
next
Conclave
,
than
to
contrive
means
and
Artifices
to
defeat
and
ruin
the
Power
of
Altieri
;
but
they
were
much
deceived
in
their
measures
,
for
the
good
old
Man
was
so
lusty
and
hearty
,
living
without
much
care
,
that
he
was
likely
to
out-live
the
youngest
of
the
Squadron
.
Nor
was
the
Marquis
of
Astorgas
Ambassadour
for
Spain
much
more
concerned
than
others
,
for
he
having
other
designs
of
gaining
the
good
will
and
favour
of
the
Citizens
of
Rome
,
little
cared
in
what
nanner
the
Intrigues
and
Affairs
of
the
Court
succeeded
.
Wherefore
the
onely
dangerous
,
and
formidable
Enemy
was
the
Dean
Cardinal
Barberino
,
a
person
of
that
Reputation
,
and
Wit
as
was
only
capable
to
stand
in
competition
with
the
Power
of
Altieri
.
But
neither
his
Policy
,
Art
,
nor
Interest
could
be
available
against
this
Cardinal
Nephew
,
who
exercised
a
more
absolute
Power
than
any
other
Favourite
had
enjoyed
in
the
Place
before
him
;
the
continuance
of
which
being
very
uncertain
,
he
cast
about
him
divers
ways
,
whereby
to
advance
and
establish
the
greatness
of
his
Family
,
which
under
the
happy
circumstances
of
his
present
flourishing
condition
,
was
not
difficult
to
procure
.
For
in
Rome
there
are
many
Noble
and
rich
Families
,
which
aspire
to
an
alliance
with
the
kindred
of
the
Pope's
Regnant
;
which
though
it
be
an
honour
of
no
long
continuance
,
yet
they
have
commonly
had
the
opportunity
to
accumulate
Riches
during
the
life
of
the
Pope
,
and
afterwards
remained
with
the
priviledg
of
being
numbred
amongst
the
Princes
after
his
death
.
The
Prince
Carbognano
,
who
was
a
principal
branch
of
the
House
of
Colonna
(
which
for
its
Power
,
Riches
,
and
Nobility
yields
to
none
in
Rome
)
had
two
Sons
,
the
eldest
of
which
was
called
the
Duke
of
Basanello
,
and
the
second
Duke
of
Anticoli
,
the
first
was
married
to
the
Sister
of
the
Contestable
Colonna
;
but
having
no
Children
,
or
Heirs
,
the
Riches
,
and
opulency
of
all
that
Family
was
to
devolve
by
right
of
Inheritance
to
the
Duke
of
Anticoli
;
of
which
Cardinal
Altieri
having
well
considered
,
treated
of
a
marriage
between
him
,
and
Donna
Tarquinia
Great
Niece
to
the
Pope
,
esteeming
it
the
best
and
most
advantageous
Match
in
all
Rome
.
Prince
Carbognano
,
the
Father
,
who
was
of
an
open
and
easie
temper
,
gave
ear
to
the
Proposal
with
much
satisfaction
;
but
the
Duke
of
Basanello
,
not
suffering
his
younger
Brother
to
be
advanced
by
these
means
to
a
degree
above
himself
,
refused
to
give
his
assent
unto
the
Match
,
unless
he
also
might
be
received
into
en
equal
rank
with
his
Brother
,
and
enjoy
the
honour
of
those
prerogatives
,
which
appertain
to
Nephews
,
and
Princes
allied
to
the
Papal
Throne
.
Altieri
declining
all
rubs
,
and
difficulties
which
might
obstruct
the
Match
entertained
Basanello
with
hopes
and
expectations
of
the
conditions
he
desired
:
but
so
soon
as
the
Marriage
was
celebrated
and
consummated
;
he
then
excused
himself
,
saying
,
that
upon
better
thoughts
,
he
found
,
that
such
an
instance
could
not
be
given
without
drawing
many
ill
consequences
with
it
;
howsoever
,
that
the
Pope
would
think
upon
it
,
and
do
what
was
possible
;
but
in
reality
such
words
gave
no
satisfaction
,
being
interpreted
for
a
flat
and
format
denial
.
Hence
at
first
arose
some
coldness
,
which
afterwards
proceeded
to
an
open
quarrel
,
and
defiance
between
Basanello
on
the
one
side
,
and
Altieri
,
and
Anticoli
on
the
other
:
so
that
both
parties
exercised
their
thoughts
in
ways
of
revenge
upon
each
other
.
The
genius
of
Italians
,
which
is
naturally
ready
in
such
contrivances
,
prompted
Basanello
to
a
matter
wherein
he
might
most
sensibly
wound
Altieri
;
for
knowing
that
the
expectation
of
Riches
was
the
sole
aim
and
desire
of
the
Cardinal
;
he
laboured
to
disappoint
his
hopes
,
by
defeating
his
Brother
Anticoli
of
all
that
Estate
which
descended
to
him
by
the
death
of
the
Prince
Gallicano
,
which
amounted
unto
three
thousand
Pistols
a
year
besides
Plate
,
Jewels
and
other
Riches
;
and
were
bequeathed
to
Basanello
,
and
at
his
absolute
disposal
,
without
regard
to
any
descendency
:
but
that
so
much
Riches
might
not
be
lost
,
or
be
alienated
from
the
Family
of
Colonna
,
he
settled
them
upon
the
Duke
of
Sonnino
Brother
of
his
Wife
,
and
of
the
Constable
Colonna
.
This
unexpected
defeat
to
the
prejudice
of
Anticoli
,
touched
Altieri
in
the
most
sensible
part
,
which
was
his
own
interest
and
honour
;
in
return
of
which
he
contrived
a
Revenge
spun
with
a
like
thread
,
and
of
the
same
nature
with
the
former
;
in
which
because
most
of
the
Roman
Princes
,
and
forein
Ministers
were
concerned
,
it
may
not
be
impertinent
to
this
History
to
make
a
short
relation
thereof
.
Prince
Cesarini
lately
deceased
,
had
left
immense
Riches
to
his
Family
;
but
wanting
Heirs
male
,
and
leaving
only
two
Daughters
,
the
Inheritance
descended
to
Monsignor
Cesarini
Brother
to
the
Prince
,
who
was
Clerk
of
the
Camera
;
which
to
enjoy
with
so
many
Seignories
,
Baronies
,
and
Lordships
thereunto
belonging
this
good
Prelat
made
no
scruple
to
abandon
his
Offices
,
and
the
expectations
of
a
Cardinals
Cap
to
enter
into
a
fair
Revenue
of
above
sixteen
thousand
Pistols
per
annum
;
but
having
wasted
his
body
by
the
sins
of
his
youth
,
he
found
himself
not
fit
to
marry
and
consequently
without
hopes
of
legitimate
Heirs
:
for
which
reason
,
these
Riches
descending
to
the
two
Daughters
,
the
Prince
their
Father
left
in
his
Will
and
Testament
,
that
such
,
as
should
have
the
fortune
to
marry
his
Daughters
,
should
be
persons
devoted
,
and
sincerely
adhering
to
the
party
,
and
interest
of
France
.
The
Duke
of
Sonnino
formerly
called
Abbat
of
Colonna
,
and
Brother
of
the
Constable
had
forsaken
his
Ecclesiastical
preferment
to
marry
with
the
second
Daughter
,
on
condition
that
the
eldest
,
engaging
herself
by
promise
to
be
a
Nun
,
should
renounce
all
right
and
title
to
the
moiety
of
the
Estate
with
her
younger
Sister
.
The
condition
of
this
Affair
being
known
to
Altieri
,
he
took
his
advantage
to
reek
his
revenge
on
the
House
of
Colonna
,
judging
it
a
proper
means
to
pay
them
off
in
the
same
coin
;
for
as
the
Duke
of
Bassanello
had
formerly
defeated
Anticoli
of
the
Estate
of
Prince
Gallicano
;
so
now
he
contrived
to
deprive
Sonnino
of
the
Inheritance
belonging
to
the
Princess
Cesarini
,
and
which
should
inevitably
have
devolved
unto
him
,
in
case
the
Princess
had
remained
constant
to
her
resolution
,
and
had
renounced
the
World
,
within
the
inclosures
of
a
Nunnery
.
But
Altieri
suggesting
to
the
young
Lady
the
pleasures
,
and
conveniencies
of
marriage
made
easie
impression
into
her
frail
heart
,
causing
her
to
waver
and
stagger
in
her
late
resolutions
:
and
whereas
the
Vow
she
had
made
of
perpetual
chastity
,
was
the
chief
scruple
which
obstructed
the
change
of
her
Will
;
that
knot
was
easily
untied
by
the
solution
of
her
spiritual
Father
and
Confessor
,
and
other
Priests
,
and
Friers
,
who
were
made
the
Instruments
of
this
design
;
and
in
case
there
should
still
remain
any
scruple
of
Conscience
,
the
infallible
power
of
the
Pope
himself
was
at
hand
to
clear
the
doubts
,
and
dispense
with
all
the
Engagements
,
Vows
and
Promises
to
God
,
or
Man
,
by
which
she
supposed
herself
bound
and
obliged
,
and
to
make
all
this
good
,
the
Pope
proffered
to
take
her
into
his
protection
.
The
Princess
Cesarini
being
thus
overcome
,
and
resolved
to
marry
,
the
Cardinal
provided
her
with
a
Husband
,
giving
her
the
opportunity
to
see
Don
Frederico
Sforza
his
Nephew
,
who
was
a
brisk
young
Gallant
,
and
capable
to
make
impression
in
the
tender
heart
of
a
Lady
disposed
towards
the
thoughts
of
marriage
.
The
Constable
of
Colonna
on
the
other
side
despairing
of
all
hopes
to
persuade
the
Princess
to
the
continuance
of
her
Vow
,
concurred
with
the
other
party
in
his
assent
to
her
marriage
,
provided
she
would
accept
of
Don
Lelio
Orsini
.
This
Proposal
much
alarm'd
the
Cardinal
,
as
also
the
Duke
of
Gravina
,
who
though
he
was
one
branch
of
the
House
of
Orsini
,
yet
having
married
one
of
the
Pope's
Nieces
with
a
considerable
Portion
in
ready
Mony
,
and
with
assurances
of
a
Cardinal's
Cap
for
his
Brother
,
(
who
was
a
Dominican
Frier
)
was
easily
persuaded
to
concur
with
Altieri
in
the
advancement
of
the
Pope's
Family
.
The
Intrigues
of
this
Affair
were
various
,
and
admitted
of
more
particulars
than
are
required
in
this
History
;
but
in
short
,
the
power
of
Altieri
was
not
onely
superiour
to
that
of
Colonna
,
and
his
plots
more
subtle
,
and
his
labours
more
indefatigable
;
(
for
he
was
the
most
assiduous
Man
in
the
World
to
promote
his
own
interest
)
but
also
he
had
a
greater
Ascendant
over
the
affections
of
the
Princess
,
in
the
person
of
Sforza
,
who
was
young
,
gentle
,
and
of
good
address
,
whereas
Don
Lelio
was
a
Man
in
years
,
and
of
a
weak
and
infirm
complexion
,
and
so
given
over
and
inclined
to
devotion
,
that
they
gave
him
the
name
of
Mangia
Santi
,
or
the
Saint-Eater
,
wholly
and
intirely
applying
his
mind
to
gain
Indulgences
,
and
Jubilies
,
and
Pardons
:
howsoever
upon
the
proposals
of
this
Marriage
,
he
strained
his
humour
into
the
Mode
of
a
Gallant
,
feigning
a
brisk
and
aiery
behaviour
,
which
being
forced
,
and
affected
became
him
so
ill
,
that
it
seemed
almost
ridiculous
,
and
could
stand
in
no
competition
with
the
more
natural
garb
and
comeliness
of
Don
Frederico
.
Howsoever
the
Interest
which
was
made
in
behalf
of
Don
Lelio
by
importunity
of
the
Mother
,
and
the
persuasion
of
other
Friends
,
was
so
prevalent
that
the
young
Lady
remained
in
a
doubtful
condition
,
which
of
the
offers
she
should
embrace
.
This
indifferency
much
troubled
Altieri
;
and
therefore
to
secure
his
point
against
all
attempts
and
affaults
of
the
Mother
,
and
others
;
he
removed
the
Princess
from
the
Monastery
of
St.
Katharine
of
Siena
,
wherein
she
resided
,
to
that
of
S.
Anne
on
the
other
side
of
the
Tiber
,
where
Sforza
had
an
Aunt
that
lived
a
profess'd
Nun
:
and
for
better
security
from
secret
practices
,
Guards
were
set
by
express
Order
from
the
Pope
to
hinder
all
communication
with
the
Princess
.
But
not
onely
was
it
thought
necessary
to
prevent
all
private
suggestions
;
but
the
affection
of
the
Lady
towards
Sforza
was
to
be
kept
up
by
some
lively
representations
of
Love
,
which
were
constantly
to
be
instilled
into
her
mind
by
some
able
and
proper
Instrument
:
to
perform
this
Office
,
none
seemed
more
able
,
nor
better
qualified
than
Monsignor
Altoviti
the
Patriarch
of
Alexandria
;
who
was
highly
esteemed
in
the
City
,
and
of
great
reputation
for
the
devotion
and
sanctity
of
his
life
,
and
for
the
experience
he
had
in
the
affairs
of
the
Court
of
Rome
:
moreover
,
he
was
superintendent
over
this
Convent
of
St.
Anne
,
and
lived
in
hopes
of
being
a
Cardinal
,
and
of
other
promotions
in
the
Ecclesiastical
State
,
so
that
no
person
could
be
more
proper
for
this
Employment
,
than
this
good
Prelat
.
Whilst
the
Princess
thus
remained
closely
watched
,
and
besieged
within
the
Convent
;
the
Family
of
Colonna
murmured
,
and
talked
loud
against
the
Cardinal
,
complaining
of
his
injustice
and
insolent
violence
which
was
intolerable
to
Princes
of
Rome
:
but
say
what
they
could
,
Altieri
was
resolved
to
hold
his
prey
fast
,
and
improve
his
Interest
with
her
by
means
of
the
good
Prelat
Altoviti
;
who
having
the
care
and
protection
of
that
Convent
committed
to
his
care
and
Trust
,
had
the
opportunity
without
much
suspition
to
make
frequent
Visits
to
the
Lady
,
and
to
carry
Billiets
from
her
to
the
Cardinal
,
declaring
her
resolution
to
be
entirely
governed
by
him
and
his
Holiness
.
But
this
daily
correspondence
,
and
intercourse
of
Letters
had
not
long
continued
,
before
the
Spies
of
Colonna
had
discovered
the
Intrigues
,
which
were
managed
by
this
Prelat
,
and
the
Aunt
of
Don
Frederico
,
who
also
was
as
subtle
as
any
Woman
,
and
the
more
cunning
for
being
a
Nun.
The
Constable
of
Colonna
and
others
of
that
Family
being
well
informed
of
these
proceedings
and
of
all
these
affairs
,
dissembled
them
by
a
more
than
ordinary
respect
to
the
person
of
Altoviti
,
whom
,
whensoever
they
met
,
they
saluted
with
such
profound
reverence
,
as
if
he
had
been
Pope
,
professing
more
than
ordinary
respect
to
his
person
,
and
sanctity
of
his
life
.
The
good
Prelat
believing
these
demonstrations
of
kindness
to
be
all
real
,
openly
passed
over
the
Bridg
of
Saint
Sisto
without
fear
,
or
suspition
,
in
the
sight
and
view
of
the
Lords
of
Colonna
;
when
some
bold
Ruffians
,
or
Assassinates
assaulted
him
in
his
Coach
firing
two
Carbines
upon
him
,
one
of
which
shot
him
with
a
Bullet
,
which
passed
his
Neck
,
and
came
out
under
his
shoulder
:
the
poor
Prelat
finding
himself
thus
mortally
wounded
cryed
out
for
help
;
at
which
lamentable
Voice
many
Priests
and
Friers
came
about
him
,
to
prepare
him
for
death
;
but
Chirurgions
coming
in
,
and
finding
that
the
wound
was
not
mortal
,
he
took
courage
,
and
in
a
few
weeks
his
wound
was
perfectly
cured
.
This
accident
afforded
matter
of
discourse
to
the
whole
Town
,
and
Libels
or
Pasquils
were
scattered
,
and
affixed
in
all
publick
places
:
others
wrote
Verses
and
Elegies
on
Altoviti
,
as
if
he
had
been
already
dead
;
of
which
we
shall
only
repeat
this
Distick
:
Barbare
!
quid
violas
violento
tingere
tentas
Sanguine
?
quas
tingi
Murice
Roma
dabat
.
