PLUTARCHS
LIVES
VOL.
IIII.
depiction of Plutarch and Fama
MBurgher
delin
.
et
sculp
.
THE
Fourth
Volume
OF
PLUTARCH's
LIVES
.
Translated
from
the
Greek
,
BY
SEVERAL
HANDS
.
LONDON
:
Printed
for
Jacob
Tonson
at
the
Judges
Head
in
Chancery-lane
near
Fleetstreet
.
M.
DC
.
XCIII
.
The
Lives
contained
in
the
FOURTH
VOLUME
.
Agesilaus
,
|
Translated
by
Dr.
Needham
.
|
p.
1
|
Pompey
,
|
Translated
by
Dr.
Oldish
.
|
p.
73
|
Alexander
,
|
Translated
by
John
Evelyn
Esq
|
p.
245
|
Julius
Caesar
,
|
Translated
by
Mr.
Smalridge
.
|
p.
385
|
Phocion
,
|
Translated
by
Dr.
Fowke
.
|
p.
487
|
Cato
the
younger
,
|
Translated
by
Dr.
Waller
.
|
p.
554
|
Agis
,
|
Translated
by
Sir
Rob.
Thorold
.
|
p.
659
|
Cleomenes
,
|
Translated
by
Mr.
Creech
.
|
p.
690
|
Tiberius
Gracchi
,
and
Caius
Gracchi
,
|
Translated
by
Mr.
Warren
.
|
p.
782
|
A
Chronological
Table
to
the
Fourth
Volume
of
Plutarch's
Lives
.
|
The
Olympiad
.
|
The
Year
of
the
Olympiad
.
|
After
the
building
of
Rome
.
|
After
the
Worlds
Creation
.
|
Before
the
coming
of
Christ
|
The
Julian
Period
.
|
Agesilaus
|
95
|
1
|
353
|
3550
|
398
|
4314
|
Pompeius
|
174
|
3
|
672
|
3869
|
79
|
4633
|
Alexander
overcame
Darius
|
111
|
2
|
418
|
3615
|
333
|
4379
|
Julius
Caesar
Consul
|
180
|
2
|
694
|
3891
|
57
|
4655
|
Phocion
|
105
|
4
|
396
|
3593
|
355
|
4357
|
Cato
Uticen
|
179
|
4
|
692
|
3889
|
59
|
4653
|
Agis
|
134
|
2
|
510
|
3707
|
241
|
4471
|
Cleomenes
|
138
|
1
|
525
|
3722
|
226
|
3722
|
Tiberius
Gracchus
|
161
|
1
|
617
|
3814
|
134
|
4578
|
Caius
Gracchus
|
163
|
4
|
628
|
3825
|
123
|
4589
|
THE
LIFE
OF
PHOCION
.
Englished
from
the
Greek
,
By
Ph.
Fowke
,
M.
D.
DEMADES
the
Orator
,
a
powerful
Man
at
that
time
in
Athens
,
managing
Matters
in
favour
of
Antipater
and
the
Macedonians
,
being
necessitated
to
write
and
speak
many
things
below
the
Dignity
and
contrary
to
the
Usage
of
the
City
,
was
wont
to
excuse
himself
,
by
saying
,
He
steer'd
ouly
the
Shipwrecks
of
the
Commonwealth
.
This
hardy
Saying
of
his
might
have
some
appearance
of
truth
,
if
apply'd
to
Phocion's
Government
;
for
Demades
indeed
himself
was
the
ruine
of
his
Countrey
,
living
and
ruling
so
dissolutely
,
which
gave
Antipater
occasion
to
say
of
him
,
(
being
now
grown
old
)
That
he
was
like
a
sacrificed
Beast
,
all
consumed
save
his
Tongue
and
his
Paunch
.
But
Phocion's
was
a
steady
Virtue
,
depress'd
only
by
too
great
a
Counterpoise
,
the
Fate
of
Greece
conspiring
with
that
juncture
of
Time
to
render
it
more
obscure
and
inglorious
;
yet
Sophocles
too
much
weakens
the
force
of
Virtue
,
by
saying
,
Nor
do
our
minds
,
with
adverse
Fate
surrounded
,
Maintain
their
tenour
,
but
are
shock'd
,
confounded
.
Thus
much
indeed
must
be
granted
to
happen
in
the
Contests
between
good
Men
and
ill
Fortune
,
that
instead
of
due
Returns
to
their
good
Management
,
the
People
,
by
unjust
Surmises
and
Obloquies
,
often
sully
the
Lustre
,
and
endeavour
to
blast
the
Reputation
of
their
Virtue
.
And
although
it
be
AGESILAUS
.
depiction of Agesilaus
〈…〉
sculp
.
THE
LIFE
OF
AGESILAUS
.
Translated
out
of
the
Greek
by
W.
Needham
,
M.
D.
ARchidamus
,
the
Son
of
Zeuxidamus
,
having
reigned
gloriously
over
the
Lacedaemonians
,
left
behind
him
two
Sons
:
Agis
the
elder
was
begotten
of
Lamprido
,
a
very
Noble
and
Illustrious
Lady
.
Agesilaus
,
much
the
Agesilaus
his
Parentage
.
His
Education
.
younger
,
was
born
of
Eupolia
,
the
Daughter
of
Melisippidas
.
Agis
being
Heir
apparent
of
the
Crown
,
was
bred
suitably
to
his
Birth
.
Agesilaus
,
the
younger
Brother
,
was
educated
according
to
the
usual
Discipline
of
the
Country
,
which
was
very
hard
and
severe
,
but
such
as
taught
young
Men
how
to
obey
their
Superiors
.
Whence
it
was
that
(
Men
say
)
Simonides
called
Sparta
the
Tamer
of
Men
,
because
by
a
customary
strictness
of
Education
,
they
inured
the
Citizens
to
Obedience
,
and
patient
Subjection
,
as
Horses
are
broke
to
the
Saddle
:
The
Law
did
not
hold
so
strict
a
Rein
on
the
Heirs
apparent
of
the
Crown
.
But
Agesilaus
,
whose
good
Fortune
it
was
to
be
born
a
younger
Brother
,
was
consequently
bred
to
all
the
Laconick
Arts
of
Obedience
,
and
thereby
fitted
for
the
Management
of
the
Government
,
when
it
fell
to
his
share
:
Hence
it
was
that
he
became
the
most
popular
of
the
Spartan
Kings
,
having
learned
how
to
temper
the
Grandeur
of
a
Royal
Condition
,
with
the
Sweetness
and
Debounairness
of
familiar
Condescensions
.
Whilst
he
was
yet
a
Boy
,
bred
up
in
one
of
the
Schools
or
Colledges
of
Youth
,
he
contracted
an
Intimacy
with
Lysander
,
(
a
His
Friendship
with
Lysander
.
great
Man
afterwards
in
Lacedaemon
)
who
much
admired
a
generous
Modesty
and
ingenious
Shame
he
found
in
him
:
For
tho
And
his
Character
.
he
was
one
of
the
highest
Spirits
,
and
fullest
of
Bravery
of
any
of
his
Companions
,
always
ambitious
of
Preheminence
above
them
,
towards
which
the
impetuous
Vigour
and
invincible
Fervour
of
his
Mind
irresistibly
carried
him
,
maugre
all
Opposition
or
Difficulty
he
could
meet
with
;
yet
on
the
other
side
he
was
so
easie
and
gentle
in
his
Nature
,
and
so
apt
to
hearken
to
all
rational
and
friendly
Proposals
,
that
a
good
Word
wrought
more
upon
him
than
the
greatest
Dint
of
Force
;
he
being
ready
to
do
any
thing
upon
ingenuous
Motives
,
but
nothing
upon
Compulsion
.
He
had
one
Leg
shorter
than
another
;
which
Deformity
he
easily
hid
by
a
good
meen
and
briskness
in
his
Behaviour
,
he
being
the
first
alway
to
pass
a
Jest
upon
himself
.
And
indeed
it
was
a
great
Argument
of
his
Love
to
Glory
and
great
Actions
,
that
his
Lameness
was
no
Discouragement
to
him
in
the
pursuit
of
them
.
Neither
his
Statue
nor
Picture
are
extant
,
he
never
allowing
them
in
his
Life
,
and
utterly
forbidding
them
to
be
made
after
his
Death
:
He
is
said
to
have
been
a
little
Man
,
of
a
contemptible
Presence
;
but
the
goodness
of
his
Humour
,
and
his
constant
Chearfulness
,
and
agreeable
Conversation
,
alway
free
from
any
thing
of
Moroseness
or
Haughtiness
,
made
him
more
amiable
(
even
to
his
old
Age
)
than
the
most
beautiful
Men
of
the
Nation
.
Theophrastus
writes
,
That
the
Ephori
laid
a
Fine
upon
Archidamus
,
for
marrying
a
little
Wife
,
For
(
said
they
)
you
will
beget
us
a
Race
of
Roitelets
instead
of
Kings
.
Whilst
Agis
,
the
elder
Brother
,
reigned
,
Alcibiades
deba●cheth
the
Wife
of
Agis
,
and
begets
Leotychides
.
Alcibiades
(
being
then
an
Exile
from
Athens
)
came
from
Sicily
to
Sparta
;
nor
had
he
staid
long
there
,
before
his
Familiarity
with
Timaea
the
Queen
grew
suspected
,
insomuch
that
Agis
refused
to
own
a
Child
of
hers
,
which
(
he
said
)
was
Alcibiades's
,
not
his
.
Nor
(
if
we
may
believe
Duris
the
Historian
)
was
Timaea
much
concerned
at
it
,
being
herself
forward
enough
to
whisper
among
her
Servants
,
that
the
Infant
's
true
Name
was
Alcibiades
,
not
Leotychides
.
Mean
while
it
was
believed
,
that
the
Amour
he
had
with
her
,
was
not
the
effect
of
his
Love
but
his
Ambition
,
that
he
might
have
Spartan
Kings
of
his
Posterity
.
This
Affair
being
grown
publick
,
it
was
time
for
Alcibiades
to
withdraw
himself
:
But
the
Child
was
forced
to
abide
there
,
and
to
endure
the
Severity
of
Agis
,
who
never
owned
him
for
his
Son
,
till
upon
his
Death-bed
he
was
overcome
with
the
Prayers
and
Tears
of
Leotychides
,
to
declare
him
for
such
,
in
a
publick
Audience
.
But
this
could
not
fix
him
in
the
Throne
of
Agis
;
after
whose
Death
,
Lysander
,
the
great
Lacedaemonian
Captain
,
who
had
lately
conquered
the
Athenians
in
a
Sea-sight
,
and
was
of
great
Power
in
Sparta
,
did
promote
Agesilaus
to
the
Leotychides
put
by
the
Throne
as
a
Bastar●●
Kingdom
,
urging
Leotychides
▪
s
Bastardy
,
as
a
Bar
to
his
Pretensions
.
Many
of
the
Citizens
soon
betook
themselves
to
Agesilaus
his
Party
,
being
thereto
induced
by
the
Opinion
they
had
of
his
Gallantry
,
of
which
they
themselves
had
been
Spectators
,
in
the
time
that
he
had
been
bred
up
among
them
.
Yet
was
not
his
way
so
smooth
as
to
be
free
from
Rubs
:
one
he
met
with
very
considerable
from
a
Fortune-teller
named
Diopithes
,
who
was
of
great
Esteem
among
them
for
his
Skill
in
Divination
;
he
alledged
,
That
it
was
unlawful
to
make
a
lame
Man
King
of
Lacedaemon
,
citing
to
that
purpose
the
following
Oracle
:
Great
is
thy
Empire
,
Sparta
,
yet
beware
Lest
thy
Strength
bend
under
an
halting
Heir
;
Then
Ills
untry'd
shall
thy
old
Honour
stain
,
And
Wars
destructive
Rage
thro'
thy
whole
Country
reign
.
But
Lysander
was
not
wanting
of
an
Evasion
,
alledging
,
That
if
the
Spartans
made
any
conscience
of
the
Oracle
,
they
must
have
a
care
of
Leotychides
;
for
it
was
not
the
limping
Foot
of
a
King
that
the
Gods
were
offended
at
,
but
the
bastardizing
of
the
Herculean
Family
,
into
whose
Rights
if
a
spurious
Issue
were
admitted
,
it
would
make
the
Kingdom
to
Halt
indeed
.
Agesilaus
made
Neptune
also
a
Witness
of
the
Bastardy
of
Leotychides
,
proving
that
Agis
was
thrown
out
of
Bed
from
his
Wife
by
a
violent
Earthquake
,
after
which
time
he
did
not
Cohabit
with
her
,
yet
Leotychides
was
born
above
ten
Months
after
it
.
Agesilaus
was
upon
Agesilaus
declared
King
.
these
Allegations
declared
King
,
and
soon
possessed
himself
of
the
private
Estate
of
Agis
as
well
as
his
Throne
,
Leotychides
being
wholly
rejected
as
a
Bastard
.
Which
being
Is
kind
to
th●
Relations
of
Agis
.
done
,
he
cast
his
Eye
on
the
Kinred
of
Agis
by
the
Mother's
side
,
whom
he
considered
as
Persons
of
good
Worth
and
Vertue
,
but
very
poor
:
he
gave
them
half
his
Brother's
Estate
,
and
by
this
popular
Act
gained
the
good
will
,
not
of
them
only
,
but
of
the
Spartans
in
general
,
and
stifled
that
Envy
that
was
growing
against
him
upon
the
account
of
his
Success
.
But
whereas
Xenophon
saith
of
him
,
That
by
complying
with
,
His
Policy
.
and
as
it
were
being
ruled
by
his
Country
,
he
grew
into
so
great
Power
with
them
,
that
he
could
do
what
he
pleased
.
This
was
by
the
Power
he
got
with
the
Ephori
and
Senate
:
these
were
of
great
Authority
in
the
State
;
the
former
were
Officers
annually
chosen
;
the
Senators
held
their
Places
during
Life
,
both
instituted
as
Bridles
to
restrain
the
Licentiousness
of
the
Kings
,
as
it
is
already
more
fully
discoursed
in
the
Life
of
Lycurgus
.
Hence
it
was
that
there
was
alway
a
Feud
and
Contention
between
them
and
the
Kings
.
But
Agesilaus
took
another
course
;
instead
of
contending
with
them
,
he
courted
them
:
he
alway
acted
by
their
Advice
,
was
alway
ready
to
go
,
nay
almost
to
run
,
when
they
called
him
:
If
he
were
upon
his
Throne
hearing
of
Causes
,
and
the
Ephori
came
in
,
he
arose
to
them
;
whenever
any
Man
was
elected
into
the
Senate
,
he
did
alway
present
him
with
a
Gown
and
an
Ox.
Thus
whilst
he
craftily
made
shew
of
Reverence
to
them
,
and
a
Deference
to
their
Power
,
he
secretly
advanced
his
own
Wealth
,
and
enlarged
the
Prerogatives
of
the
Crown
,
by
several
Liberties
which
their
Friendship
to
his
Person
did
grant
him
,
or
at
least
did
wink
at
.
To
other
Citizens
he
so
behaved
himself
,
as
to
be
less
blameable
in
his
Enmities
than
in
his
Friendships
:
for
towards
his
Enemy
he
behaved
himself
generously
,
scorning
to
take
any
unjust
Advantage
against
him
;
but
to
his
Friends
he
was
partial
,
even
in
things
manifestly
unjust
.
If
an
Enemy
had
done
any
thing
praise-worthy
,
he
scorned
to
retract
any
thing
from
his
due
Praises
;
but
his
Friends
he
knew
not
how
to
reprove
when
they
did
ill
;
nay
,
he
glory'd
in
bringing
them
off
when
they
were
obnoxious
:
He
thought
all
Offices
of
Friendship
commendable
,
let
the
Matter
wherein
they
were
employ'd
be
what
it
will
.
Again
,
when
any
of
his
Adversaries
was
overtaken
in
a
Fault
,
he
would
pity
them
,
and
be
soon
entreated
to
Pardon
them
,
and
shew
them
Kindness
,
by
which
means
he
allured
the
hearts
of
all
Men
:
insomuch
that
his
Popularity
grew
at
last
suspected
by
the
Ephori
,
who
fined
him
as
a
Monopolizer
of
the
Citizens
,
who
ought
to
be
the
common
Goods
of
the
Republick
.
For
as
it
is
the
Opinion
of
Philosophers
,
that
if
you
take
away
Strife
and
Opposition
out
of
the
Universe
,
all
the
Bodies
of
it
will
stand
still
,
Generation
and
Motion
will
cease
,
by
reason
of
the
mutual
Consent
and
Agreement
of
all
things
.
So
the
Spartan
Legislator
did
seem
to
have
mingled
Ambition
and
Emulation
,
among
the
Ingredients
of
his
Commonwealth
,
as
the
Incentives
of
Vertue
,
as
thinking
that
mutual
Compliance
,
in
winking
at
one
another
,
in
Cases
that
deserved
Rebuke
,
was
but
a
false
sort
of
Concord
,
no
way
useful
to
the
Publick
,
but
rather
a
Corruption
of
it
.
This
some
Men
think
Homer
to
have
had
an
eye
to
,
when
he
introduceth
Agamemnon
well
pleased
with
the
Jars
of
Ulysses
and
Achilles
,
and
with
the
hard
Words
that
passed
between
them
;
which
he
would
never
have
done
,
unless
he
had
thought
that
Dissentions
and
Factions
of
great
Men
had
been
of
use
to
the
State
.
Yet
this
Maxim
is
not
simply
to
be
granted
him
without
restriction
,
for
if
the
Heats
grow
too
big
,
they
are
very
dangerous
to
Cities
,
and
of
most
pernicious
consequence
.
When
Agesilaus
was
newly
entred
upon
He
is
chosen
General
for
Asia
.
the
Government
,
there
came
News
from
Asia
,
that
the
Persian
King
was
making
great
Naval
Preparations
,
resolving
with
an
high
Hand
to
dispossess
the
Spartans
of
their
Maritime
Greatness
.
Lysander
was
glad
of
this
Occasion
of
Succouring
his
Friends
in
Asia
,
whom
he
had
there
left
Governours
and
Lords
of
Cities
,
who
for
their
Male-administration
and
Tyrannical
Behaviour
,
had
been
deposed
,
and
many
of
them
put
to
death
:
He
therefore
perswaded
Agesilaus
to
undertake
the
Expedition
,
and
by
translating
the
War
from
Greece
to
the
Barbarous
Country
,
to
prevent
all
the
Designs
of
the
Persian
.
He
also
wrote
to
his
Friends
in
Asia
,
that
by
a
Solemn
Embassy
they
should
demand
Agesilaus
for
their
Captain
.
Agesilaus
thereupon
coming
into
the
Publick
Assembly
,
offered
his
Service
,
upon
condition
that
he
might
have
thirty
eminent
Captains
adjoyned
to
him
as
Counsellors
;
that
he
might
also
have
2000
of
the
newly
Enfranchized
Helots
,
and
of
other
Allies
to
the
number
of
6000.
Lysander's
Authority
and
Assistance
soon
obtained
his
Request
,
so
that
he
was
sent
away
with
thirty
Spartan
Captains
,
of
which
Lysander
was
the
Chief
,
not
only
in
Power
and
Reputation
,
but
also
in
Friendship
with
Agesilaus
,
who
esteemed
his
procuring
him
this
Charge
a
greater
Obligation
,
than
that
of
preferring
him
to
the
Kingdom
.
Whilst
the
Army
was
drawing
to
the
Rendezvous
at
Gerastus
,
Agesilaus
went
with
some
of
his
Friends
to
Aulis
,
where
in
a
Dream
he
saw
a
Man
approach
him
,
and
speak
to
him
after
this
manner
:
O
King
of
His
Dream
.
the
Lacedaemonians
,
you
cannot
but
know
that
(
before
yourself
)
there
hath
been
but
one
General
Captain
of
the
Greeks
,
viz.
Agamemnon
;
now
that
you
succeed
him
in
the
same
Office
and
Command
of
the
same
Men
,
leading
them
out
of
the
same
Country
to
the
War
,
you
ought
also
to
offer
such
a
Sacrifice
,
as
he
made
before
he
weighed
Anchor
.
Agesilaus
soon
remembred
that
the
Sacrifice
which
Agamemnon
offered
was
a
Virgin
,
he
being
so
directed
by
the
Oracle
:
Yet
was
he
not
at
all
disturbed
at
it
,
but
as
soon
as
he
arose
,
he
telleth
his
Dream
to
his
Friends
,
adding
withal
,
That
he
would
worship
the
Goddess
with
such
Sacrifices
as
would
be
acceptable
to
her
,
and
not
imitate
the
rude
Barbarity
of
that
General
.
He
therefore
ordered
an
Hind
to
be
crowned
with
Chaplets
;
and
delivered
to
his
own
Southsayer
,
not
to
him
whom
the
Baeotians
did
of
course
delegate
to
that
Office
.
When
the
Baeotian
Governours
understood
The
Baeotians
quarrel
about
the
Sacrifice
.
it
,
they
were
very
much
moved
,
and
sent
Officers
to
Agesilaus
,
to
forbid
his
sacrificing
contrary
to
the
Laws
of
the
Countrey
.
These
having
deliver'd
their
Message
to
him
,
immediately
went
to
the
Altar
,
and
threw
down
the
Quarters
of
the
Hind
that
lay
upon
it
.
Agesilaus
took
this
very
ill
,
and
without
further
Sacrifice
,
immediately
hoised
Sail
,
being
ever
after
a
great
Enemy
to
the
Boeotians
,
and
much
discouraged
in
his
Mind
at
the
bad
Omen
,
boading
to
himself
an
unsuccessful
Voyage
,
and
a
bad
issue
of
the
whole
Expedition
.
When
he
came
to
Ephesus
,
he
found
the
Power
of
Lysander
grow
very
great
and
invidious
,
all
Applications
made
to
him
,
great
Crowds
of
Suitors
alway
attending
at
his
Door
,
all
Men
following
and
worshipping
of
him
at
so
high
a
rate
,
as
if
nothing
but
the
Name
of
Empire
was
left
to
Agesilaus
,
the
whole
Power
of
it
being
devolved
The
Ambition
of
Lysander
.
upon
Lysander
.
None
of
all
the
Commanders
that
were
sent
this
Voyage
into
Asia
,
was
either
so
powerful
or
so
formidable
;
no
one
rewarded
his
Friends
better
,
or
was
more
severe
against
his
Enemies
.
Which
things
made
the
greater
Impression
in
Mens
Minds
,
because
they
observed
the
debonnair
and
popular
Behaviour
of
Agesilaus
,
whereas
that
of
Lysander
was
high
and
rigid
.
He
took
Men
up
short
,
and
by
that
fierceness
of
Carriage
so
subdued
the
Spirits
of
Men
,
that
they
wholly
submitted
to
him
,
giving
little
Regard
to
Agesilaus
.
This
was
first
stomached
by
the
other
Captains
,
who
with
Indignation
resented
it
,
that
they
should
be
rather
the
Followers
of
Lysander
,
than
the
Counsellors
of
Agesilaus
.
At
length
Agesilaus
himself
,
though
no
envious
Man
in
his
Nature
,
nor
apt
to
be
troubled
at
the
Honours
redounding
upon
other
Men
,
yet
being
highly
jealous
of
his
own
Glory
,
began
to
apprehend
that
Lysander's
Greatness
would
soon
eclipse
his
,
It
resented
by
Agesilaus
.
and
carry
away
from
him
the
Reputation
of
whatever
great
Action
should
happen
.
He
therefore
went
this
way
to
work
:
He
first
opposed
him
in
all
his
Counsels
;
whatever
And
suppressed
.
Lysander
advised
,
was
rejected
,
and
other
Proposals
followed
.
Then
whoever
made
any
Address
to
him
,
if
he
found
him
a
Retainer
to
Lysander
,
certainly
lost
his
Suit
.
Whoever
was
prosecuted
by
him
in
Judiciary
Matters
,
was
sure
to
get
off
with
Victory
,
and
whoever
was
visibly
favoured
by
him
,
was
used
with
all
Severity
and
Rigor
.
These
things
being
not
done
by
Chance
,
but
constantly
and
on
set
purpose
,
Lysander
was
soon
sensible
of
them
,
and
stuck
not
to
tell
his
Friends
,
that
they
suffered
for
his
sake
,
bidding
them
apply
themselves
to
the
King
,
and
such
as
were
more
powerful
with
him
than
he
was
.
Which
Sayings
of
his
,
when
they
seemed
to
be
designed
purposely
to
procure
Envy
to
Agesilaus
,
he
stuck
not
to
affront
Lysander
at
a
higher
rate
,
imposing
upon
him
the
Office
of
dividing
the
Flesh
among
the
Souldiers
,
and
would
in
publick
Companies
speak
scornfully
of
him
,
bidding
them
go
and
pay
their
Observances
to
the
Suttler
of
the
Camp
.
Lysander
no
longer
able
to
brook
these
things
,
complained
at
last
to
Agesilaus
himself
,
telling
him
,
That
he
knew
very
well
how
to
Oppress
his
Friends
.
To
which
Agesilaus
answer'd
,
I
know
who
they
be
that
pretend
to
more
Power
than
myself
.
That
,
replied
Lysander
,
is
rather
said
by
you
,
than
done
by
me
;
I
desire
onely
this
Favour
of
you
,
that
you
will
assign
me
some
Office
and
Place
,
in
which
I
may
serve
you
without
incurring
Envy
.
Upon
this
Agesilaus
sent
him
to
the
Hellespont
on
an
Embassy
,
whence
he
procured
Mithridates
,
a
Persian
of
the
Province
of
Pharnabazus
,
to
come
to
the
Assistance
of
the
Greeks
with
200
Horse
,
and
a
great
Supply
of
Money
.
Yet
did
not
his
Stomach
so
come
down
,
but
he
fell
to
forming
a
Design
of
wresting
the
Kingdom
out
of
the
Hands
of
the
two
Families
which
then
enjoy'd
it
,
and
make
it
wholly
Elective
:
and
it
is
thought
that
he
would
have
made
a
great
Commotion
in
Sparta
,
if
he
had
not
died
in
the
Baeotian
War
.
Thus
ambitious
Spirits
are
apt
to
grow
troublesom
in
a
Common-wealth
,
and
when
they
transgress
their
Bounds
,
do
more
harm
than
good
.
Of
this
,
Plutarch's
Reflection
upon
both
.
this
Quarrel
between
two
such
great
Men
is
an
Example
:
for
though
Lysander's
Pride
was
unsufferable
,
and
his
ambitious
Projects
very
inconvenient
to
Agesilaus's
Affairs
,
yet
might
the
King
have
found
out
many
ways
of
taming
him
,
less
reproachful
to
a
Man
of
his
Quality
,
and
ambitious
Designs
.
Indeed
in
my
opinion
they
were
both
equally
Guilty
,
both
blinded
with
the
same
Passion
,
so
as
one
not
to
know
the
Power
of
his
Prince
,
the
other
not
to
bear
with
the
Imperfections
of
his
Friend
.
Tisaphernes
being
at
first
afraid
of
Agesilaus
,
soon
treated
with
him
about
setting
the
Grecian
Cities
at
Liberty
,
which
was
agreed
on
.
But
soon
after
finding
a
sufficient
Tisaphernes
his
Falshood
.
Force
drawn
together
,
he
resolved
upon
War
,
for
which
Agesilaus
was
not
sorry
.
For
the
Expectation
of
this
Expedition
was
great
,
and
he
did
not
think
it
for
his
Honour
,
that
Xenophon
,
with
10000
Men
,
should
march
through
the
heart
of
Asia
to
the
Sea
,
beating
the
King's
Forces
when
and
how
he
pleased
,
and
that
Agesilaus
,
in
the
Head
of
a
Spartan
Army
,
(
so
terrible
both
by
Sea
and
Land
,
)
should
make
so
great
a
Voyage
,
and
raise
no
Monument
of
his
Fame
by
any
great
Action
:
Therefore
to
be
even
with
Tisaphernes
,
he
revengeth
his
Revenged
.
Perjury
by
a
Stratagem
:
he
pretends
to
go
to
Caria
,
whither
when
he
had
drawn
Tisaphernes
and
his
Army
,
he
suddenly
turneth
back
,
and
falleth
upon
Phrygia
,
taking
many
of
their
Cities
,
and
carrying
away
great
Booty
.
He
took
this
occasion
of
shewing
,
that
for
Friends
to
break
their
Solemn
Leagues
,
and
betray
their
Faith
,
was
a
downright
Contempt
of
the
Gods
;
but
the
Circumvention
of
an
Enemy
in
War
,
is
not
only
Just
but
Honourable
,
and
of
great
Advantage
to
the
Author
of
it
.
Being
weak
in
Horse
,
and
withal
terrified
by
some
ill
Omen
in
the
Sacrifices
,
(
viz.
a
Calf's
Liver
wanted
that
little
Lobe
which
the
Southsayers
call
the
Head
)
he
retired
to
Ephesus
,
and
there
raised
them
:
He
obliged
Agesilaus
his
Expedient
for
raising
Horse
at
Ephesus
.
the
rich
Men
,
that
were
not
minded
to
serve
in
Person
,
to
find
Horse-men
armed
and
mounted
;
which
being
performed
,
Agesilaus
his
Army
was
soon
changed
,
from
shabby
Foot
into
many
gallant
Regiments
of
Horse
:
For
those
that
were
not
good
at
Fighting
themselves
,
hired
such
as
were
more
Martial
in
their
Inclinations
,
and
such
as
loved
not
Horse-service
,
substituted
in
their
rooms
such
as
did
.
He
professed
in
this
to
imitate
the
laudable
Example
of
Agamemnon
,
who
took
the
Present
of
an
excellent
Mare
,
to
dismiss
a
rich
Coward
from
the
Army
.
When
by
Agesilaus
his
Order
,
the
Prisoners
His
Reflection
on
the
Sardian
Slaves
.
he
had
taken
in
Phrygia
were
exposed
to
Sale
,
they
were
first
stripped
of
their
Garments
,
and
then
sold
naked
.
The
Cloaths
found
many
Customers
to
buy
them
,
but
the
Bodies
being
by
the
Ease
they
had
alway
lived
in
,
rendred
white
,
and
tender-skinned
,
were
derided
and
scorned
as
unserviceable
:
Agesilaus
who
stood
by
at
the
Auction
,
told
his
Grecians
,
These
are
the
Men
against
whom
ye
fight
,
and
these
are
the
things
for
which
ye
●ight
.
The
Season
of
the
Year
being
come
,
he
boldly
gave
out
,
that
he
would
Invade
Lydia
;
which
plain
Dealing
of
his
was
mistaken
for
a
Stratagem
by
Tisaphernes
,
who
by
not
believing
Agesilaus
,
over-reached
himself
:
He
enters
Sardis
.
He
expected
that
he
should
have
made
choice
of
Caria
,
as
a
rough
Country
,
not
fit
for
Horse
,
in
which
he
deemed
Agesilaus
to
be
weak
,
and
directed
his
own
Marches
accordingly
.
But
when
he
found
him
to
be
as
good
as
his
Word
,
and
to
have
entred
into
the
Country
of
Sardis
,
he
made
great
haste
after
him
,
and
by
great
Marches
of
his
Horse
,
overtaking
the
loose
Stragglers
who
were
pillaging
the
Country
,
he
cut
them
off
.
Agesilaus
mean
while
considering
that
the
Horse
had
out-rid
the
Foot
,
but
that
he
himself
had
the
whole
Body
of
his
own
Army
entire
,
made
haste
to
Engage
them
:
He
mingled
his
light
arm'd
Foot
,
that
And
overcometh
Tisaphernes
.
wore
Leather
Shields
,
with
the
Horse
,
commanding
them
to
begin
the
Battel
,
whilst
he
brought
up
the
heavier-armed
Men
in
the
Rear
:
The
Success
was
answerable
to
the
Design
;
the
Barbarians
were
put
to
the
Rout
,
the
Grecians
pursued
hard
,
took
their
Camp
,
and
put
many
of
them
to
the
Sword
:
The
Consequence
of
this
Victory
was
very
great
,
for
they
had
not
only
their
liberty
of
Foraging
the
Persian
Country
,
and
Plundering
at
pleasure
,
but
also
saw
Tisaphernes
pay
dearly
for
all
the
Cruelty
he
had
shewed
the
Greeks
,
to
whom
he
was
a
professed
Enemy
:
For
the
King
of
Persia
soon
sent
Tithraustes
,
Tithraustes
sent
to
behead
Tisaphernes
,
and
to
treat
of
Peace
.
who
took
off
his
Head
,
and
presently
dealt
with
Agesilaus
,
about
his
Return
into
Greece
,
sending
to
him
Ambassadors
to
that
purpose
,
with
Commission
to
offer
him
great
Sums
of
Money
.
Agesilaus's
Answer
was
,
That
the
making
of
Peace
belonged
to
the
Lacedaemonians
,
not
to
him
:
As
for
Wealth
,
he
had
rather
see
it
in
his
Soldiers
hands
than
his
own
;
that
the
Grecians
thought
it
not
Honourable
to
Enrich
themselves
with
the
Bribes
of
their
Enemies
,
but
with
their
Spoils
only
.
Yet
,
that
he
might
gratifie
Tithraustes
for
the
Justice
he
had
done
upon
Tisaphernes
,
the
avowed
Enemy
of
the
Greeks
,
he
removed
his
Quarters
into
Phrygia
,
accepting
of
thirty
Talents
towards
the
Charge
of
it
.
Whilst
he
was
upon
his
March
,
he
Agesilaus
made
Admiral
of
Sparta
.
received
a
Patent
from
the
Council
of
Sparta
,
which
did
constitute
him
Admiral
as
well
as
General
.
This
Honour
was
never
done
to
any
but
Agesilaus
,
who
being
undoubtedly
the
far
greatest
Man
of
his
Time
,
(
as
Theopompus
witnesseth
)
gloried
more
in
his
Vertue
,
than
in
his
Authority
and
Power
:
Yet
he
committed
a
great
Oversight
in
preferring
Pisander
to
the
Command
of
the
Navy
,
when
there
were
many
at
hand
both
older
and
wiser
,
and
more
experienced
Captains
;
in
this
not
so
much
consulting
the
Publick
Good
,
as
the
Gratification
of
his
Kindred
,
and
especially
his
Wife
,
whose
Brother
Pisander
was
.
Having
removed
his
Camp
into
Pharnabazus's
Province
,
he
not
only
met
with
great
plenty
of
Provisions
,
but
also
raised
great
Sums
of
Money
,
and
marching
on
to
the
Bounds
of
Paphlagonia
,
he
soon
drew
Makes
League
with
Cotys
,
King
of
Paphlagonia
.
Cotys
,
the
King
of
it
,
into
a
League
,
to
which
he
of
his
own
accord
inclined
,
out
of
the
Esteem
he
had
of
Agesilaus
his
Honour
and
Vertue
.
Spithridates
as
soon
as
he
fell
off
from
Pharnabazus
,
did
constantly
attend
Agesilaus
in
the
Camp
whithersoever
he
went
:
This
Spithridates
had
a
handsom
Boy
to
his
Son
,
of
whom
Agesilaus
was
enamoured
,
also
a
very
beautiful
Daughter
,
that
was
marriageable
;
her
Agesilaus
matched
to
Cotys
,
and
taking
of
him
1000
Horse
,
with
2000
light-armed
Foot
,
he
returned
into
Phrygia
,
and
there
pillaged
the
Country
of
Pharnabazus
,
who
durst
not
stand
him
He
conquers
Pharnabazus
.
in
the
Field
,
nor
yet
trust
to
his
Garisons
,
but
getting
his
Jewels
and
rich
Commodities
together
,
flitted
up
and
down
with
a
flying
Army
,
till
Spithridates
being
joyned
with
Erippidas
the
Spartan
,
beat
him
out
of
all
his
Holds
,
and
they
possessed
themselves
of
all
the
Spoil
.
Here
Erippidas
being
too
Spithridates
with
the
Paphlagonians
revolts
upon
discontent
from
Agesilaus
.
severe
an
Enquirer
into
the
Plunder
wherewith
the
Barbarian
Soldiers
had
enriched
themselves
,
and
forcing
them
to
deliver
it
up
with
too
much
Strictness
,
so
disobliged
Spithridates
,
that
he
changed
sides
again
,
and
went
off
with
the
Paphlagonians
to
the
Sardians
.
This
was
no
small
Displeasure
to
Agesilaus
,
not
only
that
he
had
lost
the
Friendship
of
a
valiant
Commander
,
and
with
him
a
considerable
Part
of
his
Army
,
but
chiefly
that
he
did
it
with
the
Disrepute
of
a
sordid
Covetousness
,
of
which
he
alway
took
care
to
clear
both
himself
and
his
Country
:
Besides
these
publick
Causes
,
he
had
a
private
one
,
viz.
the
excessive
Love
of
his
Agesilaus's
Love
to
Megabates
.
Son
,
which
touched
him
to
the
quick
,
yet
did
he
so
much
endeavour
to
master
,
and
especially
in
presence
of
the
Boy
,
to
suppress
all
appearance
of
it
,
that
when
Megabates
(
for
that
was
his
Name
)
did
address
himself
to
him
to
Salute
and
Kiss
,
he
declined
it
.
At
which
,
when
the
young
Man
blushed
and
drew
back
,
saluting
him
at
a
more
reserved
distance
,
Agesilaus
soon
repenting
his
Coyness
,
and
changing
his
Mind
,
pretended
to
wonder
why
he
did
not
salute
him
with
the
like
Familiarity
as
formerly
.
His
Friends
about
him
answered
,
you
are
in
the
fault
,
who
durst
not
stand
the
Kiss
of
a
pretty
Boy
,
but
outrun
it
;
he
will
soon
offer
you
the
like
Kindness
again
,
if
he
may
but
find
it
welcome
to
you
.
Upon
this
Agesilaus
paused
a
while
,
and
at
length
answered
,
You
need
not
encourage
him
to
a
repetition
of
that
Kindness
;
I
had
rather
be
Master
of
myself
in
the
refusal
of
that
Kiss
,
than
see
all
things
that
are
now
before
mine
eye
turned
into
Gold
.
Thus
he
demeaned
himself
to
Megabates
when
present
,
but
he
had
so
great
a
Passion
for
him
in
his
absence
,
that
I
question
whether
if
the
Boy
had
returned
again
,
all
the
Vertue
he
had
,
would
have
obliged
him
to
such
another
Refusal
.
After
that
,
Pharnabazus
sought
an
opportunity
A
Conference
between
Pharnabazus
and
Agesilaus
.
of
conferring
with
Agesilaus
,
which
Apollophanes
of
Cyzicum
,
the
common
Host
of
them
both
,
procured
for
him
:
Agesilaus
coming
first
to
the
appointed
Place
,
lay
down
upon
the
Grass
under
a
Tree
,
lying
there
in
expectation
of
Pharnabazus
,
who
bringing
with
him
soft
Skins
and
wrought
Carpets
to
lye
down
upon
,
when
he
saw
Agesilaus's
Posture
,
grew
ashamed
of
his
own
Provisions
,
made
no
use
of
them
,
but
laid
himself
down
upon
the
Grass
also
,
though
he
had
a
fine
delicate
richly-died
Coat
on
,
which
was
like
to
lose
much
of
its
beauty
by
the
action
:
Pharnabazus
had
matter
enough
of
Complaint
against
Agesilaus
,
and
therefore
after
the
mutual
Civilities
were
over
,
he
put
him
in
mind
of
the
great
Services
he
had
done
the
Lacedaemonians
in
the
Attick
War
,
of
which
he
thought
it
an
ill
Recompence
,
to
have
his
Country
thus
harrassed
and
spoiled
,
by
those
Men
who
had
been
so
obliged
to
him
.
The
Spartans
that
were
about
Agesilaus
,
hung
down
their
Heads
,
as
ashamed
of
the
Wrong
they
had
done
to
their
good
Ally
.
But
the
King
briskly
answer'd
,
We
,
O
Pharnabazus
,
when
we
were
in
Amity
with
your
Master
the
Persian
,
did
behave
our selves
like
Friends
,
now
when
he
hath
given
us
occasion
of
War
,
we
behave
our selves
as
Enemies
.
As
for
you
,
whose
kind
Offices
we
are
ready
to
acknowledge
,
we
look
upon
you
as
his
Servant
;
we
are
fain
to
do
these
Outrages
upon
you
,
not
intending
the
Harm
to
you
,
but
to
him
whom
we
wound
through
your
sides
.
But
whenever
you
will
choose
rather
to
be
a
Friend
to
the
Grecians
,
than
a
Slave
of
the
King
of
P●●sia
,
you
may
then
reckon
this
Army
and
Navy
to
be
all
at
your
Command
,
to
defend
both
you
and
your
Country
,
together
with
your
Liberties
,
without
which
there
is
nothing
honourable
,
or
indeed
desirable
among
Men.
Upon
this
Pharnabazus
discovered
his
mind
,
and
answered
,
If
the
King
sendeth
another
Governour
in
my
room
,
I
will
certainly
come
over
to
you
,
but
as
long
as
he
trusteth
me
with
the
Government
,
I
shall
be
just
to
him
,
and
not
fail
to
do
my
utmost
Endeavours
in
opposing
you
.
Agesilaus
was
taken
with
the
Answer
,
and
shook
Hands
with
him
,
and
(
rising
)
said
,
How
much
rather
had
I
have
so
gallant
a
Man
my
Friend
than
mine
Enemy
.
Pharnabazus
being
gone
off
,
his
Son
,
staying
Parnabazus
his
Son
presents
Agesilaus
,
and
maketh
him
his
Friend
.
behind
,
ran
up
to
Agesilaus
,
and
smilingly
said
,
Agesilaus
,
I
make
you
my
Guest
;
and
thereupon
presented
him
with
a
Javelin
which
he
had
in
his
hand
.
