Touroude
de
Vandrebanc
fe
.
PLUTARCHS
LIVES
.
Translated
From
the
GREEK
BY
SEVERAL
HANDS
.
To
which
is
prefixt
the
LIFE
of
PLUTARCH
.
The
First
Volume
.
LONDON
,
Printed
for
Jacob
Tonson
,
at
the
Sign
of
the
Judges-head
in
Chancery-lane
near
Fleet-street
,
1683.
MANUS
IUSTA
NARDUS
Charles
Lord
Maynard
blazon or coat of arms
TO
HIS
GRACE
THE
DUKE
OF
Ormond
,
&c.
My
Lord
,
LVcretius
,
endeavouring
to
prove
from
the
principles
of
his
Philosophy
,
that
the
world
had
a
casual
beginning
from
the
concourse
of
Atomes
;
and
that
Men
,
as
well
as
the
rest
of
Animals
,
were
produc'd
from
the
vital
heat
and
moisture
of
their
Mother
Earth
;
from
the
same
principles
is
bound
to
answer
this
objection
,
why
Men
are
not
daily
form'd
after
the
same
manner
,
which
he
tells
us
is
,
because
the
kindly
warmth
,
and
procreative
faculty
of
the
ground
is
now
worn
out
:
The
Sun
is
a
disabled
Lover
,
and
the
Earth
is
past
her
teeming
time
.
Though
Religion
has
inform'd
us
better
of
our
Origine
,
yet
it
appears
plainly
,
that
not
only
the
Bodies
,
but
the
Souls
of
Men
,
have
decreas'd
from
the
vigour
of
the
first
Ages
;
that
we
are
not
more
short
of
the
stature
and
strength
of
those
gygantick
Heroes
,
than
we
are
of
their
understanding
,
and
their
wit
.
To
let
pass
those
happy
Patriarchs
,
who
were
striplings
at
fourscore
,
and
had
afterwards
seven
or
eight
hundred
years
before
them
to
beget
Sons
and
Daughters
;
and
to
consider
Man
in
reference
only
to
his
mind
,
and
that
no
higher
than
the
Age
of
Socrates
:
How
vast
a
difference
is
there
betwixt
the
productions
of
those
Souls
,
and
these
of
ours
?
How
much
better
Plato
,
Aristotle
,
and
the
rest
of
the
Philosophers
understood
nature
;
Thucydides
,
and
Herodotus
adorn'd
History
;
Sophocles
,
Eurypides
and
Menander
advanc'd
Poetry
,
than
those
Dwarfs
of
Wit
and
Learning
who
succeeded
them
in
after
times
?
That
Age
was
most
Famous
amongst
the
Greeks
,
which
ended
with
the
death
of
Alexander
;
amongst
the
Romans
Learning
seem'd
again
to
revive
and
flourish
in
the
Century
which
produc'd
Cicero
,
Varro
,
Salust
,
Livy
,
Lucretius
and
Virgil
:
And
after
a
short
interval
of
years
,
(
wherein
Nature
seem'd
to
take
a
breathing
time
for
a
second
birth
,
)
there
sprung
up
under
the
Vespasians
,
and
those
excellent
Princes
who
succeeded
them
,
a
race
of
memorable
Wits
;
such
as
were
the
two
Plinies
,
Tacitus
,
and
Suetonius
;
and
as
if
Greece
was
emulous
of
the
Roman
learning
,
under
the
same
favourable
Constellation
,
was
born
the
famous
Philosopher
and
Historian
Plutarch
.
Then
whom
Anquity
has
never
produc'd
a
Man
more
generally
knowing
,
or
more
vertuous
;
and
no
succeeding
Age
has
equall'd
him
.
His
Lives
both
in
his
own
esteem
,
and
that
of
others
,
accounted
the
Noblest
of
his
Works
,
have
been
long
since
render'd
into
English
:
But
as
that
Translation
was
only
from
the
French
,
so
it
suffer'd
this
double
disadvantage
,
first
that
it
was
but
a
Copy
of
a
Copy
,
and
that
too
but
lamely
taken
from
the
Greek
Original
:
Secondly
that
the
English
Language
was
then
unpolish'd
,
and
far
from
the
perfection
which
it
has
since
attain'd
:
So
that
the
first
Version
is
not
only
ungrammatical
and
ungraceful
,
but
in
many
places
almost
unintelligible
.
For
which
reasons
,
and
least
so
useful
a
piece
of
History
,
shou'd
lie
oppress'd
under
the
rubbish
of
Antiquated
words
,
some
ingenious
and
learned
Gentlemen
,
have
undertaken
this
Task
:
And
what
wou'd
have
been
the
labour
of
one
Mans
Life
,
will
,
by
the
several
endeavours
of
many
,
be
now
accomplish'd
in
the
compass
of
a
year
.
How
far
they
have
succeeded
in
this
laudable
attempt
,
to
me
it
belongs
not
to
determine
;
who
am
too
much
a
party
to
be
a
Judge
:
But
I
have
the
honour
to
be
Commission'd
from
the
Translators
of
this
Volum
,
to
inscribe
their
labours
and
my
own
,
with
all
humility
,
to
your
Graces
Name
and
Patronage
.
And
never
was
any
Man
more
ambitious
of
an
employment
,
of
which
he
was
so
little
worthy
.
Fortune
has
at
last
gratify'd
that
earnest
desire
I
have
always
had
,
to
shew
my
devotion
to
your
Grace
;
though
I
despair
of
paying
you
my
acknowledgments
.
And
of
all
other
opportunities
I
have
happen'd
on
the
most
favourable
to
my self
;
who
,
having
never
been
able
to
produce
any
thing
of
my
own
,
which
cou'd
be
worthy
of
your
view
,
am
supply'd
by
the
assistance
of
my
friends
,
and
honour'd
with
the
presentation
of
their
labours
.
The
Author
they
have
Translated
,
has
been
long
familiar
to
you
:
Who
have
been
conversant
in
all
sorts
of
History
both
Ancient
and
Modern
;
and
have
form'd
the
Idea
of
your
most
Noble
Life
from
the
instructions
and
Examples
contain'd
in
them
;
both
in
the
management
of
publick
affairs
,
and
in
the
private
Offices
of
vertue
;
in
the
enjoyment
of
your
better
fortune
,
and
sustaining
of
your
worse
;
in
habituating
your self
to
an
easie
greatness
;
in
repelling
your
Enemies
,
in
succouring
your
Friends
,
and
in
all
traverses
of
fortune
,
in
every
colour
of
your
Life
,
maintaining
an
inviolable
fidelity
to
your
Soveraign
.
T
is
long
since
that
I
have
learn'd
to
forget
the
art
of
praising
;
but
here
the
heart
dictates
to
the
pen
;
and
I
appeal
to
your
Enemies
,
(
if
so
much
generosity
and
good
nature
can
have
left
you
any
)
whether
they
are
not
conscious
to
themselves
that
I
have
not
flatter'd
.
T
is
an
Age
indeed
,
which
is
only
fit
for
Satyr
;
and
the
sharpest
I
have
shall
never
be
wanting
to
launce
its
Villanies
,
and
its
ingratitude
to
the
Government
:
There
are
few
Men
in
it
,
who
are
capable
of
supporting
the
weight
of
a
just
and
deserv'd
commendation
:
But
amongst
those
few
there
must
always
stand
excepted
the
Illustrious
Names
of
Ormond
and
of
Ossory
:
A
Father
and
a
Son
,
only
Worthy
of
each
other
.
Never
was
one
Soul
more
fully
infus'd
into
anothers
breast
:
Never
was
so
strong
an
impression
made
of
vertue
,
as
that
of
your
Graces
into
him
:
But
though
the
stamp
was
deep
,
the
subject
which
receiv'd
it
was
of
too
fine
a
composition
to
be
durable
.
Were
not
priority
of
time
and
nature
in
the
case
,
it
might
have
been
doubted
which
of
you
had
been
most
excellent
:
But
Heaven
snatch'd
away
the
Copy
to
make
the
Original
more
precious
.
I
dare
trust
my self
no
farther
on
this
subject
;
for
after
years
of
mourning
,
my
sorrow
is
yet
so
green
upon
me
,
that
I
am
ready
to
tax
Providence
for
the
loss
of
that
Heroick
Son
:
Three
Nations
had
a
general
concernment
in
his
Death
,
but
I
had
one
so
very
particular
,
that
all
my
hopes
are
almost
dead
with
him
;
and
I
have
lost
so
much
that
I
am
past
the
danger
of
a
second
Shipwreck
.
But
he
sleeps
with
an
unenvy'd
commendation
:
And
has
left
your
Grace
the
sad
Legacy
of
all
those
Glories
which
he
deriv'd
from
you
.
An
accession
which
you
wanted
not
,
who
were
so
rich
before
in
your
own
vertues
,
and
that
high
reputation
which
is
the
product
of
them
.
A
long
descent
of
Noble
Ancestors
was
not
necessary
to
have
made
you
great
:
But
Heaven
threw
it
in
as
over-plus
when
you
were
born
.
What
you
have
done
and
suffer'd
for
two
Royal
Masters
has
been
enough
to
render
you
Illustrious
;
so
that
you
may
safely
wave
the
Nobility
of
your
birth
,
and
relie
on
your
actions
for
your
fame
.
You
have
cancell'd
the
debt
which
you
ow'd
to
your
Progenitors
,
and
reflect
more
brightness
on
their
memory
than
you
receiv'd
from
them
.
Your
native
Country
,
which
Providence
gave
you
not
leave
to
preserve
under
one
King
,
it
has
given
you
opportunity
under
another
to
restore
.
You
cou'd
not
save
it
from
the
Chastisement
which
was
due
to
its
Rebellion
,
but
you
rais'd
it
from
ruin
after
its
repentance
:
So
that
the
Trophies
of
War
were
the
portion
of
the
Conquerour
,
but
the
Triumphs
of
peace
were
reserv'd
for
the
vanquish'd
.
The
misfortunes
of
Ireland
were
owing
to
it self
,
but
its
happiness
and
Restoration
to
your
Grace
.
The
Rebellion
against
a
Lawful
Prince
,
was
punish'd
by
an
Usurping
Tyrant
:
But
the
fruits
of
his
Victory
were
the
rewards
of
a
Loyal
Subject
.
How
much
that
Noble
Kingdom
has
flourish'd
under
your
Graces
Government
,
both
the
Inhabitants
and
the
Crown
are
sensible
.
The
riches
of
Ireland
are
increas'd
by
it
,
and
the
Revenues
of
England
are
augmented
.
That
which
was
a
charge
and
burden
of
the
Government
is
render'd
an
advantage
and
support
:
The
Trade
and
Interest
of
both
Countries
are
united
in
a
mutual
benefit
;
they
conspire
to
make
each
other
happy
;
the
dependance
of
the
one
is
an
improvement
of
its
Commerce
,
the
preeminence
of
the
other
is
not
impair'd
by
the
intercourse
,
and
common
necessities
are
supply'd
by
both
.
Ireland
is
no
more
a
Cyon
,
to
suck
the
nourishment
from
the
Mother
Tree
;
neither
is
it
overtop'd
,
or
hinder'd
from
growth
by
the
superiour
branches
;
but
the
Roots
of
England
,
diving
(
if
I
may
dare
to
say
it
,
)
underneath
the
Seas
,
rise
at
a
just
distance
on
the
Neighbouring
Shore
;
and
there
shoot
up
,
and
bear
a
product
scarce
inferiour
to
the
Trunk
from
whenee
they
sprung
.
I
may
raise
the
commendation
higher
,
and
yet
not
fear
to
offend
the
truth
:
Ireland
is
a
better
Penitent
than
England
:
The
Crime
of
Rebellion
was
common
to
both
Countries
;
but
the
repentance
of
one
Island
has
been
steady
;
that
of
the
other
,
to
its
shame
,
has
suffer'd
a
relapse
:
Which
shews
the
Conversions
of
their
Rebels
to
have
been
real
,
that
of
ours
to
have
been
but
counterfeit
.
The
Sons
of
Guilty
Fathers
there
have
made
amends
for
the
disloyalty
of
their
Families
:
But
here
the
descendants
of
pardon'd
Rebels
have
only
waited
their
time
to
copy
the
wickedness
of
their
Parents
,
and
if
possible
to
out
do
it
:
They
disdain
to
hold
their
Patrimonies
by
acts
of
Grace
and
of
Indempnity
:
and
by
maintaining
their
old
Treasonable
principles
,
make
it
apparent
that
they
are
still
speculative
Traytors
.
For
whether
they
are
zealous
Sectaries
or
prophane
Republicans
,
(
of
which
two
sorts
they
are
principally
compos'd
)
both
our
Reformers
of
Church
and
Sate
,
pretend
to
a
power
superiour
to
Kingship
.
The
Fanaticks
derive
their
Authority
from
the
Bible
;
and
plead
Religion
to
be
antecedent
to
any
secular
obligation
:
By
vertue
of
which
Argument
,
taking
it
for
granted
that
their
own
Worship
is
only
true
,
they
arrogate
to
themselves
the
right
of
disposing
the
Temporal
power
according
to
their
pleasure
;
as
that
which
is
subordinate
to
the
Spiritual
:
So
that
the
same
Reasons
,
and
Scriptures
,
which
are
urg'd
by
Popes
for
the
deposition
of
Princes
,
are
produc'd
by
Sectaries
for
altering
the
Succession
.
The
Episcopal
Reformation
has
manumiz'd
Kings
from
the
Usurpation
of
Rome
;
for
it
preaches
obedience
and
resignation
to
the
lawful
Secular
power
:
but
the
pretended
Reformation
of
our
Schismaticks
,
is
to
set
up
themselves
in
the
Papal
Chair
;
and
to
make
their
Princes
only
their
Trustees
.
So
that
whether
they
or
the
Pope
were
uppermost
in
England
,
the
Royal
Authority
were
equally
depress'd
:
The
Prison
of
our
Kings
wou'd
be
the
same
;
the
Gaolers
only
wou'd
be
alter'd
.
The
broad
Republicans
are
generally
Men
of
Atheistick
principles
,
nominal
Christians
,
who
are
beholding
to
the
Font
,
only
that
they
are
so
call'd
,
otherwise
Hobbists
in
their
politicks
and
Morals
:
Every
Church
is
oblig'd
to
them
that
they
own
themselves
of
none
;
because
their
Lives
are
too
scandalous
for
any
.
Some
of
the
Sectaries
are
so
proud
,
that
they
think
they
cannot
sin
;
those
Common-wealth
Men
are
so
wicked
,
that
they
conclude
there
is
no
sin
.
Lewdness
,
Rioting
,
Cheating
and
Debauchery
,
are
their
work
a
day
practise
:
Their
more
solemn
crimes
,
are
unnatural
Lusts
,
and
horrid
Murthers
.
Yet
these
are
the
Patrons
of
the
Nonconformists
;
these
are
the
Swords
and
Bucklers
of
Gods
cause
;
if
his
cause
be
that
of
Separatists
and
Rebells
.
T
is
not
but
these
Associates
know
each
other
at
the
bottom
,
as
well
as
Simeon
knew
Levi
:
The
Republicans
are
satisfy'd
that
the
Schismaticks
are
Hypocrites
,
and
the
Schismaticks
are
assur'd
that
the
Republicans
are
Atheists
:
But
their
common
principles
of
Government
are
the
chaines
that
link
them
:
For
both
hold
Kings
to
be
Creatures
of
their
own
making
,
and
by
inference
to
be
at
their
own
disposing
.
With
this
difference
,
notwithstanding
,
that
the
Canting
party
face
their
pretences
with
a
call
from
God
,
the
debauch'd
party
with
a
Commission
from
the
people
.
So
that
if
ever
this
ill
contriv'd
and
equivocal
association
shou'd
get
uppermost
,
they
wou'd
infallibly
contend
for
the
supream
right
;
and
as
it
was
formerly
on
their
mony
,
so
now
it
wou'd
be
in
their
interests
;
God
with
us
wou'd
be
set
up
on
one
side
,
and
the
Common-wealth
of
England
on
the
other
.
But
I
the
less
wonder
at
the
mixture
of
these
two
natures
,
because
two
Salvage
beasts
of
different
species
and
Sexes
shut
up
together
,
will
forget
their
Enmity
to
satisfie
their
common
lust
;
and
't
is
no
matter
what
kind
of
Monster
is
produc'd
betwixt
them
,
so
the
brutal
appetite
be
serv'd
.
I
more
admire
at
a
third
party
,
who
were
Loyal
when
Rebellion
was
uppermost
,
and
have
turn'd
Rebells
(
at
least
in
principle
,
)
since
Loyalty
has
been
Triumphant
.
Those
of
them
whose
services
have
not
been
rewarded
,
have
some
pretence
for
discontent
;
and
yet
they
give
the
World
to
understand
,
that
their
Honour
was
not
their
principle
,
but
their
Interest
.
If
they
are
old
Royallists
,
't
is
a
sign
their
vertue
is
worn
out
;
and
will
bear
no
longer
;
if
Sons
to
Royallists
they
have
probably
been
grafted
on
Whig
stocks
,
and
grown
out
of
kind
;
like
China
Oranges
in
Portugal
:
Their
Mothers
part
has
prevail'd
in
them
,
and
they
are
degenerated
from
the
Loyalty
of
their
Fathers
.
But
if
they
are
such
,
as
many
of
them
evidently
are
,
whose
service
has
been
,
not
only
fully
but
lavishly
recompens'd
,
with
Honours
and
preferment
,
theirs
is
an
ingratitude
without
parallel
;
they
have
destroy'd
their
former
merits
,
disown'd
the
cause
for
which
they
fought
,
bely'd
their
youth
,
dishonour'd
their
age
;
they
have
wrought
themselves
out
of
present
enjoyments
,
for
imaginary
hopes
,
and
can
never
be
trusted
by
their
new
friends
,
because
they
have
betray'd
their
old
.
The
greater
and
the
stronger
ties
which
some
of
them
have
had
,
are
the
deeper
brands
of
their
Apostacy
:
For
Arch-Angels
were
the
first
and
most
glorious
of
the
whole
Creation
:
They
were
the
morning
work
of
God
;
and
had
the
first
impressions
of
his
Image
,
what
Creatures
cou'd
be
made
:
They
were
of
kin
to
Eternity
it self
;
and
wanting
only
that
accession
to
be
Deities
.
Their
fall
was
therefore
more
opprobrious
than
that
of
Man
,
because
they
had
no
clay
for
their
excuse
:
Though
I
hope
and
wish
the
latter
part
of
the
Allegory
may
not
hold
,
and
that
repentance
may
be
yet
allow'd
them
.
But
I
delight
not
to
dwell
on
so
sad
an
object
:
Let
this
part
of
the
Landschape
be
cast
into
shadows
,
that
the
heightnings
of
the
other
may
appear
more
beautiful
.
For
as
Contraries
the
nearer
they
are
plac'd
are
brighter
,
and
the
Venus
is
illustrated
by
the
Neighbourhood
of
the
Lazar
,
so
the
unblemish'd
Loyalty
of
your
Grace
,
will
shine
more
clearly
,
when
set
in
competition
with
their
stains
.
When
the
Malady
which
had
seiz'd
the
Nobler
parts
of
Britain
threw
it self
out
into
the
limbs
,
and
the
first
sores
of
it
appear'd
in
Scotland
,
yet
no
effects
of
it
reach'd
your
Province
:
Ireland
stood
untainted
with
that
pest
:
The
care
of
the
Physician
prevented
the
disease
,
and
preserv'd
the
Country
from
infection
.
When
that
Ulcer
was
rather
stop'd
than
cur'd
,
(
for
the
causes
of
it
still
remain'd
)
and
that
dangerous
Symptoms
appear'd
in
England
;
when
the
Royal
Authority
was
here
trodden
under
foot
,
when
one
Plot
was
prosecuted
openly
,
and
another
secretly
fomented
,
yet
even
then
was
Ireland
free
from
our
contagion
:
And
if
some
venemous
Creatures
were
produc'd
in
that
Nation
,
yet
it
appear'd
they
could
not
live
there
:
They
shed
their
poyson
without
effect
:
They
despair'd
of
being
successfully
wicked
in
their
own
Country
,
and
transported
their
Evidence
to
another
,
where
they
knew
't
was
vendible
:
Where
accusation
was
a
Trade
,
where
forgeries
were
countenanc'd
,
where
perjuries
were
rewarded
,
where
swearing
went
for
proof
,
and
where
the
Merchandize
of
Death
was
gainful
.
That
their
Testimony
was
at
last
discredited
,
proceeded
not
from
its
incoherence
:
For
they
were
known
by
their
own
party
when
they
first
appear'd
;
but
their
folly
was
then
manag'd
by
the
cunning
of
their
Tutors
;
they
had
still
been
believ'd
,
had
they
still
follow'd
their
Instructors
:
But
when
their
witness
fell
foul
upon
their
friends
,
then
they
were
proclaim'd
Villains
,
discarded
and
disown'd
by
those
who
sent
for
them
;
they
seem'd
then
first
to
be
discover'd
,
for
what
they
had
been
known
too
well
before
;
they
were
decry'd
as
inventours
of
what
only
they
betray'd
:
Nay
their
very
wit
was
magnified
lest
being
taken
for
fools
,
they
might
be
thought
too
simple
to
forge
an
accusation
.
Some
of
them
still
continue
here
detested
by
both
sides
,
believ'd
by
neither
:
(
for
even
their
betters
are
at
last
uncas'd
,
)
and
some
of
them
have
receiv'd
their
hire
in
their
own
Country
:
For
perjury
,
which
is
malice
to
Mankind
,
is
always
accompanied
with
other
Crimes
:
and
tho
not
punishable
by
our
Laws
with
death
,
yet
draws
a
train
of
vices
after
it
:
The
Robber
,
the
Murderer
and
the
Sodomite
,
have
often
hung
up
the
forsworn
villain
:
And
what
one
sin
took
on
trust
,
another
sin
has
pay'd
.
These
travelling
Locusts
are
at
length
swallow'd
up
in
their
own
Red-Sea
.
Ireland
as
well
as
England
is
deliver'd
from
that
flying
Plague
;
for
the
Sword
of
Justice
in
your
Graces
hand
,
like
the
Rod
of
Moses
,
is
stretcht
out
against
them
:
And
the
third
part
of
his
Majesties
Dominions
is
owing
for
its
peace
to
your
Loyalty
and
vigilance
.
But
what
Plutarch
can
this
age
produce
to
immortallize
a
life
so
Noble
?
May
some
excellent
Historian
at
length
be
found
,
some
Writer
not
unworthy
of
his
Subject
,
but
may
his
employment
be
long
deferr'd
:
May
many
happy
years
continue
you
to
this
Nation
and
your
own
;
may
your
praises
be
celebrated
late
;
that
we
may
enjoy
you
living
rather
than
adore
you
dead
.
And
since
yet
,
there
is
not
risen
up
amongst
us
,
any
Historian
who
is
equal
to
so
great
an
undertaking
,
let
us
hope
that
Providence
has
not
assign'd
the
workman
,
because
his
employment
is
to
be
long
delay'd
;
because
it
has
reserv'd
your
Grace
for
farther
proofs
of
your
unwearyed
duty
,
and
a
farther
enjoyment
of
your
fortune
.
In
which
tho
no
Man
has
been
less
envy'd
,
because
no
other
has
more
Nobly
us'd
it
,
yet
some
droppings
of
the
Ages
venom
have
been
shed
upon
you
:
The
Supporters
of
the
Crown
are
plac'd
too
near
it
,
to
be
exempted
from
the
storm
which
was
breaking
over
it
.
'T
is
true
you
stood
involv'd
in
your
own
Vertue
,
and
the
Malice
of
your
Libellers
cou'd
not
sink
through
all
those
folds
to
reach
you
.
Your
Innocence
has
defended
you
from
their
attacks
,
and
your
pen
has
so
Nobly
vindicated
that
Innocence
,
that
it
stands
in
need
of
no
other
second
.
The
difference
is
as
plainly
seen
,
betwixt
Sophistry
and
truth
,
as
it
is
betwixt
the
stile
of
a
Gentleman
,
and
the
clumsy
stifness
of
a
Pedant
.
Of
all
Historians
God
deliver
us
from
Bigots
;
and
of
all
Bigots
from
our
Sectaries
.
Truth
is
never
to
be
expected
from
Authors
whose
understandings
are
warp'd
with
Enthusiasm
:
For
they
judge
all
actions
and
their
causes
by
their
own
perverse
principles
;
and
a
crooked
line
can
never
be
the
measure
of
a
streight
one
.
Mr.
Hobbs
was
us'd
to
say
,
that
a
Man
was
alwaies
against
reason
,
when
reason
wasagainst
a
Man
:
So
these
Authors
are
for
obscuring
truth
,
because
truth
would
discover
them
.
They
are
not
Historians
of
an
Action
,
but
Lawyers
of
a
party
:
They
are
retain'd
by
their
principles
,
and
brid'd
by
their
interests
:
Their
narrations
are
an
opening
of
their
cause
;
and
in
the
front
of
their
Histories
,
there
ought
to
be
written
the
Prologue
of
a
pleading
,
I
am
for
the
Plaintiff
,
or
I
am
for
the
Defendant
.
We
have
already
seen
large
Volumes
of
State
Collections
,
and
Church
Legends
,
stuffd
with
detected
forgeries
in
some
parts
,
and
gaping
with
omissions
of
truth
in
others
:
Not
penn'd
I
suppose
with
so
vain
a
hope
as
to
cheat
Posterity
,
but
to
advance
some
design
in
the
present
Age
:
For
these
Legerdemain
Authors
,
are
for
telling
stories
,
to
keep
their
trick
undiscover'd
;
and
to
make
their
conveyance
the
more
clean
.
What
calumny
your
Grace
may
expect
from
such
Writers
,
is
already
evident
:
But
it
will
fare
with
them
,
as
it
does
with
ill
Painters
;
a
Picture
so
unlike
in
all
its
features
and
proportions
,
reflects
not
on
the
original
,
but
on
the
Artist
:
For
malice
will
make
a
piece
more
unresembling
than
ignorance
:
And
he
who
studies
the
life
,
yet
bungles
,
may
draw
some
faint
imitation
of
it
;
But
he
who
purposely
avoids
nature
,
must
fall
into
grotesque
,
and
make
no
likeness
.
For
my
own
part
I
am
of
the
former
sort
:
And
therefore
presume
not
to
offer
my
unskillfulness
for
so
excellent
a
design
as
is
your
illustrious
life
:
To
pray
for
its
prosperity
and
continuance
is
my
duty
;
as
it
is
my
Ambition
to
appear
on
all
occasions
,
Tour
Graces
most
obedient
and
devoted
Servant
,
JOHN
DRYDEN
.
THE
Publisher
to
the
Reader
.
YOV
have
here
,
the
first
Volume
of
Plutarchs
Lives
,
turn'd
from
the
Greek
into
English
;
And
(
give
me
leave
to
say
)
the
first
attempt
of
doing
it
from
the
Originalls
.
You
may
expect
the
Remainder
,
in
four
more
;
One
after
another
as
fast
as
they
may
conveniently
be
dispatch'd
from
the
Press
.
It
is
not
my
business
,
or
pretence
,
to
judge
of
a
work
of
this
quality
,
neither
do
I
take
upon
me
to
recommend
it
to
the
world
any
farther
,
then
under
the
Office
of
a
fair
,
and
a
careful
Publisher
,
and
in
discharge
of
a
trust
deposited
in
my
hands
for
the
service
of
my
Country
,
and
for
a
Common
good
.
I
am
not
yet
so
insensible
of
the
Authority
and
Reputation
of
so
great
a
Name
,
as
not
to
consult
the
Honour
of
the
Author
,
together
with
the
benefit
,
and
satisfaction
of
the
Bookseller
,
as
well
as
of
the
Reader
,
in
this
undertaking
.
In
order
to
which
ends
,
I
have
with
all
possible
Respect
,
and
Industry
,
Besought
,
Sollicited
,
and
Obtain'd
the
Assistance
of
persons
equal
to
the
enterprize
,
and
not
only
Criticks
in
the
Tongue
,
but
Men
of
known
fame
,
and
Abilities
,
for
style
and
Ornament
,
but
I
shall
rather
refer
you
to
the
Learned
and
Ingenious
Translators
of
this
first
part
,
(
whose
Names
you
will
find
in
the
next
page
)
as
a
Specimen
of
what
you
may
promise
your self
from
the
Rest
?
After
this
Right
done
to
the
Greek
Author
,
I
shall
not
need
to
say
what
profit
,
and
delight
will
accrue
to
the
English
Reader
from
this
version
,
when
he
shall
see
this
Illustrious
piece
,
in
his
own
Mother
Tongue
;
and
the
very
Spirit
of
the
Original
,
Transfus'd
into
the
Traduction
.
And
in
one
word
;
Plutarchs
Worthies
made
yet
more
famous
,
by
a
Translation
that
gives
a
farther
Lustre
,
even
to
Plutarch
himself
.
Now
as
to
the
Booksellers
Part
;
I
must
justifie
my self
,
that
I
have
done
all
that
to
me
belonged
:
That
is
to
say
,
I
have
been
punctually
Faithful
to
all
my
Commissions
toward
the
Correctness
,
and
the
Decency
of
the
Work
,
and
I
have
said
to
my
self
,
that
which
I
now
say
to
the
Publick
;
It
is
impossible
,
but
a
Book
that
comes
into
the
World
with
so
many
circumstances
of
Dignity
,
usefulness
,
and
esteem
,
must
turn
to
account
.
A
Table
of
the
Lives
contained
in
this
first
Volume
.
-
Plutarch
,
Written
by
Mr.
Dryden
.
-
Theseus
Translated
by
Mr.
Duke
,
pag.
1.
-
Romulus
,
Mr.
Smallwood
,
p.
63.
-
Lycurgus
,
Mr.
Chetwood
,
129.
-
Numa
Pompilius
,
Mr.
Rycaut
,
205.
-
Solon
,
Mr.
Creech
,
275.
-
Poplicoca
,
Mr.
Dodswell
,
329.
-
Themistocles
,
Dr.
Brown
,
367.
-
Furius
Camillus
,
Mr.
Pain
,
427.
-
Pericles
,
Dr.
Littleton
,
501.
-
Fabius
Maximus
,
Mr.
Carryl
,
601.
PLUTARCH
portrait
THE
LIFE
OF
PLUTARCH
.
Written
by
Mr.
DRYDEN
.
I
Know
not
by
what
Fate
it
comes
to
pass
,
that
Historians
,
who
give
immortality
to
others
,
are
so
ill
requited
by
Posterity
,
that
their
Actions
and
their
Fortunes
are
usually
forgotten
;
neither
themselves
incourag'd
,
while
they
live
,
nor
their
memory
preserv'd
entire
to
future
Ages
.
'T
is
the
ingratitude
of
Mankind
to
their
greatest
Benefactors
,
that
they
,
who
teach
us
wisdome
by
the
surest
ways
,
(
setting
before
us
what
we
ought
to
shun
or
to
pursue
,
by
the
examples
of
the
most
famous
Men
whom
they
Record
,
and
by
the
experience
of
their
Faults
and
Vertues
,
)
should
generally
live
poor
and
unregarded
;
as
if
they
were
born
only
for
the
publick
,
and
had
no
interest
in
their
own
well-being
;
but
were
to
be
lighted
up
like
Tapers
,
and
to
waste
themselves
,
for
the
benefit
of
others
.
But
this
is
a
complaint
too
general
,
and
the
custom
has
been
too
long
establish'd
to
be
remedied
;
neither
does
it
wholly
reach
our
Author
:
He
was
born
in
an
Age
,
which
was
sensible
of
his
vertue
;
and
found
a
Trajan
to
reward
him
,
as
Aristotle
did
an
Alexander
.
But
the
Historians
,
who
succeeded
him
,
have
either
been
too
envious
,
or
too
careless
of
his
reputation
;
none
of
them
,
not
even
his
own
Country-men
,
having
given
us
any
particular
account
of
him
;
or
if
they
have
,
yet
their
Works
are
not
transmitted
to
us
;
so
that
we
are
forc'd
to
glean
from
Plutarch
,
what
he
has
scatter'd
in
his
Writings
,
concerning
himself
and
his
Original
:
Which
(
excepting
that
little
memorial
,
that
Suidas
,
and
some
few
others
,
have
left
concerning
him
)
is
all
we
can
collect
,
relating
to
this
great
Philosopher
and
Historian
.
He
was
born
at
Chaeronea
a
small
City
of
Boeotia
in
Greece
,
between
Attica
and
Phocis
,
and
reaching
to
both
Seas
.
The
Climate
not
much
befreinded
by
the
Heavens
;
for
the
air
is
thick
and
foggy
;
and
consequently
the
Inhabitants
partaking
of
its
influence
,
gross
feeders
,
and
fat
witted
;
brawny
,
and
unthinking
,
just
the
constitution
of
Heroes
:
Cut
out
for
the
Executive
and
brutal
business
of
War
;
but
so
stupid
in
the
designing
part
,
that
in
all
the
revolutions
of
Greece
they
were
never
Masters
,
but
only
in
those
few
years
,
when
they
were
led
by
Epaminondas
,
or
Pelopidas
.
Yet
this
foggy
ayre
,
this
Country
of
fat
weathers
,
as
Juvenal
calls
it
,
produc'd
three
wits
,
which
were
comparable
to
any
three
Athenians
:
Pyndar
,
Epaminondas
,
and
our
Plutarch
,
to
whom
we
may
add
a
fourth
,
Sextus
Chaeronensis
,
the
Praeceptor
of
the
learned
Emperour
Marcus
Aurelius
;
and
the
Nephew
of
our
Authour
.
Choercnea
,
(
if
we
may
give
credit
to
Pausanias
,
in
the
ninth
Book
of
his
description
of
Greece
)
was
anciently
call'd
Arnè
;
from
Arnè
the
Daughter
of
Aeolus
;
but
being
scituated
to
the
west
of
Parnassus
in
that
low
land
country
,
the
natural
unwholsomness
of
the
Ayre
was
augmented
by
the
evening
Vapours
cast
upon
it
from
that
Mountain
,
which
our
late
Travellers
describe
to
be
full
of
moisture
and
marshy
ground
inclos'd
in
the
inequality
of
its
ascents
:
And
being
also
expos'd
to
the
winds
which
blew
from
that
quarter
,
the
Town
was
perpetually
unhealthful
,
for
which
reason
,
sayes
my
Author
,
Chaeron
,
the
Son
of
Apollo
and
Thero
,
made
it
be
rebuilt
,
and
turn'd
it
towards
the
rising
Sun
;
From
whence
the
Town
became
healthful
and
consequently
populous
;
in
memory
of
which
benefit
it
afterwards
retain'd
his
name
.
But
as
Etymologies
are
uncertain
,
and
the
Greeks
,
above
all
Nations
,
given
to
fabulous
derivations
of
Names
,
especially
,
when
they
tend
to
the
Honour
of
their
Country
,
I
think
we
may
be
reasonably
content
to
take
the
denomination
of
the
Town
from
its
delightful
or
chearful
standing
;
as
the
word
Chaeron
sufficiently
implies
.
But
to
lose
no
time
,
in
these
grammatical
Etymologies
,
which
are
commonly
uncertain
ghesses
,
't
is
agreed
that
Plutarch
was
here
born
;
the
year
uncertain
;
but
without
dispute
in
the
reign
of
Claudius
.
Joh.
Gerrard
Vossius
has
assign'd
his
birth
in
the
latter
end
of
that
Emperour
:
Some
other
Writers
of
his
Life
,
have
left
it
undecided
,
whether
then
,
or
in
the
beginning
of
Nero's
Empire
:
But
the
most
accurate
Rualdus
(
as
I
find
it
in
the
Paris
Edition
of
Plutarch's
Works
)
has
manifestly
prov'd
him
to
be
born
in
the
middle
time
of
Claudius
,
or
somewhat
lower
:
For
Plutarch
in
the
inscription
at
Delphos
,
of
which
more
hereafter
,
remembers
that
Ammonius
his
Master
disputed
with
him
and
his
Brother
Lamprias
concerning
it
,
when
Nero
made
his
progress
into
Greece
;
which
was
in
his
twelfth
year
;
and
the
Question
disputed
cou'd
not
be
manag'd
with
so
much
learning
as
it
was
,
by
meer
Boyes
;
therefore
he
was
then
sixteen
,
or
rather
eighteen
years
of
age
.
Xylander
has
observ'd
that
Plutarch
himself
,
in
the
Life
of
Pericles
,
and
that
of
Anthony
,
has
mentioned
both
Nero
and
Domitian
,
as
his
Contemporaries
.
He
has
also
left
it
on
Record
in
his
Symposiaques
,
that
his
Family
was
ancient
in
Chaeronea
;
and
that
for
many
descents
,
they
had
born
the
most
considerable
Offices
in
that
petty
Common-wealth
.
The
cheifest
of
which
was
known
by
the
name
of
Archon
amongst
the
Grecians
;
by
that
of
Praetor
Vrbis
among
the
Romans
;
and
the
Dignity
and
Power
was
not
much
different
from
that
of
our
Lord
Mayor
of
London
.
His
Great
Grand-Father
Nicarchus
perhaps
injoy'd
that
Office
in
the
division
of
the
Empire
betwixt
Augustus
Caesar
and
Mark
Anthony
.
And
when
the
Civil
Wars
ensued
betwixt
them
,
Chaeronea
was
so
hardly
us'd
by
Anthonies
Lieutenant
or
Commissary
there
,
that
all
the
Citizens
without
exception
,
were
servilely
imployed
to
carry
on
their
shoulders
a
certain
proportion
of
Corn
from
Chaeronea
to
the
Coast
over
against
the
Island
of
Antycira
,
with
the
Scourge
held
over
them
,
if
at
any
time
they
were
remiss
:
Which
duty
after
once
performing
,
being
enjoynd
the
Second
time
with
the
same
severity
,
just
as
they
were
preparing
for
their
journey
,
the
welcom
news
arriv'd
that
Mark
Anthony
had
lost
the
Battel
of
Actium
,
whereupon
both
the
Officers
and
Souldiers
,
belonging
to
him
in
Chaeronea
,
immediately
fled
for
their
own
safety
;
and
the
provisions
thus
collected
,
were
distributed
among
the
Inhabitants
of
the
City
.
This
Nicarchus
,
the
Great
Grand-Father
of
Plutarch
,
among
other
Sons
,
had
Lamprias
,
a
Man
eminent
for
his
Learning
;
and
a
Philosopher
,
of
whom
Plutarch
has
made
frequent
mention
in
his
Symposiaques
,
or
Table
Conversations
,
and
amongst
the
rest
,
there
is
this
observation
of
him
,
that
he
disputed
best
,
and
unravell'd
the
difficulties
of
Philosophy
with
most
success
when
he
was
at
Supper
,
and
well
warm'd
with
Wine
.
These
Table
Entertainments
were
part
of
the
Education
of
those
times
,
their
discourses
being
commonly
the
canvasing
and
Solution
of
some
question
,
either
Philosophical
or
Philological
,
alwayes
instructive
,
and
usually
pleasant
;
for
the
Cups
went
round
with
the
debate
;
and
Men
were
merry
and
wise
together
,
according
to
the
Proverb
.
The
Father
of
Plutarch
is
also
mention'd
,
in
those
Discourses
,
whom
our
Author
represents
as
arguing
of
several
points
in
Philosophy
;
but
his
name
is
no
where
to
be
found
in
any
part
of
the
works
remaining
to
us
.
But
yet
he
speaks
of
him
,
as
a
Man
not
ignorant
in
Learning
and
Poetry
,
as
may
appear
by
what
he
says
,
when
he
is
introduc'd
disputing
in
the
Symposiaques
;
where
also
his
prudence
and
humanity
are
commended
,
in
this
following
Relation
.
Being
yet
very
young
(
says
Plutarch
)
I
was
joyn'd
,
in
Commission
with
another
in
an
Embassy
to
the
Proconsul
,
and
my
Collegue
falling
sick
was
forc'd
to
stay
behind
,
so
that
the
whole
business
was
Transacted
by
me
alone
.
At
my
return
,
when
I
was
to
give
account
to
the
Common-wealth
of
my
proceedings
,
my
Father
,
rising
from
his
Seat
,
openly
enjoyn'd
me
not
to
name
my self
in
the
singular
Number
,
I
did
thus
,
or
thus
,
I
say'd
to
the
Proconsul
,
but
thus
we
did
and
thus
we
say'd
,
alwaies
associating
my
Companion
with
me
,
though
absent
in
the
management
:
this
was
done
to
observe
,
as
I
suppose
,
the
point
of
good
manners
with
his
Collegue
,
that
of
respect
to
the
Government
of
the
City
,
who
had
commission'd
both
,
to
avoid
envy
,
and
perhaps
more
especially
,
to
take
off
the
forwardness
of
a
pert
young
Minister
,
commonly
too
apt
to
overvalue
his
own
services
,
and
to
quote
himself
on
every
inconsiderable
occasion
.
The
Father
of
Plutarch
had
many
Children
besides
him
;
Timon
and
Lamprias
,
his
Brothers
,
were
bred
up
with
him
,
all
three
instructed
in
the
Liberal
Sciences
,
and
in
all
parts
of
Philosophy
.
'T
is
Manifest
from
our
Author
that
they
liv'd
together
in
great
friendliness
,
and
in
great
veneration
to
their
Grand-father
and
Father
.
What
affection
Plutarch
bore
in
parricular
to
his
Brother
Timon
may
be
gather'd
from
these
words
of
his
.
As
for
my self
,
though
fortune
on
several
occasions
has
been
favourable
to
me
,
I
have
no
obligation
so
great
to
her
,
as
the
kindness
,
and
entire
friendship
,
which
my
Brother
Timon
has
alwayes
born
,
and
still
bears
me
:
and
this
is
so
evident
that
it
cannot
but
be
noted
,
by
every
one
of
our
acquaintance
.
Lamprias
,
the
youngest
of
the
three
,
is
introduc'd
by
him
in
his
Morals
,
as
one
of
a
sweet
and
pleasant
Conversation
,
inclin'd
to
Mirth
and
Raillery
;
or
,
as
we
say
in
English
,
a
well
humour'd
man
,
and
a
good
Companion
.
The
whole
Family
being
thus
addicted
to
Philosophy
,
't
is
no
wonder
if
our
Author
was
initiated
betimes
in
Study
,
to
which
he
was
naturally
inclin'd
.
In
pursuit
of
which
he
was
so
happy
,
to
fall
into
good
hands
at
first
;
being
recommended
to
the
care
of
Ammonius
an
Egyptian
,
who
,
having
taught
Philosophy
with
great
Reputation
at
Alexandria
,
and
from
thence
travelling
into
Greece
,
settled
himself
at
last
in
Athens
,
where
he
was
well
receiv'd
,
and
generally
respected
.
At
the
end
of
Themistocles
his
Life
,
Plutarch
relates
,
that
being
young
,
he
was
a
Pentioner
in
the
house
of
this
Ammonius
;
and
in
his
Symposiaques
he
brings
him
in
disputing
with
his
Scholars
,
and
giving
them
instruction
.
For
the
custom
of
those
times
was
very
much
different
from
these
of
ours
,
where
the
greatest
part
of
our
Youth
is
spent
in
learning
the
words
of
dead
languages
:
The
Grecians
,
who
thought
all
Barbarians
but
themselves
,
despis'd
the
use
of
Forreign
tongues
;
so
that
the
first
Elements
of
their
breeding
was
the
knowledge
of
Nature
,
and
the
accommodation
of
that
knowledge
by
Moral
precepts
,
to
the
service
of
the
publick
,
and
the
private
offices
of
vertue
.
The
Masters
imploying
one
part
of
their
time
in
reading
to
,
and
discoursing
with
their
Scholars
,
and
the
rest
in
appointing
them
their
several
Exercises
either
in
Oratory
or
Philosophy
;
and
seting
them
to
declaim
and
to
dispute
amongst
themselves
.
By
this
liberal
sort
of
Education
,
study
was
so
far
from
being
a
burden
to
them
,
that
in
a
short
time
,
it
became
a
habit
,
and
Philosophical
questions
,
and
criticisms
of
humanity
,
were
their
usual
recreations
at
their
Meals
.
Boyes
liv'd
then
,
as
the
better
sort
of
Men
do
now
;
and
their
conversation
was
so
well
bred
and
Manly
,
that
they
did
not
plunge
out
of
their
depth
into
the
World
,
when
they
grew
up
;
but
slid
easily
into
it
,
and
found
no
alteration
in
their
Company
.
Amongst
the
rest
,
the
Reading
and
Quotations
of
Poets
were
not
forgotten
at
their
Suppers
,
and
in
their
Walks
;
but
Homer
,
Euripides
,
and
Sophocles
,
were
the
entertainment
of
their
hours
of
freedom
.
Rods
and
Ferula's
were
not
us'd
by
Ammonius
,
as
being
properly
the
punishment
of
slaves
,
and
not
the
correction
of
ingenuous
free-born
Men.
At
least
to
be
only
exercis'd
by
parents
,
who
had
the
power
of
life
and
death
over
their
own
Children
.
As
appears
by
the
Example
of
this
Ammonius
,
thus
related
by
our
Author
.
Our
Master
(
sayes
he
)
one
time
,
perceiving
,
at
his
afternoon
Lecture
;
that
some
of
his
Scholars
had
eaten
more
largely
than
became
the
moderation
of
Students
,
immediately
commanded
one
of
his
Free-Men
to
take
his
own
Son
,
and
Scourge
him
in
our
sight
;
because
,
sayd
the
Philosopher
,
my
young
Gentleman
cou'd
not
eat
his
Dinner
,
without
Poynant
sauce
,
or
Vinegar
;
and
at
the
same
time
he
cast
his
eye
on
all
of
us
:
So
that
every
Criminal
was
given
to
understand
,
that
he
had
a
share
in
the
reprehension
,
and
that
the
punishment
was
as
well
deserv'd
by
all
the
rest
,
had
the
Phylosopher
not
known
,
that
it
exceeded
his
Commission
to
inflict
it
.
Plutarch
therefore
having
the
assistance
of
such
a
Master
,
in
few
years
advanc'd
to
admiration
in
knowledge
:
And
that
without
first
Travelling
into
Forreign
parts
,
or
acquiring
any
Forreign
tongue
;
though
the
Roman
Language
at
that
time
was
not
only
vulgar
in
Rome
it self
,
but
generally
through
the
extent
of
that
vast
Empire
,
and
in
Greece
,
which
was
a
Member
of
it
,
as
our
Author
has
remark'd
towards
the
end
of
his
Platonick
questions
.
For
like
a
true
Philosopher
,
who
minded
things
,
not
words
,
he
strove
not
even
to
cultivate
his
Mother
Tongue
with
any
great
exactness
.
And
himself
confesses
in
the
beginning
of
Demosthenes
his
life
,
that
during
his
abode
in
Italy
,
and
at
Rome
,
he
had
neither
the
leisure
to
study
,
nor
so
much
as
to
exercise
the
Roman
language
;
(
I
suppose
he
means
to
write
in
it
,
rather
than
to
speak
it
,
)
as
well
by
reason
of
the
affairs
he
manag'd
,
as
that
he
might
acquit
himself
to
those
who
were
desirous
to
be
instructed
by
him
in
Philosophy
.
In
so
much
that
till
the
declination
of
his
age
,
he
began
not
to
be
conversant
in
Latin
books
;
in
reading
of
which
it
happened
somewhat
oddly
to
him
,
that
he
learnt
not
the
knowledge
of
things
by
words
;
but
by
the
understanding
and
use
he
had
of
things
,
attain'd
to
the
knowledge
of
words
which
signified
them
.
Just
as
Adam
(
setting
aside
divine
illumination
)
call'd
the
Creatures
by
their
proper
Names
,
by
first
understanding
of
their
natures
.
But
for
the
delicacies
of
the
Tongue
,
the
turns
of
the
Expression
,
the
figures
and
connexions
of
words
,
in
which
consist
the
beauty
of
that
language
,
he
plainly
tells
us
,
that
tho
he
much
admir'd
them
,
yet
they
requir'd
too
great
labour
for
a
Man
in
Age
,
and
plung'd
in
business
to
attain
perfectly
.
Which
Compleplement
I
shou'd
be
willing
to
believe
from
a
Philosopher
,
if
I
did
not
consider
,
that
Dion
Cassius
,
nay
even
Herodian
,
and
Appian
after
him
,
as
well
as
Polybius
before
him
,
by
writing
the
Roman
History
in
the
Greek
language
,
had
shewn
as
manifest
a
contempt
of
Latin
,
in
respect
of
the
other
,
as
French
Men
now
do
of
English
,
which
they
disdain
to
speak
,
while
they
live
among
us
:
But
with
great
advantage
to
their
trivial
conceptions
,
drawing
the
discourse
into
their
own
language
,
have
learnt
to
despise
our
better
thoughts
,
which
must
come
deform'd
and
lame
in
conversation
to
them
,
as
being
transmitted
in
a
Tongue
of
which
we
are
not
Masters
.
This
is
to
arrogate
a
superiority
in
nature
over
us
,
as
undoubtedly
the
Grecians
did
over
their
Conquerours
,
by
establishing
their
language
for
a
Standard
;
it
being
become
so
much
a
mode
to
speak
and
write
Greek
in
Tully's
time
,
that
with
some
indignation
I
have
read
his
Epistles
to
Atticus
,
in
which
he
desires
to
have
his
own
consulship
written
by
his
friend
in
the
Grecian
language
;
which
he
afterwards
perform'd
himself
;
a
vain
attempt
in
my
opinion
,
for
any
Man
to
endeavour
to
excel
in
a
Tongue
which
he
was
not
born
to
speak
.
This
,
tho
it
be
digression
,
yet
deserves
to
be
consider'd
at
more
leisure
;
for
the
honour
of
of
our
Wit
and
Writings
,
which
are
of
a
more
solid
make
than
that
of
our
Neighbours
,
is
concern'd
in
it
.
But
to
return
to
Plutarch
,
as
it
was
his
good
fortune
to
be
moulded
first
by
Masters
the
most
excellent
in
their
kind
,
so
it
was
his
own
vertue
,
to
suck
in
with
an
incredible
desire
,
and
earnest
application
of
mind
,
their
wise
instructions
;
and
it
was
also
his
prudence
so
to
manage
his
health
by
moderation
of
diet
and
bodily
exercise
,
as
to
preserve
his
parts
without
decay
to
a
great
old
age
;
to
be
lively
and
vigorous
to
the
last
,
and
to
preserve
himself
to
his
own
enjoyments
,
and
to
the
profit
of
Mankind
.
Which
was
not
difficult
for
him
to
perform
,
having
receiv'd
from
nature
a
constitution
capable
of
labour
;
and
from
the
Domestick
example
of
his
Parents
,
a
sparing
sobriety
of
diet
,
a
temperance
in
other
pleasures
,
and
above
all
an
Habitude
of
commanding
his
passions
in
order
to
his
health
.
Thus
principled
,
and
grounded
,
he
consider'd
with
himself
,
that
a
larger
Communication
with
learned
Men
was
necessary
for
his
accomplishment
;
and
therefore
,
having
a
Soul
insatiable
of
knowledge
,
and
being
ambitious
to
excell
in
all
kinds
of
Science
,
he
took
up
a
resolution
to
Travel
.
Egypt
was
at
that
time
,
as
formerly
it
had
been
,
famous
for
learning
;
and
probably
the
Mysteriousness
of
their
Doctrine
might
tempt
him
,
as
it
had
done
Pythagoras
and
others
,
to
converse
with
the
Priest-hood
of
that
Country
,
which
appears
to
have
been
particularly
his
business
by
the
Treatise
of
Isis
and
Osyris
,
which
he
has
left
us
.
In
which
he
shews
himself
not
meanly
vers'd
,
in
the
ancient
Theology
and
Philosophy
of
those
wise
Men.
From
Egypt
returning
into
Greece
,
he
visited
in
his
way
all
the
Academies
,
or
Schools
of
the
several
Philosophers
,
and
gather'd
from
them
many
of
those
observations
with
which
he
has
enrich'd
Posterity
.
Besides
this
,
he
applyed
himself
,
with
extream
diligence
,
to
collect
not
only
all
books
which
were
excellent
in
their
kind
,
and
already
publish'd
,
but
also
all
sayings
and
discourses
of
wise
Men
,
which
he
had
heard
in
conversation
,
or
which
he
had
receiv'd
from
others
by
Tradition
.
As
likewise
the
Records
and
publick
Instruments
,
preserv'd
in
Cities
,
which
he
had
visited
in
his
Travels
;
and
which
he
afterwards
scatter'd
through
his
works
.
To
which
purpose
he
took
a
particular
Journy
to
Sparta
,
to
search
the
Archives
of
that
famous
Commonwealth
,
to
understand
throughly
the
model
of
their
ancient
Government
,
their
Legislators
,
their
Kings
,
and
their
Ephori
,
digesting
all
their
memorable
deeds
and
sayings
,
with
so
much
care
,
that
he
has
not
omitted
those
even
of
their
Women
,
or
their
private
Souldiers
;
together
with
their
Customes
,
their
Decrees
,
their
Ceremonies
,
and
the
manner
of
their
publick
and
private
living
,
both
in
peace
and
war
.
The
same
methods
he
also
took
in
divers
other
Commonwealths
,
as
his
Lives
,
and
his
Greek
and
Roman
Questions
sufficiently
testifie
.
Without
these
helps
it
had
been
impossible
for
him
to
leave
in
writing
so
many
particular
observations
of
Men
and
manners
,
and
as
impossible
to
have
gatherd
them
,
without
conversation
and
commerce
with
the
learned
Antiquaries
of
his
time
.
To
these
he
added
a
curious
Collection
of
Ancient
Statues
,
Medals
,
Inscriptions
,
and
Paintings
,
as
also
of
proverbial
sayings
,
Epigrams
,
Epitaphs
,
Apothegmes
,
and
other
Ornaments
of
History
,
that
he
might
leave
nothing
unswept
behind
him
.
And
as
he
was
continually
in
Company
with
Men
of
learning
,
in
all
professions
,
so
his
memory
was
always
on
the
stretch
,
to
receive
and
lodge
their
discourses
;
and
his
Judgment
perpetually
employ'd
in
separating
his
notions
,
and
distinguishing
which
were
fit
to
be
preserv'd
,
and
which
to
be
rejected
.
By
benefit
of
this
,
in
little
time
he
inlarg'd
his
knowledge
to
a
great
extent
in
every
Science
;
himself
in
the
beginning
of
the
Treatise
which
he
has
compos'd
of
Content
,
and
Peace
of
mind
,
makes
mention
of
those
Collections
,
or
Common
places
,
which
he
had
long
since
drawn
together
for
his
own
particular
occasions
:
And
't
is
from
this
rich
Cabinet
that
he
has
taken
out
those
excellent
peices
,
which
he
has
distributed
to
Posterity
,
and
which
give
us
occasion
to
deplore
the
loss
of
the
residue
,
which
either
the
injury
of
time
,
or
the
negligence
of
Coppiers
have
denyed
to
us
.
On
this
account
,
tho
we
need
not
doubt
to
give
him
this
general
commendation
,
that
he
was
ignorant
of
no
sort
of
learning
,
yet
we
may
justly
add
this
farther
,
that
whoever
will
consider
through
the
whole
body
of
his
Works
,
either
the
design
,
the
method
,
or
the
contexture
of
his
Discourses
,
whether
Historical
or
Moral
,
or
Questions
of
natural
Philosophy
,
or
SoSolutions
of
Problems
Mathematical
,
whether
he
arraigns
the
opinions
of
others
Sects
,
or
establishes
the
Doctrines
of
his
own
,
in
all
these
kinds
there
will
be
found
,
both
the
harmony
of
order
and
the
beauty
of
easiness
.
His
reasons
so
solid
and
convincing
,
his
inductions
so
pleasant
and
agreeable
to
all
sorts
of
Readers
,
that
it
must
be
acknowledged
he
was
Master
of
every
Subject
which
he
treated
,
and
treated
none
but
what
were
improveable
to
the
benefit
of
Instruction
.
For
we
may
perceive
in
his
Writting
the
desire
he
had
to
imprint
his
Precepts
in
the
Souls
of
his
Readers
;
and
to
lodge
Morality
in
Families
,
nay
even
to
exalt
it
to
the
Thrones
of
Soveraign
Princes
,
and
to
make
it
the
Rule
and
measure
of
their
Government
.
Finding
that
there
were
many
Sects
of
Philosophers
then
in
vogue
,
he
search'd
into
the
foundation
of
all
their
principles
and
opinions
;
and
not
content
with
this
disquisition
,
he
trac'd
them
to
their
several
fountains
.
So
that
the
Pythagorean
,
Epicurean
,
Stoick
and
Peripatetick
Philosophy
were
familiar
to
him
.
And
tho
it
may
be
easily
observ'd
that
he
was
chiefly
inclin'd
to
follow
Plato
(
whose
memory
he
so
much
reverenc'd
,
that
Annually
he
celebrated
his
Birth-day
,
and
also
that
of
Socrates
;
)
yet
he
modestly
contain'd
himself
within
the
bounds
of
the
latter
Academy
,
and
was
content
,
like
Cicero
,
only
to
propound
and
weigh
opinions
,
leaving
the
Judgment
of
his
Readers
free
without
presuming
to
decide
Dogmatically
.
Yet
it
is
to
be
confess'd
,
that
in
the
midst
of
this
moderation
,
he
oppos'd
the
two
extreams
of
the
Epicurean
and
Stoick
Sects
:
Both
which
he
has
judiciously
combatted
in
several
of
his
Treatises
,
and
both
upon
the
same
account
,
because
they
pretend
too
much
to
certainty
,
in
their
Dogma's
;
and
to
impose
them
with
too
great
arrogance
;
which
he
,
who
(
following
the
Academists
,
)
doubted
more
and
pretended
less
,
was
no
way
able
to
support
.
The
Pyrrhonians
,
or
grosser
sort
of
Scepticks
,
who
bring
all
certainty
in
question
,
and
startle
even
at
the
notions
of
Common
sense
,
appear'd
as
absurd
to
him
on
the
other
side
;
for
there
is
a
kind
of
positiveness
in
granting
nothing
to
be
more
likely
on
one
part
than
on
another
,
which
his
Academy
avoided
by
inclining
the
ballance
to
that
hand
,
where
the
most
weighty
reasons
,
and
probability
of
truth
were
visible
.
The
Moral
Philosophy
therefore
was
his
chiefest
aym
;
because
the
principles
of
it
admitted
of
less
doubt
;
and
because
they
were
most
conducing
to
the
benefit
of
human
life
.
For
after
the
Example
of
Socrates
he
had
found
,
that
the
speculations
of
Natural
Philosophy
,
were
more
delightful
than
solid
and
profitable
;
that
they
were
abstruce
and
thorny
,
and
much
of
Sophism
in
the
solution
of
appearances
.
That
the
Mathematicks
indeed
,
cou'd
reward
his
pains
with
many
demonstrations
,
but
tho
they
made
him
wiser
,
they
made
him
not
more
vertuous
,
and
therefore
attain'd
not
the
end
of
happiness
:
For
which
reason
tho
he
had
far
advanc'd
in
that
study
,
yet
he
made
it
but
his
Recreation
,
not
his
business
.
Some
Problem
of
it
,
was
his
usual
divertisement
at
Supper
,
which
he
mingled
also
with
pleasant
and
more
light
discourses
.
For
he
was
no
sowr
Philosopher
;
but
pass'd
his
time
as
merrily
as
he
cou'd
,
with
reference
to
vertue
:
He
forgot
not
to
be
pleasant
while
he
instructed
;
and
entertain'd
his
friends
with
so
much
chearfulness
and
good
humour
,
that
his
learning
was
not
nauseous
to
them
;
neither
were
they
affraid
of
his
Company
another
time
.
He
was
not
so
Austere
as
to
despise
Riches
,
but
being
in
possession
of
a
large
Fortune
,
he
liv'd
tho
not
splendidly
,
yet
plentifully
;
and
suffer'd
not
his
friends
to
want
that
part
of
his
Estate
,
which
he
thought
superfluous
to
a
Philosopher
.
The
Religion
he
profess'd
,
to
speak
the
worse
of
it
,
was
Heathen
.
I
say
the
Religion
he
profess'd
;
for
't
is
no
way
probable
,
that
so
great
a
Philosopher
,
and
so
wise
a
Man
,
should
believe
the
Superstitions
and
Fopperies
of
Paganism
:
But
that
he
accommodated
himself
to
the
use
and
receiv'd
Customes
of
his
Country
.
He
was
indeed
a
Priest
of
Apollo
,
as
himself
acknowledges
,
but
that
proves
him
not
to
have
been
a
Polytheist
.
I
have
ever
thought
,
that
the
Wise-men
in
all
Ages
,
have
not
much
differ'd
in
their
opinions
of
Religion
;
I
mean
as
it
is
grounded
on
human
Reason
:
For
Reason
,
as
as
far
as
it
is
right
,
must
be
the
same
in
all
Men
;
and
Truth
being
but
one
,
they
must
consequently
think
in
the
same
Train
.
Thus
it
is
not
to
be
doubted
,
but
the
Religion
of
Socrates
,
Plato
,
and
Plutarch
was
not
different
in
the
main
:
Who
doubtless
beleiv'd
the
identity
of
one
Supream
Intellectual
Being
,
which
we
call
GOD.
But
because
they
who
have
written
the
Life
of
Plutarch
in
other
languages
,
are
contented
barely
to
assert
that
our
Authour
believ'd
one
God
,
without
quoting
those
passages
of
his
which
wou'd
clear
the
point
;
I
will
give
you
two
of
them
,
amongst
many
,
in
his
Morals
.
The
first
is
in
his
Book
of
the
Cessation
of
Oracles
;
where
arguing
against
the
Stoicks
(
in
behalf
of
the
Platonists
,
)
who
disputed
against
the
plurality
of
Worlds
with
this
Argument
;
That
if
there
were
many
Worlds
,
how
then
cou'd
it
come
to
pass
,
that
there
was
one
only
Fate
,
and
one
Providence
to
guide
them
all
?
(
for
it
was
granted
by
the
Platonists
that
there
was
but
one
:
)
and
why
should
not
many
Jupiters
or
Gods
be
necessary
,
for
Government
of
many
Worlds
?
To
this
Plutarch
answers
,
That
this
their
captious
question
was
but
trifling
:
For
where
is
the
necessity
of
supposing
many
Jupiters
,
for
this
plurality
of
Worlds
;
when
one
excellent
being
,
indued
with
mind
and
reason
,
such
as
he
is
,
whom
we
acknowledge
to
be
the
Father
and
Lord
of
all
things
,
is
sufficient
to
direct
and
Rule
these
Worlds
;
whereas
if
there
were
more
Supream
Agents
,
their
decrees
must
still
be
the
more
absurd
and
contradictious
to
one
another
.
I
pretend
not
this
passage
to
be
Translated
word
for
word
,
but
't
is
the
sence
of
the
whole
,
tho
the
order
of
the
Sentence
be
inverted
.
The
other
is
more
plain
:
'T
is
,
in
his
Comment
on
the
Word
EI
or
those
two
Letters
inscrib'd
on
the
Gates
of
the
Temple
at
Delphos
.
Where
having
given
the
several
opinions
concerning
it
,
as
first
that
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
fignifies
if
,
because
all
the
questions
which
were
made
to
Apollo
began
with
If
;
as
suppose
they
ask'd
,
if
the
Grecians
should
overcome
the
Persians
;
if
such
a
Marriage
shou'd
come
to
to
pass
,
&c.
And
afterwards
that
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
might
signifie
thou
art
,
as
the
second
person
of
the
present
tense
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
intimating
thereby
the
being
or
perpetuity
of
being
belonging
to
Apollo
,
as
a
God
;
in
the
same
sense
that
God
express'd
himself
to
Moses
,
I
am
hath
sent
thee
;
Plutarch
subjoyns
,
(
as
inclining
to
this
latter
opinion
)
these
following
words
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
sayes
he
,
signifies
thou
art
one
,
for
there
are
not
many
Deities
;
but
only
one
.
Continues
,
I
mean
not
one
in
the
aggregate
sense
,
as
we
say
one
Army
,
or
one
Body
of
Men
,
constituted
of
many
individuals
;
but
that
which
is
,
must
of
necessity
be
one
;
and
to
be
,
implies
to
be
One
.
One
is
that
which
is
a
simple
being
,
uncompounded
,
or
free
from
mixture
:
Therefore
to
be
One
in
this
sense
,
is
only
consistent
with
a
Nature
,
pure
in
it self
,
and
not
capable
of
alteration
,
or
decay
.
That
he
was
no
Christian
is
manifest
:
Yet
he
is
no
where
found
to
have
spoken
with
contumely
of
our
Religion
,
like
the
other
Writers
of
his
Age
,
and
those
who
succeeded
him
.
Theodoret
says
of
him
,
that
he
had
heard
of
our
holy
Gospel
;
and
inserted
many
of
our
Sacred
Mysteries
in
his
Works
,
which
we
may
easily
believe
,
because
the
Christian
Churches
were
then
spread
in
Greece
;
and
Pliny
the
younger
was
at
the
same
time
conversant
amongst
them
in
Asia
,
tho
that
part
of
our
Authors
Workes
is
not
now
extant
,
from
whence
Theodoret
might
gather
those
passages
.
But
we
need
not
wonder
that
a
Philosopher
was
not
easie
to
embrace
the
divine
Mysteries
of
our
Faith
.
A
modern
God
,
as
our
Saviour
was
to
him
,
was
of
hard
digestion
to
a
Man
,
who
probably
despis'd
the
vanities
and
fabulous
Relations
of
all
the
old
.
Besides
a
Crucfy'd
Saviour
of
Mankind
,
a
Doctrine
attested
by
illiterate
Disciples
,
the
Author
of
it
a
Jew
,
whose
Nation
at
that
time
was
despicable
,
and
his
Doctrine
but
an
innovation
among
that
despis'd
people
,
to
which
the
Learned
of
his
own
Country
gave
no
credit
,
and
which
the
Magistrates
of
his
Nation
punish'd
with
an
ignominious
death
;
the
Scene
of
his
Miracles
acted
in
an
obscure
Corner
of
the
world
;
his
being
from
Eternity
,
yet
born
in
time
,
his
Resurrection
and
Ascension
,
these
and
many
more
particulars
,
might
easily
choke
the
Faith
of
a
Philosopher
,
who
believ'd
no
more
than
what
he
cou'd
deduce
from
the
principles
of
Nature
;
and
that
too
with
a
doubtful
Academical
assent
,
or
rather
an
inclination
to
assent
to
probability
:
which
he
judg'd
was
wanting
in
this
new
Religion
.
These
circumstances
consider'd
,
tho
they
plead
not
an
absolute
invincible
ignorance
in
his
behalf
,
yet
they
amount
at
least
to
a
degree
of
it
;
for
either
he
thought
them
not
worth
weighing
,
or
rejected
them
when
weigh'd
;
and
in
both
cases
he
must
of
necessity
be
ignorant
,
because
he
cou'd
not
know
without
Revelation
,
and
the
Revelation
was
not
to
him
.
But
leaving
the
Soul
of
Plutarch
,
with
our
Charitable
wishes
,
to
his
Maker
,
we
can
only
trace
the
rest
of
his
opinions
in
Religion
from
his
Philosophy
:
Which
we
have
said
in
the
General
to
be
Platonick
;
tho
it
cannot
also
be
denyed
,
that
there
was
a
tincture
in
it
of
the
Electick
Sect
,
which
was
begun
by
Potamon
under
the
Empire
of
Augustus
,
and
which
selected
from
all
the
other
Sects
,
what
seem'd
most
probable
in
their
opinions
,
not
adhering
singularly
to
any
of
them
,
nor
rejecting
every
thing
.
I
will
only
touch
his
belief
of
Spirits
.
In
his
two
Treatises
of
Oracles
,
the
one
concerning
the
reason
of
their
Cessation
,
the
other
enquiring
why
they
were
not
given
in
verse
,
as
in
former
times
;
he
seems
to
assert
the
Pythagorean
Doctrine
of
Transmigration
of
Souls
.
We
have
formerly
shewn
,
that
he
own'd
the
the
Unity
of
a
Godhead
;
whom
according
to
his
Attributes
,
he
calls
by
several
names
,
as
Jupiter
from
his
Almighty
Power
,
Apollo
from
his
Wisdom
,
and
so
of
the
rest
;
but
under
him
he
places
those
beings
whom
he
styles
Genii
,
or
Daemons
,
of
a
middle
nature
,
betwixt
Divine
and
Human
:
for
he
thinks
it
absur'd
that
there
shou'd
be
no
mean
betwixt
the
two
extreams
,
of
an
Immortal
and
a
Mortal
Being
:
That
there
cannot
be
in
nature
so
vast
a
flaw
,
without
some
intermedial
kind
of
life
,
partaking
of
them
both
;
as
therefore
we
find
the
intercourse
betwixt
the
Soul
and
body
,
to
be
made
by
the
Animal
Spirits
,
so
betwixt
Divinity
and
humanity
there
is
this
species
of
Daemons
:
Who
,
having
first
been
Men
,
and
following
the
strict
Rules
of
vertue
had
purg'd
off
the
grossness
and
faeculency
of
their
earthly
being
,
are
exalted
into
these
Genii
;
and
are
from
thence
either
rais'd
higher
into
an
Aetherial
life
,
if
they
still
continue
vertuous
,
or
tumbled
down
again
into
Mortal
Bodies
,
and
sinking
into
flesh
after
they
have
lost
that
purity
,
which
constituted
their
glorious
being
.
And
this
sort
of
Genii
,
are
those
,
who
,
as
our
Author
imagines
,
presided
over
Oracles
:
Spirits
which
have
so
much
of
their
terrestrial
principles
remaining
in
them
,
as
to
be
subject
to
passions
and
inclinations
;
usually
beneficent
,
sometimes
Malevolent
to
Mankind
,
according
as
they
refine
themselves
,
or
gather
dross
,
and
are
declining
into
Mortal
Bodies
.
The
Cessation
,
or
rather
the
decrease
of
Oracles
,
(
for
some
of
them
were
still
remaing
in
Plutarchs
time
)
he
Attributes
either
to
the
death
of
those
Daemons
,
as
appears
by
the
story
of
the
Egyptian
Thamus
,
who
was
Commanded
to
declare
that
the
great
God
Pan
was
dead
,
or
to
their
forsaking
of
those
places
,
where
they
formerly
gave
out
their
Oracles
;
from
whence
they
were
driven
by
stronger
Genii
,
into
banishment
for
a
certain
Revolution
of
Ages
.
Of
this
last
nature
,
was
the
War
of
the
Gyants
against
the
Gods
,
the
dispossession
of
Saturn
by
Jupiter
,
the
banishment
of
Apollo
from
Heaven
,
the
fall
of
Vulcan
,
and
many
others
;
all
which
according
to
our
Authours
,
were
the
battles
of
these
Genii
or
Daemons
amongst
themselves
.
But
supposing
,
as
Plutarch
evidently
does
,
that
these
Spirits
administer'd
,
under
the
Supream
Being
,
the
affairs
of
Men
,
taking
care
of
the
vertuous
,
punishing
the
bad
;
and
sometimes
communicating
with
the
best
,
as
particularly
the
Genius
of
Socrates
,
always
warn'd
him
of
approaching
dangers
,
and
taught
him
to
avoyd
them
.
I
cannot
but
wonder
that
every
one
,
who
has
hitherto
written
Plutarchs
Life
,
and
particularly
Rualdus
,
the
most
knowing
of
them
all
,
should
so
confidently
affirm
that
these
Oracles
,
were
given
by
bad
Spirits
according
to
Plutarch
:
As
Christians
,
indeed
we
may
think
them
so
;
but
that
Plutarch
so
thought
,
is
a
most
apparent
falshood
:
'T
is
enough
to
convince
a
reasonable
Man
that
our
Author
in
his
old
age
,
(
and
that
then
he
doted
not
,
we
may
see
by
the
Treatise
he
has
written
,
that
old
Men
ought
to
have
the
management
of
publick
Affairs
)
I
say
that
then
he
initiated
himself
,
in
the
Sacred
Rities
of
Delphos
;
and
dyed
,
for
ought
we
know
,
Apollo's
Priest
.
Now
it
is
not
to
be
imagin'd
,
that
he
thought
the
God
he
serv'd
a
Cacodaemon
,
or
as
we
call
him
a
Devil
.
Nothing
cou'd
be
farther
from
the
opinion
and
practice
of
this
holy
Philosopher
than
so
gross
an
impiety
.
The
story
of
the
Pythias
,
or
Priestess
of
Apollo
,
which
he
relates
immediately
before
the
ending
of
that
Treatise
,
concerning
the
Cessation
of
Oracles
,
confirms
my
assertion
,
rather
then
shakes
it
:
For
't
is
there
deliver'd
,
That
going
with
great
reluctation
,
into
the
Sacred
place
to
be
inspir'd
;
she
came
out
,
foaming
at
the
mouth
,
her
eyes
gogling
,
her
breast
heaving
,
her
voice
undistinguishable
,
and
shril
,
as
if
she
had
an
Earthquake
within
her
,
labouring
for
vent
;
and
in
short
,
that
thus
tormented
with
the
God
,
whom
she
was
not
able
to
support
,
she
died
distracted
in
few
dayes
after
.
For
he
had
sayd
before
,
that
the
Devineress
ought
to
have
no
perturbations
of
mind
,
or
impure
passions
at
the
time
when
she
was
to
consult
the
Oracle
,
and
if
she
had
,
she
was
no
more
fit
to
to
be
inspir'd
,
than
an
instrument
untun'd
,
to
render
an
harmonious
sound
:
And
he
gives
us
to
suspect
,
by
what
he
says
at
the
close
of
this
Relation
,
That
this
Pythias
had
not
liv'd
Chastly
for
some
time
before
it
.
So
that
her
death
appears
more
like
a
punishment
inflicted
for
loose
living
by
some
holy
power
,
than
the
meer
malignancy
of
a
Spirit
delighted
naturally
in
mischief
.
There
is
another
observation
which
indeed
comes
nearer
to
their
purpose
,
which
I
will
digress
so
far
,
as
to
relate
,
because
it
somewhat
appertains
to
our
own
Country
.
There
are
many
Islands
(
says
he
)
which
lie
scattering
about
Britain
,
after
the
manner
of
our
Sporades
:
They
are
unpeopled
,
and
some
of
them
are
call'd
the
Islands
of
the
Heroes
,
or
the
Genii
.
One
Demetrius
was
sent
by
the
Emperour
,
(
who
by
computation
of
the
time
must
either
be
Caligula
or
Claudius
)
to
discover
those
parts
,
and
arriving
at
one
of
the
Islands
next
adjoyning
to
the
foremention'd
,
which
was
inhabited
by
some
few
Britains
,
(
but
those
held
Sacred
and
inviolable
by
all
their
Country-men
,
)
immediatly
after
his
arrival
,
the
air
grew
black
and
troubled
,
strange
Apparitions
were
seen
,
the
winds
rais'd
a
Tempest
,
and
fiery
spouts
or
Whirlwinds
appear'd
dancing
towards
the
Earth
.
When
these
prodigies
were
ceas'd
the
Islanders
inform'd
him
,
that
some
one
of
the
aerial
Beings
,
superior
to
our
Nature
,
then
ceas'd
to
live
.
For
as
a
Taper
while
yet
burning
,
affords
a
pleasant
harmless
light
,
but
is
noysome
and
offensive
when
extinguish'd
,
so
those
Hero's
shine
benignly
on
us
,
and
do
us
good
,
but
at
their
death
turn
all
things
topsie turvy
,
raise
up
tempests
,
and
infect
the
air
with
pestilential
vapours
.
By
those
holy
and
inviolable
men
,
there
is
no
question
but
he
means
our
Druydes
,
who
were
nearest
to
the
Pythagoreans
of
any
Sect
;
and
this
opinion
of
the
Genii
might
probably
be
one
of
theirs
:
Yet
it
proves
not
that
all
Daemons
were
thus
malicious
;
only
those
who
were
to
be
Condemn'd
hereafter
into
human
bodies
,
for
their
misdemeanours
in
their
aerial
Being
.
But
't
is
time
to
leave
a
subject
,
so
very
fanciful
,
and
so
little
reasonable
as
this
:
I
am
apt
to
imagine
the
natural
vapours
,
arising
in
the
Cave
where
the
Temple
afterwards
was
Built
,
might
work
upon
the
Spirits
of
those
who
enter'd
the
holy
place
,
as
they
did
on
the
Shaphard
Coretas
,
who
first
found
it
out
by
accident
;
and
encline
them
to
Enthusiasm
and
prophetick
madness
.
That
as
the
strength
of
those
vapours
diminish'd
,
(
which
were
generally
in
Caverns
as
that
of
Mopsus
,
of
Trophonius
,
and
this
of
Delphos
,
)
so
the
inspiration
decrea'd
by
the
same
measures
:
That
they
happen'd
to
be
stronger
,
when
they
kill'd
the
Pythias
,
who
being
conscious
of
this
,
was
so
unwilling
to
enter
.
That
the
Oracles
ceas'd
to
be
given
in
Verse
,
when
Poets
ceas'd
to
be
the
Priests
,
and
that
the
Genius
of
Socrates
,
(
whom
he
confess'd
never
to
have
seen
,
but
only
to
have
heard
inwardly
,
and
unperceiv'd
by
others
,
)
was
no
more
than
the
strength
of
his
imagination
;
or
to
speak
in
the
Language
of
a
Christian
Platonist
,
his
Guardian
Angel
.
I
pretend
not
to
an
exactness
of
method
in
this
Life
,
which
I
am
forc'd
to
collect
by
patches
from
several
Authors
;
and
therefore
without
much
regard
to
the
connection
of
times
which
are
so
uncertain
.
I
will
in
the
next
place
speak
of
his
Marriage
.
His
Wifes
name
,
her
Parentage
,
and
Dowry
are
no
where
mention'd
by
him
,
or
any
other
,
nor
in
what
part
of
his
age
he
Married
:
Tho
't
is
probable
,
in
the
flower
of
it
:
But
Rualdus
has
ingeniously
gather'd
from
a
convincing
circumstance
,
that
she
was
called
Timoxena
:
Because
Plutarch
in
a
Consolatory
Letter
to
her
,
occasion'd
by
the
Death
of
their
Daughter
in
her
Infancy
,
uses
these
words
:
Your
Timoxena
is
depriv'd
(
by
death
)
of
small
enjoyments
;
for
the
things
she
knew
were
of
small
moment
,
and
she
cou'd
be
delighted
only
with
triffles
.
Now
it
appears
by
the
Letter
,
that
the
Name
of
this
Daughter
was
the
same
with
her
Mothers
,
therefore
it
cou'd
be
no
other
than
Timoxena
.
Her
knowledge
,
her
conjugal
vertues
,
her
abhorrency
from
the
vanities
of
her
Sex
,
and
from
superstition
,
her
gravity
in
behaviour
and
her
constancy
in
supporting
the
loss
of
Children
,
are
likewise
Celebrated
by
our
Author
.
No
other
wife
of
Plutarch
is
found
mention'd
;
and
therefore
we
may
conclude
he
he
had
no
more
:
By
the
same
reason
for
which
we
Judge
that
he
had
no
other
Master
than
Ammonius
,
because
't
is
evident
he
was
so
grateful
in
his
nature
,
that
he
would
have
preserv'd
their
Memory
.
The
number
of
his
Children
was
at
least
five
;
so
many
being
mention'd
by
him
.
Four
of
them
were
Sons
;
of
the
other
Sex
only
Timoxena
,
who
died
at
two
years
old
,
as
is
manifest
from
the
Epistle
above-mention'd
.
The
French
Translater
Amiot
,
from
whom
our
old
English
Translation
of
the
Lives
was
made
,
supposes
him
to
have
had
another
Daughter
,
where
he
speaks
of
his
Son-in-Law
Crato
.
But
the
word
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
which
Plutarch
there
uses
,
is
of
a
larger
signification
;
for
it
may
as
well
be
expounded
Father-in-law
,
his
Wifes
Brother
,
or
his
Sisters
Husband
,
as
Budaeus
notes
:
This
I
the
rather
mention
,
because
the
same
Amiot
is
task'd
for
an
infinite
number
of
mistakes
,
by
his
own
Country-men
of
the
present
Age
;
which
is
enough
to
recommend
this
Translation
of
our
Authour
into
the
English
tongue
,
being
not
from
any
Copy
,
but
from
the
Greek
Original
.
Two
other
Sons
of
Plutarch
were
already
deceas'd
,
before
Timoxena
.
Hs
eldest
Autobulus
,
mention'd
in
his
Symposiaques
,
and
another
whose
Name
is
not
Recorded
.
The
youngest
was
called
Charon
,
who
also
dyed
in
his
Infancy
:
The
two
remaining
are
suppos'd
to
have
surviv'd
him
.
The
Name
of
one
was
Plutarch
,
after
his
own
;
and
that
of
the
other
Lamprias
,
so
call'd
in
memory
of
his
Grand-father
.
This
was
he
,
of
all
his
Children
,
who
seems
to
have
inherited
his
Fathers
Philosophy
:
And
to
him
we
owe
the
Table
or
Catalogue
of
Plutarchs
Writings
,
and
perhaps
also
the
Apothegms
.
His
Nephew
,
but
whether
by
his
Brother
or
Sister
remains
uncertain
,
was
Sextus
Chaeroneus
,
who
was
much
honour'd
by
that
learned
Emperour
Marcus
Aurelius
,
and
who
taught
him
the
Greek
tongue
,
and
the
principles
of
Philosophy
:
This
Emperour
professing
Stoicism
,
(
as
appears
by
his
Writings
,
)
inclines
us
to
believe
,
that
our
Sextus
Chaeroneus
,
was
of
the
Stoick
Sect
;
and
consequently
,
that
the
World
has
generally
been
mistaken
,
in
supposing
him
to
have
been
the
same
man
with
Sextus
Empiricus
the
Sceptick
;
whom
Suidas
plainly
tells
us
to
have
been
an
African
:
Now
Empiricus
cou'd
not
but
be
a
Sceptick
,
for
he
opposes
all
Dogmatists
,
and
particularly
them
.
But
I
heard
it
first
observ'd
by
an
ingenious
and
Learned
old
Gentleman
lately
deceas'd
,
that
many
of
Mr.
Hobbs
his
seeming
new
opinions
,
are
gather'd
from
those
which
Sextus
Empiricus
expos'd
.
The
Book
is
extant
,
and
I
refer
the
curious
to
it
,
not
pretending
to
arraign
,
or
to
excuse
him
.
Some
think
the
Famous
Critick
Longinus
was
of
Plutarchs
Family
,
descended
from
a
Sister
of
his
;
but
the
proofs
are
so
weak
,
that
I
will
not
insert
them
:
They
may
both
of
them
rely
on
their
proper
merits
;
and
stand
not
in
want
of
a
Relation
to
each
other
.
T
is
needless
to
insist
on
his
behaviour
in
his
Family
:
His
Love
to
his
Wife
,
his
Indulgence
to
his
Children
,
his
care
of
their
Education
are
all
manifest
in
that
part
of
his
Works
which
is
call'd
his
Morals
.
Other
parts
of
his
disposition
have
been
touch'd
already
;
as
that
he
was
courteous
and
humane
to
all
Men
;
free
from
inconstancy
,
anger
,
and
the
desire
of
revenge
;
which
qualities
of
his
,
as
they
have
been
prais'd
by
the
Authority
of
other
Writers
,
may
also
be
recommended
from
his
own
Testimony
of
himself
.
I
had
rather
,
says
he
,
be
forgotten
in
the
memory
of
Men
,
and
that
it
shou'd
be
said
,
there
neither
is
,
nor
was
a
Man
call'd
Plutarch
,
then
that
they
should
report
,
this
Plutarch
was
unconstant
,
changeable
in
his
temper
,
prone
to
anger
and
revenge
on
the
least
occasions
.
What
he
was
to
his
Slaves
you
may
believe
from
this
,
that
in
general
he
accuses
those
Masters
of
extream
hardness
and
injustice
,
who
use
Men
like
Oxen
;
sell
them
in
their
age
when
they
can
drudge
no
longer
.
A
Man
says
he
,
of
a
merciful
disposition
,
ought
not
to
retrench
the
fodder
from
his
Cattle
,
nor
the
provender
from
his
Horses
when
they
can
work
no
longer
,
but
to
cherish
them
when
worn
out
and
old
.
Yet
Plutarch
,
tho
he
knew
how
to
moderate
his
anger
,
was
not
on
the
contrary
,
subject
to
an
insensibility
of
wrongs
;
not
so
remiss
in
exacting
duty
,
or
so
tame
in
suffering
the
disobedience
of
his
Servants
,
that
he
cou'd
not
correct
when
they
deserv'd
it
:
As
is
manifest
from
the
following
story
,
which
Aulus
Gellius
had
from
the
mouth
of
Taurus
the
Philosopher
concerning
him
.
Plutarch
had
a
certain
Slave
,
a
saucy
stubborn
kind
of
fellow
;
in
a
word
,
one
of
those
pragmatical
Servants
,
who
never
make
a
fault
,
but
they
give
a
reason
for
it
;
his
justifications
one
time
wou'd
not
serve
his
turn
,
but
his
Master
commanded
him
to
be
strip'd
;
and
that
the
Law
should
be
laid
on
his
backside
.
He
no
sooner
felt
the
smart
,
but
he
mutter'd
that
he
was
unjustly
punish'd
,
and
that
he
had
done
nothing
to
deserve
the
Scourge
.
At
last
he
began
to
bawl
out
lowder
;
and
,
leaving
off
his
groaning
,
his
sighs
and
,
his
lamentations
,
to
argue
the
matter
with
more
shew
of
reason
:
And
,
as
under
such
a
Master
,
he
must
needs
have
gain'd
a
smattering
of
learning
,
he
cryd
out
that
Plutarch
was
not
the
Philosopher
he
pretended
himself
to
be
,
That
he
had
heard
him
waging
War
against
all
the
passions
;
and
maintaining
that
anger
was
unbecoming
a
wise
Man
:
Nay
,
that
he
had
written
a
particular
Treatise
,
in
commendation
of
Clemency
.
That
therefore
he
contradicted
his
precepts
by
his
practises
,
since
abandoning
himself
over
to
his
Choler
,
he
exercis'd
such
inhumane
cruelty
on
the
body
of
his
fellow
Creature
.
How
's
this
,
(
Mr.
Varlet
,
)
answered
Plutarch
,
by
what
signes
and
tokens
,
can
you
prove
I
am
in
passion
?
Is
it
by
my
Countenance
,
my
voice
,
the
colour
of
my
face
,
by
my
words
,
or
by
my
gestures
,
that
you
have
discover'd
this
my
fury
?
I
am
not
of
opinion
,
that
my
eyes
sparkle
,
that
I
foam
at
mouth
,
that
I
gnash
my
teeth
,
or
that
my
voice
is
more
vehement
,
or
that
my
colour
is
either
more
pale
or
more
red
than
at
other
times
;
that
I
either
shake
or
stamp
with
madness
,
that
I
say
or
do
any
thing
unbecoming
a
Philosopher
:
These
,
if
you
know
them
not
,
are
the
Symptoms
of
a
Man
in
rage
:
In
the
mean
(
turning
to
the
Officer
who
scourg'd
him
)
while
he
and
I
dispute
this
matter
,
mind
you
your
business
on
his
back
.
His
love
to
his
Friends
and
his
gratitude
to
his
Benefactors
are
every
where
observable
,
in
his
dedications
of
his
several
Works
,
and
the
particular
Treatises
he
has
written
to
them
on
several
occasions
,
are
all
suitable
either
to
the
characters
of
the
Men
,
or
to
their
present
condition
,
and
the
circumstances
under
which
they
were
.
His
love
to
his
Country
,
is
from
hence
conspicuous
,
that
he
professes
to
have
written
the
Life
of
Lucullus
,
and
to
have
preserv'd
the
memory
of
his
actions
,
because
of
the
favours
he
conferr'd
on
the
City
of
Chaeronea
;
which
tho
his
Country
receiv'd
so
long
before
,
yet
he
thought
it
appertain'd
to
him
to
repay
them
,
and
took
an
interest
in
their
acknowledgment
.
As
also
that
he
vindicated
the
Baeotians
from
the
calumnies
of
Herodotus
the
Historian
in
his
Book
concerning
the
malignity
of
that
Author
.
In
which
t
is
observable
,
that
his
zeal
to
his
Country
transported
him
too
far
;
for
Herodotus
had
said
no
more
of
them
,
than
what
was
generally
held
to
be
true
in
all
Ages
,
concerning
the
grossness
of
their
wits
,
their
voracity
,
and
those
other
national
vices
,
which
we
have
already
noted
on
this
account
;
therefore
Petrarch
has
accus'd
our
Authour
of
the
same
malignity
,
for
which
he
tax'd
Herodotus
:
But
they
may
both
stand
acquitted
,
on
different
accounts
:
Herodotus
for
having
given
a
true
Character
of
the
Thebans
,
and
Plutarch
for
endeavouring
to
palliate
the
vices
of
a
people
from
whom
he
was
descended
.
The
rest
of
his
manners
without
entering
into
particulars
,
were
unblameable
,
if
we
excuse
a
little
proneness
to
superstition
:
And
regulating
his
actions
by
his
dreams
:
But
how
far
this
will
bear
an
accusation
I
determine
not
,
tho
Tully
has
endeavour'd
to
shew
the
vanity
of
Dreams
,
in
his
Treatise
of
Divinations
,
whether
I
refer
the
curious
.
On
what
occasion
he
repair'd
to
Rome
;
at
what
time
of
his
age
he
came
thither
;
how
long
he
dwelt
there
;
how
often
he
was
there
,
and
in
what
year
he
return'd
to
his
own
Country
,
are
all
uncertain
:
This
we
know
,
that
when
Nero
was
in
Greece
,
which
was
in
his
eleventh
and
twelfth
years
,
our
Author
was
at
Delphos
,
under
Ammonius
,
his
Master
;
as
appears
by
the
disputation
then
manag'd
,
concerning
the
Inscription
of
the
two
letters
E.
I.
Nero
not
living
long
afterwards
,
't
is
almost
indisputable
that
he
came
not
to
Rome
in
all
his
Reign
.
'T
is
improbable
that
he
wou'd
undertake
the
Voyage
during
the
troublesome
times
of
Galba
,
Otho
and
Vitellius
;
and
we
are
not
certain
that
he
liv'd
in
Rome
in
the
Empire
of
Vespatian
:
Yet
we
may
guess
that
the
mildness
of
this
Emperours
Dominion
,
his
fame
and
the
vertues
of
his
Son
Titus
assum'd
into
the
Empire
afterwards
by
his
Father
,
might
induce
Plutarch
,
amongst
other
considerations
,
to
take
this
Journy
in
his
time
.
T
is
argu'd
from
the
following
story
,
related
by
himself
;
that
he
was
at
Rome
either
in
the
joynt
Reign
of
the
two
Vespatians
,
or
at
least
in
that
of
the
survivour
Titus
.
He
says
then
,
in
his
last
Book
concerning
Curiosity
.
Reasoning
,
or
rather
reading
once
,
at
Rome
,
Arulenus
Rusticus
,
the
same
Man
whom
afterwards
Domitian
put
to
death
out
of
envy
to
his
Glory
,
stood
hearkning
to
me
amongst
my
Auditors
:
It
so
happen'd
,
that
a
Souldier
,
having
Letters
for
him
,
from
the
Emperour
,
(
who
was
either
Titus
or
his
Father
Vespatian
,
as
Rualdus
thinks
)
broke
through
the
crowd
,
to
deliver
him
those
Letters
from
the
Emperour
.
Observing
this
,
I
made
a
pause
in
my
dissertation
,
that
Rusticus
might
have
the
leisure
to
read
the
Mandate
which
was
sent
him
;
but
he
absolutly
refus'd
to
do
it
,
neither
wou'd
he
be
intreated
to
break
the
Seals
till
I
had
wholly
made
an
end
of
my
Speech
,
and
dismiss'd
the
Company
.
Now
I
suppose
the
stress
of
the
Argument
,
to
prove
that
this
Emperour
was
not
Domitian
,
lies
only
in
this
clause
(
whom
Domitian
afterwards
put
to
death
:
)
but
I
think
it
rather
leaves
it
doubtful
,
for
they
might
be
Domitians
Letters
which
he
then
receiv'd
,
and
consequently
he
might
not
come
to
Rome
till
the
Reign
of
that
Emperour
.
This
Rusticus
was
not
only
a
learned
but
a
good
Man
:
He
had
been
Tribune
of
the
people
under
Nero
,
was
Praetor
in
the
time
of
Vitellius
,
and
sent
Ambassadour
to
the
Forces
,
rais'd
under
the
Name
of
Vespatian
,
to
perswade
them
to
a
peace
.
What
Offices
he
bore
afterwards
we
know
not
,
but
the
cause
of
his
death
,
besides
the
envy
of
Domitian
to
his
fame
,
was
a
certain
Book
,
or
some
Commentaries
of
his
,
wherein
he
had
prais'd
too
much
the
Sanctity
of
Thrasea
Paetus
whom
Nero
had
Murther'd
:
And
the
praise
of
a
good
Citizen
was
insupportable
to
the
Tyrant
;
being
,
I
suppose
,
exasperated
farther
by
some
reflections
of
Rusticus
,
who
could
not
commend
Thrasea
,
but
at
the
same
time
he
must
inveigh
against
the
oppressour
of
the
Roman
Liberty
.
That
Plutarch
was
Married
in
his
own
Country
,
and
that
before
he
came
to
Rome
is
probable
;
that
the
fame
of
him
was
come
before
him
,
by
reason
of
some
part
of
his
works
already
publish'd
,
is
also
credible
,
because
he
had
so
great
resort
of
the
Roman
Nobility
,
to
hear
him
read
immediately
,
as
we
believe
,
upon
his
coming
:
That
he
was
invited
thither
by
the
correspondence
he
had
with
Sossius
Senecio
,
might
be
one
reason
of
his
undertaking
that
Journey
,
is
almost
undeniable
.
It
likewise
appears
he
was
divers
times
at
Rome
;
and
perhaps
,
before
he
came
to
inhabit
there
,
might
make
acquaintance
with
this
worthy
Man
Senecio
,
to
whom
he
Dedicated
almost
all
these
Lives
of
Greeks
and
Romans
.
I
say
almost
all
,
because
one
of
them
,
namely
that
of
Aratus
,
is
inscrib'd
in
most
express
words
to
Polycrates
the
Sicyonian
the
great
Grand-Son
of
the
said
Aratus
.
This
worthy
Patron
and
friend
of
Plutarch
,
Senecio
,
was
four
times
Consul
;
the
first
time
in
the
short
Reign
of
Cocceius
Nerva
,
a
vertuous
and
a
learned
Emperour
;
which
opinion
I
rather
follow
than
that
of
Aurelius
Cassicdorus
,
who
puts
back
his
Consulship
into
the
last
of
Domitian
,
because
it
is
not
probable
that
vitious
Tyrant
should
exalt
to
that
Dignity
a
Man
of
Vertue
.
This
year
falls
in
with
the
year
of
Christninty
nine
.
But
the
great
inducement
of
our
Authour
to
this
journy
was
certainly
,
the
desire
he
had
to
lay
in
materials
for
his
Roman
Lives
;
that
was
the
design
which
he
had
form'd
early
,
and
on
which
he
had
resolv'd
to
build
his
fame
.
Accordingly
we
have
observ'd
that
he
had
travell'd
over
Greece
to
peruse
the
Archives
of
every
City
;
that
he
might
be
able
to
write
properly
,
not
only
the
Lives
of
his
Grecian
Worthyes
,
but
the
Laws
,
the
Customs
,
the
Rites
,
and
Ceremonies
of
every
place
.
Which
that
he
might
treat
with
the
same
Mastery
of
skill
,
when
he
came
to
draw
his
Parallels
of
the
Romans
he
took
the
invitation
of
his
friends
,
and
particularly
of
our
Sossius
Senecio
to
visit
this
Mistress
of
the
World
,
this
imperial
City
of
Rome
;
and
,
by
the
favour
of
many
great
and
learned
men
then
living
,
to
search
the
Records
of
the
Capitol
,
and
the
Libraries
,
which
might
furnish
him
with
instruments
for
so
noble
an
undertaking
.
But
that
this
may
not
seem
to
be
my
own
bare
opinion
,
or
that
of
any
modern
Author
,
whom
I
follow
,
Plutarch
himself
has
deliver'd
it
as
his
motive
,
in
the
life
of
Demosthenes
:
The
words
are
these
,
Whosoever
designs
to
write
an
History
,
(
which
t
is
impossible
to
form
to
any
excellency
from
thofe
materials
,
that
are
ready
at
hand
,
or
to
take
from
common
report
,
while
he
sits
lazily
at
home
in
his
own
Study
,
but
must
of
necessity
be
gather'd
from
Forreign
observations
and
the
scatter'd
writings
of
various
Authours
)
it
concerns
him
to
take
up
his
Habitation
in
some
renoun'd
and
populous
City
,
where
he
may
Command
all
sorts
of
Books
,
and
be
acquainted
also
with
such
particulars
as
have
escap'd
the
pens
of
Writers
,
and
are
only
extant
in
the
memories
of
Men.
Let
him
inquire
diligently
,
and
weigh
judiciously
,
what
he
hears
and
reads
,
lest
he
publish
a
lame
Work
,
and
be
destitute
of
those
helps
which
are
requir'd
to
its
perfection
.
T
is
then
most
probable
,
that
he
pass'd
his
days
at
Rome
,
either
in
reading
Philosophy
of
all
kinds
,
to
the
Roman
Nobility
,
who
frequented
his
House
,
and
heard
him
,
as
if
there
were
somewhat
more
than
humane
in
his
words
;
and
his
nights
(
which
were
his
only
hours
of
private
Study
)
in
searching
and
examining
Records
,
concerning
Rome
.
Not
but
that
he
was
intrusted
also
with
the
management
of
publick
affairs
in
the
Empire
,
during
his
residence
in
the
Metropolis
:
Which
may
be
made
out
by
what
Suidas
relates
of
him
.
Plutarch
(
says
he
)
liv'd
in
the
time
of
Trajan
,
and
also
before
his
Reign
:
That
Emperour
bestow'd
on
him
the
Dignity
of
Consul
,
(
tho
the
Greek
,
I
suppose
,
will
bear
,
that
he
made
him
Consul
with
himself
,
at
least
transferr'd
that
honour
on
him
:
)
An
Edict
was
also
made
in
favour
of
him
,
that
the
Magistrates
or
Officers
of
Illyria
should
do
nothing
in
that
Province
without
the
knowledge
and
approbation
of
Plutarch
.
Now
't
is
my
particular
guess
(
for
I
have
not
read
it
any
where
)
that
Plutarch
had
the
affairs
of
Illyria
(
now
call'd
Sclavonia
)
recommended
to
him
,
because
Trajan
,
we
know
,
had
Wars
on
that
side
the
Empire
with
Decebalus
King
of
Dacia
;
after
whose
defeat
and
death
,
the
Province
of
Illyria
might
stand
in
need
of
Plutarchs
Wisdom
to
compose
and
civilize
it
:
But
this
is
only
hinted
,
as
what
possibly
might
be
the
reason
of
our
Philosophers
superintendency
in
those
quarters
;
which
the
French
Author
of
his
Life
,
seems
to
wonder
at
,
as
having
no
relation
either
to
Chaeronea
,
or
Greece
.
When
he
was
first
made
known
to
Trajan
is
like
the
rest
uncertain
,
or
by
what
means
,
whether
by
Senecio
,
or
any
other
,
he
was
introduc'd
to
his
acquaintance
:
But
't
is
most
likely
,
that
Trajan
then
a
private
Man
,
was
one
of
his
Auditors
,
amongst
others
of
the
Nobility
of
Rome
.
T
is
also
thought
,
this
wise
Emperour
made
use
of
him
in
all
his
Councils
,
and
that
the
happiness
which
attended
him
in
his
undertakings
,
together
with
the
administration
of
the
Government
,
which
in
all
his
Reign
was
just
and
regular
,
proceeded
from
the
instructions
which
were
given
him
by
Plutarch
.
Johannes
Sarisberiensis
,
who
liv'd
above
six
hundred
years
ago
,
has
transcrib'd
a
Letter
written
,
as
he
suppos'd
,
by
our
Author
to
that
Emperour
;
whence
he
had
it
is
not
known
,
nor
the
original
in
Greek
to
be
produc'd
;
but
it
pass'd
for
Genuine
in
that
age
,
and
if
not
Plutarchs
,
is
at
least
worthy
of
him
,
and
what
might
well
be
suppos'd
a
Man
of
his
Character
would
write
;
for
which
reason
I
have
here
Translated
it
.
Plutarch
to
Trajan
.
I
Am
satisfied
that
your
modesty
sought
not
the
Empire
,
which
yet
you
have
always
studied
to
deserve
by
the
excellency
of
your
manners
.
And
by
so
much
the
more
are
you
esteem'd
worthy
of
this
honour
,
by
how
much
you
are
free
from
the
Ambition
of
desiring
it
.
I
therefore
congratulate
both
your
vertue
,
and
my
own
good
fortune
,
if
at
least
your
future
Government
shall
prove
answerable
to
your
former
merit
:
Otherwise
you
have
involv'd
your self
in
dangers
,
and
I
shall
infallibly
be
subject
to
the
Censures
of
detracting
Tongues
;
because
Rome
will
never
support
an
Emperour
unworthy
of
her
,
and
the
faults
of
the
Scholar
will
be
upbraided
to
the
Master
.
Thus
Seneca
is
reproach'd
,
and
his
fame
still
suffers
for
the
Vices
of
Nero.
The
miscarriages
of
Quintilians
Scholars
,
have
been
thrown
on
him
,
and
even
Socrates
himself
is
not
free
from
the
imputation
of
remissness
on
the
account
of
his
Pupil
(
Alcibiades
.
)
But
you
will
certainly
administer
all
things
as
becomes
you
,
if
you
still
continue
what
you
are
,
if
you
recede
not
from
your self
,
if
you
begin
at
home
,
and
lay
the
foundation
of
Government
on
the
command
of
your
own
passions
,
if
you
make
vertue
the
scope
of
all
your
actions
,
they
will
all
proceed
in
harmony
and
order
:
I
have
set
before
you
the
force
of
Laws
and
Civil
constitutions
of
your
Predecessours
;
which
if
you
imitate
and
obey
,
Plutarch
is
then
your
Guide
of
living
;
if
otherwise
,
let
this
present
Letter
be
my
Testimony
against
you
,
that
you
shall
not
ruine
the
Roman
Empire
,
under
the
pretence
of
the
Counsel
and
Authority
of
Plutarch
.
It
may
be
conjectur'd
,
and
with
some
shew
of
probability
,
from
hence
,
that
our
Author
not
only
collected
his
materials
,
but
also
made
a
rough
draught
of
many
of
these
parallel
Lives
at
Rome
;
and
that
he
read
them
to
Trajan
for
his
instruction
in
Government
;
and
so
much
the
rather
I
believe
it
,
because
all
Historians
agree
,
that
this
Emperour
,
tho
naturally
prudent
and
inclin'd
to
vertue
,
had
more
of
the
Souldier
than
the
Scholar
in
his
Education
,
before
he
had
the
happiness
to
know
Plutarch
;
for
which
reason
the
Roman
Lives
,
and
the
inspection
into
ancient
Laws
might
be
of
necessary
use
to
his
direction
.
And
now
for
the
time
of
our
Authors
abode
in
the
Imperial
City
,
if
he
came
so
early
as
Vespatian
,
and
departed
not
till
after
Trajan's
death
,
as
is
generally
thought
,
he
might
continue
in
Italy
near
forty
years
.
This
is
more
certain
,
because
gather'd
from
himself
,
that
his
Lives
were
almost
the
latest
of
his
Works
;
and
therefore
we
may
well
conclude
,
that
having
model'd
,
but
not
finish'd
them
at
Rome
,
he
afterwards
resum'd
the
work
in
his
own
Country
;
which
perfecting
in
his
old
age
,
he
dedicated
to
his
friend
Senecio
still
living
,
as
appears
by
what
he
has
written
,
in
the
Proem
to
his
Lives
.
The
desire
of
visiting
his
own
Country
,
so
natural
to
all
Men
,
and
the
approaches
of
old
age
,
(
for
he
could
not
be
much
less
than
sixty
,
)
and
perhaps
also
the
death
of
Trajan
,
prevail'd
with
him
at
last
to
leave
Italy
;
or
if
you
will
have
it
in
his
own
words
,
he
was
not
willing
his
little
City
,
shou'd
be
one
the
less
by
his
absence
:
After
his
return
he
was
,
by
the
unanimous
consent
of
his
Citizens
,
chosen
Archon
,
or
Chief
Magistrate
of
Chaeronea
;
and
not
long
after
admitted
himself
in
the
number
of
Apollo's
Priests
;
in
both
which
employments
he
seems
to
have
continued
till
his
death
:
Of
which
we
have
no
particular
account
,
either
as
to
the
manner
of
it
,
or
the
year
;
only
t
is
evident
that
he
liv'd
to
a
great
old
age
,
always
continuing
his
Studies
;
that
he
dyed
a
natural
death
,
is
only
presum'd
,
because
any
violent
accident
to
so
famous
a
Man
would
have
been
recorded
:
And
in
whatsoever
Reign
he
deceas'd
,
the
days
of
Tyranny
were
over-pass'd
,
and
there
was
then
a
Golden
Series
of
Emperours
,
every
one
emulating
his
Predecessours
vertues
.
Thus
I
have
Collected
from
Plutarch
himself
,
and
from
the
best
Authors
,
what
was
most
remarkable
concerning
him
.
In
performing
which
I
have
labour'd
under
so
many
uncertainties
,
that
I
have
not
been
able
to
satisfie
my
own
curiosity
,
any
more
than
that
of
others
.
'T
is
the
Life
of
a
Philosopher
,
not
varyed
with
accidents
to
divert
the
Reader
:
More
pleasant
for
himself
to
live
,
than
for
an
Historian
,
to
describe
.
Those
Works
of
his
,
which
are
irrecoverably
lost
,
are
nam'd
in
the
Catalogue
made
by
his
Son
Lamprias
,
which
you
will
find
in
the
Paris
Edition
,
dedicated
to
King
Lewis
the
thirteenth
:
But
't
is
a
small
comfort
to
a
Merchant
,
to
peruse
his
bill
of
fraight
,
when
he
is
certain
his
Ship
is
cast
away
:
Mov'd
by
the
like
reason
I
have
omitted
that
ungrateful
task
:
Yet
that
the
Reader
may
not
be
impos'd
on
,
in
those
which
yet
remain
,
t
is
but
reasonable
to
let
him
know
,
that
the
Lives
of
Hannibal
and
Scipio
,
tho
they
pass
with
the
ignorant
for
Genuine
,
are
only
the
Forgery
of
Donato
Acciaiolo
a
Florentine
.
He
pretends
to
have
Translated
them
from
a
Greek
Manuscript
,
which
none
of
the
Learned
have
ever
seen
,
either
before
or
since
.
But
the
cheat
is
more
manifest
from
this
reason
which
is
undeniable
,
that
Plutarch
did
indeed
write
the
Life
of
Scipio
,
but
he
compar'd
him
not
with
Hannibal
,
but
with
Epaminondas
:
As
appears
by
the
Catalogue
,
or
Nomenclature
of
Plutarchs
Lifes
,
drawn
up
by
his
Son
Lamprias
,
and
yet
extant
.
But
to
make
this
out
more
clearly
,
we
find
the
Florentine
,
in
his
Life
of
Hannibal
,
thus
relating
,
the
famous
Conference
betwixt
Scipio
and
him
.
Scipio
at
that
time
being
sent
Ambassadour
from
the
Romans
,
to
King
Antiochus
,
with
Publius
Villius
:
It
happen'd
then
,
that
these
two
great
Captains
met
together
at
Ephesus
,
and
amongst
other
discourse
,
it
was
demanded
of
Hannibal
by
Scipio
,
whom
he
thought
to
have
been
the
greatest
Captain
?
To
whom
he
thus
answer'd
;
In
the
first
place
Alexander
of
Macedon
,
in
the
second
Pyrrhus
of
Epyrus
,
and
in
the
third
himself
:
To
which
,
Scipio
smileing
thus
rereply'd
;
And
what
wou'd
you
have
thought
,
had
it
been
your
fortune
to
have
vanquish'd
me
?
to
whom
Hannibal
,
I
should
then
have
adjudg'd
the
first
place
to
my self
:
Which
answer
was
not
a
little
pleasing
to
Scipio
,
because
by
it
,
he
found
himself
not
disesteem'd
,
nor
put
into
comparison
with
the
rest
,
but
by
the
delicacy
and
gallantry
of
a
well
turn'd
compliment
,
set
like
a
Man
divine
above
them
all
.
Now
this
relation
is
a
meer
compendium
of
the
same
conference
,
from
Livy
.
But
if
we
can
conceive
Plutarch
to
have
written
the
Life
of
Hannibal
,
t
is
hard
to
believe
,
that
he
should
tell
the
same
story
after
so
different
,
or
rather
so
contrary
a
manner
,
in
another
place
.
For
,
in
the
life
of
Pyrrhus
,
he
thus
writes
.
Hannibal
adjudg'd
the
praeeminence
to
Pyrrhus
above
all
Captains
,
in
conduct
,
and
Military
skill
:
Next
to
Pyrrhus
he
plac'd
Scipio
,
and
after
Scipio
,
himself
;
as
we
have
declar'd
in
the
Life
of
Scipio
.
T
is
not
that
I
wou'd
excuse
Plutarch
,
as
if
he
never
related
the
same
thing
diversely
;
for
't
is
evident
,
that
through
want
of
advertency
he
has
been
often
guilty
of
that
errour
;
of
which
the
Reader
will
find
too
frequent
Examples
in
these
Lives
;
but
in
this
place
,
he
cannot
be
charg'd
with
want
of
memory
or
care
,
because
what
he
says
here
is
relating
to
what
he
had
said
formerly
:
So
that
he
may
mistake
the
story
,
as
I
believe
he
has
done
,
(
that
other
of
Livy
,
being
much
more
probable
,
)
but
we
must
allow
him
to
remember
what
he
had
before
written
.
From
hence
I
might
take
occasion
to
note
some
other
lapses
of
our
Author
,
which
yet
amount
not
to
falsification
of
truth
,
much
less
to
partiality
,
or
envy
,
(
both
which
are
manifest
in
his
Country-man
Dion
Cassius
who
writ
not
long
after
him
,
)
but
are
only
the
frailties
of
humane
nature
;
mistakes
not
intentional
,
but
accidental
.
He
was
not
altogether
so
well
vers'd
either
in
the
Roman
language
,
or
in
their
coyns
,
or
in
the
value
of
them
;
in
some
Customes
,
Rites
,
and
Ceremonies
,
he
took
passages
on
trust
from
others
,
relating
both
to
them
and
the
Barbarians
,
which
the
Reader
may
particularly
find
recited
in
the
Animadversions
of
the
often
prais'd
Rualdus
on
our
Author
.
I
will
name
but
one
to
avoyd
tediousness
,
because
I
particularly
observ'd
it
,
when
I
read
Plutarch
in
the
Library
of
Trinity
Colledge
in
Cambridge
,
(
to
which
foundation
I
gratefully
acknowledge
a
great
part
of
my
Education
;
)
't
is
that
Plutarch
in
the
life
of
Cicero
,
speaking
of
Verres
,
who
was
accus'd
by
him
,
and
repeating
a
miserable
jeast
of
Tullys
,
says
that
Verres
,
in
the
Roman
language
,
signifies
a
barrow
Pig
,
that
is
one
which
has
been
guelded
.
But
we
have
a
better
account
of
the
signification
from
Varro
,
whom
we
have
more
reason
to
believe
,
that
the
Male
of
that
kind
,
before
he
is
cut
,
is
called
Verres
;
after
cutting
Majalis
,
which
is
perhaps
a
diminitive
of
Mas
,
tho
generally
the
reason
of
the
Etymology
is
given
from
its
being
a
Sacrifice
to
the
Goddess
Maja
.
Yet
any
Man
,
who
will
candidly
weigh
this
and
the
like
errours
,
may
excuse
Plutarch
,
as
he
wou'd
a
stranger
,
mistaking
the
propriety
of
an
English
word
:
And
besides
the
humanity
of
this
excuse
,
't
is
impossible
in
nature
,
that
a
Man
of
so
various
learning
,
and
so
covetous
of
ingrossing
all
,
should
perfectly
digest
such
an
infinity
of
notions
in
many
Sciences
,
since
to
be
excellent
in
one
is
so
great
a
labour
.
It
may
now
be
expected
,
that
having
written
the
Life
of
an
Historian
,
I
should
take
occasion
to
write
somewhat
concerning
History
it self
:
But
I
think
to
commend
it
is
unnecessary
:
For
the
profit
and
pleasure
of
that
study
are
both
so
very
obvious
,
that
a
quick
Reader
will
be
before
hand
with
me
,
and
imagine
faster
than
I
can
write
.
Besides
that
the
post
is
taken
up
already
,
and
few
Authors
have
travell'd
this
way
,
but
who
have
strewed
it
with
Rhetorick
,
as
they
pass'd
.
For
my
own
part
,
who
must
confess
it
to
my
shame
,
that
I
never
read
any
thing
but
for
pleasure
,
it
has
alwayes
been
the
most
delightful
Entertainment
of
my
life
.
But
they
who
have
employ'd
the
study
of
it
as
they
ought
,
for
their
instruction
,
for
the
regulation
of
their
private
manners
,
and
the
management
of
publick
affairs
,
must
agree
with
me
,
that
it
is
the
most
pleasant
School
of
Wisdom
.
T
is
a
familiarity
with
past
Ages
,
and
an
acquaintance
with
all
the
Heroes
of
them
.
'T
is
,
if
you
will
pardon
the
similitude
,
a
Prospective-Glass
carrying
your
Soul
to
a
vast
distance
,
and
taking
in
the
farthest
objects
of
Antiquity
.
It
informs
the
understanding
by
the
memory
:
It
helps
us
to
judge
of
what
will
happen
,
by
shewing
us
the
like
revolutions
of
former
times
.
For
Mankind
being
the
same
in
all
ages
,
agitated
by
the
same
passions
,
and
mov'd
to
action
by
the
same
interests
,
nothing
can
come
to
pass
,
but
some
President
of
the
like
nature
has
already
been
produc'd
,
so
that
having
the
causes
before
our
eyes
,
we
cannot
easily
be
deceiv'd
in
the
effects
,
if
we
have
Judgment
enough
but
to
draw
the
parallel
.
God
,
t
is
true
with
his
divine
Providence
,
over-rules
and
guides
all
actions
to
the
secret
end
he
has
ordain'd
them
;
but
in
the
way
of
humane
causes
,
a
wise
Man
may
easily
discern
,
that
there
is
a
natural
connection
betwixt
them
;
and
tho
he
cannot
foresee
accidents
,
or
all
things
that
possibly
can
come
,
he
may
apply
examples
,
and
by
them
foretell
,
that
from
the
like
Counsels
will
probably
succeed
the
like
events
:
And
thereby
in
all
concernments
,
and
all
Offices
of
life
,
be
instructed
in
the
two
main
points
,
on
which
depend
our
happiness
,
that
is
,
what
to
avoid
and
what
to
choose
.
The
Laws
of
History
in
general
are
truth
of
matter
,
method
,
and
clearness
of
expression
.
The
first
propriety
is
necessary
to
keep
our
understanding
from
the
impositions
of
falshood
:
For
History
is
an
Argument
fram'd
from
many
particular
examples
,
or
inductions
:
If
these
Examples
are
not
true
,
then
those
measures
of
life
,
which
we
take
from
them
,
will
be
false
,
and
deceive
us
in
their
consequence
:
The
second
is
grounded
on
the
former
,
for
if
the
method
be
confus'd
:
if
the
words
or
expressions
of
thought
are
any
way
obscure
,
then
the
Idea's
which
we
receive
must
be
imperfect
;
and
if
such
,
we
are
not
taught
by
them
what
to
elect
,
or
what
to
shun
.
Truth
therefore
is
requir'd
,
as
the
foundation
of
History
,
to
inform
us
;
disposition
and
perspicuity
,
as
the
manner
to
inform
us
plainly
:
One
is
the
being
,
the
other
the
well-being
of
it
.
History
is
principally
divided
into
these
three
species
.
Commentaries
or
Annals
;
History
properly
so
called
;
and
Biographia
,
or
the
Lives
of
particular
Men.
Commentaries
or
Annals
are
(
as
I
may
so
call
them
)
naked
History
:
Or
the
plain
relation
of
matter
of
fact
,
according
to
the
succession
of
time
,
devested
of
all
other
Ornaments
.
The
springs
and
motives
of
actions
are
not
here
sought
,
unless
they
offer
themselves
,
and
are
open
to
every
Mans
discernment
.
The
method
is
the
most
natural
that
can
be
imagin'd
,
depending
only
on
the
observation
of
months
and
years
,
and
drawing
,
in
the
order
of
them
,
whatsoever
happen'd
worthy
of
Relation
.
The
stile
is
easie
,
simple
,
unforc'd
,
and
unadorn'd
with
the
pomp
of
figures
;
Counsels
,
guesses
,
politick
observations
,
sentences
,
and
Orations
are
avoyded
:
In
few
words
a
bare
Narration
is
its
business
.
Of
this
kind
the
Commentaries
of
Caesar
are
certainly
the
most
admirable
;
and
after
him
the
Annals
of
Tacitus
may
have
place
.
Nay
even
the
Prince
of
Greek
Historians
,
Thucydides
,
may
almost
be
adopted
into
the
number
.
For
tho
he
instructs
every
where
by
Sentences
,
tho
he
gives
the
causes
of
actions
,
the
Counsels
of
both
parties
,
and
makes
Orations
where
they
are
necessary
;
yet
it
is
certain
,
that
he
first
design'd
his
work
a
Commentary
;
every
year
writing
down
like
an
unconcern'd
spectator
as
he
was
,
the
particular
occurrences
of
the
time
,
in
the
order
as
they
happen'd
,
and
his
Eighth
book
is
wholly
written
after
the
way
of
Annals
;
tho
,
out-living
the
War
,
he
inserted
in
his
others
those
Ornaments
,
which
render
his
work
the
most
compleat
,
and
most
instructive
now
extant
.
History
properly
so
call'd
may
be
describ'd
by
the
addition
of
those
parts
,
which
are
not
requir'd
to
Annals
:
And
therefore
there
is
little
farther
to
be
said
concerning
it
:
Only
that
the
dignity
and
gravity
of
stile
is
here
necessary
.
That
the
guesses
of
secret
causes
,
inducing
to
the
actions
,
be
drawn
at
least
from
the
most
probable
circumstances
,
not
perverted
by
the
malignity
of
the
Author
to
sinister
interpretations
,
(
of
which
Tacitus
is
accus'd
;
)
but
candidly
laid
down
,
and
left
to
the
Judgment
of
the
Reader
.
That
nothing
of
concernment
be
omitted
,
but
things
of
trivial
moment
are
still
to
be
neglected
,
as
debasing
the
Majesty
of
the
Work
.
That
neither
partiality
or
prejudice
appear
:
But
that
truth
may
every
where
be
Sacred
,
(
ne
quid
falsi
dicere
audeat
,
ne
quid
veri
non
audeat
Historicus
.
)
That
he
neither
incline
to
superstition
,
in
giving
too
much
credit
to
Oracles
,
Prophecies
,
Divinations
,
and
Prodigies
;
nor
to
irreligion
,
in
disclaiming
the
Almighty
Providence
:
But
where
general
opinion
has
prevail'd
of
any
miraculous
accident
or
portent
,
he
ought
to
relate
it
as
such
,
without
imposing
his
opinion
on
our
belief
.
Next
to
Thucydides
in
this
kind
,
may
be
accounted
Polybius
amongst
the
Grecians
;
Livy
,
tho
not
free
from
superstition
,
nor
Tacitus
from
ill
nature
,
amongst
the
Romans
:
Amongst
the
modern
Italians
,
Guicchiardine
,
and
D'Avila
,
if
not
partial
;
but
above
all
Men
in
my
opinion
,
the
plain
,
sincere
,
unaffected
,
and
most
instructive
Philip
de
Commines
amongst
the
French
;
tho
he
only
gives
his
History
the
humble
Name
of
Commentaries
.
I
am
sorry
I
cannot
find
in
our
own
Nation
(
tho
it
has
produc'd
some
commendable
Historians
)
any
proper
to
be
ranked
with
these
.
Buchanan
indeed
for
the
purity
of
his
Latin
,
and
for
his
learning
,
and
for
all
other
endowments
belonging
to
an
Historian
,
might
be
plac'd
amongst
the
greatest
,
if
he
had
not
too
much
lean'd
to
prejudice
,
and
too
manifesty
declar'd
himself
aparty
of
a
cause
,
rather
than
an
Historian
o
it
.
Excepting
only
that
,
(
which
I
desire
not
to
urge
too
far
,
on
so
great
a
Man
,
but
only
to
give
caution
to
his
Readers
concerning
it
,
)
our
Isle
may
justly
boast
in
him
,
a
Writer
comparable
to
any
of
the
Moderns
,
and
excell'd
by
few
of
the
Ancients
.
Biographia
,
or
the
History
of
particular
Mens
Lives
,
comes
next
to
be
consider'd
;
which
in
dignity
is
inferiour
to
the
other
two
;
as
being
more
confin'd
in
action
,
and
treating
of
Wars
and
Counsels
,
and
all
other
publick
affairs
of
Nations
,
only
as
they
relate
to
him
,
whose
Life
is
written
,
or
as
his
fortunes
have
a
particular
dependance
on
them
,
or
connection
to
them
:
All
things
here
are
circumscrib'd
,
and
driven
to
a
point
,
so
as
to
terminate
in
one
:
Consequently
if
the
action
,
or
Counsel
were
manag'd
by
Collegues
,
some
part
of
it
must
be
either
lame
or
wanting
;
except
it
be
supply'd
by
the
Excursion
of
the
Writer
:
Herein
likewise
must
be
less
of
variety
for
the
same
reason
;
because
the
fortunes
and
actions
of
one
Man
are
related
,
not
those
of
many
.
Thus
the
actions
and
atchievements
of
Sylla
,
Lucullus
,
and
Pompey
are
all
of
them
but
the
successive
parts
of
the
Mithridatick
War
:
Of
which
we
cou'd
have
no
perfect
image
,
if
the
same
hand
had
not
given
us
the
whole
,
tho
at
several
views
,
in
their
particular
Lives
.
Yet
,
tho
we
allow
,
for
the
reasons
above
alledg'd
,
that
this
kind
of
writing
is
in
dignity
inferiour
to
History
and
Annalls
,
in
pleasure
and
instruction
it
equals
,
or
even
excells
both
of
them
.
'T
is
not
only
commended
by
ancient
practice
,
to
celebrate
the
memory
of
great
and
worthy
Men
,
as
the
best
thanks
which
Posterity
can
pay
them
;
but
also
the
examples
of
vertue
are
of
more
vigor
,
when
they
are
thus
contracted
into
individuals
.
As
the
Sun
beams
,
united
in
a
burning-glass
to
a
point
,
have
greater
,
force
than
when
they
are
darted
from
a
plain
superficies
;
so
the
vertues
and
actions
of
one
Man
,
drawn
together
into
a
single
story
,
strike
upon
our
minds
a
stronger
and
more
lively
impression
,
than
the
scatter'd
Relations
of
many
Men
,
and
many
actions
;
and
by
the
same
means
that
they
give
us
pleasure
they
afford
us
profit
too
.
For
when
the
understanding
is
intent
and
fix'd
on
a
single
thing
,
it
carries
closser
to
the
mark
,
every
part
of
the
object
sinks
into
it
,
and
the
Soul
receives
it
unmixt
and
whole
.
For
this
reason
Aristotle
Commends
the
unity
of
action
in
a
Poem
;
because
the
mind
is
not
capable
of
digesting
many
things
at
once
,
nor
of
conceiving
fully
any
more
than
one
Idea
at
a
time
.
Whatsoever
distracts
the
pleasure
,
lessens
it
.
And
as
the
Reader
is
more
concern'd
at
one
Mans
fortune
,
than
those
of
many
;
so
likewise
the
Writer
is
more
capable
of
making
a
perfect
Work
,
if
he
confine
himself
to
this
narrow
compass
.
The
lineaments
,
features
,
and
colourings
of
a
single
picture
may
be
hit
exactly
;
but
in
a
History-piece
of
many
figures
,
the
general
design
,
the
ordinance
or
disposition
of
it
,
the
Relation
of
one
figure
to
another
,
the
diversity
of
the
posture
,
habits
,
shadowings
,
and
all
the
other
graces
conspiring
to
an
uniformity
,
are
of
so
difficult
performance
,
that
neither
is
the
resemblance
of
particular
persons
often
perfect
,
nor
the
beauty
of
the
piece
compleat
:
For
any
considerable
errour
in
the
parts
,
renders
the
whole
disagreeable
and
lame
.
Thus
then
the
perfection
of
the
Work
,
and
the
benefit
arising
from
it
are
both
more
absolute
in
Biography
than
in
History
:
All
History
is
only
the
precepts
of
Moral
Philosophy
reduc'd
into
Examples
:
Moral
Philosophy
is
divided
into
two
parts
,
Ethicks
and
Politicks
;
the
first
instructs
us
in
our
private
offices
of
vertue
;
the
second
in
those
which
relate
to
the
management
of
the
Common-wealth
.
Both
of
these
teach
by
Argumentation
and
reasoning
:
Which
rush
as
it
were
into
the
mind
,
and
possess
it
with
violence
:
But
History
rather
allures
than
forces
us
to
vertue
.
There
is
nothing
of
the
Tyrant
in
Example
;
but
it
gently
glides
into
us
,
is
easie
and
pleasant
in
its
passage
,
and
in
one
word
reduces
into
practise
,
our
speculative
notions
.
Therefore
the
more
powerful
the
Examples
are
,
they
are
the
more
useful
also
:
And
by
being
more
known
they
are
more
powerful
.
Now
unity
,
which
is
defin'd
is
in
its
own
nature
more
apt
to
be
understood
,
than
multiplicity
,
which
in
some
measure
participates
of
infinity
.
The
reason
is
Aristotles
.
Biographia
,
or
the
Histories
of
particular
Lives
,
tho
circumscrib'd
in
the
subject
,
is
yet
more
extensive
in
the
stile
than
the
other
two
:
For
it
not
only
comprehends
them
both
,
but
has
somewhat
superadded
,
which
neither
of
them
have
.
The
stile
of
it
is
various
,
according
to
the
occasion
.
There
are
proper
places
in
it
,
for
the
plainness
and
nakedness
of
narration
,
which
is
ascrib'd
to
Annals
;
there
is
also
room
reserv'd
for
the
loftiness
and
gravity
of
general
History
,
when
the
actions
related
shall
require
that
manner
of
expression
.
But
there
is
withal
,
a
descent
into
minute
circumstances
,
and
trivial
passages
of
life
,
which
are
natural
to
this
way
of
writing
,
and
which
the
dignity
of
the
other
two
will
not
admit
.
There
you
are
conducted
only
into
the
rooms
of
state
;
here
you
are
led
into
the
private
Lodgings
of
the
Heroe
:
you
see
him
in
his
undress
,
and
are
made
Familiar
with
his
most
private
actions
and
conversations
.
You
may
behold
a
Scipio
and
a
Lelius
gathering
Cockle-shells
on
the
shore
,
Augustus
playing
at
bounding
stones
with
Boyes
;
and
Agesilaus
riding
on
a
Hobby-horse
among
his
Children
.
The
Pageantry
of
Life
is
taken
away
;
you
see
the
poor
reasonable
Animal
,
as
naked
as
ever
nature
made
him
;
are
made
acquainted
with
his
passions
and
his
follies
,
and
find
the
Demy-God
a
Man
.
Plutarch
himself
,
has
more
than
once
defended
this
kind
of
Relating
little
passages
.
For
in
the
Life
of
Alexander
he
says
thus
.
In
writing
the
Lives
of
Illustrious
Men
I
am
not
tyed
to
the
Laws
of
History
:
Nor
does
it
follow
,
that
because
an
action
is
great
,
it
therefore
manifests
the
greatness
and
vertue
of
him
who
did
it
;
but
on
the
other
side
sometimes
a
word
,
or
a
casual
jest
,
betrays
a
Man
more
to
our
knowledge
of
him
,
than
a
Battel
fought
wherein
ten
thousand
Men
were
slain
,
or
sacking
of
Cities
,
or
a
course
of
Victories
.
In
another
place
he
quotes
Xenophon
on
the
like
occasion
:
The
sayings
of
great
Men
,
in
their
familiar
discourses
and
amidst
their
Wine
,
have
somewhat
in
them
,
which
is
worthy
to
be
transmitted
to
Posterity
.
Our
Author
therefore
needs
no
excuse
,
but
rather
deserves
a
commendation
,
when
he
relates
,
as
pleasant
,
some
sayings
of
his
Heroes
,
which
appear
,
(
I
must
confess
it
)
very
cold
and
insipid
mirth
to
us
.
For
't
is
not
his
meaning
to
commend
the
jest
,
but
to
paint
the
Man
;
besides
,
we
may
have
lost
somewhat
of
the
Idiotism
of
that
Language
in
which
it
was
spoken
;
and
where
the
conceit
is
couch'd
in
a
single
word
,
if
all
the
significations
of
it
are
not
critically
understood
,
the
grace
and
the
pleasantry
are
lost
.
But
in
all
parts
of
Biography
,
whether
familiar
or
stately
,
whether
sublime
,
or
low
,
whether
serious
or
merry
,
Plutarch
equally
excell'd
:
If
we
compare
him
to
others
,
Dion
Cassius
is
not
so
sincere
,
Herodian
,
a
lover
of
truth
,
is
often
times
deceiv'd
himself
,
with
what
he
had
falsly
heard
reported
;
then
the
time
of
his
Emperours
exceeds
not
in
all
above
sixty
years
;
so
that
his
whole
History
will
scarce
amount
to
three
Lives
of
Plutarch
.
Suetonius
and
Tacitus
may
be
call'd
alike
,
either
Authors
of
Histories
,
or
Writers
of
Lives
:
But
the
first
of
them
runs
too
willingly
into
obscene
descriptions
,
which
he
teaches
while
he
relates
;
the
other
besides
what
has
already
been
noted
by
him
,
often
falls
into
obscurity
;
and
both
of
them
have
made
so
unlucky
a
choice
of
times
,
that
they
are
forc'd
to
describe
rather
Monsters
than
Men
;
and
their
Emperours
are
either
extravagant
Fools
,
or
Tyrants
,
and
most
usually
both
.
Our
Author
on
the
contrary
,
as
he
was
more
inclin'd
to
commend
than
to
dispraise
,
has
generally
chosen
such
great
Men
as
were
famous
for
their
several
vertues
;
at
least
such
whose
frailties
or
vices
were
over-pois'd
by
their
excellencies
;
such
from
whose
Examples
we
may
have
more
to
follow
than
to
shun
.
Yet
,
as
he
was
impartial
,
he
disguis'd
not
the
faults
of
any
Man
.
An
Example
of
which
is
in
the
Life
of
Lucullus
;
where
,
after
he
has
told
us
,
that
the
double
benefit
which
his
Country-men
,
the
Chaeroneans
,
receiv'd
from
him
,
was
the
chiefest
motive
which
he
had
to
write
his
Life
,
he
afterwards
rips
up
his
Luxury
,
and
shews
how
he
lost
,
through
his
mis-management
,
his
Authority
,
and
his
Souldiers
love
.
Then
he
was
more
happy
in
his
digressions
than
any
we
have
nam'd
.
I
have
alwayes
been
pleas'd
to
see
him
,
and
his
imitator
,
Montaign
,
when
they
strike
a
little
out
of
the
common
road
:
For
we
are
sure
to
be
the
better
for
their
wandring
.
The
best
quarry
lies
not
always
in
the
open
field
:
And
who
would
not
be
content
to
follow
a
good
Huntsman
over
Hedges
and
Ditches
when
he
knows
the
Game
will
reward
his
pains
?
But
if
we
mark
him
more
narrowly
,
we
may
observe
,
that
the
great
reason
of
his
frequent
starts
,
is
the
variety
of
his
Learning
:
He
knew
so
much
of
Nature
,
was
so
vastly
furnish'd
with
all
the
treasures
of
the
mind
,
that
he
was
uneasie
to
himself
,
and
was
forc'd
,
as
I
may
say
,
to
lay
down
some
at
every
passage
,
and
to
scatter
his
riches
as
he
went
:
Like
another
Alexander
or
Adrian
,
he
built
a
City
,
or
planted
a
Colony
in
every
part
of
his
progress
;
and
left
behind
him
some
memorial
of
his
greatness
.
Sparta
,
and
Thebes
,
and
Athens
,
and
Rome
,
the
Mistress
of
the
World
,
he
has
discover'd
in
their
foundations
,
their
institutions
,
their
growth
,
their
heigth
,
the
decay
of
the
three
first
,
and
the
alteration
of
the
last
.
You
see
those
several
people
in
their
different
laws
,
and
policies
,
and
forms
of
Government
,
in
their
Warriours
,
and
Senators
,
and
Demagogues
.
Nor
are
the
Ornaments
of
Poetry
,
and
the
illustrations
of
similitudes
forgotten
by
him
;
in
both
which
he
instructs
as
well
as
pleases
:
Or
rather
pleases
that
he
may
instruct
.
This
last
reflection
leads
me
naturally
,
to
say
somewhat
in
general
of
his
stile
,
tho
after
having
justly
prais'd
him
for
copiousness
of
learning
,
integrity
,
perspicuity
,
and
more
than
all
this
for
a
certain
air
of
goodness
which
appears
through
all
his
Writings
,
it
were
unreasonable
to
be
critical
on
his
Elocution
:
As
on
a
tree
which
bears
excellent
fruit
,
we
consider
not
the
beauty
of
the
blossoms
:
For
if
they
are
not
pleasant
to
the
eye
,
or
delightful
to
the
scent
,
we
know
at
the
same
time
that
they
are
not
the
prime
intention
of
Nature
,
but
are
thrust
out
in
order
to
their
product
;
so
in
Plutarch
,
whose
business
was
not
to
please
the
ear
,
but
to
charm
and
to
instruct
the
mind
,
we
may
easily
forgive
the
cadences
of
words
,
and
the
roughness
of
expression
:
Yet
for
manliness
of
Eloquence
,
if
it
abounded
not
in
our
Author
,
it
was
not
wanting
in
him
:
He
neither
studyed
the
sublime
stile
,
nor
affected
the
flowry
.
The
choice
of
words
,
the
numbers
of
periods
,
the
turns
of
Sentences
,
and
those
other
Ornaments
of
speech
,
he
neither
sought
,
nor
shun'd
.
But
the
depth
of
sence
,
the
accuracy
of
Judgment
,
the
disposition
of
the
parts
and
contexture
of
the
whole
,
in
so
admirable
and
vast
a
field
of
matter
,
and
lastly
the
copiousness
,
and
variety
of
words
,
appear
shining
in
our
Author
.
T
is
indeed
,
observ'd
of
him
,
that
he
keeps
not
always
to
the
stile
of
prose
,
but
if
a
Poetical
word
,
which
carries
in
it
more
of
Emphasis
or
signification
,
offer
it self
at
any
time
,
he
refuses
it
not
because
Homer
or
Eurypides
have
us'd
it
:
But
if
this
be
a
fault
I
know
not
how
Xenophon
will
stand
excus'd
.
Yet
neither
do
I
compare
our
Author
with
him
,
or
with
Herodotus
in
the
sweetness
and
graces
of
his
stile
,
nor
with
Thuyidides
in
the
solidity
and
closeness
of
expression
.
For
Herodotus
is
acknowledg'd
the
Prince
of
the
Ionick
,
the
other
two
of
the
Attick
eloquence
.
As
for
Plutarch
,
his
stile
is
so
particular
,
that
there
is
none
of
the
Ancients
,
to
whom
we
can
properly
resemble
him
.
And
the
reason
of
this
is
obvious
;
for
being
conversant
in
so
great
variety
of
Authors
,
and
collecting
from
all
of
them
,
what
he
thought
most
excellent
,
out
of
the
confusion
,
or
rather
mixture
of
all
their
stiles
,
he
form'd
his
own
,
which
partaking
of
each
,
was
yet
none
of
them
;
but
a
compound
of
them
all
,
like
the
Corinthian
metal
,
which
had
in
it
Gold
,
and
Brass
,
and
Silver
,
and
yet
was
a
species
by
its
self
.
Add
to
this
,
that
in
Plutarchs
time
,
and
long
before
it
,
the
purity
of
the
Greek
Tongue
was
corrupted
,
and
the
native
splendour
of
it
had
taken
the
tarnish
of
Barbarism
,
and
contracted
the
filth
and
spots
of
degenerating
Ages
.
For
the
fall
of
Empires
always
draws
after
it
the
language
and
Eloquence
of
the
people
:
They
,
who
labour
under
misfortunes
or
servitude
,
have
little
leisure
to
cultivate
their
mother
Tongue
:
To
conclude
,
when
Athens
had
lost
her
Soveraignity
to
the
Peloponnesians
,
and
her
liberty
to
Philip
,
neither
a
Thucydides
,
nor
a
Demosthenes
were
afterwards
produc'd
by
her
.
I
have
formerly
acknowledg'd
many
lapses
of
our
Author
,
occasion'd
through
his
inadvertency
,
but
he
is
likewise
tax'd
with
faults
,
which
reflect
on
his
Judgment
in
matters
of
fact
,
and
his
Candour
in
the
comparisons
of
his
Greeks
and
Romans
.
Both
which
are
so
well
vindicated
by
Montaign
,
that
I
need
but
barely
to
translate
him
.
First
then
he
is
accus'd
of
want
of
Judgment
,
in
reporting
things
incredible
:
For
proof
of
which
is
alledg'd
the
story
he
tells
of
the
Spartan
boy
,
who
suffer'd
his
bowels
to
be
torn
out
by
a
young
Fox
which
he
had
stolen
,
choosing
rather
to
hide
him
under
his
Garment
till
he
died
,
then
to
confess
his
robbery
.
In
the
first
place
this
example
is
ill
chosen
,
because
t
is
difficult
to
set
a
bound
to
the
force
of
our
internal
faculties
,
t
is
not
defin'd
how
far
our
resolution
may
carry
us
to
suffer
:
The
force
of
bodies
may
more
easily
be
determin'd
than
that
of
Souls
:
Then
of
all
people
the
Lacedemonians
,
by
reason
of
their
rigid
institution
,
were
most
harden'd
to
undergo
labours
,
and
to
suffer
pains
.
Cicero
,
before
our
Authors
time
,
tho
then
the
Spartan
vertue
was
degenerated
,
yet
avows
to
have
seen
himself
some
Lacedemonian
boys
,
who
to
make
tryal
of
their
patience
,
were
plac'd
before
the
Altar
of
Diana
,
where
they
endur'd
scourging
,
till
they
were
all
over
bloody
,
and
that
not
only
without
crying
,
but
even
without
a
sigh
or
groan
:
Nay
,
and
some
of
them
so
ambitious
of
this
reputation
,
that
they
willingly
resign'd
their
Lives
under
the
hands
of
their
tormentors
.
The
same
may
be
said
of
another
story
,
which
Plutarch
vouches
with
an
hundred
witnesses
,
that
in
the
time
of
Sacrifice
,
a
burning
coal
by
chance
,
falling
into
the
sleeve
of
a
Spartan
boy
,
who
held
the
Censer
,
he
suffer'd
his
Arm
to
be
scorch'd
so
long
without
moving
it
,
that
the
scent
of
it
reak'd
up
to
the
Noses
of
the
Assistants
.
For
my
own
part
,
who
have
taken
in
so
vast
an
Idea
of
the
Lacedemonian
magnanimity
,
Plutarchs
story
,
is
so
far
from
seeming
incredible
to
me
,
that
I
neither
think
it
wonderful
nor
uncommon
:
For
we
ought
not
to
measure
possibilities
or
impossibilities
by
our
own
standard
,
that
is
,
by
what
we
our selves
cou'd
do
or
suffer
.
These
,
and
some
other
slight
examples
,
are
made
use
of
,
to
lessen
the
opinion
of
Plutarchs
Judgment
:
But
the
common
exception
against
his
candor
,
is
,
that
in
his
parallels
of
Greeks
and
Romans
,
he
has
done
too
much
honour
to
his
Country-men
in
matching
them
with
Heroes
,
with
whom
they
were
not
worthy
to
be
compar'd
.
For
instances
of
this
,
there
are
produc'd
the
comparisons
of
Demosthenes
and
Cicero
,
Aristides
and
Cato
,
Lysander
and
Sylla
,
Pelopidas
and
Marcellus
,
Agesilaus
and
Pompey
:
Now
the
ground
of
this
accusation
is
most
probably
the
lustre
of
those
Roman
names
,
which
strikes
on
our
imagination
.
For
what
proportion
of
glory
is
there
betwixt
a
Roman
Consul
,
or
Proconsul
of
so
great
a
Common-wealth
,
and
a
simple
Citizen
of
Athens
?
But
he
who
considers
the
truth
more
nearly
,
and
weighs
not
honours
with
honours
,
but
Men
with
Men
,
which
was
Plutarchs
main
design
,
will
find
in
the
Ballance
of
their
manners
,
their
vertues
,
their
endowments
and
abilities
,
that
Cicero
and
the
Elder
Cato
,
were
far
from
having
the
overweight
against
Demosthenes
and
Aristides
.
I
might
as
well
complain
against
him
in
behalf
of
his
own
Country-men
:
For
neither
was
Camillus
so
famous
as
Themistocles
;
nor
were
Tiberius
and
Cajus
Gracchus
comparable
to
Agis
and
Cleomenes
in
regard
of
dignity
:
Much
less
was
the
wisdome
of
Numa
to
be
put
in
Ballance
against
that
of
Lycurgus
,
or
the
modesty
and
temperance
of
Scipio
,
against
the
solid
Philosophy
and
perfect
vertue
of
Epaminondas
:
Yet
the
disparity
of
victories
,
the
reputation
,
the
blaze
of
Glory
,
in
the
two
last
were
evidently
on
the
Roman
side
.
But
as
I
said
before
,
to
compare
them
this
way
,
was
the
least
of
Plutarchs
aim
;
he
openly
declares
against
it
:
For
speaking
of
the
course
of
Pompeys
fortune
,
his
exploits
of
War
,
the
greatness
of
the
Armies
which
he
commanded
,
the
splendour
and
number
of
his
Triumphs
,
in
his
comparison
betwixt
him
and
Agesilaus
,
I
believe
,
says
he
,
that
if
Xenophon
were
now
alive
,
and
would
indulge
himself
the
liberty
to
write
all
he
could
to
the
advantage
of
his
Heroe
Agesilaus
,
he
would
be
asham'd
to
put
their
acts
in
competition
.
In
his
comparison
of
Sylla
and
Lysander
;
there
is
,
says
he
,
no
manner
of
equality
,
either
in
the
number
of
their
victories
,
or
in
the
danger
of
their
Battels
;
for
Lysander
only
gain'd
two
naval
fights
,
&c.
Now
this
is
far
from
partiality
to
the
Grecians
.
He
who
wou'd
convince
him
of
this
vice
,
must
shew
us
in
what
particular
Judgment
he
has
been
too
favourable
to
his
Countrymen
,
and
make
it
out
in
general
where
he
has
faild
in
matching
such
a
Greek
with
such
a
Roman
;
which
must
be
done
by
shewing
how
he
could
have
pair'd
them
better
;
and
naming
any
other
in
whom
the
resemblance
might
have
been
more
perfect
.
But
an
equitable
Judge
who
takes
things
by
the
same
handle
which
Plutarch
did
,
will
find
there
is
no
injury
offer'd
to
either
party
,
tho
there
be
some
disparity
betwixt
the
persons
:
For
he
weighs
every
circumstance
by
it self
,
and
judges
separately
of
it
:
Not
comparing
Men
at
a
lump
,
nor
endeavouring
to
prove
they
were
alike
in
all
things
,
but
allowing
for
disproportion
of
quality
or
fortune
,
shewing
wherein
they
agreed
or
disagreed
,
and
wherein
one
was
to
be
preferr'd
before
the
other
.
I
thought
I
had
answer'd
all
that
cou'd
reasonably
be
objected
against
our
Authors
judgement
;
but
casually
casting
my
eye
on
the
works
of
a
French
Gentleman
,
deservedly
famous
for
Wit
and
Criticism
,
I
wonder'd
,
amongst
many
commendations
of
Plutarch
,
to
find
this
one
reflection
.
As
for
his
Comparisons
,
they
seem
truly
to
me
very
great
;
but
I
think
he
might
have
carried
them
yet
farther
,
and
have
penetrated
more
deeply
into
humane
nature
:
There
are
folds
and
recesses
in
our
minds
which
have
escap'd
him
;
he
judges
man
too
much
in
gross
;
and
thinks
him
not
so
different
,
as
he
is
often
from
himself
:
The
same
person
being
just
,
unjust
,
merciful
,
and
cruel
;
which
qualities
seeming
to
bely
each
other
in
him
,
he
Attributes
their
inconsistences
to
forreign
causes
:
Infine
,
if
he
had
discrib'd
Catiline
,
he
wou'd
have
given
him
to
us
,
either
prodigal
or
Covetous
:
That
alieni
appetens
sui
profusus
,
was
above
his
reach
.
He
could
never
have
reconcil'd
those
contrarieties
in
the
same
subject
,
which
Salust
has
so
well
unfolded
,
and
which
Montaign
so
much
better
understood
.
This
Judgment
,
cou'd
not
have
proceeded
,
but
from
a
man
who
has
a
nice
taste
in
Authors
;
and
if
it
be
not
altogether
just
't
is
at
least
delicate
,
but
I
am
confident
,
that
if
he
please
to
consider
this
following
passage
taken
out
of
the
life
of
Sylla
,
he
will
moderate
,
if
not
retract
his
censure
.
In
the
rest
of
his
manners
he
was
unequal
,
irregular
different
from
himself
:
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
He
took
many
things
by
rapine
,
he
gave
more
:
Honour'd
men
immoderately
,
and
us'd
them
contumeliously
:
was
submissive
to
those
of
whom
he
stood
in
need
,
insulting
over
those
who
stood
in
need
of
him
:
So
that
it
was
doubtful
,
whether
he
were
more
form'd
by
nature
to
arrogance
or
flattery
.
As
to
his
uncertain
way
of
punishing
,
he
would
sometimes
put
men
to
death
on
the
least
occasion
;
at
other
times
he
would
pardon
the
greatest
Crimes
:
So
that
judging
him
in
the
whole
,
you
may
conclude
him
to
have
been
naturally
cruel
,
and
prone
to
vengeance
,
but
that
he
could
remit
of
his
severity
,
when
his
interests
requir'd
it
.
Here
methinks
our
Author
seems
to
have
sufficiently
understood
the
folds
and
doubles
of
Sylla's
disposition
;
for
his
Character
is
full
of
variety
,
and
inconsistences
.
Yet
in
the
conclusion
,
't
is
to
be
confess'd
that
Plutarch
has
assign'd
him
a
bloody
nature
:
The
clemency
was
but
artificial
and
assum'd
,
the
cruelty
was
inborn
:
But
this
cannot
be
said
of
his
rapine
,
and
his
prodigality
;
for
here
the
alieni
appetens
,
sui
profusus
is
as
plainly
describ'd
,
as
if
Plutarch
had
borrow'd
the
sense
from
Salust
:
And
as
he
was
a
great
Collector
,
perhaps
he
did
.
Nevertheless
he
judg'd
rightly
of
Sylla
,
that
naturally
he
was
cruel
:
For
that
quality
was
predominant
in
him
;
and
he
was
oftener
revengeful
than
he
was
merciful
.
But
this
is
sufficient
to
vindicate
our
Authors
Judgment
from
being
superficial
,
and
I
desire
not
to
press
the
Argument
more
strongly
against
this
Gentleman
,
who
has
Honour'd
our
Country
by
his
long
Residence
amongst
us
.
It
seems
to
me
,
I
must
confess
that
our
Author
has
not
been
more
hardly
treated
by
his
Enemies
,
in
his
comparing
other
Men
,
than
he
has
been
by
his
friends
,
in
their
comparing
Seneca
with
him
.
And
herein
,
even
Montaign
himself
is
scarcely
to
be
defended
.
For
no
man
more
esteem'd
Plutarch
,
no
man
was
better
acquainted
with
his
excellences
,
yet
this
notwithstanding
,
he
has
done
too
great
an
honour
to
Seneca
,
by
ranking
him
with
our
Philosopher
and
Historian
,
him
,
I
say
,
who
was
so
much
less
a
Philosopher
,
and
no
Historian
:
T
is
a
Reputation
to
Seneca
,
that
any
one
has
offer'd
at
the
comparison
:
The
worth
of
his
Adversary
makes
his
defeat
advantagious
to
him
;
and
Plutarch
might
cry
out
with
Justice
;
Qui
cum
victus
erit
,
mecum
certasse
feretur
.
If
I
had
been
to
find
out
a
parallel
for
Plutarch
,
I
should
rather
have
pitch'd
on
Varro
the
most
learned
of
the
Romans
,
if
at
least
his
Works
had
yet
remain'd
;
or
with
Pomponius
Atticus
,
if
he
had
written
.
But
the
likeness
of
Seneca
is
so
little
,
that
except
the
ones
being
Tutor
to
Nero
,
and
the
other
to
Trajan
,
both
of
them
strangers
to
Rome
,
yet
rais'd
to
the
highest
dignities
in
that
City
,
and
both
Philosophers
tho
of
several
Sects
;
(
for
Seneca
was
a
Stoick
,
Plutarch
a
Platonician
,
at
least
an
Academick
,
that
is
,
half
Platonist
half
Sceptick
:
)
besides
some
such
faint
resemblances
as
these
,
Seneca
and
Plutarch
seem
to
have
as
little
Relation
to
one
another
,
as
their
native
Countries
,
Spain
and
Greece
.
If
we
consider
them
in
their
inclinations
or
humours
,
Plutarch
was
sociable
,
and
pleasant
,
Seneca
morose
,
and
melancholly
.
Plutarch
a
lover
of
conversation
,
and
sober
feasts
:
Seneca
reserv'd
;
uneasie
to
himself
when
alone
,
to
others
when
in
Company
.
Compare
them
in
their
manners
,
Plutarch
every
where
appears
candid
,
Seneca
often
is
censorious
.
Plutarch
,
out
of
his
natural
humanity
,
is
frequent
in
commending
what
he
can
;
Seneca
,
out
of
the
sowrness
of
his
temper
,
is
prone
to
Satyr
,
and
still
searching
for
some
occasion
to
vent
his
gaul
.
Plutarch
is
pleas'd
with
an
opportunity
of
praising
vertue
;
and
Seneca
,
(
to
speak
the
best
of
him
,
)
is
glad
of
a
pretence
to
reprehend
vice
.
Plutarch
endeavours
to
teach
others
,
but
refuses
not
to
be
taught
himself
;
for
he
is
always
doubtful
and
inquisitive
:
Seneca
is
altogether
for
teaching
others
,
but
so
teaches
them
,
that
he
imposes
his
opinions
;
for
he
was
of
a
Sect
too
imperious
and
dogmatical
,
either
to
be
taught
or
contradicted
.
And
yet
Plutarch
writes
like
a
man
of
a
confirm'd
probity
,
Seneca
like
one
of
a
weak
and
staggering
vertue
.
Plutarch
seems
to
have
vanquish'd
vice
,
and
to
have
triumph'd
over
it
:
Seneca
seems
only
to
be
combating
and
resisting
,
and
that
too
but
in
his
own
defence
.
Therefore
Plutarch
is
easie
in
his
discourse
,
as
one
who
has
overcome
the
difficulty
:
Seneca
is
painful
,
as
he
who
still
labours
under
it
.
Plutarchs
Vertue
is
humble
and
civiliz'd
:
Seneca's
haughty
and
illbred
.
Plutarch
allures
you
,
Seneca
commands
you
.
One
wou'd
make
Vertue
your
Companion
,
the
other
your
Tyrant
.
The
style
of
Plutarch
is
easie
and
flowing
;
that
of
Seneca
precipitous
and
harsh
.