This
violent
attempt
on
the
sacred
person
of
a
Prelat
was
scandalous
to
all
the
World
;
and
every
one
believed
that
the
Pope
would
have
so
highly
resented
it
,
as
in
despight
of
the
Family
of
Colonna
,
and
of
their
greatness
,
have
revenged
an
Act
so
infamous
,
as
this
,
by
just
punishment
of
the
Offenders
:
but
contrary
to
all
expectation
,
when
the
Governour
of
Rome
went
to
the
Pope's
Palace
to
receive
Orders
,
in
what
manner
to
govern
himself
in
this
important
Affair
;
the
Cardinal
Altieri
seemed
very
cold
and
remiss
,
giving
little
or
no
encouragement
,
or
direction
to
the
Magistrates
to
examine
,
or
enquire
into
the
matter
,
saying
,
That
Officers
of
Justice
ought
as
well
to
be
Politicians
,
as
Judges
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Constable
Colonna
seemed
little
concerned
,
and
neither
gave
outward
demonstrations
of
joy
,
nor
affected
a
dissembled
sorrow
;
but
reserving
himself
in
a
moderate
mean
,
appeared
publickly
at
Exercises
,
Operaes
,
and
other
divertisements
,
as
usual
;
nourishing
a
secret
contentment
,
that
he
had
revenged
himself
on
his
Adversary
,
and
that
his
power
,
and
greatness
had
seated
him
above
the
reach
of
the
Cardinal
.
On
the
other
side
,
the
Cardinal
rejoyced
to
hear
Colonna
evil
spoken
of
,
and
that
he
had
incurred
the
Odium
,
or
hatred
of
all
the
good
and
vertuous
Men
of
Rome
,
and
especially
of
the
Clergy
;
and
farther
to
dilate
and
heap
an
infamy
of
this
detestable
Act
on
a
Family
which
he
abhorred
;
he
caused
a
Narrative
thereof
to
be
wrote
and
sent
unto
all
Courts
,
and
Countries
,
by
such
Pens
as
he
had
chosen
and
caused
to
be
dipped
in
the
most
bitter
Ink
of
Invectives
.
This
was
all
the
satisfaction
that
Altoviti
could
obtain
,
notwithstanding
the
sacredness
of
his
Person
,
being
a
Prelat
,
and
Patriarch
,
and
one
that
had
sacrificed
his
reputation
and
life
for
service
of
the
Court.
And
though
the
Nephews
of
other
Popes
have
on
occasions
less
injurious
and
dishonourable
to
the
Papal
Sea
,
hazarded
the
quiet
and
safety
of
the
Ecclesiastical
State
;
yet
Aliteri
,
scorning
to
insist
on
such
low
,
and
trivial
punctillios
delighted
himself
with
the
thoughts
,
that
in
despight
of
all
the
power
and
contrivances
of
Colonna
,
he
should
gain
his
point
and
sufficiently
mortifie
that
Family
by
the
marriage
of
Sforza
with
the
Princess
Cesarini
.
And
indeed
the
matter
succeeded
accordingly
;
for
after
all
these
,
and
many
other
particulars
,
which
caused
disturbance
;
the
French
Ambassadour
who
was
the
Duke
de
Estreé
,
and
the
Duke
Cesarini
Uncle
of
the
two
Ladies
interposed
between
both
parties
,
and
in
fine
made
this
agreement
:
That
both
Sisters
with
their
Husbands
should
live
under
the
protection
of
France
(
as
determined
by
the
Will
of
their
Father
)
and
ever
more
profess
and
adhere
to
that
Interest
.
That
their
Uncle
Cesarini
who
was
infirm
,
and
impotent
in
his
Bed
without
hopes
of
posterity
,
should
leave
the
Inheritance
of
his
Estate
to
his
two
Nieces
,
to
be
equally
divided
between
them
;
Which
terms
of
Accommodation
being
indented
and
subscribed
reciprocally
by
both
Parties
:
the
Cardinal
obtained
his
ends
,
and
the
rage
of
Colonna
appeased
,
and
Prince
Sonnino
satisfied
,
who
had
married
the
younger
Sister
upon
the
Promises
,
and
Vows
which
the
Elder
had
given
to
renounce
the
World
,
and
the
Inheritance
,
and
live
within
the
retirement
of
a
Convent
.
Thus
ended
the
embroils
of
this
Intrigue
,
injurious
to
none
,
but
poor
Altoviti
;
which
having
been
acted
in
other
parts
,
might
have
produced
many
Tragical
Effects
;
but
in
regard
the
Scene
was
at
Rome
,
where
love
and
justice
give
way
to
Policy
,
and
to
designs
for
conservation
of
Families
;
Arms
and
passion
were
overcome
by
Plots
and
subtil
Contrivances
.
Whatsoever
matter
occurred
in
the
time
of
this
Pope
,
we
must
attribute
to
the
person
,
passion
and
conduct
of
Altieri
;
for
Clement
being
an
old
Dotard
,
and
not
desirous
to
be
troubled
with
business
,
was
served
by
a
Nephew
,
which
fitted
his
humour
,
and
only
made
use
of
his
name
and
Authority
to
govern
with
an
absolute
,
and
despotical
Will.
The
first
movement
which
regulated
all
his
Actions
was
a
passion
,
and
an
exorbitant
desire
to
agrandize
his
own
Name
and
Family
;
and
in
order
thereunto
,
as
he
was
naturally
partial
to
the
Spanish
Faction
,
so
he
believed
a
constant
adherence
to
that
Interest
to
be
most
corresponding
to
those
designs
.
In
the
year
1671.
four
Cardinals
died
at
Rome
,
of
which
Antonio
Barberino
was
one
.
At
Genoua
new
differences
arose
concerning
the
Inquisition
,
which
were
afterwards
composed
to
the
mutual
satisfaction
both
of
the
Pope
,
and
that
Republick
.
This
year
being
the
year
following
after
the
Inauguration
of
the
Pope
,
Don
Pedro
d'
Aragon
Vice-King
of
Naples
appeared
at
Rome
with
a
splendid
Retinue
,
to
perform
the
Embassy
of
Obedience
(
as
they
call
it
)
which
is
done
by
the
yearly
present
of
a
white
Genet
;
this
Ceremony
was
at
other
times
performed
by
the
Ambassadour
of
Spain
residing
at
Rome
,
but
to
shew
a
greater
honour
perhaps
to
the
Pope
,
the
Vice-King
was
qualified
with
the
Title
of
Ambassadour
Extraordinary
;
after
whose
return
into
Spain
the
Marquis
of
Astorgas
was
constituted
Vice
King
of
Naples
,
and
Father
Nitardo
Inquisitor-General
of
Spain
was
dignified
with
the
Character
of
Ambassadour
;
and
because
that
honour
is
inconsistent
with
the
simple
condition
of
a
religious
person
,
the
Pope
adorned
him
with
the
Title
of
Archbishop
of
Edessa
:
who
the
year
following
with
several
others
was
promoted
to
the
dignity
of
Cardinal
.
An.
1672.
This
year
also
Pope
Pius
Quintus
who
was
a
Dominican
,
or
of
the
Order
of
Preachers
,
was
canonized
,
being
a
hundred
years
after
his
decease
.
There
also
happened
a
dispute
concerning
Precedency
,
between
Don
Gasparo
Altieri
one
of
the
Pope's
Nephews
,
and
General
of
the
Pope's
Forces
,
and
commandator
Bichi
Ambassadour
of
Tuscany
,
which
difference
was
determined
in
favour
of
the
latter
.
In
the
mean
time
violent
disturbances
arose
in
Poland
,
on
occasion
,
that
King
Michael
had
removed
the
Primate
of
that
Kingdom
,
and
the
Great
General
Sobieski
from
their
places
,
and
Offices
of
Trust
,
which
afterwards
were
accommodated
by
the
Pope's
Nuntio
Monsignor
Bonvisi
on
terms
more
necessary
than
convenient
,
or
rather
by
the
approach
of
the
Turks
who
with
a
formidable
force
had
taken
the
strong
fortress
of
Keminiec
,
and
were
entered
into
the
bowels
of
Poland
as
far
as
Leopolis
;
the
news
hereof
made
a
great
noise
at
Rome
,
but
little
disturbed
Cardinal
Altieri
,
who
being
intent
to
other
designs
,
did
not
much
trouble
his
head
with
the
thoughts
of
sending
Nuntio's
to
the
Christian
Princes
,
whose
business
was
to
incite
them
to
administer
help
and
succour
to
the
afflicted
Poland
,
oppressed
,
and
almost
over
run
with
Mahometan
Arms
;
for
his
Opinion
was
(
as
they
say
)
that
the
intercession
of
the
Pope's
Ministers
in
matters
of
that
nature
,
were
only
formalities
,
and
such
as
conduced
little
to
real
effects
,
for
that
Princes
well
disposed
,
and
zealous
for
the
Christian
Cause
,
or
such
as
were
united
in
the
same
common
Interest
,
which
was
to
expel
and
drive
an
Enemy
so
powerful
and
dangerous
far
from
them
,
would
move
on
the
principles
of
their
own
safety
,
without
any
other
incitements
,
or
motives
from
their
common
Father
the
Pope
:
and
indeed
Altieri
searching
for
the
nature
of
mankind
within
himself
,
did
conclude
,
that
not
Religion
,
but
interest
of
State
onely
governed
the
World
.
Howsoever
that
he
might
afford
some
testimonies
of
his
care
,
and
affection
towards
Poland
;
he
raised
the
sum
of
three
hundred
thousand
Crowns
,
by
impositions
on
Ecclesiastical
Benefices
in
Italy
,
of
which
he
sent
fifty
thousand
into
Poland
,
and
the
remainder
he
invested
in
buildings
,
furniture
and
moveables
for
his
own
service
.
Soon
after
which
King
Michael
dying
,
the
confusions
of
that
Kingdom
increased
,
and
so
other
Seditions
and
Controversies
amongst
them
,
was
added
that
grand
point
of
dispute
concerning
a
Successour
to
the
Crown
;
for
conservation
of
which
,
though
Altieri
was
not
so
liberal
as
to
contribute
great
sums
of
Money
;
yet
to
please
and
gratifie
the
Spaniards
,
he
was
desirous
to
have
a
hand
in
the
preferment
of
a
King
to
them
,
naming
Prince
Charles
of
Lorain
as
a
person
qualified
with
all
Royal
abilities
,
and
endowments
required
in
a
King
:
and
indeed
though
none
was
more
worthy
of
a
Crown
,
than
that
generous
Prince
:
yet
the
Nobles
of
that
Kingdom
informed
of
the
Pope's
endeavours
,
reflected
thereon
,
as
prejudicial
to
their
right
of
Election
,
having
never
received
Kings
at
the
nomination
,
or
recommendation
of
Rome
;
and
therefore
proceeded
to
the
election
of
John
Sobieski
,
a
person
capable
to
sustain
a
Crown
to
the
benefit
and
glory
of
that
Kingdom
,
which
being
invaded
by
the
formidable
Arms
of
the
Turk
,
could
never
be
rescued
from
ruine
,
and
destruction
,
but
by
the
valour
and
fortune
of
Sobieski
,
whom
God
raised
not
onely
for
the
protection
of
Poland
,
but
for
the
defence
of
Germany
;
having
by
his
Heroick
march
from
his
own
Country
in
the
year
1683.
to
raise
the
Siege
of
Vienna
,
signalized
his
Valour
and
prowess
,
to
such
a
degree
as
Romances
describe
Heroes
,
and
the
generous
Actions
and
atchievements
of
mighty
Princes
.
It
hath
been
a
priviledg
granted
by
the
See
of
Rome
to
the
Kings
of
Poland
;
immediately
after
their
Election
to
bestow
a
Cardinal's
Cap
on
any
Person
whom
they
should
propose
;
according
to
which
Power
,
the
new
King
nominated
the
Bishop
of
Marseglia
for
that
Person
,
to
whom
he
designed
that
honour
.
It
was
indifferent
to
Altieri
whether
the
Scarlet
were
bestowed
on
him
,
or
any
other
,
had
not
the
Spaniards
,
to
whose
Interest
he
was
extreamly
partial
,
suggested
the
contrary
;
pretending
that
the
King
ought
to
nominate
a
Subject
of
his
own
,
and
not
of
a
forein
and
stranger
Prince
;
for
that
in
regard
the
French
King
was
able
to
insinuate
into
all
Courts
,
by
flattery
and
bribery
he
might
easily
obtain
a
nomination
for
one
,
or
other
,
who
should
either
by
Nation
,
or
Interest
be
ingaged
in
that
Faction
;
and
so
in
time
the
whole
Conclave
become
French
,
and
entirely
dedicated
to
the
devotion
of
that
King
.
And
whereas
it
might
be
objected
,
that
the
refusal
of
the
King
of
Polands
desire
,
would
much
disoblige
him
and
the
whole
Nation
,
which
stood
much
on
their
points
and
Prerogatives
:
The
Spaniards
answered
,
That
the
Election
of
the
Great
Marshal
Sobieski
to
the
Crown
of
Poland
,
having
not
been
performed
according
to
the
usual
Rules
and
Methods
observed
in
that
Kingdom
,
could
not
continue
,
or
be
confirmed
;
for
that
the
Nobles
of
Lituania
had
not
given
their
Votes
,
or
suffrages
thereunto
:
that
the
greatest
part
of
that
Republick
desired
an
unmarried
Prince
,
who
might
espouse
the
Widow
of
the
deceased
King
;
and
in
fine
,
that
all
the
Nobility
of
Poland
remained
unsatisfied
with
this
Election
;
and
being
greatly
divided
in
their
Opinions
,
some
alteration
might
speedily
be
expected
.
Altieri
suffering
himself
to
be
thus
misguided
with
these
suggestions
of
the
Spaniards
,
wrote
to
the
King
of
Poland
in
the
name
of
the
Pope
,
desiring
●his
Majesty
to
fix
on
some
other
person
of
a
more
indifferent
temper
,
and
who
was
a
Neuter
,
and
less
engaged
to
either
of
the
Crowns
:
by
which
he
would
perform
so
signal
a
kindness
to
his
Holiness
,
as
would
ever
oblige
him
to
prefer
the
Interest
of
his
Kingdom
in
matters
of
greater
moment
.
The
King
highly
resented
this
manner
of
proceeding
of
the
Court
of
Rome
,
being
astonished
to
find
,
that
those
,
who
had
used
all
endeavours
to
disappoint
him
of
his
Election
,
should
now
have
the
boldness
to
demand
such
a
favour
from
him
,
as
he
could
not
grant
without
dishonour
to
the
Crown
which
he
had
lately
received
,
and
therefore
testified
his
resolutions
to
persist
in
the
nomination
he
had
made
;
to
which
Altieri
not
judging
fit
to
condescend
remained
firm
in
his
denial
;
and
therein
being
resolved
until
the
death
of
this
Pope
,
an
ill
correspondence
passed
between
Poland
and
Rome
during
the
Reign
of
this
Clement
X.
An.
1673.
Though
all
these
difficulties
were
made
in
exception
to
the
person
of
the
Bishop
of
Marseille
,
yet
Altieri
was
more
easie
,
and
favourable
to
the
Family
of
the
late
Pope
;
and
accordingly
about
the
beginning
of
the
year
1673.
Felice
Rospigliosi
was
advanced
to
the
degree
of
Cardinal
,
whereby
the
Pope
in
gratitude
to
Clement
IX
.
returned
the
Hat
he
had
received
from
him
,
to
a
person
of
the
same
name
and
Family
:
at
the
same
time
also
,
he
promoted
Peter
Basadonna
Knight
,
and
Procurator
of
St.
Mark
for
the
Republick
of
Venice
to
the
same
degree
,
together
with
Monsignor
Nerli
a
Florentine
,
and
then
Nuntio
at
Paris
:
this
year
also
the
College
of
Cardinals
lost
four
of
their
number
,
three
of
which
were
principal
Members
,
and
Persons
great
in
their
worth
,
and
Offices
,
viz.
Frederick
Borromeo
Secretary
of
State
,
Imperiali
à
bury
,
and
an
active
Cardinal
,
as
also
Cualtieri
and
Roberti
.
In
this
year
the
most
Christian
King
designed
to
reform
the
Order
of
St.
Lazarus
,
and
cast
it
into
some
other
model
;
for
that
this
Order
being
almost
worn
out
,
and
the
constitutions
of
it
,
either
abrogated
or
out
of
use
;
his
Majesty
judged
it
more
convenient
to
renew
it
again
,
and
establish
it
upon
some
other
foundation
;
and
in
pursuance
of
this
resolution
a
new
Chief
,
or
General
was
appointed
for
this
Order
.