Agesilaus
received
it
,
and
being
much
taken
with
the
good
Meen
and
Gallantry
of
the
Youth
,
looked
about
to
see
if
there
were
any
thing
in
his
Train
fit
to
offer
him
in
Return
;
and
observing
the
Horse
of
Adaeus
,
his
Secretary
,
to
have
very
fine
Trappings
on
,
he
took
them
off
,
and
bestowed
them
upon
the
young
Gentleman
;
nor
did
his
Kindness
rest
there
,
but
he
was
ever
after
mindful
of
him
,
insomuch
that
when
he
was
driven
out
of
his
Country
by
the
Injury
of
his
Brethren
,
and
lived
an
Exile
in
Peloponnesus
,
he
took
great
care
of
his
Maintenance
;
and
not
only
so
,
but
also
condescended
to
assist
him
in
his
Amours
;
for
he
being
in
Love
with
a
Youth
of
Athenian
Birth
,
which
was
bred
up
to
his
Exercises
,
in
order
to
playing
of
the
Prize
in
the
Olympick
Games
,
and
this
Youth
being
,
by
reason
of
his
great
Bulk
,
and
sour
Looks
,
in
some
danger
of
not
being
admitted
into
the
List
,
the
Persian
betook
himself
to
Agesilaus
,
and
made
use
of
his
Friendship
:
Agesilaus
readily
assisted
him
,
and
took
great
pains
in
effecting
his
Desires
.
He
was
in
all
other
things
a
Man
Agesilaus's
Behaviour
in
point
of
Friendship
.
of
great
and
exact
Justice
,
but
when
the
Case
concerned
a
Friend
,
to
be
strait-laced
in
point
of
Justice
,
(
he
said
)
was
only
a
colourable
Pretence
of
denying
him
.
There
is
an
Epistle
written
to
Idrieus
,
Prince
of
Caria
,
that
is
ascribed
to
Agesilaus
;
it
is
this
:
If
Nicias
be
innocent
,
absolve
him
;
if
he
be
nocent
,
absolve
him
upon
my
account
,
however
be
sure
to
absolve
him
.
And
indeed
this
is
the
true
Character
of
Agesilaus
,
as
to
his
Deportment
towards
his
Friends
:
Yet
was
not
his
Rule
without
Exception
;
for
sometimes
he
considered
the
Necessity
of
his
Affairs
more
than
his
Friend
,
of
which
he
once
gave
a
great
Example
,
when
upon
a
sudden
and
disorderly
Remove
of
his
Camp
,
he
was
forced
to
leave
a
sick
Friend
behind
him
;
who
when
he
called
loud
after
him
,
and
implored
his
Help
,
Agesilaus
turned
his
Back
,
and
said
,
What
an
hard
thing
is
it
to
be
merciful
and
wise
too
?
This
Story
is
deliver'd
by
Hieronymus
.
Another
Year
of
the
War
being
spent
,
Agesilaus
his
Fame
still
increased
,
insomuch
His
Repute
in
Persia
and
A●ia
.
that
the
Persian
King
received
daily
Informations
concerning
his
many
Vertues
,
and
the
great
Esteem
the
World
had
of
his
Continency
,
his
Candor
and
Moderation
.
When
he
made
any
Journey
with
his
private
Train
,
he
would
usually
take
up
his
Lodging
in
a
Temple
,
and
there
make
the
Gods
Witnesses
of
his
most
private
Actions
,
which
others
would
scarce
permit
Men
to
be
acquainted
with
.
In
so
great
an
Army
,
you
should
scarce
find
a
common
Soldier
lye
on
a
coarser
Mattress
,
or
fare
more
hardly
;
he
was
so
inured
to
the
varieties
of
Heat
and
Cold
,
that
both
seemed
natural
to
him
.
The
Greeks
that
inhabited
Asia
,
were
much
pleased
to
see
the
great
Dons
of
Persia
,
with
all
the
Pride
,
Cruelty
and
Luxury
,
in
which
they
lived
,
to
vail
Bonnet
to
a
Man
in
a
poor
thread-bare
Cloak
,
and
to
be
governed
by
a
Word
or
Nod
,
or
a
Laconick
Sentence
out
of
his
Mouth
:
It
put
them
in
mind
of
that
Verse
in
Timotheus
;
While
Mars
himself
her
firm
Sceptre
hold
,
Greece
fears
not
the
weak
Charms
of
Foreign
Gold
.
Asia
being
now
grown
afraid
of
the
Lacedaemonian
Arms
,
was
every-where
ready
to
yield
to
them
.
Agesilaus
in
the
mean
time
took
order
with
several
of
the
Cities
,
and
composed
the
Differences
of
divers
of
the
Republicks
without
Bloudshed
,
or
Banishment
of
any
of
their
Members
:
By
these
means
having
rendred
himself
every-where
popular
,
he
resolved
to
quit
the
Sea-side
,
to
march
further
up
into
the
Country
,
and
to
attack
the
King
of
Persia
himself
in
Susa
and
Ecbatane
,
not
willing
to
let
that
Monarch
sit
idle
in
his
Chair
,
whilst
he
made
Wars
by
his
Lieutenants
,
and
by
his
Money
corrupted
the
Demagogues
of
Greece
.
But
these
great
Thoughts
were
interrupted
by
unhappy
News
from
Sparta
;
Epicydidas
is
Remanded
Home
.
from
thence
sent
to
remand
him
Home
,
to
assist
his
own
Country
,
which
was
then
involved
in
a
great
War
.
The
Fields
of
Greece
no
Barbarous
Foe
surrounds
,
She
bleeds
(
alas
!
)
with
more
dishonest
Wounds
.
What
better
can
we
say
of
those
Civil
Wars
,
and
Intestine
Broyls
,
which
did
destroy
the
Fortune
of
Greece
,
and
call
her
back
from
her
full
Career
of
Victory
over
the
Barbarians
,
only
to
sheath
her
Sword
into
her
own
Bowels
?
For
I
do
by
no
means
assent
to
Demaratus
of
Corinth
,
who
said
,
That
those
Grecians
were
deprived
of
a
great
Satisfaction
,
that
did
not
live
to
see
Alexander
sit
in
the
Throne
of
Darius
.
That
Sight
should
rather
have
drawn
Tears
from
them
,
when
they
considered
,
that
they
had
left
that
Glory
to
Alexander
and
the
Macedonians
,
whilst
they
spent
all
their
own
great
Commanders
,
in
playing
them
upon
each
other
in
the
Fields
of
Leuctra
,
Coronea
,
Corinth
,
and
Arcadia
.
Nothing
was
greater
or
braver
than
the
Behaviour
of
Agesilaus
on
this
occasion
,
nor
can
a
nobler
Instance
be
found
in
Story
,
of
a
ready
Obedience
and
just
Deference
to
His
ready
Obedience
.
the
Orders
of
the
Senate
.
Annibal
,
though
in
a
bad
condition
himself
,
and
almost
driven
out
of
Italy
,
yet
stormed
and
raged
when
he
was
called
Home
to
serve
his
Country
.
Alexander
made
a
Jest
of
the
Battel
between
Agis
and
Antipater
,
the
Success
of
which
required
his
looking
back
into
his
own
Country
,
laughing
and
saying
,
That
whilst
we
are
fighting
Darius
in
Asia
,
it
seems
there
is
a
Battel
of
Mice
in
Arcadia
.
Happy
Sparta
mean
while
,
in
the
great
Justice
and
Modesty
of
Agesilaus
,
and
in
the
Honour
he
paid
to
the
Laws
of
his
Country
;
who
immediately
upon
receipt
of
his
Orders
,
(
though
in
the
midst
of
his
good
Fortune
,
and
in
full
hope
of
so
great
and
glorious
Success
)
left
his
Work
unfinished
,
instantly
departed
,
leaving
his
Friends
in
Asia
very
sorrowful
for
the
loss
of
him
:
Which
great
Kindness
and
Fidelity
of
his
,
that
had
obliged
so
many
to
him
in
Asia
,
did
sufficiently
confute
the
Saying
of
Demaratus
,
the
Son
of
Phaeux
,
That
the
Lacedaemonians
excelled
in
their
Publick
Transactions
,
and
just
maintaining
of
Leagues
,
but
the
Athenians
were
better
Observers
of
private
Friendships
.
The
Coin
of
Persia
was
stamped
with
the
Picture
of
an
Archer
;
Agesilaus
said
,
That
a
thousand
Persian
Archers
had
driven
him
out
of
Asia
;
meaning
the
Money
that
was
laid
out
in
bribing
the
Demagogues
,
and
the
Orators
in
Thebes
and
Athens
,
whereby
those
two
Republicks
were
incited
to
a
War
with
Sparta
.
Having
passed
the
Hellespont
,
he
went
by
Passeth
home
thr●
'
Thrace
.
Land
through
Thrace
,
not
begging
or
entreating
a
Passage
any
where
,
only
he
sent
his
Envoys
to
them
,
to
demand
whether
they
would
have
him
pass
as
a
Friend
or
as
an
Enemy
.
All
the
rest
received
him
as
a
Friend
,
and
used
him
with
all
Civility
:
but
The
Trallians
.
the
Trallians
(
of
whom
Xerxes
is
said
to
have
bought
his
Passage
)
demanded
a
Price
of
him
,
viz.
A
hundred
Talents
of
Silver
,
and
a
hundred
Women
.
Agesilaus
in
scorn
asked
,
Why
they
were
not
ready
to
receive
them
?
He
marched
on
,
and
meeting
with
Opposition
from
the
Trallians
,
fought
them
,
and
slew
great
numbers
of
them
.
He
sent
the
Macedonia
.
like
Embassy
to
the
King
of
Macedonia
,
who
took
time
to
deliberate
:
Why
then
let
him
deliberate
,
said
Agesilaus
,
we
will
go
forward
in
the
mean
time
.
The
Macedonian
being
surprized
and
daunted
at
the
Resolution
of
the
Spartan
King
,
fairly
sent
him
a
Complement
,
and
let
him
pass
.
When
he
came
into
Thessaly
,
he
wasted
the
Country
,
because
they
〈…〉
Thessaly
.
were
in
League
with
the
Enemy
.
To
Larissa
,
the
chief
City
of
Thessaly
,
he
sent
Xenocles
and
Scythes
to
Treat
of
a
Peace
,
whom
when
the
Larissaeans
had
laid
hold
of
,
and
put
into
Custody
,
the
Army
was
enraged
,
and
advised
the
Siege
of
the
Town
;
but
the
King
answered
,
That
he
valued
either
of
those
Men
at
more
than
the
whole
Country
of
Thessaly
.
He
therefore
made
Terms
with
them
,
and
received
his
Men
again
upon
Composition
.
Nor
need
we
wonder
at
that
Saying
of
Agesilaus
,
at
a
time
when
he
had
News
brought
him
from
Sparta
,
of
several
great
Captains
slain
in
a
Battel
near
Corinth
,
in
which
though
the
Slaughter
fell
upon
other
Grecians
,
the
Lacedaemonians
obtaining
a
great
Victory
with
small
loss
,
yet
Agesilaus
did
not
appear
at
all
satisfi'd
in
it
;
He
laments
the
Civil
War●
of
Greece
.
contrarily
with
a
great
Sigh
he
cried
out
,
O
▪
Greece
,
how
many
gallant
Men
hast
thou
destroyed
,
which
if
they
had
been
preserved
to
so
good
an
use
,
might
have
conquered
all
Persia
!
Yet
when
the
Pharsalians
grew
troublesom
He
routs
the
Pharsalians
.
to
him
,
by
pressing
upon
his
Army
,
and
incommoding
his
Passage
,
he
drew
out
five
hundred
Horse
,
and
in
Person
fought
and
routed
them
,
setting
up
a
Trophy
at
Narthacium
:
he
valued
himself
much
upon
that
Victory
,
that
with
so
small
a
Number
of
his
own
choosing
,
he
had
vanquished
an
Army
of
Men
,
that
thought
themselves
the
best
Horse-men
of
Greece
.
Here
Diphridas
,
the
Ephore
,
met
him
,
and
delivered
his
Message
from
Sparta
,
which
order'd
him
immediately
to
make
an
Inroad
into
Baeotia
;
which
though
he
thought
Inva●es
▪
Baeotia
,
by
Command
of
the
C●●●cil
of
Sparta
.
fitter
to
have
been
done
at
another
time
,
and
with
greater
Force
,
yet
he
obeyed
the
Magistrates
.
He
thereupon
told
his
Soldiers
,
that
the
day
was
come
,
in
which
they
were
to
enter
upon
that
Employment
,
for
the
performance
of
which
they
were
brought
out
of
Asia
.
He
sent
for
two
Cohorts
of
the
Army
near
Corinth
to
his
Assistance
.
The
Lacedaemonians
at
home
,
in
Honour
to
him
,
made
Proclamation
for
Voluntiers
that
would
serve
under
the
King
,
to
come
in
and
be
listed
.
Finding
all
the
young
Men
in
the
City
ready
to
ofter
themselves
,
they
chose
fifty
of
the
ablest
,
and
sent
them
.
Agesilaus
having
gain'd
the
Thermopylae
,
and
passed
quietly
through
Phocis
,
as
soon
as
he
had
entred
Baeotia
,
and
pitched
his
Tents
near
Chaeronea
,
at
once
met
with
an
Eclipse
of
the
Sun
,
and
with
ill
News
from
the
Navy
,
Pisander
,
the
Spartan
Admiral
,
being
beaten
at
Guidos
,
by
Pharnabazus
and
Conon
.
He
was
much
moved
at
it
,
both
upon
his
own
and
the
Publick
account
:
Yet
lest
his
Army
,
being
now
near
engaging
,
should
meet
with
any
Discouragement
,
he
ordered
the
Messengers
to
give
out
,
that
the
Spartans
were
the
Conquerors
,
and
he
himself
putting
on
his
Crown
,
did
solemnly
sacrifice
,
out
of
a
pretended
Joy
for
the
News
,
and
sent
Portions
of
the
Sacrifices
to
his
Friends
.
When
he
came
near
to
Coronea
,
and
was
The
Battel
of
Coronea
.
within
view
of
the
Enemy
,
he
drew
up
his
Army
,
and
giving
the
left
Wing
to
the
Orchomenians
,
he
himself
led
the
right
.
The
Thebans
did
make
the
right
Wing
of
their
Army
,
leaving
the
left
to
the
Argives
.
Xenophon
,
who
was
present
,
and
fought
on
Agesilaus's
side
,
reports
it
to
be
the
hardest
fought
Battel
that
he
had
seen
.
The
beginning
of
it
was
not
so
,
for
the
Thebans
soon
put
the
Orchomenians
to
rout
,
as
also
did
Agesilaus
the
Argives
.
But
both
Parties
having
News
of
the
Misfortune
of
their
left
Wings
,
they
betook
themselves
to
their
Relief
.
Here
Agesilaus
might
have
been
sure
of
his
Victory
,
had
he
contented
himself
not
to
charge
them
in
the
Front
,
but
in
the
Flank
or
Rear
;
but
being
too
high
in
Mettle
,
and
heated
in
the
Fight
,
he
would
not
stay
the
Opportunity
,
but
fell
on
downright
,
thinking
to
bear
them
down
before
him
.
The
Thebans
were
not
behind
him
in
Courage
,
so
that
the
Battel
was
fiercely
carry'd
on
on
both
sides
,
especially
near
Agesilaus's
Person
,
whose
new
Guard
of
fifty
Voluntiers
stood
him
in
great
stead
that
day
,
and
saved
his
Life
:
They
fought
with
great
Valour
,
and
interposed
their
Bodies
frequently
between
him
and
Danger
,
yet
could
they
not
so
preserve
him
,
but
that
he
received
many
Wounds
through
his
Armour
with
Lances
and
Swords
,
and
was
with
much
ado
gotten
off
.
They
making
a
Ring
about
him
,
did
guard
him
from
the
Enemy
,
with
the
Slaughter
of
many
,
and
lost
many
of
their
own
number
.
At
length
finding
it
too
hard
a
Task
to
break
the
Front
of
the
Theban
Army
,
they
opened
their
own
Files
,
and
let
the
Enemy
march
through
them
,
(
an
Artifice
which
in
the
beginning
they
scorned
)
observing
in
the
mean
time
the
Posture
of
the
Enemy
,
who
having
passed
through
,
grew
careless
,
as
esteeming
themselves
past
Danger
:
whereupon
they
were
immediately
set
upon
by
the
Spartans
,
yet
were
they
not
then
put
to
Rout
,
but
marched
on
to
Helicon
,
vapouring
,
That
they
themselves
,
as
to
their
part
of
the
Army
,
were
not
worsted
.
Agesilaus
,
sore
wounded
as
he
was
,
would
not
be
born
to
his
Tent
,
till
he
had
been
first
carried
about
the
Field
,
and
had
seen
the
dead
Men
of
his
Party
carried
off
in
their
Armour
.
As
many
of
his
Enemies
as
had
taken
Sanctuary
in
the
Temple
,
he
dismissed
:
for
there
stood
hard
by
the
Temple
of
Minerva
the
Itonian
,
and
before
it
a
Trophy
erected
by
the
Baeotians
,
for
a
Victory
,
which
under
the
Conduct
of
one
Sparton
their
General
,
they
obtained
over
the
Athenians
,
who
were
led
that
day
by
Tolmides
,
and
Tolmides
himself
slain
.
Next
morning
early
Agesilaus
,
to
make
trial
of
the
Theban
Courage
,
whether
they
had
any
mind
to
a
second
Encounter
,
did
command
his
Soldiers
to
put
on
Garlands
on
their
Heads
,
and
play
with
their
Flutes
,
and
raise
a
Trophy
before
their
Faces
;
but
when
they
instead
of
Fighting
,
sent
for
leave
to
bury
their
Dead
,
he
gave
it
them
,
and
so
confirmed
to
himself
the
Victory
.
After
this
he
went
to
Delphos
,
to
the
Pythian
He
goeth
to
the
Pythian
Games
.
Games
which
were
then
celebrating
,
at
which
Feast
he
assisted
,
and
there
solemnly
offered
the
tenth
part
of
the
Spoils
he
had
brought
from
Asia
,
which
amounted
to
an
hundred
Talents
.
Being
now
returned
to
his
own
Country
,
the
Eyes
of
the
Spartans
were
upon
him
,
to
observe
his
Diet
,
and
manner
of
Living
:
But
he
(
not
according
to
the
Custom
of
other
Returneth
to
Sparta
unchanged
,
as
to
his
Manners
.
Generals
)
came
home
the
same
Man
that
he
went
out
,
having
not
so
learned
the
Fashions
of
other
Countries
,
as
to
forget
his
own
,
much
less
to
nauseate
or
despise
them
,
but
he
follow'd
all
the
Spartan
Customs
,
without
changing
either
the
manner
of
his
Supping
,
or
Bathing
,
or
his
Wifes
Apparel
,
as
if
he
had
never
travelled
over
the
River
Eurotas
.
The
like
he
did
by
his
Houshold-stuff
,
his
Armour
,
nay
,
the
very
Gates
of
his
House
were
so
old
,
that
they
might
well
be
thought
of
Aristodemus's
setting
up
.
His
Daughters
Chariot
(
called
the
Canathrum
)
was
no
richer
than
that
of
other
People
.
Now
this
Canathrum
,
whether
Chariot
or
Chair
,
was
made
of
Wood
,
in
the
shape
of
a
Griffon
,
or
of
the
[
](A55203-e7410-b)*
*
Goatdeer
.
Tragelaphus
,
some
antick
shape
or
other
,
on
which
the
Children
and
young
Virgins
were
carried
in
Processions
.
Xenophon
hath
not
left
us
the
Name
of
this
Daughter
of
Agesilaus
;
at
which
Dicaearchus
is
angry
,
viz.
that
he
can
know
the
Names
neither
of
Agesilaus's
Daughter
,
nor
Epaminondas's
Mother
.
But
in
the
Records
of
Laconia
we
find
his
Wifes
Name
to
be
Cl●ora
,
and
his
two
Daughers
to
have
been
Apolia
and
Prolyta
;
and
you
may
even
to
this
day
see
Agesilaus's
Spear
kept
in
Sparta
,
nothing
differing
from
that
of
other
Men.
There
was
a
Vanity
he
observed
among
the
Spartans
,
about
keeping
running
Horses
for
the
Olympick
Games
,
upon
which
he
He
despiseth
the
Olympick
Games
.
found
they
much
valued
themselves
.
Agesilaus
much
despised
it
,
as
an
Ostentation
more
of
Wealth
than
Vertue
,
deeming
the
Victory
to
be
the
Horse's
,
not
the
Man's
:
He
therefore
to
convince
the
Grecians
of
it
,
did
put
his
Sister
Cynisca
upon
keeping
a
running
Horse
for
that
Publick
Solemnity
.
To
the
wise
Xenophon
,
his
Friend
,
whom
he
much
valued
,
he
did
propose
the
bringing
of
his
Children
to
Sparta
,
to
be
there
bred
up
in
the
strictest
way
of
Discipline
,
and
in
the
noble
Art
of
Obeying
and
Governing
.
Lysander
being
dead
,
and
his
Faction
yet
great
and
prevalent
,
which
he
upon
his
coming
out
of
Asia
had
raised
against
Agesilaus
,
the
King
thought
it
advisable
to
expose
He
designs
to
expose
Lysander
and
his
Party
.
both
him
and
it
,
by
shewing
what
manner
of
a
Citizen
he
had
been
whilst
he
lived
.
To
that
end
,
finding
an
Oration
among
his
Writings
,
that
was
(
composed
by
Cleon
the
Halicarnassean
,
but
)
intended
to
be
spoken
by
Lysander
in
a
Publick
Assembly
,
to
excite
the
People
to
Innovations
and
Changes
in
the
Government
,
he
resolved
to
publish
it
,
as
an
Evidence
of
Lysander's
ill
Practices
.
But
one
of
the
Senators
,
having
the
perusal
of
it
,
and
finding
it
strongly
written
,
advised
him
to
have
a
care
of
digging
But
is
disswaded
.
up
Lysander
again
,
and
rather
bury
that
Oration
in
the
Grave
with
him
.
This
Advise
he
wisely
hearkened
to
,
and
ever
after
forbore
publickly
to
affront
any
of
his
Adversaries
,
but
took
occasions
of
picking
out
the
Ring-leaders
,
and
sending
them
away
upon
Foreign
Services
.
He
also
found
out
ways
of
discovering
the
Avarice
and
the
Injustice
of
many
of
them
in
their
Employments
;
yet
,
when
they
were
by
others
brought
into
Question
,
he
made
it
his
business
to
bring
them
off
,
obliging
them
by
that
means
,
of
Enemies
to
become
his
Friends
,
and
so
by
degrees
wore
out
the
Faction
.
Agesipolis
,
his
Fellow-King
,
was
under
He
maketh
his
Interest
in
Agesipolis
.
the
Disadvantage
of
being
Born
of
an
Exil'd
Father
,
and
himself
Young
,
Modest
,
and
Unactive
,
and
meddled
not
much
in
Affairs
.
Agesilaus
took
a
course
of
growing
upon
him
,
and
making
him
yet
more
tractable
.
According
to
the
Custom
of
Sparta
,
the
Kings
,
if
they
were
in
Town
,
alway
Dined
together
.
This
was
Agesilaus's
opportunity
of
dealing
with
Agesipolis
,
whom
he
found
apt
to
Amorous
Intrigues
as
well
as
himself
.
He
therefore
alway
discoursed
him
about
handsome
Boys
,
egging
him
forward
that
way
,
and
himself
assisting
in
it
,
so
far
as
to
become
the
Confident
of
the
Amour
.
Yet
were
these
Amours
innocent
,
according
to
the
Custom
of
the
Spartan
Loves
,
which
were
alway
accompani'd
with
Vertue
and
Honour
,
and
a
noble
Emulation
;
of
which
you
may
see
more
in
Lycurgus's
Life
.
Having
thus
established
his
Power
in
the
City
,
he
easily
obtained
that
his
half
Brother
Teleutias
might
be
chosen
Admiral
;
His
Expedition
against
Corinth
.
and
thereupon
making
an
Expedition
against
the
Corinthians
,
he
made
himself
Master
of
the
long
Walls
by
Land
,
through
the
Assistance
of
his
Brother
at
Sea
.
Coming
thus
upon
the
Argives
(
who
then
held
Corinth
)
in
the
midst
of
their
Isthmian
Games
,
he
made
them
out-run
their
Sacrifices
,
and
leave
all
their
Festival
Provisions
behind
them
.
The
exil'd
Corinthians
that
were
in
the
Spartan
Army
,
desired
him
to
keep
up
the
Feast
,
and
to
appear
Chief
in
the
Celebration
of
it
.
This
he
refused
,
but
gave
them
leave
to
carry
on
the
Solemnity
,
if
they
pleased
,
and
he
in
the
mean
time
staid
and
guarded
them
.
When
Agesilaus
marched
off
,
the
Argives
returned
to
their
Sports
again
,
with
this
variety
of
Fortune
,
that
some
who
were
Victors
before
,
became
Victors
a
second
time
,
others
lost
the
Prizes
which
before
they
had
gained
.
But
Agesilaus
reproached
them
severely
of
Cowardise
,
who
having
so
great
an
Esteem
of
the
Isthmian
Games
,
and
so
much
valuing
themselves
upon
the
Victories
there
gotten
,
yet
durst
not
adventure
to
Fight
in
defence
of
them
.
He
himself
His
Opinion
of
publick
Sports
and
Games
.
was
of
Opinion
,
that
to
keep
a
Mean
in
such
things
was
best
;
he
allowed
of
the
Sports
usually
permitted
in
his
Country
,
and
would
not
refuse
to
be
present
at
the
Exercises
either
of
the
young
Men
,
or
of
the
Girls
,
being
alway
ready
to
take
his
share
in
them
;
but
what
many
Men
seemed
▪
to
be
highly
taken
with
in
these
Games
,
he
seemed
not
at
all
concerned
in
.
Callipides
the
Stage-player
,
being
eminent
in
that
Faculty
through
all
Greece
,
meeting
this
King
,
did
make
his
Obeisance
;
of
which
,
when
he
found
no
notice
taken
,
he
confidently
thrust
himself
into
his
Train
,
expecting
that
Agesilaus
would
take
some
notice
,
and
at
least
pass
a
Jest
upon
him
.
When
all
that
failed
,
he
boldly
accosted
him
,
and
asked
him
,
Whether
he
knew
him
not
?
What
(
said
the
King
)
art
thou
Callipides
the
Scaramonchio
?
and
so
turn'd
from
him
.
Being
invited
once
to
hear
a
Man
sing
,
who
did
admirably
imitate
the
Nightingale
,
he
refused
,
and
answered
,
That
he
had
heard
the
Nightingale
her self
.
There
was
one
Menecrates
,
a
Physician
in
Laconia
,
who
,
having
been
famed
for
great
Success
in
great
and
deplored
Diseases
,
was
,
by
way
of
Flattery
,
called
Jupiter
:
He
was
so
vain
as
to
take
it
,
and
having
occasion
to
write
a
Letter
to
Agesilaus
,
thus
endorsed
it
:
Menecrates
Jupiter
,
to
King
Agesilaus
,
Greeting
.
The
King
returned
Answer
,
Agesilaus
to
Menecrates
,
Health●
and
a
sound
Mind
.
Whilst
Agesilaus
was
in
the
Corinthian
Territories
,
beholding
his
Soldiers
Pillaging
the
Temple
of
Juno
,
the
Theban
Ambassadors
came
to
him
to
treat
of
Peace
.
He
having
a
great
Aversion
for
that
City
,
He
slighteth
the
Theban
Ambassadors
,
of
which
he
soon
repenteth
.
and
thinking
it
then
advantageous
to
his
Affairs
publickly
to
slight
them
,
did
it
sufficiently
,
for
he
would
not
seem
either
to
see
them
,
or
hear
them
speak
.
But
as
if
the
express
Vengeance
of
God
had
appeared
against
this
Insolence
,
before
they
parted
from
him
,
he
received
News
of
the
Overthrow
of
one
of
his
Cohorts
,
by
Iphicrates
,
with
a
greater
Slaughter
than
he
had
received
a
long
time
;
and
that
the
more
grievous
,
because
it
was
a
choice
Regiment
of
Lacedaemonians
well
Armed
,
but
overthrown
by
a
parcel
of
light-armed
Mercenaries
.
Agesilaus
made
all
the
haste
he
could
to
their
Rescue
,
but
found
it
too
late
,
the
Business
being
over
.
He
therefore
retired
to
Juno's
Temple
,
and
sent
for
the
Theban
Ambassadors
to
give
them
Audience
.
They
now
resolved
to
be
even
with
him
for
the
Affront
he
gave
them
,
and
,
without
speaking
one
word
of
the
Peace
,
only
desired
leave
to
go
into
Corinth
.
Agesilaus
,
being
nettled
with
this
Overture
,
told
them
in
scorn
,
That
if
they
were
minded
to
go
and
see
how
proud
their
Friends
were
of
their
Success
,
they
should
do
it
to
Morrow
with
safety
.
Next
Morning
,
taking
the
Ambassadors
with
him
,
he
spoiled
the
Corinthian
Territories
,
up
to
the
very
Gates
of
the
City
;
where
having
made
a
Stand
,
and
let
the
Ambassadors
see
,
that
the
Corinthians
durst
not
come
out
to
defend
themselves
,
he
dismissed
them
;
then
gathering
up
the
small
remainders
of
the
shattered
Cohort
,
he
marched
homewards
,
alway
removing
his
Camp
before
day
,
and
alway
pitching
his
Tents
after
Night
,
that
he
might
prevent
the
Acardians
from
taking
any
opportunity
of
insulting
over
their
loss
.
After
this
,
at
the
Request
of
the
Achaians
,
he
marched
with
them
into
Acarnania
,
from
whence
he
brought
great
Spoils
,
and
overcame
His
Polic●
concerning
the
Acarnanians
.
the
Acarnanians
in
Battel
.
The
Achaians
would
have
persuaded
him
to
keep
his
Winter-Quarters
there
,
to
hinder
the
Acarnanians
from
sowing
their
Corn
;
but
he
was
of
the
contrary
Opinion
,
alledging
,
that
they
would
be
more
afraid
of
a
War
next
Summer
,
when
their
Fields
were
Sown
,
than
they
would
be
if
they
lay
Fallow
.
The
Event
did
justifie
his
Opinion
;
for
next
Summer
,
when
the
Achaians
began
their
Expedition
again
,
the
Acarnanians
immediately
made
Peace
with
them
.
When
Conon
and
Pharnabazus
were
grown
Masters
of
the
Sea
,
and
had
not
only
infested
the
Coast
of
Laconia
,
but
also
rebuilt
the
Walls
of
Athens
,
at
the
Cost
of
Pharnabazus
,
The
Spartans
make
a
dishonourable
Peace
with
Persia
.
the
Lacedaemonians
thought
fit
to
Treat
of
Peace
with
the
King
of
Persia
.
To
that
end
,
they
sent
Antalcidas
to
Teribazus
about
it
,
basely
betraying
the
poor
Asiatick
Greeks
,
on
whose
behalf
Agesilaus
had
made
the
War
.
But
no
part
of
this
Dishonour
fell
upon
Agesilaus
,
the
whole
being
transacted
by
Antalcidas
,
who
was
a
bitter
Enemy
of
Agesilaus
,
and
did
therefore
urge
on
the
Peace
,
because
Agesilaus
was
so
earnest
for
continuing
the
War
,
it
being
his
Talent
,
in
which
he
alway
gain'd
Reputation
and
Authority
.
Yet
as
ill
as
he
liked
the
Peace
,
when
once
it
was
on
foot
,
he
promoted
it
,
and
being
told
,
by
way
of
Reproach
,
that
the
Lacedaemonians
did
now
apply
themselves
to
the
Median
Interest
,
he
replied
,
No
,
but
the
Medes
applied
themselves
to
the
Interest
of
the
Lacedaemonians
.
And
when
the
Grecians
were
backward
to
the
Agreement
,
he
threatned
them
with
War
,
unless
they
came
up
to
the
King
of
Persia's
Terms
.
Agesilaus
had
a
particular
End
in
this
,
viz.
to
weaken
the
Thebans
;
for
it
was
made
one
of
the
Articles
of
Peace
,
that
the
Country
of
Baeotia
should
be
set
at
liberty
,
which
was
then
under
the
Dominion
of
Thebes
.
This
Pique
of
his
to
Thebes
appeared
further
afterwards
,
when
Phaebidas
in
full
Peace
Phaebidas
breaks
the
Peace
with
Thebes
.
did
very
dishonourably
seize
upon
Cadmea
,
a
Castle
belonging
to
Thebes
.
The
thing
was
much
stomached
by
all
Greece
,
and
not
well
liked
of
by
the
Laconians
themselves
;
those
especially
who
were
Enemies
to
Agesilaus
,
did
require
an
account
of
the
Action
,
and
by
whose
Authority
it
was
done
,
laying
the
Suspicion
of
it
at
his
door
.
Agesilaus
doubted
not
to
answer
on
the
behalf
of
Phaebidas
,
that
the
profitableness
of
an
Action
was
chiefly
to
be
considered
;
if
it
were
for
the
Advantage
of
the
Commonwealth
,
it
was
no
matter
by
whose
Authority
it
was
done
.
This
was
the
more
remarkable
in
him
,
because
he
was
alway
observed
to
be
a
great
Lover
of
Justice
,
and
would
,
in
his
private
Discourses
,
commend
it
as
the
chief
of
Vertues
,
saying
,
That
Valour
without
Justice
was
useless
,
and
if
all
the
World
were
Just
,
there
would
be
no
need
of
Valour
.
When
any
would
say
to
him
,
The
Great
King
(
meaning
the
Persian
)
will
have
it
so
;
he
would
smartly
reply
,
How
is
he
greater
than
I
,
unless
he
be
Juster
?
He
took
the
truly
Royal
Measure
of
Greatness
,
which
is
to
be
computed
by
Justice
,
not
by
Force
.
The
Peace
being
concluded
,
the
King
of
Persia
wrote
to
Agesilaus
,
desiring
a
private
He
refuseth
the
King
of
Persia
●is
Friendship
.
Friendship
and
Correspondence
;
but
he
refused
it
,
saying
,
That
the
publick
Friendship
was
enough
;
whilst
that
lasted
,
there
was
no
need
of
private
.
Yet
was
he
not
alway
of
that
mind
,
it
plainly
appearing
,
That
sometimes
out
of
Ambition
,
and
sometimes
out
of
private
Pique
,
he
brake
that
Rule
.
Particularly
in
this
case
of
the
Thebans
,
he
not
only
saved
Phaebidas
,
but
perswaded
He
def●nds
Phaebidas
.
the
Lacedaemonians
to
take
the
Fault
upon
themselves
,
and
to
retain
Cadmea
,
putting
a
Garison
into
it
,
and
to
make
Archias
and
Leontidas
chief
Governors
of
Thebes
,
who
had
been
Betrayers
of
the
main
Castle
to
them
.
This
gave
strong
Suspicion
,
that
what
Phaebidas
did
,
was
by
Agesilaus's
Order
,
which
was
afterward
made
evident
by
the
Consequences
:
For
when
the
Thebans
And
warreth
with
the
Thebans
.
had
slain
the
Garison
,
and
asserted
their
Liberty
,
he
accusing
them
of
the
Murther
of
Archias
and
Leontidas
,
(
who
indeed
were
Tyrants
,
though
in
Title
Polemarchi
,
or
Generals
)
made
War
upon
them
.
He
sent
Cleombrotus
on
that
Errand
,
But
not
in
Person
.
who
was
now
the
other
King
,
in
room
of
Agesipolis
that
was
dead
,
excusing
himself
by
reason
of
his
Age
:
For
it
was
40
years
since
he
had
first
born
Arms
,
and
was
consequently
excused
by
the
Law
.
Mean
while
the
true
Reason
why
he
withdrew
himself
from
the
War
,
was
,
that
he
was
ashamed
,
having
so
lately
fought
against
the
Tyranny
of
the
Phliasians
,
to
fight
now
in
defence
of
a
Tyranny
against
the
Thebans
.
One
Sphodrias
of
Lacedaemon
,
being
of
Sphodrias
his
Exploit
.
a
contrary
Faction
to
Agesilaus
,
was
Governor
of
Thespiae
,
a
brisk
daring
Man
,
one
that
had
more
of
Courage
than
Wisdom
.
This
Action
of
Phaebidas
fired
him
,
and
incited
his
Ambition
to
attempt
some
great
Enterprize
,
which
might
render
him
as
Famous
,
as
he
perceived
the
taking
of
Cadmea
had
made
Phaebidas
.
He
thought
the
taking
of
the
Piraeum
,
and
the
cutting
off
thereby
the
Athenians
from
the
Sea
,
a
Matter
of
far
more
Glory
:
'T
is
said
,
That
Pelopidas
and
Gelon
,
the
Governors
of
Baeotia
,
put
him
upon
it
;
they
privily
sent
Men
to
him
,
that
pretended
to
be
of
the
Spartan
Faction
,
who
highly
commending
Sphodrias
,
blew
him
up
into
a
great
Opinion
of
himself
,
protesting
him
to
be
the
only
Man
in
the
World
that
was
fit
for
so
great
an
Enterprize
.
Being
thus
pricked
forward
,
he
could
hold
no
longer
,
but
soon
engaged
himself
in
a
Business
,
every
whit
as
dishonourable
and
treacherous
as
that
of
Ca●mea
,
but
attempted
with
less
Valour
and
less
Success
;
for
the
day
broke
whilst
he
was
yet
in
the
Plains
of
Thriasium
,
whereas
he
designed
the
whole
Exploit
to
have
been
done
in
the
Night
.
As
soon
as
the
Soldiers
perceived
the
Rays
of
Light
reflecting
from
the
Temples
of
Eleusine
,
upon
the
first
rising
of
the
Sun
,
it
is
said
,
that
their
Hearts
failed
them
;
nay
,
he
himself
,
when
he
saw
that
he
could
not
have
the
benefit
of
the
Night
,
had
not
Courage
enough
to
go
on
with
his
Enterprize
,
but
,
having
pillaged
the
Country
,
he
returned
with
Shame
to
Thespiae
.
An
Embassy
was
upon
this
sent
from
Athens
to
Sparta
,
to
complain
of
the
breach
of
Peace
;
but
the
Ambassadors
found
their
Journey
needless
,
Sphodrias
being
then
under
Process
by
the
Magistrates
of
Sparta
.
Sphodrias
durst
not
stay
to
expect
Judgment
,
which
he
found
would
be
Capital
,
the
City
being
highly
incensed
against
him
,
out
of
the
Shame
they
had
of
the
Business
,
and
the
Resolution
they
had
to
give
the
Athenians
no
cause
of
suspecting
them
,
to
be
any
way
consenting
to
so
base
an
Action
.
This
Sphodrias
had
a
handsome
Youth
to
his
Son
named
Cleonymus
,
with
whom
Archidamus
,
the
Son
of
Agesilaus
,
was
deeply
in
Love
.
With
him
did
Cleonymus
labour
much
for
the
preservation
of
his
Father
;
but
Archidamus
durst
not
appear
publickly
in
his
Assistance
,
he
being
one
of
the
professed
Enemies
of
Agesilaus
.
But
Cleonymus
having
solicited
him
with
Tears
about
it
,
(
as
knowing
Agesilaus
to
be
of
all
his
Father's
Enemies
the
most
formidable
)
the
young
Man
did
for
two
or
three
days
,
follow
his
Father
with
such
Shame
and
Confusion
within
himself
,
that
he
durst
not
speak
to
him
.
At
last
,
the
day
of
Sentence
being
at
hand
,
he
adventur'd
to
tell
him
,
that
Cleonymus
had
entreated
him
to
intercede
for
his
Father
.
Agesilaus
,
though
well
aware
of
the
Love
between
the
Two
young
Men
,
yet
did
not
prohibit
it
,
because
he
looked
upon
Cleonymus
as
an
extraordinary
Youth
,
and
of
great
Hopes
:
Yet
he
gave
not
his
Son
any
kind
Answer
in
the
Case
,
but
coldly
told
him
,
That
he
would
consider
what
he
could
honestly
and
honourably
do
in
it
,
and
so
dismissed
him
.
Archidamus
being
ashamed
of
his
want
of
Success
,
did
forbear
the
Company
of
Cleonymus
for
some
days
,
a
thing
not
usual
with
him
.
This
made
the
Friends
of
Sphodrias
to
think
his
Case
desperate
,
till
Etymocles
,
one
of
Agesilaus's
Friends
,
did
discover
to
them
the
King's
Mind
,
viz.
That
he
abhorred
the
Fact
,
but
yet
he
thought
Sphodrias
a
gallant
Man
,
such
as
the
Commonwealth
much
wanted
at
that
time
.
These
were
the
frequent
Sayings
of
Agesilaus
,
which
gave
Cleonymus
sufficiently
to
understand
,
that
Archidamus
had
been
just
to
him
,
in
using
all
his
Interest
with
his
Father
;
and
Sphodrias
his
Friends
grew
brisk
in
his
Defence
.
The
truth
is
,
that
Agesilaus
was
a
very
●o●d
Man
of
his
Children
,
insomuch
that
it
is
reported
,
That
when
they
were
little
ones
,
he
would
make
a
Hobby-Horse
of
a
Reed
,
and
ride
with
them
.
Being
catched
at
this
Sport
by
a
Friend
,
he
desired
him
to
say
nothing
of
it
,
till
he
himself
were
the
Father
of
Children
.
Mean
while
Sphodrias
being
absolved
of
his
Crime
,
the
Athenians
betook
themselves
War
with
Athens
and
Thebes
.
to
Arms
,
insomuch
that
Agesilaus
fell
into
great
Disgrace
with
the
People
;
that
to
gratifie
the
Amours
of
a
Boy
,
would
pervert
Justice
,
and
make
the
City
accessory
to
the
Crimes
of
Two
private
Men
,
who
,
by
dishonourable
Actions
had
broke
the
Peace
of
Greece
.
He
also
found
his
Collegue
Cleombrotus
little
inclined
to
the
Theban
War
;
so
that
it
became
necessary
for
him
to
quit
the
Privilege
of
his
Age
,
which
he
before
had
claimed
,
and
to
lead
the
Army
himself
;
which
he
did
with
variety
of
Success
,
sometimes
Conquering
,
and
sometimes
Conquered
,
insomuch
that
receiving
a
Wound
in
a
Battel
,
he
was
reproached
by
Antalcidas
,
That
the
Thebans
had
made
him
a
good
Requital
,
for
teaching
them
to
Fight
.
And
indeed
,
they
were
now
grown
far
better
Soldiers
than
ever
they
had
been
,
being
so
much
harassed
,
and
so
much
beaten
into
War
,
by
the
frequency
of
the
L●ced●monian
Expeditions
against
them
.
Out
of
the
foresight
of
which
it
was
,
that
anciently
Lycurgus
in
three
several
Laws
,
forbid
them
to
make
Wars
often
in
one
Place
,
which
would
be
to
instruct
their
Enemies
in
the
Art
of
it
.