The
first
is
even
,
the
second
broken
.
The
Arguments
of
the
Grecian
drawn
from
reason
,
work
themselves
into
your
understanding
,
and
make
a
deep
and
l●●●ing
impression
in
your
mind
:
Those
of
the
Roman
drawn
from
wit
,
flash
immediately
on
your
imagination
,
but
leave
no
durable
effect
.
So
this
tickles
you
by
starts
with
his
arguteness
,
that
pleases
you
for
continuance●
,
with
his
propriety
.
The
course
of
their
fortunes
seems
also
to
have
partaken
of
their
stiles
;
for
Plutarchs
was
equal
,
smooth
,
and
of
the
same
tenour
:
Seneca's
was
turbid
,
unconstant
and
full
of
revolutions
.
The
Life
of
Plutarch
was
unblameable
,
as
the
Reader
cannot
but
have
observ'd
;
and
of
all
his
Writings
there
is
nothing
to
be
noted
as
having
the
least
tendency
to
vice
;
but
only
that
little
Treatise
,
which
is
intituled
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
wherein
he
speaks
too
broadly
of
a
sin
,
to
which
the
Eastern
and
Southern
parts
of
the
World
are
most
obnoxious
:
But
Seneca
is
said
to
have
been
more
libertine
than
suited
with
the
gravity
of
a
Philosopher
,
or
with
the
austerity
of
a
Stoick
.
An
ingenious
Frenchman
,
esteems
as
he
tells
us
,
his
person
rather
than
his
works
;
and
values
him
more
as
the
Praeceptor
of
Nero
,
a
Man
ambitious
of
the
Empire
,
and
as
the
gallant
of
Agrippina
,
than
as
a
teacher
of
Morality
.
For
my
part
I
dare
not
push
the
commendation
so
far
:
His
courage
was
perhas
praise
worthy
,
if
he
endeavour'd
to
deliver
Rome
from
such
a
Monster
of
Tyranny
,
as
Nero
was
then
beginning
to
appear
:
His
ambition
too
was
the
more
excusable
,
if
he
found
in
himself
an
ability
of
governing
the
World
,
and
a
desire
of
doing
good
to
human
kind
:
But
as
to
his
good
fortunes
with
the
Empress
,
I
know
not
what
value
ought
to
be
set
on
a
wise
Man
for
them
.
Except
it
be
that
Women
generally
liking
without
Judgment
,
it
was
a
Conquest
for
a
Philosopher
once
in
an
age
,
to
get
the
better
of
a
fool
.
However
methinks
there
is
something
of
aukward
in
the
adventure
:
I
cannot
imagine
without
laughter
,
a
Pedant
,
and
a
Stoick
,
making
love
in
a
long
gown
;
for
it
puts
me
in
mind
of
the
civilities
which
are
us'd
by
the
Cardinals
and
Judges
in
the
dance
of
the
Rehearsal
:
If
Agrippina
wou'd
needs
be
so
lavish
of
her
favours
,
since
a
Sot
grewn
auseous
to
her
,
because
he
was
her
Husband
,
and
nothing
under
a
Wit
,
cou'd
attone
for
Claudius
,
I
am
half
sorry
that
Petronius
was
not
the
Man
:
We
cou'd
have
born
it
better
from
his
Character
,
than
from
one
who
profess'd
the
severity
of
vertue
,
to
make
a
Cuckold
of
his
Emperour
and
Benefactour
.
But
let
the
Historian
answer
for
his
own
Relation
:
Only
,
if
true
,
't
is
so
much
the
worse
,
that
Seneca
,
after
having
abus'd
his
bed
,
cou'd
not
let
him
sleep
quiet
in
his
grave
.
The
Apocolocynthisis
,
or
mock
deification
of
Claudius
was
too
sharp
and
insulting
on
his
memory
:
And
Seneca
tho
he
could
Preach
forgiveness
to
others
,
did
not
practice
it
himself
in
that
Satyr
:
Where
was
the
patience
and
insensibility
of
a
Stoick
,
in
revenging
his
Banishment
with
a
Libel
?
Where
was
the
Morality
of
a
Philosopher
,
in
defaming
and
exposing
of
an
harmless
fool
?
And
where
was
common
humanity
,
in
railing
against
the
dead
?
But
the
tallent
of
his
malice
is
visible
in
other
places
:
He
censures
Mecenas
,
and
I
believe
justly
,
for
the
looseness
of
his
manners
,
the
voluptuousness
of
his
life
,
and
the
effeminacy
of
his
style
;
but
it
appears
that
he
takes
pleasure
in
so
doing
;
and
that
he
never
forc'd
his
nature
,
when
he
spoke
ill
of
any
Man
.
For
his
own
stile
,
we
see
what
it
is
,
and
if
we
may
be
as
bold
with
him
,
as
he
has
been
with
our
old
Patron
,
we
may
call
it
a
shatter'd
Eloquence
,
not
vigorous
,
not
united
,
not
embodied
;
but
broken
into
fragments
;
every
part
by
it self
pompous
,
but
the
whole
confus'd
and
unharmonious
.
His
Latin
,
as
Monsieur
St.
Evremont
has
well
observ'd
,
has
nothing
in
it
of
the
purity
,
and
elegance
of
Augustus
his
times
;
and
't
is
of
him
and
of
his
imitators
,
that
Petronius
said
;
pace
vestrâ
liceat
dixisse
,
primi
omnium
eloquentiam
perdidistis
.
The
Controversiae
sententiis
vibrantibus
pictae
,
and
the
vanus
Sententiarum
strepitus
,
make
it
evident
that
Seneca
was
tax'd
under
the
person
of
the
old
Rhetorician
.
What
quarrel
he
had
to
the
Unckle
and
the
Nephew
,
I
mean
Seneca
and
Lucan
,
is
not
known
;
but
Petronius
plainly
points
them
out
;
one
for
a
bad
Orator
,
the
other
for
as
bad
a
Poet
:
His
own
essay
of
the
Civil
War
is
an
open
defiance
of
the
Pharsalia
;
and
the
first
Oration
of
Eumolpus
,
as
full
an
arraignment
of
Seneca's
false
Eloquence
.
After
all
that
has
been
said
,
he
is
certainly
to
be
allowed
a
great
wit
,
but
not
a
good
Philosopher
:
Not
fit
to
be
compar'd
with
Cicero
,
of
whose
reputation
he
was
emulous
,
any
more
than
Lucan
is
with
Virgil
:
To
sum
up
all
in
few
words
,
consider
a
Philosopher
declaiming
against
riches
,
yet
vastly
rich
himself
;
against
avarice
,
yet
puting
out
his
Mony
at
great
Extortion
here
in
Britain
;
against
honours
,
yet
aiming
to
be
Emperour
;
against
pleasure
,
yet
enjoying
Agrippina
,
and
in
his
old
age
married
to
a
beautiful
young
Woman
:
And
after
this
,
let
him
be
made
a
Parallel
to
Plutarch
.
And
now
,
with
the
usual
vanity
of
Dutch
Prefacers
,
I
could
load
our
Author
with
the
praises
and
commemorations
of
Writers
:
For
both
Ancient
and
Modern
have
made
Honourable
mention
of
him
.
But
to
cumber
pages
with
this
kind
of
stuff
were
to
raise
a
distrust
in
common
Readers
that
Plutarch
wants
them
.
Rualdus
indeed
has
Collected
ample
Testimonies
of
them
;
but
I
will
only
recite
the
names
of
some
,
and
refer
you
to
him
for
the
particular
quotations
.
He
reckons
Gellius
,
Eusebius
,
Himerius
the
Sophister
,
Eunapius
,
Cyrillus
of
Alexandria
,
Theodoret
,
Agathias
,
Photius
and
Xiphilin
Patriarchs
of
Constantinople
,
Johannes
Sarisberiensis
,
the
famous
Petrarch
,
Petrus
Victorius
,
and
Justus
Lipsius
.
But
Theodorus
Gaza
,
a
Man
learned
in
the
Latin
Tongue
,
and
a
great
restorer
of
the
Greek
,
who
liv'd
above
two
hundred
years
ago
,
deserves
to
have
his
suffrage
set
down
in
words
at
length
:
For
the
rest
have
only
commended
Plutarch
more
than
any
single
Author
,
but
he
has
extoll'd
him
above
all
together
.
T
is
said
that
having
this
extravagant
question
put
to
him
by
a
friend
,
that
if
learning
must
suffer
a
general
Shipwrack
,
and
he
had
only
his
choice
left
him
of
preserving
one
Author
,
who
should
be
the
Man
he
would
preserve
;
he
answer'd
Plutarch
;
and
probably
might
give
this
reason
,
that
in
saving
him
,
he
should
secure
the
best
Collection
of
them
all
.
The
Epigram
of
Agathias
,
deserves
also
to
be
remember'd
:
This
Author
flourish'd
about
the
year
five
hundred
,
in
the
Reign
of
the
Emperour
Justinian
:
The
Verses
are
extant
in
the
Anthologia
,
and
with
the
Translation
of
them
,
I
will
conclude
the
praises
of
our
Author
;
having
first
admonish'd
you
,
that
they
are
suppos'd
to
be
written
on
a
Statue
erected
by
the
Romans
to
his
memory
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
:
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
:
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Cheronean
Plutarch
,
to
thy
deathless
praise
,
Does
Martial
Rome
this
grateful
Statue
raise
:
Because
both
Greece
and
she
thy
fame
have
shar'd
;
(
Their
Heroes
written
,
and
their
Lives
compar'd
:
)
But
thou
thy self
cou'dst
never
write
thy
own
;
Their
Lives
have
Parallels
but
thine
has
none
.
FINIS
.
THESEUS
.
portrait
M
Burghers
delin
.
et
sc●…
THE
LIFE
OF
THESEUS
.
English'd
from
the
Greek
,
By
R.
Duke
,
Trin.
Coll.
Cant.
Soc.
Volume
I.
AS
Historians
,
in
their
geographical
descriptions
of
Countries
,
croud
into
the
farthest
parts
of
their
Maps
those
places
that
escape
their
knowledge
,
with
some
such
Remarks
in
the
Margin
as
these
;
All
beyond
is
nothing
but
drie
and
desart
Sands
,
or
unpassable
Bogs
,
or
Scythian
Cold
,
or
a
frozen
Sea
:
so
in
this
Work
of
mine
,
wherein
I
have
compared
the
Lives
of
the
greatest
Men
with
one
another
,
having
run
through
that
time
whereunto
probable
reason
could
reach
,
and
through
which
the
truth
of
History
could
pass
,
I
may
very
well
say
of
those
that
are
farther
off
;
All
beyond
is
nothing
but
monstrous
and
tragical
Fictions
:
there
the
Poets
and
there
the
Inventers
of
Fables
dwell
;
nor
is
there
any
further
to
be
expected
ought
deserving
of
Credit
,
or
that
carries
any
appearance
of
Truth
.
Yet
having
published
an
Account
of
Lycurgus
,
the
Law-giver
,
and
Numa
,
the
King
,
methought
I
might
not
without
reason
ascend
as
high
as
to
Romulus
,
being
brought
by
my
History
so
near
to
his
time
.
Considering
therefore
with
my self
Whom
with
so
great
a
man
shall
I
compare
?
Or
whom
oppose
?
who
can
the
tryal
bear
?
(
as
Aeschylus
expresses
it
)
I
found
none
so
fit
as
him
that
peopled
the
most
celebrated
City
of
Athens
to
be
set
in
opposition
with
the
Father
of
the
invincible
and
renowned
City
of
Rome
.
And
here
it
were
to
be
wish't
that
this
Account
cou'd
be
so
purg'd
by
right
reason
from
the
fabulous
part
,
as
to
obey
the
Laws
and
receive
the
character
of
an
exact
History
.
But
whereever
it
shall
chance
too
boldly
to
contemn
the
bounds
of
credibility
,
and
will
endure
no
mixture
of
what
is
probable
,
we
shall
beg
that
we
may
meet
with
can
did
Readers
,
and
such
as
will
favourably
receive
what
can
be
related
concerning
things
of
so
great
Antiquity
.
Now
Theseus
seems
to
resemble
Romulus
The
comparison
between
Theseus
and
Romulus
.
in
many
particulars
.
Both
of
'em
born
out
of
Wedlock
and
of
uncertain
Parentage
had
the
repute
of
being
sprung
from
the
Gods
.
Both
Warriours
;
that
by
all
the
world
's
allow'd
.
Homer
.
Both
of
them
had
joyn'd
with
strength
of
Body
an
equal
vigour
of
Mind
;
and
of
the
two
most
famous
Cities
of
the
World
,
the
one
built
Rome
,
and
the
other
made
Athens
be
inhabited
.
Both
were
famous
for
the
Rape
of
Women
;
neither
of
them
cou'd
avoid
domestick
misfortunes
,
nor
the
envy
of
their
Country-men
;
but
both
are
said
to
have
died
by
the
hands
of
their
own
offended
Citizens
,
if
we
will
believe
there
is
any
truth
in
relations
that
are
delivered
with
the
least
appearance
of
strange
or
Poetical
Fictions
.
The
Lineage
of
Theseus
by
his
Father's
The
Family
of
Theseus
.
side
ascends
as
high
as
to
Erectheus
and
the
[
](A55194-e10800-b)*
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
first
inhabitants
of
Attica
.
By
his
Mother's
side
he
was
descended
of
Pelops
:
For
Pelops
was
the
most
powerfull
of
all
the
Kings
of
Peloponnesus
,
not
so
much
for
the
greatness
of
his
Riches
as
the
multitude
of
his
Children
;
having
match't
many
Daughters
to
persons
of
the
greatest
Quality
,
and
made
many
Sons
Governours
of
Provinces
round
about
him
.
One
whereof
nam'd
Pittheus
,
Grandfather
to
Theseus
,
was
founder
of
the
small
City
of
the
Troezenians
,
and
had
the
repute
of
a
man
of
the
greatest
knowledge
and
wisedom
in
his
time
:
Which
then
it
seems
consisted
chiefly
in
such
grave
Sentences
as
the
Poet
Hesiod
got
his
great
esteem
by
in
his
Book
of
Works
and
Days
.
And
even
among
them
is
one
that
they
ascribe
to
Pittheus
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Let
a
friend's
services
meet
full
reward
.
Which
also
Aristotle
witnesses
,
and
Euripides
when
he
calls
Hippolytus
Scholar
of
the
sacred
Pittheus
,
shews
the
opinion
that
the
world
had
of
that
great
man
.
About
this
time
Aegeus
,
being
desirous
of
Children
,
and
consulting
the
Oracle
of
Delphos
,
receiv'd
that
so
celebrated
answer
which
forbad
him
the
use
of
any
woman
before
his
return
to
Athens
.
But
the
Oracle
being
so
obscure
as
not
to
satisfie
him
that
he
was
clearly
forbid
this
,
he
went
to
Troezene
and
communicated
to
Pittheus
the
voice
of
the
God
,
which
was
in
this
manner
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
I
warn
thee
,
Warriour
,
not
to
broach
Thy
Goatskin
full
of
generous
Juice
:
Nor
footlong
Spigot
to
produce
,
Till
thou
to
Athens
shalt
approach
.
Pittheus
therefore
taking
advantage
from
the
obscurity
of
the
Oracle
prevail'd
upon
him
,
it
is
uncertain
whether
by
perswasion
or
deceit
,
to
lie
with
his
Daughter
Aethra
.
Aegeus
afterwards
knowing
her
whom
he
had
lain
with
to
be
Pittheus's
Daughter
,
and
suspecting
her
to
be
with
Child
by
him
,
he
left
a
Sword
and
a
pair
of
Shoes
,
hiding
them
under
a
great
Stone
that
had
a
hollowness
exactly
fitting
them
,
making
her
onely
privy
to
it
,
and
commanding
her
that
if
she
brought
forth
a
Son
who
when
he
came
to
man's
estate
shou'd
be
able
to
lift
up
the
Stone
and
take
away
what
he
had
left
there
,
she
shou'd
send
him
away
to
him
with
those
things
with
all
secrecy
,
enjoyning
him
as
much
as
possible
to
conceal
his
Journey
from
all
men
:
For
he
fear'd
extremely
the
Pallantidae
,
who
were
continually
mutinying
against
him
,
and
despis'd
him
for
his
want
of
Children
,
they
themselves
being
fifty
Brothers
all
of
the
Sons
of
Pallas
.
When
Aethra
was
deliver'd
of
a
Son
,
some
report
that
he
was
immediately
nam'd
Theseus
,
from
the
Tokens
which
his
Father
had
put
under
the
Stone
:
But
others
say
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
signifies
a
putting
any
thing
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
signifies
to
adopt
or
acknowledge
one
for
his
Son
.
The
Education
of
Theseus
.
that
he
receiv'd
his
name
afterwards
at
Athens
,
when
Aegeus
acknowledg'd
him
for
his
Son
.
He
was
brought
up
under
his
Grandfather
Pittheus
,
and
had
by
him
a
Governour
and
Tutour
set
over
him
nam'd
Connidas
,
to
whom
the
Athenians
even
to
this
time
,
the
day
before
the
Feast
that
is
dedicated
to
Theseus
,
sacrifice
a
Ram
,
giving
this
honour
to
his
memory
upon
a
much
juster
account
than
that
which
they
gave
to
Silanio
and
Parrhasius
,
for
having
onely
made
Pictures
and
Statues
of
Theseus
.
There
being
then
a
custom
for
the
Grecian
Youth
upon
their
first
coming
to
man's
estate
to
go
to
Delphos
and
offer
First-fruits
of
their
Hair
to
the
God
of
the
place
,
Theseus
also
went
thither
,
and
they
say
that
the
place
to
this
day
is
yet
nam'd
Thesea
from
him
.
But
he
shav'd
onely
the
fore-part
of
his
head
,
as
Homer
reports
to
be
the
custom
of
the
Abantes
.
And
this
sort
of
Tonsure
was
from
him
nam'd
Theseis
.
But
the
Abantes
first
us'd
this
sort
of
shaving
,
not
having
learnt
it
from
the
Arabians
,
as
some
imagin
,
nor
in
imitation
of
the
Mysians
,
but
,
being
a
warlike
people
,
and
us'd
to
close
fighting
,
and
above
all
other
Nations
accustom'd
chiefly
to
engage
hand
to
hand
;
as
Archilochus
witnesses
in
these
Verses
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Slings
they
despise
,
and
scorn
to
send
from
far
The
flying
Dart
,
and
wage
a
distant
War
;
But
hand
to
hand
the
trusty
Swords
they
weild
Doe
all
the
dreadfull
business
of
the
Field
.
This
is
the
way
of
fight
th'
Euboeans
know
,
Nor
Bow
nor
Sling
they
trust
,
but
strike
themselves
the
blow
.
Therefore
that
they
might
not
give
their
Enemies
that
advantage
of
seising
them
by
the
Hair
,
they
were
shav'd
in
this
manner
.
They
write
also
that
this
was
the
reason
why
Alexander
gave
command
to
his
Captains
that
all
the
Beards
of
his
Macedonians
shou'd
be
shav'd
,
as
being
the
readiest
hold
for
an
Enemy
.
Aethra
for
some
time
conceal'd
the
true
Parentage
of
Theseus
;
and
there
was
a
report
Theseus
reputed
the
Son
of
Neptune
.
given
out
by
Pittheus
that
he
was
begotten
by
Neptune
:
for
the
Troezenians
have
Neptune
in
the
highest
veneration
.
He
is
their
Tutelar
God
,
to
him
they
offer
all
their
First-fruits
,
and
in
his
honour
stamp't
their
Money
with
a
Trident.
Theseus
in
his
youth
discovering
not
onely
a
great
strength
of
Body
but
an
equal
force
of
Mind
and
firmness
of
Understanding
,
his
Mother
Aethra
,
conducting
him
to
the
Stone
,
and
informing
him
who
was
his
true
Father
,
commanded
him
to
take
from
thence
the
Tokens
that
Aegeus
had
left
,
and
to
sail
to
Athens
.
He
,
without
any
difficulty
,
lifted
up
the
Stone
and
took
'em
from
thence
;
but
refused
to
take
his
Journey
by
Sea
,
though
it
was
much
the
safer
way
,
and
though
he
was
continually
prest
to
it
by
the
intreaties
of
his
Grandfather
and
Mother
.
For
it
was
at
that
time
very
dangerous
to
go
by
Land
to
Athens
,
no
place
of
the
Country
being
free
from
Thieves
and
Murtherers
:
for
that
Age
produc'd
a
sort
of
men
,
for
strength
of
Armes
,
and
swiftness
of
Feet
,
and
vigour
of
Body
,
excelling
the
ordinary
rate
of
men
;
and
in
labours
and
exercise
indefatigable
:
yet
making
use
of
these
gifts
of
Nature
to
nothing
either
good
or
profitable
to
mankind
,
but
rejoycing
and
taking
pride
in
insolence
,
and
pleasing
themselves
in
the
enjoyment
of
their
inhumanity
and
cruelty
,
and
in
seising
,
forcing
and
committing
all
manner
of
outrages
upon
every
thing
that
fell
into
their
hands
:
who
thought
civility
,
and
justice
,
and
equity
,
and
humanity
which
many
prais'd
,
either
out
of
want
of
courage
to
commit
injuries
or
fear
to
receive
'em
,
nothing
at
all
to
concern
those
who
were
the
most
daring
and
most
strong
.
Some
of
these
Hercules
destroy'd
and
cut
off
in
his
passing
through
these
Countries
,
but
some
who
escap'd
him
,
for
fear
fled
and
hid
themselves
,
or
were
spar'd
by
him
in
contempt
of
their
abject
submission
:
but
after
that
Hercules
fell
into
misfortune
,
and
having
slain
Iphitus
,
retir'd
to
Lydia
,
and
for
a
long
time
was
there
Slave
to
Omphale
,
a
punishment
which
he
had
impos'd
upon
himself
for
the
murther
;
then
indeed
the
Lydian
affairs
enjoyed
all
peace
and
security
,
but
in
Greece
and
the
Countries
about
it
the
like
Villanies
were
again
reviv'd
and
broke
out
,
there
being
none
to
repress
or
chastise
their
insolence
.
It
was
therefore
a
very
hazardous
journey
to
travel
by
Land
from
Athens
to
Peloponnesus
:
and
Pittheus
,
giving
him
an
exact
account
of
each
of
these
Thieves
and
Villains
,
of
what
strength
they
were
,
and
with
what
cruelty
they
us'd
all
strangers
,
perswaded
Theseus
to
go
by
Sea
;
but
he
,
it
seems
,
had
long
since
been
secretly
fir'd
with
the
glory
of
Hercules
,
and
had
him
in
the
highest
estimation
,
and
was
never
more
satisfy'd
than
in
hearing
those
that
gave
an
account
of
him
;
especially
those
that
had
seen
him
,
or
had
been
present
at
any
Action
or
Saying
of
his
that
was
remarkable
.
Insomuch
that
he
was
altogether
in
the
same
condition
that
,
in
after-ages
Themistocles
was
when
he
said
that
the
Trophies
of
Miltiades
wou'd
not
suffer
him
to
sleep
:
so
he
having
in
such
admiration
the
vertue
of
Hercules
,
in
the
night
his
dreams
were
all
of
that
Heroes
actions
,
and
in
the
day
a
continual
emulation
stirr'd
him
up
to
perform
the
like
.
Besides
,
they
were
nearly
related
,
being
born
of
Cousin
Germains
.
For
Aethra
was
His
relation
to
Hercules
.
the
Daughter
of
Pittheus
,
and
Alcmena
of
Lycidice
,
and
Lycidice
and
Pittheus
Brothers
and
Sisters
by
Hippodamia
.
He
thought
it
therefore
a
dishonourable
thing
and
not
to
be
endur'd
,
that
Hercules
shou'd
every
where
purge
both
the
Land
and
Sea
from
those
wicked
Men
,
and
that
he
himself
shou'd
flie
from
the
like
Adventures
that
so
fairly
offer'd
themselves
to
him
;
disgracing
his
Reputed
Father
by
a
mean
flight
by
Sea
,
and
not
shewing
his
True
one
as
manifest
a
character
of
the
greatness
of
his
Birth
by
noble
and
worthy
Actions
as
by
the
tokens
that
he
brought
with
him
,
the
Shoes
and
the
Sword
.
With
this
mind
and
these
thoughts
he
set
forward
,
with
a
design
to
doe
injury
to
no
body
,
but
to
repel
and
revenge
himself
of
all
those
that
shou'd
offer
any
.
And
first
of
all
,
in
a
set
combate
,
he
slew
Periphetes
in
Epidauria
,
who
us'd
a
Club
for
his
Arms
,
He
slew
Periphetes
.
and
from
thence
had
his
name
of
Corynetes
,
or
the
Club-bearer
,
who
seis'd
upon
him
,
and
forbad
him
to
go
forward
in
his
Journey
.
Being
pleas'd
with
the
Club
,
he
took
it
,
and
made
it
his
weapon
,
having
the
same
use
of
it
as
Hercules
had
of
the
Lion's
Skin
;
for
that
he
wore
as
evidence
of
what
a
prodigious
greatness
the
monster
was
that
He
slew
,
and
to
the
same
end
Theseus
carry'd
about
him
this
Club
;
overcome
indeed
by
him
,
but
now
,
in
his
Hand
,
invincible
.
Passing
on
further
towards
the
Isthmus
of
He
kills
Sinnis
.
Peloponnesus
he
slew
Sinnis
,
that
,
from
the
way
of
murther
he
us'd
,
was
sirnam'd
the
[
](A55194-e12210-b)*
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
bender
of
Pines
,
after
the
same
manner
that
he
himself
had
destroy'd
many
others
before
.
And
this
he
did
,
not
having
either
practis'd
or
ever
learnt
the
art
of
bending
these
Trees
,
to
shew
that
natural
strength
is
above
all
art
.
This
Sinnis
had
a
Daughter
of
most
excellent
beauty
and
more
than
ordinary
stature
,
call'd
Perigune
,
who
,
when
her
Father
was
kill'd
,
fled
,
and
was
sought
after
with
all
diligence
by
Theseus
;
but
she
,
flying
into
a
place
overgrown
with
many
Shrubs
and
Rushes
and
wild
Asparagus
,
innocently
made
her
complaint
to
them
,
as
if
they
cou'd
have
a
sense
of
her
misfortune
,
and
begg'd
'em
to
shelter
her
,
with
vows
that
if
she
escap'd
she
wou'd
never
cut
'em
down
or
burn
'em
:
but
Theseus
calling
upon
her
and
giving
her
his
promise
that
he
wou'd
use
her
with
all
respect
and
offer
her
no
injury
,
she
came
forth
;
and
being
enjoy'd
by
Theseus
bore
a
Son
to
him
nam'd
He
begets
Menalippus
of
Perigune
the
Daughter
of
Sinnis
.
Menalippus
;
but
afterwards
she
was
married
to
Deioneus
the
Son
of
Euritus
,
the
Oechalian
,
Theseus
himself
giving
her
to
him
.
And
Ioxus
,
the
Son
of
this
Menalippus
who
was
born
to
Theseus
,
accompany'd
Ornytus
in
the
Colony
that
he
carried
with
him
into
Caria
,
from
whom
the
people
call'd
Ioxides
have
their
name
;
who
have
this
custom
deriv'd
down
to
'em
from
their
Fathers
,
never
to
burn
either
Shrubs
or
Rushes
or
wild
Asparagus
,
but
to
honour
and
worship
'em
.
About
this
time
the
Cromyonian
Sow
,
which
they
call'd
Phaea
,
was
a
Beast
not
to
be
Slays
the
Cromyonian
Sow
Phaea
.
past
by
or
despis'd
,
being
of
great
fierceness
and
very
hard
to
be
overcome
,
her
Theseus
kill'd
,
going
out
of
his
way
to
meet
and
engage
her
,
that
he
might
not
seem
to
perform
all
his
great
exploits
out
of
mere
necessity
;
being
also
of
opinion
that
it
was
the
part
of
a
brave
man
,
not
onely
to
chastise
villainous
and
wicked
Men
,
but
also
to
fight
and
expose
himself
to
the
fury
of
the
most
fierce
and
hurtfull
Monsters
and
wild
Beasts
.
Others
relate
that
this
Phaea
was
a
Woman
,
a
Robber
full
of
cruelty
and
lust
,
that
liv'd
in
Cromyon
,
and
had
the
name
of
Sow
given
her
from
the
beastliness
of
her
life
and
conversation
,
and
that
afterwards
she
was
kill'd
by
Theseus
.
He
slew
also
Sciron
,
upon
the
Kills
Sciron
.
borders
of
Megara
,
casting
him
down
from
the
Rocks
,
being
,
as
most
report
,
a
notorious
robber
of
all
passengers
;
and
,
as
others
say
,
accustom'd
out
of
insolence
and
wantonness
to
stretch
forth
his
feet
to
strangers
commanding
them
to
wash
'em
,
and
then
with
a
kick
to
thrust
them
down
the
Rock
into
the
Sea
:
but
the
Writers
of
Megara
,
in
contradiction
to
the
receiv'd
report
,
and
,
as
Simonides
expresses
it
,
fighting
with
all
antiquity
,
contend
that
Sciron
was
neither
a
Robber
nor
committer
of
injuries
and
affronts
,
but
a
punisher
of
all
such
,
and
full
of
all
humanity
and
friendship
to
good
and
just
men
;
that
Aeacus
was
ever
esteemed
a
man
of
the
greatest
sanctity
of
all
the
Greeks
,
and
that
Cychreus
,
the
Salaminian
,
was
honoured
at
Athens
with
divine
worship
,
and
that
the
vertue
of
Peleus
and
Telamon
were
not
unknown
to
any
one
;
and
that
Sciron
was
Son-in-law
to
Cychreus
and
Father-in-law
to
Aeacus
,
and
Grandfather
to
Peleus
and
Telamon
,
who
were
both
of
'em
Sons
of
Erideis
the
Daughter
of
Sciron
and
Carichlo
:
that
therefore
it
was
not
probable
that
the
best
shou'd
make
these
alliances
with
the
worst
of
men
,
giving
and
receiving
mutually
what
was
of
greatest
value
and
most
dear
to
'em
:
but
they
relate
that
Theseus
did
not
slay
Sciron
in
his
first
Journey
to
Athens
,
but
afterwards
,
when
he
took
Eleusis
,
a
City
of
the
Megarians
,
having
circumvented
Diocles
the
Governour
,
whom
,
together
with
Sciron
,
he
there
slew
.
These
are
the
contradictions
which
are
between
the
Writers
of
this
Story
.
In
Eleusis
he
kill'd
Cercyon
,
Kills
Cercyon
,
the
Arcadian
,
in
a
wrestling
Match
.
And
going
on
a
little
further
,
in
the
City
Hermione
,
he
slew
Damastes
,
otherwise
call'd
Procrustes
,
by
force
making
him
even
and
Procrustes
.
to
his
own
Beds
,
as
he
himself
was
us'd
to
doe
with
all
strangers
;
this
he
did
in
imitation
of
Hercules
.
For
he
,
returning
always
to
the
committers
of
these
outrages
the
same
sort
of
violence
that
they
offer'd
to
others
,
sacrific'd
Busyris
,
wrestled
with
Antaeus
,
fought
with
Cycnus
hand
to
hand
,
and
kill'd
Termerus
by
breaking
his
Skull
in
pieces
,
(
from
whence
they
say
comes
the
Proverb
of
A
Termerian
Mischief
)
for
it
seems
Termerus
kill'd
passengers
that
he
met
by
running
,
with
all
his
force
,
his
Head
against
theirs
.
Thus
proceeded
Theseus
in
the
punishment
of
evil
men
,
who
underwent
the
same
torments
from
him
,
which
they
had
inflicted
upon
others
;
justly
suffering
after
the
manner
of
their
own
injustice
.
As
he
went
forward
on
his
Journey
,
and
was
come
as
far
as
the
River
Cephisus
some
of
the
race
of
the
Phytalidoe
met
him
and
saluted
him
,
and
upon
his
desire
to
use
the
purifications
,
then
in
custom
,
they
perform'd
them
with
all
the
usual
Ceremonies
,
and
having
offer'd
propitiatory
Sacrifices
to
the
Gods
,
they
invited
him
and
entertain'd
him
at
their
House
,
who
before
in
all
his
Journey
had
not
met
the
like
civility
.
On
the
eighth
day
of
June
which
was
then
call'd
Cronius
he
arriv'd
at
Athens
,
where
he
found
the
publick
affairs
full
of
Arrives
at
Athens
.
all
confusion
,
and
divided
into
Parties
and
Factions
,
Aegeus
also
and
his
whole
private
Family
labouring
under
the
same
distemper
;
for
Medea
,
having
fled
from
Corinth
,
and
promis'd
Aegeus
to
make
him
,
by
her
Art
,
capable
of
having
Children
,
was
entertain'd
by
him
and
admitted
to
his
Bed
;
she
had
the
first
knowledge
of
Theseus
,
whom
as
yet
Aegeus
did
not
know
,
and
he
being
in
years
,
full
of
jealousies
and
suspicions
,
and
fearing
every
thing
by
reason
of
the
Faction
that
was
then
in
the
City
,
she
easily
Aegeus
perswaded
to
poison
him
,
not
knowing
him
to
be
his
Son
.
perswaded
him
to
poison
Theseus
at
a
Banquet
to
be
prepar'd
for
him
as
a
civility
to
a
Stranger
.
He
coming
to
the
Entertainment
thought
it
not
fit
to
discover
himself
first
,
but
being
willing
to
give
his
Father
the
occasion
of
first
finding
him
out
;
the
meat
being
on
the
Table
he
drew
his
Sword
as
if
He
is
discovered
to
his
Father
.
he
design'd
to
cut
with
it
,
Aegeus
upon
the
sudden
,
perceiving
the
Token
,
threw
down
the
Cup
of
poison
,
and
discovering
his
Son
embrac'd
him
,
and
having
gather'd
together
all
his
Citizens
,
he
own'd
him
publickly
before
them
,
who
receiv'd
him
with
great
satisfaction
for
the
fame
of
his
Greatness
and
Bravery
:
and
't
is
said
that
when
the
Cup
fell
,
the
poison
was
spilt
there
where
now
is
the
enclosure
in
the
Delphinian
Temple
,
for
in
that
place
stood
Aegeus's
House
,
and
the
Statue
of
Mercury
on
the
East
side
of
the
Temple
is
call'd
the
Mercury
of
Aegeus
his
Gate
.
Now
the
Sons
of
Pallas
,
who
before
were
The
Pallantidae
rebell
.
quiet
,
upon
hopes
and
expectation
of
recovering
the
Kingdom
,
at
least
after
Aegeus's
death
,
who
was
without
Issue
,
as
soon
as
Theseus
appear'd
,
and
was
acknowledg'd
the
Successour
to
the
Crown
,
highly
resenting
that
Aegeus
first
,
an
adopted
Son
onely
of
Pandion
,
and
not
at
all
related
to
the
Family
of
Erectheus
,
shou'd
obtain
the
Kingdom
,
and
that
after
,
Theseus
,
one
of
another
Country
again
,
and
a
stranger
,
shou'd
obtain
the
Crown
,
broke
out
into
an
open
War
.
And
dividing
themselves
into
two
Companies
,
one
part
of
them
march'd
openly
from
Sphetta
with
their
Father
against
the
City
,
the
other
,
hiding
themselves
in
the
Village
of
Gargettus
,
lay
in
ambush
with
a
design
to
set
upon
the
Enemy
on
both
sides
:
They
had
with
them
a
Cryer
of
the
Town
of
Agnus
,
nam'd
Leo
,
who
discover'd
to
Theseus
all
the
designs
of
the
Pallantidae
:
He
immediately
fell
upon
them
that
lay
in
Ambuscade
and
cut
'em
all
off
;
which
Pallas
and
his
company
hearing
fled
and
were
They
are
overcome
and
dispers'd
by
Theseus
.
dispersed
.
From
hence
they
say
is
deriv'd
the
custom
among
the
Palleneans
to
have
no
marriages
or
any
alliance
with
the
people
of
Agnus
,
nor
to
suffer
their
Cryers
to
pronounce
in
their
Proclamations
these
words
,
solemnly
us'd
in
all
other
parts
of
the
Country
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
(
Hear
ye
People
)
so
great
is
their
hatred
to
the
very
name
of
Leo
for
the
foulness
of
his
Treason
.
Now
Theseus
,
longing
to
be
in
action
,
and
withall
desirous
to
make
himself
popular
,
left
Athens
to
fight
with
the
Bull
of
Marathon
;
which
did
no
small
mischief
to
He
takes
the
Bull
of
Marathon
alive
.
the
inhabitants
of
Tetrapolis
.
And
having
overcome
it
,
he
brought
it
alive
in
triumph
through
the
City
,
and
afterwards
sacrific'd
it
to
Apollo
.
And
as
to
what
concerns
Hecale
and
the
story
of
her
receiving
and
entertaining
Theseus
in
this
expedition
,
it
seems
to
be
not
altogether
void
of
truth
;
for
from
hence
the
people
round
about
,
meeting
upon
a
certain
day
,
offer'd
a
Sacrifice
,
which
they
call'd
Hecalesium
,
to
Jupiter
Hecalion
,
in
honour
of
Hecale
,
whom
,
by
a
diminutive
name
,
they
call'd
Hecalene
,
because
she
,
(
as
the
custom
of
ancient
people
is
,
)
shew'd
her
affection
to
Theseus
by
such
diminutive
names
:
and
having
made
a
vow
to
Jupiter
for
him
as
he
was
going
to
the
fight
,
that
if
he
return'd
in
safety
,
she
wou'd
offer
Sacrifices
in
thanks
of
it
,
and
dying
before
he
came
back
,
she
receiv'd
this
return
of
her
hospitality
by
the
command
of
Theseus
,
as
Philochorus
relates
the
story
.
Not
long
after
arrived
the
third
time
from
Crete
the
collectours
of
the
Tribute
which
the
Athenians
paid
'em
upon
the
following
occasion
.
Androgeus
having
been
treacherously
The
murther
of
Androgeus
.
murther'd
about
the
confines
of
Attica
,
not
onely
Minos
put
the
Athenians
to
extreme
inconveniences
by
a
perpetual
War
,
but
the
Gods
also
laid
waste
their
Country
;
for
both
Famine
and
Pestilence
lay
heavy
upon
'em
,
and
even
their
Rivers
were
dried
up
.
But
being
told
by
the
Oracle
,
that
if
they
appeas'd
and
reconcil'd
Minos
,
the
anger
of
the
Gods
wou'd
cease
,
and
they
shou'd
enjoy
rest
from
the
miseries
they
labour'd
under
;
they
sent
Ambassadours
,
and
,
with
much
supplication
,
were
at
last
reconcil'd
,
having
entred
into
an
agreement
to
send
to
Crete
the
space
of
nine
years
a
Tribute
of
seven
young
Men
and
as
many
Virgins
,
as
the
general
Writers
agree
;
and
the
most
tragical
story
that
goes
about
concerning
this
matter
says
,
that
the
Minotaure
destroy'd
them
,
or
that
they
wandring
in
the
Labyrinth
,
and
finding
no
possible
means
of
getting
out
,
miserably
ended
their
lives
there
.
And
that
this
Minotaure
was
(
as
Euripides
hath
it
)
A
mingled
form
,
where
two
strange
shapes
combin'd
;
And
different
Natures
,
Bull
and
Man
were
joyn'd
.
But
Philochorus
writes
that
the
Cretans
will
by
no
means
allow
the
truth
of
this
,
but
say
that
the
Labyrinth
was
onely
an
ordina●y
Prison
having
no
other
ill
in
it
,
than
that
it
secur'd
the
Prisoners
from
escaping
,
and
that
Minos
,
having
instituted
Games
in
honour
of
Androgeus
,
gave
as
a
reward
to
the
Victors
those
that
till
that
time
had
been
prisoners
in
the
Labyrinth
.
And
that
the
first
that
overcame
in
those
Games
was
one
of
the
greatest
power
and
command
among
'em
nam'd
Taurus
,
a
man
of
no
mercifull
or
sweet
disposition
,
but
that
carried
himself
towards
the
Athenians
that
were
made
his
prize
in
a
most
proud
and
insolent
manner
;
and
even
Aristotle
himself
in
the
account
that
he
gives
of
the
Government
of
the
Bottieans
,
is
manifestly
of
an
opinion
that
these
youth
were
not
slain
by
Minos
,
but
that
they
spent
the
remainder
of
their
days
in
slavery
at
Crete
;
and
that
the
Cretans
,
to
acquit
themselves
The
Cretans
Offering
to
Apollo
.
of
an
ancient
Vow
which
they
had
made
,
were
us'd
to
send
an
Offering
of
the
first
fruits
of
their
Men
to
Apollo
of
Delphos
,
and
that
some
descendants
of
these
Athenian
Slaves
were
mingled
with
'em
and
sent
amongst
'em
;
and
of
these
they
that
were
not
able
to
get
their
living
there
remov'd
from
thence
,
first
into
Italy
,
and
inhabited
the
Country
round
about
Japygia
;
from
thence
again
that
they
remov'd
to
Thrace
and
were
nam'd
Bottieans
,
and
that
this
is
the
reason
why
in
a
certain
Sacrifice
the
Bottiean
Women
sing
a
Hymn
beginning
thus
Let
us
go
to
Athens
.
And
from
this
that
it
appear'd
how
dangerous
it
was
to
incurr
the
hatred
of
a
City
that
was
Mistress
of
Eloquence
and
a
Muse
.
For
Minos
was
always
ill
spoken
of
,
and
represented
ever
as
a
very
ill
man
upon
the
Athenian
Stages
,
neither
did
Hesiod
at
all
help
him
when
he
calls
him
The
most
Royal
Minos
,
nor
Homer
when
he
styles
him
The
Companion
of
Jupiter
.
But
the
Tragedians
prevailing
made
him
alway
appear
from
the
Stage
as
a
cruel
and
inhumane
Prince
.
But
that
really
Minos
was
a
very
good
King
and
Law-giver
,
and
that
Rhadamanthus
was
a
Judge
under
him
and
a
preserver
of
the
Statutes
that
he
ordain'd
.
Now
when
the
time
of
the
third
Tribute
was
come
,
and
that
the
Fathers
who
had
any
young
men
for
their
Sons
were
to
proceed
by
lot
to
the
choice
of
those
that
were
to
be
sent
,
there
arose
fresh
discontents
and
accusations
against
Aegeus
among
the
people
,
who
were
full
of
grief
and
indignation
,
that
he
,
who
was
the
cause
of
all
their
miseries
,
was
the
onely
person
exempt
from
the
punishment
;
but
settling
his
Kingdom
upon
a
Bastard
and
a
foreign
Son
,
took
no
notice
of
them
whom
he
left
destitute
and
without
Children
.
These
things
very
sensibly
Theseus
offers
himself
voluntarily
to
be
sent
to
Crete
.
affected
Theseus
,
who
thinking
it
but
just
not
to
avoid
,
but
rather
partake
of
,
the
sufferings
of
his
fellow
Citizens
,
offer'd
himself
for
one
without
any
lot
;
all
the
rest
admiring
him
for
the
greatness
of
his
Spirit
and
loving
him
for
his
care
of
the
publick
:
and
Aegeus
,
after
all
his
prayer
and
intreaty
,
finding
him
inflexible
and
not
to
be
perswaded
,
proceeded
to
the
choosing
of
the
rest
by
lot
.
But
Helanicus
writes
that
the
Athenians
did
not
send
the
young
Men
and
Virgins
as
they
were
chosen
by
lot
,
but
that
Minos
himself
coming
thither
made
his
own
choice
,
and
that
he
pitch'd
upon
Theseus
before
all
others
,
upon
conditions
agreed
between
'em
,
that
the
Athenians
shou'd
furnish
'em
with
a
Ship
,
and
that
the
young
men
that
were
to
sail
with
him
shou'd
carry
no
weapon
of
War
;
but
that
if
the
Minotaure
was
destroy'd
,
this
Tribute
shou'd
cease
.
The
two
former
times
of
the
payment
of
the
Tribute
there
appearing
no
hopes
of
safety
or
return
,
they
sent
forth
the
Ship
with
a
black
Sail
,
as
to
unavoidable
destruction
:
but
now
Theseus
encouraging
his
Father
,
and
speaking
greatly
of
himself
,
as
confident
that
he
shou'd
kill
the
Minotaure
,
he
gave
the
Pilot
another
Sail
which
was
White
,
commanding
him
as
he
return'd
,
if
Theseus
escap'd
,
to
make
use
of
that
,
but
if
not
to
sail
with
the
Black
one
,
and
to
hang
out
that
sign
of
his
misfortune
and
sorrow
.
But
Simonides
says
that
the
Sail
which
Aegeus
deliver'd
to
the
Pilot
was
not
White
but
Purple
dyed
in
Grain
,
with
the
Flower
of
a
certain
Tree
,
commanding
him
to
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Ilicis
.
hang
out
this
as
a
sign
of
their
escape
.
Amarsyadas
Phereclus
,
as
Simonides
writes
,
was
Pilot
of
the
Ship
.
But
Philochorus
says
that
Theseus
had
a
Pilot
sent
him
by
Scirus
,
from
Salamis
,
nam'd
Nausitheus
,
and
another
Sailor
,
nam'd
Phaeax
,
they
as
yet
not
applying
themselves
to
Navigation
;
and
that
Scirus
did
this
because
one
of
the
young
men
,
Menesthes
,
was
his
Nephew
,
and
this
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
the
Monuments
of
Nausitheus
and
Phaeax
,
built
by
Theseus
near
the
Temple
of
Sciron
,
witness
.
He
adds
also
that
the
Feast
nam'd
Cybernesia
was
instituted
in
their
honour
.
The
lot
being
cast
,
and
Theseus
having
receiv'd
out
of
the
Prytenaeum
those
upon
whom
it
fell
,
he
went
to
the
Delphinean
Temple
,
and
made
an
Offering
to
Apollo
His
Offering
at
the
Delphinian
Temple
.
for
their
safe
return
,
which
was
a
Bough
of
a
consecrated
Olive
Tree
bound
about
with
white
Wool
.
Having
thus
perform'd
his
Devotion
he
went
to
Sea
,
the
sixth
day
of
March
,
on
which
day
even
till
this
time
the
Athenians
send
their
Virgins
to
the
same
Temple
to
make
supplication
to
the
Gods
.
It
is
farther
reported
that
he
was
commanded
by
the
Oracle
at
Delphos
to
make
Venus
his
guide
,
and
to
invoke
her
as
the
Companion
and
Conductress
of
his
Voyage
,
to
whom
as
he
was
sacrificing
a
she
Goat
by
the
Sea
side
it
was
suddenly
chang'd
into
a
He
,
and
for
this
cause
that
Goddess
had
the
name
of
[
](A55194-e14480-b)*
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
signifying
a
Goat
.
Epitragia
.
When
he
arriv'd
at
Crete
,
as
most
of
the
His
Arrival
at
Crete
,
and
Adventures
there
.
ancient
Historians
as
well
as
Poets
write
,
having
a
Clew
of
thred
given
him
by
Ariadne
,
who
had
faln
in
love
with
him
,
and
being
instructed
by
her
the
use
of
it
,
which
was
to
conduct
him
through
all
the
windings
of
the
Labyrinth
,
he
escap'd
out
of
it
and
slew
the
Minotaure
,
and
sail'd
back
,
taking
along
with
him
Ariadne
and
the
young
Athenian
Captives
.
Pherecydes
adds
that
he
bored
holes
in
the
Keels
of
the
Cretan
Ships
to
hinder
their
pursuit
.
And
Demon
writes
that
Taurus
,
the
chief
Captain
of
Minos
,
was
slain
in
a
naval
Combat
by
Theseus
in
the
mouth
of
the
Haven
,
immediately
before
he
set
sail
for
Athens
.
But
Philochorus
gives
us
the
Story
thus
.
That
at
the
setting
forth
of
the
yearly
Game
by
King
Minos
,
Taurus
,
who
they
thought
would
certainly
bear
away
the
prize
from
all
as
he
had
done
before
,
laboured
under
Taurus
envied
by
the
Cretans
.
the
envy
of
all
Crete
.
For
his
power
grew
grievous
and
insupportable
by
reason
of
the
insolence
of
his
manners
,
and
besides
he
had
been
accus'd
of
two
near
a
familiarity
with
Pasiphae
the
Queen
:
Which
was
the
reason
that
,
when
Theseus
desir'd
the
Combat
,
Minos
so
easily
comply'd
.
And
as
it
was
a
custom
in
Crete
that
the
Ladies
also
should
be
admitted
to
the
sight
of
these
Games
,
Ariadne
,
being
present
,
was
strangely
surpris'd
Ariadne
in
love
with
Theseus
.
at
the
manly
beauty
of
Theseus
,
and
struck
with
admiration
with
the
vigour
and
address
which
he
shew'd
in
the
Combat
,
overcoming
all
that
encountred
with
him
.
Minos
too
being
extremely
pleas'd
with
him
,
especially
because
he
had
engag'd
and
overthrown
Taurus
,
voluntarily
gave
up
the
young
Captives
to
Theseus
,
and
remitted
the
Tribute
to
the
Athenians
.
But
Clidemus
gives
an
account
of
these
things
peculiar
to
himself
,
very
prolix
and
beginning
a
great
way
off
.
That
it
was
a
Decree
consented
to
by
all
Greece
,
that
no
Vessel
from
any
place
containing
above
five
persons
should
be
permitted
to
sail
,
Jason
onely
excepted
,
who
was
made
Captain
of
the
great
Ship
Argo
to
sail
about
and
scour
the
Sea
of
Pyrates
.
But
Daedalus
,
having
escap'd
from
Crete
,
and
flying
by
Sea
to
Athens
,
and
Minos
,
contrary
to
this
Decree
,
pursuing
him
with
his
great
Ships
,
was
forc'd
by
a
storm
upon
Sicily
,
and
there
ended
his
life
.
After
his
decease
,
Deucalion
Deucalion
's
Message
to
Athens
.
his
Son
,
desiring
a
quarrel
with
the
Athenians
,
sent
to
them
,
commanding
that
they
should
deliver
up
Daedalus
to
him
,
threatning
,
upon
their
refusal
,
to
put
to
death
all
the
young
Athenians
which
his
Father
had
receiv'd
as
Hostages
from
the
City
.
To
this
angry
Message
Theseus
return'd
a
very
Theseus
's
Answer
.
gentle
and
mild
Answer
,
excusing
himself
that
he
could
not
deliver
up
Daedalus
,
who
was
so
nearly
related
to
him
,
being
his
Cousin
Germain
;
for
his
Mother
was
Merope
,
the
Daughter
of
Erectheus
.
In
the
He
fits
out
a
Navy
.
mean
while
he
secretly
prepar'd
a
Navy
,
part
of
it
at
home
near
the
Village
of
the
Thymaetades
,
being
a
place
of
no
resort
and
far
from
any
common
Roads
,
the
other
part
by
his
Grandfather
Pittheus's
permission
,
he
caus'd
to
be
built
and
fitted
out
at
Troezene
,
that
so
his
design
might
be
carried
on
with
the
greatest
secrecy
.
As
soon
as
ever
his
Fleet
was
in
readiness
he
set
sail
,
and
none
of
the
Cretans
having
any
knowledge
of
his
coming
,
but
imagining
,
when
they
saw
his
Fleet
,
that
they
were
Friends
,
and
Vessels
of
their
own
,
he
soon
made
himself
master
of
the
Haven
,
and
immediately
making
a
descent
farther
into
the
Island
,
and
having
with
him
Daedalus
and
the
other
Fugitives
for
his
Guides
,
he
arriv'd
at
Cnossus
,
The
Surprisal
of
Cnossus
.
the
City
of
the
King's
residence
,
before
any
notice
of
his
coming
before
the
Gates
of
the
Labyrinth
,
and
in
a
short
skirmish
put
Deucalion
and
all
his
Guards
to
the
Sword
.
The
Government
by
this
means
falling
to
Ariadne
,
he
made
a
League
with
her
,
and
receiv'd
the
Captives
of
her
,
and
ratify'd
a
perpetual
Friendship
between
the
Athenians
and
the
Cretans
,
whom
he
engag'd
under
an
Oath
never
again
to
make
War
with
Athens
.
There
are
yet
many
other
reports
about
these
things
,
and
as
many
concerning
Ariadne
,
but
none
of
any
certainty
or
truth
.
For
some
relate
that
she
hang'd
her self
being
deserted
by
Theseus
.
Others
that
she
was
carry'd
away
by
his
Sailors
to
the
Isle
of
Naxos
,
and
married
to
Onarus
,
one
of
the
Priests
of
Bacchus
,
and
that
Theseus
left
her
because
he
fell
in
love
with
another
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
For
Aegle
's
love
had
pierc'd
his
manly
Breast
.
For
this
Verse
,
as
Hereas
the
Megarian
witnesseth
,
was
formerly
in
the
Poet
Hesiod's
Works
,
but
put
out
by
Pisistratus
,
in
like
manner
as
he
added
this
other
in
Homer's
description
of
Hell
,
to
gratifie
the
Athenians
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Theseus
,
Pirithous
,
both
Sons
of
Gods
.
Others
report
that
Ariadne
had
two
Sons
by
Theseus
,
Oenopion
and
Staphylus
,
and
among
these
is
the
Poet
Ion
,
of
Chios
,
who
writes
thus
of
his
own
native
City
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Built
by
Oenopion
the
great
Theseus
's
Son
.
But
all
that
the
Poets
have
sung
of
these
matters
,
or
that
Fables
have
made
more
famous
than
ordinary
,
every
body
(
as
I
may
say
)
hath
it
in
his
mouth
.
But
Paeon
the
Amathusian
,
has
set
forth
a
different
relation
of
these
things
that
has
somewhat
peculiar
in
it
.
For
he
writes
that
Theseus
,
being
driven
by
a
Storm
upon
the
Isle
of
Cypros
,
and
having
aboard
with
him
Ariadne
,
Ariadne
left
in
Cypros
.
big
with
Child
,
and
extremely
discompos'd
with
the
rowling
of
the
Sea
,
set
her
on
Shore
,
and
left
her
there
alone
in
that
weak
condition
,
to
return
to
and
help
the
Ship
,
where
,
on
a
sudden
,
by
a
violent
Wind
,
he
was
again
forc'd
out
to
Sea
.
That
the
Women
of
the
Island
receiv'd
Ariadne
very
kindly
,
and
administred
all
manner
of
comfort
to
her
,
that
was
extremely
afflicted
and
almost
dead
with
grief
for
being
left
behind
.
That
they
counterfeited
kind
Letters
and
deliver'd
them
to
her
,
as
sent
from
Theseus
,
and
,
when
she
fell
in
Labour
,
were
very
diligent
in
performing
to
her
all
the
offices
that
belong
to
Women
.
But
that
she
dy'd
in
Child-bed
before
she
could
be
deliver'd
,
Her
death
.
and
was
by
them
honourably
interr'd
.
That
soon
after
Theseus
return'd
,
and
was
greatly
afflicted
for
her
loss
,
and
at
his
departure
left
a
considerable
sum
of
money
among
those
of
the
Island
,
ordering
them
to
sacrifice
and
pay
divine
honour
to
Ariadne
;
and
caused
two
little
Images
to
be
made
and
dedicated
to
her
,
one
of
Silver
and
the
other
of
Brass
.
Moreover
that
on
the
second
day
of
September
,
which
is
sacred
to
Ariadne
,
they
have
this
Ceremony
A
Ceremony
instituted
in
memory
of
Her
.
among
their
Sacrifices
,
to
have
a
youth
lye
in
,
and
with
his
voice
and
gesture
counterfeit
all
the
pains
of
a
Woman
in
Travail
;
and
that
the
Amathusians
call
the
Grove
in
which
they
shew
her
Tomb
the
Grove
of
Venus
Ariadne
.
Different
yet
from
this
account
some
of
the
Naxians
write
,
that
there
were
two
Minos's
and
two
Ariadne's
,
one
of
which
,
they
say
,
was
married
to
Bacchus
,
in
the
Isle
of
Naxos
,
and
bore
a
Son
nam'd
Staphylus
.
But
that
the
other
,
of
a
later
age
,
was
ravished
by
Theseus
,
and
being
afterwards
deserted
by
him
,
retir'd
to
Naxos
,
with
her
Nurse
Corcyna
,
whose
Grave
they
yet
shew
.
That
this
Ariadne
also
dy'd
there
,
and
was
worship'd
by
the
Island
,
but
in
a
different
manner
from
the
former
;
for
her
day
is
celebrated
with
Feasts
,
and
Revels
and
an
universal
Joy
:
but
all
the
Sacrifices
perform'd
to
the
latter
are
mingled
with
sorrow
and
mourning
.
Now
Theseus
,
in
his
return
from
Crete
,
Theseus
his
return
from
Crete
.
put
in
at
Delos
,
and
having
sacrific'd
to
the
God
of
the
Island
,
and
dedicated
to
the
Temple
the
Image
of
Venus
,
which
Ariadne
had
given
him
,
he
danc'd
with
the
young
Athenians
a
Dance
,
that
,
in
memory
of
him
,
is
still
preserv'd
among
the
Inhabitants
of
Delos
,
which
in
a
certain
order
had
turnings
and
returnings
that
imitated
the
intricate
windings
of
the
Labyrinth
.
And
this
Dance
,
as
Dicaearchus
writes
,
is
call'd
among
the
Delians
,
The
Crane
.
This
he
danc'd
round
the
Ceratonian
Altar
,
so
call'd
from
its
being
compacted
together
and
adorn'd
onely
with
Horns
taken
from
the
left
side
of
the
Head
.
They
say
also
that
he
instituted
Games
in
Delos
,
where
he
was
the
first
that
began
the
custom
of
giving
a
Palm
to
the
Victors
.
When
they
were
come
near
the
coast
of
Attica
,
so
great
was
the
joy
for
the
happy
success
of
their
Voyage
that
,
neither
Theseus
His
and
his
Pilots
forgetfulness
fatal
to
Aegeus
.
himself
,
nor
the
Pilot
,
remembred
to
hang
out
the
Sail
which
should
have
been
the
token
of
their
safety
to
Aegeus
,
who
,
knowing
nothing
of
their
success
,
for
grief
threw
himself
headlong
from
a
Rock
and
perish'd
in
the
Sea
.
But
Theseus
being
arriv'd
at
the
Port
of
Phalera
,
paid
there
the
sacrifices
which
he
had
vow'd
to
the
Gods
at
his
setting
out
to
Sea
,
and
sent
a
Herald
to
the
City
to
carry
the
news
of
his
safe
return
.
At
his
entrance
into
the
City
the
Herald
found
the
people
for
the
most
part
full
of
grief
for
the
loss
of
their
King
,
others
,
as
may
be
well
believ'd
,
as
full
of
joy
for
the
message
that
he
brought
,
and
wholly
bent
to
make
much
of
him
and
crown
him
with
Garlands
for
so
acceptable
news
;
which
he
indeed
accepted
of
,
but
hung
them
upon
his
Heralds
staff
;
and
thus
returning
to
the
Sea
side
before
Theseus
had
finish'd
his
libation
to
the
Gods
,
he
stay'd
without
,
for
fear
of
disturbing
the
holy
Rites
;
but
as
soon
as
the
Sacrifice
was
ended
he
entred
and
related
the
whole
story
of
the
King's
Death
:
upon
the
hearing
of
which
,
with
great
lamentations
and
a
confused
tumult
of
grief
they
ran
with
all
haste
to
the
City
.
And
from
hence
,
they
say
,
it
comes
that
at
this
day
,
in
the
Feast
Oscophoria
the
Herald
is
not
crown'd
but
his
staff
,
and
that
the
People
then
present
still
break
out
at
the
Sacrifice
into
this
shout
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
eleleu
,
iou
,
iou
)
of
which
confus'd
sounds
the
first
was
wont
to
be
used
by
men
in
haste
,
or
at
a
triumph
,
the
other
is
proper
to
those
that
are
in
great
consternation
or
trouble
.
Theseus
,
after
the
Funeral
of
his
Father
,
paid
his
Vows
to
Apollo
the
seventh
day
of
October
;
for
on
that
day
the
Youth
that
return'd
with
him
safe
from
Crete
made
their
entry
into
the
City
.
They
say
also
that
the
custom
of
boyling
Pulse
at
this
Feast
is
deriv'd
from
hence
,
because
the
young
men
that
escap'd
,
put
all
that
was
left
of
their
provision
together
,
and
boiling
it
in
one
common
Pot
feasted
themselves
with
it
,
and
with
great
rejoycing
did
eat
all
together
.
Hence
also
they
carry
about
an
Olive
branch
bound
about
with
Wool
(
such
as
they
then
made
use
of
in
their
supplications
)
which
they
call
Eiresione
,
crown'd
with
all
sorts
of
Fruits
,
to
signifie
that
scarcity
and
barrenness
was
ceas'd
;
singing
in
their
Procession
this
Song
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Eiresione
Figs
produce
,
And
wholsome
Bread
and
cheerfull
Oil
,
And
Honey
,
labouring
Bees
sweet
toil
,
But
above
all
Wines
noble
juyce
,
Then
Cares
thou
in
the
Cup
shalt
steep
,
And
full
of
joy
receive
soft
sleep
.
Although
some
hold
opinion
that
this
Ceremony
is
retain'd
in
memory
of
the
Heraclidae
,
who
were
thus
entertain'd
and
brought
up
by
the
Athenians
.
But
most
are
of
the
opinion
which
we
have
above
deliver'd
.
The
Ship
wherein
Theseus
and
Theseus
his
Ship
.
the
Youth
of
Athens
return'd
had
thirty
Oars
,
and
was
preserv'd
by
the
Athenians
down
even
to
the
time
of
Demetrius
Phalareus
,
for
they
took
away
the
old
Planks
as
they
decay'd
,
putting
in
new
and
stronger
Timber
in
their
place
,
insomuch
that
this
Ship
became
a
standing
Example
among
the
Philosophers
,
when-ever
they
disputed
about
things
that
encrease
,
one
side
holding
,
That
the
Ship
remain'd
the
same
,
and
the
other
as
fiercely
contending
that
it
was
not
the
same
.
The
Feast
call'd
Oscophoria
,
or
the
Feast
of
Boughs
,
which
to
this
day
the
Athenians
celebrate
,
was
then
first
instituted
by
Theseus
.
For
he
took
not
with
him
the
full
number
of
Virgins
,
which
by
lot
were
to
be
carri'd
away
,
but
selected
two
Youths
,
with
whom
he
had
an
intimate
familiarity
,
of
fair
and
womanish
faces
,
but
of
a
manly
and
forward
spirit
,
and
having
by
frequent
Baths
,
and
avoiding
the
heat
and
scorching
of
the
Sun
,
with
a
constant
use
of
all
the
Oyntments
,
and
Washes
,
and
Dresses
,
that
serve
to
the
adorning
of
the
Head
,
or
smoothing
the
Skin
,
or
improving
the
Complexion
,
in
a
manner
chang'd
them
from
what
they
were
before
,
and
having
taught
them
further
to
counterfeit
the
very
voice
,
and
carriage
,
and
gate
of
Virgins
,
so
that
there
could
not
be
the
least
difference
perceiv'd
,
he
undiscover'd
by
any
,
put
them
into
the
number
of
the
Athenian
Maids
design'd
for
Crete
.
At
his
return
he
and
these
two
Youths
led
up
a
solemn
Procession
,
with
Boughs
and
Vine-branches
in
their
hands
,
and
in
the
same
habit
that
is
now
worn
at
the
celebration
of
the
Feast
of
Boughs
.
These
Branches
they
carri'd
in
honour
of
Bacchus
and
Ariadne
,
for
the
sake
of
their
Story
before
related
;
or
rather
because
they
happen'd
to
return
in
Autumn
,
the
time
of
gathering
the
Grapes
.
The
Women
whom
they
call
Deipnophorae
,
or
Supper-carriers
,
are
taken
into
these
Ceremonies
,
and
assist
at
the
Sacrifice
,
in
remembrance
and
imitation
of
the
Mothers
of
the
young
Men
and
Virgins
upon
whom
the
lot
fell
,
for
thus
busily
did
they
run
about
bringing
Banquets
and
Refreshments
to
their
Children
,
and
because
the
good
Women
then
told
their
Sons
and
Daughters
a
great
many
fine
Tales
and
Stories
,
to
comfort
and
encourage
them
under
the
danger
they
were
going
upon
,
it
has
still
continu'd
a
Custom
,
that
at
this
Feast
,
old
Fables
and
Tales
should
be
the
chief
Discourse
.
And
for
all
these
Particularities
we
are
beholden
to
the
History
of
Demon
.
There
was
then
a
Place
chose
out
,
and
a
Temple
erected
in
it
to
Theseus
,
and
those
Families
out
of
whom
the
Tribute
of
the
Youth
was
gather'd
,
were
obliged
to
pay
a
Tax
to
the
Temple
for
Sacrifices
to
him
.
And
the
House
of
the
Phytalidae
,
had
the
overseeing
of
these
Sacrifices
,
Theseus
doing
them
that
Honour
in
recompence
of
their
former
Hospitality
.
Now
after
the
death
of
his
Father
Aegeus
,
framing
in
his
mind
a
great
and
wonderful
Perswades
the
Inhabitants
of
Attica
to
reside
together
in
one
City
.
design
,
he
gather'd
together
all
the
Inhabitants
of
Attica
into
one
Town
,
and
made
them
one
People
of
one
City
,
that
were
before
dispers'd
,
and
very
difficult
to
be
assembled
upon
any
Affair
,
tho'
relating
to
the
common
benefit
of
them
all
.
Nay
,
often
such
Differences
and
Quarrels
happen'd
between
them
,
as
occasion'd
Bloud-shed
and
War
;
these
he
by
his
Perswasions
appeas'd
,
and
going
from
People
to
People
and
from
Tribe
to
Tribe
,
propos'd
his
design
of
a
common
agreement
between
them
.
Those
of
a
more
private
and
mean
condition
readily
embracing
so
good
advice
,
to
those
of
greater
Power
and
Interest
he
promis'd
a
Commonwealth
,
wherein
Monarchy
being
laid
aside
,
the
power
should
be
in
the
People
,
and
that
,
reserving
to
himself
only
to
be
continued
the
Commander
of
their
Arms
,
and
the
Preserver
of
their
Laws
,
there
should
be
an
equal
distribution
of
all
things
else
between
them
,
and
by
this
means
brought
them
over
to
his
Proposal
.
The
rest
fearing
his
Power
,
which
was
already
grown
very
formidable
,
and
knowing
his
courage
and
resolution
,
chose
rather
to
be
perswaded
than
forc'd
into
a
Compliance
.
He
then
dissolv'd
all
the
distinct
Courts
of
Justice
,
and
Council-Halls
,
and
Corporations
,
and
built
one
common
Prytaneum
and
Council-Hall
,
where
it
stands
to
this
day
;
and
out
of
the
old
and
the
new
City
he
made
one
,
which
he
nam'd
Athens
,
ordaining
a
common
Feast
and
Sacrifice
to
be
for
ever
observ'd
,
which
he
call'd
Panathenaea
,
or
the
Sacrifice
of
all
the
United
Athenians
.
He
instituted
also
another
Sacrifice
,
for
the
sake
of
Strangers
that
would
come
to
fix
in
Athens
,
call'd
[
](A55194-e16490-b)*
*
Metaecaea
,
(
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
)
signifies
Transmigration
.
Lays
down
his
Regal
Power
.
Metaecaea
,
which
is
yet
celebrated
on
the
16th
.
day
of
June
.
Then
,
as
he
had
promis'd
,
he
laid
down
his
Regal
Power
,
and
settled
a
Common-wealth
,
entring
upon
this
great
change
,
not
without
advice
from
the
Gods
.
For
having
sent
to
consult
the
Oracle
of
Delphos
,
concerning
the
Fortune
of
his
new
Government
and
City
,
he
receiv'd
this
Answer
:
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Hear
,
Theseus
,
Pittheus
Daughters
Son
,
Hear
what
Jove
for
thee
has
done
.
In
the
great
City
,
thou
hast
made
,
He
has
,
as
in
a
Store-house
,
laid
The
settled
Periods
and
fixt
Fates
Of
many
Cities
,
mighty
States
.
But
know
thou
neither
Fear
nor
Pain
,
Solicit
not
thy self
in
vain
.
For
,
like
a
Bladder
that
does
'bide
The
fury
of
the
angry
Tide
,
Thou
from
high
Waves
unhurt
shall
bound
,
Always
tost
but
never
drown'd
.
Which
Oracle
,
they
say
,
one
of
the
Sibyls
long
after
did
in
a
manner
repeat
to
the
Athenians
,
in
this
Verse
:
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
The
Bladder
may
be
wet
,
but
never
drown'd
.
Farther
yet
designing
to
enlarge
his
City
,
he
invited
all
Strangers
to
come
and
enjoy
equal
Priviledges
with
the
Natives
,
and
some
are
of
opinion
that
the
common
form
of
Proclamation
in
Athens
,
Come
hither
all
ye
People
,
were
the
words
that
Theseus
caused
to
be
proclaim'd
,
when
he
thus
set
up
a
Commonwealth
,
consisting
,
in
a
manner
,
of
all
Nations
.
Yet
he
suffer'd
not
his
State
,
by
the
promiscuous
Multitude
that
flow'd
in
,
to
be
turn'd
into
Confusion
,
and
be
left
without
any
order
or
degree
,
but
was
the
first
that
divided
the
Commonwealth
into
three
distinct
Ranks
,
the
Noblemen
,
the
Husbandmen
,
and
Artificers
.
To
the
Nobility
he
committed
the
choice
of
Magistrates
,
the
teaching
and
dispensing
of
the
Laws
,
and
the
interpretation
of
all
holy
and
Religious
things
;
the
whole
City
,
as
to
all
other
Matters
,
being
as
it
were
reduc'd
to
an
exact
Equality
,
the
Nobles
excelling
the
rest
in
Honour
,
the
Husbandmen
in
Profit
,
and
the
Artificers
in
Number
.
And
Theseus
was
the
first
,
who
,
as
Aristotle
says
,
out
of
an
inclination
to
Popular
Government
parted
with
the
Regal
Power
,
and
which
Homer
also
seems
to
witness
in
his
Catalogue
of
the
Ships
,
where
he
gives
the
Name
of
People
,
to
the
Athenians
only
.
He
then
coyned
Money
,
and
stamp'd
it
with
the
Image
of
an
Ox
,
either
in
memory
of
the
Marathonian
Bull
,
or
of
Taurus
whom
he
vanquish'd
,
or
else
to
put
his
People
in
mind
to
follow
Husbandry
,
and
from
this
Coin
came
the
expression
so
frequent
among
the
Greeks
,
of
a
thing
being
worth
ten
or
a
hundred
Oxen.
After
this
he
joyned
Megara
to
Attica
,
and
erected
that
famous
Pillar
in
the
Streights
of
Peloponnesus
,
which
bears
an
Inscription
of
two
lines
,
shewing
the
bounds
of
the
two
Countreys
that
meet
there
.
On
the
East-side
the
Inscription
is
thus
:
This
is
not
Peloponnesus
but
Ionia
.
And
on
the
West-side
thus
:
This
is
Peloponnesus
,
not
Ionia
.
He
also
instituted
annual
Games
,
in
emulation
of
Hercules
,
being
ambitious
,
that
as
the
Greeks
by
that
Hero's
appointment
celebrated
the
Olympian
Games
to
the
Honour
of
Jupiter
,
so
by
his
institution
they
should
celebrate
the
Isthmian
Games
to
the
Honour
of
Neptune
.
For
those
that
were
there
before
observ'd
,
dedicated
to
Melicerta
,
were
perform'd
privately
and
in
the
night
,
and
consisted
rather
of
Religious
Ceremonies
,
than
of
any
open
Spectacle
or
publick
Feast
.
But
some
there
are
who
say
,
that
the
Isthmian
Games
were
first
instituted
in
memory
of
Sciron
,
at
the
Expiation
which
Theseus
made
for
his
Murder
,
upon
the
account
of
the
nearness
of
kindred
which
was
between
them
,
Sciron
being
the
Son
of
Canethus
and
Heniocha
,
the
Daughter
of
Pittheus
;
tho'
others
write
,
that
Sinnis
and
not
Sciron
was
their
Son
,
and
that
to
his
Honour
and
not
to
the
others
these
Games
were
ordain'd
by
Theseus
;
and
Hellanicus
and
Andro
of
Halicarnassus
write
,
that
at
the
same
time
he
made
an
agreement
with
the
Corinthians
,
that
they
should
allow
them
that
came
from
Athens
to
the
celebration
of
the
Isthmian
Games
,
as
much
space
to
behold
the
Spectacle
in
,
as
the
Sayl
of
the
Ship
that
brought
them
thither
stretcht
to
its
full
extent
could
cover
,
and
that
in
the
first
and
most
honourable
Place
.
Concerning
the
Voyage
His
Voyage
into
the
Euxine
Sea
.
that
he
made
in
the
Euxine
Sea
,
there
are
different
Relations
;
for
Philochorus
and
some
others
write
,
that
he
undertook
this
Expedition
with
Hercules
,
offering
him
his
Service
in
the
War
against
the
Amazons
,
and
had
Antiope
given
him
for
the
reward
of
his
Valour
:
but
others
,
as
Pherecydes
,
Hellanicus
and
Herodorus
write
,
that
he
made
this
Voyage
many
years
after
Hercules
,
with
a
Navy
under
his
own
Command
,
and
took
the
Amazon
Prisoner
;
and
indeed
this
seems
to
come
nearest
the
truth
,
for
we
do
not
read
that
any
other
of
all
those
that
accompani'd
him
in
this
Action
,
took
any
Amazon
Prisoner
.
Different
from
the
former
,
Bion
writes
,
that
he
stole
her
away
by
deceit
,
and
fled
;
for
the
Amazons
(
he
says
)
being
naturally
Lovers
of
Men
,
were
so
far
from
flying
from
Theseus
when
he
touch'd
upon
their
Coasts
,
that
they
entertain'd
him
with
great
civility
,
and
sent
him
Presents
to
his
Ship
;
but
he
having
invited
Antiope
,
who
brought
them
,
to
come
aboard
,
immediately
set
Sayl
and
carri'd
her
away
.
Menecrates
,
that
wrote
the
History
of
Nicaea
in
Bithynia
,
adds
,
that
Theseus
having
Antiope
aboard
his
Vessel
,
cruised
for
some
time
about
those
Coasts
,
and
that
there
were
in
the
same
Ship
three
young
Noblemen
of
Athens
,
that
accompani'd
him
in
this
Voyage
,
all
Brothers
,
whose
Names
were
Euneus
,
Thoas
,
and
Soloon
.
The
last
of
these
fell
desperately
in
Love
with
Antiope
,
but
conceal'd
it
with
all
possible
care
;
only
to
one
of
his
most
intimate
acquaintance
he
reveal'd
the
Secret
,
and
employ'd
him
to
break
his
passion
to
Antiope
;
she
rejected
his
pretences
with
a
very
sharp
denial
,
yet
carri'd
her self
to
him
with
all
outward
appearances
of
Civility
,
and
very
prudently
made
no
complaint
to
Theseus
of
any
thing
that
had
happen'd
;
but
Soloon
,
urg'd
by
despair
,
leap'd
into
a
River
near
the
Sea-side
,
and
drowned
himself
.
As
soon
as
Theseus
was
acquainted
with
his
Death
,
and
his
unhappy
Love
that
was
the
cause
of
it
,
he
was
extreamly
concern'd
,
and
in
the
heighth
of
his
grief
,
an
Oracle
which
he
had
formerly
receiv'd
at
Delphos
,
came
into
his
mind
;
for
he
had
been
commanded
by
the
Priestess
of
Apollo
Pythius
,
that
where-ever
in
his
Travels
he
was
most
sorrowful
,
and
under
the
greatest
affliction
,
he
should
build
a
City
there
,
and
leave
some
of
his
Followers
to
be
Governours
of
the
Place
.
For
this
cause
he
there
founded
a
City
,
which
he
call'd
from
the
Name
of
Apollo
,
Pythopolis
,
He
builds
Pythopolis
.
and
in
honour
of
the
unfortunate
Youth
,
he
nam'd
the
River
that
runs
by
it
,
Soloon
,
and
left
the
two
surviving
Brothers
entrusted
with
the
care
of
the
Government
and
Laws
,
joyning
with
them
Hermus
,
one
of
the
Nobility
of
Athens
,
from
whom
a
certain
Place
in
the
City
is
call'd
,
The
House
of
Hermus
;
tho'
by
an
error
in
the
accent
of
the
word
,
it
has
been
falsly
taken
for
the
House
of
Hermes
,
or
Mercury
,
and
the
Honour
that
was
design'd
to
the
Heroe
,
transferr'd
to
the
God
.
And
this
was
the
rise
and
ground
of
the
Amazonian
War
,
a
War
of
no
small
consequence
,
or
in
which
the
Athenians
might
think
they
had
to
do
with
Cowards
or
Women
.
For
it
is
impossible
that
they
should
have
plac'd
their
Camp
in
the
very
City
,
and
joyn'd
Battel
in
the
middle
of
it
,
near
the
Temple
of
the
Muses
,
unless
having
first
conquer'd
the
Country
round
about
,
they
had
without
any
delay
or
fear
mov'd
boldly
on
to
Athens
.
That
they
made
so
long
a
Journey
by
Land
,
and
passed
an
Arm
of
the
Cimmerian
Bosphorus
that
was
frozen
,
as
Hellanicus
writes
,
is
difficult
to
be
believ'd
.
This
is
certain
,
that
they
encamp'd
in
the
City
,
and
may
be
sufficiently
confirm'd
by
the
Names
that
the
Places
thereabout
yet
retain
,
and
the
Graves
and
Monuments
of
those
that
fell
in
the
Battel
.
Both
Armies
now
being
in
sight
,
there
was
a
long
pause
and
doubt
on
each
side
which
should
give
the
first
Onset
:
At
last
Theseus
having
sacrific'd
to
Fear
,
in
obedience
to
the
Command
of
an
Oracle
he
had
receiv'd
,
gave
them
Battel
;
and
this
happen'd
in
the
Gives
Battel
to
the
Amazons
.
Month
of
August
,
in
which
to
this
very
day
the
Athenians
celebrate
the
Feast
,
that
is
nam'd
from
that
Month
wherein
this
Battel
was
fought
.
But
Clidemus
,
desirous
to
be
very
nice
in
each
particular
of
this
Affair
,
writes
,
that
the
left
Wing
of
the
Amazons
mov'd
towards
the
Place
which
is
yet
call'd
Amazonium
,
and
the
right
to
a
Place
call'd
Pnyx
,
near
Chrysa
,
upon
which
the
Athenians
,
issuing
from
behind
the
Muses
Temple
,
fell
upon
them
;
and
that
this
is
true
,
the
Graves
of
those
that
were
slain
,
to
be
seen
in
the
Street
that
leads
to
the
Gate
call'd
Piraica
,
by
the
Temple
of
the
Hero
Chalcodus
,
are
a
sufficient
proof
.
And
here
it
was
that
the
Athenians
were
routed
,
and
shamefully
turn'd
their
backs
to
Women
,
as
far
as
to
the
Temple
of
the
Furies
.
But
fresh
supplies
coming
in
from
Palladium
,
Ardettus
,
and
Lyceum
,
charg'd
their
right
Wing
,
and
beat
them
back
into
their
very
Tents
,
in
which
Action
a
great
number
of
the
Amazons
were
slain
.
At
length
,
after
four
months
,
a
Peace
was
concluded
Peace
concluded
.
between
'em
by
the
mediation
of
Hippolyta
,
(
for
so
this
Historian
calls
the
Amazon
which
Theseus
marri'd
,
and
not
Antiope
)
tho'
others
write
that
she
was
slain
with
a
Dart
by
Molpadia
,
fighting
by
Theseus
side
,
and
that
the
Pillar
which
stands
by
the
Temple
at
the
entring
into
the
Olympian
ground
,
was
erected
to
her
Honour
.
Nor
is
it
to
be
wonder'd
that
the
History
of
things
so
very
ancient
,
should
be
so
various
and
uncertain
.
It
is
farther
said
,
that
those
of
the
Amazons
that
were
wounded
,
were
privately
sent
away
by
Antiope
to
Chalcis
,
where
many
by
her
care
recover'd
,
but
those
that
dy'd
were
buri'd
in
the
Place
that
is
to
this
time
call'd
Amazonium
.
That
this
War
was
ended
by
a
mutual
League
and
Agreement
,
is
evident
both
from
the
Name
of
the
Place
adjoyning
to
the
Temple
of
Theseus
,
call'd
from
the
solemn
Oath
there
taken
,
Horcomosium
,
and
also
from
the
ancient
Sacrifice
which
is
celebrated
to
the
Amazons
,
the
day
before
the
Feast
of
Theseus
.
The
Megarians
pretend
also
that
some
of
the
Amazons
were
buried
in
their
City
,
and
shew
for
one
of
their
Monuments
,
a
Tomb
in
the
figure
of
a
Lozenge
,
in
the
passage
from
the
Market-place
to
a
Place
call'd
Rhus
.
It
is
said
likewise
,
that
others
of
'em
were
slain
near
Chaeronea
,
and
buried
near
a
little
Rivulet
,
formerly
call'd
Thermodon
,
but
now
Haemon
,
of
which
I
have
formerly
wrote
in
the
Life
of
Demosthenes
.
It
appears
further
,
that
the
Passage
of
the
Amazons
through
Thessaly
was
not
without
opposition
,
for
there
are
yet
to
be
seen
many
of
their
Sepulchres
near
Scotussaea
and
Cynocephalae
.
And
this
is
as
much
as
is
worthy
the
Relation
,
concerning
the
Amazons
.
For
the
account
which
the
ancient
Author
of
a
Poem
call'd
Theseis
,
gives
us
,
of
this
Invasion
of
the
Amazons
,
how
that
Antiope
,
to
revenge
her self
upon
Theseus
,
for
refusing
her
and
marrying
Phaedra
,
came
down
upon
the
City
with
her
Train
of
Amazons
,
was
defeated
,
and
had
most
of
her
Followers
slain
by
Hercules
,
is
manifestly
nothing
else
but
Fable
,
and
the
Invention
of
a
Poet.
It
is
true
indeed
that
Theseus
marri'd
Phaedra
,
but
that
was
after
the
death
of
Antiope
,
by
whom
he
had
a
Son
call'd
Hippolytus
,
or
,
as
Pindar
writes
,
Demophoon
.
As
to
the
Calamities
which
befel
both
Theseus
and
his
Son
,
since
none
of
the
Historians
have
contradicted
the
Tragick
Poets
that
have
written
of
them
,
they
are
altogether
to
be
receiv'd
for
truths
,
as
they
are
deliver'd
from
the
Stage
.
There
are
also
other
Reports
concerning
the
Marriages
of
Theseus
,
His
Marriages
the
beginnings
of
which
were
neither
honourable
,
nor
their
events
fortunate
,
which
yet
were
never
represented
in
the
Grecian
Plays
.
He
forc'd
Anaxo
,
the
Traezenian
;
having
slain
Sinnis
and
Cercyon
,
he
ravish'd
their
Daughters
;
he
marri'd
Peribaea
the
Mother
of
Ajax
,
and
then
Pheribaea
,
and
then
Jope
the
Daughter
of
Iphicles
.
Further
he
is
accus'd
for
deserting
Ariadne
,
(
as
is
before
related
)
being
in
Love
with
Aegle
the
Daughter
of
Panopeus
,
an
action
neither
just
nor
honourable
.
And
lastly
for
the
Rape
of
Helen
,
which
fill'd
all
Attica
with
War
and
Blood
,
and
was
in
the
end
the
occasion
of
his
Banishment
and
Death
,
as
shall
hereafter
be
related
.
Herodorus
is
of
opinion
,
that
tho'
there
were
many
famous
Expeditions
undertaken
by
the
bravest
and
most
honourable
Captains
of
his
Time
,
yet
Theseus
never
made
One
amongst
them
,
nor
appear'd
in
any
great
and
publick
Action
;
once
only
excepted
,
when
he
joyn'd
with
the
Lapithae
in
their
War
against
the
Centaurs
:
but
others
say
that
he
accompani'd
Jason
to
Colchos
,
and
Meleager
to
the
slaying
of
the
Calydonian
Boar
,
and
that
hence
this
came
to
be
a
Proverbial
Speech
,
Not
without
Theseus
.
Also
that
Theseus
without
any
aid
of
the
Heroes
of
his
Time
,
did
himself
perform
very
many
and
very
great
Exploits
,
and
that
from
the
high
esteem
the
World
set
upon
his
Valour
,
it
grew
into
a
Proverb
,
This
is
another
Theseus
.
In
most
of
the
printed
Copies
it
is
read
,
This
is
another
Hercules
,
but
some
Manuscripts
read
it
better
,
as
it
is
here
translated
.
He
was
also
very
instrumental
to
Adrastus
,
in
recovering
the
Bodies
of
those
that
were
slain
before
Thebes
,
but
not
,
as
Euripides
in
his
Tragedy
says
,
by
force
of
Arms
,
but
by
perswasion
and
mutual
agreement
and
composition
,
for
so
the
greater
part
of
Historians
write
;
nay
,
Philochorus
adds
farther
,
that
this
was
the
first
Treaty
that
ever
was
made
for
the
recovering
and
burying
the
Bodies
of
the
dead
;
tho'
the
History
of
Hercules
says
,
that
he
was
the
first
that
ever
gave
leave
to
his
Enemies
to
carry
off
the
Bodies
of
their
slain
.
The
Burying-places
of
the
Common
Souldiers
are
yet
to
be
seen
in
the
Village
call'd
Eleutherae
,
and
those
of
the
Commanders
at
Eleusis
,
where
Theseus
allotted
them
a
Place
for
their
Interment
,
to
oblige
Adrastus
.
And
that
the
dead
Bodies
were
thus
recover'd
,
Aeschylus
is
Witness
in
his
Tragedy
call'd
the
Eleusinians
,
where
Theseus
himself
is
brought
in
relating
the
Story
as
it
is
here
told
,
which
quite
overthrows
what
Euripides
writes
on
this
Subject
,
in
his
Play
call'd
The
Suppliants
.
The
extraordinary
and
so
much
celebrated
Friendship
between
Theseus
and
The
occasion
of
the
Friendship
between
Theseus
and
Peirithous
.
Peirithous
,
is
said
to
have
been
thus
begun
.
The
Fame
of
the
matchless
Strength
and
Valour
of
Theseus
being
spread
through
all
Greece
,
Peirithous
was
enflam'd
with
a
desire
to
be
satisfi'd
,
and
make
a
tryal
himself
of
what
he
had
heard
so
much
by
Report
;
to
this
end
he
seized
a
Herd
of
Oxen
which
belong'd
to
Theseus
,
and
was
driving
them
away
from
Marathon
,
when
News
was
brought
that
Theseus
pursu'd
him
in
Arms
;
upon
which
,
disdaining
to
fly
,
he
turn'd
back
and
went
on
to
meet
him
.
But
as
soon
as
ever
they
had
view'd
one
another
,
each
so
admir'd
the
Gracefulness
and
Beauty
,
and
was
seiz'd
with
such
a
Reverence
for
the
Bravery
and
Courage
of
the
other
,
that
they
forgat
all
thoughts
of
Fighting
;
and
Peirithous
first
stretching
out
his
hand
to
Theseus
,
bade
him
be
Judge
in
this
Case
himself
,
and
promis'd
to
submit
willingly
to
what-ever
he
demanded
,
in
satisfaction
for
the
injury
he
had
done
.
But
Theseus
not
only
forgave
him
all
the
damages
he
had
sustain'd
,
but
entreated
him
to
be
his
Friend
and
Brother
in
Arms
;
and
there
immediately
they
swore
an
inviolable
friendship
to
each
other
.
After
this
Perithous
married
Deidamia
,
and
invited
Theseus
to
the
Wedding
,
entreating
him
to
come
and
see
his
Countrey
,
and
enter
into
alliance
with
the
Lapithae
;
he
had
at
the
same
time
invited
the
Centaurs
to
the
Feast
,
who
growing
hot
with
Wine
began
to
be
very
insolent
and
lewd
,
and
offer'd
violence
to
the
Women
,
which
so
enrag'd
the
Lapithae
,
that
they
took
immediate
revenge
upon
them
,
slaying
many
of
them
upon
the
Place
;
and
afterwards
having
overcome
them
in
Battel
,
drove
the
whole
Race
of
them
out
of
their
Countrey
,
Theseus
all
along
taking
their
part
,
and
fighting
on
their
side
.
But
Herodotus
gives
a
different
Relation
of
these
things
.
That
Theseus
came
not
to
the
assistance
of
the
Lapithae
till
the
War
was
already
begun
,
and
that
it
was
in
this
Journey
that
he
had
the
first
sight
of
Hercules
,
having
made
it
his
business
to
find
him
out
at
Trachine
,
where
he
had
chosen
to
rest
himself
after
all
his
wandrings
and
his
labours
,
and
that
this
Enterview
was
honourably
perform'd
on
each
part
with
extream
Civility
,
Respect
and
Admiration
of
each
other
.
Yet
it
is
more
credible
what
other
Historians
write
,
that
there
were
before
frequent
Enterviews
between
them
,
and
that
it
was
by
the
means
of
Theseus
that
Hercules
was
initiated
and
admitted
to
the
Ceremonies
of
the
Goddess
Ceres
,
having
,
by
his
intercession
also
,
been
first
purifi'd
,
upon
the
account
of
several
rash
Actions
of
his
former
Life
.
Theseus
was
now
fifty
years
old
,
as
Hellanicus
reports
,
when
he
ravish'd
Helen
,
who
was
very
young
,
and
not
of
Age
to
be
marri'd
.
Wherefore
some
Writers
,
to
take
away
this
Accusation
of
one
of
the
greatest
Crimes
that
is
laid
to
his
charge
,
say
,
that
he
did
not
steal
away
Helen
himself
,
but
that
Idas
and
Lynceus
were
the
Ravishers
,
who
brought
her
to
him
,
and
committed
her
to
his
charge
,
and
that
therefore
he
refus'd
to
restore
her
at
the
demand
of
Castor
and
Pollux
;
or
,
according
to
others
,
that
her
own
Father
Tyndarus
sent
her
to
be
kept
by
him
,
for
fear
of
Enarsphorus
the
Son
of
Hippocoon
,
who
would
have
carri'd
her
away
by
force
when
she
was
yet
a
Child
.
But
the
most
probable
Relation
,
and
that
which
has
most
Witnesses
on
its
side
,
is
this
:
Theseus
and
Peirithous
went
both
together
to
The
Rape
of
Helen
.
Sparta
,
and
having
seiz'd
the
young
Lady
as
she
was
dancing
in
the
Temple
of
Diana
Orthia
,
fled
away
with
her
.
There
were
presently
Men
in
Arms
sent
to
pursue
the
Ravishers
,
but
they
followed
the
pursuit
no
farther
than
to
Tegea
;
and
Theseus
and
Peirithous
being
now
out
of
danger
,
having
escap'd
out
of
Peloponnesus
,
made
an
agreement
between
themselves
,
that
he
to
whom
the
lot
should
fall
,
should
have
Helen
to
his
Wife
,
but
should
be
oblig'd
to
be
ready
with
his
assistance
to
procure
another
for
his
Friend
.
The
lot
fell
upon
Theseus
,
who
convey'd
her
to
Aphidnae
,
not
being
yet
marriageable
,
and
deliver'd
her
to
one
of
his
Allies
call●d
Aphidnus
,
and
having
sent
his
Mother
Aethra
after
to
take
care
of
her
Education
,
desir'd
him
to
keep
them
so
secretly
,
that
none
might
know
where
they
were
.
Which
done
,
to
return
the
same
service
to
his
Friend
Peirithous
,
he
accompani'd
him
in
his
Journey
to
Epirus
,
in
order
to
Accompanies
Peirithous
to
Epirus
.
steal
away
the
King
of
the
Molossians
Daughter
.
This
King
,
his
own
Name
being
Aidoneus
or
Pluto
,
call'd
his
Wife
and
his
Daughter
,
Proserpina
,
and
a
great
Dog
which
he
kept
,
Cerberus
,
with
whom
he
order'd
all
that
came
as
Suitors
to
his
Daughter
to
fight
,
and
promis'd
her
to
him
that
should
overcome
the
Beast
.
But
having
been
inform'd
,
that
the
design
of
Peirithous
his
coming
was
not
to
court
his
Daughter
,
but
to
force
her
away
,
he
caused
them
both
to
be
seized
,
and
threw
Peirithous
to
be
torn
in
pieces
by
his
Dog
,
and
clapt
up
Theseus
Peirithous
's
Death
.
Theseus
in
Prison
.
into
Prison
,
and
kept
him
in
Chains
.
About
this
time
,
Menestheus
,
the
Son
of
Peteus
,
who
was
great
Grandson
to
Erectheus
,
the
first
Man
that
is
recorded
to
have
affected
Popularity
,
and
ingratiated
himself
with
the
Multitude
,
stirr'd
up
and
exasperated
the
most
eminent
Men
of
the
City
,
who
had
long
born
a
secret
grudge
to
Theseus
,
and
possest
them
with
a
belief
that
Theseus
had
taken
from
them
their
several
little
Kingdoms
and
Lordships
,
that
so
having
pent
them
all
up
in
one
City
,
he
might
use
them
as
his
Subjects
and
Slaves
.
He
put
also
the
meaner
Menestheus
stirs
up
the
Athenians
against
Theseus
.
sort
into
no
small
Commotion
,
by
accusing
them
sharply
,
that
being
deluded
with
a
meer
dream
of
Liberty
,
tho'
indeed
they
were
depriv'd
both
of
that
,
and
of
their
Countreys
and
their
Temples
,
instead
of
many
good
and
gracious
Kings
of
their
own
,
they
had
given
themselves
up
to
be
lorded
over
by
a
New
comer
and
a
Stranger
.
Whilst
he
was
thus
busi'd
in
infecting
the
minds
of
the
Citizens
,
the
War
that
Castor
and
Pollux
brought
against
Castor
and
Pollux
invade
Athens
for
the
recovery
of
Helen
.
Athens
,
came
very
opportunely
to
further
the
Sedition
he
had
been
promoting
,
and
some
say
that
he
by
his
perswasions
was
wholly
the
cause
of
their
invading
the
City
.
At
their
first
approach
they
committed
no
acts
of
Hostility
,
but
peaceably
demanded
their
Sister
Helen
;
but
the
Athenians
returning
answer
,
that
they
knew
not
where
she
was
dispos'd
of
,
they
prepar'd
to
assault
the
City
;
when
Academus
(
by
what
means
he
came
to
the
knowledge
of
it
,
is
uncertain
)
discover'd
to
them
that
she
was
secretly
kept
at
Aphidnae
.
For
which
Reason
he
was
both
extreamly
honour'd
during
his
Life
by
Castor
and
Pollux
,
and
the
Lacedaemonians
,
when
in
after-times
they
made
several
Incursions
into
Attica
,
and
destroy'd
all
the
Countrey
round
about
,
spar'd
the
Academy
for
his
sake
.
But
Dicaearchus
writes
,
that
there
were
two
Arcadians
in
the
Army
of
Castor
and
Pollux
,
the
one
call●d
Echedemus
,
and
the
other
Marathus
;
from
the
first
that
which
is
now
call'd
the
Academy
,
was
then
nam'd
Echedemia
,
and
the
Village
Marathon
had
its
Name
from
the
other
,
who
according
to
the
Oracle
willingly
offer'd
up
himself
a
Sacrifice
for
the
prosperous
success
of
the
Army
.
As
soon
as
the
Lacedaemonians
were
arriv'd
at
Aphidnae
,
they
first
overcame
their
Enemies
They
take
Aphidnae
.
in
a
set
Battel
,
and
then
assaulted
it
,
and
took
the
Town
.
And
here
,
they
say
,
Alycus
,
the
Son
of
Sciron
,
was
slain
on
the
Lacedaemonians
side
,
from
whom
a
Place
in
Megara
,
where
he
was
buri'd
,
is
call'd
Alycus
to
this
day
.
And
Hereas
writes
,
that
it
was
Theseus
himself
that
kill'd
him
,
in
witness
of
which
he
cites
these
Verses
concerning
Alycus
:
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
And
Alycus
on
fair
Aphidna
's
Plain
,
By
Theseus
in
the
Cause
of
Helen
slain
.
Tho'
it
is
not
at
all
probable
,
that
Theseus
himself
was
there
when
both
the
City
and
his
own
Mother
were
taken
.
Aphidnae
being
now
won
by
Castor
and
Pollux
,
and
the
whole
City
of
Athens
being
in
great
Consternation
,
Menestheus
perswaded
the
People
to
open
their
Gates
,
and
receive
them
with
all
manner
of
Civility
and
Friendship
,
who
,
he
told
them
,
design'd
no
violence
or
injury
to
any
but
Theseus
,
who
had
first
done
them
wrong
,
but
were
Benefactors
and
Saviours
to
all
Mankind
beside
.
And
their
behaviour
to
the
conquer'd
gave
credit
to
what
Menestheus
promis'd
;
for
having
made
themselves
absolute
Masters
of
the
Place
,
they
demanded
no
more
than
to
be
initiated
in
the
Ceremonies
of
the
Goddess
Ceres
,
since
they
were
as
nearly
related
to
their
City
as
Hercules
was
,
who
had
receiv'd
the
same
Honour
.
This
their
Desire
they
easily
obtain'd
,
and
were
adopted
by
Aphidnus
,
as
Hercules
had
been
by
Pylius
.
They
were
honour'd
also
like
Gods
,
and
were
call'd
by
a
new
Name
Anaces
,
either
from
the
[
](A55194-e20410-b)*
*
In
Greek
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
cessation
of
the
War
,
or
from
the
singular
care
they
took
that
none
should
suffer
any
injury
,
tho'
there
was
so
great
an
Army
within
the
Walls
of
the
City
,
for
the
Phrase
(
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
)
signifies
as
much
,
from
whence
it
is
likely
that
Kings
were
call'd
Anactes
.
Others
say
,
that
from
the
appearance
of
their
Star
in
the
Heavens
,
they
were
thus
call'd
,
for
in
the
Attick
Dialect
this
Name
comes
very
near
the
words
[
](A55194-e20470-b)*
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
that
signifie
Above
.
Some
say
that
Aethra
,
Theseus
his
Mother
,
was
here
taken
Prisoner
,
and
carri'd
to
Lacedaemonia
,
and
from
thence
went
away
with
Helen
to
Troy
,
alledging
this
Verse
of
Homer
,
to
prove
that
she
waited
upon
Helen
:
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Aethra
of
Pittheus
born
;
and
Clymene
.
Others
reject
this
Verse
as
none
of
Homers
,
as
they
do
likewise
the
whole
Fable
of
Munychus
,
who
,
the
Story
says
,
was
the
Son
of
Demophoon
and
Laodice
,
and
was
brought
up
privately
by
Aethra
at
Troy
.
But
Istrus
in
the
13th
.
Book
of
his
Attic
History
,
gives
us
an
account
of
Aethra
,
different
yet
from
all
the
rest
:
That
after
the
Fight
,
wherein
Achilles
and
Patroclus
overcame
Paris
in
Thessaly
,
near
the
River
Sperchius
,
Hector
sack'd
and
plunder'd
the
City
of
the
Troezenians
,
and
took
Aethra
Prisoner
there
.
But
this
seems
to
be
an
absurd
and
groundless
Tale.
Now
it
happen'd
that
Hercules
passing
once
by
the
Countrey
of
the
Molossians
,
was
entertain'd
in
his
way
by
Aidoneus
the
King
,
who
in
Discourse
accidentally
fell
upon
a
Relation
of
the
Journey
of
Theseus
and
Peirithous
into
his
Dominions
,
and
what
they
had
design'd
to
do
,
and
what
they
were
forc'd
to
suffer
.
Hercules
was
extreamly
concern'd
for
the
inglorious
Death
of
the
one
,
and
the
miserable
condition
of
the
other
:
As
for
Peirithous
,
he
thought
it
but
in
vain
to
expostulate
with
the
King
concerning
his
being
put
to
Death
;
but
Theseus
being
yet
kept
in
Prison
,
he
begg'd
to
have
him
releas'd
for
his
sake
,
and
obtain●d
that
Favour
Hercules
procures
the
release
of
Theseus
.
He
returns
to
Athens
.
from
the
King
.
Theseus
being
thus
set
at
liberty
,
return'd
to
Athens
,
where
his
Friends
were
not
yet
wholly
suppress'd
,
and
dedicated
to
Hercules
all
the
Temples
which
the
City
had
erected
to
himself
,
changing
their
Names
from
Thesea
to
Heraclea
,
four
only
excepted
,
as
Philochorus
writes
.
And
now
designing
to
preside
in
the
Commonwealth
,
and
manage
the
State
as
before
,
he
soon
found
himself
fall'n
into
a
Nest
of
Faction
and
Sedition
;
he
discover'd
that
those
who
of
a
long
time
had
hated
him
,
had
now
added
to
Slighted
by
the
Athenians
.
their
hatred
of
his
Person
a
contempt
of
his
Authority
;
and
seeing
the
minds
of
the
People
so
generally
corrupted
,
that
,
instead
of
obeying
with
silence
and
submission
what-ever
was
commanded
,
they
expected
to
be
flatter'd
and
sooth'd
into
their
duty
,
he
had
some
thoughts
to
have
reduc'd
them
by
force
,
but
by
the
prevalence
of
the
Faction
,
and
continual
Disorders
,
he
was
deterr'd
from
the
Attempt
.
And
at
last
despairing
of
any
good
success
of
his
Affairs
in
Athens
,
he
sent
away
his
Children
privately
to
Eubaea
,
commending
them
to
the
care
of
Elephenor
the
Son
of
Chalcodus
;
and
he
himself
having
solemnly
curs'd
the
People
of
Athens
,
in
the
Village
of
Gargettus
,
in
which
there
yet
remains
the
Place
call'd
Araterion
,
or
the
Place
of
Cursing
,
sail'd
to
Scyrus
,
where
He
sails
to
Scyrus
.
he
had
Lands
left
him
by
his
Father
,
and
,
as
he
perswaded
himself
,
a
great
Friendship
with
all
those
of
the
Island
.
Lycomedes
was
then
King
of
Scyrus
,
Theseus
therefore
addressed
himself
to
him
,
and
desir'd
to
have
his
Lands
put
into
his
possession
,
as
designing
to
settle
and
to
dwell
there
,
tho'
others
say
,
that
he
came
to
beg
his
assistance
against
the
Athenians
.
But
Lycomedes
,
being
either
jealous
of
the
Glory
of
so
great
a
Man
,
or
to
gratifie
Menestheus
,
having
led
him
up
to
the
highest
Cliff
of
the
Island
,
on
pretence
of
showing
him
from
thence
the
Lands
that
he
desir'd
,
threw
him
headlong
down
from
the
Rock
,
and
kill'd
him
.
But
others
His
Death
.
say
,
he
fell
down
of
himself
by
an
unfortunate
slip
of
his
Foot
,
as
he
was
walking
there
after
Supper
according
to
his
usual
custom
.
At
that
time
there
was
no
notice
taken
,
nor
were
any
concern'd
for
his
Death
,
but
Menestheus
quietly
possess'd
himself
of
the
Kingdom
of
Athens
.
His
Sons
were
brought
up
in
a
private
condition
,
and
accompani'd
Elephenor
to
the
Trojan
War
,
but
after
the
decease
of
Menestheus
,
who
dy'd
in
the
same
Expedition
,
they
return'd
to
Athens
,
and
recover'd
the
Government
to
themselves
.
But
in
succeeding
Ages
there
were
several
remarkable
Accidents
,
that
mov'd
the
Athenians
to
honour
Theseus
as
a
demy-God
.
For
in
the
Battel
which
was
fought
at
Marathon
against
the
Medes
,
many
of
the
Souldiers
saw
an
Apparition
of
Theseus
all
in
Arms
fighting
in
the
head
of
them
,
and
rushing
on
upon
the
Barbarians
.
And
after
the
Median
War
,
Phaedo
being
Archon
of
Athens
,
the
Athenians
consulting
the
Oracle
at
Delphos
,
were
commanded
to
gather
together
the
Bones
of
Theseus
,
and
laying
'em
in
some
honourable
Place
,
keep
them
as
sacred
in
the
City
.
But
it
was
very
difficult
to
recover
these
Reliques
,
or
so
much
as
to
find
out
the
Place
where
they
lay
,
by
reason
of
the
inhospitable
and
savage
temper
of
the
barbarous
People
that
inhabited
the
Island
.
But
afterwards
when
Cimon
took
the
Island
,
(
as
is
related
in
his
Life
)
and
had
a
great
desire
to
find
out
the
Place
where
Theseus
was
buried
,
he
by
chance
spy'd
an
Eagle
upon
a
rising
ground
pecking
it
with
her
Beak
,
and
tearing
up
the
Earth
with
her
Talons
,
when
on
the
sudden
it
came
into
his
mind
,
as
it
were
by
some
divine
Inspiration
,
to
dig
there
,
and
search
for
the
Bones
of
Theseus
.
There
was
found
in
that
Place
a
Coffin
of
a
Man
of
more
than
ordinary
size
,
and
the
head
of
a
brass
Lance
,
and
a
Sword
lying
by
it
,
all
which
he
took
aboard
his
Gally
,
and
brought
with
him
to
Athens
.
The
Athenians
having
notice
of
this
,
went
out
to
meet
and
receive
the
Reliques
of
this
great
Man
in
a
splendid
and
pompous
Procession
,
and
did
sacrifice
to
them
,
and
were
as
much
transported
,
as
if
Theseus
himself
was
return'd
alive
to
their
City
.
After
that
they
interr'd
them
in
the
middle
of
the
City
,
near
the
Place
where
the
Youth
perform
their
Wrestlings
,
and
other
Exercises
of
Body
.
His
Tomb
is
a
Sanctuary
and
Refuge
for
Slaves
,
and
all
those
of
mean
condition
,
that
fly
from
the
Persecution
of
Men
in
Power
,
in
memory
that
Theseus
while
he
lived
,
was
an
Assister
and
Protector
of
the
Distress'd
,
and
never
refus'd
the
Petitions
of
the
Afflicted
,
that
fled
to
him
for
Succour
and
Defence
.
The
chief
and
most
solemn
Sacrifice
which
they
celebrate
to
him
,
is
kept
on
the
8th
.
day
of
October
,
in
which
he
return'd
with
the
Athenian
young
Men
from
Crete
.
Besides
which
they
sacrifice
to
him
on
the
8th
.
day
of
every
Month
,
either
because
he
return'd
from
Traezene
the
8th
.
day
of
June
,
as
Diodorus
the
Geographer
writes
,
or
else
thinking
that
number
of
all
others
to
be
most
proper
to
him
,
because
he
was
reputed
to
be
born
of
Neptune
,
for
they
sacrifice
to
Neptune
on
the
8th
.
day
of
every
Month
;
for
the
Number
Eight
being
the
first
Cube
of
an
even
Number
,
and
the
double
of
the
first
Square
,
seemed
to
be
an
Emblem
of
the
stedfast
and
immoveable
Power
of
this
God
,
who
from
thence
has
the
Names
of
Asphalius
and
Gaeiochus
,
that
is
,
the
Establisher
and
Stayer
of
the
Earth
.
ROMULUS
.
portrait
M
Burghers
delin
.
et
sculp
.
THE
LIFE
OF
ROMULUS
.
English'd
from
the
Greek
,
By
Mr.
James
Smalwood
,
Fel.
of
Trin.
Col.
in
Cambridge
.
Volume
I.
BY
whom
,
and
for
what
reason
,
the
City
of
[
](A55194-e21730-b)*
*
Whence
Rome
was
so
call'd
.
Rome
,
a
Name
so
great
in
glory
,
and
famous
in
the
mouths
of
all
men
,
was
so
first
call'd
,
Authors
do
not
agree
.
Some
are
of
opinion
that
the
Pelasgians
,
after
they
had
over-run
the
greater
part
of
the
habitable
World
,
and
subdued
most
Nations
,
fix'd
themselves
here
,
and
from
their
own
great
strength
in
War
[
which
is
the
signification
of
the
word
in
Greek
]
call'd
the
City
Rome
.
Others
that
after
the
taking
of
Troy
,
some
few
that
escap'd
the
Enemy
,
fortunately
meeting
with
Shipping
,
put
to
Sea
,
and
being
driven
upon
the
Coasts
of
Thuscany
,
came
to
an
Anchor
off
from
the
mouth
of
the
River
Tyber
,
where
,
their
Women
being
miserably
tir'd
and
harass●d
by
the
toilsomness
of
the
Voyage
,
it
was
propos'd
by
one
whose
Name
was
Roma
,
a
Person
of
the
best
Quality
,
and
seemingly
of
the
best
Understanding
too
amongst
em
,
to
burn
the
Ships
:
Which
being
done
,
the
Men
at
first
were
very
much
offended
at
it
;
but
afterwards
,
of
necessity
,
seating
themselves
near
Palatium
,
where
things
in
a
short
while
succeeded
far
better
than
they
could
hope
,
in
that
they
found
the
Countrey
very
good
,
and
the
People
courteous
,
they
not
only
did
the
Lady
Roma
all
other
great
Honours
,
but
they
added
this
also
,
of
calling
the
City
they
had
built
after
her
Name
.
From
this
,
they
say
,
came
that
Custom
at
Rome
for
Women
to
salute
their
Kinfmen
and
Husbands
with
Kisses
,
because
these
Women
after
they
had
burnt
the
Ships
,
did
make
use
of
such
like
Allurements
to
pacifie
their
Husbands
,
and
allay
the
displeasure
they
had
conceiv'd
.
[
](A55194-e21870-b)*
*
Divers
Opinions
of
the
Name
of
Rome
.
Some
say
,
that
Roma
,
from
whom
this
City
was
so
call'd
,
was
Daughter
of
Italus
and
Leucaria
;
others
,
of
Telephus
,
Hercules's
Son
,
who
was
married
to
Aeneas
;
others
again
,
of
Ascanius
,
Aeneas's
Son
.
But
then
some
say
,
Romanus
,
the
Son
of
Vlysses
and
Circe
,
built
it
;
some
that
Romus
,
the
Son
of
Emathion
,
whom
Diomede
sent
from
Troy
;
and
others
that
it
was
founded
by
Romus
,
King
of
the
Latines
,
that
drove
out
the
Thuscans
,
who
came
originally
from
Thessaly
into
Lydia
,
and
from
thence
into
those
Parts
of
Italy
.
Nay
,
those
very
Authors
,
who
by
the
clearest
Reasons
make
it
appear
,
that
[
](A55194-e22080-b)*
*
Of
Romulus
's
Birth
.
Romulus
gave
Name
to
that
City
,
do
yet
strangely
differ
concerning
his
Birth
and
Family
:
For
some
write
,
he
was
Son
to
Aeneas
and
Dexithea
,
Daughter
of
Phorbas
,
who
with
his
Brother
Remus
,
in
their
Infancy
,
was
carried
into
Italy
,
and
being
on
the
River
when
the
Waters
were
very
rough
,
all
the
Ships
were
cast
away
except
only
that
where
the
young
Children
were
,
which
being
safely
landed
on
a
level
Bank
of
the
River
,
they
were
both
unexpectedly
sav'd
,
and
from
them
the
Place
was
call'd
Rome
.
Some
say
,
Roma
,
Daughter
of
that
Trojan
Lady
who
was
married
to
Latinus
,
Telemachus's
Son
,
was
Mother
to
Romulus
;
others
,
that
Aemilia
,
Daughter
of
Aeneas
and
Lavinia
,
had
him
by
the
God
Mars
;
and
others
give
you
little
less
than
meer
Fables
of
his
Original
.
As
to
Tarchetius
,
King
of
Alba
,
who
was
a
most
wicked
and
cruel
Man
,
appear'd
in
his
own
House
a
strange
Vision
,
which
was
the
Figure
of
a
Man's
Yard
,
that
rose
out
of
a
Chimney-hearth
,
and
stay'd
there
for
many
days
.
Whereupon
the
Oracle
of
Tethys
in
Thuscany
being
consulted
,
the
result
of
it
was
that
some
young
Virgin
should
accept
of
its
Court
,
and
she
should
have
a
Son
famous
in
his
Generation
,
eminent
for
Vertue
,
good
Fortune
,
and
strength
of
Body
.
Tarchetius
told
the
Prophecy
to
one
of
his
own
Daughters
,
and
commanded
her
to
entertain
the
Lover
;
but
she
slighting
the
Matter
,
put
her
Woman
on
the
execution
of
it
.
Tarchetius
hearing
this
,
in
great
indignation
imprison'd
the
Offenders
,
purposing
to
put
'em
to
death
;
but
being
deterr'd
from
Murder
by
the
Goddess
Vesta
in
a
Dream
,
enjoyn'd
them
for
their
punishment
the
working
a
piece
of
Cloth
,
in
their
Chains
as
they
were
,
which
when
they
finish'd
,
they
should
be
suffer'd
to
marry
;
but
what-ever
they
work'd
by
day
,
Tarchetius
commanded
others
to
unravel
in
the
night
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Waiting-woman
was
deliver'd
of
two
Boys
,
whom
Tarchetius
gave
into
the
hands
of
one
Teratius
,
with
strict
Command
to
destroy
'em
;
but
he
expos'd
'em
to
Fortune
by
a
River-side
,
where
a
Wolf
constantly
came
and
suckled
'em
,
and
the
Birds
of
the
Air
brought
little
morsels
of
Food
,
which
they
put
into
their
mouths
;
till
a
Neat-herd
spying
'em
,
was
first
strangely
surpriz'd
,
but
venturing
to
draw
nearer
,
took
the
Children
up
in
his
arms
.
This
was
the
manner
of
their
preservation
,
and
thus
they
grew
up
till
they
set
upon
Tarchetius
,
and
overcame
him
.
This
Promathion
says
,
that
writ
the
History
of
Italy
;
but
Diocles
Peparethius
deliver'd
first
amongst
the
Graecians
the
most
principal
Parts
of
the
History
that
has
most
credit
,
and
is
generally
receiv'd
;
him
Fabius
Pictor
in
most
things
follows
.
Yet
here
too
are
still
more
Scruples
rais'd
:
As
for
Example
;
The
Kings
of
Alba
descending
lineally
from
Aeneas
,
the
Succession
devolv'd
at
length
upon
two
Brothers
,
Numitor
and
Amulius
.
Amulius
to
divide
things
into
two
equal
shares
,
put
in
equivalency
to
the
Kingdom
all
the
Treasury
and
Gold
that
was
brought
from
Troy
.
Numitor
chose
the
Kingdom
;
but
Amulius
having
the
Money
,
and
being
able
to
do
more
with
that
than
Numitor
,
he
both
with
a
great
deal
of
ease
took
his
Kingdom
from
him
,
and
withal
fearing
lest
his
Daughter
might
have
Children
,
made
her
a
Vestal
Nun
,
in
that
condition
for
ever
to
live
a
single
and
Maiden
Life
.
This
Lady
some
call'd
[
](A55194-e22490-b)*
*
His
Mother
.
Ilia
,
others
Rhea
,
and
others
Sylvia
;
however
not
long
after
she
was
,
contrary
to
the
establish'd
Laws
of
the
Vestals
,
discover'd
to
be
with
Child
,
and
should
have
suffer'd
the
most
cruel
punishment
,
had
not
Antho
,
the
King's
Daughter
,
mediated
with
her
Father
for
her
;
nevertheless
she
was
confin'd
,
and
debarr'd
all
humane
conversation
,
that
she
might
not
be
deliver'd
without
his
knowledge
.
In
time
she
brought
forth
two
Boys
,
extraordinary
both
in
the
bigness
and
beauty
of
their
Bodies
:
Whereupon
Amulius
becoming
yet
more
fearful
,
commanded
a
Servant
to
take
and
cast
'em
away
;
this
Man
some
call
Faustulus
;
others
say
,
Faustulus
was
the
Man
who
brought
them
up
;
Faustulus
.
who-ever
the
Servant
was
,
he
put
the
Children
in
a
small
Trough
,
and
went
towards
the
River
with
a
design
to
cast
them
in
;
but
seeing
the
Waters
flow
,
and
pouring
in
mighty
surges
upon
him
,
he
fear'd
to
go
nigher
,
but
dropping
the
Children
near
the
Bank
,
went
himself
off
;
the
River
overflowing
,
the
Flood
at
last
bore
up
the
Trough
,
and
gently
wafting
it
,
landed
'em
on
a
very
pleasant
Plain
,
which
they
now
call
[
](A55194-e22580-b)*
*
Cermanum
.
Cermanum
,
formerly
Germanum
,
perhaps
from
Germani
,
which
signifies
Brothers
.
Near
this
Place
grew
a
wild
Fig-tree
,
which
they
call'd
Ruminalis
,
either
from
Romulus
,
(
as
it
is
vulgarly
thought
)
or
from
[
](A55194-e22650-b)*
*
Ruminor
signifies
to
chew
the
Cud.
Ruminating
,
because
Cattel
did
usually
in
the
heat
of
the
day
seek
Cover
under
it
,
and
there
chew
the
Cud
;
or
chiefly
from
the
suckling
of
these
Children
there
;
for
the
Ancients
call'd
the
Dug
or
Teat
of
any
Creature
,
Ruma
,
and
the
tutelar
Goddess
of
all
young
Children
they
still
call
[
](A55194-e22690-b)*
*
Rumilia
.
Rumilia
,
in
sacrificing
to
whom
they
made
no
use
of
Wine
,
but
Milk
.
While
the
Infants
lay
here
,
History
tells
us
,
a
she-Wolf
nurs'd
'em
,
and
a
little
[
](A55194-e22710-b)*
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Wood-pecker
constantly
fed
and
foster'd
'em
;
these
Creatures
are
esteem'd
holy
to
the
God
Mars
,
and
for
the
Woodpecker
,
the
Latines
still
egregiously
worship
and
honour
it
.
Whence
it
was
not
altogether
incredible
what
the
Mother
of
the
Children
said
,
that
she
conceiv'd
with
Child
by
the
God
Mars
,
tho'
they
say
that
mistake
was
put
upon
her
by
Amulius
himself
,
being
by
him
robb'd
of
her
Honour
,
who
appear'd
to
her
all
in
Armour
,
and
so
committed
a
Rape
upon
her
Body
.
Others
think
the
first
rise
of
this
Fable
came
from
the
Childrens
Nurse
,
purely
upon
the
ambiguity
of
a
word
;
for
the
Latines
not
only
call'd
Wolves
,
Lupae
,
but
also
lewd
and
prostitute
Women
:
And
such
an
one
was
the
Wife
of
Faustulus
,
who
nurtur'd
these
Children
,
Acca
Laurentia
by
Name
;
to
her
the
Romans
offer
Sacrifices
,
and
to
her
in
the
Month
April
the
Priest
of
Mars
does
offer
up
a
special
Libation
,
and
they
call
it
the
Laurentian
Feast
;
they
honour
also
another
Laurentia
much
upon
the
like
occasion
;
as
thus
:
The
Keeper
of
Hercules's
Temple
having
,
it
seems
,
little
else
to
do
,
propos'd
to
his
Deity
a
Game
at
Dice
,
laying
down
,
that
if
he
himself
won
,
he
would
have
something
valuable
of
the
God
,
but
if
he
was
beaten
,
he
would
spread
him
a
noble
Table
,
and
procure
withal
a
fair
Lady
to
lye
with
him
.
Upon
these
terms
,
reckoning
first
the
Chances
that
were
thrown
for
the
God
,
and
then
for
himself
,
he
found
plainly
he
had
lost
:
nevertheless
being
willing
Matters
should
be
adjusted
,
and
thinking
it
honest
to
stick
to
the
Proposals
he
made
himself
,
he
both
provided
the
Deity
a
good
Supper
,
and
feeing
Laurentia
,
who
was
a
fine
Creature
,
tho'
not
as
yet
a
fam'd
Beauty
,
treated
her
in
the
Temple
,
where
he
had
also
laid
a
Bed
,
and
after
Supper
lock'd
her
in
,
as
if
the
God
were
really
to
enjoy
her
;
and
indeed
it
is
said
,
the
Deity
did
truly
bed
the
Lady
,
and
commanded
her
in
the
Morning
to
walk
the
Streets
,
and
whatever
Man
she
met
first
,
him
to
salute
,
and
make
her
Friend
.
The
Man
she
met
was
by
Name
Tarrutius
,
far
stricken
in
years
,
but
of
a
competent
subsistence
,
without
Children
,
and
had
always
liv'd
a
single
Life
:
This
Man
[
](A55194-e22910-b)*
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
knew
Laurentia
,
and
lov'd
her
well
,
and
at
his
death
left
her
sole
Heir
of
all
his
large
and
fair
Possessions
,
most
of
which
she
in
her
last
Will
and
Testament
bequeath'd
to
the
People
.
It
was
reported
of
her
,
being
now
a
celebrated
Beauty
,
and
esteem'd
the
Mistress
of
a
God
,
that
she
suddenly
disappear'd
near
the
Place
where
the
first
Laurentia
lay
buried
;
the
Place
is
at
this
day
call'd
[
](A55194-e22950-b)*
*
Velabrum
.
Velabrum
,
because
,
the
River
frequently
overflowing
,
they
went
over
in
Ferry-boats
much
about
this
Place
to
the
Market
,
which
manner
of
Waftage
the
Latines
call
Velatura
;
others
derive
the
Name
from
Velum
a
Veil
,
because
the
Exhibiters
of
publick
Shews
,
generally
making
their
Procession
from
the
Market-place
to
the
Circus
maximus
[
or
common
Shew-place
]
did
always
veil
that
space
between
.
Upon
these
accounts
is
the
second
Laurentia
so
highly
honour'd
at
Rome
.
The
Children
all
this
while
Faustulus
,
Amulius's
Neat-herd
,
educated
privately
Romulus
his
Education
.
from
the
knowledge
of
all
Men
;
but
,
as
some
say
,
and
with
the
greatest
likelihood
too
,
Numitor
was
conscious
all
along
to
the
thing
,
and
made
Allowances
under-hand
to
their
Tutors
;
for
it
is
said
,
they
were
at
Gabii
well
instructed
in
Letters
,
and
all
other
Accomplishments
befitting
their
Birth
and
Quality
.
The
reason
of
their
Names
(
Romulus
and
Remus
)
was
,
as
you
find
it
in
Story
,
because
they
were
seen
[
](A55194-e23130-b)*
*
Ruma
signifying
a
Dug
.
sucking
of
the
Wolf
.
In
their
very
Infancy
,
the
noble
structure
of
their
Bodies
presently
discover'd
the
natural
greatness
of
their
Minds
and
Thoughts
;
and
when
they
grew
up
,
they
both
prov'd
of
great
Bravery
and
Manhood
,
attempting
all
Enterprizes
that
seem'd
hazardous
,
and
shewing
still
a
Courage
altogether
undaunted
.
But
Romulus
seem'd
rather
to
excel
in
Wisdom
,
and
to
have
an
Understanding
more
adapted
to
politick
Affairs
,
in
his
Life
and
Conversation
amongst
his
Neighbours
,
both
in
feeding
his
Flock
,
and
managing
his
Dogs
for
Hunting
,
raising
a
great
opinion
in
all
,
that
he
was
born
rather
to
rule
and
govern
than
be
a
Subject
.
To
their
Comrades
,
nay
Inferiors
,
they
were
affable
and
courteous
;
but
the
King's
Servants
,
his
Bayliffs
and
Overseers
,
as
being
in
nothing
better
Men
than
themselves
,
they
despis'd
and
slighted
,
nor
were
the
least
concernd
at
their
commands
and
menaces
.
They
us'd
honest
Pastimes
,
and
liberal
Studies
,
esteeming
Sloth
and
Idleness
not
to
be
commendable
,
but
rather
Exercises
,
as
Hunting
and
Running
,
catching
of
Robbers
,
taking
of
Thieves
,
and
delivering
the
wrong'd
and
oppressed
from
injury
.
Upon
this
account
they
became
famous
.
Now
there
happening
a
Quarrel
betwixt
Numitor's
and
Amulius's
Neatherds
,
The
occasion
of
Romulus
and
Remus
being
known
.
the
latter
not
enduring
the
driving
away
of
their
Cattel
by
the
others
,
fell
foul
upon
them
,
and
put
'em
to
flight
,
and
rescued
withal
the
greatest
part
of
the
prey
.
At
which
Numitor
being
highly
incens'd
,
they
little
regarded
it
,
but
reunited
their
Forces
,
and
picking
up
a
great
many
needy
Fellows
and
Servants
,
began
a
seditious
and
mutinous
Riot
;
and
Romulus
employing
himself
then
at
a
Sacrifice
,
(
for
he
was
a
lover
of
holy
Ceremonies
and
Prophecies
)
Numitor's
Neat-herds
meeting
with
Remus
,
upon
a
small
Journey
he
was
making
,
fell
upon
him
,
and
some
few
Blows
and
Wounds
passing
between
them
,
took
Remus
Prisoner
,
who
being
carried
before
Numitor
,
and
there
accus'd
of
Misdemeanors
,
he
would
not
punish
him
himself
,
fearing
his
Brother
might
be
angry
,
but
went
to
him
,
and
desir'd
Justice
might
be
done
him
,
as
he
was
his
Brother
,
and
was
affronted
by
his
Servants
.
The
Men
of
Alba
likewise
resenting
the
thing
ill
,
and
thinking
the
Man
dishonourably
us'd
,
Amulius
was
induced
to
deliver
Remus
up
into
Numitor's
hands
,
to
use
him
as
he
thought
fit
.
He
therefore
took
and
carried
him
home
,
and
being
struck
with
admiration
of
the
Youth's
Person
,
in
proportion
and
strength
of
Body
exceeding
all
Men
,
and
perceiving
in
his
very
Countenance
the
courage
and
presence
of
his
Mind
,
which
stood
undaunted
and
unshaken
in
his
present
Calamities
,
and
hearing
farther
all
the
Enterprises
and
Actions
of
his
Life
,
were
answerable
to
what
he
saw
of
him
,
but
chiefly
(
as
it
seem'd
)
God
influencing
and
directing
the
Instruments
of
great
Works
,
he
having
a
desire
and
opportunity
to
enquire
into
the
truth
of
him
,
in
gentle
terms
and
with
a
kind
aspect
raising
a
confidence
and
hope
in
him
,
ask'd
him
,
Who
he
was
,
and
whence
he
was
deriv'd
.
He
taking
heart
,
spoke
thus
:
I
will
,
Sir
,
hide
nothing
from
you
,
for
you
Remus
's
Speech
seem
to
be
of
a
more
Princely
temper
than
Amulius
,
in
that
you
give
a
hearing
,
and
examine
fairly
,
before
you
punish
,
but
he
condemns
before
the
Cause
is
heard
.
First
then
,
We
(
for
we
are
Twins
)
thought
our selves
the
Sons
of
Faustulus
and
Laurentia
,
the
King's
Servants
;
but
since
we
have
been
accus'd
,
and
aspers'd
with
Calumnies
,
and
brought
in
peril
of
our
Lives
here
before
you
,
we
hear
great
things
of
our selves
,
the
truth
whereof
will
appear
from
the
issue
of
this
danger
we
are
in
.
Our
Birth
is
said
to
have
been
miraculous
,
our
fostering
and
nurture
in
our
Infancy
still
more
strange
;
by
Birds
and
Beasts
,
to
whom
we
were
cast
out
,
by
them
were
we
fed
,
that
is
,
by
the
Milk
of
a
Wolf
,
and
the
small
morsels
of
a
Woodpecker
,
as
we
lay
in
a
little
Trough
by
the
side
of
a
River
;
the
Trough
is
now
in
being
,
and
is
preserv'd
with
brass
plates
round
it
,
and
an
Inscription
in
old
obscure
Characters
on
it
,
which
may
prove
hereafter
but
very
insignificant
tokens
to
our
Parents
,
when
we
are
dead
and
gone
.
Numitor
,
upon
these
words
,
and
recollecting
the
time
too
,
according
to
the
young
Man's
Looks
,
slighted
not
the
hope
that
flatter'd
him
,
but
took
care
how
to
come
at
his
Daughter
privately
,
(
for
she
was
still
kept
under
restraint
)
to
talk
with
her
concerning
these
Matters
.
Faustulus
hearing
Remus
was
taken
,
and
deliver'd
up
,
begg'd
Romulus
to
assist
in
his
rescue
,
informing
him
then
plainly
of
the
Particulars
of
his
Birth
,
not
but
he
had
before
given
him
some
hints
of
it
,
and
told
him
as
much
as
an
attentive
Man
might
make
no
small
Conclusions
from
it
;
he
himself
,
full
of
Concern
,
and
fear
of
not
coming
in
time
,
took
the
Trough
,
and
ran
instantly
to
Numitor
;
but
giving
a
suspicion
to
some
of
the
King's
Centry
at
his
Gate
,
and
being
gaz'd
upon
by
'em
,
and
perplex'd
with
their
impertinent
Questions
,
could
not
but
discover
the
Trough
under
his
Cloak
;
now
by
chance
there
was
one
among
'em
who
was
at
the
exposing
of
the
Children
,
and
was
one
imploy'd
in
the
Office
;
he
seeing
the
Trough
,
and
knowing
it
by
its
Make
and
Inscription
,
guess'd
at
the
business
,
and
without
farther
delay
telling
the
King
of
it
,
brought
in
the
Man
to
be
examin'd
.
In
these
many
and
great
Distractions
,
Faustulus
neither
approv'd
himself
altogether
undaunted
,
neither
was
he
wholly
forc'd
out
of
all
:
He
confess'd
indeed
the
Children
were
alive
,
but
liv'd
a
great
way
from
Alba
;
that
he
himself
was
going
to
carry
the
Trough
to
Ilia
,
who
had
often
greatly
desir'd
to
see
and
handle
it
,
for
a
confirmation
of
the
hopes
of
her
Children
.
As
Men
generally
do
,
who
are
troubled
in
mind
,
and
act
either
in
fear
or
passion
,
it
so
fell
out
Amulius
now
did
;
for
he
sent
in
all
haste
a
Messenger
,
both
otherwise
an
honest
Man
,
and
a
sure
Friend
to
Numitor
,
with
commands
to
enquire
of
Numitor
,
whether
any
tidings
had
come
to
him
of
the
Children
,
as
if
they
were
in
being
;
now
the
Man
being
come
,
and
seeing
how
little
Remus
wanted
of
being
receiv'd
into
the
Arms
and
Embraces
of
Numitor
,
he
both
strengthned
the
belief
of
his
hope
,
and
advis'd
withal
to
recover
Matters
with
all
expedition
;
and
he
himself
clos'd
with
'em
,
and
acted
joyntly
;
the
strictness
of
time
,
tho'
they
had
been
desirous
,
did
not
suffer
them
to
demur
.
For
Romulus
was
now
drawn
very
near
,
and
many
of
the
Citizens
out
of
fear
and
hatred
of
Amulius
,
revolted
to
his
side
;
besides
he
brought
great
Forces
with
him
,
divided
into
Companies
,
consisting
each
of
an
100
Men
,
every
Captain
carrying
a
small
bundle
of
Grass
and
Shrubs
tyed
to
a
Pole
;
the
Latines
call
such
bundles
,
Manipuli
,
and
from
hence
it
is
that
in
their
Armies
they
call
their
Captains
,
Manipulares
;
Rhemus
gaining
upon
the
Citizens
within
,
and
Romulus
making
Attacks
from
without
,
the
Tyrant
not
knowing
either
what
to
do
,
or
what
Expedient
to
think
of
for
his
security
,
in
that
Amazement
and
Distraction
,
was
taken
and
put
to
death
.
Amulius
is
slain
.
These
are
for
the
most
part
the
Relations
of
Fabius
and
Diocles
Peparethius
,
(
who
I
think
is
the
first
that
writes
of
the
building
of
Rome
)
which
some
suspect
are
only
fabulous
and
made
Stories
;
but
they
ought
not
wholly
to
be
disbeliev'd
,
if
Men
would
consider
Fortune
,
what
strange
things
it
sometimes
brings
about
,
and
take
an
estimate
of
the
Actions
of
the
Romans
,
how
improbable
it
is
they
could
arrive
at
this
Greatness
,
had
they
not
some
miraculous
Original
,
attended
with
great
and
extraordinary
Circumstances
.
Amulius
now
being
dead
,
and
Matters
quietly
dispos'd
,
the
two
Brothers
would
neither
dwell
in
Alba
without
governing
there
,
nor
were
they
willing
to
take
the
Government
into
their
own
hands
,
during
the
Life
of
their
Grandfather
.
Having
therefore
deliver'd
the
Dominion
up
into
his
hands
,
and
paid
their
Mother
such
Respects
as
their
Duty
oblig'd
'em
to
,
[
](A55194-e23690-b)*
*
The
first
design
of
building
Rome
.
they
resolv'd
to
live
by
themselves
,
and
build
a
City
in
the
same
Place
where
they
were
in
their
Infancy
brought
up
;
for
this
was
the
most
specious
pretence
they
could
make
,
of
their
departure
;
tho'
perhaps
it
was
necessary
,
so
many
shoals
of
Slaves
and
Fugitives
continually
flocking
to
'em
,
either
to
be
totally
dissolv'd
,
by
dispersing
them
,
or
else
to
plant
a
Colony
elsewhere
with
'em
;
for
that
the
Inhabitants
of
Alba
did
not
think
Fugitives
worthy
of
being
receiv'd
and
incorporated
Citizens
among
them
,
first
plainly
appear'd
,
from
the
Adventure
upon
their
Women
,
which
really
was
not
attempted
out
of
any
violent
lust
,
but
deliberately
,
purely
out
of
want
and
necessity
of
lawful
Wives
,
whom
they
afterwards
extreamly
lov'd
and
honour'd
.
Not
long
after
the
first
foundation
of
the
City
,
they
opened
a
Sanctuary
of
Refuge
for
all
Fugitives
,
which
they
call'd
the
Temple
of
the
God
Asylaeus
,
where
they
receiv'd
and
protected
all
,
delivering
none
back
,
either
the
Servant
to
his
Master
,
the
Debtor
to
his
Creditors
,
or
the
Murtherer
into
the
hands
of
the
Magistrate
,
saying
,
it
was
a
priviledg'd
Place
,
and
they
could
so
maintain
it
by
an
Order
of
the
Holy
Oracle
;
insomuch
that
the
City
grew
presently
very
populous
,
for
they
say
,
it
consisted
at
first
of
no
more
than
a
1000
Houses
:
But
of
that
hereafter
.
Their
minds
being
fully
bent
upon
Building
,
there
arose
presently
a
difference
Romulus
and
Remus
differ
about
the
Place
about
the
Place
where
.
Romulus
he
built
a
Square
of
Houses
,
which
he
call'd
Rome
,
and
would
have
the
City
be
there
;
Remus
laid
out
a
piece
of
Ground
on
the
Aventine
Mount
,
well
fortified
by
nature
,
which
was
from
him
call'd
Remonius
,
but
now
Rignarius
;
concluding
at
last
to
decide
the
Contest
by
a
Divination
from
a
flight
of
Birds
,
and
placing
themselves
apart
at
some
distance
,
to
Remus
,
they
say
,
appear'd
six
Vulturs
,
to
Romulus
double
the
number
;
others
say
,
Remus
did
truly
see
his
number
,
and
that
Romulus
feign'd
his
,
but
when
Remus
came
to
him
,
that
then
he
did
indeed
see
twelve
.
Hence
it
is
that
the
Romans
in
their
Divinations
from
Birds
,
do
chiefly
regard
the
Vultur
,
tho'
Herodorus
Pontius
relates
,
that
Hercules
was
always
very
joyful
when
a
Vultur
appear'd
to
him
upon
any
Action
,
for
it
is
a
Creature
the
least
hurtful
of
any
,
pernicious
neither
to
Corn
,
Plants
,
or
any
Cattel
;
it
preys
only
upon
Carrion
,
and
never
kills
or
hurts
any
living
thing
;
and
as
for
Birds
,
it
touches
not
them
tho'
they
are
dead
,
as
being
of
its
own
Species
,
whereas
Eagles
,
Owls
,
and
Hawks
,
prey
upon
all
their
own
fellow-Creatures
;
but
Eschylus
says
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
;
What
Bird
is
clean
that
preys
on
's
fellow-Bird
?
Besides
,
All
other
Birds
we
see
(
as
the
saying
is
)
every
day
,
and
they
occur
continually
to
our
senses
,
but
a
Vultur
is
a
very
rare
sight
,
and
you
shall
seldom
meet
with
a
Man
can
tell
you
how
they
breed
,
insomuch
that
the
rarity
and
unfrequency
of
'em
has
rais'd
an
absurd
opinion
in
some
,
that
they
come
to
us
from
some
other
certain
Countreys
,
as
Soothsayers
judge
,
what-ever
happens
preternaturally
or
inspontaneously
,
to
be
sent
from
God
.
When
Remus
knew
the
Cheat
,
he
was
much
displeas'd
;
and
as
Romulus
was
casting
up
a
Ditch
,
where
he
design'd
the
foundation
of
the
City-Wall
,
some
pieces
of
the
Work
he
turn'd
to
ridicule
,
others
he
trampled
on
and
spurn'd
at
;
at
last
as
he
was
in
contempt
skipping
over
the
Work
,
some
say
,
Romulus
himself
stroke
him
;
others
,
that
Celer
,
one
of
his
Companions
:
however
there
fell
Remus
;
in
that
Scuffle
Remus
is
slain
.
also
was
Faustulus
slain
,
and
Plistinus
,
who
being
Faustulus's
Brother
,
Story
tells
us
,
help'd
to
bring
up
Romulus
:
Celer
upon
this
fled
instantly
into
Thuscany
,
and
from
him
do
the
Romans
call
all
Men
that
are
swift
of
foot
,
Celeres
;
and
because
Quintus
Metellus
,
at
his
Father's
Funeral
,
in
a
few
days
time
gave
the
People
a
Shew
of
Sword-playing
,
they
admiring
his
expedition
,
gave
him
the
Name
of
Celer
.
Romulus
,
having
buried
his
Brother
Remus
,
together
with
his
two
Foster-fathers
,
on
the
Mount
Remonius
,
fell
a
building
his
City
;
and
sent
for
Surveyors
out
of
Thuscany
,
who
directed
him
in
Romulus
begins
to
build
.
all
the
Ceremonies
to
be
observ'd
,
and
instructed
him
,
by
drawing
of
Schemes
,
how
every
thing
should
be
done
.
First
,
They
dug
a
Trench
round
that
which
is
now
the
Comitium
,
or
Hall
of
Justice
,
and
into
it
did
they
solemnly
throw
the
First-fruits
of
all
things
,
either
good
by
Custom
,
or
necessary
by
Nature
;
lastly
,
every
Man
taking
a
small
Turf
of
Earth
of
the
Countrey
from
whence
he
came
,
they
all
threw
'em
in
promiscuously
together
.
This
Trench
they
call'd
Mundus
,
(
the
whole
World
)
making
which
their
Center
,
they
design'd
the
City
in
a
Circle
round
it
.
Then
the
Founder
fitted
to
a
Plow
a
brazen
Plow-share
,
and
yoking
together
a
Bull
and
a
Cow
,
drew
himself
a
deep
Line
or
Furrow
round
the
Bounds
;
the
business
of
them
that
follow'd
after
,
was
to
see
what-ever
Earth
was
thrown
up
,
should
be
turn'd
all
inwardly
towards
the
City
,
and
not
to
slip
a
Clod
that
fell
outwards
.
With
this
Line
did
they
describe
the
Wall
,
all
within
which
were
the
Territories
of
the
City
,
which
they
call'd
Pomaerium
,
from
Post
murum
,
or
Pone
maenia
,
by
the
cutting
off
or
changing
some
Letters
;
where
they
design'd
to
make
a
Gate
,
there
they
lifted
up
the
Plow
,
and
left
a
space
for
it
;
whereupon
they
esteem
the
whole
Wall
as
holy
,
only
where
the
Gates
are
;
for
had
they
adjudged
them
also
sacred
,
they
could
not
,
without
offence
to
Religion
,
have
had
a
free
ingress
and
egress
for
the
Necessaries
of
humane
Life
,
some
whereof
are
in
themselves
unclean
.
As
for
the
day
they
began
to
build
the
City
,
't
is
confess'd
of
The
day
when
.
all
hands
to
be
the
21st
.
of
April
,
and
that
day
the
Romans
do
anniversarily
keep
holy
,
calling
it
their
Countreys
Birth-day
;
at
first
,
they
say
,
they
sacrificed
no
living
Creature
on
this
day
,
thinking
it
very
decent
and
behoveful
to
celebrate
the
Feast
of
their
Countreys
Birth-day
purely
,
and
without
the
stain
of
blood
;
nevertheless
before
the
City
was
ever
built
,
there
was
a
Feast
of
the
Herdsmen
and
Shepherds
kept
on
this
day
,
which
went
by
the
Name
of
Palilia
.
But
now
the
Roman
and
Graecian
Months
have
little
or
no
Analogy
;
these
say
,
the
day
Romulus
began
to
build
was
infallibly
the
30th
.
of
the
month
,
at
which
time
there
was
an
Eclipse
of
the
Moon
,
which
happen'd
in
the
3d.
year
of
the
6th
.
Olympiad
,
which
the
Graecians
imagine
Antimachus
the
Teian
Poet
saw
.
In
the
Times
of
Varro
the
Philosopher
,
a
Man
very
well
read
in
Roman
History
,
liv'd
one
Tarrutius
,
his
familiar
Friend
and
Acquaintance
,
both
a
good
Philosopher
and
a
skilful
Mathematician
,
and
one
too
that
out
of
curiosity
of
Speculation
,
had
studied
the
way
of
drawing
Schemes
and
Tables
,
and
seem'd
to
be
excellent
in
the
Art
;
to
him
Varro
propounded
to
cast
Romulus's
Nativity
,
even
to
the
first
day
and
hour
,
and
to
make
his
Deductions
from
the
several
Events
of
the
man's
Life
which
he
should
be
inform'd
of
,
as
the
solutions
of
Geometrical
Problems
do
require
;
for
it
belongs
to
the
same
Science
both
to
foretel
a
man's
Life
,
by
knowing
the
time
of
his
Birth
,
and
also
to
find
out
his
Birth
by
the
knowledge
of
his
Life
.
This
Task
Tarrutius
undertook
,
and
first
looking
into
the
Actions
and
Casualties
of
the
man
,
together
with
the
time
of
his
Life
and
manner
of
his
Death
,
and
then
comparing
all
these
Remarks
together
,
he
very
confidently
and
positively
pronounc'd
,
that
Romulus
was
conceiv'd
in
his
Mothers
Womb
,
the
first
year
of
the
2d
.
Olympiad
,
the
23d
.
day
of
the
month
the
Aegyptians
call
Chaeac
,
(
which
may
be
said
to
answer
our
December
)
and
the
3d.
hour
after
Sun-set
;
that
he
was
born
the
21st
.
day
of
the
month
Thoch
,
(
which
is
September
)
about
Sun-rising
;
and
that
the
first
Stone
of
Rome
was
laid
by
him
the
9th
.
day
of
the
month
Pharmuthi
,
(
April
)
between
the
2d
.
and
3d.
hour
;
for
,
as
to
the
Fortune
of
Cities
,
as
well
as
Men
,
they
think
they
have
their
certain
periods
of
Time
prefix'd
,
which
may
be
collected
and
foreknown
from
the
Positions
of
the
Stars
at
their
first
foundation
.
These
and
the
like
Relations
may
perhaps
rather
take
and
delight
the
Reader
with
their
Novelty
and
Extravagancy
,
than
offend
him
because
they
are
fabulous
.
The
City
now
being
built
,
all
that
He
divides
the
People
.
were
of
Age
to
bear
Arms
,
Romulus
listed
into
military
Companies
,
each
Company
consisting
of
3000
Footmen
and
300
Horse
.
These
Companies
were
call'd
[
](A55194-e24630-b)*
*
From
lego
,
to
choose
.
Legions
,
because
they
were
the
choicest
and
most
select
of
the
People
for
Fighting-men
;
the
rest
of
the
Multitude
he
call'd
[
Populus
]
the
People
.
An
hundred
of
the
most
eminent
Men
he
chose
for
his
Counsellors
;
these
he
styl'd
Patricians
,
and
the
whole
Body
of
'em
,
the
Senate
,
which
signifies
truly
a
[
](A55194-e24720-b)*
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Consistory
of
venerable
old
Men.
The
Patricians
,
some
say
,
were
so
call'd
,
because
they
were
the
Fathers
of
honest
and
lawful
Children
;
others
,
because
they
could
give
a
good
account
who
their
Fathers
were
,
which
every
one
of
the
Rabble
that
pour'd
into
the
City
at
first
could
not
do
;
others
,
from
Patrocinium
,
a
Patronage
,
by
which
they
meant
an
Autority
over
the
common
People
,
and
do
still
,
attributing
the
origine
of
the
word
to
Patronus
,
one
of
those
that
came
over
with
Evander
,
a
Man
signal
for
being
a
protector
and
defender
of
the
weak
and
needy
:
But
perhaps
the
most
probable
Judgement
might
be
,
that
Romulus
esteeming
it
the
duty
of
the
chiefest
and
wealthiest
men
,
with
a
fatherly
care
and
concern
to
look
after
the
meaner
,
and
withal
encouraging
the
Commonalty
not
to
dread
or
be
aggriev'd
at
the
Honours
of
their
Superiors
,
but
with
all
good
will
to
make
use
of
'em
,
and
to
think
and
call
'em
their
Fathers
,
might
from
hence
give
them
the
Name
of
Patricians
.
For
at
this
very
time
all
Foreigners
style
those
that
sit
in
Council
,
Lords
and
Presidents
;
but
the
Romans
making
use
of
a
more
honourable
and
less
invidious
Name
,
call
them
,
Patres
Conscripti
;
at
first
indeed
simply
Patres
,
but
afterwards
,
more
being
added
,
Patres
Conscripti
;
and
by
this
honourable
Title
was
the
Senate
distinguish'd
from
the
Populacy
;
the
rest
of
the
wealthier
sort
he
distinguish'd
from
the
common
People
,
by
calling
Them
Patrons
,
and
These
their
Clients
,
by
which
means
he
created
a
wonderful
Love
and
Amity
betwixt
'em
,
which
begat
great
justice
in
their
dealings
.
For
They
were
always
their
Clients
Councellors
in
litigious
Cases
,
their
Advocates
in
Judgements
,
in
fine
,
their
Advisers
and
Overseers
in
all
Affairs
what-ever
.
These
again
faithfully
serv'd
their
Patrons
,
not
only
paying
them
all
respect
and
deference
,
but
also
,
in
case
of
Poverty
,
helping
them
to
place
their
Children
,
and
pay
off
their
Debts
;
and
for
a
Patron
to
witness
against
his
Client
,
or
a
Client
against
his
Patron
,
that
no
Law
nor
Magistrate
could
enforce
;
but
in
after-Times
,
all
other
Offices
of
Equity
continuing
still
between
'em
,
it
was
thought
a
base
and
dishonourable
thing
,
for
the
better
sort
to
take
Money
from
their
Inferiors
.
And
so
much
of
these
Matters
.
In
the
4th
.
month
,
after
the
City
was
His
Stratagem
upon
the
Sabine
Virgins
.
built
,
(
as
Fabius
writes
)
the
Adventure
of
stealing
Women
was
attempted
;
and
,
some
say
,
Romulus
himself
,
being
naturally
a
Martial
man
,
and
predispos'd
too
perhaps
by
some
certain
Oracles
,
as
if
the
Fates
had
ordain'd
the
future
growth
and
greatness
of
Rome
should
depend
upon
the
benefit
of
War
,
did
begin
to
use
violence
to
the
Sabins
,
and
that
he
took
away
only
30
Virgins
,
rather
to
give
an
occasion
of
War
,
than
out
of
any
want
of
Women
;
tho'
this
is
not
very
probable
,
but
rather
that
he
observing
his
City
presently
fill'd
by
a
Confluence
of
Foreigners
,
few
of
whom
had
Wives
,
and
that
the
Multitude
in
general
,
consisting
of
a
mixture
of
mean
and
obscure
Creatures
,
fell
under
contempt
,
and
seem'd
to
be
of
no
long
continuance
together
,
and
hoping
farther
,
after
the
Women
were
appeas'd
,
to
make
this
Injury
in
some
measure
an
occasion
of
Confederacy
and
mutual
Commerce
with
the
Sabines
,
took
in
hand
this
Exploit
after
this
manner
:
First
he
gave
it
out
,
as
if
he
had
found
an
Altar
of
a
certain
God
hid
under
ground
;
the
God
they
call'd
Consus
,
or
the
God
of
Council
,
(
for
they
still
call
a
Consult
,
Consilium
,
and
their
chief
Magistrates
,
Consules
,
namely
Counsellors
)
this
God
is
Neptune
,
the
Inventer
of
Horse-riding
;
for
the
Altar
is
kept
cover'd
in
the
greater
Cirque
or
Tilt-yard
at
other
times
,
only
at
Horse-racing
then
it
appears
to
publick
view
;
and
some
say
,
it
was
not
without
reason
,
that
this
God
had
his
Altar
hid
under
ground
,
because
all
Councils
ought
to
be
secret
and
conceal'd
.
Upon
discovery
of
this
Altar
,
Romulus
by
Proclamation
appointed
a
day
for
a
splendid
Sacrifice
,
and
for
publick
Games
and
Shews
,
to
entertain
all
sorts
of
People
,
and
many
flock'd
thither
,
he
himself
sate
uppermost
,
amidst
his
Nobles
,
clad
in
Purple
.
Now
the
Sign
of
their
falling
on
was
to
be
,
whenever
he
rose
and
gather'd
up
his
Robe
,
and
threw
it
over
his
Body
;
his
Men
stood
all
ready
arm'd
,
with
their
eyes
intent
upon
him
,
and
when
the
Sign
was
given
,
drawing
their
Swords
,
and
falling
on
with
a
great
shout
,
ravish'd
away
the
Daughters
of
the
Sabines
,
they
themselves
flying
without
any
let
or
hindrance
;
they
say
,
there
were
but
30
taken
,
and
from
them
were
the
Tribes
or
Parishes
nam'd
,
but
Valerius
Antias
says
,
527.
Jubas
,
683
Virgins
,
which
was
the
greatest
excuse
Romulus
made
,
that
they
had
taken
never
a
married
Woman
save
one
only
,
Hersilia
by
Name
,
and
her
too
unknowingly
,
which
was
a
means
of
their
reconciliation
,
for
hence
it
appear'd
,
they
did
not
for
an
affront
or
injury
commit
this
Rape
,
but
with
a
design
purely
to
joyn
Families
,
and
unite
with
'em
upon
the
greatest
and
surest
Bonds
.
This
Hersilia
,
some
say
,
Hostilius
married
,
a
most
eminent
Man
among
the
Romans
;
others
,
Romulus
himself
,
and
that
she
bare
two
Children
to
him
,
a
Daughter
,
who
by
reason
of
Primogeniture
was
call'd
Prima
,
and
one
only
Son
,
whom
from
the
great
concourse
of
Citizens
to
him
at
that
time
,
he
call'd
Aollius
,
but
after-Ages
,
Abillius
.
But
these
things
Zenodotus
the
Trazaenian
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
congrego
,
to
gather
together
.
writes
,
which
are
contradicted
by
many
.
Among
those
who
committed
this
Rape
upon
the
Virgins
,
there
were
,
they
say
,
as
it
so
then
happen'd
,
some
of
the
meaner
The
reason
of
the
word
Talasius
at
Weddings
.
sort
of
Men
,
who
were
carrying
off
a
Damsel
,
far
excelling
all
both
in
beauty
and
comeliness
of
Stature
,
whom
,
when
[
](A55194-e25430-b)*
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
some
Gentlemen
that
met
'em
,
attempted
to
take
her
from
'em
,
they
cried
out
,
they
were
carrying
her
to
Talasius
,
a
young
Man
indeed
,
but
a
brave
and
worthy
Person
;
hearing
that
,
they
commended
and
applauded
them
highly
,
insomuch
that
some
turning
back
,
accompanied
them
with
great
joy
and
gladness
,
shouting
and
extolling
the
Name
of
Talasius
.
Hence
do
the
Romans
to
this
very
time
at
their
Weddings
sing
Talasius
for
their
Nuptial
word
,
as
the
Greeks
do
Hymenaeus
,
because
,
say
they
,
this
Lady
proved
a
fortunate
and
happy
Match
to
him
.