This
right
of
Regalia
or
Jus
Patronatus
which
his
Majesty
had
on
this
occasion
exercised
in
the
Gallican
Church
greatly
offended
Cardinal
Altieri
,
who
to
vindicate
the
Papal
Authority
,
in
opposition
to
the
King
's
usurped
pretences
,
persuaded
a
certain
Gascon
,
who
was
come
to
seek
preferment
at
Rome
,
to
accept
the
honour
of
Abbat
of
the
Order
of
St.
Lazarus
,
and
to
qualifie
him
for
this
dignity
,
the
Title
of
Abbat
of
Colombiere
was
conferred
upon
him
.
This
simple
Gascon
,
for
no
other
would
be
so
vain
,
as
to
accept
of
an
Employment
so
intriguesom
and
difficult
as
this
,
not
having
the
Talent
,
or
capacity
to
manage
an
Affair
of
this
weight
and
moment
,
signed
and
dispatched
away
the
Orders
requisite
for
regulation
of
his
Abby
;
and
though
his
friends
and
acquaintance
dissuaded
him
from
an
Enterprise
so
offensive
to
the
King
;
yet
this
bold
Gascon
persisted
in
his
folly
,
being
therein
encouraged
by
the
Creatures
of
Altieri
.
The
Duke
d'
Estreé
then
Ambassadour
for
France
at
Rome
highly
resented
this
pretence
of
the
Pope
in
derogation
to
the
Right
of
his
Master
,
but
more
especially
was
offended
with
the
Gascon
who
had
conspired
with
the
Cardinal
to
deprive
the
King
of
his
Right
and
Prerogative
.
Wherefore
the
Duke
being
highly
incensed
,
seized
the
Scrivener
who
had
drawn
up
the
Abbat's
Memorial
to
the
Pope
,
and
after
severe
words
,
and
Reproofs
caused
him
to
be
imprisoned
:
the
Abbat
in
the
mean
time
fearing
the
like
treatment
,
retired
into
a
priviledged
place
within
the
jurisdiction
of
the
Pope's
Palace
,
and
under
the
protection
of
the
Cardinal
,
who
allowed
him
a
Pension
for
his
necessary
maintenance
.
At
length
the
Abbat
instigated
by
his
Friends
,
and
encouraged
by
Altieri
departed
from
Rome
,
and
passed
the
Alps
into
France
,
where
so
soon
as
he
was
arrived
,
he
was
seiz'd
by
the
King's
command
,
and
committed
to
Prison
,
where
we
shall
leave
him
to
the
Law
,
and
the
disposal
of
the
Order
of
St.
Lazarus
to
the
pleasure
of
his
Majesty
.
This
,
and
other
discontents
encreased
the
ill
correspondence
between
the
Duke
d'
Estreé
Ambassadour
of
France
,
and
the
Cardinal
;
which
Altieri
though
an
Italian
could
not
conceal
,
or
dissemble
;
for
being
passionately
affected
to
the
Interest
of
Spain
,
received
the
news
of
the
French
Conquests
,
and
successes
against
Holland
with
regret
,
and
displeasure
;
either
disapproving
the
intelligence
as
false
,
or
otherwise
relating
it
with
such
circumstances
,
as
much
abated
,
and
eclipsed
the
glory
of
those
Victories
:
all
which
served
to
inflame
the
differences
between
the
Duke
and
the
Cardinal
.
But
none
was
of
greater
consequence
,
than
that
which
intervened
between
the
Cardinal
,
and
all
the
Ambassadours
and
Representatives
for
forein
Princes
residing
in
the
Court
of
Rome
:
the
occasion
and
matter
whereof
was
this
.
It
being
now
the
year
1674.
An.
1674.
immediately
preceding
the
year
of
Jubily
,
when
more
than
ordinary
provisions
are
made
for
entertainment
and
sustenance
of
Pilgrims
,
who
croud
in
great
numbers
to
obtain
the
Indulgences
,
Pardons
,
and
Dispensations
which
are
granted
at
that
holy
time
:
It
happened
,
that
the
Farmers
and
Collectors
of
the
Customs
,
and
Impositions
which
are
laid
on
all
sorts
of
Victuals
and
Provisions
,
made
complaints
of
the
great
damage
which
the
Pope
suffered
in
that
branch
of
his
Revenue
from
the
abuses
and
frauds
of
forein
Ministers
;
who
having
all
provisions
for
their
Families
allowed
to
them
free
from
Taxes
,
and
Impost
,
did
under
that
pretence
,
colour
the
goods
,
and
provisions
of
others
,
and
thereby
raised
considerable
sums
of
Money
to
their
own
advantage
,
which
belonged
and
appertained
to
the
Apostolical
Chamber
.
The
Farmers
had
often
complained
of
these
abuses
in
the
times
of
other
Popes
,
and
though
many
remedies
,
and
expedients
were
proposed
for
prevention
of
the
Cheat
;
yet
they
produced
nothing
besides
Affronts
,
and
blows
to
the
Officers
.
At
length
Altieri
who
esteemed
himself
more
politick
,
and
powerful
than
all
the
Nephews
of
preceding
Popes
;
resolved
on
occasion
of
the
approaching
Jubily
to
raise
the
Farm
on
provisions
to
a
more
exorbitant
price
,
than
ever
was
known
:
and
to
obviate
the
complaints
of
the
Customers
;
he
published
an
Edict
,
That
all
Ambassadours
and
Cardidinals
should
for
the
future
pay
the
Taxes
,
and
Impositions
on
their
Domestick
provisions
,
in
such
manner
as
all
other
persons
,
not
exempted
by
priviledges
were
obliged
to
pay
.
This
Edict
being
published
,
greatly
surprized
,
not
only
the
Ministers
from
forein
Princes
,
but
the
whole
College
of
Cardinals
,
who
finding
themselves
hereby
deprived
of
their
chief
benefit
and
priviledg
,
murmured
,
and
talked
loud
against
the
arbitrary
and
irregular
Government
of
Cardinal
Altieri
;
who
little
regarding
the
empty
air
of
words
,
returned
no
other
answer
:
than
that
the
Pope
was
Master
of
his
own
Family
,
and
Dominions
.
The
Ambassadours
then
residing
at
Rome
were
the
Cardinal
Landgrave
of
Hesse
for
the
Emperour
,
the
Duke
d'
Estreé
for
France
,
Cardinal
Nitardo
for
Spain
,
besides
the
Representatives
of
Venice
,
the
Grand
Duke
,
Genoua
,
and
other
lesser
Princes
,
all
these
being
disobliged
,
and
sensibly
touched
by
the
loss
,
or
suspension
of
their
priviledg
,
entered
into
consultation
together
of
the
method
,
whereby
to
proceed
;
when
after
some
debate
they
agreed
to
go
together
to
the
Palace
of
Monte
Cavallo
,
where
the
Pope
was
then
lodged
;
and
there
without
any
previous
Ceremony
,
or
notice
taken
of
the
Cardinal
Nephew
to
demand
Audience
immediately
of
the
Pope
.
Accordingly
these
forein
Ministers
being
on
their
way
thither
,
which
made
a
great
noise
,
and
combustion
in
the
City
of
Rome
;
the
Cardinal
at
the
alarm
roused
up
himself
,
and
instantly
commanded
the
Chains
of
the
City
to
be
drawn
,
the
Gates
of
the
Palace
to
be
shut
,
and
Guards
placed
at
all
Avenues
,
to
hinder
and
obstruct
the
passage
of
the
Ambassadours
:
who
being
in
this
manner
disappointed
of
their
Audience
returned
home
full
of
anger
and
indignation
,
resolving
in
revenge
of
this
Affront
never
more
to
acknowledg
the
Cardinal
for
Nephew
of
the
Pope
or
treat
with
him
under
those
circumstances
,
or
give
him
the
name
of
Altieri
,
but
of
Paluzzi
;
and
in
the
mean
time
they
caused
a
relation
and
state
of
the
whole
matter
to
be
drawn
up
in
writing
,
subscribed
by
the
hands
of
all
the
Ambassadours
and
forein
Ministers
,
the
which
was
dispatched
by
every
one
of
them
to
his
respective
Prince
.
Notwithstanding
the
late
Obstructions
given
them
by
Altieri
,
the
Ambassadours
found
a
way
to
obtain
Audience
of
the
Pope
,
to
whom
having
gained
admittance
,
they
represented
,
That
the
cause
and
subject
of
their
discontent
was
the
exorbitant
and
irregular
Government
of
his
Nephew
,
who
to
the
prejudice
of
their
honour
had
laid
those
impositions
upon
them
,
from
which
they
were
exempted
by
the
priviledg
of
their
Character
;
and
though
both
their
Masters
,
and
themselves
were
well-affected
and
zealous
towards
the
Apostolical
Sea
,
yet
they
could
not
but
make
a
great
difference
between
the
duty
they
owed
to
his
Holiness
,
and
their
submission
to
the
Cardinal
Altieri
in
all
his
indirect
proceedings
.
For
Answer
hereunto
,
the
Pope
,
who
was
of
a
mild
and
gentle
temper
replied
with
his
usual
softness
,
in
justification
of
his
Edict
,
that
the
Debts
which
lay
on
the
Apostolical
Chamber
were
vast
,
amounting
to
many
Millions
of
Gold
;
for
ease
of
which
,
he
was
enforced
to
intrench
for
a
short
time
on
their
priviledges
;
which
should
not
longer
continue
,
than
until
the
end
of
the
Jubily
,
which
would
be
terminated
at
the
expiration
of
the
following
year
;
during
which
,
the
Chamber
being
obliged
to
more
than
ordinary
charges
,
and
expence
,
was
enforced
to
exercise
unusual
means
for
its
reimbursments
:
and
therefore
he
hoped
,
that
they
would
become
such
charitable
Benefactors
to
the
Church
,
as
for
its
better
support
,
and
subsistence
to
part
with
something
of
their
own
rights
for
advancement
of
so
great
a
good
;
especially
considering
,
that
during
the
time
of
his
Pontificate
,
the
Ecclesiastical
State
had
not
been
charged
with
any
new
Taxes
,
or
Impositions
.
These
and
the
like
discourses
used
by
the
Pope
in
favour
of
his
Nephew
,
and
his
proceedings
,
gave
no
satisfaction
to
the
forein
Ministers
;
who
therewith
displeased
,
returned
immediately
from
their
Audience
to
their
own
dwellings
,
without
the
least
notice
taken
of
the
Cardinal
Nephew
;
which
neglect
was
intended
as
an
affront
to
him
,
it
being
the
custom
for
Ambassadours
after
they
came
from
Audience
with
the
Pope
,
to
visit
the
Nephew
,
and
communicate
their
Affairs
to
him
,
craving
his
assistance
and
furtherance
in
their
business
;
but
now
the
Ambassadours
to
evidence
their
farther
resentments
,
judged
it
not
only
fit
to
disown
Altieri
by
omission
of
this
Ceremony
,
but
even
(
as
far
as
they
were
able
)
to
divest
him
of
his
Adoption
,
vouchsafing
no
other
name
to
him
,
than
that
of
Paluzzi
.
This
neglect
,
and
ill
correspondence
with
Altieri
,
continued
for
the
space
of
several
months
,
which
much
abated
the
respect
of
the
people
towards
the
Cardinal
,
and
caused
him
to
fall
low
in
the
esteem
of
the
Court
;
and
as
a
consequence
thereof
Kings
and
Princes
returned
no
Answer
to
his
Letters
,
though
accompanied
with
the
Pope's
Briefs
,
and
worded
with
all
the
terms
of
submission
,
and
humility
,
that
could
be
expressed
.
Altieri
considering
the
circumstances
of
his
condition
,
and
the
age
of
the
Pope
,
(
who
according
to
the
course
of
Nature
could
not
last
long
)
endeavoured
by
all
means
possible
to
procure
a
good
understanding
between
himself
,
and
the
Ambassadours
,
and
especially
to
set
himself
right
with
France
:
in
order
hereunto
a
Congregation
of
Cardinals
was
deputed
,
consisting
(
as
was
believed
)
of
Men
disinteressed
,
and
unbiassed
by
any
faction
,
whose
incumbence
it
was
to
propose
,
and
contrive
middle
,
and
indifferent
terms
towards
an
accommodation
.
In
like
cases
,
as
well
as
in
this
,
it
hath
been
the
practice
,
to
ordain
a
Congregation
of
this
nature
;
which
being
composed
for
the
most
part
of
aged
,
and
unactive
Men
,
such
as
had
given
over
the
World
,
moved
slowly
in
all
their
determinations
,
and
with
that
phlegm
,
that
their
Consults
,
and
Proposals
commonly
concluded
in
nothing
:
the
like
success
this
Deputation
found
,
the
meeting
,
and
debates
of
the
Cardinals
being
delayed
from
day
to
day
without
other
issue
,
or
effect
,
and
in
the
mean
time
the
execution
of
the
Edict
seemed
to
be
suspended
,
or
to
die
of
it self
;
the
Customers
,
and
Collectors
of
the
Taxes
not
daring
to
exercise
their
power
in
virtue
of
this
Edict
.
Altieri
also
had
given
them
some
intimation
not
to
insist
with
too
much
resolution
and
rigour
thereupon
,
with
promises
of
abatements
on
their
Farm
,
supposing
that
time
would
compose
the
differences
,
and
allay
the
indignation
which
the
Ambassadours
had
conceived
against
him
:
but
finding
to
the
contrary
,
that
their
anger
was
kept
alive
with
scorn
,
and
disrespect
to
his
Person
and
Office
:
and
that
though
the
Kings
of
France
and
Spain
were
engaged
in
Wars
one
against
the
other
,
and
that
their
Ambassadours
at
Rome
were
on
that
score
at
odds
and
unfriendly
one
with
the
other
:
yet
they
agreed
,
and
entertained
a
good
understanding
together
in
what
concerned
the
quadruple
knot
which
they
had
sealed
against
him
.
Altieri
fearing
the
consequences
of
these
matters
,
resolved
to
cast
himself
into
the
hands
of
France
,
but
the
Duke
d'
Estreé
refused
to
accept
of
any
terms
,
or
Conditions
with
him
;
wherefore
he
applied
himself
to
the
other
Ambassadours
with
design
to
break
the
Combination
;
but
encountring
the
same
difficulties
he
applied
himself
to
the
Court
of
Spain
,
where
the
Counsels
and
considerations
being
of
a
different
nature
,
regarding
the
quiet
of
Italy
,
rather
than
animosity
to
the
person
of
Altieri
,
Orders
were
dispatched
to
Cardinal
Nitardi
to
close
with
him
,
and
to
enter
again
into
a
good
correspondence
with
the
Court
of
Rome
.
The
Emperour
taking
the
same
measures
,
gave
Orders
to
the
Cardinal
Landgrave
to
acknowledg
Altieri
as
formerly
for
the
Pope's
Nephew
,
and
to
retain
a
good
correspondence
with
him
:
the
Senate
of
Venice
following
the
example
of
these
two
great
Monarchs
,
ordered
their
Minister
also
to
accept
terms
of
reconciliation
;
by
which
means
Altieri
stood
fair
again
with
all
the
Ambassadours
excepting
onely
the
Duke
d'
Estreé
,
who
had
other
scores
to
reckon
with
him
.
When
the
news
came
to
Rome
,
that
the
Court
of
Spain
had
given
Order
to
their
Ambassadour
to
reconcile
himself
with
Altieri
:
those
who
in
that
City
have
little
more
to
do
,
than
to
discourse
of
the
Politicks
,
and
make
their
reflections
on
the
Acts
of
Princes
;
were
of
Opinion
,
that
Altieri
had
made
some
offers
to
assist
the
Spaniards
in
regaining
the
City
of
Messina
from
the
French
;
which
the
Duke
d'
Estreé
having
discovered
,
adjoined
that
quarrel
to
other
matters
of
discontent
:
but
such
conjectures
as
these
could
have
no
foundation
,
nor
gain
belief
amongst
those
,
who
understand
the
constitution
of
Rome
,
and
the
nature
of
the
Cardinal
,
who
was
more
inclined
to
heap
up
for
himself
,
than
sow
for
others
.
But
the
more
probable
Opinion
was
,
that
Spain
was
desirous
to
stand
fair
with
the
Pope
,
because
France
was
at
odds
with
him
,
giving
thereby
a
testimony
to
the
World
of
the
unquietness
of
that
Nation
,
which
is
contentedy
with
nothing
of
moderation
;
and
in
fine
,
that
their
behaviour
towards
all
is
insolent
,
and
insupportable
.