Mean
while
the
Allies
of
Sparta
were
not
The
Allies
murmur
at
the
War
.
a
little
discontented
at
Agesilaus
,
that
this
War
was
commenced
not
from
any
just
Offence
taken
,
but
merely
out
of
his
Hatred
to
the
Thebans
,
and
with
Indignation
grumbled
,
that
they
being
the
Majority
of
the
Army
,
should
from
Year
to
Year
be
thus
exposed
to
Danger
and
Hardship
here
and
there
,
at
the
Will
of
a
few
Persons
.
Agesilaus
being
put
to
his
Shifts
,
to
obviate
the
Objection
,
devised
this
Expedient
,
to
try
the
numbers
of
both
the
Spartans
and
the
Allies
.
He
gave
Orders
that
all
the
Allies
,
of
what-ever
Country
,
should
sit
down
promiscuously
on
one
side
,
and
all
the
Lacedaemonians
on
the
other
;
which
being
done
,
he
Commanded
an
Herald
to
proclaim
,
that
all
the
Potters
of
both
Squadrons
should
stand
out
;
then
all
the
Blacksmiths
;
then
all
the
Masons
;
next
the
Carpenters
;
and
so
he
went
through
all
the
Handicrafts
.
By
this
time
almost
all
the
Allies
were
risen
,
but
of
the
Lacedaemonians
very
few
,
they
being
by
Law
forbidden
to
learn
any
Handicraft-Trade
:
whereupon
Agesilaus
fell
on
Laughing
,
and
told
them
,
●e
see
,
Gentlemen
,
how
that
our
number
of
Soldiers
is
greater
than
yours
.
When
he
brought
back
his
Army
from
Baeotia
through
Megara
,
as
he
was
going
up
to
the
Town-Hall
,
in
the
Castle
of
that
Town
,
he
was
suddenly
taken
with
Pain
,
Falleth
lame
of
his
better
Leg.
and
convulsive
Motions
on
his
better
Leg
,
upon
which
a
great
Tumour
and
Inflammation
soon
arose
.
He
was
treated
by
a
Syracusian
Physician
,
who
let
him
Blood
below
the
Ancle
:
this
soon
eased
his
Pain
;
but
then
the
Blood
could
not
be
stopped
,
till
it
brought
him
to
Fainting
and
Swooning
;
at
length
,
with
much
ado
,
he
stopped
it
.
Agesilaus
was
carri'd
home
to
Sparta
in
a
very
weak
condition
,
insomuch
that
he
recover'd
not
Strength
enough
to
appear
in
the
Field
a
long
time
after
.
Mean
while
the
Spartan
Fortune
was
but
ill
,
they
having
received
many
Losses
both
by
Sea
and
Land
;
but
the
greatest
was
that
at
Leuctra
,
which
was
the
first
time
that
they
were
overthrown
by
the
Thebans
in
a
set
Battel
.
The
occasion
was
this
:
The
Grecians
were
all
disposed
to
a
general
Peace
,
and
to
that
end
sent
Ambassadors
to
Sparta
.
Among
these
was
Epaminondas
,
A
general
Treaty
of
Peace
.
the
Theban
,
famous
at
that
time
for
his
Wisdom
and
Learning
,
but
he
had
not
yet
given
proof
of
his
Martial
Vertues
.
He
,
seeing
all
the
others
crouch
to
Agesilaus
,
and
curry
Favour
with
him
,
did
himself
,
notwithstanding
,
keep
up
the
Port
of
an
Ambassador
,
and
with
that
Freedom
that
became
his
Character
,
make
a
Speech
in
behalf
,
not
of
Thebes
only
,
from
whence
he
came
,
but
of
all
Greece
,
remonstrating
that
Epaminondas
his
●ol●
Demand
.
Sparta
had
grown
great
by
War
,
to
the
great
Grievance
of
all
her
Neighbours
.
He
urged
,
that
Peace
might
be
made
upon
equal
terms
,
such
a
one
as
might
be
a
lasting
one
,
which
could
not
otherwise
be
done
,
than
by
reducing
all
to
a
Parity
.
Agesilaus
perceiving
all
the
other
Greeks
to
hearken
much
to
this
Discourse
,
and
to
be
pleased
with
it
,
presently
asked
him
,
Whether
he
thought
it
fit
that
Baeotia
should
be
set
free
,
and
be
permitted
to
live
by
her
own
Laws
?
Epaminondas
briskly
returned
the
Question
,
Whether
it
were
sit
that
Sparta
should
live
by
hers
?
Agesilaus
being
moved
at
this
Reply
,
Bid
him
set
forth
what
ground
he
had
for
pleading
such
Immunity
for
Baeotia
.
Epaminondas
again
asked
him
,
What
grounds
he
had
for
demanding
liberty
for
Sparta
?
Agesilaus
was
so
enraged
at
this
,
that
he
immediately
struck
the
Thebans
out
of
the
League
,
and
declared
War
against
them
.
With
the
rest
of
the
Greeks
he
made
a
Peace
,
and
dismissed
them
with
this
Saying
,
That
what
could
be
peaceably
adjusted
,
should
;
what
was
otherwise
incurable
,
must
be
committed
to
the
Success
of
War
,
it
being
a
thing
of
too
great
difficulty
to
provide
for
all
things
by
Treaty
.
The
Ephori
did
hereupon
dispatch
their
Orders
to
Cleombrotus
,
who
was
at
that
time
in
Phocis
,
to
march
directly
into
Baeotia
,
and
at
the
same
time
sent
to
their
Allies
for
Help
.
The
Confederates
were
A
War
with
Thebes
.
very
resty
in
the
Business
,
and
unwilling
to
Engage
,
but
as
yet
they
feared
the
Spartans
,
and
durst
not
refuse
.
And
although
many
Portents
and
Prodigies
of
ill
Presage
,
had
appeared
;
and
though
Prothous
the
Laconian
had
laboured
all
he
could
to
hinder
it
,
yet
Agesilaus
would
needs
go
forward
,
and
prevailed
so
,
that
the
War
was
decreed
.
He
thought
the
present
Juncture
of
Affairs
very
advantageous
to
it
,
the
rest
of
Greece
being
wholly
free
,
and
in
League
with
them
,
the
Thebans
only
exempted
.
But
that
this
War
was
undertaken
more
upon
Passion
than
Judgment
,
the
Event
did
prove
:
for
the
Treaty
was
finished
but
the
14th
of
May
,
and
the
Lacedaemonians
receiv'd
their
great
Overthrow
at
Leuctrae
Battel
of
Leuctrae
.
the
5th
of
June
within
20
days
.
There
fell
at
that
time
1000
Spartans
,
and
Cleombrotus
their
King
,
in
the
Company
of
many
others
of
the
most
gallant
Men
of
that
Nation
;
particularly
Cleonymus
,
the
Son
of
Sphodrias
,
that
beautiful
Youth
,
was
thrice
knock'd
down
at
the
Feet
of
the
King
,
and
as
often
recover'd
it
,
but
was
slain
at
the
last
.
This
unexpected
Blow
,
which
fell
so
heavy
upon
the
Lacedaemonians
,
brought
greater
Glory
to
Thebes
,
than
ever
was
acquired
by
any
other
of
the
Grecian-Republicks
,
in
their
Civil
Wars
against
each
other
.
The
Behaviour
notwithstanding
of
the
Spartans
,
though
beaten
,
was
much
greater
,
and
more
to
be
admired
,
than
The
Spartan's
Behaviour
under
their
Misfortune
.
that
of
the
Thebans
.
And
indeed
,
if
as
Xenophon
saith
▪
In
Conversation
good
Men
,
even
among
their
Sports
,
and
in
their
Wine
,
do
let
fall
many
remarkable
Sayings
and
Jests
,
that
are
worth
the
preserving
;
how
much
more
worthy
to
be
recorded
,
is
an
exemplary
constancy
of
Mind
,
appearing
both
in
the
Countenances
and
Behaviours
of
brave
Men
,
when
they
are
pressed
by
adverse
Fortune
.
It
happen'd
that
the
Spartans
were
Celebrating
a
solemn
Feast
,
at
which
many
Strangers
were
▪
present
from
other
Countries
,
and
the
Town
full
of
them
,
when
this
News
of
the
Overthrow
came
.
The
Ephori
,
though
they
were
sufficiently
aware
,
that
this
Blow
had
quite
ruined
the
Spartan
Grandeur
,
and
its
Primacy
over
the
rest
of
Greece
,
yet
gave
Orders
that
the
Dancing
should
not
break
off
,
nor
any
of
the
Ceremonies
of
the
Festival
abate
.
The
next
Morning
,
when
they
had
full
Intelligence
concerning
it
,
and
every
body
knew
who
were
slain
,
and
who
survived
,
the
Fathers
of
the
slain
came
out
rejoycing
in
the
Market-place
,
saluting
each
other
with
a
kind
of
Exultation
;
on
the
contrary
,
the
Fathers
of
the
Survivors
hid
themselves
at
home
among
the
Women
,
as
wholly
ashamed
of
their
Children
.
If
Necessity
drove
any
of
them
abroad
,
they
went
very
dejectedly
,
with
down
▪
Looks
,
and
sorrowful
Countenances
.
The
Women
out-did
the
Men
in
it
:
Such
whose
Sons
were
Slain
,
openly
rejoycing
,
and
meeting
triumphantly
in
the
Temples
;
they
who
expected
their
Children
home
,
being
very
silent
,
and
much
troubled
.
But
the
common
People
being
awaken'd
by
this
Calamity
,
and
withal
terrified
with
the
News
of
Epaminondas
his
Design
of
Invading
Peloponnesus
,
began
to
think
of
the
Oracle
,
which
had
predicted
Woes
to
them
,
when
they
had
a
Lame
Man
to
their
King
,
and
grew
mightily
afflicted
for
the
Rejection
of
Leotychidas
,
who
was
both
the
right
Heir
,
and
strait
in
all
his
Limbs
.
Yet
the
regard
they
had
to
the
Wealth
and
Reputation
of
Agesilaus
,
so
far
stifled
this
Murmuring
of
the
People
,
that
notwithstanding
it
,
they
threw
themselves
upon
him
in
Agesilaus
invested
with
absolute
Power
,
to
remedy
the
present
Difficulties
of
State
.
this
Distress
,
as
the
only
Man
that
was
fit
to
heal
the
publick
Malady
,
by
being
made
sole
Arbiter
of
all
their
Difficulties
,
whether
relating
to
the
Affairs
of
War
or
Peace
.
One
great
one
was
then
before
them
,
concerning
the
Runaways
that
had
fled
out
of
the
Battel
,
who
being
many
and
powerful
,
it
was
feared
that
they
might
make
some
Commotion
in
the
Republick
,
to
prevent
the
execution
of
the
Law
upon
them
for
their
Cowardice
.
The
Law
in
The
Spartan
.
Law
against
Cowar●ice
.
that
Case
was
very
severe
;
for
they
were
not
only
to
be
degraded
from
all
Honors
,
but
also
it
was
a
Disgrace
to
inter-marry
with
them
:
Who-ever
met
any
of
them
in
the
Streets
,
might
beat
him
if
he
listed
,
nor
was
it
lawful
for
him
to
resist
:
They
in
the
mean
while
were
obliged
to
go
abroad
in
a
nasty
Habit
,
with
their
Gowns
patched
of
divers
Colours
,
and
to
wear
their
Beards
half
shaved
,
half
unshaven
.
To
execute
so
rigid
a
Law
as
this
,
in
a
Case
where
the
Offenders
were
so
many
,
and
of
those
many
Men
of
great
Families
and
Interest
,
and
that
in
a
time
when
the
Common-wealth
wanted
Soldiers
so
much
as
then
it
did
,
was
of
dangerous
Consequence
.
Therefore
they
chose
Agesilaus
a
Dictator
,
or
new
Law-giver
,
with
full
power
of
abrogating
old
Laws
,
or
making
new
ones
,
as
he
pleased
.
But
he
,
without
adding
to
,
or
diminishing
from
,
or
any
way
changing
the
Law
,
came
out
into
the
publick
Assembly
,
and
said
,
That
the
Law
should
lye
dormant
at
present
,
but
be
vigorously
executed
for
the
future
.
By
this
means
he
at
once
preserved
the
Law
from
Abrogation
,
and
the
Citizens
from
Infamy
:
And
that
he
might
take
off
the
Consternation
that
was
upon
the
young
Men
,
he
made
an
Inroad
He
maketh
●●
Inroad
into
●rcadia
into
Arcadia
,
where
avoiding
Fight
as
much
as
he
could
,
he
contented
himself
to
spoil
the
Territory
,
and
to
take
a
small
Town
belonging
to
the
Mantineans
,
thereby
reviving
the
Hearts
of
Populace
,
letting
them
see
that
they
were
not
every
where
unsuccessful
.
Upon
this
Epaminondas
made
an
Inroad
Epaminondas
●nvaded
Sparta
.
into
Laconia
,
with
an
Army
of
40000.
besides
light-armed
Men
,
and
others
that
follow'd
the
Camp
only
for
Plunder
,
so
that
Sparta
600
Years
without
an
Invasion
.
in
all
they
were
at
least
70000.
It
was
now
600
Years
since
the
Dorians
had
possessed
Laconia
,
and
in
all
that
time
the
Face
of
an
Enemy
had
not
been
seen
within
their
Territories
,
no
Man
daring
to
Invade
them
:
But
now
they
made
their
Incursions
without
Resistance
,
as
far
as
Eurotas
,
and
the
very
Suburbs
of
Sparta
;
for
Agesilaus
would
not
permit
them
to
engage
against
so
impetuous
a
Torrent
,
as
Theopompus
called
it
.
He
contented
himself
to
fortifie
the
chief
Parts
of
the
City
,
and
to
place
Guards
conveniently
,
enduring
mean
while
the
Taunts
of
the
Thebans
,
who
reproached
him
as
the
Firebrand
of
the
War
,
and
the
Author
of
all
that
Mischief
to
his
Country
,
and
bidding
him
defend
himself
if
he
could
.
But
this
was
not
all
:
He
was
greatly
disturbed
at
home
with
the
Tumults
of
the
City
,
the
Outcries
and
running
about
of
the
Old
Men
,
who
were
highly
enraged
at
their
present
condition
,
and
the
Women
much
worse
,
being
terrifi'd
by
the
Clamours
,
and
the
Fires
of
the
Enemy
in
the
Field
.
But
that
which
cut
him
to
the
Heart
,
was
the
sense
of
his
lost
Glory
;
who
having
come
to
the
Crown
of
Sparta
,
when
it
was
in
its
most
flourishing
Condition
,
and
highest
Grandeur
,
now
lived
to
see
it
laid
low
in
Esteem
,
and
all
its
great
Vaunts
derided
,
even
those
which
he
himself
had
been
accustom'd
to
use
,
viz.
That
the
Women
of
Sparta
had
never
seen
the
Smoak
of
the
Enemies
Fire
.
It
is
said
,
that
Antalcidas
being
in
Dispute
with
an
Athenian
,
about
the
Valour
of
the
Two
Nations
,
the
Athenian
bragged
,
That
they
had
o●ten
driven
the
Spartans
from
the
River
C●phisus
:
Yes
,
said
Antalcidas
,
but
we
never
had
occasion
to
drive
you
from
Eurotas
.
A
common
Spartan
of
less
Quality
,
being
in
Company
with
an
Argive
,
who
was
vapouring
how
many
Spartans
lay
buried
in
the
Fields
of
Argus
,
reply'd
,
But
you
have
●●●e
buried
in
the
Country
of
Laconia
.
Yet
now
the
Case
was
so
altered
,
that
Antalcidas
being
one
of
the
Ephori
,
out
of
Fear
,
sent
away
his
Children
privately
to
the
Island
of
Cythera
.
When
the
Enemy
essay'd
to
get
over
the
River
,
and
thence
to
Attack
the
Town
,
Agesilaus
betook
himself
to
the
high
Places
Agesilaus
defends
the
Town
.
and
strong
Holds
of
it
.
But
it
happen'd
,
that
Eurotas
at
that
time
swelled
to
a
great
height
,
by
reason
of
the
Snow
that
had
fallen
,
and
made
the
Passage
very
difficult
to
the
Thebans
,
not
only
by
its
depth
,
but
much
more
by
the
Ice
that
was
upon
it
.
Whilst
this
was
doing
,
Epaminondas
every
where
appeared
the
foremost
Man
in
the
Army
,
insomuch
that
Agesilaus
viewing
the
whole
Action
,
fell
into
admiration
of
his
Gallantry
.
But
when
he
came
to
the
City
,
and
would
fain
have
attempted
something
either
upon
it
,
or
within
the
Limits
of
it
,
that
might
raise
him
a
Trophy
there
,
he
could
not
tempt
Agesilaus
out
of
his
Hold
,
but
was
fain
to
march
off
again
,
wasting
the
Country
as
he
went
.
Mean
while
there
did
a
dangerous
Conspiracy
A
dangerous
Conspiracy
in
Sparta
▪
happen
in
Sparta
,
where
200
Men
having
gotten
into
a
strong
part
of
the
Town
called
Issorion
,
did
seize
upon
the
Temple
of
Diana
and
Garison
it
.
The
Spartans
were
enraged
at
it
,
and
would
have
fallen
upon
them
presently
;
but
Agesilaus
not
knowing
how
far
the
Sedition
might
reach
,
did
command
them
to
forbear
,
and
going
himself
in
his
Cloak
,
with
but
one
Servant
,
when
he
came
near
the
Rebels
,
called
out
,
and
told
them
,
That
they
mistook
their
Orders
;
that
by
his
Order
they
were
to
go
,
one
part
of
them
thither
,
shewing
them
another
Place
in
the
City
,
and
part
to
another
,
which
he
also
shewed
.
The
Conspirators
gladly
heard
this
Discourse
,
thinking
themselves
no
way
suspected
of
Treason
,
and
readily
went
off
to
the
Places
which
he
shewed
them
.
Whereupon
Agesilaus
placed
in
their
room
a
Garison
of
his
own
:
Of
the
Conspirators
he
apprehended
15.
and
put
them
to
death
in
the
night
.
After
this
,
a
much
more
dangerous
Conspiracy
Another
.
was
discovered
of
Spartan
Citizens
,
who
had
privately
met
in
each
others
Houses
,
to
cause
a
Disturbance
.
It
was
equally
dangerous
,
by
reason
of
the
Greatness
of
the
Party
to
prosecute
them
publickly
according
to
Law
,
and
to
connive
at
them
.
Agesilaus
took
another
course
,
and
by
consent
of
the
Ephori
,
put
them
to
death
privately
without
Process
;
a
thing
never
before
known
in
Sparta
.
At
this
time
also
▪
many
of
the
Helots
,
and
The
Helots
run
from
their
Colours
.
other
Hirelings
,
that
were
listed
in
the
Army
,
ran
away
to
the
Enemy
,
which
was
matter
of
great
Consternation
to
the
City
.
He
therefore
,
caused
some
Officers
of
his
,
every
Morning
before
day
,
to
search
the
Quarters
of
the
Soldiers
,
and
,
where
any
Man
was
gone
,
to
hide
his
Arms
,
that
so
the
greatness
of
the
number
might
not
appear
.
Historians
differ
about
the
time
of
the
The
time
of
the
Thebans
continuance
before
Sparta
.
Thebans
Departure
from
Sparta
.
Some
say
,
the
Winter
forced
them
;
as
also
that
the
Arcadian
Soldiers
Disbanding
,
made
it
necessary
for
the
rest
to
retire
.
Others
say
,
that
they
stay'd
there
Three
Months
,
till
they
had
laid
the
whole
Country
waste
.
Theopompus
is
the
only
Author
who
gives
out
,
That
when
the
Baeotarchae
,
or
Council
of
War
of
the
Theban
Army
,
had
resolved
upon
the
Retreat
,
Phrixus
the
Spartan
came
to
them
,
and
offer'd
them
,
from
Agesilaus
,
Ten
Talents
to
be
gone
;
so
hiring
them
to
do
,
what
they
were
already
doing
of
their
own
accord
.
How
he
alone
should
come
to
be
aware
of
this
,
I
know
not
;
only
in
this
all
Authors
agree
,
That
the
Sparta
preserved
by
the
Wisdom
of
Agesilaus
.
saving
of
Sparta
from
Ruine
,
was
wholly
due
to
the
Wisdom
of
Agesilaus
,
who
in
this
Extremity
of
Affairs
quitted
all
his
Ambition
and
his
Haughtiness
,
and
resolved
to
play
a
saving
Game
.
But
all
his
Wisdom
and
Prowess
was
not
sufficient
to
recover
the
Glory
of
it
,
and
to
raise
it
to
its
ancient
Greatness
.
For
as
we
see
in
Bodies
,
long
used
to
strict
,
and
too
exquisitely
regular
Diet
,
if
they
commit
any
great
Disorder
,
it
is
usually
fatal
;
so
in
this
City
,
which
by
the
strictness
of
her
Laws
,
and
the
severe
Virtue
,
and
great
Conduct
of
her
Leaders
,
had
flourished
so
long
,
one
great
mistake
in
Policy
undid
all
.
Nor
was
this
Fall
wholly
undeserved
,
since
they
so
much
swerved
from
the
Institutions
of
Lycurgus
,
to
which
their
Ancestors
were
sworn
,
who
had
formed
a
Republick
,
wholly
fitted
to
the
Ease
,
and
Peace
,
and
vertuous
Life
of
the
Inhabitants
,
so
that
they
might
have
lived
happily
within
themselves
,
without
molesting
their
Neighbours
,
or
seeking
Dominion
over
them
.
Agesilaus
being
now
very
Aged
,
gave
over
all
Military
Employments
;
but
his
Son
Archidamus
,
having
received
help
from
Dionysius
of
Sicily
,
did
give
a
great
Overthrow
The
Arcadians
beaten
by
Archidamus
,
Son
to
Agesilaus
.
to
the
Arcadians
,
in
a
Fight
remarkably
known
by
the
Name
of
The
tearless
Battel
,
wherein
there
was
a
great
Slaughter
of
the
Enemy
,
without
the
loss
of
one
Spartan
.
This
Victory
did
but
too
much
discover
the
present
Weakness
of
Sparta
;
for
heretofore
Victory
was
esteemed
so
usual
a
thing
with
them
,
that
for
their
greatest
Successes
they
seldom
sacrificed
any
more
than
a
Cock
to
the
Gods
.
Neither
were
the
Soldiers
much
elated
at
the
News
when
it
came
:
yea
,
when
the
great
Victory
was
obtained
at
Mantinea
,
which
is
at
large
described
by
Thucidides
,
the
Messenger
that
brought
the
News
,
had
no
other
Reward
,
than
a
good
piece
of
Powdered
Beef
sent
him
to
his
Lodgings
▪
But
at
the
News
of
this
Arcadian
Victory
,
they
were
not
able
to
contain
themselves
;
but
the
old
King
went
out
in
Procession
with
Tears
of
Joy
in
his
Eyes
,
to
meet
and
embrace
his
Son
,
and
all
the
Council
attended
him
.
The
Old
Men
and
Women
all
marched
out
as
far
as
the
River
Eurota
,
lifting
up
their
Hands
,
and
thanking
the
Gods
,
that
they
had
washed
off
the
Stain
that
had
lately
stuck
upon
Sparta
,
saying
,
That
now
they
could
boldly
appear
in
the
Face
of
the
Sun
,
who
before
,
out
of
Shame
and
Confusion
,
could
not
appear
even
to
their
own
Wives
.
When
Epaminondas
rebuilt
Messene
,
and
Messene
rebuilt
by
Epaminondas
.
recalled
the
ancient
Citizens
to
it
,
they
were
not
able
to
obstruct
the
Design
,
being
not
in
condition
of
appearing
in
the
Field
against
them
.
But
the
Spartans
were
very
much
offended
with
Agesilaus
,
when
they
found
so
large
a
Territory
,
equal
to
their
own
in
Compass
,
and
for
Fertility
the
richest
of
all
Greece
,
taken
from
them
in
his
Reign
.
Therefore
it
was
that
the
King
broke
off
Treaty
with
the
Thebans
,
when
they
offered
him
Peace
,
rather
than
set
his
Hand
to
the
passing
away
of
that
Country
,
though
it
was
already
taken
from
him
.
Which
Punctilio
of
Honour
had
like
to
have
cost
him
dear
;
for
in
the
progress
of
Epaminondas
his
Stratagem
against
Sparta
.
the
War
he
was
over-reached
by
a
Stratagem
,
which
had
almost
amounted
to
the
loss
of
Sparta
.
For
when
the
Mantineans
again
revolted
from
Thebes
to
Sparta
,
and
Epaminondas
understood
that
Agesilaus
was
come
to
their
Assistance
with
a
powerful
Army
,
he
privately
,
in
the
night
,
quit
his
Quarters
at
Tegea
,
and
unknown
to
the
Mantineans
,
marched
towards
Sparta
,
insomuch
that
he
failed
very
little
of
taking
it
empty
and
unarmed
.
Of
this
Agesilaus
having
Intelligence
,
sent
him
by
Euthymus
the
Thespian
,
saith
Callisthenes
,
but
by
some
Cretan
,
saith
Xenophon
,
immediately
dispatched
a
Post
to
Lacedaemon
,
to
advertise
them
of
it
,
and
withal
to
let
them
know
,
that
he
was
hastening
to
them
.
He
did
it
with
that
Expedition
,
that
he
prevented
the
Thebans
,
who
came
over
Eurotas
after
he
was
in
the
Town
.
They
notwithstanding
He
is
beaten
back
by
Agesilaus
.
made
an
Assault
upon
the
Town
,
and
were
received
by
Agesilaus
with
great
Courage
,
he
bestirring
himself
much
beyond
what
was
to
be
expected
in
his
years
.
For
he
did
not
now
Fight
with
that
Caution
and
Cunning
which
he
formerly
made
use
of
,
but
put
all
upon
a
desperate
push
;
which
(
though
not
his
usual
method
)
succeeded
so
well
,
that
he
rescued
the
City
out
of
the
Jaws
of
Epaminondas
,
and
forced
him
to
retire
.
This
Action
deserved
a
Trophy
,
and
had
one
;
at
the
erection
of
which
,
Agesilaus
encouraged
the
Citizens
,
by
shewing
them
how
well
they
had
paid
their
Debt
to
their
Country
in
this
Action
,
and
particularly
took
notice
of
the
great
The
great
●●●●o●ts
of
Archidamus
Performances
of
his
Son
Archidamus
,
who
had
that
day
made
himself
Illustrious
,
both
by
his
Courage
and
Agility
of
Body
,
speedily
shifting
Places
to
all
the
dangerous
Passes
,
where
the
Enemy
pressed
hardest
into
the
Town
,
every
where
charging
the
Enemy
,
though
with
but
few
in
his
Company
.
But
the
grand
Example
of
an
Heroick
Valour
was
given
by
Isadas
,
the
Son
Greater
of
Isadas
.
of
Phaebidas
,
to
the
Admiration
of
the
Enemy
,
as
well
as
of
his
Friends
.
He
was
a
very
comely
,
handsom
,
well-grown
,
proper
Youth
,
just
beginning
to
write
Man
.
He
had
no
Arms
upon
him
,
scarce
Cloaths
;
he
had
just
anointed
himself
at
home
,
when
upon
the
Alarm
,
without
further
Ceremony
,
in
that
Undress
,
he
snatched
a
Spear
in
one
hand
,
and
a
Sword
in
the
other
,
and
brake
into
the
thickest
of
his
Enemies
,
bearing
down
all
before
him
.
He
received
no
Wound
,
whether
that
he
were
the
particular
Care
of
GOD
,
who
rewarded
his
Valour
with
an
extraordinary
Protection
,
or
whether
his
Shape
being
so
large
and
beautiful
,
and
his
Dress
so
unusual
,
they
thought
him
more
than
a
Man
.
The
gallantry
of
the
Action
was
so
esteemed
among
the
Spartans
,
that
the
Ephori
gave
him
a
He
is
both
rewarded
and
amerced
.
Garland
;
but
as
soon
as
they
had
done
,
they
fined
him
1000
Drachms
,
for
going
out
to
Battel
unarmed
.
A
few
days
after
this
,
there
was
another
Battel
fought
near
Mantinea
,
wherein
Epaminondas
having
routed
the
Van
of
the
Lacedaemonians
,
was
eager
in
the
pursuit
of
them
,
when
Anticrates
,
the
Laconian
,
wounded
Epaminondas
slain
.
him
with
a
Spear
,
saith
Dioscorides
;
but
the
Spartans
to
this
day
call
the
Posterity
of
this
Anticrates
,
[
](A55203-e12540-b)*
*
Macheriones
.
Sword-men
,
because
that
he
wounded
Epaminondas
with
a
Sword
.
They
so
dreaded
Epaminondas
,
when
living
,
that
the
Slayer
of
him
was
embraced
and
admired
by
all
;
nay
,
they
decreed
Honors
to
him
and
his
Posterity
,
to
which
latter
they
gave
Immunity
from
all
manner
of
Taxes
:
This
Priviledge
,
Callicrates
,
one
of
his
Descendants
,
now
enjoyeth
.
Epaminondas
being
Slain
,
there
was
a
general
Peace
again
concluded
,
from
which
Agesilaus's
Party
excluded
the
Messenians
,
as
Men
that
had
no
City
,
and
therefore
would
not
let
them
Swear
to
the
League
;
to
which
,
when
the
rest
of
the
Greeks
admitted
them
,
the
Lacedaemonians
went
off
,
and
continued
the
War
alone
,
in
hopes
of
subduing
the
Messenians
.
For
this
Reason
Agesilaus
too
much
given
to
War
.
was
Agesilaus
esteemed
a
stubborn
,
refractory
Man
,
and
insatiable
of
War
,
who
took
such
pains
to
hinder
the
League
,
and
to
protract
the
War
,
at
a
time
when
he
had
not
Money
wherewith
to
carry
it
on
,
but
was
forced
to
borrow
of
the
Citizens
,
and
to
oppress
them
with
heavy
Taxes
,
and
all
this
to
retrieve
the
poor
City
of
Messenia
,
after
he
had
lost
so
great
an
Empire
both
by
Sea
and
Land
,
as
the
Spartans
were
possessed
of
,
when
he
came
to
the
Crown
.
But
it
did
more
move
the
Indignation
of
all
Men
,
when
he
put
himself
into
the
Service
He
taketh
Pay
of
Tachos
in
Aegypt
.
of
Tachos
the
Aegyptian
.
They
thought
it
too
too
much
unworthy
of
a
Man
of
his
Quality
,
who
was
then
looked
upon
as
the
prime
Commander
in
all
Greece
,
who
had
filled
all
Countries
with
his
Renown
,
to
let
himself
out
to
Hire
to
a
Barbarian
,
an
Aegyptian
Rebel
,
(
for
Tachos
was
no
better
)
and
to
fight
for
Pay
,
as
Captain
only
of
a
Band
of
Mercenaries
.
If
at
those
Years
of
Eighty
and
odd
,
after
his
Body
had
been
worn
out
with
Age
,
and
enfeebled
with
Wounds
,
he
had
engaged
in
some
very
Honourable
Cause
,
as
the
Liberty
of
Greece
,
or
the
like
,
it
had
been
however
worthy
of
some
Reproof
.
To
make
an
Action
honourable
,
it
ought
to
be
agreeable
to
the
Age
,
and
other
Circumstances
of
the
Person
;
for
it
is
Circumstance
that
doth
difference
the
Action
,
and
make
it
either
good
or
bad
.
But
Agesilaus
valued
not
other
Mens
Discourses
;
he
thought
no
publick
Employment
dishonourable
;
the
ignoblest
thing
in
his
esteem
was
for
a
Man
to
sit
idle
and
resty
at
home
,
till
Death
should
come
and
take
him
napping
.
The
Money
therefore
that
he
received
from
Tachos
,
he
laid
out
in
raising
of
Men
,
wherewith
having
filled
his
Ships
,
he
took
also
30
Spartan
Captains
with
him
,
as
formerly
he
had
done
in
his
Asiatick
Expedition
,
and
set
Sail
for
Aegypt
.
As
soon
as
he
arrived
at
Aegypt
,
all
the
great
Officers
of
the
Kingdom
came
to
pay
their
Compliments
to
him
at
his
Landing
.
His
Reputation
being
so
great
,
had
rais'd
the
Expectation
of
the
whole
Country
,
which
did
flock
in
to
see
him
;
but
when
they
found
,
instead
of
the
great
Prince
The
Aegyptians
disappointed
in
Agesilau●
,
as
to
the
appearance
of
his
outward
Person
whom
they
looked
for
,
a
little
Old
Man
,
of
contemptible
presence
,
without
all
Ceremony
lying
down
upon
the
Grass
,
his
Hair
uncombed
,
his
Cloaths
thread-bare
,
they
fell
into
Laughter
and
Scorn
of
him
,
crying
out
,
that
the
old
Proverb
was
now
made
good
,
The
Mountain
had
brought
forth
a
Mouse
.
They
were
much
more
scandalized
at
his
Stupidity
,
(
as
they
thought
it
)
who
,
when
Presents
were
made
of
all
manner
of
Provisions
,
took
only
the
Meal
,
the
Calves
,
and
the
Geese
,
but
rejected
the
Sweet-Meats
,
the
Confections
and
Perfumes
:
When
they
did
urge
him
to
the
acceptance
of
them
,
he
took
them
and
gave
them
to
the
Helots
that
were
in
his
Army
;
yet
he
was
taken
with
the
Garlands
they
made
of
the
[
](A55203-e12940-b)*
*
An
Aegyptian
〈…〉
t
,
of
which
Pap●●
was
made
.
Papyrus
,
because
of
their
native
Simplicity
,
and
when
he
returned
homewards
,
he
demanded
one
of
the
King
,
which
he
carried
with
him
.
When
he
joyned
with
Tachos
,
he
found
his
Expectation
of
being
Generalissimo
frustrated
:
Tachos
reserved
that
place
for
himself
,
making
Agesilaus
only
Captain
of
the
Band
of
Mercenaries
,
and
Chabrias
the
Athenian
Admiral
.
This
was
the
first
occasion
of
his
Discontent
;
but
there
followed
others
:
Agesilaus
discontented
in
Aegypt
.
he
(
being
daily
tired
with
the
Insolency
and
Vanity
of
this
Aegyptian
)
was
at
length
forced
to
attend
on
him
into
Phaenicia
,
in
a
condition
much
below
his
Spirit
and
Dignity
,
which
,
notwithstanding
,
he
was
forced
to
digest
for
a
while
,
till
he
had
opportunity
of
shewing
his
Resentment
.
It
was
soon
afforded
him
by
Nectanabis
,
the
Uncle
of
Tachos
,
and
a
great
He
revolts
to
Nectanabis
from
Tachos
.
Captain
under
him
,
who
took
an
occasion
to
fall
off
from
his
Nephew
,
and
was
soon
Proclaimed
King
by
the
Aegyptians
.
This
Man
invited
Agesilaus
to
his
Party
,
and
the
like
he
did
to
Chabrias
offering
great
Rewards
to
both
.
Tachos
having
smelt
it
,
did
immediately
apply
himself
both
to
Agesilaus
and
Chabrias
,
with
great
Humility
to
them
both
,
beseeching
their
continuance
in
his
Friendship
.
Chabrias
consented
to
it
,
and
did
what
he
could
to
sweeten
Agesilaus
in
the
matter
:
but
he
gave
this
short
Reply
,
You
,
O
Chabrias
,
came
hither
a
Voluntier
,
and
may
go
and
stay
as
you
see
cause
;
but
I
am
the
Servant
of
Sparta
,
sent
hither
on
their
Errand
,
and
must
take
my
Measures
from
them
.
This
being
said
,
he
soon
dispatched
Messengers
to
Sparta
,
who
were
sufficiently
instructed
both
in
the
Accusations
of
Tachos
,
and
the
Commendations
of
Nectanabis
.
The
Two
Aegyptians
did
also
send
their
Ambassadors
to
Lacedaemon
,
the
one
to
claim
Continuance
of
the
old
League
already
made
;
the
other
to
make
great
Offers
for
the
breaking
of
it
,
and
making
a
new
One.
The
Spartans
having
heard
both
sides
,
gave
in
their
publick
Answer
,
That
they
referred
the
whole
Matter
to
Agesilaus
;
but
priyately
wrote
to
him
,
to
act
as
he
should
find
it
best
for
the
Profit
of
the
Commonwealth
.
Upon
receipt
of
his
Orders
,
he
soon
changed
sides
,
carrying
all
the
Mercenaries
with
him
to
Nectanabis
,
prefacing
so
foul
an
Action
,
with
the
plausible
pretence
of
acting
for
the
Benefit
of
his
Country
,
whereas
the
fine
Veil
being
taken
off
,
the
Fact
was
no
better
than
downright
Treachery
.
But
the
Lacedaemonians
,
who
make
it
the
first
Principle
of
their
Actions
to
serve
their
Country
,
know
not
any
thing
to
be
just
or
unjust
by
any
Measures
but
that
.
Tachos
being
thus
deserted
by
the
Mercenaries
,
fled
for
it
.
Upon
which
,
one
Mendesius
Tachos
flyeth
.
being
designed
his
Successor
,
arose
and
came
against
Nectanabis
,
with
an
Army
Nectanabis
●s
oppos●d
by
Mendesius
.
of
an
100000
Men.
Nectanabis
in
his
Discourse
with
Agesilaus
,
despised
them
as
new
raised
Men
,
who
,
though
many
in
number
,
were
of
no
Skill
in
War
,
being
most
of
them
Handicrafts-men
and
Trades-men
,
never
bred
to
War
.
To
whom
Agesilaus
answered
,
That
he
despised
their
numbers
,
but
was
afraid
of
their
Ignorance
,
which
gave
no
room
for
treating
them
by
Finen●ss
and
Stratagem
;
for
those
are
to
be
used
only
with
cunning
and
crafly
Men
,
who
,
being
themselves
full
of
Design
,
and
suspicious
alway
of
yours
,
do
give
opportunity
of
putting
Tricks
upon
them
;
but
a
Fool-hardy
Man
,
that
neither
s●eth
nor
feareth
any
thing
,
giveth
no
more
opportunity
to
the
Enemy
,
than
he
that
stands
stock-still
without
putting
out
his
Leg
,
giveth
to
a
Wrestler
.
This
Mendesius
was
not
wanting
in
the
Solicitations
of
Agesilaus
,
Agesilau●'●
A●vic●
maketh
him
suspectca
by
Nectanabis
.
insomuch
that
Nectanabis
grew
jealous
.
But
when
Agesilaus
advised
to
Fight
the
Enemy
,
presently
before
either
their
Skill
or
their
Numbers
increased
;
it
being
imprudent
to
protract
a
War
with
such
Men
,
who
(
rude
and
inexpert
as
they
were
)
would
so
increase
in
numbers
,
as
wholly
to
incompass
them
,
and
prevent
their
Designs
.
This
confirmed
him
in
his
Jealousie
,
and
made
him
take
the
quite
contrary
course
,
retreating
into
a
strong
Garison
,
well
Fortifi'd
with
Walls
and
Bulwarks
.
Agesilaus
finding
himself
mistrusted
,
took
it
very
ill
,
and
was
full
of
Indignation
,
yet
was
ashamed
to
change
Sides
again
,
the
other
having
been
so
lately
done
;
so
that
he
was
forced
to
follow
Nectanabis
into
the
Town
.
When
Mendesius
came
up
,
and
began
to
draw
a
Line
about
the
Town
,
and
to
intrench
,
the
Aegyptian
was
resolving
upon
a
Nectanabis
being
B●sieged
,
resolveth
to
Fight
,
but
is
opposed
by
Agesilaus
.
Battel
,
thinking
it
much
safer
,
than
to
be
begirt
round
with
a
Ditch
,
and
so
starved
out
in
a
long
Siege
.
The
Greeks
were
also
of
that
mind
,
the
Provisions
growing
already
scarce
in
the
Town
.
When
Agesilaus
opposed
it
,
the
Aegyptians
then
suspected
him
much
more
,
publickly
calling
him
,
The
Betrayer
of
the
King
.
But
Agesilaus
(
being
now
satisfi'd
within
himself
)
did
bear
all
these
Reproaches
patiently
,
and
follow'd
the
Design
close
which
he
had
laid
,
of
over-reaching
the
Enemy
,
which
was
this
:
The
Enemy
had
intrenched
with
a
deep
Ditch
and
high
Wall
,
resolving
to
shut
up
the
King
and
starve
him
.
When
the
Ditch
was
brought
almost
quite
round
,
he
took
the
Advantage
of
the
Night
,
and
Armed
all
his
Greeks
.
Then
,
going
to
the
King
,
This
,
Agesilaus's
Stratagem
against
Mendesius
.
Young-Man
,
is
your
opportunity
,
said
he
,
of
saving
your self
,
which
I
durst
not
all
this
while
discover
,
lest
the
discovery
should
prevent
it
;
but
now
the
Enemy
hath
,
at
his
own
Cost
,
and
the
pains
and
labour
of
his
own
Men
,
provided
for
our
Security
.
As
much
of
this
Wall
as
is
built
,
will
prevent
them
from
surrounding
us
with
their
Multitude
,
the
Gap
yet
left
will
be
sufficient
for
us
to
Sally
out
by
:
Now
play
the
Man
,
and
follow
the
Example
the
Greeks
will
give
you
,
and
by
Fighting
valiantly
,
save
your self
and
your
Army
;
their
Front
will
not
be
able
to
stand
against
us
,
and
their
Rear
we
are
sufficiently
secured
from
,
by
a
Wall
of
their
own
making
.
Nectanabis
admiring
the
Wisdom
of
Agesilaus
,
immediately
placed
himself
in
the
Grecian
Army
,
and
Fought
with
them
;
which
,
upon
the
first
Charge
soon
routed
the
Enemy
.
Agesilaus
having
now
gotten
Credit
with
the
King
,
began
to
use
what
Stratagems
he
thought
good
,
without
being
interrupted
by
him
:
He
sometimes
pretended
a
Retreat
,
otherwhile
charged
furiously
;
by
this
means
disordering
the
Enemy
,
and
at
last
trolling
him
into
a
Place
enclosed
between
Two
Ditches
,
that
were
The
Mendesian
▪
Conquered
.
very
deep
,
and
full
of
Water
.
When
he
had
them
at
this
Advantage
,
he
soon
charged
them
,
drawing
up
the
Front
of
his
Battel
equal
to
the
space
between
the
Two
Ditches
,
so
that
they
had
no
way
of
surrounding
him
,
being
enclosed
themselves
on
both
sides
.