But
Sextius
Sylla
the
Carthaginian
,
a
Man
wanting
neither
Learning
nor
Ingenuity
,
told
me
,
Romulus
gave
this
word
as
a
Sign
when
to
begin
the
Onset
;
every
body
therefore
who
made
prize
of
a
Virgin
,
cried
out
,
Talasius
,
and
for
that
Reason
the
Custom
continues
so
now
at
Marriages
.
But
most
are
of
opinion
,
(
of
whom
Jubas
particularly
is
one
)
this
word
was
us'd
to
new
married
Women
,
by
way
of
admonishment
and
incitement
to
good
Huswifery
,
the
Greek
word
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
signifying
Spinning
,
and
the
Italian
words
not
being
then
mix'd
with
the
Greek
.
But
if
this
be
not
false
,
and
the
Romans
did
at
that
time
use
the
word
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
as
we
Graecians
do
,
a
Man
might
fancy
a
more
probable
Reason
of
the
Custom
.
For
when
the
Sabines
,
after
the
War
against
the
Romans
,
were
reconcil'd
,
Conditions
were
made
concerning
their
Women
,
that
they
should
be
obliged
to
do
no
other
servile
Offices
to
their
Husbands
but
what
concern'd
Spinning
;
it
was
customary
therefore
ever
after
at
Weddings
,
for
those
that
gave
the
Bride
,
or
led
her
,
or
for
any
one
else
present
,
sportingly
to
say
Talasius
,
intimating
thereby
,
how
she
was
now
brought
to
no
other
Servitude
but
what
was
in
Spinning
.
Moreover
it
is
a
Custom
at
this
very
day
,
for
the
Bride
of
her self
not
to
enter
her
Husband's
Threshold
,
but
to
be
lifted
over
,
in
memory
that
the
Sabine
Virgins
were
carried
in
by
violence
,
and
would
not
enter
freely
.
Some
say
too
,
the
Custom
of
parting
the
Brides
Hair
with
the
head
of
a
Spear
,
was
in
token
their
Marriages
began
at
first
by
War
,
and
Acts
of
Hostility
;
of
which
I
have
spoken
more
fully
in
my
Book
of
Questions
.
This
Rape
was
committed
the
18th
.
day
of
the
month
Sextilis
,
which
is
now
August
,
on
which
the
Solemnities
of
the
Consualia
are
kept
.
The
Sabines
were
a
numerous
and
martial
People
,
but
liv'd
in
small
unfortified
The
Ceninenfian
's
War
against
Romulus
.
Villages
,
as
it
became
them
,
who
were
a
Colony
of
the
Lacedaemonians
,
to
be
naturally
of
great
courage
,
and
fear
nothing
;
nevertheless
seeing
themselves
by
great
Hostages
bound
up
to
their
good
behaviour
,
and
being
solicitous
for
their
Daughters
,
they
sent
Ambassadors
to
Romulus
with
fair
and
equitable
Requests
,
that
he
would
return
their
young
Women
,
and
retract
that
act
of
Violence
,
and
afterwards
in
all
Reason
and
Equity
establish
a
friendly
and
neighbourly
correspondence
between
both
Nations
.
But
Romulus
would
not
part
with
the
young
Women
,
yet
proposed
to
the
Sabines
to
enter
into
an
alliance
with
'em
;
upon
which
Point
some
consulted
and
demurr'd
long
,
but
Acron
King
of
the
Ceninenses
,
a
Man
of
great
Courage
,
and
well
experienced
in
War
,
who
had
all
along
a
jealousie
of
Romulus's
bold
Attempts
,
and
considering
particularly
from
this
Exploit
upon
the
Women
,
he
would
grow
formidable
to
all
People
,
and
indeed
insufferable
,
were
he
not
chastised
,
was
the
first
that
rose
up
in
Arms
,
and
with
a
powerful
Army
made
head
against
him
.
Romulus
like-wise
prepared
t●
receive
him
;
but
when
they
came
within
sight
,
and
viewed
each
other
,
they
made
a
Challenge
to
fight
a
single
Duel
,
the
Armies
standing
unconcerned
by
;
hereupon
Romulus
prayed
and
made
a
Vow
to
Jupiter
,
if
he
did
conquer
his
Enemy
,
to
dedicate
his
Adversary's
Armour
to
his
Honour
;
upon
which
he
both
overcame
him
in
Combat
,
and
after
Battel
was
joyn'd
,
routed
his
Are
conquered
.
Army
also
,
and
then
took
his
City
,
but
did
those
he
found
in
it
no
injury
,
only
commanded
them
to
demolish
the
Place
,
and
attend
him
to
Rome
,
there
to
be
made
Citizens
equally
capable
of
all
Priviledges
:
and
indeed
there
was
nothing
did
more
advance
the
Greatness
of
Rome
,
than
that
she
did
always
unite
and
incorporate
whom
she
conquer'd
into
her self
.
Romulus
,
that
he
might
perform
his
Vow
in
the
most
acceptable
manner
to
Jupiter
,
and
withal
make
the
Pomp
of
it
delightful
to
the
eye
of
the
City
,
cut
down
a
tall
Oak
which
he
saw
growing
in
the
Camp
,
which
he
adorn'd
like
a
Trophy
,
and
fasten'd
thereon
Acron's
whole
Suit
of
Armour
,
in
its
right
symmetry
of
Parts
;
then
he
himself
girding
his
Garment
about
him
,
and
crowning
his
Head
with
a
Laurel-Garland
,
his
Hair
gracefully
flowing
,
carried
the
Trophy
lying
at
length
upon
his
right
Shoulder
,
and
so
march'd
on
,
singing
Songs
of
Triumph
,
and
his
whole
Army
following
after
,
the
Citizens
all
receiving
him
with
Acclamations
of
Joy
and
Wonder
;
the
Pomp
of
this
day
was
the
cause
,
and
rais'd
the
Emulation
of
all
after-Triumphs
.
This
Trophy
was
dedicated
to
Jupiter
sirnamed
Feretrius
,
from
ferire
,
which
in
Latin
is
to
smite
;
for
Romulus
pray'd
he
might
smite
and
overthrow
his
Enemy
.
These
Opima
spolia
,
or
royal
Spoyls
,
are
so
call'd
(
says
Varro
)
from
their
Richness
,
which
the
word
Opes
signifies
;
the
one
would
more
probably
conjecture
from
Opus
,
a
Deed
or
Act
;
for
when
the
General
of
an
Army
with
his
own
hand
kills
his
Enemy's
General
,
to
him
alone
is
granted
the
Honour
of
offering
the
Opima
spolia
,
as
being
the
sole
performer
of
that
Act
or
Deed
of
Bravery
.
And
on
three
only
of
the
Roman
Captains
did
this
Honour
ever
happen
to
be
conferr'd
:
First
on
Romulus
,
upon
killing
Acron
the
Ceninensian
;
next
on
Cornelius
Cossus
,
for
slaying
Volumnius
the
Thuscan
;
and
lastly
on
Claudius
Marcellus
,
upon
his
conquering
Viridomarus
,
King
of
the
Gauls
.
The
two
latter
,
Cossus
and
Marcellus
,
made
their
Entries
in
triumphant
Chariots
,
bearing
their
Trophies
themselves
,
but
that
Romulus
made
use
of
a
Chariot
,
Dionysius
is
in
the
wrong
;
for
History
says
,
Tarquinius
,
Damaratus's
Son
,
was
the
first
that
brought
Triumphs
to
this
great
Pomp
and
Grandeur
;
others
,
that
Publicola
was
the
first
that
rode
in
Triumph
;
however
all
the
Statues
of
Romulus
in
Triumph
are
to
be
seen
in
Rome
on
Foot
.
After
the
Overthrow
of
the
Ceninensians
,
the
Sabines
still
protracting
the
time
in
Preparations
,
the
People
of
Fidena
,
Crustumerium
,
and
Antemna
,
joyn'd
their
Forces
against
the
Romans
;
Battel
was
no
sooner
joyn'd
,
but
they
were
likewise
immediately
defeated
,
&
surrendred
up
to
Romulus
their
Cities
to
be
spoil'd
,
their
Lands
and
Territories
to
be
divided
,
&
themselves
to
be
transplanted
to
a
Colony
at
Rome
.
All
the
Lands
which
Romulus
acquir'd
,
he
distributed
among
the
Citizens
,
except
only
what
the
Parents
of
the
stolnvirgins
had
,
and
them
he
suffer'd
to
possess
their
own
:
the
rest
of
the
Sabines
being
enraged
here-at
,
choosing
Tatius
their
Captain
,
march'd
straight
against
Rome
;
the
City
was
almost
The
Sabines
besiege
Rome
.
inaccessible
,
having
for
its
Fortress
that
which
is
now
the
Capitol
,
where
a
strong
Guard
was
placed
,
and
Tarpeius
was
their
Captain
,
not
Tarpeia
the
Virgin
,
(
as
some
say
,
who
would
make
Romulus
guilty
of
a
foolish
Action
.
)
But
still
Tarpeia
,
the
Captain
's
Daughter
,
coveting
the
golden
Bracelets
she
saw
them
wear
,
betrayed
the
Fort
into
the
Sabines
hands
,
and
asked
in
reward
of
her
Treachery
,
Tarpeia
betrays
it
.
all
they
wore
on
their
left
Arms.
Tatius
conditioning
thus
with
her
,
in
the
night
she
opened
one
of
the
Gates
,
and
received
the
Sabines
in
:
And
truly
(
for
ought
I
see
)
it
is
not
Antigonus
alone
that
said
,
He
lov'd
Betrayers
,
but
hated
them
after
they
had
betrayed
;
nor
Caesar
,
when
he
told
Rhymitalces
the
Thracian
,
that
He
lov'd
the
Treason
,
but
hated
the
Traitor
;
but
it
is
a
general
kind
of
Affection
,
all
Men
,
who
have
occasion
for
wicked
Persons
,
bear
towards
them
;
much
such
as
they
have
for
venomous
Creatures
,
when
they
stand
in
need
of
their
poyson
and
gall
;
for
as
they
love
them
while
they
are
of
use
,
so
they
abhor
their
ill
qualities
when
that
is
over
.
And
thus
did
Tatius
behave
himself
towards
Tarpeia
,
for
he
commanded
the
Sabines
,
in
regard
to
their
Contract
,
not
to
refuse
her
the
least
part
of
what
they
wore
on
their
left
Arms
;
upon
that
he
himself
first
took
his
Bracelet
off
his
Arm
,
and
threw
that
together
with
his
Buckler
at
her
,
and
all
the
rest
following
,
she
,
being
born
down
and
And
is
kill'd
in
recompence
.
quite
smother'd
with
the
multitude
of
Gold
and
their
Shields
,
died
under
the
great
weight
and
pressure
of
them
;
nay
,
Tarpeius
himself
being
prosecuted
by
Romulus
,
was
found
guilty
of
Treason
,
as
Juba
says
,
Sulpitius
Galba
relates
.
Those
who
write
otherwise
concerning
Tarpeia
,
as
that
she
was
the
Daughter
of
Tatius
the
Sabine
Captain
,
and
being
forcibly
detain'd
by
Romulus
,
acted
and
suffer'd
thus
by
her
Father's
contrivance
,
speak
very
absurdly
:
of
whom
Antigonus
is
one
;
but
Smylus
,
the
Poet
of
all
Men
,
who
thinks
Tarpeia
betrayed
the
Capitol
not
to
the
Sabines
,
but
the
Gauls
,
having
fallen
in
Love
with
their
King
,
does
plainly
dote
.
Thus
he
writes
:
Tarpeia
't
was
,
who
dwelling
close
thereby
,
Open'd
the
Walls
of
Rome
to
th'
Enemy
.
She
hot
in
lust
of
the
besieging
Gaul
,
Betray'd
the
City's
Strength
,
the
Capitol
.
And
a
little
after
speaking
of
her
Death
:
But
yet
the
Gauls
,
that
strong
and
numerous
Foe
,
Drown'd
not
the
Traitress
in
the
Waves
of
Po
,
But
,
with
their
Shields
thrown
on
,
her
Body
overlaid
,
So
died
,
and
was
entomb'd
at
once
the
wretched
Maid
.
Tarpeia
afterwards
was
buried
there
,
and
the
Hill
from
her
was
call'd
Tarpeius
,
until
the
Reign
of
King
Tarquin
,
who
dedicated
the
Place
to
Jupiter
,
at
which
time
her
Bones
were
removed
,
and
so
it
lost
her
Name
,
except
only
that
part
of
the
Capitol
which
they
still
call
the
[
](A55194-e27040-b)*
*
Tarpeia
Rupes
.
Tarpeian
Rock
,
from
whence
they
are
wont
to
cast
down
headlong
Malefactors
.
The
Sabines
being
possess'd
of
the
Hill
,
Romulus
in
great
fury
bade
them
Battel
,
and
Tatius
put
on
the
courage
to
accept
The
Sabines
and
Romans
fight
.
it
,
perceiving
,
if
they
were
so
constrain'd
,
where
he
might
make
a
secure
Retreat
.
The
Level
in
the
middle
,
where
they
were
to
joyn
Battel
,
being
surrounded
with
many
little
Hills
,
seem'd
to
enforce
both
Parties
to
a
smart
and
desperate
Conflict
,
by
reason
of
the
Difficulties
of
the
Place
,
which
had
but
a
few
narrow
Out-lets
,
inconvenient
either
for
refuge
or
pursuit
.
It
happen'd
too
,
the
River
having
overflowed
not
many
days
before
,
there
was
left
behind
in
the
Plain
,
where
now
the
Market
stands
,
a
deep
blind
Mud
and
Slime
,
which
,
tho'
it
did
not
appear
much
to
the
eye
,
and
was
not
easily
avoided
,
yet
at
bottom
was
very
deceitful
and
dangerous
;
upon
which
the
Sabines
being
unwarily
about
to
enter
,
had
good
luck
befel
them
;
for
Curtius
,
a
gallant
Man
,
eager
of
Honour
,
and
of
aspiring
thoughts
,
being
mounted
on
Horse-back
,
gallop'd
a
good
distance
before
the
rest
,
but
his
Horse
was
mired
,
and
he
endeavour'd
a
while
by
Whip
and
Spur
to
disintangle
him
,
but
finding
it
impossible
,
he
quitted
his
Horse
,
and
saved
himself
;
the
Place
from
him
to
this
very
time
is
call'd
the
Curtian
Lake
.
The
Sabines
having
escaped
this
danger
,
began
the
Fight
very
smartly
,
the
fortune
of
the
day
being
very
dubious
,
tho'
many
were
slain
;
amongst
whom
was
Hostilius
,
who
,
they
say
,
was
Husband
to
Hersilia
,
and
Grandfather
to
that
Hostilius
who
reign'd
after
Numa
.
It
is
probable
there
were
many
other
Battels
in
a
short
time
after
,
but
the
most
memorable
was
the
last
,
in
which
Romulus
having
receiv'd
a
Wound
on
his
Head
by
a
Stone
,
and
being
almost
fell'd
to
the
ground
by
it
,
and
disabled
to
sustain
the
Enemy
,
the
Romans
upon
that
yielded
ground
,
and
being
driven
out
of
the
Field
,
fled
to
the
Palatium
.
Romulus
by
this
time
recovering
his
Wound
a
little
,
running
upon
his
Men
in
flight
,
remanded
them
to
their
Arms
again
,
and
with
a
loud
voice
encouraged
them
to
stand
and
fight
.
But
being
overpowr'd
with
the
number
,
and
no
body
daring
to
face
about
,
he
stretching
out
his
hands
to
Heaven
,
pray'd
to
Jupiter
to
stop
the
Army
,
and
not
to
neglect
but
rather
maintain
the
Roman
Cause
,
which
was
now
in
extream
danger
.
This
Prayer
both
wrought
a
great
Reverence
in
many
for
their
Prince
,
and
a
strange
resolution
too
on
the
sudden
in
their
minds
.
The
Place
they
first
stood
at
was
,
where
now
is
the
Temple
of
Jupiter
Stator
,
(
which
may
be
interpreted
the
Stayer
)
there
they
rallied
their
Forces
,
and
repuls'd
the
Sabines
even
to
the
Place
call'd
now
Rhegia
,
and
the
Temple
of
Vesta
;
where
both
Parties
preparing
to
renew
the
Fight
,
were
prevented
by
a
strange
and
unexpressible
sight
;
for
the
Daughters
of
the
Are
parted
by
the
Women
.
Sabines
which
were
formerly
stoln
,
came
running
,
in
great
confusion
,
some
on
this
side
,
some
on
that
,
with
miserable
cryes
and
lamentations
,
like
distracted
Creatures
,
into
the
midst
of
the
Army
,
and
among
the
dead
Bodies
,
to
come
at
their
Husbands
and
at
their
Fathers
,
some
with
their
young
Babes
in
their
Arms
,
others
their
Hair
loose
about
their
Ears
,
but
all
calling
now
upon
the
Sabines
,
then
upon
the
Romans
,
in
the
most
tender
and
endearing
words
.
Hereupon
both
melted
into
compassion
,
and
fell
back
,
that
they
might
stand
betwixt
the
Armies
.
Now
did
a
strange
lamentation
seize
all
,
and
great
grief
was
conceiv'd
at
the
sight
of
the
Women
,
and
at
their
Speech
much
more
,
which
from
Expostulations
and
high
words
,
ended
in
Entreaties
and
Supplications
.
Wherein
(
say
they
)
have
we
injured
or
offended
you
,
that
we
formerly
have
,
and
now
do
suffer
under
these
Calamities
?
We
were
ravish'd
away
unjustly
and
violently
by
those
whose
now
we
are
;
that
being
done
,
we
were
so
long
neglected
by
our
Fathers
,
our
Brethren
,
and
Countreymen
,
that
time
,
having
now
by
the
strictest
bonds
united
us
to
those
whom
we
once
mortally
hated
,
has
brought
it
about
,
that
the
very
Men
,
who
once
used
violence
to
us
,
we
now
have
a
tenderness
for
in
War
,
and
lament
their
deaths
.
So
that
you
do
not
now
come
to
vindicate
our
Honour
,
as
Virgins
,
from
them
that
injured
us
,
but
to
force
away
Wives
from
their
Husbands
,
and
Mothers
from
their
Children
,
making
this
your
rescue
more
grievous
to
us
Wretches
,
than
your
former
betraying
and
neglect
of
us
was
;
so
great
is
their
Love
towards
us
,
and
such
your
Compassion
;
if
you
make
War
upon
any
other
occasion
,
for
our
sakes
you
ought
to
desist
,
who
are
our
Fathers
,
our
Grandfathers
,
our
Relations
and
Kindred
;
if
for
us
,
take
us
and
your
Sons-in-law
,
and
restore
us
to
our
Parents
and
Kinsfolk
,
but
do
not
rob
us
(
we
humbly
beseech
you
)
of
our
Children
and
Husbands
,
lest
we
again
become
Captives
.
Hersilia
having
spoken
many
such
words
as
these
,
and
others
earnestly
praying
,
a
Truce
was
made
,
and
the
chief
Officers
came
to
a
Treaty
,
the
Women
,
during
that
time
,
brought
and
presented
their
Husbands
and
Children
to
their
Fathers
and
Brethren
;
gave
those
,
that
would
eat
,
Meat
and
Drink
;
and
carried
the
wounded
home
to
be
cured
;
and
shewed
also
how
much
they
govern'd
within
doors
,
and
how
indulgent
their
Husbands
were
to
'em
,
in
demeaning
themselves
towards
'em
with
all
kindness
and
respect
imaginable
.
Upon
this
,
Conditions
were
agreed
upon
,
that
A
Peace
made
.
what
Women
pleas'd
might
stay
where
they
were
,
exempt
from
all
drudgery
and
labour
but
Spinning
;
that
the
Romans
and
Sabines
should
inhabit
the
City
promiscuously
together
;
that
the
City
should
be
call'd
Rome
from
Romulus
,
but
the
Romans
,
Quirites
,
from
the
Countrey
of
Tatius
;
and
that
they
both
should
govern
and
command
in
common
:
The
Place
of
this
Ratification
is
still
call'd
Comitium
,
from
Coire
to
agree
.
The
City
being
thus
doubled
in
number
,
an
100
of
the
Sabines
were
elected
Senators
,
and
the
The
City
settled
Legions
were
increas'd
to
6000
Foot
,
and
600
Horse
;
then
they
divided
the
People
into
three
Tribes
;
the
first
,
from
Romulus
,
were
named
Rhamnenses
;
the
second
,
from
Tatius
,
Tatienses
;
the
third
were
call'd
Luceres
,
from
the
Lucus
or
Grove
where
the
Asylum
stood
,
whither
many
fled
for
Sanctuary
,
and
were
received
into
the
City
;
and
that
they
were
just
three
,
the
very
Name
of
Tribe
and
Tribune
does
testifie
;
each
Tribe
contained
then
ten
Curiae
or
Wards
,
which
,
some
say
,
took
their
Names
from
the
Sabine
Women
;
but
that
seems
to
be
false
,
because
many
had
their
Names
from
different
Regions
.
Tho'
,
't
is
true
,
they
then
constituted
many
things
in
honour
to
the
Women
:
As
to
give
them
the
way
where-ever
they
met
them
;
to
speak
no
ill
word
in
their
presence
;
not
to
appear
naked
before
them
;
that
they
should
not
be
summon'd
into
Court
before
a
Judge
sitting
on
Cases
of
Blood
;
that
their
Children
should
wear
an
Ornament
about
their
Necks
call'd
the
Bulla
,
(
because
it
was
like
a
Bubble
)
and
the
Praetexta
,
a
Garment
edged
with
purple
.
The
Princes
did
not
immediately
joyn
in
Council
together
,
but
at
first
each
met
with
his
own
Hundred
,
afterwards
all
assembled
together
.
Tatius
dwelt
where
now
the
Temple
of
Moneta
stands
;
and
Romulus
close
by
the
[
](A55194-e27750-b)*
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Steps
,
as
they
call
them
,
of
the
fair
Shore
,
near
the
descent
from
the
Mount
Palatine
to
the
Circus
Maximus
.
There
,
they
say
,
grew
the
Holy
Cornel-tree
,
of
which
,
they
report
,
that
Romulus
once
to
try
his
strength
,
threw
a
Dart
from
the
Aventine
Mount
,
(
the
Staff
of
which
was
made
of
Cornel
)
which
struck
so
deep
into
the
ground
,
that
no
one
,
of
many
that
tryed
,
could
pluck
it
up
:
Now
the
Soyl
,
being
fertil
,
nourish'd
the
Wood
,
and
sent
forth
Branches
,
and
produced
a
Trunk
of
considerable
bigness
;
this
did
Posterity
preserve
and
worship
as
one
of
the
most
sacred
things
,
and
therefore
wall'd
it
about
,
and
if
to
any
one
it
appear'd
not
green
nor
flourishing
,
but
inclining
to
fade
and
wither
,
he
presently
made
outcry
to
all
he
met
,
and
they
with
one
accord
cryed
for
Water
,
as
in
a
Fire
,
and
would
run
from
all
Parts
with
Buckets
full
to
the
Place
.
But
,
they
say
,
when
Caius
Caesar
was
repairing
the
Steps
about
it
,
some
of
the
Labourers
digging
too
close
,
the
Root
corrupted
,
and
the
Tree
quite
withered
.
The
Sabines
received
the
use
of
Roman
Months
:
of
which
,
what-ever
is
remarkable
,
The
rise
of
several
Customs
and
Feasts
.
is
mention'd
in
the
Life
of
Numa
.
Romulus
again
took
up
their
manner
of
Shields
,
for
which
he
exchanged
both
his
own
and
all
the
Romans
Armour
,
who
before
wore
small
Targets
,
after
the
manner
of
the
Argives
.
But
for
Feasts
and
Sacrifices
,
they
partaked
of
them
in
common
,
not
abolishing
any
either
Nation
observ'd
before
,
and
instituting
several
new
ones
:
Of
which
one
was
the
Matronalia
,
instituted
in
honour
of
the
Women
,
for
their
dissolving
the
War
.
As
like-wise
the
Carmentalia
:
This
Carmenta
,
some
think
a
Destiny
presiding
over
the
Generation
of
Men
,
wherefore
Mothers
much
revere
and
worship
her
.
Others
say
,
she
was
the
Wife
of
Evander
the
Arcadian
,
being
a
Prophetess
,
and
wont
to
deliver
her
Oracles
in
Verse
,
and
from
Carmen
a
Verse
,
was
call'd
Carmenta
,
whereas
it
is
generally
confess'd
her
proper
Name
was
Nicostrata
.
Others
more
probably
derive
Carmenta
from
Carens
mente
,
as
being
bereft
of
her
wits
,
by
reason
of
her
wild
Enthusiasms
.
Of
the
Feast
of
Palilia
we
have
spoke
before
.
The
Lupercalia
,
by
the
time
of
its
Celebration
,
may
seem
to
be
a
Feast
of
Purification
,
for
it
is
solemnized
on
the
Dies
nefasti
,
or
non-Court-days
of
the
month
February
,
which
a
Man
may
interpret
Purifying
,
and
the
very
day
of
the
Feast
was
anciently
call'd
Februaca
:
But
the
Name
of
it
in
Greek
signifies
as
much
as
the
Feast
of
[
](A55194-e28130-b)*
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Wolves
,
and
it
seems
upon
this
account
to
be
of
great
Antiquity
,
and
brought
in
by
the
Arcadians
who
came
with
Evander
.
But
this
is
a
trivial
Fancy
,
for
it
may
come
as
well
from
the
Wolf
that
nursed
Romulus
,
and
we
see
the
Luperci
,
the
Priests
,
do
begin
their
course
from
the
Place
where
they
say
Romulus
was
exposed
.
But
the
Ceremonies
that
then
pass
,
render
the
Original
of
the
thing
more
difficult
to
be
guess'd
at
;
for
there
are
Goats
kill'd
,
then
two
young
Noblemen's
Sons
being
brought
,
some
are
to
stain
their
Foreheads
with
the
bloody
Knife
,
others
presently
to
wipe
it
off
with
Wool
dipt
in
Milk
;
then
the
young
Boys
must
laugh
after
their
Foreheads
are
wiped
;
that
done
,
having
cut
the
Goats-skins
into
Thongs
,
they
run
about
naked
,
only
with
something
about
their
middle
,
lashing
all
they
meet
;
the
young
Wives
do
never
avoid
their
strokes
,
fancying
it
does
help
Conception
and
Child-birth
.
Another
thing
is
proper
to
this
Feast
,
for
the
Luperci
to
sacrifice
a
Dog
.
Butas
,
a
certain
Poet
,
who
writ
a
fabulous
account
of
the
Roman
Customs
in
Elegies
,
says
,
that
Romulus
,
after
the
Conquest
of
Amulius
,
ran
joyfully
to
the
Place
where
the
Wolf
gave
them
suck
,
and
that
in
imitation
of
that
,
this
Feast
was
,
and
that
two
young
Noblemen
ran
:
Striking
at
all
,
as
when
from
Alba
Town
,
Romulus
and
Remus
with
their
Swords
did
run
,
And
that
the
bloody
Knife
applied
to
their
Foreheads
,
was
a
sign
of
the
danger
they
were
then
in
of
being
slain
,
and
the
cleansing
of
them
in
Milk
,
was
in
remembrance
of
their
food
and
nourishment
.
But
Caius
Aulius
writes
,
that
before
the
City
was
built
,
the
Cattel
of
Romulus
and
Remus
on
a
day
going
astray
,
they
,
praying
to
the
God
Faunus
,
ran
about
to
seek
them
naked
,
that
they
might
not
be
troubled
with
sweat
,
and
that
for
that
Reason
the
Luperci
run
naked
.
And
if
this
Sacrifice
be
by
way
of
Purification
,
a
Man
might
guess
they
used
a
Dog
for
that
very
purpose
;
for
the
Graecians
in
their
Lustrations
,
or
Sacrifices
of
Purging
,
do
carry
out
Dogs
,
and
evermore
use
that
Ceremony
they
call
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
or
a
sacrificing
of
a
Dog
.
But
if
they
perform
this
as
an
act
of
Gratitude
to
the
Wolf
,
that
nourish'd
and
preserv'd
Romulus
,
they
do
not
absurdly
in
killing
a
Dog
,
as
being
an
Enemy
to
Wolves
,
unless
it
is
perhaps
for
hindering
the
Luperci
when
they
run
.
They
say
too
,
Romulus
was
the
first
that
consecrated
holy
Fire
,
and
instituted
holy
Virgins
,
call'd
Vestals
;
others
ascribe
it
to
Numa
Pompilius
;
nevertheless
they
write
,
Romulus
was
otherwise
eminently
religious
,
and
well
skill'd
in
the
Art
of
Prophecying
,
and
upon
that
carri'd
a
Lituus
,
which
is
a
crooked
Rod
,
wherewith
the
Soothsayers
describe
the
Quarters
of
the
Heavens
.
This
of
his
,
being
kept
in
the
Palatium
,
was
lost
when
the
City
was
taken
by
the
Gauls
,
and
afterwards
that
barbarous
People
being
driven
out
,
was
found
in
the
Ruines
under
a
great
heap
of
Rubbish
,
untouch'd
by
the
fire
,
all
things
about
it
being
consumed
and
burnt
.
He
constituted
also
certain
Laws
,
one
whereof
is
somewhat
severe
,
which
suffers
not
a
Wife
to
leave
her
Husband
,
but
grants
a
Husband
to
turn
off
his
Wife
,
either
upon
poysoning
her
Children
,
or
counterfeiting
his
Keys
,
or
Adultery
;
but
if
the
Husband
upon
any
other
occasion
put
her
away
,
he
ordered
one
moiety
of
his
Estate
to
be
given
to
the
Wife
,
the
other
to
fall
to
the
Goddess
Ceres
;
and
who
ever
did
cast
off
his
Wife
,
to
make
an
Atonement
by
Sacrifice
to
the
[
](A55194-e28500-b)*
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Gods
of
the
Earth
.
This
too
is
observable
as
a
singular
thing
in
Romulus
,
that
he
appointed
no
punishment
for
real
Parricide
,
but
call'd
all
Murder
so
,
thinking
the
latter
a
detestable
sin
,
but
the
other
impossible
,
and
for
a
long
time
he
seem'd
to
have
rightly
thought
such
a
sin
could
never
be
,
for
in
almost
600
years
together
,
no
body
committed
the
like
in
Rome
;
and
Lucius
Ostius
,
after
the
Wars
of
Hannibal
,
is
recorded
to
have
been
the
first
Parricide
.
But
let
thus
much
suffice
concerning
these
Matters
.
In
the
5th
.
year
of
the
Reign
of
Tatius
,
some
of
his
Friends
and
Kinsmen
meeting
The
occasion
of
the
death
of
Tatius
.
Ambassadors
coming
from
Laurentum
to
Rome
,
attempted
on
the
Road
to
take
away
their
Money
by
force
,
which
they
not
suffering
,
but
defending
themselves
,
they
kill'd
them
.
So
great
a
Villany
being
acted
,
Romulus
thought
it
fitting
presently
to
punish
the
Malefactors
;
but
Tatius
shuffled
off
and
deferr'd
the
execution
of
it
;
and
this
only
thing
was
the
first
beginning
of
an
open
Quarrel
betwixt
them
,
for
otherwise
they
carried
themselves
fairly
one
to
another
,
and
administred
Affairs
together
with
the
greatest
unanimity
.
The
Relations
of
them
that
were
slain
,
being
debarr'd
of
justice
by
reason
of
Tatius
,
fell
upon
him
as
he
was
sacrificing
with
Romulus
at
Lavinium
,
and
slew
him
,
commending
and
extolling
Romulus
for
a
just
Prince
.
Romulus
took
the
Body
of
Tatius
,
and
buried
it
very
splendidly
in
the
Aventine
Mount
,
near
the
Place
call'd
Armilustrium
,
but
altogether
neglected
revenging
his
Murder
.
Some
Authors
write
,
the
City
of
Laurentum
,
fearing
the
consequence
,
delivered
up
the
Murderers
of
Tatius
;
but
Romulus
pass'd
it
over
,
saying
,
One
Murder
was
requited
with
another
.
This
gave
occasion
of
Talk
and
Jealousie
,
as
if
he
were
well
pleas'd
at
the
removal
of
his
Copartner
in
the
Government
.
Nothing
of
these
things
either
disturbed
or
rais'd
any
Feud
among
the
Sabines
,
but
some
out
of
Love
to
him
,
others
out
of
fear
of
his
Power
,
some
again
reverencing
him
as
a
God
,
they
all
lived
peacefully
in
admiration
and
awe
of
him
;
many
foreign
Nations
too
did
much
admire
Romulus
;
the
ancient
Latines
they
sent
,
and
enter'd
into
League
and
Confederacy
with
him
.
Fidenae
he
took
,
a
neighbouring
City
to
Rome
,
by
Romulus
tak●s
Fidenae
.
a
Party
of
Horse
,
as
some
say
,
whom
he
sent
before
with
Commands
to
cut
down
the
Hinges
of
the
Gates
,
and
he
himself
afterwards
unexpectedly
came
upon
them
.
Others
say
,
they
having
first
made
the
Invasion
,
in
foraging
and
spoyling
the
Countrey
and
Suburbs
,
Romulus
lay
in
ambush
for
them
,
and
so
having
kill'd
many
of
their
Men
,
took
the
City
,
nevertheless
he
did
not
raze
or
demolish
it
,
but
made
it
a
Roman
Colony
,
and
sent
thither
on
the
Ides
of
April
2500
Inhabitants
.
Presently
after
a
Plague
broke
out
,
which
kill'd
suddenly
without
any
manner
of
A
Plague
at
Rome
.
Sickness
;
it
infected
also
the
Corn
with
Unfruitfulness
,
and
Cattel
with
Barrenness
;
there
rained
Blood
too
in
the
City
,
insomuch
as
besides
the
Evils
which
came
of
consequence
,
Men
dreaded
the
wrath
of
the
Gods
.
But
when
the
same
Mischiefs
fell
upon
Laurentum
,
then
every
body
judged
it
was
divine
Vengeance
that
fell
upon
both
Cities
,
for
the
neglect
of
executing
Justice
,
upon
the
Murder
of
Tatius
and
the
Ambassadors
.
But
the
Murderers
on
both
sides
being
deliver'd
up
and
punish'd
,
the
Pestilence
visibly
abated
,
and
Romulus
purified
the
Cities
with
Lustrations
,
which
,
they
say
,
even
now
are
perform'd
at
the
Gate
call'd
Ferentina
.
But
before
the
Plague
ceased
,
the
Camerians
invaded
the
Romans
,
and
over-ran
the
Countrey
,
thinking
,
by
reason
of
the
Distemper
,
they
were
unable
to
withstand
them
;
but
Romulus
presently
made
Head
against
them
,
and
gain'd
the
Victory
,
with
the
slaughter
of
6000
Men
;
he
then
took
their
City
,
and
brought
half
of
them
he
found
there
to
Rome
,
and
sent
from
Cameria
is
taken
.
Rome
to
Cameria
double
the
number
he
left
there
.
This
was
done
the
1st
.
of
August
;
so
many
Citizens
had
he
to
spare
,
in
16
years
time
he
inhabited
Rome
.
Among
other
Spoyls
he
took
a
brazen
Chariot
from
Cameria
,
which
he
placed
in
the
Temple
of
Vulcan
,
adding
thereon
his
own
Statue
crown'd
with
Victory
.
The
Roman
Cause
thus
daily
gathering
strength
,
the
weaker
Neighbours
submitted
,
and
willingly
embraced
security
;
the
stronger
,
out
of
Fear
or
Envy
,
thought
they
ought
not
to
give
way
to
Romulus
,
but
to
curb
him
,
and
put
a
stop
The
Veientes
subdued
.
to
his
Greatness
.
The
first
were
the
Veientes
,
a
People
of
Thuscany
,
who
had
large
Possessions
,
and
dwelt
in
a
spacious
City
;
they
took
an
occasion
to
commence
a
War
,
upon
remanding
of
Fidenae
,
as
belonging
to
them
;
this
was
not
only
unreasonable
but
very
ridiculous
,
that
they
who
did
not
assist
them
in
the
greatest
Extremities
of
War
,
but
permitted
them
to
be
slain
,
should
challenge
their
Lands
and
Houses
▪
when
in
the
hands
of
others
.
But
being
scornfully
retorted
upon
by
Romulus
in
his
Answers
,
they
divided
themselves
into
two
Bodies
;
with
one
they
attack'd
the
Garrison
of
Fidenae
,
the
other
march'd
against
Romulus
;
that
which
went
against
Fidenae
,
got
the
Victory
,
and
slew
2000
Romans
;
the
other
was
worsted
by
Romulus
,
with
the
loss
of
8000
Men.
They
afterwards
fought
near
Fidenae
,
and
all
Men
acknowledge
the
greatest
Actions
of
the
day
were
done
by
Romulus
himself
,
who
shewed
all
manner
of
Skill
as
well
as
Courage
,
and
seem'd
to
perform
with
strength
and
swiftness
more
than
humane
.
But
what
some
write
,
that
of
14000
that
fell
that
day
,
above
half
were
slain
by
Romulus's
own
hand
,
is
both
very
fabulous
and
altogether
incredible
:
Such
an
Ostentation
do
the
Messenians
make
of
Aristomenes
,
who
,
they
say
,
offer'd
300
Victims
for
as
many
Lacedaemonians
he
himself
slew
.
The
Army
being
thus
routed
,
Romulus
suffering
those
that
were
left
to
make
their
escape
,
drew
up
his
Forces
against
the
City
;
they
,
having
suffer'd
such
great
damages
,
did
not
venture
to
oppose
him
,
but
humbly
suing
to
him
,
contracted
a
League
and
Friendship
for
an
100
years
;
but
he
nevertheless
divested
them
of
a
great
quantity
of
Lands
,
call'd
Septimagium
,
which
was
the
7th
.
part
of
their
Patrimony
;
as
also
of
several
salt-Springs
upon
the
River
,
and
took
50
Noblemen
for
Hostages
.
He
made
his
Triumph
for
this
on
the
Ides
of
October
,
leading
,
among
the
rest
of
his
many
Captives
,
the
General
of
the
Veientes
,
an
ancient
Man
,
but
one
who
seem'd
to
have
managed
his
Affairs
imprudently
,
and
unbecoming
of
his
Age
;
whence
even
now
in
Sacrifices
for
Victories
,
they
lead
an
old
Man
through
the
Market-place
to
the
Capitol
apparell'd
in
purple
,
with
a
Bulla
or
Child's-Toy
tyed
to
it
,
and
the
Cryer
cryes
,
Sardianians
to
be
sold
;
for
the
Thuscans
are
said
to
be
a
Colony
of
the
Sardianians
,
and
the
Veientes
are
a
City
of
Thuscany
.
This
was
the
last
Battel
Romulus
ever
fought
;
afterwards
he
,
as
most
,
nay
all
Men
,
very
few
excepted
,
do
,
who
are
raised
by
great
and
miraculous
good-haps
of
Fortune
to
Power
and
Greatness
:
So
,
I
say
,
did
he
;
for
relying
upon
his
own
Romulus
grows
insolent
.
great
Actions
,
and
growing
of
an
haughtier
mind
,
he
forsook
his
popular
Behaviour
,
and
took
upon
him
in
exchange
a
strange
Lordliness
,
which
was
odious
and
intolerable
to
the
People
.
And
first
,
upon
the
Habit
he
chose
to
wear
;
for
he
dress'd
in
scarlet
with
purple
Robes
over
it
,
then
he
gave
Audience
in
a
Chair
of
State
,
having
always
about
him
some
young
Boys
call'd
[
](A55194-e29440-b)*
*
Celer
,
swift
.
Celeres
,
from
their
swiftness
in
doing
business
;
there
went
before
him
others
with
Staves
to
make
room
,
with
several
Cords
about
them
,
presently
to
bind
whom
ever
he
commanded
.
Now
the
Latines
formerly
used
ligare
,
as
now
alligare
,
to
bind
,
whence
the
Lictors
were
so
call'd
,
and
the
Rods
they
carried
were
called
Fasces
;
but
it
is
probable
they
were
first
call'd
Litores
,
afterwards
by
putting
in
a
C
,
Lictores
,
for
they
are
the
same
the
Graecians
call
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
or
Officers
for
the
People
;
and
the
Graecians
do
still
call
the
People
in
general
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
and
the
common
People
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
When
after
the
death
of
his
Grandfather
Numitor
in
Alba
,
that
Kingdom
devolv'd
upon
Romulus
,
he
put
the
Government
into
the
hands
of
Magistrates
,
and
elected
yearly
one
to
superintend
the
Sabines
.
But
that
taught
the
Senators
of
Offends
the
Senate
.
Rome
to
seek
after
a
free
and
Anti-monarchical
State
,
wherein
all
might
share
in
the
Rule
and
Government
.
For
the
Patricians
,
(
as
they
call
them
,
)
were
not
now
concern'd
in
State-Affairs
,
only
had
the
Name
and
Title
left
them
,
convening
in
Council
rather
for
fashion-sake
than
Advice
,
where
they
in
silence
heard
the
King's
Commands
,
and
so
departed
,
exceeding
the
Commonalty
only
in
this
,
that
they
heard
first
what
was
done
.
These
and
the
like
were
Matters
of
small
moment
;
but
when
he
of
his
own
accord
parted
among
his
Souldiers
what
Lands
were
acquired
by
War
,
and
restored
the
Veientes
their
Hostages
,
the
Senate
neither
consenting
nor
approving
of
it
,
then
indeed
he
seem'd
to
put
a
great
Affront
upon
them
;
whereupon
,
he
suddenly
disappearing
a
short
while
after
,
the
Senate
fell
under
shrewd
Suspicions
and
Calumnies
.
He
disappear'd
on
the
Nones
of
July
,
as
they
now
call
the
month
,
which
Dies
.
was
then
Quintilis
,
leaving
nothing
of
certainty
to
be
related
of
his
Death
,
only
the
time
,
as
you
hear
:
for
there
are
now
upon
that
day
many
Ceremonies
perform'd
in
resemblance
of
that
Misfortune
.
Neither
is
this
uncertainty
to
be
thought
strange
,
seeing
the
manner
of
the
Death
of
Scipio
Africanus
,
who
died
at
his
own
home
after
Supper
,
is
neither
much
credited
nor
disprov'd
;
for
,
some
say
,
he
died
easily
&
suddenly
;
as
it
were
of
his
own
accord
,
being
naturally
a
sickly
Man
;
others
,
that
he
poyson'd
himself
;
others
again
,
that
his
Enemies
breaking
in
upon
him
in
the
night
,
stifled
him
.
Scipio
too
when
he
was
dead
,
lay
open
to
be
seen
of
all
,
and
indeed
his
Body
gave
some
suspicion
,
and
a
reasonable
discovery
of
the
Fact
;
but
of
Romulus
,
when
he
vanish'd
,
was
neither
the
least
part
of
his
Body
,
or
rag
of
his
Cloaths
to
be
seen
.
So
that
some
fancied
,
the
Senators
having
fallen
upon
him
,
cut
his
Body
Several
Opinions
of
his
Death
.
into
pieces
,
and
each
took
a
part
away
in
his
bosom
;
others
think
,
his
disappearance
was
neither
in
the
Temple
of
Vulcan
,
nor
with
the
Senators
only
by
;
but
that
it
happen'd
,
as
he
was
haranguing
the
People
without
the
City
,
near
a
Place
call'd
the
[
](A55194-e29790-b)*
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Goats
Marsh
,
on
the
sudden
most
wonderful
Disorders
and
Alterations
beyond
expression
rose
in
the
Air
,
for
the
face
of
the
Sun
was
darkned
,
and
the
day
was
turn'd
into
an
unquiet
and
turbulent
night
,
made
up
of
terrible
Thunderings
,
and
boisterous
Winds
raising
Tempests
from
all
Quarters
,
which
scattered
the
Rabble
and
made
them
fly
,
but
the
Senators
kept
close
together
.
The
Tempest
being
over
,
and
the
light
breaking
out
,
when
the
People
gather'd
again
,
they
misss'd
and
enquir'd
for
their
King
;
but
the
Senators
would
not
let
them
search
,
or
busie
themselves
about
the
Matter
,
but
commanded
them
to
honour
and
worship
Romulus
,
as
one
taken
up
to
the
Gods
,
and
about
to
be
to
them
,
of
a
good
Prince
,
now
a
propitious
God
.
The
Multitude
hearing
this
,
went
away
rejoycing
and
worshipping
him
,
in
hopes
of
good
things
from
him
;
but
there
were
some
who
canvassing
the
Matter
more
severely
and
rigorously
,
accus'd
and
aspers'd
the
Patricians
,
as
Men
that
persuaded
the
People
to
believe
ridiculous
Tales
,
when
they
themselves
were
the
Murderers
of
the
King
.
Things
being
in
this
disorder
,
one
,
they
say
,
of
the
Patricians
,
of
a
noble
Family
,
and
Julius
Proculus
decides
the
Matter
.
most
honest
Conversation
,
and
withal
a
most
faithful
and
familiar
Friend
of
Romulus
himself
,
who
came
with
him
from
Alba
,
Julius
Proculus
by
Name
,
stepping
into
the
Company
,
and
taking
a
most
sacred
Oath
,
protested
before
them
all
,
that
Romulus
appear'd
to
,
and
met
him
traveling
on
the
Road
,
comelier
and
fairer
than
ever
,
dress'd
in
shining
and
flaming
Armour
,
and
he
being
affrighted
at
the
Apparition
,
said
,
Vpon
what
Occasion
or
Resentments
,
O
King
,
did
you
leave
us
here
,
liable
to
most
unjust
and
wicked
Surmises
,
and
the
whole
City
destitute
,
in
most
bitter
Sorrow
?
And
that
he
made
Answer
:
It
pleas'd
the
Gods
,
O
Proculus
,
we
should
remain
so
long
a
time
amongst
Men
as
we
did
,
and
having
built
a
City
,
the
greatest
in
the
World
both
in
Empire
and
Glory
,
we
should
again
return
to
Heaven
;
but
farewel
,
and
tell
the
Romans
,
that
by
the
exercise
of
Temperance
and
Fortitude
,
they
shall
far
exceed
all
humane
Power
,
and
we
will
be
to
you
the
propitious
God
Quirinus
.
This
seem'd
very
credible
to
the
Romans
,
both
upon
the
Honesty
and
Oath
of
him
that
spoke
it
,
and
a
certain
divine
Passion
,
like
an
Enthusiasm
,
seized
on
all
Men
,
for
no
body
contradicted
it
,
but
laying
aside
all
Jealousies
and
Detractions
,
they
prayed
to
Quirinus
,
and
saluted
him
God
.
This
is
like
some
of
the
Graecian
Fables
of
Aristeas
the
Proconnesian
,
and
Cleomedes
the
Astypalaeian
;
for
,
they
say
,
Aristeas
died
in
a
Fuller's
Work-house
,
and
,
his
Friends
coming
to
him
,
his
Body
vanish'd
;
and
that
some
presently
after
coming
a
Journey
,
said
,
they
met
him
travelling
towards
Croton
.
And
that
Cleomedes
,
being
an
extraordinary
strong
and
gygantic
Man
,
and
withal
crazed
and
mad
,
committed
many
desperate
Freaks
:
At
last
in
a
certain
School-house
,
striking
a
Pillar
that
sustain'd
the
Roof
with
his
Fist
,
broke
it
in
the
middle
,
so
the
House
fell
and
destroyed
the
Children
in
it
;
and
being
pursued
,
he
fled
into
a
great
Chest
,
and
shutting
to
the
Lid
,
held
it
so
fast
,
that
many
Men
with
all
their
strength
could
not
force
it
open
;
afterwards
breaking
the
Chest
to
pieces
,
they
found
no
Man
in
it
alive
or
dead
;
at
which
being
astonish'd
,
they
sent
to
consult
the
Oracle
at
Delphi
;
to
whom
the
Prophetess
made
this
Answer
:
Of
all
the
Heroes
,
Cleomede
is
last
.
They
say
too
,
the
Body
of
Alomeno
,
as
she
was
carrying
to
her
Grave
,
vanish'd
,
and
a
Stone
was
found
lying
on
the
Bier
.
And
many
such
Improbabilities
do
your
fabulous
Writers
relate
,
deifying
Creatures
naturally
mortal
;
tho'
altogether
to
disown
a
divine
Power
,
is
an
unholy
and
disingenuous
thing
;
so
again
to
mix
Heaven
and
Earth
,
is
as
ridiculous
;
therefore
we
must
reject
such
Vanities
,
being
assur'd
that
,
according
to
Pindar
,
All
humane
Bodies
yield
to
Deaths
decree
,
The
Soul
survives
to
all
eternity
.
For
that
alone
is
deriv'd
from
the
Gods
,
thence
it
comes
,
and
thither
it
returns
:
not
with
the
Body
,
but
when
it
is
most
free
and
separated
from
it
,
and
is
altogether
pure
and
clean
,
and
disengag'd
from
the
flesh
;
for
the
dry
Soul
(
as
Heraclitus
phrases
it
)
is
best
,
which
flies
out
of
the
Body
,
as
Lightning
breaks
from
a
Cloud
;
but
that
which
is
clogg'd
and
incumber'd
with
the
Body
,
is
like
a
gross
and
cloudy
Vapour
,
hard
to
be
kindled
and
mount
on
high
.
We
must
not
therefore
,
contrary
to
Nature
,
send
the
Bodies
too
of
good
Men
to
Heaven
;
but
again
we
must
really
believe
that
,
according
to
a
divine
Nature
and
Justice
,
their
vertuous
Souls
are
translated
out
of
Men
into
Heroes
;
out
of
Heroes
into
demi-Gods
;
out
of
demi-Gods
,
(
if
they
are
,
as
by
expiation
,
perfectly
purg'd
and
sanctified
,
and
disburden'd
of
all
Passions
attending
Mortality
)
they
are
,
not
as
in
any
humane
Polity
alter'd
,
but
really
and
according
to
right
Reason
chang'd
and
translated
into
Gods
,
receiving
the
greatest
and
most
blessed
perfection
.
Romulus
his
sirname
Quirinus
,
some
say
,
signifies
as
much
as
Mars
or
Warlike
;
others
,
Why
Romulus
was
call'd
Quirinus
.
that
he
was
so
call'd
,
because
the
Citizens
were
call'd
Quirites
;
others
,
because
the
Ancients
call'd
a
Dart
or
Spear
Quiris
,
for
the
Statue
of
Juno
placed
on
a
Spear
was
call'd
Quiritis
,
and
the
Dart
in
the
King's
Palace
was
call'd
Mars
,
and
those
that
behav'd
themselves
valiantly
in
War
,
were
usually
presented
with
a
Dart
,
and
that
therefore
Romulus
,
being
a
martial
God
,
or
a
God
of
Darts
,
was
call'd
Quirinus
;
and
there
is
a
Temple
built
to
his
Honour
on
a
Mount
call'd
from
him
Quirinalis
.
The
day
he
vanish'd
on
is
call'd
the
Flight
of
the
Rabble
,
or
the
[
](A55194-e30350-b)*
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Nones
of
the
Goats
,
because
they
go
then
out
of
the
City
,
and
sacrifice
at
the
Goats-Marsh
,
and
as
they
go
,
they
call
out
loudly
upon
the
Names
of
some
of
their
Compatriots
,
as
Marcellus
and
Caius
,
imitating
how
they
then
fled
,
and
call'd
upon
one
another
in
that
Fright
and
Hurry
.
Some
say
,
this
was
not
in
imitation
of
a
Flight
,
but
of
a
quick
and
hasty
Onset
,
giving
this
account
of
it
:
After
the
Gauls
,
who
had
taken
Rome
,
were
driven
out
by
Camillus
,
and
the
City
had
not
as
yet
recover'd
her
strength
,
many
of
the
Latines
,
under
the
Command
of
Livius
Posthumius
,
took
this
time
to
march
against
her
.
The
Army
sitting
down
before
Rome
,
an
Herald
was
sent
,
signifying
that
the
Latines
were
desirous
to
renew
their
former
Alliance
and
Affinity
,
(
that
was
now
almost
decayed
)
by
contracting
new
Marriages
between
both
Nations
;
if
therefore
they
would
send
forth
a
good
number
of
their
Virgins
and
Widows
,
they
should
settle
into
a
Peace
and
Friendship
,
as
they
formerly
did
with
the
Sabines
upon
the
like
Conditions
.
The
Romans
hearing
this
,
they
both
dreaded
a
War
,
yet
thought
a
Surrender
of
their
Women
little
better
than
a
meer
Captivity
.
Being
in
this
doubt
,
a
Servant-maid
call'd
Philotis
,
(
or
as
some
say
,
Teutola
)
advis'd
them
to
do
neither
,
but
rather
,
by
a
Stratagem
,
both
to
avoid
Fighting
,
and
the
giving
up
of
such
Pledges
.
The
Stratagem
was
this
,
that
they
should
send
her self
,
with
a
company
of
handsom
Wenches
well
dress'd
,
to
the
Enemy
,
instead
of
Free-born
Virgins
,
and
she
would
in
the
night
light
up
a
Torch
,
at
which
the
Romans
should
come
arm'd
and
surprize
them
asleep
.
The
Latines
were
thus
deceiv'd
,
and
accordingly
Philotis
set
up
a
Torch
in
a
wild
Fig-tree
,
skreening
it
behind
with
Curtains
and
Coverlets
from
the
sight
of
the
Enemy
:
But
it
was
plain
to
the
Romans
:
when
they
saw
it
,
they
ran
furiously
together
out
of
the
Gates
,
hastening
one
another
what
they
could
,
so
falling
in
unexpectedly
upon
the
Enemy
,
they
defeated
them
.
Upon
that
they
made
a
Feast
of
Triumph
,
call'd
the
Nones
of
the
Goats
,
because
of
the
wild
Fig-tree
,
call'd
by
the
Romans
,
Caprificus
,
or
the
Goat-Fig
;
and
they
feast
the
Women
without
the
City
in
Arbors
made
of
Fig-tree
boughs
,
and
the
Maids
meet
and
run
about
playing
;
afterwards
they
fight
in
Sport
,
and
throw
Stones
one
at
another
,
in
memory
they
did
then
aid
and
assist
the
Roman
Men
in
Fight
.
This
many
Authors
do
not
admit
for
true
:
for
the
calling
upon
one
anothers
Names
by
day
,
and
the
going
out
to
the
Goats-Marsh
,
as
to
Sea
,
seems
to
agree
more
to
the
former
Relation
,
unless
perhaps
both
the
Actions
,
done
at
several
times
,
might
have
happen'd
on
the
same
day
of
the
Week
.
Now
,
they
say
,
it
was
in
the
54th
.
year
of
his
Age
,
and
the
38th
.
How
old
he
was
when
he
died
.
of
his
Reign
,
that
Romulus
left
the
World
.
The
Comparison
of
Romulus
and
Theseus
.
THis
is
all
I
ever
happen'd
to
hear
of
Romulus
and
Theseus
,
worthy
of
memory
.
First
,
Theseus
seem'd
,
out
of
his
own
free-will
,
without
any
compulsion
,
when
he
might
have
reign'd
in
security
at
Trazene
,
in
the
enjoyment
of
no
inglorious
Empire
,
to
have
affected
great
Actions
by
himself
.
The
other
to
escape
present
Servitude
,
and
a
punishment
that
threatned
him
,
(
according
to
Plato
,
)
grew
valiant
purely
out
of
fear
;
and
dreading
the
extreamest
Inflictions
,
attempted
great
Enterprizes
out
of
meer
necessity
.
Again
,
His
greatest
Action
was
only
the
killing
of
one
King
of
Alba
;
whereas
the
by-Adventures
and
Preludes
of
the
other
were
the
Conquests
of
Sciron
,
Scinnis
,
Procrustes
and
Corynetes
;
by
reducing
and
killing
of
whom
,
he
ridded
Greece
of
very
violent
Oppressors
,
before
any
of
them
that
were
relieved
,
knew
who
did
it
;
and
he
might
then
without
any
trouble
as
well
have
gone
to
Athens
by
Sea
,
considering
he
himself
never
was
in
the
least
injured
by
those
Robbers
;
whereas
Romulus
could
not
but
be
in
Action
whilst
Amulius
lived
.
A
great
testimony
of
this
is
,
that
Theseus
,
for
no
wrong
done
himself
,
but
for
the
sake
of
others
,
did
fall
upon
these
Villains
;
but
Romulus
and
Remus
,
as
long
as
they
themselves
suffer'd
no
ill
by
the
Tyrant
,
permitted
him
to
opprefs
all
others
.
And
if
it
be
a
great
thing
to
have
been
wounded
in
Battel
by
the
Sabines
,
to
have
kill'd
King
Acron
,
and
to
have
conquer'd
many
Enemies
;
we
may
oppose
to
these
Actions
,
the
Battel
with
the
Centaurs
,
and
the
Feats
done
against
the
Amazons
.
But
what
Theseus
adventur'd
,
in
offering
himself
voluntarily
with
the
other
young
Boys
and
Virgins
,
as
part
of
the
Tribute
into
Crete
,
either
to
be
a
Prey
to
a
Monster
,
or
a
Victim
upon
the
Tomb
of
Androgeus
,
or
,
what
is
least
of
all
,
to
live
vilely
and
dishonourably
in
slavery
to
insulting
and
cruel
Men
;
a
Man
cannot
express
what
an
Act
of
Boldness
,
or
Courage
,
or
Justice
to
the
Publick
,
or
of
Honour
and
Bravery
,
that
was
.
So
that
methinks
the
Philosophers
did
not
define
Love
ill
,
to
be
the
service
of
the
Gods
in
assisting
and
preserving
Youth
;
for
the
Love
of
Ariadne
,
above
all
,
seems
to
be
the
proper
work
and
design
of
some
God
,
in
order
to
preserve
Theseus
;
and
indeed
we
ought
not
to
blame
her
for
loving
him
,
but
rather
wonder
all
Men
and
Women
were
not
alike
affected
towards
him
;
and
if
she
alone
were
so
,
truly
I
dare
pronounce
her
worthy
of
the
Love
of
a
God
,
who
was
her self
so
great
a
Lover
of
Vertue
and
Goodness
,
and
the
bravest
Man
.
But
both
these
naturally
affecting
Government
,
neither
lived
up
to
the
true
Character
of
a
King
,
but
flew
off
,
and
ran
,
one
into
Popularity
,
the
other
into
Tyranny
,
falling
both
into
the
same
fault
out
of
different
Passions
.
For
a
Prince's
chief
end
is
to
preserve
his
Empire
,
which
is
done
no
less
by
avoiding
Indecencies
,
than
by
maintaining
a
decorum
in
all
things
:
Who-ever
is
either
too
remiss
or
too
strict
in
this
,
is
no
more
a
King
or
a
Prince
,
but
either
too
popular
a
Man
,
or
too
lordly
,
and
so
becomes
either
odious
or
contemptible
to
his
Subjects
.
This
seems
to
be
the
fault
of
Easiness
and
good
Nature
,
the
other
of
Pride
and
Severity
;
but
if
we
must
not
in
all
respects
impute
Misfortunes
to
the
Fates
,
but
consider
in
them
the
difference
of
mens
Manners
and
Passions
,
as
the
unreasonable
and
inconsiderate
effects
of
Wrath
and
Anger
,
a
Man
can
neither
excuse
one
in
his
Behaviour
to
his
Brother
,
nor
the
other
to
his
Son
.
Tho'
the
Anger
of
Theseus
is
more
excusable
,
because
it
proceeded
from
a
greater
Cause
,
as
being
struck
with
the
severer
Lash
.
Romulus
,
having
disagreed
with
his
Brother
,
advisedly
and
deliberately
upon
the
Concerns
of
the
Publick
,
one
would
think
,
he
could
not
of
the
sudden
have
been
put
into
so
great
passion
;
but
Love
,
and
Jealousie
,
and
the
Complaints
of
his
Wife
,
(
which
few
Men
can
avoid
being
provoked
with
)
seduced
Theseus
to
commit
that
Outrage
upon
his
Son
.
And
what
is
more
,
Romulus
in
his
Anger
committed
an
Action
of
most
unfortunate
Consequence
;
but
that
of
Theseus
ended
only
in
words
,
some
evil-speaking
,
and
a
few
old
Peoples
Curses
,
the
rest
of
the
Youth's
misery
seems
to
proceed
from
Fortune
;
so
that
so
far
a
Man
would
give
his
Vote
on
Theseus's
part
.
But
the
chiefest
matter
in
the
other
is
this
,
that
his
Performances
proceeded
from
very
small
beginnings
;
for
both
the
Brothers
being
thought
Servants
,
and
the
Sons
of
Swineherds
,
before
they
were
Free-men
themselves
,
they
gave
liberty
to
almost
all
the
Latines
,
obtaining
at
once
all
the
most
honourable
Titles
,
as
destroyers
of
their
Countreys
Enemies
,
preservers
of
their
Friends
and
Kindred
,
Princes
of
the
People
,
Founders
,
not
removers
of
Cities
;
for
such
an
one
was
Theseus
,
who
raised
and
compiled
only
one
House
out
of
many
,
demolishing
many
Cities
bearing
the
Names
of
ancient
Kings
and
Heroes
.
But
Romulus
did
the
same
afterwards
,
forcing
his
Enemies
to
deface
and
ruine
their
own
Dwellings
,
and
to
sojourn
with
their
Conquerors
;
not
altering
at
first
or
increasing
a
City
that
was
before
,
but
building
one
from
the
ground
,
acquiring
likewise
to
himself
,
Lands
,
a
Countrey
,
a
Kingdom
,
Wives
,
Children
,
and
Relations
.
He
kill'd
or
destroyed
no
body
,
but
encouraged
those
that
wanted
Houses
and
Dwelling-places
,
if
willing
to
be
of
a
Society
,
and
become
Citizens
.
Robbers
and
Malefactors
he
slew
not
,
but
he
subdued
Nations
,
he
overthrew
Cities
,
he
triumph'd
over
Kings
and
Princes
;
and
as
to
Remus
,
it
is
doubtful
by
whose
Hand
he
was
cut
off
,
it
is
generally
imputed
to
others
.
His
Mother
he
apparently
retriev'd
from
death
,
and
placed
his
Grandfather
,
who
was
brought
under
base
and
dishonourable
Vassalage
,
in
the
ancient
Throne
of
Aeneas
,
to
whom
he
did
voluntarily
many
good
Offices
,
but
never
annoyed
him
,
no
not
through
ignorance
it self
.
But
Theseus
,
in
his
forgetfulness
and
inadvertency
of
the
Command
concerning
the
Flag
,
can
scarcely
methinks
by
any
Excuses
,
or
before
the
most
candid
Judges
,
avoid
the
imputation
of
Parricide
;
which
a
certain
Athenian
perceiving
it
very
hard
to
make
an
excuse
for
,
feigns
that
Aegaeus
,
at
the
arrival
of
the
Ship
,
running
hastily
to
a
Tower
to
see
what
News
,
slip'd
and
fell
down
,
either
for
want
of
accidental
help
,
or
that
no
Servants
attended
him
in
that
haste
to
the
Sea-side
.
And
indeed
those
faults
committed
in
the
Rapes
of
Women
,
admit
of
no
plausible
excuse
in
Theseus
:
First
,
In
regard
to
the
often
repetition
of
the
Crime
;
for
he
stole
Ariadne
,
Antiope
,
Anaxo
the
Trazaenian
,
at
last
Helena
,
when
he
was
an
old
Man
,
and
she
not
marriageable
,
being
too
young
and
tender
,
and
he
at
an
Age
past
even
lawful
Wedlock
.
Then
the
Cause
;
for
the
Trazaenian
,
Lacedaemonian
,
and
Amazonian
Virgins
,
beside
that
they
were
not
betrothed
to
him
,
were
not
worthier
to
raise
Children
by
,
than
the
Athenians
,
who
were
derived
from
Erestheus
and
Cecrops
;
but
it
is
to
be
suspected
,
these
things
were
done
out
of
lust
,
and
the
satisfaction
of
the
flesh
.
Romulus
when
he
had
taken
near
800
Women
,
he
chose
not
all
,
but
only
Hersilia
(
as
they
say
)
for
himself
,
the
rest
he
divided
among
the
Chief
of
the
City
;
and
afterwards
,
by
the
respect
,
and
tenderness
,
and
justice
shewn
towards
them
,
he
discovered
,
that
this
Violence
and
Injury
,
was
a
most
commendable
and
politick
Exploit
to
establish
a
Society
;
by
which
he
intermix'd
and
united
both
Nations
,
and
made
it
the
fountain
of
all
after-Friendship
,
and
of
Power
with
them
.
And
that
it
was
the
Cause
of
Reverence
,
and
Love
,
and
Constancy
in
Matrimony
,
time
can
witness
;
for
in
230
years
neither
any
Husband
deserted
his
Wife
,
nor
any
Wife
her
Husband
;
but
,
as
the
most
curious
among
the
Graecians
can
tell
you
the
first
Parricide
,
so
the
Romans
all
well
know
,
that
Spurius
Carvilius
was
the
first
who
put
away
his
Wife
,
accusing
her
of
Barrenness
.
The
Circumstances
of
Matters
do
testifie
for
so
long
a
time
;
for
upon
those
Marriages
,
the
two
Princes
shar'd
in
the
Dominion
,
and
both
Nations
fell
under
the
same
Government
.
But
from
the
Marriages
of
Theseus
proceeded
nothing
of
Friendship
or
Correspondence
for
the
advantage
of
Commerce
,
but
Enmities
and
Wars
,
and
the
Slaughter
of
Citizens
,
and
at
last
the
loss
of
the
City
Aphidnae
,
where
,
only
out
of
the
compassion
of
the
Enemy
,
whom
they
entreated
and
caressed
like
Gods
,
they
but
just
miss'd
suffering
,
what
Troy
did
by
Paris
.
Theseus
his
Mother
was
not
only
in
danger
,
but
suffered
also
what
Hecuba
did
,
in
being
deserted
and
destitute
of
her
Son
;
unless
that
of
her
Captivity
be
not
a
fiction
,
as
I
could
wish
both
that
and
most
other
things
of
him
were
.
What
is
fabulously
related
concerning
both
their
Divinity
,
you
will
find
a
great
difference
in
it
;
for
Romulus
was
preserved
by
the
special
Favour
of
the
Gods
;
but
the
Oracle
given
to
Aegaeus
,
commanding
him
to
abstain
from
all
strange
and
foreign
Women
,
seems
to
demonstrate
,
that
the
Birth
of
Theseus
was
not
agreeable
to
the
Will
of
the
Gods
.
LYCURGUS
.
Equality
.
portrait
M
Burg.
delin
.
dt
sculp
.
THE
LIFE
OF
LYCURGUS
.
Translated
from
the
Greek
of
Plutarch
,
By
Knightly
Chetwood
,
Fellow
of
King's
College
in
Cambridge
.
THere
is
so
much
incertainty
in
the
accounts
which
Historians
have
left
us
of
Lycurgus
,
the
Law
giver
of
Sparta
,
that
scarcely
any
thing
is
asserted
by
one
of
them
which
is
not
call'd
into
question
,
or
contradicted
by
the
rest
.
Their
sentiments
are
quite
different
as
to
the
Family
he
came
of
,
the
Voyages
he
undertook
,
the
place
,
and
manner
of
his
death
,
but
most
of
all
when
they
speak
of
the
Laws
he
made
,
and
the
Commonwealth
which
he
founded
.
They
cannot
by
any
means
be
brought
to
an
agreement
as
to
the
very
Age
in
which
this
excellent
person
liv'd
:
for
some
of
them
say
that
he
flourished
in
the
time
of
Iphitus
,
and
that
they
two
jointly
contrived
the
Ordinance
for
the
cessation
of
Arms
during
the
Solemnity
of
the
Olympick
Games
.
Of
this
opinion
was
Aristotle
,
and
for
confirmation
of
it
he
alledges
an
inscription
upon
one
of
the
copper
Coits
used
in
those
Sports
,
upon
which
the
name
of
Lycurgus
continued
undefac'd
to
his
time
.
But
Eratosthenes
and
Apollodorus
,
two
learned
Chronologers
,
computing
the
time
by
the
successions
of
the
Spartan
Kings
,
pretend
to
demonstrate
that
he
was
much
more
ancient
than
the
very
Institution
of
the
Olympick
Games
.
Timaeus
conjectures
that
there
were
two
of
this
name
,
and
in
diverse
times
,
but
that
the
one
of
them
being
much
more
famous
than
the
other
,
men
gave
to
him
the
glory
of
both
their
exploits
:
the
elder
of
the
two
,
according
to
him
,
was
not
long
after
Homer
,
and
some
are
so
particular
as
to
say
that
he
had
seen
him
too
.
But
that
he
was
of
great
antiquity
may
be
gathered
from
a
passage
in
[
](A55194-e31570-b)*
*
Lib.
de
Laced
.
Rep.
Xenophon
,
where
he
makes
him
contemporary
with
the
Heraclidae
:
not
but
that
the
very
last
Kings
of
Sparta
were
Heraclidae
too
;
but
he
seems
in
that
place
to
speak
of
the
first
,
and
more
immediate
successours
of
Hercules
.
But
notwithstanding
this
confusion
and
obscurity
of
Writers
who
have
gone
before
us
in
this
Subject
,
we
shall
endeavour
to
compose
the
History
of
his
[
](A55194-e31640-b)†
†
This
was
the
first
Life
that
Plutarch
publish'd
,
and
he
seems
to
have
a
particular
respect
to
this
people
,
by
writing
a
Book
of
their
wise
Sayings
.
Life
,
setting
down
those
passages
which
are
least
contradicted
,
and
following
those
Authours
which
are
most
worthy
of
credit
.
The
Poet
Simonides
will
needs
have
it
that
Lycurgus
was
the
Son
of
Prytanis
,
and
not
of
Eunomus
;
but
in
this
opinion
he
is
singular
,
for
all
the
rest
deduce
the
Genealogy
of
them
both
as
follows
:
-
Aristodemus
,
-
Patrocles
,
-
Sous
,
-
Eurytion
,
-
Prytanis
,
-
Eunomus
,
who
by
his
first
Wife
had
a
Son
nam'd
Polydectes
,
and
by
his
second
Wife
,
Dianissa
,
had
this
Lycurgus
,
whose
Life
is
before
us
:
but
as
Eutychidas
says
,
he
was
the
sixth
from
Patrocles
,
and
the
eleventh
from
Hercules
.
Be
this
as
it
will
,
Sous
certainly
was
the
most
renown'd
of
all
his
Ancestours
,
under
whose
conduct
the
Spartans
subdu'd
Ilotos
,
and
made
Slaves
of
the
Ilotes
,
and
added
to
their
Dominions
,
by
Conquest
,
a
good
part
of
Arcadia
.
There
goes
a
story
of
this
King
Sous
,
that
being
besieged
by
the
Clitorians
in
a
dry
and
stony
place
,
so
that
he
could
come
at
no
water
,
he
was
at
last
constrained
to
agree
with
them
upon
these
hard
terms
,
that
he
would
restore
to
them
all
his
Conquests
,
provided
that
Himself
[
](A55194-e31960-b)*
*
A
subtile
promise
.
and
all
his
Men
should
drink
of
a
Spring
not
far
distant
from
his
Camp
:
after
the
usual
Oaths
and
Ratifications
,
he
call'd
his
Souldiers
together
,
and
offered
to
him
that
would
forbear
drinking
half
his
Kingdom
for
a
reward
:
their
thirst
was
so
much
stronger
than
their
ambition
,
that
not
a
man
of
them
was
able
to
forbear
:
in
short
,
when
they
had
all
drank
their
fill
,
at
last
comes
King
Sous
himself
to
the
Spring
,
and
,
having
sprinkled
his
face
onely
,
without
swallowing
one
drop
,
he
marched
off
in
the
face
of
his
Enemies
,
refusing
to
yield
up
his
Conquests
,
because
himself
,
and
all
his
men
(
according
to
the
Articles
)
had
not
drank
of
their
water
.
Although
he
was
justly
had
in
admiration
as
well
for
his
wit
and
abstinence
as
for
his
warlike
exploits
,
yet
was
not
his
Family
sirnamed
from
him
but
from
his
Son
Eurytion
,
(
of
whom
they
were
call'd
Eurytionides
:
)
the
reason
of
this
was
,
that
Eurytion
took
a
course
never
practis'd
by
his
wise
Predecessours
,
which
was
to
flatter
and
cajole
his
own
Subjects
,
by
slackening
the
reigns
of
the
Royal
Authority
.
But
see
what
followed
!
the
people
,
instead
of
growing
more
tractable
by
it
,
made
new
encroachments
upon
him
every
day
:
insomuch
that
,
partly
by
taking
advantages
of
the
too
great
easiness
or
necessities
of
the
succeeding
Princes
,
partly
by
tiring
out
and
vexing
those
which
used
severity
,
they
at
last
brought
the
Government
into
contempt
,
and
soon
after
the
whole
Kingdom
into
Anarchy
and
confusion
.
In
this
miserable
estate
things
continu'd
a
long
time
,
and
amongst
its
other
tragical
effects
,
it
caused
the
death
of
the
Father
of
Lycurgus
:
for
as
the
good
King
was
endeavouring
to
quell
a
riot
in
which
the
parties
were
come
to
blows
,
he
was
among
them
most
barbarously
[
](A55194-e32070-b)†
†
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
stab'd
with
a
Cooks
Knife
.
butchered
;
and
left
the
title
of
King
to
his
eldest
Son
Polydectes
:
but
he
too
dying
soon
after
,
the
right
of
Succession
(
as
every
one
thought
)
rested
in
Lycurgus
;
and
reign
he
did
,
untill
he
had
notice
that
the
Queen
,
his
Sister-in-law
,
was
with
Child
:
upon
this
he
immediately
declar'd
that
the
Kingdom
belong'd
to
her
issue
,
provided
it
were
Male
,
and
that
himself
would
exercise
the
Regal
Jurisdiction
onely
as
his
[
](A55194-e32120-b)*
*
They
call'd
them
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Guardian
and
Regent
during
his
minority
:
soon
after
an
overture
was
made
to
him
by
the
Queen
,
that
she
would
make
her self
miscarry
,
or
some
way
destroy
that
she
went
with
,
upon
condition
that
he
would
marry
her
when
he
came
to
the
Crown
.
Though
he
was
extremely
incens'd
against
the
Woman
for
this
unnatural
proposal
,
yet
wisely
smothering
his
resentments
,
and
making
shew
of
closing
with
her
,
he
dispatch'd
the
Messenger
with
a
world
of
thanks
,
and
expressions
of
joy
,
but
withall
dissuaded
her
earnestly
from
procuring
her self
to
miscarry
,
because
that
the
violent
means
used
in
such
cases
would
impair
her
health
,
if
not
endanger
her
life
:
withall
assuring
her
,
that
himself
would
so
order
it
,
that
the
Child
,
as
soon
as
born
,
should
be
taken
out
of
the
way
.
By
these
and
such
like
artifices
,
having
drawn
on
the
Woman
to
the
time
of
her
lying
in
,
as
soon
as
ever
he
heard
that
she
was
in
labour
,
he
sent
some
of
his
Council
to
be
by
and
observe
all
that
past
,
with
order
,
that
if
it
were
a
Girle
they
should
deliver
it
to
the
Women
,
but
if
a
Boy
,
that
they
should
bring
it
to
him
wheresoever
he
were
,
and
whatsoever
a-doing
.
It
so
fell
out
that
as
he
was
at
Supper
with
his
principal
Magistrates
,
the
Queen
was
brought
to
bed
of
a
Boy
,
who
was
soon
after
presented
to
him
as
he
was
at
the
Table
:
he
,
taking
him
tenderly
into
his
arms
,
said
to
those
about
him
,
behold
,
my
Lords
of
Sparta
,
here
is
a
King
born
unto
us
;
this
said
,
he
laid
him
down
upon
the
Chair
of
State
,
and
nam'd
him
Charilaus
;
that
is
,
the
Joy
of
the
people
:
because
they
were
so
much
transported
with
joy
both
at
the
birth
of
the
young
Prince
,
and
the
contemplation
of
the
noble
Mind
and
Justice
of
Lycurgus
:
and
yet
his
good
reign
lasted
onely
eight
months
.
But
Lycurgus
was
in
nature
a
Prince
,
and
there
were
more
who
obeyed
him
upon
the
account
of
his
eminent
Vertues
,
than
because
he
was
Regent
to
the
King
,
and
had
the
treasure
and
strength
of
the
Nation
in
his
hands
.
Yet
could
not
all
this
ensure
him
from
envy
,
which
made
a
push
at
him
(
as
Lycurgus
envied
.
is
usual
)
before
he
was
well
settled
in
his
high
Trust
;
the
Heads
of
this
Faction
were
the
Kindred
and
Creatures
of
the
Queen-mother
,
who
pretended
not
to
have
been
dealt
with
sutably
to
her
quality
;
and
her
Brother
Leonidas
,
in
a
warm
debate
which
fell
out
betwixt
him
and
Lycurgus
,
went
so
far
as
to
tell
him
to
his
face
,
that
he
was
very
well
assured
that
e'er
long
he
should
sec
him
King
;
by
this
reflecting
insinuation
he
endeavour'd
to
make
the
people
jealous
of
Lycurgus
,
thus
preparing
the
way
for
an
accusation
of
him
,
as
though
he
had
made
away
with
his
Nephew
,
if
he
should
chance
to
fail
,
though
by
a
natural
death
;
words
of
the
like
import
were
designedly
cast
abroad
by
the
Queen-mother
and
her
adherents
.
Being
exceedingly
troubled
at
this
,
and
not
knowing
what
it
might
come
to
,
he
thought
it
his
wisest
course
to
decline
their
envy
by
a
voluntary
exile
,
and
so
travel
from
place
to
place
untill
his
Nephew
came
to
marriageable
years
,
and
by
having
a
Son
had
secured
the
Succession
:
setting
Lycurgus
his
Travels
.
sail
therefore
with
this
resolution
,
he
first
arrived
at
Crete
,
where
having
considered
their
several
Forms
of
Government
,
and
got
an
acquaintance
with
the
principal
men
amongst
them
,
some
of
their
Laws
he
very
much
approv'd
of
,
and
resolv'd
to
make
use
of
them
in
his
own
Country
,
and
a
good
part
of
them
he
rejected
as
useless
.
Amongst
the
persons
there
the
most
renown'd
for
their
ability
and
wisedom
in
State
matters
was
one
Thales
,
whom
Lycurgus
,
by
repeated
importunities
and
assurances
of
Friendship
,
at
last
persuaded
to
go
over
to
Lacedaemon
.
When
he
came
thither
,
by
his
outward
appearance
and
character
,
he
seem'd
no
other
than
a
Lyrick
Poet
,
but
in
reality
he
perform'd
the
part
of
one
of
the
ablest
Law-givers
in
the
world
:
the
very
Songs
which
he
compos'd
were
pathetical
exhortations
to
obedience
and
concord
:
The
sweetness
of
the
Measures
and
the
cadence
of
the
Verse
,
suting
with
the
Subject
,
both
serious
and
delightfull
,
had
so
great
an
influence
on
their
minds
,
that
they
were
insensibly
softned
and
civiliz'd
:
insomuch
that
at
last
they
renounced
their
private
feuds
and
animosities
,
which
had
kept
them
so
long
at
variance
to
their
unspeakable
disadvantage
,
and
re-united
themselves
into
a
cheerfull
and
unanimous
concurrence
for
the
publick
welfare
:
so
that
it
may
truly
be
said
that
Thales
prepared
the
way
for
Lycurgus
,
by
removing
the
rubbish
and
clearing
the
ground-plot
,
that
he
might
raise
upon
it
the
lasting
Fabrick
of
that
glorious
Commonwealth
.
From
Crete
he
sailed
to
Asia
,
with
design
(
as
is
said
)
to
examin
the
difference
betwixt
the
Manners
and
Government
of
the
Cretans
(
who
were
very
wise
and
temperate
)
and
those
of
the
Ionians
,
a
corrupt
and
effeminate
people
:
as
Physicians
,
by
the
opposition
they
find
betwixt
a
healthfull
and
sickly
body
,
are
enabled
to
distinguish
the
swelling
of
a
Dropsie
from
a
good
and
thriving
habit
,
and
a
real
health
from
that
which
but
appears
so
.
Here
had
he
the
first
sight
of
Homer's
Works
,
which
were
Homer
's
Works
brought
to
light
by
Lycurgus
.
preserved
in
all
probability
by
the
posterity
of
Cleobulus
:
and
having
observ'd
that
the
few
loose
expressions
and
actions
of
ill
example
which
are
to
be
found
in
his
Poems
,
were
very
much
out-weigh'd
by
those
grave
maxims
of
State
and
rules
of
Morality
(
which
are
frequently
couch'd
under
those
very
Fictions
)
he
set
himself
eagerly
to
transcribe
and
digest
them
into
order
,
as
thinking
they
would
be
of
good
use
in
his
own
Country
:
and
to
his
immortal
honour
be
it
said
,
he
was
the
first
who
brought
the
Works
of
this
most
admirable
Poet
into
credit
in
Greece
:
for
though
some
fragments
of
them
lay
scattered
before
in
a
few
private
hands
(
who
set
a
great
value
upon
them
,
)
yet
were
they
never
published
together
,
nor
generally
admired
,
before
the
time
of
Lycurgus
.
The
Aegyptians
say
that
he
took
a
Voyage
into
Aegypt
,
and
that
,
being
much
taken
This
Story
of
the
Aegyptians
is
confirm'd
by
some
Greek
Historians
.
with
their
way
of
separating
the
Souldiery
from
their
Handy-crafts
and
Mechanicks
,
he
resolv'd
to
imitate
them
at
Lacedaemon
:
and
this
distinction
of
their
Professions
,
as
it
prevented
confusion
,
it
encreased
their
strength
,
and
causing
regularity
,
added
beauty
to
the
State
.
But
as
for
his
Voyages
into
Spain
,
Africk
,
and
the
Indies
,
and
his
conferences
there
with
the
Gymnosophistes
,
the
whole
relation
(
as
far
as
I
can
find
)
rests
on
the
single
credit
of
Aristocrates
,
the
Son
of
Hipparchus
.
During
the
absence
of
Lycurgus
,
though
he
was
cheaply
parted
with
,
he
was
dearly
miss'd
at
Lacedaemon
,
and
a
great
many
Embassies
were
sent
to
pray
his
return
,
for
Kings
indeed
we
have
(
said
they
)
who
wear
the
marks
and
assume
the
titles
of
Royalty
,
but
as
for
the
inward
qualities
of
their
minds
,
they
have
nothing
by
which
they
are
to
be
distinguish'd
from
their
Subjects
:
adding
,
that
in
him
alone
was
the
true
foundation
of
Sovereignty
to
be
seen
,
a
Nature
made
to
Rule
,
and
a
Genius
of
that
strength
that
it
made
him
at
the
same
time
lov'd
and
reverenced
by
the
people
.
Though
this
seem'd
a
little
to
reflect
,
yet
were
not
the
Kings
themselves
averse
from
his
return
,
for
they
look'd
upon
his
presence
as
a
bulwark
for
them
against
the
growing
insolencies
of
the
people
.
Things
being
in
this
posture
at
his
return
,
His
return
and
the
alterations
he
made
.
he
apply'd
himself
without
loss
of
time
to
a
through
Reformation
,
and
resolv'd
to
change
the
whole
face
of
the
Common-wealth
:
for
what
could
a
few
particular
Laws
and
a
partial
alteration
avail
,
when
there
was
an
universal
corruption
of
all
orders
and
degrees
of
men
in
the
State
?
He
took
therefore
the
course
wise
Physicians
use
,
when
they
have
to
doe
with
one
who
labours
under
a
complication
of
Diseases
,
they
are
not
content
to
obviate
one
or
two
of
them
,
but
follow
him
with
purges
and
letting
bloud
,
untill
they
have
quite
drain'd
him
of
the
peccant
humours
,
and
exhausted
the
corrupt
mass
of
his
bloud
;
this
done
,
they
restore
him
by
degrees
,
and
prescribe
a
regimen
of
Diet
quite
contrary
to
the
former
:
the
Reader
will
easily
make
the
application
.
Having
thus
projected
things
,
away
he
goes
to
Delphi
to
consult
Apollo
there
,
which
having
done
,
and
offered
his
Sacrifice
,
he
returned
with
that
renowned
Oracle
,
in
which
he
is
call'd
Beloved
of
This
Oracle
is
extant
at
length
in
Herodotus
.
God
,
and
rather
God
than
Man
;
that
his
Prayers
were
heard
,
that
his
Laws
should
be
the
best
,
and
the
Commonwealth
which
observed
them
the
most
famous
in
the
world
.
Encouraged
by
these
things
,
he
set
himself
to
bring
over
to
his
side
the
leading
men
of
Sparta
,
exhorting
them
to
give
him
a
helping
hand
in
this
great
undertaking
:
he
broke
it
first
to
his
particular
friends
,
and
then
by
degrees
he
gained
others
,
at
last
he
animated
them
all
together
to
put
his
design
in
execution
.
When
things
were
ripe
for
action
he
gave
order
to
thirty
of
the
principal
men
of
Sparta
to
be
ready
arm'd
at
the
Market-place
by
break
of
the
day
,
to
the
end
that
he
might
strike
a
terrour
into
the
opposite
party
:
Hermippus
hath
set
down
the
names
of
twenty
of
the
most
eminent
of
them
;
but
the
name
of
him
whom
Lycurgus
most
confided
in
,
and
who
was
of
most
use
to
him
,
both
in
making
his
Laws
and
putting
them
in
execution
,
was
Arithmiadas
.
Things
growing
to
a
tumult
,
King
Charilaus
apprehending
that
it
was
a
Conspiracy
against
his
Person
,
took
Sanctuary
in
the
Temple
of
Minerva
the
Protectress
;
being
soon
after
undeceived
,
and
put
in
heart
again
,
and
having
taken
an
Oath
of
them
that
they
had
no
treasonable
designs
,
he
quitted
his
Refuge
,
and
himself
also
entred
into
the
confederacy
with
them
:
of
so
gentle
and
flexible
a
disposition
he
was
,
and
almost
too
good
natur'd
for
a
King
:
to
which
Archelaus
his
Partner
in
the
Government
alluded
,
when
hearing
him
highly
extoll'd
for
his
goodness
,
he
said
,
how
can
he
be
otherwise
than
a
gracious
Prince
,
for
he
is
good
even
to
the
worst
of
men
?
Amongst
the
many
changes
and
alterations
which
Lycurgus
made
,
the
first
and
of
greatest
importance
was
the
establishment
of
the
Senate
,
which
having
a
power
equal
to
the
Kings
in
matters
of
great
consequence
did
(
as
Plato
expresses
it
)
with
its
phlegm
allay
and
qualifie
the
hot
complexion
of
a
Monarchy
,
serv'd
as
a
Rampart
against
the
insolence
of
the
people
,
and
always
kept
the
Commonwealth
in
good
temper
.
For
the
State
which
before
had
no
firm
Basis
to
stand
upon
,
but
lean'd
one
while
towards
an
absolute
Monarchy
(
when
the
Kings
had
the
upper
hand
)
and
another
while
towards
a
pure
Democracy
(
when
the
people
had
the
better
of
it
)
found
in
this
establishment
of
the
Senate
a
counterpoise
,
which
always
kept
things
in
a
just
aequilibrium
.
For
the
Twenty
Eight
always
adhered
to
the
weaker
side
,
and
put
themselves
like
a
weight
into
the
lighter
Scale
,
untill
they
had
reduced
the
other
to
a
Ballance
.
As
for
the
determinate
number
of
Twenty
Eight
,
Aristotle
is
of
opinion
that
it
so
fell
out
because
two
of
the
Associates
for
want
of
courage
fell
off
from
the
enterprise
;
but
Sphaerus
assures
us
that
there
were
but
twenty
eight
of
the
Confederates
at
first
:
perhaps
there
is
some
mystery
in
the
number
which
consists
of
seven
multiply'd
by
four
,
and
is
the
first
of
perfect
numbers
after
six
,
being
,
as
that
is
,
equal
to
its
sides
.
For
my
part
,
I
cannot
believe
that
Lycurgus
had
any
such
niceties
in
his
head
,
but
pitch'd
upon
the
number
of
Twenty
Eight
,
that
,
the
two
Kings
being
reckoned
amongst
them
,
they
might
be
Thirty
in
all
.
So
eagerly
set
was
Lycurgus
upon
this
Establishment
invented
by
himself
,
that
he
took
a
Journey
to
Delphi
to
credit
it
by
the
approbation
of
the
Oracle
,
who
gave
him
the
famous
Rhetra
,
or
fundamental
Statute
,
which
runs
thus
.
After
The
Rhetra
,
or
Oracle
.
that
you
have
built
a
Temple
to
Jupiter
the
Syllanian
,
and
to
Minerva
the
Syllanian
,
and
after
that
you
have
divided
the
people
into
Tribes
,
you
shall
establish
a
Council
of
thirty
Senatours
,
in
the
number
of
which
the
two
Kings
shall
be
compriz'd
,
and
shall
from
time
to
time
call
the
people
to
an
Assembly
betwixt
Balyca
and
Cnacion
,
where
the
Senate
shall
propound
things
to
the
Commons
,
who
shall
not
have
power
to
debate
upon
their
proposals
,
but
onely
to
give
or
refuse
their
assent
,
and
it
shall
be
in
the
power
of
the
Senate
to
dissolve
the
Assembly
.
Betwixt
this
Balyca
and
Cnacion
(
now
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
)
their
Assemblies
were
held
,
for
they
had
no
spacious
Council-house
richly
hung
and
furnished
to
receive
them
in
:
for
Lycurgus
was
of
opinion
that
such
theatrical
Ornaments
were
so
far
from
advantaging
them
in
their
Counsels
that
they
were
rather
an
hinderance
,
by
diverting
their
attention
from
the
business
before
them
to
gape
upon
the
Statues
and
Pictures
,
and
Roofs
curiously
fretted
,
the
usual
embellishments
of
such
places
amongst
the
other
Graecians
.
The
people
then
being
thus
assembled
in
the
open
air
,
it
was
not
allow'd
to
any
one
of
their
order
to
give
his
advice
,
but
onely
either
to
ratifie
or
reject
what
should
be
propounded
to
them
by
the
King
or
Senate
.
But
because
it
fell
out
afterwards
that
the
people
made
glosses
and
explanations
of
Laws
contrary
to
the
intent
of
the
Kings
and
Senate
,
and
sometimes
too
by
adding
or
rasing
out
whole
Sentences
perverted
the
sense
,
King
Polydorus
and
Theopompus
(
to
be
even
with
them
in
their
own
kind
)
inserted
into
the
Rhetra
or
grand
Decretal
the
following
Clause
;
That
if
the
people
should
go
about
to
make
alteration
in
the
Decrees
of
the
Senate
,
or
to
enlarge
or
limit
the
sense
of
them
,
that
it
should
be
lawfull
for
the
King
and
Senate
to
make
void
their
resolutions
and
to
dissolve
the
Assembly
.
This
business
was
so
dextrously
managed
,
that
it
past
among
the
people
for
as
authentick
as
the
rest
of
the
Rhetra
,
as
appears
by
these
Verses
of
Tyrtaeus
,
If
,
Spartans
,
ye
desire
that
heaven
should
bless
Your
New-born
State
with
lasting
happiness
,
Hear
what
Apollo
's
Oracle
commands
:
Jove
puts
the
Sceptre
into
Princes
hands
.
Let
them
command
;
let
Senatours
debate
The
deep
affairs
,
and
interests
of
State
:
Hear
,
ye
,
and
give
assent
,
and
reverence
pay
,
And
know
,
't
is
Subjects
privilege
—
to
obey
.
Although
Lycurgus
had
in
this
manner
us'd
all
the
qualifications
possible
in
the
Government
of
his
Commonwealth
,
yet
those
who
succeeded
him
thought
that
the
smallness
of
the
number
of
which
the
Senate
consisted
made
them
somewhat
imperious
and
pressing
,
and
therefore
[
](A55194-e33320-b)*
*
Plato
no
great
friend
to
a
Monarchy
.
(
as
Plato
says
)
they
wanted
a
bridle
,
which
bridle
was
the
power
of
the
Ephori
,
establish'd
an
hundred
and
thirty
years
after
the
death
of
Lycurgus
.
Elatus
was
the
first
who
had
this
dignity
conferr'd
upon
him
,
in
the
reign
of
King
Theopompus
,
whom
when
his
Queen
upbraided
one
day
,
that
he
would
leave
the
regal
power
to
his
Children
less
than
himself
had
received
it
from
his
Ancestours
,
he
told
her
that
she
was
much
mistaken
,
for
he
should
leave
it
so
much
greater
than
he
found
it
,
by
how
much
it
was
more
likely
to
last
.
For
indeed
the
Prerogative
being
thus
kept
within
some
reasonable
bounds
,
at
once
he
freed
himself
from
the
envy
,
and
secur'd
himself
from
the
danger
,
to
which
an
unlimited
jurisdiction
lies
exposed
.
So
that
the
Spartan
Kings
fared
much
better
after
it
than
their
neighbours
at
Messene
and
Argos
;
who
by
screwing
their
Prerogative
too
high
,
crack'd
it
,
and
for
want
of
yielding
a
little
to
the
populacy
,
lost
all
.
Indeed
,
whosoever
shall
take
a
prospect
of
the
Seditions
and
civil
Wars
which
befell
these
bordering
Nations
,
(
to
whom
they
were
as
near
related
in
bloud
as
situation
)
will
find
good
reason
to
admire
the
profound
wisedom
and
providence
of
Lycurgus
;
for
these
three
States
in
their
first
rise
were
equal
,
or
,
if
there
were
any
odds
they
lay
on
the
side
of
the
Messenians
and
Argives
,
who
in
the
decision
of
the
Country
were
more
fortunate
than
the
Spartans
:
yet
was
their
flourish
but
of
small
continuance
,
soon
falling
into
confusion
,
partly
by
the
tyrannical
disposition
of
their
Kings
,
and
partly
by
the
ungovernableness
of
the
people
:
so
that
now
their
servile
and
disgracefull
condition
makes
it
appear
to
the
whole
world
,
that
it
is
one
of
the
greatest
blessings
which
heaven
can
send
down
upon
any
Nation
,
to
give
them
so
wise
a
Law-giver
who
could
set
bounds
to
those
two
intersering
powers
,
and
of
such
jarring
elements
frame
an
orderly
Commonwealth
.
But
of
this
I
shall
say
more
in
its
due
place
.
After
the
creation
of
the
thirty
Senatours
his
next
task
,
and
indeed
the
most
hazardous
he
ever
undertook
,
was
the
making
a
new
division
of
their
Lands
.
For
there
was
a
very
strange
inequality
amongst
the
inhabitants
of
Sparta
,
so
that
the
City
was
surcharged
with
a
multitude
of
beggarly
and
necessitous
persons
,
whilst
the
Lands
and
Money
were
engrossed
by
a
few
:
therefore
to
the
end
that
he
might
banish
out
of
the
State
Luxury
and
Arrogance
(
the
vices
of
the
rich
,
)
and
Envy
and
Knavery
,
(
the
usual
faults
of
the
poor
)
and
the
source
of
all
mischiefs
,
Want
and
Superfluity
,
he
obtained
of
them
to
renounce
their
properties
,
and
to
consent
to
a
new
division
of
the
Land
:
that
they
should
live
all
with
the
equality
and
friendliness
of
co-heirs
and
Brothers
:
so
that
there
being
no
other
way
left
to
mount
to
a
degree
of
eminence
above
the
rest
than
to
become
more
valiant
and
more
vertuous
than
they
,
ambition
began
to
be
a
good
subject
,
and
set
men
upon
the
use
of
those
means
by
which
true
honour
is
to
be
acquir'd
.
Having
got
their
consent
to
his
proposals
he
immediately
put
them
in
execution
:
and
having
exactly
survey'd
the
whole
Country
of
Laconia
,
he
divided
it
into
thirty
thousand
equal
shares
,
and
the
Liberties
of
the
City
of
Sparta
into
nine
thousand
,
and
these
he
distributed
to
the
Inhabitants
of
the
City
,
as
he
did
the
others
to
them
who
dwelt
in
the
Country
.
Some
Authours
say
that
he
made
but
six
thousand
lots
for
the
Citizens
of
Sparta
,
and
that
King
Polydore
added
three
thousand
more
.
Others
say
that
Polydore
doubled
the
number
Lycurgus
had
made
,
which
(
according
to
them
)
was
but
four
thousand
five
hundred
.
A
lot
was
so
much
as
to
yield
one
year
with
another
about
seventy
Bushels
of
Grain
,
for
the
Master
of
the
Family
,
and
twelve
for
his
Wife
,
with
a
sutable
proportion
of
Oil
and
Wine
.
And
this
he
thought
sufficient
to
keep
their
bodies
in
good
health
and
lusty
,
and
as
for
superfluities
he
design'd
wholly
to
retrench
them
.
It
is
reported
that
as
he
returned
from
a
Journey
some
time
after
the
division
of
the
Lands
,
in
harvest
time
,
the
ground
being
newly
reap'd
,
observing
the
Sheaves
to
be
all
equal
,
and
the
Shocks
of
the
same
bigness
,
he
smilingly
said
to
those
about
him
,
methinks
Lacedaemon
is
like
the
inheritance
of
a
great
many
Brothers
,
which
have
newly
made
a
division
amongst
themselves
.
Not
contented
with
this
,
he
resolv'd
to
make
a
division
of
their
Movables
too
,
that
there
might
be
no
odious
distinction
or
inequality
left
amongst
them
;
but
finding
that
it
would
be
very
dangerous
to
go
about
it
openly
,
he
bethought
himself
of
this
stratagem
.
He
commanded
that
all
Gold
and
Silver
Coin
should
be
cry'd
down
,
and
that
onely
a
sort
of
Money
made
of
Iron
should
be
current
,
whereof
a
great
weight
and
quantity
was
but
very
little
worth
:
so
that
to
lay
up
twenty
or
thirty
pounds
there
was
requir'd
a
pretty
large
Chamber
,
and
to
remove
it
,
nothing
less
than
a
yoke
of
Oxen.
By
this
invention
,
it
is
scarcely
to
be
imagin'd
,
how
many
execrable
Vices
were
banish'd
Lacedaemon
:
for
who
would
rob
another
of
such
a
scurvy
sort
of
Coin
?
who
would
injustly
detein
it
?
who
would
cheat
and
circumvent
,
be
brib'd
or
turn
Knight
of
the
Post
to
compass
it
?
when
that
it
was
not
easie
to
be
hid
when
a
man
had
it
,
nor
brought
a
man
any
credit
in
the
world
by
the
possession
of
it
,
nor
could
serve
for
any
use
when
you
had
cut
it
in
pieces
:
for
when
it
was
red
hot
and
just
stamp'd
,
they
quench'd
it
in
Vinegar
,
and
by
that
means
made
it
almost
unmalleable
by
its
hardness
.
In
the
next
place
he
banish'd
all
Arts
that
were
not
absolutely
necessary
;
but
here
he
might
almost
have
spar'd
his
Proclamation
:
for
they
of
themselves
would
have
gone
after
the
Gold
and
Silver
,
the
money
which
remain'd
being
not
so
proper
payment
for
curious
Pieces
:
for
being
of
Iron
it
was
scarcely
portable
,
neither
if
they
should
take
so
much
pains
as
to
export
it
,
would
it
pass
amongst
the
other
Grecians
,
who
were
so
far
from
valuing
it
that
they
thought
it
one
of
the
most
ridiculous
things
in
the
world
.
Thus
was
foreign
Traffick
almost
utterly
cut
off
,
for
neither
could
the
Lacedemonians
buy
any
Merchandise
of
Strangers
,
neither
did
any
Merchants
think
it
worth
the
while
to
bring
in
their
Goods
to
any
part
of
Laconia
.
For
the
same
reason
,
they
were
not
pestered
with
any
pedantical
Teachers
of
Rhetorick
,
with
Gypsies
,
Fortune-tellers
,
and
Calculatours
of
Nativities
;
No
pimping
corrupters
of
youth
brought
their
Ladies
of
composition
,
or
their
Boys
to
be
unnaturally
abus'd
there
;
no
Gold-smiths
and
Engravers
,
no
Jewellers
and
Perfumers
were
to
be
found
amongst
them
,
for
there
was
no
money
:
so
that
Luxury
being
depriv'd
of
that
which
fed
and
fomented
it
(
being
quite
starv'd
out
)
was
forc'd
to
quit
their
Country
,
and
seek
it self
one
elsewhere
.
For
the
rich
had
no
preeminence
here
over
the
poor
,
and
their
riches
and
abundance
,
having
no
opportunity
of
appearing
and
boasting
of
it self
in
publick
,
were
forced
to
remain
useless
at
home
,
a
costly
prey
to
the
rust
and
the
moth
.
Their
thoughts
being
thus
taken
off
from
things
superfluous
,
they
became
excellent
Artists
in
those
which
were
necessary
:
so
that
Bedsteads
,
Chairs
and
Tables
,
and
such
like
staple
Utensils
in
a
Family
,
were
admirably
well
made
there
:
particularly
their
Cup
was
very
much
in
fashion
,
and
bought
up
by
Souldiers
,
as
Critias
reports
,
for
the
colour
and
thickness
of
the
Cup
hindred
the
muddiness
of
the
dirty
water
(
which
upon
marches
must
often
be
drunk
)
from
being
perceived
:
and
the
figure
of
it
was
such
that
the
mud
sank
to
the
bottom
,
or
stuck
to
the
sides
,
so
that
onely
the
purest
part
of
the
water
came
to
the
mouth
of
him
that
drank
in
it
.
And
this
skill
of
theirs
,
though
in
minute
things
,
was
mainly
owing
to
their
Law-giver
,
who
took
off
their
minds
from
the
endless
care
of
providing
the
means
and
instruments
of
Luxury
,
to
attend
onely
to
those
things
which
were
of
daily
and
indispensable
use
.
The
last
and
most
masterly
stroke
of
this
excellent
Philosopher
,
by
which
he
struck
at
the
very
roots
of
Luxury
,
and
exterminated
utterly
the
desire
of
riches
,
was
the
Ordinance
he
made
that
they
should
all
eat
in
common
,
of
the
same
meat
,
and
of
such
kinds
as
were
specify'd
in
the
Decree
:
by
which
it
was
expresly
forbid
to
pamper
themselves
in
private
,
to
use
rich
Couches
,
and
magnificent
Tables
,
abusing
the
labours
of
excellent
Workmen
,
and
delivering
themselves
up
into
the
hands
of
their
Butchers
and
Cooks
,
who
us'd
to
cramme
them
in
corners
as
they
fatted
up
the
Beasts
and
the
Poultery
they
fed
on
:
by
this
way
of
life
their
manners
were
not
onely
corrupted
but
their
bodies
too
were
enfeebled
,
so
that
giving
the
rein
to
their
sensual
appetites
they
stood
in
need
of
long
sleep
and
hot
Bagnio's
,
and
,
in
a
word
,
of
as
much
care
and
attendance
as
if
they
were
continually
sick
.
It
was
certainly
an
extraordinary
thing
to
have
brought
about
such
an
enterprise
as
this
,
but
a
greater
yet
to
have
effected
by
the
frugality
of
their
publick
Tables
,
that
their
riches
should
be
privileg'd
from
the
hands
of
rapine
,
nay
rather
(
as
Theophrastus
observes
)
should
be
utterly
degraded
,
[
](A55194-e33700-b)*
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
losing
their
property
,
and
almost
their
very
nature
,
so
that
they
no
longer
were
the
objects
of
envy
.
For
the
rich
being
oblig'd
to
partake
of
the
same
fare
with
the
poor
,
they
could
not
make
use
of
,
or
enjoy
their
choice
viands
,
nor
so
much
as
please
their
vain
humours
,
by
making
a
shew
and
vaunting
of
them
to
the
world
.
So
that
the
common
Proverb
that
Plutus
(
the
God
of
Riches
)
is
blind
,
was
no
where
so
literally
verify'd
as
in
Sparta
:
for
there
he
was
kept
continually
blind
,
or
rather
like
a
dead
Carcase
,
senseless
,
motionless
,
as
when
he
lay
wrapt
up
in
the
dark
entrails
of
the
earth
.
Nor
could
they
take
any
refection
in
private
before
they
came
to
the
publick
Halls
,
for
every
one
had
an
eye
upon
them
who
did
not
eat
and
drink
with
a
good
stomach
,
and
reproached
them
with
the
name
of
dainty
and
effeminate
.
This
last
Ordinance
bore
very
hard
upon
the
wealthier
sort
of
men
,
so
that
being
out
of
all
patience
they
made
an
insurrection
against
Lycurgus
,
and
from
ill
words
came
to
blows
,
so
that
at
length
he
was
forced
to
run
out
of
the
Assembly
,
and
make
to
Sanctuary
to
save
his
life
:
by
good
hap
he
got
before
all
the
rest
,
excepting
one
Alcander
,
(
a
young
Gentleman
otherwise
not
ill
accomplish'd
,
but
too
hasty
and
cholerick
)
who
came
up
so
close
to
him
,
as
that
,
whilst
he
turn'd
himself
about
to
see
who
was
near
him
,
he
struck
him
upon
the
face
,
and
beat
out
one
of
his
eyes
.
The
incomparable
Philosopher
was
so
far
from
being
daunted
and
discouraged
by
this
accident
,
that
he
stop'd
short
,
and
shew'd
his
reverend
face
all
in
a
gore
bloud
to
his
ingratefull
Country-men
:
they
were
so
strangely
surpris'd
and
asham'd
to
see
it
,
that
they
immediately
begg'd
pardon
,
offer'd
him
any
sort
of
reparation
,
and
delivered
Alcander
into
his
hands
to
be
punished
as
he
should
think
fit
.
Lycurgus
,
having
thank'd
them
for
their
care
of
his
person
,
dismiss'd
them
all
,
excepting
onely
Alcander
;
taking
him
with
him
into
his
House
he
neither
did
nor
said
any
thing
severely
to
him
,
but
dismissing
those
whose
place
it
was
,
he
ordered
Alcander
to
wait
upon
him
at
Table
:
the
young
man
,
though
not
used
to
servile
employments
,
without
murmuring
or
repining
did
as
he
was
commanded
:
being
thus
near
him
he
had
opportunity
to
observe
in
him
(
besides
the
natural
goodness
and
mildness
of
his
temper
)
an
extraordinary
sobriety
in
his
diet
,
and
a
strength
of
complexion
proceeding
from
it
,
which
no
labours
and
fatigues
were
able
to
surmount
.
He
was
so
ravish'd
with
admiration
of
these
excellent
qualities
,
that
of
an
enemy
he
became
one
of
his
most
zealous
admirers
,
and
told
his
Friends
and
Relations
,
that
Lycurgus
was
not
that
morose
and
ill-natur'd
man
whom
they
had
formerly
took
him
for
,
but
of
the
sweetest
and
most
Gentleman-like
disposition
in
the
world
.
And
thus
did
Lycurgus
(
for
chastisement
of
his
fault
)
make
of
a
wild
and
dissolute
young
man
one
of
the
discreetest
Citizens
of
Sparta
.
In
memory
of
this
accident
Lycurgus
built
a
Temple
to
Minerva
,
sirnamed
Optilete
,
from
a
word
which
in
the
Dorick
Dialect
signifies
the
preserver
of
the
sight
:
for
some
Authours
,
of
which
Dioscorides
is
one
(
who
wrote
a
Treatise
of
the
Commonwealth
of
Sparta
)
say
that
he
was
wounded
indeed
,
but
did
not
lose
his
eye
with
the
blow
:
and
this
was
the
cause
of
the
dedication
of
that
Temple
.
Be
this
as
it
will
,
certain
it
is
,
that
this
misadventure
was
the
cause
that
the
Lacedemonians
never
bring
any
arms
,
no
not
so
much
as
a
staff
into
their
publick
Assemblies
.
But
to
return
to
their
publick
repasts
,
which
had
several
names
in
Greek
:
for
the
Candiots
call'd
them
'
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
because
the
men
onely
came
to
them
:
)
The
Lacedemonians
call'd
them
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
from
a
word
which
signifies
Parsimony
,
because
they
were
so
many
Schools
of
Sobriety
)
or
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
that
is
,
Feasts
of
Love
,
because
that
by
eating
and
drinking
together
they
had
opportunity
of
making
Friends
.
To
put
in
my
own
conjecture
,
perhaps
they
were
simply
call'd
'
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
Eating-houses
)
for
such
the
word
is
by
the
subtraction
of
one
letter
.
They
met
by
companies
of
Fifteen
,
over
or
under
,
and
each
of
them
stood
bound
to
bring
in
monthly
a
Bushel
of
Meal
,
eight
Galons
of
Wine
,
five
Pounds
of
Cheese
,
two
Pounds
and
an
half
of
Figs
,
for
their
dessert
,
and
a
little
Money
to
buy
Flesh
and
Fish
withall
.
Besides
this
,
when
any
of
them
made
Sacrifice
to
the
Gods
they
always
sent
a
dole
to
the
Common-hall
:
and
likewise
when
any
one
of
them
had
been
a
Hunting
,
he
sent
thither
a
part
of
the
Venison
he
had
kill'd
,
and
these
two
were
the
onely
allowable
excuses
for
supping
at
home
.
This
custom
of
eating
together
was
observ'd
strictly
for
a
great
while
afterwards
:
insomuch
that
Agis
,
King
of
Lacedaemon
,
having
vanquish'd
the
Athenians
,
and
sending
for
his
Commons
at
his
return
home
,
because
he
desired
to
eat
privately
with
his
Queen
,
was
refus'd
by
the
Polemarchi
:
which
refusal
,
when
he
resented
so
much
as
to
omit
the
Eucharistical
Sacrifices
which
used
to
be
made
for
a
War
happily
ended
,
they
were
so
far
from
asking
his
pardon
,
that
they
set
a
fine
upon
his
head
,
and
obliged
him
to
pay
it
.
They
us'd
to
send
their
Children
to
these
Tables
as
to
Schools
of
temperance
and
good
husbandry
:
here
they
were
instructed
in
State-affairs
,
not
by
mercenary
Pedants
,
but
,
by
experienced
Statesmen
:
here
they
learn'd
the
art
of
Conversation
,
to
droll
without
reflecting
,
and
to
make
jests
at
the
cost
of
no
man's
reputation
:
and
withall
to
take
a
jest
with
the
same
innocence
and
unconcernedness
that
they
gave
one
.
In
this
point
of
good
breeding
the
Lacedemonians
exceeded
all
the
people
of
Greece
:
but
if
any
man
were
out
of
humour
,
or
was
not
of
a
nature
to
bear
a
jest
,
upon
the
least
hint
given
there
was
no
more
to
be
said
to
him
:
it
was
customary
also
for
the
eldest
man
in
the
company
to
tell
each
of
them
,
as
they
came
in
,
Look
ye
,
Sir
,
not
a
word
said
in
company
must
go
out
of
this
Door
,
and
withall
he
pointed
to
it
.
When
any
one
had
a
desire
to
be
admitted
into
any
of
these
little
Societies
he
was
to
go
through
this
manner
of
probation
:
each
man
in
the
company
took
a
little
ball
of
soft
bread
(
a
custom
much
like
that
of
ballotting
in
other
places
)
which
they
were
to
throw
into
a
deep
Basin
,
which
a
waiter
carried
round
upon
his
head
:
those
that
lik'd
the
person
to
be
chosen
drop'd
their
Ball
into
the
Basin
without
altering
the
figure
;
and
those
who
disliked
him
press'd
it
betwixt
their
fingers
,
and
made
it
flat
:
and
this
signify'd
as
much
as
a
negative
voice
;
for
if
there
were
but
one
of
these
flatted
pieces
in
the
Basin
the
Suiter
was
rejected
:
so
curious
they
were
in
the
choice
of
their
company
,
and
so
tender
of
disgusting
any
one
member
in
it
,
by
taking
in
a
man
unacceptable
to
him
.
Their
principal
Dish
was
a
sort
of
black
Broth
,
which
was
so
much
valued
that
the
elderly
sort
fed
onely
upon
that
,
leaving
what
flesh
there
was
to
the
younger
sort
.
They
say
that
a
certain
King
of
Pontus
,
The
same
story
is
told
of
Dionysius
the
Tyrant
.
Cic.
Tusc.
having
heard
much
of
this
black
Broth
of
theirs
,
sent
for
a
Lacedemonian
Cook
on
purpose
to
make
him
some
:
he
had
no
sooner
tasted
it
but
he
found
it
was
abominable
:
the
Cook
seeing
him
out
of
conceit
with
it
,
told
him
:
Sir
,
to
make
this
Broth
relish
you
should
have
bath'd
your self
first
in
the
River
of
Eurotas
.
Having
eaten
and
drank
thus
moderately
every
man
went
to
his
home
without
lights
;
for
the
use
of
them
was
utterly
forbid
,
to
the
end
that
they
might
accustom
themselves
to
march
boldly
in
the
dark
.
And
such
was
the
order
and
fashion
of
their
Meals
.
Lycurgus
would
never
reduce
his
Laws
into
writing
,
nay
it
is
expresly
forbid
in
the
Rhetra
;
for
he
thought
that
the
most
material
points
,
and
such
as
most
directly
tended
to
the
publick
welfare
,
being
imprinted
on
the
hearts
of
their
youth
by
a
good
education
,
and
by
a
constant
and
habitual
observance
of
them
,
becoming
a
second
nature
,
would
supply
the
place
of
a
Law
and
Law-giver
in
them
all
the
rest
of
their
lives
:
and
as
for
things
of
lesser
importance
,
as
pecuniary
contracts
,
and
such
like
,
the
forms
of
which
ought
to
be
chang'd
as
occasion
requires
,
and
in
tract
of
time
become
insufficient
for
the
ends
they
were
intended
for
,
he
thought
it
the
best
way
to
leave
them
to
every
man's
discretion
,
and
to
prescribe
no
certain
form
at
all
:
he
left
therefore
no
inviolable
custom
in
such
cases
,
willing
that
the
manner
and
form
of
bargaining
should
be
altered
according
to
the
circumstances
of
time
,
and
determinations
of
men
of
the
soundest
judgment
.
For
he
was
persuaded
that
without
good
education
the
best
Laws
in
the
world
signify'd
nothing
,
and
where
that
was
they
were
in
a
manner
superfluous
.
One
branch
then
of
the
Rhetra
was
that
their
Laws
should
not
be
written
,
another
branch
of
it
is
particularly
levell'd
against
Luxury
and
expensiveness
:
for
by
it
it
was
ordained
,
That
the
Ceilings
of
their
Houses
should
onely
be
wrought
by
the
Ax
,
and
their
Gates
and
Doors
smooth'd
onely
by
the
Saw
.
And
this
was
not
without
mystery
:
for
if
Epaminondas
could
say
with
so
good
a
grace
,
inviting
some
Friends
to
his
Table
,
Come
,
Gentlemen
,
be
secure
,
Treason
would
never
come
to
such
a
poor
Dinner
as
this
;
why
might
not
this
great
Law-giver
in
all
probability
have
thought
that
such
ill-favour'd
Houses
would
never
be
capable
of
receiving
Luxury
and
superfluity
?
For
a
man
must
have
a
more
than
ordinary
share
of
folly
that
would
furnish
such
Rooms
with
embroidered
Beds
,
and
Hangings
of
Arras
,
that
would
be
serv'd
in
Plate
upon
a
rough-hewn
Table
,
and
pretend
to
pomp
and
magnificence
in
a
House
which
was
almost
too
narrow
for
the
necessities
of
life
.
And
doubtless
he
had
good
reason
to
think
that
they
would
proportion
their
Beds
to
their
House
,
and
their
Coverlets
to
their
Beds
,
and
that
the
rest
of
their
Goods
and
Furniture
would
be
sutable
to
them
.
It
is
reported
that
King
Leotichidas
,
the
first
of
that
name
,
was
so
little
used
to
the
sight
of
carv'd
Work
,
that
,
being
entertain'd
at
Corinth
in
a
stately
Room
,
he
was
much
surpris'd
to
see
the
Timber
and
Ceiling
so
finely
wrought
,
and
asked
his
Host
,
whether
the
Trees
grew
so
in
his
Country
?
A
third
Ordinance
of
this
forementioned
Rhetra
was
,
That
they
should
not
make
War
often
,
or
long
,
with
the
same
Enemy
,
lest
that
they
should
train
and
instruct
them
in
the
art
of
War
by
having
often
to
doe
with
them
:
and
by
forcing
them
to
defend
themselves
,
at
length
teach
them
to
be
the
aggressours
:
and
for
breaking
this
Law
was
Agesilaus
much
blamed
a
long
time
after
,
by
making
such
continual
incursions
into
Boeotia
,
that
at
length
he
taught
that
people
to
make
head
against
the
Lacedemonians
:
and
therefore
Antalcidas
,
seeing
him
wounded
one
day
,
said
to
him
,
that
he
was
very
well
paid
for
making
the
Thebans
good
Souldiers
whether
they
would
or
no.
And
these
Laws
were
called
the
Rhetra
,
that
is
to
say
,
not
inventions
of
Man's
Wisedom
,
but
Divine
Sanctions
and
Revelations
from
Heaven
.
In
order
to
the
good
Education
of
their
Youth
(
which
,
as
I
said
before
,
he
thought
the
most
important
and
noblest
Work
of
a
Law-giver
)
he
went
so
far
back
as
to
take
into
consideration
their
very
Conception
and
Birth
,
by
regulating
their
Marriages
.
For
Aristotle
wrongs
the
memory
of
this
excellent
Person
,
by
bearing
us
in
hand
,
Pol.
lib.
7.
that
,
after
he
had
try'd
all
manner
of
ways
to
reduce
the
Women
to
more
modesty
and
sobriety
,
he
was
at
last
forced
to
leave
them
as
they
were
:
because
that
in
the
absence
of
their
Husbands
,
who
spent
the
best
part
of
their
lives
in
the
Wars
,
their
Wives
made
themselves
absolute
Mistresses
at
home
,
and
would
be
treated
with
as
much
respect
as
if
they
had
been
so
many
Queens
.
But
by
his
good
leave
it
is
a
mistake
;
for
he
took
for
that
Sex
too
all
the
care
that
was
possible
:
for
an
instance
of
it
he
ordered
the
Maidens
to
exercise
themselves
with
Wrestling
,
Running
,
throwing
the
Bar
and
casting
the
Dart
,
to
the
end
that
the
Fruit
they
conceived
might
take
deeper
root
,
and
grow
strong
,
and
spread
it self
in
strong
and
healthy
Bodies
;
and
withall
that
they
might
be
the
more
able
to
undergo
the
pains
of
Child-bearing
.
And
to
the
end
he
might
take
away
their
over-great
tenderness
,
and
that
acquired
womanishness
which
vain
custom
hath
added
to
the
natural
,
he
ordered
that
they
should
go
naked
as
well
as
the
young
Men
,
and
dance
too
in
that
condition
at
their
solemn
Feasts
and
Sacrifices
,
singing
certain
Songs
,
whilst
the
young
Men
stood
in
a
ring
about
them
,
seeing
and
hearing
them
:
in
these
Songs
they
now
and
then
gave
a
satyrical
glance
upon
those
who
had
mis-behaved
themselves
in
the
Wars
;
and
sometimes
sang
encomiums
upon
those
who
had
done
any
gallant
action
,
and
by
these
means
enflamed
the
younger
sort
with
an
emulation
of
their
glory
.
Those
that
were
thus
commended
went
away
brave
and
well
satisfy'd
with
themselves
,
and
those
who
were
rally'd
were
as
sensibly
touch'd
with
it
as
if
they
had
been
formally
and
severely
reprimanded
,
and
so
much
the
more
,
because
the
Kings
and
whole
Court
saw
and
heard
all
that
pass'd
.
Now
though
it
may
seem
strange
that
Women
should
appear
thus
naked
in
publick
,
yet
may
it
be
said
that
true
modesty
was
observ'd
and
wantonness
excluded
;
they
were
sufficiently
clad
in
their
native
innocence
and
simplicity
,
and
wore
the
livery
of
the
lovely
original
couple
.
The
end
of
their
exercise
was
to
make
themselves
more
active
and
vigorous
,
to
the
end
that
they
might
bear
away
the
prize
one
from
another
,
and
at
last
come
to
dispute
it
with
the
Men.
From
hence
came
that
sense
of
honour
and
nobleness
of
spirit
,
of
which
we
have
an
instance
in
Gorgo
,
the
Wife
of
King
Leonidas
,
who
being
told
,
in
discourse
with
some
foreign
Ladies
,
that
the
Women
of
Lacedaemon
were
they
onely
of
the
world
who
had
an
Empire
over
the
Men
,
she
briskly
reparty'd
,
that
there
was
good
reason
,
for
they
were
the
onely
Women
who
brought
forth
Men.
Lastly
,
these
publick
processions
of
the
Maidens
,
and
their
appearing
naked
in
their
exercises
and
dancings
,
were
provocations
and
baits
to
stir
up
and
allure
the
young
Men
to
Marriage
:
and
that
,
not
upon
Geometrical
reasons
(
as
Plato
calls
them
)
such
as
Interest
,
and
equality
of
Fortune
and
Birth
,
but
from
the
sweet
constraint
and
unsophisticated
dictates
of
nature
,
from
that
mysterious
agreement
and
sympathy
of
minds
which
alone
can
make
men
happy
in
a
married
estate
.
Besides
this
,
that
he
might
promote
Marriage
more
effectually
,
those
who
continued
Batchelours
were
made
infamous
by
Law
;
for
they
were
excluded
from
the
sight
of
those
publick
processions
in
which
the
young
Men
and
Maidens
danc'd
naked
:
nay
,
the
Officers
compell'd
them
to
march
naked
themselves
round
the
Market-place
in
the
very
depth
of
Winter
,
singing
a
certain
Song
to
their
own
disgrace
,
that
they
justly
suffer'd
this
punishment
for
disobeying
the
Laws
.
Moreover
they
were
depriv'd
of
that
respect
and
observance
which
the
younger
sort
were
oblig'd
to
pay
to
their
elders
:
and
therefore
no
man
found
fault
with
what
was
said
to
Dercyllidas
,
a
great
Captain
,
and
one
who
had
commanded
Armies
;
who
,
as
he
came
into
the
place
of
Assembly
,
a
young
man
,
instead
of
rising
and
making
room
for
him
,
told
him
,
Sir
,
you
must
not
expect
that
honour
from
me
being
young
,
which
cannot
be
return'd
to
me
by
a
Child
of
yours
when
I
am
old
.
When
they
had
a
mind
to
marry
,
their
Courtship
was
a
sort
of
Rape
upon
the
persons
whom
they
had
a
fancy
for
,
and
those
they
chose
not
tender
and
[
](A55194-e34650-b)*
*
The
Romans
allow'd
them
to
marry
at
twelve
years
of
age
:
he
covertly
blames
them
for
it
.
half
Children
,
but
in
the
flower
of
their
age
and
full
ripe
for
a
Husband
:
After
this
,
She
who
manag'd
the
Wedding
,
comes
,
and
shaves
close
the
Hair
of
the
Bride
,
dresses
her
up
compleatly
in
Man's
Clothes
,
leaves
her
upon
a
Mattress
:
this
done
,
in
comes
the
Bridegroom
,
in
his
every
day
Clothes
,
sober
and
compos'd
,
as
having
supp'd
at
his
Ordinary
,
and
steals
in
as
privately
as
he
can
into
the
Room
where
the
Bride
lay
,
unties
her
Virgin
Zone
and
takes
her
into
his
embraces
;
and
so
having
stay'd
some
time
together
,
he
returns
as
secretly
as
he
can
to
his
Apartment
with
the
rest
of
his
Camerades
,
with
whom
he
spends
all
the
day
,
and
good
part
of
the
night
too
,
unless
he
steals
a
short
visit
to
his
Bride
,
and
that
he
did
with
a
great
deal
of
circumspection
and
fear
of
being
discover'd
;
nor
was
she
wanting
(
as
may
be
suppos'd
)
on
her
part
,
to
use
her
Womans
wit
in
watching
the
most
favourable
opportunities
for
their
meeting
,
and
making
appointments
when
company
was
most
out
of
the
way
.
In
this
manner
they
liv'd
a
long
time
,
insomuch
that
they
frequently
had
Children
by
their
Wives
before
ever
they
saw
their
faces
by
day-light
.
Their
interview
being
thus
difficult
and
rare
serv'd
not
onely
for
continual
exercise
of
their
Temperance
,
and
further'd
very
much
the
ends
and
intention
of
Marriage
,
but
besides
,
these
short
Absences
kept
their
passion
still
alive
,
which
flaggs
,
and
decays
,
and
dyes
at
last
by
too
easie
Access
and
long
continuance
with
the
beloved
object
:
they
always
parted
with
regret
,
contriving
when
they
should
come
together
again
,
and
thought
minutes
hours
till
the
next
meeting
:
having
thus
set
Modesty
as
a
Sentinel
over
the
Marriage-bed
,
he
next
bethought
himself
of
a
prevention
of
that
wild
and
womanish
passion
,
Jealousie
.
And
this
he
[
](A55194-e34700-b)†
†
A
Remedy
almost
as
bad
as
the
Disease
,
blam'd
and
derided
by
the
other
Graecians
.
thought
the
best
expedient
,
to
allow
men
the
freedom
of
imparting
the
use
of
their
Wives
to
those
whom
they
should
think
fit
,
that
so
they
might
have
Children
by
them
;
and
this
he
would
needs
make
a
very
commendable
piece
of
Liberality
,
and
laugh'd
at
those
who
think
the
violation
of
their
Bed
such
an
insupportable
affront
,
that
they
revenge
it
by
Murthers
often
,
and
sometimes
by
cruel
Wars
.
Lycurgus
thought
a
man
not
to
be
blam'd
,
who
being
step'd
in
years
and
having
a
young
Wife
,
should
recommend
some
vertuous
handsome
young
man
that
she
might
have
a
Child
by
him
who
might
inherit
the
good
qualities
of
such
a
Father
,
and
this
Child
the
good
Man
loves
as
tenderly
as
if
he
was
of
his
own
begetting
:
on
the
other
side
an
honest
man
who
had
love
for
a
married
woman
upon
the
account
of
her
modesty
and
the
wellfavourdness
of
her
Children
,
might
without
formality
beg
of
her
Husband
a
nights
lodging
,
that
he
might
have
a
slip
of
so
goodly
a
Tree
which
he
might
transplant
into
his
own
Garden
.
And
indeed
,
Lycurgus
was
of
a
persuasion
that
Children
were
not
so
much
the
propriety
of
their
Parents
as
of
the
whole
Commonwealth
,
and
therefore
he
would
not
have
'em
begot
by
the
first
Comers
,
but
by
the
best
Men
that
could
be
found
:
the
Laws
of
other
Nations
seem'd
to
him
very
defective
and
incongruous
,
who
were
very
solicitous
for
the
breed
of
their
Dogs
and
Horses
,
and
sent
a
great
way
and
were
at
no
small
charges
to
get
the
best
Stallions
;
and
yet
kept
their
Wives
under
Lock
and
Key
for
fear
of
other
men
,
whereas
themselves
were
craz'd
,
old
or
infirm
,
and
more
fit
to
propagate
Diseases
than
their
Species
:
if
they
had
made
the
least
reflexion
in
the
world
they
would
have
taken
notice
that
the
honour
and
dishonour
of
Children
(
who
generally
derive
their
good
or
ill
qualities
from
those
that
beget
'em
)
doth
chiefly
redound
to
those
who
have
the
charge
of
their
Education
,
and
if
they
prove
ill
they
first
feel
the
smart
of
it
.
Such
reasons
may
be
alledg'd
in
favour
of
this
Paradox
of
Lycurgus
;
but
this
is
certain
,
that
so
long
as
these
Ordinances
were
observ'd
,
the
Women
there
were
so
far
from
that
scandalous
Liberty
which
hath
since
been
objected
to
them
,
that
they
knew
not
what
the
name
of
Adultery
meant
.
A
proof
of
this
we
have
in
Geradas
,
a
very
ancient
Spartan
,
who
being
ask'd
by
a
stranger
,
what
punishment
their
Law
had
appointed
for
Adulterers
,
he
answer'd
,
there
are
no
Adulterers
in
our
Country
:
but
,
replyed
the
stranger
,
suppose
there
were
one
,
and
the
crime
prov'd
against
him
,
how
would
you
punish
him
?
he
answer'd
,
that
the
Offender
must
pay
to
the
Plaintiff
a
Bull
with
a
Neck
so
long
as
that
he
might
drink
of
the
River
that
ran
at
the
foot
of
Taygetus
over
the
top
of
the
Mountain
:
the
man
being
surpris'd
at
this
said
,
why
,
't
is
impossible
to
find
such
a
Bull
;
Geradas
smilingly
reply'd
,
't
was
just
as
possible
to
find
an
Adulterer
in
Sparta
.
And
so
much
I
had
to
say
of
their
Marriages
.
Nor
was
it
in
the
power
of
the
Father
to
dispose
of
the
Child
as
he
thought
fit
,
but
was
oblig'd
to
carry
it
before
the
[
](A55194-e34810-b)*
*
They
kept
their
Court
at
a
place
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Tryers
,
(
who
were
some
of
the
gravest
men
of
the
Tribe
to
which
the
Child
belong'd
)
their
business
it
was
carefully
to
view
the
Infant
,
and
if
they
found
it
lusty
and
well-favour'd
,
they
gave
order
for
its
education
,
and
allotted
to
it
one
of
the
nine
thousand
shares
of
Land
above-mentioned
for
its
maintenance
;
but
if
they
found
it
deform'd
,
and
of
an
ill
complexion
,
they
ordered
it
to
be
cast
into
a
deep
[
](A55194-e34840-b)†
†
These
places
they
call'd
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
;
or
Store-houses
:
an
unnatural
custom
.
cavern
in
the
earth
,
near
the
Mountain
Taygetus
,
as
thinking
it
neither
for
the
good
of
the
Child
it self
,
nor
for
the
publick
interest
that
it
should
be
brought
up
,
since
nature
had
denied
it
the
means
of
happiness
in
its
own
particular
by
not
giving
it
health
,
nor
strength
sufficient
to
make
it
serviceable
to
the
publick
:
upon
the
same
account
the
Women
did
not
bathe
the
new-born
Children
with
Water
,
as
is
the
custom
in
all
other
Countries
,
but
with
Wine
,
to
prove
the
temper
and
complexion
of
their
Bodies
;
for
a
conceit
they
had
,
that
weakly
Children
fall
into
fits
of
the
Convulsion
,
or
immediately
faint
upon
their
being
thus
bath'd
;
on
the
contrary
,
those
who
were
of
a
strong
and
vigorous
habit
,
would
acquire
a
greater
degree
of
firmness
by
it
,
and
get
a
temper
in
proportion
like
Steel
,
in
the
quenching
.
Their
Nurses
too
were
so
carefull
and
experienc'd
that
,
without
using
Swadling-bands
,
their
Children
were
all
streight
,
well
proportion'd
and
beautifull
;
and
besides
they
us'd
them
to
any
sort
of
meat
,
and
sometimes
to
bear
the
want
of
it
,
not
to
be
afraid
of
the
dark
,
or
to
be
alone
,
nor
to
be
wayward
,
and
peevish
,
and
crying
,
as
they
are
generally
in
other
Countries
,
through
the
impertinent
care
and
fondness
of
those
who
look
to
them
.
Upon
this
account
Spartan
Nurses
were
often
bought
up
,
or
hir'd
by
people
of
other
Countries
:
and
it
is
reported
that
she
who
suckled
Alcibiades
was
a
Spartan
:
but
if
he
was
fortunate
in
his
Nurse
he
was
not
so
in
his
School-master
:
for
his
Guardian
Pericles
[
](A55194-e34900-b)†
†
in
Alcib
.
priore
.
(
as
Plato
tells
us
)
chose
a
Slave
for
that
Office
call'd
Zopyrus
,
nothing
better
than
those
that
row'd
in
a
Galley
.
Lycurgus
was
of
another
mind
,
he
would
not
have
Masters
bought
out
of
the
Market
,
nor
such
as
should
sell
their
pains
,
nor
would
he
have
any
thing
mercenary
in
so
important
a
charge
.
Nor
was
it
lawfull
for
the
Father
himself
to
breed
up
the
Children
after
his
own
fancy
;
but
as
soon
as
they
were
seven
years
old
they
were
to
be
enroll'd
in
certain
Companies
and
Classes
,
where
they
all
liv'd
under
the
same
Orders
and
Discipline
,
doing
their
exercises
,
and
recreating
themselves
Their
Exercises
.
together
.
Of
these
,
he
who
shew'd
the
most
conduct
and
courage
,
was
made
Captain
;
they
had
their
eyes
always
upon
him
,
obeyed
his
orders
,
and
underwent
patiently
whatsoever
punishment
he
inflicted
:
so
that
the
whole
course
of
their
education
was
one
continued
exercise
of
a
ready
and
perfect
obedience
.
The
old
men
too
were
Spectatours
of
their
performances
,
and
oft-times
hatch'd
quarrels
,
and
set
them
together
by
the
ears
,
that
by
those
early
indications
they
might
perfectly
learn
their
natures
,
and
know
which
would
be
valiant
,
which
a
coward
when
they
should
come
to
more
dangerous
encounters
:
as
for
Learning
,
they
gave
them
just
enough
to
serve
their
turn
;
their
chief
care
was
to
make
them
good
Subjects
,
to
fit
them
to
endure
the
fatigues
of
long
and
tedious
marches
,
and
never
to
return
without
victory
from
the
field
.
To
this
end
,
as
they
grew
in
years
their
exercises
were
proportionably
increas'd
;
their
heads
were
shav'd
,
they
were
accustomed
to
go
bare-foot
,
and
for
the
most
part
to
play
naked
.
After
they
were
twelve
years
old
,
they
were
no
longer
allow'd
to
wear
double
garments
,
Their
Habit.
one
plain
Coat
serv'd
them
a
whole
year
:
and
being
but
very
seldom
bath'd
and
trimm'd
they
were
none
of
the
neatest
and
cleanliest
persons
in
the
world
.
They
lodg'd
together
in
little
Bands
upon
Beds
made
of
the
Rushes
which
grew
by
the
Banks
of
the
River
Eurotas
,
and
because
their
points
were
sharp
they
were
to
break
them
off
with
their
Hands
without
a
Knife
:
if
it
were
a
hard
Winter
they
mingled
some
Thistle-down
with
their
Rushes
,
this
kept
them
warm
,
and
as
well
contented
they
were
with
it
,
as
if
it
had
been
the
best
Feather-bed
in
the
world
.
By
that
time
they
were
come
to
this
age
,
there
was
not
any
of
the
more
hopefull
Lads
who
had
not
a
lover
to
bear
him
company
;
The
old
men
too
had
an
eye
upon
them
,
coming
often
to
the
Schools
to
hear
and
see
them
contend
either
in
wit
or
strength
with
one
another
:
and
this
they
did
as
seriously
and
with
as
much
concern
as
if
they
were
their
Fathers
,
their
Tutours
,
or
their
Magistrates
;
so
that
there
scarcely
passed
a
moment
without
putting
them
in
mind
of
their
duty
,
nor
was
there
any
place
so
privileg'd
but
that
they
were
punish'd
if
they
had
neglected
it
.
Besides
all
this
,
there
was
always
one
of
the
best
and
honestest
men
in
the
City
appointed
to
undertake
the
charge
and
governance
of
them
:
he
again
rang'd
them
into
several
little
Bands
,
and
set
over
each
of
them
for
their
Captain
the
discreetest
and
most
metall'd
of
those
they
call'd
Irenes
,
(
which
were
usually
twenty
years
old
,
and
those
who
were
about
eighteen
were
call'd
Mell-Irenes
,
as
much
as
to
say
,
who
would
shortly
be
Men
:
)
This
young
man
therefore
was
their
Captain
when
they
fought
,
and
their
Master
at
home
,
using
them
for
the
offices
of
his
House
;
sending
the
sturdiest
of
them
to
fetch
Wood
,
and
the
weaker
and
less
able
to
gather
Salads
and
Herbs
,
Their
Diet.
and
these
they
must
either
go
without
or
steal
them
;
and
this
they
did
by
creeping
into
the
Gardens
,
or
conveying
themselves
very
cunningly
and
closely
into
the
Eating-houses
:
and
it
concern'd
them
so
to
doe
,
for
if
they
were
taken
in
the
fact
they
were
whip'd
without
mercy
;
and
that
,
not
for
want
of
honesty
but
for
want
of
wit
,
because
they
did
not
lay
their
design
well
,
and
were
not
fine
and
cunning
in
their
faculty
.
They
stole
too
all
other
meat
they
could
lay
their
Their
Thievery
.
hands
on
,
looking
out
sharp
and
watching
all
opportunities
,
when
people
were
asleep
or
more
careless
than
usual
.
If
they
were
caught
they
were
not
onely
punish'd
with
whipping
but
hunger
too
,
being
reduc'd
to
their
ordinary
,
which
was
but
very
slender
,
and
so
contriv'd
on
purpose
,
that
being
press'd
by
hunger
they
might
cast
about
to
help
themselves
by
some
subtile
conveyance
or
adventurous
action
:
and
this
was
the
principal
design
of
their
hard
fare
:
another
there
was
not
inconsiderable
,
that
they
might
grow
the
better
in
tallness
;
for
the
vital
spirits
not
being
over-burthened
and
oppressed
by
too
great
a
quantity
of
nourishment
(
which
necessarily
discharges
it self
into
thickness
and
breadth
)
do
by
their
natural
lightness
and
agility
mount
upwards
;
and
the
substance
of
the
Body
not
being
gross
or
in
two
great
a
quantity
,
does
more
easily
follow
the
fashioning
hand
of
Nature
,
whereas
gross
and
over-fed
Bodies
are
stubborn
and
untractable
,
and
she
can
at
best
make
but
a
bungling
piece
of
work
of
them
.
This
we
find
by
experience
in
Women
which
take
Physick
whilst
they
are
with
Child
;
for
though
the
Children
be
by
that
means
made
something
leaner
and
of
a
less
size
,
yet
are
they
,
for
the
most
part
,
lovely
of
aspect
,
and
extraordinary
well
shap'd
;
the
remaining
matter
,
after
the
separation
of
the
grosser
humours
,
being
more
supple
and
pliable
and
recipient
of
its
form
,
which
is
always
exact
and
perfect
in
its
kind
,
when
the
matter
is
capable
of
it
.
But
whether
this
be
the
true
reason
or
not
,
I
leave
it
to
be
determin'd
by
the
College
of
Physicians
.
To
return
from
whence
we
have
digressed
;
the
Lacedemonian
Children
were
so
very
cautious
and
fearfull
of
being
discovered
,
that
a
youth
having
stoln
a
young
Fox
and
hid
it
under
his
Coat
,
suffered
it
to
tear
out
his
very
Bowels
with
its
Teeth
and
Claws
,
and
so
dy'd
upon
the
place
,
rather
than
he
would
discover
it
:
what
is
practis'd
to
this
very
day
in
Lacedaemon
is
enough
to
gain
credit
to
this
story
,
for
my self
have
seen
several
of
them
endure
whipping
to
death
at
the
foot
of
the
Altar
of
Diana
,
sirnamed
Orthia
.
Barbarous
Superstition
.
The
Iren
,
or
under-master
,
us'd
to
stay
a
little
with
them
after
Supper
,
and
one
of
them
he
bid
to
sing
a
Song
:
to
another
he
put
forth
a
Question
,
which
requir'd
an
advis'd
and
deliberate
Answer
:
for
example
,
Who
was
the
best
man
in
the
City
?
What
he
thought
of
such
an
action
of
such
a
man
?
Using
them
thus
early
to
pass
a
right
judgment
upon
persons
and
things
,
and
to
inform
themselves
of
the
abilities
or
defects
of
their
Country-men
:
if
they
had
not
an
Answer
ready
,
they
were
look'd
upon
as
of
a
dull
and
careless
disposition
,
and
to
have
little
or
no
sense
of
Vertue
and
Honour
:
besides
this
,
they
were
to
give
a
good
reason
for
what
they
said
,
and
in
as
few
words
and
as
comprehensive
as
might
be
:
he
that
failed
of
this
,
or
answered
not
to
the
purpose
(
instead
of
a
Ferule
)
had
his
Thumb
bit
by
his
Master
.
It
so
fell
out
sometimes
that
the
Iren
did
this
in
the
presence
of
the
old
Men
and
Magistrates
,
that
they
might
see
whether
he
punished
them
justly
and
in
due
measure
or
not
:
and
though
he
did
amiss
they
would
not
reprove
him
before
his
Scholars
,
(
lest
it
should
diminish
their
respect
to
him
)
but
when
they
were
gone
he
himself
was
call'd
to
an
account
,
and
underwent
a
correction
too
,
if
he
had
run
far
into
either
of
the
extremes
of
indulgence
or
severity
.
It
is
a
thing
remarkable
that
their
Lovers
Their
Lovers
.
and
favourers
had
a
share
in
the
young
Lads
honour
or
disgrace
:
and
there
goes
a
story
,
that
one
of
them
was
fined
by
the
Magistrates
,
because
the
Lad
whom
he
lov'd
cry'd
out
effeminately
as
he
was
fighting
.
(
By
the
way
so
much
in
fashion
was
this
sort
of
love
among
them
,
that
the
most
stay'd
and
vertuous
Matrons
would
own
publickly
their
passion
to
a
modest
and
beautifull
Virgin
.
)
And
though
several
mens
fancies
met
in
one
person
,
yet
did
not
this
cause
any
strangeness
or
jealousie
among
them
,
but
rather
was
the
beginning
of
a
very
intimate
friendship
,
whilst
they
all
jointly
conspired
to
render
the
belov'd
Boy
the
most
accomplish'd
in
the
world
.
They
taught
them
also
a
natural
and
Their
short
Sayings
.
gracefull
way
of
speaking
,
enlivened
with
a
touch
of
inoffensive
raillery
,
and
comprehending
a
great
deal
of
matter
in
few
words
.
For
Lycurgus
,
who
ordered
that
a
great
piece
of
money
(
as
is
aforesaid
)
should
be
but
of
an
inconsiderable
value
,
on
the
contrary
would
allow
no
discourse
to
be
current
,
which
did
not
contain
in
few
words
a
great
deal
of
usefull
and
weighty
sense
:
so
that
Children
there
by
a
habit
of
long
silence
and
meditation
had
such
a
presence
and
quickness
of
mind
as
to
give
very
surprising
answers
,
and
oft-times
speak
Apothegms
to
the
astonishment
of
the
hearers
;
whereas
the
incontinence
of
the
Tongue
,
like
the
other
sort
of
incontinence
,
frustrates
the
ends
of
speaking
,
as
that
does
of
generation
.
From
hence
the
pithiness
of
the
Laconian
Speech
;
an
instance
of
which
we
have
in
King
Agis
,
who
when
a
pert
Athenian
laugh'd
at
their
short
Swords
,
and
said
that
the
Jugglers
and
Mountebanks
swallow'd
them
in
the
publick
Shows
and
Theatres
,
answered
him
,
And
yet
our
Enemies
cannot
endure
the
sight
of
them
;
and
as
their
Swords
were
short
and
sharp
,
so
were
their
Sayings
:
and
truly
in
my
judgment
there
is
in
this
concise
way
of
speech
something
which
I
know
better
than
I
can
express
,
which
flies
level
to
the
mark
,
and
does
more
execution
than
a
whole
volee
of
words
shot
at
rovers
.
Lycurgus
himself
,
who
enjoined
this
manner
of
speaking
,
was
one
of
the
best
examples
of
it
,
as
appears
by
his
answer
to
one
who
by
all
means
would
have
a
popular
Government
in
Lacedaemon
:
Begin
Friend
,
said
he
,
and
make
a
trial
in
thy
own
Family
.
Another
ask'd
him
why
he
allow'd
of
so
mean
and
trivial
Sacrifices
to
the
Gods
?
he
reply'd
,
That
we
may
always
have
something
to
offer
to
them
.
Being
ask'd
,
What
sort
of
Martial
Exercises
or
Combats
he
approv'd
of
,
answered
,
all
sorts
,
except
that
in
which
you
[
](A55194-e35390-b)*
*
The
form
of
crying
quarter
among
the
Ancients
.
stretch
out
your
hands
.
Many
Sayings
of
the
like
force
are
to
be
found
in
the
Letters
which
he
occasionally
wrote
to
his
Country-men
;
as
,
being
consulted
how
they
might
best
oppose
an
invasion
of
their
Enemies
,
return'd
this
answer
,
By
continuing
poor
,
and
not
coveting
to
have
one
more
than
another
.
Being
consulted
again
whether
it
were
requisite
to
enclose
the
City
with
a
Wall
,
sent
them
word
,
That
City
is
well
fortified
which
hath
a
Wall
of
Men
instead
of
Brick
.
But
as
for
these
Letters
,
whether
they
be
counterfeit
or
not
,
I
think
it
no
easie
matter
to
determine
,
and
therefore
let
every
man
think
as
he
pleases
.
But
that
they
were
indeed
enemies
to
talkativeness
these
following
instances
are
an
authentick
and
sufficient
proof
.
King
Leonidas
told
one
who
held
him
in
discourse
upon
some
usefull
things
and
worthy
his
hearing
but
not
in
due
time
and
place
,
Sir
,
you
are
impertinent
for
speaking
in
this
place
so
much
to
the
purpose
.
King
Charilaus
,
the
Nephew
of
Lycurgus
,
being
ask'd
why
his
Uncle
had
made
so
few
Laws
,
answered
,
To
men
of
few
Words
few
Laws
are
sufficient
.
One
blam'd
Hecateus
the
Oratour
because
that
being
invited
to
a
Feast
he
had
not
spoke
one
word
all
Supper-time
,
Archidamus
answered
in
his
vindication
,
He
who
can
speak
well
knows
when
to
speak
too
.
I
will
now
give
an
instance
or
two
of
their
sharp
Reparties
,
which
,
as
I
said
before
,
had
a
sort
of
pleasantness
with
them
which
made
them
to
be
the
better
excus'd
.
Damaratus
being
ask'd
,
in
an
[
](A55194-e35500-b)†
†
He
seems
to
allude
to
the
Questions
which
us'd
to
be
put
to
the
young
Lads
,
as
,
Who
is
the
best
man
in
Sparta
?
abusive
manner
by
an
importunate
fellow
,
Who
was
the
best
man
in
Lacedaemon
?
answered
him
,
He
,
Sir
,
that
is
the
least
like
you
.
Some
,
in
company
where
Agis
was
,
much
extoll'd
the
exact
Justice
of
the
Eleans
,
who
sate
as
Judges
at
the
Olympick
Games
;
indeed
,
says
Agis
,
they
are
highly
to
be
commended
if
they
can
doe
Justice
once
in
the
space
of
five
years
.
Theopompus
answered
a
stranger
who
brag'd
that
he
was
so
much
taken
notice
of
for
his
love
to
the
Lacedemonians
,
that
his
Country-men
from
thence
call'd
him
[
](A55194-e35560-b)*
*
a
lover
of
the
Lacedemonians
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
that
it
had
been
more
for
his
honour
if
they
had
call'd
him
[
](A55194-e35580-b)†
†
a
lover
of
his
own
Country-men
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
And
Plistonax
,
the
Son
of
Pausanias
,
when
an
Oratour
of
Athens
said
the
Lacedemonians
were
an
illiterate
and
ignorant
people
,
told
him
,
You
say
true
,
Sir
,
for
we
onely
of
all
the
Graecians
have
learned
none
of
your
ill
conditions
.
One
ask'd
Archidamus
what
number
of
fighting
men
there
might
be
of
the
Spartans
,
he
answered
,
Enow
,
Sir
,
to
drive
out
the
wicked
.
We
may
guess
too
at
their
manner
of
speaking
by
their
very
Jests
.
For
they
us'd
not
to
throw
them
out
at
random
,
but
the
very
wit
of
them
was
grounded
upon
some
considerable
sense
.
For
instance
,
one
being
ask'd
to
go
hear
a
Man
who
exactly
counterfeited
the
voice
of
a
Nightingale
,
answered
,
Sir
,
I
have
heard
the
Nightingale
it self
.
Another
having
read
this
following
inscription
upon
a
Tomb
,
Extinguishing
a
cruel
Tyranny
At
Selinum
these
brave
Patriots
did
dy
:
made
this
clinch
upon
it
,
that
they
well
deserv'd
to
dye
,
for
instead
of
extinguishing
the
Tyranny
they
should
have
let
it
burn
out
.
A
Lad
being
offered
some
Cocks
of
the
Game
so
hardy
that
they
would
dye
upon
the
place
,
said
that
he
car'd
not
for
Cocks
that
would
dye
hardy
,
but
for
such
that
would
live
and
kill
others
.
Another
would
by
no
means
be
carried
home
in
a
Chair
,
as
he
saw
some
others
were
,
because
,
said
he
,
I
cannot
conveniently
rise
in
it
to
pay
respect
to
my
betters
.
In
short
,
their
answers
were
so
sententious
and
pertinent
that
one
said
well
,
that
to
be
a
Philosopher
or
a
Lacedemonian
signified
the
same
thing
.
And
though
they
were
a
very
active
people
they
exercised
their
Minds
much
more
than
their
Bodies
.
Nor
were
they
less
carefull
to
sing
and
compose
well
than
to
express
themselves
in
proper
terms
and
to
speak
to
the
point
.
And
their
very
Songs
had
such
a
life
and
spirit
in
them
,
that
they
enflam'd
and
ravish'd
mens
minds
with
a
desire
to
doe
great
and
good
Actions
;
the
style
of
them
was
plain
and
without
affectation
;
the
subject
always
serious
and
moral
;
most
usually
it
Their
Poetry
.
was
in
praise
of
such
men
as
had
dy'd
in
the
bed
of
honour
for
defence
of
their
Country
,
or
in
derision
of
those
who
would
not
venture
their
lives
willingly
in
so
good
a
cause
:
the
former
they
declared
happy
,
and
almost
Gods
,
and
the
latter
they
describ'd
as
most
miserable
and
below
the
condition
of
men
.
In
these
Verses
too
they
talk'd
high
of
what
feats
they
would
doe
or
had
done
,
and
vaunted
of
themselves
as
the
bravest
and
most
valiant
people
in
the
world
.
The
expression
was
different
and
sutable
to
their
several
ages
:
for
you
must
understand
that
they
had
three
Choirs
of
them
in
their
solemn
Festivals
,
the
first
of
the
old
Men
,
the
second
of
the
young
Men
,
and
the
last
of
the
Children
:
(
to
give
a
taste
of
them
)
the
old
Men
began
thus
,
We
have
been
(
though
now
spent
and
old
)
Hardy
in
Field
,
in
Battel
Bold
.
The
young
men
answered
them
,
singing
,
We
are
so
now
:
let
who
dares
try
,
We
'll
conquer
,
or
in
combat
dye
.
The
Children
came
last
,
and
said
,
What
ever
ye
can
[
](A55194-e35940-b)*
*
To
the
young
men
.
doe
or
[
](A55194-e35960-b)†
†
To
the
old
men
.
tell
,
We
one
day
will
you
both
excell
.
Indeed
if
we
will
take
the
pains
to
consider
their
Compositions
,
and
the
Airs
on
the
Flute
to
which
they
were
set
when
they
march'd
on
to
Battel
,
we
shall
find
that
Terpander
and
Pindar
had
reason
to
say
that
Musick
was
not
incompatible
with
,
but
rather
an
help
and
incentive
to
,
Valour
.
The
first
says
thus
of
them
.
Justice
goes
in
procession
through
their
Streets
,
And
Mars
the
Muses
in
sweet
consort
meets
.
And
Pindar
—
Blest
Sparta
!
in
whose
State
we
find
Things
almost
inconsistent
join'd
:
In
quiet
times
your
Martial
toils
not
cease
,
And
Wars
adorn'd
with
the
soft
arts
of
Peace
.
Gray-headed
Wisedom
reigns
in
your
Debates
,
And
well-bred
Youth
with
equal
Fire
,
Handle
their
Arms
,
or
touch
their
Lyre
;
Ye
Gods
,
the
Musick
of
well
ordered
States
!