The
year
1675.
An.
1675.
which
was
the
Jubily
,
or
holy
year
,
being
entered
,
the
City
of
Rome
was
after
the
usual
manner
filled
with
multitudes
of
Pilgrims
and
Strangers
,
who
crowded
to
obtain
the
benefit
of
Pardons
and
Indulgences
which
are
plentifully
issued
,
and
bestowed
at
that
time
.
That
year
six
Cardinals
were
created
,
namely
,
Alexander
Crescentio
a
Roman
,
Marescotti
of
Bologna
,
Rocci
a
Roman
,
Albritii
a
Neapolitan
,
Spada
a
Roman
,
and
Philip
Howard
of
the
Illustrious
Family
of
Norfolk
,
who
was
a
Dominican
,
having
been
Great
Almoner
to
the
Queen
of
England
;
this
advancement
was
much
facilitated
by
her
Majesties
recommendations
The
which
promotions
the
French
King
would
not
own
,
because
the
Bishop
of
Marseglia
whom
the
King
of
Poland
had
recommended
,
(
as
we
have
related
at
the
beginning
of
this
Pope's
Reign
)
was
rejected
to
please
the
humour
of
the
Spaniards
.
And
indeed
herein
his
most
Christian
Majesty
seemed
to
have
just
cause
of
discontent
:
for
though
in
the
year
1671.
Cesar
d'
Estreé
Brother
of
the
Duke
of
that
name
and
called
Bishop
of
Laon
was
created
Cardinal
;
yet
that
honour
being
conferredat
the
nomination
of
the
King
of
Portugal
,
in
recompence
of
some
services
rendered
to
that
Crown
;
and
united
onely
to
the
bare
recommendations
of
France
;
it
was
not
esteemed
as
a
favour
done
to
that
King
,
but
to
Portugal
onely
,
of
which
Kingdom
d'
Estreé
was
made
Protectour
.
Howsoever
Altieri
would
not
understand
it
for
other
,
than
a
favour
done
to
France
,
without
which
and
the
interest
of
the
Duke
d'
Estreé
his
Brother
,
then
Ambassadour
at
Rome
,
it
had
scarce
been
obtained
:
for
that
Duke
amongst
other
Commissions
brought
from
Rome
,
had
particular
instructions
to
demand
of
the
Pope
the
restitution
of
Castro
and
Ronciglione
to
the
Duke
of
Parma
,
according
to
the
Treaty
of
Pisa
;
but
that
being
a
morsel
not
easily
digested
by
the
Pope
,
Monsieur
d'
Estreé
made
his
way
thereupon
to
gain
the
Cardinal's
Cap
for
his
Brother
,
by
a
relaxation
of
that
demand
.
About
the
beginning
of
the
year
1676.
An.
1676.
there
arose
a
Controversie
between
the
Pope
and
the
Vice-King
of
Naples
concerning
the
seizure
of
certain
Banditi
within
the
jurisdiction
of
the
Ecclesiastical
State
,
by
Officers
from
the
Vice-King
;
upon
which
Dispute
the
Son
of
the
Duke
of
Sora
was
banished
from
Rome
,
upon
pain
of
death
in
case
he
should
return
.
This
Pope
Canonized
Cajetan
Tienne
founder
of
the
Order
of
Regular
Clarks
,
Francis
Borgia
General
of
the
Jesuits
,
Philip
Beniti
restorer
of
the
Order
of
the
Servillians
,
Lewis
Bertran
,
and
Rose
of
St.
Mary
both
of
the
Dominican
Order
.
Under
these
Circumstances
Altieri
remained
with
France
,
when
Pope
Clement
the
10th
.
died
;
some
few
hours
before
whose
death
Altieri
pressed
him
to
fill
up
the
four
vacant
places
of
Cardinals
,
and
though
the
Queen
of
Sweden
,
and
Cardinal
Barbarino
joyned
with
him
in
the
same
request
;
yet
the
Pope
would
not
hearken
to
them
,
nor
grant
their
desire
.
And
when
at
last
,
Altieri
became
more
importunate
with
him
than
before
,
designing
to
supply
the
four
vacant
places
with
Creatures
of
his
own
,
who
might
be
able
to
fortifie
his
Interest
against
the
next
Conclave
:
the
good
Pope
turned
to
him
,
and
with
some
Anger
said
:
You
may
well
content
your self
,
that
you
have
been
Pope
for
six
years
,
Suffer
me
now
to
follow
my
own
inclinations
,
and
be
Pope
for
six
hours
onely
.
It
was
now
generally
concluded
,
and
believed
,
that
Altieri
was
so
fallen
into
disreputation
with
the
whole
College
of
Cardinals
,
and
with
the
People
of
Rome
,
and
so
hated
by
all
the
Prelates
,
that
immediately
after
the
Pope's
death
,
he
would
be
removed
from
all
his
Offices
,
and
deprived
of
his
Suffrage
in
the
ensuing
Conclave
.
But
Altieri
had
so
well
feathered
his
Nest
during
his
Reign
under
his
reputed
Uncle
,
that
his
Riches
procured
him
Friends
,
and
reconciled
the
minds
of
those
who
were
most
estranged
from
him
;
so
that
he
conserved
his
Office
of
Chamberlain
with
other
honourable
Charges
;
and
obtained
a
confirmation
for
his
Nephew
Don
Gasparo
in
his
place
of
General
,
and
afterwards
entered
triumphant
into
the
Conclave
:
onely
his
main
task
was
in
what
manner
to
reconcile
himself
to
the
favour
of
the
most
Christian
King
;
in
regard
the
Cardinals
of
that
Party
declared
,
that
they
would
neither
act
nor
treat
with
Altieri
,
until
he
had
first
given
satisfaction
to
his
Majesty
.
INNOCENT
XI
.
SO
soon
as
Clement
X.
had
expired
his
last
breath
,
Altieri
who
was
Cardinal
Chamberlain
gave
notice
thereof
to
all
the
Officers
of
the
Houshold
;
upon
which
news
,
all
the
Prelates
and
Grooms
of
the
Bedchamber
in
decent
,
and
mourning
Habits
repaired
to
the
Palace
of
Monte-Cavallo
,
where
they
found
the
Body
of
the
Pope
laid
out
on
a
Pallet
covered
with
Crimson
Velvet
;
and
there
in
presence
of
them
all
,
Altieri
,
whose
Office
it
was
,
brake
the
Sigillum
Piscatorium
,
or
the
Pope's
Seal
in
pieces
;
and
the
Notaries
of
the
Camera
took
an
Inventory
of
all
the
Goods
found
in
the
Palace
.
After
which
the
body
of
the
Pope
was
dedivered
to
those
who
were
to
embalm
it
,
and
then
the
Bell
of
the
Capitol
was
rung
out
,
to
give
notice
of
the
death
of
the
Pope
to
all
the
City
.
And
now
Cardinal
Altieri
,
having
nothing
more
to
do
at
Monte-Cavallo
,
repaired
to
his
own
new
Palace
near
the
Jesu
,
attended
with
a
numerous
train
,
where
he
received
the
Visits
of
Cardinals
,
Princes
,
Ambassadours
,
Prelates
,
and
Nobles
who
came
to
condole
with
him
for
the
death
of
his
Uncle
.
During
the
time
that
the
Funeral
Obsequies
were
solemnizing
,
the
Cardinals
were
busied
in
forming
Parties
against
the
time
of
Election
:
the
first
day
of
which
was
the
second
of
August
,
when
a
considerable
number
of
Cardinals
being
assembled
in
St.
Peter's
,
entered
in
form
of
Procession
two
by
two
with
gravity
and
Order
into
the
Conclave
;
the
next
day
some
others
were
added
to
them
,
in
all
to
the
number
of
fifty
two
;
so
on
the
third
day
of
August
the
Conclave
was
shut
and
Guards
set
by
the
Prince
Savelli
,
to
whose
Office
it
appertained
,
as
Marshal
of
the
Conclave
.
On
the
4th
instant
the
Mass
of
Veni
Creator
,
being
sung
,
the
Cardinals
began
the
Choice
by
way
of
Scrutiny
.
The
Persons
nominated
were
Vidone
,
Barberigo
,
Odescalchi
,
Spinola
,
and
Cerri
,
all
which
had
almost
an
equality
of
Votes
:
Odescalchi
had
eleven
;
but
proceeding
towards
the
Evening
by
way
of
Accession
,
seven
Votes
only
appeared
for
him
.
On
the
sixth
day
in
the
Morning
,
Scrutiny
being
made
,
twenty
seven
Votes
were
given
for
Cardinal
Corsini
;
but
in
the
Evening
fourteen
onely
appeared
at
the
Accession
.
Howsoever
things
were
so
promising
and
favourable
,
that
Chigi
who
chiefly
managed
this
Affair
in
the
behalf
of
Corsini
,
certainly
believed
,
that
he
had
gained
his
point
,
but
Cardinal
Nitardo
Ambassadour
for
Spain
opposing
the
Election
drew
off
all
the
Spanish
party
,
which
being
followed
by
the
faction
of
the
Grand
Duke
Corsini
was
wholly
abandoned
,
and
but
one
Vote
left
him
at
the
Evening
when
Accession
was
made
.
Chigi
not
discouraged
with
this
ill
success
was
still
plotting
to
bring
in
the
French
party
to
his
assistance
;
but
was
countermined
by
Altieri
and
the
Flying
Squadron
.
During
which
,
another
party
was
set
up
called
the
New
Squadron
consisting
of
certain
Cardinals
,
who
pretended
great
Zeal
,
and
to
be
solely
moved
from
a
sincere
and
godly
principle
to
promote
a
Person
to
the
Chair
of
St.
Peter
,
who
was
eminent
for
his
Religion
,
and
Wisdom
without
any
regard
to
worldly
or
secular
interest
.
The
Chief
,
or
Head
of
these
Professours
was
Cardinal
Gravina
,
who
having
from
his
first
entrance
into
the
Conclave
fixed
his
Eyes
on
Cardinal
Odescalchi
,
could
never
by
any
opposition
,
or
difficulty
to
the
contrary
be
removed
from
his
design
of
promoting
(
as
he
judged
)
the
most
worthy
person
of
all
the
Conclave
.
On
this
occasion
Gravina
exercising
all
his
interest
and
art
,
Scrutiny
was
again
made
,
and
then
thirty
six
Votes
appeared
in
favour
of
Odescalchi
;
which
number
being
great
,
and
sufficient
to
secure
the
Pope's
Election
;
a
rumour
was
immediately
spread
,
that
the
Pope
was
chosen
,
which
drew
such
a
concourse
of
people
to
the
gates
of
the
Vatican
,
that
the
Guards
were
doubled
,
to
keep
off
the
throng
from
crowding
into
the
precincts
of
the
Conclave
.
Notwithstanding
which
,
at
the
Accession
some
of
the
aforesaid
number
sell
off
;
for
Altieri
,
and
Chigi
had
laboured
under
hand
,
seducing
several
with
vain
hopes
to
promote
some
Creature
of
their
respective
Parties
;
and
the
Spaniards
on
farther
considerations
span
out
the
time
with
delays
,
expecting
first
to
receive
directions
from
the
Court
of
Spain
,
before
they
proceeded
to
a
final
resolution
.
The
French
Cardinals
inclined
chiefly
to
the
election
of
Rospigliosi
,
but
in
case
his
interest
should
fail
,
they
approved
of
none
so
well
as
of
Odescalchi
;
for
though
he
was
a
subject
of
Spain
,
yet
his
Vertues
,
and
the
sincere
intentions
of
his
mind
towards
the
welfare
of
the
Church
,
reconciled
him
to
all
Parties
,
and
Interests
.
The
Cardinals
which
composed
this
New
Squadron
were
sixteen
in
number
,
the
Chief
of
which
was
Gravina
,
who
ever
remained
immoveable
,
and
would
never
nominate
,
or
propose
other
than
Odescalchi
;
the
other
Cardinals
were
Cibo
,
Barberigo
,
Litta
,
Buonvisi
,
Caraffa
,
Howard
of
Norfolk
,
Rospigliosi
,
Acciaioli
,
Homodei
,
Albici
,
Nitardo
,
Rosetti
,
Pio
,
Vidone
,
and
Odescalchi
:
the
which
Party
with
their
Adherents
was
so
strong
,
as
to
balance
at
any
time
the
Election
,
and
to
exclude
any
whom
they
were
pleased
to
reject
.
Howsoever
the
party
of
Odescalchi
was
not
so
strong
,
but
that
it
admitted
of
another
balance
;
for
Barberino
,
and
Chigi
began
a
negotiation
in
favour
of
Fachenetti
,
which
was
in
so
probable
a
way
to
succeed
that
Srutiny
being
made
in
the
Morning
,
twenty
two
Votes
appeared
for
him
,
and
at
the
Evening
eleven
onely
upon
the
Accession
.
Whereupon
Gravina
and
the
zealous
Cardinals
renewed
the
Scrutiny
again
for
Odescalchi
,
by
which
twenty
nine
were
given
in
his
favour
;
which
number
with
the
former
favourable
Scrutinies
did
clearly
manifest
,
that
the
Conclave
was
generally
inclined
to
this
Person
:
which
occasioned
a
common
rumour
through
all
the
Town
that
the
Pope
was
made
and
that
Odescalchi
was
chosen
;
which
was
so
confidently
reported
,
that
the
people
began
to
assemble
,
with
intention
to
rifle
and
plunder
the
Palace
of
that
Cardinal
,
had
it
not
been
defended
by
a
Guard
of
Soldiers
.
And
indeed
the
Conclave
had
then
really
proceeded
to
have
compleated
their
Choice
,
and
by
Accession
created
him
Pope
,
had
not
Cardinal
d'
Estreé
suspended
the
proceedings
,
by
a
Request
he
made
;
that
their
Eminencies
would
be
pleased
for
some
short
time
to
defer
the
ultimate
point
which
determines
their
Election
,
until
the
arrival
of
some
French
Cardinals
,
who
by
order
of
the
King
were
now
on
their
journey
towards
the
Conclave
:
which
he
proposed
(
as
he
said
)
not
to
thwart
,
or
alter
the
Choice
they
had
made
of
so
worthy
a
Person
,
in
which
he
also
concurred
;
but
that
his
most
Christian
Majesty
might
have
opporunity
thereby
to
join
with
them
in
such
a
sacred
Election
by
the
consent
and
approbation
which
he
was
ready
to
yield
thereunto
.
In
the
mean
time
not
to
remain
idle
,
several
Designs
were
put
in
practice
in
behalf
of
divers
Cardinals
:
Conti
was
one
that
was
set
up
,
and
his
interest
promoted
by
Cardinal
Azzolino
;
but
this
person
failing
,
the
next
in
nomination
was
Piccolomini
supported
by
Chigi
and
Azzolino
,
and
founded
on
the
interest
of
Spain
,
and
the
Great
Duke
;
who
to
allure
Altieri
to
a
concurrence
with
them
,
they
engaged
that
Piccolomini
being
elected
Pope
,
he
should
advance
Bichi
(
who
was
the
intimate
Friend
of
Altieri
)
to
the
degree
,
and
dignity
of
Cardinal
Nephew
:
but
this
offer
prevailed
not
upon
Altieri
,
who
had
other
designs
and
intentions
in
his
prospect
.
Chigi
failing
herein
resolved
to
try
the
fortune
of
Cardinal
Spinola
,
who
though
a
Genoese
,
was
yet
a
person
of
great
worth
,
and
learning
,
and
well
practised
in
publick
Affairs
,
having
resided
for
some
time
with
the
Emperour
in
Germany
,
in
quality
of
Nuntio
from
the
Pope
;
but
this
would
not
do
neither
,
for
being
put
to
the
Scrutiny
,
no
more
than
seven
Votes
were
presented
for
him
.
Then
Cardinal
Crescentio
was
proposed
,
and
offered
to
the
Spaniards
,
and
to
the
Faction
of
Pamfilio
:
but
this
interest
being
manifestly
opposite
to
the
Crown
of
France
,
and
to
the
Duke
d'
Estreé
Ambassadour
for
that
King
,
and
by
consequence
to
all
the
French
party
;
there
remained
little
hopes
of
success
for
him
,
or
his
Promoters
.
Then
new
Scrutinies
being
again
made
:
Odescalchi
had
fourteen
Votes
,
Alberici
nine
,
old
Carpegna
had
seven
,
Albici
five
,
Gastaldi
nine
,
and
Crescentio
three
.