They
made
but
little
Resistance
;
many
fell
,
others
fled
and
were
dispersed
.
Nectanabis
being
thus
settled
and
fixed
in
his
Kingdom
,
did
with
much
Kindness
and
Earnestness
invite
Agesilaus
to
spend
his
Winter
in
Aegypt
:
But
he
made
haste
home
Agesilaus
departs
homeward
.
to
assist
in
the
Wars
of
his
own
Country
,
whose
Treasury
he
knew
to
be
empty
,
yet
were
they
forced
to
hire
Mercenaries
,
whilst
their
own
Men
were
fighting
abroad
.
The
King
dismissed
him
very
honourably
,
and
among
other
Presents
,
he
presented
the
State
of
Sparta
,
with
230
Talents
of
Silver
,
towards
the
Charge
of
their
Wars
:
but
the
Winter-season
being
tempestuous
,
he
was
driven
upon
a
desart
Shore
of
Africa
,
called
The
Haven
of
Menelaus
,
where
,
when
his
Ships
were
just
upon
Landing
,
he
expired
,
And
dieth
by
the
way
.
being
then
Eighty
Eight
Years
Old
,
and
having
Reigned
in
Lacedaemon
Forty
One
,
Thirty
of
which
Years
he
passed
in
great
Splendor
,
being
esteemed
the
greatest
and
most
powerful
Prince
of
all
Greece
,
and
being
looked
on
as
in
a
manner
General
and
King
of
it
,
till
the
Battel
of
Leuctra
.
It
was
the
Custom
of
the
Spartans
,
to
Bury
their
common
Dead
in
the
Place
where
they
died
,
whatsoever
Country
it
was
,
but
their
Kings
they
Embalmed
and
carried
home
.
Now
the
Followers
of
Agesilaus
,
having
not
The
manner
of
his
Embalming
.
wherewith
to
Embalm
him
,
did
,
for
want
of
Honey
,
which
they
used
in
their
Embalming
,
wrap
his
Body
in
Wax
,
and
so
conveyed
him
to
Lacedaemon
.
His
Son
Archidamus
succeeded
him
in
his
Throne
,
so
did
his
Posterity
successively
to
Agis
,
who
was
the
5th
from
Agesilaus
.
He
was
murthered
by
Leonidas
,
for
seeking
to
restore
the
ancient
Discipline
of
Sparta
.
CN
.
POMPEIVS
MAGNVS
depiction of Pompey
MBurg
.
sculp
.
THE
LIFE
OF
POMPEY
.
Translated
out
of
the
Greek
,
By
W.
Oldys
,
LL.
D.
THE
People
of
Rome
seem
to
have
embraced
Pompey
from
his
Childhood
,
§
1.
with
the
same
Affection
that
Prometheus
in
the
Tragedy
of
Eschylus
,
expressed
for
Hercules
,
speaking
of
him
,
as
the
Author
of
his
Deliverance
,
in
these
words
,
Ah
cruel
Sire
!
how
dear's
thy
Son
to
me
!
The
generous
Off-spring
of
my
Enemy
!
For
on
one
hand
,
never
did
the
Romans
The
Peoples
Hat
●
to
his
Father
.
give
such
a
demonstration
of
their
Hatred
(
a
Hatred
so
implacable
and
savage
)
against
any
of
their
Generals
,
as
they
did
against
Strabo
,
the
Father
of
Pompey
.
All
his
Life-time
,
't
is
true
,
they
stood
in
awe
of
his
Martial
Prowess
and
Power
,
(
for
indeed
he
was
a
mighty
Warriour
)
but
immediately
upon
his
Death
,
(
which
happened
by
a
Stroke
of
Thunder
)
they
Treated
him
Barbarously
,
dragging
his
very
Corps
from
the
Hearse
,
as
it
was
carried
in
Pomp
at
his
Funeral
,
with
Villany
and
Disgrace
.
On
Their
Love
to
him
.
the
other
side
,
in
Favour
of
Pompey
,
never
had
any
Roman
the
Peoples
Good-will
and
Devotion
more
zealous
throughout
all
the
Changes
of
Fortune
,
either
springing
up
earlier
,
and
aspiring
together
with
him
in
Prosperity
,
or
so
constantly
Loyal
in
Adversity
,
as
Pompey
had
.
In
Strabo
,
there
was
one
great
cause
of
Hatred
,
his
unsatiable
.
Covetousness
;
but
in
Pompey
there
were
many
,
whereby
he
became
the
Object
of
their
Love
;
his
Temperance
of
Life
,
His
Vertues
Skill
,
and
Exercise
in
Martial
Discipline
,
Eloquence
of
Speech
,
Integrity
of
Mind
,
and
Affability
in
Conversation
and
Address
;
insomuch
as
no
Man
ever
made
his
Addresses
with
lesser
Trouble
,
or
gratifi'd
an
Addressor
with
more
Delight
:
For
in
Presents
,
when
he
gave
,
't
was
without
Disdain
;
when
he
receiv'd
,
't
was
with
Reverence
and
Honour
.
In
his
Youth
,
he
had
a
Grace
in
his
His
Favour
.
Countenance
extremely
taking
,
seeming
to
anticipate
his
Eloquence
,
and
win
upon
the
Affections
of
the
People
before
he
spoke
;
for
in
his
Air
there
was
a
Majestick
Gravity
,
temper'd
with
no
less
Candor
and
Humanity
:
And
when
as
yet
he
was
but
in
the
Flower
and
Dawn
of
his
Manhood
,
there
appear'd
in
his
Deportment
a
sage
and
princely
Genius
,
even
in
its
Meridian
.
His
Hair
sate
somewhat
hollow
or
rising
a
little
:
and
the
languishing
motion
of
his
Eyes
,
seem'd
to
form
a
resemblance
in
his
Face
,
(
though
perhaps
more
through
the
speech
of
People
,
than
real
likeness
)
to
the
Statues
of
King
Alexander
:
Now
because
many
call'd
him
by
that
Name
in
his
Youth
,
Pompey
himself
did
not
decline
it
,
insomuch
that
some
in
derision
call'd
him
so
;
yet
even
Lucius
Philippus
,
a
Man
of
Consular
Dignity
,
when
he
was
pleading
in
favour
of
him
,
thought
it
not
unfit
to
say
,
That
there
was
nothing
absurd
or
unexpected
in
this
,
that
he
himself
being
Philip
,
should
be
a
Lover
of
Alexander
.
'T
is
reported
of
Flora
the
Curtezan
,
That
His
Amours
with
Flora.
in
her
latter
time
she
took
great
delight
in
relating
her
Amours
and
Familiarity
with
Pompey
,
and
was
wont
to
say
,
That
she
could
never
part
upon
an
Enjoyment
,
without
a
Bite
or
Satyrical
Reflection
.
And
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
withal
she
would
farther
tell
you
,
That
one
Geminius
,
a
great
Companion
of
Pompey's
,
fell
in
Love
with
her
,
and
made
his
Court
with
all
the
Arts
imaginable
;
but
she
refusing
,
and
telling
him
,
Howe're
her
Inclinations
were
,
yet
she
could
not
gratifie
his
Desires
for
Pompey's
sake
:
He
therefore
mov'd
Pompey
in
it
,
and
Pompey
frankly
gave
his
Consent
,
but
never
afterwards
would
touch
her
,
or
have
any
Converse
with
her
,
notwithstanding
he
seem'd
to
have
a
great
Passion
for
her
;
which
Flora
resented
,
not
with
the
Levity
of
a
Strumpet
,
for
that
she
languish'd
afterwards
under
a
tedious
Sickness
,
through
Grief
and
Desire
.
Now
,
't
was
said
,
That
this
Flora
became
such
a
celebrated
Beauty
,
that
Cecilius
Metellus
,
when
he
adorn'd
the
Temples
of
Castor
and
Pollux
with
divers
rare
Pictures
and
Images
;
among
the
rest
,
he
dedicated
hers
for
her
singular
Beauty
.
But
Pompey
was
quite
besides
his
natural
Temper
,
in
his
Deportment
towards
the
Wife
of
Demetrius
,
his
Franchis'd
Servant
(
who
had
a
great
Influence
upon
him
in
his
Life-time
,
and
left
an
Estate
of
4000
Talents
)
where
he
demean'd
himself
neither
gentilely
nor
ingeniously
,
fearing
lest
he
should
fall
under
the
common
Censure
of
being
enamour'd
and
charm'd
with
her
Beauty
,
which
was
incomparable
,
and
became
famous
every
where
.
Thus
though
herein
he
seem'd
to
be
providently
circumspect
and
Cautious
,
yet
even
in
Scandals
of
this
Nature
,
he
could
not
avoid
the
Calumnies
of
his
Enemies
,
but
that
upon
the
score
of
Women
,
his
Wives
at
least
,
they
play'd
the
Sycophants
with
him
,
and
accus'd
him
,
as
if
he
had
Conniv'd
at
many
Things
,
and
Imbezil'd
the
publick
Revenue
to
gratifie
their
Luxury
.
Then
for
his
Sobriety
,
and
Temperance
His
Temperance
.
in
Diet
,
there
was
one
remarkable
passage
in
his
Sickness
;
when
his
Stomach
nauseated
common
Meats
,
his
Physician
prescrib'd
him
a
Thrush
to
Eat
;
but
upon
search
there
was
none
to
be
bought
,
(
for
they
were
not
then
in
Season
)
and
one
telling
him
,
They
were
to
be
had
at
Lucullus's
,
who
kept
them
all
the
year
round
,
Why
then
,
said
he
,
if
it
were
not
for
Lucullus's
Luxury
,
should
not
Pompey
live
?
Thereupon
wishing
Health
to
his
Physician
,
he
discharg'd
him
,
and
accepted
of
what
was
in
Season
.
But
of
that
hereafter
.
Now
Pompey
being
as
yet
a
very
young
Man
,
and
upon
an
Expedition
,
(
in
which
his
Father
was
appointed
General
against
Cinna
)
had
in
his
Tent
with
him
one
Lucius
Terentius
,
his
Companion
and
Comrade
,
who
,
being
corrupted
by
Cinna
,
enter'd
into
an
Engagement
to
kill
Pompey
,
as
others
had
done
to
set
the
Generals
Tent
on
Fire
.
This
Conspiracy
being
discovered
to
Pompey
at
Supper
,
he
seem'd
no
ways
discompos'd
at
it
,
but
drank
more
liberally
than
usual
,
and
express'd
an
extraordinary
Kindness
to
Terentius
;
then
about
Bed-Time
(
pretending
to
go
to
his
Repose
)
he
stole
away
secretly
out
of
his
own
Tent
,
and
setting
a
Guard
about
his
Father
,
went
to
his
Rest
:
Terentius
now
thinking
his
Enterprize
ripe
for
Execution
,
rose
with
his
naked
Sword
,
and
coming
to
Pompey's
Bed-side
,
stabb'd
several
Strokes
through
the
Bed-Cloaths
,
as
if
he
were
lying
there
.
Immediately
upon
this
there
was
a
great
Uproar
throughout
all
the
Camp
,
arising
from
the
Hatred
they
bore
to
the
General
,
and
an
Universal
Inclination
of
the
Soldiers
to
Mutiny
,
all
tearing
down
their
Tents
,
and
betaking
themselves
to
their
Arms
;
the
General
himself
all
this
while
durst
not
venture
out
because
of
the
Tumult
,
but
Pompey
running
into
the
midst
of
them
,
beseech'd
them
with
Tears
,
and
at
last
threw
himself
prostrate
upon
his
Face
before
the
door
of
the
Trench
,
and
lay
there
in
the
passage
,
as
a
Bar
at
their
Feet
,
bewailing
his
Fate
,
and
bidding
those
that
were
marching
off
,
if
they
would
go
,
to
trample
upon
him
;
whereupon
every
Man
began
to
retreat
,
and
all
,
except
800
,
either
through
Shame
or
Compassion
,
repented
of
their
Folly
,
and
were
Reconcil'd
to
the
General
.
Immediately
upon
the
Death
of
Strabo
,
Actio
peculatus
.
there
was
an
Action
commenc'd
against
Pompey
as
his
Heir
,
for
that
his
Father
had
imbezil'd
the
publick
Treasure
;
But
Pompey
having
well
trac'd
the
Thief
,
charg'd
it
upon
one
Alexander
,
a
franchis'd
BondSlave
of
his
Fathers
,
and
made
an
undoubted
Evidence
before
the
Judges
,
that
he
had
purloin'd
and
converted
it
to
his
own
Use
.
Afterwards
he
himself
was
Arraign'd
,
for
that
he
had
seiz'd
upon
the
Toils
,
or
Hunting
Tackle
,
and
Books
,
that
were
taken
at
Asculum
.
To
this
he
Confess'd
thus
far
,
That
he
receiv'd
them
from
his
Father
,
when
he
took
Asculum
,
but
Pleaded
farther
,
That
he
had
lost
them
since
,
which
happen'd
upon
Cinna's
Return
to
Rome
,
when
his
House
was
broke
open
and
plunder'd
by
those
of
his
Guards
.
This
Cause
was
notably
managed
with
his
Adversary
in
the
Preparatories
of
Judgment
,
in
which
he
appearing
strangely
subtile
and
industrious
beyond
his
years
,
gain'd
great
Reputation
and
Favour
;
insomuch
,
that
Antistius
the
Praetor
,
and
Judge
of
that
Cause
,
took
a
great
Liking
to
Pompey
,
and
offer'd
him
his
Daughter
in
Marriage
,
having
had
some
Treaties
and
Communications
with
his
Friends
about
it
.
Pompey
accepted
of
the
Conditions
,
and
they
were
privately
He
Marrie●
with
Antistia
▪
Contracted
together
in
Marriage
:
However
this
Matter
was
not
so
closely
convey'd
,
as
to
escape
the
Multitude
,
but
it
was
discernible
enough
,
from
the
Favours
that
were
shewn
to
him
by
Antistius
in
his
Cause
.
Whereupon
at
last
,
when
Antistius
pronounc'd
the
absolutory
Sentence
of
the
Judges
,
the
People
(
as
if
it
had
been
upon
a
Signal
given
)
made
the
same
Acclamation
as
was
anciently
us'd
at
Marriages
,
Talassio
;
the
Original
of
which
Custom
is
Reported
to
be
this
:
Upon
a
time
,
when
the
Daughters
of
the
Sabines
came
to
Rome
,
to
see
the
Shews
and
Sports
there
,
and
were
violently
seiz'd
upon
by
the
Nobles
for
Wives
,
it
happen'd
that
some
Goatswains
and
Herdsmen
of
the
meaner
Rank
,
were
carrying
off
a
beautiful
and
proper
Damosel
,
and
lest
any
of
the
Nobles
should
meet
them
,
and
take
her
away
,
therefore
as
they
ran
,
they
cry'd
out
with
one
Voice
,
Talassio
:
Now
Talassius
was
an
eminent
and
acceptable
Person
among
them
,
insomuch
,
as
all
that
heard
the
Name
,
clapp'd
their
Hands
for
Joy
,
and
joyn'd
with
them
in
the
Shout
,
as
applauding
and
congratulating
the
Choice
;
Now
,
say
they
,
(
because
that
prov'd
a
fortunate
Match
to
Talassius
)
hence
't
is
that
this
Acclamation
is
jocularly
us'd
as
a
Nuptial
Song
at
all
Weddings
.
And
this
is
the
most
credible
Story
that
I
can
meet
with
touching
what
is
related
of
Talassio
.
Some
few
days
after
this
Judgment
,
Pompey
Married
Antistia
,
and
after
that
went
to
Cinna's
Camp
,
where
finding
some
false
Suggestions
and
Calumnies
forg'd
against
him
,
he
began
to
be
afraid
,
and
presently
withdrew
himself
in
disguise
from
the
Camp
;
this
sudden
disappearance
occasion'd
great
Jealousies
,
and
there
went
a
Rumour
and
Speech
throughout
all
the
Camp
▪
as
if
Cinna
had
Murder'd
the
young
Man
;
whereupon
all
that
had
been
any
ways
disoblig'd
,
and
bore
any
Malice
to
him
,
resolv'd
to
make
an
Assault
upon
him
:
But
he
endeavouring
to
make
his
Escape
,
was
apprehended
by
a
Centurian
,
that
pursu'd
him
with
his
naked
Cinna's
De●th
.
Sword
;
wherefore
Cinna
in
this
Distress
fell
upon
his
Knees
,
and
offer'd
him
a
Seal
of
great
value
for
his
Ransom
;
but
the
Centurian
checked
him
very
insolently
,
saying
,
I
come
not
here
to
Seal
a
Covenant
,
but
to
Chastise
and
be
Reveng'd
upon
the
Iniquity
of
a
Lawless
and
Ungodly
Tyrant
;
and
so
dispatch'd
him
immediately
.
Thus
Cinna
being
slain
,
Carbo
,
a
Tyrant
Sect.
2.
Carbo
and
Sylla
cont●nd
for
the
Government
.
more
sensless
than
he
,
took
the
Administration
of
the
Government
,
and
all
Things
upon
him
.
But
shortly
after
came
Sylla
,
a
Man
by
Reason
of
these
imminent
Evils
desir'd
of
most
,
but
especially
of
those
who
plac'd
no
small
Ease
and
Satisfaction
in
the
exchange
of
a
Master
:
For
the
City
was
brought
to
that
pass
by
those
grievous
Oppressions
and
Calamities
,
that
every
Man
now
being
utterly
in
despair
of
Liberty
,
was
compounding
for
himself
,
and
laying
out
for
the
mildest
and
most
tolerable
Bondage
.
About
that
time
Pompey
was
at
[
](A55203-e15290-b)*
*
Now
the
March●s
●f
●●●●●a
.
Picenum
in
Italy
,
where
he
had
spent
some
time
in
his
Diversion
,
for
that
he
had
a
Country
Inheritance
there
,
though
the
chiefest
Motive
of
his
Abode
in
that
Country
,
was
the
Delight
he
took
in
the
Cities
thereabouts
,
where
his
whole
Family
was
nobly
received
,
and
treated
with
all
the
Offices
of
Humanity
for
his
Fathers
sake
.
Now
when
Pompey
perceived
,
that
the
He
sides
with
Sylla
.
noblest
and
best
of
the
City
began
to
forsake
their
Fortunes
,
and
fly
from
all
Quarters
to
Sylla's
Camp
,
as
to
their
Haven
,
he
design'd
likewise
thither
among
the
rest
,
yet
he
disdain'd
to
go
as
a
Fugitive
without
a
Passport
,
or
for
Protection
as
one
destitute
of
Aid
,
but
like
one
rather
that
could
make
his
own
Welcom
,
and
merit
Favour
gloriously
and
with
force
.
And
to
that
end
,
he
mov'd
and
sollicited
the
Peicentines
for
their
Assistance
,
who
as
cordially
embrac'd
his
Motion
,
and
rejected
those
that
were
sent
from
Carbo
;
insomuch
that
one
Vindius
,
a
malepert
Fellow
of
that
Faction
,
taking
upon
him
to
say
,
That
Pompey
was
come
with
a
Speech
out
of
School
,
to
make
himself
a
Captain
of
the
People
:
They
were
so
incens'd
against
him
,
that
immediately
they
fell
upon
this
Vindius
,
and
slew
him
.
From
henceforward
Pompey
finding
a
Spirit
of
Government
upon
him
,
though
as
yet
not
above
Twenty
three
years
of
Age
,
nor
yet
deriving
an
Authority
by
Commission
from
any
Superiour
Magistrate
,
took
the
priviledge
to
grant
himself
a
full
Power
and
Jurisdiction
;
and
in
order
to
that
,
he
caus'd
a
Tribunal
or
Court
of
Judicature
to
be
erected
in
the
Market-place
of
Auximum
,
a
populous
City
;
Now
it
hapned
that
two
of
the
chiefest
among
them
,
(
the
Ventidians
Brethren
)
of
Carbo's
Faction
,
were
grand
Opposers
of
his
Designs
,
those
he
banish'd
instantly
commanding
them
by
a
publick
Edict
to
depart
the
City
.
Then
he
fell
to
levying
an
Army
,
issuing
out
Commissions
to
Serjeants
of
Bands
,
Centurions
,
and
other
Officers
,
according
to
the
Form
of
Military
Discipline
:
And
in
this
manner
he
went
round
,
and
modell'd
all
the
rest
of
the
Cities
in
the
same
Circuit
;
so
that
of
all
those
that
were
Favourers
of
Carbo's
Faction
,
some
vanishing
away
,
and
others
chearfully
surrendring
themselves
,
in
a
little
time
he
muster'd
up
three
entire
Legions
,
having
supply'd
himself
beside
with
all
manner
of
Provisions
,
Ammunition
,
Beasts
,
Carriages
,
and
all
other
Implements
of
War
.
in
this
Equipage
he
set
forwards
on
his
March
towards
Sylla
,
not
with
Whip
and
Spur
,
as
if
he
were
in
haste
,
nor
yet
in
a
Cloud
,
as
if
he
coveted
to
be
conceal'd
,
but
by
small
Journeys
,
making
several
Halts
upon
the
Road
,
to
distress
and
annoy
the
Enemy
,
designing
to
insinuate
himself
in
every
part
of
Italy
where
e're
he
came
,
and
to
work
them
into
a
Revolt
and
Defection
from
Carbo
.
Now
there
arose
together
against
him
H
〈…〉
over
●●
M●●ian
.
Three
great
Commanders
of
the
Enemy
,
Carinna
,
Caelius
,
and
Brutus
,
and
drew
up
their
Forces
,
not
all
in
the
Front
,
nor
yet
together
on
any
one
part
,
but
encamping
three
several
Armies
in
a
Circle
about
him
,
they
resolv'd
to
encompass
and
devour
him
at
once
;
Pompey
was
no
ways
amaz'd
at
this
,
but
drawing
up
all
his
Forces
into
one
Body
,
and
placing
his
Horse
in
the
Front
of
the
Battel
,
where
he
himself
was
in
Person
,
he
singl'd
out
and
bent
all
his
Forces
against
Brutus
;
now
the
Enemies
Horse
,
consisting
chiefly
of
Gauls
,
made
the
first
Charge
,
which
Pompey
receiv'd
,
and
as
readily
return'd
it
;
for
he
himself
encountring
Hand
to
Hand
with
one
of
the
foremost
and
stoutest
among
them
,
made
a
home
Pass
at
him
with
his
Launce
,
and
slew
him
:
The
rest
seeing
this
,
turn'd
their
Backs
,
and
fled
in
great
Disorder
,
falling
foul
upon
themselves
,
and
breaking
the
Ranks
of
their
own
Foot
,
insomuch
that
it
presently
caus'd
a
total
Rout
;
whereupon
the
Commanders
fell
out
among
themselves
,
and
every
one
march'd
off
,
steering
their
course
some
one
way
,
some
another
,
as
their
Fortunes
led
them
:
The
Towns
likewise
round
about
came
in
,
and
surrendred
themselves
to
Pompey
,
concluding
that
the
Enemy
was
dispers'd
for
fear
.
Next
after
these
came
Scipio
the
Consul
to
attack
him
,
and
with
as
little
Success
;
for
before
the
Armies
could
joyn
,
or
be
within
the
Throw
of
their
Darts
,
Scipio's
Soldiers
saluted
Pompey's
,
and
came
over
to
them
,
but
Scipio
made
his
Escape
by
Flight
.
Last
of
all
,
Carbo
himself
sent
down
divers
Regiments
of
Horse
by
the
River
Arsis
,
which
Pompey
assail'd
with
the
same
Courage
and
Success
as
those
before
;
for
having
routed
and
put
them
to
Flight
,
he
forc'd
them
in
the
pursuit
upon
moorish
and
boggy
Places
,
altogether
unpassable
for
Horse
,
where
seeing
no
hopes
of
Escape
,
they
cry'd
out
Quarter
,
yielding
themselves
,
Horse
and
Armour
,
all
to
his
Mercy
.
Sylla
was
hitherto
unacquainted
with
all
this
Action
;
but
as
soon
as
he
had
Intelligence
of
his
Engagements
,
he
seem'd
extremely
concern'd
,
fearing
lest
Pompey
should
be
circumvented
and
oppress'd
by
so
many
and
such
experienc'd
Commanders
of
the
Enemy
,
whereupon
he
march'd
with
all
speed
to
his
Aid
.
Now
Pompey
having
advice
of
his
Approach
,
sent
out
Orders
to
his
Officers
for
a
Campagne
,
commanding
them
to
marshal
and
draw
up
all
his
Forces
in
Battel
array
,
that
they
might
appear
in
the
greatest
Order
and
Bravery
before
their
Emperor
,
for
that
he
expected
indeed
great
Honours
from
him
,
but
he
met
with
greater
;
for
as
soon
as
Sylla
saw
him
thus
advancing
,
his
Army
so
well
appointed
,
and
such
goodly
Men
,
adorn'd
and
elevated
with
all
the
Glories
of
Youth
and
Victory
,
he
alighted
from
his
Horse
,
and
being
first
(
as
became
him
)
saluted
by
the
Title
of
Emperor
,
he
return'd
the
Salutation
upon
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Imperator
.
Pompey
,
in
the
same
term
and
style
of
Emperor
,
contrary
to
the
Expectations
of
all
that
were
present
,
who
little
dream'd
that
he
would
have
imparted
such
an
Honourable
Title
to
one
of
no
greater
Age
,
nor
yet
a
Senator
,
especially
considering
how
desperately
he
himself
had
contended
for
that
very
Title
and
Dignity
,
against
the
Factions
of
Scipio
and
Marius
.
And
indeed
,
all
the
rest
of
his
Deportment
was
agreeable
to
his
first
Compliments
;
for
when
●●re
Pompey
came
into
his
presence
,
he
did
some
sort
of
Obeisance
to
him
,
either
in
●●ing
and
being
uncover'd
,
or
the
like
,
which
he
was
rarely
seen
to
have
done
to
any
of
the
rest
of
his
Nobles
,
notwithstanding
there
were
divers
others
about
him
of
great
Quality
and
Honour
.
Yet
was
not
Pompey
puff'd
up
at
all
,
or
exalted
with
these
Favours
:
and
therefore
when
Sent
in
Aid
to
Metellus
.
Sylla
would
have
sent
him
with
all
expedition
into
Gallia
Celtica
,
a
Province
under
the
Government
of
Metellus
,
for
that
't
was
thought
Metellus
had
done
nothing
memorable
,
at
leastwise
worthy
of
that
great
Army
he
commanded
there
.
Pompey
reply'd
as
modestly
,
That
it
could
never
be
thought
fair
or
honourable
for
him
,
to
extort
a
Province
out
of
the
hands
of
an
ancient
Captain
,
and
one
of
far
greater
Fame
and
Experience
than
himself
;
however
,
if
Metellus
were
willing
,
and
would
command
his
Service
,
he
should
be
very
ready
to
accompany
and
assist
him
in
the
War
.
Which
,
when
Metellus
came
to
understand
,
he
approv'd
of
the
Motion
,
and
accordingly
invited
him
over
by
Letter
.
Whereupon
Pompey
fell
immediately
like
Lightning
into
Gaul
,
where
he
did
not
only
do
wonderful
Exploits
of
himself
,
but
also
blew
up
and
kindled
anew
that
bold
and
warlike
Spirit
which
old
Age
had
in
a
manner
extinguish'd
in
Metellus
,
having
the
same
operation
with
molten
o●
boyling
Copper
,
which
being
pour'd
upon
that
that
is
cold
and
solid
,
seems
to
dissolve
and
melt
it
faster
than
Fire
it self
.
But
I
must
observe
the
same
course
here
as
is
done
with
a
famous
Wrestler
,
who
,
though
he
has
excelled
all
Men
in
those
Games
even
from
his
Youth
,
and
always
born
away
the
Prize
with
Glory
,
yet
't
is
not
usual
to
account
of
his
childish
Victories
,
or
enter
them
upon
record
among
the
rest
:
So
,
for
the
Exploits
of
Pompey
in
his
Minority
,
though
they
were
brave
in
themselves
,
yet
because
they
were
obscur'd
and
buri'd
in
the
multitude
and
greatness
of
his
latter
Wars
and
Conquests
,
I
dare
not
be
particular
in
them
,
lest
by
trifling
away
time
in
the
lesser
moments
of
his
Youth
,
I
should
casually
omit
those
grander
Actions
and
Enterprises
,
which
best
discover
the
natural
Disposition
and
singular
Genius
of
the
Man
.
Now
when
Sylla
had
brought
all
Italy
under
his
Dominion
,
and
was
proclaim'd
Dictator
,
he
began
to
reward
the
rest
of
his
Followers
,
(
enriching
all
his
Captains
and
other
Officers
▪
)
whereof
some
he
advanc'd
to
Honour
,
others
to
Places
of
Dignity
and
Profit
in
the
Common-wealth
,
largely
and
liberally
gratifying
every
Man
according
to
his
Talent
and
Desire
.
But
for
Pompey
,
he
was
a
great
Admirer
of
his
Valour
and
Conduct
,
and
thinking
that
he
might
prove
a
great
Stay
and
Support
to
him
hereafter
in
all
his
Affairs
,
sought
by
all
means
to
espouse
and
joyn
him
in
Alliance
to
him
,
and
having
likewise
the
Antistia
divorc'd
.
Approbation
of
his
Wife
Metella
,
they
perswaded
him
to
put
away
Antistia
,
and
Marry
He
marries
Aemilia
.
Aemylia
,
(
the
Daughter-in-law
of
Sylla
,
by
Metella
and
Scaurus
her
former
Husband
)
she
being
at
that
very
time
the
Wife
of
another
Man
,
cohabiting
with
him
,
and
with
Child
by
him
.
These
were
the
very
Tyrannies
of
Marriage
,
and
much
more
agreeable
to
the
Times
under
Sylla
,
than
to
the
Nature
and
Genius
of
Pompey
.
That
Aemylia
great
with
Child
should
be
,
as
it
were
,
ravish'd
from
the
Embraces
of
another
for
him
,
and
that
Antistia
should
be
divorc'd
with
dishonour
and
misery
by
him
,
for
whose
sake
she
had
but
just
before
been
bereft
of
her
Father
;
to
be
at
once
both
a
Widow
and
Fatherless
by
his
means
;
for
her
Father
Antistius
was
Murder'd
in
the
Senate
,
because
he
was
suspected
to
be
a
Favourer
of
Sylla
for
Pompey's
sake
;
and
her
Mother
likewise
,
after
she
had
seen
all
these
Indignities
,
made
away
with
her self
.
These
were
the
Tragedies
that
attended
that
unhappy
Marriage
,
and
that
there
might
be
nothing
wanting
to
compleat
the
last
Act
,
by
Heavens
!
even
Aemylia
her self
not
long
after
dy'd
at
Pompey's
in
Child-bed
.
About
this
time
an
Express
came
to
Sylla
,
§
3.
That
Perpenna
had
possessed
himself
of
Sicily
,
whereby
that
Isle
was
now
become
a
Refuge
and
Receptacle
for
the
Reliques
of
the
adverse
Party
:
That
Carbo
was
hovering
about
those
Seas
with
a
Navy
;
That
Domitius
was
fallen
in
upon
Africa
;
and
that
many
other
likewise
of
the
Nobles
and
great
Men
in
Exile
,
thinking
to
avoid
his
Proscriptions
or
Outlawries
by
Flight
,
were
daily
flocking
into
those
Parts
.
Against
these
therefore
was
Pompey
sent
with
a
great
Army
;
and
no
sooner
was
he
arrived
in
Sicily
,
but
Perpenna
departed
thence
,
leaving
the
whole
Island
to
him
.
Wherefore
Pompey
received
the
distressed
Cities
into
Favour
,
and
treated
all
with
great
Humanity
,
except
that
of
the
Mamertines
in
Messene
;
for
when
they
protested
against
his
Court
and
Jurisdiction
,
alledging
their
Privilege
and
Exemption
founded
upon
an
ancient
Charter
or
Grant
of
the
Romans
,
he
replied
as
sharply
,
What!
will
you
ne'r
leave
prating
of
Laws
to
us
that
have
Swords
by
our
sides
?
'T
is
thought
likewise
,
That
he
shewed
but
little
Humanity
to
Carbo
,
seeming
rather
to
insult
over
his
Misfortunes
,
than
to
chastize
his
Crime
;
for
if
there
had
been
a
necessity
,
(
as
perhaps
there
was
)
that
he
should
be
taken
off
,
that
might
have
been
done
at
first
,
as
soon
as
he
was
taken
Prisoner
,
for
then
it
would
have
been
the
Act
of
him
that
commanded
it
,
and
imputed
to
his
Malice
;
but
here
Pompey
commands
a
Man
(
that
had
been
thrice
Consul
of
Rome
)
to
be
be
brought
in
Fetters
to
the
Bar
,
he
himself
sitting
upon
the
Bench
in
Judgment
,
examining
the
Cause
throughout
all
the
Formalities
of
Law
,
and
pronouncing
Sentence
of
Death
,
as
upon
a
common
Malefactor
,
to
the
Grief
and
Indignation
of
all
that
were
present
;
and
afterwards
he
ordered
him
to
be
taken
away
and
put
to
Death
.
Now
,
't
is
reported
of
Carbo
,
That
as
soon
as
he
was
brought
to
the
Scaffold
,
and
saw
the
Sword
drawn
for
Execution
,
it
wrought
so
with
him
,
that
immediately
he
had
a
looseness
or
pain
in
his
Belly
,
insomuch
that
he
desired
a
little
respite
of
the
Executioner
,
and
a
convenient
place
to
ease
himself
.
But
yet
farther
,
C.
Oppius
,
a
great
Friend
of
Caesar's
,
tells
us
,
That
Pompey
dealt
as
barbarously
with
Q.
Valerius
,
a
Man
of
singular
Learning
,
especially
in
Philology
and
Mathematicks
few
like
him
;
for
when
he
was
brought
to
him
,
he
walk'd
aside
and
discours'd
with
him
,
and
after
a
long
Conference
and
full
Resolution
of
all
his
Questions
,
having
learned
what
he
could
,
he
ordered
his
Officers
to
take
him
away
,
and
put
him
to
Death
.
But
we
must
not
be
too
credulous
in
all
the
Narratives
of
Oppius
,
especially
when
he
undertakes
to
relate
any
thing
touching
the
Friends
or
Foes
of
Caesar
:
This
is
certain
,
That
there
lay
a
necessity
upon
Pompey
to
be
severe
upon
many
of
Sylla's
Enemies
,
those
at
leastwise
that
were
eminent
Persons
in
themselves
,
and
notoriously
known
to
be
taken
;
but
for
the
rest
,
he
dealt
with
them
after
his
own
natural
Temper
,
conniving
at
the
Concealment
of
some
,
and
himself
being
the
Instrument
in
the
Escape
of
others
.
And
the
like
Argument
of
his
Clemency
was
shewn
in
the
Himeraeans
;
for
when
Pompey
had
determined
a
sharp
Revenge
upon
their
City
,
for
that
they
had
been
stubborn
Abettors
of
the
Enemy
,
there
stept
out
one
Sthenes
,
a
great
Leader
of
the
People
there
,
and
craving
audience
of
Pompey
,
told
him
,
That
what
he
was
about
to
do
,
was
not
at
all
consistent
with
Justice
;
for
that
he
would
pass
by
the
Guilty
,
and
destroy
the
Innocent
:
Pompey
demanding
,
Who
that
guilty
Person
was
that
would
father
the
Offences
of
them
all
?
Sthenes
replied
,
'T
was
himself
who
had
wrought
upon
and
engaged
his
Friends
by
Perswasions
,
and
his
Enemies
by
Force
:
whereupon
Pompey
being
much
taken
with
the
frank
Speech
and
Boldness
of
the
Man
,
first
forgave
him
his
Crime
,
and
then
pardoned
all
the
rest
of
the
Himeraeans
.
Pompey
likewise
hearing
,
That
his
Soldiers
were
very
disorderly
in
their
March
,
doing
Violence
upon
the
Roads
,
he
ordered
their
Swords
to
be
sealed
up
in
their
Scabbards
,
and
whosoever
kept
them
not
so
,
were
severely
punished
.
Whilst
Pompey
was
thus
busie
in
the
Affairs
Sent
by
Sylla
into
Afric●
against
Domitius
.
and
Government
of
Sicilly
,
he
received
a
Decree
of
the
Senate
,
and
a
Commission
from
Sylla
,
commanding
him
forthwith
to
sail
into
Africa
,
and
make
War
upon
Domitius
with
all
his
Forces
:
For
Domitius
had
rallied
up
a
far
greater
Army
than
Marius
had
not
long
since
,
when
he
sailed
out
of
Africa
into
Sicily
,
and
extremely
distressed
the
Affairs
of
the
Romans
,
being
himself
,
of
a
fugitive
Outlaw
,
become
a
Tyrant
.
Pompey
therefore
having
prepared
all
things
of
a
sudden
,
and
left
Memmius
,
his
Sisters
Husband
,
Governor
of
Sicily
,
imbarked
and
set
Sail
with
120
Galleys
,
and
800
other
Vessels
,
laden
with
Provisions
,
Money
,
Ammunition
,
Engines
of
Battery
,
and
all
other
Necessaries
.
In
this
Equipage
he
arrived
with
his
Fleet
,
part
at
the
Port
of
Utica
,
part
at
Carthage
;
and
no
sooner
was
he
landed
there
,
but
that
7000
of
the
Enemy
revolted
and
came
over
to
him
,
which
besides
his
own
Forces
that
he
brought
with
him
(
consisting
of
6
entire
Legions
)
made
up
an
Army
of
43000
Fighting-men
.
Here
they
tell
us
of
a
pleasant
Passage
that
happened
to
him
at
his
first
Arrival
;
for
that
some
of
his
Soldiers
having
by
accident
stumbled
upon
a
Treasure
,
whereby
they
got
a
good
Mass
of
Money
:
The
rest
of
the
Army
hearing
this
,
began
to
fancy
that
the
Field
was
full
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
which
had
been
hid
there
of
old
by
the
Carthaginians
in
the
time
of
their
Calamities
,
and
thereupon
fell
to
work
;
so
that
the
Army
was
useless
to
Pompey
for
many
days
,
being
totally
engaged
in
the
Silver-Mines
,
he
himself
all
the
while
walking
up
and
down
only
,
and
laughing
to
see
so
many
Thousands
together
,
digging
and
turning
up
the
Earth
in
a
fruitless
Harvest
:
But
at
last
growing
weary
and
hopeless
,
they
came
to
themselves
,
and
returned
to
their
General
,
begging
him
to
lead
them
where
he
pleased
,
for
that
they
had
already
reaped
the
just
Reward
of
their
Folly
.
By
this
time
Domitius
had
prepared
himself
,
and
drawn
out
his
Army
in
Battel-array
against
Pompey
;
but
there
happened
to
be
a
rapid
Torrent
in
the
Valley
betwixt
them
,
craggy
and
difficult
to
pass
over
,
which
,
together
with
the
great
Storm
of
Wind
and
Rain
pouring
down
even
from
break
of
Day
,
seemed
to
shew
but
little
possibility
of
their
coming
together
:
Insomuch
that
Domitius
not
expecting
any
Engagement
that
day
,
commanded
his
Forces
to
draw
off
and
retire
to
the
Camp
.
Now
Pompey
,
who
was
watchful
upon
every
Occasion
,
taking
this
time
to
be
appointed
by
Fortune
as
his
own
,
ordered
a
March
forthwith
,
and
having
passed
over
the
Torrent
,
they
fell
in
immediately
upon
their
Quarters
.
The
Enemy
was
in
a
great
Disorder
and
Tumult
,
and
in
that
Confusion
attempted
a
Resistance
;
but
they
neither
were
all
there
,
nor
yet
together
;
besides
,
the
Wind
having
veered
about
,
lay
beating
the
Rain
full
in
their
Faces
.
Neither
indeed
was
the
Storm
less
troublesom
to
the
Romans
,
for
that
they
could
not
clearly
discern
one
another
,
insomuch
that
even
Pompey
himself
being
unknown
,
escaped
but
narrowly
;
for
when
one
of
his
Soldiers
demanded
of
him
the
Word
of
Battel
,
it
happened
that
he
was
somewhat
slow
in
his
Answer
,
which
might
have
cost
him
his
Life
.
The
Enemy
being
thus
routed
with
a
His
Victory
over
Domitius
.
great
Slaughter
,
(
for
't
is
said
,
that
of
20000
there
escaped
but
3000
)
the
Army
saluted
Pompey
by
the
Name
of
Emperor
;
but
he
declined
it
,
telling
them
,
That
he
could
not
by
any
means
accept
of
that
Title
,
as
long
as
he
saw
any
of
the
Forts
or
Garisons
of
the
Enemy
standing
,
but
if
they
designed
to
make
him
worthy
of
the
Honour
,
they
must
first
demolish
the
Camp
wherein
they
lay
intrenched
.
The
Soldiers
hearing
this
,
went
presently
and
made
an
Assault
upon
the
Works
and
Trenches
,
and
there
Pompey
Fought
without
his
Helmet
,
in
memory
of
his
former
Danger
,
and
to
avoid
it
;
the
Camp
being
thus
taken
by
Storm
they
were
put
to
the
Sword
,
and
,
among
the
rest
,
Domitius
was
slain
upon
the
Place
;
After
that
Overthrow
,
the
Cities
of
the
Country
thereabout
were
all
taken
in
,
some
by
Surrender
,
and
others
by
Storm
;
King
Jarbas
likewise
,
a
Confederate
and
Auxiliary
of
Domitius
,
was
taken
Prisoner
,
and
his
Kingdom
was
given
to
Hiempsal
▪
Pompey
could
not
rest
here
,
but
being
His
Conquest
of
Africa
.
ambitious
to
follow
the
good
Fortune
and
Valour
of
his
Army
,
he
fell
into
Numidia
,
and
marching
forward
many
days
Journies
up
into
the
Country
,
he
Conquered
all
where
e'er
he
came
,
resolving
,
That
by
his
Hand
the
Name
and
Power
of
the
Roman
Empire
(
which
was
now
almost
obliterated
among
the
barbarous
Nations
)
should
be
revived
again
,
and
appear
as
formidable
as
ever
;
he
said
likewise
,
That
the
wild
Beasts
of
Africa
ought
not
to
be
left
without
some
experience
of
the
Courage
and
Success
of
the
Romans
,
and
therefore
he
bestowed
some
few
days
in
hunting
of
Lyons
and
Elephants
:
Now
't
is
said
,
That
't
was
not
above
the
space
of
40
days
at
the
utmost
,
in
which
he
gave
a
total
Overthrow
to
the
Enemy
,
reduced
Africa
,
and
established
the
Affairs
of
the
Kings
and
Kingdoms
of
all
that
Country
,
being
then
but
24
years
of
Age.