So
that
these
two
Poets
describe
the
Spartans
as
being
no
less
musical
than
warlike
,
and
the
Spartan
Poet
himself
confirms
it
:
Our
Sports
prelude
to
War
,
and
Musicks
charms
Inspire
deliberate
Valour
to
our
Arms.
And
even
before
they
engag'd
in
Battel
the
King
did
first
sacrifice
to
the
Muses
(
in
all
likelihood
)
Their
going
to
Battel
.
to
put
them
in
mind
of
the
manner
of
their
education
,
and
of
the
severe
judgment
that
would
be
pass'd
upon
their
actions
,
and
thereby
to
animate
them
to
the
performance
of
some
gallant
Exploit
:
sometimes
too
the
Lacedemonians
abated
a
little
the
severity
of
their
manners
in
favour
of
their
young
men
,
suffering
them
to
curle
and
perfume
their
Hair
,
and
to
have
costly
Arms
,
and
fine
Clothes
;
and
as
well
pleas'd
they
were
to
see
them
marching
out
full
of
metal
and
spirit
to
an
Engagement
as
the
other
Graecians
were
to
see
their
trim'd
Horses
neighing
,
and
pressing
for
the
[
](A55194-e36360-b)*
*
He
alludes
to
the
Olympick
Games
.
course
.
And
therefore
when
they
came
to
be
well-grown
Lads
they
took
a
great
deal
of
care
of
their
Hair
,
to
have
it
parted
and
trim'd
,
especially
against
a
day
of
Battel
,
pursuant
to
a
saying
of
their
Law-giver
,
that
a
large
head
of
Hair
set
off
a
good
Face
to
more
advantage
,
and
those
that
were
ugly
it
made
more
ugly
and
dreadfull
.
When
they
were
in
the
Field
their
Exercises
were
generally
more
moderate
,
their
Fare
not
so
hard
,
nor
so
strict
a
hand
held
over
them
by
their
Officers
,
so
that
they
were
the
onely
people
in
the
world
to
whom
War
gave
repose
.
When
their
Army
was
drawn
up
in
Battel
array
,
and
the
Enemy
near
,
the
King
sacrific'd
a
Goat
,
commanded
the
Souldiers
to
set
their
Garlands
upon
their
heads
,
and
the
Pipers
to
play
the
Tune
of
the
Hymn
to
Castor
,
and
himself
advancing
forwards
began
the
Paean
,
which
serv'd
for
a
signal
to
fall
on
.
It
was
at
once
a
delightfull
and
terrible
sight
to
see
them
march
on
to
the
Tune
of
their
Flutes
,
without
ever
troubling
their
Order
or
confounding
their
Ranks
,
no
disorder
in
their
minds
or
change
in
their
countenance
,
but
on
they
went
to
the
hazard
of
their
lives
as
unconcernedly
and
cheerfully
as
if
it
had
been
to
lead
up
a
Dance
,
or
to
hear
a
consort
of
Musick
.
Men
in
this
temper
were
not
likely
to
be
possessed
with
fear
,
or
transported
with
fury
,
but
they
proceeded
with
a
deliberate
Valour
,
full
of
hope
and
good
assurance
,
as
if
some
Divinity
had
sensibly
assisted
them
.
The
King
had
always
about
his
person
some
one
who
had
been
crown'd
in
the
Olympick
Games
:
and
upon
this
account
a
Lacedemonian
refus'd
a
considerable
present
which
was
offered
to
him
upon
condition
that
he
would
not
come
into
the
Lists
,
and
having
with
much
to
doe
thrown
his
Antagonist
,
some
of
the
Spectatours
said
to
him
,
And
now
,
Sir
Lacedemonian
,
what
are
you
the
better
for
your
Victory
?
he
answered
smiling
,
O
,
a
great
deal
,
Sir
,
for
I
shall
have
the
honour
to
fight
by
the
side
of
my
Prince
.
After
they
had
routed
an
Enemy
they
pursu'd
him
till
they
were
well
assured
of
the
Victory
,
and
then
they
sounded
a
retreat
,
thinking
it
base
and
unworthy
of
a
Graecian
people
,
to
cut
men
in
pieces
who
durst
not
look
them
in
the
face
or
lift
up
their
hands
against
them
.
This
manner
of
dealing
with
their
Enemies
did
not
onely
shew
their
magnanimity
but
had
a
politick
end
in
it
too
;
for
knowing
that
they
kill'd
onely
those
who
made
resistance
,
and
gave
quarter
to
the
rest
,
they
generally
thought
it
their
best
way
to
consult
their
safety
by
flight
.
Hippias
the
Sophister
says
that
Lycurgus
himself
was
a
very
valiant
and
experienced
Commander
.
Philostephanus
attributes
to
him
the
first
division
of
the
Cavalry
into
[
](A55194-e36490-b)*
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
12
in
a
side
the
Captain
and
Lieutenant
excepted
.
Troops
of
fifties
in
a
square
Body
:
but
Demetrius
the
Phalerian
says
quite
the
contrary
,
and
that
he
made
all
his
Laws
in
a
continued
Peace
.
And
indeed
the
cessation
of
Arms
procured
by
his
means
and
management
,
inclines
me
to
think
him
a
good-natur'd
man
,
and
one
that
lov'd
quietness
and
peace
.
Notwithstanding
all
this
Hermippus
tells
us
that
he
had
no
hand
in
the
Ordinance
,
that
Iphitus
made
it
,
and
Lycurgus
came
onely
as
a
Spectatour
,
and
that
by
mere
accident
too
.
Being
there
he
heard
a
voice
of
one
behind
him
,
blaming
,
and
wondering
at
him
that
he
did
not
encourage
his
Country-men
to
resort
to
so
illustrious
an
Assembly
;
turning
about
and
seeing
no
man
,
he
concluded
that
it
was
a
voice
from
Heaven
,
and
thereupon
immediately
went
to
Iphitus
,
and
was
assistant
to
him
in
ordering
the
Ceremonies
of
that
Feast
,
which
by
his
means
were
better
establish'd
,
more
famous
and
magnificent
than
before
that
time
they
were
.
To
return
to
the
Lacedemonians
.
Their
discipline
and
order
of
life
continued
still
after
they
were
full
grown
men
.
No
one
was
allowed
to
live
after
his
own
fancy
;
but
the
whole
City
resembled
a
great
Camp
in
which
every
man
had
his
share
of
provisions
,
and
business
set
out
,
and
look'd
upon
himself
not
so
much
born
to
serve
his
own
ends
as
the
interest
of
his
Country
.
Therefore
if
they
were
commanded
nothing
else
,
they
went
to
see
the
Lads
perform
their
Exercises
,
to
teach
them
something
usefull
,
or
to
learn
it
themselves
of
those
who
knew
better
.
And
here
I
cannot
but
declare
my
opinion
,
that
one
of
the
greatest
blessings
Lycurgus
procur'd
to
his
people
was
,
the
abundance
of
leisure
,
which
proceeded
from
his
forbidding
to
them
the
exercise
of
any
mean
and
mechanical
Trade
;
for
it
was
but
lost
labour
to
waste
themselves
with
anxiety
and
toil
to
heap
together
a
great
deal
of
money
,
which
when
they
had
got
was
but
useless
lumber
in
their
house
;
for
the
Ilotes
till'd
their
ground
for
them
,
and
paid
them
yearly
in
kind
the
quantity
above-mention'd
,
without
any
trouble
of
theirs
.
To
this
purpose
there
goes
a
story
of
a
Lacedemonian
who
happened
to
be
at
Athens
in
Assises
time
in
which
a
Citizen
had
been
punish'd
for
idleness
,
and
came
home
much
discontented
and
comfortless
:
the
Lacedemonian
was
much
surpriz'd
at
it
,
and
desired
his
Friend
to
shew
him
the
man
who
was
condemned
for
living
like
a
Gentleman
:
so
much
beneath
them
they
esteemed
all
mechanical
employments
,
and
the
care
of
heaping
up
riches
.
I
need
not
tell
you
that
upon
the
prohibition
of
Gold
and
Silver
all
Law-suits
immediately
ceas'd
,
for
there
was
now
no
griping
avarice
,
or
poverty
oppressed
,
but
equality
with
abundance
,
and
a
quiet
life
with
sobriety
.
All
their
time
(
except
when
How
they
spent
their
time
.
they
were
in
the
Field
)
was
taken
up
in
dancing
,
in
feasting
,
in
their
exercises
,
and
hunting
matches
,
or
[
](A55194-e36660-b)†
†
These
were
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
places
where
good
company
us'd
to
meet
.
Those
who
were
under
thirty
years
of
age
were
not
allow'd
to
go
into
the
Market-place
,
but
had
the
necessaries
of
their
Family
supply'd
by
the
care
of
their
Relations
and
Lovers
:
nor
was
it
for
the
credit
of
elderly
men
to
be
seen
too
often
in
the
Market-place
;
it
was
esteem'd
more
honourable
for
them
to
frequent
the
Academies
and
places
of
conversation
,
where
they
discours'd
agreeably
,
not
of
the
price
of
Pepper
,
and
interest
of
Money
,
but
gravely
pass'd
their
judgment
on
some
action
worth
considering
;
extoll'd
the
good
,
and
blam'd
those
who
were
otherwise
,
and
that
in
a
facetious
way
,
so
that
the
Feather
of
the
Jest
made
the
Arrow
pierce
the
deeper
,
and
left
some
usefull
remark
or
correction
behind
it
.
Nor
was
Lycurgus
himself
so
sullen
and
cynically
grave
but
that
now
and
then
he
would
ruffle
his
gravity
,
and
[
](A55194-e36730-b)*
*
This
is
reported
by
Sosilius
.
sacrifice
an
hour
to
the
little
God
of
Laughter
,
to
whom
he
dedicated
a
Statue
in
his
House
;
to
the
end
that
by
sprinkling
and
seasoning
their
conversations
with
mirth
they
might
more
willingly
endure
the
trouble
of
their
strict
and
hard
life
.
To
conclude
this
,
he
bred
up
his
Citizens
in
such
sort
,
that
they
neither
would
,
nor
could
live
by
themselves
,
but
endeavour'd
to
incorporate
them
all
together
,
like
swarms
of
Bees
in
a
cluster
about
their
King
;
wholly
devesting
themselves
of
their
own
narrow
interests
,
and
forgetting
themselves
by
the
continual
ecstasie
they
were
in
to
promote
the
publick
interest
and
honour
.
What
their
Sentiments
were
will
better
appear
by
a
few
of
their
Sayings
.
Paedaretus
not
being
admitted
into
the
List
of
the
three
hundred
who
were
chosen
to
make
good
the
pass
at
This
exploit
is
excellently
describ'd
by
Herodotus
lib.
7.
The
publick
spirit
of
the
Spartans
.
the
Thermopyle
,
return'd
home
very
joyfull
and
well
pleas'd
,
saying
,
That
it
did
his
heart
good
to
find
that
there
were
in
Sparta
three
hundred
better
men
than
himself
.
And
Pisistratidas
being
sent
with
some
others
Ambassadour
to
the
Lords
Lieutenants
of
the
King
of
Persia
,
being
ask'd
by
them
,
Whether
they
came
of
their
own
accord
,
or
were
sent
by
the
State
?
answered
,
That
if
they
obtain'd
what
they
came
for
,
they
were
commission'd
by
the
Publick
,
if
not
,
they
came
of
themselves
.
Argileonide
asking
some
strangers
who
came
from
Amphipolis
,
if
her
Son
Brasidas
dy'd
couragiously
,
and
as
became
a
Spartan
,
they
fell
a-praising
him
to
a
high
degree
,
and
said
,
There
is
not
such
another
left
in
Sparta
;
She
took
them
up
short
,
Hold
,
Gentlemen
,
Brasidas
indeed
was
a
valiant
man
,
but
there
are
still
in
Sparta
many
more
valiant
than
he
.
The
Senate
(
as
I
said
before
)
consisted
of
them
who
were
his
chief
aiders
and
assistants
in
the
forming
of
the
Government
,
and
the
vacancies
he
ordered
to
be
supply'd
out
of
the
best
and
most
deserving
men
who
were
full
threescore
years
old
;
and
we
need
not
wonder
if
there
was
much
striving
and
stickling
for
it
:
for
what
more
glorious
competition
could
there
be
amongst
men
than
this
,
in
which
it
was
not
[
](A55194-e36960-b)*
*
As
it
was
in
the
Olympick
Games
.
disputed
,
who
should
bear
away
the
prize
of
swiftness
,
or
strength
,
but
who
was
the
wisest
and
most
vertuous
man
in
the
City
,
to
whom
should
be
entrusted
for
ever
after
(
as
the
reward
of
his
merits
)
the
power
and
authority
of
the
whole
Commonwealth
,
and
in
whose
hands
should
be
deposited
the
honour
,
the
lives
and
fortunes
of
all
his
Country-men
?
The
manner
of
their
Election
The
manner
of
their
Elections
.
was
as
follows
;
The
people
being
called
together
,
some
persons
deputed
by
the
Senate
,
were
lock'd
up
in
a
Room
near
the
place
of
Election
,
which
was
so
contriv'd
that
they
could
neither
see
nor
be
seen
by
the
Competitours
or
people
,
but
onely
hear
the
noise
of
the
Assembly
without
.
(
For
they
decided
this
,
as
most
other
affairs
of
moment
by
the
shouts
of
the
people
.
)
This
done
,
the
Competitours
were
not
brought
in
,
and
presented
all
together
,
but
one
after
another
,
as
by
lot
fell
out
,
and
through
the
Assembly
they
pass'd
in
order
without
speaking
a
word
.
Those
who
were
lock'd
up
,
had
writing
Tables
with
them
in
which
they
set
down
the
number
of
the
shouts
and
the
greatness
of
them
,
without
knowing
to
which
of
the
Candidates
each
of
them
were
made
.
But
he
who
was
found
to
have
the
most
and
loudest
acclamations
was
declar'd
Senatour
duly
elected
.
Upon
this
he
had
a
Garland
set
upon
his
head
,
and
went
in
procession
to
all
the
Temples
to
give
thanks
to
the
Gods
;
a
great
number
of
young
men
followed
him
,
making
the
streets
to
echo
with
his
praises
:
The
young
Ladies
too
sung
Verses
in
his
honour
,
and
a
blessed
man
they
call'd
him
who
had
led
so
vertuous
a
life
.
As
he
went
round
the
City
in
this
manner
each
of
his
Relations
The
Ancients
never
invited
any
one
to
dinner
.
invited
him
into
his
House
to
a
handsome
Supper
,
saying
,
The
City
honours
you
with
this
Banquet
:
but
he
,
instead
of
accepting
their
invitation
,
returned
to
the
place
where
he
formerly
us'd
to
eat
;
and
was
serv'd
as
before
,
excepting
that
now
he
had
a
[
](A55194-e37030-b)*
*
This
was
the
manner
of
the
Eastern
Countries
to
express
their
respect
to
any
one
,
and
from
them
probably
the
Graecians
took
it
.
double
allowance
.
By
that
time
Supper
was
ended
,
all
the
Women
who
were
of
kin
to
him
were
got
about
the
Door
,
and
he
beckning
to
her
whom
he
most
esteem'd
presented
to
her
the
portion
he
had
sav'd
,
saying
with-all
,
This
was
given
me
to
day
as
a
reward
of
my
Vertue
,
I
present
it
to
you
,
as
an
acknowledgment
of
yours
:
upon
this
she
was
triumphantly
waited
upon
home
by
the
Women
,
as
he
was
by
the
Men.
As
touching
Burials
Lycurgus
made
very
The
manner
of
their
Burials
.
wise
Orders
:
for
first
of
all
to
cut
off
the
superstition
of
Burying-places
,
he
allow'd
them
to
bury
their
dead
within
the
City
,
and
even
round
about
their
Temples
,
Other
people
generally
buried
them
without
their
Walls
,
and
long
after
took
up
the
custom
of
burning
them
.
to
the
end
that
their
youth
might
be
used
to
such
spectacles
,
and
not
be
afraid
to
see
a
dead
body
;
and
withall
to
rid
them
of
the
conceit
that
to
touch
a
Corpse
,
or
to
tread
upon
a
Grave
would
defile
a
man
.
In
the
next
place
he
commanded
them
to
bury
in
Woolen
(
which
Cloth
was
to
be
red
)
and
put
nothing
else
into
the
ground
with
them
,
except
,
if
they
pleas'd
,
a
few
[
](A55194-e37120-b)*
*
To
intimate
that
then
they
are
in
peace
and
at
rest
.
Branches
or
Leaves
of
Olive
.
He
would
not
allow
of
talkative
Grave-stones
,
nor
suffer
so
much
as
the
names
to
be
inscrib'd
,
but
onely
of
such
men
who
dy'd
in
the
Wars
,
or
Women
which
were
profess'd
of
some
religious
Order
.
The
time
too
appointed
for
Mourning
was
very
short
;
for
it
lasted
but
eleven
days
,
and
on
the
twelfth
they
were
to
doe
sacrifice
to
Proserpina
,
and
leave
off
their
Mourning
:
so
that
we
may
see
as
he
cut
off
all
superfluity
,
so
in
things
necessary
there
was
nothing
so
small
and
trivial
which
had
not
some
profitable
lesson
and
instruction
in
it
,
and
caus'd
an
emulation
of
Vertue
or
hatred
to
Vice
.
All
Lacedaemon
was
like
a
great
Volume
,
every
Leaf
of
which
was
fill'd
with
good
rules
,
and
great
examples
:
which
presenting
themselves
at
all
times
and
in
all
places
to
their
thoughts
,
did
insensibly
assimilate
the
minds
of
the
lookers
on
,
and
force
them
to
imitate
that
always
which
they
could
not
but
meet
with
every
where
.
And
this
was
the
reason
why
he
forbid
He
forbids
travelling
into
other
Countries
.
them
to
travel
into
foreign
Countries
,
viz.
lest
they
should
bring
in
foreign
vices
and
vanities
along
with
them
:
he
thought
it
a
most
senseless
thing
to
take
a
journey
into
another
Climate
,
to
learn
what
Clothes
they
should
wear
the
next
Winter
;
and
to
think
themselves
besieged
and
half
undone
if
they
were
forc'd
to
drink
the
Liquours
of
their
own
Country
;
besides
,
this
itch
after
novelty
encreasing
,
makes
men
think
of
innovations
in
matters
of
more
importance
,
and
to
desire
new
forms
and
fashions
in
the
Government
too
.
Withall
he
banished
all
strangers
from
Lacedemon
who
could
not
give
a
very
good
reason
for
their
coming
thither
;
not
because
he
was
afraid
lest
they
should
inform
themselves
of
,
and
imitate
his
manner
of
Government
,
(
as
Thucydides
would
have
it
believed
)
but
lest
they
should
introduce
something
contrary
to
good
manners
;
for
strange
persons
bring
usually
strange
discourse
along
with
them
,
that
produces
new
thoughts
and
perswasions
,
and
different
opinions
destroy
the
harmony
of
conversation
and
civil
society
;
and
therefore
as
carefull
he
was
to
keep
out
all
foreign
customs
as
men
usually
are
to
keep
out
suspected
persons
in
the
time
of
a
reigning
Pestilence
.
Hitherto
,
[
](A55194-e37350-b)*
*
Therefore
he
approves
their
murthering
their
Infants
.
I
for
my
part
can
see
no
sign
of
injustice
or
want
of
equity
in
the
Constitutions
of
this
Commonwealth
,
and
therefore
I
can
by
no
means
agree
with
those
,
who
say
they
are
very
well
contriv'd
to
make
men
good
Souldiers
,
but
exceedingly
defective
in
civil
justice
and
honesty
.
But
as
for
that
secret
Ordinance
(
if
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
it
were
one
of
Lycurgus's
,
as
Aristotle
says
it
was
)
it
is
truly
enough
to
put
him
and
Plato
too
out
of
conceit
both
with
the
Law-giver
and
his
Government
.
By
this
Ordinance
those
who
had
the
care
of
the
young
men
,
dispatch'd
privately
some
of
the
ablest
of
them
into
the
Country
from
time
to
time
,
arm'd
onely
with
their
Daggers
,
and
taking
a
little
necessary
provision
with
them
,
these
in
the
day-time
hid
themselves
in
the
Thickets
and
Clifts
,
and
there
lay
close
,
but
in
the
night
they
issued
out
into
the
High-ways
and
kill'd
all
the
Ilotes
they
could
light
upon
;
sometimes
they
set
upon
them
by
day
,
as
they
were
at
work
in
the
Fields
,
and
murthered
them
in
cold
bloud
,
as
Thucydides
says
in
his
History
of
the
Peloponnesian
War
.
The
same
Authour
tells
us
,
that
a
good
number
of
them
being
[
](A55194-e37440-b)*
*
In
token
of
Freedom
granted
.
crowned
by
proclamation
,
and
enfranchised
for
their
good
services
,
and
led
about
to
all
the
Temples
in
token
of
honour
,
disappeared
all
of
a
sudden
,
being
about
the
number
of
two
thousand
,
and
no
man
neither
then
nor
since
could
give
an
account
how
they
came
by
their
deaths
.
And
Aristotle
adds
that
the
Ephori
,
so
soon
as
they
were
entred
into
their
Office
,
us'd
to
declare
War
against
them
,
that
they
might
be
massacred
with
a
pretence
of
Law
.
It
is
confess'd
on
all
hands
,
that
the
Spartans
dealt
with
them
very
hardly
;
for
it
was
a
thing
common
to
force
them
to
drink
to
excess
,
and
to
lead
them
in
that
condition
into
their
publick
Halls
,
that
their
Children
might
see
what
a
contemptible
and
beastly
sight
a
drunken
man
is
:
they
made
them
to
dance
uncomely
Dances
,
and
sing
ridiculous
Songs
,
forbidding
them
expresly
to
meddle
with
any
that
were
serious
,
for
they
would
not
have
them
prophaned
by
their
mouths
:
upon
this
account
when
the
Thebans
made
an
Invasion
into
Laconia
,
and
took
a
great
number
of
the
Ilotes
prisoners
,
they
could
by
no
means
perswade
them
to
sing
the
Odes
of
[
](A55194-e37520-b)†
†
Lacedemonian
Poets
.
Terpander
,
Alcman
,
or
Spendon
,
for
(
said
they
)
they
are
our
Masters
Songs
we
dare
not
sing
them
.
So
that
it
was
truly
observed
by
one
,
that
in
Sparta
he
who
was
Free
was
most
so
,
and
he
that
was
a
Slave
there
was
the
greatest
Slave
in
the
world
.
For
my
part
I
am
of
opinion
that
these
outrages
and
cruelties
began
to
be
exercis'd
in
Sparta
long
after
the
time
of
Lycurgus
,
namely
soon
after
the
great
Earthquake
,
at
which
time
the
Ilotes
made
a
general
Insurrection
,
and
,
joyning
with
the
Messenians
,
laid
the
whole
Country
waste
,
and
brought
the
City
to
the
greatest
extremity
it
had
ever
been
reduc'd
to
.
For
I
cannot
be
perswaded
that
ever
Lycurgus
invented
or
put
in
force
so
wicked
and
barbarous
an
Act
as
[
](A55194-e37610-b)*
*
The
secret
Ordinance
.
this
was
,
especially
when
I
look
back
upon
the
gentleness
of
his
disposition
,
and
his
unprejudic'd
justice
upon
all
other
occasions
;
not
to
say
that
it
were
a
piece
of
high
impiety
to
think
hard
of
him
,
since
[
](A55194-e37630-b)†
†
The
Oracle
above-mention'd
.
God
himself
hath
given
so
great
a
character
of
his
Vertue
.
To
draw
now
towards
the
last
Scenes
of
his
Life
:
when
he
perceiv'd
that
his
Laws
had
taken
deep
root
in
the
minds
of
his
Country-men
,
that
custom
had
rendred
them
familiar
and
easie
,
that
his
Commonwealth
grew
apace
daily
,
and
was
now
able
to
go
alone
,
he
had
such
a
calm
joy
and
contentation
of
mind
,
as
[
](A55194-e37690-b)*
*
in
Timaeo
.
Plato
somewhere
tells
us
the
Maker
of
the
World
had
,
when
he
had
finish'd
and
set
this
great
Machine
a
moving
,
and
found
every
thing
very
good
and
exactly
to
answer
his
great
Idoea
;
so
Lycurgus
,
taking
an
unspeakable
pleasure
in
the
contemplation
of
the
greatness
and
beauty
of
his
Work
,
seeing
every
spring
and
particle
of
his
new
Establishment
in
its
due
order
and
course
,
at
last
he
conceived
a
vast
thought
to
make
it
immortal
too
,
and
,
as
far
as
humane
forecast
could
reach
,
to
deliver
it
down
unchangeable
to
posterity
.
To
bring
this
to
pass
,
he
called
an
extraordinary
Assembly
of
all
the
people
,
he
told
them
that
he
now
thought
every
thing
reasonably
well
establish'd
,
both
for
the
good
of
the
publick
and
for
the
happiness
of
each
particular
,
but
that
there
was
one
thing
still
behind
,
and
that
of
the
greatest
importance
,
which
he
thought
not
fit
to
impart
untill
he
had
consulted
the
Oracle
;
in
the
mean
time
his
desire
was
that
they
would
punctually
observe
his
Laws
without
any
the
least
alteration
untill
his
return
,
and
then
he
would
doe
as
the
God
should
direct
him
.
They
all
consented
readily
,
and
prayed
him
to
hasten
his
Voyage
:
but
before
he
departed
he
administred
an
Oath
to
the
two
Kings
,
the
Senate
and
Commons
,
that
they
would
inviolably
observe
his
Ordinances
during
his
absence
.
This
done
he
set
sail
for
Delphos
,
and
having
sacrific'd
to
Apollo
,
ask'd
him
,
Whether
he
approv'd
of
the
Laws
he
had
establish'd
?
the
Oracle
answered
,
That
his
Laws
were
excellent
,
and
that
the
people
which
observ'd
them
should
live
in
happiness
and
renown
.
Lycurgus
took
the
Oracle
in
Writing
,
and
sent
it
over
to
Sparta
;
having
sacrific'd
the
second
time
to
Apollo
,
and
taking
his
leave
of
his
Friends
,
and
his
Son
,
he
resolv'd
to
dye
in
this
Voyage
,
that
the
Spartans
might
never
be
releas'd
from
the
Oath
they
had
taken
.
He
was
now
about
that
age
,
in
which
life
was
still
tolerable
,
and
yet
a
wise
man
would
dye
without
regret
;
especially
when
he
considered
,
That
death
comes
then
seasonably
when
life
is
at
the
best
He
resolved
therefore
to
make
Lycurgus
pines
himself
to
death
an
end
of
himself
by
a
total
abstinence
from
meat
,
and
even
dying
to
set
a
copy
of
temperance
to
his
Country-men
;
for
he
thought
that
a
Statesman
and
good
Patriot
should
serve
his
Country
with
his
last
breath
,
and
that
the
end
of
their
lives
should
be
no
more
idle
and
unprofitable
than
all
that
went
before
;
especially
since
all
men
have
a
curiosity
to
know
the
end
of
great
Personages
,
and
believe
most
firmly
,
and
remember
longest
what
they
did
or
said
dying
:
and
in
this
he
had
a
double
end
,
the
one
to
secure
and
crown
his
own
happiness
,
by
a
death
sutable
to
so
honourable
a
life
;
and
the
other
,
that
it
might
be
a
seal
and
confirmation
of
his
Laws
,
especially
since
that
his
Country-men
had
solemnly
sworn
the
observation
of
them
untill
his
return
:
nor
was
he
deceived
in
his
expectations
,
for
the
City
of
Lacedaemon
continued
the
chief
City
of
all
Greece
for
the
space
of
five
hundred
years
,
mainly
by
their
strict
observance
of
Lycurgus's
Laws
;
in
all
which
time
there
was
no
manner
of
alteration
made
during
the
reign
of
fourteen
Kings
,
untill
the
time
of
Agis
,
the
Son
of
Archidamus
.
For
the
new
Creation
of
the
Ephori
(
[
](A55194-e38060-b)*
*
Tribunes
too
were
establish'd
at
Rome
to
maintain
the
privileges
of
the
people
,
but
in
time
they
prov'd
the
ruine
of
the
popular
Government
.
who
at
first
were
chosen
in
favour
of
the
people
)
were
so
far
from
diminishing
,
that
they
very
much
confirm'd
the
power
of
the
Senate
.
In
the
time
of
Agis
Gold
and
Silver
found
a
way
into
Sparta
,
and
all
those
mischiefs
which
attend
the
immoderate
desire
of
riches
.
Lysander
promoted
much
this
disorder
,
for
by
bringing
in
rich
Spoils
from
the
Wars
,
although
himself
was
incorrupt
,
yet
by
this
means
he
fill'd
his
Country
with
Avarice
and
Luxury
,
directly
against
the
Laws
and
Ordinances
of
Lycurgus
;
which
so
long
as
they
were
in
force
Sparta
resembled
some
holy
Personage
or
particular
Philosopher
(
so
unanimous
they
were
and
as
it
were
acted
by
one
Soul
)
rather
than
a
great
Commonwealth
and
Metropolis
of
an
Empire
.
And
as
the
Poets
feign
of
Hercules
,
that
with
his
Lion's
Skin
and
his
Club
,
he
went
over
the
world
,
punishing
the
Wicked
and
extirpating
Tyrants
;
so
may
it
be
said
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
that
with
a
piece
of
[
](A55194-e38180-b)*
*
The
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Parchment
and
a
plain
Frieze
Coat
,
they
gained
the
Sovereignty
of
Greece
,
and
(
which
is
more
)
their
affections
too
;
they
deposed
all
usurp'd
Powers
,
were
the
Commanders
in
War
and
the
Arbitres
of
Peace
,
and
Judges
in
civil
differences
or
seditions
:
and
this
they
often
did
without
so
much
as
taking
their
Buckler
in
their
hand
,
but
barely
by
sending
some
plain
Man
,
without
attendance
,
who
went
under
the
Character
of
the
Lacedemonian
Ambassadour
;
and
they
swarmed
about
him
at
his
coming
like
Bees
about
their
King
to
receive
his
Orders
;
which
,
without
saucy
Remonstrances
and
Provifo's
,
they
immediately
put
in
execution
.
Such
a
veneration
they
had
for
the
equity
and
good
conduct
of
this
illustrious
Common-wealth
.
And
therefore
I
cannot
but
wonder
at
those
who
say
,
that
the
Spartans
were
good
and
obedient
Subjects
,
but
not
skill'd
in
the
art
of
governing
;
and
for
proof
of
it
alledge
a
Saying
of
King
Theopompus
,
who
when
one
said
that
Sparta
held
up
so
long
because
their
Kings
could
command
well
,
he
reply'd
,
nay
,
rather
,
because
the
people
know
so
well
how
to
obey
.
For
indeed
those
who
cannot
command
wisely
are
seldom
or
never
well
serv'd
:
on
the
other
hand
,
a
skilfull
Leader
is
always
readily
followed
.
And
as
it
is
the
part
of
a
good
Rider
to
train
his
Horse
to
turn
,
or
stop
,
or
go
on
at
his
pleasure
;
so
is
it
the
greatest
piece
of
[
](A55194-e38350-b)*
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
King-craft
to
teach
their
Subjects
obedience
:
wherefore
the
Lacedemonians
so
ordered
matters
,
that
people
did
not
onely
endure
,
but
even
desir'd
to
be
their
Subjects
.
For
they
did
not
use
to
petition
them
for
Ships
,
or
Money
,
or
a
supply
of
armed
Men
,
but
onely
for
a
Spartan
Commander
;
and
having
obtain'd
one
,
us'd
him
with
honour
and
reverence
;
for
so
the
Sicilians
behav'd
themselves
to
Gilippus
,
the
Chalcidians
to
Brasidas
,
and
all
the
Colonies
of
the
Graecians
in
Asia
to
Lysander
,
Agesilaus
and
Callicratidas
:
in
short
they
esteem'd
and
call'd
them
the
Peace-makers
,
the
Reformers
,
the
Correctours
of
the
licence
both
of
Princes
and
People
;
and
had
their
eyes
always
upon
the
City
of
Sparta
as
the
perfect
model
of
good
Manners
and
wise
Government
.
The
rest
seem'd
as
Scholars
,
they
were
the
Masters
of
Greece
;
and
to
this
Stratonicus
pleasantly
alluded
,
when
in
merriment
he
pretended
to
make
a
Law
that
the
Athenians
should
keep
Processions
in
the
mysteries
of
Ceres
,
the
Eleans
should
dispose
of
the
Prizes
at
the
Olympick
Games
(
as
being
best
skill'd
in
matters
of
this
nature
)
and
that
if
either
of
them
did
amiss
the
Lacedemonians
should
be
well
beaten
.
Antisthenes
too
,
one
of
the
Scholars
of
Socrates
,
said
well
of
the
Thebans
,
who
were
become
very
proud
for
their
single
Victory
at
[
](A55194-e38570-b)*
*
by
the
conduct
of
Epaminondas
.
Leuctres
,
That
they
look'd
like
School-boys
who
newly
had
beaten
their
Master
.
These
indeed
were
merry
Sayings
but
yet
may
serve
to
testifie
the
opinion
men
then
had
of
the
Spartans
.
However
it
was
not
the
design
of
Lycurgus
that
his
City
should
govern
a
great
many
others
;
he
thought
rather
that
the
happiness
of
a
Kingdom
,
as
of
a
private
man
,
consisted
chiefly
in
the
exercise
of
Vertue
,
and
mutual
love
of
the
Inhabitants
;
his
principal
aim
was
to
make
them
nobly
minded
,
content
with
their
own
,
not
apt
to
follow
vain
hopes
,
but
moderate
in
all
their
He
seems
to
reflect
upon
the
Athenians
,
who
ruin'd
their
State
by
striving
rashly
to
enlarge
it
.
enterprises
;
and
by
consequence
able
to
maintain
themselves
and
continue
long
in
safety
.
And
therefore
all
those
who
have
written
well
of
Politicks
,
as
Plato
,
Diogenes
,
Zeno
and
several
others
,
have
taken
Lycurgus
for
their
Model
,
as
appears
by
their
Writings
:
but
these
great
men
left
onely
vain
projects
and
words
behind
them
,
whereas
Lycurgus
,
without
writing
any
thing
,
left
a
flourishing
Government
,
which
as
it
was
never
thought
of
before
him
,
so
can
it
scarcely
be
imitated
in
following
ages
;
so
that
he
stands
for
an
undeniable
proof
,
that
a
perfect
wise
man
was
not
so
mere
a
notion
and
chymaera
as
some
men
thought
.
He
hath
obliged
the
world
not
with
one
single
Man
,
but
with
a
whole
Nation
of
Philosophers
,
and
therefore
deserves
preference
before
all
other
Statists
,
because
he
put
that
in
practice
of
which
they
onely
had
the
idaea
.
[
](A55194-e38670-b)*
*
None
of
the
kindest
Judges
of
those
who
went
before
him
.
Aristotle
himself
was
so
convinc'd
of
his
merit
,
that
he
acknowledges
they
did
him
less
honour
after
his
death
than
he
deserv'd
,
although
they
built
Temples
,
and
offered
Sacrifice
to
him
as
to
a
God
.
It
is
reported
that
when
his
Bones
were
brought
home
to
Sparta
,
they
were
struck
with
Lightning
;
an
accident
which
befell
no
eminent
person
but
himself
and
Euripides
,
who
was
buried
at
Arethusa
a
City
of
Macedon
:
and
this
may
serve
for
consolation
to
those
who
have
an
honour
for
that
[
](A55194-e38740-b)†
†
For
Euripides
was
accused
of
Atheism
.
excellent
Poet
,
That
he
had
the
same
fate
with
that
holy
man
and
favourite
of
the
Gods
.
Some
say
Lycurgus
dy'd
in
the
City
of
Cirrha
,
[
](A55194-e38790-b)*
*
Apollythemis
,
Timaeus
and
Aristoxanes
.
others
that
he
dy'd
at
Elis
,
and
others
at
Crete
,
in
a
Town
of
which
(
call'd
Pergamy
)
his
Tomb
was
to
be
seen
close
by
the
High-way
side
.
He
left
but
one
Son
,
nam'd
Antiorus
,
who
dy'd
without
issue
.
His
relations
and
Friends
kept
an
annual
Commemoration
of
him
,
and
the
days
of
the
Feast
were
called
Lycurgides
.
Aristocrates
,
the
Son
of
Hipparchus
says
that
he
dy'd
in
Crete
,
and
that
the
Candiots
,
at
his
desire
when
they
had
burn'd
his
Body
,
cast
the
Ashes
into
the
Sea
;
for
fear
lest
that
if
his
Reliques
should
be
transported
to
Lacedaemon
,
the
people
might
pretend
themselves
released
from
their
Oaths
,
and
make
innovations
in
the
Government
.
And
thus
much
may
suffice
for
the
Life
and
Actions
of
Lycurgus
.
NUMA
POMPILIUS
.
portrait
THE
LIFE
OF
NUMA
POMPILIUS
.
English'd
from
the
Greek
,
By
Paul
Rycaut
,
Esq
THough
many
Noble
Families
of
Rome
The
Romans
ambitious
of
Consanguinity
to
Numa
.
derive
their
Original
from
Numa
Pompilius
,
yet
there
is
great
diversity
amongst
Historians
concerning
the
time
in
which
he
reigned
:
a
certain
Writer
called
Clodius
in
a
Book
of
his
,
entituled
,
The
Chronology
of
past
times
,
averrs
,
that
the
ancient
Registers
of
Rome
were
lost
when
that
City
was
sacked
by
the
Gauls
,
and
that
those
which
are
now
extant
,
are
counterfeited
to
flatter
and
serve
the
humour
of
great
men
,
who
are
pleased
to
have
their
pedigree
derived
from
some
ancient
and
noble
Lineage
,
though
in
reallity
that
Family
hath
no
relation
to
them
:
and
though
it
be
commonly
reported
,
that
Numa
was
a
Scholar
,
and
a
familiar
acquaintance
of
Pythagoras
;
yet
it
is
again
contradicted
by
Various
reports
concerning
him
.
those
,
who
affirm
,
that
he
neither
was
acquainted
with
the
Grecian
Language
,
nor
Learning
;
and
that
he
was
a
person
of
that
natural
Talent
and
abilities
of
Mind
,
as
of
himself
to
attain
unto
Vertue
,
or
else
that
his
inclinations
were
cultivated
by
some
foreign
Instructour
,
whose
Rules
and
Doctrine
were
more
excellent
and
sublime
than
those
of
Pythagoras
.
Some
affirm
also
,
that
Pythagoras
was
not
a
contemporary
with
Nama
,
but
lived
at
least
five
Ages
after
him
;
howsoever
it
is
probable
,
that
some
other
Pythagoras
,
a
native
of
Sparta
,
who
,
in
the
third
year
of
Numa's
reign
,
which
was
about
the
sixteenth
Olympiad
,
won
a
Prize
at
the
Olympick
Race
,
might
be
the
person
,
who
,
in
his
Travels
through
Italy
,
having
gained
an
acquaintance
and
familiarity
with
Numa
,
might
administer
some
directions
and
rules
to
him
for
the
constitution
of
his
Kingdom
;
for
which
reason
,
at
the
instigation
of
this
Pythagoras
,
many
of
the
Laconian
Laws
and
Customs
might
probably
be
introduced
amongst
the
Roman
Institutions
.
Nor
is
it
true
,
that
Numa
was
descended
of
the
Sabines
,
who
declare
themselves
to
be
a
Colony
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
nor
can
we
make
any
just
calculate
from
the
periods
of
the
Olympick
Games
,
which
though
lately
published
by
one
Elias
Hippia
,
yet
carry
not
sufficient
force
of
argument
,
and
authority
to
render
them
authentick
.
Wherefore
what
we
have
collected
of
most
assured
truth
,
concerning
Numa
,
we
shall
deliver
,
taking
our
beginning
from
that
place
which
is
most
pertinent
to
our
purpose
.
It
was
the
thirty
seventh
year
,
accounted
from
the
Foundation
of
Rome
,
when
Romulus
then
reigning
,
did
on
the
fifth
day
of
the
Month
of
July
,
called
the
Capratine
Nones
,
offer
a
publick
Sacrifice
at
the
Lake
of
Capra
,
in
presence
of
the
Senate
and
People
of
Rome
:
But
then
on
a
sudden
arose
so
furious
a
Tempest
,
which
,
with
black
Clouds
and
Thunder
rending
the
Air
,
made
an
eruption
on
the
Earth
,
which
affrighted
the
common
people
with
such
confusion
,
that
they
fled
and
were
dispersed
;
In
this
Whirlwind
Romulus
disappeared
,
his
The
Fate
of
Romulus
.
Body
being
never
since
found
either
living
or
dead
.
This
accident
gave
occasion
to
the
world
to
censure
very
hardly
the
practice
of
the
Patricians
;
as
if
that
they
,
being
weary
of
Kingly
Government
,
and
exasperated
of
late
by
the
imperious
deportment
of
Romulus
towards
them
,
had
plotted
against
his
Life
and
made
him
away
,
that
so
they
might
assume
the
Authority
and
Government
into
their
own
hands
:
but
this
report
was
soon
confuted
by
the
testimony
of
Proclus
,
a
noble
person
,
who
swore
that
he
saw
Romulus
catched
up
into
Heaven
in
his
Arms
and
Vestments
,
and
as
he
ascended
cry'd
out
,
that
they
should
hereafter
style
him
by
the
name
of
Quirinus
;
Whence
nam'd
Quirinus
.
which
attestation
gained
so
much
credit
in
the
minds
of
the
People
,
that
they
ordain'd
Divine
honours
to
be
perform'd
towards
him
,
as
to
one
not
dead
but
translated
to
a
sublimer
state
,
above
the
condition
of
mortal
nature
.
This
commotion
being
appeased
,
the
City
was
greatly
divided
about
the
election
A
contest
in
Rome
about
chusing
a
King
.
of
another
King
,
for
the
minds
of
the
ancient
Romans
and
the
new
Inhabitants
were
not
as
yet
grown
into
that
perfect
union
and
coalition
of
spirits
,
but
that
there
were
diversities
of
Factions
amongst
the
Commonalty
,
and
jealousies
and
emulations
amongst
the
Senatours
;
for
though
all
agreed
that
it
was
necessary
to
have
a
King
,
yet
what
Person
or
of
what
Nation
was
the
dispute
.
For
those
who
had
been
builders
of
the
City
with
Romulus
,
though
they
had
already
yielded
a
share
of
their
Lands
and
dwellings
to
the
Sabines
,
who
were
Aliens
,
yet
could
not
be
perswaded
to
resign
into
their
hands
the
Regal
Authority
.
On
the
other
side
the
Sabines
alledged
,
that
their
King
Tatius
being
deceased
,
they
had
peaceably
submitted
to
the
obedience
of
Romulus
,
so
that
now
their
turn
was
come
to
have
a
King
chosen
out
of
their
own
Nation
;
nor
did
they
esteem
themselves
inferiour
to
the
Romans
,
nor
to
have
contributed
less
than
they
to
the
increase
of
Rome
,
which
without
their
numbers
and
association
could
never
have
merited
the
name
of
a
City
.
Thus
did
both
parties
argue
and
dispute
their
cause
;
but
lest
in
the
mean
time
Sedition
and
discord
should
occasion
Anarchy
and
confusion
in
the
Common-wealth
;
it
was
agreed
and
ordained
,
That
the
hundred
and
fifty
Senatours
should
interchangeably
execute
the
Office
of
supreme
Magistrate
,
and
with
all
the
formalities
and
rites
of
Regality
offer
the
solemn
Sacrifices
,
and
dispatch
judicial
Causes
for
the
space
of
six
hours
by
day
and
six
by
night
;
the
which
vicissitude
and
equal
distribution
of
power
would
remove
all
emulation
from
amongst
the
Senatours
,
and
envy
from
the
people
;
when
they
could
behold
one
elevated
to
the
degree
of
a
King
,
levelled
in
a
few
hours
after
,
to
the
private
condition
of
a
Subject
:
which
Form
of
Government
was
termed
by
the
Romans
,
Interregnum
.
Nor
yet
could
this
plausible
and
modest
way
of
Rule
escape
the
censure
of
the
Vulgar
,
who
termed
it
a
design
of
some
few
,
who
,
to
abolish
the
Kingly
Government
,
intended
to
get
the
power
into
their
own
hands
:
and
therefore
to
circumvent
this
Their
final
determination
.
plot
,
they
came
at
length
to
this
conclusion
,
that
the
party
which
did
elect
should
choose
one
out
of
the
body
of
the
other
;
that
if
the
Romans
were
Electours
,
they
were
to
make
choice
of
a
Sabine
;
and
if
the
Sabines
elected
,
they
were
to
choose
a
Roman
:
this
was
esteemed
the
best
expedient
to
reconcile
all
parties
and
interests
,
for
that
the
created
Prince
would
be
obliged
to
favour
the
one
for
their
suffrages
in
his
election
,
as
he
was
the
other
on
score
of
relation
and
consanguinity
.
In
pursuance
of
this
agreement
the
Sabines
remitted
the
choice
to
the
ancient
Romans
,
being
more
inclinable
to
receive
a
Sabine
King
elected
by
the
Romans
,
than
to
see
a
Roman
exalted
by
the
Sabines
:
consultations
being
accordingly
held
,
Numa
Pompilius
,
of
the
Sabine
race
,
was
elected
;
a
person
so
famous
,
and
of
that
high
reputation
,
that
Numa
chosen
King
.
though
he
were
not
actually
residing
at
Rome
,
yet
no
sooner
was
he
nominated
than
accepted
by
the
Sabines
with
applause
and
acclamation
,
equal
to
that
freedom
which
the
Romans
shewed
in
his
election
.
The
choice
being
declared
and
made
publick
,
principal
men
of
both
parties
,
were
appointed
to
compliment
and
intreat
the
Prince
,
that
he
would
be
pleased
to
accept
the
administration
of
the
Kingly
Government
.
Now
this
Numa
resided
at
a
famous
City
of
the
Sabines
called
Cures
,
whence
both
the
Romans
and
Sabines
gave
themselves
the
name
of
Quirites
,
as
a
comprehensive
The
Romans
whence
called
Quirites
.
Numa
's
Stock
and
Education
.
name
for
both
Associates
;
Pomponius
,
an
illustrious
person
,
was
his
Father
,
and
he
the
youngest
of
his
four
Sons
,
being
by
Divine
Providence
born
on
the
eleventh
of
the
Kalends
of
May
,
which
was
the
day
on
which
the
Foundation
of
Rome
was
laid
;
he
was
endued
with
a
Soul
rarely
tempered
by
Nature
,
and
disposed
to
Vertue
,
and
excellently
improved
by
Learning
,
Patience
and
the
studies
of
Philosophy
;
by
which
advantages
of
Art
he
regulated
the
disorderly
motions
of
the
Mind
,
and
rendred
Violence
and
Oppression
,
which
had
once
an
honourable
esteem
amongst
the
barbarous
Nations
,
to
be
vile
and
mean
,
making
it
appear
,
that
there
was
no
other
Fortitude
than
that
which
subdu'd
the
Affections
,
and
reduc'd
them
to
the
terms
and
restraints
of
Reason
.
Thus
whilst
he
banished
all
luxury
and
softness
from
his
own
home
,
he
gave
a
clear
and
manifest
indication
to
all
Citizens
and
strangers
of
his
sound
and
impartial
judgment
,
not
delighting
himself
in
divertisements
or
profitable
acquisitions
,
but
in
the
worship
of
the
immortal
Gods
,
and
in
the
rational
contemplation
of
their
Divine
Power
and
Nature
;
to
all
which
renown
and
fame
,
he
added
this
farther
glory
,
that
he
took
Tatia
for
his
Wife
,
who
was
the
Daughter
He
marries
Tatia
.
of
that
Tatius
,
whom
Romulus
had
made
his
Associate
in
the
Government
;
nor
yet
did
the
advantage
of
this
Marriage
swell
his
vanity
to
such
a
pitch
as
to
desire
to
dwell
with
his
Father-in-law
at
Rome
;
but
rather
to
content
himself
to
inhabit
with
h●s
Sabines
,
and
cherish
his
own
Father
in
his
old
Age
:
the
like
inclinations
had
also
Tatia
,
who
preferred
the
private
condition
of
her
Husband
before
the
honours
and
splendour
she
might
have
enjoyed
in
her
Father's
Court.
This
Tatia
,
as
is
reported
,
after
she
had
lived
for
the
space
of
thirteen
years
with
Numa
in
conjugal
society
,
dyed
;
and
then
Numa
,
leaving
the
conversation
of
the
Town
,
betook
himself
to
a
Country
life
,
and
in
a
solitary
manner
dwelt
in
the
Groves
and
Fields
consecrated
to
the
Gods
;
where
,
Numa
intimate
with
the
Goddess
Egeria
.
the
common
fame
was
,
he
gained
such
acquaintance
and
familiarity
with
the
Goddess
Egeria
,
that
he
lived
in
those
retirements
free
from
all
disturbances
and
perturbations
of
mind
,
and
being
inspired
with
the
sublime
and
elevated
pleasure
of
a
celestial
marriage
,
he
had
arrived
to
a
beatitude
in
this
life
,
and
to
a
clear
notion
of
Divine
Sciences
.
There
is
no
doubt
,
but
that
such
fancies
as
these
,
have
had
their
original
from
ancient
Fables
;
such
as
the
Phrygians
recount
of
Atis
,
the
Bythinians
of
Herodotus
,
the
Arcadians
of
Endymion
,
and
a
thousand
other
Demons
which
past
Ages
recorded
for
Saints
,
that
were
beatified
and
beloved
of
the
Gods
;
nor
doth
it
seem
strange
,
if
God
,
who
places
not
his
affection
on
Horses
or
Birds
,
should
not
disdain
to
dwell
with
the
vertuous
,
and
entertain
a
spiritual
conversation
with
wise
and
devout
Souls
:
though
it
be
altogether
irrational
to
believe
,
that
the
Divine
Essence
of
any
God
or
Demon
is
capable
of
a
sensual
or
carnal
love
or
passion
for
humane
Beauty
:
And
yet
the
wise
Egyptians
,
did
not
conceive
it
an
absurd
fancy
to
imagin
,
that
a
Divine
Essence
might
by
a
certain
spiritual
impulse
apply
it self
to
the
nature
of
a
Woman
,
and
lay
the
first
beginnings
of
generation
,
though
on
the
other
side
they
concluded
it
impossible
for
the
Male-kind
to
have
any
congress
or
mixture
with
a
Goddess
,
not
considering
that
there
can
be
no
real
coition
,
but
where
there
is
a
mutual
communication
of
one
to
the
other
.
The
truth
of
the
matter
is
this
,
those
men
are
onely
dear
to
the
Gods
,
What
persons
acceptable
to
the
Gods
.
who
are
vertuous
,
and
those
are
beloved
by
them
whose
actions
are
regulated
by
the
rules
of
Divine
Wisedom
:
and
therefore
it
was
no
errour
of
those
who
feigned
,
that
Phorbas
,
Hyacinthus
and
Admetus
were
beloved
by
Apollo
;
or
that
Hippolytus
,
the
Sicyonian
was
so
much
in
the
favour
of
a
certain
God
,
that
as
often
as
he
sailed
from
Sicyon
to
Cirrha
,
the
God
rejoyced
and
inspired
the
Pythian
Prophetess
with
this
heroick
Verse
,
Now
doth
Hippolytus
return
again
,
And
venture
his
dear
life
upon
the
Main
.
It
is
reported
also
that
Pan
became
enamoured
of
Pindar
for
his
Verses
,
and
that
a
beatified
Demon
honoured
Hesiod
and
Archilochus
after
their
deaths
by
the
Muses
;
it
is
said
also
that
Aesculapius
sojourned
with
Sophocles
in
his
life-time
,
of
which
many
instances
are
extant
to
these
days
;
and
that
being
dead
,
another
Deity
took
care
to
perform
his
Funeral-rites
:
wherefore
if
any
credit
may
be
given
to
these
particular
instances
,
why
should
we
judge
it
incongruous
,
that
a
like
Spirit
of
the
Gods
should
inspire
Zaleucus
,
Minos
,
Zoroaster
,
Lycurgus
,
Numa
,
and
many
others
;
or
that
the
Gods
should
conferr
a
meaner
proportion
of
their
favours
on
those
who
were
Founders
of
Commonwealths
,
or
busied
in
making
Laws
,
and
administration
of
the
political
affairs
of
Kingdoms
?
Nay
it
is
most
reasonable
to
believe
,
that
the
Gods
in
their
sober
humour
are
assistent
at
the
counsels
and
serious
debates
of
these
men
to
inspire
and
direct
them
;
as
they
do
also
Poets
and
Musicians
,
when
in
a
more
pleasant
mood
,
they
intend
their
own
divertisement
:
but
,
as
Bacchylis
said
,
thoughts
are
free
,
and
the
way
is
open
to
every
man's
sentiment
;
yet
in
reallity
it
cannot
be
denied
,
but
that
such
men
,
as
Lycurgus
,
Numa
and
others
,
who
were
to
deal
with
the
seditious
humours
of
Fanatick
Citizens
,
and
the
unconstant
disposition
of
the
multitude
,
might
lawfully
establish
their
Precepts
with
the
pretence
of
Divine
Authority
,
and
cheat
them
into
such
Politicks
as
tend
to
their
own
happiness
.
But
to
return
to
our
purpose
.
Numa
was
about
forty
years
of
age
when
Numa
's
age
when
courted
to
be
King
.
the
Ambassadours
came
to
make
him
offers
of
the
Kingdom
;
the
Speakers
were
Proculus
and
Velesus
,
the
first
was
an
ancient
Roman
,
and
the
other
of
the
Tatian
Faction
,
and
zealous
for
the
Sabine
party
.
Their
Speech
was
short
,
but
pithy
,
supposing
,
that
when
they
came
to
tender
a
Kingdom
there
needed
no
long
Oration
or
Arguments
to
perswade
him
to
an
acceptance
:
but
contrary
to
their
expectation
they
found
that
they
were
forc'd
to
use
many
reasons
and
intreaties
to
allure
him
from
his
quiet
and
retir'd
life
,
to
accept
the
Government
of
a
City
,
whose
Foundation
was
laid
in
War
,
and
grown
up
in
martial
Exercises
;
wherefore
,
in
presence
of
his
Father
and
Martius
his
Kinsman
,
he
returned
answer
in
this
manner
;
That
since
every
alteration
of
a
man's
life
is
dangerous
to
him
,
it
were
mere
His
Answer
to
the
Ambassadours
.
madness
for
one
that
is
commodious
and
easie
,
and
provided
with
all
things
necessary
for
a
convenient
support
,
to
seek
or
endeavour
a
change
,
though
there
were
nothing
more
in
it
,
than
that
he
prefers
a
turbulent
and
an
uncertain
life
before
a
quiet
and
a
secure
condition
.
It
is
not
difficult
for
a
man
to
take
his
measures
concerning
the
state
of
this
Kingdom
by
the
example
of
Romulus
,
who
did
not
escape
a
suspicion
,
of
having
plotted
against
the
life
of
his
Collegue
Tatius
;
nor
was
the
Senate
free
from
the
accusation
,
of
having
treasonably
murthered
their
Prince
Romulus
.
And
yet
Romulus
had
the
advantage
to
be
thought
of
Divine
race
,
and
to
be
conserved
by
a
miraculous
manner
in
his
infancy
;
how
then
can
we
who
are
sprang
from
mortal
seed
,
and
instructed
with
principles
and
rudiments
received
from
the
men
you
know
,
be
able
to
struggle
with
such
apparent
difficulties
?
It
is
none
of
the
least
of
my
commendations
,
that
my
humour
renders
me
unfit
to
reign
,
being
naturally
addicted
to
studies
,
and
pleased
in
the
recesses
of
a
quiet
life
:
I
must
confess
that
I
am
zealous
of
Peace
,
and
love
it
even
with
passion
,
and
that
the
conversation
of
men
who
assemble
together
to
worship
God
,
and
to
maintain
an
amicable
charity
,
is
my
chief
business
and
delight
;
and
what
time
may
be
spared
from
this
more
necessary
duty
,
I
employ
in
cultivating
my
Lands
and
improving
my
Farms
.
But
you
Romans
,
whom
Romulus
perhaps
may
have
left
engaged
in
unavoidable
Wars
,
require
an
active
and
brisk
King
,
who
may
,
cherish
that
warlike
humour
in
the
people
which
their
late
successes
have
encouraged
and
excited
to
a
warm
ambition
of
enlarging
their
Dominions
:
and
therefore
such
a
Prince
as
in
this
conjuncture
should
come
to
inculcate
Peace
,
and
Justice
,
and
Religion
into
the
minds
of
the
people
,
would
appear
ridiculous
and
despicable
to
them
who
resolve
on
War
and
Violence
,
and
require
rather
a
martial
Captain
than
a
pacifick
Moderatour
.
The
Romans
perceiving
by
these
words
,
that
he
refused
to
accept
the
Kingdom
,
were
the
more
instant
and
urgent
with
him
,
that
he
would
not
forsake
and
desert
them
in
this
condition
,
by
suffering
them
to
relapse
into
their
former
sedition
and
civil
discord
;
which
they
must
unavoidably
do
,
if
he
accepted
not
their
proffer
,
there
being
no
person
,
on
whom
both
parties
could
accord
,
but
on
himself
;
and
at
length
He
is
importun'd
by
his
Father
and
Kinsman
to
accept
it
.
his
Father
,
and
Martius
,
taking
him
aside
,
perswaded
him
to
accept
this
offer
,
which
was
important
,
and
rather
was
conferred
from
Heaven
than
from
Men.
Though
(
said
they
)
you
remain
contented
with
your
own
Fortune
,
and
court
neither
Riches
nor
Power
,
yet
being
endued
with
excellent
Vertue
,
you
may
reasonably
imagine
,
that
such
a
Talent
of
Justice
was
not
given
by
the
Gods
to
be
hidden
or
concealed
;
and
that
,
since
the
just
Government
of
a
Kingdom
is
the
greatest
service
a
man
can
perform
towards
God
,
he
ought
therefore
by
no
means
to
decline
and
refuse
Empire
and
Rule
,
which
was
the
true
sphere
and
station
of
wise
and
renowned
men
;
and
in
which
they
had
such
an
ascendant
over
mankind
,
as
to
influence
their
Souls
with
affections
to
Vertue
,
and
to
a
religious
worship
of
the
Gods
,
in
the
most
solemn
and
pompous
manner
,
it
being
natural
to
men
to
fashion
and
conform
themselves
by
the
example
and
actions
of
their
Prince
.
Tatius
,
though
a
Foreigner
,
was
yet
acceptable
,
and
in
esteem
of
the
Romans
;
and
the
memory
of
Romulus
was
so
pretious
to
them
,
that
after
his
decease
,
they
voted
Divine
Honours
to
be
paid
to
him
;
and
now
who
knows
,
but
that
this
people
being
victorious
,
may
be
satiated
with
the
War
,
and
with
the
Trophies
and
Spoils
they
have
acquired
,
and
may
gladly
entertain
a
gentle
and
pacifick
Prince
,
who
being
a
lover
of
Justice
may
reduce
the
City
into
a
model
and
course
of
Laws
and
judicial
proceedings
?
And
in
case
at
any
time
the
affections
of
this
people
should
break
forth
into
a
furious
and
impetuous
desire
of
War
;
were
it
not
better
then
to
have
the
reigns
held
by
such
a
moderating
hand
,
as
is
able
to
divert
the
fury
another
way
,
and
spend
it self
on
Foreigners
?
by
which
means
those
malignant
humours
which
are
the
causes
of
civil
discord
,
will
perspire
and
evaporate
,
and
all
the
Sabines
,
and
neighbouring
people
,
be
reconciled
and
joined
in
an
inseperable
union
and
alliance
with
the
City
.
To
these
reasons
and
perswasions
several
other
auspicious
Omens
(
as
is
reported
)
did
concurr
;
and
when
his
own
Citizens
understood
what
message
the
Roman
Ambassadours
had
brought
him
,
they
all
addressed
themselves
to
him
,
instantly
intreating
him
to
accept
the
offer
;
being
assured
that
it
was
the
onely
means
to
appease
all
civil
dissentions
,
and
incorporate
both
people
into
one
Body
.
Numa
yielding
to
these
perswasions
and
reasons
,
having
first
performed
Divine
Service
,
proceeded
to
Rome
;
being
met
in
his
way
by
the
Senate
and
People
,
who
with
an
impatient
desire
came
forth
to
receive
him
;
the
Women
also
welcomed
him
with
joyfull
acclamations
,
and
Sacrifices
were
offered
for
him
in
all
the
Temples
,
and
so
universal
was
the
joy
,
that
they
seem'd
not
to
receive
a
King
,
but
the
addition
of
a
new
Kingdom
.
In
this
manner
he
descended
into
the
Forum
,
where
Spurius
Vetius
,
whose
turn
it
was
to
be
Governour
at
that
hour
,
putting
it
to
the
Vote
,
Whether
Numa
should
be
King
;
they
all
with
one
voice
and
consent
cried
out
a
Numa
,
a
Numa
.
Then
were
His
religious
Policy
.
the
Regalities
and
Robes
of
Authority
brought
to
him
,
but
he
refused
to
be
invested
with
them
,
untill
he
had
first
consulted
and
been
confirmed
by
the
Gods
:
so
being
accompanied
by
the
Priests
and
[
](A55194-e40340-b)*
*
Soothsayers
.
Augurs
he
ascended
the
Capitol
,
which
at
that
time
the
Romans
called
the
Tarpeian
Rock
.
Then
the
chief
of
the
Augurs
covered
his
head
,
and
turned
his
face
towards
the
South
;
and
,
standing
behind
him
,
laid
his
right
hand
on
the
head
of
Numa
,
and
prayed
,
casting
his
eyes
every
way
,
in
expectation
of
some
auspicious
signal
from
the
Gods
.
It
is
wonderfull
to
consider
with
what
silence
and
devotion
the
multitude
,
which
was
assembled
in
the
Market-place
,
expected
a
happy
event
,
which
was
soon
determined
by
the
appearance
and
flight
of
such
Birds
as
were
accounted
fortunate
.
Then
Numa
,
apparelling
himself
in
his
Royal
Robes
,
descended
from
the
Hill
unto
the
people
,
by
whom
he
was
received
,
and
congratulated
with
shouts
and
acclamations
,
and
esteemed
by
all
for
a
holy
and
a
devout
Prince
.
The
first
thing
he
did
at
his
entrance
The
first
alterations
he
made
,
what
.
into
Government
was
to
dismiss
the
Band
of
three
hundred
men
,
which
had
been
Romulus's
Life-guard
,
called
by
them
Celeres
;
for
that
the
maintenance
of
such
a
force
would
argue
a
diffidence
of
them
that
chose
him
,
saying
that
he
would
not
rule
over
that
people
of
whom
he
conceived
the
least
distrust
.
The
next
thing
he
did
,
was
to
add
to
the
two
Priests
of
Jupiter
and
Mars
,
a
third
in
honour
of
Romulus
,
who
was
called
Quirinalis
.
The
Romans
ancien●●y
called
their
Priests
Flamines
,
by
corruption
of
the
word
Pilamines
,
from
a
certain
Cap
which
they
wore
called
Pileus
;
for
in
those
times
Greek
words
were
more
mixed
with
the
Latin
than
in
this
age
:
so
also
that
Royal
Robe
,
which
is
called
Laenas
,
Juba
will
have
it
from
the
Greek
Chlaenas
;
and
that
the
name
of
Camillus
,
which
is
given
to
the
Boy
that
serves
in
the
Temple
of
Jupiter
,
was
taken
from
the
same
which
is
given
to
Mercury
,
denoting
his
service
and
attendance
on
the
Gods
.
When
Numa
had
by
these
actions
insinuated
himself
into
the
favour
and
affection
of
the
people
,
he
began
to
dispose
the
humour
of
the
City
,
which
as
yet
was
obdurate
and
rendred
hard
as
iron
by
War
,
to
become
more
gentle
and
pliable
by
the
applications
of
humanity
and
justice
.
It
was
then
if
ever
the
critical
motion
of
the
City
,
and
,
as
Plato
properly
styles
it
,
the
time
when
it
was
in
its
highest
fermentation
.
For
this
City
in
its
original
was
the
receptacle
Rome
a
harbour
for
loose
Persons
.
of
all
bold
and
daring
spirits
,
where
men
of
desperate
Fortunes
,
joyning
their
hopes
and
force
together
,
made
frequent
sallies
and
incursions
on
their
neighbours
;
the
which
,
being
prosperous
,
gave
nourishment
and
increase
to
the
City
;
and
was
then
grown
wresty
and
settled
in
its
fierceness
,
as
piles
droven
into
the
ground
become
more
fixed
and
stable
by
the
impulse
and
blows
which
the
Rammer
layes
upon
them
.
Wherefore
Numa
,
judging
that
it
was
the
master-piece
of
his
Art
to
mollifie
and
bend
the
stubborn
and
inflexible
spirits
of
this
people
,
began
to
operate
and
practice
upon
them
An
awfull
sense
of
Religion
the
chief
expedient
to
reduce
obdurate
spirits
.
with
the
principles
of
Religion
.
He
sacrificed
often
,
and
used
supplications
and
religious
Dances
,
in
which
most
commonly
he
officiated
in
person
,
being
ever
attended
with
a
grave
and
religious
company
;
and
then
at
other
times
he
divertised
their
minds
with
pleasures
and
delightfull
exercises
,
which
he
ever
intermixed
with
their
devotions
,
so
as
to
cool
their
fiery
martial
spirits
;
and
then
to
affect
their
fancies
with
a
fear
and
reverence
of
God
,
he
made
them
believe
that
strange
Apparitions
and
Visions
were
seen
,
and
prophetick
Voices
heard
,
and
all
to
season
and
possess
their
minds
with
a
sense
of
Religion
.
This
method
which
Numa
used
made
it
Numa
why
thought
familiar
with
Pythagoras
.
believed
that
he
was
much
conversant
with
Pythagoras
,
and
that
he
drew
and
copied
his
learning
and
wisedom
from
him
;
for
that
in
his
institutions
of
a
Commonwealth
,
he
lays
down
Religion
for
the
first
Foundation
and
ground
of
it
.
It
is
said
also
that
he
affected
the
exteriour
garb
and
gestures
of
Pythagoras
,
and
to
personate
him
in
all
his
motions
.
For
as
it
is
said
of
Pythagoras
,
that
he
had
taught
an
Eagle
to
come
at
his
lure
,
and
stoop
at
his
call
,
and
that
as
he
passed
over
the
heads
of
the
people
,
assembled
at
the
Olympick
Games
,
he
made
him
shew
his
golden
Thigh
,
with
many
other
rare
arts
and
feats
,
which
appeared
miraculous
;
on
which
Timon
Philasius
wrote
this
distick
,
Pythagoras
,
that
he
might
common
fame
acquire
,
Did
with
his
golden
Verse
mens
minds
inspire
.
In
like
manner
Numa
affected
the
story
of
a
mountain
Nymph
to
be
in
love
with
him
,
and
that
he
entertained
familiar
conversation
with
the
Muses
,
from
whom
he
received
the
greatest
part
of
his
Revelations
;
and
having
amongst
them
a
particular
devotion
for
the
Lady
which
he
named
Tacita
,
he
recommended
the
veneration
of
her
to
the
Romans
,
which
he
did
perhaps
in
imitation
of
the
Pythagorean
Silence
.
His
opinion
also
of
Images
is
very
agreeable
to
the
Doctrine
of
Pythagoras
;
who
taught
,
that
the
First
Principle
of
Being
,
which
is
not
capable
to
be
affected
with
sensual
passions
,
is
invisible
,
and
incorrupt
,
and
onely
to
be
comprehended
by
abstracted
speculations
of
the
mind
.
And
for
this
reason
he
forbad
the
Romans
to
represent
God
in
the
form
of
Man
or
Beast
,
nor
was
there
No
Imagery
in
the
religious
worship
amongst
the
Romans
for
the
first
160
years
.
any
painted
or
graven
Image
of
a
Deity
admitted
amongst
them
for
the
space
of
the
first
hundred
and
sixty
years
;
all
which
time
their
Temples
and
Chapels
were
free
and
pure
from
Idols
and
Images
,
which
seem'd
too
mean
and
beggarly
representations
of
God
,
to
whom
no
access
was
allowable
but
by
the
mind
raised
and
elated
by
divine
contemplation
.
His
Sacrifices
also
had
great
similitude
with
the
Victims
of
Pythagoras
,
which
were
not
celebrated
with
effusion
of
Bloud
,
but
consisted
of
the
flour
of
Wheat
,
or
Wine
,
and
such
sort
of
blended
Offerings
.
And
to
make
appear
the
inclination
that
Numa
had
to
Pythagoras
by
other
instances
;
there
is
a
certain
Dramatick
Poet
,
a
very
ancient
Authour
and
a
Scholar
of
Pythagoras
,
who
,
in
a
certain
Book
of
his
dedicated
to
Antenor
,
reports
,
that
Pythagoras
was
made
a
Free-man
of
Rome
;
and
that
Numa
gave
to
one
of
his
four
Sons
the
name
of
Mamercus
,
which
was
the
name
of
one
of
the
Sons
of
Pythagoras
;
from
whence
,
as
they
say
,
is
sprung
that
ancient
Patrician
Family
of
the
Aemilians
,
for
that
the
King
superadded
the
sirname
to
him
of
Aemilius
,
to
denote
the
softness
of
his
words
,
and
the
fluency
of
his
speech
.
I
remember
that
when
I
was
at
Rome
,
I
heard
many
say
,
that
when
the
Oracle
directed
two
Statues
to
be
raised
,
one
to
the
wisest
,
and
another
to
the
most
valiant
man
of
Greece
,
they
presently
erected
two
of
Brass
,
one
representing
Alcibiades
,
and
the
other
Pythagoras
.
But
,
to
pass
by
these
matters
,
which
are
full
of
uncertainty
,
and
not
so
important
as
to
be
worth
our
time
to
insist
long
on
;
we
shall
proceed
to
things
more
pertinent
,
and
shew
,
that
the
original
constitution
of
Priests
,
which
are
called
Pontifices
,
is
ascribed
Numa
first
constituted
the
Pontifices
.
unto
Numa
,
and
that
he
himself
,
officiating
in
the
first
and
primary
Order
,
took
upon
himself
the
name
of
Pontifex
,
or
High
Priest
;
assuming
that
title
of
Potens
,
or
powerfull
,
as
if
those
,
whose
Office
obliged
them
to
an
attendance
on
the
Gods
,
were
endued
with
a
super-eminent
power
and
arbitrement
above
all
others
:
some
will
have
this
name
to
be
given
by
way
of
super-excellence
,
as
to
a
sole
Moderatour
,
in
whose
power
it
is
to
ordain
and
appoint
the
times
when
Sacrifices
and
Divine
Services
are
to
be
performed
.
But
the
most
common
opinion
is
the
most
absurd
,
which
derives
this
word
from
Pons
,
which
Latin
signifies
a
Bridge
,
saying
,
that
anciently
the
most
solemn
and
holy
Sacrifices
were
offered
on
Bridges
,
the
care
of
which
,
both
in
maintaining
and
repairing
,
was
the
chief
incumbence
of
the
Priests
,
and
that
it
was
not
onely
esteemed
by
the
Romans
to
be
unlawfull
but
an
abominable
impiety
to
demolish
or
disorder
the
Planks
or
Fabrick
of
a
Bridge
;
because
that
by
appointment
of
the
Oracle
,
it
was
to
be
onely
of
Timber
,
and
fastned
with
wooden
Pins
without
Nails
,
or
Cramps
of
Iron
;
and
that
the
Stone
Bridge
was
built
many
years
after
,
when
Aemylius
was
Questor
,
and
that
the
old
Bridge
of
Wood
was
demolished
in
the
Reign
of
Ancus
Martius
,
who
was
the
Grand-son
of
Numa
by
his
Daughter
.
The
Office
of
Pontifex
,
or
Chief
Priest
,
The
Pontifical
Office
what
.
was
to
interpret
the
Divine
Law
and
Prophesies
;
and
did
not
onely
prescribe
rules
for
publick
Ceremony
,
but
regulated
the
Sacrifices
of
private
persons
,
not
suffering
them
in
the
heat
of
their
devotion
to
exceed
the
more
solemn
Offerings
,
but
directed
in
every
thing
with
what
Sacrifices
the
Gods
were
to
be
worshipped
and
appeased
.
He
was
also
Guardian
of
the
Vestal
Virgins
,
the
institution
of
whom
and
of
their
perpetual
The
Institution
of
the
Vestals
.
Fire
,
was
attributed
to
Numa
,
who
perhaps
fancied
the
nature
of
pure
and
uncorrupted
Flames
to
be
agreeable
to
chaste
and
unpolluted
Bodies
,
or
that
Fire
which
consumes
but
produces
nothing
,
alludes
best
to
the
sterile
condition
of
Virgins
.
This
Vestal
Fire
was
ordained
after
the
example
of
that
in
Greece
,
and
particularly
at
Delphos
and
Athens
,
onely
with
this
difference
,
that
here
it
was
conserved
by
Virgins
but
there
by
Widows
,
who
were
past
the
years
and
desires
of
Marriage
;
and
in
case
by
any
accident
it
should
happen
,
that
this
Fire
became
extinct
,
as
the
holy
Lamp
was
at
Athens
,
under
the
tyranny
of
Aristion
,
and
at
Delphos
,
when
that
Temple
was
burnt
by
the
Medes
,
and
at
Rome
,
in
the
time
of
the
War
with
Mithridates
,
and
of
their
own
civil
dissentions
,
when
not
onely
the
Fire
was
extinguished
but
the
Altar
demolished
:
and
then
afterwads
to
kindle
this
Fire
again
it
was
esteemed
an
impiety
to
light
it
from
the
common
sparks
or
flame
,
but
from
the
pure
and
unpolluted
rays
of
the
Sun
;
the
which
they
performed
by
an
Instrument
framed
of
three
equal
angles
,
which
being
placed
in
opposition
to
the
Sun
,
collects
the
rays
into
one
centre
,
and
so
attenuates
the
air
,
that
it
immediately
gives
fire
to
any
combustible
matter
from
the
intense
reflexion
and
reverberation
of
the
Sun
beams
.
Some
are
of
opinion
that
these
Vestals
had
no
other
care
or
business
than
the
conservation
of
this
Fire
;
but
others
conceive
,
that
they
were
keepers
of
those
Divine
Secrets
,
which
are
concealed
and
hidden
to
all
others
but
themselves
;
of
which
we
have
made
mention
in
the
life
of
Camillus
,
so
far
as
the
revelations
of
such
mysteries
are
consistent
with
due
respect
to
Religion
.
Gegania
and
Verenia
,
as
is
reported
,
were
the
names
of
the
two
first
Virgins
which
were
consecrated
and
ordained
by
Numa
;
next
Canuleia
and
Tarpeia
succeeded
them
;
to
which
Servius
afterwards
added
two
more
,
the
which
number
of
four
hath
continued
to
this
our
age
.
The
Statutes
prescribed
by
Numa
for
the
The
Laws
appointed
for
the
Vestal
Virgins
.
Vestals
were
these
.
That
they
should
vow
to
keep
a
lease
of
their
Virginity
,
or
remain
in
a
chaste
or
unspotted
condition
,
for
the
space
of
thirty
years
;
the
first
ten
whereof
they
were
like
Novitiates
,
obliged
to
learn
the
Ceremonies
,
and
practise
themselves
in
the
Rules
of
their
Religion
;
then
they
took
the
degree
of
Priestess
,
and
for
other
ten
years
exercised
the
Sacerdotal
Function
;
and
the
remaining
ten
they
employed
in
teaching
and
instructing
others
.
Thus
the
whole
term
being
compleated
,
it
was
lawfull
for
them
to
marry
,
and
leaving
then
the
sacred
Order
,
they
were
at
liberty
to
choose
such
a
condition
of
life
as
did
most
indulge
,
and
was
gratefull
to
their
own
humour
:
but
this
permission
few
(
as
they
say
)
made
use
of
;
because
it
was
observed
,
that
their
change
of
life
was
never
accompanied
with
contentment
,
being
ever
after
sad
and
melancholy
;
for
which
reason
they
confined
themselves
untill
old
age
and
the
hour
of
death
to
the
strict
and
decent
rules
of
a
single
life
.
But
this
severe
condition
was
recompensed
Their
Privileges
.
by
other
privileges
and
prerogatives
;
as
that
they
had
power
to
make
a
Testament
in
the
life-time
of
their
Father
,
that
they
had
a
free
administration
of
their
own
affairs
without
Guardian
or
Tutor
,
which
was
the
privilege
of
women
who
were
the
Mothers
of
three
Children
:
when
they
went
abroad
they
had
the
Fasces
carried
before
them
;
and
if
perchance
in
their
walks
abroad
it
were
their
fortune
to
encounter
a
Malefactour
leading
to
execution
,
they
had
the
privilege
to
free
him
from
death
;
upon
oath
made
,
that
the
occasion
was
accidental
and
not
designed
or
of
set
purpose
.
Whosoever
pressed
upon
the
Chair
on
which
they
were
carried
was
guilty
of
a
capital
crime
,
and
immediately
punished
with
death
.
If
these
Vestals
committed
any
faults
they
were
punishable
by
the
High
Priest
onely
,
who
,
as
the
nature
of
the
offence
required
,
whipped
them
naked
in
a
dark
place
,
and
under
the
caution
of
a
Veil
or
Curtain
;
but
she
that
had
been
defiled
,
or
permitted
her self
to
be
defloured
,
was
buried
alive
near
the
Gate
which
is
called
Collina
;
where
a
little
mount
of
Earth
is
raised
,
called
in
Latin
Agger
;
under
it
is
a
narrow
Room
,
to
which
a
descent
is
made
by
Stairs
:
here
they
prepare
a
Bed
,
and
light
up
a
Lamp
,
and
provide
a
small
quantity
of
Victuals
,
such
as
Bread
,
Water
in
a
Bottle
,
Milk
and
Oil
;
that
so
that
Body
,
which
had
been
consecrated
and
devoted
to
the
most
divine
and
mysterious
service
,
might
not
be
said
to
perish
by
a
death
so
detestable
as
that
of
Famine
.
The
party
thus
condemned
,
is
carried
to
execution
through
the
Market-place
in
a
Litter
,
wherein
she
is
covered
and
bound
with
Cords
,
so
that
the
voice
of
her
cries
and
laments
cannot
be
heard
;
all
people
with
silence
go
out
of
the
way
as
she
passes
,
and
such
as
follow
accompany
the
Bier
with
solemn
and
tacite
sorrow
;
and
indeed
such
is
the
sadness
which
the
City
puts
on
on
this
occasion
,
that
there
is
no
spectacle
of
grief
which
appears
of
more
common
and
general
concernment
than
this
.
When
they
come
to
the
place
of
Execution
,
the
Officers
loose
the
Cords
,
and
then
the
High
Priest
,
lifting
his
hands
to
Heaven
,
murmures
some
certain
prayers
to
himself
,
then
the
Prisoner
being
still
covered
is
brought
forth
,
and
led
down
by
the
steps
unto
her
House
of
darkness
;
which
being
done
,
the
Priests
retire
,
and
the
Stairs
being
drawn
up
,
the
Earth
is
pressed
and
crouded
in
untill
the
Vault
is
filled
.
And
this
was
the
punishment
of
those
who
broke
their
Vow
of
Virginity
.
It
is
said
also
that
Numa
built
the
Temple
of
Vesta
,
which
was
intended
for
a
conservatory
of
the
Holy
Fire
,
in
an
orbicular
form
,
to
represent
perhaps
the
Frame
of
the
Universe
,
in
the
centre
of
which
the
Pythagoreans
place
the
element
of
Fire
,
and
give
it
the
name
of
Vesta
and
Unity
:
and
yet
they
do
not
hold
that
the
Earth
is
immovable
,
or
that
it
is
situated
in
the
middle
region
of
the
Globe
;
but
keeps
a
circular
motion
about
the
seat
of
Fire
:
nor
do
they
account
the
Earth
amongst
the
chief
or
primary
Elements
;
following
the
opinion
of
Plato
,
who
,
they
say
,
in
his
mature
and
philosophical
age
,
held
that
the
Earth
had
a
lateral
position
,
for
that
the
middle
or
centre
was
reserved
for
some
more
noble
and
refined
Body
.
There
was
yet
a
farther
use
of
the
High
Priest
,
and
that
was
to
order
the
Procession
at
funeral
Rites
,
according
to
the
method
prescribed
by
Numa
,
who
taught
,
that
there
was
no
uncleanness
in
the
contact
of
dead
Corpses
,
but
a
part
of
the
service
owing
to
the
subterranean
Gods
:
amongst
which
they
worshipped
the
Goddess
Libitina
as
the
chief
of
those
who
presided
over
the
Ceremonies
performed
at
Burials
;
whether
they
meant
hereby
Persephone
,
or
(
as
some
of
the
learned
Romans
will
have
it
)
Venus
,
for
they
,
not
without
good
reason
,
attributed
the
beginning
and
end
of
Man's
lise
to
the
same
original
cause
and
virtue
of
a
Deity
.
Numa
also
prescribed
Rules
for
regulating
the
days
of
Mourning
,
according
to
certain
The
regulation
of
Funeral
Rites
and
Ceremonies
.
times
and
ages
.
As
for
example
,
a
Child
of
three
years
,
and
so
upwards
to
ten
,
was
to
be
mourned
for
,
for
so
many
months
as
it
was
years
old
;
and
the
longest
time
of
mourning
for
any
person
whatsoever
was
not
to
exceed
the
term
of
ten
months
:
which
also
was
the
time
appointed
unto
Widows
to
lament
the
loss
of
their
deceased
Husbands
;
before
which
they
could
not
without
great
indecency
pass
unto
second
Marriages
;
but
in
case
their
incontinence
was
such
as
could
not
admit
so
long
an
abstinence
from
the
Marriage-bed
,
they
were
then
to
sacrifice
a
Cow
with
Calf
for
expiation
of
their
fault
.
Numa
also
was
Founder
of
several
other
Orders
of
Priests
;
two
of
which
are
worthy
to
be
here
mentioned
,
namely
the
Salii
and
the
Feciales
,
which
,
with
other
instances
,
are
clear
proofs
of
the
great
devotion
and
sanctity
of
this
Person
.
These
Feciales
,
Feciales
,
an
Order
of
Priests
,
whence
so
styled
.
whose
name
in
my
opinion
is
derived
from
their
Office
,
were
the
Arbitratours
to
whom
all
Controversies
were
referred
relating
to
War
and
Peace
;
for
it
was
not
allowable
to
take
up
Arms
untill
they
had
declared
all
hopes
and
expedients
rejected
which
tended
to
an
accommodation
;
by
the
word
Peace
,
we
mean
a
determination
of
matters
in
dispute
by
Law
,
and
not
by
Violence
or
Force
.
The
Romans
commonly
dispatched
the
Feciales
,
who
were
properly
Heralds
,
to
those
who
had
offered
them
injury
,
requiring
satisfaction
;
and
in
case
they
made
not
restitution
or
just
returns
,
they
then
called
the
Gods
to
witness
against
them
and
their
Country
,
and
so
denounced
War
:
the
sense
of
the
Feciales
in
this
case
was
of
absolute
necessity
,
for
without
their
consent
it
was
neither
lawfull
for
the
Roman
King
,
nor
yet
for
the
people
to
take
up
Arms
;
and
from
them
the
General
took
his
rules
concerning
the
justice
of
his
cause
,
which
being
adjudged
,
and
the
War
determined
;
the
next
business
was
to
deliberate
of
the
manner
and
ways
to
manage
and
carry
it
on
.
It
is
believed
,
that
the
slaughter
and
destruction
which
the
Gauls
made
of
the
Romans
,
was
a
just
judgment
on
the
City
for
neglect
of
this
religious
proceeding
:
for
that
when
a
foreign
Nation
besieged
the
Clusinians
,
Fabius
Ambustus
was
dispatched
to
their
Camp
with
Propositions
of
Peace
;
but
they
returning
a
rude
and
peremptory
Answer
thereunto
,
Fabius
imagined
that
his
Treaty
was
at
an
end
,
and
that
he
had
fully
complied
with
the
duty
of
his
Embassie
;
and
therefore
rashly
engaging
in
a
War
,
challenged
the
stoutest
and
bravest
of
the
enemy
to
a
single
Combat
.
It
was
the
fortune
of
Fabius
to
kill
his
adversary
and
to
take
his
spoils
,
which
when
the
Gauls
understood
,
they
sent
a
Herald
to
Rome
to
complain
against
Fabius
,
who
,
before
a
War
was
published
,
had
,
against
the
Law
of
Nations
,
made
a
breach
of
the
Peace
.
The
matter
being
debated
in
the
Senate
,
the
Feciales
were
of
opinion
,
that
Fabius
ought
to
be
consigned
into
the
hands
of
the
Gauls
;
but
he
,
being
pre-advised
of
this
judgment
,
fled
to
the
people
,
by
whose
protection
and
favour
he
was
secured
:
on
this
occasion
,
the
Gauls
marched
with
their
Army
to
Rome
,
where
,
having
taken
the
Capitol
,
they
sacked
the
City
.
The
particulars
of
all
which
are
at
large
related
in
the
History
of
Camillus
.
Now
the
original
of
the
Salii
is
this
:
In
the
eighth
year
of
the
reign
of
Numa
,
that
terrible
Pestilence
,
which
was
spread
over
all
Italy
,
did
likewise
miserably
infest
the
City
of
Rome
;
at
which
the
Citizens
being
greatly
affrighted
,
and
despairing
of
health
,
were
again
comforted
by
the
report
of
a
brazen
Target
,
which
(
they
say
)
fell
from
Heaven
into
the
hands
of
Numa
,
and
of
which
they
relate
strange
effects
,
operated
by
the
virtue
of
this
miraculous
Buckler
;
and
that
Numa
having
had
conference
with
the
Nymph
Egeria
,
and
some
of
the
Muses
,
he
was
assured
,
that
that
Target
was
sent
from
Heaven
for
the
cure
and
safety
of
the
City
;
and
that
,
because
on
the
conservation
thereof
the
common
health
and
benefit
depended
,
he
was
ordered
by
them
to
make
eleven
others
,
so
like
in
all
dimensions
and
form
to
the
original
;
that
in
case
there
should
be
a
design
to
steal
it
away
,
the
true
might
not
be
distinguished
or
known
from
those
which
were
counterfeited
;
by
which
means
there
would
be
more
difficulty
to
defeat
the
counsels
of
Fate
,
or
invert
the
order
of
divine
Predestination
:
He
farther
declared
,
that
he
was
commanded
to
consecrate
that
place
and
the
Fields
about
it
to
the
Muses
,
where
he
had
often
entertained
a
free
intercourse
and
communication
with
them
;
and
that
the
Fountain
which
watered
that
Field
should
be
made
sacred
and
hallowed
for
the
use
of
the
Vestal
Virgins
,
who
were
to
wash
and
cleanse
the
penetralia
of
their
Sanctuary
with
those
Holy
Waters
.
The
truth
hereof
was
speedily
verified
by
a
miraculous
cessation
of
the
Pestilence
;
whereupon
Numa
immediately
delivered
this
Target
to
the
best
Artists
to
have
others
made
in
a
just
likeness
in
all
particulars
thereunto
;
but
none
was
able
to
arrive
unto
a
perfect
similitude
in
all
undistinguishable
respects
,
untill
at
length
one
Veturius
Mamurius
,
an
excellent
Master
,
happily
hit
upon
it
,
and
made
one
so
to
represent
the
other
in
all
respects
,
that
Numa
himself
was
at
a
stand
,
and
could
not
distinguish
the
true
from
that
which
was
counterfeited
.
The
keeping
of
which
Targets
was
committed
to
the
charge
of
certain
Priests
,
which
are
called
Salii
;
who
did
The
Institution
and
Office
of
the
Salii
.
not
receive
their
name
,
as
some
imagine
,
from
one
Salius
,
a
certain
Dancing-master
,
who
was
born
at
Samothrace
,
or
at
Mantinea
,
who
taught
the
way
of
dancing
in
Arms
;
but
rather
from
that
Dance
which
the
Salii
themselves
use
,
when
in
the
month
of
March
they
carry
the
sacred
Targets
through
the
City
;
at
which
procession
they
are
habited
in
a
short
Cassock
,
girt
with
a
broad
Belt
clasp'd
with
brass
Buckles
;
on
their
heads
they
wore
a
copper
Helmet
,
and
ever
and
anon
sounded
on
the
Targets
with
short
Cemyters
:
in
this
manner
they
proceeded
with
a
nimble
motion
,
and
just
measures
of
their
Feet
,
and
with
such
handsome
and
various
turns
,
as
demonstrated
great
strength
and
agility
of
body
.
These
Targets
were
called
Ancylia
from
the
fashion
of
them
;
for
they
were
not
made
in
a
round
or
orbicular
form
but
oval
and
with
certain
folds
or
pleats
closing
one
over
the
other
,
they
fitted
the
Elbow
by
their
cubical
Figure
,
and
thence
were
called
Ancylia
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
which
signified
a
crooked
shape
,
or
from
the
cubit
,
which
is
from
the
Wrist
to
the
Elbow
,
and
called
in
Greek
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
on
which
they
carry
these
Ancylia
.
Juba
,
who
much
affected
the
Greek
Tongue
,
draws
many
of
his
derivations
from
thence
,
and
would
have
it
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
which
signifies
as
much
as
sent
from
above
,
or
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
which
is
the
cure
or
medicine
of
Diseases
,
or
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
which
is
a
deliverance
from
great
driness
,
or
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
which
is
an
escape
from
great
evils
;
whence
it
is
that
the
Athenians
called
Castor
and
Pollux
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
;
all
which
may
serve
to
employ
the
curiosity
of
those
who
have
a
fancy
to
Greek
derivations
.
All
the
reward
which
Mamurius
received
for
this
his
Art
,
was
to
be
mentioned
and
commemorated
in
the
Verses
which
the
Salii
sang
,
as
they
danced
in
their
Arms
through
the
City
;
though
some
will
have
it
that
they
did
not
say
Veturius
Mamurius
,
but
Vetus
Memoria
,
which
is
Ancient
Remembrance
.
After
Numa
had
in
this
manner
instituted
A
memorable
instance
of
Devotion
in
Numa
his
building
a
Palace
adjoining
to
Vesta
's
Temple
.
these
several
Orders
of
Priests
,
he
erected
a
Royal
Palace
near
the
Temple
of
Vesta
,
called
to
this
day
Regium
;
where
he
spent
the
most
part
of
his
time
,
in
prescribing
Rules
for
Divine
Service
,
instructing
the
Priests
,
and
with
zeal
and
devotion
attending
in
person
on
the
Offices
of
Religion
.
He
built
another
House
upon
the
Mount
Quirinalis
;
which
place
they
shew
to
this
day
.
In
all
publick
Processions
and
solemn
Prayers
,
Tipstaves
or
Hushers
were
sent
before
to
give
notice
to
the
people
that
they
should
forbear
their
work
,
and
attend
to
the
Divine
Solemnity
:
for
they
say
that
the
Pythagoreans
did
not
hold
it
sufficient
reverence
towards
the
Gods
to
worship
them
in
a
negligent
manner
,
as
when
the
religious
Processions
did
obviously
occur
,
but
obliged
their
Scholars
to
go
out
from
their
Houses
and
with
prepared
hearts
attend
to
Divine
Supplications
:
so
Numa
in
like
manner
Indifference
and
Distraction
of
business
great
hindrances
to
Devotion
.
decreed
,
that
his
Citizens
should
neither
see
nor
hear
Divine
matters
in
a
perfunctory
manner
,
and
with
wandring
thoughts
,
but
laying
aside
all
distractions
of
mind
,
and
cares
of
the
world
should
apply
and
elevate
their
meditations
to
Religion
;
and
the
ways
and
streets
should
be
clear
of
noise
or
laments
,
or
other
incumbrances
which
might
obstruct
or
disturb
the
solemnity
and
seriousness
of
devotion
.
Something
of
this
custom
remains
at
Rome
to
this
day
;
for
when
the
Consul
begins
to
sacrifice
or
officiate
;
they
call
out
to
the
People
,
Hoc
age
,
or
attend
to
the
work
in
hand
,
and
is
as
much
as
with
us
,
Let
us
Pray
,
whereby
the
Auditours
then
present
were
admonished
to
compose
and
recollect
their
thoughts
for
prayer
:
And
as
Pythagoras
had
certain
Precepts
and
Sayings
,
such
as
these
:
Thou
shalt
not
make
a
Peck
Measure
thy
seat
to
sit
on
.
Thou
shalt
not
stir
the
Fire
with
a
Sword
.
When
thou
goest
forwards
,
look
not
behind
thee
.
When
thou
sacrificest
to
the
celestial
Gods
,
let
it
be
with
an
odd
number
,
and
when
to
the
terrestrial
let
it
be
with
even
.
So
likewise
Numa
delivered
other
Sentences
of
an
obscure
and
abstruse
meaning
;
such
as
these
:
Thou
shalt
not
sacrifice
to
the
Gods
an
offering
of
Wine
proceeding
from
a
Vine
which
was
never
pruned
.
No
sacrifices
shall
be
performed
without
Meal
.
Vse
a
circular
motion
in
adoration
of
the
Gods
,
and
sit
down
when
you
have
worshipped
.
The
two
first
Precepts
seem
to
denote
,
that
Probable
conjectures
of
the
significancy
of
the
several
Postures
in
Divine
Worship
.
urbanity
and
a
natural
complaisance
with
the
world
is
a
part
of
Religion
;
and
as
to
the
turning
which
the
Worshippers
are
to
use
in
divine
adoration
,
it
is
to
represent
the
orbicular
motion
of
the
world
.
But
in
my
opinion
,
the
meaning
rather
is
,
that
he
who
comes
to
worship
,
enters
the
Temple
with
his
face
towards
the
East
;
where
,
being
come
up
as
high
as
the
Chancel
,
he
turns
towards
the
West
,
and
then
back
again
to
the
East
,
perfecting
the
whole
office
of
his
prayers
to
that
God
who
is
Maker
of
the
Universe
:
unless
perhaps
this
change
of
posture
may
allude
to
the
Egyptian
Wheels
,
which
were
Hieroglyphicks
of
the
instability
of
humane
fortune
,
and
that
where
God
should
fix
and
establish
our
lot
and
condition
,
we
should
there
rest
contented
,
and
repose
our selves
with
intire
resignation
to
the
Divine
pleasure
.
They
say
also
,
that
the
sitting
quiet
and
in
a
reposed
posture
after
worship
did
denote
a
concession
,
or
grant
of
the
petitions
they
made
,
and
was
an
assurance
of
everlasting
felicity
in
the
future
life
:
and
that
this
still
and
sedentary
cessation
from
work
was
the
full
stop
or
period
of
business
already
performed
;
from
whence
now
designing
to
begin
others
,
they
were
to
present
themselves
before
the
Gods
,
to
obtain
their
blessings
,
and
success
on
that
which
was
to
follow
.
And
this
form
of
Ceremony
did
very
well
sute
with
the
preceding
Doctrine
,
which
taught
that
men
ought
not
to
approach
the
Gods
in
a
transitory
way
,
and
with
distracted
minds
,
but
,
laying
aside
all
worldly
cares
and
wandring
fancies
,
should
then
onely
pray
when
their
thoughts
are
possessed
with
Divine
Meditation
.
By
such
Discipline
as
this
,
recommended
by
the
constant
practice
and
example
of
the
Legislatour
,
the
City
did
so
insensibly
pass
into
a
religious
temper
and
frame
of
devotion
,
and
stood
in
that
awe
and
reverence
of
the
vertue
of
Numa
,
that
they
received
and
believed
with
an
undoubted
assurance
,
whatsoever
he
delivered
,
though
never
so
fabulous
,
his
authority
being
sufficient
to
make
the
greatest
absurdities
and
impossibilities
to
pass
for
matters
and
points
of
Faith
.
There
goes
a
story
,
That
he
once
invited
a
great
number
of
Citizens
to
an
entertainment
;
Several
fabulous
relations
of
Numa
's
intimate
familiarity
with
the
Gods
.
at
which
the
Dishes
in
which
the
Meat
was
served
were
very
homely
and
plain
,
and
the
Commons
short
,
and
the
Meat
ill
dressed
:
the
Guests
being
sate
,
he
began
to
tell
them
,
that
the
Goddess
which
was
his
familiar
Spirit
,
and
always
conversant
with
him
,
was
then
at
that
time
present
,
when
on
a
sudden
the
Room
was
furnished
with
all
sorts
of
pretious
Pots
and
Dishes
,
and
the
mean
Fare
converted
into
a
most
magnificent
Feast
,
adorned
with
all
sorts
of
the
most
delicious
Viands
.
But
the
Dialogue
which
is
reported
to
have
passed
between
him
and
Jupiter
,
surpasses
all
the
fabulous
Legends
that
were
ever
invented
.
They
say
,
that
before
Mount
Aventine
was
inhabited
or
inclosed
within
the
Walls
of
the
City
,
that
two
Demi-gods
,
which
were
Picus
and
Faunus
,
did
usually
frequent
the
Fountains
and
close
shades
of
that
place
;
which
some
will
have
to
be
two
Satyrs
of
the
Titanian
race
;
who
being
expert
in
the
faculty
of
Physick
,
and
dexterous
in
legerdemain
and
magical
spells
,
like
the
Dactyli
of
Mount
Ida
,
made
a
Journey
through
all
the
parts
of
Italy
.
Numa
contriving
one
day
to
surprise
these
Demi-gods
,
mingled
the
Waters
of
the
Fountain
of
which
they
did
usually
drink
with
Wine
and
Honey
,
which
so
pleased
these
liquorish
Deities
,
that
he
easily
ensnared
and
took
them
;
but
then
they
changed
themselves
into
many
various
forms
and
shapes
,
intending
,
under
horrid
and
unknown
transmutations
,
to
make
their
escape
:
but
,
finding
themselves
entrapped
in
inextricable
toils
,
and
in
no
possibility
to
get
free
,
revealed
unto
him
many
secrets
and
future
events
;
and
particularly
a
charm
against
.
Thunder
and
Lightning
,
which
they
composed
of
Onions
,
and
Hair
,
and
the
Bones
of
a
Fish
:
but
some
deny
,
and
say
,
that
these
Demi-gods
did
not
discover
the
secret
of
this
charm
to
Numa
;
but
that
they
,
by
the
force
of
their
Magick
Art
and
Spells
,
had
constrained
Jove
himself
to
descend
from
Heaven
to
satisfie
the
demands
of
Numa
,
and
that
he
then
,
in
an
angry
manner
answering
his
enquiries
,
told
him
,
that
if
he
would
charm
the
Thunder
and
Lightning
,
he
must
doe
it
with
Heads
:
How
,
said
Numa
,
with
the
Heads
of
Onions
?
No
,
reply'd
Jupiter
,
of
Men.
But
Numa
,
willing
to
divert
the
cruelty
of
this
Receipt
,
turned
it
another
way
,
saying
,
Your
meaning
is
,
the
Hairs
of
Mens
Heads
;
No
,
reply'd
Jupiter
,
of
living
Men
:
then
Numa
,
being
instructed
by
the
Goddess
Egeria
,
seemed
to
mistake
,
and
say
,
How
!
with
the
Bones
of
the
Fish
Maena
?
which
,
being
the
three
ingredients
that
compose
the
charm
,
so
operated
on
Jupiter
,
that
he
returned
again
to
Heaven
pacified
and
well-pleased
.
This
place
was
ever
afterwards
called
Elicium
,
or
Ilicium
,
from
the
Greek
word
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
which
signifies
propitious
or
mercifull
;
and
in
this
manner
this
Magick
Spell
was
effected
.
Such
was
the
superstitious
humour
of
that
Age
,
which
the
example
of
the
Prince
The
people
of
Rome
generally
inclin'd
to
superstition
in
Numa
's
reign
.
had
wrought
in
the
Minds
of
the
Vulgar
,
that
nothing
was
so
absurd
and
ridiculous
in
Religion
which
gain'd
not
belief
;
and
Numa
himself
was
said
to
have
been
possessed
with
such
a
confidence
and
fiducial
trust
in
the
Gods
,
that
when
it
was
told
him
,
that
the
Enemy
was
near
at
hand
,
he
smilingly
answered
,
That
he
feared
them
not
,
let
them
come
at
their
peril
,
for
he
was
then
sacrificing
to
the
Gods
.
It
was
he
also
that
built
the
Temples
of
Faith
,
and
Terminus
;
and
taught
the
Romans
such
respect
to
Faith
,
that
it
was
the
greatest
Oath
,
and
the
most
obligatory
that
they
could
swear
;
and
to
the
God
Terminus
they
offer
unto
this
day
the
bloud
of
Beasts
,
both
in
publick
and
private
Sacrifices
,
upon
the
borders
and
stone
marks
of
their
Land
:
though
anciently
those
Sacrifices
were
solemnized
without
bloud
,
it
being
the
Precept
and
Doctrine
of
Numa
to
offer
nothing
to
the
God
Terminus
,
but
what
was
pure
and
free
of
bloudy
cruelty
;
for
that
he
,
whose
incumbence
it
was
to
fix
boundaries
,
was
thereby
constituted
an
Arbiter
of
Peace
and
Justice
,
punishing
those
who
removed
their
neighbours
Land-mark
,
or
invaded
his
right
.
It
is
very
clear
,
that
it
was
this
King
who
first
prescribed
bounds
to
the
jurisdiction
of
Rome
;
for
Romulus
would
have
betrayed
his
own
cause
,
and
plainly
discovered
how
much
he
had
encroached
on
his
neighbours
Lands
,
had
he
ever
set
limits
to
his
own
;
which
as
they
are
fences
and
curbs
against
arbitrary
invasions
,
to
those
who
observe
them
,
so
they
serve
for
evidences
to
arise
in
judgment
against
those
,
who
break
over
and
violate
the
borders
with
which
they
are
circumscribed
.
The
truth
is
,
the
portion
of
Lands
which
the
Romans
possessed
at
the
beginning
,
was
very
narrow
,
untill
Romulus
by
War
enlarged
them
;
and
which
Numa
afterwards
divided
amongst
the
indigent
Commonalty
,
that
he
might
ward
them
against
violent
necessity
,
which
always
puts
men
upon
injurious
designs
and
shifts
,
and
that
by
placing
them
in
Farms
,
he
might
accustom
them
to
a
desire
of
property
,
Numa
a
friend
and
advancer
of
Husbandry
.
and
a
regular
way
of
living
;
for
as
there
is
nothing
that
so
reconciles
the
minds
of
men
to
Peace
,
as
Husbandry
and
a
Country
lise
;
so
it
makes
them
abhorr
all
violence
,
and
gives
them
courage
and
resolution
to
defend
their
sowed
Lands
and
Pastures
from
the
encroachment
of
their
neighbours
.
Wherefore
Numa
,
that
he
might
take
and
amuse
the
hearts
of
his
Citizens
with
Agriculture
or
Husbandry
,
which
is
an
employment
that
rather
begets
civility
and
a
peaceable
temper
than
great
opulency
and
riches
,
he
divided
all
the
Lands
into
several
parcels
,
to
which
he
gave
the
name
of
Pagus
or
Borough
,
and
over
every
one
of
them
he
ordained
a
Chief
or
Arbitrator
in
judicial
causes
;
and
taking
a
delight
sometimes
to
survey
his
Colonies
in
person
,
he
made
judgment
of
every
man's
inclinations
and
manners
,
by
his
industry
,
and
the
improvements
he
had
made
,
of
which
being
witness
himself
,
he
preferred
those
to
honours
and
authority
who
had
merited
most
;
and
on
the
contrary
reproached
the
sluggishness
of
such
,
who
had
given
themselves
over
to
a
careless
and
a
negligent
life
.
But
above
all
,
which
was
a
principal
He
first
divided
the
Citizens
into
distinct
Companies
.
point
of
his
Politicks
,
he
divided
the
people
into
several
Companies
:
for
as
the
City
did
consist
,
or
rather
was
distinguished
(
as
we
have
said
)
by
two
sorts
of
Tribes
;
from
whence
dangerous
Factions
,
Tumults
and
Seditions
did
arise
;
he
contrived
to
cast
them
into
divers
small
moulds
and
models
:
for
as
hard
and
dissenting
Bodies
are
not
easily
incorporated
,
so
long
as
they
remain
in
their
gross
bulk
,
but
being
beaten
into
a
powder
,
or
melted
into
small
Atoms
,
are
often
cemented
and
consolidated
into
one
;
so
this
people
,
being
separated
and
distinguished
into
small
divisions
,
were
afterwards
with
less
difficulty
united
into
one
Body
:
wherefore
distinguishing
the
whole
City
by
their
several
Arts
and
Professions
;
he
formed
the
Companies
of
Musicians
,
Goldsmiths
,
Masons
,
Dyers
,
Taylors
,
Skinners
,
Brasiers
and
Potters
;
and
all
other
Handy-crafts
men
he
composed
and
reduced
into
a
single
Company
,
appointing
unto
every
one
their
respective
Halls
,
Courts
and
other
privileges
belonging
to
their
Societies
,
which
they
held
by
the
Charters
received
from
this
Prince
.
In
this
manner
all
factious
distinctions
began
to
cease
in
the
City
;
there
being
no
person
farther
esteemed
under
the
notion
of
a
Sabine
,
a
Roman
or
a
Tatian
,
but
all
were
comprehended
under
the
general
denomination
of
a
Citizen
of
Romulus
;
whereby
all
other
terms
growing
out
of
use
and
fashion
,
the
national
animosities
reconciled
of
themselves
,
and
all
dissolved
into
the
common
tye
and
relation
of
a
Roman
Citizen
.
He
is
also
much
to
be
commended
for
the
repeal
,
or
rather
amendment
of
that
Law
,
which
gives
power
to
Fathers
to
sell
their
Children
;
for
he
exempted
such
as
were
married
from
that
subjection
,
conditionally
that
they
had
matched
themselves
with
the
liking
and
consent
of
their
Parents
:
for
it
seemed
a
very
hard
and
unjust
thing
,
that
a
woman
,
who
had
given
her self
in
marriage
to
a
man
whom
she
judged
free
,
should
afterwards
find
her self
betrayed
and
cast
away
upon
a
Husband
that
was
a
Servant
.
He
attempted
also
to
draw
a
Scheme
of
The
regulation
of
the
year
instituted
by
Numa
.
the
Heavens
,
and
thereunto
conform
a
Kalendar
and
Ephemerides
of
the
Year
,
which
though
it
was
not
perfect
,
yet
it
was
not
altogether
without
some
learned
conjectures
,
and
such
as
reduced
the
account
of
the
Year
to
some
tolerable
regulation
:
for
during
the
Reign
of
Romulus
,
their
Months
had
no
certain
or
equal
term
;
for
some
of
them
contained
20
Days
,
others
35
,
others
more
;
the
which
errour
proceeded
from
want
of
a
true
knowledge
of
the
different
motions
of
the
Sun
and
Moon
;
onely
they
kept
to
this
account
,
that
the
whole
course
of
the
Year
contained
360
Days
.
Numa
also
farther
observing
,
that
there
was
eleven
Days
difference
between
the
Lunary
and
the
Solary
Year
:
for
that
the
Moon
compleated
her
Anniversary
course
in
354
Days
,
and
the
Sun
in
365
;
to
remedy
which
inequality
,
he
doubled
the
eleven
Days
,
and
after
every
two
Year
added
an
interstitial
to
follow
the
Month
of
February
,
which
the
Romans
called
the
Month
of
Mercidinus
;
but
this
account
hath
since
that
time
received
a
better
amendment
.
He
also
altered
the
order
of
the
Months
;
for
March
,
which
was
reckoned
the
first
,
he
put
into
the
third
place
;
and
January
,
which
was
the
eleventh
,
he
made
the
first
;
and
February
,
which
was
the
twelfth
and
last
,
to
be
the
second
.
Some
will
have
it
,
that
it
was
Numa
also
which
added
the
two
Months
of
January
and
February
:
for
in
the
beginning
,
when
men
Various
,
absurd
and
unskilfull
computations
of
the
year
.
were
ignorant
and
barbarous
,
they
composed
a
Year
of
ten
Months
:
the
Arcadians
in
Greece
had
onely
four
,
in
Arcanania
they
accounted
by
six
;
and
the
Egyptians
had
at
first
but
one
Month
,
which
afterwards
they
divided
into
four
,
according
to
the
seasons
of
the
Year
:
which
Country
of
Egypt
,
though
it
seem
new
to
us
,
is
yet
inhabited
by
an
ancient
people
;
for
if
we
may
believe
their
Chronicles
(
unless
they
account
Months
for
Years
)
their
Genealogies
are
deduced
from
great
Antiquity
.
And
that
the
Romans
at
first
comprehended
the
whole
Year
within
ten
,
and
not
twelve
Months
,
plainly
appears
by
the
name
of
December
,
which
signifies
the
tenth
Month
,
and
is
the
last
in
order
:
and
that
March
was
the
first
is
likewise
evident
,
for
that
the
fifth
Month
after
it
was
called
Quintilis
,
and
the
sixth
Sextilis
,
and
so
the
rest
;
so
that
if
January
and
February
had
in
this
account
preceded
March
,
Quintilis
had
been
put
in
the
seventh
place
,
and
so
called
September
.
It
is
also
very
probable
,
that
this
first
Month
was
dedicated
by
Romulus
to
Mars
;
the
second
to
Venus
,
called
April
,
from
the
Greek
word
Aphrodites
;
which
the
Women
solemnize
in
honour
of
that
Goddess
,
adorning
their
heads
on
the
Kalends
,
or
first
days
of
it
,
with
Myrtle
Garlands
.
But
others
will
not
allow
of
the
derivation
of
this
word
from
Aphrodites
,
but
rather
deduce
it
from
the
word
Aperio
,
which
in
Latin
signifies
,
to
open
,
because
that
this
Month
is
in
the
high
Spring
,
when
all
Buds
and
Flowers
open
and
disclose
themselves
:
the
next
is
called
May
,
from
Maia
the
Mother
of
Mercury
,
to
whom
this
Month
was
made
sacred
:
then
June
follows
,
so
called
from
Juventus
,
or
youthfulness
of
the
Year
,
which
is
then
warm
,
and
gay
,
and
in
its
juvenile
season
.
To
the
other
Months
also
they
gave
denominations
according
to
their
order
,
so
the
fifth
was
called
Quintilis
,
Sextilis
the
sixth
,
and
so
the
rest
September
,
October
,
November
and
December
:
Afterwards
Caesar
,
when
he
had
overcome
Pompey
,
changed
the
name
of
the
Month
Quintilis
to
that
of
Julius
,
which
we
call
July
;
as
also
that
of
Sextilis
was
changed
into
Augustus
,
which
was
a
sirname
to
the
Successour
of
Caesar
.
Domitian
also
in
imitation
hereof
gave
the
two
other
following
Months
the
names
of
Germanicus
and
Domitianus
,
but
,
he
being
slain
,
they
recovered
their
ancient
denominations
of
September
and
October
;
but
the
two
last
have
ever
reserved
their
names
without
any
alteration
.
The
Months
which
were
added
,
and
transposed
in
their
order
by
Numa
was
February
,
which
deduces
its
name
from
Februo
,
signifying
a
purification
by
Sacrifice
;
for
then
they
offered
Plants
,
and
celebrated
the
Feast
of
Lupercalia
,
in
which
many
Ceremonies
agree
with
the
Solemnities
used
at
the
Lustrations
or
cleansing
days
:
but
January
was
so
called
from
Janus
,
and
a
precedency
of
order
given
to
it
by
Numa
before
March
,
which
was
dedicated
to
the
God
Mars
;
intimating
in
my
opinion
thereby
,
that
the
Arts
and
civil
studies
of
Peace
are
to
be
preferred
before
warlike
or
martial
employments
.
For
this
Janus
,
whether
he
were
a
Daemon
,
or
Demi-god
,
or
a
King
,
was
certainly
a
great
Polititian
and
lover
of
Arts
and
Sciences
,
whereby
he
transformed
the
incult
natures
of
men
into
a
gentle
and
civil
disposition
;
for
which
reason
they
figure
him
with
two
Faces
,
beholding
at
the
same
time
both
states
and
constitutions
of
humane
kind
.
His
Temple
at
Rome
hath
two
Gates
,
which
they
call
the
Gates
of
Mars
;
because
they
stand
open
in
the
time
of
War
,
and
shut
in
the
times
of
Peace
,
of
which
latter
there
was
very
seldom
an
example
;
for
when
the
Roman
Empire
was
enlarged
and
extended
to
its
utmost
bounds
,
it
was
so
encompassed
with
barbarous
Nations
and
Enemies
,
that
it
was
seldom
or
never
at
peace
:
onely
in
the
time
of
Augustus
Caesar
,
after
he
had
overcome
Anthony
,
that
Temple
was
shut
;
as
likewise
not
many
years
before
,
when
Marcus
Atilius
and
Titus
Manlius
were
Consuls
;
but
then
it
continued
not
so
long
,
before
that
Wars
breaking
out
,
the
Gates
of
Janus
were
again
opened
:
but
during
The
Gates
of
Janus
's
Temple
never
open
in
Numa
's
reign
.
the
Reign
of
Numa
,
which
continued
for
the
space
of
forty
three
years
,
those
Gates
were
ever
shut
,
there
being
a
profound
quiet
without
the
noise
or
clattering
of
Arms
:
for
not
onely
the
people
of
Rome
were
animated
with
a
spirit
of
peace
,
which
they
enjoyed
under
the
just
proceedings
of
a
pacifick
Prince
;
but
even
the
neighbouring
Cities
,
as
if
they
had
been
inspired
with
the
same
inclinations
,
breathed
nothing
but
a
salubrious
and
gentle
air
of
mutual
friendship
,
and
amicable
correspondence
;
and
being
ravished
with
the
delights
Happy
results
of
Peace
.
which
Justice
and
Peace
produce
,
every
one
apply'd
himself
to
the
management
of
his
Lands
and
Farm
,
to
the
education
of
his
Children
,
and
worship
of
the
Gods
:
Festival
days
,
and
Sports
,
and
Banquets
were
the
common
divertisements
;
and
Families
entertained
and
treated
their
acquaintance
and
friends
in
such
a
free
and
open
manner
,
that
all
Italy
securely
conversed
with
each
other
without
fears
,
or
jealousies
,
or
designs
,
being
all
possessed
with
that
Divine
Spirit
of
Love
and
Charity
,
which
flowed
from
Numa
as
from
a
Fountain
of
Wisedom
and
Equity
:
so
that
the
Hyperbolies
,
which
the
Poets
of
those
days
used
,
and
the
flights
which
are
allowable
in
Verse
,
were
flat
and
not
able
to
reach
with
their
highest
expressions
the
happiness
of
those
days
;
When
Spears
,
and
Swords
,
and
direfull
Arms
of
War
Were
laid
aside
,
and
rustied
in
their
places
;
No
Trumpet
sounds
alarm'd
the
publick
peace
,
But
all
securely
slept
—
For
during
the
whole
Reign
of
Numa
,
there
was
neither
War
,
nor
Sedition
,
nor
Plots
designed
against
the
State
,
nor
did
any
Faction
prevail
,
or
the
ambition
and
emulation
of
great
Men
attempt
upon
the
Government
:
for
indeed
men
so
reverenced
his
Vertue
,
and
stood
in
such
awe
of
his
Person
,
which
,
they
believed
,
was
guarded
by
a
particular
care
of
Divine
Providence
,
that
they
despaired
of
all
success
in
their
sinister
intentions
:
and
then
that
happy
Fortune
,
which
always
attends
the
life
of
men
who
are
pure
and
innocent
,
bestowed
a
general
esteem
and
good
reputation
on
him
;
and
verified
that
saying
of
Plato
,
which
some
Ages
after
he
delivered
in
relation
to
the
happiness
of
a
well
formed
Commonwealth
:
For
,
saith
he
,
where
the
Royal
Power
,
by
God's
Grace
,
meets
with
a
mind
and
spirit
addicted
to
Philosophy
,
there
Vice
is
subdued
and
made
inferiour
to
Vertue
:
no
man
is
really
blessed
but
he
that
is
wise
;
and
happy
are
his
Auditours
,
who
can
hear
and
receive
those
words
which
flow
from
his
mouth
:
there
is
no
need
of
compulsion
or
menaces
to
subject
the
multitude
,
for
that
A
vertuous
example
most
conspicuous
and
enticing
in
a
Prince
.
lustre
of
vertue
which
shines
bright
in
the
good
example
of
a
Governour
,
invites
and
inclines
them
to
wisedom
,
and
insensibly
leads
them
to
an
innocent
and
happy
life
,
which
being
conducted
by
friendship
and
concord
,
and
supported
on
each
side
with
temperance
and
justice
,
is
of
long
and
lasting
continuance
;
and
worthy
is
that
Prince
of
all
rule
and
dominion
,
who
makes
it
his
business
to
lead
his
Subjects
into
such
a
state
of
felicity
.
This
was
the
care
of
Numa
,
and
to
this
end
did
all
his
actions
tend
.
As
to
his
Children
and
Wives
,
there
is
a
diversity
of
reports
by
several
Authours
:
some
will
have
it
that
he
never
had
any
other
Wife
than
Tatia
,
nor
more
Children
than
one
Daughter
called
Pompilia
:
others
will
have
it
that
he
left
four
Sons
;
namely
,
Pompo
,
Pinus
,
Calpus
and
Mamercus
,
every
one
of
which
had
issue
,
and
from
them
descended
the
noble
and
illustrious
Families
of
Pomponi
,
Pinari
,
Calpurni
and
Mamerci
,
to
which
for
distinction
sake
was
added
the
sirname
of
Royal.
But
there
is
a
third
sort
of
Writers
,
which
say
that
these
pedigrees
are
but
a
piece
of
flattery
used
by
the
Heralds
,
who
,
to
incurr
favour
with
these
great
Families
,
deduced
their
Genealogies
from
this
ancient
Lineage
;
and
that
Pompilia
was
not
the
Daughter
of
Tatia
,
but
born
of
Lucretia
,
to
whom
he
was
married
after
he
came
to
his
Kingdom
:
howsoever
all
of
them
agree
in
opinion
,
that
she
was
married
to
the
Son
of
that
Martius
who
perswaded
him
to
accept
the
Government
,
and
accompanied
him
to
Rome
,
where
,
as
a
signal
of
honour
,
he
was
chosen
into
the
Senate
;
and
after
the
death
of
Numa
,
standing
in
competition
with
Tullus
Hostilius
for
the
Kingdom
,
and
being
disappointed
of
the
Election
,
in
high
discontent
killed
himself
:
howsoever
his
Son
Martius
,
who
had
married
Pompilia
,
residing
at
Rome
,
was
the
Father
of
Ancus
Martius
,
who
succeeded
Tullus
Hostilius
in
the
Kingdom
,
and
was
but
five
years
of
age
,
when
Numa
died
.
Numa
lived
something
above
eighty
years
,
and
then
(
as
Piso
writes
)
was
not
taken
out
Numa
's
Death
and
honourable
Interment
.
of
the
world
by
a
sudden
or
acute
Disease
,
but
by
a
chronical
Distemper
,
by
which
he
lingred
long
,
and
at
last
expired
.
At
his
Funerals
all
the
glories
of
his
Life
were
consummate
;
for
the
kind
people
,
and
his
friendly
companions
,
met
to
honour
and
grace
the
rites
of
his
Interment
with
Garlands
and
contributions
from
the
publick
:
the
Senatours
carried
the
Bier
on
which
his
Corps
was
laid
,
and
the
Priests
followed
and
accompanied
the
solemn
procession
;
the
remainder
of
this
dolefull
pomp
was
composed
of
Women
and
Children
,
who
lamented
with
such
tears
and
sighs
,
as
if
they
had
bewailed
the
death
or
loss
of
a
dearest
relation
taken
away
in
the
flower
of
his
age
,
and
not
of
an
old
and
out-worn
King
.
It
is
said
that
his
Body
,
by
his
particular
command
,
was
not
burnt
,
but
that
he
ordered
two
stone
Coffins
to
be
made
,
in
one
of
which
he
appointed
his
Body
to
be
laid
,
and
the
other
to
be
a
repository
for
his
sacred
Books
and
Writings
,
and
both
of
them
to
be
buried
under
the
Hill
Janiculum
;
thereby
imitating
the
Legislatours
of
Greece
,
who
,
having
wrote
their
Laws
in
Tables
,
which
they
called
Cirbas
,
did
so
long
inculcate
the
contents
of
them
,
whilst
they
lived
,
into
the
minds
and
hearts
of
their
Priests
,
till
their
understandings
became
living
Libraries
of
those
sacred
Volumes
;
it
being
esteemed
a
profanation
of
such
mysteries
To
commit
to
writing
Divine
Precepts
held
a
profanation
by
the
Grecian
Law-givers
.
to
commit
their
secrets
unto
dead
letters
.
For
this
very
reason
,
they
say
,
the
Pythagoreans
forbad
that
their
Precepts
or
Conclusions
should
be
committed
to
paper
,
but
rather
conserved
in
the
living
memories
of
those
who
were
worthy
to
receive
their
Doctrines
:
and
if
perchance
any
of
their
abstruse
notions
or
perplexed
cares
,
such
as
were
their
positions
in
Geometry
,
were
made
known
,
or
revealed
to
an
impure
person
,
unworthy
to
receive
such
mysteries
,
they
presently
imagined
that
the
Gods
threatned
punishment
for
such
profanation
;
which
was
not
to
be
expiated
but
by
Sword
and
Pestilence
,
or
other
judgments
of
the
Gods
.
Wherefore
having
these
several
instances
concurring
to
render
the
Lives
of
Numa
and
Pythagoras
agreeable
,
we
may
easily
pardon
those
who
make
a
comparison
between
their
temperament
of
Soul
and
manners
of
living
,
believing
that
there
was
an
intimate
familiarity
and
conversation
between
them
.
Valerius
Antias
writes
that
the
Books
which
were
buried
in
the
aforesaid
Chests
or
Coffins
of
Stone
were
twelve
Volumes
of
holy
Writ
,
and
twelve
others
in
Greek
containing
the
Wisedom
and
Philosophy
of
the
Grecians
:
and
that
about
four
hundred
years
afterwards
,
when
P.
Cornelius
and
M.
Bebius
were
Consuls
,
there
happening
a
great
inundation
of
Water
,
which
with
a
violent
torrent
carrying
away
the
Chests
of
Stone
,
overturned
them
and
displaced
their
Covers
,
so
that
being
opened
,
one
of
them
appeared
empty
without
the
Skeleton
or
Reliques
of
any
humane
Body
;
in
the
other
were
the
Books
before-mentioned
,
still
remaining
entire
,
and
not
much
worn
out
with
time
:
which
when
the
Pretor
Petilius
had
read
and
perused
,
he
made
Oath
in
the
Senate
,
that
in
his
opinion
,
it
was
not
fit
for
those
Books
to
be
divulged
,
or
made
publick
to
the
people
;
whereupon
the
Edition
of
them
was
suppressed
,
and
all
the
Volumes
by
command
carried
to
the
Market
place
,
and
there
burnt
.
Such
is
the
fortune
of
good
men
,
that
their
Vertue
survives
their
Bodies
,
and
that
the
envy
and
emulation
which
evil
men
conceive
against
them
is
soon
extinguished
;
but
their
reputation
and
glory
is
immortal
,
and
shines
with
more
splendour
after
their
death
,
than
in
the
time
when
they
were
living
and
conversant
in
the
world
:
and
as
to
Numa
,
the
actions
of
the
succeeding
Kings
served
as
so
many
Foils
to
set
off
the
brightness
of
his
majestick
Vertues
:
for
after
him
there
were
five
Kings
;
the
last
of
which
was
made
an
exile
,
being
deposed
from
his
Crown
:
of
the
other
four
,
three
were
by
treason
assassinated
and
murthered
;
the
other
,
who
was
Tullus
Hostilius
that
immediately
succeeded
Numa
,
whilst
he
derided
his
vertues
,
and
especially
his
devotion
and
religious
worship
,
reproached
his
memory
,
as
a
cowardly
and
mean
spirited
Prince
;
and
,
diverting
the
minds
of
the
people
from
their
peaceable
and
honest
course
of
life
to
wars
and
depredations
,
was
himself
surprized
by
an
acute
and
tormenting
Disease
;
which
caused
him
to
change
his
mind
and
Even
Atheists
in
●ime
of
adve●sity
implore
the
Deity
.
call
upon
the
Gods
;
but
it
was
accompanied
with
such
superstition
and
vain
imaginations
,
as
was
much
differing
from
the
true
Piety
and
Religion
of
Numa
:
and
,
because
he
infected
others
with
the
contagion
of
his
errours
,
the
Gods
,
as
is
said
,
were
angry
,
and
revenged
their
own
dishonour
by
a
Thunder-bolt
which
stroke
him
dead
.
THE
COMPARISON
OF
NVMA
with
LYCVRGVS
.
HAving
thus
finished
the
Lives
of
Lycurgus
and
Numa
;
we
shall
now
(
though
the
work
be
difficult
)
compare
their
Actions
in
that
manner
together
,
so
as
easily
to
discern
wherein
they
differed
,
and
wherein
they
agreed
.
It
is
apparent
that
they
were
very
agreeable
in
the
actions
of
their
lives
,
their
Moderation
,
their
Religion
,
their
civil
Arts
and
political
Government
were
alike
;
and
both
insinuated
a
belief
in
the
people
,
that
they
derived
their
Laws
and
Constitutions
from
the
Gods
:
yet
in
their
peculiar
manner
of
managing
these
excellencies
,
there
were
many
circumstances
which
made
a
diversity
:
For
first
,
Numa
accepted
the
Kingdom
being
offered
,
but
Lycurgus
resigned
The
different
qualities
of
Lycurgus
and
Numa
.
it
;
the
one
from
a
private
person
and
a
stranger
was
created
King
,
the
other
from
the
condition
and
publick
character
of
a
Prince
descended
to
the
state
of
a
private
person
.
It
was
glorious
to
possess
a
Throne
in
Righteousness
and
Judgment
;
and
great
bravery
on
the
other
side
to
prefer
Justice
before
a
Kingdom
:
the
same
vertue
which
made
the
one
appear
worthy
of
Regal
power
,
exalted
the
other
to
a
degree
of
so
much
eminence
,
that
it
seemed
a
condescention
in
him
to
stoop
unto
a
Crown
:
lastly
,
as
Musicians
tune
their
Harps
according
to
their
Note
;
so
the
one
let
down
the
high
flown
spirits
of
the
people
at
Rome
to
a
lower
Key
,
as
the
other
screwed
them
up
at
Sparta
to
a
higher
Note
,
which
were
fallen
flat
by
dissoluteness
and
riot
.
For
it
was
not
so
much
the
business
and
care
of
Lycurgus
to
reason
his
Citizens
into
peace
,
or
to
perswade
them
to
put
off
their
Armour
,
or
ungird
their
Swords
;
as
it
was
to
moderate
their
love
to
Gold
or
Silver
,
or
the
profuseness
of
their
Tables
,
or
to
abate
their
extravagancies
in
rich
Clothes
and
Furniture
:
nor
was
it
necessary
to
preach
unto
them
,
that
,
laying
aside
their
Arms
,
they
should
observe
the
Festivals
,
and
sacrifice
to
the
Gods
;
but
rather
,
that
,
moderating
the
affluence
of
their
Tables
and
excess
of
diet
,
they
should
become
temperate
and
abstemious
,
and
employ
their
time
in
laborious
and
martial
exercises
:
so
that
the
one
moulded
his
Citizens
into
what
humour
he
pleased
,
by
a
gentle
and
soft
way
of
argument
;
the
other
with
danger
and
hazard
of
his
person
,
scarce
worked
upon
the
affections
of
a
dissolute
people
.
It
is
certain
,
that
Numa
was
naturally
endued
with
a
more
gentle
and
obliging
way
,
which
mollified
the
harsh
disposition
of
his
people
,
and
made
them
tractable
and
lovers
of
justice
:
but
Lycurgus
was
more
rigid
and
(
since
we
must
mention
it
)
we
cannot
excuse
his
severity
against
the
Ilotes
,
or
term
it
other
than
a
cruel
action
;
and
in
the
sum
of
all
conclude
,
that
Numa
was
far
the
more
moderate
and
plausible
Legislatour
;
granting
even
to
Servants
a
licence
to
sit
at
meat
with
their
Masters
at
the
Feast
of
Saturn
,
that
so
they
also
might
have
some
taste
and
relish
of
the
sweetness
of
liberty
.
Some
will
have
it
that
this
custom
Numa
's
indulgence
to
Slaves
variously
interpreted
.
was
introduced
by
Numa
on
this
just
reason
,
that
because
the
Servants
were
instrumental
in
cultivating
the
grounds
and
gathering
the
Fruits
which
the
Earth
produced
,
there
should
be
a
time
appointed
when
they
might
enjoy
the
fruits
of
their
labours
,
in
a
more
free
and
delightfull
manner
:
Others
will
have
it
to
be
in
remembrance
of
that
age
of
Saturn
,
when
there
was
no
distinction
between
the
Lord
and
the
Servant
;
but
all
lived
as
Kindred
and
Relations
in
a
parity
and
condition
of
equality
.
In
short
,
it
seems
that
both
aimed
at
the
same
design
and
intent
,
which
was
to
compose
and
incline
their
people
to
modesty
and
frugality
;
but
as
to
their
other
vertues
,
the
one
availed
himself
most
on
Fortitude
,
and
the
other
on
Justice
:
unless
we
will
attribute
their
different
ways
to
the
different
temperaments
of
their
people
;
for
Numa
did
not
out
of
cowardise
or
fear
affect
Peace
,
but
because
he
would
not
be
guilty
of
those
injuries
which
are
the
necessary
consequences
of
War
:
nor
did
Lycurgus
,
out
of
a
principle
of
violence
and
fury
,
promote
and
excite
a
spirit
of
War
in
his
people
,
but
rather
encouraged
the
art
of
War
,
and
inclined
their
minds
,
which
were
soft
and
enervated
by
Luxury
,
to
martial
Exercises
;
that
so
they
might
be
the
better
prepared
to
repell
injuries
,
and
resist
the
invasions
of
their
enemies
:
in
this
manner
both
having
occasion
to
operate
on
their
Citizens
,
and
make
a
change
and
alteration
in
their
humours
and
manners
,
the
one
cut
off
the
superfluities
and
excesses
,
whilst
the
other
supplied
the
defects
of
that
which
was
wanting
.
The
frame
of
Numa's
Politicks
did
most
sute
with
the
constitution
of
a
Common-wealth
,
and
more
respected
the
humour
of
a
popular
Government
;
for
having
ranged
his
people
into
several
Companies
,
such
as
Goldsmiths
,
Musicians
,
Shoo-makers
,
and
other
Handicraft
Trades
,
he
cherished
Numa
studious
of
Trade
,
Lycurgus
of
martial
Discipline
.
them
and
gave
them
privileges
by
their
Charters
:
but
the
Government
of
Lycurgus
was
more
Aristocratical
,
conferring
the
greatest
authority
on
the
Nobility
,
and
leaving
the
profession
of
mechanical
Arts
,
and
Trades
,
to
be
the
employment
onely
of
Strangers
,
and
of
the
low
and
baser
Commonalty
.
The
Citizens
he
allowed
onely
to
manage
the
Spear
and
Buckler
;
because
that
being
the
Ministers
and
Servants
of
Mars
,
they
had
no
great
need
of
knowledge
or
literature
more
than
to
observe
the
words
of
command
,
and
obey
their
Leaders
,
intending
by
their
discipline
of
War
to
enable
them
to
defend
themselves
and
offend
their
enemy
:
for
to
men
that
were
really
made
Free
and
become
Gentlemen
all
trade
and
traffick
was
forbidden
;
and
the
gainfull
and
pecuniary
Arts
,
and
the
care
of
Provisions
,
and
preparing
Suppers
and
Banquets
,
made
the
business
onely
of
Servants
,
or
of
the
Ilotes
.
But
Numa
made
none
of
these
distinctions
,
onely
he
took
care
that
men
grew
not
rich
by
Spoils
or
Prizes
taken
in
the
War
,
all
other
profits
and
acquisitions
being
allowable
by
the
Law
,
and
not
dishonourable
in
the
esteem
of
the
world
:
nor
did
he
endeavour
to
level
mens
Estates
,
or
reduce
them
to
an
equality
,
but
gave
every
man
a
liberty
to
amass
wealth
,
and
grow
as
rich
as
he
was
able
;
but
took
no
care
to
provide
against
poverty
,
which
,
by
the
additions
of
poor
people
,
which
flocked
to
the
City
,
increased
daily
.
In
the
beginning
of
all
,
he
ought
to
have
suppressed
or
discountenanced
covetousness
,
whilst
there
was
no
great
disparity
in
the
estates
of
men
,
and
whilst
the
balance
was
equal
;
and
,
after
the
example
of
Lycurgus
,
have
obviated
those
many
and
great
mischiefs
which
proceeded
from
avarice
,
as
the
fountain
and
original
of
them
all
:
and
yet
Lycurgus
is
not
to
be
blamed
for
establishing
the
Agrarian
Law
,
which
was
a
dividing
of
Lands
amongst
the
people
,
nor
was
Numa
to
be
reproved
for
not
admitting
such
Law
or
Custom
in
his
jurisdiction
:
because
equality
was
the
Basis
and
foundation
of
his
Commonwealth
,
but
the
case
of
Numa
was
far
different
;
for
the
division
of
Lands
having
been
formerly
admitted
and
made
,
the
taking
them
away
or
altering
mens
properties
in
them
,
could
not
have
been
performed
without
the
troubles
and
dangers
which
follow
such
innovations
.
Now
as
to
Marriages
,
and
the
regular
way
of
increasing
the
world
,
they
both
agreed
on
such
political
Constitutions
as
Their
different
Laws
and
Constitutions
in
Marriage
,
chiefly
design'd
to
prevent
Jealousie
.
should
clear
the
mind
of
Husbands
from
all
torment
of
jealousie
,
and
yet
their
Customs
and
Laws
herein
were
diversly
qualified
.
For
when
a
Roman
thought
himself
to
have
a
sufficient
provision
of
Children
,
in
case
his
neighbour
who
had
none
,
should
come
and
desire
him
to
accommodate
him
with
his
Wife
,
that
he
also
might
have
the
benefit
of
issue
from
his
fruitfull
Woman
;
he
had
a
lawfull
power
to
lend
her
to
him
who
desired
her
,
either
for
a
certain
time
,
or
else
to
loose
the
bonds
of
Marriage
,
and
consign
her
into
the
hands
of
her
Paramour
for
ever
.
But
the
Laconian
had
another
rule
,
for
it
was
allowable
for
him
to
afford
the
use
of
his
Wife
to
any
other
that
desired
to
have
Children
by
her
,
and
yet
still
to
keep
her
in
his
House
,
and
retain
the
bond
and
conditions
of
Marriage
in
the
same
force
and
vertue
as
before
:
nay
many
Husbands
(
as
we
have
said
)
would
often
invite
men
of
handsome
Features
and
comely
Bodies
to
their
Houses
,
in
hopes
of
Children
of
the
like
shapes
and
beauty
,
which
they
adopted
and
acknowledged
for
their
own
.
What
difference
was
there
then
between
these
several
customs
?
unless
it
be
this
,
That
the
free
use
which
the
Laconians
indulged
of
their
Women
was
a
remedy
against
the
humour
of
jealousie
,
which
often
affects
men
with
such
torment
of
mind
,
that
their
days
consume
in
sorrow
and
disquiet
:
the
other
of
the
Romans
conserved
some
respect
for
the
modesty
of
Women
,
and
the
sacredness
of
Marriage
,
not
enduring
a
community
of
Wives
in
the
same
House
,
nor
a
transferring
of
the
right
of
them
to
another
,
unless
the
matrimonial
Knot
were
first
dissolved
.
Moreover
the
Constitutions
of
Numa
as
to
Virgins
were
more
severe
,
prescribing
rules
to
keep
them
modest
,
and
free
from
all
suspicions
of
unchastity
:
but
the
Orders
of
Lycurgus
were
in
that
point
more
dissolute
,
giving
more
liberty
to
Maids
and
single
Women
;
which
afforded
to
the
Poets
subject
for
their
raillery
,
as
Ibycus
who
gave
them
the
Epithet
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
or
Wenches
that
held
up
their
Petticoats
as
far
as
their
Thighs
,
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
or
rampant
Girles
,
that
run
mad
for
a
Man
,
so
Euripides
saith
,
Where
wanton
Girles
with
roring
Boys
,
Fill
all
their
Fathers
House
with
noise
;
Clothes
loosely
flowing
with
a
slit
between
,
For
what
we
hide
,
they
would
have
seen
.
For
the
Habit
which
Maidens
wore
came
but
to
their
Knees
,
and
was
open
on
both
sides
,
so
that
as
they
walked
their
Thighs
appeared
bare
;
according
to
these
Verses
of
Sophocles
Hermione
tuck'd
up
her
Smock
on
high
,
Not
being
asham'd
to
shew
her
brawny
Thigh
.
This
manner
of
Habit
gave
the
Women
An
undecent
practice
of
the
Women
of
Laconia
.
such
confidence
,
that
they
hen-peck'd
their
Husbands
;
and
not
onely
bore
the
greatest
sway
at
home
,
but
also
had
the
privilege
of
Votes
in
publick
Assemblies
:
but
the
Matrons
under
the
Government
of
Numa
were
ruled
with
better
decorum
;
for
though
the
Husbands
were
very
indulgent
to
their
Sabine
Wives
,
endeavouring
to
compensate
for
their
Rape
,
in
the
Reign
of
Romulus
,
by
extraordinary
kindness
,
howsoever
their
liberty
was
restrained
within
some
terms
of
modesty
,
which
taught
them
sobriety
and
silence
,
and
to
abstain
from
Wine
and
freedom
of
discourse
,
and
long
visits
,
unless
in
company
or
presence
of
their
Husbands
:
So
that
when
at
a
certain
time
a
Woman
had
the
confidence
to
plead
her
own
cause
at
the
Bar
in
a
place
of
Judicature
;
it
seemed
so
strange
and
monstrous
a
thing
,
that
the
Senate
sent
to
enquire
of
the
Oracle
,
what
such
a
prodigy
in
nature
did
portend
:
and
indeed
the
vertue
of
modest
Women
is
best
illustrated
by
comparing
them
with
the
mischievous
examples
of
those
that
were
lewd
and
impudent
:
For
as
the
Greek
Historians
record
in
their
Annals
the
names
of
those
who
first
unsheathed
the
Sword
of
Civil
War
,
or
murthered
their
Brothers
,
or
were
Parricides
and
killed
their
Fathers
;
so
the
Roman
Writers
report
,
that
Spurius
Divorce
not
in
use
amongst
the
ancient
Romans
.
Carvilius
was
the
first
who
divorced
his
Wife
;
being
a
case
that
never
before
happened
in
the
space
of
230
years
from
the
Foundation
of
the
City
:
and
that
one
Thalea
,
the
Wife
of
Pinarius
,
was
the
first
that
had
any
quarrel
or
debate
with
her
Mother-in-law
,
Gegania
,
in
the
Reign
of
Tarquinius
Superbus
:
so
excellent
were
the
Laws
and
Constitutions
of
the
conjugal
Rites
of
that
City
,
that
such
peccadillio's
as
these
were
recounted
for
flagitious
crimes
,
and
the
least
failures
in
them
at
first
were
reputed
infamous
,
and
fit
to
be
branded
and
marked
with
shame
in
the
History
of
those
times
.
Now
the
Laws
which
Lycurgus
ordained
,
either
in
relation
to
Virgins
or
married
Women
,
were
different
:
for
he
esteeming
procreation
of
Children
to
be
the
principal
end
of
Marriage
,
would
fix
no
set
term
of
age
,
when
Men
or
Women
should
be
esteemed
capable
of
giving
their
consents
to
each
other
in
Marriage
;
for
he
thought
that
nature
being
the
principal
guide
in
that
matter
should
not
be
restrained
with
violence
,
which
produces
hatred
and
fear
;
but
rather
being
gently
indulged
,
when
youth
,
and
love
,
and
kindness
move
;
the
coition
might
be
more
satisfactory
,
and
consequently
the
Children
become
more
robust
,
strong
and
healthfull
.
But
the
Romans
designing
in
the
first
place
to
deliver
the
Bodies
of
their
Daughters
pure
and
undefiled
into
the
embraces
and
possession
of
the
Husband
,
made
it
lawfull
for
Fathers
to
marry
their
Daughters
at
twelve
years
of
age
,
or
under
:
which
first
way
of
Lycurgus
seems
more
agreeable
to
the
desires
of
Nature
,
which
onely
respects
the
procreation
of
Children
;
but
the
other
is
better
adapted
to
make
a
conjugal
life
comfortable
,
and
calculated
for
the
rules
of
moral
living
.
Howsoever
those
general
rules
which
Lycurgus
prescribed
for
education
of
Children
,
for
their
meetings
together
and
visits
,
as
also
those
regulations
he
made
in
their
Feasts
,
or
Compotations
,
Exercises
and
Sports
,
do
argue
,
that
Numa
was
in
some
manner
inferiour
to
him
in
the
art
and
mystery
of
giving
Laws
:
For
as
to
The
prudent
methods
of
Lycurgus
's
Constitutions
.
education
,
Lycurgus
was
of
opinion
,
That
Parents
were
rather
obliged
to
follow
the
inclinations
and
genius
of
their
Children
,
than
to
adhere
to
any
fixt
or
formal
rule
of
Discipline
:
as
for
example
,
if
a
Father
designing
to
make
his
Son
a
Husbandman
,
or
a
Carpenter
,
a
Brasier
,
or
a
Musician
;
will
he
not
first
consult
his
genius
or
inclinations
,
before
he
oblige
him
to
a
Profession
whereunto
he
hath
no
delight
,
and
for
which
he
hath
no
Talent
or
capacity
?
For
as
passengers
who
embark
together
on
the
same
Ship
,
though
they
have
diverse
designs
,
and
apply
themselves
to
different
interests
,
yet
when
Storms
arise
,
whereby
the
whole
Cargason
is
endangered
,
they
forsake
the
thoughts
of
their
private
concernments
,
that
they
may
unite
their
hands
and
heads
for
the
common
conservation
;
in
like
manner
,
the
Legislatours
or
Law-makers
,
whose
business
is
the
publick
good
,
are
not
required
to
give
or
prescribe
standing
rules
for
every
particular
action
or
private
affair
,
but
such
onely
as
respect
the
common
use
and
benefit
.
And
since
we
may
blame
the
common
sort
of
Legislatours
,
who
,
either
for
want
of
power
or
knowledge
,
take
false
measures
in
the
Maxims
they
lay
down
for
fundamental
Laws
:
how
much
rather
may
we
except
against
the
conduct
of
Numa
,
who
for
the
reputation
of
his
wisedom
onely
being
called
and
invited
by
the
general
consent
of
a
new
and
unsettled
people
to
be
their
King
,
did
not
in
the
first
place
provide
and
constitute
rules
for
the
education
of
Children
and
the
discipline
of
Youth
;
for
want
of
which
men
become
seditious
and
turbulent
,
and
live
not
quiet
in
their
Families
or
parishes
;
but
when
they
are
inured
from
their
Cradles
to
good
Principles
,
and
instructed
from
their
Infancy
in
the
rules
of
Morality
,
they
receive
such
impressions
of
Vertue
as
make
them
sensible
of
that
benefit
and
ease
which
peace
and
mutual
agreement
brings
to
a
Commonwealth
.
This
with
many
others
,
was
one
of
the
Politicks
of
Lycurgus
,
and
was
of
great
use
in
the
confirmation
and
establishment
of
his
Laws
.
An
instance
we
have
in
the
practice
of
Swearing
and
making
Oaths
a
part
of
Religion
,
which
had
An
Oath
held
sacred
by
the
Lacedemonians
.
proved
very
insignificant
,
unless
that
by
good
discipline
a
principle
had
been
at
first
instilled
of
the
sacredness
of
such
a
Function
;
and
this
was
the
cause
that
the
Lacedemonians
,
having
sucked
in
these
principles
with
their
milk
,
were
possessed
with
a
most
reverend
esteem
of
all
his
Institutions
;
so
that
the
main
points
and
fundamentals
of
his
Law
,
continued
for
above
500
years
in
force
with
strict
observance
,
and
without
any
violation
.
But
Numa
,
whose
whole
design
and
aim
was
peace
,
and
to
conserve
his
people
in
such
a
sense
of
Religion
and
Divine
worship
as
might
conduce
to
the
present
tranquillity
,
did
never
make
provisions
for
a
future
condition
,
or
for
the
time
of
War
:
and
therefore
no
sooner
did
he
expire
his
last
breath
,
than
peace
vanished
with
it
,
and
immediately
after
his
decease
the
Gates
of
Janus
Temple
flew
wide
open
;
and
as
if
War
had
been
long
pent
up
within
those
Walls
,
it
rush'd
forth
like
a
mighty
Storm
infesting
all
Italy
with
bloud
and
slaughter
:
and
thus
that
excellent
Fabrick
,
and
composition
of
Equity
and
Justice
was
dissolved
,
for
want
of
early
principles
,
instilled
by
good
education
Remissness
in
bringing
up
of
youth
prejudicial
to
the
Roman
State
.
into
youth
,
which
are
the
foundation
to
support
it
,
and
the
necessary
cement
which
unites
all
together
,
in
a
fixed
and
immutable
habit
.
What
then
(
may
some
say
)
hath
Rome
been
prejudiced
by
her
Wars
?
I
answer
that
this
question
,
which
men
make
,
who
take
their
measures
from
the
advance
of
Riches
and
Power
exalted
with
Luxury
,
rather
than
from
that
Innocence
and
moderation
of
Mind
,
which
is
always
accompanied
with
tranquillity
and
peace
,
is
not
to
be
resolved
by
a
sudden
answer
,
but
by
a
long
and
philosophical
discourse
.
Howsoever
it
makes
much
for
Lycurgus
,
that
so
soon
as
the
Romans
deserted
the
Doctrine
and
Discipline
of
Numa
,
their
Empire
grew
and
their
power
encreased
:
whenas
on
the
contrary
,
so
soon
as
the
Lacedemonians
fell
from
the
Institutions
of
Lycurgus
,
the
Fabrick
of
their
Government
dissolved
with
their
Laws
,
and
,
the
Grecian
Empire
being
lost
,
they
also
were
reduced
to
the
utmost
point
of
desolation
and
ruine
.
And
yet
there
is
something
peculiarly
signal
and
almost
Divine
in
the
circumstances
of
Numa
,
for
he
was
an
Alien
,
and
yet
courted
against
his
own
inclinations
to
accept
a
Kingdom
;
the
frame
of
which
though
he
entirely
altered
,
yet
he
performed
it
without
force
or
coaction
,
and
with
such
lenity
that
nothing
was
acted
but
with
the
assent
and
concurrence
of
the
people
.
Lycurgus
on
the
other
side
favoured
the
Nobility
,
and
made
them
the
Lords
and
Rulers
over
the
Commons
;
and
yet
that
Government
was
well
tempered
also
,
and
duly
poised
by
Wisedom
and
Justice
.
SOLON
portrait
Ὠ
Σόλον
,
Ὠ
Σόλον
.
Sturt
.
sc.
THE
LIFE
OF
SOLON
.
Translated
from
the
Greek
,
By
Thomas
Creech
,
of
Wadh.
Coll.
Oxon.
DYdymus
the
Grammarian
,
in
his
answer
to
Asclepiades
concerning
Solon's
Tables
,
mentions
a
passage
of
one
Philocles
,
who
delivers
that
Solon's
Father's
Solon
of
a
noble
Family
.
name
was
Euphorion
,
contrary
to
the
opinion
of
all
those
who
have
written
concerning
him
:
for
they
generally
agree
that
he
was
the
Son
of
Exestides
,
a
man
of
moderate
wealth
and
power
in
the
City
;
but
of
a
noble
Stock
,
being
descended
from
Codrus
:
his
Mother
,
as
Heraclides
Ponticus
affirms
,
was
Cousin
to
Pisistratus
his
Mother
,
and
those
two
at
first
were
great
Friends
,
partly
because
they
were
a
kin
,
and
partly
because
Pisistratus
was
a
handsome
Lov'd
Pisistratus
.
gracefull
man
,
and
they
say
Solon
lov'd
him
:
and
that
is
the
reason
,
I
suppose
,
that
when
afterwards
they
differ'd
about
the
Government
,
their
enmity
never
produc'd
any
hot
and
violent
passion
,
they
remembred
their
old
kindnesses
,
and
that
kept
the
flame
of
their
love
and
dear
affection
still
alive
:
For
that
Solon
was
Amorous
,
Solon
lov'd
Boys
.
and
unable
stoutly
to
resist
the
force
of
Beauty
,
we
may
conjecture
by
his
Poems
;
and
by
a
Law
he
forbad
Slaves
to
perfume
themselves
,
or
love
Boys
,
making
that
an
honourable
action
,
and
onely
fit
for
Gentlemen
,
and
as
it
were
inviting
the
Worthy
to
the
practice
,
when
he
commanded
the
Unworthy
to
forbear
.
Pisistratus
likewise
is
reported
to
have
lov'd
one
Charmus
,
and
to
have
consecrated
his
Statue
in
the
Academy
,
where
those
light
their
Torches
that
win
the
sacred
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
:
Solon
,
as
Ermippus
writes
,
when
his
Father
had
ruin'd
his
Estate
in
doing
benefits
and
kindnesses
to
other
men
,
though
he
had
Friends
enough
that
were
willing
to
contribute
to
his
relief
,
yet
he
was
asham'd
to
be
beholding
to
others
,
since
he
was
descended
from
a
Family
who
were
accustomed
to
doe
kindnesses
rather
than
receive
them
.
He
therefore
apply'd
himself
to
Merchandise
;
Solon
turns
Merchant
.
though
others
assure
us
that
Solon
travel'd
rather
to
get
Learning
and
Experience
than
to
raise
an
Estate
:
't
is
certain
that
he
was
a
lover
of
Wisedom
,
for
when
he
was
old
he
would
say
,
I
grow
old
still
learning
many
things
.
But
he
was
no
admirer
of
Riches
,
esteeming
those
equally
wealthy
Who
sees
vast
heaps
of
Gold
at
his
command
,
Fine
Horses
,
and
a
fair
Estate
in
Land
;
And
Him
,
to
whom
indulgent
Fate
bestow'd
Sufficient
wealth
to
buy
him
Clothes
and
Food
:
But
if
to
this
a
Wife
,
and
pratling
Boys
,
And
youth
,
and
grace
,
He
hath
the
height
of
Joys
.
And
in
another
place
,
I
would
be
rich
,
and
yet
to
raise
my
purse
Not
cheat
,
for
wealth
so
got
the
Gods
will
curse
.
Now
't
is
no
shame
for
a
prudent
man
and
a
good
Citizen
not
to
be
solicitous
about
superfluities
,
or
to
look
after
competent
necessaries
.
In
his
time
(
according
to
Hesiod
)
a
Trade
was
not
dishonourable
,
nor
did
it
debase
the
quality
of
the
professours
;
but
Merchandise
was
a
worthy
Calling
,
which
brought
home
the
good
things
which
the
barbarous
Nations
enjoy'd
,
was
the
occasion
of
friendship
with
their
Kings
,
and
mother
of
Experience
.
Some
Merchants
have
built
great
Cities
,
as
the
Founder
of
Massilia
,
that
man
so
much
esteem'd
by
the
Gauls
that
live
about
the
Rhone
:
some
also
report
that
Thales
and
Hyppocrates
the
Mathematician
traded
;
and
that
Plato
defray'd
the
charges
of
his
Travels
by
selling
Oil
in
Aegypt
.
Now
Solon's
softness
and
profuseness
,
his
discourse
of
pleasures
in
his
Poems
,
too
loose
for
a
Philosopher
,
were
occasion'd
by
his
trading
life
;
for
having
suffer'd
a
thousand
dangers
,
't
was
fit
they
should
be
recompenc'd
with
pleasure
and
enjoyments
:
but
that
he
accounted
himself
rather
poor
than
rich
is
evident
from
these
lines
;
Some
wicked
men
are
rich
,
some
good
are
poor
;
I
would
not
change
my
Vertue
for
their
store
:
For
that
's
a
sure
possession
,
firm
as
Fate
;
Whilst
wealth
now
flies
to
this
man
,
now
to
that
.