Thus
did
the
Conclave
trifle
away
their
time
until
the
thirtieth
of
August
,
when
the
Cardinals
Retz
,
Buglion
,
Bonsi
,
and
Maldachino
,
arrived
at
Rome
;
so
that
it
was
expected
,
that
very
speedily
an
Election
would
follow
,
and
that
according
to
common
Opinion
,
the
person
would
be
no
other
than
Odescalchi
,
though
at
the
same
time
Albritio
by
the
dexterous
management
of
Altieri
,
Carpegna
,
and
Colonna
,
was
put
into
a
fair
course
of
promotion
:
but
his
hopes
were
soon
dashed
by
opposite
parties
,
and
the
different
interests
became
so
embroiled
,
and
intriguesome
,
that
in
all
probability
the
Election
was
not
likely
to
succeed
in
several
months
.
On
the
first
of
September
the
Cardinals
Retz
,
Buglion
,
Bonsi
,
and
Muldachino
entered
the
Conclave
,
accompanied
with
a
numerous
train
,
and
a
concourse
of
people
,
crying
out
after
them
for
a
speedy
Election
,
and
for
a
Rospigliosi
,
or
an
Odescalchi
.
Thus
were
the
people
as
well
without
,
as
the
Cardinals
within
inclined
generally
to
the
election
of
Odescalchi
;
with
whom
also
the
French
Cardinals
agreed
,
and
by
additional
Votes
strengthened
his
Party
:
but
in
regard
his
most
Christian
Majesty
carried
at
that
time
a
mighty
stroak
in
the
Conclave
,
as
he
did
in
all
the
Councils
of
Europe
,
it
was
judged
convenient
not
to
conclude
on
this
important
matter
without
the
assent
,
and
approbation
of
his
Majesty
.
To
this
end
Corriers
or
Posts
were
expresly
dispatched
with
advices
,
and
informations
from
the
French
Cardinals
;
and
in
the
mean
time
,
(
as
is
very
observable
,
and
never
before
practised
)
the
whole
Conclave
fixed
their
Eyes
on
Odescalchi
as
the
person
designed
,
and
marked
out
for
this
eminent
employment
;
and
from
that
very
time
paid
him
the
same
honour
,
duty
and
reverence
,
as
if
he
had
been
already
promoted
to
the
Papal
Throne
.
And
now
the
Cardinals
had
little
more
to
do
than
to
quarrel
amongst
themselves
;
Colonna
and
Maldachino
had
a
Dispute
with
very
sharp
words
,
reviling
each
other
,
with
Fool
,
and
Beast
;
but
the
most
considerable
was
that
between
Cardinal
Howard
of
Norfolk
,
and
the
Cardinal
Buglion
;
for
that
the
latter
had
not
returned
the
Visit
,
which
the
former
had
made
to
him
;
in
excuse
for
which
Buglion
freely
declared
,
that
it
was
his
King's
positive
Command
to
him
,
not
to
acknowledg
the
Cardinals
of
the
last
promotion
,
either
by
Ceremony
,
or
Complement
,
or
any
Treaty
,
or
Negotiation
whatsoever
.
But
the
Cardinal
of
Norfolk
would
not
allow
of
this
Excuse
,
insisting
on
the
King's
good
will
,
and
gracious
favours
towards
his
Person
;
when
in
his
journey
,
and
passage
through
France
from
London
to
Rome
,
he
was
pleased
to
honour
him
with
his
own
Coaches
,
and
to
give
Orders
to
the
Governours
of
all
Cities
,
through
which
he
was
to
pass
to
treat
him
with
a
respect
due
to
the
Character
of
a
Cardinal
,
and
to
the
dignity
of
his
Illustrious
Family
;
the
which
favours
his
Majesty
would
never
have
bestowed
in
that
gracious
manner
had
his
intentions
been
different
,
and
not
incliclined
to
allow
him
for
a
Cardinal
,
under
which
notion
he
was
treated
,
and
received
in
all
parts
of
France
.
But
this
was
not
the
private
,
or
single
case
of
the
Cardinal
of
Norfolk
,
for
all
that
promotion
was
concerned
in
the
quarrel
,
which
the
Conclave
considering
as
dangerous
,
and
such
,
as
might
cause
great
disorder
and
confusion
,
they
immediately
dispatched
a
Letter
to
his
Majesty
subscribed
also
by
the
French
Cardinals
,
beseeching
his
Majesty
that
he
would
be
pleased
to
order
his
Ambassadour
the
Duke
de
Estreé
,
the
French
Cardinals
,
and
all
his
other
Officers
and
Ministers
at
Rome
,
to
own
,
and
visit
the
six
Cardinals
of
the
last
promotion
,
created
by
the
late
Pope
Clement
X.
which
would
avoid
many
inconveniences
,
and
disturbances
in
the
Conclave
to
the
great
prejudice
,
and
hindrance
of
that
important
Affair
now
incumbent
upon
them
until
answers
were
returned
to
the
foregoing
dispatches
.
The
Conclave
not
to
be
idle
,
employed
themselves
upon
several
Scrutinies
,
in
favour
of
Massimi
,
Cerri
,
Fachinetti
,
and
others
,
but
none
of
them
arising
to
that
number
of
Votes
,
which
on
all
occasions
appeared
for
Odescalchi
,
all
other
trials
became
faint
,
and
insignificant
.
So
that
the
general
inclination
of
the
Conclave
seemed
in
despight
of
Altieri
,
and
the
endeavours
of
his
Adherents
to
the
contrary
,
to
be
entirely
fixed
,
and
setled
on
the
person
of
Odescalchi
;
to
whose
promotion
nothing
was
now
wanting
,
but
the
concurrence
and
approbation
of
his
most
Christian
Majesty
.
In
short
,
on
the
19th
of
September
the
Corrier
returned
from
France
,
of
which
secret
intelligence
was
given
to
the
French
Cardinals
in
the
Conclave
,
and
that
the
answers
were
highly
in
favour
of
Odescalchi
,
as
a
Person
grateful
,
and
in
every
kind
acceptable
to
his
Majesty
.
On
the
twentieth
the
Duke
d'
Estreé
Ambassadour
of
France
was
introduced
into
the
Conclave
,
where
he
presented
the
Letters
from
his
most
Christian
Majesty
to
the
College
of
Cardinals
in
answer
to
those
lately
sent
by
them
:
and
then
in
a
most
eloquent
Speech
he
represented
unto
them
the
necessity
there
was
to
proceed
to
the
speedy
election
of
a
Pope
,
whose
Government
was
now
more
than
necessary
to
the
Christian
World
.
That
in
the
College
of
Cardinals
there
was
so
many
persons
of
Vertue
,
that
they
had
an
ample
Field
for
their
Election
;
yet
considering
,
that
the
Vicar
of
Christ
was
to
be
of
the
number
of
those
,
who
did
transcend
in
all
the
Vertues
,
and
Graces
of
Religion
,
and
such
as
would
reform
the
abuses
,
and
corruptions
,
which
to
the
scandal
of
the
Christian
Church
,
were
crept
into
the
Court
of
Rome
:
he
would
recommend
unto
them
one
who
was
of
a
publick
Spirit
,
sincere
,
and
disinterested
,
deciphering
unto
them
thereby
,
though
without
naming
,
the
very
person
of
Odescalchi
:
and
having
praised
and
applauded
Cardinal
Barberino
,
and
giving
God
thanks
for
the
great
piety
and
zeal
of
that
Man
,
he
retired
,
leaving
the
Conclave
to
their
free
Election
,
in
which
now
there
appeared
no
farther
difficulty
,
in
regard
the
major
part
had
received
a
plenary
inspiration
from
France
.
And
here
on
this
occasion
it
would
be
no
impertinent
Query
,
whether
the
Court
at
Paris
was
not
as
much
concerned
in
the
choice
of
a
Pope
,
as
the
Conclave
was
at
Rome
.
But
this
will
not
be
strange
,
or
new
;
for
Hadrian
the
first
,
and
Leo
the
3d.
gave
a
power
to
approve
,
or
disallow
the
election
of
the
Pope
unto
Charles
the
Great
;
and
Leo
the
8th
,
confirmed
the
same
priviledg
to
Otho
:
And
when
the
Church
hath
been
powerful
it
hath
made
Emperours
;
and
when
Emperours
have
been
victorious
,
and
prosperous
,
they
have
made
Popes
.
But
to
proceed
,
that
Evening
a
great
number
of
Cardinals
went
to
the
Cell
of
Odescalchi
,
and
kissed
his
hand
,
which
was
the
irretractable
assurance
,
and
engagement
of
their
Votes
for
him
:
but
the
good
man
shewed
some
unwillingness
and
reluctance
thereunto
,
desiring
them
with
tears
in
his
Eyes
to
chuse
some
other
Subject
more
able
to
support
the
great
load
and
burden
of
so
mighty
a
weight
.
Howsoever
being
at
length
overcome
by
the
Arguments
,
and
persuasions
of
his
Friends
,
he
consented
thereunto
,
upon
condition
,
that
they
would
assent
unto
,
and
subscribe
certain
Articles
for
reformation
of
the
Ecclesiastical
Government
which
he
then
proposed
to
them
;
which
the
Cardinals
approving
,
a
great
part
of
them
subscribed
that
Night
and
swore
to
maintain
them
,
as
did
the
others
in
like
manner
the
day
following
.
And
now
Altieri
finding
that
it
was
to
no
purpose
to
struggle
,
and
contend
longer
;
and
fearing
lest
the
Election
should
be
made
without
him
,
he
became
the
most
forward
of
any
to
make
the
Scrutiny
,
being
followed
by
all
his
Creatures
,
who
were
nineteen
in
number
;
so
then
the
Choice
was
immediately
determined
by
the
Access
;
and
on
the
21th
.
of
September
1676.
the
whole
Conclave
with
one
Voice
and
Mind
declared
Odescalchi
to
be
the
Pope
of
Rome
,
the
Vicar
of
Christ
,
and
the
true
and
undoubted
Successour
of
St.
Peter
:
and
then
Cardinal
Barberino
who
was
Dean
of
the
College
,
was
the
first
by
the
duty
of
his
place
to
lead
the
others
to
Adoration
;
and
was
afterwards
followed
by
all
one
after
the
other
according
to
their
Offices
,
and
Seniority
.
The
Adoration
being
performed
,
he
was
vested
in
his
Pontifical
Habit
,
taking
the
name
of
Innocent
XI
.
in
remembrance
of
his
Benefactor
,
who
had
assumed
him
into
the
Degree
,
and
Order
of
Cardinals
;
after
which
he
was
conducted
into
the
Chappel
with
the
accustomed
Ceremonies
,
and
being
placed
by
the
Altar
,
he
there
received
the
second
Adoration
,
which
being
finished
the
Master
of
Ceremonies
demanded
,
whether
it
was
the
pleasure
of
His
Holiness
that
the
Nobility
then
attending
without
,
desirous
to
kiss
his
feet
,
should
be
admitted
in
,
to
pay
the
duty
,
and
devotion
which
they
owed
to
the
Successour
of
St.
Peter
,
which
being
granted
the
Queen
of
Sweden
was
the
first
introduced
to
perform
that
Complement
;
after
her
followed
the
Ambassadours
and
Ministers
of
the
crowned
Heads
,
after
whom
came
the
Princes
,
Prelates
and
Nobles
,
all
which
having
kissed
the
feet
of
the
Pope
,
testified
the
excess
of
joy
they
conceived
for
the
promotion
of
a
Person
so
worthy
of
all
honour
unto
the
Papal
Chair
.
After
which
a
Door
was
opened
over
the
Great
Portico
of
St.
Peter's
Church
,
into
which
the
Master
of
the
Ceremonies
led
the
way
carrying
a
Cross
before
the
Pope
and
Cardinals
,
which
the
people
with
great
reverence
adored
at
a
distance
,
and
the
Cardinal
Maldachino
,
who
was
first
Deacon
,
presenting
the
Pope
before
them
,
pronounced
with
a
loud
Voice
these
following
words
after
the
accustomed
manner
,
Annuncio
Vobis
gaudium
magnum
:
habemus
Pontificem
Eminentissimum
,
&
Reverendissimum
Dominum
,
Cardinalem
Benedictum
Odescalcum
,
qui
sibi
Nomen
imposuit
Innocentius
XI
.
It
is
not
to
be
expressed
with
what
joy
the
common
people
,
and
the
City
entertained
the
news
of
this
Pope's
advancement
;
the
Bells
were
rung
,
and
all
the
Cannon
of
the
City
were
fired
,
and
the
Soldiers
discharged
many
Vollies
of
their
Musquets
with
sounds
of
Drums
and
Trumpets
;
and
seized
on
the
Coach
and
Horses
,
and
the
very
Coachman's
Cloak
,
which
they
challenged
to
themselves
for
their
fees
.
During
which
Solemnity
,
and
whilest
Te
Deum
was
sung
,
no
alteration
appeared
in
the
countenance
of
the
Pope
,
unless
it
were
a
more
than
usual
pensiveness
and
mortification
,
not
discovering
the
least
vanity
,
or
loftiness
in
his
looks
which
other
Popes
were
never
able
to
conceal
;
but
blessed
,
and
crossed
the
People
with
a
floud
of
tears
which
fell
from
his
Eyes
.
Some
persons
may
weep
for
joy
,
but
tears
from
what
passion
soever
they
proceed
are
always
the
Indications
of
a
soft
,
and
gentle
temper
,
when
men
of
a
more
hardy
nature
,
evidence
the
swellings
,
and
elations
of
their
Heart
by
a
proud
and
a
supercilious
countenance
.
Benedictus
Odescalchi
was
born
at
Como
a
City
in
the
Dukedom
of
Milan
in
the
year
of
our
Lord
1611.
hi
Father
was
called
Livio
,
and
his
Mother
Paula
Castella
,
and
both
of
Noble
,
and
Patrician
Families
in
Como
,
with
a
Revenue
of
thirty
thousand
Crowns
a
year
,
belonging
to
the
House
of
Odescalchi
.
In
his
youth
he
was
educated
by
the
Jesuits
,
and
by
them
instructed
in
Grammar
,
and
humane
learning
.
He
aftewards
studied
the
Civil
and
the
Canon
Laws
,
partly
at
Rome
,
and
partly
at
Naples
;
and
though
he
was
never
esteemed
for
a
Polemical
Divine
,
yet
he
had
the
reputation
of
one
who
knew
the
World
well
,
and
practised
in
the
nature
of
Mankind
,
and
the
Art
of
Government
.
In
the
time
of
Vrban
VIII
.
he
was
made
one
of
the
Prothonotaries
of
the
Apostolical
Chamber
,
and
afterwards
was
created
President
of
the
same
:
he
was
also
made
Chief
Commissary
for
gathering
the
Taxes
,
and
Duties
arising
in
the
Province
of
Marchio
which
were
laid
on
the
people
at
the
time
of
Wars
in
Italy
.
After
this
business
was
over
,
he
was
constituted
Governour
of
Macerata
,
and
the
Province
thereunto
adjoyning
.
By
Innocent
X.
he
was
made
one
of
the
Clarks
of
his
Chamber
,
and
not
long
after
in
the
year
1645.
he
was
assumed
into
the
College
of
Cardinals
having
the
Deaconry
bestowed
on
him
of
the
Saints
Cosma
,
and
Damianus
:
and
being
afterwards
translated
into
the
Order
of
Priests
,
he
had
the
Title
conferred
on
him
of
St.
Onuphrius
,
and
by
the
same
Innocent
sent
to
Ferrara
with
the
Title
of
Legat
:
in
which
Office
having
acquitted
himself
with
great
honour
,
he
was
made
Bishop
of
Novarese
,
where
he
resided
for
some
years
,
but
afterwards
was
removed
from
thence
at
his
own
desire
,
by
reason
of
the
heaviness
of
the
Air
in
that
place
,
which
did
not
well
agree
with
the
constitution
of
his
body
.
Being
at
Rome
he
was
employed
in
many
Affairs
of
the
Church
,
and
called
to
serve
in
diverse
Congregations
of
Cardinals
:
on
which
occasion
he
was
made
Protectour
of
several
Colleges
and
Monasteries
;
and
in
all
he
behaved
himself
with
singular
prudence
,
modesty
and
vertue
,
until
he
was
assumed
into
the
Supreme
degree
of
the
Papal
Throne
:
to
which
having
(
as
we
have
said
)
been
elected
on
the
21th
of
September
,
he
was
Crowned
with
the
usual
Ceremonies
on
the
4th
of
October
following
.