When
Pompey
returned
back
to
the
City
§
4.
of
Utica
,
there
were
presented
to
him
Letters
and
Orders
from
Sylla
,
commanding
him
to
disband
the
rest
of
his
Army
,
and
himself
with
one
Legion
only
to
wait
there
the
coming
of
another
General
,
that
should
succeed
him
in
the
Government
of
that
Province
;
this
grated
inwardly
,
and
was
extremely
grievous
to
Pompey
,
though
he
made
no
shew
of
it
;
but
the
Army
resented
it
openly
,
and
therefore
when
Pompey
besought
them
to
depart
home
before
him
,
they
began
to
revile
Sylla
,
and
gave
out
broad
Speeches
,
That
they
were
resolved
not
to
forsake
him
,
neither
did
they
think
it
safe
for
him
to
trust
the
Tyrant
:
Notwithstanding
this
,
Pompey
endeavoured
to
appease
and
pacifie
them
by
fair
Speeches
;
but
when
he
saw
that
all
his
Perswasions
were
vain
,
he
left
the
Bench
,
and
retired
to
his
Tent
with
Tears
in
his
Eyes
;
but
the
Soldiers
followed
him
,
and
seizing
upon
him
by
force
brought
him
again
,
and
placed
him
in
his
Chair
of
State
;
where
great
part
of
that
day
was
spent
in
Dispute
,
they
,
on
their
part
,
perswading
him
to
stay
and
Command
them
;
he
,
on
the
other
side
,
pressing
upon
them
Obedience
,
and
the
danger
of
Mutinies
;
but
at
last
,
when
they
grew
more
importunate
and
clamorous
,
He
swore
that
he
would
kill
himself
,
if
they
attempted
to
force
him
;
and
yet
even
this
would
scarce
appease
them
.
However
,
this
gave
occasion
and
rise
to
some
malicious
Reports
,
whereby
't
was
suggested
to
Sylla
,
That
Pompey
was
up
in
Rebellion
,
whereupon
Sylla
said
to
some
of
his
Friends
,
Well
,
then
I
see
't
is
my
destiny
to
contend
with
Children
in
my
old
Age
:
reflecting
likewise
upon
Marius
,
for
that
he
being
but
a
meer
Youth
had
found
him
Work
enough
,
and
brought
his
Affairs
into
extreme
Danger
.
But
Sylla
being
undeceived
afterwards
by
a
better
Intelligence
,
and
hearing
that
the
whole
City
,
in
a
manner
,
had
designed
to
meet
Pompey
,
and
receive
him
with
all
Kindness
and
Honour
,
he
himself
endeavoured
to
exceed
them
all
in
Civility
;
and
therefore
going
out
foremost
to
meet
him
,
and
embracing
him
with
great
joy
,
he
gave
him
his
welcome
aloud
in
the
Title
of
Pompey
His
Title
of
Magnus
.
the
Great
,
and
commanded
all
those
that
were
present
to
call
him
by
that
Name
:
Others
say
,
That
he
had
this
Title
first
given
him
by
a
general
Acclamation
of
all
the
Army
in
Africa
,
but
that
it
took
its
force
and
power
from
the
ratification
of
Sylla
;
but
this
is
true
,
That
he
himself
was
the
last
that
owned
the
Title
,
for
't
was
a
long
time
after
,
when
he
was
sent
Proconsul
into
Spain
against
Sertorius
,
that
he
began
to
subscribe
himself
in
his
Letters
and
Commissions
by
the
Name
of
Pompey
the
Great
,
even
then
when
the
envy
of
the
Title
was
worn
off
by
being
common
and
familiar
.
Hence
may
the
Wisdom
of
the
ancient
Romans
be
justly
reverenced
and
had
in
Admiration
,
That
did
not
only
reward
the
Successes
of
Action
and
Conduct
in
War
with
such
honourable
Titles
,
but
adorned
likewise
the
Vertues
and
Services
of
eminent
Men
in
the
Civil
Government
,
with
the
same
Distinctions
and
Characters
of
Honour
;
and
therefore
the
People
stiled
two
by
the
Names
of
Maximi
,
i.
e.
the
Greatest
,
Valerius
,
for
that
he
reconciled
the
Senate
to
the
People
when
they
were
at
Variance
;
and
Fabius
Rullus
,
for
that
he
put
out
of
the
Senate
certain
Libertines
that
had
been
elected
thither
for
their
Riches
.
Upon
this
Pompey
desired
the
Honour
of
Sylla
opposes
his
Triumph
.
Triumph
,
which
Sylla
opposed
stifly
,
alledging
,
That
the
Law
allowed
that
Honour
to
none
but
Consuls
and
Praetors
,
and
therefore
Scipio
the
Elder
,
who
subdued
the
Carthaginians
in
Spain
in
far
greater
and
nobler
Conflicts
,
never
so
much
as
Petitioned
for
Triumph
,
because
he
had
never
attained
to
the
Office
of
Consul
or
Praetor
:
And
if
Pompey
,
(
who
had
scarce
a
Hair
in
his
Face
,
nor
yet
of
Age
to
be
a
Senator
should
enter
the
City
in
Triumph
,
what
a
load
of
Envy
would
it
cast
at
once
upon
Sylla's
Government
and
Pompey's
Honour
?
These
were
the
Arguments
Sylla
us'd
against
Pompey
,
shewing
that
he
should
not
by
any
means
yield
to
his
Request
;
but
if
he
would
persist
in
his
Ambition
,
that
he
was
resolved
to
interpose
his
Power
,
and
lay
a
Prohibition
upon
him
,
as
a
Lover
of
Contention
and
Disobedience
;
Pompey
was
no
ways
daunted
at
this
,
but
wished
Sylla
to
recollect
with
himself
,
That
more
worshipped
the
Rising
,
than
the
Setting
Sun
:
intimating
thereby
,
That
his
Power
was
increasing
,
and
Sylla's
in
the
wain
;
Sylla
did
not
perfectly
hear
the
words
,
but
observing
a
sort
of
Amazement
and
Wonder
in
the
Looks
and
Gestures
of
those
that
did
hear
them
,
he
asked
,
What
it
was
that
he
said
?
When
it
was
told
him
,
he
seemed
to
be
very
much
surprized
with
the
Boldness
of
Pompey
,
and
cried
out
twice
together
,
E'ne
let
him
Triumph
.
But
when
others
began
to
shew
their
Stomach
and
Disdain
,
Pompey
,
as
▪
t
is
said
,
to
gall
and
vex
them
the
more
,
designed
to
have
his
triumphant
Chariot
drawn
with
four
Elephants
,
(
having
brought
over
several
from
the
Spoils
of
those
African
Kings
)
but
the
Gates
of
the
City
being
too
narrow
,
he
was
forced
to
desist
from
that
Project
,
and
make
use
of
Horses
;
in
the
next
place
,
some
of
his
Soldiers
(
who
failed
of
some
Rewards
,
or
been
some
way
or
other
disappointed
)
began
to
clamour
and
interrupt
the
Triumph
,
but
Pompey
regarded
these
as
little
as
the
rest
,
and
plainly
told
them
,
That
he
had
rather
lose
the
Honour
of
his
Triumph
,
than
flatter
them
.
Whereupon
Servilius
(
a
Person
of
great
Quality
,
and
at
first
one
of
the
chiefest
Opposers
of
Pompey's
Triumph
)
said
openly
,
Now
I
perceive
that
Pompey
is
truly
Great
,
and
worthy
of
Triumph
;
't
is
clearly
manifest
,
that
he
might
easily
have
been
a
Senator
if
he
would
,
yet
he
did
not
sue
for
that
,
esteeming
Honour
as
a
Paradox
,
and
hunting
after
it
,
(
as
't
is
said
)
not
in
the
common
Road
,
but
even
there
where
no
Man
else
ever
did
:
For
what
wonder
had
it
been
for
Pompey
in
his
nonage
,
to
sit
in
the
Senate
before
his
time
?
but
to
triumph
before
he
was
of
the
Senate
,
that
was
the
excess
of
Glory
to
a
Miracle
.
This
Contest
of
his
with
Sylla
for
Triumph
did
not
a
little
ingratiate
him
in
the
good
Will
of
the
People
;
for
it
could
not
but
be
extremely
grateful
for
them
to
see
one
of
their
own
Order
in
Triumph
and
then
to
return
to
them
again
and
take
his
Place
among
the
Roman
Knights
;
on
the
other
side
,
't
was
no
less
ungrateful
to
Sylla
to
see
how
fast
he
came
on
,
and
to
what
a
height
of
Glory
and
Power
he
was
advanced
,
yet
being
ashamed
to
hinder
him
,
he
smothered
his
Grief
and
lay
quiet
;
but
when
by
plain
force
,
and
in
spite
of
him
,
Pompey
procured
the
Consulship
for
Lepidus
,
having
by
his
own
Interest
reconciled
him
to
the
Favour
of
the
People
,
Sylla
could
not
contain
himself
any
longer
,
but
spying
him
after
the
Election
,
as
he
was
crossing
the
Market-place
with
a
great
Train
after
him
,
cried
out
to
him
,
Well
,
Young-Man
!
I
see
thou
rejoycest
in
thy
Conquest
,
and
for
what
cause
I
pritthee
?
Is
it
not
a
generous
and
worthy
Act
think
you
,
that
the
priority
of
Consulship
should
be
given
to
Lepidus
the
vilest
of
Men
,
against
Catulus
,
the
best
and
most
deserving
Man
in
all
the
City
?
and
all
this
,
forsooth
,
by
your
Influence
upon
the
People
:
Well
,
this
I
'll
advise
thee
,
and
look
to
't
,
that
thou
dost
not
sleep
,
but
keep
a
vigilant
Eye
upon
thy
Affairs
,
for
thou
hast
raised
up
a
dangerous
Enemy
to
greater
Power
than
thy self
.
But
that
which
gave
the
clearer
demonstration
of
Sylla's
Ill-will
to
Pompey
,
(
and
whereby
his
former
Kindness
appeared
to
have
been
specious
only
)
was
his
last
Will
and
Testament
;
for
whereas
he
had
bequeathed
several
Lega●ies
to
all
the
rest
of
his
Friends
,
and
appointed
some
of
them
Guardians
to
his
Son
,
he
passed
by
Pompey
,
without
the
least
remembrance
;
however
Pompey
bore
this
with
great
Moderation
and
Civility
;
insomuch
that
when
Lepidus
and
others
obstructed
his
Interment
in
the
Campus
Martius
,
denying
indeed
any
publick
Solemnity
of
a
Funeral
,
he
himself
attended
the
Herse
;
thereby
giving
both
Honour
and
Security
to
it
,
and
having
his
Obsequies
performed
with
all
the
Pomp
and
Solemnity
of
a
Roman-General
.
Shortly
after
the
Death
of
Sylla
,
that
§
5.
Lepidus
moves
a
Civil
Wa●
▪
prophetick
Speech
of
his
to
Pompey
touching
Lepidus
came
to
pass
;
for
Lepidus
usurping
the
Government
and
Authority
that
Sylla
had
,
did
not
go
about
by
Fetches
,
nor
yet
colourably
in
specious
Pretences
,
but
immediately
took
up
Arms
,
having
stirred
up
again
,
and
guarded
himself
with
the
corrupted
Remains
of
that
Faction
that
had
escaped
the
Vengeance
of
Sylla
:
Now
Catulus
his
Colleague
,
who
was
followed
by
the
sounder
part
of
the
Senate
and
People
,
was
a
Man
of
the
greatest
Esteem
among
the
Romans
,
for
his
singular
Wisdom
and
Justice
,
but
his
Talent
lay
in
the
Government
of
the
City
rather
than
the
Camp
,
being
no
great
Man
of
War
,
whereas
the
exigency
▪
of
Affairs
in
this
Juncture
,
required
rather
the
Skill
and
Experience
of
Pompey
:
Pompey
therefore
was
not
long
,
in
suspence
which
way
to
dispose
of
himself
,
but
joyning
with
the
Nobility
,
was
presently
appointed
General
of
the
Army
He
is
sent
against
Lepidus
.
against
Lepidus
:
who
had
already
over-run
the
greatest
part
of
Italy
,
and
likewise
brought
Gallia
Cisalpina
in
Subjection
with
an
Army
under
the
Conduct
of
Brutus
.
As
for
the
rest
of
his
Garisons
,
Pompey
subdued
them
with
ease
,
in
his
March
,
but
[
](A55203-e18020-b)*
*
Now
Mo●ena
.
Mutina
in
Gaul
engaged
him
in
a
formal
Siege
,
where
he
lay
a
long
time
encamped
against
Brutus
:
In
the
mean
time
Lepidus
marched
in
all
haste
against
Rome
,
and
sitting
down
before
it
with
a
mighty
Rabble
of
People
,
demanded
a
second
Consulship
,
whereby
he
struck
no
small
Terrour
into
the
Besieged
;
but
that
Fear
quickly
vanished
upon
some
Letters
sent
from
Pompey
,
advertising
,
That
he
had
ended
the
War
without
a
Battel
;
for
Brutus
,
either
betraying
his
Army
,
or
being
betrayed
by
them
upon
the
Revolt
,
rendred
himself
to
Pompey
,
and
taking
a
Guard
of
Horse
was
conducted
to
a
little
Village
in
that
part
of
Gaul
that
lies
upon
the
River
Padu
or
Po
;
where
he
was
slain
the
next
day
by
Geminius
,
in
execution
of
Pompey's
Commands
:
Upon
this
,
Pompey
was
grosly
censured
,
for
,
having
at
the
very
beginning
of
the
Revolt
written
to
the
Senate
how
that
Brutus
had
voluntarily
surrendred
himself
;
yet
,
immediately
afterwards
,
he
sent
other
Letters
,
containing
matter
of
Charge
or
Accusation
against
the
Man
,
after
he
was
taken
off
,
which
was
somewhat
unaccountable
:
Now
you
must
note
,
that
that
Brutus
,
who
,
together
with
Cassius
,
slew
Caesar
,
was
Son
to
this
Brutus
,
a
Man
neither
in
War
,
nor
in
his
Death
like
his
Father
,
as
we
have
describ'd
at
large
in
his
Life
.
Lepidus
upon
this
being
driven
out
of
Italy
,
fled
to
Sardinia
,
where
he
fell
sick
and
died
,
having
his
Heart
broken
with
Sorrow
,
not
for
his
Losses
or
Misfortunes
,
as
they
say
,
but
upon
the
receipt
of
a
Letter
,
wherein
he
was
assured
that
his
Wife
had
played
the
Harlot
.
There
was
yet
remaining
Sertorius
in
Sent
in
Aid
of
Metellus
against
Sertorius
in
Spain
.
Spain
,
a
Man
of
War
far
different
from
Lepidus
,
and
much
more
formidable
to
the
Romans
,
to
whom
there
resorted
all
the
Fugitives
and
Male-contents
of
the
Nation
,
flowing
thither
as
Humors
to
the
last
diseased
part
of
a
Civil-War
:
This
Man
had
already
cut
off
divers
inferior
Commanders
,
and
was
now
buckling
with
Metellus
Pius
,
a
Man
of
Honour
and
a
Soldier
,
though
perhaps
he
might
now
seem
too
slow
,
by
reason
of
his
Age
,
to
second
and
improve
the
happier
moments
of
War
,
and
might
be
sometimes
wanting
to
those
Advantages
,
which
Sertorius
,
by
his
Sharpness
and
Dexterity
would
wrest
out
of
his
hands
:
For
he
was
always
hovering
about
,
and
coming
upon
him
unawares
,
like
a
Captain
of
Thieves
,
rather
than
Soldiers
,
pestring
him
perpetually
with
Ambuscadoes
and
light
Skirmishes
,
wherereas
Metellus
like
a
good
old
Wrestler
was
accustomed
to
nothing
but
regular
Conduct
,
and
fighting
in
Battel-array
with
his
Legionary
Soldiers
▪
well
arm'd
.
Pompey
therefore
having
his
Army
in
readiness
,
made
it
his
whole
Court
and
Practice
to
be
sent
in
Aid
to
Metellus
;
neither
would
he
be
brought
to
Disband
his
Forces
,
notwithstanding
that
Catulus
had
commanded
it
,
but
by
some
colourable
Device
or
other
he
still
kept
them
in
Arms
about
the
City
,
until
the
Senate
at
last
thought
fit
,
upon
the
Report
of
L.
Philippus
,
to
decree
him
that
Government
:
At
that
time
,
they
say
,
one
of
the
Senators
there
wondring
at
this
Report
,
demanded
of
Philip
whether
his
meaning
was
,
That
Pompey
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
should
be
sent
into
Spain
Proconsul
,
i.
e.
instead
of
a
Consul
:
No
,
replied
Philip
,
but
Pro-consulibus
,
i.
e.
instead
of
both
Consuls
;
meaning
that
neither
of
the
Consuls
for
that
Year
was
of
any
Value
.
Now
when
Pompey
was
arrived
in
Spain
,
(
as
't
is
usual
upon
the
Fame
of
a
new
Governor
)
Men
began
to
be
raised
with
new
Hopes
,
and
those
Nations
that
had
not
entred
into
a
very
strict
League
and
Alliance
with
Sertorius
began
to
waver
and
revolt
;
whereupon
Sertorius
gave
out
very
arrogant
and
scornful
Speeches
against
Pompey
,
saying
in
Derision
,
That
he
should
want
no
other
Weapon
but
a
Ferula
and
Rod
to
Chastise
this
Boy
with
,
if
he
were
not
afraid
of
that
old
Woman
,
meaning
Metellus
.
Yet
for
all
his
proud
Words
,
in
deed
and
reality
he
stood
in
Awe
of
Pompey
,
as
appeared
by
all
his
Actions
and
Conduct
throughout
the
whole
Management
of
the
War
,
wherein
he
was
observed
ever
after
to
stand
better
upon
his
Guard
,
and
engage
more
warily
than
before
:
for
Metellus
(
which
one
would
not
have
imagined
)
was
grown
very
debauched
in
his
Life
,
having
given
himself
over
excessively
to
Riot
and
Pleasure
;
and
yet
of
a
sudden
there
was
wrought
in
him
a
mighty
Change
,
as
well
in
respect
of
his
Pride
as
his
Luxury
:
so
that
this
very
thing
gained
a
wonderful
Reputation
and
Honour
to
Pompey
,
as
an
Example
of
Frugality
,
although
that
Virtue
was
habitual
in
him
,
and
required
no
great
Industry
to
exercise
it
,
for
that
he
was
naturally
inclined
to
Temperance
,
and
no
ways
inordinate
in
his
Affections
.
Here
Fortune
,
as
't
is
common
in
War
,
shewed
variety
of
Changes
,
but
nothing
came
so
near
to
Pompey
as
the
taking
of
the
City
Lauron
by
Sertorius
:
for
when
Pompey
thought
he
had
him
safe
inclosed
,
and
had
boasted
largely
of
raising
the
Siege
,
he
himself
appeared
of
a
sudden
to
be
incompassed
,
insomuch
that
he
durst
not
move
out
of
his
Camp
,
but
was
forced
with
sorrow
to
sit
still
whilst
the
City
was
taken
,
and
in
Flames
before
his
Face
.
However
,
afterwards
in
a
Battel
about
Valentia
he
gave
His
Victory
●ver
Herennius
and
Perpenna
.
a
great
Defeat
to
Herennius
and
Perpenna
,
(
two
Commanders
of
those
Fugitives
who
came
to
Sertorius
,
and
were
now
Lieutenants
to
him
)
wherein
he
slew
above
10000
Men.
Pompey
being
exalted
and
puffed
up
with
this
Victory
,
made
all
the
haste
imaginable
to
engage
Sertorius
himself
,
and
the
rather
lest
Metellus
should
come
in
for
a
share
in
the
Honour
of
the
Victory
;
so
that
in
the
Evening
towards
Sun-set
,
they
joyned
Battel
near
the
River
Sucron
,
both
being
in
great
fear
lest
Metellus
should
come
,
Pompey
,
that
he
might
engage
in
the
Combat
alone
,
Sertorius
,
that
he
might
engage
but
with
one
alone
.
The
Issue
of
the
Battel
proved
doubtful
,
for
that
a
Wing
of
each
side
had
the
better
;
but
of
the
Generals
,
Sertorius
had
the
greater
Honour
,
for
that
he
maintained
his
Post
,
having
slain
and
put
to
flight
all
that
Battalion
that
was
appointed
against
him
:
whereas
Pompey
was
worsted
in
his
part
of
the
Battel
,
and
himself
almost
a
Prisoner
,
for
being
set
upon
by
a
mighty
Man
of
Arms
that
fought
on
foot
,
as
they
were
closely
engaged
hand
to
hand
,
the
strokes
of
their
Swords
chanced
to
light
upon
each
others
Hand
▪
but
with
a
different
Success
,
for
Pompey's
was
a
slight
Wound
only
,
whereas
he
lopt
off
the
others
Hand
:
however
it
hapned
so
that
many
falling
upon
Pompey
together
,
and
his
own
Forces
there
being
put
to
the
Rout
,
he
made
his
Escape
beyond
expectation
,
by
quitting
his
Horse
and
turning
him
up
among
the
Enemy
;
for
the
Horse
being
richly
adorned
with
golden
Trappings
,
and
having
a
Caparison
of
great
value
,
the
Soldiers
quarrelled
among
themselves
for
the
Booty
,
so
that
while
they
were
fighting
with
one
another
,
and
dividing
the
Spoyl
,
Pompey
made
his
Escape
.
By
break
of
Day
next
morning
,
each
drew
out
his
Forces
into
the
Field
to
confirm
the
Victory
;
but
Metellus
coming
up
to
them
,
Sertorius
vanished
away
,
having
broken
up
and
dispersed
his
Army
;
for
in
such
a
manner
did
he
use
to
raise
and
disband
his
Armies
,
so
that
sometimes
he
would
be
wandring
up
and
down
all
alone
,
and
at
other
times
again
he
would
come
powring
into
the
Field
at
the
head
of
a
puissant
Army
,
no
less
than
150000
fighting
Men
,
swelling
of
a
sudden
like
a
mighty
Torrent
or
Winterflood
.
Now
when
Pompey
was
going
after
the
Battel
to
meet
and
welcome
Metellus
,
and
when
they
were
near
one
another
,
he
commanded
his
Serjeants
to
bow
down
their
Rods
in
honour
of
Metellus
as
his
Ancient
and
Superiour
;
but
Metellus
on
the
other
side
forbid
it
,
and
behaved
himself
very
obliging
to
him
in
all
things
else
,
not
claiming
any
Prerogative
either
in
respect
of
his
Consulship
or
Seniority
;
excepting
only
,
that
when
they
incamped
together
,
the
Watch-word
was
given
to
the
whole
Camp
,
by
Metellus
.
But
generally
they
had
their
Camps
asunder
,
for
that
they
were
divided
and
distracted
by
the
Enemy
,
that
was
in
all
shapes
,
and
being
always
in
motion
,
would
by
a
wonderful
Artifice
appear
in
divers
Places
almost
in
the
same
instant
,
drawing
them
from
one
sort
of
Fight
to
another
in
perpetual
Skirmishes
:
But
at
last
Pompey
intercepting
all
Forrage
,
plundring
and
spoyling
the
Country
,
and
keeping
the
Dominion
of
the
Sea
,
rooted
them
out
of
that
part
of
Spain
that
was
under
his
Government
,
forcing
them
,
out
of
meer
Want
,
to
retreat
into
other
Provinces
.
Pompey
having
made
use
of
and
expended
the
greatest
part
of
his
own
Revenue
upon
the
War
,
sent
and
demanded
Monies
of
the
Senate
,
adding
,
That
in
case
they
did
not
furnish
him
speedily
,
he
should
be
forced
to
return
into
Italy
with
his
Army
.
Lucullus
being
Consul
at
that
time
,
(
though
indeed
he
was
an
Enemy
to
Pompey
,
yet
)
in
contemplation
that
he
himself
was
a
Candidate
for
the
War
against
Mithridates
,
he
procured
and
hastned
the
Supplies
,
fearing
lest
there
should
be
any
Pretence
or
Occasion
given
to
Pompey
of
returning
Home
,
who
of
himself
was
no
less
desirous
of
leaving
Sertorius
,
than
ambitious
of
undertaking
the
War
against
Mithridates
,
as
an
Enemy
where
the
Enterprize
in
all
appearance
would
prove
much
more
Honourable
and
less
Dangerous
.
In
the
mean
time
Sertorius
died
,
being
treacherously
Sertorius
slain
.
murdered
by
some
of
his
own
Party
;
insomuch
that
Perpenna
was
now
become
the
Chief
Commander
among
them
,
and
he
that
would
undertake
to
Personate
the
Actions
of
Sertorius
,
having
indeed
the
same
Forces
,
the
same
Ammunition
,
and
Means
,
yet
there
was
still
wanting
the
same
Wit
,
Skill
,
and
Conduct
,
in
the
use
and
managery
of
them
.
Pompey
therefore
marched
directly
against
Perpenna
,
and
finding
him
ignorant
and
perplext
in
his
Affairs
,
had
a
Decoy
ready
for
him
,
and
so
sent
out
a
Detachment
of
ten
Companies
with
Orders
to
range
up
and
down
the
Fields
,
and
disperse
themselves
abroad
,
as
if
they
were
Foraging
or
in
quest
of
some
Booty
;
this
Bait
took
accordingly
,
for
no
sooner
had
Perpenna
quarried
upon
the
Prey
,
and
had
them
in
Chase
,
but
that
Pompey
appeared
suddenly
with
all
his
Army
,
and
joyning
His
Conquest
of
Perpenna
.
Battel
,
gave
him
a
total
Overthrow
;
so
that
most
of
his
Commanders
were
slain
in
the
Field
,
and
he
himself
being
brought
Prisoner
to
Pompey
,
was
by
his
Order
put
to
Death
:
Neither
ought
Pompey
to
be
arraigned
of
Ungratefulness
or
Oblivion
,
in
that
he
had
been
unmindful
of
his
Transactions
with
Perpenna
in
Sicily
,
(
as
some
would
charge
him
)
since
't
is
clear
that
what
he
did
in
this
Case
,
was
prudently
determined
upon
solid
Reason
and
deliberate
Councel
for
the
Security
of
his
Country
:
for
Perpenna
having
in
his
custody
all
Sertorius
his
Papers
,
shewed
several
Letters
from
the
greatest
Men
in
Rome
,
who
(
affecting
a
Change
and
Subversion
of
the
Government
)
had
invited
Sertorius
into
Italy
;
wherefore
Pompey
,
fearing
lest
by
these
he
should
stir
and
blow
up
greater
Flames
of
War
than
those
that
had
been
already
extinguished
,
thought
it
expedient
,
both
to
take
off
Perpenna
,
and
likewise
to
burn
the
Letters
without
reading
of
them
.
After
this
Pompey
tarried
and
spent
so
§
6.
much
time
in
Spain
,
as
was
necessary
for
the
suppression
of
those
greater
Tumults
in
that
Province
;
and
as
soon
as
he
had
qualified
and
allayed
the
violent
Heats
of
Affairs
there
,
he
returned
with
his
Army
His
Aid
to
Crassus
in
the
Servile
War
.
into
Italy
,
where
he
arrived
very
luckily
in
the
height
of
the
Servile
War
;
wherefore
upon
his
Arrival
,
Crassus
the
General
in
that
War
,
made
all
the
expedition
imaginable
to
give
them
Battel
,
which
he
did
with
great
Success
,
having
slain
upon
the
place
12300
of
those
Fugitive
Slaves
:
Nor
yet
was
he
so
quick
,
but
that
Fortune
had
reserved
to
Pompey
some
share
of
Honour
in
the
Success
of
this
War
,
for
that
5000
of
them
,
that
had
escaped
out
of
the
Battel
,
fell
into
his
hands
;
wherefore
when
he
had
totally
cut
them
off
,
he
wrote
to
the
Senate
,
That
Crassus
had
overthrown
the
Fencers
in
Battel
,
but
that
he
had
plucked
up
the
War
itself
by
the
Roots
.
And
thus
it
was
commonly
reported
in
Rome
among
all
those
that
had
the
least
Kindness
for
Pompey
;
but
for
those
Actions
in
Spain
,
together
with
the
Conquest
of
Sertorius
,
no
Man
ever
,
so
much
as
in
jest
,
ascribed
that
Honour
to
any
other
than
Pompey
;
and
yet
this
great
Honour
and
Veneration
of
the
Man
was
always
accompanied
with
Fears
and
Jealousies
,
that
he
would
not
Disband
his
Army
,
but
affecting
Monarchy
,
designed
clearly
to
follow
the
Policies
of
Sylla
and
govern
by
a
standing
Army
;
wherefore
in
the
Number
of
all
those
that
ran
out
to
meet
him
,
and
Congratulate
his
Return
,
as
many
went
out
of
Fear
as
Affection
;
but
after
that
Pompey
had
removed
this
Suggestion
,
by
declaring
before-hand
,
That
he
would
discharge
the
Army
after
his
Triumph
,
there
was
yet
remaining
one
great
Cause
of
Complaint
more
from
the
Envy
and
Malice
of
his
Enemies
,
That
he
affected
Popularity
,
courting
the
common
People
more
than
the
Nobility
;
and
whereas
Sylla
had
taken
away
He
restores
the
Office
of
Tribune
.
the
Tribuneship
of
the
People
,
he
designed
to
gratifie
the
People
in
restoring
that
Office
;
which
was
very
true
,
for
there
was
not
any
one
thing
that
the
People
of
Rome
did
so
wildly
doat
on
,
or
more
passionately
desire
than
the
Restauration
of
that
Government
,
insomuch
that
Pompey
thought
himself
extreamly
fortunate
in
this
opportunity
,
despairing
ever
(
if
he
were
prevented
in
this
)
of
meeting
with
any
other
,
wherein
he
might
express
his
Gratitude
in
Compensation
of
all
those
Favours
which
he
had
received
from
the
People
.
The
Decree
His
second
Triumph
and
first
Consulship
with
Crassus
.
therefore
passed
for
a
second
Triumph
,
and
the
Consulship
:
and
yet
for
all
this
Power
and
Honour
he
did
not
seem
to
be
admired
or
magnified
for
those
things
;
but
this
was
the
Signal
and
Test
of
his
Grandeur
,
that
even
Crassus
himself
,
(
the
Wealthiest
among
all
the
Statesmen
of
his
time
,
the
most
Eloquent
and
Greatest
too
,
a
Man
of
that
Pride
that
he
despised
even
Pompey
himself
,
and
all
others
as
beneath
him
)
durst
not
appear
a
Candidate
for
the
Consulship
before
he
had
made
his
Address
to
Pompey
;
which
was
done
accordingly
,
and
as
readily
embraced
by
Pompey
,
who
had
often
sought
an
occasion
to
oblige
him
in
some
friendly
Office
;
so
that
he
solicited
for
Crassus
,
and
entreated
the
People
heartily
,
declaring
,
That
their
Favour
would
be
no
less
to
him
in
his
Colleague
,
than
in
his
Consulship
;
yet
for
all
this
when
they
were
created
Consuls
,
they
were
always
at
variance
and
opposing
one
another
;
now
Crassus
prevailed
most
in
the
Senate
,
and
Pompey's
Power
was
no
less
with
the
People
,
for
that
he
restored
to
them
the
Office
of
Tribune
,
Submits
to
the
Censors
.
and
had
suffered
the
Judicature
again
to
be
transferred
upon
the
Knights
by
a
Law
.
But
he
himself
afforded
them
the
most
grateful
Spectacle
,
when
he
appeared
and
craved
his
Discharge
from
the
Wars
:
for
it
was
an
ancient
Custom
among
the
Romans
,
that
the
Knights
,
when
they
had
served
out
their
legal
time
in
the
Wars
,
should
lead
their
Horse
into
the
Market-place
before
two
Censors
,
and
having
given
an
account
of
the
Commanders
and
Generals
under
whom
they
served
,
as
also
of
the
Places
and
Actions
in
their
Service
,
they
were
discharged
,
every
Man
with
Honour
or
Disgrace
according
to
his
Deserts
:
there
were
then
sitting
upon
the
Bench
two
reverend
Censors
,
Gellius
and
Catulus
,
with
great
Gravity
taking
a
View
of
the
Roman
Knights
who
were
then
in
Muster
,
and
under
Examination
before
them
;
when
Pompey
was
seen
afar
off
to
come
into
the
Market-place
,
adorned
in
all
things
else
with
all
the
Marks
and
Ensigns
of
a
Consul
,
but
himself
leading
his
Horse
in
his
hand
:
as
he
drew
near
,
he
commanded
the
Vergers
to
make
way
,
and
so
he
led
his
Horse
to
the
Bench
;
the
People
were
all
this
while
in
a
sort
of
Amaze
,
and
all
in
Silence
,
and
the
Censors
themselves
shewed
him
great
Reverence
,
expressing
a
Modesty
together
with
Joy
in
their
Countenance
:
Then
the
Senior
Censor
examined
him
,
Pompey
the
Great
,
I
demand
of
thee
,
whether
thou
hast
served
out
all
that
time
in
the
Wars
that
is
prescribed
by
the
Law
of
Arms
?
Yes
,
replied
Pompey
with
a
loud
Voice
)
I
have
served
all
,
and
all
under
myself
as
General
.
The
People
hearing
this
,
gave
a
great
Shout
,
and
made
such
an
Out-cry
for
Joy
that
there
was
no
appeasing
it
;
but
the
Censors
rising
from
their
Judgment-seat
,
accompanied
him
home
to
gratifie
the
Multitude
,
who
followed
after
clapping
their
Hands
,
and
shouting
with
great
signs
of
Joy
.
Pompey's
Consulship
was
now
expiring
,
and
yet
the
Difference
with
Crassus
increasing
,
whereupon
on
Gaius
Aurelius
a
Knight
,
(
but
one
that
declined
Business
all
his
Life-time
)
stood
up
and
addressed
himself
in
an
Oration
to
the
Assembly
,
declaring
,
That
Jupiter
had
appeared
to
him
in
a
Dream
,
commanding
him
to
tell
the
Consuls
,
That
they
should
not
leave
their
Charge
of
that
Government
until
they
were
Friends
.
After
this
was
said
,
Pompey
stood
silent
,
but
Crassus
took
him
by
the
hand
,
and
spoke
in
this
manner
,
I
do
not
think
,
oh
ye
Romans
,
that
I
shall
do
any
thing
mean
or
dishonourable
,
in
yielding
first
to
Pompey
;
even
that
Pompey
whom
you
were
pleased
to
Ennoble
with
the
Title
of
Great
,
when
as
yet
he
scarce
had
a
Hair
in
his
Face
;
and
granted
the
Honour
of
two
Triumphs
,
when
as
yet
he
had
no
Place
in
the
Senate
.
Hereupon
they
were
Reconciled
,
and
laid
down
their
Government
.
Now
Crassus
kept
on
in
his
former
manner
of
Life
as
he
began
,
pleading
Causes
;
but
Pompey
declined
his
Practice
in
a
great
measure
,
taking
the
Patronage
of
some
few
Causes
,
only
so
that
by
degrees
he
withdrew
himself
totally
from
the
Courts
,
and
all
Matters
of
Judgment
,
coming
but
seldom
in
publick
;
and
whenever
he
did
,
't
was
with
a
great
Train
after
him
;
neither
was
it
easie
to
meet
or
visit
him
without
great
Attendance
;
but
his
delight
was
to
appear
guarded
with
such
a
Retinue
,
designing
thereby
to
advance
the
Reverence
and
Majesty
of
his
Presence
,
and
preserve
his
Dignity
(
as
he
ought
to
do
)
entire
from
the
Approaches
and
Conversation
of
the
Multitude
:
For
Men
that
have
risen
and
grown
great
by
Arms
,
are
easily
trayed
into
Contempt
by
a
change
of
Life
,
when
they
shall
betake
themselves
to
the
Long-Robe
,
and
plead
Causes
,
in
that
they
cannot
fashion
themselves
to
that
popular
Equality
or
Familiarity
that
's
common
among
Citizens
,
expecting
to
be
esteemed
their
Betters
in
the
City
,
as
they
were
in
Field
;
whereas
on
the
contrary
,
the
Pride
and
Folly
of
these
Citizens
is
such
,
That
though
they
were
Inferiours
in
the
Camp
,
yet
they
'll
contend
for
Precedence
in
the
City
,
which
is
intolerable
;
and
therefore
't
is
that
when
a
noble
Warrier
(
crowned
with
Victories
and
Triumphs
)
shall
turn
Advocate
and
ply
the
Courts
among
them
,
they
endeavour
presently
by
a
malicious
Pedantry
to
obscure
his
Glory
,
and
depress
him
;
whereas
if
he
quits
a
publick
Patronage
and
retires
,
they
shall
preserve
his
Honour
and
Authority
beyond
the
reach
of
Envy
;
as
appeared
not
long
after
by
the
things
themselves
.
The
Power
of
the
Pirats
first
broke
out
of
§
7.
The
Pirates
War
.
Cilicia
,
having
in
truth
but
a
rash
and
blind
beginning
,
but
was
animated
and
encouraged
afterwards
in
the
Wars
of
Mithridates
,
where
they
hired
themselves
out
,
and
became
Stipendiaires
in
the
King's
Service
.
Afterwards
whilst
the
Romans
were
embroiled
in
their
Civil
Wars
,
being
engaged
against
one
another
,
even
before
the
very
Gates
of
Rome
;
the
Seas
lay
waste
and
unguarded
,
which
by
degrees
,
enticed
,
and
drew
them
on
,
not
only
to
seize
upon
and
spoil
the
Merchants
and
Ships
upon
the
Seas
,
but
also
to
lay
waste
the
Islands
,
and
Sea-Port
Towns
:
So
that
now
there
embarked
with
these
Pirats
,
Men
of
great
Wealth
,
and
Nobility
,
and
of
great
Wisdom
too
,
being
incorporated
into
their
Society
or
Fellowship
as
into
a
commendable
Faculty
:
They
had
divers
Arsenals
,
or
Piratick
Harbours
,
as
likewise
Watch-Towers
,
and
Beacons
all
along
the
Sea-Coast
;
They
had
a
mighty
Fleet
,
well
Rigged
and
Furnished
with
Galliots
of
Oars
,
and
as
well
Mann'd
too
,
with
all
the
Flower
of
Youth
,
with
expert
Pilots
and
Mariners
;
there
were
their
Ships
of
swift
Sail
also
,
and
Pinnaces
for
Cruising
and
Discovery
;
neither
was
it
thus
dreadful
only
,
but
as
gloriously
set
out
too
,
so
that
they
were
more
to
be
envyed
in
their
Pride
,
than
feared
in
their
Force
;
having
the
Poops
and
Decks
of
their
Galliots
all
guilded
,
and
the
Oars
plated
with
Silver
,
together
with
their
Purple
Sails
,
as
if
their
delight
were
to
glory
in
their
Iniquity
:
There
was
nothing
but
Musick
and
Dancing
,
Banquetting
and
Revels
all
along
the
Shore
,
together
with
the
Prizes
of
Kings
in
Captivity
,
and
Ransoms
of
sackt
Cities
,
to
the
Reproach
and
Dishonour
of
the
Roman
Empire
.
There
were
of
these
Corsairs
above
1000
Sail
,
and
they
had
taken
no
less
than
400
Cities
;
committing
Sacriledge
upon
the
Temples
of
the
Gods
,
and
enriching
themselves
with
the
Spoils
of
divers
,
undefiled
before
,
such
as
were
those
of
Claros
,
Didyme
,
and
Samothrace
;
and
the
Temple
of
Tellus
,
or
the
Earth
in
Hermione
,
and
that
of
Aeseulapius
in
Epidaurium
;
Those
of
Neptune
,
in
Isthmus
,
Taenarus
,
and
Calauria
;
Those
of
Apollo
,
in
Actium
,
and
the
Isle
of
Leucades
;
and
those
of
Juno
,
in
Samos
,
Argos
,
and
Leucania
.
They
offered
likewise
strange
Sacrifices
upon
Mount
Olympus
,
and
performed
certain
secret
Rites
or
Religious
Mysteries
,
whereof
that
to
the
Sun
(
which
they
called
by
the
Name
of
Mithres
)
was
preserved
down
to
our
Age
,
having
its
Original
and
first
Institution
from
them
.
But
besides
these
Piracies
and
Insolencies
by
Sea
,
they
were
yet
more
injurious
to
the
Romans
by
Land
;
for
they
would
often
go
ashore
and
Rob
upon
the
High-ways
;
plundring
and
destroying
their
Villages
and
Country-Houses
near
the
Sea
:
And
once
they
seized
upon
two
Roman
Praetors
,
Sextilius
and
Bellinus
,
in
their
Purple
Robes
,
and
carried
them
off
,
together
with
their
Serjeants
and
Vergers
:
The
Daughter
also
of
Antonius
,
(
a
Man
that
had
the
Honour
of
Triumph
)
taking
a
Journey
into
the
Country
,
was
seized
upon
,
and
Redeemed
afterwards
with
an
excessive
Ransom
.
But
this
was
the
most
spiteful
and
abusive
of
all
,
That
when
any
of
the
Captives
declared
himself
to
be
a
Roman
,
and
told
his
Name
,
they
seemed
to
be
surprized
,
and
straightway
feigning
a
Fear
,
smote
their
Thighs
,
and
fell
down
at
his
Feet
,
humbly
beseeching
him
to
be
gracious
and
forgive
them
:
The
credulous
Captive
,
seeing
them
so
humble
and
supplicant
,
believed
them
to
be
in
earnest
;
for
some
were
so
officious
as
to
put
on
his
Shooes
,
others
helpt
him
on
with
his
Gown
,
lest
his
Quality
should
be
mistaken
again
:
After
all
this
Pageantry
,
when
they
had
thus
deluded
and
mockt
him
long
enough
,
at
last
casting
out
a
Ships
Ladder
,
when
they
were
even
in
the
midst
of
the
Sea
,
they
bid
him
march
off
and
farewel
;
if
he
refused
,
they
threw
him
over-board
and
drowned
him
.