At
first
he
us'd
his
Poetry
onely
in
trifles
,
Solon
a
Poet.
in
vain
humours
,
and
to
pass
away
his
idle
hours
:
but
afterwards
his
Numbers
contein'd
moral
Sentences
,
and
many
transactions
of
the
Commonwealth
,
which
he
did
not
write
for
the
bare
sake
of
the
History
;
but
to
apologize
for
his
own
actions
,
and
sometimes
to
correct
,
chastise
and
stir
up
the
Athenians
to
noble
performances
.
Some
report
that
he
design'd
to
put
his
Laws
into
a
Poem
,
and
began
it
thus
,
We
humbly
beg
a
blessing
on
our
Laws
From
mighty
Jove
,
and
honour
and
applause
.
Of
moral
Philosophy
,
as
most
of
the
then
Learned
onely
Politicks
.
wise
men
,
he
chiefly
esteemed
Politicks
;
in
Physicks
he
was
very
rude
and
illiterate
,
as
appears
by
this
,
Soft
Snow
and
Hail
fall
from
a
frozen
Cloud
;
From
glaring
Lightning
Thunder
roars
aloud
?
The
Winds
make
the
Seas
rough
,
they
vex
the
Main
;
But
when
they
cease
to
blow
,
't
is
smooth
and
plain
.
And
indeed
't
is
probable
,
that
at
that
time
Thales
onely
had
rais'd
wisedom
above
practice
into
speculation
;
and
the
other
six
were
call'd
wise
from
their
prudence
in
Politick
concerns
.
Fame
delivers
that
they
had
an
enterview
at
Delphos
,
and
another
at
Corinth
,
The
meeting
of
the
wise
Men.
by
the
procurement
of
Periander
,
who
made
provision
for
their
entertainment
:
but
their
reputation
was
chiefly
raised
Of
the
Tripod
sent
to
the
wise
Men.
by
sending
the
Tripod
to
them
all
,
and
their
modest
refusal
,
and
complaisant
yielding
to
one
another
:
For
(
as
the
story
goes
)
some
of
the
Coans
fishing
with
a
Net
,
some
strangers
,
Milesians
,
bought
the
draught
at
a
venture
;
the
Net
brought
up
a
golden
Tripod
,
which
(
they
say
)
Helen
at
her
return
from
Troy
,
upon
the
remembrance
of
an
old
prophecy
,
threw
in
there
.
Now
the
strangers
at
first
contesting
with
the
Fishers
about
the
Tripod
,
and
the
Cities
espousing
the
quarrel
so
far
as
to
engage
themselves
in
a
War
;
Apollo
decided
the
Controversie
,
by
commanding
to
present
it
to
the
wisest
Man
:
and
first
it
was
sent
to
Miletum
to
Thales
,
the
Coans
freely
presenting
him
with
that
for
which
they
fought
all
the
Milesians
,
but
Thales
declaring
Bias
the
wiser
person
,
it
was
sent
to
him
;
from
him
to
another
;
and
so
going
round
them
all
,
it
came
to
Thales
a
second
time
;
and
at
last
,
being
carried
from
Miletum
to
Thebes
,
it
was
there
dedicated
to
Apollo
Ismenius
.
Theophrastus
writes
,
that
it
was
first
presented
to
Bias
at
Priene
;
and
next
to
Thales
at
Miletum
;
and
so
through
all
it
returned
to
Bias
,
and
was
afterwards
sent
to
Delphos
.
This
is
a
general
report
,
onely
some
instead
of
a
Tripod
say
this
present
was
a
Cup
sent
by
Croesus
;
others
a
piece
of
Plate
that
one
Buthocles
had
left
.
'T
is
reported
that
Anacharsis
Anacharsis
and
Solon
acquainted
.
and
Solon
,
and
Solon
and
Thales
were
familiarly
acquainted
,
and
some
have
deliver'd
parts
of
their
discourse
:
For
(
they
say
)
Anacharsis
coming
to
Athens
,
knock'd
at
Solon's
Door
,
and
told
him
,
That
he
being
a
stranger
was
come
to
be
his
Guest
,
and
contract
a
Friendship
with
him
:
and
Solon
replying
,
'T
is
better
to
seek
Friends
at
home
,
Anacharsis
return'd
,
Then
you
that
are
at
home
take
me
as
a
Guest
and
as
a
Friend
:
Solon
somewhat
surprised
at
the
briskness
of
that
Repartee
,
receiv'd
him
kindly
,
and
kept
him
some
time
with
him
,
whilst
he
was
managing
the
Commonwealth
,
and
contriving
his
Laws
;
which
when
Anacharsis
understood
,
he
laught
at
him
,
for
imagining
the
Citizens
unruly
desires
and
affections
could
be
restrain'd
by
these
Laws
,
which
were
like
Spider's
Webs
,
and
would
catch
,
't
is
true
,
the
weak
and
poor
,
but
Anacharsis
's
saying
of
Laws
.
are
easily
broken
by
the
mighty
and
rich
.
To
this
Solon
return'd
,
Men
keep
their
promises
when
neither
side
can
get
any
thing
by
the
breaking
of
them
;
and
he
would
so
fit
his
Laws
to
the
Citizens
,
that
all
should
understand
't
was
more
eligible
to
be
just
and
obey
,
than
act
contrary
to
the
command
.
But
the
event
rather
agreed
with
the
conjecture
of
Anacharsis
,
than
Solon's
hope
.
Anacharsis
,
being
one
time
at
the
Assembly
,
said
,
he
wondred
much
that
in
Anacharsis
saying
of
the
Grecian
Assemblies
.
Greece
the
Wise
men
should
propose
causes
,
and
Fools
determine
.
When
Solon
came
to
Thales
at
Miletum
,
Solon
and
Thales
acquainted
.
he
wondred
that
Thales
took
no
care
to
get
him
a
Wife
and
Children
.
To
this
Thales
made
no
answer
for
the
present
,
but
a
few
days
after
dealt
with
a
stranger
to
pretend
that
he
came
from
Athens
ten
days
ago
;
and
Solon
enquiring
what
news
there
,
the
man
,
according
to
his
instructions
,
reply'd
,
None
,
but
concerning
a
young
man's
Funeral
which
the
whole
City
celebrated
;
for
he
was
(
as
the
story
went
)
the
Son
of
an
honourable
Man
,
and
the
most
vertuous
of
his
Citizens
;
who
was
not
then
at
home
,
but
had
been
travelling
a
long
time
.
Solon
reply'd
what
a
miserable
man
is
he
!
but
what
was
his
name
?
I
have
heard
it
,
says
the
Man
,
but
have
now
forgotten
it
,
onely
there
was
a
great
talk
of
his
Wisedom
and
his
Justice
.
Thus
Solon
was
drawn
Thales
concerning
Marriage
.
on
by
every
answer
,
and
his
fears
heightned
,
till
at
last
,
being
extremely
concern'd
,
he
mention'd
his
own
name
,
and
ask't
the
stranger
if
that
young
man
was
not
call'd
Solon's
Son
;
and
the
stranger
assenting
,
he
began
to
beat
his
head
,
and
to
doe
and
speak
all
those
things
which
usually
come
from
men
in
so
great
a
passion
:
But
Thales
held
him
,
and
with
a
smile
said
,
These
things
,
Solon
,
keep
me
from
Marriage
and
getting
Children
,
which
are
too
great
for
your
courage
and
your
constancy
to
support
;
however
be
not
concern'd
at
the
report
,
for
't
is
a
Fiction
.
This
Ermippus
delivers
from
Pataecus
,
who
boasted
that
he
had
Aesop's
Soul
.
But
't
is
We
should
seek
conveniencies
though
we
must
once
lose
them
.
weak
and
absurd
not
to
seek
conveniencies
for
fear
of
loosing
them
,
for
upon
the
same
account
,
we
should
neither
love
Wealth
,
Glory
,
nor
Wisedom
,
since
we
may
fear
to
be
depriv'd
of
all
these
:
nay
,
even
Vertue
it self
,
than
which
there
is
no
greater
,
nor
more
desirable
possession
,
is
often
lost
by
Sickness
or
Enchantments
:
Now
Thales
,
though
unmarried
,
could
not
be
free
from
solicitude
,
unless
he
likewise
took
no
care
of
his
Friends
,
his
Kinsmen
,
or
his
Country
;
nay
(
as
History
delivers
)
he
adopted
Cubisthus
his
Sister's
Son
.
For
the
Soul
,
having
a
principle
of
kindness
in
it self
,
and
being
born
to
love
,
as
well
as
perceive
,
think
or
remember
,
inclines
,
and
fixes
upon
some
stranger
,
when
she
hath
none
of
her
own
to
embrace
.
And
as
when
an
Estate
wants
a
lawfull
Heir
,
strangers
or
Bastards
endeavour
to
win
the
kind
possessour
,
and
when
they
have
once
gotten
his
affection
,
his
care
and
tenderness
encreaseth
with
his
love
;
insomuch
that
some
men
that
are
rigid
against
the
Marriage-bed
,
and
slight
the
fruit
of
it
,
when
their
Servant's
or
Harlot's
Boy
is
sick
or
dies
,
are
almost
kill'd
with
grief
,
and
miserably
lament
.
Some
have
very
meanly
,
and
below
the
dignity
of
a
Man
mourn'd
for
the
loss
of
a
Dog
,
or
Horse
;
others
upon
the
death
of
vertuous
Children
,
have
not
been
concern'd
,
nor
guilty
of
a
mean
action
;
but
pass'd
the
rest
of
their
lives
like
men
,
and
according
to
the
principles
of
reason
.
For
't
is
not
benevolence
,
but
weakness
that
prompts
a
Man
to
continual
grief
,
and
makes
those
fear
whom
Reason
hath
not
arm'd
against
Fortune
,
insomuch
that
they
cannot
enjoy
the
thing
that
they
desire
,
the
fear
of
losing
it
still
vexing
,
and
bringing
constant
racks
and
torments
to
their
minds
.
Now
we
must
not
provide
against
the
loss
of
Wealth
,
by
Poverty
;
or
of
Friends
,
by
refusing
all
acquaintance
;
or
of
Children
,
by
getting
none
,
but
by
Morality
and
Reason
:
But
of
this
too
much
.
Now
when
the
Athenians
were
tired
with
a
tedious
and
difficult
War
,
that
they
managed
against
the
Megarensians
for
the
Island
Salamis
;
and
made
a
Law
that
it
should
be
death
for
any
man
,
by
writing
or
speaking
,
to
assert
that
the
City
ought
to
endeavour
to
recover
it
:
Solon
,
vext
at
the
disgrace
,
and
perceiving
thousands
of
the
youth
wish'd
for
some
body
to
begin
,
but
did
not
dare
to
stir
first
for
fear
of
the
Law
;
he
counterfeited
a
distraction
,
and
Solon
counterfeits
himself
mad
.
by
his
own
Family
it
was
spread
abroad
the
City
that
he
was
mad
:
he
secretly
compos'd
an
Elegy
,
and
,
getting
it
by
heart
that
it
might
seem
extempore
,
he
ran
out
into
the
Market-place
with
a
Cap
upon
his
Head
,
and
,
the
people
gathering
about
him
,
got
up
upon
the
standing
of
the
Cryer
,
and
sang
that
Elegy
which
begins
thus
,
From
Salamis
that
glorious
Isle
I
come
And
bring
you
news
,
and
noble
Verses
home
.
That
Poem
is
call'd
Salamis
,
it
contains
an
hundred
Verses
,
and
elegantly
written
:
now
whilst
he
sang
,
his
Friends
commended
it
,
and
especially
Pisistratus
,
who
exhorted
the
Citizens
to
obey
his
directions
;
insomuch
that
they
recall'd
the
Law
,
and
renew'd
the
War
under
Solon's
conduct
.
The
common
report
is
,
that
with
Pisistratus
he
sail'd
to
Coliada
,
and
finding
the
Women
,
according
to
the
custom
of
the
Country
there
,
sacrificing
to
Ceres
,
he
sent
a
trusty
Friend
to
Salamis
,
who
should
pretend
Solon
retakes
Salamis
.
himself
a
Renegade
,
and
advise
them
,
if
they
desired
to
seize
the
chief
Athenian
Women
,
to
make
all
sail
to
Colias
:
the
Megarensians
presently
man'd
a
Ship
,
and
Solon
seeing
it
put
off
from
the
Island
,
commanded
the
Women
to
be
gone
,
and
some
beardless
youths
dress'd
in
their
Garments
,
their
Shoes
and
Mitres
,
and
privately
arm'd
with
Daggers
,
to
dance
and
wanton
near
the
shore
,
till
the
Enemies
had
landed
,
and
the
Ship
was
in
their
power
.
Things
being
thus
ordered
,
the
Megarensians
were
allur'd
with
the
appearance
,
and
,
coming
near
,
leap'd
eager
upon
their
prey
,
so
that
not
one
of
them
escaped
,
and
the
Athenians
presently
set
Sail
for
the
Island
,
and
took
it
.
Others
deliver
that
it
was
not
taken
this
way
,
but
that
he
first
received
this
Oracle
from
Delphos
,
Those
Heroes
that
in
fair
Asopia
rest
,
All
buried
with
their
Faces
to
the
West
Appease
,
go
offer
what
shall
please
them
best
.
And
that
Solon
sailing
by
night
to
the
Island
,
sacrific'd
to
the
Heroes
Periphemus
and
Cichris
,
and
then
taking
500
Athenians
Voluntiers
,
(
a
Law
having
pass'd
that
those
that
took
the
Island
should
be
chiefest
in
the
Government
)
with
a
number
of
Fisher
Boats
,
and
one
great
Ship
,
he
anchored
in
a
Bay
of
Salamis
that
looks
towards
Euboea
:
and
the
Megarensians
that
were
then
in
the
Island
being
alarm'd
by
an
uncertain
report
,
in
great
disorder
betook
themselves
to
their
Arms
;
and
sent
a
Ship
to
discover
the
Enemies
.
This
Ship
Solon
took
,
and
securing
the
Megarensians
,
man'd
it
with
Athenians
,
and
gave
them
orders
to
sail
to
the
Island
with
as
much
privacy
as
possible
;
and
he
with
the
other
Souldiers
march'd
against
the
Megarensians
by
Land
.
Now
whilst
they
were
fighting
,
those
from
the
Ship
took
the
City
,
and
this
relation
is
confirm'd
by
the
following
solemnity
;
for
an
Athenian
Ship
at
first
sail'd
silently
to
the
Island
,
then
,
with
noise
and
a
great
shout
,
one
leaps
out
arm'd
,
and
with
a
strong
cry
runs
to
the
Promontory
Sciradium
,
to
meet
those
that
approach
upon
the
Land
;
and
just
by
there
stands
a
Temple
,
which
Solon
dedicated
to
Mars
;
for
he
beat
the
Megarensians
,
and
as
many
as
were
not
kill'd
in
the
Battel
he
sent
away
upon
Articles
:
but
the
Megarensians
still
contending
,
and
both
sides
having
received
considerable
losses
,
they
chose
the
Spartans
for
Arbitrators
:
Now
many
affirm
that
Homers
authority
did
Solon
a
considerable
kindness
,
and
that
he
having
inserted
a
line
into
the
Catalogue
of
Ships
,
read
these
Verses
when
the
matter
was
to
be
determined
.
Twelve
Ships
from
Salamis
stout
Ajax
brought
,
And
rank't
his
Men
where
the
Athenians
fought
.
The
Athenians
account
this
but
an
idle
story
,
and
report
,
that
Solon
made
it
appear
to
the
Judges
,
that
Philaeus
and
Eurysaces
,
the
Sons
of
Ajax
,
being
made
free
of
Athens
,
gave
them
the
Island
;
and
that
one
of
them
dwelt
at
Buron
in
Attica
,
the
other
at
Melite
;
and
that
the
Tribe
of
the
Phileides
,
from
which
Pisistratus
was
descended
,
receiv'd
its
name
from
this
Philaeus
.
A
further
argument
against
the
Megarensians
is
taken
from
the
dead
Bodies
,
which
are
not
buried
after
their
fashion
,
but
according
to
the
Athenian
:
for
the
Megarensians
turn
the
Carcase
to
the
East
,
the
Athenians
to
the
West
(
but
Hereas
the
Megarensian
denies
this
,
and
affirms
that
they
likewise
turn
the
Body
to
the
West
)
and
that
the
Athenians
have
a
Sepulchre
for
every
Body
,
but
the
Megarensians
put
two
or
three
into
one
:
and
farther
they
report
,
that
some
of
Apollo's
Oracles
,
where
he
calls
Salamis
Ionia
,
made
much
for
Solon
.
This
matter
was
determined
by
five
Spartans
,
Critolaides
,
Amompharetus
,
Hypsechidas
,
Anaxilas
and
Cleomenes
.
For
this
Solon
grew
fam'd
,
and
powerfull
;
but
his
advice
to
Solon
's
Religion
.
revenge
the
God
at
Delphos
,
to
assist
him
,
and
not
suffer
the
Cirrheans
to
profane
the
Oracle
,
got
him
most
repute
among
the
Grecians
:
for
upon
his
perswasion
,
the
Amphyctiones
undertook
the
War
,
as
amongst
others
,
Aristotle
affirms
in
his
Treatise
of
the
Victors
at
the
Pythian
Games
,
where
he
makes
Solon
the
Authour
of
this
Counsel
:
Solon
was
not
General
in
that
Expedition
,
as
Ermippus
delivers
out
of
Evanthes
the
Samian
,
for
Aeschines
the
Oratour
says
no
such
thing
,
and
in
the
Commentary
of
the
Delphian
affairs
Alcmaeon
,
not
Solon
is
declared
Leader
.
Now
the
Cylonian
villany
had
a
long
while
disturb'd
the
Commonwealth
,
even
from
that
time
when
Megacles
the
Archon
perswaded
the
conspiratours
with
Cylon
that
took
sanctuary
in
Minerva's
Temple
,
to
stand
to
a
fair
trial
;
and
they
tying
a
thred
to
the
Image
,
and
holding
one
end
of
it
,
went
down
to
the
Tribunal
:
but
when
they
came
to
the
Temple
of
the
Furies
,
the
thred
brake
of
its
own
accord
,
upon
which
,
as
if
the
Goddess
had
refus'd
them
protection
,
they
were
seiz'd
by
Megacles
,
and
the
other
Magistrates
:
as
many
as
were
without
the
Temples
were
stoned
,
those
that
fled
for
sanctuary
were
butchered
at
the
Altar
,
and
onely
those
escaped
who
made
their
application
to
the
Wives
of
the
Magistrates
.
But
from
that
time
they
were
call'd
execrable
,
and
hated
.
The
remainder
of
this
Faction
grew
strong
again
,
and
had
continual
quarrels
with
the
Family
of
Megacles
;
now
when
the
quarrel
was
at
height
,
and
the
People
divided
,
Solon
being
then
in
reputation
with
the
chiefest
of
the
Athenians
interpos'd
;
and
by
intreaty
and
admonition
perswaded
the
Execrable
to
submit
to
a
trial
,
and
the
determination
of
three
hundred
noble
Citizens
:
Myron
,
the
Son
of
Phlyeus
,
being
their
accuser
they
lost
the
cause
,
and
as
many
as
were
then
alive
were
banished
,
and
the
Carcases
of
the
dead
were
dug
up
,
and
scattered
beyond
the
confines
of
the
Country
.
In
the
midst
of
these
distractions
,
the
Megarensians
falling
upon
them
,
they
lost
Nisaea
and
Salamis
again
:
besides
the
City
was
disturb'd
with
superstitious
fears
,
and
strange
appearances
;
and
the
Priests
declar'd
that
the
Sacrifices
intimated
some
villanies
and
pollutions
that
were
to
be
expiated
:
upon
this
they
sent
for
Epimenides
Phaestius
from
Crete
,
Epimenides
the
Cretan
.
who
is
counted
the
seventh
wise
man
by
those
that
will
not
admit
Periander
into
the
number
:
He
seems
to
be
a
pious
man
,
skilfull
in
the
method
of
Expiations
and
the
rites
of
Religion
;
and
therefore
the
men
of
his
Age
call'd
him
the
new
Curetes
,
and
Son
of
the
Nymph
Balte
:
when
he
came
to
Athens
,
and
grew
acquainted
with
Solon
,
he
settled
many
things
in
order
to
his
Laws
:
He
made
them
decent
in
their
worship
,
abated
their
mourning
,
by
ordering
some
Sacrifices
presently
after
the
Funeral
;
and
taking
off
those
severe
and
barbarous
Ceremonies
which
the
Women
usually
practised
:
but
the
greatest
benefit
was
his
cleansing
the
City
,
by
certain
propitiatory
and
expiatory
lustrations
;
and
by
that
means
making
them
more
pliable
to
justice
,
and
more
ready
to
be
united
.
'T
is
reported
that
looking
upon
Munychia
,
and
considering
a
while
,
he
said
to
those
that
stood
by
,
How
blind
is
man
in
future
things
!
for
did
the
Athenians
foresee
what
mischief
this
would
doe
their
City
,
they
would
e'en
eat
it
to
be
free
;
and
some
report
that
Thales
made
the
like
conjecture
,
for
he
commanded
his
Friends
to
bury
him
in
an
obscure
and
contemn'd
quarter
of
Milesia
,
saying
that
should
once
be
the
Forum
of
the
Milesians
:
Epimenides
being
much
admired
,
and
presented
by
the
City
with
rich
gifts
,
and
considerable
honours
,
requested
but
one
branch
of
the
sacred
Olive
,
and
that
being
granted
he
return'd
.
The
Athenians
now
free
from
the
Cylonian
The
Athenians
quarrel
about
the
Government
.
sedition
,
and
the
execrable
banish'd
,
fell
into
their
old
quarrels
about
the
Government
;
there
being
as
many
different
parties
,
as
there
were
divisions
in
the
City
;
The
Higher
quarter
favoured
Democracy
,
the
Lower
Oligarchy
,
and
those
that
liv'd
toward
the
Sea
,
stood
for
a
mixt
sort
of
Government
,
and
so
hindred
either
of
the
other
parties
from
prevailing
:
At
the
same
time
also
the
Poor
quarrelling
with
the
Rich
about
the
inequality
of
Estates
,
the
City
seem'd
in
a
desperate
condition
and
to
be
freed
from
its
disturbances
and
settled
by
a
Tyranny
alone
:
for
all
the
People
were
indebted
to
the
Rich
;
and
either
they
manur'd
their
Grounds
,
paying
them
six
parts
of
the
encrease
,
and
were
therefore
call'd
Hectemorii
and
Thetes
:
or
else
they
engaged
their
Body
for
the
debt
,
and
might
be
seized
by
their
Creditours
;
so
some
of
them
were
made
Slaves
at
home
,
others
sold
to
strangers
;
some
(
for
no
Law
forbad
it
)
were
forc'd
to
sell
their
Children
,
or
run
their
Country
to
avoid
the
cruelty
of
their
Creditours
;
but
the
most
and
stoutest
of
the
People
rose
,
and
exhorted
one
another
to
stand
to
it
to
chuse
a
Leader
,
to
destroy
the
savage
exactours
,
divide
the
Land
,
and
change
the
Government
.
Then
the
wisest
of
the
Athenians
perceiving
Solon
had
least
practised
those
exactions
;
that
he
had
not
sided
with
the
Rich
,
and
was
not
indebted
with
the
Poor
,
prest
him
to
assist
the
Commonwealth
and
compose
the
differences
:
Though
Phanias
the
Lesbian
affirms
that
Solon
quiets
the
Sedition
.
Solon
,
to
save
his
Country
,
put
a
trick
upon
both
parties
,
and
privately
promised
the
Poor
a
division
of
the
Lands
,
and
the
Rich
security
for
their
Debts
:
Solon
was
unwilling
to
meddle
at
first
,
being
afraid
of
the
pride
of
one
party
and
the
greediness
of
the
other
;
but
he
was
chosen
Archon
with
Philombrotus
,
and
impower'd
to
be
an
Arbitrator
and
settle
Laws
;
the
Rich
consenting
because
he
was
wealthy
,
the
Poor
because
he
was
honest
:
There
is
a
saying
of
his
before
the
Election
,
that
Equality
never
breeds
War
,
and
this
pleas'd
both
parties
,
the
Wealthy
and
the
Poor
;
the
one
expecting
this
Equality
in
Dignity
and
Power
,
the
other
in
Riches
and
Estate
.
Thus
there
being
great
hopes
on
both
sides
,
the
chief
men
prest
Solon
to
take
the
Government
into
his
own
hands
,
and
when
he
was
once
settled
manage
the
business
roundly
and
according
to
his
pleasure
:
and
many
of
the
Commons
,
perceiving
it
would
be
a
difficult
change
to
be
effected
by
Law
and
Reason
,
were
willing
to
have
one
wise
and
just
man
set
over
the
Affairs
:
and
some
say
that
Solon
had
this
Oracle
from
Apollo
Sit
in
the
midst
,
if
you
the
Ship
will
guide
,
And
thousands
shall
assist
to
stem
the
Tide
:
But
chiefly
his
Familiars
chid
him
for
disaffecting
Solon
refuses
to
be
a
Monarch
.
Monarchy
onely
for
its
name
,
as
if
the
vertue
of
the
Ruler
could
not
make
it
a
lawfull
Form
:
That
this
Euboea
had
experimented
who
chose
Tunondas
,
and
Mytilene
who
took
Pittacus
for
their
Prince
:
yet
this
could
not
shake
Solon's
resolution
,
but
(
as
they
say
)
he
reply'd
to
his
Friends
,
'T
is
true
a
Tyranny
is
a
very
fair
spot
,
but
it
hath
no
way
to
go
out
at
:
and
in
a
Copy
of
Verses
to
Phocus
he
writes
,
That
I
have
spar'd
my
Country
,
kept
my
Fame
,
Nor
stain'd
my
Glory
with
a
Tyrant's
name
,
That
when
I
could
destroy
I
chose
to
save
,
I
cannot
blush
,
I
think
my
Actions
brave
:
From
which
't
is
manifest
that
he
was
a
man
of
great
reputation
before
he
gave
his
Laws
.
The
several
jeers
that
were
put
upon
him
for
refusing
the
Power
,
he
delivers
in
these
words
:
Sure
Solon
was
a
soft
,
a
shallow
fool
,
Who
when
the
Power
was
offer'd
would
not
rule
;
The
Fish
were
in
his
Net
,
that
Many
caught
,
Yet
he
,
mean
Soul
,
refus'd
to
take
the
draught
:
For
else
to
have
enjoy'd
but
one
day's
reign
He
would
have
suffer'd
the
severest
pain
:
To
have
obtain'd
such
power
in
such
a
place
He
would
have
lost
himself
,
and
damn'd
his
Race
.
Thus
he
makes
the
Many
and
the
Rascals
speak
of
him
.
Yet
though
he
refus'd
the
Government
he
was
not
too
remiss
in
the
Affairs
,
he
did
not
appear
mean
and
crouching
Solon
's
good
behaviour
.
to
the
powerfull
;
nor
made
his
Laws
to
pleasure
those
that
chose
him
;
for
where
't
was
well
before
he
apply'd
no
remedy
,
nor
altered
any
thing
,
for
fear
lest
unsettling
,
and
bringing
the
Commonwealth
into
a
confusion
,
he
should
be
too
weak
to
new
model
and
raise
it
to
a
tolerable
condition
;
but
what
he
thought
he
could
effect
by
perswasion
upon
the
pliable
,
and
by
force
upon
the
stubborn
,
that
he
did
;
joyning
(
as
he
himself
speaks
)
force
and
justice
;
and
therefore
when
he
was
afterwards
ask'd
if
he
had
left
the
Athenians
the
best
Laws
that
could
be
given
,
he
reply'd
,
I
have
established
the
best
They
could
receive
.
The
way
which
the
Athenians
use
to
take
off
from
the
badness
of
the
thing
,
by
giving
it
a
good
and
innocent
appellation
,
as
for
a
Whore
a
Mistress
;
for
Taxes
Rates
;
for
Garrisons
Guards
;
for
Prisons
Houses
of
Custody
;
seem'd
at
first
to
be
Solon's
contrivance
,
who
nam'd
this
taking
off
the
Peoples
Debts
Seisacthia
,
a
throwing
off
a
Burthen
:
for
the
first
thing
which
he
settled
Solon
frees
the
People
from
their
Debts
.
was
that
what
Debts
remain'd
should
be
forgiven
,
and
no
man
for
the
future
should
engage
his
Body
for
a
sum
of
Money
:
Though
some
(
as
Androtion
)
affirm
that
the
Debts
were
not
taken
off
;
but
the
use
onely
lessened
,
which
so
pleas'd
the
People
,
that
they
nam'd
that
kindness
Seisacthia
,
together
with
the
enlarging
their
Measures
,
and
encreasing
the
value
of
their
Money
;
for
he
made
a
Pound
which
before
contain'd
but
seventy
three
Drachms
,
to
contain
an
hundred
,
so
that
though
the
number
of
pieces
in
the
payment
was
equal
,
the
value
was
less
;
which
prov'd
a
considerable
benefit
to
those
that
were
to
discharge
great
Debts
,
and
no
loss
to
the
Creditours
:
But
most
agree
that
't
was
the
taking
off
the
Debts
that
was
call'd
Seisacthia
,
which
is
confirm'd
by
some
places
in
his
Poem
,
where
he
glories
that
he
had
remov'd
the
Tyes
from
their
Estates
,
that
heretofore
they
were
Slaves
now
Free
,
that
some
which
were
seiz'd
for
their
Debts
he
had
brought
back
from
other
Countries
,
where
by
the
length
of
their
exile
they
had
forgotten
their
Mother
Tongue
,
and
some
he
had
set
at
liberty
which
were
in
cruel
slavery
at
home
.
When
he
was
designing
this
,
a
very
unlucky
thing
hapned
;
for
when
he
had
resolv'd
to
take
off
the
Debts
,
and
was
thinking
on
a
good
way
and
fit
beginning
for
the
action
,
he
told
some
of
his
Friends
,
Conon
,
Clinias
and
Hipponicus
,
in
whom
he
had
a
great
deal
of
confidence
,
that
he
would
not
meddle
with
the
Lands
,
but
onely
free
the
People
from
their
Debts
;
they
using
the
advantage
,
took
up
vast
sums
of
Money
and
purchased
some
large
Farms
,
and
when
the
Law
was
enacted
they
kept
the
Possessions
,
and
would
not
return
the
Money
;
which
brought
Solon
into
a
great
suspicion
and
dislike
,
as
if
he
himself
had
not
been
abus'd
,
but
was
concern'd
in
the
contrivance
:
but
he
presently
stop'd
this
suspicion
by
releasing
his
Debtours
of
five
Talents
(
for
he
had
lent
so
much
)
according
to
the
Law
:
others
,
as
Goluzelus
the
Rhodian
,
say
fifteen
,
but
his
Friends
were
ever
afterward
called
Chreocopidoe
.
In
this
he
pleas'd
neither
Party
,
for
the
Rich
were
angry
for
their
Money
,
and
the
Poor
that
the
Land
was
not
divided
,
and
(
as
Lycurgus
ordered
in
his
Commonwealth
)
all
levell'd
to
one
degree
.
He
't
is
true
being
the
Eleventh
from
Hercules
,
and
having
reign'd
many
years
in
Lacedaemon
had
gotten
a
The
difference
between
Solon
and
Lycurgus
.
great
reputation
,
power
and
Friends
which
he
could
use
in
modelling
his
State
;
and
applying
force
more
than
perswasion
insomuch
that
he
lost
his
eye
in
the
scuffle
,
brought
about
the
most
effectual
means
to
preserve
and
unite
a
State
by
not
permitting
any
to
be
Poor
or
Rich
in
his
Commonwealth
.
But
Solon
could
not
rise
to
that
by
his
Polity
,
yet
he
acted
to
the
height
of
his
power
,
having
nothing
but
the
good
will
and
good
opinion
of
his
Citizens
to
rely
on
:
And
that
he
offended
most
that
look'd
for
another
posture
of
Affairs
,
he
declares
in
these
words
:
Once
they
ador'd
me
,
but
they
now
despise
,
And
squint
upon
me
with
their
envious
eyes
!
But
in
a
little
time
being
sensible
of
the
Solon
entrusted
with
all
the
power
.
profit
,
they
laid
by
their
grudges
,
made
a
publick
Sacrifice
,
calling
it
Seisacthia
,
and
chose
Solon
to
new
model
and
make
Laws
for
the
Commonwealth
:
They
gave
him
power
over
all
their
Magistracies
,
their
Assemblies
,
Courts
,
Senates
;
that
he
should
appoint
the
Number
,
Times
of
meeting
,
and
what
Estate
they
must
have
that
could
be
capable
of
these
:
and
dissolve
or
continue
any
of
the
present
Constitutions
according
to
his
pleasure
.
First
then
he
repeal'd
all
He
repeals
Draco
's
Laws
.
Draco's
Laws
,
except
those
concerning
Murther
,
because
they
were
too
severe
,
and
their
punishments
too
great
;
for
Death
was
appointed
for
almost
all
offences
,
insomuch
that
those
that
were
convicted
of
Idleness
Draco
's
Laws
.
were
to
dye
,
and
those
that
stole
a
Cabbage
,
or
an
Apple
to
suffer
as
the
Villains
that
committed
Sacrilege
or
Murther
:
And
therefore
Demades
is
famous
for
saying
that
Draco's
Laws
were
not
writ
with
Ink
but
Bloud
:
and
he
himself
being
once
ask'd
,
Why
he
made
Death
the
punishment
of
most
offences
?
reply'd
,
Small
ones
deserve
that
,
and
I
have
no
higher
for
the
greater
Crimes
.
Next
,
Solon
being
willing
to
continue
Solon
's
model
of
his
Common-wealth
.
the
Magistracy
in
the
hands
of
the
rich
Men
,
and
yet
receive
the
People
into
the
other
part
of
the
Government
,
he
took
an
account
of
the
Citizens
Estates
,
and
those
that
were
worth
five
hundred
Measures
of
Wet
and
Dry
he
plac'd
in
the
first
rank
,
calling
them
Pentacosiomedimnoi
;
those
that
could
keep
an
Horse
,
or
were
worth
three
hundred
Measures
,
were
nam'd
Hippada
telountes
,
and
made
the
second
Class
;
the
Zeugitae
that
had
two
hundred
Measures
were
in
the
third
;
and
all
the
others
were
call'd
Thetes
,
who
were
not
admitted
to
any
Office
,
but
could
come
to
the
Assembly
,
and
give
their
Voices
:
which
at
first
seem'd
nothing
,
but
afterwards
appear'd
a
considerable
privilege
;
for
most
of
the
Controversies
came
to
their
hearing
,
because
in
all
matters
that
were
under
the
cognizance
of
the
other
Magistrates
there
lay
an
appeal
to
that
Assembly
.
Beside
't
is
said
that
he
was
obscure
and
ambiguous
in
the
wording
of
his
Laws
,
on
purpose
to
encrease
the
honour
of
his
Courts
;
for
since
their
differences
could
not
be
adjusted
by
the
Letter
;
they
were
to
bring
all
their
Causes
to
the
Judges
,
who
were
as
Masters
,
and
interpreters
of
the
Laws
:
and
of
this
Equality
he
himself
makes
mention
in
this
manner
;
What
power
was
fit
I
did
on
all
bestow
,
Not
rais'd
the
Poor
too
high
,
nor
prest
too
low
:
The
Rich
that
rul'd
,
and
every
Office
bore
Confin'd
by
Laws
they
could
not
press
the
Poor
:
Both
parties
I
secur'd
from
lawless
might
,
So
none
prevail'd
upon
another's
right
:
And
for
the
greater
security
of
the
weak
Commons
,
he
gave
all
liberty
to
enter
an
Action
against
another
for
an
injury
;
so
Solon
's
Laws
about
Injuries
.
that
if
one
was
beaten
,
maim'd
or
suffer'd
any
violence
,
any
man
that
would
,
and
was
able
,
might
prosecute
the
injurious
:
intending
by
this
to
accustom
the
Citizens
like
members
of
the
same
Body
,
to
resent
and
be
sensible
of
one
anothers
injuries
,
and
there
is
a
saying
of
his
agreeable
to
this
Law
,
for
being
ask'd
what
City
was
best
modell'd
?
That
,
says
he
,
where
those
that
are
not
injur'd
equally
prosecute
the
unjust
with
those
that
are
:
when
he
had
constituted
the
Areopagus
of
the
yearly
Magistrates
,
He
institutes
the
Areopagus
.
of
which
he
himself
,
being
Archon
,
was
a
member
;
still
observing
that
the
People
,
now
free
from
their
Debts
,
grew
proud
and
imperious
;
he
settled
another
Court
of
four
hundred
,
a
hundred
out
of
The
Court
of
400.
each
of
the
four
Tribes
,
which
were
to
inspect
all
matters
before
they
were
to
be
propounded
to
the
People
;
and
to
take
care
that
nothing
but
what
had
been
diligently
examin'd
,
should
be
brought
before
the
general
Assembly
:
The
upper
Council
he
made
inspectours
and
keepers
of
the
Laws
,
supposing
that
the
Commonwealth
held
by
these
two
Councils
,
as
by
firm
Anchors
,
would
be
less
liable
to
be
tost
by
tumults
,
and
the
People
be
more
at
quiet
:
Thus
most
deliver
that
Solon
instituted
the
Areopagus
,
which
seems
to
be
confirm'd
,
because
Draco
makes
no
mention
of
the
Areopagites
,
but
in
all
capital
Causes
applies
himself
to
the
Ephetae
:
Yet
Solon's
thirteenth
Table
contains
the
eighth
Law
,
set
down
in
these
words
:
Whoever
before
Solon's
Archonship
were
disgrac'd
let
them
be
restor'd
,
except
those
that
being
condemn'd
by
the
Areopagites
,
Ephetae
,
or
the
Kings
for
Murther
,
or
designs
against
the
Government
,
had
fled
their
Country
when
this
Law
was
made
:
and
these
words
seem
to
shew
that
the
Areopagus
was
before
Solon's
Laws
,
for
who
could
be
condemn'd
by
that
Council
before
his
time
,
if
he
was
the
first
that
instituted
the
Court
?
unless
,
which
is
probable
,
there
is
some
defect
and
obscurity
in
this
Table
,
and
it
should
run
thus
,
Those
that
are
convicted
of
such
offences
as
belong
to
the
cognizance
of
the
Areopagites
,
Ephetae
,
or
the
Prytanes
,
when
this
Law
was
made
,
should
remain
still
in
disgrace
whilst
others
are
restor'd
:
and
this
was
his
meaning
.
Amongst
his
other
The
Law
against
Neuters
in
a
Tumult
.
Laws
,
that
is
very
peculiar
,
and
surprising
,
which
makes
all
those
infamous
who
stand
Neuters
in
a
Sedition
;
for
it
seems
,
he
would
not
have
any
one
insensible
and
regardless
of
the
Publick
,
and
,
securing
his
private
affairs
,
glory
that
he
had
no
feeling
of
the
distempers
of
his
Country
:
but
presently
joyn
with
the
good
party
and
those
that
had
the
right
upon
their
side
,
assist
,
and
venture
with
them
,
rather
than
shift
out
of
harms
way
and
watch
who
would
get
the
better
.
But
that
seems
an
absurd
The
Law
about
Hieresses
.
and
foolish
Law
,
which
permits
an
Hieress
,
if
her
lawfull
Husband
prove
impotent
,
to
lye
with
his
nearest
Kinsman
:
yet
some
say
,
this
Law
was
well
contriv'd
against
those
,
who
,
conscious
of
their
own
inability
,
yet
,
for
the
sake
of
the
portion
,
would
match
with
Hieresses
,
and
make
use
of
Law
to
put
a
violence
upon
Nature
;
for
now
since
she
can
lye
with
whom
she
please
,
they
must
either
abstain
from
such
Marriages
or
continue
them
with
disgrace
,
and
suffer
for
their
covetousness
and
design'd
affront
:
besides
't
is
well
done
to
confine
her
to
her
Husband
's
nearest
Kinsman
,
that
the
Children
may
be
of
the
same
Family
;
and
agreeable
to
this
is
the
Law
that
the
Bride
and
Bridegroom
shall
be
shut
into
a
Chamber
,
and
eat
a
Quince
together
,
and
that
her
Husband
is
oblig'd
to
go
in
to
such
an
Heiress
thrice
a
Month
,
for
though
he
gets
no
Children
,
yet
't
is
an
honour
and
due
affection
which
an
Husband
ought
to
pay
to
a
vertuous
chaste
Wife
;
it
takes
off
all
petty
differences
,
and
will
not
permit
their
little
quarrels
to
proceed
to
a
rupture
.
In
all
other
Marriages
he
forbad
Dowries
Concerning
other
Marriages
.
to
be
given
,
the
Wife
was
to
have
three
suits
of
Clothes
,
a
little
inconsiderable
Houshold-stuff
,
and
that
was
all
:
for
he
would
not
have
Marriages
contracted
for
gain
,
or
an
Estate
,
but
for
pure
Love
,
kind
Affection
,
and
to
get
Children
.
Dionysius
,
when
his
Mother
advis'd
him
to
marry
one
of
his
Citizens
,
Indeed
,
says
he
,
by
my
Tyranny
I
have
broken
my
Country's
Laws
,
but
cannot
put
a
violence
upon
those
of
Nature
by
an
unseasonable
Marriage
.
Such
disorder
is
never
to
be
suffer'd
in
a
Commonwealth
,
nor
such
unseasonable
and
unperforming
Marriages
,
which
neither
attain
their
due
end
,
nor
fruit
:
but
any
provident
Governour
or
Law-giver
might
say
to
an
old
Man
that
takes
a
young
Wife
,
what
is
spoken
to
Philoctetes
in
the
Tragedy
;
Poor
Wretch
,
in
what
a
fit
condition
art
thou
to
be
married
!
and
if
he
finds
a
young
Man
with
a
rich
old
Woman
,
like
a
Partridge
growing
fat
upon
the
duty
,
remove
him
to
a
Virgin
that
needs
a
Husband
;
and
of
this
enough
.
Another
commendable
Law
of
Solon's
is
Not
to
speak
evil
of
the
Dead
.
that
which
forbids
men
to
speak
evil
of
the
Dead
;
for
't
is
pious
to
think
them
sacred
,
and
just
not
to
meddle
with
those
that
are
gone
,
and
politick
to
prevent
the
perpetuity
of
discord
:
He
likewise
forbad
them
to
speak
evil
of
the
Living
in
the
Temple
,
before
the
Tribunal
,
in
the
Court
,
or
at
the
Games
;
or
else
to
pay
three
Drachmas
to
the
private
person
,
and
two
to
the
publick
;
for
never
to
be
able
to
rule
passion
shews
a
weak
nature
,
and
ill-breeding
:
and
always
to
moderate
it
,
is
very
hard
,
and
to
some
impossible
:
Now
the
matter
of
Laws
must
be
possible
if
the
maker
designs
to
punish
few
in
order
to
their
amendment
,
and
not
many
to
no
purpose
.
He
is
likewise
much
commended
for
his
Concerning
Wills
.
Law
concerning
Wills
,
for
before
none
could
be
made
;
but
all
the
wealth
and
Estate
of
the
deceased
belonged
to
his
Family
:
but
he
permitted
them
,
if
they
had
no
Children
,
to
bestow
it
on
whom
they
pleased
;
esteeming
Friendship
a
stronger
Tye
than
Kindred
,
and
Affection
than
Necessity
;
and
thus
made
every
man's
Estate
in
the
disposal
of
the
possessour
:
yet
he
allow'd
not
all
sorts
of
Legacies
,
but
those
onely
which
were
not
extorted
by
the
phrenzy
of
a
Disease
,
charms
,
imprisonment
,
force
,
or
the
perswasions
of
his
Wife
;
with
good
reason
thinking
it
all
one
between
deceit
and
necessity
,
flattery
or
compulsion
,
since
both
are
equally
powerfull
to
perswade
a
man
from
Reason
.
He
regulated
the
Walks
,
Feasts
,
and
Laws
concerning
Women
.
Mourning
of
the
Women
;
and
took
away
every
thing
that
was
either
unbecoming
or
immodest
:
when
they
walk'd
abroad
no
more
than
three
Coats
were
allow'd
them
;
a
half
penny-worth
of
meat
and
drink
,
nor
a
Basket
above
a
cubit
high
;
and
at
night
they
were
not
to
stir
but
in
a
Chariot
;
with
a
Torch
before
them
.
The
Mourners
Concerning
Mourning
.
tearing
themselves
to
raise
pity
,
and
their
lamentations
at
Strangers
Funerals
he
forbad
.
To
offer
an
Ox
at
the
Grave
was
not
permitted
;
nor
to
bury
above
three
Garments
with
the
Body
,
or
visit
the
Tombs
of
any
besides
their
own
Family
,
unless
at
the
very
Funeral
;
most
of
which
are
likewise
forbidden
by
our
Laws
,
but
this
is
farther
added
in
ours
,
that
those
that
are
convicted
of
extravagance
in
their
Mournings
,
are
to
be
punished
as
soft
and
effeminate
by
the
Censors
of
the
Women
.
He
observing
the
City
was
fill'd
with
Solon
instituteth
Trades
.
persons
that
flock'd
from
all
parts
into
Attica
,
for
security
of
living
,
and
that
most
of
the
Country
was
barren
and
unfruitfull
;
and
the
Traders
at
Sea
imported
nothing
to
those
that
could
give
them
no
exchange
:
he
brought
his
Citizens
to
Trade
;
and
made
a
Law
,
that
no
Son
should
be
oblig'd
to
relieve
his
Father
,
who
had
not
bred
him
up
to
any
Calling
.
'T
is
true
,
Lycurgus
The
difference
between
Lycurgus
and
Solon
.
having
a
City
free
from
all
Strangers
,
and
enough
,
or
(
according
to
Euripides
)
sufficient
for
twice
so
many
;
and
abundance
of
Labourers
about
Sparta
,
who
should
not
be
kept
idle
,
but
be
broken
with
continual
toil
and
work
,
he
did
well
to
take
off
his
Citizens
from
Trades
laborious
and
mechanical
,
and
keep
them
to
their
Arms
,
and
teach
them
onely
the
Art
of
War
.
But
Solon
fitting
his
Laws
according
to
the
state
of
Things
,
and
not
ordering
Things
according
to
his
Laws
,
and
finding
the
ground
scarce
rich
enough
to
maintain
the
Farmers
,
and
altogether
unable
to
feed
the
lazy
multitude
;
he
brought
Trades
into
credit
,
and
ordered
the
Areopagites
to
examine
how
every
man
got
his
living
,
and
chastise
the
idle
:
But
that
Law
was
more
Law
about
the
Sons
of
Harlots
.
rigid
which
(
as
Heraclides
Ponticus
delivers
)
declar'd
the
Sons
of
Harlots
not
oblig'd
to
relieve
their
Fathers
,
for
he
that
will
not
marry
doth
not
take
a
Woman
for
Children
,
but
for
pleasure
,
and
thus
hath
his
just
reward
,
having
no
pretence
to
upbraid
his
Children
,
to
whom
he
hath
made
their
very
Birth
a
scandal
and
reproach
.
But
in
short
,
many
of
Solon's
Laws
Solon
's
Laws
about
Women
.
about
Women
are
absurd
;
for
he
permitted
any
one
to
kill
an
Adulterer
that
found
him
in
the
Act
;
if
any
one
forc'd
a
free
Woman
,
an
hundred
Drachma's
was
the
Fine
;
if
he
entic'd
her
,
twenty
;
except
those
that
traded
for
a
price
,
I
mean
common
Whores
;
for
they
go
openly
to
those
that
hire
them
.
He
made
it
unlawfull
to
sell
a
Daughter
,
or
a
Sister
,
unless
,
being
yet
unmarried
,
she
was
found
wanton
with
a
Man
.
Now
't
is
irrational
to
punish
the
same
Crime
sometimes
very
severely
and
without
remorse
,
and
sometimes
very
lightly
and
as
't
were
in
sport
,
with
a
trivial
Fine
,
unless
there
being
little
Money
then
in
Athens
,
that
scarcity
made
those
Mulcts
the
more
grievous
punishment
.
The
value
of
Sacrifices
must
be
one
Sheep
,
and
a
Drachma
for
a
Bushel
.
The
Victor
in
the
Isthmian
The
scarcity
of
Money
.
Games
was
to
have
for
reward
an
hundred
Drachma's
.
The
Conquerour
in
the
Olyman
five
hundred
.
He
that
caught
a
Dog
Wolf
,
five
Drachma's
,
he
that
kill'd
a
Bitch
,
one
:
the
former
sum
(
as
Demetrius
Phalereus
asserts
)
was
the
value
of
an
Ox
,
the
latter
of
a
Sheep
:
but
those
prices
which
in
his
sixteenth
Table
he
sets
on
the
choice
Sacrifices
were
certainly
far
greater
,
for
else
they
are
very
little
in
comparison
of
the
present
.
The
Athenians
,
their
Fields
Whence
the
Athenian
Tribes
call'd
.
being
better
for
Pasture
than
Corn
,
were
from
the
beginning
great
enemies
to
Wolves
;
and
some
affirm
their
Tribes
did
not
take
their
names
from
the
Sons
of
Javan
,
but
from
the
different
sorts
of
Occupation
that
they
followed
;
the
Souldiers
were
call'd
Hoplitae
,
the
Crafts-men
Ergatae
;
and
of
the
remaining
two
,
the
Farmers
,
Georgi
,
and
the
Shepherds
and
Grasiers
Aigicorae
.
Besides
,
since
the
Country
hath
but
few
Solon
's
Law
about
Wells
.
Rivers
,
Lakes
,
or
large
Springs
,
and
many
us'd
Wells
which
they
had
dug
;
there
was
a
Law
made
that
where
there
was
a
publick
Well
within
a
Hippicon
(
that
is
four
Furlongs
)
all
should
draw
at
that
;
but
when
it
was
farther
off
they
might
provide
a
private
Well
:
and
if
they
had
dug
ten
fathom
deep
and
could
find
no
Water
they
had
liberty
to
fetch
ten
Gallons
a
day
from
their
neighbours
:
for
he
thought
it
prudent
to
make
provision
against
want
but
not
encourage
laziness
.
Besides
,
he
shew'd
his
Laws
concerning
Planting
and
other
things
.
skill
in
the
orders
about
planting
,
for
any
one
that
would
plant
another
Tree
,
was
not
to
set
it
within
five
foot
of
his
neighbour's
Field
;
but
if
a
Fig
or
an
Olive
,
not
within
nine
:
for
their
Roots
spread
farther
,
nor
can
they
be
planted
near
all
sorts
of
Trees
without
damage
,
for
they
draw
away
the
nourishment
,
and
hurt
some
by
their
venomous
effluviums
.
He
that
would
dig
a
Pit
or
a
Ditch
,
was
to
dig
it
at
as
far
a
distance
from
his
neighbour's
Ground
as
it
was
deep
:
and
he
that
would
raise
stocks
of
Bees
,
was
not
to
raise
them
within
three
hundred
feet
of
those
which
another
had
already
rais'd
:
He
permitted
onely
Oil
to
be
exported
,
and
those
that
did
export
any
other
Fruit
,
the
Archon
was
solemnly
to
curse
;
or
else
pay
himself
an
hundred
Drachma's
:
and
this
Law
was
written
in
his
first
Table
,
and
therefore
let
none
think
those
liars
that
affirm
,
the
exportation
of
Figs
was
heretofore
unlawfull
;
and
the
Informer
against
the
Delinquents
call'd
a
Sycophant
.
Besides
he
made
a
Law
concerning
Laws
about
hurtfull
Beasts
.
hurts
and
injuries
from
Beasts
,
in
which
he
commands
the
Master
of
any
Dog
that
bit
a
Man
,
to
hang
him
in
a
Chain
of
four
Cubits
;
and
this
was
a
good
device
for
mens
security
.
The
Law
concerning
Law
about
naturalizing
Strangers
.
naturalizing
Strangers
is
severe
,
for
he
permitted
onely
those
to
be
made
Free
of
Athens
,
who
were
in
perpetual
exile
from
their
own
Country
,
or
came
with
their
whole
Family
to
trade
there
:
and
this
he
did
,
not
to
discourage
Strangers
,
but
rather
invite
them
,
by
making
them
secure
of
the
privileges
of
that
Government
:
and
besides
he
thought
they
would
prove
the
more
faithfull
Citizens
,
who
had
been
forc'd
from
their
own
Country
,
or
voluntarily
forsook
it
.
But
the
Law
concerning
publick
Entertainments
was
peculiarly
Solon's
,
for
if
any
Law
about
publick
Feasts
.
man
came
often
,
or
if
he
that
was
invited
refus'd
,
they
were
punished
;
for
he
concluded
that
one
was
greedy
,
the
other
a
contemner
of
the
publick
:
All
his
Laws
he
established
for
an
hundred
years
,
and
writ
them
in
wooden
Tables
nam'd
Axonas
,
which
might
be
turn'd
round
in
oblong
cases
;
some
of
their
relicks
may
be
now
seen
in
the
common
Hall
at
Athens
.
These
(
as
Aristotle
affirms
)
are
called
Cyrbes
,
and
Cratinus
the
Comedian
,
somewhere
speaking
of
Draco
and
Solon
,
says
,
in
those
Cyrbes
they
now
parch
Pease
.
But
some
say
those
are
properly
Cyrbes
,
which
contain
the
Laws
concerning
Sacrifices
and
the
Rites
of
Religion
:
and
all
the
others
Axones
.
The
Senate
all
jointly
swore
to
confirm
the
Laws
,
and
every
one
of
the
Thesmothetae
vow'd
at
the
Cross
in
the
Market-place
,
that
if
he
brake
any
of
the
Statutes
,
he
would
dedicate
a
golden
Statue
,
as
big
as
himself
,
at
Delphos
.
Now
observing
the
irregularity
Solon
regulates
the
Months
.
of
the
Months
,
and
that
the
Moon
did
not
always
rise
and
set
with
the
Sun
;
but
often
in
the
same
day
overtake
and
go
before
him
,
he
ordered
the
day
should
be
nam'd
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
the
Old
and
New
;
attributing
that
part
of
it
which
was
before
the
conjunction
to
the
Old
Moon
,
and
the
rest
to
the
New
.
He
being
the
first
it
seems
that
understood
that
Verse
of
Homer
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
The
following
day
he
call'd
the
New
Moon
,
after
the
twentieth
he
added
no
day
,
but
counting
backward
,
according
to
the
decreasing
Phases
of
the
Moon
he
reckon'd
up
to
thirty
.
Now
when
these
Laws
were
enacted
,
Solon
leaves
Athens
.
and
some
came
to
Solon
every
day
,
either
to
commend
or
dispraise
them
,
and
advise
,
if
possible
,
to
leave
out
,
or
put
in
something
:
and
many
were
curious
,
and
desired
him
to
explain
,
and
tell
the
meaning
of
such
and
such
a
passage
,
and
he
knowing
that
not
to
doe
it
was
disobliging
,
and
to
doe
it
would
get
him
ill
will
;
and
desirous
to
bring
himself
out
of
all
straits
,
and
take
off
all
reasons
of
suspicion
from
those
that
sought
them
:
for
't
is
a
hard
thing
(
as
he
himself
says
)
in
great
affairs
to
please
every
body
:
he
pretended
himself
Master
of
a
Ship
,
and
having
obtain'd
leave
for
ten
years
absence
,
he
departed
:
for
he
hoped
by
that
time
his
Laws
would
be
customary
and
familiar
:
his
first
Voyage
was
for
Aegypt
,
Solon
in
Aegypt
.
and
he
liv'd
(
as
he
himself
says
)
Near
Nilus
mouth
,
by
fair
Canopus
shore
.
He
spent
some
time
in
study
with
Psenophis
of
Hierapolis
and
Sonchis
the
Saite
,
the
most
famous
of
all
the
Priests
;
from
whom
(
as
Plato
says
)
getting
some
knowledge
of
the
Atlantick
Island
,
he
put
it
into
a
Poem
,
and
endeavoured
to
bring
it
into
credit
among
the
Grecians
:
from
thence
he
sail'd
to
Cyprus
,
where
he
was
made
Solon
in
Cyprus
.
much
on
by
Philocyprus
one
of
the
Kings
there
,
who
had
a
small
City
built
by
Demophoon
Theseus's
Son
,
near
the
River
Clarius
,
in
a
strong
place
,
't
is
true
,
but
barren
and
uneasie
of
access
.
Solon
perswaded
him
,
since
there
lay
a
fair
plain
below
,
to
remove
,
and
build
a
more
pleasant
and
greater
City
:
And
he
there
present
took
care
to
get
inhabitants
,
and
fitted
it
both
for
defence
and
convenience
of
living
:
insomuch
that
many
Subjects
flock'd
to
Philocyprus
,
and
the
other
Kings
imitated
the
design
;
and
therefore
to
honour
Solon
,
he
call'd
the
City
Solos
,
which
was
formerly
nam'd
Apeia
:
and
Solon
himself
in
his
Elegies
speaking
to
Philocyprus
,
mentions
this
Foundation
in
these
words
;
Long
may
you
live
,
and
fill
the
Solian
Throne
,
Succeeded
still
by
Children
of
your
own
:
And
whilst
from
your
bless'd
Isle
I
gently
sail
,
Let
Venus
send
a
kind
and
prosperous
Gale
:
Let
her
enlarge
the
bounds
of
your
Command
,
And
raise
your
Town
,
and
send
me
safe
to
Land
.
That
Solon
should
discourse
with
Croesus
,
Solon
with
Croesus
.
some
think
not
agreeable
with
Chronology
;
but
I
cannot
reject
so
credible
a
relation
,
and
so
well
attested
,
and
(
what
is
more
)
so
agreeable
to
Solon's
temper
,
so
worthy
his
wisedom
and
greatness
of
mind
,
because
forsooth
it
doth
not
agree
with
some
Chronological
Canons
,
which
thousands
have
endeavoured
to
regulate
,
and
yet
to
this
day
could
never
bring
the
differing
opinions
to
any
agreement
.
And
therefore
they
say
Solon
coming
to
Croesus
at
his
request
,
was
in
the
same
condition
,
as
an
inland
Man
when
first
he
goes
to
see
the
Sea
;
for
as
he
fansies
every
River
he
meets
with
to
be
the
Ocean
,
so
Solon
,
as
he
pass'd
through
the
Court
,
and
saw
a
great
many
Nobles
richly
dress'd
,
and
proudly
attended
with
a
multitude
of
Guards
and
Footboys
,
thought
every
one
had
been
the
King
,
till
he
was
brought
to
Croesus
,
who
was
deck'd
with
all
the
ornaments
of
Jewels
,
Purple
and
Embroidery
;
all
that
could
make
him
fine
,
and
admired
,
that
he
might
appear
the
most
glorious
and
gaudy
spectacle
.
Now
when
Solon
came
before
him
,
and
seem'd
not
at
all
surpris'd
,
nor
gave
Croesus
those
complements
he
expected
;
but
shew'd
himself
to
all
discerning
eyes
,
to
be
a
Man
that
despised
such
gaudy
vanities
;
he
commanded
them
to
shew
him
all
his
Wealth
,
though
he
did
not
desire
to
see
it
,
and
all
his
warlike
preparations
:
now
when
he
return'd
from
viewing
all
this
,
Croesus
ask'd
him
if
ever
he
had
seen
an
happier
Man
than
he
was
?
and
when
Solon
answered
he
knew
one
Tellus
a
Citizen
of
his
,
and
told
him
that
this
Tellus
was
an
honest
man
,
had
good
Children
,
a
competent
Estate
,
and
dy'd
bravely
for
his
Country
;
Croesus
took
him
for
an
ill
bred
fellow
,
and
a
fool
,
for
not
measuring
happiness
by
the
abundance
of
Gold
and
Silver
;
and
preferring
the
life
and
death
of
a
private
and
mean
Man
,
before
so
much
power
and
such
an
Empire
:
he
ask'd
him
again
if
besides
Tellus
,
he
knew
any
other
Man
more
happy
?
and
Solon
replying
yes
,
Cleobis
and
Bito
,
who
were
Brothers
,
were
very
loving
and
extreme
dutifull
to
their
Mother
;
for
when
the
Oxen
went
but
slow
,
they
put
themselves
into
the
Waggon
,
and
drew
their
Mother
to
Juno's
Temple
,
who
was
extremely
pleas'd
with
their
action
,
and
call'd
happy
by
her
neighbours
;
and
then
sacrificing
,
and
feasting
,
they
never
rose
again
,
but
died
without
pains
or
convulsions
immediately
after
they
had
gotten
so
great
credit
and
reputation
.
What
,
says
Croesus
angry
,
and
dost
not
thou
reckon
us
amongst
the
happy
men
?
and
Solon
,
unwilling
either
to
flatter
,
or
exasperate
him
more
,
reply'd
;
The
Gods
,
O
King
,
in
other
things
have
given
the
Greeks
nothing
great
and
excellent
,
so
our
wisedom
is
bold
,
and
mean
,
and
low
,
not
noble
and
Kingly
;
and
this
observing
the
numerous
misfortunes
that
attend
all
conditions
,
forbids
us
to
grow
insolent
upon
our
present
enjoyments
,
or
to
admire
any
man's
happiness
that
may
change
,
for
what
variety
will
happen
is
unknown
;
but
to
whom
God
hath
continued
happiness
unto
the
end
,
that
Man
we
call
happy
;
but
his
happiness
that
is
yet
alive
,
is
like
the
glory
and
crown
of
a
Wrestler
that
is
still
within
the
ring
,
unsteady
,
and
uncertain
:
after
this
he
was
dismiss'd
,
having
griev'd
,
but
not
instructed
Croesus
.
But
Aesop
,
he
that
writ
the
Fables
,
Solon
's
discourse
with
Aesop
.
(
being
then
at
Sardis
,
upon
Croesus
his
invitation
,
and
very
much
esteem'd
)
was
concern'd
that
Solon
was
so
meanly
treated
,
and
gave
him
this
advice
:
Solon
,
let
your
visits
to
Kings
be
as
seldom
,
or
as
pleasant
as
you
can
:
and
Solon
reply'd
,
No
faith
,
but
let
them
be
as
seldom
,
or
as
profitable
as
you
can
.
Then
indeed
Croesus
despis'd
Solon
,
but
when
he
was
overcome
by
Cyrus
,
had
lost
his
City
,
was
taken
alive
,
condemn'd
to
be
burnt
,
and
laid
bound
upon
the
Pile
before
all
the
Persians
and
Cyrus
himself
;
he
cry'd
out
as
loud
as
possibly
he
could
three
times
,
O
Solon
,
and
Cyrus
surpris'd
,
and
sending
some
to
enquire
,
what
Man
,
or
God
this
Solon
was
,
that
he
onely
invok'd
in
this
unavoidable
misfortune
?
Croesus
told
him
the
whole
story
,
saying
he
was
one
of
the
wise
men
of
Greece
,
whom
I
sent
for
,
not
to
be
instructed
,
or
to
learn
any
thing
that
I
wanted
,
but
that
he
should
see
,
and
be
a
witness
of
my
happiness
:
the
loss
of
which
is
now
a
greater
evil
,
than
the
enjoyment
was
a
good
;
for
when
I
had
them
they
were
goods
onely
in
Opinion
,
but
now
the
loss
of
them
hath
brought
upon
me
intolerable
and
real
evils
;
and
that
man
conjecturing
these
present
calamities
would
happen
,
bad
me
look
to
the
end
of
my
life
,
and
not
rely
and
grow
proud
upon
uncertainties
.
When
this
was
told
Cyrus
,
who
was
a
wiser
man
than
Croesus
,
and
seeing
in
the
present
example
that
Solon's
saying
was
confirm'd
:
he
not
onely
freed
Croesus
from
punishment
,
but
honour'd
him
as
long
as
he
lived
;
and
Solon
had
the
glory
by
the
same
saying
to
instruct
one
King
,
and
save
another
.
When
Solon
was
gone
,
the
Citizens
began
to
quarrel
;
Lycurgus
headed
the
lower
quarter
,
Megacles
the
Son
of
Alcmaeon
those
that
liv'd
towards
the
Sea
,
and
Pisistratus
the
upper
quarter
,
in
which
were
the
meanest
people
(
the
Thetes
)
and
greatest
enemies
to
the
rich
:
insomuch
that
though
the
City
yet
us'd
their
Laws
,
yet
all
look'd
for
,
and
desir'd
a
change
of
Government
,
hoping
the
change
would
be
better
for
them
,
and
put
them
above
the
contrary
Faction
.
Affairs
standing
thus
,
Solon
return'd
and
Solon
returns
to
Athens
.
was
reverenced
by
all
and
honoured
:
but
his
old
age
would
not
permit
him
to
be
as
active
,
and
speak
in
the
publick
,
as
formerly
;
but
privately
discoursing
with
the
heads
of
the
Factions
,
he
endeavoured
to
compose
the
differences
:
Pisistratus
still
appearing
the
most
tractable
;
for
he
was
a
sweet
and
taking
man
in
his
discourse
,
a
friend
to
the
poor
,
and
very
little
given
to
enmity
or
passion
,
and
what
his
nature
had
not
given
,
custom
and
imitation
taught
;
therefore
he
was
trusted
more
than
the
others
,
being
accounted
a
prudent
moderate
Man
,
one
that
lov'd
equality
,
and
would
be
an
enemy
to
him
that
strove
against
the
present
settlement
,
rather
than
undermine
it
himself
;
for
which
his
fair
carriage
he
deceiv'd
the
people
.
But
Solon
presently
discovered
him
,
and
found
out
his
design
,
yet
did
not
hate
him
upon
this
,
but
endeavoured
to
humble
him
,
and
bring
him
off
from
his
ambition
,
and
often
told
him
,
and
others
,
that
if
any
one
would
take
away
his
aspiring
thoughts
,
and
desire
of
Empire
,
none
would
make
a
more
vertuous
Man
,
or
a
more
excellent
Citizen
.
Thespis
at
this
Tragedies
begun
.
time
beginning
to
act
Tragedies
,
and
the
thing
,
because
't
was
new
,
taking
very
much
with
the
multitude
;
for
't
was
not
yet
a
matter
of
strife
and
contention
;
Solon
,
being
by
nature
a
lover
of
learning
,
and
now
in
his
old
age
living
idle
,
sporting
and
cheering
himself
with
Musick
and
a
glass
of
Wine
,
went
to
see
Thespis
himself
(
as
the
ancient
custom
was
)
act
;
and
after
the
Play
was
done
,
he
discours'd
him
,
and
ask'd
him
if
he
was
not
asham'd
to
tell
so
many
lies
before
such
a
company
;
and
Thespis
replying
,
'T
is
no
harm
to
say
or
doe
so
in
jest
and
merriment
;
Solon
vehemently
striking
his
staff
against
the
ground
,
Ay
,
says
he
,
if
we
honour
and
commend
such
Merriment
as
this
,
we
shall
find
it
will
creep
into
our
serious
affairs
.
Now
when
Pisistratus
,
having
Pisistratus
gets
the
Government
.
wounded
himself
,
was
brought
into
the
Market-place
in
a
Chariot
,
and
stirred
up
the
People
,
as
if
he
had
been
thus
dealt
with
for
his
affection
to
the
Government
,
and
a
great
many
were
enraged
,
and
cry'd
out
:
Solon
,
coming
close
to
him
,
said
,
Pisistratus
,
you
do
not
imitate
Vlysses
well
;
for
you
cut
your self
to
bring
your
Citizens
into
a
tumult
,
but
he
to
deceive
his
enemies
:
Then
presently
the
People
would
defend
Pisistratus
,
and
gathered
into
an
Assembly
;
where
one
Ariston
making
a
motion
that
they
should
allow
Pisistratus
fifty
Club-men
for
a
Guard
to
his
person
,
Solon
oppos'd
it
,
and
talk'd
a
great
deal
such
as
he
hath
left
us
in
his
Poems
,
You
doat
upon
his
words
and
taking
phrase
.
And
again
,
True
,
each
Man
single
is
a
crafty
Soul
,
But
all
together
ye
make
one
giddy
Fool
:
But
observing
the
poor
men
an-end
to
gratifie
Pisistratus
,
and
tumultuous
;
and
the
rich
fearfull
,
and
getting
out
of
harms
way
,
he
departed
;
saying
he
was
wiser
than
some
,
and
stouter
than
others
:
wiser
than
those
that
did
not
understand
the
design
,
stouter
than
those
that
,
though
they
understood
it
,
were
afraid
to
oppose
the
Tyranny
.
Now
the
People
having
past
the
Law
,
were
not
exact
with
Pisistratus
about
the
number
of
his
Club-men
,
but
took
no
notice
of
it
,
though
he
listed
and
kept
as
many
as
he
would
,
till
he
seiz'd
the
Castle
:
when
that
was
done
,
and
the
City
in
an
uproar
,
Megacles
with
all
of
his
Family
streight
fled
:
but
Solon
,
though
he
was
now
very
old
,
and
had
none
to
back
him
;
yet
came
into
the
Market-place
,
and
made
a
speech
to
his
Citizens
,
sometimes
blaming
their
inadvertency
and
meanness
of
spirit
,
sometimes
passionately
exhorting
them
,
not
thus
tamely
to
lose
their
Liberty
;
and
likewise
then
spoke
that
memorable
saying
,
that
before
't
was
an
easier
task
to
have
stop'd
the
rising
Tyranny
,
but
now
the
greater
and
more
glorious
action
to
destroy
it
,
when
it
was
begun
already
,
and
had
gathered
strength
.
But
all
being
afraid
to
side
with
him
,
he
return'd
home
,
and
taking
his
Arms
he
brought
them
out
,
and
laid
them
in
the
Porch
before
his
Door
,
with
these
words
:
To
the
utmost
of
my
power
I
have
striven
for
my
Country
and
my
Laws
,
and
then
he
busied
himself
no
more
:
His
Friends
advising
him
to
fly
,
he
refus'd
,
but
writ
a
Poem
,
and
thus
rattled
the
Athenians
,
If
now
you
smart
,
blame
not
the
heavenly
powers
,
For
they
are
good
,
the
fault
is
onely
ours
;
We
gave
him
all
our
Forts
,
we
took
the
Chain
,
And
now
he
makes
us
Slaves
,
yet
we
complain
.
And
many
telling
him
that
the
Tyrant
would
have
his
Head
for
this
,
and
asking
to
what
he
trusted
that
he
ventur'd
to
speak
so
boldly
,
he
reply'd
,
my
old
Age.
But
Pisistratus
,
having
gotten
the
command
,
so
honoured
Solon
,
obliged
and
kindly
entertained
him
,
that
Solon
gave
him
his
advice
,
and
approv'd
many
of
his
actions
:
for
he
kept
many
of
Solon's
Laws
,
observed
them
himself
,
and
compelled
his
Friends
to
obey
.
And
he
himself
,
though
then
in
power
,
being
accus'd
of
Murther
before
the
Areopagus
,
came
quietly
to
clear
himself
,
but
his
accuser
let
fall
the
Indictment
.
And
he
added
other
Laws
,
one
of
which
is
,
that
the
maim'd
in
the
Wars
should
be
maintain'd
at
the
publick
charge
;
this
Heraclides
Ponticus
delivers
,
and
that
Pisistratus
followed
Solon's
example
in
this
,
who
had
before
determin'd
it
in
the
case
of
one
Thersippus
that
was
maim'd
:
and
Theophrastus
asserts
,
that
't
was
Pisistratus
,
not
Solon
that
made
that
Law
against
Laziness
,
which
was
the
reason
that
the
Country
was
better
manur'd
,
and
the
City
not
so
clogg'd
with
Inhabitants
.
Now
Solon
having
begun
The
Atlantick
Islands
.
a
great
Work
in
Verse
,
the
relation
or
Fable
of
the
Atlantick
Islands
,
which
he
had
learn'd
from
the
wise
Men
in
Sais
,
and
was
convenient
for
the
Athenians
to
know
,
grew
weary
of
it
;
not
(
as
Plato
says
)
by
reason
of
his
multitude
of
business
,
but
his
age
,
and
being
discourag'd
at
the
greatness
of
the
task
;
for
these
Verses
testifie
that
he
had
leisure
enough
,
Now
I
grow
old
,
yet
still
I
learn
,
And
again
,
I
mind
a
Song
,
a
Miss
and
glass
of
Wine
;
These
are
most
mens
delights
,
and
these
are
mine
:
But
Plato
willing
to
improve
the
story
of
the
Islands
,
as
if
't
were
a
fair
Estate
that
wanted
an
Heir
,
and
descended
to
him
;
makes
them
stately
Entrances
,
noble
Enclosures
,
large
Courts
,
such
as
no
Essay
,
no
Fable
,
no
Fiction
ever
had
before
;
but
beginning
it
late
,
he
ended
his
Life
before
his
Work
;
and
so
the
Readers
trouble
for
the
unfinish'd
part
is
the
greater
,
as
the
satisfaction
he
takes
in
that
which
is
compleat
is
extraordinary
:
for
as
the
City
of
Athens
left
onely
the
Temple
of
Jupiter
Olympius
,
unfinish'd
,
so
Plato
,
amongst
all
his
excellent
Works
,
left
this
onely
Piece
about
the
Atlantick
Islands
imperfect
:
Solon
liv'd
after
Pisistratus
seiz'd
the
Government
(
as
Heraclides
Ponticus
asserts
)
a
long
time
;
but
Phanias
the
Ephesian
says
,
not
full
two
Solon
's
Death
.
years
;
for
Pisistratus
began
his
Tyranny
when
Comias
was
Archon
;
and
Phanias
says
Solon
dy'd
under
Hegestratus
,
who
succeeded
Comias
.
Now
the
story
that
his
Ashes
were
scatter'd
about
the
Island
Salamis
,
is
too
absur'd
to
be
believ'd
,
or
be
any
thing
but
a
mere
Fable
;
and
yet
't
is
written
by
many
considerable
men
;
and
Aristotle
the
Philosopher
.
The
End
of
Solon
's
Life
.
POPLICOLA
.
portrait
M
Burghers
delin
.
et
sculp
.
THE
LIFE
OF
P.
VAL.
POPLICOLA
.
Englished
from
the
Greek
,
By
Mr.
Dodswell
.
NOW
Solon
making
such
a
Figure
,
to
him
we
compare
Poplicola
,
which
later
Title
the
Roman
people
entail'd
upon
his
merit
,
as
a
noble
access
to
his
former
name
Publius
Valerius
.
He
descended
from
Valerius
,
a
man
amongst
Valerius
's
extraction
,
whence
.
our
ancestours
,
reputed
the
principal
reconciler
of
the
differences
betwixt
Roman
and
Sabine
,
and
one
that
with
the
greatest
success
perswaded
their
Kings
to
assent
thereunto
,
and
from
a
state
of
hostility
compos'd
them
into
a
friendly
union
.
To
this
man
Publius
Valerius
owing
his
Birth
(
as
they
write
)
whilst
Rome
remain'd
under
its
Kingly
Government
,
obtain'd
a
name
as
great
from
his
eloquence
as
his
riches
;
the
one
courteously
employing
in
a
liberal
distribution
to
the
poor
,
the
other
generously
in
the
service
of
justice
,
as
thereby
assuring
,
should
the
Government
fall
into
a
Republick
,
he
would
become
a
chief
state
in
the
Community
.
It
happen'd
afterwards
,
that
the
unjust
and
illegal
aspiring
of
Tarquinius
The
usurpation
of
Tarquinius
Superbus
.
Superbus
to
the
Crown
,
with
his
making
it
instead
of
Kingly
rule
the
instrument
of
insolence
and
tyranny
;
mov'd
the
people
into
an
hatred
and
regret
of
his
reign
,
insomuch
that
from
the
death
of
Lucretia
(
she
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
sacrificing
her
own
life
to
the
vengeance
of
his
violence
)
they
took
an
occasion
of
revolt
.
And
L.
Brutus
fitting
things
for
a
change
,
aided
with
the
conduct
of
Valerius
depos'd
the
Kings
.
And
whilst
the
people
inclin'd
towards
the
electing
one
Leader
instead
of
their
King
,
Valerius
acquiesc'd
in
this
,
that
to
rule
was
rather
Brutus's
due
as
the
Authour
of
the
Democracy
.
But
the
name
of
Monarchy
growing
odious
to
the
people
,
and
to
live
under
a
divided
power
carrying
a
complacency
in
the
prospect
,
they
chose
two
to
the
managery
thereof
;
which
put
Valerius
in
hopes
that
with
Brutus
he
might
be
elected
Consul
,
but
was
disappointed
;
for
instead
of
Valerius
,
Valerius
disappointed
of
the
Consulship
.
notwithstanding
the
endeavours
of
Brutus
,
Tarquinius
Collatinus
was
chosen
,
the
Husband
of
Lucretia
,
a
man
no
ways
more
vertuous
than
Valerius
.
But
the
Nobles
,
dreading
the
return
of
their
Kings
,
who
still
us'd
all
endeavours
abroad
and
solicitations
at
home
,
were
resolv'd
upon
a
Chieftain
of
an
intense
hatred
to
them
,
and
no
ways
indulging
to
their
interest
.
Now
Valerius
was
troubled
,
that
his
service
for
his
Country
should
be
suspected
to
be
misemployed
,
because
he
sustained
no
private
injury
from
the
insolence
of
the
Tyrants
,
withdrew
himself
from
the
Senate
,
His
private
retirement
.
and
practice
of
the
Bar
,
quitting
all
publick
concerns
:
which
gave
an
occasion
of
discourse
and
fear
too
;
lest
,
through
malice
reconcil'd
to
the
King's
side
,
he
should
prove
the
ruine
of
the
State
tottering
as
yet
under
the
uncertainties
of
a
change
.
But
Brutus
being
jealous
of
some
others
,
determin'd
to
give
the
Test
to
the
Senate
upon
the
Altars
:
upon
the
day
appointed
Valerius
came
with
cheerfulness
into
the
Forum
,
and
was
the
first
man
that
protested
neither
to
contribute
to
,
or
promote
Tarquin's
designs
,
but
rigorously
to
maintain
his
liberty
,
which
gave
great
satisfaction
to
the
Senate
and
assurance
to
the
Consuls
,
his
actions
soon
after
shewing
the
sincerity
of
his
Oath
.
For
Ambassadours
came
from
Tarquin
,
with
Letters
affecting
a
populacy
,
and
full
of
insinuating
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
expressions
,
whereby
they
thought
to
wheedle
the
people
,
assuring
them
,
the
King
had
cast
off
all
insolence
,
and
made
moderation
the
onely
measure
of
his
desires
.
To
this
Embassy
the
Consuls
thought
fit
to
give
publick
audience
:
but
Valerius
oppos'd
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
it
,
and
would
not
permit
,
that
to
the
poorer
sort
,
who
entertain'd
the
fear
of
a
War
with
more
reluctancy
than
Tyranny
,
any
occasion
should
be
offer'd
,
or
any
temptations
to
new
designs
.
Afterwards
other
Ambassadours
arriv'd
,
who
declar'd
their
King
would
recede
from
his
Crown
,
and
lay
down
his
Arms
onely
capitulating
for
a
restitution
to
himself
,
to
his
Friends
and
Allies
of
their
Moneys
and
Estates
to
support
their
banishment
.
Now
several
inclining
Brutus
's
publick
zeal
.
to
this
motion
,
and
Collatinus
favouring
the
request
,
Brutus
,
a
person
of
a
fierce
and
passionate
nature
,
rush'd
into
the
Forum
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
there
proclaiming
his
fellow-Consul
to
be
a
Traitour
,
in
granting
Subsidies
to
Tyranny
and
Ammunition
for
a
War
,
when
't
were
cruelty
to
relieve
the
necessities
of
their
flight
.
This
caus'd
an
Assembly
of
the
Citizens
,
amongst
whom
the
first
that
spake
was
Gaius
Minutius
,
a
private
man
,
who
advis'd
Brutus
,
and
persuaded
the
Romans
to
take
care
that
those
Goods
remaining
in
their
hands
,
might
be
employ'd
against
the
Tyrants
rather
,
than
being
remitted
to
the
Tyrants
,
be
return'd
against
themselves
:
Yet
however
't
was
the
Romans
opinion
,
that
whilst
they
enjoy'd
the
liberty
they
had
fought
for
,
not
to
reject
Articles
of
Peace
for
the
sakes
of
their
Goods
,
but
to
throw
them
out
after
them
.
This
regard
of
the
Goods
was
the
least
part
of
Tarquin's
design
,
yet
the
demand
sounded
the
humours
of
the
people
,
and
became
a
preparatory
A
Conspiracy
secretly
contriv'd
by
Tarquin
's
Agents
.
to
a
Conspiracy
;
which
the
Ambassadours
endeavour'd
through
the
delay
of
their
return
,
under
pretence
of
selling
some
of
the
Goods
and
reserving
others
to
be
sent
away
,
till
such
time
as
they
corrupted
two
of
the
eminentest
Families
in
Rome
,
three
Senatours
of
the
Aquilian
,
and
two
of
the
Vitellian
Family
,
all
of
them
by
the
Mother's
side
being
Nephews
to
Collatinus
;
besides
Brutus
had
a
peculiar
alliance
to
the
Vitellians
from
his
marriage
with
their
Sister
,
by
whom
he
had
several
Children
;
whereof
two
the
Vitellians
,
whom
nearness
of
bloud
and
education
had
endear'd
each
to
other
,
decoy'd
into
an
association
of
their
Treason
,
assuring
them
withall
,
should
they
interess
themselves
in
Tarquin's
Family
,
and
the
Kings
Party
,
they
would
be
freed
from
the
dotage
and
austerity
of
their
Father
(
whose
irreconcilement
to
offenders
they
term'd
austerity
,
and
his
dotage
was
a
pretext
and
plea
to
the
Tyrants
for
his
security
,
which
occasioned
the
continuance
of
that
sirname
.
)
When
upon
these
inducements
the
Youths
came
to
discourse
the
Aquilians
,
all
thought
it
convenient
to
oblige
themselves
in
a
solemn
and
dreadfull
Oath
,
with
the
ceremony
of
drinking
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
A
horrid
confirmation
of
Treason
.
the
bloud
of
a
murther'd
man
,
and
touching
his
entrails
.
To
which
design
they
resorted
to
the
habitation
of
the
Aquilians
,
where
was
an
House
allotted
for
this
transaction
,
(
as
happen'd
)
darksome
and
desolate
;
for
the
domestick
Vindicius
made
no
appearance
,
but
there
absconded
himself
,
not
out
of
design
or
any
intelligence
of
the
affair
,
but
accidentally
being
within
,
and
seeing
with
how
much
haste
and
concern
they
came
in
,
was
afraid
to
be
discover'd
,
but
plac'd
himself
behind
a
Chest
,
so
as
he
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
might
observe
their
actions
and
over-hear
their
debates
.
The
result
was
to
kill
the
Consuls
,
and
they
wrote
Letters
to
Tarquin
advertising
the
same
,
and
entrusted
them
in
the
hands
of
the
Ambassadours
lodging
then
at
the
Aquilians
,
and
were
present
at
the
Consult
.
Upon
their
departure
thence
Vindicius
crept
out
of
his
obscurity
,
but
not
understanding
how
to
manage
the
business
,
was
at
a
stand
;
for
to
arraign
the
Sons
before
the
Father
Brutus
,
or
the
Nephews
to
the
Uncle
Collatinus
seem'd
equally
(
as
't
was
indeed
)
a
scene
of
horrour
;
yet
knew
no
private
Roman
,
to
whom
he
could
entrust
secrets
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
of
such
importance
,
and
yet
could
not
suffer
to
be
buried
in
silence
,
what
his
conscience
engag'd
him
to
reveal
;
and
therefore
Valerius
made
acquainted
with
the
Conspiracy
.
address'd
himself
to
Valerius
,
the
generosity
of
the
man
and
civility
inviting
thereto
,
being
a
person
to
whom
the
needy
had
easie
access
,
and
never
shut
his
Gates
against
the
petitions
or
the
indigences
of
a
low
estate
:
but
when
Vindicius
had
made
a
total
discovery
to
him
,
his
Brother
Marcus
and
his
own
Wife
being
present
at
the
relation
,
Valerius
was
struck
with
amazement
,
and
by
no
means
would
dismiss
the
Discoverer
,
but
confin'd
him
to
his
own
His
prudent
managery
thereof
.
House
,
and
plac'd
his
Wife
as
a
guard
to
the
Gatessending
his
Brother
in
the
interim
to
beset
the
King's
Palace
,
and
to
seize
,
if
possible
,
their
Letters
,
and
secure
the
domesticks
;
whilst
he
,
with
his
constant
attendance
of
Clients
and
Friends
,
and
a
great
retinue
of
Servants
,
repair'd
to
the
House
of
the
Aquilians
,
who
were
absent
from
home
,
and
,
forcing
an
entrance
through
the
Gates
,
happen'd
upon
the
Letters
then
lying
in
the
Lodgings
of
the
Ambassadours
;
whilst
things
were
in
this
motion
,
the
Aquilians
made
an
hasty
return
,
and
mustering
themselves
about
the
Gate
,
endeavour'd
a
recovery
of
the
Letters
:
The
other
Party
made
a
resistance
,
who
casting
their
Gowns
about
their
Necks
,
and
using
violence
one
to
the
other
,
at
length
hurried
them
with
great
difficulty
through
the
Streets
into
the
Forum
.
The
like
engagement
happen'd
about
the
King's
Palace
,
where
Marcus
seiz'd
some
other
Letters
,
design'd
to
be
convey'd
away
in
the
Goods
,
and
laying
hands
on
what
Servants
his
industry
could
find
,
drag'd
them
also
into
the
Forum
.
When
the
Consuls
had
quieted
the
tumult
,
Vindicius
was
brought
out
by
the
orders
of
Valerius
,
and
the
Accusation
read
,
the
Letters
were
opened
,
to
which
the
Traitours
could
make
no
Plea
.
Most
stood
mute
and
dejected
as
sensible
of
the
Villany
,
yet
some
,
to
ingratiate
themselves
with
Brutus
,
mention'd
Banishment
,
and
the
tears
of
Collatinus
,
attended
with
Valerius's
silence
,
gave
some
hopes
of
mercy
:
But
Brutus
calling
his
two
Sons
by
their
names
,
Canst
thou
The
impartial
proceeding
of
Brutus
.
(
said
he
)
O
Titus
,
nor
thou
Valerius
make
no
defence
against
the
Indictment
;
the
question
being
thrice
propos'd
,
and
no
return
made
to
Brutus
,
he
turn'd
himself
to
the
Lictors
,
and
cry'd
,
What
remains
is
His
severe
Sentence
.
your
duty
.
The
Lictors
presently
seiz'd
the
Youths
,
and
stripping
them
of
their
Garments
,
bound
their
hands
behind
them
,
and
tore
their
Bodies
with
scourges
,
which
seem'd
too
tragical
a
Scene
to
be
gaz'd
upon
;
yet
't
is
observable
,
Brutus
made
it
the
object
of
his
choice
,
and
would
not
suffer
the
least
glance
of
pity
to
soften
and
smooth
his
wonted
rigour
and
austerity
,
but
resolutely
made
his
eyes
attend
the
execution
,
even
whilst
the
Lictors
extending
them
on
the
ground
,
with
an
Ax
cut
off
their
Heads
;
then
he
departed
,
committing
the
rest
to
the
judgment
of
his
Collegue
.
This
was
an
action
equally
as
capable
of
commendation
as
reproof
,
for
either
the
greatness
of
his
vertue
rais'd
him
above
the
impressions
of
sorrow
,
or
the
extravagancy
of
his
misery
took
away
all
sense
of
it
:
but
neither
seem'd
common
or
the
result
of
his
humanity
,
but
either
proceeded
from
a
divine
efficacy
or
a
brutish
stupidity
,
yet
't
is
more
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
reasonable
we
award
it
to
his
honour
,
lest
through
the
weakness
of
the
Judge
his
vertue
should
hazard
a
disrepute
,
for
in
the
Romans
opinion
Brutus
labour'd
more
to
reduce
and
settle
the
Government
,
than
Romulus
to
found
the
City
.
Upon
Brutus's
departure
out
of
the
Forum
,
a
consternation
,
horrour
and
silence
for
some
time
possess'd
all
,
that
reflected
on
what
was
done
:
besides
,
the
easiness
and
forbearance
of
Collatinus
gave
confidence
to
the
Aquilians
to
request
some
time
to
answer
their
Charge
,
and
that
Vindicius
their
Servant
should
be
remitted
into
their
hands
,
and
no
longer
harbour'd
amongst
their
Accusers
.
The
Consul
seem'd
inclin'd
to
their
motion
,
and
thereupon
dissolv'd
the
Assembly
;
but
Valerius
would
not
suffer
Vindicius
to
depart
,
who
was
encircled
with
the
Rabble
,
nor
the
people
to
withdraw
without
censuring
the
Traitours
;
at
length
laid
violent
hands
upon
the
Aquilii
,
and
calling
Brutus
to
his
assistence
,
exclaim'd
against
the
unreasonable
proceedings
of
Collatinus
,
to
impose
upon
his
Collegue
the
necessity
of
taking
away
the
lives
of
his
own
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Sons
,
and
yet
have
thoughts
of
gratifying
some
Women
with
the
lives
of
Traitours
and
enemies
to
their
Country
.
Collatinus
at
this
displeas'd
,
and
commanding
Vindicius
to
be
taken
away
,
the
Lictors
dispers'd
the
Rabble
,
and
seiz'd
their
Man
,
and
beat
off
whosoever
endeavour'd
a
rescue
.
But
Valerius's
Friends
withstood
the
seisure
,
and
the
people
cry'd
out
for
Brutus
,
who
returning
,
and
silence
being
made
,
assur'd
them
he
had
shew'd
himself
a
severe
animadverter
upon
his
own
Sons
,
and
therefore
left
the
rest
to
the
suffrages
of
the
free
Citizens
,
allowing
every
man
to
speak
his
pleasure
,
and
gain
the
people
over
to
his
persuasion
.
But
there
was
no
need
of
Oratory
,
for
it
being
referr'd
to
the
Vote
,
they
were
return'd
condemn'd
by
all
the
suffrages
,
and
were
accordingly
beheaded
.
When
Collatinus
saw
his
alliance
to
the
Collatinus
resigns
his
Consulship
.
Kings
had
render'd
him
suspicious
,
and
his
name
had
made
him
odious
to
the
people
,
who
abominated
the
name
of
Tarquin
,
and
perceiving
himself
as
an
offence
to
every
one
,
relinquish'd
his
Charge
and
departed
the
City
.
The
Court
being
call'd
,
in
his
Valerius
declared
Consul
.
room
Valerius
honourably
obtain'd
the
Consulship
as
a
just
reward
of
his
good
will
;
of
which
he
thought
Vindicius
deserv'd
a
share
,
whom
he
made
Denizon
of
Rome
,
and
gave
him
the
privilege
of
voting
in
what
Tribe
soever
he
was
pleas'd
to
be
enroll'd
:
(
which
liberty
in
voting
,
Appius
a
long
time
after
,
out
of
a
popular
design
,
granted
to
other
Libertines
)
and
from
this
Vindicius
,
a
perfect
Manumission
,
is
call'd
to
this
day
Vindicta
.
This
done
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
the
Goods
of
the
Kings
are
expos'd
to
plunder
,
and
the
Palace
to
ruine
;
The
pleasant
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Campus
Martius
,
which
Tarquin
enjoy'd
,
was
devoted
to
the
service
of
that
God
;
but
happening
to
be
harvest
season
,
and
the
Sheaves
yet
lodging
on
the
ground
,
they
thought
it
not
reasonable
to
commit
them
to
the
Flail
,
or
unsanctifie
them
with
any
use
,
and
therefore
carrying
them
to
the
River
side
,
and
Trees
withall
,
that
were
cut
down
,
they
cast
all
into
the
Water
,
and
dedicated
a
sluggish
and
fruitless
Soil
to
the
The
dedication
of
the
Campus
Martius
.
Deity
.
Now
these
thrown
in
one
upon
another
,
and
closing
together
,
the
stream
did
not
bear
them
far
,
but
being
carry'd
down
together
and
sinking
to
the
bottom
,
there
gain'd
a
settlement
,
and
finding
no
farther
a
conveyance
,
but
there
stop'd
and
interwoven
one
with
another
,
the
stream
work'd
the
mass
into
a
firmness
,
and
wash'd
down
mudd
,
which
settling
there
,
became
an
accession
of
matter
as
well
as
cement
to
the
rubbish
;
insomuch
that
the
violence
of
the
Waves
could
not
remove
it
,
but
forc'd
all
things
to
it
,
and
then
with
a
gentle
pressure
clos'd
it
together
,
which
by
reason
of
their
bulk
and
solidity
gaining
new
subsidies
,
and
the
neighbouring
space
receiving
what
the
stream
brought
down
,
at
last
grew
into
an
Island
,
call'd
Insula
Sacra
,
lying
by
the
City
,
adorn'd
with
the
Temples
of
the
Gods
and
consecrated
Walks
,
call'd
in
the
Latin
Tongue
inter
duos
pontes
.
Though
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
some
say
,
this
happened
not
at
the
dedication
of
Tarquin's
Field
,
but
in
after
times
,
when
Tarquinia
,
a
Vestal
Priestess
,
gave
the
adjacent
Field
to
the
publick
,
and
for
that
obtain'd
great
honours
,
as
amongst
the
rest
,
that
of
all
Women
her
testimony
alone
should
find
credit
and
acceptance
,
and
had
the
liberty
to
marry
,
but
refus'd
it
,
and
thus
some
write
it
happened
.
But
Tarquin
,
despairing
of
a
return
to
his
Kingdom
by
the
Conspiracy
,
found
a
kind
reception
amongst
the
Tuscans
,
who
with
a
great
Army
lead
him
out
into
the
Field
;
the
Consuls
headed
the
Romans
against
them
,
and
made
their
rendezvouse
in
the
holy
places
,
the
one
call'd
the
Arsian
Grove
,
the
other
the
Aesuvian
Meadow
:
when
they
came
to
charge
,
Aruns
,
the
Son
of
Tarquin
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
The
single
engagement
of
Aruns
with
Brutus
.
and
Brutus
,
the
Roman
Consul
,
not
incidentally
encountring
each
other
,
but
out
of
a
malicious
rage
(
the
one
to
avenge
Tyranny
and
enmity
to
his
Country
,
the
other
his
Banishment
)
set
Spurs
to
their
Horses
,
and
engaging
with
fury
instead
of
reason
,
grew
unmindfull
of
their
own
security
,
and
so
fell
together
in
the
combat
.
This
so
dreadfull
an
onset
hardly
ensur'd
a
more
favourable
end
;
but
both
Armies
doing
and
receiving
equal
damage
were
diverted
by
a
Storm
.
Now
Valerius
was
much
concern'd
,
not
knowing
the
success
of
the
day
;
and
seeing
his
men
as
well
difmayed
at
the
sight
of
their
own
dead
,
as
reviv'd
at
the
loss
of
the
enemy
,
so
undiscernible
alike
had
the
greatness
of
the
slaughter
made
the
appearance
,
that
each
side
upon
a
review
of
their
remains
adjudg'd
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
to
themselves
rather
a
defeat
,
than
from
the
estimate
each
made
of
his
enemy
,
a
Victory
.
The
night
being
come
,
(
and
such
as
one
may
presume
must
follow
such
a
Battel
)
and
the
Armies
laid
to
rest
,
they
write
the
Grove
shook
and
murmured
a
Voice
,
saying
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
that
the
Tuscans
lost
one
man
more
than
the
Romans
,
which
was
esteem'd
as
an
Oracle
,
and
the
Romans
presently
entertain'd
it
with
shouts
and
expressions
of
joy
:
whilst
the
Tuscans
through
fear
and
amazement
deserted
their
Tents
,
and
were
much
dispers'd
;
The
Romans
falling
upon
the
remains
,
The
Tuscans
vanquished
by
the
Romans
.
which
amounted
to
nigh
five
thousand
,
took
them
prisoners
,
and
plunder'd
the
Camp
:
when
they
numbred
the
dead
,
they
found
on
the
Tuscans
side
eleven
thousand
and
three
hundred
,
exceeding
their
own
loss
but
by
one
man
.
This
Fight
happen'd
upon
the
last
of
February
,
and
Valerius
triumph'd
upon
the
Conquest
,
being
the
first
Consul
that
adorn'd
it
with
a
Chariot
,
which
fight
as
it
appear'd
magnificent
,
so
't
was
receiv'd
with
a
veneration
free
from
envy
,
or
(
what
some
suggest
)
an
offence
to
the
Spectatours
,
neither
did
it
savour
of
emulation
or
ambition
,
when
't
was
deriv'd
to
after
ages
.
The
people
applauded
likewise
the
honours
he
did
to
his
Collegue
,
in
setting
forth
his
Obsequies
with
a
Funeral
Oration
,
which
so
pleas'd
the
Romans
,
and
found
so
good
a
reception
,
that
it
became
customary
for
the
best
men
to
celebrate
the
Funerals
of
great
men
with
Speeches
in
their
commendation
,
and
their
antiquity
is
affirm'd
to
be
greater
than
that
of
Greece
,
unless
according
to
the
Oratour
Anaximenes's
account
we
acknowledge
Solon
to
be
Authour
.
Yet
some
part
of
Valerius's
behaviour
Valerius
why
disesteemed
by
the
people
.
gave
an
offence
and
disgust
to
the
people
,
because
after
Brutus
,
whom
they
esteem'd
as
Patriot
of
their
Liberty
had
not
presum'd
to
Lord
it
without
a
Collegue
,
but
still
assum'd
one
and
then
another
to
him
in
his
Commission
;
but
Valerius
(
said
they
)
carrying
all
things
by
his
power
,
seem'd
not
a
Successour
to
Brutus
,
having
no
deference
to
the
Consulship
,
but
an
aim
to
Tarquin's
Tyranny
;
and
notwithstanding
his
verbal
Harangues
to
Brutus's
memory
,
yet
when
he
was
attended
with
all
the
Rods
and
Axes
,
and
came
from
an
House
as
stately
as
that
he
demolish'd
of
the
Kings
,
those
actions
shew'd
him
an
imitatour
of
Tarquin
;
besides
his
dwelling
House
call'd
Velia
was
more
magnificent
,
which
hanging
over
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Forum
,
overlook'd
all
transactions
there
,
the
access
to
it
was
hard
,
and
the
return
from
it
difficult
,
but
to
see
him
come
down
,
was
a
stately
prospect
,
and
equall'd
the
majesty
of
a
King
.
But
Valerius
shew'd
,
how
much
it
imported
men
in
power
and
great
Offices
to
give
admittance
to
truth
before
flattery
;
for
upon
his
Friends
remonstrances
,
that
he
displeas'd
the
people
,
contended
not
,
neither
resented
it
,
but
that
very
night
sending
for
Carpenters
pulled
down
Valerius
demolisheth
his
stately
House
.
his
House
and
levell'd
it
with
the
ground
;
so
that
in
the
morning
the
people
flocking
thither
saw
the
ruines
,
they
lov'd
and
admir'd
the
generosity
of
the
man
,
and
deplor'd
the
Consul's
loss
,
who
wanting
an
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
House
,
was
forc'd
to
seek
a
foreign
habitation
;
and
wish'd
a
repair
of
so
much
beauty
and
magnificence
,
as
to
one
,
to
whom
malice
had
unjustly
procur'd
the
ruine
.
His
Friends
receiv'd
him
,
till
the
place
the
people
gave
him
was
furnish'd
with
an
House
,
though
less
stately
than
his
own
,
where
now
stands
the
Temple
call'd
Vicus
Publicus
.
He
resolv'd
to
render
the
Government
as
well
as
himself
,
instead
of
terrible
,
familiar
and
pleasant
to
the
people
,
and
parted
the
Axes
from
the
Rods
,
and
always
upon
his
entrance
into
the
Assembly
,
with
an
humble
submission
vail'd
them
to
the
people
,
as
restoring
thereby
the
excellency
of
a
Common-wealth
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
and
this
the
Consuls
observe
to
this
day
.
But
the
humility
of
the
man
,
which
the
people
thought
real
,
was
but
a
device
,
to
abate
their
envy
by
this
moderation
,
for
as
much
as
he
detracted
from
his
liberty
,
so
much
he
advanc'd
in
his
power
,
the
people
still
submitting
with
satisfaction
,
which
they
express'd
by
calling
him
Poplicola
,
i.
e.
a
popular
man
,
which
name
had
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
preheminence
of
the
rest
,
and
therefore
in
the
sequel
of
this
History
we
shall
use
no
other
.
He
gave
free
leave
to
any
to
sue
for
the
Consulship
,
but
before
the
admittance
of
a
Collegue
,
mistrusting
futurity
,
lest
the
emulation
or
the
ignorance
of
him
should
cross
his
designs
,
by
his
own
authority
enacted
The
Ordinances
and
Laws
of
Poplicola
.
some
good
and
noble
Constitutions
.
First
he
supply'd
the
vacancies
of
the
Senatours
,
which
either
Tarquin
long
before
put
to
death
,
or
the
War
lately
out
off
;
those
that
were
registred
,
they
write
amounted
to
one
hundred
threescore
and
four
:
afterwards
he
made
several
Laws
,
which
added
much
to
the
people's
liberty
,
as
one
granting
offenders
the
liberty
of
appealing
to
the
people
from
the
censure
of
the
Consuls
;
a
second
,
that
made
it
death
to
usurp
the
magistracy
without
the
peoples
consent
;
a
third
for
the
relief
of
poor
Citizens
,
which
taking
off
their
taxes
encourag'd
their
labours
;
another
against
disobedience
to
the
Consuls
,
which
was
no
less
popular
than
the
rest
,
and
rather
to
the
benefit
of
the
Commonalty
,
than
to
the
advantage
of
the
Nobles
,
for
it
impos'd
upon
disloyalty
the
penalty
of
ten
Oxen
and
two
Sheep
,
the
price
of
a
Sheep
was
ten
Oboli
,
of
an
Ox
an
hundred
.
For
the
use
of
Money
was
Money
not
much
in
use
amongst
the
Romans
.
then
infrequent
amongst
the
Romans
,
their
wealth
consisting
in
a
plenty
of
Cattel
,
so
that
afterwards
their
Estates
were
call'd
Peculia
from
Pecus
,
i.
e.
Cattel
,
and
had
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
upon
their
ancient
Money
engrav'd
an
Ox
,
a
Sheep
,
or
an
Hog
;
and
hence
sirnam'd
their
Sons
Suilli
,
Bubulci
,
or
Caprarii
,
(
they
calling
Caprae
,
Goats
,
and
Porci
,
Hoggs
.
)
These
Laws
shewed
the
evenness
and
the
popularity
of
the
giver
,
yet
amidst
this
moderation
he
instituted
one
excessive
punishment
,
for
he
made
it
lawfull
without
accusation
to
take
away
any
man's
life
that
aspir'd
to
a
Tyranny
,
and
acquitted
the
executioner
,
if
he
produc'd
evidences
of
the
crime
;
for
though
't
was
not
probable
,
whose
designs
were
so
great
,
to
escape
all
notice
,
yet
because
't
was
possible
his
power
might
prevent
judgment
,
which
the
usurpation
it self
would
then
take
off
,
gave
a
licence
to
any
to
prevent
the
Vsurper
.
He
was
honour'd
likewise
for
the
Law
touching
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Treasury
,
and
because
necessity
engag'd
the
Citizens
out
of
their
Estates
to
contribute
to
the
maintenance
of
Wars
,
and
he
being
unwilling
himself
to
be
concern'd
in
the
care
of
it
,
or
to
permit
his
Friends
,
or
indeed
that
the
publick
Money
should
be
entrusted
into
private
hands
,
allotted
the
Temple
of
Saturn
for
the
Treasury
(
in
which
to
this
day
they
reposite
the
Tribute-money
)
and
granted
the
people
the
liberty
of
chusing
two
young
men
as
Questors
,
i.
e.
Treasurers
,
and
the
first
were
P.
Veturius
and
Minucius
Marcus
,
there
being
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
P.
Veturius
and
Minucius
Marcus
first
Questors
in
Rome
.
a
great
Sum
collected
,
for
they
assess'd
one
hundred
and
thirty
thousand
,
excusing
Orphans
and
Widows
from
the
payment
.
Affairs
standing
in
this
posture
he
admitted
Lucretius
,
the
Father
of
Lucretia
,
as
his
Collegue
,
and
gave
him
the
precedence
in
the
Government
by
resigning
up
the
Fasces
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
i.
e.
Rods
to
him
as
due
to
his
years
,
which
humble
observance
to
age
was
deriv'd
to
posterity
.
But
within
a
few
days
Lucretius
dy'd
,
and
Marcus
Horatius
succeeded
in
that
honour
,
and
continu'd
the
remaining
part
of
the
year
.
Now
whilst
Tarquin
was
making
preparations
in
Tuscany
for
a
second
War
against
the
Romans
,
't
is
said
a
portentous
accident
fell
out
.
When
Tarquin
was
King
,
and
having
not
compleated
the
buildings
of
the
Capitol
,
he
designing
,
whether
from
a
Divine
impulse
or
his
own
pleasure
,
to
erect
an
earthen
Chariot
upon
the
top
,
entrusted
the
workmanship
to
Tuscans
of
the
City
Veies
,
but
soon
after
was
oblig'd
to
retire
from
his
Kingdom
.
The
Work
thus
model'd
the
Tuscans
set
in
a
Furnace
,
but
the
Clay
shew'd
not
those
passive
qualities
which
usually
attend
its
nature
,
to
subside
and
be
condens'd
upon
the
exhalations
of
the
moisture
,
but
rose
up
and
swell'd
to
that
bulk
,
that
being
consolidated
and
firm
,
notwithstanding
the
removal
of
the
head
and
breaking
down
the
walls
of
the
Furnace
,
it
could
not
be
taken
out
without
much
difficulty
.
The
wise
men
look'd
upon
this
as
a
Divine
prognostick
of
success
and
power
to
those
that
should
enjoy
it
,
and
the
Tuscans
resolv'd
not
to
deliver
it
to
the
Romans
who
demanded
it
:
but
answer'd
that
it
rather
belong'd
to
Tarquin
,
than
to
those
that
forc'd
him
into
exile
.
A
few
days
after
there
happen'd
an
Horse-race
with
the
usual
shews
and
solemnities
,
the
Chariotier
with
his
Crown
on
his
head
softly
driving
his
victorious
Chariot
out
of
the
ring
,
the
Horses
,
upon
no
apparent
occasion
affrighted
,
but
either
out
of
a
Divine
instigation
or
an
accidental
,
hurried
away
their
driver
full
speed
to
Rome
,
neither
did
his
holding
them
in
prevail
,
or
his
gentle
soothings
,
but
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
with
violence
was
forc'd
along
,
till
coming
to
the
Capitol
,
was
there
thrown
by
the
Gate
call'd
Ratumena
.
This
occurrence
rais'd
wonder
and
fear
in
the
Veians
,
who
upon
this
permitted
a
delivery
of
the
Chariot
.
Now
Tarquin
,
the
Son
of
Demaratus
,
warring
with
the
Sabines
,
avow'd
the
building
of
the
Capitol
,
which
Tarquinius
Superbus
,
Grandson
to
the
avower
,
began
,
yet
could
not
dedicate
it
,
because
he
lost
his
Kingdom
before
't
was
finish'd
;
when
't
was
compleated
and
adjusted
with
all
its
ornaments
,
Poplicola
had
a
great
ambition
Poplicola
ambitious
of
dedicating
the
Capitol
.
to
the
dedication
,
but
the
Nobility
envy'd
him
that
honour
,
as
well
as
those
his
prudence
in
making
Laws
and
conduct
in
Wars
entitled
him
to
:
and
presuming
he
merited
not
the
addition
of
this
,
they
importun'd
Horatius
to
sue
for
the
dedication
;
and
whilst
Poplicola
was
engag'd
to
lead
the
Army
into
the
Field
,
voted
it
to
Horatius
,
and
accordingly
conducted
him
to
the
Capitol
,
assuring
themselves
,
that
were
Poplicola
present
,
they
should
not
have
prevail'd
.
Yet
some
write
,
Poplicola
was
by
lot
destin'd
against
his
will
to
the
Army
,
the
other
to
the
dedication
;
and
what
happen'd
in
the
performance
,
seems
to
intimate
some
ground
for
this
conjecture
:
for
upon
the
Ides
of
September
,
which
happens
about
the
full
Moon
of
the
Month
Metagitnion
,
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
people
flocking
to
the
Capitol
,
and
silence
enjoyn'd
,
Horatius
after
the
performance
of
other
Ceremonies
holding
the
Doors
,
according
to
custom
pronounc'd
the
words
of
dedication
;
then
Marcus
the
Brother
of
Poplicola
,
who
had
stood
for
some
time
at
the
Door
,
observing
his
opportunity
,
cry'd
,
"
O
Consul
,
thy
Son
lies
dead
in
the
Camp
,
which
made
great
impressions
upon
the
Auditory
,
yet
in
no
wise
discompos'd
Horatius
,
receiving
onely
this
reply
,
Then
cast
Horatius
's
undaunted
reply
to
Marcus
.
the
dead
out
whither
you
please
,
for
I
shall
not
admit
of
sorrow
;
and
so
pursu'd
his
dedication
;
this
news
was
not
true
,
but
Marcus
thought
the
lye
might
avert
him
from
his
performance
.
This
argued
him
a
man
of
an
admirable
constancy
,
whether
he
presently
saw
through
the
cheat
,
or
believ'd
it
as
true
,
shewing
no
discomposure
in
his
passions
.
The
same
success
attended
the
dedication
of
the
Second
Temple
:
the
first
is
said
to
be
built
by
Tarquin
,
and
dedicated
by
Horatius
,
which
was
burnt
down
in
the
civil
Wars
.
The
Second
Sylla
built
,
and
dying
before
the
dedication
,
bequeath'd
that
honour
to
Catulus
;
but
when
this
was
demolish'd
in
the
Vitellian
Sedition
,
Vespasian
with
somewhat
like
success
began
a
Third
,
and
saw
it
finish'd
,
but
liv'd
not
to
see
its
ruines
,
which
accompany'd
his
death
;
yet
surviving
the
dedication
of
his
Work
,
seem'd
more
fortunate
than
Sylla
,
who
dy'd
before
his
,
though
immediately
after
his
death
't
was
consum'd
by
Fire
.
A
Fourth
was
built
by
Domitian
,
and
dedicated
.
'T
is
said
Tarquin
expended
forty
thousand
pound
of
Silver
in
the
very
Foundations
;
but
the
greatest
treasure
of
any
private
The
magnificent
structure
of
the
Capitol
.
man
in
Rome
would
not
discharge
the
guilding
of
this
Temple
in
our
days
,
it
amounting
to
above
twelve
thousand
Talents
:
the
Pillars
were
cut
out
of
Pentelick
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Marble
,
having
length
sutable
to
their
thickness
,
and
these
we
saw
at
Athens
;
but
when
they
were
cut
a-new
at
Rome
and
embellish'd
,
they
gain'd
not
so
much
beauty
,
as
they
lost
in
proportion
,
being
render'd
too
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
taper
and
slender
.
Now
whosoever
should
admire
the
excellency
of
the
Capitol
,
and
afterwards
survey
a
Gallery
in
Domitian's
Palace
,
or
an
Hall
,
Bath
,
or
the
Apartments
of
his
Concubines
,
what
Epicarmus
wrote
of
a
profuse
man
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Thou
art
not
gen'rous
,
thy
bounty's
vice
within
,
Thy
gifts
thou
lavish'st
,
and
glory'st
in
the
sin
.
he
might
readily
apply
it
to
Domitian
,
Thou
art
neither
pious
or
noble
,
onely
pleasing
thy self
in
the
itch
of
Building
,
and
a
desire
like
Midas
of
converting
all
into
Gold
and
pretious
Stones
:
and
thus
much
for
this
matter
.
Tarquin
,
after
the
great
Battel
wherein
he
lost
his
Son
in
an
engagement
with
Brutus
,
fled
to
Clusius
,
and
sought
aid
from
Clara
Porsenna
,
then
the
most
powerfull
Prince
Porsenna
espouses
Tarquin
's
quarrel
.
of
Italy
,
and
a
person
of
singular
candour
and
generosity
,
who
assur'd
him
his
assistence
,
immediately
sending
his
commands
to
Rome
that
they
should
receive
Tarquin
as
their
King
;
and
upon
the
Romans
refusal
proclaim'd
War
,
and
having
signified
the
time
and
place
where
he
intended
his
asfault
,
approach'd
with
a
great
Army
.
Now
Poplicola
in
his
absence
was
chosen
Consul
a
second
time
,
and
Titus
Lucretius
his
Collegue
;
but
returning
to
Rome
with
intentions
of
appearing
more
generous
than
Porsenna
,
built
the
City
Sigliuria
when
Porsenna
layt
encamp'd
in
the
neighbourhood
;
and
walling
it
at
great
expence
,
there
plac'd
a
Colony
of
seven
hundred
men
,
as
being
little
concern'd
at
the
War
:
but
Porsenna
making
a
sharp
assault
,
oblig'd
the
defendants
to
retire
to
Rome
,
who
had
almost
in
their
entrance
admitted
the
enemy
into
the
City
,
had
not
Poplicola
by
sallying
out
at
the
Gate
prevented
them
,
and
joining
Battel
by
Tiber
side
,
oppos'd
the
enemy
,
that
press'd
on
with
their
multitude
;
but
at
last
sinking
under
his
honourable
wounds
,
was
carried
out
of
the
Fight
.
The
same
fortune
fell
upon
Lucretius
,
so
that
the
Romans
being
dismay'd
retreated
into
the
City
for
their
security
,
and
Rome
was
in
great
hazard
of
being
taken
,
the
enemy
making
good
their
pursuit
to
the
wooden
Bridge
,
where
Cocles
Horatius
,
seconded
by
two
The
noble
atchievement
of
Cocles
Horatius
.
of
the
eminentest
men
in
Rome
,
Hermenius
and
Lucretius
,
made
head
against
them
.
(
This
name
he
obtain'd
from
the
loss
of
one
of
his
Eyes
in
the
Wars
;
or
as
others
write
,
from
the
depressure
of
his
Nose
,
which
causing
a
seeming
coalition
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
his
eye-brows
,
made
both
eyes
appear
but
as
one
,
and
hence
they
intending
to
call
him
Cyclops
,
by
a
cadency
of
the
Tongue
,
usually
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
call'd
him
Cocles
.
This
Cocles
kept
the
Bridge
,
and
repuls'd
the
enemy
,
till
his
own
party
broke
it
down
behind
,
and
then
in
his
Armour
cast
himself
into
the
River
,
and
swam
to
the
hither
side
,
being
wounded
upon
his
Hip
with
a
Tuscan
Spear
.
Poplicola
admiring
his
courage
invited
the
Romans
every
one
to
gratifie
him
with
a
present
of
as
much
provisions
as
he
spent
in
a
day
,
and
afterwards
gave
him
as
much
Land
as
he
could
encircle
with
a
Plough
in
one
day
;
besides
erected
a
brazen
Statue
to
his
honour
in
the
Temple
of
Vulcan
,
as
a
requital
for
the
lameness
he
contracted
from
his
wound
.
But
Posenna
laying
close
siege
to
the
City
,
and
a
Pestilence
raging
amongst
the
Romans
,
besides
a
new
Army
of
the
Tuscans
making
incursions
into
the
Country
;
Poplicola
a
third
time
chosen
Consul
design'd
without
sallying
out
to
make
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
his
defence
,
however
privately
stealing
out
upon
the
Tuscans
,
put
them
to
flight
,
and
slew
five
thousand
.
Now
the
History
of
The
hazardous
attempt
of
Mutius
.
Mutius
is
variously
deliver'd
,
but
this
relation
shall
follow
the
common
reception
;
he
was
a
person
endow'd
with
every
vertue
,
but
most
eminent
in
warfare
,
and
resolving
to
kill
Porsenna
,
attir'd
himself
in
Tuscan
Habit
,
and
using
the
Language
came
to
the
Camp
,
and
approaching
the
seat
where
the
King
sate
amongst
his
Nobles
,
but
not
of
a
certainty
knowing
the
King
,
and
yet
fearfull
to
enquire
,
drew
out
his
Sword
,
and
stab'd
him
,
that
amongst
all
made
the
likeliest
appearance
of
being
a
King
:
Mutius
was
taken
in
the
act
,
and
whilst
under
examination
,
a
Pan
of
Fire
was
brought
to
the
King
,
who
intended
to
sacrifice
;
Mutius
thrust
his
right
hand
into
the
flame
,
and
whilst
it
burnt
,
beheld
Porsenna
with
a
stedfast
and
undaunted
countenance
;
Porsenna
admiring
the
man
,
dismiss'd
him
,
and
return'd
his
Sword
,
reaching
it
from
his
Seat
:
Mutius
receiv'd
it
in
his
left
hand
,
which
occasion'd
the
name
of
Scaevola
,
i.
e.
left-handed
;
and
said
,
I
have
overcome
the
terrours
of
Porsenna
,
yet
am
vanquish'd
by
his
generosity
,
and
gratitude
obliges
me
to
discover
,
what
no
punishment
could
extort
;
and
assur'd
him
then
,
that
three
hundred
Romans
,
all
of
the
same
resolution
,
lurk'd
about
his
Camp
onely
waiting
for
an
opportunity
,
and
that
he
by
lot
destin'd
to
the
enterprise
,
was
not
troubled
,
he
miscarry'd
in
the
success
,
because
he
was
so
good
a
man
,
and
deserv'd
rather
to
be
a
Friend
to
the
Romans
than
an
Enemy
.
To
this
Porsenna
gave
credit
,
and
thereupon
express'd
an
inclination
to
a
Truce
,
not
,
I
presume
,
so
much
out
of
fear
of
the
hundred
Romans
,
as
an
admiration
of
the
Roman
courage
.
All
other
Writers
call
this
man
Mutius
Scaevola
,
yet
Athenodorus
Sandon
in
a
Book
wrote
to
Octavia
Caesar's
Sister
,
avers
he
was
also
call'd
Opsigonus
.
Poplicola
not
so
much
esteeming
Porsenna's
enmity
dangerous
to
Rome
as
his
friendship
and
alliance
serviceable
,
was
induc'd
to
refer
the
Controversie
betwixt
him
and
Tarquin
to
his
Arbitration
,
and
several
times
engag'd
to
prove
Tarquin
the
worst
of
men
,
and
justly
depriv'd
of
his
Kingdom
:
but
Tarquin
proudly
reply'd
,
he
would
admit
no
Judge
,
much
less
Porsenna
,
that
had
revolted
from
his
Confederacy
:
Porsenna
resenting
this
Porsenna
makes
peace
with
the
Romans
.
answer
,
and
mistrusting
the
equity
of
his
cause
,
together
with
the
solicitations
of
his
Son
Aruns
,
who
was
earnest
for
the
Roman
interest
,
made
a
Peace
on
these
conditions
,
that
they
should
resign
the
Field
,
they
had
taken
from
the
Tuscans
,
and
restore
all
Prisoners
,
and
receive
their
Fugitives
:
To
confirm
the
Peace
the
Romans
gave
as
Hostages
ten
of
the
Nobility's
Sons
,
and
as
many
Daughters
,
amongst
which
was
Valeria
the
Daughter
of
Poplicola
.
Upon
these
assurances
Porsenna
ceas'd
from
all
acts
of
hostility
,
and
the
Virgins
went
down
to
the
River
to
bathe
,
at
that
part
where
the
crookedness
of
the
Bank
embracing
the
waters
rendred
it
pleasant
and
serene
;
and
seeing
no
guard
or
any
coming
or
going
over
,
were
encouraged
to
swim
over
,
notwithstanding
the
depth
and
the
violence
of
the
stream
.
Some
affirm
that
one
of
them
,
by
name
Cloelia
,
passing
over
on
Horse-back
,
persuaded
the
rest
to
follow
;
but
upon
their
safe
arrival
coming
to
Poplicola
,
he
neither
admir'd
or
approv'd
their
return
,
but
was
concern'd
,
lest
he
should
appear
less
faithfull
than
Porsenna
,
and
this
boldness
in
the
Virgins
should
argue
treachery
in
the
Romans
;
so
that
apprehending
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
them
,
he
sent
them
back
to
Porsenna
.
But
Tarquin's
men
having
intelligence
thereof
,
laid
a
strong
ambuscade
on
the
other
side
for
those
that
conducted
them
;
who
skirmishing
together
,
Valeria
,
the
Daughter
of
Poplicola
,
rush'd
through
the
enemy
and
fled
,
and
with
the
assistence
of
three
of
her
retinue
made
good
her
escape
;
whilst
the
rest
were
dangerously
hedg'd
in
by
the
Souldiers
.
Aruns
Porsenna's
Son
upon
advertency
thereof
,
hasten'd
to
their
rescue
,
and
putting
the
enemy
to
flight
,
deliver'd
the
Romans
.
When
Porsenna
Porsenna
's
generosity
to
the
Daughter
of
Poplicola
.
saw
the
Virgins
return'd
,
and
demanding
,
who
was
the
authour
and
abettour
of
the
design
,
and
understanding
Cloelia
to
be
the
person
,
look'd
upon
her
with
a
countenance
equally
cheerfull
and
compassionate
,
and
commanding
one
of
his
Horses
to
be
brought
sumptuously
adorn'd
,
made
her
the
present
.
This
as
an
evidence
they
produce
,
who
affirm
that
onely
Cloelia
pass'd
the
River
on
Horseback
;
those
who
deny
it
,
esteem'd
it
onely
as
the
honour
the
Tuscan
did
to
her
courage
,
whose
Effigies
on
Horseback
stands
in
the
Via
Sacra
as
it
leads
to
the
Palatium
,
which
some
say
is
the
Statue
of
Cloelia
,
others
of
Valeria
.
Porsenna
thus
reconcil'd
to
the
Romans
,
oblig'd
them
with
a
fresh
instance
of
his
generosity
,
and
commanded
his
Souldiers
to
depart
the
Camp
onely
with
their
Arms
,
and
leaving
their
Tents
wealthy
and
furnish'd
with
provisions
,
he
assigned
them
to
the
Romans
.
Whence
it
became
customary
upon
publick
sale
of
Goods
,
to
cry
Porsenna's
first
,
thereby
to
eternize
the
memory
of
his
kindness
;
and
erected
his
brazen
Image
by
the
Senate-house
,
plain
but
of
antique
fashion
.
Afterwards
the
Sabines
making
incursions
upon
the
Romans
,
M.
Valerius
,
Brother
to
Poplicola
,
was
made
Consul
,
and
with
him
Posthumius
Tubertus
.
Marcus
through
the
Marcus
victorius
over
the
Sabines
.
management
of
affairs
by
the
conduct
and
authority
of
Poplicola
obtain'd
two
great
Victories
,
in
the
latter
of
which
,
he
slew
thirteen
thousand
Sabines
without
the
loss
of
one
Roman
,
and
was
honour'd
with
an
House
built
in
the
Palatium
at
the
publick
charge
,
as
an
accession
to
his
triumphs
;
and
whereas
the
Doors
of
others
Houses
open'd
inward
into
the
Houses
,
they
made
this
to
open
outward
into
the
Street
,
as
intimating
by
this
privilege
,
that
he
was
always
ready
for
the
publick
service
.
The
same
fashion
in
their
Doors
the
Greeks
(
they
say
)
had
of
old
,
which
appears
from
their
Comedies
,
wherein
those
that
are
going
out
make
a
noise
at
the
Door
within
,
to
give
notice
to
those
that
pass
by
or
stand
near
the
Door
,
that
the
opening
the
Door
into
the
Street
might
occasion
no
surprisal
.
The
year
after
Poplicola
was
made
Consul
the
fourth
time
,
when
a
confederacy
of
the
Sabines
and
Latins
threatned
a
War
,
besides
a
superstitious
fear
o'er-run
the
City
,
arising
from
the
Womens
miscarriages
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
of
mutilous
births
,
and
no
conception
waiting
its
due
time
:
Poplicola
upon
the
Sibyll's
instructions
sacrificing
to
Pluto
,
and
restoring
certain
Games
dedicated
to
Apollo
,
rendred
the
City
cheerfull
,
with
the
assurances
he
had
in
the
Gods
,
and
then
prepar'd
against
the
menaces
of
men
.
Now
there
was
one
Appius
Clausus
amongst
the
Sabines
,
a
Appius
Clausus
deserts
the
Sabine
cause
.
man
of
a
great
Estate
and
strength
of
Body
,
but
most
eminent
for
the
excellency
of
his
Vertue
,
and
the
depth
of
his
Reason
,
yet
could
not
(
what
is
usually
the
fate
of
great
men
)
escape
the
envy
of
others
,
which
was
much
occasioned
from
his
detracting
the
War
,
and
seeming
to
promote
the
Roman
interest
,
as
designing
to
bring
them
under
their
Yoke
;
and
knowing
how
welcome
these
reports
would
be
receiv'd
by
the
gaping
multitude
,
and
how
offensive
they
would
be
to
the
Army
and
the
abettours
of
the
War
,
was
afraid
to
stand
a
Trial
;
but
having
a
considerable
assistance
of
Friends
and
Allies
,
rais'd
a
tumult
amongst
the
Sabines
,
which
delay'd
the
War
.
Neither
was
Poplicola
wanting
,
not
onely
to
understand
the
grounds
of
the
Sedition
,
but
to
promote
and
encrease
it
,
and
accordingly
dispatch'd
Emissaries
with
these
instructions
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
to
Clausus
,
That
Poplicola
was
assur'd
of
his
goodness
and
justice
,
and
thought
it
even
in
bad
men
unworthy
,
especially
in
him
though
injur'd
to
seek
revenge
upon
his
Citizens
;
yet
if
he
pleas'd
for
his
own
security
to
leave
his
enemies
and
come
to
Rome
,
he
should
be
receiv'd
both
in
publick
and
private
,
with
that
honour
his
vertue
deserv'd
,
or
their
grandeur
requir'd
.
Appius
seriously
weighing
those
things
,
which
necessity
propos'd
as
advantageous
,
and
advising
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
with
his
Friends
,
and
they
inviting
others
to
the
same
persuasion
,
came
to
Rome
with
five
thousand
Families
with
their
Wives
and
Children
,
being
a
people
of
a
quiet
and
sedate
temper
:
Poplicola
advertis'd
of
their
approach
,
receiv'd
them
with
all
the
kind
offices
of
a
Friend
,
and
enfranchis'd
them
into
the
Community
,
alloting
to
every
one
two
Acres
of
Land
by
the
River
of
Aniene
,
but
to
Clausus
twenty
five
Clausus
chosen
Senator
.
Acres
,
and
admitted
him
into
the
Senate
,
and
made
him
an
associate
in
the
Government
,
which
he
so
prudently
manag'd
,
that
it
hasten'd
his
preferment
,
and
so
improv'd
his
greatness
,
that
his
posterity
the
Claudii
became
inferiour
to
no
Family
in
Rome
.
The
departure
of
these
men
rendred
things
quiet
amongst
the
Sabines
,
yet
the
chief
of
the
Community
would
not
suffer
them
to
settle
into
a
peace
,
but
resented
that
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Clausus
,
what
his
presence
could
not
atchieve
,
by
turning
Renegade
should
obstruct
their
revenge
upon
the
Romans
for
all
their
injuries
;
and
coming
with
a
great
Army
,
sate
down
before
Fidenae
,
and
plac'd
an
ambuscade
of
two
thousand
men
near
Rome
,
in
the
obscure
and
hollow
places
,
with
a
design
that
some
few
Horsemen
,
as
soon
as
day
,
should
make
incursions
,
commanding
them
upon
their
approach
to
the
Town
,
so
to
retreat
,
as
to
draw
the
enemy
into
the
ambush
;
but
Poplicola
soon
advertis'd
of
these
designs
by
the
Renegado's
,
dispos'd
his
Forces
to
their
respective
charges
,
and
Posthumius
Balbus
his
Son-in-law
coming
with
three
thousand
men
in
the
evening
was
order'd
to
take
the
Hills
,
under
which
the
ambush
lay
,
there
to
observe
their
motions
;
and
the
Collegue
Lucretius
,
attended
with
a
Body
of
light
and
lusty
men
,
was
commanded
with
his
Horse
to
assail
the
van-curriers
of
the
Sabines
;
whilst
he
with
another
Army
encompass'd
the
enemy
,
and
,
accidentally
a
thick
mist
falling
,
Posthumius
early
in
the
morning
with
shouts
from
the
Hills
assail'd
the
ambuscade
:
Lucretius
charg'd
the
light
Horse
,
and
Poplicola
besieg'd
the
Tents
:
so
that
things
assur'd
a
defeat
and
ruine
to
the
Sabines
;
The
Sabines
totally
vanquish'd
.
and
those
that
made
no
resistence
the
Romans
kill'd
in
their
flight
,
all
their
hopes
expiring
in
their
own
destruction
;
for
each
Army
of
the
Sabines
presuming
safety
in
the
other
,
both
ceas'd
to
fight
or
keep
their
ground
;
the
one
quitting
the
Camp
to
retire
to
the
Ambuscade
,
the
Ambuscade
flying
to
the
Camp
,
met
those
in
as
great
need
of
assistence
,
to
whom
they
fled
in
hopes
of
a
security
;
but
the
nearness
of
the
City
Fidenae
became
a
preservation
to
several
of
the
Sabines
,
especially
to
those
that
upon
the
sacking
deserted
the
Camp
,
but
those
that
could
not
recover
the
City
,
either
perish'd
in
the
Field
,
or
were
taken
prisoners
.
This
Victory
the
Romans
(
though
usually
ascribing
such
success
to
some
God
)
attributed
to
the
conduct
of
one
Captain
,
and
't
was
observ'd
to
be
heard
amongst
the
Souldiers
,
that
Poplicola
had
deliver'd
their
enemies
lame
and
blind
,
onely
not
in
chains
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
to
be
dispatch'd
by
the
Sword
:
besides
from
the
Spoil
and
Prisoners
a
great
wealth
accru'd
to
the
Romans
.
But
Poplicola
having
ended
his
Triumph
,
and
bequeathing
the
City
to
the
prudence
of
the
succeeding
Consuls
,
soon
died
,
Poplicola
dies
.
whose
life
was
led
with
the
goodness
and
vertue
mortality
would
admit
:
The
people
as
not
having
gratify'd
his
deserts
,
when
alive
,
but
as
in
gratitude
still
oblig'd
,
decreed
him
a
publick
Interrement
,
every
one
contributing
his
Quadrans
towards
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
charge
;
besides
the
Women
by
a
general
consent
in
private
mourned
a
whole
year
with
a
sincere
veneration
to
his
memory
;
he
was
buried
by
the
peoples
desire
in
the
Street
call'd
Velia
,
where
his
posterity
had
the
honour
of
burial
,
but
now
none
of
the
Family
are
there
interred
,
but
the
Body
is
carried
thither
,
and
one
places
a
burning
Torch
under
it
,
and
then
immediately
takes
it
away
,
as
an
attestation
of
the
deceased's
privilege
,
and
his
receding
from
his
honour
,
and
then
the
Body
is
remov'd
.
THE
COMPARISON
OF
POPLICOLA
with
SOLON
.
NOW
there
appears
somewhat
singular
in
this
parallel
,
and
what
has
not
occur'd
in
any
other
of
the
Lives
;
as
the
one
to
be
the
imitatour
of
the
other
,
and
the
other
a
witness
of
his
vertue
;
so
that
upon
the
survey
of
Solon's
Sentence
to
Croesus
applauding
Tellus's
happiness
,
it
seems
more
applicable
to
Poplicola
;
for
Tellus
,
whose
vertuous
life
and
dying
well
had
gain'd
him
the
name
of
the
happiest
man
,
yet
was
never
celebrated
in
Solon's
Poems
for
a
good
man
,
or
that
his
Children
or
his
Government
deserv'd
his
memorial
:
but
Poplicola
,
as
his
life
was
the
most
eminent
amongst
the
Romans
,
as
well
for
the
greatness
of
his
vertue
as
his
power
,
so
at
his
death
was
accounted
amongst
the
greatest
Families
,
and
even
in
our
days
the
Poplicolae
,
Mesalae
,
Poplicola
's
posterity
of
long
continuance
.
and
Valerii
for
six
hundred
years
acknowledge
him
as
the
fountain
of
their
honour
.
Besides
,
Tellus
though
keeping
his
order
and
fighting
like
a
valiant
Captain
,
yet
was
slain
by
his
enemies
;
but
Poplicola
(
what
was
more
honourable
)
slew
his
enemies
,
and
saw
his
Country
victorious
through
his
conduct
;
and
his
honours
and
triumphs
procur'd
him
(
what
was
Solon's
ambition
)
an
happy
end
;
and
what
as
a
reproof
to
Mimnermus
touching
the
continuance
of
Man's
life
he
exclaimed
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
A
silent
unlamented
death
I
hate
,
Let
sighs
of
Friends
and
tears
attend
my
Fate
.
attested
his
happiness
;
his
death
did
not
onely
draw
tears
from
his
Friends
and
acquaintance
,
but
became
the
object
of
an
universal
wish
and
sorrow
through
the
whole
City
,
for
the
very
Women
deplor'd
this
loss
as
of
a
Son
,
Brother
,
or
universal
Father
.
Solon
said
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
An
Estate
I
love
,
but
not
unjustly
got
,
lest
vengeance
should
pursue
the
unjustice
:
But
Poplicola's
riches
were
not
onely
the
product
of
his
justice
,
but
his
distributions
of
them
to
the
poor
were
the
discretion
of
his
charity
,
so
that
if
Solon
was
reputed
the
wisest
man
,
we
must
allow
Poplicola
to
be
the
happiest
,
for
what
Solon
wish'd
Poplicola
in
reality
what
Solon
wish'd
to
be
.
for
as
the
greatest
and
most
perfect
good
,
that
Poplicola
in
its
proper
use
enjoy'd
to
his
death
:
so
that
Poplicola
became
as
well
an
honour
to
Solon
,
as
Solon
to
him
,
in
transmitting
the
exactest
method
of
modelling
a
Commonwealth
,
and
stripping
the
Consulship
of
its
pride
,
made
it
easie
and
pleasant
to
the
people
;
he
transplanted
several
Laws
into
Rome
,
as
his
impowering
the
people
to
elect
their
Officers
,
and
allowing
Offenders
the
liberty
of
appealing
to
the
People
,
as
Solon
did
to
the
Judges
.
Poplicola
did
not
indeed
create
a
new
Senate
,
as
Solon
did
,
but
augmented
the
old
with
almost
a
double
number
.
He
erected
the
Office
of
Questors
;
lest
the
Consul
,
if
good
,
should
not
have
leisure
otherwise
to
attend
greater
matters
;
or
if
bad
,
should
have
any
temptation
to
unjustice
,
having
the
Government
and
Treasury
in
his
hands
.
The
aversion
to
tyranny
was
greater
in
Poplicola
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
for
whosoever
endeavour'd
an
usurpation
,
his
punishment
by
Solon's
Law
commenc'd
onely
upon
conviction
:
but
Poplicola
made
it
death
before
a
trial
.
And
though
Solon
justly
gloried
,
that
when
things
without
the
least
aversion
of
the
Citizens
were
presented
to
his
Sovereignty
,
he
refus'd
the
offer
;
yet
Poplicola
merited
not
less
,
who
finding
a
tyrannical
Government
,
made
it
more
popular
by
not
using
the
Authority
he
might
.
But
we
must
allow
,
that
Solon
knew
it
before
Poplicola
:
for
;
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
An
even
hand
will
an
even
state
maintain
,
Holding
not
too
loose
,
nor
yet
too
strait
a
rein
.
But
the
remission
of
debts
was
more
peculiar
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
to
Solon
,
which
much
strengthened
the
Citizens
liberty
;
for
the
Law
intending
a
level
little
avail'd
,
if
the
debts
of
the
poor
prevented
that
equality
;
and
where
they
seem'd
chiefly
to
exercise
their
liberty
,
as
in
debates
,
elections
and
administrations
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
their
Offices
,
they
were
overrul'd
by
the
rich
,
yielding
themselves
to
their
disposal
.
But
't
is
more
extraordinary
,
that
rebellion
attending
usually
this
remission
of
debts
,
yet
he
apply'd
this
as
a
desperate
remedy
,
and
seasonably
allay'd
their
heats
by
his
vertue
and
esteem
,
which
was
above
the
infamy
or
detraction
,
that
could
arise
from
this
act
.
The
beginning
of
his
Government
was
more
glorious
,
for
he
was
himself
an
original
,
and
followed
no
example
,
and
without
the
aid
of
an
Allie
did
great
things
by
his
own
conduct
:
yet
the
death
of
Poplicola
was
more
happy
and
admired
;
for
Solon
saw
the
dissolution
of
his
own
Commonwealth
;
but
Poplicola
preserv'd
his
inviolable
till
the
Civil
Wars
.
Solon
leaving
his
Laws
engraven
in
Wood
,
but
destitute
of
a
defender
,
departed
Athens
;
whilst
Poplicola
remaining
in
his
magistracy
establish'd
the
Government
:
and
though
Solon
was
sensible
of
Pisistratus's
ambition
,
yet
was
not
able
to
suppress
it
,
but
sunk
under
the
new
establish'd
Tyranny
;
whereas
Poplicola
utterly
subverted
and
dissolved
a
potent
Monarchy
,
strongly
settled
by
long
continuance
;
being
nothing
inferiour
to
Solon
in
vertue
and
disposition
,
and
withall
favourably
assisted
with
power
and
fortune
to
accomplish
his
vertuous
designs
:
and
as
for
martial
exploits
,
Daimachus
Plataeensis
does
not
so
much
as
attribute
the
Wars
against
the
Megarenses
to
Solon
,
as
is
before
intimated
:
But
Poplicola
in
great
encounters
,
Poplicola
in
many
respects
preferable
to
Solon
.
both
as
a
private
Souldier
and
Commander
,
obtain'd
the
victory
.
As
to
the
managery
of
publick
affairs
,
Solon
in
a
mimical
way
,
and
by
a
counterfeit
shew
of
madness
solicited
the
enterprise
of
Salamis
;
whereas
Poplicola
in
the
very
beginning
,
nothing
daunted
at
the
greatest
enterprises
,
oppos'd
Tarquin
,
detected
the
Conspiracy
;
and
being
principally
concern'd
both
in
preventing
the
escape
,
and
afterwards
punishing
the
Traitours
;
he
not
onely
excluded
the
Tyrants
from
the
City
,
but
frustrated
likewise
all
their
expectations
from
thence
:
who
,
as
in
matters
of
conflict
,
tumult
or
opposition
he
behaved
himself
with
courage
and
resolution
;
so
in
peaceable
debates
where
perswasion
and
condescension
were
requisite
he
was
more
to
be
commended
;
Porsenna
a
terrible
and
invincible
Enemy
by
his
means
being
reconciled
and
made
a
Friend
.
Some
may
perhaps
object
,
that
Solon
recovered
Salamis
for
the
Athenians
,
which
they
had
lost
;
whereas
Poplicola
receded
from
part
of
what
the
Romans
were
presently
possess'd
of
:
but
judgment
is
to
be
made
of
actions
according
to
the
times
in
which
they
were
perform'd
:
The
conduct
of
a
wise
Politician
is
ever
suted
to
the
present
posture
of
affairs
,
who
often
by
forgoing
a
part
saves
the
whole
,
and
by
yielding
in
a
small
matter
secures
a
greater
;
as
Poplicola
who
by
restoring
what
the
Romans
had
lately
usurped
,
saved
their
undoubted
patrimony
,
and
moreover
procured
the
Stores
of
the
enemy
for
them
,
who
were
very
much
straitned
to
secure
their
City
:
For
permitting
the
decision
of
the
Controversie
to
his
Adversary
,
he
not
onely
got
the
victory
,
but
what
likewise
he
would
willingly
have
given
to
have
overcome
;
Porsenna
putting
an
end
to
the
War
,
and
leaving
them
all
the
provision
of
his
Camp
,
through
a
perswasion
of
the
vertue
and
gallant
disposition
of
the
Romans
,
which
the
Consul
had
impress'd
upon
him
.
THEMISTOCLES
portrait
THE
LIFE
OF
THEMIS
TOCLES
THE
ATHENIAN
.
Translated
out
of
the
Greek
,
By
Edward
Brown
,
M.
D.
THE
obscure
Family
of
Themistocles
gave
some
beginning
to
his
honour
,
and
made
his
glory
shine
the
brighter
.
His
Father
Neocles
was
none
of
the
most
splendid
of
Athens
,
but
of
the
Division
of
Phrear
,
and
of
the
Line
of
Leontes
;
and
by
his
Mother's
side
,
as
it
is
reported
,
he
was
illegitimate
I
am
not
of
the
noble
Grecian
race
,
I
'm
poor
Abrotanon
and
born
in
Thrace
:
Yet
'mong
the
Greeks
my
fame
shall
never
cease
,
For
them
I
brought
forth
great
Themistocles
.
Yet
Phanias
writes
that
the
Mother
of
Themistocles
was
not
of
Thracia
but
of
Caria
,
and
that
her
name
was
not
Abrotanon
but
Euterpe
:
and
Neanthes
adds
further
that
she
was
of
the
City
of
Halicarnassus
in
Caria
:
upon
which
consideration
,
when
the
Strangers
,
and
those
that
were
but
of
the
half
bloud
,
or
had
but
one
Parent
an
Athenian
,
were
to
perform
their
exercise
at
Cynosarges
(
a
wrastling
place
without
the
Gates
dedicated
to
Hercules
,
who
was
also
under
some
illegitimacy
,
and
was
not
one
of
the
great
immortal
Gods
,
but
had
a
mortal
Woman
for
his
Mother
)
Themistocles
Themistocles
's
policy
to
ennoble
his
Birth
.
persuaded
divers
of
the
young
Noblemen
to
accompany
him
,
to
anoint
and
exercise
themselves
together
at
Cynosarges
;
in
doing
which
,
he
seemed
with
some
ingenuity
to
take
away
the
distinction
between
the
truly
Noble
and
the
Stranger
,
and
between
those
of
the
whole
and
those
of
the
half
bloud
of
Athens
.
However
it
is
certain
that
he
was
related
to
the
House
of
Licomedes
,
for
Simonides
reports
that
he
rebuilt
the
Chapel
of
Phlyes
belonging
to
that
Family
,
and
beautified
it
with
Pictures
and
other
Ornaments
,
after
it
had
been
burnt
by
the
Persians
.
It
is
confess'd
by
all
that
from
his
youth
he
was
of
an
impetuous
nature
,
full
of
spirit
,
apprehensive
,
and
of
a
good
understanding
,
ever
resolving
to
undertaking
great
actions
and
manage
publick
affairs
.
The
vacations
and
times
of
recreations
from
his
studies
,
he
spent
not
in
play
or
in
idleness
,
as
other
youths
,
but
would
be
always
inventing
or
putting
in
order
some
Oration
or
Declamation
,
the
subject
of
which
was
generally
the
excusing
or
accusing
his
companions
;
so
that
his
Master
would
often
say
to
him
,
Boy
,
thou
canst
never
be
any
thing
mean
or
indifferent
,
but
must
at
some
time
or
other
prove
either
a
most
heroick
glorious
blessing
,
or
a
most
destructive
plague
and
ruine
to
thy
Country
.
He
received
very
slowly
and
negligently
such
instructions
as
were
given
him
to
improve
his
manners
and
behaviour
,
or
to
make
him
skilfull
in
any
pleasure
,
or
to
teach
him
a
gentile
or
gracefull
deportment
;
but
whatever
was
delivered
to
him
to
improve
him
in
prudence
,
or
in
the
management
of
publick
affairs
,
he
would
apprehend
it
immediately
,
and
understand
it
beyond
one
of
his
years
,
for
in
such
things
he
confided
in
his
own
natural
parts
:
and
therefore
afterwards
in
discourses
of
Humanity
,
the
liberal
Sciences
,
and
gentile
Education
,
being
derided
by
those
who
thought
themselves
well
skilled
therein
,
he
was
forced
to
defend
himself
somewhat
arrogantly
,
saying
,
I
understand
not
how
to
touch
a
Lute
or
play
upon
a
Harp
,
but
if
a
small
,
mean
,
obscure
City
were
committed
to
my
charge
,
I
know
well
how
to
make
it
considerable
,
great
and
glorious
.
Yet
notwithstanding
this
,
Stesimbrotus
says
,
that
Themistocles
was
a
hearer
of
Anaxagoras
,
and
that
he
studied
natural
Philosophy
under
Melissus
;
but
he
must
needs
err
in
the
time
,
for
Melissus
was
Commander
of
the
Samians
,
when
Pericles
made
War
against
Samos
,
but
Themistocles
was
much
elder
than
Pericles
,
whereas
Anaxagoras
was
very
conversant
with
him
.
They
are
therefore
rather
to
be
credited
,
who
report
,
that
Themistocles
was
an
earnest
follower
of
Mnesiphilas
,
the
Phrearian
,
who
was
neither
Oratour
nor
natural
Philosopher
,
but
a
Professour
of
that
which
was
then
called
Wisedom
,
or
a
prudence
exercised
in
ordering
publick
concerns
,
and
an
accurate
understanding
and
judgment
in
affairs
of
State
;
which
profession
being
begun
by
Solon
was
preserved
successively
as
a
Sect
of
Philosophy
;
but
those
who
came
afterwards
,
and
mixed
it
with
pleadings
and
disputes
in
Law
,
and
transferred
the
practical
part
of
it
to
a
mere
art
of
speaking
,
and
an
exercise
of
words
and
terms
,
were
generally
call'd
Sophisters
.
However
Themistocles
,
when
he
entred
upon
affairs
of
State
,
applied
himself
to
Mnesiphilas
.
In
the
first
motions
of
his
youth
he
was
not
regular
nor
well
poised
,
drawing
the
lines
of
his
affairs
according
to
his
own
natural
fancy
,
without
reason
or
instruction
;
and
made
great
alterations
in
his
designs
on
the
one
hand
and
on
the
other
;
and
very
often
determined
for
the
worst
,
as
he
afterwards
confessed
,
saying
,
Ragged
Colts
make
the
best
Horses
,
when
it
comes
to
pass
that
they
are
well
taught
and
managed
.
But
those
who
upon
this
account
do
erroneously
raise
reports
of
his
being
disinherited
by
his
Father
,
and
that
his
Mother
died
for
grief
of
her
Son's
lewdness
,
do
certainly
most
falsely
calumniate
him
;
and
there
are
divers
who
relate
to
the
contrary
,
how
that
to
deterr
him
from
dealing
in
the
publick
,
and
to
let
him
see
how
the
vulgar
behave
themselves
towards
their
Leaders
when
they
have
at
last
no
further
use
of
them
,
his
Father
shewed
him
the
old
Galleys
as
they
lay
neglected
and
forsaken
upon
the
Sea-shore
without
any
care
taken
of
them
:
yet
it
is
evident
,
that
early
,
even
in
his
younger
years
,
Themistocles
did
most
violently
and
with
great
eagerness
apply
himself
to
understand
how
to
govern
and
to
win
glory
and
honour
,
in
which
being
earnest
to
be
the
first
,
from
the
very
beginning
he
by
this
rashness
presently
created
to
himself
the
hatred
of
the
most
powerfull
and
chiefest
in
the
City
,
but
more
especially
of
Aristides
Aristides
opposes
Themistocles
.
the
Son
of
Lysimachus
,
who
always
opposed
him
;
and
yet
all
this
great
enmity
between
them
seem'd
to
have
but
a
light
beginning
,
for
they
both
were
in
love
with
the
fair
Stesilaus
of
Teios
,
as
Ariston
the
Philosopher
relates
:
and
from
that
time
they
perpetually
contended
with
their
Parties
and
Factions
in
the
Commonwealth
,
not
but
that
the
disagreeableness
of
their
lives
and
manners
may
seem
to
have
encreased
the
difference
;
for
Aristides
was
of
a
mild
nature
,
good
and
fair
conditioned
,
and
governing
all
things
for
the
best
with
justice
and
security
,
not
for
glory
,
or
the
favour
of
the
people
,
he
was
often
forced
to
oppose
Themistocles
,
and
to
stand
up
against
the
encrease
of
his
authority
who
stirred
up
the
people
to
many
attempts
and
brought
in
great
innovations
;
for
it
is
said
that
Themistocles
was
so
transported
with
the
thoughts
of
glory
,
and
so
inflamed
with
the
desire
of
performing
great
actions
,
that
although
he
were
but
young
when
the
Battel
of
Marathon
was
fought
against
the
Persians
,
and
the
warlike
conduct
of
their
General
Miltiades
was
every
where
noised
about
,
he
was
taken
notice
of
to
be
thoughtfull
,
and
to
go
meditating
many
things
alone
by
himself
,
to
pass
the
nights
without
sleep
and
to
refuse
his
accustomed
meetings
and
recreations
,
and
to
those
who
wondred
at
this
change
in
his
manner
of
living
,
and
demanded
the
reason
of
it
,
he
gave
this
answer
,
that
the
Trophies
of
Miltiades
would
not
let
him
sleep
;
and
when
others
were
of
opinion
that
the
Battel
of
Marathon
would
put
an
end
to
the
War
,
Themistocles
thought
that
it
was
but
the
beginning
of
far
greater
Conflicts
,
for
which
he
prepared
himself
continually
,
for
the
good
of
all
Greece
,
and
exercised
the
City
as
one
foreseeing
at
a
great
distance
what
was
likely
to
come
to
pass
.
And
first
of
all
,
the
Athenians
being
accustomed
to
distribute
the
revenue
proceeding
Themistocles
advises
that
the
revenue
of
the
Silver
Mine
at
Laurion
should
be
employed
in
building
Ships
.
from
the
Silver
Mine
at
Laurion
;
he
was
the
onely
man
that
durst
propose
to
the
people
,
that
this
distribution
should
cease
,
and
that
with
the
Money
Ships
should
be
built
to
make
War
against
the
Aeginetes
,
who
were
the
most
flourishing
people
in
all
Greece
,
and
by
the
number
of
their
Ships
held
the
Sovereignty
of
the
Sea
:
and
to
this
Themistocles
did
easily
persuade
them
,
not
by
stirring
them
up
against
Xerxes
or
the
Persians
,
who
were
at
a
great
distance
,
and
their
coming
was
very
uncertain
,
and
at
that
time
not
much
to
be
feared
;
but
by
seasonably
making
use
of
the
emulation
,
hatred
and
anger
of
the
Athenians
against
the
Aeginetes
,
he
induced
them
to
these
preparations
.
So
that
with
this
Money
an
hundred
Ships
were
built
,
with
which
they
afterwards
fought
against
Xerxes
;
and
in
He
causes
the
City
to
be
built
towards
the
Sea
.
a
short
time
he
caused
them
to
descend
,
and
drew
the
City
toward
the
Sea
,
with
this
advantage
,
that
those
who
on
Land
were
not
a
fit
match
for
their
neighbours
,
with
their
Ships
might
be
able
to
free
themselves
from
the
Persians
,
and
become
rulers
of
Greece
.
So
that
,
as
Plato
says
,
instead
of
making
them
a
standing
Militia
,
and
stout
Souldiers
that
would
not
give
way
in
fight
,
he
turned
them
into
Mariners
and
Sea-men
tossed
about
the
Sea
,
and
gave
occasion
for
this
reproach
against
him
,
that
he
took
away
from
the
Athenians
the
Spear
and
the
Shield
,
and
bound
them
to
the
Bank
and
the
Oar.
These
things
he
performed
getting
the
better
of
Miltiades
,
who
opposed
him
,
as
Stesimbrotus
relates
:
but
whether
or
no
he
hereby
injured
the
purity
and
exact
rule
of
Government
,
let
those
who
are
more
judicious
determine
.
But
that
the
deliverance
of
Greece
came
at
that
time
from
the
Sea
,
and
that
those
Galleys
established
the
City
of
Athens
again
after
it
was
destroyed
,
to
omit
others
,
Xerxes
himself
is
a
sufficient
witness
,
who
though
his
Land
Forces
were
still
entire
,
after
he
had
been
worsted
at
Sea
,
fled
away
;
and
thought
himself
no
ways
able
to
encounter
them
.
And
it
seems
to
me
,
that
he
left
Mardonius
behind
him
,
not
out
of
any
hopes
he
could
have
to
bring
them
into
subjection
,
but
to
hinder
the
Greeks
from
pursuing
him
.