After
the
Election
and
Coronation
of
the
Pope
were
finished
,
the
French
Cardinals
prepared
for
their
return
to
France
;
but
before
their
departure
they
paid
their
Visits
to
the
Cardinals
of
the
last
promotion
,
who
had
not
hitherto
been
acknowledged
by
the
King
,
for
the
reasons
before
mentioned
.
But
those
quarrels
being
now
vanished
by
the
change
of
Affairs
in
the
Court
of
Rome
,
the
Visits
were
returned
,
and
a
good
correspondence
again
renewed
,
and
established
.
So
soon
as
this
Pope
had
taken
the
Government
of
Affairs
into
his
own
hands
,
he
began
a
reformation
in
several
particulars
:
and
in
the
first
place
considering
that
Nepotism
,
or
the
advancement
of
Nephews
both
in
Riches
,
and
Power
was
odious
to
the
People
,
and
of
great
damage
to
the
Church
;
of
which
examples
had
been
given
by
those
Popes
,
who
having
been
over
tender
,
and
indulgent
to
their
own
Families
,
had
suffered
their
Nephews
to
blemish
the
honour
of
the
Church
by
Simoniacal
corruptions
,
and
by
their
Avarice
and
Ambition
to
exhaust
the
Treasure
of
the
Apostolical
Chamber
;
this
Pope
therefore
(
as
we
say
)
considering
these
matters
,
resolved
to
give
the
first
Example
hereof
in
his
own
Family
;
and
accordingly
refused
to
receive
his
Nephew
Don
Livio
into
any
part
of
the
Government
,
forbidding
him
to
receive
,
or
return
Visits
under
the
Notion
of
Nephew
to
the
Pope
.
But
that
this
Nephew
might
not
complain
of
the
severity
of
his
Uncle
,
or
judge
his
Estate
nothing
improved
by
this
fortune
of
his
Family
,
he
relinquished
unto
him
all
his
Temporal
Estate
amounting
unto
thirty
thousand
Crowns
of
yearly
Revenue
.
But
in
regard
that
Princes
are
not
able
to
support
the
whole
burthen
of
their
Government
on
their
own
shoulders
:
the
Pope
not
having
respect
to
his
own
Relations
,
but
to
such
as
were
fit
,
and
adequate
to
these
great
undertakings
;
made
choice
of
Cardinal
Cibo
for
his
Secretary
of
State
,
being
a
person
endued
with
a
great
and
generous
Soul
,
and
a
clear
understanding
,
zealous
for
the
welfare
of
the
Church
,
and
dexterous
in
the
management
of
politick
Affairs
.
This
beginning
gave
encouragement
to
good
and
wise
Men
who
conceived
hopes
by
an
instance
of
this
nature
that
Vertue
and
wisdom
would
return
again
into
use
,
and
fashion
:
and
the
Court
of
Rome
in
general
rejoyced
to
find
themselves
freed
from
the
pride
,
insolence
,
and
covetousness
of
Nephews
.
Howsoever
the
Family
of
Altieri
was
continued
in
their
Military
Employments
,
and
others
confirmed
in
their
respective
Offices
:
but
because
War
was
extrinsecal
and
not
the
Trade
,
or
profession
of
the
Church
which
was
now
in
peace
with
all
the
World
,
he
retrenched
the
pay
,
or
Pension
belonging
to
the
Officers
of
the
Papal
Army
;
causing
them
to
remain
satisfied
with
the
Name
,
and
Dignity
,
without
the
benefit
,
or
profits
of
their
respective
Commands
;
which
proved
of
great
ease
to
the
Apostolical
Chamber
.
Howsoever
knowing
that
Authority
is
not
to
be
maintained
without
Power
,
and
force
;
and
resolving
to
become
Master
of
Rome
,
he
encreased
the
number
of
his
Archers
;
in
the
listing
of
which
,
he
took
not
every
fellow
that
came
to
offer
his
service
,
but
such
onely
as
were
sober
Men
,
not
given
to
quarrels
,
or
to
commit
such
insolences
as
the
Corsi
,
who
were
the
cause
of
great
disturbance
to
Alexander
VII
.
Howsoever
on
the
other
side
not
to
receive
insults
from
Ambassadours
or
other
Representatives
of
Kings
,
or
Nobles
and
Princes
of
Rome
:
in
prejudice
to
Justice
,
and
the
rules
of
severe
Government
,
he
absolutely
denied
to
them
the
priviledg
to
protect
Miscreants
,
and
Criminals
within
the
Precincts
,
or
certain
limits
assigned
by
themselves
to
be
Sanctuaries
for
all
Villains
and
Murtherers
,
that
should
fly
for
refuge
to
those
quarters
:
and
in
pursuance
of
this
resolution
,
he
seized
a
certain
famous
Bandito
at
Riccia
,
where
the
Prince
,
and
Princess
Chigi
have
a
Seat
,
and
possession
;
the
which
was
admitted
without
any
opposition
made
thereunto
.
Farther
,
the
Pope
confirmed
the
seventeen
Articles
which
were
signed
(
as
we
have
said
)
in
the
Conclave
by
all
the
Cardinals
;
being
such
as
for
the
most
part
tended
to
a
Reformation
of
manners
,
and
to
an
amendment
of
those
abuses
which
were
crept
into
the
Church
.
And
farther
,
to
demonstrate
his
great
zeal
for
the
welfare
and
reputation
of
the
Papal
See
,
he
openly
reproved
the
vanity
of
those
Cardinals
,
who
pleased
themselves
with
fine
Coaches
,
and
rich
Liveries
,
giving
them
to
understand
the
incongruity
there
was
between
those
worldly
Gayeties
,
and
the
profession
of
those
,
who
had
devoted
themselves
to
that
sober
,
and
serious
life
which
becomes
the
gravity
of
a
good
and
a
holy
Prelat
.
And
in
regard
that
in
times
of
preceding
Popes
,
many
unworthy
persons
by
the
force
of
Money
,
and
Simonaical
dealings
were
arisen
to
Episcopal
Dignities
:
the
Pope
appointed
four
Cardinals
,
and
four
other
Clergymen
,
to
examine
the
lives
,
and
manners
of
such
,
who
aspired
to
the
degree
of
Bishops
;
ordering
them
to
admit
none
thereunto
,
suspected
,
or
in
the
least
blemished
with
an
ill
fame
,
or
taxed
of
ignorance
,
as
well
as
of
a
debauched
conversation
.
And
in
order
to
a
thorough
reformation
the
Pope
drove
out
all
the
Courtesans
,
and
Strumpets
from
Rome
,
and
persons
openly
scandalous
and
dissolute
in
their
manners
;
and
amongst
others
he
banished
a
Gentleman
of
quality
into
Germany
,
for
having
made
a
violent
attempt
on
the
chastity
of
a
Lady
of
approved
modesty
:
All
Houses
of
Play
,
or
gaming
for
Money
were
put
down
,
and
all
leud
and
unlawful
Assemblies
were
fobridden
.
And
in
regard
the
Barons
of
Rome
had
by
the
priviledg
of
their
Nobility
,
raised
themselves
above
the
reach
of
their
Creditors
.
The
Pope
ordered
Cardinal
Cibo
to
make
a
narrow
inspection
thereinto
,
and
to
pay
the
Debts
of
the
Barons
out
of
the
Money
of
the
Chamber
;
by
which
means
these
Debts
being
assigned
over
to
the
Chamber
,
a
payment
of
the
same
might
more
easily
be
forced
by
vigour
of
that
Law
,
which
enforces
the
proceedings
of
the
Exchequer
.
To
these
Acts
of
Justice
the
Pope
added
one
of
great
generosity
towards
Christina
Queen
of
Sweden
,
who
having
by
the
late
Wars
lost
the
greatest
part
of
her
Revenue
in
Sweden
;
in
recompence
thereof
he
allowed
unto
her
a
Pension
of
twelve
thousand
Crowns
a
year
.
And
having
laid
these
first
foundations
,
and
beginnings
of
good
Government
:
the
Pope's
next
work
was
to
labour
in
the
promotion
of
a
Peace
between
the
two
Crowns
,
and
all
other
Christian
Princes
;
that
laying
aside
all
differences
,
and
quarrels
amongst
themselves
they
might
unite
their
forces
for
the
good
and
welfare
of
Christendom
against
the
common
Enemy
the
Turk
:
to
this
effect
he
wrote
Letters
to
the
Emperour
,
and
to
the
Kings
of
France
,
and
Spain
,
exhorting
them
to
Peace
and
Concord
,
of
which
he
offered
himself
to
be
the
Mediator
,
and
to
be
assistant
thereunto
in
Person
,
provided
that
the
place
appointed
for
the
Treaty
,
were
assigned
in
some
City
of
the
Catholick
Religion
:
On
the
other
side
he
animated
the
King
of
Poland
to
continue
his
War
against
the
Turk
,
and
not
to
lay
down
his
Arms
until
he
had
recovered
Kaminiec
,
and
revenged
himself
of
the
Affront
put
upon
him
by
the
late
Visier
Kuperlee
,
who
had
taken
Contribution
under
the
notion
of
Tribute
from
his
City
of
Leopolis
;
and
to
enable
and
encourage
him
thereunto
,
he
remitted
to
him
the
sum
of
fifty
thousand
Crowns
.
An.
1677.
But
whilst
the
Pope
laboured
for
Peace
abroad
,
he
was
not
able
to
keep
himself
,
nor
his
Court
free
from
disturbances
at
home
:
for
the
Marquis
del
Carpio
who
resided
at
Rome
in
quality
of
Ambassadour
for
his
Catholick
Majesty
,
being
informed
of
the
great
want
his
Master
had
of
Soldiers
to
send
into
Sicily
,
adventured
to
make
some
levies
of
men
in
Rome
,
pretending
that
the
French
on
some
occasions
had
practised
the
like
;
but
the
People
not
being
ignorant
of
the
bad
pay
,
and
ill
treatment
of
the
Spaniards
came
very
slowly
to
enroll
their
names
:
and
moreover
a
report
was
rumoured
abroad
,
that
many
people
were
wanting
,
who
were
hid
in
Cellars
by
the
Spaniards
,
till
an
opportunity
presented
to
transport
them
into
Sicily
.
This
report
,
whether
it
were
true
,
or
false
,
yet
served
the
turn
of
such
who
delighted
in
troubles
and
Seditions
;
for
being
entertained
with
some
malice
in
the
minds
of
the
people
,
they
conceived
such
an
abhorrence
of
the
Spanish
Nation
,
that
they
affronted
them
in
all
places
,
which
sometimes
proceeded
to
fightings
,
and
scuffles
,
in
which
several
were
killed
and
wounded
;
but
the
Spaniards
being
few
in
number
and
the
weaker
side
,
were
at
last
forced
to
keep
within
their
quarters
,
for
fear
of
the
multitude
.
The
Pope
to
suppress
these
tumults
,
and
prevent
disorders
,
punished
several
persons
,
who
were
guilty
of
the
Riots
,
with
just
severity
;
but
the
Spanish
Ambassadour
not
contented
herewith
pretended
some
higher
and
more
exemplary
satisfaction
;
at
which
the
Pope
grew
angry
,
declaring
that
the
Ambassadour
was
in
arrear
to
him
,
and
obliged
rather
to
give
than
to
demand
satisfaction
:
upon
which
the
Ambassadour
to
shew
his
resentment
,
refused
to
appear
at
Court
,
and
at
the
same
time
the
Vice-King
of
Naples
without
any
cause
,
or
reason
denied
Audience
to
the
Pope's
Nuntio
at
that
City
.
This
manner
of
proceeding
was
highly
displeasing
to
Innocent
,
whose
anger
was
the
more
encreased
on
the
score
of
other
abuses
introduced
into
Rome
by
pretended
priviledges
of
forein
Ministers
;
who
assumed
to
themselves
a
jurisdiction
,
(
as
we
have
said
)
within
certain
limits
,
which
they
chalked
out
to
themselves
,
to
make
a
Sanctuary
,
or
place
of
refuge
for
Criminals
,
and
out-lawed
persons
.
And
considering
by
how
much
more
the
Franchises
,
and
priviledges
of
publick
Representatives
encreased
in
Rome
,
by
so
much
was
the
Pope's
Authority
diminished
and
abated
,
he
therefore
grievously
took
occasion
to
complain
in
the
Consistory
of
the
ill
use
,
which
Ambassadours
and
other
Ministers
made
of
their
priviledges
to
the
great
scandal
and
reproach
of
the
Government
;
that
he
had
long
expected
that
the
Princes
themselves
should
have
renounced
such
irregular
pretences
,
and
out
of
love
to
justice
have
become
instrumental
to
bring
wicked
men
to
punishment
,
rather
than
to
be
Protectours
of
Assassinates
and
out-lawed
persons
;
but
seeing
that
his
expectations
,
and
patience
was
all
in
vain
;
he
was
now
resolved
for
discharge
of
his
Duty
and
Conscience
to
provide
for
the
security
of
his
own
People
.
Howsoever
he
could
not
without
some
sad
reflections
on
the
indiscreet
,
and
unreasonable
importunities
of
some
forein
Ministers
,
find
himself
constrained
to
take
such
measures
in
his
Affairs
,
as
would
prove
displeasing
to
them
;
for
that
it
was
unreasonable
,
whilst
his
mind
was
employed
in
cares
and
contrivances
for
the
propagation
of
the
faith
,
for
reformation
of
the
Ecclesiastical
Discipline
,
for
the
establishment
of
Peace
and
Concord
between
Christian
Princes
,
and
other
matters
conducing
to
the
good
and
benefit
of
the
Commonweal
of
all
Christendom
;
he
should
be
disturbed
and
interrupted
in
these
proceedings
by
the
very
Ministers
of
those
Princes
,
for
whose
welfare
,
and
for
the
peace
of
whose
People
,
he
was
in
continual
care
and
labour
;
wherefore
not
being
able
longer
to
support
such
impertinences
;
he
was
resolved
to
become
Master
in
Rome
,
as
other
Princes
were
in
their
own
Dominions
;
and
in
pursuance
thereof
he
published
an
Edict
,
forbidding
all
persons
whatsoever
to
affix
the
Arms
of
any
great
personage
over
his
Shop
;
it
being
a
mark
,
that
that
Family
had
renounced
the
Authority
of
their
Prince
the
Pope
,
and
put
themselves
under
the
protection
of
that
Ambassadour
,
or
Prince
,
or
Nobleman
,
whose
Arms
they
had
affixed
over
the
Portal
of
the
House
,
or
entrance
to
the
Shop
.
This
resolute
Act
much
surprized
the
minds
of
those
whom
it
concerned
,
and
especially
the
Spaniards
,
who
made
a
false
judgment
of
the
temper
of
Odescalchi
;
conceiving
him
to
be
so
wary
and
cautious
in
his
actions
,
that
he
would
never
engulf
himself
in
the
same
circumstances
of
Affairs
,
which
had
given
a
disturbance
to
his
Predecessour
,
during
the
whole
course
of
his
Pontificate
.
Howsoever
the
Pope
continuing
firm
and
constant
in
his
resolution
,
the
Spaniards
remitted
something
of
the
stiffness
of
their
pride
;
for
considering
that
the
circumstances
of
their
present
Affairs
would
not
admit
of
a
disunion
with
Rome
,
the
Ambassadour
desired
to
have
Audience
of
the
Pope
;
the
which
was
refused
to
him
,
until
the
Nuntio
had
received
Audience
at
Naples
;
and
that
the
King
of
Spain
by
special
Letters
under
his
own
hand
,
had
desired
that
his
Ambassadour
might
be
heard
on
some
emergencies
,
and
urgent
occasions
;
upon
which
,
and
at
the
persuasions
of
the
Cardinals
Barberino
,
and
Cibo
,
the
Ambassadour
was
admitted
to
Audience
;
which
having
produced
a
true
and
right
understanding
between
both
Parties
,
the
Ambassadour
departed
with
ample
satisfaction
acquiescing
in
the
late
proceedings
of
the
Court
.
The
Thorns
which
have
ever
been
most
prickly
and
pungent
in
the
sides
of
Popes
,
were
their
Contests
with
Kings
,
or
crowned
Heads
,
or
when
the
Spiritual
or
Ecclesiastical
Authority
contended
with
the
Temporal
,
as
may
appear
by
that
notable
Controversie
between
Paul
V.
and
the
Republick
of
Venice
,
and
in
other
matters
of
smaller
moment
between
Kings
,
and
Popes
,
both
before
and
since
that
time
.