This
Piratick
Power
having
got
the
Dominion
and
Soveraignty
of
all
the
M●diterranean
,
and
perpetually
roving
up
and
down
,
there
was
left
no
place
for
Navigation
or
Commerce
,
insomuch
that
no
Merchant
durst
venture
out
to
Traffick
.
The
Romans
therefore
,
finding
themselves
to
be
extreamly
straitned
in
their
Markets
,
and
considering
that
if
this
scarcity
of
Corn
should
continue
▪
there
would
be
a
Dearth
and
Famine
in
the
Land
,
determined
to
send
out
Pompey
to
recover
their
Seigniory
of
the
Seas
from
the
Pirates
:
Wherefore
Gabinius
(
a
great
Creature
of
Pompey's
)
preferred
a
Law
,
whereby
there
was
granted
to
him
,
not
only
the
Government
of
the
Seas
as
Admiral
,
but
even
the
Monarchy
of
Rome
as
Soveraign
,
having
an
Arbitrary
and
Unlimited
Power
over
all
Men
;
The
sum
of
that
Decree
gave
him
the
absolute
Power
and
Authority
of
all
the
Seas
,
even
from
the
Streights-Mouth
or
Hercules-Pillars
;
together
with
the
Continent
or
Mainland
,
all
along
for
the
space
of
400
Furlongs
,
or
50
Miles
from
the
Sea
:
Now
there
were
but
few
Regions
in
the
World
under
the
Roman
Empire
of
a
larger
Extent
,
and
in
that
compass
too
there
were
comprehended
great
Nations
and
mighty
Kings
.
Moreover
by
this
Decree
he
had
a
Power
of
electing
fifteen
Lieutenants
out
of
the
Senate
,
and
of
assigning
to
each
his
Province
in
Charge
;
Then
he
might
take
likewise
out
of
the
Treasury
,
and
of
the
Publicans
,
what
Monies
he
pleas'd
,
as
also
200
Sail
of
Ships
,
with
a
Power
to
Press
and
Levy
what
Soldiers
and
Seamen
he
thought
fit
,
together
with
Galliots
of
Oars
and
Mariners
:
When
this
Law
was
Read
,
the
common
People
approved
of
it
exceedingly
,
but
the
chiefest
and
most
powerful
of
the
Senate
looked
upon
it
as
an
exorbitant
Power
,
even
beyond
the
reach
of
Envy
,
and
was
now
become
worthy
of
their
Fears
;
therefore
concluding
with
themselves
that
such
an
infinite
and
boundless
Authority
was
dangerous
,
they
agreed
unanimously
to
oppose
the
Bill
,
and
all
were
against
it
,
except
Caesar
,
who
gave
his
Vote
for
the
Law
,
not
so
much
to
gratifie
Pompey
,
as
the
People
,
whose
Favour
he
had
courted
under-hand
from
the
beginning
,
and
hoped
thereby
to
compass
such
a
Power
for
himself
:
The
rest
inveighed
bitterly
against
Pompey
,
insomuch
as
one
of
the
Consuls
,
told
him
sharply
,
That
if
he
followed
the
Footsteps
of
Romulus
,
he
would
scarce
avoid
his
End
,
but
he
was
in
danger
of
being
torn
in
pieces
by
the
Multitude
for
his
Speech
:
Yet
when
Catulus
stood
up
to
speak
against
the
Law
,
the
People
in
Reverence
to
him
were
very
silent
and
attentive
;
He
therefore
,
after
he
had
,
without
the
least
shew
of
Envy
,
made
large
Harangues
in
Honour
of
Pompey
,
began
to
advise
the
People
in
kindness
to
spare
him
,
and
not
to
expose
a
Man
of
his
Value
to
such
a
Chain
of
Dangers
and
Wars
;
For
said
he
,
Where
could
you
find
out
another
Pompey
,
or
whom
would
you
have
in
case
you
should
chance
to
lose
him
?
They
all
cry'd
out
with
one
Voice
,
Your self
;
wherefore
Catulus
,
finding
all
his
Rhetorick
ineffectual
,
desisted
:
Then
Roscius
attempted
to
speak
,
but
could
have
no
Audience
,
wherefore
he
made
Signs
with
his
Fingers
,
intimating
,
Not
him
alone
,
but
that
there
might
be
a
second
Pompey
or
Colleague
in
Authority
with
him
:
Upon
this
,
't
is
said
,
the
Multitude
being
extreamly
incens'd
,
made
such
an
horrid
Exclamation
,
that
a
Crow
flying
over
the
Market-Place
at
that
instant
was
struck
blind
,
and
dropt
down
among
the
Rabble
;
whereby
it
appears
,
That
the
Cause
of
Birds
falling
down
to
the
Ground
,
is
not
by
any
rupture
or
division
of
the
Air
when
it
has
received
any
such
Impression
or
Force
;
but
purely
by
the
very
stroak
of
the
Voice
,
which
,
being
shot
up
by
a
Multitude
with
great
Violence
,
raises
a
sort
of
Tempest
and
Billows
in
the
Air.
The
Assembly
therefore
broke
up
for
that
day
:
And
when
the
day
was
come
,
wherein
the
Bill
was
to
pass
by
Suffrage
into
a
Decree
,
Pompey
went
privately
into
the
Country
;
but
hearing
that
it
was
passed
and
confirmed
,
he
returned
again
into
the
City
by
Night
,
to
avoid
the
Envy
that
might
arise
from
that
Concourse
of
People
that
would
meet
and
congratulate
him
:
The
next
Morning
he
came
abroad
,
and
sacrificed
to
the
Gods
,
and
having
Audience
at
an
open
Assembly
,
he
handled
the
Matter
so
,
as
that
they
enlarged
his
Power
,
giving
him
many
Things
besides
what
was
already
granted
,
and
almost
doubling
the
Preparation
appointed
in
the
former
Decree
:
For
there
were
compleately
500
Sail
of
Ships
fitted
out
,
and
he
had
an
Army
of
120000
Foot
,
and
5000
Horse
,
assigned
for
his
Muster
:
There
were
chosen
likewise
for
his
Lieutenants
,
or
Vice-Admirals
,
24
Senators
that
had
been
Consuls
,
Praetors
,
or
Generals
of
Armies
,
and
to
these
were
added
two
of
the
general
Treasurers
.
Now
it
happened
within
this
time
,
that
the
Prizes
of
Provisions
were
much
abated
,
which
gave
an
occasion
to
the
joyful
People
of
saying
,
That
the
very
Name
of
Pompey
had
e'en
ended
the
War
.
However
Pompey
in
pursuance
of
his
Charge
divided
all
the
Sea
,
with
each
distance
between
the
Lands
,
into
thirteen
Parts
,
allotting
a
Squadron
to
each
,
under
the
Command
of
his
Vice-Admirals
;
And
having
thus
dispers'd
his
Power
into
all
Quarters
,
and
encompassed
the
Pirats
every
where
,
they
began
to
fall
into
his
Draggs
by
whole
Shoals
,
which
he
seiz'd
and
brought
into
his
Harbours
;
As
for
those
that
withdrew
themselves
betimes
,
or
otherwise
escap'd
his
general
Chace
,
they
all
made
to
Cilicia
,
where
they
hid
themselves
as
in
their
Hives
;
against
whom
Pompey
design'd
to
go
in
Person
with
Sixty
of
his
best
Frigats
:
But
first
he
resolv'd
to
scour
and
clear
all
the
Seas
thereabout
,
as
that
of
Tuscany
,
together
with
the
Coasts
of
Africa
,
Sardinia
,
Corsica
,
and
Sicily
;
All
which
he
perform'd
in
the
space
of
Forty
days
by
his
own
indefatigable
Industry
,
and
the
Diligence
of
his
Vice-Admirals
.
Now
Pompey
met
with
some
Diversion
in
Rome
,
through
the
Malice
and
Envy
of
Piso
the
Consul
,
who
had
put
some
stop
to
his
Affairs
,
by
wasting
his
Stores
,
and
discharging
his
Seamen
;
whereupon
he
sent
his
Fleet
round
to
Brundusium
,
himself
going
the
next
way
by
Land
through
Tuscany
to
Rome
;
which
as
soon
as
it
came
to
be
known
by
the
People
,
they
all
flock'd
out
to
meet
him
upon
the
way
,
as
if
they
had
not
sent
him
out
but
a
little
before
;
But
that
which
chiefly
rais'd
their
Joy
,
was
the
sudden
and
unexpected
change
in
the
Markets
,
abounding
now
with
exceeding
Plenty
;
So
that
Piso
was
in
great
danger
to
have
been
depriv'd
of
his
Consulship
,
Gabinius
having
a
Law
ready
Penn'd
for
that
purpose
;
but
Pompey
forbid
it
,
behaving
himself
as
in
that
,
so
in
all
Things
else
,
with
great
Moderation
,
whereby
having
brought
to
pass
and
obtain'd
all
that
he
wanted
or
desir'd
,
he
departed
for
Brundusium
,
whence
he
set
Sail
in
pursuit
of
the
Pirats
:
Now
though
he
was
straitned
in
time
,
and
his
hasty
Voyage
forc'd
him
to
Sail
by
several
famous
Cities
without
touching
,
yet
he
would
not
pass
by
the
City
of
Athens
unsaluted
,
but
landing
there
,
after
he
had
sacrificed
to
the
Gods
,
and
made
an
Oration
to
the
People
,
as
he
was
returning
out
of
the
City
,
he
Read
at
the
Gates
two
Monosticks
or
single
Epigrams
writ
in
his
own
Praise
.
One
within
the
Gate
,
Thy
humbler
Thoughts
make
thee
a
God
the
more
.
The
other
without
.
We
wish'd
and
saw
,
we
Honour
and
Adore
.
Now
because
that
Pompey
had
shew'd
himself
merciful
to
some
of
that
Swarm
of
Thieves
,
that
were
yet
roving
in
Bodies
about
the
Seas
,
(
having
upon
their
Supplication
ordered
a
Seizure
of
their
Ships
and
Persons
only
,
without
any
farther
Process
or
Severity
;
)
therefore
the
rest
of
their
Camrades
in
Hopes
of
Mercy
too
,
made
their
Escape
from
his
other
Commanders
,
and
surrender'd
themselves
with
their
Wives
and
Children
into
his
Protection
;
So
tha●
Pompey
pardon'd
all
that
came
in
,
and
the
rather
because
by
them
he
might
make
a
discovery
of
those
who
fled
from
his
Justice
,
as
conscious
that
their
Crimes
were
beyond
an
Act
of
Indemnity
:
Whereof
the
greatest
and
chiefest
part
conveyed
their
Families
and
Treasures
(
with
all
besides
that
were
unfit
for
War
)
into
Castles
and
strong
Forts
about
Mount
Taurus
;
but
they
themselves
having
well
Mann'd
their
Gallies
,
imbark'd
for
Coracesium
in
Cilicia
,
where
they
receiv'd
Pompey
,
and
gave
him
Battel
;
Here
they
had
a
fatal
Overthrow
,
and
thereupon
they
retir'd
to
their
Cities
,
where
they
were
Besieg'd
;
At
last
,
having
dispatch'd
their
Heralds
to
him
with
a
Submission
,
they
deliver'd
up
to
his
mercy
themselves
,
their
Towns
,
Islands
,
and
strong
Holds
,
all
which
they
had
fortified
with
Bulwarks
and
Rampiers
,
whereby
they
became
impregnable
,
and
almost
inaccessible
.
Thus
was
this
War
ended
,
and
the
whole
Power
of
the
Pirats
at
Sea
dissolved
every
where
in
the
space
of
three
Months
:
Wherein
besides
a
great
number
of
other
Vessels
,
he
took
Ninety
Men
of
War
with
brazen
Beaks
;
and
likewise
Prisoners
of
War
to
the
number
of
no
less
than
20000
Souls
.
Touching
the
disposal
of
these
Prisoners
,
he
consider'd
on
one
Hand
,
that
it
would
be
barbarous
to
destroy
them
all
;
and
yet
it
might
be
no
less
dangerous
on
the
other
to
disperse
them
,
for
that
they
might
reunite
and
make
Head
again
.
being
numerous
,
poor
,
and
warlike
:
Therefore
well
and
wisely
weighing
with
himself
,
That
Man
by
Nature
is
not
a
wild
or
savage
Creature
,
neither
was
he
Born
so
,
but
becomes
a
bruit
Beast
by
Practice
,
having
chang'd
his
Nature
by
a
rude
and
vicious
Habit
:
And
again
on
the
other
side
,
That
he
is
civiliz'd
and
grows
gentle
by
a
change
of
Place
,
Converse
,
and
manner
of
Life
,
as
Beasts
themselves
that
are
wild
by
Nature
,
become
tame
and
tractable
to
their
Feeders
by
Housing
and
a
gentler
Usage
;
Upon
this
Consideration
he
determin'd
to
translate
these
Pirates
from
Sea
to
Land
,
and
give
them
a
taste
of
the
true
and
innocent
course
of
Life
by
living
in
Cities
,
and
manuring
the
Ground
:
Some
therefore
were
entertain'd
in
the
small
and
unpeopl'd
Towns
of
the
Cilicians
,
mixing
and
incorporating
with
those
few
Inhabitants
there
,
whereby
they
obtained
an
Enlargement
of
their
Territories
.
Others
he
planted
in
the
City
of
the
Solians
,
that
had
been
lately
laid
waste
and
drained
by
Tigranes
King
of
Armenia
:
he
seated
likewise
divers
in
Dyme
,
a
City
of
Achaia
,
a
Place
extreamly
depopulated
,
but
of
a
large
compass
of
Ground
,
and
as
rich
a
Soyl.
However
these
Proceedings
could
not
escape
the
Envy
and
Censure
of
his
Enemies
;
but
for
his
Practices
against
Metellus
in
Crete
,
those
were
disapprov'd
of
even
by
the
chiefest
of
his
Friends
:
For
Metellus
,
(
a
Relation
to
him
that
was
Colleague
with
Pompey
in
Spain
)
was
sent
Praetor
into
Crete
,
before
this
Province
of
the
Seas
was
design'd
for
Pompey
,
Now
Crete
was
the
second
Den
and
Receptacle
of
Pirats
next
to
Cilicia
the
Fountain
,
there
Metellus
apprehended
divers
and
put
them
to
Death
;
Wherefore
those
that
were
yet
remaining
,
and
Besieg'd
,
sent
their
Supplications
to
Pompey
,
and
invited
him
into
the
Island
as
a
part
of
his
Province
,
alledging
it
to
fall
within
that
distance
of
the
Sea
limited
in
his
Commission
,
and
so
within
the
Precincts
of
his
Charge
;
Pompey
receiving
the
Submission
,
dispatch'd
an
Express
to
Metellus
,
commanding
him
to
leave
off
the
War
;
and
another
likewise
to
the
Cities
,
wherein
he
charged
them
not
to
yield
any
Obedience
to
the
Commands
of
Metellus
;
And
after
these
he
sent
Lucius
Octavius
one
of
his
Lieutenants
,
who
entring
the
Town
together
with
the
Besieged
,
and
joyning
in
their
Defence
,
render'd
Pompey
not
only
▪
grievous
and
hateful
,
but
even
ridiculous
too
,
That
he
should
lend
his
Name
as
a
Guard
to
a
Nest
of
Thieves
,
that
knew
neither
God
nor
Law
,
and
make
his
Authority
serve
as
a
Sanctuary
to
them
,
only
out
of
pure
Envy
and
Emulation
to
Metellus
:
For
neither
was
Achilles
thought
to
act
the
Part
of
a
wise
Man
,
but
rather
of
a
young
giddy
Fool
,
mad
after
Glory
,
when
by
Signs
he
forbid
the
rest
of
the
Graecians
to
strike
at
Hector
:
Lest
he
too
late
should
to
the
Battel
run
,
Liad.
22.
When
others
had
the
Honour
of
it
won
.
But
Pompey
contended
beyond
himself
to
save
the
common
Enemies
of
the
World
,
only
that
he
might
deprive
a
Roman
Praetor
,
after
all
his
Labours
,
of
the
Honour
of
Triumph
.
Yet
for
all
this
Metellus
was
no
ways
daunted
,
neither
would
he
give
over
the
War
against
the
Pirates
,
but
storm'd
them
in
their
strong
Holds
,
and
having
totally
subdu'd
them
,
he
took
a
just
Revenge
of
their
Impieties
:
And
for
Octavius
,
he
was
publickly
disgrac'd
,
and
sent
away
,
loaden
with
the
Scoffs
and
Reproaches
of
all
the
Camp
.
Now
,
when
't
was
Reported
in
Rome
,
§
8.
The
War
against
Mithridates
and
Tigranes
.
That
the
War
with
the
Pirates
was
at
an
end
,
and
that
Pompey
was
in
a
dead
Vacation
,
diverting
himself
in
Visits
only
to
the
Cities
for
want
of
Employment
;
one
Manilius
,
a
Tribune
of
the
People
,
preferred
a
Law
,
whereby
't
was
Enacted
,
That
Pompey
should
have
all
the
Forces
of
Lucullus
,
and
the
Provinces
under
his
Government
,
together
with
Bithynia
,
that
was
under
the
Command
of
Glabrio
;
And
that
he
should
forthwith
make
War
upon
those
two
Kings
Mithridates
and
Tigranes
,
retaining
still
the
same
Naval
Forces
and
the
Soveraignty
of
the
Seas
as
before
:
But
this
was
nothing
less
than
to
constitute
one
absolute
Monarch
of
all
the
Roman
Empire
;
For
the
Provinces
which
seem'd
to
be
exempt
from
his
Commission
by
the
former
Decree
,
such
as
were
Phrygia
,
Lycaonia
,
Galatia
,
Cappadocia
,
Cilicia
,
the
Over
Colchis
,
and
Armenia
,
these
were
all
grafted
in
by
this
latter
Law
,
together
with
all
the
Army
and
Forces
wherewith
Lucullus
made
War
upon
Mithridates
and
Tigranes
.
Now
though
this
were
a
notorious
Injury
to
Lucullus
,
whereby
he
was
robb'd
of
the
Glory
of
his
Atchievements
,
(
by
having
a
Successor
assigned
him
rather
in
the
Honour
of
his
Triumph
,
than
the
Danger
of
the
War
;
)
Yet
this
was
of
no
great
moment
in
the
Eye
of
the
Senate
,
because
it
was
Personal
only
(
though
they
could
not
but
Censure
the
People
of
Injustice
and
Ingratitude
to
Lucullus
)
;
But
the
source
of
all
their
Grievance
flow'd
from
hence
,
That
the
Power
of
Pompey
should
by
Law
be
Establish'd
in
a
manifest
Tyranny
;
And
therefore
they
exhorted
and
encourag'd
one
another
privately
to
bend
all
their
Forces
in
opposition
to
this
Law
,
and
not
to
cast
away
their
Liberties
and
Properties
at
so
tame
a
rate
;
Yet
for
all
their
Resolutions
,
when
the
day
came
wherein
it
was
to
pass
into
a
Decree
,
their
Hearts
fail'd
them
,
for
fear
of
the
People
,
and
all
the
rest
were
silent
except
Catulus
,
who
boldly
inveigh'd
against
the
Law
,
and
charg'd
the
People
home
,
but
all
in
vain
;
for
when
he
found
that
he
had
not
brought
over
one
Man
among
the
People
,
he
turn'd
and
directed
his
Speech
to
the
Senate
in
great
Passion
,
often
crying
out
,
and
bidding
them
to
seek
out
some
Mountain
as
their
Forefathers
had
done
,
and
fly
to
the
Rocks
where
they
might
preserve
their
Liberty
.
But
all
his
Rhetorick
was
ineffectual
,
for
the
Law
pass'd
into
a
Decree
,
as
't
is
said
,
by
the
Suffrages
of
all
the
Tribes
;
And
now
was
Pompey
even
in
his
absence
made
Lord
of
almost
all
that
Power
,
that
Sylla
made
himself
Master
of
by
Conquest
,
when
by
force
of
Arms
and
War
he
had
brought
even
Rome
it self
under
his
Dominion
:
Now
when
Pompey
had
Advice
by
Letters
of
the
Decree
,
't
is
said
,
That
,
in
the
presence
of
his
Friends
who
came
to
rejoyce
and
give
him
Joy
of
his
Honour
,
he
seem'd
extremely
displeas'd
,
frowning
and
smiting
his
Thigh
,
and
at
last
,
as
one
overladen
already
,
and
weary
of
Government
,
he
broke
out
in
great
passion
,
Good
Gods
!
What
an
endless
Train
of
War
is
here
?
How
much
better
might
my
Lot
have
fall'n
among
the
inglorious
Crowd
,
unknown
or
unregarded
?
If
there
shall
be
no
end
of
this
Warfare
but
with
that
of
my
Life
?
If
my
Fate
be
such
that
I
must
always
despair
of
those
happier
moments
,
wherein
I
might
stem
this
Tide
of
Envy
,
and
live
at
peace
in
a
Country
Retirement
,
and
the
Enjoyments
of
a
dearer
Wife
!
But
all
this
was
look'd
upon
as
Ironical
,
neither
indeed
could
the
best
of
his
Friends
endure
such
gross
Hypocrisie
,
well
knowing
,
that
he
,
whose
Ambition
was
set
on
Fire
by
his
Malice
,
(
having
his
Enmity
with
Lucullus
,
as
a
Firebrand
to
kindle
that
covetous
Desire
of
Glory
and
Empire
that
was
implanted
in
his
Nature
)
could
not
but
embrace
the
Province
with
Joy
and
Triumph
;
as
appear'd
not
long
afterwards
by
his
Actions
,
which
did
clearly
unmask
him
:
For
in
the
first
place
he
sent
out
his
Edicts
or
Proclamations
into
all
Quarters
,
commanding
all
Soldiers
to
resort
to
his
Colours
;
then
he
summon'd
in
all
the
tributary
Kings
and
Princes
that
were
Subjects
within
the
Precincts
of
his
Charge
;
and
,
in
short
,
as
soon
as
he
had
enter'd
upon
his
Province
,
he
left
nothing
unalter'd
that
had
been
done
and
establish'd
by
Lucullus
;
to
some
he
remitted
their
Amercements
and
Penalties
,
and
depriv'd
others
of
their
Rewards
;
And
after
this
manner
did
he
act
in
all
things
,
with
this
Design
chiefly
,
That
the
Admirers
of
Lucullus
might
know
how
that
all
his
Power
and
Authority
was
now
at
an
end
,
and
he
no
longer
Lord
of
this
Province
.
But
Lucullus
began
to
arraign
these
Proceedings
,
and
expostulate
the
Case
by
Friends
,
whereupon
't
was
thought
fitting
and
agreed
,
that
there
would
be
a
Meeting
betwixt
them
,
and
accordingly
they
met
in
the
Country
of
Galatia
:
Now
in
that
they
were
great
and
prosperous
Generals
,
both
in
Conduct
and
Action
,
they
came
in
State
attended
with
their
Vergers
and
Officers
,
bearing
their
Rods
before
them
all
wreath'd
about
with
Branches
of
Laurel
:
Lucullus
came
through
a
Country
full
of
green
and
shady
Groves
,
but
Pompey's
March
was
through
large
barren
Plains
both
chill
and
naked
;
Therefore
the
Vergers
of
Lucullus
,
perceiving
that
Pompey's
Laurels
were
withered
and
dry
,
helped
him
to
some
of
their
own
,
whereby
they
adorn'd
and
crown'd
his
Rods
with
fresh
Laurels
:
This
was
thought
somewhat
ominous
,
and
look'd
as
if
Pompey
came
to
take
away
the
Reward
and
Honour
of
Lucullus's
Victories
:
Lucullus
indeed
had
the
priority
in
the
course
of
his
Consulship
,
and
of
his
Age
too
;
but
the
Dignity
of
Pompey
was
the
greater
,
in
that
he
had
the
Honour
of
two
Triumphs
.
Their
first
Addresses
His
Quarrel
with
Lucullus
.
in
this
Interview
were
made
with
great
Ceremony
and
Complaisance
,
magnifying
each
others
Actions
,
and
congratulating
their
Success
:
but
when
they
came
to
the
Matter
of
their
Conference
or
Treaty
,
there
they
observ'd
neither
Decency
nor
Moderation
,
but
fell
down-right
a
railing
at
each
other
;
Pompey
upbraiding
Lucullus
of
Avarice
,
and
Lucullus
again
retorting
Ambition
upon
Pompey
,
so
that
their
Friends
could
hardly
part
them
.
Now
Lucullus
had
made
a
Distribution
of
all
the
Lands
in
Galatia
within
his
Conquest
,
and
gave
other
Largesses
to
whom
he
pleas'd
;
But
Pompey
encamping
not
far
distant
from
him
,
sent
out
his
Prohibitions
,
whereby
he
forbid
that
any
Man
should
yield
Obedience
to
Lucullus
;
He
likewise
commanded
away
all
his
Soldiers
,
except
only
1600
,
which
he
found
were
likely
to
be
as
unserviceable
to
him
,
as
they
were
ill-affected
to
Lucullus
,
being
Proud
and
Mutinous
.
And
to
these
Acts
Pompey
added
some
Satyrical
Speeches
and
Invectives
against
him
,
detracting
openly
from
the
Glory
of
his
Actions
,
and
giving
out
,
That
the
Battels
of
Lucullus
were
but
imaginary
,
such
as
are
represented
in
Landskips
,
or
at
best
upon
the
Stage
,
with
Kings
personated
in
Tragedies
and
Farces
,
where
there
was
no
more
danger
than
in
painted
Fire
,
whereas
the
real
part
or
brunt
of
the
War
against
a
true
and
well-instructed
Army
was
reserv'd
to
him
,
for
that
Mithridates
began
now
to
be
in
earnest
,
and
had
betaken
himself
to
his
Shields
,
Swords
,
and
Horses
:
Lucullus
on
the
other
side
,
to
be
even
with
him
in
spite
,
replied
,
That
Pompey
came
to
fight
with
the
Image
and
Shadow
of
War
,
it
being
his
usual
practice
,
like
a
lazy
Bird
of
Prey
,
to
quarry
upon
Carcasses
already
slain
,
and
tear
in
pieces
the
reliques
of
a
War
;
For
thus
did
he
entitle
and
attribute
to
himself
the
Conquest
of
Sertorius
,
Lepidus
,
and
the
Accomplices
of
Spartacus
;
whereas
this
was
the
Glory
of
Crassus
,
that
of
Catulus
,
and
the
first
was
to
be
ascrib'd
to
the
Prowess
of
Metellus
:
And
therefore
't
is
no
great
wonder
,
if
the
Glory
of
the
Pontick
and
Armenian
War
,
prove
supposititious
too
,
and
be
usurp'd
by
a
Man
,
who
,
by
such
subtil
Artifices
could
insinuate
and
work
himself
into
the
Honour
of
Triumph
for
a
few
runagate
Slaves
.
After
this
Lucullus
went
away
;
and
Pompey
Sect.
9.
having
plac'd
his
whole
Navy
as
a
Guard
upon
all
those
Seas
betwixt
the
Province
of
Phaenicia
and
the
Bosphorus
,
himself
march'd
against
Mithridates
,
who
had
a
Batalion
of
30000
Foot
,
and
2000
Horse
,
yet
he
durst
not
bid
him
Battel
;
but
lay
securely
encamped
upon
a
strong
Mountain
,
fortifi'd
with
Trenches
and
Rampiers
almost
impregnable
,
which
he
forsook
not
long
after
as
a
Place
destitute
of
Water
;
Now
,
no
sooner
was
he
decamp'd
,
but
that
Pompey
in
the
first
place
made
himself
Master
of
that
Mountain
,
and
observing
well
the
nature
and
thriving
of
the
Plants
there
,
together
with
the
hollow
Beds
which
he
found
in
several
places
,
conjectur'd
that
such
a
Plot
could
not
be
without
Springs
,
and
therefore
he
order'd
them
to
sink
Wells
in
every
Corner
;
whereby
there
was
great
plenty
of
Water
throughout
all
the
Camp
in
a
little
time
;
Insomuch
that
he
admir'd
how
it
was
possible
for
Mithridates
to
be
ignorant
of
this
,
during
all
that
time
of
his
Encampment
there
.
After
this
,
Pompey
pursued
him
to
his
next
Camp
,
and
there
drawing
a
Line
round
about
him
,
encamp'd
himself
,
and
work'd
up
his
Trenches
with
Bastions
and
Rampiers
,
whereby
he
wall'd
up
Mithridates
within
his
own
Camp
.
But
he
having
endur'd
a
Siege
of
45
days
,
made
his
Escape
privily
,
and
fled
away
with
all
the
Choice
of
his
Army
,
having
first
dispatch'd
all
the
sick
and
unserviceable
Persons
in
his
Camp
.
Not
long
after
Pompey
overtook
him
again
near
the
Banks
of
the
River
Euphrates
,
where
he
sate
down
and
Encamped
close
by
him
;
but
fearing
lest
he
should
pass
over
the
River
and
give
him
the
Slip
there
too
,
he
drew
up
his
Army
in
Battalia
against
him
at
Midnight
:
Now
,
't
is
said
,
that
at
that
very
time
Mithridates
saw
a
Vision
in
his
Dream
,
that
did
prognosticate
and
foreshew
what
should
come
to
pass
;
for
he
seem'd
to
be
under
Sail
in
the
Pontick
Sea
with
a
prosperous
Gale
,
and
just
in
view
of
the
Bosphorus
,
discoursing
pleasantly
with
the
Ships
Company
,
as
one
overjoy'd
for
his
past
Danger
and
present
Security
;
when
lo
!
of
a
sudden
he
found
himself
deserted
of
all
,
and
floating
upon
a
little
broken
Plank
of
the
Ship
in
the
mercy
of
Sea
and
Wind.
Whilst
he
was
thus
labouring
under
these
Passions
and
Phantasms
,
some
of
his
Friends
came
into
his
Tent
,
and
awak'd
him
with
the
dreadful
News
of
Pompey's
approach
,
telling
him
,
that
he
was
so
near
at
hand
,
that
now
the
Fight
must
be
for
the
Camp
it self
:
Whereupon
the
Commanders
drew
up
all
his
Forces
in
Battel-array
;
Pompey
perceiving
how
ready
they
were
,
and
prepar'd
for
Defence
,
began
to
doubt
with
himself
,
whether
he
should
put
it
to
the
hazard
of
a
Fight
in
the
dark
,
judging
it
more
consistent
with
Policy
to
encompass
them
only
at
present
,
(
lest
they
should
fly
)
and
give
them
Battel
the
next
day
,
because
his
Men
were
far
the
better
Soldiers
;
But
his
ancient
Commanders
were
of
another
opinion
,
and
by
great
Entreaties
and
Encouragements
wrought
upon
him
,
and
obtain'd
that
they
might
charge
them
immediately
.
Neither
was
the
Night
so
very
dark
,
but
that
(
though
the
Moon
was
declining
,
yet
)
it
gave
light
enough
to
discern
a
Body
:
But
this
rather
deluded
and
put
a
Blind
upon
the
Eye-sight
of
the
King's
Army
,
for
the
Romans
coming
upon
them
with
the
Moon
on
their
Backs
,
the
Moon
(
being
very
low
and
just
upon
setting
)
cast
the
Shadows
a
long
way
before
the
Bodies
,
and
reach'd
e'ne
almost
to
the
Enemy
:
This
dazl'd
their
Eyes
so
,
that
they
(
not
exactly
discerning
the
Distance
,
but
imagining
them
to
be
near
at
hand
)
threw
their
Darts
at
the
Shadows
,
without
the
least
Execution
upon
any
one
body
:
The
Romans
therefore
perceiving
this
,
ran
in
upon
them
with
a
great
Shout
;
but
the
barbarous
People
,
all
in
Amaze
,
being
unable
to
endure
the
Charge
,
were
fearfully
routed
,
and
put
to
Flight
with
a
great
Slaughter
,
insomuch
that
above
10000
were
slain
there
,
and
the
Camp
taken
,
As
for
Mithridates
himself
,
he
,
at
the
beginning
Mithridates
hgis
Flight
.
of
the
Onset
,
with
a
Body
of
800
Horse
Charg'd
through
all
the
Roman
Army
,
and
made
his
Escape
;
but
immediately
all
the
rest
of
that
Regiment
were
dispers'd
and
gone
,
some
one
way
,
some
another
,
and
he
left
only
with
three
Persons
in
his
Retinue
;
Among
whom
was
his
Concubine
or
Mistress
,
Hypsicratia
,
a
Girl
always
of
Manly
Hypsicratia
.
and
daring
Spirit
,
(
and
therefore
the
King
call'd
her
Hypsicrates
:
)
She
being
attired
and
mounted
like
a
Persian
Chevalier
,
accompani'd
the
King
in
all
his
Flight
,
never
weary
even
in
the
longest
Journey
,
nor
ever
fail'd
to
attend
the
King
in
Person
,
and
look
after
his
Horse
too
;
until
they
came
to
Inora
,
a
Palace
or
Castle
of
the
King
's
,
well
stor'd
with
Gold
and
Jewels
,
and
the
King
's
chiefest
Treasure
.
From
thence
Mithridates
took
off
his
richest
Apparel
,
and
gave
it
among
those
that
resorted
to
him
in
their
Flight
;
and
to
every
one
of
his
chiefest
Friends
he
gave
a
deadly
Poyson
,
that
they
might
not
fall
into
the
Hands
of
the
Enemy
against
their
Wills
:
From
thence
he
design'd
to
have
went
to
Tigranes
in
Armenia
,
but
being
prohibited
there
by
Tigranes
,
(
who
had
put
out
a
Proclamation
with
a
Reward
of
100
Talents
to
any
one
that
should
apprehend
him
)
he
passed
by
the
Head
of
the
River
Euphrates
,
and
fled
through
the
Country
of
Colchis
.
Now
had
Pompey
made
an
Invasion
into
He
goes
against
Tigranes
.
the
Country
of
Armenia
,
upon
the
Invitation
of
young
Tigranes
,
for
that
he
was
now
in
Rebellion
against
his
Father
,
and
had
given
Pompey
a
Metting
about
the
River
Araxes
:
(
which
River
rises
near
the
Head
of
Araxes
Fl.
Euphrates
,
but
turning
its
course
and
bending
towards
the
East
,
falls
into
the
Caspian
Sea
.
)
They
two
therefore
march'd
together
through
the
Country
,
taking
in
all
the
Cities
by
the
way
,
and
obliging
them
to
Homage
and
Fealty
:
But
King
Tigranes
(
having
been
harassed
lately
in
a
tedious
War
by
Lucullus
,
and
withal
understanding
that
Pompey
was
generous
in
his
Nature
,
and
of
a
gentle
Disposition
)
put
Guards
into
his
Royal
Palaces
,
and
taking
along
with
him
divers
of
his
Friends
and
Relations
,
went
in
Person
to
surrender
himself
into
the
Hands
of
Pompey
;
He
came
as
far
as
the
Trenches
on
Horseback
,
but
there
he
was
met
by
two
of
Pompey's
Vergers
,
who
commanded
him
to
alight
and
walk
on
Foot
,
for
that
no
Man
was
ever
seen
on
Horseback
within
a
Roman
Camp
:
Tigranes
submitted
to
this
immediately
,
and
not
only
so
,
but
plucking
off
his
Sword
,
deliver'd
up
that
too
;
And
last
of
all
,
as
soon
as
he
appear'd
before
Pompey
,
he
pull'd
off
his
Turbant
or
Royal
Diadem
,
and
attempted
to
have
laid
it
at
his
Feet
;
Nay
,
what
's
worst
of
all
,
even
he
himself
had
fallen
prostrate
as
an
humble
Supplicant
at
his
Knees
,
to
the
Reproach
of
Majesty
,
had
not
Pompey
himself
prevented
it
,
by
taking
and
placing
him
next
upon
his
right
hand
,
and
the
Son
upon
his
left
;
There
Pompey
took
occasion
to
tell
him
,
That
as
to
the
rest
of
his
Losses
,
they
were
chargeable
upon
Lucullus
,
for
that
by
Lucullus
he
had
been
dispossess'd
of
Syria
,
Phaenicia
,
Cilicia
,
Galatia
,
and
Sophene
,
but
all
that
he
had
preserv'd
to
himself
entire
till
that
time
,
he
should
peaceably
enjoy
,
paying
the
Sum
of
6000
Talents
as
a
Fine
or
Penalty
for
Injuries
done
to
the
Romans
,
and
that
his
Son
should
have
the
Kingdom
of
Sophene
.
Tigranes
himself
was
well
pleas'd
with
these
Conditions
of
Peace
,
and
therefore
when
the
Romans
,
in
a
general
Shout
saluted
him
King
,
he
seem'd
to
be
overjoy'd
,
and
promis'd
to
every
common
Soldier
half
a
Mina
of
Silver
,
every
Centurion
or
Captain
ten
Mina's
,
and
to
every
Collonel
or
Commander
of
a
thousand
a
Talent
;
But
the
Son
was
highly
displeas'd
,
insomuch
that
when
he
was
invited
to
Supper
,
he
reply'd
,
That
he
did
not
stand
in
need
of
Pompey
for
that
sort
of
Honour
,
for
he
would
find
out
some
other
Roman
to
Sup
with
:
Whereupon
he
was
clapp'd
up
close
Prisoner
and
reserv'd
for
the
Triumph
.
Not
long
after
this
,
Phraates
King
of
Parthia
§.
10.
Phraates
King
of
Parthia
.
sent
to
Pompey
,
and
demanded
by
his
Ambassadors
,
That
he
should
deliver
up
young
Tigranes
,
as
his
Son-in-Law
;
and
that
the
River
Euphrates
should
be
the
Term
and
Bound
of
their
Empires
:
To
these
Pompey
reply'd
,
That
for
Tigranes
,
he
belong'd
more
to
his
own
natural
Father
,
than
his
Father-in-Law
;
And
for
the
Bounds
,
he
would
take
care
that
they
should
be
set
out
according
to
the
Rules
of
Right
and
Justice
.
So
Pompey
leaving
Armenia
in
the
Custody
Pompey's
Wars
with
the
Albanians
and
Iberians
.
of
Afranius
,
went
himself
in
Chace
of
Mithridates
;
whereby
he
was
forc'd
of
necessity
to
march
through
several
Nations
inhabiting
about
Mount
Caucasus
;
Of
these
Nations
,
the
Albanians
and
Iberians
were
two
of
the
chiefest
:
The
Iberians
stretch
out
as
far
as
the
Moschian
Mountains
,
and
to
the
Realm
of
Pontus
;
The
Albanians
lye
more
Eastwardly
,
and
towards
the
CaspianSea
;
These
barbarous
People
,
the
Albanians
,
at
first
permitted
Pompey
upon
his
Entreaty
to
pass
through
their
Country
,
but
when
they
found
that
the
Winter
had
stoll'n
upon
the
Roman
Army
whilst
they
were
quarter'd
in
their
Country
,
and
withal
that
they
were
busily
exercis'd
in
celebrating
the
Festivals
of
Saturn
,
they
muster'd
up
an
Army
of
no
less
than
40000
Fighting-men
,
and
set
upon
them
,
having
passed
over
the
River
Cyrnus
;
(
which
River
rising
from
the
Cyrnus
Fl.
Mountains
of
Iberia
,
and
receiving
the
River
Araxes
in
its
course
from
Armenia
,
dischargeth
its
self
by
12
distinct
Mouths
or
Channels
into
the
Caspian
Sea
;
although
some
others
are
of
opinion
,
that
Araxes
does
not
fall
into
it
,
but
that
they
flow
very
near
one
another
,
and
so
discharge
themselves
as
Neighbours
into
the
same
Sea
.
)
'T
is
true
,
't
was
in
the
power
of
Pompey
to
have
obstructed
the
Enemies
Passage
over
the
River
,
but
he
suffer'd
them
to
pass
over
quietly
;
and
then
drawing
up
his
Forces
and
giving
Battel
,
he
routed
them
and
slew
a
great
number
of
them
in
the
Field
:
But
the
King
sent
Ambassadors
with
his
Submission
,
wherefore
Pompey
,
upon
his
Supplication
,
pardon'd
the
Offence
,
and
having
enter'd
into
a
League
with
him
,
he
marched
directly
against
the
Iberians
,
an
Army
no
less
in
number
than
the
other
,
but
much
more
Warlike
,
and
withal
under
a
solemn
Resolution
both
of
gratifying
Mithridates
,
and
driving
out
Pompey
:
These
Iberians
were
in
no
wise
subject
to
the
Medes
or
Persians
,
and
they
hapned
likewise
to
escape
the
Dominion
of
the
Macedonians
,
in
that
Alexander
was
so
quick
in
his
March
through
Hyrcanid
;
but
these
also
Pompey
subdued
in
a
great
and
bloody
Battel
,
wherein
there
were
slain
9000
upon
the
Spot
,
and
more
than
10000
taken
Prisoners
.
From
thence
he
went
into
the
Country
of
Colchis
,
where
Servilius
met
him
by
the
River
Phasis
,
having
his
Fleet
(
with
which
he
guarded
the
Pontick
Sea
)
riding
at
Anchor
there
;
Now
this
pursuit
of
Mithridates
seem'd
to
carry
great
Difficulties
in
it
,
for
that
he
had
conceal'd
himself
among
the
Nations
that
inhabit
about
the
Bosphorus
and
the
Lake
of
Maeotis
;
and
besides
,
News
was
brought
to
Pompey
that
the
Albanians
had
revolted
again
:
This
made
him
divert
his
Course
,
and
bend
his
Forces
against
them
with
Resolutions
full
of
Wrath
and
Revenge
,
insomuch
that
he
passed
back
again
over
the
Cyrnus
with
great
Difficulty
and
Danger
,
for
that
the
barbarous
People
had
fortifi'd
it
a
great
way
down
the
Banks
with
Rampiers
and
Palisado's
;
After
this
having
a
tedious
long
March
to
make
through
a
thirsty
and
rough
Country
,
he
order'd
10000
Bottles
to
be
fill'd
with
Water
,
and
so
advanced
towards
the
Enemy
;
whom
he
found
drawn
up
in
order
of
Battel
near
the
River
Abas
,
to
the
number
of
60000
Horse
and
12000
Foot
,
ill
arm'd
generally
,
and
many
of
them
cover'd
only
with
the
Skins
of
wild
Beasts
:
Their
General
was
Cosis
the
King's
Brother
,
who
as
soon
as
the
Battel
was
begun
,
singled
out
Pompey
,
and
rushing
in
upon
him
,
darted
his
Javelin
into
the
Joynts
of
his
Breast-plate
;
which
Pompey
receiv'd
,
and
in
return
,
struck
him
thro'
the
Body
with
his
Launce
,
and
slew
him
.