Themistocles
is
said
to
be
very
intent
upon
heaping
up
riches
,
that
he
might
be
the
more
liberal
;
(
for
loving
to
sacrifice
often
,
and
to
be
splendid
in
his
entertainment
of
Strangers
,
he
stood
in
need
of
a
plentifull
revenue
)
yet
he
is
accused
by
others
to
be
parsimonious
and
sordid
to
that
degree
,
that
he
would
sell
the
provision
which
was
presented
him
.
He
desired
Philides
,
who
was
a
breeder
of
Horses
,
to
give
him
a
Colt
,
and
when
he
refused
it
,
he
threatned
him
that
in
a
short
time
he
would
turn
his
House
into
a
Horse
of
Wood
,
like
the
Trojan
Horse
,
intimating
thereby
that
he
would
stir
up
strife
and
contests
between
him
and
those
of
his
own
Family
and
Relations
.
He
went
beyond
all
men
in
ambition
and
desire
of
honour
,
and
when
he
was
but
young
and
not
known
in
the
world
,
he
desired
Epicles
of
Hermiona
who
had
a
very
good
hand
at
the
Lute
,
and
was
much
esteemed
by
the
Athenians
,
to
come
and
practise
at
his
House
,
being
ambitious
and
coveting
to
be
popular
,
and
desirous
that
many
should
enquire
after
him
and
frequent
his
company
.
When
he
came
to
the
Olympian
Games
,
and
was
so
splendid
in
his
Equipage
and
Entertainments
,
in
his
rich
Tents
and
Furniture
,
that
he
strove
to
out-doe
Cimon
,
he
displeased
the
Greeks
,
who
thought
that
such
magnificence
might
be
allow'd
of
in
one
who
was
a
young
Gentleman
of
a
great
Family
;
but
a
great
piece
of
insolence
in
him
to
carry
himself
thus
high
who
was
an
upstart
and
of
no
considerable
Fortune
.
He
set
out
a
Tragedy
at
his
own
expense
,
and
wan
the
Prize
with
his
Tragedians
,
in
those
times
when
they
pursued
those
Sports
with
great
eagerness
and
ambition
,
and
set
up
a
Table
of
his
Victory
with
this
inscription
;
Themistocles
the
He
affects
popularity
.
Phrearian
was
at
the
charge
of
it
,
Phrynicus
made
it
,
Adymantus
had
the
chief
Part.
He
was
well
beloved
by
the
common
people
,
and
he
would
salute
every
particular
Citizen
by
his
own
name
,
and
always
shew
himself
a
just
Judge
of
Controversies
between
private
men
;
and
he
said
to
Simonides
,
a
Poet
of
Chios
,
who
desired
something
of
him
,
when
he
was
Commander
of
the
Army
,
that
was
not
reasonable
,
Simonides
,
you
would
be
no
good
Poet
if
you
should
go
contrary
to
the
due
Measures
and
Rules
of
Poetry
,
nor
should
I
be
a
good
Magistrate
,
if
for
favour
or
affection
I
should
go
contrary
to
the
Law
.
And
at
another
time
laughing
at
Simonides
he
told
him
,
that
he
was
a
man
of
little
judgment
to
speak
against
the
Corinthians
who
were
inhabitants
of
a
great
and
beautisull
City
,
and
to
have
his
own
Picture
drawn
so
often
,
having
such
an
ill
Face
.
When
he
came
to
be
great
and
had
won
He
causes
Aristides
to
be
banish'd
.
the
favour
of
the
people
,
he
stirred
up
a
party
against
Aristides
that
expelled
him
,
and
banished
him
out
of
the
City
by
their
publick
Votes
.
When
the
King
of
Persia
was
coming
down
into
Greece
,
and
the
Athenians
were
in
consultation
who
should
be
their
General
,
and
many
withdrew
themselves
of
their
own
accord
,
being
terrified
with
the
greatness
of
the
danger
;
there
was
one
Epicydes
an
Oratour
,
Son
to
Euphemides
,
a
Man
who
was
powerfull
in
speech
and
of
an
eloquent
Tongue
,
but
of
a
faint
Heart
and
a
narrow
Soul
,
a
mere
slave
to
Riches
;
this
Man
was
desirous
of
the
Command
,
and
was
look'd
upon
to
be
in
a
fair
way
to
carry
it
by
the
number
of
Votes
;
but
Themistocles
fearing
that
,
if
the
Government
should
fall
into
such
a
man's
hands
,
all
would
be
lost
,
he
bought
out
Epicydes
;
and
for
a
good
sum
of
Money
caused
him
to
desist
from
his
pretensions
.
When
the
King
of
Persia
sent
Messengers
into
Greece
,
with
a
Greek
Interpreter
,
to
demand
Water
and
Earth
as
an
acknowledgment
of
their
subjection
and
obedience
to
him
,
Themistocles
by
the
consent
of
the
people
seis'd
upon
the
Interpreter
and
put
him
to
death
,
for
presuming
to
publish
the
Orders
and
Decrees
of
the
King
of
Persia
in
the
Grecian
Language
;
and
for
this
he
was
highly
honoured
by
the
Greeks
,
as
also
for
what
he
did
to
Arthmius
of
Zelea
,
who
for
bringing
Gold
from
the
King
of
Persia
to
corrupt
the
Grecians
,
was
by
an
Order
from
Themistocles
degraded
from
all
honour
,
and
registred
in
the
Book
of
infamy
,
he
,
and
his
Children
,
and
his
Posterity
:
but
that
which
most
of
all
redounded
to
his
honour
,
was
that
he
put
an
end
to
all
the
Civil
Wars
of
Greece
,
compos'd
their
differences
,
and
persuaded
them
to
lay
aside
all
enmity
during
the
War
with
the
Persians
;
and
in
this
great
Work
Chileus
the
Arcadian
was
very
assisting
to
him
.
Having
taken
upon
himself
the
Command
of
the
Athenian
Forces
,
he
immediately
endeavoured
to
persuade
the
Citizens
to
leave
the
City
,
and
to
embark
themselves
upon
their
Galleys
,
and
to
meet
with
the
Persians
at
a
great
distance
from
Greece
:
but
many
being
against
this
,
he
led
a
great
He
leads
an
Army
into
Thessaly
.
Army
joined
with
the
Lacedemonians
into
Tempe
;
that
in
so
narrow
a
Valley
,
bounded
on
each
side
with
high
Rocks
,
he
might
the
more
easily
defend
the
Thessalians
,
who
had
not
as
yet
declar'd
for
the
King
:
but
when
they
return'd
without
performing
any
thing
,
and
that
it
was
known
that
not
onely
the
Thessalians
,
but
all
as
far
as
Baeotia
had
yielded
to
Xerxes
;
then
the
Athenians
more
willingly
hearkned
to
the
advice
of
Themistocles
to
fight
by
Sea
,
and
sent
him
with
a
Fleet
to
guard
the
Straits
of
Artemisium
.
When
the
Grecian
Fleets
were
joined
,
the
Greeks
would
have
the
Lacedemonians
to
command
,
and
Eurybiades
to
be
their
Admiral
;
but
the
Athenians
,
who
surpassed
all
the
rest
in
number
of
Vessels
,
would
not
condescend
to
come
after
any
other
,
till
Themistocles
,
perceiving
the
danger
of
this
contest
,
yielded
the
command
to
Eurybiades
,
and
got
the
Athenians
to
submit
,
extenuating
the
loss
,
by
persuading
them
,
that
if
in
this
War
they
behaved
themselves
like
men
,
the
Grecians
for
the
future
of
their
own
accord
would
restore
to
them
the
chief
command
:
and
by
this
moderation
of
his
it
is
evident
,
that
he
was
the
great
Authour
of
the
safety
of
Greece
;
and
carried
on
the
Athenians
to
that
height
of
glory
,
that
they
surpassed
their
enemies
in
valour
,
and
their
friends
and
confederates
in
kindness
and
civility
.
As
soon
as
the
Persian
Armada
arrived
The
great
Persian
Fleet
comes
in
sight
.
at
Aphetae
,
Eurybiades
was
astonished
to
see
such
a
vast
number
of
Vessels
before
him
,
and
being
informed
that
two
hundred
more
sail'd
about
behind
the
Island
of
Sciathus
,
he
immediately
determined
to
retire
further
into
Greece
,
and
to
sail
back
into
some
part
of
Peloponnesus
,
where
their
Land
Army
and
their
Fleet
might
join
,
for
he
looked
upon
the
Persian
Forces
to
be
altogether
invincible
by
Sea
.
But
the
Eubeans
,
fearing
that
the
Greeks
would
forsake
them
,
and
leave
them
to
the
mercy
of
the
enemy
,
they
sent
Pelagon
to
discourse
privately
with
Themistocles
,
and
with
him
a
good
sum
of
Money
,
which
he
accepted
,
and
gave
it
to
Eurybiades
,
as
Herodotus
reports
.
In
this
affair
none
opposed
him
so
much
as
Architeles
Captain
of
a
Galley
called
the
Powerfull
;
who
having
not
money
to
supply
his
Sea-men
made
haste
to
set
sail
,
but
Themistocles
so
incensed
the
Athenians
against
him
,
that
they
set
upon
him
and
left
him
not
so
much
as
his
Supper
;
at
which
Architeles
was
much
surpris'd
,
and
took
it
very
ill
,
but
Themistocles
immediately
sent
him
in
a
Chest
a
service
of
all
provisions
,
and
at
the
bottom
of
it
a
Talent
of
Silver
,
desiring
him
to
sup
for
the
present
,
and
to
provide
for
his
Sea-men
and
Souldiers
for
the
future
,
if
not
,
he
would
report
it
amongst
the
Athenians
,
that
he
had
received
money
from
the
enemy
,
thus
Phanias
the
Lesbian
relates
it
.
Though
the
Fights
between
the
Grecians
and
the
Persians
in
the
Straits
of
Euboea
were
not
so
great
in
the
whole
as
to
make
a
final
decision
or
determination
of
the
War
;
yet
the
experience
which
the
Greeks
learnt
hereby
was
of
great
advantage
:
for
thus
they
effectually
understood
,
that
neither
the
number
of
Ships
,
their
riches
and
ornaments
,
nor
their
boasting
shouts
,
nor
barbarous
Songs
of
Victory
,
were
any
ways
terrible
to
men
that
dare
fight
,
and
were
resolved
to
come
hand
to
hand
with
their
enemies
,
these
things
they
were
to
despise
,
and
to
come
up
close
and
grapple
with
their
foes
.
This
the
Poet
Pindarus
took
notice
of
,
and
hath
not
ill
expressed
it
,
speaking
of
the
Fight
at
Artemisium
.
To
glorious
Liberty
Athens
did
this
day
,
By
bold
attempts
a
deep
foundation
lay
.
For
boldness
is
the
beginning
of
victory
.
Artemisium
is
above
the
City
of
Estioea
upon
Artemisium
.
the
coast
of
Euboea
which
lies
open
to
the
North
,
but
over
against
it
is
Olizon
,
and
a
Country
which
formerly
was
under
Philoctetes
,
where
there
is
a
small
Temple
of
Diana
of
the
East
,
and
Trees
about
it
,
which
are
encompassed
again
with
Pillars
of
white
Stone
;
and
if
you
rub
them
with
your
hand
they
send
forth
both
the
smell
and
colour
of
Saffron
:
in
one
of
the
Pillars
these
Verses
are
engraved
,
Within
these
Seas
,
the
brave
Athenians
shew
Their
matchless
valour
,
when
they
overthrew
The
numerous
Nations
that
from
Asia
spring
,
And
the
great
Navy
of
the
Persian
King
:
And
trophies
won
by
such
a
glorious
fate
To
bright
Diana
here
did
consecrate
.
There
is
a
place
still
to
be
seen
upon
this
Shoar
,
where
in
the
middle
of
a
great
heap
of
Sand
,
they
take
out
from
the
bottom
a
dark
powder
like
Ashes
,
or
something
that
hath
passed
the
Fire
;
and
here
they
think
the
Shipwrecks
and
Bodies
of
the
dead
were
burnt
.
But
on
the
other
side
,
as
soon
as
news
came
from
Thermopylae
to
Artemisium
informing
them
that
King
Leonidas
was
slain
,
and
that
Xerxes
had
made
himself
master
of
all
the
passages
by
Land
,
they
returned
back
into
Greece
,
the
Athenians
having
the
command
of
the
Rere
,
the
place
of
honour
and
danger
,
as
those
who
by
their
former
actions
had
testified
both
their
skill
and
courage
in
War
.
As
Themistocles
sail'd
along
the
coast
he
took
notice
of
the
Harbours
and
fit
places
for
the
enemies
Ships
to
retire
into
,
and
engraved
He
tempts
the
Ionians
to
forsake
the
Persians
.
large
Letters
in
such
Stones
as
he
found
there
by
chance
,
as
also
in
others
which
he
set
up
on
purpose
near
to
the
landing
places
,
or
where
they
were
to
water
;
in
these
inscriptions
he
required
the
Ionians
to
forsake
the
Medes
,
if
it
were
possible
,
and
come
over
to
the
Greeks
,
who
were
their
ancient
Founders
and
Progenitours
,
and
were
now
hazarding
all
for
their
liberties
,
but
if
this
could
not
be
done
,
then
to
be
a
hindrance
and
disturbance
to
the
Persians
in
all
their
Fights
.
He
hoped
that
these
writings
would
prevail
with
the
Ionians
to
revolt
or
raise
some
great
disorders
,
by
causing
them
to
be
much
suspected
by
the
Persians
.
Now
though
Xerxes
had
already
passed
through
Doris
,
and
invaded
the
Country
of
Phocis
,
and
had
burnt
and
destroyed
the
Cities
of
the
Phocians
,
yet
the
Greeks
sent
them
no
relief
;
and
though
the
Athenians
earnestly
desired
them
to
oppose
the
Persians
in
Boeotia
,
before
they
could
come
into
Attica
,
as
they
themselves
had
given
assistence
to
the
Greeks
by
Sea
at
Artemisium
,
yet
the
Grecians
gave
no
ear
to
their
request
,
being
wholly
intent
upon
Peloponnesus
,
and
resolved
to
gather
all
their
Forces
together
within
the
Isthmus
,
and
to
build
a
Wall
from
Sea
to
Sea
in
that
strait
neck
of
Land
,
which
parts
the
Saronick
Bay
from
the
Gulf
of
Corinth
;
so
that
the
Athenians
were
enraged
to
see
themselves
thus
betrayed
,
and
at
the
same
time
afflicted
and
dejected
at
their
being
forsaken
by
the
Greeks
:
to
fight
alone
against
such
a
numerous
Army
was
to
no
purpose
,
and
this
onely
expedient
was
left
them
for
the
present
,
to
leave
their
City
,
and
betake
themselves
to
their
Ships
;
which
the
people
were
very
unwilling
to
hearken
to
,
imagining
that
it
would
signifie
little
to
regard
their
own
safety
,
or
to
desire
victory
,
when
they
had
once
forsaken
the
Temples
of
their
Gods
,
and
exposed
the
Tombs
and
Monuments
of
their
Ancestours
to
the
fury
of
their
Enemies
.
Themistocles
being
at
a
loss
,
and
not
able
to
draw
the
people
over
to
his
opinion
by
any
humane
reason
,
he
set
his
machines
on
work
,
as
in
a
Play
,
and
brought
in
his
Divine
Revelations
,
wonderfull
Signs
,
Prodigies
,
Oracles
,
and
mystical
answers
of
the
Gods
.
The
Dragon
of
Minerva
kept
in
the
inward
part
of
the
Temple
near
to
her
Statue
served
him
for
a
Prodigy
,
for
Themistocles
having
gained
the
Priests
,
they
gave
it
out
to
the
people
,
that
the
Dragon
refused
to
eat
,
that
the
offerings
which
were
set
before
it
were
found
untouched
,
that
at
last
it
disappeared
,
that
the
Goddess
had
left
the
City
,
and
taken
her
flight
before
them
towards
the
Sea
.
He
often
repeated
to
them
the
Oracle
which
bad
them
trust
to
Walls
of
Wood
,
shewing
them
that
Walls
of
Wood
could
signifie
nothing
else
but
Ships
,
and
that
the
Island
of
Salamine
was
not
to
be
termed
miserable
or
unhappy
,
but
Apollo
had
given
it
the
name
of
Divine
,
for
that
it
should
be
one
day
very
fortunate
to
the
Greeks
:
at
length
his
opinion
prevail'd
,
and
he
obtain'd
a
Decree
,
that
the
City
should
be
recommended
to
the
protection
of
Minerva
the
Tutelary
Goddess
of
the
Athenians
,
that
they
who
were
of
age
to
bear
Arms
should
embark
,
and
that
all
possible
care
should
be
taken
to
save
the
Children
,
the
Women
,
and
the
Slaves
.
This
The
Athenians
send
away
their
Families
to
Troezena
.
Decree
being
confirmed
,
most
of
the
Athenians
removed
their
Parents
,
Wives
and
Children
to
Troezena
,
where
they
were
received
very
courteously
,
and
the
Troezenians
made
an
Order
of
Council
,
that
they
should
be
maintained
at
the
publick
charge
,
distributing
daily
two
oboli
to
every
one
,
gave
leave
to
the
Children
to
gather
Fruit
where
they
pleased
,
and
paid
the
Schoolmasters
who
instructed
them
.
This
Order
was
made
when
Nicagoras
was
Register
.
There
was
no
publick
treasure
at
that
time
in
Athens
:
but
the
Senate
of
Areōpagus
(
as
Aristotle
says
,
)
distributed
to
every
one
that
was
listed
eight
Drachms
;
which
was
a
great
help
to
the
setting
out
of
the
Fleet
,
but
Clidemus
ascribes
this
to
a
stratageme
of
Themistocles
;
who
when
the
Athenians
went
down
to
the
Haven
of
Piraea
,
said
,
that
the
shield
wherein
the
Head
of
Medusa
was
engraven
was
taken
away
from
the
Statue
of
Minerva
,
and
he
being
employed
to
search
for
it
,
and
ransacking
in
all
places
,
found
among
their
Goods
great
sums
of
Money
,
which
he
brought
back
for
the
use
of
the
publick
,
and
with
this
the
Soldiers
and
Sea-men
were
well
provided
for
their
Voyage
.
When
the
whole
City
of
Athens
were
going
The
Athenians
embark
.
on
Board
it
afforded
a
spectacle
worthy
of
pity
and
admiration
:
for
who
would
not
have
commiserated
those
who
were
to
leave
their
Country
,
and
at
the
same
time
admired
their
courage
and
resolution
,
to
see
them
send
away
their
Fathers
and
Children
before
them
,
and
not
be
moved
with
the
cries
and
tears
,
and
last
embracings
of
their
ancient
Parents
and
nearest
Relations
,
when
they
passed
over
into
the
Island
!
but
that
which
moved
compassion
most
of
all
was
,
that
many
old
men
by
reason
of
their
great
age
were
left
behind
;
and
even
the
tame
domestick
Animals
moved
some
pity
,
running
about
the
Town
,
clocking
,
mewing
,
houling
,
as
desirous
to
be
carried
along
with
their
Masters
that
had
nourished
them
:
among
which
it
is
reported
that
Xantippus
the
Father
of
Pericles
had
a
Dog
that
would
not
endure
to
stay
behind
;
but
leaped
into
the
Sea
,
and
swam
along
by
the
Galley's
side
,
till
he
came
to
the
Island
of
Salamine
,
where
he
fainted
away
and
died
,
and
that
part
of
the
Island
in
which
he
was
buried
is
still
called
the
Dog's
Grave
.
Among
the
great
actions
of
Themistocles
,
Themistocles
recalls
Aristides
from
banishment
.
the
return
of
Aristides
was
not
the
least
;
for
before
the
War
he
was
oppressed
by
a
Faction
stirred
up
by
Themistocles
,
and
suffered
Banishment
,
but
now
perceiving
that
the
people
regretted
the
absence
of
this
great
Man
;
and
fearing
that
he
might
go
over
to
the
Persians
to
revenge
himself
,
and
thereby
ruine
the
affairs
of
Greece
;
Themistocles
proposed
a
Decree
,
that
those
who
were
banished
for
a
time
,
might
return
again
to
give
what
assistence
they
could
to
the
Grecians
,
both
by
their
counsel
and
valour
,
with
the
rest
of
the
Athenians
.
Eurybiades
by
reason
of
the
greatness
of
Sparta
was
Admiral
of
the
Grecian
Fleet
,
but
yet
was
faint-hearted
in
time
of
danger
,
and
willing
to
weigh
Anchor
and
set
Sail
for
the
Gulf
of
Corinth
,
near
which
the
Land
Army
lay
encamped
,
but
Themistocles
violently
opposed
him
,
upon
which
happened
many
remarkable
passages
,
and
when
Eurybiades
to
blame
his
impatience
told
him
,
that
at
the
Olympian
Games
they
that
rise
up
before
the
rest
are
lashed
,
Themistocles
replied
,
and
they
that
are
left
behind
are
never
crowned
,
Eurybiades
lifting
up
his
Staff
as
if
he
were
going
to
strike
,
Themistocles
minding
nothing
but
the
interest
of
Greece
,
cryed
,
Strike
if
you
will
,
but
hear
what
I
say
:
Eurybiades
wondring
much
at
his
moderation
,
desired
him
to
speak
,
and
Themistocles
hereby
brought
him
to
a
better
understanding
of
his
affairs
,
but
one
who
stood
by
him
told
him
that
it
did
not
become
those
who
had
neither
City
nor
House
,
nor
any
thing
left
to
loose
,
to
perswade
others
to
relinquish
their
habitations
and
forsake
their
Countries
;
to
which
Themistocles
gave
this
reply
,
We
have
indeed
left
our
Houses
and
our
Walls
,
base
Fellow
,
not
thinking
it
fit
to
become
Slaves
for
the
sake
of
those
things
that
have
no
Life
nor
Soul
,
and
yet
our
City
is
the
greatest
of
all
Greece
,
as
consisting
of
two
hundred
Galleys
which
are
here
to
defend
you
if
you
please
;
but
if
you
run
away
and
betray
us
as
you
did
once
before
,
the
Greeks
shall
soon
perceive
that
the
Athenians
will
possess
as
fair
a
Country
and
as
large
and
free
a
City
as
that
already
lost
.
These
expressions
of
Themistocles
made
Eurybiades
suspect
,
that
if
he
retreated
,
the
Athenians
would
fall
off
from
him
.
When
one
of
Eretria
began
to
oppose
him
,
he
said
,
Have
you
any
thing
to
say
of
War
,
that
are
like
an
[
](A55194-e59710-b)*
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Loligo
,
Calamar
pescado
,
Calamaro
,
a
Sleeve
,
Calamary
,
or
Ink-Fish
.
Ink-Fish
?
you
have
a
Sword
but
no
Heart
.
Some
say
that
while
Themistocles
was
discoursing
of
these
things
upon
the
Deck
,
there
was
an
Owl
seen
flying
to
the
right
hand
of
the
Fleet
,
which
came
and
sate
upon
the
top
of
the
Mast
,
this
happy
It
casts
out
a
yellow
Ink.
Omen
so
far
disposed
the
Greeks
to
follow
his
advice
,
that
they
presently
prepared
It
is
an
exanguious
cartilaginous
Fish
,
having
no
bloud
,
it
is
thought
to
have
no
Heart
;
and
it
is
said
to
have
a
Sword
,
because
it
hath
a
Cartilage
in
it
,
which
exactly
resembles
the
Blade
of
a
Rapier
.
to
fight
;
yet
when
the
enemies
Fleet
was
arrived
at
the
Haven
of
Phaleris
upon
the
Coast
of
Attica
,
and
with
the
number
of
their
Ships
had
shadowed
all
the
Shore
,
and
when
they
saw
the
King
himself
in
person
come
down
with
his
Land
Army
to
the
Sea
side
,
with
those
multitudes
,
and
all
his
Forces
united
;
then
the
good
Counsel
of
Themistocles
soon
vanished
,
and
the
Peloponnesians
cast
their
eyes
again
towards
the
Isthmus
,
and
took
it
very
ill
if
any
one
spake
against
their
returning
home
,
and
resolving
to
depart
that
night
,
the
Pilots
had
order
what
course
to
steer
.
Themistocles
being
highly
concerned
that
the
Grecians
should
retire
,
and
loose
the
advantage
of
the
narrow
Seas
and
strait
Passages
,
and
slip
home
every
one
to
his
own
The
stratageme
of
Themistocles
to
force
the
Greeks
to
fight
.
City
,
considered
with
himself
,
and
contrived
that
stratageme
,
that
was
carried
on
by
Sicinus
.
This
Sicinus
was
a
Persian
Captive
,
but
a
great
lover
of
Themistocles
,
and
Tutour
to
his
Children
:
upon
this
occasion
Themistocles
sent
him
privately
to
Xerxes
,
commanding
him
to
tell
the
King
that
the
Admiral
of
the
Athenians
having
espoused
his
interest
,
had
sent
early
to
inform
him
,
that
the
Greeks
were
ready
to
make
their
escape
,
and
that
he
counselled
him
to
hinder
their
flight
,
to
set
upon
them
while
they
were
in
this
confusion
and
at
a
distance
from
their
Land
Army
;
and
hereby
he
might
destroy
all
their
Forces
by
Sea
.
Xerxes
was
very
joyfull
at
this
message
,
and
received
it
as
from
one
who
wished
all
things
prosperous
to
him
;
and
therefore
immediately
issued
out
instructions
to
the
Commanders
of
his
Ships
,
that
they
should
presently
set
out
two
hundred
Sail
,
to
encompass
all
the
Islands
,
and
enclose
all
the
Straits
and
Passages
,
that
none
of
the
Greeks
might
escape
;
and
to
follow
with
the
rest
of
their
Fleet
at
better
leisure
.
This
being
done
,
Aristides
the
Son
of
Lysimachus
was
the
first
man
that
perceived
it
,
and
went
to
Themistocles
into
his
Cabbin
;
not
out
of
any
peculiar
Friendship
,
for
he
had
been
formerly
banished
by
his
means
,
as
hath
been
related
,
but
to
inform
him
how
they
were
encompassed
by
their
enemies
.
Themistocles
knowing
the
generosity
of
Aristides
,
and
being
much
taken
with
his
Visit
at
that
time
,
imparted
to
him
all
that
he
had
transacted
by
Sicinus
,
and
intreated
him
that
having
great
authority
among
the
Greeks
,
he
would
now
make
use
of
it
in
joyning
with
him
to
induce
them
to
stay
,
and
fight
their
enemies
in
those
narrow
Seas
.
Aristides
applauded
Themistocles
,
and
went
to
the
other
Commanders
and
Captains
of
the
Galleys
,
and
encouraged
them
to
engage
;
yet
they
did
not
perfectly
assent
to
him
,
till
a
Galley
of
Tenedos
which
revolted
from
the
Persians
,
whereof
Panaetius
was
Commander
,
came
into
their
Fleet
,
and
confirmed
the
news
that
all
the
Straits
and
Passages
were
beset
,
and
then
their
rage
and
fury
as
well
as
their
necessity
provoked
them
all
to
fight
.
As
soon
as
it
was
day
Xerxes
placed
Xerxes
places
himself
conveniently
to
see
the
Sea-fight
.
himself
on
high
to
view
his
Fleet
,
and
how
it
was
set
in
order
.
Phanodemus
says
he
sate
upon
a
Promontory
above
the
Temple
of
Hercules
,
where
the
Coast
of
Attica
is
separated
from
the
Island
by
a
narrow
Chanel
;
but
Acestodorus
writes
,
that
it
was
in
the
confines
of
Megara
,
upon
those
Hills
which
are
called
the
Horns
,
where
he
sate
in
a
Chariot
of
Gold
,
with
many
Secretaries
about
him
to
describe
all
that
was
done
in
the
Fight
.
When
Themistocles
was
about
to
sacrifice
upon
the
Admiral
Galley
,
there
were
three
very
beautifull
Captives
brought
to
him
,
well
dressed
and
gloriously
adorned
with
rich
Vests
and
Gold
,
said
to
be
the
Children
of
Autarctus
and
Sandauce
Sister
to
Xerxes
;
as
soon
as
the
Prophet
Euphrantides
saw
them
,
and
observed
that
at
the
same
time
the
Fire
blazed
out
from
the
Offerings
and
cast
forth
a
more
than
ordinary
bright
Flame
,
and
that
one
sneezed
to
the
right
,
which
portended
some
fortunate
event
,
he
took
Themistocles
by
the
hand
,
and
ordered
that
the
three
Children
should
be
consecrated
and
purified
for
Sacrifice
,
and
offered
up
as
a
Vow
for
Victory
to
Bacchus
the
Devourer
,
for
hereby
the
Greeks
should
not
onely
save
themselves
,
but
also
obtain
Victory
.
Themistocles
was
much
disturbed
at
this
strange
and
terrible
Prophecy
,
but
the
common
Three
Children
sacrificed
before
the
Fight
.
people
who
in
the
most
difficult
conflicts
and
greatest
exigencies
hope
for
relief
by
absurd
and
extravagant
means
,
rather
than
by
any
reasonable
way
,
calling
upon
Bacchus
with
one
voice
,
led
the
Captives
to
the
Altar
,
and
compelled
him
to
perform
the
Sacrifice
,
as
the
Prophet
had
commanded
.
This
is
reported
by
Phanias
the
Lesbian
a
great
Philosopher
and
Historian
.
As
to
the
number
of
the
enemies
Ships
,
the
Poet
Aeschylus
writes
in
a
Tragedy
called
the
Persians
,
That
to
his
own
knowledge
Xerxes
had
a
thousand
Ships
,
of
which
two
hundred
and
seven
were
extraordinary
good
Sailers
.
The
Athenians
had
a
hundred
and
eighty
;
in
every
Ship
eighteen
men
fought
upon
the
Deck
,
four
of
which
were
Archers
and
the
rest
well
armed
.
As
Themistocles
had
possessed
the
most
advantageous
place
,
so
with
no
less
consideration
he
chose
the
best
time
of
fighting
;
for
he
would
not
set
the
Stemms
of
his
Galleys
against
the
Persians
,
nor
begin
the
Fight
till
the
time
of
day
was
come
,
when
there
constantly
rises
a
blustring
wind
from
without
the
Bay
,
which
brings
in
with
it
a
great
Sea
,
and
makes
rough
Water
in
the
Chanel
;
this
was
no
inconvenience
to
the
Grecian
Ships
,
which
were
low
built
and
strong
,
but
so
far
hurtfull
to
the
Persians
,
which
had
high
Sterns
and
lofty
Decks
,
were
heavy
,
and
could
not
easily
tack
,
nor
feel
the
Rudder
,
that
it
overset
them
,
or
laid
their
sides
bare
to
the
Grecians
,
who
fiercely
assaulted
them
,
strictly
obeying
the
orders
of
Themistocles
,
who
well
understood
what
was
most
for
their
advantage
:
and
when
Ariamenes
Admiral
to
Xerxes
,
a
good
Ariamenes
Admiral
to
Xerxes
.
man
,
and
by
far
the
bravest
and
worthiest
of
the
King's
Brothers
,
made
towards
Themistocles
,
and
having
a
great
Ship
,
threw
Darts
,
and
shot
forth
Arrows
,
as
from
the
Walls
of
a
Castle
;
Amenias
the
Decelian
,
and
Sosicles
the
Pedian
,
who
sailed
in
the
same
Vessel
bore
in
and
attacked
him
,
and
both
Ships
meeting
Stemme
to
Stemme
and
striking
together
,
their
sharp
Stemmes
armed
with
Brass
,
pierced
through
one
anothers
Ships
,
so
that
they
were
fastned
together
;
when
Ariamenes
attempting
to
board
them
,
Amenias
and
Sosicles
ran
at
him
with
their
Pikes
and
thrust
him
into
the
Sea
,
his
Body
as
it
floated
amongst
other
Shipwrecks
was
known
by
Artemisia
and
carried
to
Xerxes
.
It
is
reported
that
A
Flame
in
the
Air
and
strange
Sounds
and
Voices
heard
during
the
Fight
.
in
the
middle
of
the
Fight
a
great
Flame
shined
bright
in
the
Air
above
the
City
of
Eleusis
,
and
that
Sounds
and
Voices
were
heard
through
all
the
plain
of
Thriasia
as
far
as
the
Sea
,
sounding
like
a
number
of
men
that
were
going
to
celebrate
the
Mysteries
of
Bacchus
,
and
that
a
mist
seemed
to
rise
from
the
place
from
whence
this
sound
came
,
and
passing
forward
fell
upon
the
Galleys
.
Others
affirmed
that
they
saw
Apparitions
and
Spirits
in
the
shape
of
armed
Men
which
reached
out
their
hands
from
the
Island
of
Aegina
towards
the
Grecian
Galleys
and
were
like
the
Aeacides
,
whose
assistence
they
had
implored
in
their
prayers
before
the
Fight
.
The
first
man
that
took
a
Ship
was
Lycomedes
the
Athenian
,
Captain
of
a
Galley
,
who
cut
down
the
ensigns
of
honour
,
and
dedicated
them
to
Apollo
crowned
with
Laurel
.
And
as
the
Persians
fought
in
a
narrow
Arm
of
the
Sea
,
and
could
bring
but
part
of
their
Fleet
to
fight
,
they
fell
foul
of
one
another
,
and
the
Greeks
hereby
equalled
them
in
strength
,
fought
with
them
till
the
evening
,
forced
them
The
Greeks
overcome
the
Medes
.
back
,
and
obtained
so
clear
and
celebrated
a
Victory
,
as
Simonides
observes
,
that
neither
Greek
nor
any
other
Nation
,
ever
by
Sea
performed
such
glorious
service
.
After
this
Sea-fight
Xerxes
being
inraged
Xerxes
attempts
to
stop
up
the
Sea
.
at
his
ill
fortune
,
attempted
by
casting
great
heaps
of
Earth
and
Stones
into
the
Sea
,
to
stop
up
the
Chanel
and
to
make
a
Dam
,
upon
which
he
might
lead
his
Land
Forces
over
into
the
Island
of
Salamine
.
Themistocles
being
desirous
to
know
the
opinion
of
Aristides
,
told
him
,
that
he
intended
to
set
Sail
for
the
Hellespont
,
to
break
the
Bridge
of
Ships
,
whereby
he
might
hinder
the
retreat
of
Xerxes
,
and
keep
Asia
within
Europe
;
but
Aristides
being
troubled
at
his
design
,
gave
this
reply
,
We
have
hitherto
fought
with
an
enemy
who
hath
regarded
little
else
but
his
pleasure
and
luxury
,
but
if
we
shut
him
up
within
Greece
,
and
drive
him
to
necessity
,
he
that
is
Lord
of
such
great
Forces
,
will
no
longer
sit
quietly
with
an
Umbrella
of
or
Canopy
of
State
.
Gold
over
his
Head
,
looking
upon
the
Fight
for
his
pleasure
,
but
in
such
a
strait
will
attempt
all
things
;
he
will
be
resolute
and
appear
himself
in
person
upon
all
occasions
,
he
will
soon
correct
his
errours
,
and
supply
what
he
has
formerly
omitted
through
remissness
;
and
will
be
better
advised
in
all
things
.
Therefore
it
is
no
ways
our
interest
to
take
away
the
Bridge
that
is
already
made
,
but
rather
to
build
another
if
it
were
possible
,
that
he
might
make
his
retreat
with
the
more
expedition
.
To
which
Themistocles
answered
,
if
this
be
requisite
,
we
must
immediately
use
all
diligence
,
art
and
industry
,
to
rid
our selves
of
him
as
soon
as
may
be
:
and
to
this
purpose
he
found
out
among
the
Captives
one
of
the
King
of
Persia's
Eunuchs
named
Arnaces
;
whom
he
sent
to
the
King
,
to
inform
him
,
that
the
Greeks
being
now
victorious
by
Sea
,
had
decreed
to
sail
to
the
Hellespont
,
where
the
Ships
were
fastned
together
,
and
destroy
the
Bridge
;
but
that
Themistocles
being
passionately
concerned
for
the
King
,
revealed
this
to
him
,
that
he
might
hasten
towards
the
Asiatick
Seas
,
and
pass
over
into
his
own
Dominions
:
and
in
the
the
mean
he
would
cause
delays
,
and
hinder
the
Confederates
from
pursuing
him
.
Xerxes
no
sooner
heard
this
,
but
being
very
much
terrified
,
retreated
out
of
Greece
Xerxes
retreats
.
with
all
speed
.
The
prudent
conduct
of
Themistocles
and
Aristides
,
and
the
advantageous
management
of
this
affair
,
was
afterwards
more
fully
understood
at
the
Battel
of
Plataea
;
where
Mardonius
with
a
very
small
portion
of
the
Forces
of
Xerxes
put
the
Greeks
in
danger
of
losing
all
.
Herodotus
writes
that
of
all
the
Cities
of
The
Aegine●●s
perform
good
service
.
Greece
Aegina
performed
the
best
service
in
the
War
;
in
which
also
all
men
yielded
to
Themistocles
,
though
some
,
out
of
envy
,
did
it
unwillingly
;
and
when
they
returned
to
the
entrance
of
Peloponnesus
,
where
the
Souldiers
delivered
their
Suffrages
by
laying
a
Stone
upon
the
Altar
,
to
determine
who
was
most
worthy
,
every
one
gave
the
first
Vote
for
himself
and
the
second
for
Themistocles
.
The
Lacedemonians
carried
him
with
them
to
Sparta
;
where
giving
the
rewards
of
Valour
to
Eurybiades
,
and
of
Wisedom
and
Conduct
to
Themistocles
,
they
crowned
him
with
Olive
,
gave
him
precedency
,
presented
him
with
the
richest
Coach
in
the
City
and
sent
three
hundred
young
men
to
accompany
him
to
the
confines
of
their
Country
:
and
at
the
next
Olympian
Games
,
when
Themistocles
entred
the
place
where
those
Exercises
were
performed
,
the
Spectatours
took
no
further
notice
of
those
who
strove
for
Mastery
,
but
spent
the
whole
day
in
looking
upon
him
,
shewing
him
to
the
Strangers
,
admiring
The
mistocles
highly
applauded
.
him
,
and
applauding
him
by
clapping
their
hands
,
and
all
other
expressions
of
joy
;
which
so
delighted
him
,
that
he
confessed
to
his
Friends
,
that
he
then
reaped
the
fruit
of
all
his
labours
for
the
Greeks
;
he
was
in
his
own
nature
a
great
lover
of
honour
,
as
is
evident
from
those
things
which
are
recorded
of
him
.
When
he
was
chosen
Admiral
by
the
Athenians
,
he
ended
no
business
fully
,
publick
,
nor
private
,
but
deferred
all
till
the
day
they
were
to
set
sail
,
that
dispatching
much
business
together
,
and
having
to
doe
with
all
sorts
of
men
,
he
might
appear
great
and
able
to
perform
all
things
.
Viewing
the
dead
Bodies
cast
up
by
the
Sea
,
he
perceived
Collars
and
Chains
of
Gold
about
them
,
yet
passed
on
,
onely
shewing
them
to
a
Friend
that
followed
him
,
saying
,
Take
you
these
things
,
for
you
are
not
Themistocles
.
He
said
to
Antiphates
a
young
Nobleman
who
had
formerly
behaved
himself
haughtily
towards
him
,
but
now
in
his
glory
obsequiously
waited
upon
him
;
young
man
,
we
are
in
the
right
,
and
now
we
doe
both
as
we
should
doe
.
He
said
that
the
Athenians
did
not
honour
him
,
or
admire
him
,
but
when
they
were
in
danger
they
sheltred
themselves
under
him
,
as
they
do
in
stormy
foul
weather
under
a
Plane-tree
;
and
when
they
have
fair
weather
again
they
pull
off
its
Leaves
and
Fruit
,
and
cut
down
its
fairest
Branches
.
A
Seriphian
telling
him
that
he
had
not
obtained
this
honour
by
himself
but
by
the
greatness
and
splendour
of
his
City
,
he
replied
,
You
speak
truth
,
for
I
should
never
have
been
esteemed
if
I
had
been
of
Seriphus
:
nor
would
you
have
come
to
any
thing
though
you
had
been
of
Athens
.
A
Commander
of
the
Army
who
thought
he
had
performed
considerable
service
for
the
Athenians
,
boasting
and
comparing
his
actions
with
those
of
Themistocles
,
he
told
him
that
the
day
after
the
Festival
reproached
the
Festival
,
that
upon
her
day
those
who
were
laborious
and
industrious
refreshed
themselves
,
but
upon
the
Festival
the
sluggard
and
luxurious
enjoyed
all
things
,
to
which
the
Festival
replyed
,
it
is
true
,
yet
if
I
had
not
been
before
you
,
you
had
not
been
at
all
;
so
if
Themistocles
had
not
been
before
you
where
had
you
been
now
?
Laughing
at
his
own
Son
,
who
was
somewhat
too
bold
through
the
indulgence
and
fondness
of
his
Mother
,
he
told
him
that
he
had
the
most
power
of
any
one
in
Greece
;
for
the
Athenians
command
the
rest
of
Greece
,
I
command
the
Athenians
,
your
Mother
commands
me
,
and
you
command
your
Mother
.
Loving
to
be
singular
in
all
things
,
when
he
had
Land
to
sell
,
he
ordered
the
Cryer
to
give
notice
that
there
were
good
neighbours
near
it
.
Of
two
who
made
love
to
his
Daughter
he
preferred
the
Vertuous
before
the
Rich
,
saying
,
he
desired
a
Man
without
Riches
rather
than
Riches
without
a
Man
,
with
many
such
expressions
.
After
these
things
he
began
to
build
and
He
builds
the
Walls
of
Athens
.
wall
the
City
of
Athens
,
having
with
Money
corrupted
the
Lacedemonian
Ephori
,
and
perswaded
them
not
to
be
against
it
,
as
Theopompus
reports
;
but
as
most
relate
it
,
by
over-reaching
and
deceiving
them
,
for
being
chosen
by
the
Governours
of
Athens
he
went
to
Sparta
where
the
Lacedemonians
accusing
him
for
rebuilding
the
Walls
of
the
City
of
Athens
,
and
Poliarchus
being
sent
on
purpose
from
Aegina
to
plead
against
him
,
he
denied
the
fact
,
bidding
them
to
send
to
Athens
to
see
whether
it
were
so
or
no
:
by
which
delay
he
got
time
for
the
building
of
the
Wall
,
and
ordering
the
Athenians
to
seize
upon
those
who
were
sent
,
and
keep
them
as
Hostages
for
him
;
when
the
Lacedemonians
knew
the
truth
,
they
did
him
no
hurt
,
but
hiding
their
anger
for
the
present
,
sent
him
away
.
After
this
,
considering
the
great
advantage
He
fortifies
the
Haven
of
Piraea
.
of
good
Ports
,
he
fortified
the
Haven
of
Piraea
,
and
joyned
the
whole
City
to
the
Sea
,
ordering
the
publick
affairs
contrary
to
the
judgment
of
the
old
Kings
of
Athens
;
who
endeavouring
to
withdraw
their
Subjects
from
the
Sea
and
sailing
about
,
and
to
accustom
them
to
live
by
planting
and
tilling
the
Earth
,
published
the
Discourse
between
Minerva
and
Neptune
,
and
how
they
contended
for
the
patronage
of
the
Athenians
,
when
Minerva
by
shewing
to
the
Judges
an
Olive
Tree
,
was
declared
to
be
their
tutelary
Goddess
;
but
Themistocles
did
not
onely
joyn
the
Haven
of
Piraea
to
the
City
,
as
the
Poet
Aristophanes
observes
,
but
he
joyned
the
City
to
the
Haven
,
and
the
Land
to
the
Sea
,
which
encreased
the
power
of
the
People
against
the
Nobility
;
the
Authority
coming
into
the
hands
of
Watermen
,
Mariners
and
Masters
of
Ships
:
and
ordered
that
the
Pulpit
built
in
the
Market-place
for
publick
Orations
,
should
be
placed
towards
the
Sea
,
which
the
thirty
Tyrants
afterwards
turned
towards
the
Land
;
supposing
that
great
power
by
Sea
would
give
life
and
encouragement
to
a
popular
Government
;
but
that
Labourers
and
Husbandmen
would
be
less
offended
at
the
greatness
of
the
Nobility
:
but
Themistocles
had
a
higher
opinion
of
Sea
forces
.
After
the
departure
of
Xerxes
,
when
the
Grecian
Fleet
was
arrived
at
Pagasa
,
where
they
wintered
,
Themistocles
,
in
a
publick
Oration
to
the
people
of
Athens
,
telling
them
that
he
had
a
design
to
perform
something
that
would
be
very
beneficial
and
advantageous
to
the
Athenians
,
but
that
it
was
of
such
a
nature
,
that
it
could
not
be
made
publick
or
communicated
to
the
people
in
general
:
The
Athenians
ordered
him
to
impart
it
to
Aristides
onely
;
and
if
he
approv'd
of
it
to
put
it
in
practice
,
and
when
He
proposes
to
burn
the
Grecian
Fleet
in
the
Haven
of
Pagasa
.
Themistocles
had
discovered
to
him
that
his
design
was
to
burn
the
Grecian
Fleet
in
the
Haven
of
Pagasa
;
Aristides
coming
out
to
the
people
,
gave
this
report
of
the
stratageme
contrived
by
Themistocles
,
that
there
was
nothing
more
advantageous
,
nor
could
any
thing
conduce
more
to
the
prosperity
and
grandeur
of
Athens
than
this
,
but
withall
that
it
would
be
the
most
unjust
action
in
the
world
,
at
which
the
Athenians
commanded
Themistocles
to
desist
from
his
intention
,
and
to
think
no
further
of
it
.
When
the
Lacedemonians
proposed
at
the
general
Council
of
the
Amphictyonians
that
the
Representatives
of
those
Cities
which
were
not
in
the
League
,
nor
had
fought
together
against
the
Persians
,
should
be
excluded
out
of
that
Assembly
;
Themistocles
fearing
that
the
Thessalians
with
those
of
Thebes
,
Argos
and
others
,
being
thrown
out
of
the
Council
,
the
Lacedemonians
would
become
wholly
masters
of
the
Votes
,
and
act
what
they
pleased
;
he
applied
himself
to
the
Deputies
of
the
Cities
,
and
prevailed
with
the
Members
then
sitting
to
alter
their
opinions
in
this
point
,
remonstrating
to
them
that
there
were
but
one
and
thirty
Cities
which
did
partake
of
the
War
,
and
that
most
of
these
also
were
very
small
,
and
how
intolerable
it
would
be
,
if
the
rest
of
Greece
should
be
excluded
;
and
that
the
General
Council
should
come
to
be
ruled
by
two
or
three
great
Cities
.
By
this
he
chiefly
incurred
the
high
displeasure
and
hatred
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
who
afterwards
promoted
Cimon
to
all
honours
,
and
placed
him
as
an
emulatour
and
adversary
to
Themistocles
in
all
affairs
of
State
.
He
was
also
burthensome
to
the
Confederates
,
sailing
about
the
Islands
and
collecting
money
from
them
.
Herodotus
says
,
that
requiring
money
of
those
of
the
Island
of
Andros
,
he
told
them
,
that
he
had
brought
with
him
two
Goddesses
,
Persuasion
and
Force
;
and
they
answered
him
that
they
had
also
two
great
Goddesses
which
prohibited
them
from
giving
him
any
money
;
Poverty
and
Impossibility
.
Timocreon
the
Rhodian
Poet
reprehends
him
somewhat
bitterly
for
being
wrought
upon
by
money
to
let
those
who
were
banished
return
,
and
for
betraying
one
who
was
his
Guest
and
Friend
.
The
Verses
are
these
You
may
the
honour
of
Pausanias
raise
,
Leutychides
,
or
else
Xantippus
praise
,
Of
Aristides
I
'll
display
the
fame
The
best
man
e'er
from
mighty
Athens
came
.
The
false
dark
deeds
of
base
Themistocles
Can
never
the
divine
Latona
please
:
His
Friend
and
Guest
Timocreon
,
for
gain
,
A
prisoner
here
he
basely
doth
detain
.
To
get
three
Talents
some
he
does
recall
,
Banishes
,
murthers
others
,
laughs
at
all
.
While
with
his
Bags
well
fill'd
he
may
carrouse
,
And
in
the
Isthmus
keep
a
publick
House
.
Yet
there
doth
such
cold
entertainment
give
His
Guests
oft
wish
him
not
an
hour
to
live
.
But
after
the
sentence
and
banishment
of
Themistocles
Timocreon
reviles
him
more
excessively
and
more
reproachfully
,
in
a
Poem
which
begins
thus
,
Muses
,
convey
the
Echo
of
my
Verse
,
And
what
I
write
continually
rehearse
,
'T
is
requisite
that
this
you
should
disperse
,
All
over
Greece
,
and
through
the
Vniverse
.
It
is
reported
that
when
it
was
put
to
the
question
whether
Timocreon
should
be
banished
for
siding
with
the
Persians
,
Themistocles
gave
his
Vote
against
him
,
and
when
Themistocles
was
accused
for
treating
with
the
Medes
,
Timocreon
made
these
upon
him
.
Timocreon
now
is
not
the
onely
man
Hath
sworn
allegiance
to
the
Persian
.
Others
are
faulty
,
nay
the
greatest
fail
,
He
's
not
the
onely
Fox
without
a
Tail
.
And
when
the
Citizens
of
Athens
began
to
hearken
willingly
to
those
who
traduced
and
reproached
him
,
he
was
forced
to
put
them
in
mind
of
the
great
services
he
had
performed
,
and
asked
those
who
were
offended
with
him
,
whether
they
were
weary
with
receiving
benefits
often
from
the
same
person
,
whereby
he
rendred
himself
more
odious
:
but
he
more
highly
incensed
He
builds
a
Temple
and
dedicates
it
to
Diana
.
the
people
,
and
accumulated
their
hatred
towards
him
,
when
laying
the
Foundation
of
the
Temple
of
Diana
,
he
named
it
Aristoboule
or
Diana
of
the
best
Counsel
;
intimating
thereby
,
that
he
had
given
the
best
counsel
not
onely
to
the
Athenians
but
to
all
Greece
.
He
built
this
Temple
near
to
his
own
House
,
in
a
place
called
Melita
,
where
now
the
Hangmen
carry
out
the
Bodies
of
such
as
are
executed
,
and
throw
the
Halters
and
Clothes
of
those
that
are
strangled
or
otherwise
put
to
death
.
There
is
to
this
day
a
Statue
of
Themistocles
in
the
Temple
of
Diana
of
the
best
Counsel
,
which
represents
him
to
be
a
person
not
onely
of
a
noble
Mind
,
but
also
of
a
most
heroical
aspect
.
At
length
the
Athenians
banished
him
,
making
use
of
the
Exostracism
The
Exostracism
.
to
depress
his
great
worth
,
eminence
and
authority
,
as
they
ordinarily
did
to
all
those
whom
they
thought
too
powerfull
,
or
in
a
capacity
to
oppress
them
;
or
by
their
greatness
were
become
disproportionable
to
that
equality
which
was
thought
requisite
in
a
popular
Government
.
For
the
Exostracism
was
instituted
not
so
much
to
punish
the
Offender
,
as
to
mitigate
and
pacifie
the
fury
of
the
envious
,
who
delighted
to
depress
those
who
were
transcendent
in
eminence
and
glory
,
and
by
fixing
this
disgrace
upon
them
,
they
exhaled
part
of
the
venomous
rancour
of
their
minds
.
Themistocles
being
banished
from
Athens
,
while
he
stayed
at
Argos
the
Tryal
of
Pausanias
happened
,
which
gave
such
advantage
to
his
enemies
,
that
Leobotes
of
Agraula
Son
of
Alcmaeon
indited
him
of
Treason
;
the
Spartans
joyning
with
him
in
the
accusation
.
When
Pausanias
went
about
this
treasonable
design
,
he
concealed
it
at
first
from
Themistocles
,
though
he
were
his
intimate
Friend
,
but
when
he
saw
him
expelled
out
of
the
Commonwealth
,
and
how
impatiently
he
took
his
banishment
,
he
ventured
to
communicate
it
to
him
,
and
desired
his
assistence
,
shewing
him
the
King
of
Persia's
Letters
,
and
exasperating
him
against
the
Greeks
,
as
a
cursed
and
ungratefull
people
.
However
Themistocles
immediately
rejected
the
proposals
of
Pausanias
,
and
wholly
refused
to
be
a
party
in
the
enterprise
,
though
he
never
revealed
those
discourses
nor
discovered
the
Conspiracy
to
any
man
,
either
expecting
that
it
would
be
discovered
by
other
means
,
or
hoping
that
Pausanias
would
desist
from
his
intentions
,
seeing
that
he
attempted
without
due
consideration
things
that
were
absurd
,
dangerous
,
and
that
could
not
be
put
in
practice
.
After
that
Pausanias
was
put
to
death
,
Letters
and
Writings
being
found
concerning
this
matter
which
rendred
Themistocles
suspected
,
the
Lacedemonians
were
clamorous
against
him
,
and
the
envious
Athenians
accused
him
,
when
being
absent
from
Athens
,
he
made
his
defense
by
Letters
,
especially
against
the
chief
accusations
,
and
wrote
to
the
Athenians
in
answer
to
the
malicious
detractions
of
his
enemies
,
urging
that
he
who
was
always
ambitious
to
govern
,
was
never
born
to
serve
,
and
should
be
very
unwilling
to
become
a
Slave
,
would
never
sell
himself
and
his
Country
to
the
Persians
the
mortal
enemies
of
the
Greeks
.
Notwithstanding
this
the
people
being
perswaded
by
his
accusers
,
sent
Officers
to
take
him
and
bring
him
away
to
be
tried
before
the
great
Council
of
the
Greeks
;
but
having
timely
notice
of
it
,
he
passed
He
flies
into
the
Island
of
Corfu
.
over
into
the
Island
of
Corcyra
,
the
chief
City
of
the
Island
having
received
great
obligations
from
him
,
for
being
made
Judge
of
a
difference
between
them
and
the
Corinthians
,
he
determined
the
Controversie
,
ordering
the
Corinthians
to
lay
down
twenty
Talents
,
and
that
the
Town
and
Island
of
Leucas
should
be
equally
inhabited
by
a
Colony
sent
from
both
Cities
.
From
thence
he
fled
into
Epirus
,
and
the
Athenians
and
Lacedemonians
still
pursuing
him
,
he
plunged
himself
into
such
intricate
difficulties
,
that
he
had
small
hopes
ever
to
escape
;
for
he
fled
for
refuge
to
Admetus
King
of
the
He
flies
to
Admetus
King
of
the
Molossians
.
Molossians
,
who
having
formerly
made
a
request
to
the
Athenians
,
Themistocles
being
then
in
the
height
of
his
Authority
,
had
used
him
disdainfully
and
thrown
durt
upon
him
;
which
so
enraged
the
King
,
that
if
he
could
have
then
laid
hold
of
him
,
he
would
have
sufficiently
revenged
himself
;
yet
in
this
misfortune
,
Themistocles
fearing
the
fresh
hatred
of
his
Neighbours
and
fellow
Citizens
,
more
than
the
former
displeasure
of
the
King
,
threw
himself
at
his
mercy
,
and
became
an
humble
suppliant
to
Admetus
after
a
peculiar
manner
,
different
from
the
custom
of
all
other
Countries
.
For
holding
the
young
Prince
(
who
was
then
a
Child
)
in
his
Armes
,
he
prostrated
himself
before
the
King's
Houshold
Gods
;
this
being
the
most
sacred
and
onely
manner
of
supplication
among
the
Molossians
,
which
was
not
to
be
refused
,
and
some
say
that
Queen
Phthia
informed
Themistocles
of
this
way
of
petitioning
,
and
placed
her
young
Son
near
to
him
before
the
Figures
of
their
domestical
Deities
:
others
say
that
King
Admetus
,
that
he
might
be
under
a
religious
obligation
not
to
deliver
him
up
to
those
who
persecuted
him
,
helped
him
to
act
that
part
,
and
instructed
him
in
this
solemn
Rite
.
At
that
time
Epicrates
of
Acharnia
privately
conveyed
his
Wife
and
Children
out
of
Athens
,
and
sent
them
hither
,
for
which
afterwards
Cimon
condemned
him
,
and
put
him
to
death
,
as
Stesimbrotus
reports
,
yet
either
forgetting
this
,
or
making
Themistocles
to
be
little
mindfull
of
it
,
he
says
he
sailed
into
Sicily
,
and
desired
in
marriage
the
Daughter
of
Hieron
Tyrant
of
Sicily
,
promising
to
bring
the
Greeks
under
his
power
;
and
Hieron
refusing
him
,
he
departed
from
thence
into
Asia
:
but
this
is
not
probable
;
For
Theophrastus
writes
in
his
History
of
Kings
,
that
when
Hieron
sent
race
Horses
to
the
Olympian
Games
,
and
erected
a
royal
Tent
richly
furnished
,
Themistocles
made
an
Oration
to
the
Greeks
inciting
them
to
pull
down
the
Tyrant's
Tent
,
and
not
to
suffer
his
Horses
to
run
.
Thucydides
says
that
passing
over
Land
to
the
Aegaean
Sea
,
he
took
Ship
at
Pidna
in
He
takes
Ship
at
Pidna
.
the
Bay
of
Therme
not
being
known
to
any
one
in
the
Ship
,
till
being
terrified
to
see
the
Vessel
driven
by
the
Winds
near
to
Naxus
,
which
was
then
besieged
by
the
Athenians
,
he
made
himself
known
to
the
Master
and
Pilot
;
and
sometimes
entreating
them
,
at
other
times
threatning
them
that
if
they
went
on
shore
he
would
accuse
them
,
and
induce
the
Athenians
to
believe
,
that
they
did
not
take
him
in
out
of
ignorance
,
but
that
he
had
corrupted
them
with
money
from
the
beginning
,
he
compelled
them
to
bear
off
,
and
stand
out
to
Sea
,
and
sail
forward
towards
the
Coast
of
Asia
.
A
great
part
of
his
estate
was
privately
conveyed
away
by
his
Friends
,
and
sent
after
him
by
Sea
into
Asia
,
besides
which
there
was
discovered
and
confiscated
to
the
value
of
fourscore
Talents
;
as
Theophrastus
writes
.
Theopompus
says
an
hundred
;
whereas
Themistocles
was
never
worth
three
Talents
,
before
he
was
concerned
in
the
publick
.
When
he
arrived
at
Cuma
,
and
understood
that
all
along
the
Coast
there
were
many
laid
wait
for
him
,
and
particularly
Ergoteles
and
Pythodorus
(
for
the
Game
was
worth
the
hunting
after
by
such
as
pursued
gain
every
where
,
the
King
of
Persia
having
offered
by
publick
proclamation
two
hundred
Talents
to
him
that
should
take
him
)
he
fled
to
Aeges
a
small
City
of
the
Aeolians
,
where
no
one
knew
him
but
onely
his
Host
Nicogenes
,
who
was
the
richest
man
in
Aeolia
,
and
well
known
in
the
Court
of
Persia
.
While
Themistocles
lay
hid
for
some
days
in
his
House
,
one
night
after
a
Sacrifice
and
a
good
Supper
,
Olbius
Schoolmaster
to
Nicogenes's
Children
fell
frantick
and
inspired
,
and
cried
out
in
Verse
,
This
night
instructs
in
mystick
dreams
and
charms
,
How
t'
use
thy
parts
and
ever
conquering
Armes
.
After
this
Themistocles
dream'd
that
a
Dragon
Themistocles
's
Dream
.
coyled
it self
up
upon
his
Belly
,
and
creeping
up
to
his
Neck
,
as
soon
as
it
touched
his
Face
was
turned
into
an
Eagle
;
which
spread
its
Wings
over
him
,
and
took
him
up
,
and
flew
away
with
him
into
Countries
far
remote
,
where
a
golden
Sceptre
appeared
to
him
,
upon
which
he
rested
himself
securely
,
freed
from
all
fear
and
trouble
:
and
soon
after
Nicogenes
made
use
of
this
invention
to
send
him
away
.
The
barbarous
Nations
,
and
amongst
them
the
Persians
especially
,
are
naturally
jealous
,
clownish
and
morose
towards
their
Women
,
not
onely
to
their
Wives
,
but
also
to
their
Slaves
and
Concubines
,
which
they
keep
so
strictly
that
never
any
one
sees
them
abroad
,
even
at
their
Meals
they
are
shut
up
within
Doors
;
and
when
they
take
a
journey
,
they
are
carried
in
close
Coaches
,
or
put
under
a
little
Tent
or
Covering
shut
close
on
all
sides
,
and
set
upon
a
Waggon
;
such
a
travelling
Carriage
being
prepared
for
Themistocles
,
they
overwhelmed
him
,
and
hid
him
in
it
,
and
carried
him
on
his
journey
;
and
told
those
whom
they
met
or
discoursed
with
upon
the
Road
,
that
they
carried
a
young
Grecian
Lady
out
of
Ionia
to
a
Noble-man
at
Court
.
Thucydides
and
Charon
of
Lampsachus
report
that
Xerxes
being
dead
,
Themistocles
discoursed
with
his
Son
:
but
Ephorus
,
Deinon
,
Clitarchus
,
Heraclides
and
many
others
write
,
that
he
came
to
Xerxes
,
and
though
the
chronological
Tables
do
better
agree
with
the
relation
of
Thucydides
,
yet
they
are
not
exactly
compiled
with
that
undeniable
certainty
,
that
they
should
be
thought
to
be
built
upon
unshaken
and
immovable
Foundations
.
When
Themistocles
was
come
to
the
critical
Comes
to
Artabanus
.
point
,
he
applyed
himself
first
to
Artabanus
Commander
of
a
thousand
men
,
telling
him
,
that
he
was
a
Grecian
and
desired
to
speak
with
the
King
about
important
affairs
,
concerning
which
the
King
was
extremely
solicitous
;
Artabanus
answered
him
,
Stranger
,
the
Laws
of
men
are
different
,
and
some
esteem
one
thing
honourable
and
some
another
,
but
it
is
honourable
for
all
men
to
observe
and
commend
the
Laws
of
their
own
Country
;
it
is
allowable
for
you
Grecians
to
admire
liberty
and
equality
,
but
amongst
our
many
excellent
Laws
,
we
account
this
the
most
glorious
,
to
honour
the
King
,
and
to
worship
him
,
as
the
Image
of
that
great
Deity
that
preserves
and
protects
the
Universe
;
and
if
you
can
accustom
your self
to
our
Laws
,
and
fall
down
before
the
King
and
worship
him
,
you
may
both
see
him
and
speak
to
him
;
but
if
your
mind
be
otherwise
,
you
must
make
use
of
others
to
intercede
for
you
;
for
it
is
not
the
national
custom
here
for
the
King
to
give
audience
to
any
one
that
doth
not
fall
down
before
him
:
Themistocles
hearing
this
,
replied
,
Artabanus
,
I
that
come
hither
to
encrease
the
power
and
glory
of
the
King
,
will
not
onely
submit
my self
to
his
Laws
,
since
it
hath
pleased
God
to
raise
the
Persian
Empire
to
this
greatness
;
but
will
also
cause
many
more
to
be
worshippers
and
adorers
of
the
King
,
Let
not
this
therefore
be
an
impediment
,
why
I
should
not
communicate
to
his
Majesty
what
I
have
to
impart
,
Artabanus
asking
him
who
must
we
tell
him
that
you
are
?
for
you
seem
to
be
no
ordinary
person
,
Themistocles
answered
,
no
man
must
be
informed
of
this
before
the
King
himself
.
Thus
Phanias
relates
it
;
to
which
Eratosthenes
in
his
Treatise
of
Riches
,
adds
,
that
by
the
means
of
a
Woman
of
Eretria
who
was
kept
by
Artabanus
,
he
was
brought
acquainted
with
him
,
and
obtained
this
favour
from
him
.
When
he
was
introduced
to
the
King
and
He
is
brought
before
Xerxes
.
had
paid
his
due
reverence
to
him
,
he
stood
silent
,
till
Xerxes
commanding
the
Interpreter
to
ask
him
who
he
was
?
he
replied
,
I
am
Themistocles
the
Athenian
,
banished
and
persecuted
by
the
Greeks
,
I
flie
to
thee
for
refuge
mighty
Monarch
;
the
evils
that
I
have
done
to
the
Persians
are
easily
to
be
forgiven
,
in
consideration
of
the
many
atchievements
accomplished
for
them
,
when
I
hindred
the
Grecians
from
pursuing
the
Medes
after
the
fatal
Battels
of
Salamis
and
Plataea
,
when
having
freed
my
Country
and
placed
the
Greeks
in
safety
,
my
ambition
led
me
on
to
greater
enterprises
;
in
which
being
successfull
,
I
gratified
the
far
extended
Persian
Empire
,
and
performed
services
acceptable
to
the
greatest
Prince
on
earth
;
since
which
all
things
having
conspired
to
augment
my
present
calamities
,
sutable
to
such
a
condition
,
I
come
hither
,
hoping
to
receive
mercy
from
a
gracious
reconciled
Sovereign
,
who
hath
laid
aside
his
anger
,
and
is
no
longer
mindfull
of
former
evils
;
humbly
imploring
you
,
that
taking
the
Greeks
for
witnesses
of
the
services
I
have
done
for
Persia
,
you
will
make
use
of
this
occasion
to
shew
the
world
the
nobleness
of
your
vertue
,
rather
than
to
fulfill
your
wrath
,
or
satisfie
your
indignation
,
hereby
you
will
preserve
an
humble
suppliant
;
if
otherwise
,
you
destroy
a
servant
of
the
Persians
,
and
a
publick
enemy
of
the
Greeks
.
Besides
this
,
he
related
the
manner
of
the
Vision
,
which
he
saw
at
Nicogenes's
House
,
and
what
was
directed
him
by
the
Oracle
of
Dodona
,
where
Jupiter
commanded
him
to
go
to
him
that
had
a
name
like
his
,
by
which
he
understood
,
that
he
was
sent
from
Jupiter
to
Xerxes
,
seeing
that
they
had
both
the
name
of
mighty
Kings
;
and
he
knew
no
other
great
sacred
powers
but
Jupiter
,
and
the
Persian
Emperour
.
The
King
heard
him
attentively
,
and
though
he
admired
his
understanding
and
courage
,
gave
him
no
answer
at
that
time
,
but
when
he
was
with
his
intimate
Friends
,
he
rejoyced
in
his
great
good
fortune
,
and
esteemed
himself
very
happy
in
this
,
and
prayed
to
his
God
Arimanius
,
that
all
his
enemies
might
be
ever
of
the
same
mind
with
the
Greeks
,
to
provoke
,
abuse
and
expell
the
bravest
men
amongst
them
.
Then
he
sacrificed
to
the
Gods
,
and
presently
fell
to
drinking
,
and
was
so
well
pleased
that
in
the
night
in
the
middle
of
his
sleep
,
he
cried
out
for
joy
three
times
,
I
have
Themistocles
the
Athenian
.
In
the
morning
,
Xerxes
calling
together
the
chief
of
his
Court
,
had
Themistocles
brought
before
him
,
who
expected
no
good
would
come
of
it
,
especially
when
he
saw
the
Guards
were
fiercely
set
against
him
as
soon
as
they
knew
his
name
,
and
gave
him
ill
language
;
and
as
he
came
forward
towards
the
King
,
who
was
set
down
and
the
rest
kept
silence
,
passing
by
Roxanes
a
Commander
of
a
thousand
men
,
he
heard
him
sigh
and
whisper
softly
to
him
without
stirring
out
of
his
place
,
You
subtile
Greek
Serpent
,
the
Kings
good
Genius
hath
brought
thee
hither
;
yet
when
he
came
into
the
presence
,
and
fell
down
,
the
King
saluted
him
,
and
spake
to
him
kindly
,
telling
him
,
he
was
now
indebted
to
him
two
hundred
Talents
;
for
it
was
just
and
reasonable
,
that
he
should
receive
the
reward
which
was
proposed
to
whosoever
should
bring
Themistocles
;
and
promising
much
more
,
and
encouraging
him
,
he
commanded
him
to
speak
freely
what
he
would
concerning
the
affairs
of
Greece
,
Themistocles
replied
,
that
a
man's
Discourse
was
like
to
a
rich
Persian
Carpet
variously
wrought
and
figured
,
the
beautifull
Images
and
proper
Figures
of
which
are
best
represented
when
they
are
clearly
and
fairly
opened
;
but
when
they
are
contracted
and
folded
up
,
they
are
obscured
and
lost
,
and
therefore
he
desired
He
learns
the
Persian
Language
.
time
to
learn
the
language
perfectly
,
in
which
he
was
to
express
his
mind
,
and
unfold
his
secret
services
.
The
King
being
pleased
with
the
comparison
,
and
bidding
him
take
what
time
he
would
,
he
desired
a
year
,
in
which
time
having
learnt
the
Persian
Language
sufficiently
he
spake
with
the
King
by
himself
without
the
help
of
an
Interpreter
:
and
those
who
were
at
a
distance
thought
that
he
discoursed
onely
about
the
affairs
of
Greece
;
but
there
happening
at
the
same
time
great
alterations
at
Court
,
and
removals
of
the
King's
Favourites
,
he
drew
upon
himself
the
envy
of
the
great
ones
;
who
imagined
,
that
he
who
had
this
great
liberty
might
take
the
boldness
to
speak
many
things
concerning
them
:
for
the
favours
shewn
to
other
Strangers
were
nothing
in
comparison
of
the
honours
conferred
on
him
;
the
King
inviting
him
to
partake
of
his
own
pastimes
and
recreations
both
at
home
and
abroad
,
carrying
him
with
him
a-hunting
;
and
made
him
his
intimate
so
far
,
that
he
permitted
him
not
onely
to
come
into
the
presence
of
the
Queen
Mother
,
but
also
to
wait
upon
her
often
,
and
converse
familiarly
with
her
.
And
besides
this
,
he
heard
the
Discourses
of
the
Magicians
,
by
the
King
's
especial
command
;
and
was
instructed
in
the
secret
Philosophy
and
Magick
of
the
Persians
.
When
Demaratus
the
Lacedemonian
,
being
ordered
by
the
King
to
ask
whatsoever
he
pleased
,
and
it
should
immediately
be
granted
him
,
desired
the
Royal
Diademe
,
and
that
being
lifted
up
on
high
he
might
make
his
publick
entrance
,
and
be
carried
in
state
through
the
City
of
Sardis
with
the
Imperial
Crown
of
Persia
upon
his
head
,
after
the
manner
of
Kings
;
Mithropaustes
Nephew
to
Xerxes
,
taking
him
by
the
hand
told
him
,
that
he
had
no
Brains
for
the
Royal
Diademe
to
cover
;
and
if
Jupiter
should
give
him
his
Lightning
and
Thunder
,
he
would
be
ne'er
the
more
Jupiter
for
that
;
the
King
also
repulsed
him
with
scorn
and
anger
,
resolving
never
to
be
reconciled
to
him
,
but
to
be
inexorable
to
all
supplications
on
his
behalf
;
yet
Themistocles
pacified
him
,
and
prevailed
with
him
to
forgive
him
:
and
it
is
reported
that
the
succeeding
Kings
in
whose
Reigns
there
was
a
greater
communication
between
the
Greeks
and
Persians
than
formerly
,
when
they
invited
any
considerable
Grecian
into
their
service
,
to
encourage
him
they
would
signifie
to
him
by
Letters
,
that
he
should
be
as
great
with
them
as
Themistocles
was
with
Xerxes
.
They
relate
also
how
Themistocles
when
he
was
in
great
prosperity
,
and
courted
by
many
,
seeing
himself
splendidly
served
at
his
Table
,
he
turned
to
his
Children
and
said
,
Children
,
we
had
been
undone
if
we
had
not
been
undone
.
Most
Writers
say
,
that
he
had
three
Cities
given
him
Magnesia
,
Myus
and
Lampsacus
,
to
maintain
him
in
Bread
,
Meat
and
Wine
.
Neanthes
of
Cyzicus
and
Phanias
add
two
more
,
the
City
of
Percotes
to
provide
him
with
Clothes
,
and
Palaescepsis
with
Bedding
and
Furniture
for
his
House
.
As
he
went
down
towards
the
Sea
side
to
provide
against
the
attempts
and
practices
of
the
Greeks
,
a
Persian
whose
name
was
Epixyes
Governour
of
the
upper
Phrygia
laid
wait
to
kill
him
;
having
for
that
purpose
provided
a
long
time
before
a
crew
of
Pisidian
murtherers
,
who
were
to
set
upon
him
when
he
came
to
reside
in
a
City
that
is
called
Lyons-head
:
but
Themistocles
The
Mother
of
the
Gods
appears
to
him
.
sleeping
in
the
middle
of
the
day
,
the
Mother
of
the
Gods
appeared
to
him
in
a
Dream
,
and
said
unto
him
;
Themistocles
,
never
come
at
the
Lyon's-head
,
for
fear
you
fall
into
the
Lyon's
Jaws
,
for
this
advice
I
expect
that
your
Daughter
Mnesiptolema
should
be
my
servant
.
Themistocles
was
much
astonished
,
and
when
he
had
poured
forth
his
prayers
,
and
made
his
vows
to
the
Goddess
,
he
left
the
great
Road
,
and
taking
a
compass
about
,
went
another
way
,
changing
his
intended
station
to
avoid
that
place
,
and
at
night
took
up
his
rest
in
the
Fields
;
but
one
of
the
Sumpter-horses
which
carried
part
of
the
Furniture
for
his
Tent
,
having
fallen
that
day
into
a
River
,
his
Servants
spread
out
the
Tapestry
which
was
wet
,
and
hanged
it
up
to
drie
it
:
in
the
mean
time
the
Pisidians
made
towards
them
with
their
Swords
drawn
,
and
not
discerning
exactly
by
the
Moon
what
it
was
that
was
stretched
out
to
be
dried
,
they
thought
it
was
the
Tent
of
Themistocles
,
and
that
they
should
find
him
resting
himself
within
it
;
but
when
they
came
nigh
,
and
lifted
up
the
Hangings
,
those
who
watched
there
fell
upon
them
and
took
them
.
Themistocles
having
escaped
this
great
danger
,
was
in
admiration
of
the
goodness
of
the
Goddess
that
appeared
to
him
;
and
in
memory
of
it
he
built
a
Temple
in
the
City
of
Magnesia
,
which
he
dedicated
to
Cybele
Dindymene
Mother
of
the
Gods
,
wherein
he
consecrated
and
devoted
his
Daughter
Mnesiptolema
unto
her
service
.
When
he
came
to
Sardis
he
visited
the
Temples
of
the
Gods
,
and
observing
at
his
leisure
their
Buildings
,
Ornaments
,
and
the
number
of
their
Offerings
,
he
saw
in
the
Temple
of
the
Mother
of
the
Gods
the
Statue
of
a
Virgin
in
Brass
two
Cubits
high
,
called
the
Water-bringer
,
or
she
that
brought
the
Water
back
again
into
its
right
Chanel
.
Themistocles
had
caused
this
to
be
made
and
set
up
when
he
was
Surveyor
of
the
Aquaeducts
at
Athens
,
out
of
the
Fines
and
Forfeitures
of
those
,
whom
he
had
discovered
to
have
taken
away
the
Water
,
or
to
have
turned
it
out
of
its
due
course
,
by
other
Pipes
fitted
for
their
private
use
:
and
whether
he
had
some
regret
to
see
this
fair
Image
in
Captivity
,
and
the
Statue
of
a
Grecian
Virgin
kept
Prisoner
in
Asia
;
or
whether
he
was
desirous
to
let
the
Athenians
see
in
what
great
credit
he
was
with
the
King
,
and
what
authority
he
had
in
all
the
Persian
affairs
;
he
entred
into
discourse
with
the
Governour
of
Lydia
,
to
persuade
him
to
send
this
Statue
back
to
Athens
,
which
so
enraged
the
Persian
Officer
,
that
he
told
him
,
he
would
write
the
King
word
of
it
:
Themistocles
being
affrighted
hereat
,
got
access
to
his
Wives
and
Concubines
,
whom
he
gained
with
money
,
and
by
their
means
mitigated
the
fury
of
the
Governour
;
and
afterwards
carried
himself
more
reservedly
and
circumspectly
,
fearing
the
envy
of
the
Persians
;
and
gave
over
travelling
about
Asia
,
and
lived
quietly
in
his
own
House
in
Magnesia
,
where
for
a
long
time
he
passed
his
days
in
great
security
,
as
Theopompus
writes
,
being
courted
by
all
,
and
presented
with
rich
Gifts
,
and
honoured
equally
with
the
greatest
persons
in
the
Persian
Empire
;
the
King
at
that
time
not
minding
his
concerns
with
Greece
,
being
incessantly
busied
about
the
affairs
of
the
upper
Provinces
.
But
when
Aegypt
revolted
,
being
assisted
by
the
Athenians
,
and
the
Grecian
Galleys
roved
about
as
far
as
Cyprus
and
Cilicia
,
and
Cimon
had
made
himself
master
of
the
Seas
,
the
King
turned
his
thoughts
,
and
bending
his
mind
chiefly
to
resist
the
Grecians
and
to
hinder
their
increasing
power
against
him
,
raised
Forces
,
sent
out
Commanders
,
and
dispatched
M●ssengers
to
Themistocles
at
Magnesia
,
to
put
him
in
mind
of
his
promise
,
and
to
incense
him
and
irritate
him
against
the
Greeks
;
yet
this
did
not
increase
his
hatred
nor
exasperate
him
against
the
Athenians
,
neither
was
he
any
ways
elevated
with
the
thoughts
of
the
honour
and
powerfull
command
he
was
to
have
in
this
War
;
but
either
imagining
that
this
undertaking
could
not
prosperously
be
carried
on
,
nor
the
King
easily
compass
his
designs
,
the
Greeks
having
at
that
time
great
Commanders
,
and
amongst
them
Cimon
wonderfully
successfull
in
the
affairs
of
Greece
;
or
chiefly
being
ashamed
to
sully
the
glory
of
his
former
great
actions
,
and
of
his
many
Victories
and
Trophies
;
he
determined
to
put
a
conclusion
to
his
days
sutable
to
his
former
great
deeds
,
and
to
make
an
end
agreeable
to
the
whole
course
of
his
life
:
he
sacrificed
to
the
Gods
,
and
invited
his
Friends
,
and
having
kindly
entertained
them
,
and
shaked
hands
with
them
,
he
drank
Bulls
Bloud
,
as
the
general
report
goes
;
but
some
say
he
took
poison
which
He
drinks
Bulls
Bloud
.
dispatched
him
in
a
short
time
and
ended
his
days
in
the
City
of
Magnesia
,
having
lived
sixty
five
years
,
most
of
which
he
had
spent
in
the
State
and
in
the
Wars
,
in
governing
of
Countries
and
commanding
of
Armies
.
The
King
being
informed
of
the
cause
and
manner
of
his
death
,
admired
him
more
than
ever
,
and
continued
to
shew
kindness
to
his
Friends
and
Relations
.
Themistocles
left
three
Sons
by
Archippa
Daughter
to
Lysander
of
Alopece
;
Archeptolis
,
Polyeuctus
and
Cleophantus
.
Plato
the
Philosopher
mentions
the
latter
as
a
most
excellent
Horseman
;
but
relates
nothing
else
of
him
worthy
of
memory
:
of
his
eldest
Sons
Neocles
and
Diocles
,
Neocles
died
when
he
was
young
by
the
bite
of
a
Horse
,
and
Diocles
was
adopted
by
his
Grandfather
Lysander
to
be
his
Heir
.
He
had
many
Daughters
,
of
which
Mnesiptolema
,
whom
he
had
by
a
second
Marriage
,
was
Wife
to
Archeptolis
,
her
Brother-in-law
by
another
Mother
;
Italia
was
married
to
Panthedes
of
the
Island
of
Scio
;
Sybaris
to
Nicomedes
the
Athenian
.
After
the
death
of
Themistocles
,
his
Nephew
Phrasicles
set
sail
for
Magnesia
,
and
married
his
Daughter
Nicomachia
,
receiving
her
from
the
hands
of
her
Brothers
;
and
brought
up
her
Sister
Asia
the
youngest
of
all
the
Children
.
The
Magnesians
possess
the
splendid
Sepulchre
His
Tomb
at
Magnesia
.
of
Themistocles
placed
in
the
middle
of
their
great
Piazza
,
and
it
is
not
worth
the
taking
notice
of
what
Andocides
writes
to
his
Friends
,
concerning
the
Reliques
of
Themistocles
;
how
the
Athenians
robbed
his
Tomb
,
and
threw
his
Ashes
into
the
Air
;
for
he
feigns
this
to
exasperate
the
Nobility
against
the
people
;
and
there
is
no
man
living
but
knows
that
Phrasicles
is
mistaken
in
his
History
,
where
he
brings
in
Neocles
and
Demopolis
for
the
Sons
of
Themistocles
to
incite
or
move
compassion
,
as
if
he
were
writing
of
a
Tragedy
:
yet
Diodorus
the
Cosmographer
writes
in
his
Book
of
Sepulchres
,
but
by
conjecture
rather
than
of
his
certain
knowledge
,
that
near
to
the
Haven
of
Piraea
,
where
the
Land
runs
out
like
an
Elbow
from
the
Promontory
of
Alcimus
,
and
when
you
have
doubled
the
Cape
and
passed
inward
where
the
Sea
is
always
calm
,
there
is
a
vast
Foundation
,
and
upon
this
the
Tomb
of
Themistocles
in
the
shape
of
an
Altar
;
and
Plato
the
Comedian
seems
to
confirm
this
in
these
Verses
,
Thy
Tomb
is
fairly
placed
on
the
Strand
,
Where
Merchants
from
all
parts
may
pass
or
land
;
Where
Ships
from
every
quarter
come
in
sight
,
And
may
engage
in
many
a
bloudy
Fight
:
So
that
thy
Ashes
placed
on
the
Shore
,
Both
Sea
and
Land
may
honour
and
adore
.
Divers
honours
also
and
privileges
were
granted
to
the
Kindred
of
Themistocles
at
Magnesia
,
which
were
observed
down
to
our
times
;
and
another
Themistocles
of
Athens
enjoyed
them
,
with
whom
I
had
a
particular
acquaintance
and
Friendship
in
the
House
of
Ammonius
the
Philosopher
.
The
End
of
Themistocles
's
Life
.
Furius
Camillus
portrait
Vandrebanc
fe
▪
THE
LIFE
OF
F.
CAMILLUS
.
Englished
from
the
Greek
,
By
Mich.
Payne
,
Trin.
Coll.
Cant.
Soc.
AMong
the
many
remarkable
things
that
are
related
of
Furius
Camillus
,
this
above
all
seems
most
singular
and
strange
,
that
he
who
for
the
most
part
was
in
the
highest
commands
,
and
had
performed
the
greatest
Actions
,
was
five
times
chosen
Dictatour
,
triumphed
four
times
,
and
was
styled
a
Second
Founder
of
Rome
,
yet
never
was
so
much
as
once
Consul
.
The
reason
whereof
was
the
state
and
temper
of
the
then
Commonwealth
;
for
the
People
being
at
dissention
with
the
Senate
stifly
refused
to
return
Consuls
,
but
in
their
stead
elected
other
Magistrates
called
Military
Tribunes
,
who
though
they
acted
every
thing
with
full
Consular
Power
and
Authority
,
yet
their
Government
was
less
grievous
to
the
People
,
by
reason
they
were
more
in
number
:
for
to
have
the
management
of
affairs
entrusted
in
the
hands
of
six
persons
rather
than
two
,
was
some
ease
and
satisfaction
to
those
who
could
not
endure
the
Dominion
of
a
few
.
This
was
the
condition
of
the
times
when
Camillus
flourished
in
the
height
of
his
actions
and
glory
,
and
although
the
Government
in
the
mean
time
had
often
proceeded
to
Consular
Elections
,
yet
he
could
never
perswade
himself
to
be
Consul
,
against
the
good-will
and
inclination
of
the
People
.
In
all
other
his
administrations
which
were
many
and
various
,
he
so
behaved
himself
,
that
when
he
was
alone
in
Authority
,
his
power
was
exercised
as
in
common
,
but
the
honour
of
all
actions
redounded
intirely
to
himself
,
even
when
in
joint
Commission
with
others
;
the
reason
of
the
former
was
his
moderation
,
commanding
without
pride
or
insolence
;
of
the
latter
,
his
great
judgment
and
wisedom
,
wherein
without
question
he
excelled
all
others
.
And
whereas
the
House
of
the
Furii
was
not
at
that
time
of
any
considerable
quality
,
he
was
the
first
that
raised
himself
to
honour
,
serving
under
Posthumius
Tubertus
,
Dictatour
,
in
the
great
Battel
against
the
Aeques
and
Volsces
;
for
riding
out
from
the
rest
of
the
Army
,
and
in
the
charge
receiving
a
wound
in
his
Thigh
,
he
for
all
that
gave
not
over
the
fight
,
but
plucking
out
the
Dart
that
stuck
close
in
the
wound
,
and
engaging
with
the
bravest
of
the
enemy
,
he
put
them
to
flight
,
for
which
action
,
among
other
rewards
bestowed
on
him
,
he
was
created
Censor
,
an
Camillus
made
Censor
.
Office
in
those
days
of
great
esteem
and
authority
.
During
his
Censorship
one
very
good
act
of
his
is
recorded
,
that
whereas
the
Wars
had
made
many
Widows
,
he
obliged
such
as
had
no
Wives
,
some
by
fair
perswasion
,
others
by
threatning
to
set
Fines
on
their
heads
,
to
take
them
in
marriage
.
Another
necessary
one
,
in
causing
Orphans
to
be
rated
,
who
before
were
exempted
from
Taxes
,
the
frequent
and
chargeable
Wars
requiring
more
than
ordinary
expences
to
maintain
them
.
But
that
which
pinched
them
most
was
the
Siege
of
Veii
The
Siege
of
Veii
.
(
some
call
them
Venetani
.
)
This
was
the
head
City
of
Tuscany
,
not
inferiour
to
Rome
,
either
in
number
of
Arms
or
multitude
of
Souldiers
,
insomuch
that
presuming
on
her
wealth
and
magnificence
,
and
priding
her
self
in
the
variety
of
pleasures
she
enjoyed
,
she
had
fought
many
a
fair
Battel
with
the
Romans
,
contending
for
Glory
and
Empire
.
But
now
they
had
quitted
their
former
ambition
having
been
weakned
and
brought
low
in
many
notable
encounters
,
so
that
having
fortified
themselves
with
high
and
strong
Walls
,
and
furnished
the
City
with
all
sorts
of
Weapons
offensive
and
defensive
,
as
likewise
with
Corn
and
all
manner
of
Provisions
,
they
cheerfully
endured
the
Siege
,
which
though
tedious
to
them
,
was
no
less
troublesome
and
vexatious
to
the
besiegers
.
For
the
Romans
having
never
been
accustomed
to
lie
long
abroad
in
the
heat
of
Summer
,
and
constantly
to
winter
at
home
,
they
were
then
first
compelled
by
the
Tribunes
,
to
build
Forts
and
Garrisons
in
the
Enemies
Country
,
and
raising
strong
Works
about
their
Camp
to
joyn
Winter
and
Summer
together
.
And
now
the
seventh
year
of
the
War
drawing
to
an
end
,
the
Commanders
began
to
be
suspected
as
too
slow
and
remiss
in
driving
on
the
Siege
,
infomuch
that
they
were
discharged
and
others
chosen
for
the
War
,
among
whom
was
Camillus
then
second
time
Tribune
.
But
at
present
he
had
no
hand
in
the
Siege
,
his
lot
being
to
make
War
upon
the
Falisces
and
Capenates
,
who
taking
advantage
of
the
Romans
being
busied
on
all
hands
,
had
much
spoiled
their
Country
,
and
through
all
the
Tuscan
War
given
them
sore
diversions
,
but
were
now
reduced
by
Camillus
,
and
with
great
losses
shut
up
within
their
Walls
.
And
now
in
the
very
heat
of
the
War
an
The
strange
accident
of
the
Alban
Lake
.
accident
happened
to
the
Alban
Lake
no
less
wonderfull
than
the
most
incredible
things
that
are
reported
,
and
by
reason
no
visible
cause
could
be
assigned
,
or
any
natural
beginning
whereto
to
ascribe
it
,
it
became
matter
of
great
amazement
.
It
was
the
beginning
of
Autumn
,
and
the
Summer
before
had
neither
been
very
rainy
,
nor
in
appearance
over
troubled
with
Southern
winds
,
and
of
the
many
Lakes
,
Brooks
and
Springs
of
all
sorts
wherein
Italy
abounds
,
some
were
wholly
dried
up
,
others
drew
very
little
Water
with
them
.
But
all
the
Rivers
,
as
they
constantly
used
in
Summer
,
ran
in
a
very
low
and
hollow
Chanel
.
But
the
Alban
Lake
that
is
fed
by
no
other
waters
but
its
own
,
being
compassed
about
with
fruitfull
Mountains
,
without
any
cause
,
unless
it
were
Divine
,
began
visibly
to
rise
and
swell
,
increasing
to
the
feet
of
the
Mountains
,
and
by
degrees
reaching
to
the
very
tops
of
them
,
and
all
this
without
any
violent
tossing
,
or
agitation
of
its
Waves
.
At
first
it
was
the
wonder
of
Shepherds
and
Herdmen
,
but
when
the
Earth
which
like
a
great
Dam
held
up
the
Lake
from
falling
into
the
lower
grounds
,
through
the
quantity
and
weight
of
Water
was
broken
down
;
and
that
in
a
violent
stream
it
ran
through
the
plow'd
Fields
and
Plantations
,
to
discharge
it self
in
the
Sea
;
it
did
not
onely
strike
terrour
in
the
Romans
,
but
was
thought
by
all
the
inhabitants
of
Italy
to
portend
some
extraordinary
events
.
But
the
greatest
talk
of
it
was
in
the
Camp
that
besieged
Veii
,
when
once
this
accident
of
the
Lake
came
to
be
known
among
them
,
and
as
in
long
Sieges
it
is
usual
for
parties
of
both
sides
to
meet
and
converse
with
one
another
;
it
happened
that
a
Roman
had
A
subtile
fetch
of
a
Roman
Souldier
.
gained
much
confidence
and
familiarity
with
one
of
the
besieged
,
a
man
well
versed
in
ancient
learning
,
and
had
the
reputation
of
more
than
ordinary
skill
in
divination
.
The
Roman
observing
him
to
be
overjoy'd
at
the
story
of
the
Lake
,
and
to
mock
at
the
Siege
,
told
him
that
this
was
not
the
onely
prodigy
that
of
late
had
happened
to
the
Romans
,
but
that
others
more
wonderfull
than
this
had
befallen
them
,
which
he
was
willing
to
communicate
to
him
,
that
he
might
the
better
provide
for
his
private
affairs
in
these
publick
distempers
.
The
man
greedily
embraced
the
motion
,
expecting
to
hear
some
wonderfull
secrets
,
but
when
by
little
and
little
he
had
drill'd
him
on
in
discourse
,
and
insensibly
drawn
him
a
good
way
from
the
Gates
of
the
City
,
he
snatched
him
up
by
the
middle
,
being
stronger
than
he
,
and
by
the
assistence
of
others
that
came
running
from
the
Camp
,
seized
and
delivered
him
to
the
Commanders
.
The
man
reduced
to
this
necessity
,
and
knowing
that
destiny
is
not
to
be
avoided
,
discover'd
to
them
the
secret
counsels
of
his
Country
.
That
it
was
not
possible
the
City
should
be
taken
,
untill
the
Alban
Lake
,
which
now
broke
forth
and
had
found
out
new
passages
,
was
drawn
back
from
that
course
,
and
so
diverted
,
that
it
could
not
mingle
with
the
Sea
.
The
Senate
Ambassadours
sent
to
Delphos
.
having
heard
and
deliberated
of
the
matter
,
decreed
to
send
to
Delphos
to
ask
counsel
of
that
God
;
the
Messengers
were
persons
of
the
greatest
quality
,
Cossus
Licinius
,
Valerius
Potitus
and
Fabius
Ambustus
;
who
having
made
their
voiage
by
Sea
,
and
consulted
the
God
,
returned
with
other
answers
,
particularly
that
there
had
been
a
neglect
of
some
of
their
Country
Rites
relating
to
the
Latine
Feasts
.
As
for
the
Alban
Water
,
the
Oracle
commanded
,
that
if
it
was
possible
,
they
should
draw
it
from
the
Sea
,
and
shut
it
up
in
its
ancient
bounds
;
but
if
that
was
not
to
be
done
,
then
they
should
bring
it
down
into
Ditches
and
Trenches
into
the
lower
grounds
,
and
so
dry
it
up
;
which
message
being
delivered
,
the
Priests
performed
what
related
to
the
Sacrifices
,
and
the
People
went
to
work
,
and
turned
the
Water
.
And
now
the
Senate
in
the
tenth
year
of
the
War
taking
away
all
other
Commands
created
Camillus
Dictatour
,
who
chose
Cornelius
Scipio
for
his
General
of
Horse
;
and
in
the
first
place
he
made
Vows
unto
the
Gods
,
that
if
they
would
grant
a
happy
conclusion
of
that
War
,
he
would
celebrate
to
their
Honour
the
great
Sports
,
and
dedicate
a
Temple
to
the
Goddess
whom
the
Romans
call
Matuta
the
Mother
,
but
from
the
Ceremonies
which
are
used
,
one
would
verily
think
she
was
Leucothea
,
for
leading
a
Servant-maid
into
the
secret
part
of
the
Temple
they
there
buffet
her
,
and
then
drive
her
out
again
;
and
they
embrace
their
Brothers
Children
,
more
than
their
own
;
and
in
the
matter
of
Sacrifices
use
the
same
ceremonies
as
to
Bacchus
his
Nurses
,
and
what
is
customary
in
the
sad
case
of
Ino
in
remembrance
of
the
Concubine
.
Camillus
having
made
these
Vows
,
marched
into
the
Country
of
the
Falisces
,
and
in
a
great
Battel
overthrew
them
and
the
Capenates
their
Confederates
;
afterwards
he
turned
to
the
Siege
of
Veii
,
and
finding
that
to
take
it
by
assault
The
continuation
of
the
Siege
of
Veii
.
would
prove
a
difficult
and
hazardous
attempt
,
he
cut
Mines
under
ground
,
the
Earth
about
the
City
being
easy
to
break
up
,
and
allowing
as
much
depth
as
would
carry
on
the
Works
without
being
discovered
by
the
Enemy
.
This
design
going
on
in
a
hopefull
way
,
he
without
,
gave
assaults
to
the
Enemy
to
divert
them
about
the
Walls
,
whilst
they
that
worked
under-ground
in
the
Mines
were
insensibly
,
without
being
perceived
,
got
within
the
Castle
,
under
the
Temple
of
Juno
,
which
was
the
greatest
and
most
celebrated
in
all
the
City
.
It
is
reported
that
the
Prince
of
the
Tuscans
was
at
that
very
time
at
his
Devotions
,
and
that
the
Priest
after
he
had
looked
into
the
Entrails
of
the
Beast
,
should
cry
out
with
a
loud
voice
,
That
the
Gods
would
give
the
victory
to
those
that
should
finish
those
Sacrifices
:
and
that
the
Romans
who
were
in
the
mines
hearing
the
words
,
immediately
pull'd
down
the
Floor
,
and
ascending
with
noise
and
clashing
of
Weapons
,
frighted
away
the
Enemy
,
and
snatching
up
the
Entrails
carried
them
to
Camillus
.
But
this
may
look
like
a
Fable
.
The
City
being
taken
by
storm
,
and
the
Souldiers
busied
in
pillaging
and
gathering
an
infinite
quantity
of
Riches
and
Spoil
,
Camillus
from
the
high
Tower
viewing
what
was
done
,
at
first
wept
for
pity
;
and
when
they
that
were
by
,
congratulated
his
good
success
,
he
lift
up
his
hands
to
Heaven
,
and
broke
out
into
this
Prayer
.
O
most
mighty
Jupiter
,
and
ye
Gods
that
are
Judges
of
good
and
evil
actions
,
Ye
know
that
not
without
just
cause
,
but
constrained
by
necessity
we
have
been
forced
to
revenge
our selves
on
the
City
of
our
unrighteous
and
implacable
Enemies
.
But
if
in
the
vicissitude
of
things
,
there
be
any
calamity
due
,
to
countervail
this
great
felicity
,
I
beg
that
it
may
be
diverted
from
the
City
and
Army
of
the
Romans
,
and
with
as
little
hurt
as
may
be
,
fall
upon
my
own
Head
.
Having
said
these
words
,
and
just
turning
about
(
as
the
custom
of
the
Romans
is
to
turn
to
the
right
when
they
worship
or
pray
)
he
fell
flat
to
the
ground
,
to
the
astonishment
of
all
that
were
present
.
But
recovering
himself
presently
from
the
fall
,
he
told
them
,
that
it
had
succeeded
to
his
wish
,
a
small
mischance
in
recompence
of
the
greatest
good
fortune
.
Having
sacked
the
City
,
he
resolved
according
as
he
had
vowed
to
carry
Juno's
Image
unto
Rome
;
and
the
Workmen
being
ready
for
that
purpose
,
he
sacrificed
to
the
Goddess
,
and
made
his
supplications
,
that
she
would
be
pleased
to
accept
of
their
devotion
toward
her
,
and
graciously
vouchsafe
to
accept
of
a
place
among
the
Gods
that
precided
at
Rome
:
They
say
,
that
the
Statue
answered
in
a
low
voice
,
that
she
was
ready
and
willing
to
go
.
Livy
writes
that
in
praying
,
Camillus
touched
the
Goddess
,
and
invited
her
,
and
that
some
of
the
standers
by
cryed
out
,
that
she
was
willing
.
They
who
stickle
most
for
this
Miracle
,
and
endeavour
to
defend
it
,
have
the
wonderfull
fortune
of
that
City
on
their
sides
,
which
from
a
small
and
contemptible
beginning
attained
to
that
greatness
and
power
which
it
could
never
have
done
,
without
those
many
and
great
manifestations
of
God
upon
all
occasions
appearing
for
it
.
Besides
,
they
produce
other
Wonders
of
the
like
nature
,
as
the
often
sweating
of
Statues
,
and
that
they
have
sometimes
been
heard
to
groan
,
as
likewise
the
turning
aside
of
some
,
and
nodding
and
approving
of
others
,
as
many
of
the
Ancients
have
reported
;
and
we
our selves
could
relate
divers
wonderfull
things
which
we
have
heard
from
men
of
our
own
time
,
which
are
not
lightly
to
be
rejected
:
but
to
give
too
easy
credit
to
such
things
,
or
wholly
to
disbelieve
them
,
is
equally
dangerous
,
by
reason
of
humane
infirmity
,
which
hath
no
bounds
or
command
of
it self
,
but
is
sometimes
carried
to
superstition
and
dotage
,
otherwhile
to
the
contempt
and
neglect
of
all
Religion
.
But
moderation
is
the
best
,
and
to
doe
nothing
too
much
.
But
Camillus
,
whether
puffed
up
with
the
greatness
Camillus
's
deportment
upon
the
sacking
of
Veii
distastfull
to
the
Romans
.
of
the
action
to
have
won
a
City
that
was
competitour
with
Rome
,
and
had
held
out
a
ten
years
siege
,
or
exalted
with
the
flattery
of
those
that
were
about
him
,
assumed
to
himself
more
than
became
a
civil
and
legal
Magistrate
.
Among
other
things
was
the
pride
and
haughtiness
of
his
Triumph
,
driving
through
Rome
in
a
Charriot
drawn
with
four
White
Horses
,
no
General
either
before
or
since
having
done
the
like
;
for
the
Romans
esteem
that
carriage
to
be
sacred
and
peculiar
onely
to
the
King
and
Father
of
the
Gods
.
This
alienated
the
hearts
of
the
Citizens
from
him
who
were
not
accustomed
to
such
pomp
and
bravery
.
The
second
pique
they
had
against
him
,
was
his
opposing
the
Law
by
which
the
City
was
to
be
divided
;
for
the
Tribunes
of
the
People
preferred
a
Law
,
that
the
People
and
Senate
should
be
divided
into
two
parts
,
one
of
which
should
remain
at
home
,
the
other
as
the
lot
should
give
it
remove
to
the
new-taken
City
.
By
which
means
they
should
not
onely
have
much
more
Room
,
but
by
the
advantage
of
two
great
and
fair
Cities
be
better
able
to
maintain
their
Territories
,
and
the
rest
of
their
plentifull
Fortunes
.
The
People
therefore
who
were
now
grown
rich
and
numerous
,
greedily
embraced
it
,
and
in
great
crouds
,
began
to
tumult
in
the
publick
Courts
,
demanding
to
have
it
put
to
the
Vote
.
But
the
Senate
and
ablest
Citizens
judging
the
Proceedings
of
the
Tribunes
to
tend
rather
to
the
destruction
than
division
of
Rome
,
yet
unable
to
bear
up
against
it
themselves
,
flew
to
Camillus
for
assistence
,
who
fearing
to
come
to
the
open
encounter
,
yet
by
continual
flinging
in
new
occasions
to
busy
and
employ
their
heads
,
made
a
shift
to
stave
off
the
Law
.
For
these
things
he
was
disrelisht
by
the
People
.
But
the
greatest
and
most
apparent
cause
of
their
hatred
against
him
,
arose
from
the
tenths
of
the
Spoil
,
the
multitude
having
herein
,
if
not
so
just
,
yet
a
plausible
pretence
against
him
.
For
it
seems
,
as
he
went
to
the
siege
of
Veii
,
he
had
vowed
to
Apollo
,
that
if
he
took
the
City
,
he
would
dedicate
to
him
the
tenth
of
the
Spoil
.
The
City
being
taken
Camillus
unmindfull
of
his
Vow
.
and
sacked
,
whether
he
was
loth
to
trouble
the
Souldiers
at
that
time
,
or
that
through
multitude
of
business
he
had
forgotten
his
Vow
;
he
suffered
them
to
enjoy
that
part
of
the
Spoils
also
.
Some
time
afterwards
,
when
his
Authority
was
laid
down
,
he
brought
the
matter
before
the
Senate
,
and
the
Priests
at
the
same
time
reported
out
of
the
Sacrifices
,
that
the
anger
of
the
Gods
was
portended
,
and
that
they
were
not
to
be
appeased
without
expiation
and
offerings
.
The
Senate
decreed
the
obligation
to
be
in
force
.
But
seeing
it
was
difficult
for
every
one
to
produce
the
same
very
things
they
had
taken
to
be
divided
anew
,
they
ordained
that
every
one
upon
oath
should
bring
into
the
Publick
the
tenth
part
of
his
gains
.
This
seemed
very
severe
and
grievous
to
the
Souldiers
,
who
ceased
not
to
murmur
,
that
poor
men
,
and
such
as
had
endured
so
much
labour
and
travail
in
the
War
,
should
be
forced
,
out
of
what
they
had
gained
and
spent
,
to
bring
in
so
great
a
proportion
;
Camillus
being
assaulted
by
their
clamour
and
tumults
,
for
want
of
a
better
excuse
,
betook
himself
to
the
meanest
of
defences
,
by
confessing
he
had
forgotten
his
Vow
;
but
they
complained
that
he
that
then
vowed
the
tenth
of
the
Enemy
,
now
levied
it
out
of
the
tenths
of
the
Citizens
.
Nevertheless
,
every
one
having
brought
in
his
due
proportion
,
it
was
decreed
that
out
of
it
a
Bowl
of
massy
Gold
should
be
made
and
sent
unto
Delphos
.
But
there
was
great
The
free
contribution
of
the
Roman
Ladies
to
pacify
Apollo
.
scarcity
of
Gold
in
the
City
,
and
when
the
Magistrates
were
considering
where
to
get
it
,
the
Roman
Ladies
meeting
together
and
consulting
among
themselves
,
out
of
the
golden
Ornaments
they
wore
,
contributed
as
much
as
went
to
the
making
the
Offering
;
which
in
weight
came
to
eight
Talents
of
Gold
.
The
Senate
,
to
give
them
the
honour
they
had
deserved
,
ordained
that
funeral
Orations
should
be
used
at
the
obsequies
of
Women
,
as
well
as
Men
,
it
having
never
before
been
a
custom
that
any
Woman
after
death
was
publickly
praised
.
Chusing
out
therefore
three
of
the
chief
of
the
Nobility
for
Ambassadours
,
they
sent
them
in
a
fair
Vessel
,
well
man'd
,
and
sumptuously
adorned
.
It
was
winter
,
and
the
Sea
was
calm
,
however
,
it
is
remarkable
,
that
being
brought
almost
to
the
very
brink
of
destruction
,
beyond
all
expectation
,
they
escaped
the
danger
.
For
hard
by
the
Isles
of
Aeolus
,
the
Winds
slacking
,
the
Gallies
of
the
Liparians
came
upon
them
,
taking
them
for
Pirates
.
But
when
they
held
up
their
hands
in
supplicant
manner
,
the
Liparians
forbore
violence
,
onely
fastned
their
Ship
and
towed
her
into
the
Harbour
,
where
they
exposed
to
sale
their
Goods
and
Persons
,
adjudging
them
to
be
lawfull
prize
.
But
by
the
vertue
and
interest
of
one
man
Timesithius
by
name
,
who
was
Governour
of
that
place
,
and
used
his
utmost
persuasion
,
they
were
with
much
adoe
dismissed
.
Besides
,
he
himself
joined
some
of
his
own
Vessels
with
them
,
to
accompany
them
in
their
voyage
,
and
assist
them
at
the
dedication
:
for
which
he
received
honours
at
Rome
according
as
he
had
deserved
.
And
now
the
Tribunes
of
the
People
War
against
the
Falisces
.
again
resuming
the
Law
about
the
division
of
the
City
,
the
War
against
the
Falisces
luckily
broke
out
,
giving
liberty
to
the
Nobility
to
chuse
what
Magistrates
they
pleased
,
who
thereupon
chose
Camillus
military
Tribune
,
with
five
other
Associates
;
Affairs
then
requiring
a
Commander
of
authority
and
reputation
,
and
one
well
experienc'd
in
War
;
when
the
People
had
ratified
the
Election
,
Camillus
marched
with
his
Forces
into
the
Territories
of
the
Falisces
,
and
besieged
Falerii
a
well-fenced
City
and
plentifully
stored
with
all
necessaries
of
War
:
And
although
he
perceived
it
would
be
no
small
work
to
take
it
,
nor
little
time
spent
about
it
,
yet
he
was
willing
to
exercise
the
Citizens
,
and
keep
them
doing
abroad
,
that
they
might
have
no
leasure
,
idleing
at
home
,
to
follow
the
Tribunes
into
faction
and
sedition
.
Which
remedy
the
Romans
constantly
used
,
like
good
Physicians
,
to
disperse
abroad
those
violent
Humours
that
disturb
the
Commonwealth
.
The
Falerians
,
trusting
in
the
strength
of
their
City
,
which
was
well
fortified
on
all
sides
,
made
so
little
account
of
the
Siege
,
that
beside
those
that
garded
the
Walls
,
the
rest
as
in
times
of
peace
walked
the
Streets
in
their
common
Habits
.
The
Boys
went
to
School
,
and
were
led
by
their
Master
to
play
and
exercise
about
the
Town-walls
;
For
the
Falerians
,
like
the
Grecians
,
used
one
publick
School
,
to
the
end
,
their
Children
being
brought
up
together
,
might
betimes
learn
to
converse
and
be
familiar
with
one
another
.
This
School-master
designing
to
betray
The
treachery
of
the
Falerian
Schoolmaster
.
the
Falerians
by
their
Children
,
led
them
out
every
day
under
the
Town-wall
,
at
first
but
a
little
way
,
and
when
they
had
exercised
brought
them
home
again
.
Afterwards
by
degrees
he
drew
them
farther
and
farther
,
till
at
last
by
practice
he
had
made
them
bold
and
fearless
,
as
if
no
danger
was
about
them
;
at
last
,
having
got
them
all
together
,
he
brought
them
to
the
Out-guard
of
the
Romans
and
delivered
them
up
,
demanding
to
be
led
to
Camillus
.
Where
being
come
,
and
standing
in
the
middle
,
he
said
,
That
he
was
the
Master
and
Teacher
of
those
Children
,
but
preferring
his
favour
before
all
other
obligations
,
he
was
come
to
deliver
up
his
Charge
to
him
,
and
in
that
the
whole
City
.
When
Camillus
had
heard
him
out
,
he
was
struck
with
the
horrour
of
so
treacherous
an
Act
,
and
turning
to
the
Standers
by
,
he
said
,
What
a
sad
thing
is
War
,
which
is
begun
and
ended
with
much
unjustice
and
violence
!
But
to
good
men
there
are
certain
Laws
even
in
War
it self
,
and
victory
is
not
so
greedily
to
be
hunted
after
as
not
to
refuse
the
assistence
of
wicked
and
unrighteous
actions
;
for
it
becomes
a
great
General
to
rely
on
his
own
vertue
,
and
not
the
deceit
and
treachery
of
others
.
Which
said
,
he
commanded
His
deserved
Punishment
.
his
Officers
to
tear
off
his
Cloaths
,
and
bind
his
Hands
behind
him
,
and
give
the
Boys
Rods
and
Scourges
,
to
punish
the
Traytour
,
and
drive
him
back
to
the
City
.
By
this
time
the
Falerii
had
understood
the
treachery
of
the
School-master
;
and
the
City
,
as
in
such
a
general
Calamity
it
must
needs
be
,
was
full
of
lamentations
and
crys
,
the
honourable
Men
and
Women
running
in
distraction
about
the
Walls
and
Gates
,
when
behold
the
Boys
came
whipping
their
Master
on
,
naked
and
bound
,
calling
Camillus
,
their
Saviour
,
their
God
,
their
Father
;
Insomuch
,
that
it
struck
not
onely
into
the
Parents
,
but
the
rest
of
the
Citizens
that
saw
what
was
done
,
such
an
admiration
and
love
of
Camillus
his
Justice
,
that
immediately
running
into
Counsel
,
they
sent
Ambassadours
to
him
,
to
resign
whatever
they
had
to
his
disposal
.
Camillus
sent
them
to
Rome
,
where
being
brought
into
the
Senate
,
they
spoke
to
this
purpose
,
That
the
Romans
preferring
Justice
before
Victory
,
had
taught
them
rather
to
embrace
submission
than
liberty
;
that
they
could
not
confess
themselves
to
be
so
much
inferiour
in
strength
,
as
they
must
acknowledge
them
to
be
superiour
in
vertue
.
The
Senate
remitted
the
whole
matter
to
Camillus
,
to
judge
and
order
as
he
thought
fit
.
Who
taking
a
sum
of
Money
of
the
Falerians
,
and
making
a
Peace
with
the
whole
Nation
of
the
Falisces
,
returned
home
:
But
the
Souldiers
,
who
expected
to
have
had
the
Pillage
of
the
City
,
when
they
came
to
Rome
empty-handed
,
railed
against
Camillus
among
their
Fellow-citizens
,
as
a
hater
of
the
People
,
and
one
that
maliciously
opposed
the
interest
of
the
Poor
.
Afterwards
,
when
the
Tribunes
of
the
People
again
proposed
the
Law
for
dividing
the
City
,
Camillus
of
all
others
most
openly
appear'd
against
it
,
sparing
no
pains
,
but
inveying
with
all
boldness
against
the
Promoters
of
it
;
so
that
forcing
and
constraining
the
multitude
,
they
dismissed
the
Law
,
though
contrary
to
their
inclinations
.
But
against
Camillus
they
had
an
implacable
hatred
.
Insomuch
,
Camillus
labours
under
two
sad
disasters
.
that
though
a
great
misfortune
befell
him
in
his
Family
(
one
of
his
Sons
dying
of
a
disease
)
yet
the
commiseration
of
his
case
could
not
in
the
least
make
them
abate
of
their
malice
.
And
indeed
he
took
this
loss
with
immoderate
sorrow
,
being
a
man
naturally
of
a
mild
and
tender
disposition
;
even
that
day
,
when
the
accusation
was
preferred
against
him
,
he
kept
house
,
and
was
shut
up
a
close
Mourner
with
the
Women
.
His
Accuser
was
Lucius
Apuleius
.
The
Crime
,
Fraud
in
the
Tuscan
Spoils
;
and
accordingly
it
was
given
out
,
that
there
were
found
with
him
certain
brass
Gates
part
of
those
Spoils
.
The
People
were
exasperated
against
him
,
and
it
was
plain
they
would
take
hold
of
the
least
pretence
and
occasion
to
condemn
him
.
Wherefore
gathering
together
his
Friends
and
fellow
Souldiers
,
and
such
as
had
bore
command
with
him
,
a
considerable
number
in
all
,
he
besought
them
that
they
would
not
suffer
him
to
be
unjustly
crusht
under
false
accusations
,
and
left
the
mock
and
scorn
of
his
Enemies
.
His
Friends
having
advised
and
consulted
among
themselves
made
answer
,
that
as
to
the
Sentence
they
did
not
see
how
they
could
help
him
,
but
that
they
would
contribute
to
whatsoever
fine
should
be
set
upon
him
:
Not
able
to
endure
so
great
an
indignity
,
he
resolved
in
his
anger
,
to
leave
the
City
,
and
go
into
Exile
.
Wherefore
having
taken
leave
of
his
Wife
,
His
voluntary
banishment
,
and
his
Son
,
he
went
silently
to
the
Gate
of
the
City
,
where
making
a
stand
,
and
turning
himself
about
,
he
stretched
out
his
Hands
to
the
Capitol
,
and
prayed
to
the
Gods
,
That
if
without
any
fault
of
his
own
,
but
merely
through
the
malice
and
violence
of
the
people
,
he
was
driven
out
into
banishment
,
that
the
Romans
might
quickly
have
cause
to
repent
of
it
;
and
that
all
mankind
might
visibly
perceive
,
that
they
needed
his
assistence
,
and
longed
for
his
return
.
Thus
,
like
Achilles
,
having
left
his
imprecations
on
the
Citizens
,
he
went
into
banishment
;
so
that
neither
appearing
,
or
making
defence
,
he
was
condemned
in
the
sum
of
fifteen
thousand
Asses
,
which
reduced
to
Silver
makes
a
thousand
five
hundred
Drachma's
;
for
an
Asse
was
a
little
piece
of
Money
,
ten
of
which
in
Brass
made
a
Penny
.
There
is
not
a
Roman
but
does
believe
that
and
its
concomitant
calamities
.
immediately
upon
the
Prayers
of
Camillus
,
a
sudden
Judgment
followed
at
the
heels
,
and
that
he
received
a
sufficient
revenge
for
the
injustice
done
unto
him
;
which
though
we
cannot
think
was
pleasant
,
but
rather
grievous
and
bitter
to
him
,
yet
it
was
very
remarkable
,
and
noised
over
the
whole
World
:
For
such
vengeance
fell
upon
the
City
of
Rome
,
and
such
dismal
times
succeeded
,
as
drew
along
with
them
all
manner
of
dangers
and
deaths
,
accompanied
with
disgrace
and
infamy
:
Whether
or
no
it
fell
out
by
chance
or
fortune
,
or
it
be
the
office
of
some
God
not
to
see
injured
Vertue
go
unrevenged
.
The
first
token
that
seemed
to
threaten
some
mischief
to
ensue
,
was
the
death
of
the
Censor
in
the
Month
of
July
,
for
the
Romans
have
a
religious
reverence
for
the
office
of
a
Censor
,
and
esteem
it
a
sacred
thing
.
The
second
was
,
That
just
before
Camillus
went
into
exile
,
Marcus
Cedicius
,
a
person
of
no
great
quality
or
of
the
rank
of
Senatours
,
but
esteemed
a
sober
and
creditable
man
,
reported
to
the
Military
Tribunes
a
thing
worthy
their
consideration
.
That
going
along
the
Night
before
in
that
Street
which
is
called
the
new
Way
,
and
being
called
by
some
body
in
a
huge
voice
,
he
turned
about
but
could
see
no
body
,
but
heard
a
voice
bigger
than
a
Man's
,
which
said
these
words
,
Go
,
Marcus
Cedicius
,
and
early
in
the
morning
tell
the
Military
Tribunes
,
that
suddenly
they
are
to
expect
the
Gauls
.
But
the
Tribunes
made
a
mock
and
sport
with
the
story
,
and
a
little
after
Camillus
his
business
fell
out
.
The
Gauls
are
descended
originally
of
the
Celtae
,
and
are
reported
by
reason
of
The
Gauls
,
their
original
and
progress
.
their
vast
numbers
to
have
left
their
Country
not
able
to
sustain
them
all
,
and
to
have
gon
in
search
of
other
places
to
inhabit
.
And
being
many
thousands
of
them
young
Men
and
able
to
bear
Arms
,
and
carrying
with
them
a
greater
number
of
Women
and
young
Children
,
some
of
them
passing
the
Riphaean
Mountains
,
fell
upon
the
Northern
Ocean
,
and
possessed
the
uttermost
bounds
of
Europe
;
others
seating
themselves
between
the
Pyrenaean
Mountain
and
the
Alpes
,
for
a
long
time
lived
near
to
the
Sennones
and
Celtorii
.
But
afterwards
tasting
of
the
Wine
which
was
then
first
brought
them
out
of
Italy
,
they
were
all
so
much
taken
with
the
Liquor
,
and
transported
with
the
unusual
delight
,
that
snatching
up
their
Arms
,
and
taking
their
Parents
along
with
them
,
they
marched
directly
to
the
Alpes
to
find
out
that
Country
which
yielded
such
Fruit
,
esteeming
all
others
barren
and
unpleasant
.
He
that
first
brought
Wine
among
them
,
and
was
the
chief
instigatour
to
draw
them
into
Italy
,
is
said
to
be
one
Arron
a
Tuscan
,
a
man
of
Arron
instrumental
in
bringing
the
Gauls
into
Italy
.
noble
extraction
,
by
nature
not
evil
,
but
happened
to
be
in
these
untoward
circumstances
:
he
was
Guardian
to
an
Orphan
,
one
of
the
richest
of
that
Country
,
and
much
admired
for
his
beauty
,
his
name
Lucumo
;
From
his
Childhood
he
had
been
bred
up
with
Arron
in
his
Family
,
and
now
grown
up
,
he
left
not
the
House
,
pretending
to
take
great
delight
in
his
conversation
,
thus
for
a
great
while
together
he
secretly
enjoyed
Arron's
Wife
,
corrupting
and
being
corrupted
by
her
.
But
when
they
were
both
so
far
gone
on
in
their
passions
,
that
they
could
neither
refrain
their
lust
or
conceal
it
,
the
young
Man
seised
the
Woman
and
openly
carried
her
away
.
The
Husband
going
to
Law
,
and
overpower'd
in
multitude
of
Friends
and
Money
,
left
his
own
Country
,
and
hearing
of
the
state
of
the
Gauls
,
went
to
them
,
and
was
Conductour
of
that
Expedition
into
Italy
.
At
first
coming
they
presently
possessed
themselves
of
all
that
Country
which
anciently
the
Tuscans
inhabited
,
reaching
from
the
Alpes
to
both
the
Seas
,
as
the
names
themselves
witness
;
for
the
North
Sea
Adria
is
so
called
from
the
Tuscan
City
Adria
,
and
that
which
lies
on
the
other
side
to
the
South
is
called
the
Tuscan
Sea
.
All
the
Country
is
well
planted
with
Trees
,
has
pleasant
and
rich
Pasture
,
and
well
watered
with
Rivers
.
It
had
eighteen
fair
and
stately
Cities
,
excellently
seated
for
industry
and
Trade
,
and
plentifully
provided
for
all
pleasures
and
delights
.
The
Gauls
casting
out
the
Tuscans
seated
themselves
in
them
:
but
these
things
were
done
long
before
.
But
the
Gauls
at
this
time
were
besieging
Clusium
a
Tuscan
City
.
The
Clusians
sent
to
the
Romans
for
succour
,
desiring
them
to
interpose
with
the
Barbarians
by
their
Letters
and
Ambassadours
.
There
were
sent
three
of
the
Family
of
the
Fabii
persons
of
the
greatest
quality
,
and
most
honourable
in
the
City
.
The
Gauls
received
them
courteously
in
respect
to
the
name
of
Rome
,
and
giving
over
the
assault
which
was
then
making
upon
the
Walls
came
to
conference
with
them
,
where
the
Ambassadours
asking
what
injury
they
had
received
of
the
Clusians
that
they
thus
invaded
their
City
,
Brennus
King
of
the
Gauls
smiling
made
answer
,
The
Clusians
doe
us
injury
,
Brennus
's
satyrical
reply
to
the
Roman
Ambassadours
at
the
Siege
of
Clusium
.
in
that
not
able
to
till
a
small
parcel
of
ground
,
they
must
needs
possess
a
great
Territory
,
and
will
not
communicate
any
part
to
us
,
who
are
strangers
,
many
in
number
and
poor
.
In
the
same
nature
,
O
Romans
,
formerly
the
Albanes
,
Fidenates
and
Ardeates
,
and
now
lately
the
Veiens
and
Capenates
and
many
of
the
Falisces
and
Volsces
did
you
injury
;
upon
whom
ye
make
War
if
they
do
not
yield
you
part
of
what
they
possess
,
ye
make
Slaves
of
them
,
ye
waste
and
spoil
their
Country
and
ruin
their
Cities
,
neither
in
so
doing
are
ye
cruel
or
unjust
,
but
follow
that
most
ancient
of
all
Laws
,
which
gives
the
things
of
the
feeble
to
the
strong
,
beginning
from
God
and
ending
in
the
Beasts
,
for
all
these
by
nature
seek
,
the
stronger
to
have
advantage
over
the
weaker
:
Leave
off
therefore
to
pity
the
Clusians
whom
we
besiege
,
lest
ye
teach
the
Gauls
to
be
good
and
compassionate
to
those
that
are
oppressed
by
you
.
By
this
answer
the
Romans
perceived
that
Brennus
was
not
to
be
treated
with
,
so
they
went
into
Clusium
and
encouraged
and
stirr'd
up
the
inhabitants
to
make
a
sally
with
them
upon
the
Barbarians
,
which
they
did
either
to
try
the
strength
of
the
Clusians
,
or
to
shew
their
own
.
The
sally
being
made
,
and
the
fight
growing
hot
about
the
Walls
,
one
of
the
Fabii
,
Quintus
Ambustus
,
being
well
mounted
,
and
setting
Spurs
to
his
Horse
,
made
full
against
a
Gaul
,
a
man
of
huge
bulk
and
stature
,
whom
he
saw
was
rode
out
a
great
distance
from
the
rest
.
At
the
first
he
was
not
perceived
through
the
sharpness
of
the
encounter
,
and
the
glittering
of
his
Armour
that
hindred
the
sight
of
him
;
but
when
he
had
overthrown
the
Gaul
,
and
was
going
to
gather
the
Spoils
,
Brennus
knew
him
,
and
invoking
the
Gods
Brennus
by
what
incens'd
to
make
War
with
Rome
.
to
be
witnesses
,
that
contrary
to
the
known
and
common
Law
of
Nations
,
which
is
holily
observed
by
all
mankind
,
that
he
who
came
an
Ambassadour
should
act
hostility
against
him
,
he
drew
off
his
men
,
and
bidding
the
Clusians
farewell
,
led
his
Army
directly
to
Rome
.
But
not
willing
it
should
look
as
if
they
took
advantage
of
that
injury
,
and
were
ready
to
embrace
any
slight
occasion
and
pretence
of
quarrel
,
he
sent
a
Herald
to
demand
the
man
in
punishment
,
and
in
the
mean
time
marched
leasurely
on
.
The
Senate
being
met
at
Rome
,
among
many
others
that
spoke
against
the
Fabii
,
the
Priests
called
Feciales
were
the
most
violent
prosecutours
,
who
laying
Religion
before
the
Senate
,
advised
them
that
they
would
lay
the
whole
guilt
and
expiation
of
the
fact
upon
him
that
committed
it
,
and
so
acquit
the
rest
.
These
Feciales
Numa
Pompilius
,
the
mildest
and
justest
of
Kings
,
constituted
the
Conservatours
of
Peace
,
and
the
Judges
and
Determiners
of
all
Causes
by
which
War
may
justifiably
be
made
.
The
Senate
referring
the
whole
matter
to
the
People
,
and
the
Priests
there
as
well
as
in
the
Senate
pleading
against
Fabius
,
the
multitude
did
so
little
regard
their
authority
that
in
scorn
and
contempt
of
it
they
chose
Fabius
and
the
rest
of
his
Brethren
Fabius
chosen
Tribune
in
the
expedition
against
the
Gauls
.
Military
Tribunes
.
The
Gauls
hearing
this
,
in
great
rage
would
no
longer
delay
their
march
,
but
hastned
on
with
all
the
speed
they
could
make
.
The
places
through
which
they
marched
,
terrified
with
their
numbers
and
such
dreadfull
preparations
of
War
,
and
considering
the
violence
and
fierceness
of
their
natures
,
began
to
give
their
Countries
for
lost
,
not
doubting
but
their
Cities
would
quickly
follow
;
but
contrary
to
expectation
they
did
no
injury
as
they
passed
,
or
drove
any
thing
from
the
Fields
,
and
when
they
went
by
any
City
they
cried
out
,
That
they
were
going
to
Rome
;
that
the
Romans
onely
were
their
Enemies
,
and
that
they
took
all
others
for
their
Friends
.
Thus
whilst
the
Barbarians
were
hastening
with
all
speed
,
the
Military
Tribunes
brought
the
Romans
into
the
Field
to
be
ready
to
engage
them
,
being
not
inferiour
to
the
Gauls
in
number
(
for
they
were
no
less
than
forty
thousand
Foot
)
but
most
of
them
raw
Souldiers
and
such
as
had
never
handled
a
Weapon
before
;
besides
Neglect
of
religious
duties
,
and
multiplicity
of
Officers
extremely
prejudicial
to
the
Roman
affairs
.
they
had
neglected
to
consult
the
Gods
,
as
they
ought
and
used
to
do
upon
all
difficulties
,
especially
War
,
but
ran
on
without
staying
for
Priest
or
Sacrifice
.
No
less
did
the
multitude
of
Commanders
distract
and
confound
their
proceedings
;
for
before
upon
less
occasions
they
chose
a
single
person
called
Dictatour
,
being
sensible
of
what
great
importance
it
is
in
times
of
danger
,
to
have
the
Souldiers
united
under
one
General
,
who
had
absolute
and
unaccountable
power
in
his
hands
.
Add
to
all
that
the
remembrance
of
Camillus
his
case
was
no
small
hinderance
to
their
affairs
,
it
being
grown
a
dangerous
thing
to
command
without
humouring
and
courting
the
Souldiers
.
In
this
condition
they
left
the
City
,
and
encamped
by
the
River
Allia
about
eleven
miles
from
Rome
,
and
not
far
from
the
place
where
it
falleth
into
the
Tyber
,
where
the
Gauls
coming
upon
them
,
and
they
shamefully
engaging
without
Order
or
Discipline
,
were
miserably
defeated
.
The
left
Wing
was
immediately
driven
into
the
River
and
there
utterly
destroyed
:
the
Right
had
less
damage
,
by
declining
the
shock
,
and
from
the
low
grounds
getting
to
the
tops
of
Hills
,
from
whence
many
of
them
afterwards
drop'd
into
the
City
;
the
rest
as
many
as
escaped
(
the
Enemy
being
weary
of
the
slaughter
)
stole
by
night
to
Veii
giving
Rome
for
gone
,
and
all
that
was
in
it
for
lost
.
This
Battel
was
fought
about
the
Summer
Solstice
,
the
Moon
being
at
full
,
the
very
same
day
in
which
formerly
happened
that
sad
misfortune
to
the
Fabii
,
when
three
hundred
of
that
name
and
Family
were
at
one
time
cut
off
by
the
Tuscans
.
But
from
this
second
loss
and
defeat
,
the
day
got
the
name
of
Alliensis
,
from
the
River
Allia
,
and
still
retaineth
it
.
But
concerning
Remarkable
occurrences
relating
to
the
observation
of
particular
days
.
unlucky
days
whether
we
should
esteem
any
such
or
no
,
or
whether
Heraclitus
did
well
in
upbraiding
Hesiod
for
distinguishing
them
into
fortunate
and
unfortunate
,
as
one
ignorant
that
the
nature
of
every
day
is
the
same
,
I
have
discoursed
in
another
place
;
but
upon
occasion
of
this
present
subject
I
think
it
will
not
be
amiss
,
to
annex
a
few
examples
relating
to
this
matter
.
On
the
fifth
of
June
the
Boeotians
happened
to
get
two
signal
Victories
,
the
one
about
Leuctra
,
the
other
at
Gerastus
,
about
three
hundred
years
before
,
when
they
overcame
Lattamyas
and
the
Thessalians
,
and
asserted
the
liberty
of
Greece
.
Again
on
the
sixth
of
August
the
Persians
were
worsted
by
the
Grecians
,
at
Marathon
,
on
the
third
at
Plataeae
as
also
at
Mycale
;
on
the
twenty
fifth
at
Arbeli
.
The
Athenians
about
the
full
Moon
in
August
got
a
Sea
Victory
about
Naxus
under
the
Conduct
of
Chabrias
;
about
the
twentieth
at
Salamin
,
as
we
have
shewn
in
our
Book
of
Days
.
April
was
very
unfortunate
to
the
Barbarians
,
for
in
that
Month
Alexander
overcame
Darius
his
General
at
Granicum
;
and
the
Carthaginians
on
the
twenty
seventh
were
beaten
by
Timoleon
about
Sicily
,
on
which
same
Day
and
Month
Troy
seems
to
have
been
taken
,
as
Ephorus
,
Callisthenes
,
Damastes
and
Phylarchus
have
related
.
On
the
other
hand
the
Month
July
was
not
very
lucky
to
the
Grecians
;
for
on
the
seventh
day
of
the
same
they
were
defeated
by
Antipater
,
at
the
Battel
in
Cranon
,
and
utterly
ruin'd
;
and
before
that
in
Chaeronea
they
were
defeated
by
Philip
,
and
on
the
very
same
Day
,
same
Month
and
same
Year
,
they
that
went
with
Archidamus
into
Italy
were
there
cut
off
by
the
Barbarians
.
The
Carthaginians
also
observe
the
twenty
seventh
of
the
same
Month
,
as
bringing
with
it
the
most
and
greatest
of
their
losses
.
I
am
not
ignorant
that
about
the
Feast
of
Mysteries
Thebes
was
destroyed
by
Alexander
;
and
after
that
upon
the
same
twentieth
of
August
,
on
which
day
they
celebrate
the
Mysteries
of
Bacchus
,
the
Athenians
received
a
Garrison
of
the
Macedonians
;
on
the
self
same
day
the
Romans
lost
their
Camp
under
Scipio
,
by
the
Cimbrians
,
and
under
the
conduct
of
Lucullus
overcame
the
Armenians
and
Tigranes
.
King
Attalus
and
Pompey
died
both
on
their
birth
days
.
I
could
reckon
up
several
that
have
had
variety
of
fortune
on
the
same
day
.
This
day
called
Alliensis
is
one
of
the
unfortunate
ones
to
the
Romans
,
and
for
its
sake
other
two
in
every
Month
,
Fear
and
Superstition
as
the
custom
of
it
is
more
and
more
encreasing
.
But
I
have
discoursed
this
more
accurately
in
my
Book
of
Roman
Causes
.
And
now
after
the
Battel
,
had
the
Gauls
The
Gauls
imprudent
managers
of
their
Victory
.
immediately
pursued
those
that
fled
,
there
had
been
no
remedy
but
Rome
must
have
wholly
been
ruined
,
and
all
those
who
remained
in
it
utterly
destroyed
,
such
was
the
terrour
that
those
who
escaped
the
Battel
had
struck
into
the
City
at
their
return
,
and
so
great
afterwards
was
the
distraction
and
confusion
.
But
the
Gauls
not
imagining
their
Victory
to
be
so
considerable
,
and
overtaken
with
the
present
joy
,
fell
to
feasting
and
dividing
the
Spoil
,
by
which
means
,
they
gave
leisure
to
those
who
were
for
leaving
the
City
,
to
make
their
escape
,
and
to
those
that
remained
to
provide
and
prepare
for
their
coming
.
For
they
who
resolved
to
stay
at
Rome
,
quitting
the
rest
of
the
City
,
betook
themselves
to
the
Capitol
,
which
they
fortified
with
strong
Rampiers
and
Mounds
,
and
all
sort
of
Slings
and
Darts
,
in
order
to
hold
out
a
Siege
.
But
their
first
and
principal
care
was
of
their
Holy
Things
,
most
of
which
they
conveyed
into
the
Capitol
.
But
as
for
the
consecrated
The
holy
Fire
preserv'd
by
the
Vestals
.
Fire
,
the
Vestal
Virgins
took
it
up
and
fled
away
with
it
,
as
likewise
with
other
Holy
Relicks
.
Some
write
that
they
preserved
nothing
but
that
ever-living
Fire
which
Numa
had
ordained
to
be
worshipped
as
the
Principle
of
all
things
;
for
Fire
is
the
most
active
thing
in
nature
,
and
all
generation
is
motion
or
at
least
with
motion
,
all
other
parts
of
matter
without
warmth
lie
sluggish
and
dead
,
and
crave
the
influence
of
heat
as
their
Soul
,
which
when
it
comes
upon
them
they
presently
fall
to
doing
or
suffering
something
:
wherefore
Numa
,
a
Why
instituted
by
Numa
.
man
very
curious
in
such
things
,
and
for
his
wisedom
thought
to
converse
with
the
Muses
,
did
consecrate
Fire
,
and
ordained
it
to
be
kept
ever
burning
,
in
resemblance
of
that
eternal
Power
which
preserveth
and
acteth
all
things
.
Others
say
that
that
Fire
was
the
same
they
burned
before
the
Sacrifices
,
and
was
no
other
than
what
the
Greeks
call
Purifying
Fire
,
but
that
there
were
other
things
hid
in
the
most
secret
part
of
the
Temple
,
which
were
kept
from
the
view
of
all
except
those
Virgins
which
they
call
Vestals
.
The
most
common
opinion
was
that
the
Image
of
Pallas
,
brought
into
Italy
by
Aeneas
,
was
laid
up
there
;
others
say
that
the
Samothracian
Gods
lay
there
,
telling
a
story
,
How
that
Dardanus
carried
them
to
Troy
,
and
when
he
had
built
that
City
,
dedicated
them
there
;
that
after
Troy
was
taken
,
Aeneas
stole
them
away
and
kept
them
till
his
coming
into
Italy
.
But
they
who
pretend
to
understand
more
of
these
things
,
affirm
,
that
there
are
two
Barrels
,
not
of
any
great
size
,
one
of
which
stands
open
and
has
nothing
in
it
,
the
other
full
and
sealed
up
.
But
that
neither
of
them
is
to
be
seen
but
by
the
most
Holy
Virgins
:
others
think
that
they
who
say
this
are
deceived
,
because
the
Virgins
put
most
of
their
holy
things
into
two
Barrels
,
and
hid
them
under
ground
in
the
Temple
of
Quirinus
,
and
that
from
hence
that
place
to
this
day
bears
the
sirname
of
Barrels
.
However
it
be
,
taking
the
choicest
and
most
venerable
things
they
had
,
they
fled
away
with
them
shaping
their
course
along
the
River
side
,
where
Lucius
Albinus
,
a
simple
Citizen
of
Rome
,
who
among
others
was
making
his
escape
,
overtook
them
,
having
his
Wife
,
Children
and
Goods
in
a
Cart
,
who
seeing
the
Virgins
lugging
along
in
their
armes
the
Holy
Relicks
of
the
Gods
in
a
helpless
and
weary
condition
,
he
caused
his
Wife
and
Children
to
descend
,
and
taking
out
his
Goods
,
put
the
Virgins
in
the
Cart
,
that
they
might
make
their
escape
to
some
of
the
Grecian
Cities
.
This
extraordinary
devotion
of
Albinus
,
and
respect
to
the
Gods
in
such
an
exigence
of
time
,
and
extremity
of
his
own
affairs
is
so
remarkable
,
as
deserves
not
to
be
passed
over
in
silence
.
But
the
Priests
that
belonged
to
other
Gods
,
and
the
most
ancient
of
the
Senatours
,
such
as
had
run
through
many
Consulships
and
Triumphs
,
could
not
endure
to
think
of
leaving
the
City
;
but
putting
on
their
holy
Vestures
and
Robes
of
State
,
and
Fabius
the
High
Priest
performing
the
Office
,
they
made
their
Prayers
to
the
Gods
,
and
devoting
themselves
as
it
were
for
their
Country
,
sate
themselves
down
in
Ivory
Chairs
in
the
Market-place
,
and
in
that
posture
expected
the
uttermost
of
what
should
follow
.
On
the
third
day
after
the
Battel
,
Brennus
appeared
with
his
Army
at
the
City
,
and
finding
the
Gates
to
stand
wide
open
,
and
no
Guards
upon
the
Walls
,
he
first
began
to
suspect
it
was
some
design
or
stratageme
,
never
dreaming
that
the
Romans
were
in
so
low
and
forsaken
a
condition
.
But
when
he
found
it
to
be
so
indeed
,
he
Brennus
enters
Rome
.
entered
at
the
Colline
Gate
,
and
took
Rome
in
the
three
hundred
and
sixtieth
year
or
a
little
more
after
it
was
built
,
if
it
be
likely
that
an
exact
account
of
those
times
has
been
preserved
,
when
there
is
so
much
confusion
and
dispute
in
things
of
a
later
date
.
The
report
of
the
City's
being
taken
presently
flew
into
Greece
,
though
in
different
and
uncertain
rumours
,
for
Heraclides
of
Pontus
who
lived
not
long
after
these
times
,
in
his
Book
of
the
Soul
,
relates
that
a
certain
report
came
from
the
West
,
that
an
Army
proceeding
from
the
Hyperboreans
,
had
taken
a
Greek
City
called
Rome
,
seated
somewhere
upon
the
great
Ocean
.
But
I
do
not
wonder
that
such
a
fabulous
and
bumbast
Authour
as
Heraclides
should
foist
into
the
truth
of
the
story
such
high-flown
words
as
Hyperborean
and
Ocean
.
Aristotle
the
Philosopher
appears
to
have
heard
an
exact
account
of
the
taking
of
the
City
by
the
Gauls
,
but
he
calls
him
that
recovered
it
Lucius
,
but
Camillus
his
sirname
was
not
Lucius
but
Marcus
,
but
this
is
spoken
by
way
of
conjecture
.
Brennus
having
taken
possession
of
the
City
,
set
a
strong
Guard
about
the
Capitol
,
and
going
himself
to
view
the
City
,
when
he
came
into
the
Market-place
,
he
was
struck
with
an
amazement
at
the
sight
of
so
many
men
sitting
in
that
order
and
silence
,
observing
that
they
neither
rose
at
his
coming
,
or
so
much
as
changed
colour
or
countenance
,
but
without
fear
or
concern
leaned
upon
their
Staves
,
and
in
that
sullen
majesty
sate
looking
one
upon
the
other
.
The
Gauls
for
a
great
while
stood
wondring
at
the
object
,
being
surprised
with
the
strangeness
of
it
,
not
daring
so
much
as
to
approach
or
touch
them
,
taking
them
for
an
Assembly
of
the
Gods
.
But
when
one
,
bolder
than
the
rest
,
drew
near
to
M.
Papirius
,
and
putting
forth
his
hand
,
gently
touched
his
Chin
,
and
stroked
his
long
Beard
,
Papirius
with
his
Staff
struck
him
on
the
Head
and
broke
it
,
The
Roman
Senatours
barbarously
murthered
by
the
Gauls
.
at
which
the
Barbarian
enraged
,
drew
out
his
Sword
and
slew
him
;
this
was
the
introduction
to
the
slaughter
,
for
the
rest
of
his
fellows
following
his
example
,
set
upon
them
all
and
killed
them
,
and
continuing
their
rage
dispatched
all
that
came
in
their
way
;
in
this
fury
they
went
on
to
the
sacking
and
pillaging
the
Houses
,
for
many
days
together
lugging
and
carrying
away
.
Afterwards
they
burnt
them
down
to
the
ground
,
and
demolish'd
them
,
being
incensed
at
those
who
kept
the
Capitol
,
because
they
would
not
yield
to
summons
,
or
hearken
to
a
surrender
,
but
on
the
contrary
from
their
Walls
and
Rampiers
galled
the
Besiegers
with
their
Slings
and
Darts
.
This
provoked
them
to
destroy
the
whole
City
,
and
put
to
the
Sword
all
that
came
to
their
hands
young
and
old
,
Men
,
Women
and
Children
.
And
now
the
Siege
of
the
Capitol
having
lasted
a
good
while
,
the
Gauls
began
to
be
in
want
of
Provision
,
wherefore
dividing
their
Forces
,
part
of
them
stay'd
with
the
King
at
the
Siege
,
the
rest
went
to
forage
the
Country
,
destroying
the
Towns
and
Villages
where
they
came
;
but
not
all
together
in
a
Body
,
but
in
different
Squadrons
and
Parties
,
and
to
such
a
confidence
had
success
raised
them
,
that
they
carelesly
rambled
about
without
the
least
fear
or
apprehension
of
danger
.
But
the
greatest
and
best
ordered
Body
of
their
Forces
went
to
the
City
of
Ardea
where
Camillus
then
sojourned
,
having
ever
since
his
leaving
Rome
sequestred
himself
from
all
business
,
and
taken
to
a
private
life
:
but
now
he
began
Camillus
studious
of
supporting
the
declining
state
of
his
Country
.
to
rouse
up
himself
and
cast
about
,
not
how
to
avoid
or
escape
the
Enemy
,
but
to
find
out
an
opportunity
how
to
be
revenged
of
them
.
And
perceiving
that
the
Ardeans
wanted
not
men
,
but
rather
heart
and
courage
,
through
the
unskilfull
management
of
their
Officers
.
At
first
he
began
to
deal
with
the
young
men
,
flinging
out
words
among
them
,
That
they
ought
not
to
ascribe
the
misfortune
of
the
Romans
to
the
courage
of
their
Enemy
,
or
attribute
the
losses
they
sustained
by
rash
counsel
,
to
the
conduct
of
those
who
brought
nothing
with
them
to
conquer
,
but
were
onely
an
evidence
of
the
power
of
Fortune
;
That
it
was
a
brave
thing
even
with
danger
to
repell
a
foreign
and
barbarous
War
,
whose
end
in
conquering
was
like
Fire
to
lay
waste
and
destroy
.
But
if
they
would
be
courageous
and
resolute
he
was
ready
to
put
an
opportunity
in
their
hands
to
gain
a
Victory
without
hazard
at
all
.
When
he
found
the
young
men
embraced
the
thing
,
he
went
to
the
chief
Officers
and
Governours
of
the
City
,
and
having
perswaded
them
also
,
he
mustered
all
that
could
bear
Arms
,
and
drew
them
up
within
the
Walls
,
that
they
might
not
be
perceived
by
the
Enemy
who
was
near
;
who
having
scoured
the
Country
,
and
returned
heavy
laden
with
booty
,
lay
encamped
in
the
Plains
in
a
careless
and
negligent
posture
,
so
that
the
night
coming
upon
them
who
had
been
disordered
with
Wine
,
there
was
a
great
silence
through
all
the
Camp
.
Which
when
Camillus
understood
by
his
Spies
,
he
drew
out
the
Ardeans
,
and
in
the
dead
of
the
night
passing
in
silence
those
grounds
that
lay
between
,
he
made
himself
master
of
their
Works
,
and
His
Victory
over
the
Gauls
at
Ardea
.
then
commanding
his
Trumpets
to
sound
,
and
his
Men
to
shout
and
hollow
,
he
struck
such
terrour
into
them
,
that
even
they
who
took
the
alarum
could
hardly
recover
their
Senses
:
Some
were
so
overcharged
with
Wine
,
that
all
the
noise
of
the
Assaylants
could
not
awaken
them
:
A
few
,
whom
fear
made
sober
,
getting
into
some
order
,
for
a
while
resisted
;
and
so
died
with
their
Weapons
in
their
hands
.
But
the
greatest
part
of
them
,
buried
in
Wine
and
Sleep
,
were
surprized
without
their
Arms
and
dispatched
:
But
as
many
of
them
,
as
by
the
advantage
of
the
night
,
got
out
of
the
Camp
,
were
the
next
day
found
scattered
abroad
and
wandring
in
the
Fields
,
and
were
pick't
up
by
the
Horse
that
pursued
them
.
The
fame
of
this
Action
presently
flew
through
the
neighbouring
Cities
,
and
stirred
up
the
Youth
of
all
Parts
to
come
and
join
themselves
with
him
.
But
none
were
so
much
concerned
as
those
Romans
who
escaped
in
the
Battel
of
Allia
,
and
were
now
at
Veii
thus
lamenting
with
themselves
;
O
heavens
,
what
a
Commander
has
Providence
bereaved
Rome
of
,
to
honour
Ardea
with
his
Actions
!
And
that
City
,
which
brought
forth
and
nursed
so
great
a
man
,
is
lost
and
gone
;
and
we
destitute
of
a
Leader
,
and
living
within
strange
Walls
sit
idle
,
and
see
Italy
ruin'd
before
our
eyes
.
Come
,
let
us
send
to
the
Ardeans
to
have
back
our
General
,
or
else
,
with
Weapons
in
our
hands
,
let
us
go
thither
to
him
;
for
he
is
no
longer
a
banisht
man
,
nor
we
Citizens
,
having
no
Country
,
but
what
is
in
the
possession
of
the
Enemy
.
They
all
agreed
upon
the
matter
,
and
sent
to
Camillus
,
to
desire
him
to
take
the
Command
;
but
he
answered
,
that
he
would
not
,
untill
they
that
were
in
the
Capitol
,
should
legally
chuse
him
;
for
he
esteemed
them
,
as
long
as
they
were
in
being
,
to
be
his
Country
:
that
if
they
should
command
him
,
he
would
readily
obey
;
but
against
their
consents
,
he
would
intermeddle
with
nothing
.
When
this
answer
was
returned
,
they
admired
the
modesty
and
temper
of
Camillus
,
but
they
could
not
tell
how
to
find
a
Messenger
to
carry
these
things
to
the
Capitol
;
and
what
was
more
;
it
seemed
altogether
impossible
for
any
one
to
get
to
them
,
whilst
the
Enemy
was
in
full
possession
of
the
City
.
But
among
the
young
men
,
there
was
one
Pontius
Cominius
,
of
indifferent
birth
,
Cominius
's
hazardous
attempt
.
but
ambitious
of
honour
;
this
man
proffered
himself
to
run
the
hazard
,
but
he
took
no
Letters
with
him
to
those
in
the
Capitol
,
lest
that
being
intercepted
,
the
Enemy
might
learn
the
intentions
of
Camillus
.
But
putting
on
a
poor
garment
,
and
carrying
Corks
under
it
;
the
greatest
part
of
the
way
he
boldly
travelled
by
day
,
and
came
to
the
City
when
it
was
dark
:
The
Bridge
he
could
not
pass
,
by
reason
it
was
guarded
by
the
Barbarians
;
so
that
taking
his
Cloaths
,
which
were
neither
many
nor
heavy
,
and
binding
them
about
his
head
,
he
laid
his
body
upon
the
Corks
,
and
swimming
on
them
,
got
over
to
the
City
.
And
avoiding
those
Quarters
where
he
perceived
the
Enemy
was
awake
,
which
he
guessed
at
by
the
lights
and
noise
;
he
went
to
the
Carmentale
Gate
,
where
there
was
greatest
silence
,
and
where
the
hill
of
the
Capitol
is
steepest
,
and
rises
with
craggy
and
broken
stones
.
By
this
way
he
got
up
,
though
with
much
difficulty
,
by
reason
of
the
abruptness
of
the
passage
,
and
presented
himself
to
the
Guards
,
saluting
them
,
and
telling
them
his
name
;
he
was
taken
in
,
and
carried
to
the
Commanders
.
And
a
Senate
being
immediately
called
,
he
related
to
them
in
order
the
victory
of
Camillus
,
which
they
had
not
heard
of
before
,
and
told
them
the
proceedings
of
the
Souldiers
,
advising
them
to
confirm
the
Command
to
Camillus
,
as
in
whose
conduct
alone
,
the
whole
Army
abroad
relied
.
Having
heard
and
consulted
of
the
matter
,
the
Senate
declared
Camillus
Dictatour
,
and
Camillus
voted
Dictatour
.
sent
back
Pontius
the
same
way
that
he
came
;
who
,
with
the
same
success
that
he
came
,
got
through
the
Enemy
,
without
being
discovered
and
delivered
to
the
Romans
,
the
Election
of
the
Senate
,
who
received
it
with
great
acclamations
of
joy
;
and
Camillus
coming
to
them
,
found
twenty
thousand
of
them
ready
in
arms
;
with
which
forces
,
and
those
Confederates
he
brought
along
with
him
,
which
were
more
in
number
;
he
prepared
to
set
upon
the
Enemy
.
But
at
Rome
some
of
the
Barbarians
passing
by
chance
that
way
by
which
Pontius
by
night
had
got
into
the
Capitol
,
spied
in
several
places
the
print
of
his
feet
and
hands
,
as
he
caught
and
clammered
,
and
the
Moss
that
grew
to
the
Rock
tore
off
and
broken
,
and
reported
it
to
the
King
,
who
coming
in
person
and
viewing
it
,
for
the
present
said
nothing
.
But
in
the
Evening
,
picking
out
such
of
the
Gauls
as
were
nimblest
of
body
,
and
by
living
in
the
Mountains
were
accustomed
to
climb
,
He
thus
spake
unto
them
.
The
Enemy
themselves
have
shown
us
a
way
how
to
come
at
them
,
which
we
knew
not
of
before
;
and
have
taught
us
,
that
it
is
not
so
difficult
and
impossible
,
but
that
men
may
overcome
it
.
It
would
be
a
great
shame
for
us
who
command
,
having
begun
well
,
to
fail
in
the
end
;
and
to
give
over
a
place
as
impregnable
,
when
the
Enemy
himself
chalks
us
out
the
way
by
which
it
may
be
taken
;
for
in
the
same
place
where
it
was
easy
for
one
man
to
get
up
,
it
will
not
be
hard
for
many
,
one
after
another
;
nay
,
when
many
shall
undertake
it
,
their
mutual
assistence
of
one
another
will
be
a
great
addition
of
strength
and
firmness
.
Rewards
and
honours
shall
be
bestowed
on
every
man
according
as
he
shall
acquit
himself
in
the
action
.
When
the
King
had
thus
spoken
,
the
Gauls
chearfully
undertook
to
perform
it
,
and
in
the
dead
of
night
,
a
good
party
of
them
together
,
with
great
silence
began
to
climb
the
Rock
,
catching
hold
of
the
craggy
Stones
,
and
drawing
their
Bodies
into
the
broken
places
,
which
though
hard
and
untoward
in
it self
,
yet
upon
trial
prov'd
not
half
so
difficult
as
they
had
expected
it
.
So
that
the
foremost
of
them
having
gained
the
top
of
all
,
and
put
themselves
into
order
,
they
were
not
far
from
surprizing
the
Out-works
,
and
mastering
the
Watch
,
who
were
fast
asleep
,
for
neither
Man
nor
Dog
perceived
their
coming
.
But
there
were
sacred
Geese
kept
near
the
Temple
of
The
Gauls
discovered
by
the
sacred
Geese
in
their
attempts
upon
the
Capitol
.
Juno
,
which
at
other
times
were
plentifully
fed
,
but
at
this
time
,
by
reason
that
Corn
and
all
other
provisions
were
grown
strait
,
their
allowance
was
shortned
,
and
they
themselves
in
a
poor
and
lean
condition
.
This
Creature
is
by
nature
of
quick
sense
,
and
apprehensive
of
the
least
noise
;
so
that
being
besides
watchfull
through
hunger
,
and
restless
,
they
immediately
discovered
the
coming
of
the
Gauls
;
so
that
running
up
and
down
,
with
their
noise
and
cackling
they
raised
the
whole
Camp
.
The
Barbarians
on
the
other
side
perceiving
themselves
discovered
,
no
longer
endeavoured
to
conceal
their
attempt
,
but
with
great
shouting
and
violence
set
themselves
to
the
assault
.
The
Romans
every
one
in
haste
snatching
up
the
next
Weapon
that
came
to
hand
,
did
what
they
could
on
this
sudden
occasion
.