The
point
of
the
Regalia
hath
been
an
antient
Dispute
for
many
Ages
in
France
;
the
which
was
in
some
sort
determined
in
the
year
1431.
by
the
Council
of
Basil
,
where
it
was
ordained
that
Cathedral
Churches
and
others
should
have
a
freedom
of
Elections
:
This
afterwards
was
confirmed
by
a
great
Assembly
of
French
Clergy
gathered
at
Bourges
,
and
addressed
to
the
King
Charles
the
7th
.
desiring
him
to
undertake
the
protection
of
that
Council
:
At
that
time
,
the
Council
of
Basil
sent
to
the
King
an
abstract
of
their
Decrees
consisting
of
thirty
seven
Articles
,
by
which
Decennial
Councils
,
and
the
Authority
of
Councils
above
the
Pope
was
established
,
&c.
together
with
an
abstract
of
the
Decree
they
had
made
concerning
Elections
.
All
which
were
considered
at
that
Assembly
,
where
the
Dauphin
and
the
chief
Nobility
of
France
were
present
,
and
by
their
advice
the
famous
Pragmatick
Sanction
was
made
in
confirmation
of
those
Articles
;
which
was
observed
during
the
Reign
of
Charles
the
7th
.
but
Lewis
the
eleventh
esteeming
it
the
Interest
of
France
to
maintain
a
good
correspondence
with
the
Papacy
,
was
inclinable
to
wave
the
advantage
of
this
Sanction
.
An.
1478.
In
the
beginning
of
the
Reign
of
Charles
the
8th
.
an
Assembly
of
States
being
called
at
Tours
,
the
third
Estate
petitioned
,
that
the
Pragmatick
Sanction
might
be
again
renewed
,
and
confirmed
;
calling
those
who
were
preferred
by
the
Court
to
be
Court-Bishops
;
so
it
was
again
put
into
force
and
practice
,
much
to
the
displeasure
of
the
Pope
;
notwithstanding
which
,
Lewis
the
12th
.
made
a
perpetual
Edict
in
confirmation
of
it
.
Francis
the
first
succeeding
to
the
Crown
,
and
having
vast
designs
in
Italy
,
thought
it
not
his
interest
to
stand
at
a
distance
with
the
Pope
;
An.
1515.
and
therefore
was
willing
to
treat
with
him
about
the
abolition
of
the
Pragmatick
Sanction
on
such
terms
,
as
might
reconcile
his
own
prerogative
with
the
Pope's
Authority
.
This
design
occasioned
an
Interview
between
the
King
and
the
Pope
at
Bologna
,
and
thence
the
Concordat
was
produced
,
which
was
afterwards
put
into
the
form
of
a
Bull
,
and
confirmed
by
the
Council
at
Lateran
.
The
sum
of
which
was
this
:
the
King
and
the
Pope
agreed
to
divide
the
Promotions
to
all
Prelacies
between
them
;
for
the
King
was
to
nominate
the
Person
within
six
months
after
a
vacancy
,
and
the
Pope
was
to
confirm
him
if
no
lawful
exception
did
lie
against
him
.
All
which
is
so
fully
and
learnedly
treated
by
Dr.
Burnet
in
his
History
of
the
Regale
or
Rights
of
Princes
in
disposing
of
Ecclesiastical
Benefices
,
and
Church
Lands
,
and
deduced
down
to
this
present
time
;
that
there
is
no
place
left
for
our
enlargement
thereupon
,
unless
we
add
some
few
,
and
short
remarks
on
the
behaviour
of
this
Innocent
XI
.
towards
his
most
Christian
Majesty
on
this
occasion
.
It
is
manifest
by
History
,
that
when
the
Emperours
flourished
with
great
Power
,
and
Riches
,
they
created
Popes
,
or
at
least
they
had
the
confirmation
of
them
:
and
when
Emperours
were
low
,
and
were
oppressed
by
adverse
Fortune
,
the
Popes
forced
them
to
be
beholding
to
the
extensive
reach
of
the
Ecclesiastical
jurisdiction
,
which
by
some
side-wind
,
or
far-fetched
notion
of
Spiritual
Concernment
,
reduced
almost
every
thing
under
cognisance
of
the
Church
.
According
to
this
natural
course
of
worldly
affairs
:
Lewis
the
14th
.
the
most
Christian
King
being
high
,
Dr.
Burnet
.
and
prosperous
in
his
fortune
,
resolved
to
put
a
period
to
the
process
for
the
Regale
which
had
continued
near
thirty
years
,
and
at
last
in
the
year
1673.
came
to
a
conclusion
,
and
Declaration
was
made
:
That
the
King
had
Right
of
Regale
in
all
his
Dominions
without
distinction
,
except
onely
in
those
Sees
,
that
had
purchased
their
exemption
from
it
:
And
therefore
all
Bishops
who
had
not
yet
registred
their
Oaths
of
Fidelity
in
the
Chambers
of
Accounts
,
were
required
to
do
it
,
and
to
take
out
a
Writ
upon
it
for
closing
the
Regale
,
otherwise
rheir
Bishopricks
were
still
to
be
looked
on
,
as
under
it
.
All
the
Bishops
of
France
unwilling
to
incurr
the
displeasure
of
their
successful
Monarch
,
submitted
;
excepting
the
Bishops
of
Alet
,
and
Pamiers
.
It
was
now
under
the
Reign
of
Clement
X.
an
old
doating
Pope
,
who
having
his
parts
and
understanding
enfeebled
by
old
Age
,
he
committed
the
management
of
the
Pontificate
to
the
sole
direction
of
Cardinal
Paluzzi
,
afterwards
adopted
by
the
Pope
,
and
called
Altieri
;
a
Person
,
who
from
his
first
beginning
was
distastful
to
the
Court
of
France
,
and
not
until
this
time
well
reconciled
unto
it
,
as
we
have
at
large
declared
in
the
foregoing
Life
.
This
was
the
time
,
I
say
,
when
open
Claim
to
the
Regale
was
renewed
in
favour
of
the
King
,
and
when
the
Pope
himself
was
scarce
able
to
distinguish
his
Interest
;
and
Altieri
was
so
thwarted
and
opposed
by
the
Court
of
France
,
that
he
had
enough
to
do
to
conserve
his
own
personal
Interest
,
much
less
to
vindicate
,
and
contend
for
the
Rights
of
the
Church
in
a
case
so
litigious
as
this
.
In
January
1676.
the
King
's
Right
was
claimed
in
disposal
of
the
Deanry
of
Alet
;
the
Dispute
of
which
was
left
unto
the
Bishop
to
maintain
,
for
the
Pope
being
under
the
foregoing
Circumstances
,
took
little
cognisance
thereof
either
by
himself
or
his
Cardinal
.
But
this
good
Pope
dying
in
the
month
of
August
next
following
,
the
Controversie
fell
to
the
lot
of
Innocent
the
11th
.
to
maintain
,
and
to
dispute
in
opposition
to
the
eldest
Son
of
the
Church
.
This
quarrel
was
increased
by
a
Contest
at
Pamiers
;
where
one
Paucet
was
provided
in
Right
of
the
Regale
to
be
Arch-deacon
of
Pamiers
,
but
was
rejected
by
the
Bishop
and
Chapter
:
howsoever
the
Regale
prevailed
,
for
the
Arch-Bishop
of
Tholouse
was
on
their
side
,
and
gave
judgment
in
favour
of
the
Regalist
.
But
on
the
contrary
,
the
Bishop
of
Pamiers
acquiesced
not
with
this
Sentence
,
but
made
his
appeal
to
the
Pope
,
who
was
now
engaged
in
the
Controversie
,
and
the
matter
lodged
in
his
hands
.
Wherefore
the
Pope
in
the
year
1678
,
wrote
his
Brief
to
the
French
King
,
and
in
soft
and
yet
pressing
terms
complained
of
the
Innovasions
made
on
the
Liberties
of
the
Church
,
and
the
Authority
of
the
Council
of
Lions
:
and
after
several
Arguments
to
persuade
him
to
desist
from
this
Enterprise
;
he
concludes
,
that
he
cannot
forget
those
Popes
his
Predecessours
,
who
upon
the
like
occasions
had
endured
long
,
and
great
afflictions
.
But
these
Allegations
satisfied
not
the
King
,
who
pretended
that
the
Rights
of
the
Regale
were
inherent
in
the
Crown
,
and
had
been
enjoyed
by
his
Ancestors
,
and
by
them
derived
down
to
himself
.
The
Pope
on
the
other
side
affirmed
,
that
the
Secular
Powers
had
no
right
to
things
sacred
,
but
as
it
was
derived
to
them
by
the
Authority
of
the
Church
;
and
that
the
Church
had
not
granted
any
such
Right
,
having
expresly
limited
it
by
the
Council
of
Lions
,
which
hath
now
been
observed
four
hundred
years
.
This
Controversie
seemed
to
lie
dormant
from
September
1678.
to
December
1679.
until
it
was
again
revived
,
and
stirred
in
the
See
of
Pamiers
,
in
that
point
which
concerned
the
vacant
Benefices
and
the
mean
Profits
;
for
the
King's
Officers
seized
on
them
likewise
,
so
that
the
good
old
Bishop
had
nothing
to
live
on
the
last
twenty
months
of
his
life
,
but
the
Oblations
and
Charities
of
his
People
.
On
this
occasion
the
Pope
wrote
to
the
Cardinal
d'
Estreé
to
interpose
in
this
Affair
,
as
being
a
Person
more
than
ordinarily
concerned
in
the
dignity
of
the
Apostolical
See
.
To
which
the
Cardinal
made
answer
in
the
style
of
a
Court-Bishop
,
extolling
the
King's
merit
,
his
zeal
for
the
Faith
,
and
respect
for
the
Apostolical
Chair
;
what
he
had
done
for
the
suppression
of
Calvinism
,
and
Heresie
within
his
Dominions
,
and
how
bravely
he
had
defended
the
Christian
Cause
against
the
Turks
:
and
in
fine
,
he
laid
down
the
dangers
which
would
follow
,
if
any
dissention
should
arise
between
the
King
and
the
Church
.
At
length
Cardinal
d'
Estreé
was
dispatched
to
Rome
with
a
Letter
of
Credence
,
and
Orders
to
treat
immediately
with
the
Pope
himself
;
but
it
seems
,
his
Negotiations
produced
little
alteration
;
for
the
Pope
continued
steddy
and
constant
to
his
Principles
.
And
on
the
other
side
,
the
Parliament
of
Paris
became
as
zealous
for
the
King
's
Right
and
Authority
;
for
which
the
King's
Attorney
General
pleading
,
made
little
esteem
of
the
Pope's
Censures
which
were
passed
for
Obedience
to
the
King's
Orders
.
The
Church
,
said
he
,
may
indeed
have
an
Authority
to
punish
Men
for
Heresie
,
and
an
ill
life
:
but
the
World
was
now
too
well
enlightned
,
not
to
discern
that
the
Thunders
of
Rome
had
been
for
several
Ages
vainly
employed
for
extending
its
Authority
beyond
all
due
bounds
;
the
limits
of
which
were
to
be
found
in
the
Canons
of
the
Church
,
by
which
the
Pope
,
as
well
as
others
ought
to
govern
himself
.
And
therefore
desired
that
the
last
Brief
sent
by
the
Pope
might
be
suppressed
,
which
was
accordingly
done
by
a
Judgment
of
the
Court
of
Parliament
on
the
last
of
March
,
1681.
And
to
give
a
farther
Authority
to
this
Judgment
,
an
Extraordinary
Assembly
was
called
of
all
the
Bishops
,
then
residing
at
Paris
;
where
were
present
six
Arch-Bishops
,
twenty
six
Bishops
,
and
six
that
were
named
to
Bishopricks
,
to
whom
the
Agents
of
the
Clergy
represented
the
Invasions
made
on
the
Liberties
of
the
Gallican
Church
by
the
Pope's
Briefs
,
both
in
general
concerning
the
Regale
,
and
in
particular
in
the
Affair
at
Pamiers
,
and
the
Nunneries
,
and
concerning
a
Book
of
Gerbais
a
Dr.
of
Sorbonne
,
De
causis
Majoribus
,
which
were
equally
contrary
both
to
Church
and
State
,
to
the
Canons
,
and
the
Concordate
,
by
which
the
Pope
upon
a
simple
Complaint
without
any
Appeal
,
did
by
the
plenitude
of
his
Power
,
judg
at
Rome
concerning
the
validity
of
Elections
,
and
the
Authority
of
Arch-Bishops
,
and
Primats
,
&c.
The
issue
of
which
Assembly
was
this
:
They
asserted
the
Authority
of
National
Churches
for
judging
of
all
matters
both
of
Faith
and
Manners
:
and
in
the
conclusion
agreed
to
make
an
Address
to
the
King
,
praying
him
to
give
leave
either
for
a
National
Council
,
or
an
Assembly
General
:
the
latter
of
which
was
consented
unto
by
his
Majesty
,
and
summoned
to
meet
the
first
of
October
following
.
Thus
far
concerning
the
Regale
we
have
extracted
in
short
by
way
of
Epitome
from
the
Treatise
of
Dr.
Burnet
on
that
Subject
.
Now
as
to
what
follow'd
.
The
Assembly
met
at
the
time
appinted
;
at
the
opening
of
which
,
the
Bishop
of
Meaux
preached
a
most
Eloquent
Sermon
,
with
much
applause
:
After
which
the
point
of
the
Regale
was
put
to
the
question
,
and
argued
learnedly
on
both
sides
;
and
in
conclusion
the
greatest
part
were
of
Opinion
,
that
the
Right
unto
the
Regalia
were
inherent
in
the
Crown
,
and
that
the
pretensions
thereunto
were
Usurpations
by
the
Church
,
as
appears
by
this
following
Declaration
.
The
Declaration
of
the
Clergy
of
the
Gallican
Church
concerning
the
Ecclesiastical
Power
.
We
the
Arch-Bishops
and
Bishops
Representatives
of
the
Gallican
Church
,
being
by
command
of
his
Majesty
assembled
at
Paris
,
together
with
others
of
the
Clergy
in
the
same
manner
delegated
with
us
,
after
long
debate
,
and
mature
consideration
have
thought
fit
to
declare
,
and
determine
these
several
particulars
following
:
-
1.
First
,
That
a
Power
is
given
by
God
to
St.
Peter
and
his
Successours
who
are
the
Vicars
of
Christ
,
and
to
the
Church
to
order
,
and
regulate
all
Spiritual
matters
;
but
not
to
intermeddle
in
Civil
or
Temporal
matters
,
according
to
that
saying
of
our
Lord
,
My
Kingdom
is
not
of
this
World
.
And
again
,
Give
unto
Caesar
the
things
that
are
Caesars
,
and
unto
God
the
things
which
are
Gods
.
And
agreeable
hereunto
is
that
of
the
Apostle
,
Let
every
Soul
be
subject
to
the
higher
powers
,
for
there
is
no
power
but
of
God
,
the
powers
which
are
,
are
ordained
of
God
,
and
whosoever
resisteth
the
power
,
resisteth
the
Ordinance
of
God
:
Wherefore
Kings
and
Princes
by
the
Law
of
God
are
not
liable
in
Temporal
matters
to
the
Ecclesiastical
Power
,
nor
by
the
Power
of
the
Keys
can
they
be
Deposed
either
directly
or
indirectly
,
or
can
their
Subjects
be
absolved
from
their
Fealty
and
Obedience
to
them
,
or
from
their
Oaths
of
Allegiance
;
the
which
we
confirm
,
and
determine
,
as
principles
not
onely
necessary
for
conservation
of
the
publick
peace
and
tranquillity
,
but
for
the
better
government
of
the
Church
;
and
as
truths
agreeable
to
the
Word
of
God
,
the
tradition
of
the
Fathers
,
and
to
the
example
and
practise
of
Saints
and
Holy
Men.
-
2.
Secondly
,
That
the
Apostolical
See
,
and
the
Successours
of
St.
Peter
,
who
are
the
Vicars
of
Christ
,
have
a
full
and
plenary
power
in
all
Spiritual
matters
;
in
such
manner
as
is
given
to
them
by
the
Holy
Oecumenical
Synod
of
Constance
,
which
is
received
by
the
Apostolical
See
;
and
in
such
manner
as
hath
been
confirmed
by
the
constant
use
and
practise
of
the
Popes
of
Rome
,
and
the
whole
Church
,
and
observed
by
the
Religion
of
the
Gallican
Church
,
and
decreed
by
the
Authority
of
the
General
Councils
,
in
the
fourth
and
fifth
Sessions
.