'T
is
reported
,
That
in
this
Fight
there
were
several
Amazons
that
came
as
Auxiliaries
Amazons
.
to
these
Barbarians
,
and
that
they
came
down
from
those
Mountains
that
run
along
by
the
River
Thermodon
;
for
that
after
the
Battel
when
the
Romans
were
taking
the
Spoil
and
Plunder
of
the
Field
,
they
met
with
several
Targets
and
Buskins
of
the
Amazons
,
but
there
was
not
the
Body
of
a
Woman
to
be
seen
among
all
the
dead
;
They
inhabit
those
Parts
of
Mount
Caucasus
that
look
towards
the
Hyrcanian
Sea
,
(
not
bordering
upon
the
Albanians
,
for
that
the
Territories
of
the
Gelae
and
the
Leges
lye
betwixt
:
)
And
with
these
People
do
they
yearly
,
two
Months
only
,
accompany
themselves
,
and
cohabit
Bed
and
Board
near
the
River
Thermodon
;
after
that
they
retire
to
their
own
Habitations
,
and
live
alone
all
the
rest
of
the
Year
.
After
this
Engagement
Pompey
was
resolutely
bent
with
his
Forces
upon
the
Country
of
Hyrcania
and
the
Caspian
Sea
,
but
was
forc'd
to
retreat
after
three
days
March
,
by
reason
of
the
Venemous
Serpents
that
were
infinitely
numerous
in
those
Countries
:
And
so
he
fell
into
Armenia
the
Less
;
Whilst
he
was
there
,
the
Kings
of
the
Elymaeans
and
Medes
dispatch'd
Ambassadors
to
him
,
which
he
accepted
of
,
and
made
his
Returns
as
amicacably
He
conquers
the
King
of
Parthia
.
by
Letter
;
But
for
the
King
of
Parthia
who
had
made
Incursions
upon
Gordyne
,
and
despoil'd
the
Subjects
of
Tygranes
,
he
an
Army
against
him
under
the
Command
of
Afranius
,
who
put
him
to
the
Rout
,
and
follow'd
him
in
Chace
as
far
as
Arbelitis
.
Among
all
the
Concubines
of
King
Mithridates
that
were
brought
before
Pompey
,
he
had
not
the
Carnal
knowledge
of
any
one
,
but
sent
them
all
away
to
their
Parents
and
Relations
,
for
that
most
of
them
were
either
the
Daughters
or
Wives
of
Princes
and
great
Commanders
;
excepting
only
Stratonice
,
(
who
,
of
all
the
rest
,
had
Stratonice
.
the
greatest
Power
and
Influence
upon
him
,
and
to
whom
he
had
committed
the
Custody
of
his
best
and
richest
Fortress
:
)
She
(
it
seems
)
was
the
Daughter
of
a
certain
Musician
,
an
ancient
Man
,
and
of
no
great
Fortune
;
but
she
happening
to
sing
one
night
before
Mithridates
at
a
Banquet
,
struck
his
Fancy
so
,
that
immediately
he
took
her
to
Bed
with
him
,
whereby
he
sent
away
the
old
Man
much
dissatisfy'd
,
in
that
he
had
taken
his
Daughter
,
without
one
kind
word
to
himself
:
But
when
he
arose
in
the
Morning
,
and
saw
the
Tables
within
richly
cover'd
with
Plate
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
a
great
Retinue
of
Servants
,
Eunuchs
and
Pages
attending
him
with
rich
Garments
,
and
withal
a
Horse
standing
before
the
door
richly
caparison'd
,
in
all
things
as
't
was
usual
with
the
King's
Favourites
,
he
look'd
upon
it
all
as
a
piece
of
Pageantry
,
and
thinking
himself
mock'd
and
abus'd
in
it
,
attempted
to
have
slip'd
out
of
doors
and
run
away
;
but
the
Servants
laying
hold
upon
him
,
and
informing
him
really
,
that
the
King
had
bestow'd
on
him
the
House
and
Furniture
of
a
rich
Nobleman
lately
Deceased
,
and
that
these
were
but
the
first
Fruits
or
small
Earnests
of
greater
Riches
and
Possessions
that
were
to
come
,
he
was
perswaded
at
last
with
much
difficulty
to
believe
them
;
Thereupon
putting
on
his
Purple
Robes
,
and
mounting
his
Horse
,
he
rode
through
the
City
,
crying
out
,
All
this
is
mine
;
And
to
those
that
laugh'd
at
him
,
he
said
,
There
was
no
such
wonder
in
this
,
but
rather
that
he
did
not
throw
Stones
at
all
he
met
,
he
was
so
transported
with
Joy
:
Such
was
the
Parentage
and
Blood
of
Stratonice
.
Now
she
deliver'd
up
this
Castle
into
the
hands
of
Pompey
,
and
offer'd
him
many
Presents
of
great
Value
,
whereof
he
receiv'd
only
such
as
he
thought
might
serve
to
adorn
the
Temples
of
the
Gods
,
and
add
to
the
Splendor
of
his
Triumph
;
the
rest
he
left
to
Stratonice's
Disposal
,
bidding
her
to
please
her self
in
the
enjoyment
of
them
.
And
in
this
manner
did
he
deal
with
the
Presents
sent
from
the
King
of
Iberia
,
who
presented
him
with
a
Bedstead
,
Table
,
and
a
Chair
of
State
all
beaten
Gold
,
desiring
him
to
accept
of
them
,
but
he
deliver'd
them
all
into
the
Custody
of
the
publick
Treasurers
for
the
use
of
the
Common-wealth
.
In
another
Castle
call'd
Caenon
,
or
New-Fort
,
Pompey
seiz'd
upon
several
secret
Writing
of
Mithridates
,
which
he
perus'd
with
no
small
delight
,
in
that
they
discover'd
in
a
great
measure
the
King's
Nature
and
Inclination
;
For
there
were
Memoirs
whereby
it
appear'd
,
That
besides
divers
others
,
he
had
made
away
his
Son
Ariarathes
by
Poyson
,
as
also
Alcaeus
the
Sardian
,
for
that
he
had
gotten
the
better
of
him
in
a
Horse-Race
:
There
were
likewise
several
Judgments
upon
the
Interpretations
of
Dreams
,
some
of
his
own
Visions
,
and
some
of
his
Mistresses
;
and
besides
these
,
there
was
a
pleasant
Intercourse
of
wanton
Love-Letters
with
his
Concubine
Monime
:
Now
Theophanes
tells
us
,
That
there
was
found
likewise
a
sharp
Oration
of
Rutilius
,
wherein
he
attempted
to
exasperate
him
even
to
the
slaughter
of
all
the
Romans
in
Asia
;
Though
most
Men
justly
conjecture
this
to
be
a
malicious
Device
of
Theophanes
,
who
hated
Rutilius
,
for
that
he
himself
in
comparison
was
but
a
Counterfeit
to
him
;
or
perhaps
it
might
be
to
gratifie
Pompey
,
whose
Father
is
describ'd
by
Rutilius
in
his
History
to
be
the
vilest
Man
alive
.
From
thence
Pompey
came
to
the
City
of
Amisus
,
where
his
Ambition
led
him
to
such
odious
Acts
,
as
he
himself
had
condemn'd
in
others
before
;
For
whereas
he
had
often
and
sharply
reproach'd
Lucullus
,
in
that
,
while
the
Enemy
was
yet
in
being
,
he
had
taken
upon
him
to
establish
Laws
,
and
distribute
Rewards
and
Honours
,
as
Conquerors
use
to
do
only
when
the
War
was
brought
to
an
end
,
yet
now
was
he
himself
(
while
Mithridates
was
Paramount
in
the
Realm
of
Bosphorus
at
the
Head
of
a
puissant
Army
)
as
if
all
were
ended
,
just
doing
the
same
thing
,
regulating
the
Provinces
,
and
distributing
Rewards
;
Many
great
Commanders
and
Princes
having
flock'd
to
him
,
together
with
no
less
than
12
barbarous
Kings
;
Insomuch
as
to
gratifie
these
other
Kings
,
when
he
wrote
to
the
King
of
Parthia
,
he
would
not
condescend
(
as
others
us'd
to
do
)
in
the
Superscription
of
his
Letter
,
to
give
him
his
Title
of
King
of
Kings
.
Moreover
he
had
a
great
Desire
and
§
II.
Design'd
for
Syria
,
to
compleat
his
Conquests
.
Emulation
to
take
in
Syria
,
and
to
march
through
Arabia
to
the
Red-Sea
,
that
he
might
extend
his
Conquest
every
way
to
the
great
Ocean
,
that
does
encompass
the
whole
Earth
;
For
in
Africa
he
was
the
first
Roman
that
advanced
his
Victories
to
the
Ocean
;
and
again
in
Spain
,
he
enlarg'd
the
Roman
Empire
,
extending
its
bounds
to
the
Atlantick
Sea
;
Then
thirdly
,
in
his
late
pursuit
of
the
Albanians
,
he
wanted
but
little
of
reaching
the
Hyrcanian
Sea
:
Wherefore
he
rais'd
his
Camp
,
designing
to
bring
the
Red-Sea
within
the
Circuit
of
his
Expedition
,
especially
for
that
he
saw
how
difficult
it
was
to
hunt
after
Mithridates
with
an
Army
,
and
that
he
would
prove
a
worse
Enemy
flying
than
fighting
;
But
yet
he
declar'd
,
That
he
would
leave
a
sharper
Enemy
behind
him
than
himself
,
to
wit
,
Famine
,
and
therefore
he
appointed
a
Guard
of
Ships
to
lye
in
wait
for
the
Merchants
that
sail'd
to
the
Bosphorus
,
having
prohibited
all
upon
pain
of
Death
that
should
attempt
to
carry
Provisions
or
Merchandizes
thither
.
Then
he
set
forward
with
the
greatest
part
of
his
Army
,
and
in
his
March
he
casually
happen'd
upon
several
dead
Bodies
of
the
Romans
uninterr'd
,
which
were
of
those
Soldiers
that
were
unfortunately
slain
with
Triarius
in
the
Wars
against
Mithridates
,
these
he
buried
all
splendidly
and
honourably
;
The
neglect
whereof
,
't
is
thought
,
caus'd
the
first
Hatred
against
Lucullus
,
and
alienated
the
Affections
of
the
Soldiers
from
him
.
Pompey
having
now
by
his
Forces
H●
subd●●d
the
Arabians
,
and
reduced
Syria
and
Jud●a
under
the
Command
of
Afranius
,
subdued
the
Arabians
that
inhabit
about
the
Mountain
Amanus
,
fell
himself
into
Syria
,
and
finding
it
destitute
of
any
natural
and
lawful
Prince
,
reduced
it
into
the
form
of
a
Province
,
as
an
Inheritance
of
the
People
of
Rome
.
He
conquer'd
Judaea
,
and
alter'd
the
form
of
Government
there
,
having
taken
King
Aristobulus
Captive
;
Some
Cities
he
built
anew
,
and
others
he
set
at
liberty
,
chastizing
those
Tyrants
that
brought
them
into
Bondage
.
The
greatest
time
that
he
spent
there
was
in
the
Administration
of
Justice
,
deciding
the
Controversies
of
Kings
and
States
,
and
where
he
himself
could
not
be
present
in
Person
,
he
gave
Commission
to
his
Friends
and
sent
them
:
Thus
when
there
arose
a
Difference
betwixt
the
Armenians
and
Parthians
,
touching
the
Title
of
a
Country
,
and
the
Judgment
was
referr'd
to
him
,
he
gave
a
Power
by
Commission
to
three
Judges
and
Arbiters
to
hear
and
determine
the
Question
:
For
the
Name
of
his
Power
indeed
was
great
;
Neither
were
His
mild
Temper
.
the
Vertues
of
his
Justice
and
Clemency
inferiour
to
that
of
his
Power
,
whereby
he
cover'd
a
multitude
of
Crimes
committed
by
his
Friends
and
Familiars
about
him
;
for
although
it
was
not
in
his
Nature
to
check
or
chastise
an
Offender
,
yet
he
would
demean
himself
so
to
those
that
addressed
with
Complaints
against
them
,
that
the
Party
griev'd
went
always
away
contented
,
forgetting
the
Injuries
,
and
patiently
bearing
even
with
their
Covetousness
and
Oppression
.
Among
these
Friends
of
his
,
there
His
Favourite
Demetrius
.
was
one
Demetrius
,
that
had
the
greatest
Power
and
Influence
upon
him
of
any
;
he
was
a
Bond-man
infranchiz'd
,
one
of
a
very
good
Understanding
,
however
otherwise
but
a
Youth
,
and
somewhat
too
insolent
in
his
good
Fortune
,
of
whom
there
goes
this
Story
:
Cato
the
Philosopher
(
being
as
yet
a
very
young
Man
,
but
of
great
Judgment
and
a
noble
Mind
)
took
a
Journey
of
Pleasure
to
Antioch
,
having
a
great
desire
in
Pompey's
absence
,
to
see
the
City
:
He
therefore
,
as
his
Custom
was
,
walked
on
Foot
,
and
his
Friends
accompani'd
him
on
Horseback
;
But
seeing
before
the
Gates
of
the
City
a
Multitude
all
in
white
Garments
,
(
the
young
Men
on
one
side
of
the
Road
,
and
the
Boys
on
the
other
)
he
was
somewhat
offended
at
it
,
imagining
that
it
was
officiously
done
in
Honour
of
him
,
which
was
more
than
he
requir'd
;
However
he
desired
his
Companions
to
alight
and
walk
with
him
:
But
when
they
drew
near
,
the
Master
of
the
Ceremonies
in
this
Procession
came
out
with
a
Garland
and
a
Rod
in
his
Hand
,
and
met
them
,
enquiring
,
Where
they
had
left
Demetrius
?
and
when
he
would
come
?
Whereupon
Cato's
Companions
burst
out
into
a
Laughter
,
but
Cato
said
only
,
Alas
poor
City
!
and
passed
by
without
any
other
Answer
:
Now
,
't
is
clear
,
that
Pompey
himself
render'd
Demetrius
less
odious
to
others
,
by
enduring
his
Sawciness
and
Insolence
against
himself
:
For
,
't
is
reported
how
that
Pompey
,
when
he
had
invited
his
Friends
to
an
Entertainment
,
would
be
very
Ceremonious
in
attending
till
they
came
and
were
all
plac'd
,
whereas
Demetrius
would
rudely
seat
himself
at
the
Table
with
his
Head
cover'd
even
to
his
Ears
,
before
any
one
else
could
sit
down
:
Moreover
before
his
return
into
Italy
,
he
had
purchased
the
pleasantest
Villa
or
Country-Seat
about
Rome
,
with
the
fairest
Walks
and
Places
for
Exercise
,
and
the
most
compleat
Gardens
,
call'd
by
the
Name
of
Demetrius
,
notwithstanding
that
Pompey
his
Master
was
contented
with
a
mean
and
thrifty
Habitation
till
his
third
Consulship
.
Afterwards
,
't
is
true
,
when
he
had
erected
that
famous
and
stately
Theater
for
the
People
of
Rome
he
built
(
as
an
Appendix
to
it
)
an
House
for
himself
much
more
splendid
than
his
former
,
and
yet
as
much
beneath
the
stroke
of
Envy
;
Insomuch
as
he
that
came
to
be
Master
of
that
House
after
Pompey
,
could
not
but
admire
at
it
,
and
seem
very
Inquisitive
,
Where
Pompey
the
Great
us'd
to
Sup
?
Thus
are
these
things
reported
.
The
King
of
Arabia
Petraea
,
who
had
hitherto
despis'd
the
Power
of
the
Romans
,
now
began
to
think
it
dreadful
;
and
therefore
dispatch'd
Letters
to
him
,
wherein
he
promis'd
to
be
at
his
Devotion
,
and
do
what
he
would
Command
;
However
Pompey
having
a
desire
to
confirm
and
keep
him
He
marches
for
Arabia
Petra
.
in
the
same
Mind
,
marched
forwards
for
Petra
,
an
Expedition
not
altogether
irreprehensible
,
in
the
opinion
of
many
;
for
by
this
't
was
generally
thought
he
did
clearly
decline
the
Chace
of
Mithridates
,
whereas
they
thought
themselves
bound
to
turn
their
Arms
against
him
as
their
inveterate
Enemy
,
who
now
had
blown
up
the
Coal
again
,
and
reinforced
his
shattered
Troops
with
fresh
Preparations
(
as
't
was
reported
)
to
lead
his
Army
through
Scythia
and
Pannonia
into
Italy
:
Pompey
on
the
other
side
,
judging
it
easier
to
break
his
Forces
in
Battel
,
than
seize
his
Person
in
Flight
,
resolv'd
not
to
tire
himself
out
in
a
vain
Pursuit
,
but
rather
to
spend
his
time
in
diverting
the
War
upon
another
Enemy
,
as
a
proper
Digression
in
the
mean
while
.
But
Fortune
resolv'd
the
Doubt
;
for
whilst
he
was
yet
not
far
from
Petra
,
and
had
pitch'd
his
Tents
and
encamped
for
that
day
,
as
he
was
riding
and
managing
his
Horse
without
the
Camp
,
there
came
an
Express
by
Mithridates
his
Death
.
the
flying
Post
out
of
Pontus
with
good
News
,
as
was
easily
discernible
a
far
off
by
the
Heads
of
their
Javelins
that
were
crown'd
with
Branches
of
Laurel
;
The
Soldiers
,
as
soon
as
they
saw
them
,
flocked
immediately
to
Pompey
,
who
notwithstanding
was
minded
to
make
an
end
of
his
Exercise
;
but
when
they
began
to
be
clamorous
and
importunate
,
he
alighted
from
his
Horse
,
and
taking
the
Letters
,
went
before
them
into
the
Camp
;
Now
there
being
no
Tribunal
erected
there
,
nor
yet
any
military
Hillock
,
(
such
as
they
use
to
make
by
cutting
up
thick
Turfes
of
Earth
and
piling
them
one
upon
another
)
they
through
eagerness
and
impatience
heap'd
up
a
pile
of
Pack-saddles
,
and
Pompey
standing
upon
that
,
told
them
the
News
of
Mithridates
his
Death
,
how
that
he
had
laid
violent
hands
upon
himself
,
upon
the
Revolt
of
his
Son
Pharnaces
,
and
that
Pharnaces
had
taken
all
things
there
into
his
hands
and
possession
,
which
he
did
(
as
his
Letters
speak
)
in
right
of
himself
and
the
Romans
:
Upon
this
News
the
whole
Army
expressing
their
Joy
(
as
was
fit
)
fell
to
their
Devotion
in
sacrificing
to
the
Gods
and
Feasting
,
as
if
in
the
Person
of
Mithridates
alone
there
had
died
many
thousands
of
their
Enemies
.
Pompey
by
this
occasion
having
brought
this
War
to
an
end
,
with
much
more
ease
than
was
expected
,
departed
forthwith
out
of
Arabia
,
and
passing
cursorily
through
the
intermediate
Provinces
,
he
came
at
length
to
the
City
Amisus
;
There
he
receiv'd
many
Presents
brought
from
Pharnaces
,
and
several
Bodies
of
the
Royal
Blood
,
together
with
the
Corps
of
Mithridates
himself
,
which
was
not
easie
to
be
known
by
the
Face
,
(
for
the
Chyrurgion
that
embalm'd
him
had
not
dry'd
up
his
Brain
)
but
those
who
were
very
curious
to
see
him
,
knew
him
by
the
Scars
there
;
Pompey
himself
would
not
endure
to
see
him
,
but
to
expiate
the
Wrath
of
the
Gods
,
he
sent
it
away
to
the
City
of
Sinope
;
He
admir'd
the
Riches
of
his
Robes
,
no
less
than
the
greatness
and
splendor
of
his
Armour
;
The
Scabbard
of
his
Sword
(
that
cost
400
Talents
)
was
stolen
by
Publius
,
and
sold
to
Ariarathes
;
His
Cidaris
also
or
Crown
,
a
piece
of
admirable
Workmanship
,
being
begg'd
of
Caius
the
Foster
Brother
of
Mithridates
,
was
given
secretly
to
Faustus
the
Son
of
Sylla
;
All
which
Pompey
was
ignorant
of
,
but
afterwards
when
Pharnaces
came
to
understand
it
,
he
severely
punish'd
those
that
imbezell'd
them
.
Pompey
now
having
order'd
all
things
,
§
12.
and
established
that
Province
,
he
took
his
Journey
homewards
in
greater
Pomp
and
State
than
ever
;
for
when
he
came
to
Mitylene
,
he
gave
the
City
their
freedom
upon
the
Intercession
of
Theophanes
,
and
was
present
He
's
a
Lover
of
Arts
and
Sciences
.
at
certain
Anniversary
Games
or
Exercises
,
where
the
Poets
in
a
vertuous
Contention
rehearse
their
Works
,
having
at
that
time
no
other
Theam
or
Subject
than
the
Actions
of
Pompey
;
but
he
was
exceedingly
pleas'd
with
the
Theater
it self
,
and
drew
a
Model
or
Platform
of
it
,
intending
to
erect
one
in
Rome
after
the
same
form
,
but
larger
and
with
more
Magnificence
;
When
he
came
to
Rhodes
,
he
heard
the
Disputes
of
the
Sophisters
or
Logicians
there
,
and
gave
to
every
one
of
them
a
Talent
;
And
Posidonius
has
written
the
Disputation
which
he
held
before
him
against
Hermagoras
the
Rhetorician
,
wherein
he
was
Opponent
upon
the
Question
touching
Universale
.
At
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Athens
also
he
did
the
like
,
and
shew'd
his
Munificence
among
the
Philosophers
there
,
as
he
did
likewise
in
bestowing
50
Talents
towards
the
repairing
and
beautifying
the
City
:
So
that
now
by
all
these
Acts
he
well
hoped
to
return
into
Italy
in
the
greatest
Splendor
and
Glory
of
any
Mortal
Man
,
having
likewise
a
passionate
desire
to
be
seen
of
his
Family
,
where
he
thought
he
was
equally
desired
:
But
that
God
whose
Province
and
Charge
it
is
always
to
mix
some
Ingredient
of
Evil
even
with
the
greatest
and
most
glorious
Goods
of
Fortune
,
had
privily
provided
a
bitter
Potion
at
home
for
him
,
whereby
to
make
his
Return
more
sorrowful
;
for
Mutia
,
during
his
absence
,
had
dishonour'd
his
Bed
;
Whilst
he
was
abroad
Mutia
divorced
.
at
a
distance
,
he
gave
little
heed
to
the
Report
,
but
when
he
drew
nearer
to
Italy
,
where
the
Report
grew
warmer
,
and
that
his
Thoughts
were
at
leisure
to
muse
upon
the
Crime
and
Reproach
,
then
he
sent
he
a
Bill
of
Divorce
;
but
neither
then
in
Writing
,
nor
afterwards
in
Discourse
,
did
her
ever
give
a
Reason
why
he
discharged
her
,
but
the
Cause
is
mention'd
in
Cicero's
Epistles
.
Now
there
were
various
Rumours
scattered
Disbands
his
Army
.
abroad
touching
Pompey
,
and
were
carried
to
Rome
before
him
;
so
that
there
was
a
great
Tumult
and
Stir
,
as
if
he
design'd
forthwith
to
march
with
his
Army
directly
into
the
City
,
and
establish
himself
in
a
Monarchy
;
Thereupon
Crassus
withdrew
himself
,
together
with
his
Children
and
Fortunes
,
out
of
the
City
,
either
that
he
was
really
afraid
,
or
that
he
counterfeited
rather
(
as
was
most
probable
)
to
give
credit
to
the
Calumny
,
and
exasperate
the
malice
of
the
People
.
Pompey
therefore
,
as
soon
as
he
enter'd
into
Italy
,
called
a
general
Muster
of
the
Army
,
and
having
made
an
Oration
suitable
to
the
Genius
of
the
Time
and
his
Soldiers
,
and
rewarded
them
liberally
,
he
commanded
them
to
depart
,
every
Man
to
his
Country
,
and
place
of
Habitation
,
only
with
this
Memento
,
that
they
would
not
fail
to
meet
again
at
his
Triumph
.
Thus
the
Army
being
disbanded
,
and
the
News
of
it
commonly
reported
,
there
happened
out
an
admirable
Passage
;
For
when
the
Cities
saw
Pompey
the
Great
unarm'd
,
and
with
a
small
Train
of
Familiar
Friends
only
,
(
as
if
he
was
returning
from
a
Journey
of
Pleasure
,
not
from
his
Conquests
)
they
came
pouring
in
upon
him
out
of
pure
Affection
and
Reverence
,
attending
and
conducting
him
to
Rome
,
with
far
greater
Forces
than
he
disbanded
,
insomuch
that
if
he
had
design'd
any
Stirs
or
Innovation
in
the
State
,
he
might
have
done
it
without
the
Assistance
of
his
Army
.
Now
,
because
the
Law
permitted
no
Man
to
enter
into
the
City
before
the
Triumph
,
therefore
he
sent
to
the
Senate
,
entreating
them
to
prorogue
the
Election
of
Consuls
,
and
grant
him
the
favour
,
that
with
his
presence
he
might
countenance
Piso
,
one
of
the
Candidates
at
that
time
;
but
this
was
sharply
oppos'd
by
Cato
,
whereby
he
fail'd
of
his
Design
;
However
,
Pompey
could
not
but
admire
that
liberty
and
boldness
of
Speech
in
Cato
,
wherewith
he
alone
above
all
others
,
durst
openly
engage
in
the
maintenance
of
Law
and
Justice
;
he
therefore
had
a
great
desire
to
win
him
over
,
and
purchase
his
Friendship
at
any
rate
;
and
to
that
end
,
Cato
having
two
Neeces
(
Daughters
of
his
Sister
)
Pompey
propos'd
one
in
Marriage
for
himself
,
the
other
for
his
Son
;
But
Cato
suspected
the
Motion
as
a
colourable
design
of
corrupting
and
bribing
his
Justice
by
Alliance
,
and
therefore
would
not
hearken
to
it
;
which
was
hainously
resented
by
his
Wife
and
Sister
,
that
he
should
reject
an
Affinity
with
Pompey
the
Great
;
About
that
time
Pompey
having
a
design
of
setting
up
Afranius
for
the
Consulship
,
gave
a
Sum
of
Money
among
the
Tribes
for
their
Voices
,
some
whereof
was
receiv'd
even
in
his
own
Gardens
,
insomuch
that
when
this
Practice
came
to
be
bruited
abroad
,
Pompey
was
very
ill
spoken
of
,
for
that
he
who
had
had
the
Honour
of
that
Government
as
a
just
Reward
of
his
greater
Merits
,
should
now
make
Merchandize
of
that
very
Honour
,
for
one
that
had
neither
Vertue
or
Courage
to
deserve
it
;
Whereupon
Cato
took
occasion
to
tell
the
Ladies
,
Now
,
said
he
,
had
we
contracted
an
Alliance
with
Pompey
,
we
had
been
allied
to
this
Dishonour
too
;
which
when
they
heard
,
they
could
not
but
acknowledge
and
subscribe
to
him
,
as
one
of
a
more
piercing
Judgment
in
Matters
of
Prudence
and
Morality
than
themselves
.
The
Splendor
and
Magnificence
of
Pompey's
His
3d
Triumph
.
Triumph
was
such
,
That
(
though
it
held
the
space
of
two
days
,
yet
)
they
were
extremely
straitned
in
Time
;
so
that
of
what
was
prepared
for
that
Pageantry
,
there
was
as
much
subducted
,
as
would
have
set
out
and
adorn'd
another
Triumph
.
But
in
the
first
place
,
there
were
Tables
carried
,
wherein
were
written
the
Names
and
Titles
of
all
those
Nations
over
whom
he
triumph'd
,
such
as
were
,
The
Kingdoms
of
Pontus
,
Armenia
,
Cappadocia
,
Paphlagonia
,
Media
,
Colchis
,
Iberia
,
Albania
,
Syria
,
Cilicia
,
and
Mesopotamia
,
together
with
the
Countries
about
Phaenicia
and
Palaestine
,
Judaea
,
Arabia
,
and
all
the
Power
of
the
Pirates
subdued
by
Sea
and
Land
:
And
in
these
Countries
there
appeared
the
taking
of
no
less
than
1000
Castles
,
nor
much
less
than
900
Cities
,
together
with
800
Ships
of
the
Pirates
,
and
the
Peopling
of
39
Towns
that
lay
desolate
and
depopulated
:
Besides
,
there
was
set
forth
in
these
Tables
,
an
account
of
all
the
Tributes
throughout
the
Roman
Empire
,
and
how
that
before
these
Conquests
,
the
Revenue
amounted
but
to
5000
Myriads
,
whereas
by
his
Acquisitions
,
't
was
advanced
to
8500
,
and
withal
that
for
Advance
at
present
he
brought
into
the
common
Treasury
of
ready
Money
,
Gold
and
Silver
,
Plate
and
Jewels
,
to
the
value
of
20000
Talents
,
over
and
above
that
which
had
been
distributed
among
the
Soldiers
,
whereof
he
that
had
least
▪
had
1500
Drachma's
for
his
share
,
The
Prisoners
of
War
that
were
led
in
Triumph
,
besides
the
Arch-Pirates
,
were
the
Son
of
Tigranes
,
King
of
Armenia
,
with
his
Wife
and
Daughter
;
as
also
Zosime
,
the
Wife
of
King
Tigranes
himself
,
and
Aristobulus
,
King
of
Judaea
.
The
Sister
of
King
Mithridates
,
and
her
five
Sons
;
and
some
Ladies
of
Scythia
.
There
were
likewise
the
Hostages
of
the
Albanians
and
Iberians
;
and
the
King
of
Comagena
;
besides
a
vast
number
of
Trophies
,
answering
directly
and
deciphering
out
each
particular
Battel
,
in
which
he
was
Conqueror
either
himself
in
Person
,
or
by
his
Lieutenants
.
But
that
that
seem'd
to
be
his
greatest
Glory
,
and
that
no
other
Roman
ever
attain'd
to
,
was
this
,
That
he
made
his
third
Triumph
over
the
third
part
of
the
World
;
For
many
among
the
Romans
had
the
Honour
of
Triumphing
thrice
;
but
his
first
Triumph
,
was
over
Africa
,
his
second
,
over
Europe
,
and
this
last
,
over
Asia
;
so
that
he
seem'd
in
these
three
Triumphs
,
to
have
led
the
whole
World
in
Chains
.
As
for
Pompey's
Age
,
those
who
affect
to
§
13.
make
the
Paralel
exact
in
all
things
betwixt
Him
and
Alexander
the
Great
,
would
not
allow
him
to
be
quite
34
,
whereas
in
truth
,
at
that
time
he
was
near
40
:
Oh
that
he
had
crowned
his
days
,
and
breath'd
out
his
last
,
even
then
when
with
Alexander's
Age
he
had
his
Fortune
too
!
But
all
the
remainder
of
his
Life-time
was
extremely
unfortunate
,
wherein
his
Prosperity
became
odious
,
and
his
Adversity
incurable
;
His
Change
of
Fortune
.
For
that
great
Power
and
Authority
which
he
had
gain'd
in
the
City
by
his
greater
Merits
,
even
that
was
made
use
of
only
in
Patronizing
the
Iniquities
of
others
,
so
that
by
advancing
their
Fortunes
,
he
detracted
from
his
own
Glory
,
till
at
last
he
was
dashed
in
pieces
by
the
force
and
greatness
of
his
own
Power
:
And
as
the
strongest
Citadel
or
Fort
in
a
Town
,
when
it
is
attack'd
and
taken
by
an
Enemy
,
does
then
afford
the
same
Strength
to
the
Foe
,
as
it
had
done
to
Friends
before
;
so
Caesar
being
exalted
in
the
State
by
the
Power
of
Pompey
,
overthrew
and
ruin'd
him
by
the
same
Force
and
Arts
by
which
he
had
trampled
down
others
:
And
thus
it
came
to
pass
.
Lucullus
,
when
he
return'd
out
of
Asia
,
Impeach'd
by
Lucullus
.
where
he
had
been
despitefully
treated
by
Pompey
,
met
with
an
honourable
Reception
from
the
Senate
,
and
much
more
when
Pompey
was
present
;
for
then
they
encourag'd
him
to
reassume
his
Authority
in
the
administration
of
the
Government
,
whereas
he
was
now
grown
old
and
unactive
in
Business
,
having
given
himself
over
to
his
softer
Pleasures
,
and
then
enjoyment
of
a
splendid
Fortune
:
Hereupon
he
began
presently
to
bear
up
against
Pompey
,
and
took
him
up
sharply
,
whereby
he
obtain'd
those
Acts
and
Decrees
of
his
,
which
were
repealed
by
Pompey
,
to
be
re-established
,
insomuch
that
by
the
Assistance
of
Cato
he
had
a
greater
Interest
in
the
Senate
than
Pompey
:
Now
Pompey
having
fallen
from
his
Joyns
with
the
Commons
.
Hopes
in
such
an
unworthy
Repulse
,
was
forced
to
fly
to
the
Tribunes
of
the
People
for
Refuge
,
and
make
his
Interest
with
the
light
young
Men
of
the
Town
;
Among
whom
there
was
one
Clodius
(
the
vilest
and
most
impudent
Wretch
alive
)
undertook
him
,
and
expos'd
him
as
a
Tool
to
the
Rabble
;
for
he
had
him
always
at
his
Elbow
,
even
beneath
his
Dignity
,
carrying
him
up
and
down
among
the
Throngs
in
the
Market-place
,
to
countenance
those
Laws
and
Speeches
which
he
made
to
cajole
the
People
,
and
ingratiate
himself
;
And
at
last
for
his
Reward
,
he
demanded
of
Pompey
(
as
a
thing
no
way
dishonourable
but
beneficial
)
That
he
should
forsake
Cicero
his
great
Forsakes
Cicero
.
Friend
,
and
one
that
had
highly
deserv'd
of
him
as
an
Advocate
in
defending
his
Causes
and
Affairs
in
the
Common-wealth
;
Which
he
obtain'd
afterwards
,
for
when
Cicero
happen'd
to
be
in
some
Danger
,
and
implored
his
Aid
,
he
would
not
so
much
as
admit
him
into
his
presence
,
but
shutting
up
his
Gates
against
those
that
came
to
mediate
for
him
,
slipt
himself
out
at
a
Back-door
;
whereupon
Cicero
fearing
the
extremity
of
Judgment
,
departed
privately
from
Rome
.
About
that
time
Caesar
returning
from
his
Caesar's
Artifice
and
Consulship
.
Province
,
hapned
upon
a
politick
Device
that
brought
him
into
great
Favour
at
present
,
and
much
increased
his
Power
for
the
future
,
but
in
the
event
prov'd
extremely
destructive
both
to
Pompey
and
the
Common-wealth
;
For
now
he
stood
Candidate
for
his
first
Consulship
;
and
therefore
well
observing
the
Enmity
betwixt
Pompey
and
Crassus
,
and
finding
how
that
in
applying
himself
and
joyning
with
one
,
he
should
make
the
other
his
Enemy
,
he
endeavour'd
by
all
means
to
reconcile
them
,
a
Design
in
appearance
very
specious
,
savouring
of
great
Honesty
and
Civility
,
but
in
truth
a
very
subtil
and
treacherous
Practice
in
him
;
for
he
well
knew
that
opposite
Parties
or
Factions
in
a
Common-wealth
,
like
Passengers
in
a
Boat
,
serve
to
trim
and
ballance
the
unsteady
motions
of
Power
there
,
whereas
if
they
combine
and
run
all
over
to
one
side
,
they
make
a
dead
unweildy
Weight
,
whereby
it
oversets
and
all
falls
to
wreck
;
and
therefore
Cato
wisely
told
them
,
who
charg'd
all
the
Calamities
of
Rome
upon
the
Civil
Wars
betwixt
Pompey
and
Caesar
,
That
they
were
in
a
great
Error
,
in
charging
all
the
Crime
upon
the
last
Cause
;
For
't
was
not
their
Discord
and
Enmity
,
but
their
Unanimity
and
Friendship
that
gave
the
first
and
greatest
Wound
to
the
Commonwealth
.
Caesar
being
thus
elected
Consul
,
began
Caesar
c●●ts
the
People
.
straightways
to
grow
popular
,
and
make
an
Interest
with
the
poor
and
meaner
sort
,
by
preferring
and
establishing
Laws
for
the
L●xagra●ia
planting
of
Colonies
,
and
for
dividing
of
Lands
;
whereby
he
debased
the
Grandeur
of
his
Magistracy
,
and
turn'd
his
Consulship
in
a
manner
to
a
meer
Democracy
,
himself
appearing
rather
a
Tribune
of
the
People
than
Consul
:
Now
when
Bibulus
his
Colleague
oppos'd
him
,
and
that
Cato
was
prepared
to
second
Bibulus
,
and
assist
him
vigorously
;
Caesar
,
to
be
even
with
A
Friend
to
Caesar
.
them
,
brought
Pompey
into
the
open
Court
,
and
there
directing
his
Speech
to
him
befor
the
Tribunal
,
demanded
his
Opinion
touching
those
Laws
,
who
gave
his
Approbation
;
Why
then
,
(
said
Caesar
)
in
case
any
Man
should
offer
violence
to
these
Laws
,
wilt
not
thou
be
ready
in
assistance
to
the
People
?
Yes
,
(
reply'd
Pompey
)
I
shall
always
be
ready
,
and
against
those
that
threaten
the
Sword
,
I
'll
appear
with
Sword
and
Buckler
:
But
nothing
ever
was
either
said
or
done
by
Pompey
to
that
very
day
,
that
seem'd
more
insolent
or
odious
to
all
Men
than
that
one
Saying
;
Insomuch
that
his
Friends
endeavour'd
to
palliate
the
Offence
,
and
make
an
Apology
for
it
,
as
a
word
slipt
out
of
joynt
through
Inadvertency
;
but
by
his
Actions
and
Practices
afterwards
,
it
appear'd
plainly
,
that
he
was
totally
devoted
to
Caesar's
Service
;
For
,
of
a
sudden
,
Pompey
,
beyond
all
Men's
expectation
,
Married
with
Julia
,
the
Daughter
Marries
Julia
.
of
Caesar
,
who
had
been
affianced
before
,
and
was
to
be
Married
within
a
few
days
to
Caepio
:
And
to
appease
Caepio's
Wrath
,
he
gave
him
his
own
Daughter
in
Marriage
,
who
had
been
espous'd
before
to
Faustus
the
Son
of
Sylla
:
But
Caesar
himself
Married
Calpurnia
,
the
Daughter
of
Piso
.
Upon
this
Pompey
made
a
Garison
of
the
City
,
and
filling
it
with
Soldiers
,
carried
all
things
by
Force
as
he
pleas'd
;
for
as
Bibulus
the
Consul
was
going
to
Court
,
accompanied
with
Lucullus
and
Cato
,
they
fell
upon
him
of
a
sudden
,
and
brake
his
Rods
,
the
Ensigns
of
Government
;
and
some
body
threw
a
Close-stool
of
Ordure
upon
the
Head
of
Bibulus
himself
;
but
the
two
Tribunes
of
the
People
,
that
went
among
his
Guards
before
him
,
were
desperately
wounded
in
the
Fray
:
And
thus
by
these
means
having
clear'd
the
Court
of
all
their
Adversaries
,
the
Lex
Agraria
,
or
Bill
for
the
Division
of
Lands
,
was
established
and
passed
into
an
Act
:
And
not
only
so
,
but
even
the
whole
Populacy
being
thus
decoyed
and
taken
with
this
Bait
,
became
totally
at
their
Devotion
,
never
regarding
the
Canvasses
of
the
adverse
Faction
,
but
passing
quietly
by
Suffrage
whatever
they
propounded
:
Thus
they
confirmed
all
those
Acts
and
Decrees
of
Pompey
,
which
were
questioned
and
contested
by
Lucullus
;
and
to
Caesar
they
granted
the
Provinces
of
Gallia
Cisalpina
and
Transalpina
,
together
with
Illyricum
for
five
years
,
and
likewise
a
Battalion
of
four
entire
Legions
;
Then
they
Elected
Consuls
for
the
year
ensuing
,
Piso
Piso
aud
Gabinius
Consuls
.
the
Father-in-Law
of
Caesar
,
and
Gabinius
,
one
of
the
chiefest
Parasites
about
Pompey
.
During
all
these
Transactions
,
Catulus
kept
close
within
Doors
,
nor
did
he
appear
publickly
in
Person
for
the
space
of
eight
Months
together
,
notwithstanding
he
were
Consul
,
but
sent
out
Proclamations
full
of
bitter
Invectives
and
Accusations
against
them
both
;
Cato
turn'd
Enthusiast
,
and
as
if
he
had
been
possessed
with
a
Spirit
of
Divination
,
did
nothing
else
in
the
Senate
but
foretel
what
Judgements
should
befal
the
Commonwealth
and
Pompey
.
But
Lucullus
pleaded
Dotage
,
and
retir'd
upon
a
Writ
of
Ease
,
as
one
already
grown
Feeble
and
Superannuate
in
the
Affairs
of
State
,
which
gave
occasion
to
that
Satyrical
Saying
of
Pompey
,
That
the
Fatigues
of
Luxury
were
much
more
unseasonable
for
an
old
Man
than
those
of
Government
:
Which
in
truth
prov'd
to
be
a
Reflection
upon
himself
,
for
not
long
after
he
himself
grew
Effeminate
in
the
Embraces
of
a
young
Wife
,
Courting
and
Caressing
her
daily
up
and
down
through
all
the
Gardens
and
Places
of
Pleasure
in
the
Country
,
whereby
he
neglected
all
the
weighty
Affairs
of
Courts
and
Councils
:
Insomuch
that
Clodius
,
who
was
Clodius
his
Insolence
to
him
.
then
Tribune
of
the
People
,
began
to
dispise
him
,
and
engage
in
many
bold
Attempts
against
him
;
For
when
he
had
banished
Cicero
,
and
sent
away
Cato
into
Cyprus
,
under
a
colourable
pretence
of
War
;
when
Caesar
was
gone
upon
his
Expedition
to
Gaul
,
and
that
he
found
how
the
Populacy
was
Devoted
to
him
,
as
a
Man
forming
all
Things
,
and
Governing
according
to
their
Pleasure
,
he
attempted
forthwith
to
unravel
and
repeal
divers
of
Pompey's
Decrees
;
thereupon
he
drew
Tigranes
the
Captive
out
of
Prison
,
and
had
him
about
with
him
as
his
Companion
;
he
Commenced
likewise
Actions
and
Accusations
against
several
of
Pompey's
Friends
,
designing
by
these
Measures
to
take
the
extent
of
his
Power
:
At
last
upon
a
time
,
when
Pompey
came
to
Court
in
a
certain
Cause
,
this
same
Clodius
,
accompanied
with
a
crowd
of
dissolute
and
desperate
Ruffians
,
and
standing
up
in
an
eminent
Place
above
the
rest
,
uttered
himself
in
these
or
the
like
Questions
,
Who
's
the
Licentious
General
?