Manlius
,
a
man
of
consular
They
are
valiantly
encounter'd
by
Manlius
.
dignity
,
of
strong
body
and
stout
heart
,
was
the
first
that
made
head
against
them
,
and
engaging
with
two
of
the
Enemy
at
once
,
with
his
Sword
cut
off
the
right
Arme
of
one
just
as
he
was
lifting
up
his
Poleaxe
to
strike
,
and
running
his
Target
full
in
the
face
of
the
other
,
tumbled
him
headlong
down
the
steep
Rock
;
then
mounting
the
Rampier
,
and
there
standing
with
others
that
came
running
to
his
assistence
,
he
drove
down
the
rest
of
them
,
there
having
not
many
got
up
;
and
those
that
had
,
doing
nothing
brave
or
gallant
.
The
Romans
having
thus
escaped
this
danger
,
early
in
the
morning
took
the
Capt.
of
the
Watch
and
flung
him
down
the
Rock
upon
the
head
of
their
Enemies
;
and
to
Manlius
for
his
victory
they
voted
a
reward
which
carried
more
honour
than
advantage
with
it
,
which
was
,
that
they
contributed
to
him
as
much
as
every
man
had
for
his
daily
allowance
,
which
was
half
a
pound
of
Bread
,
and
about
half
a
pint
of
Wine
.
Henceforward
,
the
affairs
of
the
Gauls
were
daily
in
a
worse
and
worse
condition
;
they
wanted
Provisions
,
being
kept
in
from
forraging
through
fear
of
Camillus
;
besides
,
that
sickness
came
upon
them
,
occasioned
by
the
number
of
Carcasses
that
lay
unburied
in
heaps
.
Moreover
,
being
lodged
A
contagious
infection
among
the
Gauls
.
among
the
Ruines
,
the
Ashes
,
which
were
very
deep
,
blown
about
with
the
wind
,
and
mingled
with
the
soultry
heat
,
caused
a
dry
and
pestilent
Air
,
which
drawn
in
,
infected
their
Bodies
.
But
the
chief
cause
was
the
change
of
their
natural
Climate
,
coming
out
of
shady
and
hilly
Countrys
,
which
afforded
pleasant
retirements
and
shelter
from
the
heat
,
to
lodge
in
low
and
champion
Grounds
,
naturally
unhealthfull
in
the
Autumn
Season
.
Another
thing
which
broke
their
Spirits
,
was
the
length
and
tediousness
of
the
Siege
(
for
they
had
now
sate
seven
months
before
the
Capitol
)
insomuch
,
that
there
was
vast
desolation
among
them
;
and
the
number
of
the
dead
grown
so
great
,
that
the
living
scarce
sufficed
to
bury
them
.
Neither
were
things
any
thing
better
with
the
Besieged
,
for
famine
encreased
upon
them
;
and
not
knowing
what
Camillus
did
,
they
remained
in
a
languishing
and
desponding
condition
;
for
it
was
impossible
to
send
any
to
him
,
the
City
was
so
narrowly
guarded
by
the
Barbarians
.
Things
being
in
this
sad
condition
on
both
sides
,
it
came
to
pass
that
a
Through
the
equal
necessity
on
both
sides
,
a
treaty
is
agreed
to
.
motion
of
treaty
was
made
by
some
of
the
Fore-guards
as
they
happened
to
discourse
with
one
another
,
which
being
embraced
by
the
better
sort
,
Sulpicius
,
Tribune
of
the
Romans
,
came
to
parle
with
Brennus
;
where
it
was
agreed
,
that
the
Romans
laying
down
a
thousand
weight
of
Gold
,
the
Gauls
upon
the
receipt
of
it
should
immediately
quit
the
City
and
Territories
.
The
agreement
being
confirmed
by
oath
on
both
sides
,
and
the
Gold
brought
forth
,
the
Gauls
used
false
dealing
in
the
weights
,
first
privily
,
afterwards
openly
,
pulling
back
the
balance
and
violently
turning
it
;
at
which
the
Romans
being
moved
,
and
complaining
,
Brennus
in
a
scoffing
and
insulting
manner
pull'd
off
his
Sword
and
Belt
,
and
threw
them
both
into
the
Scales
;
and
when
Sulpicius
asked
,
what
that
meant
,
What
should
it
mean
(
says
he
)
but
woe
to
the
conquered
?
which
afterwards
became
a
proverbial
Saying
.
As
for
the
Romans
,
some
were
so
incensed
,
that
they
were
for
taking
their
Gold
back
again
and
returning
,
and
with
resolution
to
endure
the
uttermost
extremities
of
the
Siege
.
Others
were
for
passing
by
and
dissembling
a
petty
injury
,
and
not
to
account
that
the
indignity
of
the
thing
,
lay
in
paying
more
than
was
due
,
but
the
paying
any
thing
at
all
;
which
stood
not
with
their
honour
to
have
done
,
had
not
the
necessity
of
the
times
made
them
yield
unto
it
.
Whilst
this
difference
was
amongst
themselves
,
and
with
the
Camillus
surprizes
the
City
.
Gauls
Camillus
was
at
the
Gates
,
and
having
learned
what
had
passed
,
he
commanded
the
body
of
his
Forces
to
follow
slowly
after
him
in
good
order
,
and
himself
,
with
the
choicest
of
his
men
hastning
on
,
went
presently
to
the
Romans
.
Where
all
giving
way
to
him
,
and
receiving
him
as
their
sole
Magistrate
,
with
profound
silence
and
order
,
he
took
the
Gold
out
of
the
Scales
,
and
delivered
it
to
his
Officers
,
and
commanded
the
Gauls
to
take
their
Weights
and
Scales
and
depart
.
Saying
,
that
it
was
customary
with
the
Romans
to
deliver
their
Country
with
Iron
,
not
with
Gold
.
And
when
Brennus
began
to
rage
and
say
,
that
he
had
injury
done
him
in
breaking
the
Contract
;
Camillus
answered
,
that
it
was
never
legally
made
,
and
the
agreements
of
no
force
or
obligation
at
all
;
for
that
himself
being
declared
Dictatour
,
and
there
being
no
other
Magistrate
by
Law
;
that
he
had
contracted
with
those
who
had
no
power
to
doe
it
:
But
now
they
might
use
their
own
discretions
,
for
he
was
come
as
absolute
Lord
by
law
,
to
grant
pardon
to
such
as
should
ask
it
,
or
inflict
punishment
on
those
who
had
been
authours
of
these
disturbances
,
if
they
did
not
repent
.
At
this
Brennus
flew
out
into
rage
,
and
it
came
to
a
present
quarrel
;
both
sides
drawing
their
Swords
,
and
vigorously
assaulting
each
other
,
being
mixed
in
confusion
together
,
as
could
not
otherwise
be
amongst
the
ruines
of
Houses
and
narrow
Lanes
,
and
such
places
where
it
was
impossible
to
draw
up
in
any
order
.
But
Brennus
presently
recollecting
himself
,
called
off
his
Men
,
and
with
the
loss
of
a
few
onely
,
brought
them
to
their
Camp
;
and
rising
in
the
night
with
all
his
Forces
,
left
the
City
,
Brennus
seeretly
withdraws
from
Rome
.
Is
utterly
defeated
by
Camillus
.
and
going
on
about
eight
mile
encamped
upon
the
Gabinian
way
.
As
soon
as
day
appeared
Camillus
came
up
with
him
,
excellently
provided
,
and
his
Souldiers
full
of
courage
and
confidence
,
and
there
engaging
with
him
in
a
sharp
Fight
,
and
which
lasted
a
long
while
,
he
overthrew
his
Army
with
great
slaughter
,
and
took
their
Camp
.
Of
those
that
fled
,
some
were
presently
cut
off
by
the
Pursuers
;
others
,
of
whom
was
the
greatest
number
,
being
scattered
here
and
there
,
the
people
of
the
Villages
and
neighbouring
Cities
came
running
out
and
dispatched
them
.
Thus
Rome
was
strangely
taken
,
and
more
strangely
recovered
;
having
been
seven
whole
months
in
the
possession
of
the
Barbarians
,
who
entered
her
about
the
fifteenth
day
of
July
,
and
were
driven
out
about
the
fourteenth
of
February
following
.
Camillus
triumphed
,
as
he
deferved
,
having
saved
his
Country
that
was
lost
;
and
brought
the
City
back
again
to
it self
.
For
they
that
had
lived
abroad
,
together
with
their
Wives
and
Children
,
accompanied
him
in
his
triumph
,
and
they
who
had
been
shut
up
in
the
Capitol
,
and
were
reduced
almost
to
the
point
of
perishing
with
hunger
,
went
out
to
meet
him
,
imbracing
each
other
,
and
weeping
for
joy
;
and
through
the
excess
of
the
present
pleasure
,
scarce
believing
the
truth
of
their
deliverance
.
But
when
the
Priests
and
Ministers
of
the
Gods
appeared
,
bearing
those
sacred
Relicks
,
which
in
their
flight
they
had
either
hid
there
,
or
conveyed
away
with
them
,
and
now
openly
shewed
that
they
were
preserved
,
it
yielded
a
most
joyfull
and
desireable
spectacle
to
the
Citizens
who
took
it
,
as
if
with
them
the
Gods
themselves
were
again
returned
unto
Rome
.
After
Camillus
had
Camillus
by
what
induced
to
found
a
new
Temple
.
sacrificed
to
the
Gods
,
and
purged
the
City
,
the
Priests
leading
the
Procession
,
and
performing
the
customary
Ceremonies
,
he
restored
the
present
Temples
,
and
erected
a
new
one
to
the
God
,
called
the
Speaker
or
Caller
,
chusing
the
very
same
place
in
which
that
voice
from
Heaven
came
by
night
to
Marcus
Cedicius
,
foretelling
the
coming
of
the
Barbarian
Army
.
It
was
a
business
of
great
difficulty
,
and
an
exceeding
hard
task
,
amidst
so
much
Rubbish
,
to
discover
and
set
out
the
consecrated
Places
;
but
by
the
unwearied
diligence
of
Camillus
,
and
the
incessant
labour
of
the
Priests
,
it
was
at
last
accomplished
.
But
when
the
business
came
to
the
rebuilding
the
City
,
which
was
wholly
demolished
,
an
heartless
despondency
seised
the
Multitude
and
a
backwardness
to
the
work
,
as
those
who
wanted
all
necessary
materials
,
and
had
more
need
of
some
refreshment
and
rest
from
their
labours
,
than
to
toil
and
wear
out
themselves
already
broken
both
in
body
and
fortunes
.
Thus
by
leisure
they
turned
their
thoughts
again
towards
Veii
,
a
City
ready
built
,
and
excellently
provided
of
all
things
;
which
gave
occasion
to
many
who
sought
to
be
popular
,
by
following
and
nourishing
the
humour
,
to
raise
new
tumults
,
and
many
seditious
words
were
flung
out
against
Camillus
;
He
is
maligned
,
and
why
.
that
out
of
ambition
and
self-glory
he
withheld
them
from
a
City
fit
to
receive
them
,
forcing
them
to
live
in
the
midst
of
Ruines
,
and
to
raise
such
a
pile
of
Rubbish
,
that
he
might
be
esteemed
not
the
chief
Magistrate
onely
and
General
of
Rome
,
but
(
setting
Romulus
aside
)
the
Founder
also
.
The
Senate
therefore
,
fearing
a
sedition
,
would
not
suffer
Camillus
,
though
desirous
,
to
lay
down
his
authority
within
the
year
,
though
no
other
Dictatour
had
ever
held
it
above
six
months
.
Besides
,
they
endeavoured
by
kind
persuasions
and
familiar
addresses
to
appease
The
persuasions
of
the
Senatours
unsuccessfull
to
the
re-building
of
the
City
.
and
sweeten
their
minds
and
chear
up
their
spirits
.
Sometimes
they
would
lead
them
to
the
Monuments
and
Tombs
of
their
Ancestours
,
often
calling
to
their
remembrance
the
sacred
Oratories
and
holy
Places
which
Romulus
and
Numa
,
or
any
other
of
their
Kings
had
consecrated
and
left
unto
them
;
but
amongst
the
chief
of
their
holy
Relicks
,
they
set
before
them
that
fresh
and
raw
Head
,
which
was
found
in
laying
the
foundation
of
the
Capitol
,
as
a
place
destin'd
by
fate
to
be
the
head
of
all
Italy
.
What
a
shame
would
it
be
to
them
,
by
forsaking
the
City
,
to
lose
and
extinguish
that
holy
Fire
,
which
since
the
War
was
re-kindled
by
the
Vestal
Virgins
,
to
see
the
City
it self
either
inhabited
by
Foreigners
and
Strangers
,
or
left
a
wild
Pasture
for
Cattel
to
graze
on
?
Such
reasons
as
these
,
mixt
with
complaints
and
intreaties
,
they
used
with
the
People
;
sometimes
in
private
,
taking
them
singly
one
by
one
;
and
sometimes
in
their
publick
Assemblies
.
But
still
they
were
afresh
assaulted
by
the
outcries
of
the
multitude
,
protesting
and
bewailing
their
present
wants
and
inability
;
beseeching
them
,
that
seeing
they
were
just
met
together
,
as
from
a
shipwreck
,
naked
and
destitute
,
they
would
not
constrain
them
to
patch
up
the
pieces
of
a
ruin'd
and
shattered
City
,
when
they
had
another
at
hand
ready
built
and
prepared
.
Camillus
thought
good
to
refer
it
to
the
Senate
;
and
he
himself
discoursed
largely
and
earnestly
in
behalf
of
his
Country
,
as
likewise
did
many
others
.
At
last
,
calling
to
Lucius
Lucretius
,
whose
place
was
first
to
speak
,
he
commanded
him
to
give
his
sentence
,
and
the
rest
as
they
followed
in
order
.
Silence
being
made
,
and
Lucretius
just
about
to
begin
,
A
remarkable
instance
of
the
inclination
of
the
Romans
to
superstition
.
by
chance
a
Captain
without
,
passing
by
the
Senate-house
,
and
leading
his
Company
of
the
Day-guard
,
called
out
with
a
loud
voice
to
the
Ensign-bearer
,
to
stay
,
and
fix
his
Standard
;
for
that
was
the
best
place
to
stay
in
.
This
voice
coming
in
that
nick
of
time
,
was
taken
as
a
direction
what
was
to
be
done
;
so
that
Lucretius
embracing
the
Omen
,
and
adoring
the
Gods
,
gave
his
sentence
for
staying
,
as
likewise
did
all
the
rest
that
followed
.
Even
among
the
common
people
it
wrought
a
wonderfull
change
of
affection
,
every
one
heartning
and
encouraging
his
Neighbour
,
and
setting
himself
chearfully
to
the
work
;
proceeding
not
in
any
regular
lines
or
proportions
,
but
every
one
pitching
upon
that
plot
of
ground
which
came
next
to
hand
,
or
best
pleased
his
fancy
;
by
which
haste
and
hurry
in
Rome
confusedly
re-bui●t
.
building
,
they
raised
the
City
with
narrow
and
intricate
Lanes
,
and
Houses
huddled
together
one
upon
the
back
of
another
:
For
it
is
said
,
that
within
the
compass
of
the
year
,
the
whole
City
was
raised
up
anew
,
both
in
its
publick
Walls
,
and
private
Buildings
.
But
the
persons
appointed
by
Camillus
to
recover
and
set
out
the
consecrated
places
in
that
great
confusion
of
all
things
,
searching
about
the
Palatium
,
and
coming
to
that
place
which
is
called
Mars's
Close
,
it
happened
,
that
whilst
they
were
clearing
the
place
,
and
carrying
away
the
rubbish
,
they
lit
upon
Romulus
his
magick
Staff
buried
under
great
and
deep
heaps
of
Ashes
.
This
Staff
is
crooked
at
one
end
,
and
is
called
Lituus
.
They
make
use
of
this
Lituus
in
quartering
out
the
regions
of
the
Heavens
,
when
they
are
upon
that
sort
of
divination
which
is
made
by
the
flight
of
Birds
;
which
Romulus
himself
also
made
use
of
,
being
most
excellently
skilled
in
Augury
.
But
when
he
disappeared
from
among
men
,
the
Priests
took
the
Staff
,
and
kept
it
as
other
holy
things
,
not
to
be
touched
or
defiled
.
Now
when
they
found
that
whereas
all
other
things
were
consumed
,
this
Staff
was
not
in
the
least
perished
by
the
flames
,
they
began
to
conceive
joyfull
hopes
concerning
Rome
,
that
this
token
did
portend
the
everlasting
safety
and
prosperity
of
it
.
And
now
they
had
scarce
got
a
breathing
time
from
their
troubles
,
but
a
new
War
The
Romans
at
the
same
time
invaded
by
the
Aequi
,
Volsci
,
Latins
and
Tuscans
.
comes
upon
them
,
the
Aequi
,
Volsci
and
Latins
all
at
once
invade
their
Territories
,
and
the
Tuscans
besiege
Sutrium
a
confederate
City
of
the
Romans
.
The
Military
Tribunes
,
who
commanded
the
Army
,
and
were
encamped
about
the
Hill
Martius
,
being
closely
besieged
by
the
Latins
,
and
the
Camp
in
danger
to
be
lost
,
send
to
Rome
,
and
Camillus
is
third
time
chosen
Dictatour
.
About
this
War
there
are
two
different
relations
;
I
shall
begin
with
the
fabulous
:
They
say
that
the
Latins
(
whether
out
of
pretence
,
or
real
design
to
re-unite
the
ancient
bloud
of
both
Nations
)
should
send
to
desire
of
the
Romans
some
of
their
free
Maids
in
Marriage
.
That
the
Romans
being
at
a
loss
what
to
determine
,
(
for
on
one
hand
they
dreaded
a
War
,
having
scarce
settled
and
recovered
themselves
,
on
the
other
side
they
suspected
that
this
asking
of
Wives
was
in
plain
terms
nothing
else
but
to
gain
Hostages
,
though
they
covered
Tutula
's
stratageme
against
the
Latins
.
it
over
with
the
specious
name
of
marriage
and
alliance
)
a
certain
Handmaid
by
name
Tutula
,
or
as
some
call
her
Philotis
should
perswade
the
Magistrates
to
send
with
her
some
of
the
most
youthfull
and
beautiful
Damosels
in
the
garb
and
dress
of
noble
Virgins
,
and
leave
the
rest
to
her
care
and
management
;
that
the
Magistrates
consenting
should
chuse
out
as
many
as
she
thought
necessary
for
her
purpose
,
and
adorning
them
with
Gold
and
rich
Clothes
,
deliver
them
to
the
Latins
,
who
encamped
nigh
the
City
:
That
at
night
the
rest
should
steal
away
the
Enemies
Swords
,
but
Tutula
or
Philotis
(
which
you
please
)
getting
to
the
top
of
a
wild
Fig-tree
,
and
spreading
out
a
thick
Garment
behind
her
should
hold
out
a
Torch
towards
Rome
,
which
was
the
signal
agreed
on
between
her
and
the
Commanders
,
none
other
of
the
Citizens
perceiving
it
,
which
was
the
reason
that
the
issuing
out
of
the
Soldiers
was
tumultuous
,
the
Officers
pushing
their
men
on
,
and
they
calling
upon
one
anothers
names
,
and
scarce
able
to
bring
themselves
into
any
order
.
That
setting
upon
the
Enemies
Works
,
who
either
were
asleep
or
expected
no
such
matter
,
they
should
take
the
Camp
and
destroy
most
of
them
;
and
that
this
was
done
in
the
Nones
of
July
,
which
was
then
called
Quintilis
,
and
that
the
Feast
that
is
then
observed
,
is
in
remembrance
of
this
action
;
for
first
running
out
of
the
City
in
great
crouds
,
they
pronounce
aloud
the
most
familiar
and
usual
names
,
as
Caius
,
Marcus
,
Lucius
,
and
the
like
,
imitating
thereby
that
calling
to
one
another
when
they
issued
out
in
such
haste
.
In
the
next
place
the
Maid-servants
richly
adorned
,
run
about
playing
and
jesting
upon
all
they
meet
,
and
amongst
themselves
use
a
kind
of
skirmishing
,
to
shew
they
helped
in
the
conflict
against
the
Latins
.
In
the
time
of
their
feasting
they
sit
shaded
over
with
Boughs
of
wild
Fig-tree
,
and
the
day
they
call
Nonae
Capratinae
,
as
some
think
from
that
wild
Fig-tree
on
which
the
Maiden
held
out
her
Torch
;
for
the
Romans
call
a
wild
Fig-tree
Caprificus
.
Others
refer
most
of
what
is
said
or
done
at
this
Feast
,
to
that
accident
of
Romulus
;
for
on
this
day
without
the
Gate
he
vanished
out
of
sight
,
a
sudden
darkness
,
together
with
tempest
overclouding
him
(
some
think
it
an
eclipse
of
the
Sun
)
and
for
this
reason
the
day
was
called
Nonae
Capratinae
,
for
they
call
a
Goat
Nonae
Capratinae
,
whence
so
styled
.
Capra
;
and
Romulus
disappeared
at
a
place
called
Palus
Caprae
,
or
Goat
Marsh
,
whilst
he
was
holding
there
an
assembly
,
as
in
his
Life
it
is
written
.
But
the
general
stream
of
Writers
prefer
the
other
account
of
this
War
,
which
they
thus
relate
.
Camillus
being
the
third
time
chosen
Dictatour
,
and
learning
that
the
Army
under
the
Tribunes
was
besieged
by
the
Latins
and
Volsces
,
he
was
constrained
to
arm
,
not
onely
the
youth
,
but
even
such
as
age
exempted
from
service
;
and
taking
a
large
compass
round
the
Mountain
Martius
,
undiscovered
by
the
Enemy
,
he
lodged
his
Army
on
their
back
,
and
then
by
many
fires
gave
notice
of
his
arrival
.
The
besieged
encouraged
herewith
,
prepared
to
fall
on
and
join
battel
;
but
the
Latins
and
Volsces
,
fearing
their
Enemy
on
both
sides
,
drew
themselves
within
their
Works
,
which
they
fortified
with
many
Trees
laid
cross-wise
,
and
drove
into
the
ground
,
and
so
round
their
Camp
drew
a
wall
of
Wood
;
resolving
to
wait
for
more
supplies
from
home
,
and
expect
the
assistence
of
the
Tuscans
their
confederates
:
Camillus
perceiving
An
eminent
example
of
a
prudent
military
conduct
in
Camillus
.
their
drift
,
and
fearing
to
be
reduced
to
the
same
straits
he
had
brought
them
to
,
namely
,
to
be
besieged
himself
,
resolved
to
lose
no
time
;
and
finding
their
Rampier
was
all
of
Timber
,
and
observing
that
a
strong
wind
constantly
at
Sun-rising
blew
off
from
the
Mountains
,
after
having
prepared
much
combustable
stuff
,
about
break
of
day
he
drew
forth
his
Forces
;
some
of
which
he
commanded
to
take
their
Darts
,
and
with
noise
and
shouting
assault
the
Enemy
on
the
other
quarter
,
whilst
he
with
those
that
were
to
fling
in
the
fire
went
to
that
side
of
the
Enemies
Camp
on
which
the
wind
lay
directly
,
and
there
waited
his
opportunity
.
When
the
skirmish
was
begun
,
and
the
Sun
risen
,
and
a
violent
wind
fell
down
from
the
Mountains
,
he
gave
the
signal
of
onset
;
and
pouring
in
an
infinite
quantity
of
fiery
matter
,
he
filled
all
their
Rampier
with
it
,
so
that
the
flame
being
fed
in
the
close
Timber
and
wooden
Pallisados
it
went
on
and
dispersed
it self
into
all
Quarters
.
The
Latins
having
nothing
ready
to
keep
it
off
or
extinguish
it
,
the
Camp
being
almost
full
of
fire
,
were
reduced
to
a
very
small
compass
,
and
at
last
forced
by
necessity
to
fall
into
their
Enemies
hand
,
who
stood
before
the
Works
ready
armed
and
prepared
to
receive
them
;
of
these
a
very
few
escaped
,
but
those
that
stayed
in
the
Camp
were
all
consumed
by
the
fire
,
untill
such
time
the
Romans
,
to
gain
the
pillage
,
extinguished
it
.
These
things
performed
,
Camillus
,
leaving
his
Son
Lucius
in
the
Camp
to
guard
the
Prisoners
and
secure
the
Booty
,
passed
into
his
Enemies
Country
,
where
having
He
reduces
the
Aeques
and
Volsces
.
taken
the
City
of
the
Aeques
,
and
reduced
the
Volsces
to
obedience
,
he
immediately
led
his
Army
to
Sutrium
(
having
not
heard
what
had
befallen
the
Sutrians
)
making
haste
to
assist
them
,
as
if
they
were
still
in
danger
,
and
besieged
by
the
Tuscans
.
But
they
had
already
surrendred
their
City
to
their
Enemies
;
and
being
destitute
of
all
things
,
with
their
Garments
onely
about
them
,
they
met
Camillus
on
the
way
,
leading
their
Wives
and
Children
,
and
bewailing
their
misfortune
.
Camillus
himself
was
struck
with
the
object
,
and
perceiving
the
Romans
to
weep
,
and
grievously
resent
their
case
,
(
the
Sutrians
hanging
on
them
)
resolved
not
to
defer
revenge
,
but
that
very
day
to
lead
his
Army
to
Sutrium
.
Conjecturing
that
the
enemy
having
just
taken
a
rich
and
plentifull
City
,
and
not
left
an
Enemy
within
it
,
nor
expecting
any
from
without
,
he
should
find
them
wallowing
in
all
riot
and
luxury
,
open
and
unguarded
.
Neither
did
his
opinion
Sutrium
retaken
by
Camillus
.
fail
him
,
for
he
not
onely
pass'd
through
their
Country
without
discovery
,
but
came
up
to
their
very
Gates
,
and
possessed
himself
of
the
Walls
,
there
was
not
a
man
left
to
guard
them
,
but
every
one
was
scattered
about
from
house
to
house
,
drinking
and
making
merry
;
nay
,
when
at
last
they
did
perceive
that
the
Enemy
had
seised
the
City
,
they
were
so
overcharged
with
Meat
and
Wine
,
that
few
were
able
so
much
as
to
endeavour
an
escape
;
but
in
the
most
shamefull
posture
either
waited
for
their
death
within
doors
,
or
if
they
were
able
to
carry
themselves
,
submitted
to
the
will
of
the
Conquerour
.
Thus
the
City
of
the
Sutrians
was
twice
taken
in
one
day
;
and
it
came
to
pass
,
that
they
who
were
in
possession
lost
it
,
and
they
who
had
lost
their
possession
gained
it
again
by
the
means
of
Camillus
;
for
all
which
actions
he
received
a
triumph
,
which
brought
him
no
less
honour
and
reputation
than
both
the
former
;
for
those
very
Citizens
,
who
before
most
envied
and
detracted
from
him
,
ascribing
the
rest
of
his
successes
to
a
certain
hit
of
fortune
rather
than
steddy
virtue
,
were
compelled
by
these
last
acts
of
his
,
to
allow
the
whole
honour
to
the
great
abilities
and
industry
of
the
man
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Marcus
Manlius
by
indirect
means
aspires
to
the
government
.
Of
all
his
adversaries
and
enviers
of
his
glory
Marcus
Manlius
was
the
most
considerable
;
he
who
gave
the
first
repulse
to
the
Gauls
,
and
drove
them
out
that
night
they
set
upon
the
Capitol
,
for
which
he
was
sirnamed
Capitolinus
.
This
man
affecting
the
first
place
in
the
Common-wealth
,
and
not
able
by
the
noblest
ways
to
out-doe
Camillus's
reputation
,
took
the
trite
and
usual
methods
of
Tyranny
,
namely
,
to
gain
the
multitude
,
especially
such
as
were
in
debt
;
some
he
would
defend
against
their
Creditours
and
plead
their
Causes
,
others
rescue
by
force
and
not
suffer
the
Law
to
proceed
against
them
,
insomuch
that
in
a
short
time
he
had
gotten
great
numbers
of
indigent
people
about
him
;
who
making
tumults
and
uproars
in
the
Courts
,
struck
great
terrour
into
the
principal
Citizens
.
After
that
Quintus
Capitolinus
,
who
was
made
Dictatour
to
examine
into
these
disorders
,
had
committed
Manlius
to
prison
,
the
people
immediately
changed
their
apparel
,
a
thing
never
done
but
in
great
and
publick
calamities
.
The
Senate
fearing
some
tumult
,
ordered
him
to
be
released
,
who
set
at
liberty
was
never
the
better
,
but
rather
more
insolent
in
his
practices
,
filling
the
whole
City
with
his
Faction
and
Sedition
.
Wherefore
they
chose
Circumstances
many
times
extremely
prejudicial
to
the
execution
of
Justice
.
Camillus
again
Military
Tribune
,
and
a
day
being
set
for
Manlius
to
answer
to
his
charge
,
the
prospect
of
the
place
was
a
great
hindrance
to
his
accusers
;
for
the
very
place
where
Manlius
by
night
fought
with
the
Gauls
over-look'd
the
Court
from
the
Capitol
,
so
that
stretching
forth
his
hands
that
way
,
and
weeping
,
he
called
to
their
remembrance
his
past
actions
,
raising
compassion
in
all
that
beheld
him
.
Insomuch
that
the
Judges
were
at
a
loss
what
to
doe
,
and
several
times
forced
to
adjourn
the
Trial
,
not
willing
to
acquit
him
of
the
crime
,
proved
by
manifest
circumstances
,
and
yet
unable
to
execute
the
Law
,
that
noble
action
of
his
being
always
in
their
eyes
by
reason
of
the
place
.
Camillus
considering
this
removed
the
Judgment
Seat
out
of
the
Gate
to
the
Peteline
Grove
,
from
whence
there
is
no
prospect
of
the
Capitol
.
Here
his
accuser
went
on
with
his
charge
,
and
the
Judges
being
now
at
liberty
to
consider
of
his
late
practices
,
he
received
a
just
recompense
and
reward
of
his
wicked
actions
;
for
being
carried
to
the
Capitol
he
was
flung
headlong
from
the
Rock
,
having
the
same
place
witness
of
his
greatest
glory
,
and
monument
of
his
most
unfortunate
end
.
The
Romans
besides
rased
his
House
,
and
built
there
a
Temple
to
the
Goddess
they
call
Moneta
;
ordaining
for
the
future
that
none
of
the
Patrician
Order
should
ever
dwell
in
the
Capitol
Mount
.
And
now
Camillus
being
called
to
the
Camillus
,
though
unwilling
,
chosen
the
sixth
time
Tribune
.
sixth
Tribuneship
,
desired
to
be
excused
,
as
being
aged
,
and
perhaps
not
unjealous
of
the
malice
of
Fortune
,
and
those
unlucky
changes
which
usually
attend
great
and
prosperous
actions
.
But
the
most
apparent
pretence
was
the
weakness
of
his
Body
,
for
he
happened
at
that
time
to
be
sick
,
but
the
people
would
admit
of
no
excuses
,
but
crying
that
they
wanted
not
his
strength
for
Horse
or
for
Foot
service
,
but
onely
his
counsel
and
conduct
,
they
constrained
him
to
undertake
the
command
,
and
with
one
of
his
fellow
Tribunes
to
lead
the
Army
immediately
against
the
Enemy
.
These
were
the
Praenestines
and
Volsces
,
who
with
great
Forces
wasted
the
Countries
of
the
Roman
Confederates
.
Having
march'd
out
his
Army
,
he
sate
down
and
encamped
near
the
Enemy
,
meaning
himself
to
draw
out
the
War
in
length
,
or
if
there
should
be
necessity
or
occasion
of
fighting
,
in
the
mean
time
to
strengthen
his
Body
for
it
.
But
Lucius
his
Collegue
,
carried
away
with
the
desire
of
glory
,
was
not
to
be
held
in
,
but
impatient
to
give
Battel
,
inflamed
with
the
same
eagerness
the
Captains
and
Colonels
of
the
Army
;
so
that
Camillus
fearing
he
might
seem
out
of
envy
to
rob
the
young
men
of
the
glory
of
a
notable
exploit
,
gave
way
,
though
unwillingly
,
that
he
should
draw
out
the
Forces
,
whilst
himself
,
by
reason
of
weakness
,
staid
behind
with
a
few
in
the
Camp
.
Lucius
engaging
Lucius
's
inconsiderate
engagement
retrieved
by
Camillus
.
rashly
and
headily
was
soon
discomfited
,
when
Camillus
perceiving
the
Romans
to
give
ground
and
fly
,
he
could
not
contain
himself
,
but
leaping
from
his
Bed
,
with
those
Servants
and
retinue
he
had
about
him
,
ran
to
meet
them
at
the
Gates
of
the
Camp
;
and
making
his
way
through
them
that
fled
,
he
drove
furiously
to
oppose
the
pursuers
;
insomuch
that
those
who
were
got
within
the
Camp
presently
turned
back
and
followed
him
,
and
those
that
came
flying
from
without
,
made
head
again
and
gathered
about
him
,
exhorting
one
another
not
to
forsake
their
General
.
Thus
the
Enemy
for
that
time
was
stop'd
in
his
pursuit
.
But
the
next
day
Camillus
drawing
out
his
Forces
and
joining
Battel
with
them
overthrew
them
by
main
force
,
and
following
close
upon
them
that
fled
,
he
entred
pell
mell
with
them
into
their
Camp
,
and
took
it
,
slaying
the
greatest
part
of
them
.
Afterwards
having
heard
that
the
City
Sutrium
was
taken
by
the
Tuscans
,
and
the
inhabitants
all
Romans
,
put
to
the
Sword
,
the
main
Body
of
his
Forces
and
heaviest
arm'd
,
he
sent
home
to
Rome
,
and
taking
with
him
the
lightest
and
best
appointed
Soldiers
,
he
set
suddenly
upon
the
Tuscans
who
were
in
the
possession
of
the
City
,
and
having
master'd
them
,
some
he
drove
out
,
others
he
slew
,
and
so
returning
to
Rome
with
great
spoils
,
he
gave
a
signal
evidence
,
that
in
point
of
wisedom
they
were
chiefly
to
be
preferred
,
who
not
Prudence
in
a
Commander
preferable
to
rash
valour
.
mistrusting
the
weakness
and
age
of
a
Commander
endued
with
courage
and
conduct
,
had
rather
chosen
him
who
was
sickly
and
desirous
to
be
excused
,
than
younger
men
who
were
forward
and
ambitious
to
command
.
Wherefore
when
the
revolt
of
the
Tusculanes
was
reported
,
they
gave
Camillus
the
charge
of
reducing
them
,
chusing
one
of
his
five
Collegues
to
go
with
him
.
And
now
when
every
one
of
them
put
in
earnestly
for
the
place
,
contrary
to
the
expectation
of
all
,
he
past
by
the
rest
and
chose
Lucius
Furius
,
the
very
same
man
,
who
against
the
judgment
of
Camillus
,
by
rashly
hazarding
a
Battel
,
had
brought
things
to
a
dangerous
and
almost
desperate
condition
;
willing
,
as
it
should
seem
,
to
hide
and
dissemble
that
miscarriage
,
and
divert
the
shame
.
The
Tusculanes
hearing
of
Camillus
his
coming
against
them
,
sought
The
Tusculanes
their
politick
dissimulation
.
cunningly
to
turn
off
the
suspicion
of
their
revolt
.
Their
Fields
,
as
in
times
of
highest
peace
,
were
full
of
Plowmen
and
Shepherds
;
their
Gates
stood
wide
open
,
and
their
Children
went
publickly
to
School
;
as
for
the
people
,
such
as
were
Trades-men
,
he
found
them
in
their
Shops
,
busied
about
their
several
employments
;
and
the
better
sort
of
Citizens
walking
in
the
publick
places
in
their
usual
Gowns
and
Formalities
:
The
Magistrates
very
diligent
and
officious
in
running
about
and
providing
Quarters
for
the
Romans
,
as
if
they
stood
in
fear
of
no
danger
,
and
as
though
they
had
committed
no
fault
at
all
.
Which
Arts
,
though
they
could
not
drive
out
of
Camillus
the
certain
opinion
he
had
of
their
Treason
,
yet
wrought
in
him
a
certain
compassion
for
their
repentance
,
so
that
he
commanded
them
to
go
to
the
Senate
and
attone
their
anger
,
and
himself
became
intercessour
in
their
behalf
,
insomuch
that
their
City
was
acquitted
of
all
offences
,
and
admitted
into
the
freedom
and
privileges
of
Rome
.
These
were
the
most
memorable
actions
of
his
sixth
Tribuneship
.
After
these
things
,
Licinnius
Stolo
raised
A
dangerous
Faction
at
Rome
headed
by
Licinnius
Stolo
.
a
great
Sedition
in
the
City
,
by
which
the
people
fell
to
dissention
with
the
Senate
,
earnestly
contending
that
of
two
Consuls
one
should
be
chosen
out
of
the
Commons
,
and
not
both
out
of
the
Nobility
.
Tribunes
of
the
people
were
chosen
,
but
the
Multitude
violently
opposed
the
election
of
Consuls
;
things
through
this
dissention
running
into
greater
disorder
,
Camillus
was
the
fourth
time
created
Dictatour
by
the
Senate
,
sore
against
the
will
of
the
People
;
neither
was
he
himself
very
forward
to
accept
it
,
as
being
unwilling
to
oppose
his
authority
against
those
,
who
in
many
and
great
conflicts
,
had
reposed
singular
trust
and
confidence
in
him
,
and
with
whom
he
had
done
more
things
in
military
Affairs
,
than
ever
he
had
transacted
with
the
Nobility
in
civil
:
that
now
he
was
pitch'd
upon
out
of
envy
,
that
prevailing
he
might
suppress
the
people
;
or
failing
,
be
supprest
himself
.
However
,
to
provide
as
good
a
remedy
as
he
could
for
the
present
;
knowing
the
day
on
which
the
Tribunes
of
the
people
intended
to
prefer
the
Law
,
at
the
same
time
he
proclaimed
a
general
muster
,
and
called
the
people
from
the
Market-place
into
the
Field
,
threatning
to
set
heavy
fines
upon
such
as
should
not
readily
obey
.
On
the
other
side
,
the
Tribunes
of
the
people
opposed
themselves
to
his
threats
,
solemnly
protesting
to
fine
him
in
50000
Drachmas
of
Silver
,
if
he
persisted
to
hinder
the
people
in
giving
their
suffrages
for
the
Law
.
Wherefore
,
either
that
he
feared
another
banishment
or
condemnation
,
as
not
agreeable
to
his
age
,
and
misbecoming
those
great
actions
he
had
performed
,
or
finding
himself
not
able
to
stem
the
current
of
the
Multitude
,
which
ran
with
a
strong
Camillus
under
bad
circumstances
resigns
the
Dictatourship
.
and
irresistible
force
,
for
the
present
he
betook
himself
to
his
House
,
and
afterwards
for
some
days
together
pretending
indisposition
of
body
,
laid
down
his
Dictatourship
,
and
the
Senate
created
another
Dictatour
;
who
chusing
Stolo
,
leader
of
this
Sedition
,
to
be
General
of
horse
,
suffered
that
Law
to
take
place
,
which
was
most
grievous
to
the
Nobility
,
namely
,
that
no
person
whatsoever
should
possess
above
500
Acres
of
Land
.
Stolo
exceedingly
triumphed
in
the
conquest
he
had
gained
,
till
not
long
after
,
he
was
found
himself
to
possess
more
than
he
allowed
unto
others
,
and
so
suffered
the
penalties
of
his
own
Law
.
And
now
the
contention
about
election
of
Consuls
coming
on
(
which
of
all
other
dissentions
was
the
sharpest
,
and
from
its
first
beginning
had
administred
most
matter
of
division
between
the
Senate
and
the
People
)
certain
The
second
invasion
of
the
Gauls
.
intelligence
arrives
,
that
the
Gauls
again
proceeding
from
the
Adriatick
Sea
,
marched
directly
towards
Rome
,
and
upon
the
very
heels
of
the
report
manifest
acts
of
hostility
are
related
;
that
the
Country
through
which
they
marched
was
all
wasted
,
and
such
as
by
flight
could
not
make
their
escape
to
Rome
,
were
dispersed
and
scattered
among
the
Mountains
.
The
terrour
of
this
War
quieted
the
Sedition
,
so
that
the
Nobility
conferring
with
the
Commons
,
and
both
joyning
Councils
,
unanimously
chose
Camillus
the
fifth
time
Dictatour
.
Who
,
though
very
ancient
,
as
not
wanting
much
of
fourscore
years
,
yet
considering
the
danger
and
necessity
of
his
Country
,
did
not
as
before
pretend
sickness
or
other
excuse
,
but
readily
undertook
the
charge
,
and
listed
his
Soldiers
.
And
knowing
that
the
force
of
the
Barbarians
lay
chiefly
in
their
Swords
with
which
they
laid
about
them
in
a
rude
and
unskilfull
manner
hacking
and
hewing
the
Head
and
Shoulders
;
he
Camillus
's
extraordinary
provisions
for
the
War
.
caused
iron
Murrions
to
be
made
for
most
of
his
Men
,
smoothing
and
polishing
the
outside
,
that
the
Enemies
Swords
lighting
upon
them
might
either
slide
off
,
or
be
broken
;
and
round
about
their
Shields
he
drew
a
little
rim
of
brass
,
the
wood
it self
being
not
sufficient
to
bear
off
the
blows
.
Besides
,
he
taught
his
Soldiers
in
close
engaging
,
to
use
long
Javelins
or
punchion
Staves
,
which
holding
under
their
Enemies
Swords
would
receive
the
force
and
violence
of
them
.
When
the
Gauls
drew
nigh
about
the
River
Anien
,
dragging
a
heavy
Camp
after
them
,
and
loaden
with
infinite
Spoil
,
Camillus
drew
forth
his
Forces
,
and
planted
himself
upon
a
Hill
of
easy
ascent
,
and
which
had
many
hollow
places
in
it
,
to
the
end
that
the
greatest
part
of
his
Army
might
lie
concealed
,
and
those
few
which
appeared
might
be
thought
through
fear
to
have
betaken
themselves
to
those
upper
grounds
.
And
the
more
to
encrease
this
opinion
in
them
,
he
suffered
them
without
any
disturbance
to
spoil
and
pillage
even
to
his
very
Trenches
,
keeping
himself
quiet
within
his
Works
,
which
were
well
fortified
on
all
sides
:
At
last
,
perceiving
that
part
of
the
Enemy
were
scattered
about
the
Country
a-forraging
,
and
having
advice
that
those
that
were
in
the
Camp
did
nothing
day
and
night
but
drink
and
revell
,
in
the
night-time
he
drew
forth
his
lightest-armed
men
and
sent
them
before
,
to
observe
and
watch
the
Enemy
,
and
to
be
ready
to
hinder
them
from
drawing
into
order
,
and
to
vex
and
discompose
them
when
they
should
first
issue
out
of
their
Trenches
;
and
early
in
the
morning
he
brought
down
his
main
Body
,
and
set
them
in
battel-array
in
the
lower
grounds
,
being
a
numerous
and
courageous
Army
;
whereas
the
Barbarians
had
taken
them
for
an
inconsiderable
and
fearfull
party
.
The
first
thing
that
abated
the
pride
and
courage
of
the
The
Gauls
upon
two
accounts
disheartned
.
Gauls
,
was
,
that
they
were
to
fight
when
they
least
expected
it
,
and
that
their
Enemies
had
the
honour
of
being
aggressours
.
In
the
next
place
,
the
light-armed
men
falling
upon
them
before
they
could
get
into
their
usual
order
,
or
range
themselves
in
their
proper
squadrons
,
did
so
force
and
press
upon
them
,
that
they
were
obliged
to
fight
confusedly
and
at
random
without
any
discipline
at
all
.
But
at
last
,
when
Camillus
brought
on
his
heavy-armed
Legions
,
the
Barbarians
with
their
Swords
drawn
went
vigorously
to
engage
them
;
but
the
Romans
opposing
with
their
Javelins
,
and
receiving
the
force
of
their
blows
on
that
part
of
their
Shield
which
was
well
guarded
with
steel
,
they
turned
the
edge
of
their
Weapons
,
being
made
of
a
soft
and
ill-tempered
metal
,
insomuch
that
their
Swords
immediately
bent
in
their
hands
,
and
stood
crooked
to
the
Hilts
;
as
for
their
Bucklers
,
they
were
pierced
through
and
through
,
and
grown
so
heavy
with
the
Javelins
that
stuck
upon
them
,
that
forced
to
quit
their
own
Weapons
,
they
endeavoured
to
make
advantage
of
those
of
their
Enemies
;
so
that
gathering
up
the
Javelins
in
their
hands
,
they
began
to
return
them
upon
the
Romans
.
But
the
Romans
perceiving
They
are
vanquished
by
the
Romans
.
them
naked
and
unarm'd
,
presently
betook
themselves
to
their
Swords
,
which
they
so
well
used
,
that
in
a
little
time
great
slaughter
was
made
in
the
foremost
ranks
,
and
the
rest
of
them
fled
,
dispersing
themselves
all
over
the
Champain
Country
;
for
as
for
the
Hills
and
upper
Grounds
,
Camillus
had
possessed
himself
beforehand
of
them
,
and
they
knew
it
would
not
be
difficult
for
the
Enemy
to
take
their
Camp
,
seeing
through
confidence
of
victory
they
had
left
it
unguarded
.
They
say
this
Fight
was
thirteen
years
after
the
sacking
of
Rome
,
and
that
from
henceforward
the
Romans
took
courage
,
and
laid
aside
those
dismal
apprehensions
they
had
conceived
of
the
Barbarians
;
thinking
now
that
their
first
defeat
,
was
rather
the
effect
of
sickness
,
and
the
strange
concurrence
of
evil
chances
than
the
steddy
courage
or
true
force
of
their
Enemy
.
And
indeed
this
fear
had
been
formerly
so
great
,
that
they
made
a
Law
,
That
Priests
should
be
excused
from
war-like
service
,
unless
in
an
invasion
from
the
Gauls
.
This
was
the
last
military
Action
that
ever
Camillus
performed
;
for
as
for
the
City
of
the
Velitrani
,
it
was
but
a
by
accession
to
this
victory
,
it
being
surrendred
unto
him
without
any
resistance
.
But
the
greatest
contention
in
civil
Affairs
,
and
the
hardest
to
be
managed
against
the
People
,
was
still
remaining
;
for
they
returning
home
full
of
victory
and
success
,
violently
insisted
,
contrary
to
the
ancient
custom
,
to
have
one
of
the
Consuls
chosen
out
of
their
own
body
.
The
Senate
strongly
opposed
it
,
and
would
not
suffer
Camillus
to
lay
down
his
Dictatourship
,
thinking
that
under
the
shelter
of
his
great
name
and
authority
they
should
be
better
able
to
contend
for
the
power
of
the
Nobility
.
When
Camillus
The
Tribunes
their
rude
deportment
toward
Camillus
.
was
sitting
upon
the
Tribunal
,
dispatching
publick
affairs
,
an
Officer
sent
by
the
Tribunes
of
the
people
commanded
him
to
rise
and
follow
him
,
laying
his
hand
upon
him
as
ready
to
seise
and
carry
him
away
;
upon
which
such
a
noise
and
tumult
followed
in
the
Assembly
,
the
like
was
never
heard
of
before
;
some
that
were
about
Camillus
,
thrusting
the
people
from
the
Bench
,
and
the
multitude
below
calling
out
to
pull
him
down
:
Being
at
a
loss
what
to
doe
in
this
exigent
of
affairs
,
yet
he
laid
not
down
his
authority
,
but
taking
the
Senatours
along
with
him
,
he
went
to
the
Senate-house
;
but
before
he
entred
,
he
besought
the
Gods
that
they
would
bring
these
Troubles
to
a
happy
conclusion
,
solemnly
vowing
,
when
the
Tumult
was
ended
,
to
build
a
Temple
to
Concord
.
A
great
contest
arising
in
the
Senate
,
by
reason
of
contrary
opinions
,
at
last
the
most
moderate
and
agreeable
to
the
people
prevailed
,
which
yielded
,
that
of
two
Consuls
,
one
of
them
should
be
chosen
of
the
Commonalty
.
When
the
Dictatour
had
proclaimed
this
determination
of
the
Senate
to
the
People
,
they
were
immediately
(
as
it
could
not
otherwise
be
)
pleased
and
reconcil'd
with
the
Senate
;
and
for
Camillus
,
they
accompanied
him
home
,
with
all
the
expressions
and
acclamations
of
joy
;
and
the
next
day
being
assembled
together
,
they
voted
a
Temple
of
Concord
to
be
built
according
to
The
Temple
of
Concord
why
and
when
first
erected
.
Camillus
his
Vow
,
facing
the
Assembly
and
Market-place
;
and
to
those
Feasts
which
are
called
Latines
,
they
added
one
day
more
,
making
them
four
Festivals
in
all
;
and
for
the
present
they
ordained
that
the
whole
people
of
Rome
should
sacrifice
with
Garlands
on
their
heads
.
In
the
election
of
Consuls
held
by
Camillus
,
M.
Aemilius
was
chosen
of
the
Nobility
,
and
Lucius
Sextius
the
first
of
the
Commonalty
;
and
this
was
the
last
of
all
Camillus's
actions
.
In
the
year
following
a
pestilential
sickness
infected
Rome
,
which
besides
an
infinite
number
of
the
common
sort
,
swept
away
most
of
the
Magistrates
,
among
whom
was
Camillus
.
Whose
death
cannot
be
called
immature
,
if
we
consider
his
great
Age
,
or
greater
Actions
;
yet
was
he
more
lamented
than
all
the
rest
put
together
that
then
died
of
that
distemper
.
The
End
of
Camillus
's
Life
.
PERICLES
.
Samos
portrait
Collins
.
sculp
.
THE
LIFE
OF
PERICLES
.
Translated
from
the
Greek
,
By
Adam
Littleton
,
D.
D.
CAesar
on
a
time
seeing
belike
some
A
moral
Introduction
.
Strangers
at
Rome
,
who
were
people
of
Quality
,
carrying
up
and
down
with
them
in
their
Armes
and
Bosoms
young
Puppy-dogs
and
Monkeys
,
and
hugging
and
making
much
of
them
,
took
occasion
to
ask
,
whether
the
Women
in
their
Country
were
not
used
to
bear
Children
;
by
that
Prince-like
reprimand
gravely
reflecting
upon
such
persons
,
who
spend
and
lavish
that
affection
and
kindness
,
which
Nature
hath
implanted
in
us
,
upon
brute
Beasts
,
which
is
due
and
owing
to
humane
Creatures
,
those
of
our
own
kind
.
Now
inasmuch
as
even
the
Whelps
and
Cubs
of
Dogs
and
Apes
have
a
kind
of
inclination
to
learning
and
knowledge
,
and
love
to
look
about
them
and
to
take
notice
of
things
,
the
Soul
of
Man
hath
by
Nature
a
higher
principle
of
Reason
,
so
as
to
find
fault
with
those
who
make
ill
use
of
that
inclination
and
desire
upon
idle
discourses
and
sights
that
deserve
no
regard
,
while
in
the
mean
time
they
carelesly
pass
by
good
and
profitable
things
of
that
sort
.
For
indeed
as
to
the
outward
Sense
,
that
The
advantage
of
the
Vnderstanding
above
Sense
.
being
passive
in
receiving
the
impression
of
those
objects
that
come
in
its
way
and
strike
upon
it
,
it
is
peradventure
necessary
for
it
(
the
Sense
)
to
entertain
and
take
notice
of
every
thing
that
appears
to
it
,
be
it
what
it
will
,
usefull
or
unusefull
:
but
every
man
,
if
he
will
make
use
of
his
Vnderstanding
,
hath
a
natural
power
to
turn
himself
upon
all
occasions
,
and
to
change
and
shift
with
the
greatest
ease
to
what
shall
seem
to
himself
most
fit
.
So
that
a
man
ought
to
pursue
and
make
after
the
best
and
choicest
of
every
thing
,
that
he
may
not
onely
imploy
his
contemplation
,
but
may
also
be
nourished
and
improved
by
it
.
For
as
that
Colour
is
most
gratefull
and
agreeable
to
the
Eye
,
whose
lively
freshness
together
with
its
pleasure
and
delightfulness
revives
and
cherishes
the
sight
;
so
a
man
ought
to
apply
his
mind
and
reasoning
to
such
objects
and
notices
,
as
with
delight
are
apt
to
call
it
forth
and
allure
it
to
its
own
proper
good
and
peculiar
advantage
.
Now
these
objects
and
notices
are
to
be
The
History
of
vertuous
actions
raiseth
an
emulation
to
doe
the
like
.
met
with
in
those
works
and
performances
which
proceed
from
Vertue
,
which
do
also
infuse
and
beget
in
the
minds
of
readers
,
whilst
they
converse
with
the
bare
stories
and
narratives
of
them
,
a
kind
of
emulation
and
forward
cheerfulness
,
which
may
lead
them
along
and
draw
them
on
to
an
imitation
.
Forasmuch
as
in
other
things
of
another
nature
there
doth
not
immediately
follow
upon
the
admiration
and
liking
of
the
thing
done
any
strong
desire
of
doing
the
like
.
Nay
many
times
on
the
very
Which
doth
not
happen
in
things
of
Art
or
Skill
.
contrary
when
we
are
pleased
with
the
Work
,
we
slight
and
set
little
by
the
Workman
or
Artist
himself
:
as
for
instance
,
in
Perfumes
and
Purple-dyes
,
we
are
taken
with
the
things
themselves
well
enough
,
but
we
look
but
meanly
upon
Dyers
and
Perfumers
,
as
a
sort
of
pitifull
Tradesmen
and
sorry
Mechanicks
.
Whereupon
it
was
not
amiss
said
by
Antisthenes
,
when
people
told
him
that
one
Ismenias
was
an
excellent
Fidler
or
Piper
;
It
may
be
so
,
said
he
,
but
he
is
but
a
wretched
paltry
Fellow
for
all
that
:
for
otherwise
he
would
not
have
been
so
excellent
a
Fidler
;
meaning
that
he
would
have
found
some
better
business
to
have
employ'd
himself
about
than
fidling
and
piping
.
And
King
Philip
to
the
same
purpose
told
his
Son
Alexander
,
who
once
at
a
merry
meeting
had
sung
with
great
pleasure
and
skill
;
Are
not
you
ashamed
,
Son
,
to
sing
so
well
?
For
it
is
enough
for
a
King
or
Prince
to
find
leisure
sometime
to
hear
others
sing
;
and
he
does
the
Muses
no
small
honour
,
when
he
pleases
to
be
but
present
at
such
exercises
and
trials
of
skill
.
Now
he
who
busies
himself
in
mean
employs
,
doth
but
bring
that
pains
he
takes
about
things
of
little
or
no
use
,
as
an
evidence
against
himself
of
his
negligence
and
slothfull
indisposition
to
vertuous
and
usefull
practices
.
Nor
would
any
generous
and
ingenuous
young
man
,
who
should
behold
the
Statue
of
Jupiter
,
which
stands
in
the
City
Pisa
,
desire
to
be
a
Phidias
,
or
that
of
Juno
in
the
City
Argos
,
to
be
a
Polyclete
,
(
the
Workmen
of
those
Statues
;
)
or
to
be
as
good
a
Poet
as
Anacreon
or
Philemon
or
Archilochus
,
who
had
been
delighted
in
reading
of
their
Poems
.
For
it
doth
not
necessarily
follow
,
that
if
a
piece
of
Work
please
for
its
gracefulness
,
therefore
he
that
wrought
it
deserves
our
regard
or
envy
.
Whence
it
is
that
neither
do
such
things
profit
or
advantage
the
beholders
,
upon
the
sight
whereof
there
doth
not
arise
a
zeal
which
may
put
them
upon
imitation
,
nor
an
impulse
or
inclination
,
which
may
move
a
desire
and
raise
an
endeavour
of
doing
the
like
.
But
in
sooth
it
is
Vertue
,
which
doth
presently
by
the
bare
proposal
of
its
actions
so
dispose
men
,
that
they
do
at
once
both
admire
the
things
done
and
desire
to
imitate
the
doers
of
them
.
For
as
to
the
goods
of
Fortune
,
A
Comparison
betwixt
the
goods
of
Fortune
and
those
of
Vertue
.
we
are
fond
of
the
possession
and
enjoyment
of
them
;
but
as
to
those
of
Vertue
,
we
are
in
love
with
the
practice
and
exercise
of
them
:
and
those
we
are
content
to
receive
from
others
,
but
these
we
had
much
rather
our selves
to
impart
and
communicate
to
others
.
For
that
which
is
honest
and
vertuous
doth
by
a
practical
force
move
men
toward
it self
,
and
doth
instantly
infuse
into
them
a
strong
inclination
to
practice
,
moralizing
and
influencing
the
beholder
not
with
imitation
but
with
the
History
of
the
thing
done
,
exciting
and
stirring
up
his
resolution
to
doe
it
.
Wherefore
we
also
have
thought
fit
to
The
reason
of
the
Parallel
.
spend
our
time
and
pains
,
and
to
continue
them
on
in
writing
of
the
Lives
of
famous
Persons
;
and
we
have
composed
this
Tenth
Book
upon
that
Subject
,
wherein
are
contained
the
Life
of
Pericles
and
that
of
Fabius
Maximus
,
(
who
managed
and
carried
on
the
War
against
Hannibal
)
men
alike
,
as
in
their
other
vertues
and
good
parts
,
so
especially
in
their
mild
and
upright
temper
and
demeanour
,
and
in
their
being
able
to
bear
the
cross-grain'd
humours
and
foolish
carriages
of
their
fellow
Citizens
the
Commoners
,
and
their
fellow
Rulers
,
who
shared
with
them
in
the
charge
of
the
Government
;
by
which
means
they
became
both
of
them
very
usefull
and
serviceable
to
the
interests
of
their
Countries
.
Whether
we
do
take
a
right
aim
at
our
intended
purpose
it
is
left
to
the
Reader
to
judge
by
those
things
he
shall
here
find
set
down
.
For
as
to
Pericles
,
he
was
of
that
Tribe
Pericles
his
Extraction
.
or
Ward
in
Athens
called
Acamantis
,
and
of
that
Company
or
Society
of
people
called
Cholargia
,
and
of
one
of
the
chiefest
Families
and
descents
of
the
whole
City
both
on
his
Father's
and
Mother's
side
.
For
Xanthippus
his
Father
,
he
who
defeated
the
King
of
Persia
his
Lieutenant-Generals
in
the
Battel
at
Mycale
,
took
to
Wife
Agariste
the
Niece
or
Grand-child
of
Clisthenes
,
who
,
like
a
brave
Man
as
he
was
,
drove
out
the
race
of
Pisistratus
,
and
dissolv'd
and
destroyed
their
tyrannical
Usurpation
,
and
moreover
made
a
body
of
Laws
,
and
settled
such
a
model
of
Government
as
was
excellently
well
tempered
and
suited
for
the
agreement
and
safety
of
the
people
.
She
(
his
Mother
)
being
near
her
time
fancied
in
a
Dream
that
she
was
brought
His
Mothers
Dream
.
to
Bed
of
a
Lion
,
and
within
a
few
days
after
was
delivered
of
Pericles
,
in
other
respects
as
to
the
shape
of
his
Body
without
His
Shape
.
fault
;
onely
his
Head
was
somewhat
longish
and
disproportioned
.
For
which
reason
it
was
that
almost
all
the
Images
and
Statues
that
were
made
of
him
,
have
the
Head
covered
with
a
Helmet
:
the
Workmen
belike
not
being
willing
to
expose
him
by
shewing
his
deformity
.
But
the
Poets
The
Wits
play
upon
his
Head
.
of
Athens
plaid
upon
him
,
and
called
him
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Schinocephalos
,
that
is
,
Onion-pate
,
or
Squill-pate
.
For
that
which
in
common
language
goes
by
the
name
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
a
Squill
or
Sea
-
Onion
,
the
Atticks
do
in
their
Dialect
sometimes
term
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Schinos
.
And
one
of
their
Comick
Poets
Charinus
in
his
Play
called
Chirones
,
that
is
to
say
,
The
Rascality
or
The
worser
sort
of
people
,
says
thus
of
him
,
Old
Chrone
his
Sire
and
Faction
his
Dam
In
mutual
embraces
got
this
Sham
;
The
greatest
Tyrant
that
we
read
of
all
,
Whom
Gods
above
Iolt-head
or
Ioller
call
:
And
again
in
another
Play
of
his
called
Nemesis
or
The
Revenge
,
he
in
this
manner
bespeaks
him
,
Advance
thou
Jove
to
entertain
thy
Guests
,
And
bring
thy
blessed
Logger-head
to
th'
Feasts
.
And
Teleclides
another
of
those
Poets
saith
in
mockery
of
him
,
that
one
while
Puzzled
with
nice
affairs
of
State
and
Town
His
grout-Head
being
overset
hangs
down
.
And
that
another
while
Onely
from
that
long
over-growing
Pate
There
doth
arise
much
trouble
to
the
State
.
And
Eupolis
a
third
Poet
in
a
Comedy
of
his
called
Demi
,
that
is
,
The
People
of
the
Borroughs
,
making
inquiry
concerning
every
one
of
the
Demagogues
or
Leading-men
,
whom
he
makes
in
the
Play
to
come
up
from
Hell
,
as
Pericles
comes
to
be
named
last
,
he
replies
,
Why
in
the
Devil's
name
'mongst
all
the
Dead
That
lie
below
,
hast
brought
us
up
the
Head
?
The
Master
that
taught
him
Musick
,
His
Musick
Master
.
most
Authours
are
agreed
was
one
Damon
;
(
whose
name
they
say
ought
to
be
pronounced
with
the
first
syllable
short
.
)
Though
Aristotle
tells
us
that
he
was
thoroughly
practised
to
Musick
with
one
Pythoclides
.
And
as
to
Damon
,
it
is
not
unlikely
,
that
he
being
a
shrewd
cunning
Sophister
as
he
was
,
did
out
of
policy
shelter
himself
under
the
name
and
profession
of
a
Musick-master
,
on
purpose
to
conceal
from
the
vulgar
his
subtilty
and
skill
in
State-affairs
.
So
that
under
this
pretence
he
attended
Pericles
to
instruct
him
in
Politicks
,
and
to
teach
him
the
mysteries
of
Government
,
in
the
same
manner
as
the
Anointer
or
Master
in
a
Fencing
School
useth
to
wait
upon
a
young
Scholar
that
learns
to
Wrestle
.
Yet
for
all
that
Damon
did
not
so
escape
publick
notice
,
how
he
made
use
of
his
Lyre
or
Harp
for
a
covert
and
blind
of
another
design
,
but
that
he
was
banished
the
Country
by
Ostracism
for
ten
years
,
as
a
bigotted
intermeddler
in
the
Government
,
and
one
that
favoured
arbitrary
Power
;
and
by
this
means
gave
the
Stage
occasion
to
play
upon
him
.
As
for
instance
;
Plato
one
of
those
Play-wrights
brought
in
a
person
putting
the
question
to
him
,
(
under
the
name
of
Chiron
,
who
had
been
Achilles
his
Tutour
likewise
in
Musick
)
in
this
manner
,
First
I
beseech
thee
,
tell
me
,
if
thou
can
:
For
,
Chiron
,
thou
,
they
say
,
bredst
up
the
Man
.
meaning
Pericles
.
Moreover
Pericles
did
by
snatches
and
by
His
Philosophy
Reader
.
the
by
hear
several
Lectures
of
Zeno
Eleates
,
who
discoursed
and
treated
of
natural
Philosophy
much
at
the
same
rate
as
Parmenides
did
;
onely
that
he
had
by
exercise
and
practice
gotten
a
kind
of
habit
or
knack
of
confuting
any
opinion
right
or
wrong
,
and
of
baffling
people
by
thwarting
and
opposing
whatsoever
they
said
,
and
so
running
them
aground
that
they
did
not
know
which
way
to
turn
themselves
.
And
accordingly
Timon
the
Phliasian
hath
given
the
account
of
him
in
this
pair
of
Verses
,
Zeno's
great
force
,
who
spoke
to
either
part
:
Confuted
all
,
and
never
fail'd
in
's
Art
.
But
he
that
was
most
conversant
with
His
chief
Tutour
.
Pericles
,
and
furnished
him
most
especially
with
a
weight
and
grandeur
of
Sense
,
and
a
more
grave
and
solid
research
of
those
Arts
by
which
the
Populace
is
to
be
managed
,
and
in
the
main
heightned
his
Spirit
and
advanced
the
majesty
and
grace
of
his
address
and
deportment
,
was
Anaxagoras
the
Clazomenian
:
whom
the
men
of
those
times
called
by
the
name
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Nous
,
that
is
,
Mind
or
Vnderstanding
,
whether
in
admiration
of
his
great
and
extraordinary
skill
and
knowledge
,
as
it
clearly
appeared
to
be
,
in
the
affairs
of
Nature
,
or
whether
it
were
because
that
he
was
the
first
of
the
Philosophers
,
who
did
not
commit
the
Government
of
the
World
to
Fortune
or
Chance
,
nor
to
Fatal
Necessity
,
as
the
principle
of
that
order
we
find
things
in
;
but
preferr'd
to
the
rule
and
manage
of
all
other
things
,
that
are
jumbled
and
huddled
together
,
a
pure
and
clear
Vnderstanding
,
which
sifts
and
culls
out
the
parts
alike
from
amidst
those
confusions
.
This
man
Pericles
did
extraordinarily
His
accomplishments
.
esteem
and
admire
,
and
being
fill'd
up
to
the
brim
with
that
they
call
lofty
way
of
speaking
and
discoursing
as
it
were
on
tiptoe
,
he
not
onely
was
,
as
we
may
judge
,
master
of
brave
and
bold
resentments
,
and
of
such
a
strain
of
harangue
as
was
high
in
it self
and
free
from
the
taint
of
plebeian
prate
and
lewd
knavish
buffoonry
:
but
also
beside
that
,
the
very
air
of
his
Face
and
composure
of
his
Countenance
grave
and
not
any
way
moved
to
laughter
,
and
the
gentleness
and
slowness
of
his
pace
and
gate
,
and
the
decent
ordering
of
his
Apparel
,
so
that
no
accident
could
discompose
him
in
the
delivery
of
himself
,
and
the
even
undisturbed
fashioning
and
tuning
of
his
voice
,
and
whatever
other
the
like
advantages
he
had
,
did
make
wonderfull
impressions
even
to
astonishment
in
all
persons
that
either
saw
or
heard
him
.
See
but
his
patience
and
greatness
of
An
instance
of
his
patience
.
mind
!
One
time
being
reviled
and
ill
spoken
of
all
day
long
in
his
own
hearing
by
a
villainous
and
ill-tongu'd
Rascal
that
cared
not
what
he
said
,
he
bore
it
patiently
all
along
without
returning
him
one
word
;
all
this
in
the
open
Court
or
the
Assembly
of
the
people
,
where
he
was
at
the
same
time
ingaged
in
the
prosecution
and
dispatch
of
some
weighty
urgent
affair
.
In
the
evening
he
went
home
in
very
good
order
,
as
one
unconcerned
,
this
Fellow
dogging
him
at
the
heels
,
and
pelting
him
all
the
way
he
went
with
all
the
hard
words
and
Billinsgate
language
he
could
rake
up
.
As
he
was
ready
to
go
into
his
House
,
it
being
by
this
time
dark
,
he
ordered
one
of
his
Servants
to
take
a
light
and
to
go
along
with
the
man
and
see
him
safe
home
:
which
was
all
the
notice
he
took
of
him
.
Now
Ion
the
Poet
saith
that
Pericles
his
His
defence
against
Ion
's
censure
.
converse
and
carriage
in
company
was
haughty
and
surly
,
superb
and
full
of
huff
,
and
that
he
had
a
great
deal
of
slightingness
and
scorn
of
others
intermixt
with
his
state
and
high
thoughts
of
himself
;
and
on
the
other
hand
he
commends
Cimon's
exact
civility
and
easy
compliance
and
gentile
well-fashioned
behaviour
at
every
turn
in
all
his
conversations
.
Well!
but
let
us
leave
Ion
to
himself
,
who
seems
to
take
it
for
granted
,
that
Vertue
hath
by
all
means
somewhat
of
the
Satyrical
part
in
it
,
as
Tragedy
hath
:
but
as
for
those
who
miscalled
Pericles
his
gravity
by
the
name
of
an
affected
ostentation
and
grandeur
of
state
,
Zeno
advised
such
persons
,
that
they
also
would
try
to
affect
the
like
garb
of
greatness
,
inasmuch
as
the
very
counterfeiting
and
aping
of
good
qualities
doth
in
time
by
stealth
procure
and
beget
a
kind
of
emulation
for
those
things
and
a
familiarity
with
them
.
Nor
were
these
the
onely
advantages
Another
advantage
of
his
education
.
which
Pericles
had
of
Anaxagoras
his
acquaintance
and
keeping
him
company
:
but
he
seemed
also
to
be
advanced
by
his
instructions
far
above
all
that
superstition
,
whatever
it
is
,
which
as
to
Meteors
and
the
like
strange
Appearances
doth
with
frightfull
apprehensions
possess
the
minds
of
people
,
who
are
ignorant
of
the
true
causes
,
by
which
such
effects
are
naturally
produced
,
and
are
mad
as
if
the
Devil
were
in
them
,
and
in
great
agony
and
disorder
upon
occasion
of
these
divine
Prodigies
by
reason
of
their
ignorance
and
want
of
skill
about
them
:
which
ignorance
natural
reason
discharging
and
freeing
men
from
,
instead
of
a
dreadfull
and
unquiet
troublesome
superstition
,
works
in
them
a
free
and
generous
devotion
,
together
with
good
hopes
and
kindly
assurances
.
There
is
a
story
that
on
a
time
Pericles
A
prodigy
of
a
Ram
with
one
Horn.
had
brought
him
from
a
Country-farm
of
his
a
Ram's
Head
with
one
Horn
,
and
that
Lampon
a
Diviner
or
Fortune-teller
,
upon
seeing
the
Horn
grow
strong
and
firm
out
of
the
midst
of
the
Fore-head
,
gave
The
meaning
of
it
.
this
for
his
judgment
,
that
there
being
at
that
time
two
potent
Factions
,
Parties
or
Interests
,
in
the
City
,
the
one
of
Thucydides
and
the
other
of
Pericles
,
the
Government
would
come
about
to
that
one
of
them
,
in
whose
Ground
or
Estate
this
token
or
indication
of
fate
had
happened
:
But
that
Anaxagoras
,
when
he
had
cleft
the
The
reason
of
it
.
Skull
in
sunder
,
shew'd
to
the
standers
by
that
the
brain
had
not
fill'd
up
its
pan
or
natural
place
,
but
being
sharp
,
of
an
oval
figure
,
had
roll'd
it self
together
,
from
all
parts
of
the
vessel
which
contain'd
it
,
in
a
point
to
that
place
,
from
whence
the
root
of
the
Horn
took
its
rise
;
which
was
the
reason
it
grew
single
.
And
that
for
that
time
Anaxagoras
was
much
admired
,
for
the
account
he
gave
,
by
those
that
were
present
at
the
operation
;
and
Lampon
no
less
a
little
while
after
,
when
Thucydides
being
outed
and
laid
aside
all
affairs
of
the
State
and
Government
came
intirely
into
Pericles
his
hands
and
menage
.
And
yet
in
my
opinion
it
is
no
absurdity
The
cause
and
end
of
Prodigies
ought
both
to
be
heeded
.
to
say
that
they
were
both
in
the
right
,
the
natural
Philosopher
and
the
Fortune-teller
,
the
one
so
luckily
hitting
upon
the
cause
of
this
event
,
by
which
it
was
produced
;
the
other
upon
the
end
,
for
which
it
was
designed
.
For
it
was
the
business
of
the
one
to
find
out
and
give
account
,
out
of
what
it
was
made
and
in
what
manner
and
by
what
means
it
grew
as
it
did
;
and
of
the
other
to
foretell
to
what
end
and
purpose
it
was
so
made
and
what
it
might
mean
or
portend
.
Now
as
to
those
who
say
that
to
find
out
the
cause
of
such
prodigious
events
is
in
effect
to
destroy
any
signification
they
may
be
supposed
to
have
;
these
men
do
not
take
notice
,
that
at
the
same
time
together
with
divine
Prodigies
(
the
tokens
of
God's
pleasure
or
displeasure
)
they
defeat
and
render
of
no
use
those
signs
and
marks
which
are
contrived
by
art
;
such
as
are
for
instance
,
the
clashings
and
clatterings
of
Quoits
or
Trenchers
,
and
the
lights
of
Watch-towers
along
the
Sea-side
,
and
the
shadows
of
the
Pins
of
Sun-dials
;
every
of
which
things
is
made
by
some
cause
and
contrivance
to
be
a
sign
of
some
other
thing
.
But
these
are
subjects
that
peradventure
would
better
befit
some
other
consideration
than
what
we
are
now
upon
.
Now
Pericles
,
being
yet
but
a
young
man
stood
in
great
awe
of
the
people
and
His
resemblance
of
Pisistratus
.
was
mightily
afraid
of
giving
them
any
occasion
of
offence
:
forasmuch
as
he
appear'd
in
shape
and
feature
to
be
very
like
the
Tyrant
Pisistratus
,
and
the
grave
Seniours
of
the
Town
,
who
remember'd
that
man
,
when
they
took
notice
of
the
sweetness
of
this
man's
voice
and
the
volubility
and
readiness
of
his
tongue
in
discoursing
,
were
struck
into
amazement
at
the
mere
resemblance
of
this
to
the
other
.
But
he
considering
that
he
had
a
very
fair
Estate
,
and
was
descended
of
a
noble
Family
as
any
,
and
had
store
of
Friends
who
bore
the
greatest
sway
,
was
so
far
from
trusting
to
these
advantages
,
that
he
apprehended
they
might
procure
him
to
be
banished
as
a
dangerous
person
;
and
for
this
reason
he
medled
not
at
all
with
State-affairs
,
but
in
the
services
of
War
he
shew'd
himself
a
brave
man
and
one
who
with
undaunted
courage
would
expose
himself
upon
all
occasions
.
But
as
soon
as
Aristides
was
dead
,
and
His
first
rise
in
the
State
.
Themistocles
turn'd
out
of
the
Saddle
,
and
seeing
that
Cimon
was
for
the
most
part
kept
abroad
by
those
expeditions
he
made
in
foreign
Parts
out
of
Greece
,
then
did
Pericles
seeing
things
in
this
posture
apply
himself
to
the
State
,
instead
of
the
rich
and
the
few
great
Dons
,
making
choice
of
such
matters
and
causes
wherein
the
common
people
and
poorer
sort
were
concern'd
,
and
sided
with
them
;
which
was
a
thing
somewhat
beside
his
natural
temper
,
for
he
was
not
of
himself
given
to
popularity
or
mean
compliances
.
But
,
as
it
is
very
likely
,
fearing
he
might
by
reason
of
those
advantages
we
mention'd
fall
under
a
suspicion
and
jealousy
of
setting
up
for
Kingship
or
arbitrary
Power
,
and
seeing
how
Cimon
courted
the
Aristocracy
or
chief
men
of
the
Government
and
was
mightily
beloved
by
all
honest
men
and
people
of
fashion
,
he
took
another
way
to
the
wood
and
shelter'd
himself
among
the
croud
and
herd
of
the
common
people
:
by
which
means
he
did
at
once
both
secure
himself
and
procure
an
interest
to
serve
him
,
when
time
should
be
,
against
Cimon
.
And
besides
presently
upon
his
application
His
reservedness
.
to
State-affairs
he
took
a
quite
different
course
from
what
others
and
himself
had
used
as
to
his
order
of
life
and
management
of
himself
.
For
he
was
never
seen
to
walk
in
any
street
or
way
at
Athens
,
but
onely
that
which
led
to
the
Court
or
Town-hall
,
where
the
people
assembled
,
and
to
the
Senate
or
Parliament
House
,
where
the
Lords
sate
in
Council
;
and
he
avoided
and
left
off
the
invitations
of
Friends
to
supper
and
all
such
kind
of
friendly
treatment
and
neighbourly
acquaintance
:
so
that
in
all
the
time
he
had
to
doe
with
the
publick
,
which
was
not
a
little
,
he
was
never
known
to
have
gone
to
any
of
his
Friends
to
a
supper
;
onely
once
and
that
was
at
a
Wedding
,
when
his
near
Kinsman
Euryptolemus
,
his
Sister's
Son
,
married
,
he
staid
till
the
ceremony
of
the
Drink-offering
,
and
then
immediately
rose
from
Table
and
went
his
way
.
For
these
friendly
Meetings
and
Treats
are
shrewd
things
to
get
the
upper-hand
of
an
affected
greatness
,
and
are
apt
to
discompose
a
starcht
gravity
and
put
it
out
of
countenance
;
nor
can
the
solemnity
of
a
man's
reputation
be
well
preserv'd
and
maintain'd
by
ordinary
converse
and
familiarity
.
And
yet
in
that
which
is
Vertue
free
and
open
.
true
and
genuine
vertue
,
those
things
appear
the
fairest
,
which
are
most
apparent
and
least
reserv'd
;
and
there
is
not
of
good
and
brave
men
any
thing
so
fit
to
be
admired
by
strangers
,
as
their
daily
life
and
conversation
is
by
those
of
their
family
and
who
keep
them
continual
company
.
But
our
States-man
here
to
avoid
the
throng
and
glut
of
the
people
,
did
as
it
were
by
intervals
,
by
snatches
and
fits
,
come
among
them
,
not
speaking
to
every
business
,
nor
at
all
times
coming
into
the
Assembly
,
but
,
(
as
Critolaus
saith
the
Athenians
did
with
the
three-oar'd
Galley
of
Salamis
,
)
reserving
himself
for
great
occasions
,
other
matters
of
lesser
importance
he
dispatch'd
by
Friends
or
by
other
Counsellers
at
the
Bar
his
Cronies
.
And
of
this
number
we
are
told
Ephialtes
made
one
,
he
who
broke
up
the
power
of
the
Areopagites
,
the
Council
Ephialtes
a
Friend
of
his
.
that
sate
on
Mars
his
Hill
,
and
by
that
means
(
according
to
Plato's
expression
)
gave
the
Citizens
a
large
and
racy
draught
of
liberty
,
which
set
the
people
so
a-gog
,
as
the
Play-wrights
inform
us
,
that
like
a
wild
unruly
Horse
,
that
had
flung
his
Rider
,
they
would
be
ruled
no
longer
,
but
champed
and
bit
Euboea
,
and
flounced
and
curvetted
upon
the
other
Isles
.
Now
Pericles
designing
to
fuit
the
gravity
His
Rhetorick
or
way
of
expressing
himself
.
of
his
life
and
the
greatness
of
his
spirit
and
sense
with
a
befitting
character
of
speech
,
he
to
put
that
as
it
were
a
musical
Instrument
in
tune
,
put
his
Tutour
Anaxagoras
often
upon
the
stretch
,
and
by
a
kind
of
Bow-dy
gloss
set
off
those
accounts
he
gave
of
Nature
with
artificial
Rhetorick
.
For
having
beside
his
great
natural
parts
by
the
study
of
nature
attained
this
height
of
understanding
and
ability
of
turning
and
winding
every
thing
to
his
own
purpose
(
to
use
the
words
of
divine
Plato
)
and
drawing
whatever
might
be
of
advantage
into
the
Art
of
speaking
,
he
got
the
start
of
all
others
by
much
.
Upon
which
account
they
say
he
had
Why
called
Olympius
.
the
sirname
or
nickname
of
Olympius
given
him
,
(
the
same
title
that
Jupiter
himself
was
called
by
;
)
though
some
are
of
opinion
he
was
so
named
for
those
famous
works
and
publick
buildings
,
wherewith
he
adorn'd
the
City
,
others
would
have
him
so
called
from
the
great
power
he
had
in
publick
affairs
whether
of
war
or
peace
.
Nor
is
it
unlikely
or
absurd
to
imagine
,
that
from
the
confluence
of
those
many
good
qualities
,
which
belonged
to
the
man
himself
,
the
glory
of
such
a
Title
might
be
conferred
upon
him
.
However
the
Comedies
of
the
then
Masters
of
the
Stage
,
who
both
in
good
earnest
and
out
of
merriment
too
,
let
fly
many
shrewd
words
at
him
,
do
plainly
shew
that
he
got
that
appellation
especially
upon
the
account
of
his
being
an
able
Speaker
,
by
saying
that
he
thunder'd
and
lightned
,
when
he
harangued
the
people
,
and
that
he
carried
a
dreadfull
Thunderbolt
in
his
Tongue
.
There
is
a
saying
also
of
Thucydides
the
Thucydides
his
Remark
upon
him
.
Milesian
stands
on
record
,
spoken
by
him
pleasantly
enough
upon
Pericles
his
shrewdness
of
speech
.
For
Thucydides
was
a
person
one
of
them
of
great
credit
and
repute
,
and
one
who
had
for
a
very
long
time
bandied
against
Pericles
in
the
Government
.
Now
when
Archidamus
the
King
of
the
Lacedaemonians
asked
him
,
whether
he
or
Pericles
were
the
better
Wrestler
,
he
made
this
answer
;
When
I
,
saith
he
,
have
thrown
him
and
given
him
a
fair
fall
,
he
by
standing
out
in
the
denial
saying
that
he
had
no
fall
gets
the
better
of
me
,
and
persuades
people
into
a
belief
of
what
he
says
whether
they
will
or
no
,
though
they
saw
the
quite
contrary
.
Howbeit
the
truth
of
it
is
that
Pericles
His
care
of
speaking
in
publick
.
himself
was
very
wary
and
carefull
what
and
how
he
was
to
speak
,
insomuch
that
always
whenever
he
went
up
to
the
Tribunal
or
into
the
Pulpit
to
deliver
himself
,
he
prayed
to
the
Gods
,
that
no
one
word
might
unawares
against
his
will
slip
from
him
,
which
should
be
misbecoming
or
unsuitable
to
the
matter
in
hand
and
the
occasion
he
was
to
speak
to
.
Indeed
he
hath
left
nothing
in
writing
Some
of
his
notable
Sayings
.
behind
him
,
save
onely
some
popular
Decrees
or
Ordinances
.
And
there
are
but
few
in
all
of
his
notable
Sayings
which
are
recorded
;
recorded
;
as
this
for
one
,
that
he
gave
order
that
they
would
take
away
the
City
and
Isle
of
Aegina
(
then
possest
by
the
Enemy
)
as
an
Eye-sore
from
the
Piraeum
,
a
port
of
Athens
;
and
this
for
another
,
that
he
fancied
he
saw
a
War
coming
along
towards
them
out
of
Peloponnesus
(
now
called
the
Morea
.
)
Again
,
when
on
a
time
Sophocles
,
who
was
his
Fellow-commissioner
in
the
Generalship
,
was
going
on
board
with
him
,
and
praised
the
beauty
of
a
Boy
they
met
with
in
the
way
to
the
Ship
,
Sophocles
,
saith
he
,
a
General
ought
not
onely
to
have
clean
hands
,
but
eyes
too
;
meaning
that
a
person
in
such
an
office
and
charge
should
not
give
way
even
to
the
temptations
of
sight
.
And
moreover
Stesimbrotus
hath
this
passage
of
him
,
that
as
he
was
in
an
encomiastick
Oration
speaking
of
those
who
fell
in
the
battel
at
Samos
,
he
said
they
were
grown
immortal
,
as
the
Gods
were
.
For
,
said
he
,
we
do
not
see
them
themselves
,
but
onely
by
those
honours
we
pay
them
and
by
those
good
things
which
they
do
injoy
,
we
guess
and
judge
them
to
be
immortal
.
And
the
very
same
case
it
is
,
went
he
on
,
with
those
that
dye
in
the
service
and
defence
of
their
Country
.
Now
whereas
Thucydides
makes
such
a
description
of
Pericles
his
Aristocratical
An
account
of
his
Politicks
.
government
,
that
it
went
by
the
name
of
a
Democracy
,
but
was
indeed
a
government
by
a
single
person
,
to
wit
under
the
conduct
and
at
the
pleasure
of
one
man
who
was
chief
;
and
many
others
say
that
by
him
the
common
people
was
first
brought
on
and
led
along
to
the
sharing
of
Lands
by
lot
,
taken
from
the
Enemy
,
and
to
the
dividing
of
publick
moneys
(
formerly
reserved
for
the
uses
of
war
)
to
be
allowed
them
for
seeing
of
Plays
and
Shows
,
and
to
distributions
of
Salaries
,
by
which
means
being
ill
accustomed
,
of
a
sober
,
modest
,
thrifty
people
that
maintained
themselves
by
their
own
labours
,
they
became
riotous
and
debauched
through
the
methods
of
policy
then
used
;
let
us
consider
the
cause
of
this
change
in
the
things
themselves
as
to
matter
of
fact
.
For
indeed
at
the
first
(
as
hath
been
said
)
His
rivalling
of
Cimon
.
when
he
set
himself
against
Cimon's
great
authority
,
he
did
caress
the
people
what
he
could
and
under
hand
curry
favour
with
them
.
But
finding
himself
come
short
of
his
Competitour
in
wealth
and
moneys
,
by
which
advantages
the
other
was
inabled
to
take
care
of
the
poor
,
inviting
every
day
some
one
or
other
of
the
Citizens
that
was
in
want
to
supper
,
and
bestowing
cloaths
on
the
aged
people
,
and
breaking
down
the
hedges
and
inclosures
of
Grounds
,
to
the
intent
that
all
that
would
might
freely
gather
what
fruit
they
pleased
;
Pericles
being
snubb'd
and
kept
under
by
these
popular
arts
did
by
the
advice
of
one
Demonides
Iensis
,
turn
himself
to
the
distribution
of
the
publick
moneys
,
as
Aristotle
hath
told
His
disposal
of
publick
moneys
among
the
people
.
the
story
;
and
in
a
short
time
having
decoy'd
and
won
the
people
what
with
those
moneys
allowed
for
Shows
and
for
Courts
of
Justice
,
and
what
with
other
bribes
and
largesses
and
supplies
,
he
made
use
of
these
methods
against
the
Council
of
Areopagus
,
His
design
against
the
Council
of
Areopagus
.
of
which
he
himself
was
no
member
,
as
having
not
been
chosen
by
lot
,
either
Annual
Magistrate
,
or
Guardian
of
the
Laws
,
or
King
that
is
Governour
of
the
sacred
Rites
,
nor
Chieftain
of
the
Wars
.
For
of
old
these
Offices
were
conferr'd
on
persons
by
lot
,
and
they
who
had
acquitted
themselves
well
in
the
discharge
of
these
trusts
were
advanced
and
taken
into
the
Court
of
Areopagus
.
Whereupon
Pericles
having
gotten
so
great
a
power
and
interest
with
the
Populace
,
imbroiled
and
routed
this
Council
,
so
that
most
of
those
Causes
and
Matters
which
had
been
used
to
be
tried
there
were
through
Ephialtes
his
assistance
discharged
from
the
cognisance
of
that
Court
,
and
Cimon
was
banished
by
Ostracism
upon
pretence
of
his
being
a
favourer
of
the
Lacedaemonians
He
procures
Cimon
to
be
banished
.
and
a
hater
of
his
own
people
of
Athens
,
notwithstanding
that
he
was
one
who
came
behind
none
of
them
all
for
greatness
of
estate
and
nobleness
of
birth
,
and
that
he
had
won
several
famous
and
signal
Victories
upon
the
Barbarians
,
and
with
a
great
deal
of
monies
and
other
spoils
of
war
taken
from
them
had
mightily
inriched
the
City
;
as
in
the
history
of
his
Life
hath
been
set
down
.
So
vast
an
authority
had
Pericles
gotten
among
the
people
.
The
Ostracism
,
or
banishment
by
Shells
,
I
mentioned
,
(
which
they
us'd
in
such
Trials
)
was
limited
by
Law
to
ten
years
,
during
which
term
the
person
banished
was
not
to
return
.
But
the
Lacedaemonians
in
After
a
battel
with
the
Lacedaemonians
,
the
mean
time
making
an
inroad
with
a
great
Army
on
the
Country
of
Tanagra
,
(
which
lay
upon
the
Attick
borders
;
)
and
the
Athenians
going
out
against
them
with
their
Forces
,
Cimon
coming
from
his
banishment
before
his
time
was
out
,
put
himself
in
arms
and
array
with
those
of
his
Fellow-citizens
that
were
of
his
own
tribe
,
and
resolved
by
his
deeds
to
wipe
off
that
false
accusation
of
his
favouring
the
Lacedaemonians
,
by
venturing
his
own
person
along
with
his
Country-men
.
But
Pericles
his
Friends
gathering
in
a
body
together
drove
him
away
as
one
under
the
sentence
of
exile
,
and
forced
him
to
retire
.
For
which
cause
also
Pericles
seems
to
have
laid
about
him
the
more
,
behaving
himself
very
valiantly
and
stoutly
in
the
fight
,
and
to
have
been
the
gallantest
man
among
them
all
in
the
action
of
that
day
,
having
exposed
himself
to
all
hazard
and
hardship
.
All
Cimon's
Friends
also
to
a
man
fell
together
in
that
Battel
,
whom
Pericles
had
impeached
as
well
as
him
of
taking
part
with
the
Lacedaemonians
.
And
now
the
Athenians
heartily
wherein
the
Athenians
had
the
worst
,
repented
them
for
what
they
had
done
to
Cimon
and
long'd
to
have
him
home
again
,
being
in
the
close
of
this
Fight
beaten
and
worsted
upon
the
confines
and
borders
of
their
own
Country
,
and
expecting
a
sore
war
to
come
upon
them
next
Spring
or
Summer
season
.
All
which
Pericles
being
he
recalls
Cimon
from
banishment
.
sensible
of
did
not
boggle
or
make
any
delay
to
gratify
the
peoples
desire
,
but
having
wrote
an
Edict
or
Order
for
that
purpose
himself
re-call'd
the
man
home
.
And
he
upon
his
return
concluded
a
peace
betwixt
the
two
Cities
:
for
the
Lacedaemonians
had
a
respect
and
kindness
for
him
,
as
on
the
contrary
they
hated
Pericles
and
the
rest
of
the
Demagogues
or
Leading-men
.
Yet
some
there
are
do
say
that
Pericles
did
not
write
that
Edict
or
Order
for
Cimon's
He
and
Cimon
reconciled
upon
terms
,
revocation
and
return
,
till
some
private
Articles
of
agreement
had
been
made
between
them
,
and
that
by
means
of
Elpinice
,
Cimon's
Sister
.
Which
were
that
Cimon
should
go
out
to
Sea
with
a
Fleet
of
two
hundred
Ships
and
should
be
Commander
in
chief
of
all
the
Forces
abroad
,
with
a
design
to
harrass
and
lay
wast
the
King
of
Persia's
Countrys
and
Dominions
,
and
that
Pericles
should
have
the
power
at
home
and
govern
in
the
City
.
This
Elpinice
,
it
is
thought
,
had
before
having
shewn
him
favour
before
for
his
Sister's
sake
.
this
time
procured
some
favour
for
her
Brother
Cimon
at
Pericles
his
hands
and
made
him
more
remiss
and
gentle
in
drawing
up
and
setting
home
the
charge
,
when
Cimon
being
tried
for
his
life
escaped
the
Sentence
of
death
and
was
onely
banished
.
For
Pericles
was
one
of
the
Committee
appointed
by
the
Commons
to
implead
him
.
And
when
Elpinice
made
her
applications
to
him
and
besought
him
in
her
Brother's
behalf
,
he
with
a
smile
in
merriment
said
,
O
Elpinice
,
you
are
too
old
a
woman
to
undertake
such
businesses
as
this
is
.
Moreover
when
he
came
to
the
Bar
to
impeach
him
,
he
stood
up
but
once
to
speak
,
as
if
he
made
slight
of
his
commission
playing
booty
as
it
were
,
and
went
out
of
Court
having
done
Cimon
the
least
prejudice
of
any
of
his
Accusers
.
How
then
can
one
believe
Idomeneus
,
He
is
clear'd
from
the
suspicion
of
Ephialtes
his
death
.
who
charges
Pericles
,
as
if
he
had
by
treachery
contrived
and
order'd
the
murther
of
Ephialtes
the
Demagogue
or
Counseller
of
State
,
one
who
was
his
Friend
and
of
his
Party
in
the
menage
of
the
Government
;
out
of
a
jealousy
forsooth
,
saies
he
,
and
an
envy
of
his
great
reputation
.
This
Historian
,
it
seems
,
having
raked
up
these
Stories
I
know
not
out
of
what
Kennel
,
has
thrown
them
up
like
vomiting
stuff
to
bespatter
this
worthy
man
,
one
who
perchance
was
not
altogether
free
from
fault
or
blame
,
but
yet
was
one
who
had
a
generous
noble
spirit
and
a
soul
that
affected
and
courted
honour
;
and
where
such
qualities
are
,
there
can
no
such
cruel
and
brutal
passion
find
harbour
or
gain
admittance
.
But
as
to
Ephialtes
the
truth
of
the
Story
,
as
Aristotle
hath
told
it
,
is
this
,
that
having
made
himself
formidable
to
the
Oligarchists
(
those
who
would
have
all
the
power
lodged
in
some
few
hands
)
by
being
a
severe
asserter
of
the
peoples
rights
in
calling
to
account
and
prosecuting
those
who
any
way
injured
them
,
his
Enemies
lying
in
wait
for
him
did
,
by
the
means
or
help
of
Aristodicus
the
Tanagrian
,
privately
rid
themselves
of
him
and
dispatcht
him
out
of
the
way
.
Now
Cimon
while
he
was
Admiral
ended
After
Cimon
's
death
his
days
in
the
Isle
of
Cyprus
.
And
the
Aristocratians
(
those
who
were
for
the
Nobless
)
seeing
that
Pericles
was
already
even
formerly
grown
to
be
the
greatest
and
formost
man
of
all
the
City
,
and
being
withall
willing
there
should
be
some
body
set
up
against
him
to
give
him
check
and
to
blunt
and
turn
the
edge
of
his
Power
,
that
it
might
not
without
more
adoe
prove
a
Monarchy
;
they
set
up
Thucydides
he
hath
Thucydides
set
up
against
him
.
of
Alopecia
,
a
sober
discreet
person
and
a
near
Kinsman
of
Cimon's
,
to
take
up
the
Cudgels
against
him
.
Who
indeed
though
he
were
less
skill'd
in
warlike
Affairs
than
Cimon
was
,
yet
was
better
versed
in
the
Courts
of
Law
and
business
of
State
;
who
keeping
close
guard
in
the
City
and
being
ingaged
with
Pericles
in
the
pleading
place
,
where
the
publick
Harangues
were
made
,
in
a
short
time
brought
the
Government
to
an
equal
interest
of
parties
.
For
he
would
not
suffer
those
who
were
call'd
the
Honest
and
Good
(
persons
of
worth
and
fashion
)
to
be
scatter'd
up
and
down
and
jumbled
in
a
huddle
with
the
Populace
as
formerly
,
by
that
means
having
their
honour
and
credit
smutted
and
darkned
by
the
mixture
of
the
Rabble
:
but
taking
them
apart
by
themselves
and
gathering
into
one
the
power
and
interest
of
them
all
,
which
was
now
grown
considerable
,
he
did
as
it
were
upon
the
balance
make
a
counterpoise
to
the
other
party
.
For
indeed
the
contrast
of
the
two
parties
They
become
Heads
of
two
Parties
.
at
first
was
but
as
a
thing
of
secret
grudg
,
that
made
but
a
shallow
impression
,
like
a
thing
cut
upon
Iron
,
and
barely
signified
the
difference
of
a
Popular
and
an
Aristocratical
design
;
but
the
open
quarrel
and
canvassing
ambition
of
these
two
men
,
gave
the
City
a
very
deep
gash
,
so
that
the
one
Party
was
called
the
Populace
or
Commons
,
the
other
the
Few
or
Great
ones
;
Whiggs
and
Tories
.
Upon
which
account
Pericles
,
at
that
Pericles
his
arts
to
cajole
the
people
.
time
especially
,
letting
loose
the
reins
to
the
people
,
managed
things
all
to
their
content
,
contriving
continually
to
have
some
great
publick
shew
or
feast
or
solemnity
,
some
entertainment
and
divertisement
or
other
in
Town
,
to
please
them
,
wheedling
and
cokesing
the
Citizens
,
as
a
School-master
doth
his
Boys
,
with
such
delights
and
caresses
,
as
were
not
unedisying
neither
.
Besides
that
every
year
he
sent
out
threescore
Galleys
,
on
board
of
which
there
went
several
of
the
Citizens
,
who
were
in
pay
eight
months
,
learning
at
the
same
time
and
practising
the
Art
of
Navigation
,
that
they
might
prove
good
Seamen
.
Moreover
he
sent
a
thousand
of
them
He
sends
Plantations
abroad
.
into
the
Chersonese
in
the
nature
of
Planters
to
share
the
Land
among
them
by
lot
,
and
five
hundred
more
into
the
Isle
of
Naxos
,
and
half
that
number
into
the
Isle
of
Andros
,
and
a
thousand
into
Thrace
to
dwell
among
the
Bisaltae
a
people
there
;
and
others
into
Italy
,
when
the
City
Sybaris
was
to
be
re-peopled
,
the
inhabitants
whereof
went
by
the
name
of
the
Thurians
.
And
this
he
did
to
ease
and
discharge
the
City
of
an
idle
,
and
by
reason
of
their
idleness
,
a
busie
meddling
rabble
of
people
,
who
,
having
little
to
doe
of
their
own
,
would
have
made
work
by
giving
disturbance
to
the
publick
;
and
withall
at
the
same
time
to
provide
for
the
necessities
of
the
poor
Townsmen
by
supplying
them
and
setting
them
to
rights
,
and
to
put
an
awe
and
a
guard
upon
their
allies
from
attempting
any
thing
of
change
by
sending
them
to
dwell
among
them
.
But
that
which
gave
most
pleasure
and
He
raiseth
stately
Buildings
in
the
City
.
ornament
to
the
City
of
Athens
and
the
greatest
admiration
even
to
astonishment
to
all
Strangers
,
and
that
which
alone
doth
sufficiently
witness
for
all
Greece
,
that
that
power
of
hers
that
is
so
much
talk'd
of
,
and
her
ancient
wealth
was
no
Romance
or
idle
Story
,
was
that
glorious
apparade
and
furniture
of
those
stately
publick
Buildings
and
Dedications
which
Pericles
caused
to
be
raised
and
made
there
.
This
was
that
For
which
he
is
hardly
spoken
of
.
of
all
his
actions
in
the
Government
which
his
Enemies
look'd
asquint
at
and
fell
foul
upon
in
the
popular
Assemblies
,
crying
out
how
that
the
Commonwealth
of
Athens
had
lost
its
reputation
and
was
ill
spoken
of
abroad
,
for
removing
the
common
Bank
and
publick
Moneys
of
all
the
Grecians
from
the
Isle
of
Delos
,
where
it
was
to
have
been
kept
,
and
taking
it
into
their
own
custody
;
and
how
that
that
,
which
was
the
fairest
excuse
they
had
to
plead
for
their
so
doing
,
to
wit
,
that
they
took
it
away
thence
,
for
fear
of
the
Barbarians
lest
they
should
seize
it
,
and
on
purpose
to
secure
it
in
a
safe
place
,
Pericles
had
broke
the
neck
of
that
pretence
by
putting
it
to
other
uses
;
and
how
that
Greece
cannot
but
resent
it
as
an
unsufferable
affront
,
and
must
needs
look
upon
her self
as
treated
after
a
tyrannical
manner
,
when
she
sees
that
that
Treasure
which
was
upon
a
necessity
contributed
by
her
for
the
use
and
maintenance
of
War
is
wantonly
lavished
out
by
us
upon
our
City
to
guild
her
all
over
,
and
to
adorn
and
set
her
forth
,
as
it
were
some
proud
stately
Dame
,
hung
round
with
pretious
Stones
,
and
Statues
,
and
sumptuous
Temples
,
which
cost
a
world
of
Money
.
Wherefore
Pericles
on
the
other
hand
informed
His
Apology
and
Vindication
of
himself
.
the
State
,
that
they
were
no
manner
of
way
obliged
to
give
any
account
of
those
Moneys
to
their
Friends
and
Allies
,
inasmuch
as
they
fought
and
maintained
a
War
in
their
defence
and
kept
off
the
Barbarians
from
attacking
them
and
harassing
their
Country
,
while
in
the
mean
time
they
did
not
so
much
as
set
out
Horse
or
Man
or
Ship
,
but
onely
found
Money
for
the
Service
;
which
Money
,
says
he
,
is
not
theirs
that
give
it
,
but
theirs
that
receive
it
,
if
so
be
they
perform
the
conditions
upon
which
they
receive
it
.
And
that
it
was
good
reason
,
that
the
City
being
sufficiently
provided
and
stored
with
those
things
that
are
necessary
for
the
War
,
they
should
convert
the
overplus
of
its
Wealth
to
such
undertakings
and
designs
,
as
would
hereafter
,
when
they
were
finished
,
eternize
their
fame
,
and
for
the
present
,
while
they
are
a
doing
,
will
readily
supply
all
the
inhabitants
with
plenty
;
there
appearing
such
variety
of
all
kind
of
workmanship
and
several
sorts
of
occasions
for
service
,
which
being
they
do
summon
all
Arts
and
Trades
and
require
all
hands
to
be
imployed
about
them
,
they
do
actually
put
the
whole
City
in
a
manner
into
State-pay
;
so
that
at
the
same
time
she
is
beautified
and
maintained
by
her self
at
her
own
cost
and
charge
.
For
as
those
who
are
of
age
and
strength
for
War
are
provided
for
and
maintained
in
the
Armies
abroad
by
their
pay
out
of
the
publick
Stock
;
so
it
being
his
desire
and
design
that
the
rude
multitude
that
staid
at
home
and
were
verst
in
Handi-crafts
should
not
go
without
their
share
of
publick
Salaries
,
and
yet
that
they
should
not
have
them
given
them
for
sitting
still
and
doing
nothing
,
to
that
end
he
thought
fit
to
bring
in
among
them
,
with
the
approbation
of
the
State
,
those
vast
projects
of
Buildings
,
and
designs
of
Works
,
that
would
be
of
some
continuance
e'er
they
be
finished
,
which
will
imploy
sundry
Arts
and
Occupations
.
That
so
that
part
of
the
people
,
that
staid
in
the
City
and
kept
home
,
might
,
no
less
than
those
that
were
at
Sea
or
in
Garrison
or
under
Arms
,
have
a
fair
pretence
and
just
occasion
of
receiving
the
benefit
and
having
their
share
of
the
publick
Moneys
.
For
here
in
this
case
the
Materials
or
The
advantage
of
those
publick
Works
to
the
people
of
the
Town
.
stuff
were
Stone
,
Brass
,
Ivory
,
Gold
,
Ebony
,
Cypress
;
and
the
Arts
or
Trades
that
wrought
and
fashioned
them
were
Smiths
and
Carpenters
,
Image-makers
and
Plaisteres
,
Founders
and
Brasiers
,
Stone-cutters
or
Carvers
and
Masons
,
Dyers
and
Stainers
,
Gold-smiths
,
Ivory-cutters
,
Painters
or
Picture-drawers
,
Embroiderers
,
Turners
:
now
those
that
imported
these
things
and
conveyed
them
up
to
Town
for
use
,
were
Merchants
,
and
Mariners
,
and
Masters
of
Ships
by
Sea
;
and
those
who
brought
and
help'd
to
bring
them
by
Land
were
Waggoners
and
Cartwrights
,
Carriers
and
those
that
let
Horses
to
hire
,
Carters
and
Muletiers
,
Rope-makers
,
Workers
in
Stone
,
Shoe-makers
and
Leather-dressers
,
Surveyours
and
Menders
of
High-ways
,
Pioneers
and
Diggers
in
Mines
.
Now
every
Trade
and
Mystery
,
in
the
same
nature
,
as
a
Commander
or
Captain
in
an
Army
hath
his
particular
Company
of
Souldiers
under
him
,
had
its
own
hired
and
peculiar
Company
of
Journey-men
and
Labourers
belonging
to
it
banded
and
pack'd
together
as
in
array
,
to
be
as
it
were
the
instrument
and
body
for
the
performance
of
the
service
.
To
say
all
in
a
word
,
the
occasions
and
uses
they
had
for
men
to
these
publick
Works
did
distribute
and
scatter
the
plentifull
advantage
and
benefit
of
them
among
the
people
of
the
Town
through
all
ages
and
conditions
;
of
whatsoever
Trade
and
Occupation
they
might
be
.
As
the
Works
then
grew
up
being
as
The
admirable
speed
they
made
in
these
Works
.
stately
and
extraordinary
for
bulk
and
greatness
so
inimitable
for
beauty
and
gracefulness
,
the
Work-men
striving
to
out-vy
the
matter
and
grandeur
of
the
Work
with
the
neat
contrivance
and
artificial
beauty
of
it
;
the
thing
that
was
most
to
be
admired
was
the
haste
and
speed
they
made
.
For
of
those
things
,
which
every
one
of
them
singly
they
did
imagin
could
hardly
be
finished
and
brought
to
an
end
in
several
successions
of
Governours
and
ages
of
Men
,
all
of
them
had
their
complement
and
perfection
in
the
height
and
prime
of
one
man's
Government
.
Although
they
say
too
,
that
about
the
same
time
Zeuxis
having
heard
Agatharchus
the
Picture-drawer
boast
himself
for
dispatching
his
Work
with
speed
and
ease
,
replied
,
But
I
am
a
long
time
about
mine
.
For
the
easiness
and
hastiness
in
doing
of
a
thing
doth
not
put
upon
the
Work
a
lasting
solidity
or
exactness
of
beauty
:
but
time
being
allow'd
to
a
man's
pains
aforehand
for
the
production
of
a
thing
doth
by
way
of
interest
return
a
vital
force
for
the
preservation
of
the
thing
after
it
is
once
produced
.
For
which
reason
Pericles
his
Works
are
the
more
admired
,
having
been
done
so
well
in
a
little
time
as
to
hold
good
for
a
long
time
.
For
every
several
Piece
Yet
the
lastingness
and
freshness
of
them
.
of
his
Work
was
immediately
even
at
that
time
for
its
beauty
and
elegance
Antique
,
as
if
it
had
been
performed
by
some
ancient
Master
;
and
yet
for
its
vigour
and
freshness
it
looks
to
this
day
as
if
it
were
spick
and
span
,
and
newly
wrought
:
There
is
such
a
kind
of
flourishing
gloss
upon
those
Works
of
his
,
which
continually
preserves
the
sight
of
them
from
being
sullied
by
time
,
as
if
they
had
an
ay-green
spirit
and
a
never-fading
soul
mingled
in
the
composition
of
them
.
Now
Phidias
was
he
who
had
the
oversight
An
account
of
the
Workmen
and
of
several
of
the
Buildings
.
of
all
the
Works
and
was
his
Surveyour-general
,
though
in
the
several
Designs
and
Pieces
there
were
great
Masters
and
rare
Artists
imployed
.
For
Callicrates
and
Ictinus
built
the
Parthenon
(
that
is
,
the
Temple
of
the
Virgin
Pallas
)
which
was
in
measure
an
hundred
Foot
every
way
;
and
the
Chapel
at
Eleusin
(
where
the
sacred
Rites
of
the
Goddess
Ceres
were
celebrated
)
was
begun
by
Coroebus
,
who
also
placed
the
Pillars
that
stand
upon
the
Floor
or
Pavement
and
join'd
them
with
Architraves
:
but
after
his
death
Metagenes
the
Xypetian
rais'd
the
Girth
or
Waste
of
it
,
and
set
up
the
Pillars
that
are
above
,
and
Xenocles
the
Cholargian
roofed
or
arched
the
Lanthorn
or
Loover
on
the
top
of
the
Temple
of
Castor
and
Pollux
.
As
for
the
Long
Wall
,
which
join'd
the
The
Long
Wall
.
Port
or
Harbour
with
the
Town
,
concerning
which
Socrates
saith
he
himself
heard
Pericles
deliver
his
opinion
and
give
order
about
it
,
Callicrates
took
that
a-great
.
This
brave
piece
of
Work
Cratinus
,
like
a
Poet
as
he
was
,
sneeringly
flouts
at
,
by
reason
it
was
so
long
a
finishing
;
saith
he
,
'T
is
long
since
Pericles
,
if
words
would
do
't
,
Talk'd
up
the
Wall
;
but
yet
sets
no
hands
to
't
.
The
Choir
or
Musick-room
,
which
for
The
Cdéum
or
Musick-Theatre
.
the
contrivance
of
it
on
the
inside
was
full
of
Seats
and
ranges
of
Pillars
,
and
on
the
outside
in
the
Roof
or
covering
of
it
was
made
from
one
point
at
top
with
a
great
many
bendings
,
all
shelving
downward
;
they
say
that
it
was
so
made
after
the
Copy
and
in
imitation
of
the
King
of
Persia's
Pavilion
,
and
this
by
Pericles
his
order
likewise
:
Upon
which
occasion
Cratinus
again
in
his
Comedy
called
The
Thracian
Women
plays
upon
him
with
rallery
thus
;
Here
comes
along
our
goodly
Jove
,
(
God
bless
!
)
Who
's
that
,
I
pray'
?
Iobbernoll
Pericles
.
The
Shells
being
scap'd
,
he
now
has
got
the
Moddle
O'
th'
Musick-room
(
help
Goddess
)
in
his
Noddle
.
Then
Pericles
out
of
an
ambition
to
doe
Musick
Games
instituted
.
something
to
be
talk'd
of
,
did
first
enact
or
make
a
Decree
,
that
a
Prize
should
be
plaid
in
the
Science
of
Musick
every
year
at
the
solemn
Feasts
of
Minerva
,
which
lasted
five
days
together
,
called
Panathenaea
,
whither
all
the
people
of
City
and
Country
were
used
to
resort
,
and
he
himself
being
chosen
Judge
of
the
Prizes
and
Bestower
of
the
Rewards
gave
order
,
after
what
manner
those
who
were
to
play
the
Prizes
were
either
to
sing
with
the
Voice
,
or
to
play
upon
the
Flute
or
upon
the
Cittern
or
Guitarr
.
And
both
at
that
time
(
to
wit
,
at
the
Feast
)
and
at
other
times
also
they
were
wont
to
sit
in
this
Musick-room
and
see
and
hear
those
Prizes
and
trials
of
Skill
.
Further
the
Foregate
and
entrance
of
the
The
Acropolis
or
Cittadel
.
Cittadel
or
Castle
were
finished
in
five
years
time
,
Mnesicles
being
the
chief
undertaker
of
that
Work
.
Now
there
was
a
strange
A
strange
accident
.
accident
happened
in
building
of
the
Cittadel
,
which
shewed
that
the
Goddess
was
so
far
from
disliking
the
Work
or
being
averse
to
it
,
that
she
help'd
to
carry
it
on
and
to
bring
it
to
perfection
.
For
one
of
the
Artificers
,
who
was
the
quickest
and
the
handiest
Work-man
among
them
all
,
with
a
slip
of
his
Foot
fell
down
from
a
great
height
and
lay
ill
of
it
in
so
miserable
a
condition
,
that
the
Physicians
and
Chirurgeons
gave
him
over
,
having
no
hopes
of
his
recovery
.
Pericles
being
at
a
loss
and
not
knowing
what
to
doe
,
Minerva
appeared
to
him
at
night
in
a
Dream
and
order'd
a
Medicine
,
which
Pericles
applying
to
the
Man
did
in
a
short
time
and
with
great
ease
cure
him
.
And
upon
this
occasion
it
was
that
he
set
up
a
brass
Statue
of
Minerva
,
called
hence
the
Statue
of
Health
,
in
the
Cittadel
near
Minerva
's
Statue
.
an
Altar
,
which
as
they
say
was
there
before
.
But
it
was
Phidias
,
who
wrought
the
Goddesses
Image
in
Gold
,
and
hath
his
name
inscribed
on
the
Pedestal
as
the
Workman
thereof
.
And
indeed
the
whole
Work
in
a
manner
was
under
his
charge
,
and
he
had
(
as
we
have
said
already
)
the
oversight
over
all
the
Artists
and
Workmen
,
because
Pericles
had
a
kindness
for
him
.
And
this
made
the
poor
man
to
be
much
envied
,
and
his
Patron
to
be
very
ill
spoken
Several
slanders
and
abuses
put
upon
Pericles
.
of
and
horribly
abused
with
stories
,
as
if
Phidias
had
been
his
Pimp
and
took
up
Ladies
and
Gentlewomen
that
came
to
see
the
Works
,
for
Pericles
his
use
.
The
Comick
Wits
of
the
Town
,
when
they
had
got
this
story
by
the
end
,
made
much
of
it
and
bedash'd
him
with
all
the
ribaldry
they
could
invent
,
as
if
he
had
been
the
arrantest
Whoremaster
that
ever
liv'd
;
charging
him
falsely
with
the
Wife
of
Menippus
one
who
was
his
Friend
and
had
been
a
Lieutenant
General
under
him
in
the
Wars
;
and
with
the
Volaries
or
Bird-cages
of
Pyrilampes
,
who
being
an
acquaintance
of
Pericles
,
they
pretended
,
and
made
as
if
he
were
wont
to
present
Peacocks
and
such
fine
Birds
to
Pericles
his
Misses
,
the
Women
whom
he
gallanted
and
kept
company
with
.
And
why
should
one
wonder
at
what
such
Fellows
say
,
who
play
the
Satyrists
upon
other
mens
Lives
,
and
daily
upon
all
occasions
with
their
reproaches
and
evil
speeches
sacrifice
the
reputations
of
their
Superiours
,
the
Great
and
the
Good
,
to
the
envy
and
spite
of
the
Rabble
,
as
to
some
evil
Genius
or
wicked
Spirit
;
when
as
Stesimbrotus
the
Thasian
hath
dared
to
broach
a
dismal
and
incredible
Villany
against
Pericles
,
as
if
he
had
committed
Incest
with
his
own
Son's
Wife
.
By
this
means
it
comes
about
,
that
it
is
a
Why
hard
to
find
out
Truth
in
History
.
very
difficult
matter
to
trace
and
find
out
the
Truth
of
any
thing
by
History
,
when
on
one
hand
those
who
undertake
to
write
it
,
living
so
long
after
the
things
were
done
,
cannot
arrive
at
the
certain
knowledge
of
such
transactions
as
past
in
the
times
before
them
;
and
on
the
other
hand
that
History
which
is
contemporary
and
of
the
same
standing
with
those
Actions
and
Lives
,
which
it
reporteth
,
doth
partly
through
envy
and
ill-will
,
partly
through
favour
and
flattery
,
disguise
and
pervert
the
truth
.
Now
when
the
Oratours
,
who
sided
with
Thucydides
and
were
of
his
party
,
were
at
one
time
bawling
(
as
their
custom
was
)
against
Pericles
,
as
one
who
squander'd
away
the
publick
Stock
in
idle
expences
,
and
made
havock
of
the
State-revenues
,
he
starting
up
in
the
open
Assembly
put
the
question
to
the
People
,
Whether
they
thought
that
what
he
had
laid
out
was
too
much
;
and
they
saying
,
Too
too
much
of
all
conscience
.
Well
then
!
said
he
,
since
't
is
so
,
Pericles
his
brave
reply
when
accused
for
wasting
publick
Moneys
.
let
not
the
cost
and
charge
go
upon
your
account
,
but
upon
mine
:
and
accordingly
I
will
make
the
Inscription
upon
the
Temples
and
other
publick
Buildings
in
mine
own
name
.
When
therefore
they
heard
him
say
thus
,
whether
it
were
out
of
a
surprise
to
see
the
greatness
of
his
Spirit
,
or
out
of
emulation
that
they
envied
him
the
glory
of
the
Works
and
resolv'd
to
go
shares
with
him
,
they
cried
aloud
bidding
him
to
spend
on
and
lay
out
o'
God's
name
what
he
thought
fit
out
of
the
publick
Purse
,
and
to
spare
no
cost
,
till
all
were
finished
.
At
length
being
brought
to
push
of
pike
with
Thucydides
,
upon
a
trial
of
skill
whether
He
foils
Thucydides
,
should
shell
the
other
out
of
the
Country
,
and
having
not
without
some
hazard
got
the
better
,
he
threw
his
Antagonist
out
and
sent
him
packing
for
ten
years
,
and
then
routed
and
broke
to
pieces
all
the
opposite
party
,
which
had
stood
against
him
.
So
that
now
the
difference
and
quarrel
being
wholly
resolved
and
at
an
end
,
and
the
City
being
as
it
were
levelled
into
an
even
temper
and
made
of
one
piece
,
he
in
a
trice
and
rules
all
alone
.
brought
about
all
Athens
to
his
own
devotion
,
and
got
the
disposal
of
all
affairs
that
belong'd
to
the
Athenians
into
his
own
hands
,
their
Customs
,
and
their
Armies
,
and
their
Gallies
,
and
their
Islands
,
and
the
Sea
,
and
that
great
power
and
strength
,
which
accrued
to
them
partly
by
means
of
the
other
Grecians
,
and
partly
also
upon
the
account
of
the
Barbarians
;
in
a
word
such
a
seigniory
and
dominion
,
as
was
mounded
and
fortified
with
several
Nations
that
were
subject
to
it
,
and
with
the
friendships
and
amities
of
several
Kings
,
and
with
the
alliances
of
confederate
Potentates
and
great
Lords
.
After
this
he
was
now
no
longer
the
same
He
alters
his
Policy
.
Man
he
had
been
before
,
nor
at
the
same
rate
,
as
formerly
,
tame
and
gentle
and
familiar
with
the
populace
,
so
as
readily
to
yield
himself
up
to
their
pleasure
and
to
comply
with
the
desires
of
the
Rabble
,
as
a
Steersman
tacks
about
with
the
winds
through
all
the
points
of
the
Compass
.
But
on
the
other
hand
from
that
loose
remiss
and
in
some
cases
debosh'd
way
of
wheedling
the
people
,
he
wound
and
skrew'd
them
up
to
an
Aristocratical
and
Regal
form
of
State
and
Government
,
and
shewing
himself
upright
and
unblameable
in
his
noble
and
sincere
aim
at
the
best
things
,
he
did
by
these
means
generally
lead
the
people
along
with
their
own
wills
and
consents
,
by
perswading
and
shewing
them
what
was
to
be
done
;
and
sometimes
too
ruffling
them
and
forcing
them
full
sore
against
their
will
,
he
made
them
whether
they
would
or
no
to
close
with
what
he
proposed
for
the
publick
advantage
.
Wherein
,
to
say
the
truth
,
he
did
but
He
plays
the
State-physician
.
like
a
skilfull
Physician
,
who
in
a
complicated
and
chronical
Disease
,
as
he
sees
occasion
,
one
while
allows
his
Patient
the
moderate
use
of
such
things
as
please
him
,
another
while
he
applies
corrosives
and
sharp
things
that
put
him
to
pain
,
and
administers
such
medicines
as
may
work
the
cure
.
For
there
arising
and
growing
up
,
as
is
likely
,
all
manner
of
distempers
among
a
people
which
had
so
vast
a
command
and
dominion
,
he
alone
,
as
a
great
Master
,
knowing
how
with
care
to
handle
and
deal
with
them
all
severally
,
and
in
an
especial
manner
making
that
use
of
Hopes
and
Fears
as
his
two
chief
Rudders
,
as
with
the
one
to
check
and
stop
the
career
of
their
high-flown
confidence
at
any
time
,
so
with
the
other
to
raise
them
up
and
comfort
them
,
when
they
lay
under
any
discouragement
;
he
plainly
shewed
by
this
that
The
force
of
Rhetorick
.
Rhetorick
or
the
Art
of
speaking
is
,
in
Plato's
sense
and
language
,
the
Government
of
the
Souls
of
men
,
the
wire-drawing
of
the
Soul
,
and
that
her
chiefest
business
and
design
is
her
method
and
artifice
of
managing
the
affections
and
passions
,
which
are
as
it
were
the
pegs
,
the
stops
and
keys
of
the
Soul
,
which
require
a
very
skilfull
and
carefull
touch
and
stroke
to
be
plaid
upon
as
they
should
be
.
Now
the
reason
of
this
that
made
Pericles
His
reputation
and
integrity
.
so
prevailing
,
was
not
altogether
barely
the
power
and
force
of
his
expression
and
language
,
but
as
Thucydides
assures
us
,
the
high
opinion
which
the
people
had
of
the
man
,
and
the
reputation
and
integrity
of
his
life
,
he
being
one
who
was
clearly
free
from
all
corruption
or
bribery
,
and
above
all
considerations
of
money
.
Who
notwithstanding
that
he
had
made
the
City
Athens
,
which
was
great
of
it self
,
as
great
and
rich
as
can
be
imagined
,
and
though
he
were
himself
also
grown
in
power
and
interest
to
be
more
than
equal
to
many
Kings
and
absolute
Lords
,
who
some
of
them
also
bequested
by
Will
their
Estates
to
their
Children
,
he
for
his
part
did
not
improve
the
patrimony
his
Father
left
him
,
or
make
it
more
than
it
was
by
one
Groat
or
Dram.
How
be
it
Thucydides
doth
indeed
give
a
Some
Authours
censure
of
his
great
power
.
plain
narrative
of
that
great
power
and
interest
of
his
,
and
the
Comick
Poets
do
spitefully
enough
as
their
manner
is
,
more
than
hint
at
it
,
by
covert
expressions
,
calling
his
Companions
and
Friends
about
him
by
the
name
of
Pisistratus
his
new
Courtiers
,
and
demanding
of
him
to
abjure
the
setting
up
for
a
single
person
or
exercising
an
arbitrary
power
,
as
one
whose
grandeur
and
eminence
were
unproportionable
to
and
incompatible
with
a
Democracy
or
popular
Government
,
and
grown
to
be
a
grievance
not
to
be
indured
in
a
free
State
.
Further
Teleclides
saith
that
the
Athenians
had
betray'd
and
surrender'd
up
to
him
both
the
Customs
and
Imposts
of
their
subject
Cities
and
the
Cities
themselves
,
so
as
to
bind
up
some
and
to
let
loose
others
;
and
Stone
Walls
,
to
build
up
what
he
pleas'd
and
again
to
throw
them
down
;
Leagues
of
Alliance
,
the
interest
and
strength
of
the
Nation
,
their
peace
,
and
their
wealth
and
good
fortune
.
Nor
was
all
this
the
business
of
a
lucky
The
long
time
of
his
Government
.
hit
by
some
emergent
occasion
,
nor
was
it
the
vigorous
height
and
propitious
favour
of
a
State-management
that
flourish'd
for
a
season
;
but
having
for
forty
years
together
bore
the
bell
away
among
such
brave
Statesmen
,
as
Ephialtes
and
Leocrates
and
Myronides
and
Cimon
and
Tolmides
and
Thucydides
were
,
he
after
the
overthrow
and
banishment
of
Thucydides
kept
up
his
head
still
for
no
less
than
fifteen
years
longer
,
and
having
gotten
a
place
of
command
and
power
,
which
was
but
one
among
the
annual
Magistracies
(
or
Offices
and
places
of
Trust
,
to
which
there
was
a
new
Election
every
year
)
he
preserv'd
himself
free
and
unprevail'd
upon
as
to
money
or
bribes
.
Though
otherwise
he
was
not
altogether
His
thrifty
management
of
his
own
Estate
.
idle
or
careless
in
looking
after
his
own
advantage
,
but
as
to
his
paternal
and
personal
Estate
,
which
of
right
belonged
to
him
,
he
so
order'd
it
,
that
it
might
neither
through
negligence
be
wasted
or
lessen'd
,
nor
yet
,
he
being
so
full
of
business
as
he
was
,
give
him
any
great
trouble
or
cost
him
much
time
with
taking
care
of
it
,
and
put
it
into
such
a
way
of
management
as
he
thought
to
be
the
most
easie
for
himself
,
and
the
most
exact
for
thrift
.
For
all
his
yearly
products
and
profits
he
sold
together
in
a
lump
,
and
afterward
buying
every
thing
that
he
or
his
Family
had
or
might
have
need
of
out
of
the
Market
,
he
by
this
means
supplied
the
concerns
of
his
House
as
to
sustenance
and
provision
.
Upon
which
account
it
was
,
that
his
Children
when
they
grew
to
age
were
not
well
pleased
with
his
menage
,
and
the
Women
that
liv'd
with
him
were
treated
with
little
cost
,
insomuch
that
they
complain'd
of
this
way
of
expence
in
his
House-keeping
,
His
House-keeping
.
which
was
ordered
and
set
down
from
day
to
day
and
contracted
to
the
greatest
exactness
of
thrift
;
since
there
was
not
there
,
as
is
usual
in
a
great
Family
and
a
plentifull
Estate
,
any
thing
to
spare
or
over
and
above
,
but
all
that
went
out
or
came
in
,
all
his
disbursements
and
receipts
,
were
book'd
and
carried
on
as
it
were
by
number
and
measure
.
Now
there
was
but
one
Menial
Servant
His
Steward
.
of
his
,
Euangelus
by
name
,
who
kept
up
all
this
strictness
of
his
Accounts
,
one
naturally
fitted
,
as
no
body
else
could
be
,
for
such
an
imploy
,
or
at
least
bred
up
by
Pericles
himself
to
this
Stewardship
.
All
this
in
sooth
was
but
the
effect
of
his
Anaxagoras
slighted
the
world
.
Tutour
Anaxagoras
his
wise
instructions
;
though
he
for
his
part
by
a
kind
of
Divine
impulse
and
greatness
of
Spirit
,
which
made
him
contemn
the
World
,
voluntarily
quit
his
House
,
and
left
his
Land
to
lie
fallow
and
to
be
grazed
by
Sheep
like
a
Common
.
But
I
must
rationally
suppose
that
the
The
difference
betwixt
a
Philosopher
and
a
Statesman
in
the
manner
of
their
living
.
Life
of
a
contemplative
Philosopher
and
that
of
an
active
Statesman
is
not
to
be
one
and
the
same
thing
:
for
the
one
onely
imploys
his
Mind
and
understanding
about
great
and
good
things
,
which
Mind
of
his
wants
not
the
help
of
instruments
,
nor
needs
the
supply
of
any
materials
from
without
for
what
it
hath
to
doe
;
whereas
the
other
,
who
attempers
and
applies
his
Vertue
to
humane
uses
,
may
have
occasion
sometimes
for
plenty
and
abundance
of
outward
things
,
not
onely
those
which
are
necessary
for
his
subsistence
,
but
those
which
are
handsome
also
and
sutable
to
his
quality
:
which
was
Pericles
his
case
,
who
relieved
abundance
of
their
poor
.
And
yet
for
all
that
there
goes
a
story
,
Anaxagoras
in
great
want
.
that
his
Tutour
himself
,
poor
Anaxagoras
,
while
Pericles
was
taken
up
with
publick
affairs
,
lay
neglected
,
and
that
now
being
grown
old
he
muffled
up
himself
with
a
resolution
to
die
for
want
of
Food
;
which
thing
being
by
chance
brought
to
Pericles
his
ear
,
he
was
struck
,
and
instantly
ran
to
the
man
,
and
used
all
the
arguments
and
intreaties
he
could
to
him
,
lamenting
not
so
much
his
condition
as
his
own
,
should
he
loose
such
a
Counsellour
of
State
as
he
had
found
him
to
be
.
And
that
upon
this
,
as
the
story
goes
on
,
Anaxagoras
should
unmuffle
and
shewing
himself
make
answer
,
Ah
Pericles
,
said
he
,
even
those
people
who
A
notable
saying
of
his
.
have
occasion
for
a
Lamp
,
use
to
supply
it
with
Oil
;
meaning
,
that
if
he
would
have
him
to
live
,
he
must
allow
him
a
maintenance
.
The
Lacedemonians
beginning
to
shew
A
great
project
of
Pericles
for
a
Convention
of
all
Greece
.
themselves
troubled
at
the
greatness
of
the
Athenians
and
to
be
jealous
of
the
increase
of
their
power
,
Pericles
on
the
other
hand
to
advance
the
peoples
spirit
and
buoy
it
up
yet
more
,
and
to
put
them
upon
great
actions
and
exploits
,
proposeth
an
Edict
or
Decree
in
writing
to
summon
all
the
Grecians
,
in
what
part
soever
they
dwelt
whether
of
Europe
or
Asia
,
and
that
every
City
,
little
as
well
as
great
,
should
send
their
Deputies
to
Athens
to
a
general
Assembly
or
Convention
of
Estates
,
there
to
consult
and
advise
concerning
the
Grecian
Temples
which
the
Barbarians
had
set
fire
to
and
burnt
down
,
and
the
Sacrifices
which
they
were
indebted
upon
vows
they
made
to
their
Gods
for
the
safety
of
Greece
,
when
they
fought
against
those
Barbarians
,
and
the
Sea-affair
,
that
they
might
henceforward
all
of
them
pass
to
and
fro
and
trade
securely
and
be
at
a
constant
peace
among
themselves
.
Upon
this
errand
there
were
twenty
Commissioners
dispatch'd
to
summon
them
.
men
,
of
such
as
were
each
of
them
above
fifty
years
of
age
,
sent
by
Commission
:
five
whereof
were
to
summon
the
Ionians
and
Dorians
that
were
in
Asia
,
and
the
Islanders
as
far
as
Lesbos
and
Rhodes
;
and
five
were
to
go
over
all
the
places
in
Hellespont
and
Thrace
up
to
Byzantium
,
(
now
Constantinople
;
)
and
other
five
beside
these
to
go
to
Boeotia
and
Phocis
and
Peloponnesus
,
(
now
called
the
Morea
)
and
from
hence
to
pass
through
the
Locrians
Country
over
to
the
neighbouring
Continent
as
far
as
Acarnania
and
Ambracia
;
and
the
rest
of
the
Commissioners
were
to
take
their
course
through
Euboea
,
to
the
Oetaeans
,
and
the
Gulf
of
Malea
,
and
to
those
of
Phthia
and
Achaia
and
Thessaly
;
all
of
them
to
treat
with
the
people
as
they
past
,
and
to
perswade
them
to
come
in
and
bear
their
share
in
the
debates
and
concerts
,
which
would
be
for
settling
the
peace
and
regulating
anew
the
affairs
of
Greece
.
When
all
came
to
all
,
there
was
nothing
The
Project
fails
.
done
in
this
business
,
nor
did
the
Cities
meet
by
their
Deputies
,
as
was
desired
;
the
Lacedemonians
,
as
it
is
said
,
under-hand
crossing
the
design
,
the
trial
whereof
was
disappointed
and
baffled
first
in
Peloponnesus
.
However
I
thought
fit
to
bring
in
this
passage
to
shew
the
spirit
of
the
Man
,
and
the
greatness
of
his
mind
for
State-projects
.
In
his
military
Imploy
and
Conduct
of
His
military
Conduct
.
his
Souldiers
he
got
himself
a
great
reputation
for
his
wariness
in
doing
what
he
did
securely
and
safely
,
as
one
who
would
not
by
his
good
will
ingage
in
any
Fight
,
which
had
much
uncertainty
in
the
Event
and
hazard
in
the
Enterprize
,
and
one
who
envied
not
the
glory
of
those
Generals
whose
rash
adventures
fortune
favour'd
with
good
success
beyond
expectation
,
however
they
were
admired
by
others
as
brave
men
and
excellent
Commanders
,
nor
did
he
think
them
worthy
his
imitation
:
and
was
always
used
to
say
to
his
Citizens
,
that
If
he
could
help
it
,
what
lay
in
his
power
,
they
should
continue
immortal
and
live
for
ever
;
meaning
that
he
for
his
part
would
ever
be
tender
of
their
lives
and
not
needlesly
expose
them
.
To
this
purpose
seeing
Tolmides
the
Son
A
rash
attempt
of
Tolmides
.
of
Tolmaeus
,
upon
the
confidence
of
his
former
good
successes
and
flush'd
with
the
great
honour
his
warlike
atchievements
had
procured
him
,
making
preparation
to
attack
the
Boeotians
in
their
own
Country
at
an
unseasonable
time
,
when
there
was
no
likely
opportunity
for
carrying
the
design
;
and
that
he
had
prevail'd
with
the
bravest
and
highest
mettled
Blades
among
all
the
City-sparks
to
list
themselves
as
Voluntiers
in
the
service
,
who
besides
his
other
force
made
up
a
thousand
,
he
endeavour'd
to
divert
The
judgment
of
Pericles
upon
it
.
him
and
to
advise
him
from
it
,
in
the
publick
Assembly
,
telling
him
in
that
memorable
saying
of
his
,
which
still
goes
about
,
That
if
he
would
not
take
Pericles
his
advice
nor
be
ruled
by
him
,
yet
he
should
not
doe
amiss
to
await
Times
leisure
,
who
is
the
wisest
Counsellour
of
all
.
For
his
saying
of
this
he
was
even
at
that
time
indifferently
well
approved
and
commended
,
but
within
a
The
event
made
it
good
.
few
days
after
,
when
the
sad
news
was
brought
that
Tolmides
himself
was
slain
,
having
been
defeated
in
the
Battel
near
Coronea
,
and
that
a
great
many
brave
fellows
of
the
Citizens
fell
with
him
,
this
that
Pericles
had
said
,
gain'd
him
a
high
respect
together
with
a
great
love
and
kindness
among
the
people
,
looking
upon
him
as
a
wise
man
and
a
lover
of
his
Country-men
.
But
of
all
the
Expeditions
,
which
have
His
Expedition
to
the
Chersonese
in
Thrace
.
been
made
,
that
of
his
about
the
Chersonese
the
people
were
most
fond
of
and
mightily
taken
with
,
it
having
proved
so
instrumental
to
the
safety
of
those
poor
Greeks
who
inhabited
there
.
For
he
did
not
onely
by
carrying
along
with
him
a
thousand
fresh
Citizens
of
Athens
fortifie
and
strengthen
their
Cities
with
a
competent
number
of
good
stout
men
,
but
also
by
bracing
as
it
were
the
neck
of
Land
,
which
joins
the
Peninsula
to
the
Continent
,
with
Bulwarks
and
Forts
all
the
way
from
Sea
to
Sea
,
he
kept
off
and
put
a
stop
to
the
inroads
of
the
Thracians
,
who
lay
all
about
the
Chersonese
,
and
shut
out
a
continual
and
grievous
War
,
with
which
that
Country
had
been
all
along
pester'd
and
harassed
,
as
being
mingled
here
and
there
with
neighbourhoods
of
barbarous
people
,
and
full
of
robberies
,
what
of
Moss-troopers
that
were
borderers
,
what
of
Banditi
that
lived
amongst
them
.
Nor
was
he
less
admired
and
talk'd
of
among
Another
round
the
Morea
.
strangers
and
foreigners
for
his
sailing
round
the
Peloponnesus
,
having
set
out
from
a
Port
of
Megara
,
called
Pegae
or
the
Fountains
,
with
a
hundred
Gallies
.
For
he
did
not
onely
pillage
and
lay
waste
the
Cities
along
the
Sea-coast
,
as
Tolmides
had
formerly
done
,
but
also
advancing
far
from
Sea
up
into
main
Land
,
with
his
Souldiers
he
had
on
Board
,
he
made
some
people
for
fear
of
his
coming
shut
themselves
up
and
keep
close
within
their
Walls
,
and
at
Nemea
he
with
main
force
routed
the
Sicyonians
,
who
stood
their
ground
and
joined
Battel
with
him
,
and
made
them
turn
their
backs
,
whereupon
he
set
up
a
Trophee
in
token
of
his
Victory
.
And
having
out
of
Achaia
,
in
League
then
with
Athens
,
taken
on
Board
of
him
a
supply
of
Souldiers
into
the
Gallies
,
he
went
off
with
the
Fleet
to
the
opposite
Continent
,
and
having
sailed
along
by
the
mouth
of
the
River
Achelous
,
he
overran
Acarnania
,
and
shut
up
the
Oeneadae
(
or
descendents
of
Oeneus
,
the
Governours
of
the
Country
)
within
the
City-wall
,
and
having
ravaged
and
mischiev'd
their
Country
,
he
weigh'd
Anchor
for
home
with
this
double
advantage
,
that
he
appeared
terrible
and
dreadfull
to
his
Enemies
,
and
at
the
same
time
safe
and
wary
,
yet
stout
and
active
too
to
his
Fellow-citizens
:
for
there
was
not
any
the
least
miscarriage
or
disorder
,
so
much
as
by
misfortune
or
chance
;
that
happened
the
whole
Voyage
to
those
who
were
under
his
charge
.
Moreover
when
he
sailed
to
Pontus
with
Another
to
Pontus
.
a
great
Fleet
and
bravely
equipped
,
he
accommodated
the
Greek
Cities
with
what
things
they
wanted
or
stood
in
need
of
and
treated
them
with
great
kindness
and
courtesie
;
but
to
the
barbarous
Nations
that
dwelt
round
about
them
,
and
to
the
Kings
and
Lords
of
those
Nations
,
he
openly
shew'd
the
greatness
of
the
Athenians
power
,
and
how
void
of
fear
and
full
of
confidence
they
were
,
sailing
where
ever
they
had
a
mind
,
and
bringing
the
whole
Sea
under
their
dominion
.
Further
he
left
the
Sinopians
thirteen
men
of
War
with
Souldiers
under
Lamachus
his
command
,
to
assist
them
against
Timesileos
the
Tyrant
;
and
he
and
his
complices
being
thrown
out
,
he
made
a
Decree
or
Order
of
State
,
that
six
hundred
of
the
Athenians
that
were
willing
to
go
should
sail
to
Sinope
and
plant
themselves
there
with
the
Sinopians
,
sharing
among
them
the
Houses
and
Land
,
which
the
Tyrant
and
his
party
had
formerly
held
.
But
in
other
things
he
did
not
comply
He
curbs
the
peoples
extravagant
designs
of
making
War
abroad
.
with
the
giddy
humours
and
eager
passions
of
the
Citizens
,
nor
quit
his
own
resolutions
,
to
go
along
with
them
at
their
mad
rate
,
when
being
lifted
up
with
the
consideration
of
that
vast
strength
they
were
masters
of
,
and
of
that
great
success
fortune
had
favour'd
them
with
,
they
were
on
gog
both
to
seise
upon
Egypt
again
as
their
own
by
a
former
Conquest
,
and
to
disturb
those
parts
of
the
King
of
Persia's
Dominions
that
lay
near
the
Sea-side
.
Nay
there
were
more
than
a
good
many
,
who
were
possess'd
with
a
confounded
and
(
as
it
would
have
proved
then
and
hath
done
since
)
unfortunate
design
for
Sicily
,
a
heat
which
afterward
the
Oratours
of
Alcibiades
his
party
blew
up
into
a
flame
.
There
were
some
also
,
who
dreamed
of
Tuscany
and
of
Carthage
;
and
not
without
reason
or
hope
,
they
thought
,
because
of
their
large
Dominion
,
and
of
the
prosperous
course
they
had
hitherto
had
of
their
affairs
.
But
Pericles
curb'd
this
extravagant
humour
He
reserves
their
Forces
against
the
Lacedemonians
.
of
making
excursions
abroad
,
and
chock'd
their
over-busie
fancies
which
put
them
upon
meddling
with
so
much
business
at
once
;
and
turned
the
most
and
greatest
part
of
their
force
and
power
to
the
preserving
and
securing
of
what
they
had
already
gotten
,
supposing
it
would
be
a
considerable
business
if
they
could
keep
the
Lacedemonians
under
,
or
at
least
in
good
order
,
he
having
all
along
a
particular
peek
at
them
,
which
as
upon
many
other
occasions
,
so
he
particularly
shew'd
by
what
he
did
in
the
time
of
the
Holy
War
.
For
whereas
the
Lacedemonians
having
A
passage
in
the
Holy
War
.
gone
with
an
Army
to
the
City
Delphi
restored
Apollo's
Temple
,
which
the
Phocians
had
got
into
their
possession
,
to
the
Delphians
again
,
immediately
after
their
departure
,
Pericles
coming
with
another
Army
brought
in
the
Phocians
again
.
And
the
Lacedemonians
having
engraven
an
Oracle
,
(
or
be
it
a
privilege
of
consulting
the
Oracle
before
others
)
which
the
Delphians
gave
them
,
upon
the
forehead
of
a
brazen
Wolf
which
stands
there
;
he
also
having
received
from
the
Phocians
an
Oracle
or
the
like
privilege
for
his
Athenians
,
had
it
cut
upon
the
same
Wolf
of
Brass
on
his
right
side
.
Now
that
he
did
well
and
wisely
in
this
New
troubles
arise
.
that
he
kept
the
force
and
power
of
the
Athenians
within
the
compass
of
Greece
,
the
things
and
passages
themselves
,
that
happen'd
afterward
,
did
bear
sufficient
witness
.
For
in
the
first
place
the
Euboeans
Those
of
Euboea
revolt
.
revolted
,
against
whom
he
past
over
with
Forces
;
and
then
immediately
after
news
came
that
the
Megarians
were
set
upon
in
War
,
and
that
the
Enemies
Army
was
upon
the
borders
of
the
Attick
Country
under
The
Lacedemonians
make
an
inroad
.
the
command
and
conduct
of
Pleistonax
,
King
of
the
Lacedemonians
.
Wherefore
Pericles
went
with
his
Army
back
again
in
all
haste
out
of
Euboea
,
to
the
War
which
threatned
home
;
and
because
there
were
a
many
brave
fellows
in
Arms
on
the
other
side
who
dared
him
to
fight
,
he
did
not
venture
to
engage
or
to
come
to
handy-blows
with
them
,
but
perceiving
that
Pleistonax
was
a
very
young
man
,
and
that
he
govern'd
himself
mostly
by
the
counsel
and
advice
of
Cleandrides
,
whom
the
Overseers
or
Curatours
of
the
State
(
whom
they
call
They
are
bought
out
.
Ephori
)
had
sent
along
with
him
by
reason
of
his
youth
to
be
a
kind
of
Guardian
and
Assistant
to
him
;
he
privately
applied
his
temptation
to
him
,
and
in
a
short
time
having
corrupted
him
with
money
,
he
prevailed
with
him
to
withdraw
the
Peloponnesians
out
of
the
Attick
Country
.
When
the
Army
was
retir'd
and
dispersed
into
several
quarters
through
their
Towns
and
Cities
,
the
Lacedemonians
being
Cleandrides
sentenced
for
his
treachery
.
grievously
offended
at
it
,
amerced
their
King
in
a
great
sum
of
money
by
way
of
Fine
,
which
he
being
not
able
to
pay
quitted
his
Country
and
removed
himself
from
Lacedemon
;
the
other
Gentleman
Cleandrides
,
who
fled
for
it
,
having
a
sentence
of
death
past
upon
him
by
them
for
betraying
them
.
This
man
was
the
Father
of
that
Gylippus
his
Son
taken
in
the
like
practice
.
Gylippus
,
who
defeated
the
Athenians
and
beat
them
so
at
Sicily
.
And
it
seems
that
this
covetousness
was
an
hereditary
disease
that
past
from
Father
to
Son
;
for
he
also
whom
we
last
mention'd
was
upon
a
like
account
caught
in
foul
practices
and
was
turned
out
of
Town
at
Sparta
for
it
.
But
this
is
a
story
we
have
told
at
large
,
where
we
discourse
the
affairs
of
Lysander
.
Now
when
Pericles
in
giving
up
his
accounts
of
this
Expedition
had
set
down
a
disbursement
of
ten
Talents
(
which
comes
to
about
1500
pounds
Sterling
)
as
laid
out
upon
a
fit
and
usefull
occasion
,
the
people
Pericles
his
Accounts
past
.
without
any
more
adoe
,
not
troubling
themselves
to
canvass
the
mystery
,
how
it
was
expended
,
freely
allow'd
of
it
.
And
some
He
keeps
Pensioners
at
Lacedemon
.
Historians
,
in
which
number
is
Theophrastus
the
Philosopher
,
have
reported
it
for
a
truth
,
that
year
by
year
Pericles
sent
privately
the
foresaid
sum
of
ten
Talents
to
Sparta
,
wherewith
he
complemented
those
that
were
in
any
Office
or
place
of
Trust
to
keep
off
the
War
;
not
to
purchase
peace
neither
,
but
to
redeem
time
,
to
the
intent
that
having
at
leisure
provided
himself
,
he
might
the
better
make
a
War
hereafter
.
Wherefore
presently
upon
this
,
turning
He
chastiseth
the
Euboean
revolters
.
his
Forces
against
the
revolters
and
passing
over
into
the
Island
Euboea
with
fifty
Sail
of
Ships
and
five
thousand
Men
in
Arms
he
overthrew
and
won
their
Cities
,
and
drove
out
those
of
the
Chalcidians
,
whom
they
called
Hippobotae
,
i.
e.
Horse-feeders
,
the
chief
persons
for
wealth
and
reputation
among
them
;
and
removing
all
the
Hestiaeans
out
of
the
Country
brought
in
a
Plantation
of
his
own
Country-men
the
Athenians
in
their
room
to
dwell
there
by
themselves
;
treating
those
people
with
that
severity
,
for
that
they
having
taken
an
Attick
Ship
prisoner
had
put
all
the
men
on
board
to
death
.
After
this
was
over
,
having
made
a
truce
The
War
against
Samos
.
between
the
Athenians
and
Lacedemonians
for
thirty
years
,
he
orders
by
publick
Decree
an
Expedition
against
the
Isle
of
Samos
,
upon
this
pretence
that
they
,
when
they
were
bid
to
leave
off
the
War
they
had
with
the
Milesians
,
did
not
as
they
were
bid
to
doe
.
But
by
reason
that
what
he
did
against
the
Samians
,
he
is
thought
to
have
done
it
in
favour
of
Aspasia
,
and
to
gratifie
some
humour
or
design
of
hers
,
(
she
being
that
Country-woman
)
here
in
this
place
may
be
a
fit
occasion
most
properly
for
us
to
make
inquiry
concerning
this
Woman
,
what
cunning
art
or
charming
force
she
had
so
great
as
to
inveigle
and
captivate
,
as
she
did
,
the
chief
persons
of
the
Government
and
to
afford
the
Philosophers
occasion
so
much
to
discourse
about
her
,
and
not
to
her
disparagement
neither
.
Now
that
she
was
a
Milesian
by
birth
,
The
story
of
Aspasia
.
the
Daughter
of
one
Axiochus
,
is
a
thing
acknowledged
.
And
they
say
that
she
in
imitation
of
one
Thargelia
,
a
Courtisan
,
one
of
the
old
Ionian
stamp
,
used
to
make
her
addresses
to
personages
of
the
greatest
power
,
and
to
clap
them
on
board
.
For
that
same
Thargelia
being
a
handsome
Woman
Thargelia
such
another
.
to
see
to
,
and
having
a
gracefull
carriage
and
a
shrewd
wit
into
the
bargain
,
kept
company
with
a
great
many
of
the
Greeks
,
and
wrought
all
those
who
had
to
doe
with
her
over
to
the
Persian
King's
interest
,
and
by
their
means
,
being
men
of
the
greatest
power
and
quality
,
she
sowed
the
seeds
of
the
Median
Faction
up
and
down
in
several
Cities
.
And
for
this
Aspasia
they
say
that
she
A
shrewd
Woman
and
much
frequented
.
was
courted
and
caressed
by
Pericles
upon
the
account
of
her
wisedom
and
knowledge
in
State
affairs
.
For
Socrates
himself
would
sometimes
go
to
visit
her
and
fome
of
his
acquaintance
with
him
,
and
those
who
used
her
company
would
carry
their
Wives
along
with
them
to
her
,
as
it
were
to
Lecture
,
to
hear
her
discourse
,
though
by
the
way
the
House
she
kept
was
little
other
than
a
Vaulting
School
,
she
being
a
Governante
of
no
modest
or
creditable
imploy
,
but
keeping
a
parcel
of
young
Wenches
about
her
who
were
no
better
than
they
should
be
.
Now
,
Aeschines
saith
also
that
there
was
one
Lysicles
a
Grasier
or
Mutton-monger
,
who
of
a
great
Clown
and
a
pitifull
Sneaksby
,
as
naturally
he
was
,
did
by
keeping
Aspasia
company
after
Pericles
his
death
,
come
to
be
a
chief
man
among
the
people
of
Athens
.
And
in
a
Book
of
Plato's
intitled
Menexenus
,
though
the
first
part
of
it
is
written
with
some
pleasantry
and
sport
,
yet
there
is
so
much
of
History
in
it
,
that
she
was
a
Woman
,
with
whom
many
of
the
Athenians
convers'd
and
often
resorted
to
,
as
the
common
opinion
was
,
upon
the
account
of
her
Rhetorick
and
her
abilities
of
Discourse
.
But
I
must
needs
say
for
Pericles
his
share
,
that
the
inclination
and
fancy
he
had
for
her
appears
rather
to
have
proceeded
from
the
passion
of
love
.
For
he
had
a
Wife
that
Pericles
his
former
Wife
.
was
near
of
kin
to
him
,
who
had
been
married
formerly
to
Hipponicus
,
by
whom
she
had
a
Son
Callias
by
name
,
sirnamed
the
Rich
;
as
also
she
brought
Pericles
,
while
she
liv'd
with
him
,
two
Sons
,
Xanthippus
and
Paralus
.
Afterwards
when
they
could
not
well
agree
nor
like
to
live
together
,
he
parted
with
her
,
being
willing
and
consenting
to
it
,
to
another
man
,
and
himself
He
marries
Aspasia
.
took
Aspasia
to
Wife
,
whom
he
dearly
loved
with
wonderfull
affection
:
for
every
day
,
both
as
he
went
out
and
as
he
came
in
from
business
abroad
,
he
constantly
saluted
her
and
kiss'd
her
.
In
the
Comedies
she
goes
by
the
nick-names
The
Poets
Lampoon
her
.
of
young
Omphale
and
Deianira
(
the
one
Hercules
his
Mistress
,
the
other
his
Wife
)
and
again
she
was
called
Juno
,
(
as
Pericles
himself
was
called
Jupiter
.
)
Cratinus
hath
plainly
and
in
downright
terms
given
her
out
for
a
Whore
or
Harlot
in
these
Verses
,
speaking
of
her
Mother
.
Of
Juno
,
fair
Aspasia
by
name
,
The
good
old
Beldame's
safely
brought
to
Bed
;
A
wanton
Minks
,
a
Whore
,
a
Thing
past
shame
,
Bitch-fac'd
,
and
Born
without
a
Maiden-head
.
It
should
seem
also
that
he
had
a
Bastard
by
her
,
concerning
whom
Eupolis
in
a
Play
of
his
,
called
The
publick
Affairs
,
brings
in
Pericles
asking
in
this
manner
,
And
is
my
Bastard-son
alive
,
d'
ye
say
?
And
then
brings
in
Pyronides
making
answer
,
Alive
,
and
would
e're
this
many
a
fair
day
Have
been
a
Man
,
did
not
fear
of
foul
play
From
th'
Whore
his
Mother
keep
him
at
a
stay
.
Further
they
say
that
this
Aspasia
was
so
Another
so
called
Concubine
to
Cyrus
.
celebrated
and
renowned
a
Beauty
in
her
time
,
that
Cyrus
also
,
who
made
War
against
his
Brother
King
Artaxerxes
for
the
Persian
Monarchy
,
gave
her
whom
he
loved
the
best
of
all
his
Misses
or
Concubines
the
name
of
Aspasia
,
who
before
that
was
called
Milto
.
She
was
a
Phocian
by
Birth
,
the
Daughter
of
one
Hermotimus
,
who
when
Cyrus
fell
in
Battel
was
carried
to
the
King
and
was
in
great
favour
at
Court
.
These
things
coming
into
my
memory
,
as
I
am
writing
this
story
,
it
would
not
peradventure
be
civil
for
me
to
lay
aside
and
pass
them
by
.
Now
the
thing
they
quarrel
Pericles
for
,
An
account
of
the
Samian
War
.
was
that
he
proposed
to
the
Assembly
the
War
against
the
Samians
,
and
had
it
enacted
mainly
in
favour
of
the
Milesians
upon
the
request
and
intreaty
of
Aspasia
.
For
these
two
States
waged
a
War
for
the
mastery
The
ground
of
it
.
of
Priene
,
and
the
Samians
getting
the
better
on
't
refused
to
lay
down
their
Arms
and
to
have
the
Controversie
betwixt
them
debated
and
decided
before
the
Athenians
,
as
they
ordered
they
should
,
and
to
stand
to
their
award
.