And
the
Gallican
Church
doth
condemn
the
Opinions
of
those
,
who
esteeming
those
Decrees
of
doubtful
Authority
,
do
endeavour
to
restrain
them
to
certain
times
of
Schism
,
and
to
invalidate
the
present
power
thereof
.
-
3.
Thirdly
,
Hence
it
is
,
that
the
3d
exercise
of
the
Apostolical
power
is
to
be
regulated
by
Canons
established
by
the
Spirit
of
God
,
and
thereunto
all
the
World
is
to
bear
respect
and
Reverence
.
Likewise
the
Rules
,
Manners
,
and
Institutions
received
by
the
Kingdom
and
Church
of
France
,
as
also
the
customs
of
our
Forefathers
are
to
remain
unalterable
:
the
which
is
a
clear
demonstration
of
the
greatness
of
the
Apostolical
See
,
that
the
Statutes
and
Ordinances
thereof
are
established
and
confirmed
by
and
with
the
consent
of
the
Churches
.
-
4.
Fourthly
,
In
questions
of
Faith
the
Pope
is
Chief
Judg
,
and
his
Decrees
extend
themselves
to
the
Churches
in
general
,
and
to
every
one
in
particular
;
nor
can
his
judgment
be
repealed
,
unless
by
the
consent
and
determination
of
the
Universal
Church
.
-
5.
Fifthly
,
These
particulars
received
from
the
Doctrine
of
our
Fore-fathers
,
we
have
by
the
inspiration
of
the
Holy
Ghost
Decreed
to
send
unto
all
the
Gallican
Churches
,
and
the
Bishops
presiding
over
them
.
And
we
do
all
concur
in
the
same
sence
and
meaning
of
them
.
Subscribed
by
Arch-Bishops
,
and
Bishops
and
Clergy
as
before
related
and
registred
,
as
required
by
the
King's
Attorney
General
,
March
23.
1682.
An.
1681.
The
Pope
,
who
during
his
Reign
had
not
as
yet
assumed
any
to
the
degree
of
Cardinal
to
supply
the
places
of
those
who
were
dead
:
the
College
was
diminished
twenty
six
in
their
number
;
which
when
the
Pope
considered
,
and
that
old
Men
were
every
day
dying
,
and
falling
off
,
he
was
inspired
to
replenish
the
places
with
a
supply
of
sixteen
new
Cardinals
,
which
were
these
that
follow
.
1.
John
Baptista
Spinola
of
sixty
seven
years
of
Age
,
a
Genoese
,
who
was
Governour
of
Rome
,
and
Secretary
of
the
Congregation
of
Regulars
.
2.
Anthony
Pignatelli
,
a
Napolitan
of
sixty
six
years
of
age
,
Bishop
of
Lecca
,
and
Master
of
the
Pope's
Chamber
.
3.
Stephen
Brancaccio
,
a
Napolitan
of
sixty
four
years
of
age
.
4.
Stephen
Agostini
,
of
sixty
five
years
of
age
,
Arch-Bishop
of
Heraclea
,
and
Datary
to
the
Pope
.
5.
Francis
Bonvisi
,
of
Luca
,
aged
sixty
three
years
,
Arch-Bishop
of
Thessalonica
,
and
Nuntio
residing
at
Vienna
.
6.
Savo
Mellini
,
a
Roman
,
aged
thirty
seven
years
,
Arch-Bishop
of
Cesarea
,
and
Nuntio
in
Spain
.
7.
Frederick
Visconti
,
of
Milan
,
aged
sixty
three
,
Auditor
of
the
Rota
,
and
Arch-Bishop
of
Milan
.
8.
Marco
Gallio
,
of
Como
,
aged
sixty
nine
years
,
Bishop
of
Rimini
,
and
Vice-gerent
of
Rome
.
9.
Flaminio
del
Tayo
,
of
Siena
,
aged
eighty
years
,
Auditor
of
the
Rota
,
and
Chief
Penitentiary
.
10.
Raymond
Capizucchi
,
a
Roman
,
aged
sixty
nine
years
,
Master
of
the
Palace
.
11.
John
Baptista
de
Luca
,
a
Napolitan
,
aged
sixty
four
years
,
Auditor
to
the
Pope
.
12.
Laurentio
Brancati
,
of
Laurea
in
Calabria
,
aged
sixty
four
years
,
Library-keeper
of
the
Vatican
.
13.
Vrbano
Lacchetti
,
of
Florence
,
aged
forty
four
years
,
Auditor
of
the
Apostolical
Chamber
.
14.
John
Francisco
Ginetti
,
a
Roman
,
aged
sixty
years
,
Treasurer
of
the
Apostolical
Chamber
.
15.
Benedict
▪
Pamfilio
,
aged
twenty
eight
years
,
Grand
Prior
of
Rome
.
16.
Michael
Angelo
Ricci
,
aged
sixty
five
years
,
Secretary
of
the
Congregation
of
Indulgences
.
The
other
ten
Hats
remaining
were
kept
in
the
hand
of
the
Pope
for
a
reserve
wherewith
to
gratifie
Kings
and
Princes
,
whensoever
they
should
desire
to
have
some
of
their
own
Creatures
preferred
to
that
Dignity
.
All
the
sixteen
preceding
Cardinals
took
their
promotion
very
patiently
,
and
without
much
reluctancy
;
excepting
Tayo
who
was
eighty
years
of
age
,
and
Ricci
:
both
which
made
some
modest
refusals
,
as
unworthy
of
that
great
honour
,
but
the
Pope
instantly
constraining
them
,
they
with
humility
submitted
.
And
here
it
is
observable
,
that
this
Pope
is
not
very
forward
to
create
Cardinals
,
but
rather
inclinable
to
lessen
,
and
reduce
their
number
,
which
of
late
years
hath
increased
to
that
degree
,
as
to
become
a
burthen
to
the
Church
.
But
to
return
unto
the
Assembly
at
Paris
,
which
after
many
Debates
and
deliberate
Consultations
held
upon
the
point
of
the
Regale
:
At
length
by
the
Arch-bishop
of
Paris
they
offered
these
several
Proposals
by
way
of
accommodation
between
his
Majesty
and
the
Pope
.
That
those
on
whom
the
King
in
Right
of
his
Regality
bestows
any
Ecclesiastical
Benefices
,
shall
in
the
vacancy
of
the
Sees
have
their
approbation
,
and
Mission
from
the
Vicars
General
.
That
the
Chapters
which
are
in
possession
of
bestowing
Prebends
,
and
other
Dignities
,
shall
continue
to
dispose
of
them
,
whilst
the
See
is
vacant
.
That
in
the
Churches
where
the
collation
is
alternative
between
the
Bishops
,
and
the
Chapters
,
the
same
shall
be
observed
during
the
vacancy
of
the
Sees
that
are
under
the
Regality
,
the
King
having
the
turn
which
the
Bishop
should
have
had
.
That
where
the
Bishops
dispose
of
the
Prebends
jointly
with
the
Chapter
;
the
King
shall
in
the
vacancy
of
the
See
appoint
a
Commissioner
,
who
shall
have
the
same
power
,
and
place
in
the
Chapter
,
as
the
Bishop
had
.
Howsoever
,
no
farther
proceedings
were
made
in
this
matter
because
the
Pope
appeared
resolute
to
maintain
his
priviledg
and
jurisdiction
:
and
the
Cardinal
d'
Estrée
who
had
ever
since
the
beginning
of
this
year
been
at
Rome
to
try
,
and
bend
the
mind
of
the
Pope
,
gave
little
hopes
to
prevail
with
him
:
wherefore
it
was
thought
fit
that
the
Controversie
should
remain
in
suspence
,
rather
than
be
farther
pressed
to
the
breach
of
that
amity
,
which
interceded
between
the
common
Father
,
and
the
eldest
Son
of
his
Church
:
so
the
King
holds
his
Right
,
and
the
Pope
hath
not
relinquished
his
Claim
,
but
remains
still
in
a
capacity
to
reassume
the
same
,
when
either
he
,
or
his
Successours
are
strengthened
with
circumstances
of
time
,
and
force
to
make
good
their
Demands
.
It
is
known
to
all
the
World
,
that
in
the
Church
of
Rome
,
vain
and
superstitious
Opinions
have
been
ever
growing
for
divers
Centuries
of
years
;
some
of
the
most
wild
and
extravagant
of
which
,
certain
Popes
have
been
weeding
out
;
but
with
that
negligence
and
inattention
,
that
where
one
hath
been
destroyed
,
twenty
have
arisen
.
Hereof
the
present
Pope
Innocent
the
XI
.
being
sensible
,
(
who
is
certainly
one
of
the
most
understanding
,
and
most
worthy
of
those
that
ever
sate
in
the
Papal
Chair
)
hath
suppressed
an
Office
called
The
Office
of
the
Immaculate
conception
of
the
most
Holy
Virgin
,
approved
by
Paul
V.
who
granted
,
unto
whosoever
should
devoutly
recite
the
same
an
hundred
days
Indulgence
,
as
may
appear
by
his
Bull
of
July
10th
.
1615.
printed
at
Milan
.
This
Office
he
entirely
abolished
,
Decreeing
,
That
no
person
of
what
Order
,
Degree
,
or
Condition
soever
,
should
dare
to
keep
,
read
,
print
,
or
cause
to
be
printed
the
said
Book
:
and
requiring
that
whosoever
should
have
the
said
Office
in
his
keeping
,
should
forthwith
deliver
the
same
to
the
Ordinary
,
or
to
the
Inquisitors
of
the
place
.
The
which
Decree
was
published
,
Feb.
19.
1678.
Moreover
,
this
Pope
in
his
Wisdom
hath
suppressed
a
multitude
of
idle
,
and
foolish
Indulgences
,
which
many
cheating
Priests
carried
into
remote
Countries
,
and
raised
Money
thereupon
from
the
ignorant
people
.
Of
which
kind
were
those
Indulgences
granted
by
John
II.
and
Sixtus
IV.
to
those
,
who
should
recite
the
Prayer
of
Charity
of
our
Lord
Jesus
Christ
.
By
Eugenius
the
3d.
to
the
Revelation
made
to
St.
Bernard
,
of
a
blow
or
stroak
on
the
shoulder
of
our
Lord
Jesus
Christ
.
By
John
the
22th
.
to
those
,
who
kiss
the
measure
of
the
Soal
of
the
foot
of
the
Blessed
Virgin
.
By
Leo
the
10th
.
to
those
,
who
wear
the
Cord
of
St.
Francis
,
printted
first
at
Rome
,
and
then
at
Milan
,
Anno
1665.
To
them
that
shall
say
the
Angelical
Prayer
,
when
the
Clock
strikes
,
to
the
Image
of
the
Immaculate
Conception
of
the
Virgin
Mary
,
printed
in
a
Circle
with
the
Moon
under
her
feet
.
By
Paul
V.
and
Gregory
XV.
to
those
who
say
,
Blessed
be
the
Holy
Sacrament
.
Likewise
those
Indulgences
for
fourscore
thousand
years
,
copied
out
of
the
Antient
Table
,
which
is
said
to
be
kept
in
the
Lateran
Church
,
to
those
,
who
say
this
truly
pious
Prayer
,
O
God
,
who
for
the
Redemption
of
the
World
,
&c.
Besides
which
,
this
Pope
suppressed
a
multitude
of
other
Indulgences
as
vain
and
idle
as
the
foregoing
:
and
declared
,
that
though
according
to
the
Doctrine
of
the
Council
of
Trent
,
the
use
of
Indulgences
may
be
useful
to
the
people
,
and
doth
Anathematize
such
as
shall
deny
,
that
there
is
not
a
power
in
the
Church
to
grant
them
,
yet
he
is
desirous
that
the
Doctrine
thereof
be
rightly
understood
,
and
a
moderation
used
in
the
granting
of
them
,
lest
by
a
too
great
facility
or
easiness
,
the
discipline
of
the
Church
be
corrupted
and
enfeebled
.
This
Doctrine
of
Indulgences
hath
been
a
prickly
and
a
contentious
point
,
and
the
Original
cause
of
the
present
divisions
,
and
separations
amongst
Christians
;
for
from
thence
Luther
began
his
quarrel
,
and
took
the
first
rise
and
ground
for
a
Reformation
;
and
indeed
the
matter
on
the
part
of
the
Church
of
Rome
was
so
scandalous
,
and
abusive
,
that
the
very
common
people
in
all
their
ignorance
were
able
to
discover
the
fraud
and
Cheat
that
was
in
them
:
so
that
the
wise
and
Learned
Men
at
the
Council
of
Trent
knowing
that
this
Doctrine
was
not
solid
and
would
not
hold
water
,
they
slightly
touched
thereupon
;
and
though
it
was
the
chief
matter
,
for
which
that
Council
was
assembled
;
yet
nothing
was
farther
determined
therein
,
than
onely
that
Indulgences
be
used
with
such
moderation
,
as
was
approved
by
the
Antient
Custom
of
the
Church
of
God
.
Now
it
is
a
most
certain
,
and
an
undeniable
truth
,
that
Indulgences
were
never
in
use
with
any
Nation
of
the
Eastern
Churches
either
in
the
Primitive
times
,
or
afterwards
.
And
indeed
neither
were
they
in
practice
in
the
Western
Churches
,
from
times
of
Ancient
date
,
that
is
,
from
before
the
time
of
Vrban
II
,
which
was
about
the
year
of
Christ
,
1095.
and
then
also
they
were
not
very
common
,
and
granted
onely
to
remit
the
rigour
,
and
severity
of
Penance
enjoined
by
the
Confessour
:
which
reasons
this
Pope
Innocent
XI
.
wisely
considering
,
and
the
many
abuses
of
this
Doctrine
,
did
attempt
the
means
to
regulate
the
extravagance
thereof
.
Besides
the
suppression
of
these
Indulgences
,
this
Pope
condemned
sixty
five
Propositions
about
Cases
of
Morality
,
which
were
scandalous
,
and
divers
of
them
maintained
by
the
subtle
distinctions
of
the
Jesuits
,
the
preamble
to
which
condemnation
saith
,
that
this
present
Innocent
XI
.
in
pursuance
of
the
same
work
commenced
by
his
Predecessour
Alexander
VII
.
did
by
and
with
the
advice
,
concurrence
and
assistance
of
the
most
Reverend
,
and
Eminent
,
the
Cardinals
,
as
also
of
the
Inquisitors
General
,
and
many
other
Divines
,
gather
,
and
weed
out
from
several
Books
,
Theses
,
and
other
Papers
lately
written
,
a
great
number
of
scandalous
,
and
pernicious
Doctrines
in
Morality
,
tending
to
the
debauchery
of
Manners
,
and
to
the
encouragement
of
a
loose
,
and
a
dissolute
life
in
Mankind
.
But
in
nothing
more
hath
the
Vertue
,
Piety
,
and
care
of
this
Pope
been
conspicuous
,
than
in
those
large
Assistances
,
and
Contributions
he
made
to
the
Emperour
,
whereby
to
enable
him
to
carry
forward
his
War
against
the
Turk
,
who
is
the
formidable
Enemy
of
all
Christendom
.
Nor
did
he
onely
furnish
him
with
great
sums
of
Money
at
divers
times
,
but
invited
and
instantly
exhorted
the
King
of
Poland
to
undertake
that
Heroick
Act
,
whereby
the
City
of
Vienna
was
delivered
,
and
all
Austria
rescued
from
desolation
,
and
from
being
a
prey
to
the
Mahometan
Arms
:
And
farther
,
his
Negotiations
prevailed
to
engage
the
Venetians
in
the
same
War
,
and
to
complicate
a
triple
League
between
these
Princes
.
Thus
have
we
seen
,
that
during
the
Reign
of
this
Pope
,
nothing
hath
been
acted
by
him
,
but
what
was
designed
to
the
common
Good
of
his
Church
and
State
:
for
having
laid
aside
all
the
private
considerations
of
his
Nephews
,
and
Family
,
his
cares
have
been
diverted
towards
the
Common
Good
,
so
that
being
freed
from
the
importunities
of
a
Cardinal
Patron
,
and
the
unsatiable
Avarice
of
Favourites
,
and
other
dependencies
;
his
Government
is
much
less
subject
to
Pasquils
,
or
libellous
Censures
;
but
on
the
contrary
applauded
,
and
honoured
by
all
wise
,
and
good
Men
:
so
that
continuing
in
this
steddy
course
through
the
whole
remainder
of
his
Reign
,
he
may
be
esteemed
,
and
numbered
in
the
rank
and
degree
of
the
good
Popes
.
FINIS
.