Wherefore
Pericles
furnishing
out
a
Fleet
Pericles
changes
their
Government
.
went
and
broke
up
the
Oligarchy
which
was
at
Samos
,
(
that
is
,
the
Government
managed
by
some
few
of
the
Great
ones
)
and
He
takes
Hostages
of
them
.
taking
fifty
Hostages
of
the
principal
persons
of
the
Town
and
as
many
of
their
Children
,
he
sent
them
to
the
Isle
of
Lemnos
,
there
to
be
kept
.
Though
there
are
some
do
say
that
every
They
proffer
money
.
one
of
those
Hostages
did
severally
proffer
him
a
Talent
a
Head
by
way
of
ransome
,
and
that
those
who
had
no
mind
to
have
a
Democracy
or
popular
Government
in
the
City
tendred
him
many
other
presents
.
Moreover
Pissuthnes
the
Persian
,
one
of
the
King's
Lord-Lieutenants
,
bearing
some
good
will
to
the
Samians
,
sent
him
ten
thousand
Pistoles
or
pieces
of
Gold
to
excuse
the
City
.
Howbeit
Pericles
would
receive
none
He
refuseth
it
.
of
all
this
,
but
after
he
had
taken
that
course
with
the
Samians
,
as
he
thought
fit
,
and
set
up
a
Democracy
among
them
,
he
sail'd
back
to
Athens
.
But
they
immediately
revolted
,
Pissuthnes
They
revolt
.
having
privily
convey'd
away
their
Hostages
for
them
,
and
provided
themselves
with
all
things
necessary
for
the
War
.
Whereupon
Pericles
came
out
with
a
Fleet
a
second
time
against
them
,
whom
he
found
not
idle
with
their
hands
in
their
pockets
,
nor
in
a
sneaking
posture
as
if
they
were
daunted
at
his
coming
,
but
altogether
manfully
resolved
to
try
for
the
dominion
of
the
Sea
.
The
issue
of
it
all
was
,
that
after
a
brisk
They
are
beaten
in
a
Fight
at
Sea
.
and
sharp
Sea-fight
about
the
Island
called
Tragia
,
(
that
is
,
the
Isle
of
Goats
)
Pericles
obtain'd
a
gallant
Victory
,
having
with
forty
and
four
Sail
,
took
,
routed
and
sunk
,
threescore
and
ten
of
the
Enemies
,
whereof
twenty
were
Men
of
War
.
And
together
with
his
Victory
and
pursuit
They
are
block'd
up
in
Town
.
having
made
himself
master
of
the
Port
or
Harbour
he
laid
Siege
to
the
Samians
,
and
block'd
them
up
,
who
yet
notwithstanding
for
all
that
were
so
hardy
and
venturous
as
to
make
sallies
out
and
fight
under
the
City-walls
.
But
after
that
another
greater
Fleet
,
sent
as
a
fresh
supply
from
Athens
,
was
arrived
,
and
that
the
Samians
were
now
shut
up
with
a
close
Leaguer
on
every
side
,
Pericles
taking
with
him
threescore
Pericles
goes
off
with
60
Gallies
.
Galleys
,
sailed
out
into
the
main
Sea
;
with
a
resolution
,
as
most
Authours
give
the
account
,
to
meet
with
a
Squadron
of
Phenician
Ships
,
that
were
coming
for
the
Samians
relief
and
assistance
,
and
to
fight
them
at
as
great
distance
as
could
be
from
the
Island
;
but
,
as
Stesimbrotus
will
have
it
,
with
a
design
of
putting
over
to
Cyprus
:
which
doth
not
seem
to
be
probable
.
But
which
soever
of
the
two
was
his
intent
,
't
is
plain
he
was
in
an
errour
and
by
his
doing
as
he
did
gave
occasion
to
a
scurvy
miscarriage
.
For
he
being
put
out
to
Sea
,
Melissus
the
The
Samians
take
the
advantage
,
and
get
a
victory
.
Son
of
Ithagenes
,
a
man
of
parts
and
a
Philosopher
,
being
at
that
time
Admiral
of
Samos
,
made
but
little
reckoning
either
of
the
Ships
that
were
left
in
respect
of
their
small
number
,
or
of
the
Commanders
themselves
in
regard
of
their
want
of
skill
,
and
upon
this
account
prevail'd
with
the
Citizens
to
attack
and
set
upon
the
Athenians
.
And
the
Samians
having
won
the
Battel
,
and
taken
several
of
the
men
prisoners
,
and
sunk
and
spoil'd
several
of
the
Ships
,
were
masters
of
the
Sea
,
and
brought
into
Port
what
necessaries
they
wanted
for
the
War
and
had
not
before
.
Aristotle
saith
too
,
that
Pericles
himself
had
formerly
been
worsted
and
beaten
by
this
Melissus
in
a
Sea-fight
.
Now
the
Samians
,
that
they
might
requite
an
affront
which
had
before
been
put
upon
them
,
mark'd
(
either
by
an
Inscription
They
mark
the
Athenian
prisoners
with
an
Owl
.
or
Brand
)
those
Athenians
whom
they
took
prisoners
in
their
Foreheads
with
the
Picture
of
an
Owl
,
(
which
is
their
City-Crest
.
)
For
so
the
Athenians
had
mark'd
As
the
Athenians
had
done
them
with
a
Samaena
.
them
before
with
a
Samaena
,
which
is
a
sort
of
Ship
,
somewhat
low
and
flat
in
the
forepart
of
it
,
so
as
to
look
snut-nosed
,
but
wide
and
large
and
well-spread
in
the
hold
,
by
which
it
both
keeps
snug
upon
the
Water
and
proves
a
swift
sailer
besides
.
And
it
was
so
called
,
because
the
first
of
that
kind
was
seen
at
Samos
,
having
been
built
by
order
of
Polycrates
the
Tyrant
.
To
these
marks
or
brands
upon
the
Samians
foreheads
they
say
that
that
passage
in
Aristophanes
hath
a
secret
allusion
,
where
he
saith
,
The
Samian
people
(
fy
for
shame
!
)
For
store
of
Letters
have
great
fame
.
Pericles
,
as
soon
as
news
was
brought
Pericles
relieves
the
Army
.
him
of
the
disaster
that
had
befaln
his
Army
,
made
all
the
haste
he
could
to
come
in
to
their
relief
,
and
having
got
the
better
Beats
the
Samians
.
of
Melissus
,
who
bore
up
against
him
,
and
having
put
the
Enemies
to
flight
,
he
presently
Incloseth
them
with
a
Wall
.
hemm'd
them
in
with
a
Wall
,
resolving
to
master
them
and
take
the
Town
,
rather
with
some
cost
and
time
,
than
with
the
wounds
and
hazards
of
his
Citizens
.
But
inasmuch
as
it
was
a
hard
matter
to
keep
in
or
hold
back
the
Athenians
,
who
were
vexed
at
the
delay
,
and
were
eagerly
bent
to
fight
,
he
dividing
the
whole
multitude
into
eight
parts
or
bodies
of
men
,
ordered
the
business
by
lot
so
,
that
that
He
orders
a
Lottery
by
a
white
Bean.
part
which
had
the
white
Bean
should
have
leave
to
feast
and
take
their
ease
,
while
the
other
seven
were
busie
a
fighting
.
For
which
reason
they
say
also
,
that
people
,
when
at
any
time
they
have
been
merry
and
enjoy'd
themselves
,
call
such
a
day
a
white
day
in
allusion
to
this
white
Bean.
Ephorus
the
Historian
tells
us
besides
,
Engines
of
Battery
.
that
Pericles
made
use
of
Engins
of
Battery
in
this
Siege
,
being
much
taken
with
the
strangeness
of
the
invention
,
and
that
he
plaid
them
in
presence
of
Artemo
himself
the
Engineer
;
who
being
lame
was
used
to
be
carried
about
in
a
Litter
or
Sedan
upon
occasion
of
business
where
his
attendance
Artemo
why
called
Periphoretus
.
was
required
,
and
for
that
reason
was
called
Periphoretus
.
But
Heraclides
Ponticus
disproves
this
out
of
Anacreon's
Poems
,
where
mention
is
made
of
this
Artemo
Periphoretus
Another
account
of
him
.
several
Ages
before
the
Samian
War
or
any
of
those
passages
.
And
he
says
that
Artemo
being
a
man
who
lov'd
his
Belly
and
his
ease
,
and
had
a
tender
apprehension
of
danger
so
as
to
be
struck
down
with
fear
at
the
very
thoughts
of
it
,
did
for
the
most
part
keep
close
within
door
,
having
two
of
his
Servants
to
hold
a
brazen
Shield
over
his
Head
,
that
nothing
might
fall
upon
him
from
above
;
and
if
he
were
at
any
time
forced
upon
necessity
to
go
abroad
,
that
he
was
carried
about
in
a
Pallankeen
or
little
hanging
Bed
,
close
to
the
very
ground
almost
,
and
that
for
this
reason
he
was
called
Periphoretus
.
In
the
ninth
month
the
Samians
surrendring
Pericles
takes
the
Town
.
themselves
and
delivering
up
the
Town
,
Pericles
pull'd
down
their
Walls
,
and
seis'd
their
Shipping
,
and
set
a
Fine
of
a
great
sum
of
money
upon
them
;
part
of
which
they
paid
down
upon
the
nail
,
and
the
rest
they
agreed
to
bring
in
by
a
certain
time
and
gave
Hostages
for
security
.
Now
Duris
the
Samian
makes
a
Tragical
Duris
gives
a
tragical
account
of
it
.
outcry
of
this
Story
,
charging
the
Athenians
and
Pericles
with
a
great
deal
of
cruelty
,
which
neither
Thucydides
,
nor
Ephorus
,
nor
Aristotle
hath
given
any
relation
of
:
(
but
it
is
likely
enough
that
that
Authour
had
little
regard
to
truth
in
his
so
doing
;
)
as
how
that
he
brought
the
Captains
of
the
Galleys
and
the
Sea-men
into
the
Market-place
at
Miletum
,
and
there
having
bound
them
fast
to
Boards
for
ten
days
,
he
then
gave
order
to
have
them
,
poor
Wretches
,
who
were
already
as
good
as
half
dead
,
to
be
kill'd
by
beating
out
their
Brains
with
Clubs
,
and
their
dead
Bodies
to
be
flung
out
into
the
open
Streets
and
Fields
unburied
.
But
as
for
Duris
,
he
being
one
,
who
even
And
is
cenfured
for
it
.
where
he
hath
no
private
concern
of
his
own
,
is
not
wont
to
keep
his
historical
accounts
he
gives
within
the
compass
of
truth
,
it
is
the
more
likely
that
upon
this
occasion
he
hath
aggravated
the
calamities
which
befell
his
Country
,
on
purpose
to
draw
an
odium
upon
the
Athenians
.
Pericles
,
after
the
overthrow
of
Samos
,
Pericles
takes
care
for
the
burial
of
his
dead
.
as
soon
as
he
returned
back
to
Athens
,
he
took
care
that
those
who
died
in
the
War
should
be
honourably
buried
,
and
made
such
a
Funeral
Harangue
,
as
the
custom
is
,
in
their
commendation
at
their
Graves
and
Monuments
,
that
he
was
highly
admired
and
esteemed
for
it
.
As
he
came
down
from
the
Pulpit
(
or
The
Ladies
complement
him
.
place
where
they
delivered
their
Speeches
)
the
rest
of
the
Ladies
came
and
complemented
him
taking
him
by
the
hand
,
and
crowning
him
with
Garlands
and
Rubans
,
as
they
used
to
do
with
Gamesters
that
won
the
publick
Prizes
:
onely
Elpinice
Elpinice
privately
quips
him
.
coming
near
to
him
,
saith
she
,
These
are
brave
things
,
Pericles
,
that
you
have
done
,
and
such
as
deserve
our
Chaplets
,
who
have
lost
us
a
many
brave
worthy
Citizens
,
not
in
a
War
with
Phoenicians
or
Medes
,
(
Enemies
and
Foreigners
)
as
my
Brother
Cimon
wont
to
doe
,
but
for
the
overthrow
of
a
City
,
that
was
in
alliance
and
of
the
same
Country
and
Kindred
with
us
.
As
Elpinice
spoke
these
He
answers
her
pleasantly
.
words
,
he
gently
smiling
,
as
't
is
said
,
returned
her
this
Verse
of
Archilochus
for
answer
;
Old
Woman
,
as
you
are
,
You
should
not
powder
Hair
,
Nor
,
as
you
walk
,
perfume
the
Air
;
Leave
these
things
to
the
Young
and
Fair.
Now
Ion
saith
of
him
,
that
upon
this
exploit
He
is
said
to
have
been
conceited
of
this
Victory
.
of
his
conquering
the
Samians
,
he
entertain'd
a
strange
and
high
conceit
of
himself
,
in
that
,
whereas
Agamemnon
was
ten
years
a
taking
a
barbarous
City
,
he
had
in
nine
months
time
vanquished
and
taken
the
chiefest
and
the
most
powerfull
people
among
all
the
Ionians
.
And
indeed
it
was
As
he
had
reason
.
not
without
reason
that
he
assumed
this
glory
to
himself
;
for
,
to
say
the
truth
,
there
was
much
uncertainty
and
great
hazard
in
this
War
,
if
so
be
(
as
Thucydides
tells
us
)
the
Samian
State
were
come
to
that
pitch
,
that
they
were
within
a
very
little
of
wresting
the
whole
power
and
dominion
of
the
Sea
out
of
the
Athenians
hands
.
After
this
was
over
,
a
War
from
Peloponnesus
The
occasion
of
the
Peloponnesian
War
.
being
already
breaking
out
in
full
tide
,
he
advised
the
people
to
send
help
and
assistance
to
the
Corcyraeans
,
(
the
people
of
the
Island
now
called
Corfu
)
who
were
invaded
and
set
upon
by
the
Corinthians
,
and
to
take
into
their
protection
and
alliance
an
Island
so
strengthened
,
as
that
was
,
with
naval
power
;
seeing
that
the
Peloponnesians
were
already
,
more
than
ever
,
made
Enemies
against
them
.
The
Commons
readily
consenting
to
the
Pericles
sends
aid
to
Corcyra
,
by
Lacedaemonius
.
motion
,
and
voting
an
aid
and
succour
for
them
,
he
dispatch'd
away
Lacedaemonius
,
Cimon's
Son
,
having
onely
ten
Ships
along
with
him
,
as
it
were
out
of
a
design
to
affront
and
abuse
him
.
For
there
was
a
great
kindness
and
friendship
betwixt
Cimon's
Family
and
the
Lacedemonians
;
wherefore
His
spite
to
Cimon
's
Family
.
that
Lacedaemonius
might
lie
the
more
open
to
a
charge
or
suspicion
at
least
of
favouring
the
Lacedemonians
and
playing
booty
with
them
,
if
he
performed
no
considerable
or
handsome
exploit
in
this
conduct
and
service
,
he
allowed
him
such
a
small
number
of
Ships
,
and
sent
him
out
against
his
will
:
and
indeed
he
did
wholly
by
all
means
he
could
make
it
his
business
to
hinder
Cimon's
Sons
from
rising
in
the
State
,
pretending
that
by
their
very
names
they
were
not
to
be
look'd
upon
as
natives
of
the
Country
or
right-bred
Athenians
,
but
foreigners
and
strangers
,
inasmuch
as
one's
name
was
Lacedaemonius
,
another's
Thessalus
,
and
the
third's
Elius
;
and
they
were
all
three
of
them
,
as
it
was
thought
,
born
of
an
Arcadian
Woman
.
Wherefore
Pericles
being
but
ill
spoken
of
He
sends
more
help
but
too
late
.
upon
the
account
of
these
ten
Galleys
,
as
having
afforded
but
a
small
supply
to
the
poor
people
that
desired
it
,
and
given
a
great
advantage
to
those
who
might
call
him
in
question
,
he
sent
out
some
more
other
Ships
afterward
to
Corcyra
,
which
arrived
after
the
Fight
was
over
,
that
is
,
as
we
say
,
came
a
day
after
the
Fair
,
when
it
was
too
late
.
Now
when
the
Corinthians
being
deadly
Several
complaints
from
the
other
Greeks
against
the
Athenians
.
angry
with
the
Athenians
accused
them
publickly
at
Lacedaemon
,
the
Megarians
joined
with
them
,
complaining
that
they
were
,
contrary
to
common
right
and
the
articles
of
peace
agreed
upon
oath
among
the
Grecians
,
kept
out
and
driven
away
from
every
Market
and
from
all
Ports
,
where
the
Athenians
had
to
doe
,
to
the
hindrance
of
Commerce
and
the
decay
of
their
Trade
.
And
those
of
Aegina
,
appearing
to
have
been
grievously
ill
used
and
treated
with
violence
,
made
their
supplications
in
private
to
the
Lacedemonians
for
redress
,
as
not
daring
openly
to
call
the
Athenians
in
question
.
In
the
mean
time
the
City
Potidaea
,
(
being
under
the
dominion
of
the
Athenians
then
,
but
a
Colony
formerly
of
the
Corinthians
)
having
revolted
was
beset
with
a
formal
Siege
;
which
prov'd
an
occasion
of
hastning
on
the
War
.
Nay
and
yet
notwithstanding
all
this
,
The
business
of
Megara
the
main
occasion
of
the
War
.
there
being
Embassies
sent
to
Athens
,
and
Archidamus
the
King
of
the
Lacedemonians
endeavouring
to
bring
several
of
those
complaints
and
matters
in
dispute
to
a
fair
determination
and
decision
,
and
to
pacifie
and
allay
the
heats
of
the
allied
parties
,
it
is
very
likely
that
the
War
would
not
upon
any
other
grounds
of
quarrel
have
faln
from
all
sides
upon
the
Athenians
,
could
they
have
been
prevail'd
with
to
repeal
that
Ordinance
and
Decree
of
theirs
against
the
Megarians
,
and
to
be
reconciled
to
them
.
Upon
which
account
,
since
Pericles
was
the
man
,
who
mainly
opposed
it
,
and
stirr'd
up
the
people
,
continuing
in
his
peevish
and
stubborn
resolution
of
unkindness
and
quarrelsomeness
against
those
of
Megara
,
he
alone
bore
the
blame
and
was
look'd
upon
as
the
onely
cause
and
promoter
of
the
War
.
They
say
moreover
that
Ambassadours
Ambassadours
sent
from
Lacedaemon
about
it
.
went
by
order
from
Lacedaemon
to
Athens
about
this
very
business
,
and
that
,
when
Pericles
pretended
a
certain
Law
,
which
forbad
the
taking
down
the
Tablet
,
wherein
the
Decree
or
publick
Order
was
written
,
one
of
the
Ambassadours
,
Polyarces
Polyarces
his
device
to
reconcile
the
quarrel
.
by
name
should
say
,
Well!
do
not
take
it
down
then
,
but
turn
the
Tablet
inward
;
for
there
is
no
Law
,
I
suppose
,
which
forbids
that
.
This
though
it
were
prettily
said
,
and
might
have
serv'd
for
a
handsome
expedient
,
yet
Pericles
did
not
at
all
relent
nor
bate
an
ace
of
his
resolution
.
There
was
then
,
in
all
likelihood
,
some
The
ground
of
the
Athenians
quarrel
against
the
Megarians
.
secret
grudge
and
private
animosity
,
which
he
had
against
the
Megarians
.
Yet
he
upon
the
pretence
of
a
publick
and
manifest
charge
against
them
,
as
that
they
had
cut
down
a
holy
Grove
dedicated
to
the
Gods
or
imbezilled
a
piece
of
ground
consecrated
to
pious
uses
,
writes
an
Order
,
that
a
Herald
should
be
sent
to
them
,
and
the
same
person
to
the
Lacedemonians
,
with
an
accusation
of
the
Megarians
.
This
Order
of
Pericles
,
truth
is
,
shews
an
equitable
and
friendly
proceeding
enough
.
But
after
that
the
Herald
which
was
sent
,
The
quarrel
improv'd
by
the
Herald's
death
,
who
was
sent
to
them
.
by
name
Anthemocritus
,
died
,
and
it
was
thought
that
the
Megarians
had
contrived
his
death
and
made
him
away
,
then
Charinus
writes
a
Decree
against
them
,
that
there
should
be
an
irreconcileable
and
implacable
enmity
thenceforward
betwixt
the
two
Commonwealths
;
and
that
if
any
one
of
the
Megarians
should
but
set
his
foot
upon
any
part
of
the
Attick
Territories
,
he
should
be
put
to
death
;
and
that
the
Commanders
,
when
they
take
the
usual
Oath
,
should
,
over
and
above
that
,
swear
that
they
will
twice
every
year
make
an
inroad
into
the
Megarians
Country
;
and
that
Anthemocritus
should
be
buried
near
the
Thriasian
Gates
,
which
are
now
called
the
Dipylon
or
Double
Gate
.
On
the
other
hand
the
Megarians
utterly
The
Megarians
reflexion
upon
the
Herald's
death
.
denying
and
disowning
the
Murther
of
Anthemocritus
,
throw
the
whole
business
and
the
guilt
,
if
any
,
upon
Aspasia
and
Pericles
,
to
which
purpose
they
make
use
of
those
famous
and
commonly
known
Verses
out
of
a
Play
of
Aristophanes
,
called
the
Acharnes
.
Youngsters
of
Athens
went
to
Megara
,
Mad-fuddle-caps
,
to
keep
blind
Holiday
,
And
stole
Simaetha
the
Town-Whore
away
.
Nettled
at
this
,
Megarian
Youths
did
plot
Reprisal
,
and
to
Town
by
stealth
they
got
,
Where
two
Aspasian
Harlots
went
to
pot
.
The
true
rise
and
occasion
of
this
War
,
Pericles
hindred
the
rasing
of
the
Decree
against
the
Megarians
,
and
why
.
what
it
might
be
,
is
not
so
easie
to
find
out
.
But
that
that
Decree
,
we
mentioned
,
was
not
repeal'd
and
annulled
,
all
do
alike
charge
Pericles
with
being
the
cause
of
that
.
However
there
are
some
who
say
that
he
did
out
of
a
great
sense
and
height
of
spirit
stand
it
out
stiffly
with
a
resolution
for
the
best
;
accounting
that
the
Precept
and
Order
of
those
Embassies
was
designed
for
a
trial
of
their
compliance
and
yieldingness
,
and
that
a
concession
would
be
taken
for
a
confession
of
weakness
,
as
if
they
durst
not
doe
otherwise
.
And
other
some
there
are
who
say
that
he
did
rather
in
an
arrogant
bravado
and
a
wilfull
humour
of
contention
,
to
shew
his
own
gallantry
and
power
,
slight
and
set
little
by
the
Lacedemonians
.
But
that
which
is
the
worst
cause
and
The
likeliest
reason
why
Pericles
hindred
it
.
charge
of
all
,
and
which
is
confirmed
by
most
witnesses
,
we
have
in
a
manner
such
an
account
as
this
given
of
it
.
Phidias
the
Plasterer
or
Image-maker
had
,
as
hath
before
been
said
,
undertaken
to
make
the
Statue
of
Minerva
.
Now
he
being
familiarly
acquainted
with
Pericles
,
and
a
great
Favourite
of
his
,
had
many
enemies
upon
his
account
,
who
envied
and
maligned
him
:
who
also
,
to
make
trial
in
a
case
of
his
,
what
kind
of
Judges
the
Commons
would
prove
,
should
there
be
occasion
to
bring
Phidias
a
favourite
of
Pericles
accused
by
Menon
.
Pericles
himself
before
them
,
having
tampered
with
Menon
one
who
had
wrought
with
Phidias
,
they
place
him
in
the
Court
with
a
Petition
,
desiring
publick
security
upon
his
discovery
and
impeachment
of
Phidias
for
things
done
by
him
against
the
State
.
The
people
admitting
of
the
man
to
tell
his
story
,
and
the
prosecution
being
agreed
upon
in
the
Assembly
,
there
was
nothing
of
theft
or
cheat
charged
against
him
.
For
Phidias
had
immediately
from
the
very
first
beginning
so
wrought
and
wrapt
the
Gold
,
that
was
used
in
the
work
,
about
the
Statue
,
and
that
by
the
advice
of
Pericles
,
that
they
might
take
it
all
off
and
make
out
the
just
weight
of
it
;
which
Pericles
also
at
that
time
bade
the
accusers
to
doe
.
But
the
glory
and
reputation
of
his
His
main
crime
,
the
rarity
of
his
Work
.
Works
was
that
which
burthen'd
Phidias
and
crush'd
him
with
envy
;
especially
this
,
that
where
he
represents
the
Fight
of
the
Amazons
upon
the
Goddesses
Shield
,
he
had
express'd
a
kind
of
Figure
or
resemblance
of
himself
like
a
bald
old
man
holding
aloft
a
great
Stone
with
both
hands
;
and
had
put
in
a
very
fine
Picture
of
Pericles
fighting
with
an
Amazon
.
And
the
fashion
and
posture
of
the
Hand
which
held
out
the
Spear
,
over
against
Pericles
his
Face
,
was
with
that
curious
art
contrived
,
as
if
it
meant
to
hide
the
likeness
,
which
by
the
by
shew'd
it self
on
either
side
.
Well!
poor
Phidias
was
carried
away
to
He
is
sentenced
to
Prison
and
there
dies
.
Prison
,
and
there
died
of
a
Disease
or
some
other
Sickness
;
but
,
as
some
say
,
of
Poison
,
to
raise
a
slander
or
a
suspicion
at
least
upon
Pericles
,
though
it
were
by
the
procurement
and
preparation
of
his
enemies
.
As
to
the
Informer
Menon
,
upon
Glycon's
Menon
's
reward
.
proposal
,
the
people
made
him
free
from
payment
of
Taxes
and
Customs
,
and
ordered
the
Commanders
to
take
care
of
the
man's
safety
,
that
no
body
might
doe
him
any
harm
.
About
this
time
Aspasia
was
indited
of
Aspasia
impeached
.
Impiety
or
Irreligion
,
upon
the
complaint
of
Hermippus
a
writer
of
Comedies
,
who
also
laid
further
to
her
charge
,
that
she
was
Bawd
to
Pericles
and
entertained
Citizens
Wives
and
Daughters
for
his
use
.
And
Diopithes
proposed
a
Decree
,
that
information
should
be
given
in
against
such
persons
as
deny
a
Deity
,
and
those
who
teach
or
make
Discourses
concerning
Meteors
and
other
appearances
in
the
Sky
;
by
these
last
words
reaching
Pericles
a
box
on
the
ear
over
Anaxagoras
his
shoulder
.
The
people
receiving
and
admitting
all
Pericles
order'd
to
bring
in
his
Accounts
.
accusations
and
complaints
,
as
they
came
,
at
length
by
this
means
they
came
to
enact
a
Decree
,
at
the
motion
of
Dracontides
,
that
Pericles
should
bring
in
the
accounts
of
the
Moneys
he
had
expended
,
and
lodge
them
with
the
Prytanes
,
the
Magistrates
and
Judges
of
the
Treasury
;
and
that
the
Judges
carrying
their
suffrage
from
the
Altar
should
examine
and
determine
the
business
in
the
City
.
This
indeed
Agnon
This
order
put
into
general
terms
.
took
out
of
the
Decree
,
but
moved
that
causes
should
be
tried
before
the
1500
Judges
,
whether
one
would
name
it
an
action
of
robbery
,
or
of
bribery
,
or
of
any
whatever
injustice
.
As
to
Aspasia
,
Pericles
made
shift
to
beg
Aspasia
begg'd
off
by
Pericles
.
her
off
,
having
shed
abundance
of
tears
at
the
Trial
,
as
Aeschines
makes
the
relation
,
and
besought
the
Judges
in
her
behalf
.
But
fearing
how
it
might
go
with
Anaxagoras
,
He
sends
away
Anaxagoras
.
he
sent
him
away
and
brought
him
onward
on
his
way
out
of
the
City
.
And
whereas
he
had
in
Phidias
his
case
miscarried
and
found
the
people
awkward
and
averse
,
being
afraid
of
a
Court
of
Judges
,
He
promotes
the
War
.
he
set
fire
to
the
War
,
which
hitherto
had
lingered
and
smothered
,
and
blew
it
up
into
a
flame
;
hoping
by
that
means
to
scatter
those
mists
of
impeachments
which
they
were
raising
against
him
,
and
to
lower
that
envy
which
hung
over
him
;
the
City
usually
throwing
her self
upon
him
alone
and
trusting
to
his
sole
conduct
,
upon
the
urgency
of
great
affairs
and
publick
dangers
,
by
reason
of
his
authority
and
the
sway
he
bore
.
And
these
are
given
out
to
have
been
the
causes
,
for
which
Pericles
would
not
suffer
the
people
of
Athens
to
comply
with
the
Lacedemonians
or
yield
to
their
proposals
.
However
the
truth
of
it
,
whether
it
were
so
or
no
,
cannot
be
well
known
.
The
Lacedemonians
for
their
part
having
A
message
from
the
Lacedemonians
to
the
Athenians
.
an
assurance
,
that
if
they
could
pull
him
down
and
remove
him
out
of
the
way
once
,
they
might
be
at
what
terms
they
pleased
with
the
Athenians
,
they
sent
them
word
,
that
they
should
expiate
and
drive
out
from
among
them
that
horrid
crime
(
meaning
the
rebellion
of
Cylon
)
wherewith
the
kindred
of
Pericles
on
the
Mother's
side
was
tainted
,
as
Thucydides
hath
told
the
story
.
But
the
business
prov'd
quite
contrary
to
what
those
who
sent
this
message
expected
.
For
instead
of
bringing
Pericles
under
a
suspicion
It
doth
not
succeed
.
and
a
reproach
,
they
brought
him
into
a
far
greater
credit
and
esteem
with
his
Citizens
,
as
a
man
whom
their
Enemies
did
most
mightily
hate
and
fear
.
Wherefore
Pericles
prevents
suspicion
of
compliance
.
also
before
that
Archidamus
,
who
was
at
the
head
of
the
Peloponnesians
,
made
his
incursion
upon
Attica
,
he
told
the
Athenians
aforehand
,
that
if
Archidamus
,
while
he
laid
waste
and
made
havock
of
every
thing
else
in
the
Country
,
should
forbear
and
spare
his
Estate
,
he
had
there
,
either
upon
pretence
of
some
friendship
or
right
of
hospitality
,
that
was
betwixt
them
,
(
as
having
been
one
anothers
Guests
at
some
time
or
other
)
or
out
of
purpose
to
give
his
enemies
an
occasion
of
traducing
and
speaking
evil
of
him
,
that
then
he
did
freely
bestow
upon
the
State
all
that
his
Land
and
Houses
in
the
Country
to
be
imploy'd
in
the
publick
use
and
service
.
Well
,
the
Lacedemonians
together
with
The
Lacedemonians
come
in
with
a
great
Army
.
their
allies
come
with
a
great
Army
and
invade
the
Athenian
Territories
,
under
the
conduct
of
King
Archidamus
;
and
laying
waste
the
Country
marched
on
as
far
as
Acharnae
,
and
there
pitch'd
their
Camp
;
presuming
that
the
Athenians
would
never
endure
that
,
but
would
come
out
and
fight
them
for
their
Country's
and
their
honour's
sake
.
But
Pericles
is
not
for
giving
them
battel
.
Pericles
look'd
upon
it
as
a
dangerous
and
dismal
adventure
,
to
ingage
in
Battel
,
were
it
in
defence
of
the
City
it self
,
against
threescore
thousand
armed
men
of
Peloponnesians
and
Boeotians
,
for
so
many
they
were
in
number
,
that
made
the
inroad
at
first
:
and
he
endeavoured
to
appease
those
,
who
were
desirous
to
fight
and
were
griev'd
and
discontented
to
see
how
things
went
,
and
gave
them
good
words
,
saying
,
that
Trees
,
when
they
are
lopt
and
cut
,
grow
up
again
in
short
time
,
but
Men
being
once
lost
and
spoil'd
cannot
easily
be
recovered
again
.
He
did
not
convene
the
people
into
an
He
minds
the
publick
business
without
Assembly
,
for
fear
lest
they
should
force
him
from
his
own
resolution
or
drive
him
consulting
the
publick
or
taking
notice
of
peoples
discontents
.
beside
his
own
purpose
;
but
like
a
skilfull
Steersman
or
Pilot
of
a
Ship
,
who
,
when
a
storm
ariseth
or
a
sudden
gust
of
wind
sets
hard
at
Sea
,
having
put
all
things
on
board
to
rights
and
fitted
his
tackle
,
he
makes
use
of
his
art
of
Navigation
,
and
minds
the
business
of
the
Ship
,
taking
no
notice
of
the
tears
and
intreaties
of
the
Sea-sick
and
fearfull
passengers
:
so
he
having
shut
up
the
City-gates
,
and
placed
Guards
at
all
Posts
for
security
,
made
use
of
his
own
reasons
and
purposes
,
little
regarding
those
that
bawl'd
out
against
him
and
were
angry
at
his
management
.
Although
there
were
a
great
many
of
his
Friends
that
lay
hard
at
him
,
requesting
him
to
doe
otherwise
;
and
many
of
his
Enemies
,
threatning
and
accusing
him
for
doing
as
he
did
;
and
many
made
Ballads
and
Lampoons
and
Libells
upon
him
,
which
were
sung
about
Town
to
his
disgrace
,
reproaching
his
Generalship
for
being
cowardly
and
throwing
up
tamely
or
treacherously
all
their
concerns
into
the
Enemies
hands
.
And
Cleon
also
,
having
got
into
credit
Cleon
a
Ringleader
of
the
Malecontents
.
and
favour
with
the
people
so
as
to
set
up
for
a
Demagogue
,
and
seeing
how
the
Citizens
were
displeased
with
him
,
stuck
close
to
him
and
gave
him
broad
sides
;
as
Hermippus
hath
made
it
appear
in
these
Anapaests
of
his
,
a
kind
of
Comick
or
Lyrick
Verses
,
King
of
Satyrs
,
Woman-haunter
,
In
thy
words
of
War
a
Vaunter
;
Why
,
as
to
action
,
dost
thou
saunter
?
Why
wilt
not
carry
Lance
or
Spear
?
Or
heave
up
Pike
?
what
makes
thee
fear
,
As
if
thou
didst
the
Soul
of
Teles
[
](A55194-e82720-b)*
*
A
notorious
Coward
.
wear
?
Brave
Cleon
rasps
thee
to
the
Bone
,
As
Morglay
's
edge
is
sharp'd
with
Stone
;
Whet
,
Whet
,
he
cries
;
Courage
.
O
Hone
!
O
Hone
!
However
Pericles
was
not
at
all
moved
by
any
of
these
practices
of
theirs
,
but
took
all
patiently
,
and
in
silence
underwent
the
disgrace
they
threw
upon
him
and
the
ill
will
they
bore
him
.
And
sending
out
a
Pericles
sends
out
a
Fleet
to
the
Enemies
Country
.
Fleet
of
a
hundred
Sail
to
Peloponnesus
,
he
did
not
go
along
with
it
in
person
,
but
staid
behind
,
that
he
might
look
after
home
and
keep
the
City
in
order
,
till
the
Peloponnesians
should
break
up
Camp
and
be
gone
.
Yet
to
court
and
caress
the
common
people
,
who
were
jaded
and
in
disorder
about
the
War
,
he
reliev'd
and
refresh'd
them
with
He
divides
Moneys
and
Lands
among
the
people
.
distributions
of
publick
moneys
,
and
made
a
Law
for
the
division
of
Lands
by
lot
and
the
plantation
of
Colonies
.
For
having
turn'd
out
all
the
people
of
Aegina
,
he
parted
the
Island
among
the
Athenians
,
according
as
their
lot
fell
.
And
it
was
some
comfort
to
them
and
The
Enemies
sufferings
equal
to
theirs
.
ease
in
their
miseries
,
even
from
what
things
their
enemies
endured
.
For
they
in
the
Fleet
sailing
round
the
Peloponnese
,
ravaged
a
great
deal
of
the
Country
,
and
pillaged
and
plundred
the
Towns
and
smaller
Cities
.
And
by
Land
he
himself
went
with
an
Army
into
the
Megarian
Country
,
and
made
havock
of
it
all
.
By
which
means
it
appears
,
that
the
Peloponnesians
,
though
they
did
the
Athenians
a
world
of
mischief
by
Land
,
yet
suffering
as
much
themselves
from
them
by
Sea
,
would
not
have
drawn
out
the
War
to
such
a
length
,
but
would
quickly
have
given
it
over
,
as
Pericles
at
first
foretold
they
would
,
had
not
some
divine
power
crost
humane
purposes
.
Now
in
the
first
place
there
was
a
pestilential
A
great
Plague
breaks
out
.
Disease
or
Murrain
,
that
seiz'd
upon
the
City
and
ate
up
all
the
flower
and
prime
of
their
youth
and
strength
.
Upon
occasion
of
which
Distemper
,
the
people
,
being
afflicted
in
their
Souls
as
well
as
in
their
Bodies
,
were
utterly
inraged
like
Madmen
against
Pericles
,
and
in
the
same
nature
as
Patients
being
grown
delirious
in
a
high
Fever
use
to
behave
themselves
toward
their
Physician
or
be
it
their
Father
,
were
ready
to
fall
foul
upon
him
and
doe
him
a
mischief
.
For
it
had
been
buzz'd
in
their
ears
The
cause
of
it
imputed
to
Pericles
.
by
his
enemies
,
as
if
he
were
in
the
fault
,
perswading
them
that
the
occasion
of
the
Plague
was
the
crowding
of
so
many
Country
people
together
into
Town
;
in
that
they
were
forced
now
in
the
Summer
time
in
the
heat
of
the
weather
to
dwell
a
many
of
them
together
higgledy
piggledy
in
pitifull
little
Tenements
and
sultry
Hovels
,
enough
to
stifle
them
;
and
to
be
tied
to
a
lazy
course
of
life
within
doors
,
when
as
before
they
lived
in
a
pure
,
open
and
free
air
.
The
cause
and
authour
of
all
this
,
said
they
,
is
he
,
who
upon
the
account
of
the
War
hath
poured
a
multitude
of
people
from
the
Country
in
upon
us
within
the
Walls
,
and
puts
so
many
men
as
he
has
here
upon
no
imploy
or
service
,
but
keeps
them
pent
up
like
Cattel
in
a
pound
,
and
lets
them
be
overrun
with
infection
from
one
another
,
affording
them
neither
shift
of
quarters
nor
any
refreshment
.
He
designing
to
remedy
these
things
,
He
goes
out
with
a
great
Fleet.
and
withall
to
doe
the
enemy
some
inconvenience
,
got
a
hundred
and
fifty
sail
of
Ships
ready
and
fill'd
them
with
men
,
and
having
imbarked
a
many
stout
Souldiers
both
Foot
and
Horse
was
about
to
weigh
Anchor
,
giving
great
incouragement
of
hope
to
his
Citizens
and
no
less
an
alarm
of
fear
to
his
Enemies
,
upon
the
sight
of
so
great
a
force
.
And
now
the
Vessels
having
their
complement
of
men
,
and
Pericles
being
gone
aboard
the
Admiral
his
own
Galley
,
it
happened
that
the
Sun
was
in
an
An
Eclipse
of
the
Sun
happens
.
Eclipse
and
it
grew
dark
on
a
sudden
,
to
the
extreme
affrightment
of
them
all
,
looking
upon
it
as
a
dismal
token
and
an
unlucky
ill-boding
Omen
.
Wherefore
Pericles
perceiving
His
device
to
cure
the
Pilot
of
his
fear
.
the
Pilot
or
Steersman
seis'd
with
a
great
fear
and
at
a
stand
what
to
doe
,
he
took
his
Cloak
and
put
it
before
the
man's
Face
,
and
muffling
him
up
in
it
that
he
could
not
see
,
he
ask'd
him
whether
he
did
imagine
there
was
any
dreadfull
thing
or
great
hurt
in
this
that
he
had
done
to
him
,
or
whether
he
thought
it
was
the
sign
of
any
hurt
;
he
answering
,
No
;
Why
?
said
he
,
and
what
does
that
there
differ
from
this
,
onely
that
that
which
hath
caused
that
darkness
there
,
is
something
greater
than
a
Cloak
?
But
these
are
things
fit
to
be
discoursed
in
the
Schools
of
Philosophy
.
Well
,
Pericles
,
after
he
had
put
out
to
Sea
,
as
he
seems
not
to
have
done
any
other
exploit
befitting
such
an
apparade
and
equipage
;
so
when
he
had
besieged
the
holy
He
besiegeth
Epidaurus
,
but
miscarries
.
City
Epidaurus
,
which
gave
him
some
hope
as
if
it
would
or
might
be
taken
,
he
miscarried
in
his
design
by
reason
of
the
Sickness
.
For
it
did
not
onely
seise
upon
the
Athenians
and
destroy
them
,
but
also
without
any
difference
any
others
that
upon
any
occasion
mix'd
with
them
or
had
ought
to
doe
in
the
Army
it
carried
them
off
too
for
company
.
After
this
finding
that
the
Athenians
were
He
cajoles
the
people
in
vain
.
very
ill
affected
towards
and
highly
displeased
with
him
,
he
tried
and
indeavoured
what
he
could
to
appease
them
by
giving
them
good
words
and
to
reincourage
their
confidence
in
him
.
But
he
could
not
pacifie
or
allay
their
anger
,
nor
perswade
them
to
any
thing
or
prevail
with
them
any
way
,
till
they
freely
past
their
Votes
upon
him
,
and
taking
the
staff
into
their
own
hands
He
is
turn'd
out
of
Office
and
fined
.
they
took
away
his
command
from
him
and
fined
him
in
a
round
sum
of
money
;
which
by
their
account
that
say
least
was
fifteen
Talents
,
and
they
which
reckon
most
name
fifty
.
Now
he
who
was
set
down
at
his
Trial
to
be
his
Accuser
,
was
Cleon
,
as
Idomeneus
tells
us
;
but
Simmias
,
according
to
Theophrastus
;
and
Heraclides
Ponticus
has
named
Lacratidas
for
the
man
.
After
this
the
publick
heats
and
affairs
too
might
quickly
come
to
a
repose
and
be
at
quiet
,
the
Commonalty
having
discharged
His
domestick
misfortunes
.
their
spleen
and
passion
upon
him
(
as
Wasps
do
their
sting
)
together
with
the
mortal
wound
they
gave
him
.
But
his
private
domestick
concerns
were
in
a
wretched
untoward
condition
,
he
having
lost
not
a
few
of
his
Friends
and
acquaintance
in
the
plague
time
,
and
those
of
his
Family
having
long
since
been
in
disorder
and
in
a
kind
of
mutiny
against
him
.
For
the
eldest
of
his
lawfully
His
eldest
Son's
quarrel
to
him
.
begotten
Sons
,
Xanthippus
by
name
,
being
both
by
nature
given
to
expense
,
and
marrying
a
young
and
costly
Dame
,
the
Daughter
of
Isander
(
who
was
the
Son
of
Epilycus
)
was
highly
offended
at
his
Father's
niggardly
thrift
,
making
him
but
a
scanty
bare
allowance
,
and
giving
it
him
by
little
and
little
at
a
time
.
Wherefore
he
sent
to
a
Friend
one
day
and
borrow'd
some
money
of
him
,
in
his
Father
Pericles
name
,
pretending
it
was
by
his
order
.
But
the
man
coming
afterward
to
demand
the
debt
,
Pericles
was
so
far
from
yielding
to
pay
it
,
that
he
arrested
the
man
and
entred
an
action
against
him
.
Upon
which
the
young
man
Xanthippus
thought
himself
so
heinously
used
and
highly
disobliged
,
that
he
openly
reviled
his
Father
.
And
first
by
way
of
droll
and
raillery
He
abuseth
his
Father
with
stories
.
he
ridicul'd
him
by
telling
stories
,
what
his
carriages
and
conversations
were
at
home
,
and
what
kind
of
discourses
he
had
with
the
Sophisters
and
Scholars
that
came
to
his
House
.
As
for
instance
,
how
,
Epitimius
A
Law
case
about
the
death
of
a
Horse
.
the
Pharsalian
(
one
who
was
a
practiser
of
all
the
five
Games
of
Skill
)
having
with
a
Dart
or
Javelin
unawares
against
his
will
struck
and
kill'd
a
Horse
that
stood
in
the
way
,
his
Father
spent
a
whole
day
with
Protagoras
in
a
serious
and
learned
dispute
,
whether
the
Javelin
or
the
Man
that
threw
it
or
the
Masters
of
the
Game
,
who
appointed
these
Sports
,
were
according
to
the
strictest
and
best
reason
to
be
accounted
the
cause
of
this
mischance
or
Horse-slaughter
:
whereas
,
and
make
the
worst
of
it
,
it
was
but
chance-medley
.
Further
,
beside
this
,
Stesimbrotus
tells
us
,
that
it
was
Xanthippus
self
,
who
spread
abroad
among
the
people
that
infamous
story
concerning
his
own
Wife
,
how
his
Father
should
make
him
Cuckold
:
and
that
this
untoward
grudge
of
the
young
man
's
against
his
Father
,
and
unnatural
breach
betwixt
them
,
which
was
never
to
be
healed
or
made
up
,
continued
with
him
till
his
very
dying
day
.
For
Xanthippus
died
in
the
Plague-time
of
the
Sickness
.
At
which
time
Pericles
also
lost
his
Sister
Pericles
his
loss
of
friends
by
death
.
and
the
greatest
part
of
his
Kinsfolks
and
Friends
,
and
those
who
had
been
most
usefull
and
serviceable
to
him
in
managing
the
affairs
of
State
.
However
he
did
not
shrink
or
give
out
upon
these
occasions
,
nor
His
unconcernedness
.
did
he
betray
or
lower
his
high
spirit
and
the
greatness
of
his
mind
under
all
his
misfortunes
and
those
calamities
which
befell
him
.
Nay
,
so
unconcern'd
and
so
great
a
master
of
his
passions
he
was
or
at
least
seemed
to
be
,
that
he
was
never
known
to
weep
or
to
mourn
and
pay
the
Funeral
Rites
to
any
of
his
dead
Friends
,
nor
was
so
much
as
seen
at
the
Burial
of
any
of
his
Relations
,
till
at
last
he
lost
the
onely
Son
which
was
left
of
those
who
were
lawfully
begotten
,
his
Son
Paralus
.
This
touch'd
His
younger
Son's
death
troubles
him
.
him
home
and
made
him
bow
and
relent
;
and
yet
he
striv'd
what
he
could
to
maintain
his
principle
of
gravity
and
to
preserve
and
keep
up
the
greatness
of
his
Soul
:
but
all
would
not
doe
;
for
when
he
came
to
perform
the
ceremony
of
putting
a
Garland
or
Chaplet
of
Flowers
upon
the
Head
of
the
Corps
,
he
was
vanquished
by
his
passion
at
the
sight
,
so
that
he
burst
out
a
crying
and
pour'd
forth
abundance
of
tears
,
having
never
done
any
such
thing
in
all
the
rest
of
his
life
before
.
After
all
,
the
City
having
made
trial
of
He
is
invited
again
to
the
Government
.
other
Generals
for
the
conduct
of
War
and
Oratours
for
business
of
State
,
when
they
found
there
was
no
one
who
was
of
weight
enough
to
counterballance
such
a
charge
,
or
of
authority
sufficient
to
be
trusted
with
so
great
a
Command
;
then
they
hankerd
after
their
old
Friend
and
Servant
Pericles
,
and
solemnly
invited
him
to
the
Tribunal
or
pleading
place
,
and
desired
him
to
accept
of
the
Office
of
General
or
Commander
in
chief
again
.
He
was
then
in
a
very
pensive
condition
,
and
kept
in
at
home
,
as
a
close
Mourner
;
but
was
perswaded
by
Alcibiades
and
others
of
his
Friends
to
come
abroad
and
shew
himself
to
the
people
:
who
having
upon
his
appearance
made
their
acknowledgments
and
apologized
for
their
ingratitude
and
untowardly
usage
of
him
,
he
undertook
the
publick
affairs
once
more
,
He
undertakes
it
.
and
being
chosen
Praetor
or
chief
Governour
,
he
brought
in
a
Bill
that
the
Statute
concerning
Bastard-issue
,
which
he
himself
had
formerly
caused
to
be
made
,
might
be
repealed
:
that
so
the
name
and
race
or
off-spring
of
his
Family
might
not
,
for
want
of
a
lawfull
Heir
to
succeed
,
be
wholly
and
utterly
lost
and
extinguished
.
Now
the
business
of
that
Statute
or
Law
The
Law
of
Bastardy
.
stood
thus
.
Pericles
when
long
ago
he
flourished
in
the
State
and
had
(
as
hath
been
said
)
Children
lawfully
begotten
,
proposed
a
Law
that
those
onely
should
be
reputed
true
Citizens
of
Athens
,
who
were
born
of
such
Parents
as
were
both
Athenians
.
After
An
Instance
of
its
inconvenience
.
this
the
King
of
Egypt
having
sent
to
the
Commons
,
by
way
of
present
,
forty
thousand
Bushels
of
Wheat
,
which
were
to
be
distributed
and
shared
out
among
the
Citizens
,
there
sprung
up
a
great
many
Actions
and
Suits
against
Bastards
,
by
vertue
of
that
Edict
,
which
till
that
time
had
not
been
known
,
nor
taken
notice
of
;
and
several
persons
besides
were
trepann'd
and
insnar'd
by
false
accusations
.
There
were
little
less
than
five
thousand
,
who
were
caught
in
this
State-trap
,
and
having
lost
the
freedom
of
the
City
were
sold
for
Slaves
;
and
those
who
induring
the
test
remained
in
the
Government
and
past
muster
for
right
Athenians
,
were
found
upon
the
Poll
to
be
fourteen
thousand
and
forty
persons
in
number
.
Now
though
it
look'd
somewhat
odd
and
strange
,
Pericles
his
proposal
to
repeal
it
.
that
a
Law
,
which
had
been
carried
on
so
far
against
so
many
people
,
should
be
broken
and
cancell'd
again
by
the
same
man
that
made
it
;
yet
the
present
calamity
and
distress
,
which
Pericles
labour'd
under
as
to
his
Family
,
broke
through
all
objections
and
prevail'd
with
the
Athenians
to
pity
him
,
as
one
who
by
those
losses
and
misfortunes
had
sufficiently
been
punished
for
his
former
arrogance
and
haughtiness
.
And
therefore
being
of
opinion
,
that
he
had
been
shrewdly
handled
by
divine
vengeance
of
which
he
had
run
so
severe
a
Gantlop
,
and
that
his
request
was
such
as
became
a
man
to
ask
and
men
to
grant
;
they
yielded
that
he
should
inroll
his
Bastard-son
His
Bastard
Son
legitimated
.
in
the
register
of
his
own
Ward
by
his
paternal
name
.
This
very
Son
of
his
afterward
,
when
he
had
defeated
the
Peloponnesians
in
a
Sea-fight
near
the
Islands
called
Arginusae
,
was
put
to
death
by
the
people
together
with
his
fellow-Captains
,
his
Colleagues
in
that
Commission
.
About
that
time
,
when
his
Son
was
inroll'd
,
Pericles
is
sick
of
the
Plague
.
it
should
seem
,
the
Plague
seis'd
Pericles
,
not
with
sharp
and
violent
fits
,
as
it
did
others
that
had
it
,
but
with
a
dull
and
lingring
Distemper
,
through
various
changes
and
alterations
,
leisurely
by
little
and
little
wasting
the
strength
of
his
Body
,
and
undermining
the
noble
faculties
of
his
Soul
.
So
that
Theophrastus
in
his
Morals
,
having
made
a
moot-point
,
Whether
mens
Manners
change
with
their
Fortunes
,
and
their
Souls
being
jogg'd
and
disturb'd
by
the
ailings
of
their
Bodies
do
start
aside
from
the
rules
of
Vertue
;
hath
left
it
upon
record
,
that
Pericles
,
when
he
was
sick
,
shew'd
one
of
his
Friends
that
came
to
visit
him
an
Amulet
or
Charm
,
that
the
Women
Wears
an
Amulet
about
his
Neck
.
had
hung
about
his
Neck
;
as
much
as
to
say
,
that
he
was
very
sick
indeed
,
when
he
would
admit
of
or
indure
such
a
foolery
as
that
was
.
When
he
was
drawing
on
and
near
his
time
,
the
best
of
the
Citizens
and
those
of
his
Friends
,
who
were
left
alive
,
sitting
about
him
,
were
discoursing
of
his
Vertue
As
his
Friends
were
discoursing
of
him
,
and
Authority
,
how
great
it
was
,
and
were
reckoning
up
his
famous
Actions
and
Atchievements
and
the
number
of
his
Victories
;
for
there
were
no
less
than
nine
Trophies
,
which
he
as
their
chief
Commander
and
Conquerer
of
their
Enemies
had
set
up
for
the
honour
of
the
City
and
State
.
These
things
they
talk'd
of
together
among
themselves
,
as
though
he
did
not
understand
or
mind
what
they
said
,
but
had
been
utterly
bereft
of
his
senses
.
But
he
had
listned
all
He
overhears
them
and
makes
a
worthy
Reply
.
the
while
and
given
good
heed
to
all
the
passages
of
their
discourse
,
and
speaking
out
among
them
said
,
that
he
wondred
they
should
commend
and
take
notice
of
those
things
in
him
,
which
were
as
much
owing
to
Fortune
as
to
any
thing
else
,
and
had
happen'd
to
many
other
Captains
in
former
times
as
well
as
to
him
;
and
that
at
the
same
time
they
should
not
speak
or
make
mention
of
that
which
was
the
most
excellent
and
greatest
thing
of
all
.
For
,
said
he
,
there
was
never
any
of
all
my
Fellow-Citizens
that
ever
wore
Black
or
put
on
Mourning
upon
my
account
or
long
of
me
:
meaning
that
he
had
not
in
all
his
Government
been
the
cause
of
any
ones
death
,
either
by
ordering
or
procuring
it
.
A
brave
Man
,
a
wonderfull
great
Personage
,
An
Encomium
of
him
.
without
all
peradventure
!
not
onely
upon
the
account
of
his
gentle
behaviour
and
mild
temper
,
which
all
along
in
the
many
affairs
of
his
life
and
those
shrewd
animosities
which
lay
upon
him
he
constantly
kept
up
and
maintain'd
,
but
also
of
his
generous
great
spirit
and
high
sentiment
,
that
he
esteem'd
that
to
be
the
best
of
all
his
good
qualities
,
that
having
been
in
such
an
absolute
uncontrollable
power
,
as
he
had
had
,
he
never
had
gratified
his
envy
or
his
passion
in
any
thing
to
any
other
man's
hurt
,
nor
ever
had
treated
any
enemy
of
his
,
as
if
he
were
incurable
,
that
is
,
unreconcileable
and
one
who
in
time
might
not
become
a
friend
.
And
to
me
it
His
good
qualities
made
him
deserve
the
title
of
Olympius
.
appears
that
this
one
thing
of
him
did
make
that
otherwise
childish
and
arrogant
Title
they
gave
him
in
Nicknaming
him
Olympius
(
that
is
,
the
Heavenly
or
Godlike
)
to
be
without
envy
and
truly
becoming
him
;
I
mean
his
kind
and
courteous
carriage
and
a
pure
and
untainted
unblemish'd
conversation
in
the
height
of
power
and
place
:
According
to
those
apprehensions
and
resentments
we
have
of
the
Gods
themselves
in
their
kind
;
whom
,
upon
this
account
that
they
are
naturally
the
authours
of
all
good
things
and
are
not
the
authours
of
any
evil
,
we
do
think
worthy
to
rule
and
govern
the
World
.
Not
as
the
Poets
rudely
fancy
,
who
confounding
us
with
their
foolish
unmannerly
The
Poets
mistake
who
ascribe
passions
to
the
Gods
.
conceits
and
opinions
,
are
taken
tardy
in
their
own
Poems
and
fictious
Stories
,
when
they
call
the
place
indeed
wherein
they
say
the
Gods
make
their
abode
,
a
secure
and
quiet
seat
,
free
from
all
hazards
and
commotions
,
not
troubled
with
Winds
,
nor
darkned
with
Clouds
;
but
at
all
times
alike
shining
round
about
with
a
soft
serenity
and
a
pure
light
,
inasmuch
as
such
a
temper'd
station
is
most
agreeable
and
sutable
for
a
blessed
and
immortal
nature
to
live
in
:
and
yet
in
the
mean
while
do
affirm
that
the
Gods
themselves
are
full
of
trouble
and
enmity
and
anger
and
other
passions
,
which
no
way
become
or
belong
to
even
Men
that
have
any
understanding
.
But
this
will
perhaps
seem
a
subject
fitter
for
some
other
consideration
,
and
that
ought
to
be
treated
of
in
some
other
place
.
Well!
the
success
of
publick
affairs
after
Pericles
is
mist
after
his
death
.
Pericles
his
death
did
beget
a
quick
and
speedy
sense
of
his
loss
,
and
a
want
and
desire
of
such
a
conduct
as
his
had
been
.
For
those
who
,
while
he
lived
,
ill
resented
his
great
authority
,
as
that
which
eclipsed
them
and
darkned
their
lights
,
presently
after
his
quitting
the
Stage
makeing
trial
of
other
Oratours
and
Demagogues
,
did
readily
acknowledge
that
there
never
had
been
in
nature
such
a
disposition
as
his
was
,
either
more
moderate
and
reasonable
in
the
height
of
that
state
he
took
upon
him
,
or
more
grave
and
solemn
in
the
methods
of
that
mildness
which
he
used
.
And
that
invidious
His
seeming
Arbitrariness
excused
and
commended
.
pretended
arbitrary
power
,
about
which
they
made
such
a
splutter
and
formerly
gave
it
the
name
of
Monarchy
and
Tyranny
,
did
then
appear
to
have
been
the
chief
rampart
and
bulwark
of
safety
,
which
the
Government
and
Commonwealth
had
.
So
great
a
corruption
and
murrain
and
such
abundance
of
wicked
ill
humours
had
got
into
publick
affairs
,
which
he
by
keeping
them
weak
and
low
did
cover
and
disguise
from
being
much
taken
notice
of
,
and
by
snubbing
of
them
did
hinder
them
from
growing
incurable
through
a
licentious
impunity
.
The
End
of
Pericles
's
Life
.
The
Translatour
of
Pericles
's
Life
his
Advertisement
to
the
Reader
.
OVR
great
Authour
having
a
peculiar
Idiom
of
his
own
and
a
propriety
of
style
by
himself
,
in
the
use
of
such
Words
and
Phrases
,
as
are
hardly
to
be
met
with
in
any
other
Greek
Writer
;
it
would
require
as
much
pains
and
take
up
as
much
paper
to
justifie
the
Translation
,
as
it
did
to
make
it
.
I
shall
onely
charge
this
vacant
Page
with
two
or
three
brief
Notes
of
that
nature
.
Caesar
seeing
belike
—
took
occasion
to
ask
.
]
In
the
Greek
it
is
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Where
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
standing
in
the
middle
as
it
doth
,
is
referible
to
both
Verbs
:
that
he
saw
them
as
it
hapned
,
that
is
,
belike
;
and
that
,
as
it
was
meet
or
apt
for
one
to
doe
,
he
askt
them
,
that
is
,
as
I
express
it
,
he
took
occasion
to
ask
.
Io●t-head
.
]
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Clot-head
,
in
allusion
to
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
i.
e.
Cloud-gatherer
,
an
Epithet
given
by
Homer
to
Jupiter
.
Bitch-fac'd
.
]
So
properly
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
signifies
.
That
which
follows
,
and
Born
without
a
Maiden-head
,
alludes
to
a
passage
in
Petronius
Arbiter
,
where
Quar●illa
,
I
take
it
,
speaking
of
her self
saith
thus
;
Junonem
iratam
habeam
,
si
me
unquam
memini
fuisse
virginem
:
meaning
,
that
she
had
been
a
Whore
time
out
of
mind
,
and
could
not
her self
remember
that
ever
she
was
a
Maid
.
FABIUS
MAXIMUS
.
portrait of Fabius Maximus
THE
LIFE
OF
FABIUS
M.
Englished
from
the
Greek
,
By
John
Caryl
,
Esq
HAving
related
the
memorable
actions
of
Pericles
,
let
us
now
proceed
to
the
Life
of
Fabius
.
It
is
said
,
that
the
first
of
the
name
was
a
Son
of
Hercules
,
and
of
a
Nymph
,
or
some
Woman
of
that
Country
,
who
brought
him
forth
on
the
banks
of
Tyber
,
and
that
he
was
a
Person
famous
and
powerfull
in
Rome
:
Others
will
have
it
,
that
they
were
first
called
Fodians
,
because
the
Race
of
them
delighted
in
digging
pit-falls
for
wild
Beasts
,
and
that
in
process
of
time
,
and
by
corruption
of
language
,
they
grew
to
be
called
Fabians
.
But
these
things
be
they
true
or
false
,
certain
it
is
,
that
this
Family
hath
for
a
long
time
yielded
great
store
of
eminent
Persons
;
Our
Fabius
,
who
was
fourth
in
descent
from
that
Fabius
Rutilianus
,
who
first
brought
the
honourable
sirname
of
Maximus
into
his
Family
,
was
also
by
way
of
nick-name
called
Verrucosus
from
a
Wart
on
his
upper
Lip
,
and
in
his
Childhood
they
in
like
manner
named
him
Ovicula
,
by
reason
of
his
extreme
mildness
of
Nature
.
His
slowness
in
speaking
,
his
long
labour
and
pains
in
learning
,
his
little
concern
in
the
sports
and
divertisements
of
his
equals
,
his
easie
submission
to
every
body
,
as
if
he
had
no
will
of
his
own
,
made
those
who
judged
superficially
of
him
(
the
number
of
which
sort
of
Judges
is
always
the
greatest
)
esteem
him
insensible
and
stupid
;
And
few
were
they
,
who
could
penetrate
into
the
firmness
of
his
Courage
,
and
greatness
of
his
Mind
.
But
as
soon
as
he
came
into
Employments
,
his
Vertues
exerted
and
shewed
themselves
;
his
reputed
Dulness
did
then
appear
to
be
the
steddiness
,
and
intrepid
bravery
of
his
Soul
;
his
slowness
in
words
,
and
actions
,
to
be
the
effect
of
a
consummated
Prudence
,
which
always
laid
them
by
,
till
they
were
thoroughly
ripe
;
and
his
easie
compliance
to
the
bent
of
others
,
to
be
a
noble
pride
of
his
heart
,
thinking
it
beneath
him
to
contend
about
trifles
.
Fabius
,
considering
that
the
grandieur
Fabius
by
generous
purposes
aspires
to
renown
.
of
Rome
proceeded
from
Military
Vertue
,
and
was
by
the
same
means
to
be
preserved
,
did
therefore
inure
his
Body
to
labour
and
exercise
,
wisely
judging
,
that
natural
strength
was
the
best
Armour
:
He
also
trained
himself
in
the
Art
of
Speaking
and
Perswading
;
For
words
and
discourses
are
the
Engines
,
by
which
Minds
are
moved
;
And
he
attained
to
such
a
kind
of
Eloquence
,
that
his
manner
of
speaking
,
and
of
acting
was
perfectly
the
same
;
for
although
it
had
not
much
of
Ornament
,
nor
Artifice
,
yet
there
was
in
it
great
weight
of
Sense
;
it
was
strong
and
sententious
;
much
after
the
way
of
Thucydides
.
We
have
yet
extant
his
Funeral
Oration
upon
the
death
of
his
Son
,
who
died
Consul
,
which
he
recited
before
the
People
.
He
was
five
times
Consul
,
and
in
his
first
Consulship
he
had
the
honour
of
a
Triumph
for
the
Victory
he
gained
upon
the
Ligurians
,
whom
he
defeated
in
a
set
Battel
,
and
drove
them
to
take
shelter
in
the
Alpes
,
from
whence
they
never
after
made
any
inroad
,
nor
depredation
upon
their
Neighbours
.
After
this
Hannibal
came
into
Italy
,
who
at
his
first
entrance
having
gained
a
great
Battel
near
the
River
Trebia
,
travers'd
Hannibal
's
first
prodigious
march
into
Italy
.
all
Tuscany
with
his
victorious
Army
,
and
desolating
the
Country
round
about
,
fill'd
Rome
it self
with
astonishment
and
terrour
.
Besides
unusual
Thunder
and
Lightning
then
happening
,
the
report
of
several
ill-boding
Portents
did
much
increase
this
popular
consternation
.
For
it
was
said
,
that
some
Targets
did
sweat
Bloud
;
that
at
Antium
,
when
they
reap'd
their
Corn
,
many
of
the
Ears
were
fill'd
with
Bloud
;
that
it
had
rained
Fire
;
that
the
Phalerians
had
seen
the
Heavens
open
and
several
Scrolls
in
form
of
Lots
falling
down
,
in
one
of
which
it
was
plainly
writ
,
Now
Mars
himself
does
brandish
his
Arms.
But
these
Prodigies
had
no
effect
upon
the
impetuous
and
fiery
temper
of
the
Consul
Flaminius
,
whose
natural
promptness
had
been
much
heightned
by
his
late
Victory
over
the
Gauls
,
though
he
fought
them
contrary
to
the
order
of
the
Senate
and
the
advice
of
his
Collegue
:
so
that
nothing
would
satisfie
him
but
a
Battel
with
Hannibal
.
Fabius
on
the
other
side
thought
it
not
seasonable
to
engage
with
the
Enemy
;
not
that
he
much
regarded
those
talk'd
of
Prodigies
,
which
he
took
to
be
either
fictitious
or
casual
;
but
in
regard
the
Carthaginian
Army
was
in
a
wasting
condition
,
without
a
possibility
of
recruits
,
without
Magazines
,
the
Souldier
unpaid
;
so
that
their
onely
hope
and
safety
was
in
a
Battel
:
But
if
let
alone
,
watch'd
and
observed
,
the
neighbouring
Garrisons
in
the
mean
time
being
well
secur'd
and
the
Roman
Allies
defended
,
their
vigour
would
soon
expire
,
like
a
Flame
for
want
of
Aliment
.
These
weighty
reasons
prevail'd
not
with
Flaminius
,
who
protested
,
he
would
Fabius
's
deliberate
advice
ineffectual
to
move
Flaminius
.
never
suffer
that
the
Enemy
should
advance
one
step
farther
,
and
that
he
would
not
be
reduc'd
,
like
Camillus
in
former
time
,
to
fight
for
Rome
within
the
Walls
of
Rome
.
Accordingly
he
ordered
the
Tribunes
to
draw
out
the
Army
into
the
Field
;
and
as
he
would
not
be
disswaded
by
the
reasons
of
his
Collegue
from
this
precipitous
resolution
,
so
neither
was
he
deterr'd
by
an
ill
presaging
accident
which
befell
him
at
his
setting
forth
;
for
he
no
sooner
got
on
Horseback
,
but
the
Beast
fell
into
so
violent
a
fit
of
trembling
and
bounding
that
he
cast
his
Rider
headlong
on
the
ground
.
This
notwithstanding
,
away
he
marcheth
up
to
Hannibal
,
who
was
posted
near
the
Lake
Trasimena
in
Tuscany
.
And
it
is
to
be
observ'd
,
that
during
the
ingagement
,
there
hapned
so
great
an
Earthquake
,
that
it
destroyed
several
Towns
,
altered
the
course
of
Rivers
,
tore
off
the
tops
of
Mountains
,
yet
such
was
the
eagerness
of
the
Combatants
,
that
they
were
sensible
of
no
other
concussion
or
agitation
,
but
what
themselves
made
.
In
this
Battel
Flaminius
fell
,
having
given
He
dies
courageously
.
many
proofs
of
his
strength
and
courage
,
and
round
about
him
lay
all
the
bravest
of
the
Army
:
In
the
whole
fifteen
thousand
were
killed
,
and
as
many
made
prisoners
.
Hannibal
,
desirous
to
bestow
Funeral
Honours
upon
the
Body
of
Flaminius
,
made
diligent
search
after
it
,
but
could
never
find
what
became
of
it
.
Though
the
loss
was
so
considerable
,
yet
there
was
no
art
used
to
dissemble
it
at
Rome
;
as
there
had
been
,
upon
the
former
Ingagement
near
Trebia
;
for
then
,
neither
the
General
who
writ
,
nor
the
Express
who
told
the
news
,
related
it
otherwise
than
as
a
drawn
Battel
,
with
equal
loss
on
either
side
:
But
now
,
as
soon
as
Pomponius
the
Pretor
had
the
intelligence
,
he
caused
the
People
to
assemble
,
and
without
disguising
the
matter
,
told
them
plainly
,
We
are
beaten
(
O
Romans
)
our
Army
is
defeated
,
the
Consul
Flaminius
is
kill'd
;
think
therefore
,
what
is
to
be
done
for
your
safety
.
The
same
commotion
,
which
a
furious
Wind
doth
cause
in
the
Ocean
,
did
these
words
of
the
Pretor
raise
in
the
minds
of
so
vast
a
Multitude
:
But
the
rage
of
their
grief
being
a
little
over
,
the
danger
at
hand
did
at
last
awaken
their
judgments
into
a
resolution
to
chuse
a
Dictatour
,
who
by
the
Sovereign
authority
of
his
Office
,
and
by
his
personal
capacity
of
wisedom
and
courage
might
be
able
to
manage
the
publick
affairs
,
become
almost
desperate
,
and
to
sit
at
Helm
in
so
great
a
Storm
.
Their
choice
unanimously
fell
upon
Fabius
by
general
consent
chosen
Dictatour
.
Fabius
,
in
whom
was
joyned
a
venerable
gravity
of
manners
with
a
spirit
not
to
be
daunted
with
any
difficulty
or
danger
;
whose
Age
was
so
far
advanced
as
to
give
him
Experience
,
without
taking
from
him
the
vigour
of
Action
;
so
that
his
Body
could
execute
what
his
Soul
designed
;
and
in
him
was
the
happy
mixture
of
Caution
and
Boldness
.
Fabius
being
thus
installed
in
the
Office
of
Dictatour
,
in
the
first
place
he
gave
the
Command
of
the
Horse
to
Lucius
Minutius
;
and
next
he
asked
leave
of
the
Senate
for
himself
,
that
in
time
of
Battel
he
might
serve
on
Horseback
,
which
by
an
ancient
Law
amongst
the
Romans
was
forbid
to
their
Generals
;
whether
it
were
,
that
placing
their
greatest
strength
in
their
Foot
,
they
would
have
their
Commanders
in
chief
posted
amongst
them
,
or
else
to
let
them
know
,
that
how
great
soever
their
authority
were
,
the
People
and
Senate
were
still
their
Masters
,
of
whom
they
must
ask
leave
.
But
then
again
,
to
make
the
authority
of
his
Charge
more
awfull
,
and
to
render
the
People
more
submiss
and
obedient
to
him
,
he
caused
himself
to
be
accompanied
with
four
and
twenty
Lictours
;
and
when
the
Consul
came
to
visit
him
,
he
sent
him
word
,
that
at
his
audience
he
should
dismiss
his
Lictours
with
their
Fasces
(
the
ensigns
of
authority
)
and
appear
before
him
onely
as
a
private
person
.
The
first
solemn
action
of
his
Dictature
His
zeal
for
the
performance
of
religious
duties
.
was
to
order
publick
Prayers
to
be
made
to
the
Gods
,
and
to
admonish
the
People
,
that
their
late
overthrow
did
not
befall
them
through
want
of
courage
in
their
Souldiers
,
but
through
the
neglect
of
Divine
Ceremonies
in
the
General
.
He
therefore
exhorted
them
not
to
fear
the
Enemy
,
but
by
extraordinary
honour
to
appease
the
Gods
.
This
he
did
,
not
to
fill
their
minds
with
superstition
,
but
onely
to
raise
their
courage
,
and
lessen
in
them
the
fear
of
the
Enemy
,
by
making
them
believe
,
that
Heaven
was
on
their
side
.
In
order
hereunto
the
Sibyline
Books
were
consulted
,
in
which
they
conceived
,
the
secrets
of
destiny
and
future
events
were
to
be
learnt
;
but
whoever
look'd
into
them
,
was
under
a
tye
of
secrecy
not
to
reveal
what
they
found
.
After
this
he
assembled
the
People
,
and
made
a
Vow
before
them
to
offer
in
Sacrifice
the
whole
product
of
the
next
Season
all
Italy
over
,
of
the
Cows
,
Goats
,
Swine
,
Sheep
,
both
in
the
Mountains
and
the
Plains
;
and
the
more
to
solemnize
this
great
Vow
,
he
commanded
the
precise
sum
of
333
Sesterces
,
and
333
Pence
,
and
one
third
of
a
Peny
to
be
expended
upon
festival
Games
in
honour
of
the
Gods
.
What
his
mystery
might
be
in
that
number
is
not
easie
to
determine
,
unless
it
were
in
regard
of
the
perfection
of
the
number
of
three
,
as
being
the
first
of
odd
numbers
,
the
first
that
contains
in
it self
multiplication
,
with
all
the
other
properties
belonging
to
any
whatsoever
Number
besides
.
In
this
manner
Fabius
having
raised
the
He
prudently
manages
the
War
with
Hannibal
.
hearts
of
the
People
,
by
making
them
believe
,
that
the
Gods
took
their
part
,
and
by
the
same
means
having
made
them
supple
and
pliant
to
his
will
,
he
,
for
his
own
part
,
placed
his
whole
confidence
in
himself
,
believing
that
the
Gods
bestowed
victory
and
good
fortune
onely
upon
the
valiant
and
the
prudent
.
Thus
prepar'd
,
he
set
forth
to
oppose
Hannibal
,
not
with
intention
to
fight
him
,
but
to
wait
upon
him
,
to
straiten
his
Quarters
,
to
cut
off
his
Provisions
,
and
by
so
doing
to
make
his
victorious
Army
molder
away
,
and
consume
with
penury
and
want
.
With
this
design
he
always
incamp'd
on
the
highest
grounds
,
where
their
Horse
could
have
no
access
to
him
.
He
still
kept
pace
with
them
;
when
they
marched
he
followed
them
;
when
they
incamped
he
did
the
same
,
but
at
such
a
distance
as
not
to
be
compell'd
to
an
Ingagement
,
and
always
keeping
upon
the
Hills
,
free
from
the
insults
of
their
Horse
;
by
which
means
he
gave
them
no
rest
,
but
kept
them
in
a
continual
Alarm
.
But
this
his
dilatory
fencing
way
gave
occasion
both
at
Rome
,
and
even
in
his
own
Camp
,
to
suspect
his
want
of
Courage
;
and
this
opinion
prevail'd
also
in
Hannibal's
Army
,
who
was
himself
the
onely
man
who
was
not
deceived
,
and
who
clearly
saw
his
own
Ruine
in
his
Enemy's
Conduct
.
Wherefore
he
resolved
with
all
the
Hannibal
politickly
provokes
the
Romans
to
engage
.
arts
and
subtilties
of
War
to
break
his
Measures
,
and
to
bring
Fabius
to
an
Ingagement
;
like
a
cunning
Wrestler
,
who
watcheth
every
opportunity
to
get
good
hold
and
close
with
his
Adversary
.
Sometimes
he
draws
up
his
men
to
the
very
intrenchments
of
the
Enemy
,
reproaching
the
Romans
with
their
Cowardise
,
so
to
exasperate
and
incense
them
against
their
General
;
then
again
he
makes
a
retreat
to
a
good
distance
,
that
so
he
might
draw
them
out
to
fall
upon
his
Rere
.
At
other
times
in
sight
of
the
Roman
Camp
he
wastes
and
burns
the
Countries
round
,
to
increase
the
clamour
of
the
People
against
Fabius
.
All
this
artifice
though
it
had
no
effect
upon
the
firmness
and
constancy
of
the
Dictatour
,
yet
upon
the
common
Souldier
,
and
even
upon
the
General
of
the
Horse
himself
it
had
too
great
an
operation
:
For
this
Minutius
,
began
to
have
a
contempt
of
the
General
and
his
way
of
proceeding
,
which
he
misconstrued
to
be
a
timorous
cunctation
;
so
that
in
his
harangues
he
humoured
the
Souldiery
in
their
mad
fondness
of
coming
to
a
Battel
,
and
in
their
scorn
and
reproaches
which
they
cast
upon
Fabius
,
calling
him
the
Pedagogue
of
Hannibal
;
since
he
did
nothing
else
but
follow
him
up
and
down
,
and
look
and
wait
upon
him
.
At
the
same
time
they
cried
up
Minutius
for
the
onely
Captain
,
worthy
to
command
the
Romans
,
whose
vanity
and
presumption
did
thereupon
swell
to
that
degree
,
that
he
insolently
rallied
Fabius's
Incampments
upon
the
Mountains
,
saying
,
that
he
lodged
them
there
,
as
on
a
Theatre
,
to
behold
the
flames
and
desolation
of
their
Country
.
And
in
his
vain
fit
he
would
sometimes
ask
the
very
Friends
and
Domesticks
of
the
General
,
Whether
it
were
not
his
meaning
by
so
leading
them
from
Mountain
to
Mountain
,
to
carry
them
at
last
(
having
no
hopes
on
Earth
)
up
into
Heaven
,
and
hide
them
in
the
Clouds
from
Hannibal's
Army
?
When
his
Friends
related
these
things
to
the
Dictatour
,
perswading
him
that
,
to
avoid
the
general
obloquy
,
and
the
danger
that
might
thereupon
ensue
,
he
would
ingage
the
Enemy
;
his
answer
was
,
I
should
be
more
faint-hearted
than
they
make
me
,
if
through
fear
of
idle
reproaches
,
I
should
abandon
my
own
reason
.
It
is
no
inglorious
thing
to
have
fear
for
the
safety
of
our
Country
.
That
man
is
not
fit
to
rule
others
,
who
shall
be
startled
and
give
ground
upon
the
noise
of
rumours
and
calumnies
;
for
in
so
doing
he
subjects
himself
and
his
government
to
the
fancy
of
those
whom
he
ought
to
command
.
But
an
oversight
of
Hannibal
,
at
this
time
Through
unskilfulness
in
the
Language
he
commits
a
great
errour
.
committed
,
did
happily
allay
these
distempers
in
the
Roman
Camp
:
For
he
,
desirous
to
refresh
his
Horse
in
some
good
Pasture-grounds
,
drew
off
his
Army
,
and
ordered
his
Guides
to
conduct
him
to
Casinum
,
they
mistaking
him
,
by
reason
of
his
ill-pronouncing
the
Latin
Tongue
,
led
him
and
his
Army
to
the
Town
of
Casilinum
,
near
Campania
,
which
the
River
Vulturnus
divides
in
two
:
The
Country
about
it
is
a
Valley
circled
round
with
Mountains
,
which
inlargeth
it self
towards
the
Sea
,
near
which
that
River
overflowing
,
causeth
a
great
deal
of
Marish
ground
,
and
at
last
discharging
it self
into
the
Sea
,
makes
a
very
unsafe
Coast
,
without
any
Harbour
.
As
soon
as
Hannibal
was
entred
into
this
Valley
,
Fabius
dispatch'd
four
thousand
choice
men
to
seise
the
entrance
into
it
,
and
stop
him
up
;
and
lodged
the
rest
of
his
Army
upon
the
neighbouring
Hills
in
the
most
advantageous
places
;
but
at
the
same
time
he
detacked
a
commanded
Party
of
his
lightest
armed
Men
to
fall
upon
Hannibal's
Rere
;
which
they
did
with
such
success
,
that
they
cut
off
eight
hundred
of
them
,
and
put
the
whole
Army
in
disorder
.
Hannibal
,
finding
the
errour
and
the
danger
he
was
fallen
into
,
immediately
caus'd
the
poor
Guides
to
be
hang'd
,
which
satisfy'd
his
revenge
but
did
not
lessen
his
danger
:
For
his
Enemies
were
so
advantageously
posted
,
that
there
was
no
hopes
of
breaking
thorough
them
,
and
his
Souldiers
began
to
despair
of
ever
coming
out
of
those
Straits
.
Thus
reduc'd
,
Hannibal
had
recourse
to
His
Stratageme
to
regain
the
Passes
.
this
Stratageme
;
he
caused
two
thousand
head
of
Oxen
,
which
he
had
in
his
Camp
,
to
have
Torches
and
dry
Bavens
well
fastned
to
their
Horns
,
and
lighting
them
in
the
beginning
of
the
night
,
he
ordred
the
Beasts
to
be
fair
and
foftly
drove
on
towards
the
passages
out
of
the
Valley
;
when
this
was
done
,
he
made
his
Army
with
great
silence
march
after
them
.
The
Oxen
at
first
kept
a
slow
,
orderly
pace
,
and
with
their
lighted
Heads
resembled
an
Army
marching
by
night
,
frighting
onely
the
Shepherds
and
Herdsmen
of
the
Hills
about
.
But
when
the
fire
had
burnt
down
the
Horns
of
the
Beasts
to
the
quick
,
they
no
longer
observed
their
sober
pace
,
but
unruly
with
their
pain
,
they
ran
dispers'd
about
,
tossing
their
Heads
,
and
scattering
the
fire
round
about
them
.
This
became
a
surprising
spectacle
to
the
Romans
,
especially
to
those
,
who
guarded
the
Passages
,
who
being
at
some
distance
from
their
main
Body
,
and
seeing
the
fire
on
the
sudden
dispersing
it self
on
every
side
,
as
if
the
Enemy
had
design'd
to
surround
them
,
in
great
fright
and
amazement
,
quitted
their
Post
,
and
precipitously
retir'd
to
their
Camp
on
the
Hills
.
They
were
no
sooner
gone
,
but
a
light
Body
of
Hannibal's
men
,
according
to
his
order
,
immediately
seis'd
the
Passages
,
and
soon
after
the
whole
Army
,
with
all
the
Bagage
,
came
up
and
safely
marched
through
the
Passes
.
Fabius
,
before
the
night
was
over
,
quickly
found
out
the
trick
;
for
some
of
the
Beasts
with
their
flaming
heads
fell
into
the
hands
of
his
Men
;
but
for
fear
of
an
Ambush
in
the
dark
,
he
kept
his
men
all
night
to
their
Arms
in
the
Camp
:
And
as
soon
as
it
was
day
,
he
charged
the
Enemy
in
the
Rere
,
where
many
fell
,
and
by
reason
of
the
Straits
,
and
unevenness
of
the
Passages
,
the
disorder
had
like
to
have
been
general
over
the
whole
Punick
Army
,
but
that
Hannibal
speedily
detached
from
his
Van
a
Body
of
Spaniards
,
who
of
themselves
active
and
nimble
,
were
accustomed
to
the
climbing
of
Mountains
;
These
briskly
attacked
the
Roman
Troops
,
who
were
in
heavy
Armour
,
and
routing
the
foremost
,
gave
such
a
check
to
Fabius
,
that
he
was
no
longer
in
condition
of
following
the
Enemy
.
This
Fabius
upon
divers
accounts
evil
spoken
of
.
action
brought
a
strange
obloquy
and
contempt
upon
the
Dictatour
;
They
said
,
it
was
now
manifest
,
that
he
was
not
onely
inferiour
to
his
Adversary
(
what
they
always
thought
)
in
Courage
,
but
even
in
Conduct
.
And
Hannibal
(
maliciously
)
to
improve
their
hatred
against
him
,
marched
with
his
Army
close
to
the
Lands
and
Possessions
of
Fabius
,
and
then
giving
order
to
his
Souldiers
to
burn
and
destroy
all
the
Country
about
,
he
forbad
them
upon
pein
of
death
to
doe
the
least
damage
in
the
Territories
of
the
Roman
General
,
and
placed
Guards
for
their
security
.
These
matters
reported
at
Rome
,
had
that
effect
with
the
People
,
which
Hannibal
desired
.
Their
Tribunes
raised
a
thousand
stories
against
him
,
chiefly
at
the
instigation
of
Metellus
,
who
not
so
much
out
of
hatred
to
him
as
out
of
friendship
to
Minutius
,
whose
Kinsman
he
was
,
thought
by
depressing
Fabius
to
raise
his
Friend
.
The
Senate
on
their
part
was
also
offended
with
him
,
for
the
bargain
he
had
made
with
Hannibal
,
about
the
exchange
of
Prisoners
,
of
which
the
conditions
were
,
that
after
the
exchange
made
of
Man
for
Man
,
if
any
on
either
side
remained
,
they
should
be
redeemed
at
the
price
of
two
hundred
and
fifty
Drachms
a
Head
;
and
upon
the
whole
account
there
remained
two
hundred
and
forty
Romans
unexchanged
.
They
not
onely
refused
to
allow
money
for
the
Randsomes
,
but
also
reproached
Fabius
for
making
a
Contract
so
contrary
to
the
honour
and
interest
of
the
Commonwealth
,
in
redeeming
those
men
at
so
dear
a
rate
,
who
had
cowardly
suffered
themselves
to
be
taken
by
the
Enemy
.
Fabius
heard
and
endur'd
all
this
with
invincible
patience
;
but
having
no
money
by
him
,
and
on
the
other
side
being
resolved
to
keep
his
word
with
Hannibal
,
he
dispatch'd
his
Son
to
Rome
,
to
sell
Land
,
and
to
bring
with
him
the
price
,
sufficient
to
discharge
the
Randsomes
;
which
was
punctually
performed
by
his
Son
,
and
accordingly
the
Prisoners
were
delivered
to
him
;
amongst
whom
many
that
were
able
,
offered
when
they
were
released
,
to
repay
the
money
of
their
Randsome
,
but
Fabius
would
not
permit
them
to
doe
it
.
About
this
time
Fabius
was
called
to
Rome
by
the
Priests
,
to
assist
(
according
to
the
duty
of
his
Office
)
at
some
of
their
solemn
Sacrifices
;
whereby
he
was
forced
to
leave
the
command
of
the
Army
with
Minutius
;
but
before
he
parted
,
he
charged
him
,
and
intreated
him
,
in
his
absence
,
not
to
come
to
a
Battel
with
Hannibal
:
His
commands
,
his
intreaties
,
and
his
advice
Minutius
in
Fabius
's
absence
attacks
the
Carthaginians
.
were
lost
upon
Minutius
;
for
his
back
was
no
sooner
turn'd
but
the
new
General
immediately
sought
all
occasions
to
fight
the
Enemy
.
And
notice
being
brought
him
,
that
Hannibal
had
sent
out
a
great
part
of
his
Army
to
forage
,
he
fell
upon
a
considerable
Party
of
them
,
doing
great
execution
,
and
driving
them
to
their
very
Camp
,
with
no
little
terrour
to
the
rest
,
who
apprehended
their
breaking
in
upon
them
:
but
in
the
mean
time
Hannibal
had
drawn
his
men
up
into
a
Body
,
and
Minutius
without
any
loss
made
his
retreat
.
This
success
did
much
increase
the
boldness
and
presumption
of
Minutius
,
and
fill'd
the
Souldiers
minds
with
a
contempt
of
the
Enemy
,
and
with
a
longing
desire
of
a
Battel
.
The
news
was
suddenly
spread
about
Rome
,
and
then
was
Fabius
heard
to
say
those
memorable
words
,
That
he
dreaded
nothing
more
,
for
the
safety
of
Rome
,
than
the
success
of
Minutius
.
But
the
People
were
mad
with
joy
,
and
Metellus
,
who
was
then
their
Tribune
,
made
an
Oration
to
them
,
in
which
he
infinitely
extolled
the
valour
of
Minutius
,
and
fell
bitterly
upon
Fabius
,
accusing
him
not
onely
for
want
of
Courage
,
but
even
of
Loyalty
;
and
not
onely
him
,
but
also
many
others
of
the
most
eminent
and
considerable
persons
in
Rome
;
that
by
their
means
the
Carthaginians
had
brought
the
War
into
Italy
,
designing
thereby
to
oppress
and
destroy
the
Liberty
of
the
People
;
for
which
end
they
had
put
the
supreme
Authority
into
the
hands
of
a
single
person
,
who
by
his
slowness
and
delays
might
give
leisure
to
Hannibal
to
establish
himself
in
Italy
,
and
those
of
Carthage
time
and
opportunity
to
supply
him
with
fresh
succours
in
order
to
a
total
Conquest
.
At
this
,
Fabius
step'd
forth
,
but
disdain'd
to
make
any
reply
to
his
accusations
;
he
onely
said
,
That
they
should
expedite
the
Sacrifices
,
that
so
he
might
speedily
return
to
the
Army
,
to
punish
Minutius
,
who
had
presumed
to
fight
contrary
to
his
orders
.
He
had
no
sooner
pronounced
these
words
,
but
the
People
were
immediately
possess'd
with
the
belief
,
that
Minutius
stood
in
danger
of
his
life
:
For
it
was
in
the
power
of
the
Dictatour
to
imprison
,
and
to
put
to
death
;
and
they
feared
,
that
Fabius
,
though
of
a
mild
temper
to
outward
appearance
,
would
be
as
hard
to
be
appeased
when
irritated
,
as
he
was
slow
to
be
provoked
.
And
yet
no
Fabius
oppos'd
by
the
Tribune
Metellus
.
body
dar'd
to
contradict
the
orders
of
the
Dictatour
,
but
Metellus
,
whose
Office
of
Tribune
gave
him
security
and
liberty
to
say
what
he
pleased
;
for
in
the
time
of
a
Dictature
that
Magistrate
onely
conserves
his
Authority
.
He
therefore
boldly
apply'd
himself
to
the
People
,
in
the
behalf
of
Minutius
,
that
they
should
not
suffer
him
to
be
made
a
sacrifice
to
the
enmity
of
Fabius
,
nor
permit
him
to
be
destroyed
,
like
the
Son
of
Manlius
Torquatus
,
who
was
beheaded
by
his
Father
for
a
Battel
fought
and
won
against
order
:
Then
he
exhorted
them
to
take
away
from
Fabius
that
absolute
power
of
a
Dictatour
,
and
to
put
it
into
more
worthy
hands
,
which
might
better
manage
it
for
their
safety
and
publick
good
.
These
impressions
very
much
prevail'd
upon
the
People
,
though
not
so
far
,
as
wholly
to
dispossess
Fabius
of
the
Dictature
:
But
they
decreed
,
that
Minutius
should
have
an
equal
authority
with
the
Dictatour
in
the
Army
;
which
was
a
thing
then
without
Precedent
,
though
,
not
long
after
,
it
was
also
practised
upon
the
overthrow
at
Cannes
,
when
,
the
Dictatour
Marcus
Junius
being
with
the
Army
,
they
chose
at
Rome
Fabius
Buteo
Dictatour
,
that
he
might
create
new
Senatours
,
to
supply
the
places
of
those
who
were
kill'd
,
which
could
be
performed
by
no
other
Magistrate
.
But
as
soon
as
,
being
entred
into
the
Senate
,
he
had
fill'd
those
vacant
places
with
a
sufficient
number
,
he
immediately
dismissed
his
Lictors
with
their
Fasces
and
all
his
Attendance
,
and
mingling
himself
like
a
common
person
with
the
rest
of
the
People
,
he
quietly
went
about
his
own
affairs
.
The
Enemies
of
Fabius
thought
they
had
sufficiently
affronted
and
dejected
him
,
by
raising
Minutius
to
be
his
equal
in
authority
;
but
they
mistook
the
temper
of
the
man
,
who
look'd
upon
their
madness
as
more
injurious
to
the
Commonwealth
than
to
himself
;
in
imitation
of
Diogenes
,
who
being
told
,
that
some
persons
derided
him
,
made
answer
,
But
I
am
not
derided
,
meaning
in
a
Philosophical
sense
,
that
a
good
and
a
wise
Man
was
not
capable
of
being
affronted
,
or
disgraced
,
because
such
injuries
made
no
impression
upon
him
.
Thus
Fabius
,
with
great
lenity
and
unconcernedness
,
submitted
to
this
mad
Vote
of
the
People
;
but
,
lest
the
rashness
of
Minutius
should
be
thereby
inabled
to
run
headlong
upon
some
dangerous
enterprise
,
with
all
privacy
and
speed
he
return'd
back
to
the
Army
;
where
he
found
Minutius
so
big
and
elevated
with
his
new
dignity
,
that
a
joint-authority
not
contenting
him
,
he
required
by
turns
to
have
the
Command
of
the
Army
,
every
other
day
.
This
Fabius
rejected
,
as
of
too
He
divides
the
Army
with
Minutius
.
dangerous
consequence
,
but
was
contented
(
to
comply
with
his
imperious
humour
)
that
the
Army
should
be
divided
,
and
each
General
should
command
his
part
.
The
first
and
fourth
Legion
he
took
for
his
own
division
,
the
second
and
third
he
delivered
to
Minutius
;
so
also
of
the
Auxiliary
Forces
each
had
an
equal
share
.
Minutius
thus
exalted
,
could
not
contain
himself
from
boasting
,
even
in
the
presence
of
Fabius
,
that
now
he
had
humbled
the
mighty
man
,
who
so
lately
trampled
on
their
Lives
and
Fortunes
:
To
whom
the
Dictatour
mildly
replyed
,
Minutius
,
you
mistake
your
Enemy
;
't
is
Hannibal
,
and
not
Fabius
whom
you
are
to
combat
;
but
if
you
must
needs
contend
with
your
Collegue
,
let
it
be
in
diligence
and
care
for
the
preservation
of
Rome
;
that
it
may
not
be
said
,
a
man
so
favour'd
by
the
People
,
serv'd
them
worse
than
he
who
had
been
ill
treated
and
disgrac'd
by
them
.
Our
young
General
despising
these
admonitions
,
as
the
dotage
of
supercilious
Age
,
immediately
remov'd
with
the
body
of
his
Army
,
and
incamped
by
himself
.
Hannibal
,
who
was
not
ignorant
of
all
these
passages
,
lay
watching
his
advantage
from
them
;
It
happen'd
,
that
between
his
Army
and
that
of
Minutius
there
was
a
certain
eminence
which
seem'd
a
very
advantageous
Post
to
incamp
upon
,
it
had
the
prospect
of
a
large
Plain
about
it
,
and
the
Fields
appear'd
to
be
all
level
and
even
;
and
yet
there
were
a
great
many
Ditches
and
hollownesses
in
them
,
not
discernible
to
the
eye
at
a
distance
.
Hannibal
had
he
pleased
,
could
easily
have
possess'd
himself
of
this
ground
;
but
he
reserved
it
for
a
bait
or
train
,
in
a
proper
season
,
to
draw
the
Romans
to
an
Ingagement
.
Now
that
Minutius
and
Fabius
were
divided
,
he
thought
The
dangerous
consequence
of
Minutius
's
rash
separating
from
Fabius
.
the
opportunity
fair
for
his
purpose
;
and
therefore
,
having
in
the
night-time
lodged
a
convenient
number
of
his
men
in
those
Ditches
and
hollow
places
,
early
in
the
morning
he
sent
forth
a
small
detachment
,
who
in
the
sight
of
Minutius
possessed
themselves
of
that
rising
ground
.
According
to
his
expectation
,
Minutius
swallowed
the
bait
,
and
first
sends
out
a
Party
of
Dragoons
,
and
after
them
some
Horse
,
to
dislodge
the
Enemy
.
And
at
last
,
when
he
saw
Hannibal
in
person
advancing
to
the
assistance
of
his
men
,
he
marched
with
his
whole
Army
drawn
up
,
resolving
to
make
himself
Master
of
that
Post
.
The
combat
for
some
time
was
equal
between
the
foremost
Troops
;
but
as
soon
as
Hannibal
perceived
,
that
the
whole
Army
of
the
Romans
was
now
sufficiently
advanced
within
the
toils
he
had
set
for
them
,
so
that
their
Backs
and
Flanks
were
open
to
his
men
,
whom
he
had
posted
in
those
low
places
;
he
instantly
gave
the
signal
,
whereupon
they
rushed
forth
,
and
furiously
attacked
Minutius
in
the
Rere
.
The
surprise
and
the
slaughter
was
so
great
,
that
it
struck
an
universal
terrour
through
the
whole
Army
.
The
bravest
amongst
them
,
and
Minutius
himself
were
in
such
astonishment
,
that
they
were
as
uncapable
of
giving
orders
as
the
Souldiery
of
obeying
them
.
Those
who
sought
to
save
themselves
by
flight
,
were
intercepted
and
cut
in
pieces
by
the
Numidian
Horsemen
,
who
for
that
purpose
had
dispers'd
themselves
about
the
adjacent
Plains
.
Fabius
was
not
ignorant
of
this
danger
of
his
Country-men
;
He
well
foresaw
what
would
happen
from
the
rashness
of
Minutius
,
and
the
cunning
of
Hannibal
;
for
which
reason
he
kept
his
Men
to
their
Arms
,
in
a
readiness
to
wait
the
event
;
nor
would
he
trust
to
the
reports
of
others
,
but
he
himself
upon
an
eminence
in
his
Camp
,
viewed
all
that
passed
.
When
therefore
he
saw
the
Army
of
Minutius
incompass'd
by
the
Enemy
,
and
that
by
their
countenance
and
shifting
their
ground
,
they
were
more
disposed
to
flight
than
to
resist
;
with
a
great
sigh
,
striking
his
hand
upon
his
Thigh
,
he
said
to
those
about
him
,
O
Hercules
!
how
much
sooner
than
I
expected
,
and
yet
how
much
later
than
he
would
have
done
,
hath
Minutius
destroy'd
himself
!
He
then
commanded
the
Ensigns
to
march
,
and
the
Army
to
follow
him
,
telling
them
;
we
must
make
haste
to
rescue
Minutius
,
who
is
a
valiant
man
,
and
a
lover
of
his
Country
;
and
if
he
hath
been
too
forward
to
ingage
the
Enemy
,
at
another
time
we
will
tell
him
of
it
.
Thus
in
the
head
of
his
men
Fabius
marched
Fabius
succours
Minutius
.
up
to
the
Enemy
;
and
in
the
first
place
he
cleared
the
Plains
of
those
Numidians
,
and
next
he
fell
upon
those
who
were
charging
the
Romans
in
the
Rere
,
running
down
all
that
made
opposition
,
and
obliging
the
rest
to
save
themselves
by
a
hasty
retreat
,
lest
themselves
should
be
environed
as
the
Romans
had
been
.
Hannibal
seeing
so
sudden
a
change
of
affairs
,
and
the
great
execution
done
by
Fabius
beyond
the
force
of
his
age
,
opening
his
way
thorough
the
Ranks
that
he
might
joyn
Minutius
,
warily
commanded
a
Retreat
,
and
drew
off
his
men
into
their
Camp
:
The
Romans
on
their
part
were
no
less
contented
to
retire
in
safety
.
It
is
reported
that
upon
this
occasion
Hannibal
said
to
his
Friends
;
Did
not
I
tell
you
,
that
this
Cloud
which
always
hover'd
upon
the
Mountains
,
would
at
some
time
or
other
come
down
with
a
Storm
upon
us
?
Fabius
,
after
his
men
had
pick'd
up
the
Spoils
of
the
Field
,
retired
to
his
own
Camp
,
without
saying
any
harsh
or
reproachfull
thing
to
his
Collegue
;
who
also
on
his
part
gathering
his
Army
together
,
in
this
manner
delivered
himself
to
them
.
Never
to
commit
a
fault
is
above
the
force
of
humane
Nature
;
but
to
learn
and
improve
by
the
faults
we
have
committed
,
is
that
which
becomes
a
good
and
a
prudent
man
.
Some
reasons
I
may
have
to
accuse
Fortune
,
but
I
have
many
more
to
thank
her
;
for
in
a
few
hours
she
hath
cured
a
long
mistake
,
and
taught
me
,
that
I
am
not
the
man
who
should
command
others
,
but
have
need
of
another
to
command
me
;
and
that
we
are
not
to
contend
for
a
victory
over
those
to
whom
it
is
our
advantage
to
yield
.
Therefore
for
the
future
the
Dictatour
must
be
your
Commander
;
but
in
gratitude
towards
him
I
will
still
be
your
Leader
,
and
always
be
the
first
to
obey
his
orders
.
Having
said
this
,
he
commanded
Minutius
sensible
of
his
errour
submits
to
Fabius
.
the
Roman
Eagles
to
march
forward
,
and
all
his
men
to
follow
him
in
their
orders
into
the
Camp
of
Fabius
.
The
Fabians
stood
amazed
at
the
novelty
of
the
sight
,
and
were
anxious
and
doubtfull
what
the
meaning
might
be
.
When
he
came
near
the
Dictatour's
Tent
,
Fabius
went
forth
to
meet
him
,
and
he
presently
laid
his
Colours
at
his
Feet
,
calling
him
with
a
loud
voice
his
Father
,
and
the
Army
commanded
by
him
,
the
Patrons
of
his
Liberty
;
and
after
several
civilities
and
congratulations
,
he
thus
addressed
himself
to
the
Dictatour
;
You
have
this
day
(
Fabius
)
obtain'd
a
double
Victory
;
one
by
your
Valour
and
Conduct
upon
your
Enemies
,
and
another
by
your
Humanity
and
Compassion
upon
your
Colleque
:
you
have
at
once
preserved
us
and
instructed
us
;
and
when
we
were
shamefully
beaten
by
Hannibal
you
restor'd
us
to
our
honour
and
our
safety
;
and
instead
of
him
,
Fabius
more
honourably
is
now
our
Victor
.
Wherefore
I
can
call
you
by
no
other
name
but
that
of
a
Father
,
since
you
have
not
onely
at
this
present
given
life
to
me
,
but
(
as
a
common
Parent
)
to
all
these
who
are
under
me
.
After
this
,
he
threw
himself
with
great
tenderness
and
submission
into
the
Armes
of
the
Dictatour
;
and
in
the
same
manner
the
Souldiers
of
each
Army
embraced
one
another
with
an
excess
of
gladness
and
tears
of
joy
.
Not
long
after
,
Fabius
laid
down
the
Dictature
,
and
new
Consuls
were
created
.
Those
,
who
immediately
succeeded
,
observ'd
the
same
method
in
managing
the
War
,
and
avoided
all
occasions
of
fighting
Hannibal
in
a
pitch'd
Battel
;
they
onely
succour'd
their
Allies
and
preserv'd
the
Towns
from
falling
off
to
the
Enemy
.
But
The
indiscreet
behaviour
of
Terentius
Varro
the
Consul
.
afterwards
,
when
Terentius
Varro
(
a
man
of
obscure
Birth
,
but
very
popular
and
bold
)
had
obtain'd
the
Consulship
,
he
soon
made
it
appear
,
that
by
his
rashness
and
ignorance
,
he
would
expose
the
Commonwealth
to
the
last
hazard
:
For
it
was
his
custom
,
to
declaim
in
all
Assemblies
,
that
as
long
as
the
Counsels
of
Fabius
prevail'd
in
Rome
,
there
never
would
be
an
end
of
the
War
;
and
he
made
his
brags
,
that
when
ever
he
should
get
sight
of
the
Enemy
,
he
would
free
Italy
from
the
Arms
of
Strangers
.
With
these
promises
he
so
prevail'd
with
the
credulous
multitude
,
that
he
rais'd
a
greater
Army
than
had
ever
yet
been
sent
out
of
Rome
.
There
were
listed
fourscore
thousand
fighting
men
;
but
that
which
gave
confidence
to
the
populace
,
did
at
the
same
time
very
much
terrifie
and
deject
the
wife
and
experienced
,
and
none
more
than
Fabius
;
For
if
so
great
a
Body
,
and
the
flower
of
the
Roman
Youth
should
be
cut
off
,
they
could
not
see
any
resource
for
the
safety
of
Rome
.
Wherefore
they
address'd
themselves
to
the
other
Consul
,
Paulus
Aemilius
,
a
man
of
great
experience
in
War
,
but
hated
by
the
common
People
;
who
formerly
upon
some
displeasure
had
set
a
Mulct
upon
him
.
This
other
Consul
they
incourage
to
withstand
the
temerity
of
his
Collegue
,
telling
him
,
if
he
will
profitably
serve
his
Country
,
he
must
no
less
oppose
Varro
than
Hannibal
,
since
both
conspired
to
decide
the
fate
of
Rome
by
a
Battel
.
It
is
more
Fabius
's
weighty
instructions
to
Paulus
Aemilius
.
reasonable
(
said
Fabius
to
him
)
that
you
should
believe
me
than
Varro
in
matters
relating
to
Hannibal
,
when
I
tell
you
,
that
if
for
this
year
you
abstain
from
fighting
with
him
,
either
his
Army
will
of
it self
moulder
away
and
be
destroyed
,
or
else
he
will
be
glad
to
depart
and
free
Italy
from
those
troublesome
Guests
.
This
evidently
appears
,
inasmuch
,
that
,
notwithstanding
his
Victories
,
none
of
the
Countries
or
Towns
of
Italy
come
in
to
him
,
and
that
now
his
Army
is
not
the
third
part
of
what
it
was
at
first
.
To
this
Paulus
Aemilius
is
said
to
have
reply'd
,
Did
I
onely
consider
my self
,
I
should
rather
chuse
to
be
exposed
to
the
Weapons
of
Hannibal
than
to
the
Suffrages
of
my
fellow
Citizens
,
whose
rancour
I
am
sure
to
increase
against
me
if
I
avoid
ingaging
the
Enemy
;
yet
since
the
life
of
Rome
is
at
stake
,
I
will
rather
in
my
conduct
please
and
obey
Fabius
than
all
the
world
besides
.
But
these
good
measures
were
broken
by
the
ambitious
importunity
of
Varro
;
for
when
they
were
both
come
to
the
Army
,
nothing
would
concent
this
Favourite
of
the
People
but
a
separate
Command
,
that
each
Consul
should
have
his
day
;
and
when
his
turn
came
,
he
posted
his
Army
close
to
Hannibal
,
at
a
Village
called
Cannas
,
Varro
's
fatal
ingagement
with
the
Carthaginians
at
Cannas
.
by
the
River
Aufidius
.
It
was
no
sooner
day
,
but
he
set
up
the
red
Flagg
over
his
Tent
,
which
was
the
signal
of
Battel
.
This
boldness
of
the
Consul
,
and
the
numerousness
of
his
Army
(
double
to
theirs
)
startled
the
Carthaginians
;
but
Hannibal
commanded
them
to
their
Arms
,
and
with
a
small
train
he
went
forth
to
take
a
full
prospect
of
the
Enemy
,
upon
a
rising
ground
not
far
distant
.
One
of
his
followers
,
called
Gisco
(
a
Nobleman
of
Carthage
)
told
him
,
that
the
number
of
the
Enemy
was
very
astonishing
;
to
whom
Hannibal
reply'd
,
with
a
serious
countenance
;
There
is
something
yet
more
astonishing
,
which
you
take
no
notice
of
;
that
in
all
that
Army
there
is
not
one
man
whose
name
is
Gisco
.
This
jest
of
their
General
made
all
the
company
laugh
,
and
as
they
return'd
to
the
Camp
,
they
told
it
to
those
whom
they
met
,
which
caused
a
general
laughter
amongst
them
all
.
The
Army
,
seeing
Hannibal's
attendants
come
back
from
viewing
the
Enemy
in
such
a
laughing
condition
,
did
verily
believe
,
that
from
the
good
posture
of
their
affairs
,
and
from
the
contempt
of
the
Enemy
this
laughter
had
proceeded
;
which
did
not
a
little
serve
to
raise
the
drooping
spirits
of
the
Souldiers
.
According
to
his
usual
manner
,
Hannibal
fail'd
not
by
his
Stratagemes
to
advantage
himself
.
In
the
first
place
,
he
so
drew
up
his
men
,
that
the
wind
was
on
their
backs
,
which
was
at
that
time
very
violent
;
and
by
reason
of
the
great
plains
of
sand
,
carried
before
it
a
great
cloud
of
dust
,
which
striking
upon
the
faces
of
the
Romans
,
did
very
much
disable
them
in
the
fight
.
In
the
next
place
,
all
his
best
men
he
put
into
his
Wings
;
and
in
the
Body
,
which
was
somewhat
more
advanced
than
the
Wings
,
he
placed
the
worst
and
the
weakest
of
his
Army
.
Then
he
commanded
those
in
the
Wings
,
that
when
the
Enemy
had
made
a
thorough
charge
upon
that
middle
advanc'd
Body
,
which
he
knew
would
recoile
,
as
not
being
able
to
stand
their
shock
;
and
that
,
when
the
Romans
,
in
their
pursuit
,
should
be
far
enough
ingaged
within
the
two
Wings
,
they
should
,
both
on
the
right
and
the
left
,
charge
them
in
the
Flank
,
and
endeavour
to
incompass
them
.
This
design
had
all
the
success
imaginable
;
for
the
Romans
pressing
upon
Hannibal's
Front
,
which
gave
ground
,
reduced
the
form
of
his
Army
into
a
perfect
half
Moon
;
and
blinded
with
the
dust
,
they
followed
on
so
far
,
that
they
gave
room
for
the
Enemies
Wings
to
join
behind
them
,
and
so
to
inclose
and
charge
them
both
Flanks
and
Rere
;
which
they
did
with
an
incredible
flaughter
of
the
Romans
:
To
whose
Calamity
,
it
is
also
said
,
that
a
casual
mistake
did
very
much
contribute
;
For
the
Horse
of
Aemilius
receiving
a
hurt
,
Aemilius
the
Consul
dismounted
.
and
throwing
his
Master
,
those
about
him
immediately
alighted
to
aid
the
Consul
;
the
Roman
Troops
seeing
their
Commanders
thus
quitting
their
Horses
,
took
it
for
a
sign
that
they
should
all
dismount
and
charge
the
Enemy
on
foot
.
At
the
sight
of
this
,
Hannibal
was
heard
to
say
,
This
pleaseth
me
better
than
if
they
had
been
deliver'd
to
me
bound
hand
and
foot
.
For
the
particulars
of
this
Ingagement
,
we
refer
our
Reader
to
those
Authours
who
have
writ
at
large
upon
the
Subject
.
The
Consul
Varro
with
a
thin
company
fled
to
Venutia
;
and
Paulus
Aemilius
,
unable
any
longer
to
oppose
the
flight
of
his
men
,
or
the
pursuit
of
the
Enemy
,
his
Body
all
covered
with
wounds
,
and
his
Soul
no
less
wounded
with
grief
,
sate
himself
down
upon
a
Stone
,
expecting
the
kindness
of
a
dispatching
blow
.
His
Face
was
so
disfigured
,
and
all
his
Armour
so
stained
with
Bloud
,
that
his
very
Friends
and
Domesticks
passing
by
knew
him
not
.
At
last
Cornelius
Lentulus
,
of
a
Patrician
Race
,
perceiving
who
he
was
,
alighted
from
his
Horse
,
and
tendring
it
to
him
,
desired
him
to
get
up
,
and
save
a
life
so
necessary
to
the
safety
of
the
Commonwealth
,
which
at
this
time
would
dearly
want
so
great
a
Captain
.
But
nothing
could
prevail
upon
him
to
accept
of
the
offer
;
with
tears
in
his
eyes
he
obliged
young
Lentulus
to
remount
his
Horse
;
then
standing
up
,
he
gave
him
his
hand
,
and
commanded
him
to
tell
Fabius
Maximus
,
that
Paulus
Aemilius
had
followed
his
directions
to
his
very
last
,
and
had
not
in
the
least
deviated
from
those
measures
which
were
agreed
between
them
;
but
that
it
was
his
hard
fate
,
to
be
overpower'd
by
Varro
in
the
first
place
,
and
secondly
by
Hannibal
.
Having
dispatch'd
Lentulus
with
this
Commission
,
he
mark'd
where
the
slaughter
was
greatest
,
and
there
threw
He
dies
valiantly
.
himself
upon
the
Swords
of
the
Enemy
.
In
this
Battel
it
is
reported
,
that
fifty
thousand
Romans
were
slain
,
four
thousand
Prisoners
taken
in
the
Field
,
and
ten
thousand
in
the
Camp
of
both
Consuls
.
The
Friends
of
Hannibal
earnestly
perswaded
him
to
follow
his
Victory
,
and
pursue
the
flying
Romans
into
the
very
Gates
of
Rome
;
assuring
him
,
that
in
five
days
march
he
might
sup
in
the
Capitol
:
Nor
is
it
easie
to
imagine
,
what
hindred
him
from
it
.
I
am
apt
to
believe
,
that
the
excess
of
his
good
fortune
,
or
some
Tutelary
God
of
the
Romans
blinded
his
reason
,
and
made
him
loiter
away
his
time
;
which
made
Barcas
,
a
Carthaginian
,
tell
him
with
indignation
;
You
know
,
Hannibal
,
how
to
get
a
Victory
but
not
how
to
use
it
.
Yet
,
though
he
failed
in
making
the
best
advantage
of
so
mighty
a
Victory
,
however
it
produced
a
strange
turn
and
improvement
in
his
affairs
;
For
he
,
who
hitherto
had
not
one
Town
,
nor
a
Sea-port
in
his
possession
,
who
had
nothing
for
the
subsistence
of
his
men
but
what
he
pillaged
from
day
to
day
;
who
had
no
place
of
Retreat
,
nor
any
reasonable
hopes
to
make
the
War
continue
,
nor
his
Army
to
hold
together
,
now
became
Master
of
the
best
Provinces
and
Towns
of
Italy
,
and
of
Capua
it self
(
next
to
Rome
Capua
revolts
to
Hannibal
.
the
most
flourishing
and
opulent
City
)
all
which
came
over
to
him
,
and
submitted
to
his
Authority
.
It
is
the
saying
of
Euripides
,
that
a
man
is
in
no
good
condition
when
he
is
obliged
to
try
a
Friend
,
nor
a
State
when
it
stands
in
need
of
an
able
General
.
And
so
it
was
with
the
Romans
;
who
(
before
the
Battel
)
branded
the
counsels
and
actions
of
Fabius
with
the
infamous
note
of
cowardise
and
fear
,
but
now
in
the
other
extreme
,
they
admire
and
adore
his
prudence
,
as
something
divine
,
that
could
see
so
far
,
and
foretell
what
would
happen
so
contrary
to
,
and
so
much
above
the
judgment
of
all
others
.
In
him
therefore
they
place
their
onely
hope
;
his
wisedom
is
the
sacred
Anchor
,
which
fix'd
them
in
so
great
a
fluctuation
,
and
his
Counsels
alone
preserve
them
from
dispersing
,
and
deserting
their
City
;
as
in
the
time
when
the
Gauls
took
possession
of
Rome
.
He
,
whom
they
esteemed
fearfull
Fabius
of
an
even
temper
in
the
greatest
consternation
.
and
pusillanimous
,
when
they
were
(
as
they
thought
)
in
a
prosperous
condition
,
is
now
the
onely
man
in
this
general
dejection
,
who
shews
no
fear
,
but
walking
the
Streets
with
an
assured
and
serene
countenance
,
comforts
the
afflicted
,
invigorates
the
weak
,
and
incourageth
all
to
a
brave
and
resolute
defence
of
their
Country
.
He
caused
the
Senate
to
meet
,
he
heartned
the
Magistrates
,
and
was
as
the
Soul
of
their
Body
giving
them
life
and
motion
;
He
placed
Guards
at
the
Gates
of
the
City
,
to
stop
the
frighted
Rabble
from
flying
;
He
regulated
and
confin'd
their
Mournings
for
their
slain
Friends
,
both
as
to
time
and
place
;
That
each
Family
within
its
own
Walls
,
and
not
in
Publick
,
should
perform
such
Obsequies
;
and
that
the
ceremony
of
them
should
continue
onely
the
space
of
one
Month
,
and
then
the
whole
City
should
be
lustrated
and
purified
.
The
Feast
of
Ceres
happening
to
fall
within
this
time
,
it
was
decreed
,
that
the
Solemnity
should
be
intermitted
;
lest
the
fewness
and
the
sorrowfull
countenance
of
those
who
should
celebrate
it
,
might
too
much
expose
to
the
People
the
greatness
of
their
loss
;
Besides
,
the
worship
most
acceptable
to
the
Gods
,
is
that
which
comes
from
cheerfull
hearts
;
But
those
Rites
which
were
proper
and
peculiar
for
appeasing
their
anger
,
and
procuring
auspicious
signs
and
presages
,
were
by
the
direction
of
the
Augurs
carefully
performed
.
Also
Fabius
Pictor
(
a
near
Kinsman
to
Maximus
)
was
sent
to
consult
the
Oracle
of
Delphos
;
and
about
the
same
time
,
two
Vestals
having
been
detected
to
have
been
violated
,
the
one
kill'd
her self
,
and
the
other
according
to
custom
was
buried
alive
.
But
now
let
us
admire
the
moderation
An
Instance
of
a
generous
disposition
in
the
Romans
.
and
generosity
of
this
Roman
Common-wealth
;
that
when
the
Consul
Varro
came
beaten
and
flying
home
,
full
of
infamy
and
shame
,
after
he
had
so
foully
and
calamitously
managed
their
affairs
,
yet
the
whole
Senate
and
People
went
forth
to
meet
him
at
the
Gates
of
the
City
,
and
received
him
with
all
the
honour
and
respect
due
to
their
Consul
:
And
silence
being
commanded
,
the
Magistrates
and
chief
of
the
Senate
,
and
principally
Fabius
,
commended
him
before
the
People
,
for
that
he
did
not
despair
of
the
safety
of
the
Commonwealth
after
so
great
a
loss
,
but
was
come
to
take
the
Government
into
his
hands
,
to
execute
the
Laws
,
and
comfort
his
fellow-Citizens
,
by
this
means
not
yet
abandon'd
and
forlorn
.
When
word
was
brought
to
Rome
that
Hannibal
,
after
the
Fight
,
had
marched
with
his
Army
into
the
remoter
parts
of
Italy
,
the
hearts
of
the
Romans
began
to
recover
again
their
ancient
vigour
and
resolution
;
they
sent
forth
an
Army
under
the
command
of
Fabius
Maximus
,
and
Claudius
Marcellus
chosen
joint-Commander
with
Fabius
.
Marcellus
;
both
great
Generals
,
equal
in
Fame
,
but
very
unlike
and
opposite
in
their
ways
.
For
Marcellus
,
as
we
have
formerly
set
forth
in
his
Life
,
was
a
man
of
action
,
bold
,
vigorous
and
enterprising
,
and
(
as
Homer
describes
his
Warriours
)
fierce
,
and
delighting
in
fights
.
So
that
having
to
doe
with
Hannibal
,
a
man
of
his
own
temper
,
they
never
failed
upon
all
occasions
to
come
to
an
Ingagement
.
But
Fabius
adher'd
to
his
former
principles
,
still
perswaded
,
that
by
following
close
and
not
fighting
him
,
Hannibal
and
his
Army
would
at
last
be
tired
out
and
consumed
;
like
an
able
Wrestler
,
who
with
too
much
exercise
and
toil
grows
languid
and
weak
.
Wherefore
Possidonius
tells
us
,
that
the
Romans
called
Marcellus
their
Sword
and
Fabius
their
Buckler
;
and
that
the
vigour
of
the
one
mixt
with
the
steadiness
of
the
other
,
made
a
happy
Compound
,
very
salutiferous
to
Rome
.
So
that
Hannibal
found
by
experience
that
incountring
the
one
,
he
met
with
a
rapid
impetuous
River
,
which
drove
him
back
and
still
made
some
breach
upon
him
;
and
by
the
other
,
though
silently
and
quietly
passing
by
him
,
he
was
insensibly
wash'd
away
and
consumed
:
at
last
he
was
brought
to
this
,
that
he
dreaded
Marcellus
when
he
was
in
motion
,
and
Fabius
when
he
sate
still
.
During
the
whole
course
of
this
War
,
he
had
still
to
doe
with
one
or
both
of
these
Generals
;
for
each
of
them
had
been
five
times
Consul
;
and
either
as
Praetor
,
or
Proconsul
,
or
Consul
,
they
had
always
a
part
in
the
government
of
the
Army
;
till
at
last
Marcellus
fell
into
the
trap
He
is
circumvented
and
slain
by
Hannibal
.
which
Hannibal
had
laid
for
him
,
and
was
kill'd
in
his
fifth
Consulship
.
But
his
craft
and
subtilty
was
unsuccessfull
upon
Fabius
,
who
onely
once
was
in
some
danger
of
being
caught
;
For
he
had
sent
counterfeit
Letters
to
him
from
the
principal
Inhabitants
of
Metapont
,
wherein
they
ingaged
to
deliver
up
their
Town
if
he
would
come
before
it
with
his
Army
:
This
train
had
almost
drawn
him
in
,
for
he
had
resolved
to
march
to
them
with
part
of
his
Army
,
but
was
diverted
onely
by
consulting
the
flight
of
the
Birds
,
which
he
found
to
be
inauspicious
:
And
not
long
after
he
came
to
understand
that
those
Letters
had
been
forged
by
Hannibal
,
who
for
his
reception
had
laid
an
Ambush
to
entertain
him
.
This
perhaps
we
must
rather
attribute
to
the
favour
of
the
Gods
than
to
the
prudence
of
Fabius
.
But
in
preserving
the
Towns
and
his
Allies
The
winning
behaviour
of
Fabius
towards
his
fickle
Allies
.
from
revolting
,
with
fair
and
gentle
usage
,
and
in
not
using
rigour
,
or
shewing
a
suspicion
upon
every
light
suggestion
,
his
conduct
was
very
singular
.
It
is
reported
of
him
,
that
being
informed
of
a
certain
Marsian
(
an
eminent
Man
for
his
courage
and
quality
)
who
had
dealt
underhand
with
some
of
the
Souldiers
to
make
them
desert
,
Fabius
was
so
far
from
using
severity
against
him
,
that
he
called
for
him
,
and
told
him
,
he
was
sensible
of
the
wrong
which
had
been
done
him
,
and
that
his
merit
and
good
service
had
been
neglected
,
which
he
said
was
a
great
fault
in
the
Commanders
,
who
reward
more
by
favour
than
by
desert
;
Therefore
,
when
ever
you
are
agrieved
(
said
Fabius
)
I
shall
take
it
ill
at
your
hands
,
if
you
apply
your self
to
any
but
to
me
;
when
he
had
so
spoken
,
he
bestowed
an
excellent
Horse
and
other
good
gifts
upon
him
:
And
from
that
time
forwards
,
there
was
not
a
faithfuller
and
more
trusty
man
in
the
whole
Army
than
this
Marsian
.
With
good
reason
our
General
did
judge
,
that
if
those
who
have
the
government
of
Horses
and
Beasts
,
endeavour
by
gentle
usage
to
make
them
tractable
and
fit
for
service
,
rather
than
by
cruelty
and
beating
;
much
more
those
who
have
the
command
of
Men
,
should
bring
them
to
order
and
discipline
by
the
mildest
and
fairest
means
;
not
treating
them
worse
than
Gardiners
those
wild
Plants
,
which
by
carefull
looking
to
and
good
usage
,
loose
the
savageness
of
their
nature
,
and
bear
excellent
fruit
.
At
another
time
,
some
of
his
Officers
A
pleasant
fetch
of
his
to
reduce
a
common
Souldier
.
inform'd
him
,
that
one
of
their
Men
did
very
often
depart
from
his
Colours
,
and
lie
out
at
nights
;
he
ask'd
them
what
kind
of
man
he
was
;
they
all
answer'd
,
that
the
whole
Army
had
not
a
better
man
;
that
he
was
a
native
of
Lucania
;
and
so
they
fell
relating
several
actions
which
they
had
seen
him
perform
.
Immediately
Fabius
made
a
strict
inquiry
to
find
what
it
was
that
led
him
so
often
out
of
the
Camp
:
and
at
last
he
discover'd
,
that
his
frequent
excursions
were
to
visit
a
young
Woman
,
with
whom
he
was
in
love
.
Hereupon
he
gave
private
order
to
some
of
his
men
,
to
find
out
the
Woman
and
secretly
to
convey
her
into
his
own
Tent
;
and
then
sent
for
the
Lucanian
,
and
calling
him
aside
,
told
him
,
that
he
very
well
knew
how
often
he
had
lain
at
nights
out
of
the
Camp
,
which
was
a
Capital
transgression
against
military
Discipline
and
the
Roman
Laws
;
but
he
knew
also
how
brave
he
was
,
and
the
good
services
he
had
done
,
and
therefore
in
consideration
of
them
he
was
willing
to
forgive
him
his
fault
;
But
to
keep
him
in
good
order
,
he
was
resolved
to
place
one
over
him
,
to
be
his
keeper
,
who
should
be
accountable
for
his
good
behaviour
;
having
said
this
,
he
produced
the
Woman
,
and
told
the
Souldier
,
(
terrified
and
amazed
at
the
adventure
)
This
is
the
person
who
must
answer
for
you
;
and
by
your
future
behaviour
we
shall
see
whether
your
night
rambles
were
upon
the
account
of
love
,
or
upon
any
other
worse
design
.
Another
passage
there
was
,
something
of
His
Policy
in
regaining
Tarentum
.
this
nature
,
which
also
fell
under
the
management
of
Fabius
,
and
proved
highly
advantageous
to
the
Roman
affairs
,
whereby
he
gain'd
Tarentum
.
There
was
a
young
Tarentine
in
the
Army
,
that
had
a
Sister
in
Tarentum
(
then
in
possession
of
the
Enemy
)
who
entirely
loved
her
Brother
and
wholly
depended
of
him
;
He
being
inform'd
,
that
a
certain
Brutian
,
whom
Hannibal
had
made
Governour
of
that
Garrison
,
was
deeply
in
love
with
his
Sister
,
conceived
hopes
,
that
he
might
possibly
turn
it
to
account
in
behalf
of
the
Romans
.
And
having
first
communicated
his
design
with
Fabius
,
he
left
the
Army
as
a
Deserter
(
in
shew
)
and
went
over
to
Tarentum
.
At
his
first
coming
,
the
Brutian
abstain'd
from
visiting
the
Sister
;
for
neither
of
them
knew
that
the
Brother
had
notice
of
the
Amour
between
them
:
whereupon
the
young
Tarentine
took
an
occasion
to
tell
his
Sister
,
how
he
had
heard
,
that
a
man
of
quality
and
great
authority
had
made
his
addresses
to
her
;
Therefore
he
desired
her
to
tell
him
who
it
was
;
for
(
said
he
)
if
he
be
a
man
that
has
bravery
and
reputation
,
it
matters
not
what
Country-man
he
is
;
since
at
this
time
the
Sword
mingles
all
Nations
and
makes
them
equal
;
and
an
alliance
with
such
a
person
,
in
this
Reign
of
Mars
,
is
both
honourable
and
profitable
.
Hereupon
the
Woman
sends
for
her
Gallant
,
and
makes
the
Brother
and
him
great
Friends
:
and
whereas
she
henceforth
shew'd
more
countenance
to
her
Lover
than
formerly
,
by
the
same
degrees
that
her
kindness
increased
did
his
friendship
also
with
the
Brother
advance
.
So
that
at
last
our
Tarentine
thought
this
Brutian
Officer
well
enough
prepar'd
to
receive
the
offers
he
had
to
make
him
;
and
that
it
would
be
easie
for
a
Mercenary
Man
,
who
was
in
love
,
to
accept
(
upon
the
terms
proposed
)
of
great
Sums
promised
by
Fabius
,
and
of
a
Mistress
whom
he
passionately
loved
.
In
conclusion
the
bargain
was
struck
,
and
the
promise
made
of
delivering
the
Town
.
This
is
the
common
tradition
,
though
some
relate
this
story
otherwise
,
and
say
,
that
this
Woman
,
by
whom
the
Brutian
was
inveigled
to
betray
the
Town
,
was
not
a
native
of
Tarentum
but
a
Brutian
born
,
and
that
she
had
been
kept
by
Fabius
as
his
Concubine
;
and
being
a
Country-woman
and
an
acquaintance
of
the
Brutian
Governour
,
he
privately
sent
her
to
him
to
corrupt
him
.
Whilst
these
matters
were
thus
brewing
,
to
draw
off
Hannibal
from
scenting
the
design
,
Fabius
sends
orders
to
the
Garrison
in
Rhegium
,
that
they
should
waste
and
spoil
the
Brutian
Country
,
and
should
also
lay
siege
to
Caulonia
,
and
storm
the
place
with
all
possible
vigour
;
These
were
a
Body
of
eight
thousand
men
,
the
worst
of
the
Roman
Army
,
who
had
most
of
them
been
run-aways
,
and
had
been
branded
by
Marcellus
with
the
ignominious
note
of
Cowardise
;
so
that
the
loss
of
them
would
not
be
great
,
nor
much
lamented
by
the
Romans
.
Fabius
therefore
threw
out
these
men
as
a
bait
Hannibal
diverted
by
a
subtilty
of
Fabius
.
for
Hannibal
,
to
divert
him
from
Tarentum
;
who
instantly
bit
at
it
,
and
led
his
forces
to
Caulonia
;
and
in
the
mean
time
Fabius
lay
down
before
Tarentum
.
The
sixth
day
of
the
Siege
,
his
young
Tarentine
slips
by
night
out
of
the
Town
,
and
having
well
observed
the
place
where
the
Brutian
Commander
,
according
to
agreement
was
to
let
in
the
Romans
,
he
gives
an
account
of
the
whole
matter
,
as
they
had
laid
it
to
Fabius
;
who
thought
it
not
safe
to
rely
wholly
upon
the
information
given
him
,
and
the
bargain
which
was
made
,
but
went
himself
with
great
privacy
to
take
a
view
of
the
Post
and
the
avenue
;
and
then
gave
order
for
a
general
assault
to
be
made
on
the
other
side
of
the
Town
,
both
by
Land
and
Sea
.
This
being
accordingly
executed
,
when
the
Tarentines
,
and
most
of
the
Garrison
ran
to
defend
the
Town
on
that
side
where
the
attack
was
made
,
Fabius
with
the
men
reserved
for
that
purpose
scales
the
Walls
at
the
place
design'd
,
and
enters
the
Town
without
opposition
.
Here
we
must
confess
,
that
the
Ambition
The
inhumane
cruelty
of
Fabius
at
the
sacking
of
Tarentum
.
of
Fabius
was
both
cruel
and
unfaithfull
;
For
to
make
it
appear
to
the
world
,
that
he
had
taken
Tarentum
by
force
and
his
own
prowess
,
and
not
by
treachery
,
he
commanded
his
men
to
doe
execution
upon
all
the
Brutians
,
and
not
to
spare
a
man
of
them
;
many
of
the
Tarentines
were
also
kill'd
,
and
thirty
thousand
of
them
were
sold
for
Slaves
.
The
Army
had
the
plunder
of
the
Town
,
and
there
was
brought
into
the
Treasury
three
thousand
Talents
:
whilst
they
were
thus
ordering
and
distributing
the
Spoils
,
the
Officer
who
took
the
Inventory
,
ask'd
what
should
be
done
with
their
Gods
,
meaning
the
Statues
and
Images
in
the
Temples
;
to
whom
Fabius
answer'd
,
Let
us
leave
their
angry
Gods
to
the
Tarentines
.
And
yet
one
Statue
of
Hercules
,
which
was
of
extraordinary
bigness
,
he
caus'd
to
be
set
up
in
the
Capitol
,
next
to
his
own
in
Brass
,
which
stood
there
on
Horseback
.
The
severe
and
sanguinary
proceeding
on
this
occasion
,
as
it
reflects
on
the
memory
of
Fabius
,
so
also
it
did
very
much
set
off
in
the
eyes
of
the
world
the
clemency
and
humanity
of
Marcellus
,
as
in
his
Life
we
have
already
shewn
.
When
Hannibal
had
the
news
brought
Hannibal
in
vain
attempts
to
relieve
it
.
him
that
Tarentum
was
besieged
,
he
marched
with
great
diligence
to
relieve
it
;
and
being
come
within
five
miles
,
he
was
inform'd
that
the
Town
was
taken
;
which
made
him
say
,
that
Rome
had
also
got
a
Hannibal
,
and
by
the
same
Art
Tarentum
was
lost
,
by
which
he
formerly
had
gain'd
it
:
And
being
in
private
with
some
of
his
Confidents
,
he
plainly
told
them
,
that
he
always
thought
it
difficult
,
but
now
he
held
it
impossible
with
the
Forces
he
then
had
to
master
Italy
.
Upon
this
success
,
Fabius
had
a
Triumph
decreed
him
at
Rome
,
much
more
splendid
than
the
former
;
for
they
look'd
upon
him
now
as
a
Champion
who
had
clearly
worsted
his
Antagonist
,
and
been
too
hard
for
him
in
his
own
way
and
at
his
own
Weapon
:
And
indeed
the
Army
of
Hannibal
was
at
this
time
partly
worn
away
with
continual
action
,
and
partly
become
soft
and
dissolute
with
great
opulency
and
luxury
.
When
the
Senate
had
before
them
the
business
of
this
Triumph
,
Marcus
Livius
(
who
was
Governour
of
Tarentum
when
it
was
betrayed
to
Hannibal
,
and
then
retired
into
the
Castle
,
which
he
kept
till
the
Town
was
re-taken
)
openly
declared
,
that
by
his
resistance
more
than
by
any
action
of
Fabius
,
Tarentum
had
been
recovered
;
to
whom
Fabius
,
laughing
at
his
envy
and
ambition
,
reply'd
;
You
say
very
true
,
for
if
Marcus
Fabius
's
jocular
reply
to
Marcus
Livius
.
Livius
had
not
lost
Tarentum
,
Fabius
Maximus
had
never
recover'd
it
.
The
People
of
Rome
thought
no
honour
too
great
for
him
;
they
gave
his
Son
the
Consulship
of
the
next
year
;
who
when
he
was
entred
upon
his
Office
,
there
being
some
business
then
on
foot
about
provisions
for
the
War
,
his
Father
,
either
by
reason
of
Age
and
infirmity
,
or
perhaps
out
of
design
to
try
his
Son
,
came
up
to
him
on
Horseback
.
Whereupon
the
young
Consul
presently
bid
one
of
his
Lictors
command
his
Father
to
alight
,
and
tell
him
that
if
he
had
any
business
with
the
Consul
he
should
come
on
foot
.
This
infinitely
pleased
the
old
man
,
and
although
the
standers
by
seem'd
offended
at
the
imperiousness
of
the
Son
towards
a
Father
,
so
venerable
for
his
age
and
his
authority
,
yet
he
instantly
lighted
from
his
The
transcendent
dignity
of
a
Magistrate
.
Horse
,
and
with
open
armes
and
great
speed
,
came
up
and
imbraced
his
Son
,
telling
him
,
Now
thou
art
my
Son
indeed
,
since
thou
dost
understand
thy self
in
the
Authority
thou
hast
received
,
and
knowest
whom
thou
art
to
command
.
This
was
the
way
by
which
we
and
our
forefathers
have
advanced
the
dignity
of
the
Commonwealth
,
in
preferring
that
to
our
own
Fathers
and
Children
.
And
indeed
it
is
reported
,
that
the
great
Grandfather
of
our
Fabius
,
who
was
undoubtedly
the
greatest
man
of
Rome
in
his
time
,
both
in
Reputation
and
Authority
,
who
had
been
five
times
Consul
,
and
had
been
honour'd
with
several
Triumphs
for
as
many
Victories
obtained
by
him
,
took
pleasure
in
serving
(
as
Legate
)
under
his
own
Son
,
when
he
went
Consul
into
his
Province
:
And
when
afterwards
his
Son
had
a
Triumph
bestow'd
upon
him
for
his
good
service
,
the
old
man
followed
on
Horseback
his
triumphant
Chariot
,
as
one
of
his
Attendants
;
and
made
it
his
glory
to
be
the
greatest
man
in
Rome
,
and
to
have
such
a
Son
,
and
yet
to
be
subject
to
the
Law
and
the
Magistrate
.
But
the
praises
of
our
Fabius
are
not
bounded
here
;
his
manly
courage
in
bearing
his
losses
,
more
eminently
shew'd
the
greatness
of
his
Soul
than
his
prosperous
successes
.
For
loosing
this
Son
of
his
in
the
flower
of
his
age
,
and
in
the
height
of
his
promotion
,
with
wonderfull
moderation
he
did
the
part
of
a
pious
Father
and
of
a
Heroe
,
whom
nothing
could
daunt
.
For
as
it
was
the
custom
amongst
the
Romans
,
upon
the
death
of
any
illustrious
person
,
to
have
a
Funeral
Oration
recited
by
some
of
the
nearest
Relations
,
he
himself
took
upon
him
that
office
,
and
delivered
himself
upon
the
subject
to
the
great
satisfaction
and
applause
both
of
Senate
and
People
.
After
Publius
Cornelius
Scipio
,
who
was
sent
Proconsul
into
Spain
,
had
driven
the
Carthaginians
(
defeated
by
him
in
many
Battels
)
out
of
that
Province
,
and
had
reduced
several
Towns
and
Nations
under
the
obedience
of
Rome
,
he
was
received
at
his
coming
home
with
a
general
joy
and
acclamation
of
the
People
;
who
to
shew
their
gratitude
and
high
esteem
of
him
,
design'd
him
Consul
for
the
year
ensuing
.
Knowing
what
high
expectation
they
had
of
him
,
he
thought
the
design
of
onely
driving
Hannibal
out
of
Italy
,
not
great
enough
to
answer
the
hopes
and
the
happiness
they
promised
themselves
from
his
Consulship
.
He
therefore
propos'd
no
less
a
task
to
himself
than
to
make
Carthage
the
seat
of
the
War
;
and
so
to
oblige
Hannibal
,
instead
of
invading
the
Countries
of
others
,
to
draw
back
and
defend
his
own
.
To
this
end
he
made
use
of
all
the
credit
and
favour
he
had
with
the
People
;
and
assiduously
courting
them
,
left
no
popular
art
untry'd
that
he
might
gain
them
to
second
his
design
.
Fabius
on
the
other
side
Scipio
thwarted
in
his
designs
by
Fabius
.
oppos'd
with
all
his
might
this
undertaking
of
Scipio
,
telling
the
People
,
that
nothing
but
the
temerity
of
a
hot
young
man
could
inspire
them
with
such
dangerous
Counsels
,
which
by
drawing
away
their
Forces
to
parts
so
remote
,
might
expose
Rome
it self
to
be
the
conquest
of
Hannibal
.
His
authority
and
perswasions
prevail'd
with
the
Senate
to
espouse
his
Sentiments
,
but
the
common
People
thought
that
he
envied
the
Fame
of
Scipio
,
and
that
he
was
afraid
lest
this
young
Conquerour
should
have
the
glory
to
drive
Hannibal
out
of
Italy
,
and
to
end
the
War
,
which
had
for
so
many
years
continued
and
been
protracted
under
his
Government
.
To
say
the
truth
,
when
Fabius
first
oppos'd
this
project
of
Scipio
,
I
believe
he
did
it
in
consideration
onely
of
the
publick
safety
,
and
of
the
danger
which
the
Common-wealth
might
incur
by
such
a
way
of
proceeding
:
but
when
he
found
Scipio
every
day
increasing
in
the
esteem
of
the
People
,
envy
then
and
ambition
took
hold
of
him
,
which
made
him
so
violent
in
his
opposition
.
For
he
apply'd
himself
to
Crassus
,
the
Collegue
of
Scipio
,
and
perswaded
him
not
to
yield
that
Province
to
Scipio
,
but
that
(
if
his
inclinations
were
for
that
War
)
he
should
himself
in
person
lead
the
Army
to
Carthage
.
He
also
hindred
the
giving
money
to
Scipio
for
the
War
,
who
was
forc'd
to
raise
it
upon
his
own
credit
and
interest
,
and
was
supply'd
by
the
Cities
of
Hetruria
,
which
were
wholly
devoted
to
him
.
On
the
Crassus
no
promoter
of
martial
exploits
.
other
side
,
Crassus
would
not
stir
against
him
,
nor
remove
out
of
Italy
,
as
being
in
his
own
nature
an
Enemy
to
strife
and
contention
,
and
also
as
having
the
care
of
Religion
,
by
his
Office
of
high
Priest
.
Wherefore
Fabius
try'd
other
ways
to
break
the
design
;
He
declaimed
both
in
the
Senate
and
to
the
People
that
Scipio
did
not
onely
himself
fly
from
Hannibal
,
but
did
also
endeavour
to
drain
Italy
of
all
their
Forces
,
and
to
spirit
away
the
youth
of
the
Country
to
a
Foreign
War
,
leaving
behind
them
their
Parents
,
Wives
and
Children
a
defenceless
Prey
to
the
Enemy
at
their
doors
.
With
this
he
so
terrified
the
People
,
that
at
last
they
would
onely
allow
to
Scipio
for
the
War
the
Legions
which
were
in
Sicily
,
and
three
hundred
of
those
men
who
had
so
bravely
served
him
in
Spain
.
In
these
transactions
hitherto
Fabius
onely
seem'd
to
follow
the
dictates
of
his
own
wary
temper
.
But
,
after
that
Scipio
was
gone
over
into
The
deserved
renown
of
Scipio
in
Africk
.
Africa
,
when
news
was
brought
to
Rome
of
his
wonderfull
exploits
and
Victories
(
of
which
the
fame
was
confirm'd
by
the
Spoils
he
sent
home
)
of
a
Numidian
King
taken
Prisoner
,
of
a
vast
slaughter
of
their
men
,
of
two
Camps
of
the
Enemy
burnt
and
destroy'd
,
and
in
them
a
great
quantity
of
Arms
and
Horses
;
when
hereupon
the
Carthaginians
had
been
compell'd
to
send
their
Envoys
to
Hannibal
to
call
him
home
,
and
leave
Italy
,
to
defend
Carthage
;
when
for
so
eminent
and
transcending
services
,
the
whole
People
of
Rome
,
with
no
less
gratitude
than
acclamation
,
cry'd
up
and
extoll'd
the
Actions
of
Scipio
;
even
then
did
Fabius
contend
He
is
envy'd
by
Fabius
.
that
a
Successour
should
be
sent
in
his
place
,
alledging
for
it
onely
the
old
thredbare
and
pitifull
reason
of
the
mutability
of
Fortune
,
as
if
she
would
be
weary
of
long
favouring
the
same
person
.
But
this
too
manifestly
laid
open
his
envious
and
morose
humour
,
when
nothing
(
not
done
by
himself
)
could
please
him
;
Nay
,
when
Hannibal
had
put
his
Army
on
Ship-board
,
and
taken
his
leave
of
Italy
,
and
when
the
People
had
therefore
decreed
a
Thanksgiving-day
,
did
Fabius
still
oppose
and
disturb
the
universal
joy
of
Rome
,
by
spreading
about
his
fears
and
apprehensions
,
and
by
telling
them
,
that
the
Common-wealth
was
never
more
in
danger
than
now
,
and
that
Hannibal
was
a
more
dreadfull
Enemy
under
the
Walls
of
Carthage
than
ever
he
had
been
in
Italy
;
that
it
would
be
fatal
to
Rome
when
ever
Scipio
should
encounter
his
victorious
Army
,
still
warm
with
the
bloud
of
so
many
Roman
Generals
,
Dictatours
and
Consuls
slain
.
Some
of
the
People
were
startled
with
these
declamations
,
and
were
brought
to
believe
,
that
the
farther
off
Hannibal
was
the
nearer
was
their
danger
.
But
Scipio
afterwards
fought
Hannibal
and
defeated
him
,
and
sufficiently
humbled
the
pride
of
Carthage
;
whereby
he
rais'd
again
the
drooping
spirits
of
the
Romans
,
no
more
to
be
dejected
;
and
firmly
establish'd
their
Empire
,
which
the
tempest
of
this
Punick
War
had
so
long
caused
to
fluctuate
.
But
Fabius
Maximus
lived
not
to
see
the
prosperous
end
of
this
War
,
and
the
final
overthrow
of
Hannibal
,
nor
to
rejoyce
in
the
well
establish'd
happiness
and
security
of
the
Commonwealth
;
for
about
the
time
that
Hannibal
left
Italy
,
he
fell
sick
and
died
.
We
find
in
the
History
of
Thebes
,
Epaminondas
died
so
poor
that
he
was
buried
upon
the
publick
charge
:
Fabius
,
on
the
contrary
,
died
very
rich
,
yet
such
was
the
love
of
the
People
towards
him
,
that
every
man
of
them
,
by
a
general
Tax
,
did
contribute
to
defray
his
Funeral
;
thereby
owning
him
their
common
Father
;
which
made
his
End
no
less
honourable
than
his
Life
.
THE
COMPARISON
OF
FABIVS
with
PERICLES
.
YOU
have
here
had
the
Lives
of
two
persons
very
illustrious
for
their
Civil
and
Military
Endowments
;
Let
us
first
compare
them
in
their
warlike
Capacity
.
Pericles
presided
in
his
Commonwealth
,
when
it
was
in
a
most
flourishing
and
opulent
condition
,
great
in
Power
and
happy
in
Success
;
so
that
he
seem'd
to
stand
rather
supported
by
,
than
supporting
the
Fortune
of
his
Country
.
But
the
business
of
Fabius
,
who
undertook
the
Government
in
the
worst
and
most
difficult
times
,
was
not
to
conserve
and
maintain
a
well
establish'd
felicity
of
a
prosperous
State
,
but
to
raise
and
uphold
a
sinking
and
ruinous
Common-wealth
.
Besides
the
Victories
of
Cimon
,
of
Myronides
and
Leocrates
,
with
those
many
famous
exploits
of
Tolmides
,
were
made
use
of
by
Pericles
onely
to
entertain
the
People
at
home
,
and
to
please
their
Fancy
with
Triumphs
,
Feasts
and
Games
of
the
Circus
and
Theatre
;
not
to
inlarge
their
Empire
by
prosecuting
the
War
:
Whereas
Fabius
,
when
he
took
upon
him
the
Government
,
had
the
frightfull
object
before
his
eyes
of
Roman
Armies
destroy'd
,
of
their
Generals
and
Consuls
slain
,
of
all
the
Countries
round
strew'd
with
the
dead
Bodies
,
and
the
Rivers
stain'd
with
the
Bloud
of
his
fellow
Citizens
;
and
yet
with
his
mature
and
solid
Counsels
,
with
the
firmness
of
his
Resolution
,
he
,
as
it
were
,
put
his
Shoulders
to
the
falling
Commonwealth
,
and
kept
it
up
from
foundring
,
through
the
failings
and
weakness
of
others
.
Perhaps
it
may
be
more
easie
to
govern
a
City
broken
and
tamed
with
calamities
and
adversity
,
and
compell'd
to
obey
by
danger
and
necessity
,
than
to
rule
a
People
pamper'd
and
resty
with
long
Prosperity
,
as
were
the
Athenians
when
Pericles
held
the
reins
of
Government
.
But
then
again
,
not
to
be
daunted
nor
discompos'd
with
the
vast
heap
of
Calamities
under
which
the
people
of
Rome
did
at
that
time
grone
and
succumb
,
argues
the
temper
of
Fabius
to
be
invincible
,
and
his
courage
more
than
humane
.
We
may
set
Tarentum
re-taken
,
against
Samos
won
by
Pericles
,
and
the
conquest
of
Euboea
we
may
put
in
balance
with
the
Towns
of
Campania
;
though
Capua
it self
was
afterwards
subdued
by
the
Consuls
Furius
and
Appius
.
I
do
not
find
that
Fabius
won
any
set
Battel
,
but
that
against
the
Ligurians
,
for
which
he
had
his
Triumph
;
whereas
Pericles
erected
nine
Trophies
for
as
many
Victories
obtain'd
by
Land
and
by
Sea
.
But
no
action
of
Pericles
can
be
compar'd
Pericles
's
numerous
Victories
eclipsed
by
one
of
Fabius
'
s.
to
that
memorable
rescue
of
Minutius
,
when
Fabius
redeem'd
both
him
and
his
Army
from
utter
destruction
;
an
Action
,
which
comprehends
the
height
of
Valour
,
of
Conduct
and
Humanity
.
On
the
other
side
,
it
does
not
appear
,
that
Pericles
was
ever
so
over-reach'd
as
Fabius
was
by
Hannibal
with
his
flaming
Oxen
;
never
was
there
so
certain
,
and
so
great
an
advantage
lost
over
an
Enemy
:
For
in
the
Valley
of
Casilinum
Hannibal
was
shut
up
without
any
possibility
of
forcing
his
way
out
,
and
yet
by
Stratageme
in
the
night
he
frees
himself
out
of
those
Straits
,
and
when
day
came
,
worsted
the
Enemy
,
who
had
him
before
at
his
mercy
.
It
is
the
part
of
a
good
General
,
not
onely
to
provide
for
,
and
judge
well
of
the
present
,
but
also
to
have
a
clear
foresight
of
things
to
come
.
In
this
Pericles
excell'd
,
for
he
admonish'd
the
Athenians
,
and
told
them
beforehand
,
what
ruine
their
last
War
would
bring
upon
them
,
by
grasping
more
than
they
were
able
to
manage
.
But
Fabius
was
not
so
good
a
Prophet
,
when
he
denounced
to
the
Romans
,
that
the
undertaking
of
Scipio
would
be
the
destruction
of
the
Commonwealth
.
So
that
Pericles
was
a
good
Prophet
of
bad
success
,
and
Fabius
was
a
bad
Prophet
of
success
that
was
good
.
And
indeed
,
to
loose
an
advantage
through
diffidence
,
is
no
less
blameable
in
a
General
than
to
fall
into
danger
for
want
of
foresight
;
For
both
these
faults
,
though
of
a
contrary
nature
,
spring
from
the
same
root
,
which
is
want
of
judgment
and
experience
.
As
for
their
Civil
Policy
;
it
is
imputed
to
Pericles
that
he
was
a
lover
of
War
,
and
that
no
terms
of
Peace
,
offer'd
by
the
Lacedemonians
,
would
content
him
.
It
is
true
,
that
Fabius
also
was
not
for
yielding
any
thing
to
the
Carthaginians
,
but
would
rather
hazard
all
than
lessen
the
Empire
of
Rome
;
yet
this
difference
there
was
between
them
,
that
Fabius
made
War
onely
to
preserve
and
recover
his
own
,
and
Pericles
to
gain
what
belong'd
to
others
.
But
then
,
the
mildness
of
Fabius
towards
his
Collegue
Minutius
does
,
by
way
of
comparison
,
highly
reproach
and
condemn
the
eager
prosecution
of
Pericles
,
and
his
practices
to
banish
Cimon
and
Thucydides
,
who
held
with
the
Nobility
,
and
were
true
lovers
of
their
Country
.
Indeed
the
authority
of
Pericles
in
Athens
was
much
greater
than
that
of
Fabius
in
Rome
;
for
which
reason
it
was
more
easie
for
him
to
prevent
miscarriages
commonly
arising
from
weakness
and
insufficiency
of
Officers
,
since
he
had
got
the
sole
nomination
and
management
of
them
;
onely
Tolmides
broke
loose
from
him
,
and
contrary
to
his
orders
,
unadvisedly
fought
with
the
Boeotians
,
and
was
slain
:
whereas
Fabius
,
for
want
of
that
general
power
and
influence
upon
the
Officers
,
had
not
the
means
to
obviate
their
miscarriages
;
but
it
had
been
happy
for
the
Romans
if
his
Authority
had
been
greater
;
for
so
we
may
presume
,
their
disasters
had
been
fewer
.
As
to
their
liberality
and
publick
spirit
,
Pericles
was
eminent
in
never
taking
any
gifts
,
and
Fabius
for
giving
his
own
money
to
ransome
his
Souldiers
;
though
the
sum
did
not
exceed
six
Talents
.
This
right
we
must
doe
Pericles
,
that
no
man
had
ever
greater
opportunities
to
enrich
himself
(
as
having
had
presents
offer'd
him
from
so
many
Kings
and
Princes
,
and
States
of
his
Alliance
)
yet
no
man
was
ever
more
free
from
corruption
.
And
for
the
beauty
and
magnificence
of
Temples
and
publick
Edifices
,
with
which
he
adorn'd
his
Country
,
it
must
be
confest
,
that
all
the
Ornaments
and
Structures
of
Rome
,
to
the
time
of
the
Caesars
,
had
nothing
to
compare
,
either
in
greatness
of
design
or
of
expence
,
with
the
lustre
of
those
which
Pericles
onely
erected
at
Athens
.
The
End
of
the
First
Volume
.
Notes, typically marginal, from the original text
Notes for div A55194-e10440
Notes for div A55194-e21600
Notes for div A55194-e31320
Notes for div A55194-e38920
Notes for div A55194-e44890
Notes for div A55194-e51040
Notes for div A55194-e57060
Notes for div A55194-e64610
Notes for div A55194-e70050
Notes for div A55194-e84270