What
Man
is
that
,
that
is
to
seek
for
a
Man
?
And
who
is
it
that
scratcheth
his
Head
so
nicely
with
one
Finger
?
The
Rabble
,
upon
the
Signal
of
shaking
his
Gown
,
with
a
great
Shout
to
every
Question
,
as
't
is
usual
among
Songsters
in
the
Chorus
or
Burden
of
a
Song
,
Answer'd
,
Pompey
:
This
indeed
was
no
small
Affliction
to
Pompey
,
a
Man
unaccustom'd
to
hear
any
thing
ill
of
himself
,
and
unexperienced
altogether
in
such
kind
of
Rencounters
;
but
he
was
most
extreamly
grieved
,
when
he
came
to
understand
that
the
Senate
rejoyced
at
this
dirty
Usage
,
and
imputed
it
as
a
just
Revenge
or
Punishment
upon
him
for
his
Treachery
to
Cicero
:
But
when
it
hapned
through
this
Tumult
in
the
Market-Place
,
that
it
was
come
even
to
Blows
and
Wounds
,
and
that
one
of
Clodius
his
Bondslaves
was
apprehended
,
creeping
through
the
Crowd
towards
Pompey
,
with
a
Sword
in
his
Hand
,
Pompey
laying
hold
of
this
Pretence
,
(
though
perhaps
otherwise
apprehensive
of
Clodius
his
Insolence
and
Reproaches
)
never
would
go
to
any
publick
Assemblies
,
during
all
the
time
he
was
Tribune
,
but
kept
close
at
home
,
and
passed
away
his
time
in
Consult
with
his
Friends
,
by
what
means
he
might
best
allay
the
Displeasure
of
the
Senate
and
Nobles
against
him
;
Among
other
Expedients
,
Culleo
advised
the
Divorce
of
Julia
,
whereby
he
should
meet
with
an
easie
passage
from
Caesar's
Friendship
to
that
of
the
Senate
;
this
he
would
not
hearken
to
by
any
means
:
Others
again
advised
him
to
call
home
He
calls
home
Cicero
.
Cicero
from
Banishment
,
a
Man
that
was
always
the
great
Adversary
of
Clodius
,
and
as
great
a
Favourite
of
the
Senate
;
to
this
he
was
easily
persuaded
,
and
therefore
he
brought
Cicero's
Brother
into
the
Market-Place
,
attendèd
with
a
strong
Party
,
to
Petition
for
his
Return
;
where
,
after
a
warm
Dispute
,
wherein
several
were
wounded
and
some
slain
,
he
got
the
Victory
of
Clodius
:
No
sooner
was
Cicero
return'd
home
upon
this
Decree
,
but
that
immediately
he
reconciled
the
Senate
to
Pompey
;
and
withal
,
by
his
Rhetorick
in
defence
of
the
Law
for
Importation
of
Corn
,
did
again
,
in
effect
,
make
Pompey
Soveraign
Lord
of
Annonae
prae●ectus
.
all
the
Roman
Empire
by
Sea
and
Land
;
For
by
that
Law
he
had
got
within
the
verge
of
his
Jurisdiction
,
all
Ports
,
Staples
,
and
Store-Houses
;
and
in
short
,
all
the
Mysteries
and
Concerns
both
of
the
Merchant
and
Husbandman
:
Which
gave
occasion
to
that
malicious
Charge
of
Clodius
,
That
the
Law
was
not
made
because
of
the
Dearth
or
scarcity
of
Corn
,
but
the
Dearth
or
scarcity
of
Corn
was
made
,
that
they
might
make
a
Law
,
whereby
that
Power
of
his
,
which
was
now
grown
Feeble
and
Consumptive
,
might
be
reviv'd
again
,
and
Pompey
reinstated
in
a
new
Empire
:
Others
look'd
upon
it
as
a
Politick
Device
of
Spinther
the
Cousul
,
whose
Design
it
was
to
oblige
Pompey
with
a
greater
Authority
,
that
he
himself
might
be
sent
in
Assistance
to
King
Ptolomy
:
However
this
is
undoubtedly
true
,
That
Canidius
the
Tribune
preferr'd
a
Law
to
dispatch
Pompey
in
the
Nature
of
an
Ambassador
,
without
an
Army
,
attended
only
with
two
Lictors
or
Vergers
,
as
a
Mediator
betwixt
the
King
and
his
Subjects
of
Alexandria
.
Neither
did
this
Law
seem
ungrateful
to
Pompey
,
though
indeed
the
Senate
cast
it
out
upon
a
specious
Pretence
,
That
they
were
unwilling
to
hazard
the
Person
of
so
brave
a
Man
:
However
,
there
were
found
several
Pamphlets
scattered
about
the
Market
Place
and
Senate-House
,
intimating
how
grateful
it
would
be
to
Ptolemy
to
have
Pompey
appointed
for
his
General
instead
of
Spinther
:
But
Timagenes
relates
it
otherwise
,
as
if
Ptolomy
went
away
and
left
Egypt
not
out
of
necessity
,
but
purely
upon
the
perswasion
of
Theophanes
,
who
designed
an
Advantage
to
Pompey
,
laying
a
Foundation
for
him
of
Wealth
,
and
a
new
Command
:
Yet
for
all
this
,
the
crafty
Practices
of
Theophanes
could
not
make
this
Report
so
credible
,
but
that
it
was
render'd
much
more
incredible
by
that
nobler
Genius
of
Pompey
,
which
would
never
allow
of
such
base
and
disingenious
Arts
even
in
favour
of
his
Ambition
.
Thus
Pompey
being
appointed
chief
Provedore
,
and
having
within
his
Administration
and
Management
all
the
Corn
Trade
,
sent
abroad
his
Factors
and
Agents
into
all
Quarters
,
and
he
himself
sailing
into
Sicily
,
Sardinia
,
and
Africa
,
made
up
vast
Stores
of
Corn.
And
now
being
just
ready
to
set
Sail
upon
his
Voyage
homeward
bound
,
there
arose
a
mighty
Storm
of
Wind
upon
the
Sea
,
which
raised
a
Doubt
even
among
the
Commanders
themselves
,
whether
it
were
safe
to
break
Ground
or
no
;
wherefore
Pompey
himself
went
first
aboard
,
and
commanded
the
Mariners
to
weigh
Anchor
,
declaring
with
a
loud
Voice
,
That
there
was
a
necessity
for
them
to
Sail
,
but
no
necessity
to
Live
:
So
that
he
by
his
Spirit
and
Courage
(
having
met
with
that
Fortune
which
favours
the
Bold
)
made
a
prosperous
Return
,
whereby
his
Granaries
were
stor'd
,
the
Markets
all
filled
with
Corn
,
and
the
Sea
with
Ships
;
Insomuch
that
this
great
plenty
and
abundance
of
Provisions
yielded
a
sufficient
Supply
,
not
only
to
the
City
of
Rome
,
but
even
Foreigners
too
,
dispersing
it self
,
like
a
lively
Fountain
,
through
many
Rivulets
,
into
all
Quarters
of
Italy
.
All
this
time
Caesar
grew
great
,
and
was
§
14.
Caesar's
Practices
.
highly
extoll'd
for
his
Wars
and
Conquests
in
Gaul
,
and
when
in
appearance
he
seem'd
farthest
distant
from
Rome
,
as
if
he
had
been
intangled
in
the
Affairs
of
Belgia
,
Suevia
,
and
Britany
,
than
in
truth
was
he
working
craftily
by
secret
Practices
in
the
midst
of
the
People
,
and
countermining
Pompey
in
his
chiefest
Designs
:
For
having
his
Army
always
about
him
as
his
Body
,
't
was
not
his
Design
to
weaken
or
impair
it
in
a
formal
War
against
the
barbarous
Enemy
,
but
by
light
Skirmishes
only
,
no
otherwise
than
in
Sports
of
Hunting
or
Hawking
,
to
exercise
and
harden
it
,
whereby
he
made
it
invincible
and
dreadful
to
the
World
:
Then
for
his
Gold
and
Silver
,
(
which
was
infinite
)
together
with
those
incredible
Spoils
,
and
other
Treasures
which
he
had
taken
from
the
Enemy
in
his
Conquests
,
all
those
he
sent
to
Rome
in
Presents
,
and
Bribes
,
tempting
and
corrupting
the
Aediles
,
Praetors
,
and
Consuls
,
together
with
their
Wives
,
whereby
he
purchased
to
himself
a
multitude
of
Friends
;
Insomuch
that
when
he
passed
back
again
over
the
Alpes
,
and
took
up
his
Winter-Quarters
in
the
City
of
Luca
,
there
flocked
to
him
an
infinite
number
of
the
common
People
Men
and
Women
even
in
Strife
,
and
likewise
200
Senators
at
least
,
among
whom
were
Pompey
and
Crassus
;
so
that
there
were
to
be
seen
at
once
before
Caesar's
Gates
no
less
than
sixscore
Rods
or
Maces
of
Proconsuls
and
Praetors
.
As
for
the
rest
of
his
Addressors
,
he
sent
them
all
away
full
fraught
with
Hopes
and
Money
;
but
for
Crassus
and
Pompey
,
he
enter'd
into
private
Covenants
and
Articles
of
Agreement
with
them
,
That
they
should
stand
Candidates
for
the
Consulship
next
Year
:
That
Caesar
on
his
part
should
send
a
good
Company
of
Soldiers
to
give
their
Votes
at
the
Election
:
That
as
soon
as
they
were
Elected
,
they
should
use
their
Interest
to
have
the
Government
of
some
Provinces
and
Legions
assigned
to
themselves
,
and
that
Caesar
should
have
his
Charge
now
in
being
confirmed
to
him
for
five
Years
more
:
But
afterwards
when
these
Designs
came
to
be
discovered
and
noised
abroad
,
the
Matter
was
hainously
resented
by
many
Persons
of
the
greatest
Quality
in
Rome
;
and
therefore
Marcellinus
once
in
an
open
Assembly
of
the
People
,
demanded
of
them
both
,
Whether
they
designed
to
Sue
for
the
Consulship
or
no
?
And
being
urged
by
the
People
for
their
Answer
,
Pompey
spake
first
and
told
them
,
Perhaps
he
would
Sue
for
it
,
perhaps
he
would
not
;
But
Crassus
was
somewhat
more
politick
,
and
said
,
That
for
his
part
he
would
be
ready
to
do
what
should
be
judg'd
most
agreeable
with
the
Interest
of
the
Commonwealth
:
However
Marcellinus
still
inveighing
against
Pompey
,
and
seeming
to
reflect
upon
him
more
bitterly
,
Pompey
replied
as
sharply
,
That
this
Marcellinus
was
a
most
ungodly
Wretch
,
without
either
Gratitude
or
Honour
,
for
that
by
him
he
was
made
an
Orator
of
a
Mute
,
and
of
a
poor
Starvling
,
one
glutted
even
to
a
Vomit
.
Now
notwithstanding
divers
fell
off
from
their
Pretences
,
and
forsook
their
Canvas
for
the
Consulship
,
yet
Cato
perswaded
and
encouraged
Lucius
Domitius
not
to
desist
,
For
that
,
said
he
,
the
Contest
now
is
not
for
Government
,
but
for
liberty
against
Tyrants
and
Usurpers
.
Wherefore
those
of
Pompey's
Party
,
fearing
that
inflexible
Constancy
in
Cato
,
(
whereby
he
ruled
and
governed
the
whole
Senate
)
lest
by
that
likewise
he
should
pervert
and
draw
after
him
all
the
well-affected
part
of
the
Commonalty
,
resolved
to
withstand
Domitius
at
first
,
and
prevent
his
entrance
into
the
Market-place
;
To
this
end
therefore
they
sent
in
a
Band
of
armed
Men
,
who
,
at
the
first
Onset
,
slew
the
Torch-bearer
of
Domitius
,
as
he
was
leading
the
way
before
him
,
and
immediately
put
all
the
rest
to
Flight
;
last
of
all
Cato
himself
retired
,
having
received
a
Wound
upon
his
right
Arm
in
defence
of
Domitius
.
Thus
,
by
these
means
and
practices
they
obtained
the
Government
,
neither
indeed
did
they
behave
themselves
with
more
decency
throughout
all
the
rest
of
their
Actions
;
But
in
the
first
place
,
when
the
People
were
choosing
Cato
Praetor
,
and
just
ready
with
their
Votes
for
the
Poll
,
Pompey
broke
up
the
Assembly
,
charging
his
Reasons
upon
the
Augury
,
as
if
there
had
appeared
something
inauspicious
in
the
Heavens
;
and
thereupon
having
corrupted
the
Tribes
,
they
publickly
proclaimed
Antias
and
Vatinius
,
Praetors
:
Then
in
pursuance
of
their
Covenants
with
Caesar
,
they
published
several
Edicts
by
Trebonian
the
Tribune
,
whereby
they
made
an
Enlargement
of
Caesar's
Commission
according
to
Agreement
,
measuring
out
another
five
years
Charge
to
his
former
Province
;
To
Crassus
there
was
appointed
Syria
,
and
the
Parthian
War
;
And
to
Pompey
himself
all
Africa
,
together
with
both
Spains
,
and
four
Legions
of
Soldiers
,
whereof
two
he
lent
to
Caesar
,
upon
his
request
for
the
Wars
in
Gaul
.
Crassus
upon
the
expiration
of
his
Consulship
,
departed
forthwith
into
his
Province
;
But
Pompey
spent
some
time
in
Rome
,
upon
the
opening
or
dedication
of
his
Theater
,
Pompey's
Theater
.
where
he
treated
the
People
with
all
manner
of
Games
,
Shews
,
and
Exercises
,
as
well
Warlike
as
those
of
the
Muses
;
there
was
likewise
the
Hunting
or
Baiting
of
wild
Beasts
,
and
Combats
with
them
,
wherein
500
Lyons
were
slain
;
But
above
all
,
the
Battel
of
Elephants
was
a
Spectacle
full
of
Horrour
and
Amazement
.
These
noble
Entertainments
brought
him
in
great
Esteem
with
the
People
,
whereby
he
was
highly
admired
and
beloved
;
but
on
the
other
side
he
created
no
less
Envy
to
himself
,
in
that
he
committed
the
Government
of
his
Provinces
and
Legions
into
the
Hands
of
Friends
,
as
his
Lieutenants
,
whilst
he
himself
was
wantonly
rambling
up
and
down
,
and
caressing
his
Wife
throughout
all
the
Delicacies
of
Italy
;
whether
he
doated
upon
her
as
a
real
Lover
,
or
whether
he
could
not
find
in
his
Heart
to
leave
her
,
who
was
such
a
Lover
of
him
?
is
somewhat
Julia's
Love
to
him
.
doubtful
;
But
this
is
certain
,
that
there
was
nothing
more
famous
and
common
in
Discourse
,
than
the
passion
of
this
young
Lady
for
her
Husband
;
not
that
she
was
in
Love
with
Pompey
for
the
flower
of
his
Age
,
but
because
of
his
assured
Chastity
,
as
knowing
no
other
Woman
,
but
that
one
he
had
Wedded
;
Besides
,
though
in
his
Carriage
he
had
a
majestick
Gravity
,
yet
his
Conversation
was
not
Morose
,
but
extremely
agreeable
,
and
taking
among
the
Women
,
unless
we
will
arraign
the
evidence
of
Flora
the
Curtezan
.
Now
it
hapned
in
a
publick
Assembly
,
as
they
were
at
an
Election
of
the
Aediles
,
that
the
People
came
to
Blows
,
and
divers
about
Pompey
were
slain
,
so
that
he
,
finding
himself
all
bloody
,
ordered
a
change
of
Apparel
;
but
the
Servants
who
brought
home
his
Cloaths
,
making
a
great
Bu●tle
and
Hurry
about
the
House
,
it
chanced
that
the
young
Lady
(
who
was
then
with
Child
)
saw
his
Gown
all
stained
with
Blood
,
whereupon
she
dropt
immediately
into
a
Swoon
,
and
was
hardly
brought
to
Life
again
;
however
,
what
with
her
Fright
and
Passion
together
,
she
fell
in
Labour
and
Miscarried
:
Wherefore
even
those
who
chiefly
censured
Pompey
for
his
Friendship
to
Caesar
,
could
not
reprove
him
for
his
Affection
to
his
Lady
,
who
had
such
a
Passion
for
him
.
Afterwards
she
was
great
again
,
and
brought
to
Bed
of
a
Daughter
,
but
died
in
Child-bed
,
neither
The
Death
of
Julia.
did
the
Infant
out-live
her
Mother
many
days
:
Pompey
had
prepared
all
things
for
the
Interment
of
her
Corps
at
Alba
,
but
the
People
seized
upon
it
by
force
,
and
performed
the
Solemnities
of
her
Funeral
in
the
Field
of
Mars
,
rather
in
Compassion
to
the
young
Lady
,
than
in
Favour
either
of
Pompey
or
Caesar
;
and
yet
of
these
two
,
the
People
seemed
at
that
time
to
pay
Caesar
a
greater
share
of
Honour
in
his
absence
,
than
to
Pompey
,
though
he
was
present
.
From
hence
,
the
City
began
to
waver
,
Causes
of
the
Civil
War
.
and
feel
new
Commotions
;
for
all
things
grew
Tumultuous
,
and
every
Body's
Discourse
tended
to
Sedition
,
as
soon
as
Death
had
put
an
end
to
that
Relation
,
which
hitherto
had
been
a
Disguise
rather
than
Restraint
to
the
Ambition
of
these
Men
:
Besides
,
not
long
after
came
an
Express
from
Parthia
with
Intelligence
of
the
Death
of
Crassus
there
,
whereby
another
manifest
Obstacle
of
a
Civil
War
was
taken
away
;
for
they
had
both
an
Eye
thither
,
and
that
awe
of
him
kept
them
together
in
a
fair
Correspondence
all
his
Life-time
;
but
when
Fortune
had
taken
away
this
Second
,
whose
Province
it
was
to
revenge
the
Quarrel
of
the
Conquered
,
you
might
then
say
with
the
Comedian
,
See
,
how
the
Combatants
begin
!
How
they
anoint
each
others
Skin
,
And
chafe
their
hands
in
dust
agen
.
So
inconsiderable
a
thing
is
Fortune
,
in
respect
of
humane
Nature
!
and
so
little
Content
can
it
give
to
a
Covetous
Mind
,
That
an
Empire
of
that
mighty
Extent
and
Sway
could
not
satisfie
the
Ambition
of
two
Men
,
and
though
they
knew
and
had
read
,
The
Gods
,
when
they
divided
out
'twixt
Three
,
This
massie
Universe
,
Heav'n
,
Hell
,
and
Sea
,
Each
God
sate
down
contented
on
his
Throne
,
And
undisturb'd
each
God
enjoys
his
own
.
Yet
they
thought
the
whole
Roman
Empire
not
sufficient
to
contain
them
,
though
they
were
but
Two
.
But
Pompey
,
in
an
Oration
to
the
People
told
them
plainly
,
that
he
ever
came
into
Office
before
he
expected
he
should
,
and
that
he
always
left
it
sooner
than
they
expected
he
would
;
and
indeed
the
disbanding
of
all
his
Armies
always
witnessed
as
much
:
Yet
when
he
perceived
that
Caesar
would
not
so
willingly
discharge
his
Forces
,
he
then
endeavour'd
to
strengthen
himself
against
him
by
Offices
and
Commands
in
the
City
;
neither
indeed
did
he
attempt
any
other
Innovation
;
and
yet
all
this
while
he
would
not
seem
to
distrust
,
but
rather
to
despise
and
contemn
him
;
But
when
he
saw
how
they
bestowed
the
Places
of
Government
quite
contrary
to
his
opinion
,
because
the
Citizens
were
brib'd
in
their
Elections
,
he
left
the
City
without
any
Government
at
all
.
Hereupon
there
was
mention
straightway
made
,
and
the
News
ran
current
of
a
Dictator
;
Now
Lucilius
,
a
Tribune
of
the
People
,
was
the
bold
Man
that
first
adventur'd
●o
propose
it
,
encouraging
the
People
to
make
choice
of
Pompey
for
their
Dictator
;
but
the
Tribune
was
in
danger
of
being
turn'd
out
of
his
Office
,
by
the
opposition
that
Cato
made
against
it
:
And
for
Pompey
,
many
of
his
Friends
appear'd
and
pleaded
his
excuse
,
alledging
,
That
he
never
was
desirous
of
that
Government
,
neither
would
he
accept
of
it
.
Cato
therefore
making
a
large
Harangue
in
commendation
of
Pompey
,
and
exhorting
him
to
be
careful
of
good
Order
in
the
Common-wealth
,
he
could
not
for
shame
but
yield
to
it
,
and
so
Domitius
and
Messala
were
elected
Consuls
.
Afterwards
when
there
was
another
Anarchy
or
Vacancy
in
the
Government
,
and
the
Discourses
of
a
Dictator
were
much
hotter
than
before
,
those
of
Cato's
Party
fearing
lest
they
should
make
Pompey
,
thought
it
Policy
to
keep
him
from
that
Arbitrary
and
Tyrannical
Power
,
by
giving
him
an
Office
of
more
legal
Authority
;
Nay
,
even
Bibulus
himself
,
who
was
Pompey's
Enemy
,
first
gave
his
Vote
that
Pompey
should
be
created
Consul
alone
;
alledging
,
That
by
these
means
,
either
the
Commonwealth
would
be
freed
from
its
present
Confusion
,
or
that
its
Bondage
should
be
lessened
by
serving
the
worthiest
:
This
was
looked
upon
as
a
very
strange
Opinion
,
considering
the
Man
that
spoke
it
;
and
therefore
Cato
standing
up
,
every
body
expected
that
he
would
have
opposed
it
,
but
after
Silence
made
,
he
told
them
plainly
,
That
for
his
own
part
he
would
never
have
been
the
Author
of
that
Advice
himself
,
but
since
it
was
propounded
by
another
,
his
Advice
was
to
follow
it
,
adding
,
That
any
form
of
Government
was
better
than
none
at
all
;
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
and
that
in
a
time
so
full
of
Distraction
,
he
thought
no
Man
fitter
to
Govern
than
Pompey
.
This
Counsel
was
unanimously
approved
of
,
and
an
Act
passed
,
That
Pompey
should
be
made
sole
Consul
,
with
this
Clause
,
He
is
chose
Consul
alone
That
if
he
thought
it
necessary
to
have
a
Colleague
,
he
might
choose
whom
he
pleased
,
provided
it
were
not
till
after
Two
Months
expired
.
Thus
was
Pompey
created
and
declared
§.
15.
sole
Consul
by
Sulpitius
,
Regent
in
this
Vacancy
;
Upon
which
he
made
a
very
civil
Complement
to
Cato
,
with
many
thanks
for
the
Honour
he
had
done
him
,
and
desiring
his
Assistance
in
the
Privy
Counsel
of
his
Government
;
To
this
Cato
replied
,
That
Pompey
had
no
reason
to
thank
him
,
for
all
that
he
had
said
,
was
in
favour
of
the
Commonwealth
,
not
of
Pompey
;
but
that
he
would
be
always
ready
to
serve
him
in
the
quality
of
a
privy
Counsellor
,
if
he
please
to
require
it
,
if
not
,
yet
he
would
be
sure
to
speak
in
publick
what
he
thought
was
for
the
Interest
of
the
Commonwealth
;
So
just
was
Cato
in
all
his
Actions
.
No
sooner
did
Pompey
return
into
the
City
,
Marries
Cornelia
.
but
he
Married
Cornelia
,
the
Daughter
of
Metellus
Scipio
,
not
a
Virgin
but
Widow
,
the
late
Relict
of
Publius
,
(
the
Son
of
Crassus
)
who
died
in
Parthia
,
and
with
whom
she
cohabited
from
her
Virginity
:
This
Lady
,
besides
the
Charms
of
her
Beauty
,
had
many
attractive
Qualities
from
her
Education
,
for
she
was
learned
enough
in
most
Sciences
,
played
well
upon
the
Lute
,
was
skilled
in
Geometry
,
and
took
great
pleasure
in
hearing
Discourses
of
Philosophy
;
To
these
may
be
added
her
Graces
in
Morality
,
and
in
this
she
was
extremely
commendable
,
that
her
Humour
was
free
from
Peevishness
and
Curiosity
,
Vices
very
common
to
Ladies
of
such
liberal
Endowments
.
Her
Father
also
was
very
considerable
,
as
well
in
the
Honour
of
his
Family
,
as
that
of
his
own
Vertues
;
however
,
these
unequal
Marriages
were
not
very
pleasing
to
some
sort
of
People
;
for
Cornelia's
Age
was
more
agreeable
with
that
of
Pompey's
Son
than
his
own
:
But
the
wiser
sort
thought
the
Concerns
of
the
City
quite
neglected
,
when
he
(
to
whom
alone
they
had
committed
their
broken
Fortunes
,
and
from
whom
alone
,
as
from
their
Physician
,
they
expected
a
cure
to
these
Distractions
)
went
crown'd
with
Garlands
,
and
was
revelling
in
his
Nuptial
Feasts
:
never
considering
,
that
this
Consulship
was
a
publick
Calamity
,
which
would
never
have
been
given
him
,
contrary
to
the
Rules
of
Law
,
had
his
Country
been
in
a
flourishing
State
.
Yet
afterwards
he
took
cognizance
of
those
that
got
into
Offices
by
Gifts
and
Bribery
,
and
enacted
Laws
and
Ordinances
,
setting
forth
the
Rules
and
Judgment
by
which
they
should
be
arraign'd
and
impleaded
;
thus
he
regulating
all
things
with
Gravity
and
Justice
,
gave
Security
,
Order
,
and
Silence
to
their
Courts
of
Judicature
,
himself
giving
his
presence
there
with
a
Band
of
Soldiers
.
But
the
Case
was
alter'd
when
his
Father-in-law
Scipio
was
accused
,
there
he
sent
for
the
360
Judges
to
his
House
,
and
entreated
them
to
be
favourable
to
him
,
whereupon
his
Accuser
seeing
Scipio
come
into
the
Court
accompanied
by
the
Judges
themselves
,
let
fall
his
Suit
:
Upon
this
Pompey
was
very
ill
spoken
of
,
and
much
worse
in
the
Case
of
Plancus
;
for
whereas
he
himself
had
made
a
Law
,
wherein
't
was
enacted
,
That
no
Man
should
speak
in
praise
of
an
Offender
,
yet
,
notwithstanding
this
Prohibition
,
he
came
into
Court
,
and
spoke
openly
in
commendation
of
Plancus
;
insomuch
that
Cato
(
who
hapned
to
be
one
of
the
Judges
at
that
time
)
stopping
his
Ears
with
his
Hands
,
told
him
,
He
could
not
in
Honour
hear
an
Offender
commended
contrary
to
Law
;
thereupon
Cato
was
refused
and
set
aside
from
being
a
Judge
before
Sentence
was
given
,
but
Plancus
was
condemned
by
the
rest
of
the
Judges
to
Pompey's
Dishonour
:
Shortly
after
Hypseus
,
a
Man
of
Consular
Dignity
,
endeavouring
to
avoid
an
Impeachment
,
waited
for
Pompey's
Return
from
Bath
to
Supper
,
and
falling
down
at
his
Feet
,
implor'd
his
Favour
,
but
he
disdainfully
passed
him
by
,
saying
,
That
he
did
nothing
else
but
Spoil
his
Supper
:
This
Partiality
was
look'd
upon
as
a
great
Fault
in
Pompey
,
and
highly
condemned
;
however
,
he
managed
all
things
else
discreetly
,
and
having
put
the
Government
in
very
good
Order
,
he
chose
his
Father-in-law
to
be
his
Colleague
in
the
Consulship
for
the
last
five
Months
:
His
Provinces
also
were
continu'd
to
him
for
the
term
of
Four
Years
longer
,
with
a
Commission
to
take
1000
Talents
yearly
out
of
the
Treasury
for
the
payment
of
his
Army
.
This
gave
occasion
to
some
of
Caesar's
Friends
to
think
it
reasonable
,
That
some
Consideration
should
be
had
of
him
too
,
who
had
done
such
signal
Services
in
War
,
and
fought
so
many
bloody
Battels
for
the
Honour
and
Interest
of
the
Roman
Empire
,
alledging
,
That
he
deserv'd
at
least
a
second
Consulship
,
or
to
have
the
Government
of
his
Province
continu'd
,
whereby
he
might
command
and
enjoy
in
Peace
what
he
had
obtain'd
in
War
,
and
that
no
Successor
might
reap
the
fruits
of
his
Labour
,
and
raise
a
fame
upon
the
glory
of
his
Actions
.
There
arising
some
Debate
about
this
Matter
Pompey
took
upon
him
,
as
it
were
out
of
kindness
to
Caesar
,
to
plead
his
Cause
,
and
allay
that
Hatred
of
the
People
that
was
conceived
against
him
,
telling
them
,
That
he
had
then
receiv'd
a
Letter
from
Caesar
,
wherein
he
desired
a
Successor
,
and
to
be
discharged
from
the
War
,
but
hop'd
withal
,
that
they
would
give
him
leave
to
stand
for
the
Consulship
though
in
his
absence
;
But
those
of
Cato's
Party
stoutly
withstood
it
,
saying
,
That
if
he
expected
any
Favour
from
the
Citizens
,
he
ought
to
leave
his
Army
,
and
come
in
a
private
Capacity
to
canvas
for
it
:
Wherefore
Pompey
seeming
so
easily
satisfied
,
in
that
he
made
no
Reply
,
gave
a
greater
suspicion
of
his
specious
Inclinations
towards
Caesar
,
especially
when
under
pretence
of
his
War
with
Parthia
,
he
sent
for
his
two
Legions
which
he
had
lent
him
;
however
Caesar
,
though
he
well
knew
for
what
Design
sign
he
wanted
them
,
sent
them
home
very
liberally
rewarded
.
About
that
time
Pompey
recover'd
of
a
dangerous
Fit
of
Sickness
that
seiz'd
him
at
Naples
,
and
there
the
whole
City
,
upon
the
His
Recovery
a●
Naples
Perswasion
of
Praxagoras
,
made
Sacrifices
to
the
Gods
for
his
Recovery
;
Those
of
the
neighbouring
Towns
likewise
happening
to
follow
their
Example
,
the
Humour
was
carried
on
throughout
all
Italy
;
so
that
there
was
not
a
City
either
great
or
small
,
that
did
not
feast
and
rejoyce
for
many
days
together
:
And
the
Company
of
those
that
came
from
all
Parts
to
meet
him
was
so
numerous
,
that
no
place
was
able
to
contain
them
,
but
the
Villages
,
Sea-Port
Towns
,
and
the
very
High-ways
,
were
all
full
of
People
,
feasting
and
sacrificing
to
the
Gods
:
Nay
,
many
went
to
meet
him
with
Garlands
on
their
Heads
,
and
Flambeaux
in
their
Hands
,
casting
Flowers
and
Nosegays
upon
him
as
he
went
along
;
so
that
this
Progress
of
his
and
Reception
was
one
of
the
noblest
and
most
glorious
Sights
imaginable
:
And
yet
't
is
thought
that
this
very
thing
was
not
one
of
the
least
Causes
Ano●her
Cause
of
●●●
War
.
and
Occasions
of
the
Civil
War
;
for
Pompey
judging
of
the
Peoples
Affections
by
their
Actions
,
together
with
the
greatness
of
their
Joy
,
was
grown
to
that
height
of
Pride
and
Conceit
,
that
(
having
laid
aside
that
prudent
Conduct
and
Caution
which
had
hitherto
secured
and
crowned
all
his
Actions
with
good
Success
)
he
entertained
a
most
extravagant
Confidence
of
his
own
,
and
Contempt
of
Caesar's
Power
;
insomuch
that
he
thought
neither
Force
nor
Care
necessary
against
him
,
but
that
he
could
pull
him
down
much
easier
than
he
had
set
him
up
:
Besides
this
,
there
was
Appius
(
under
whose
Command
,
those
Legions
which
Pompey
lent
to
Caesar
,
were
returned
)
coming
lately
out
of
Gaul
,
very
much
vilified
Caesar's
Actions
there
,
and
gave
out
scandalous
Reports
in
derogation
of
his
Honour
,
telling
Pompey
,
That
he
was
unacquainted
with
his
own
Strength
and
Reputation
,
if
he
made
use
of
any
other
Forces
against
Caesar
than
his
own
,
for
such
was
the
Soldiers
Hatred
to
Caesar
,
and
their
Love
to
Pompey
so
great
,
that
they
would
all
come
over
to
him
upon
his
first
▪
Appearance
.
By
these
Flatteries
was
Pompey
strangely
pufft
up
,
and
his
Confidence
had
wrought
him
into
such
a
careless
Security
,
that
he
could
not
choose
but
laugh
at
those
who
seem'd
to
fear
a
War
:
And
when
some
were
saying
,
That
if
Caesar
should
bend
his
Forces
against
the
City
,
they
could
not
see
what
Power
was
able
to
resist
him
,
he
reply'd
with
a
scornful
Smile
,
bidding
them
take
no
care
of
that
,
for
,
said
he
,
Whene'er
I
stamp
with
my
Foot
in
any
part
of
Italy
,
there
will
rise
up
Forces
enough
in
an
instant
both
Horse
and
Foot
.
Now
Caesar
on
the
other
side
was
more
§.
16.
vigorous
in
his
Proceedings
,
himself
always
at
hand
hovering
about
the
Frontiers
of
Italy
,
and
sending
some
of
his
Soldiers
continually
into
the
City
to
attend
all
Elections
with
their
Votes
;
Besides
this
,
he
corrupted
divers
of
the
Magistrates
,
and
brought
them
over
to
his
Party
by
Pensions
;
whereof
Paulus
the
Consul
was
one
,
who
was
wrought
over
by
a
Bribe
of
1500
Talents
:
And
Curio
,
a
Tribune
of
the
People
,
by
a
discharge
of
all
his
Debts
which
he
had
contracted
without
number
;
together
with
Mark
Anthony
,
who
out
of
Friendship
to
Curio
,
became
bound
with
him
in
the
same
Obligations
for
them
all
.
And
't
is
undoubtedly
true
,
That
a
Centurion
of
Caesar's
waiting
at
the
Senate-House
,
and
hearing
that
the
Senate
refused
to
give
him
a
larger
term
in
the
continuance
of
his
Government
,
clapt
his
Hand
upon
his
Sword
,
and
said
,
But
this
shall
give
it
▪
and
indeed
all
his
Practices
and
Preparations
were
in
order
to
this
end
.
Now
Curio's
Demands
and
Request
in
favour
of
Caesar
were
much
more
popular
in
appearance
,
for
he
desir'd
one
of
these
two
things
,
either
That
Pompey
should
put
away
his
Army
,
or
that
Caesar's
should
not
be
taken
away
from
him
;
For
if
both
of
them
were
private
Persons
common
Humanity
would
keep
them
within
the
bounds
of
their
Duty
;
or
if
they
were
of
equal
Authority
,
they
would
be
a
ballance
to
each
other
,
and
sit
down
contented
with
their
Lot
:
but
he
that
weakens
one
,
does
at
the
same
time
strengthen
the
other
,
and
so
doubles
that
very
Strength
and
Power
▪
which
he
stood
in
fear
of
before
.
Marcellus
the
Consul
reply'd
nothing
to
all
this
,
but
that
Caesar
was
a
Thief
,
and
should
be
proclaimed
an
Enemy
to
the
State
,
if
he
did
not
disband
his
Army
.
However
Curio
with
the
Assistance
of
Anthony
and
Piso
prevail'd
,
that
the
Matter
in
Debate
should
be
put
to
the
Question
,
and
decided
by
Vote
in
the
Senate
:
So
that
it
being
order'd
upon
the
Question
for
those
to
withdraw
,
who
were
of
opinion
,
That
Caesar
only
should
lay
down
his
Army
,
and
Pompey
command
,
the
Majority
withdrew
.
But
when
't
was
order'd
again
for
those
to
withdraw
whose
Vote
was
▪
That
both
should
lay
down
their
Arms
,
and
neither
command
,
there
were
but
22
for
Pompey
,
all
the
rest
remained
of
Curio's
side
:
Whereupon
he
,
as
one
proud
of
his
Conquest
,
leapt
out
for
Joy
among
the
People
,
who
received
him
with
as
great
tokens
of
Joy
,
clapping
their
Hands
,
and
crowning
him
with
Garlands
and
Flowers
:
Pompey
was
not
then
present
in
the
Senate
▪
because
it
is
not
lawful
for
the
General
of
an
Army
to
come
into
the
City
.
But
Marcellus
rising
up
,
said
,
That
he
would
not
sit
there
hearing
Speeches
,
when
he
saw
that
ten
Legions
had
already
pass'd
the
Alpes
in
their
March
toward
the
City
,
but
that
he
would
send
a
Man
of
equal
Authority
against
them
in
defence
of
their
Country
:
Upon
this
the
City
went
into
Mourning
,
as
in
a
publick
Calamity
,
and
Marcellus
(
accompanied
by
the
Senate
)
went
solemnly
through
the
City
towards
Pompey
,
and
spoke
thus
to
him
,
Pompey
,
I
command
thee
to
appear
in
defence
of
thy
Country
,
with
those
Forces
thou
hast
at
present
in
readiness
,
and
to
raise
more
with
all
speed
:
Lentulus
the
Consul
elect
for
the
Year
following
,
spoke
much
to
the
same
purpose
;
But
Anthony
▪
contrary
to
an
Order
of
Senate
,
in
a
publick
Assembly
,
read
a
Letter
of
Caesar's
,
containing
many
fair
Overtures
,
at
leastwise
very
obliging
to
the
common
People
,
wherein
he
desir'd
▪
That
both
Pompey
and
he
quitting
their
Governments
,
and
dismissing
their
Armies
should
submit
to
the
Judgment
of
the
People
,
and
give
an
account
of
their
Actions
before
them
;
insomuch
that
when
Pompey
began
to
make
his
Levies
,
and
muster
up
his
new-rais'd
Soldiers
,
he
found
himself
disappointed
in
his
Expectations
:
Some
few
indeed
came
in
,
but
those
very
unwillingly
;
others
would
not
answer
to
their
Names
,
and
the
generality
cry'd
out
for
Peace
.
Lentulus
,
notwithstanding
he
was
now
enter'd
upon
his
Consulship
,
would
not
assemble
the
Senate
;
but
Cicero
,
who
was
lately
return'd
from
Cilicia
,
labour'd
for
a
Reconciliation
,
proposing
,
That
Caesar
should
leave
his
Province
of
Gaul
and
Army
,
reserving
two
Legions
only
,
together
with
the
Government
of
Illyricum
,
and
to
be
had
in
nomination
for
a
second
Consulship
:
Pompey
disliking
this
motion
,
Caesar's
Friends
were
contented
that
he
should
quit
one
of
his
Legions
too
;
but
Lentulus
still
opposing
,
and
Cato
crying
out
,
That
Pompey
did
ill
to
be
deceived
again
,
the
Reconciliation
did
not
take
effect
.
In
the
mean
time
News
was
brought
,
Caesar
marches
towards
Rome
.
That
Caesar
had
taken
Ariminum
,
a
great
City
in
Italy
,
and
was
marching
directly
towards
Rome
,
with
all
his
Forces
;
but
this
latter
was
altogether
false
,
for
he
had
no
more
with
him
at
that
time
than
300
Horse
and
5000
▪
Foot
,
and
would
not
tarry
for
the
Body
of
his
Army
,
which
lay
beyond
the
Alpes
,
choosing
rather
by
surprize
to
fall
in
of
a
sudden
upon
his
Enemies
,
(
while
they
were
in
Confusion
,
and
did
not
expect
him
)
than
to
give
them
time
to
make
Preparations
for
War
.
For
when
he
came
to
the
Bank
of
Rubicon
,
(
a
River
that
made
the
bounds
of
his
own
Province
towards
Italy
)
there
he
made
a
Halt
,
pausing
a
little
,
and
considering
with
himself
the
greatness
of
that
Enterprize
which
he
had
undertaken
;
then
at
last
,
(
like
Men
that
are
throwing
themselves
headlong
from
some
Precipice
into
a
vast
Abyss
)
having
blinded
and
withdrawn
his
mind
from
the
thoughts
of
Danger
,
he
transported
his
Army
,
saying
this
only
to
those
that
were
present
with
a
loud
voice
in
the
Greek
Language
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
;
that
is
,
Let
the
Die
be
Cast
.
No
sooner
was
the
News
arriv'd
,
but
there
was
an
Uproar
throughout
all
the
City
,
and
a
Consternation
in
the
People
even
to
astonishment
,
such
as
never
was
known
in
Rome
▪
before
;
all
the
Senate
ran
immediately
to
Pompey
,
and
the
Magistrates
follow'd
:
Now
when
Tullus
made
enquiry
touching
his
Legions
and
Forces
,
Pompey
seem'd
to
pause
a
little
,
and
answer'd
with
some
hesitation
,
That
he
had
those
two
Legions
ready
that
Caesar
sent
back
,
and
for
his
new
rais'd
Forces
,
he
believ'd
they
would
shortly
make
up
a
Battalion
of
30000
Men
;
but
Tullus
reply'd
with
a
loud
voice
,
O
Pompey
▪
thou
hast
deceiv'd
us
!
and
presently
gave
his
Advice
to
dispatch
Ambassadors
to
Caesar
.
Favonius
(
who
was
no
ill
Man
,
otherwise
than
in
his
petulant
and
abusive
way
of
Talking
,
which
he
seem'd
to
affect
,
in
imitation
of
Cato's
freedom
of
Speech
)
he
bid
Pompey
stamp
upon
the
ground
,
and
call
forth
the
Forces
he
had
promis'd
.
But
Pompey
very
patiently
bore
with
all
this
unseasonable
Railery
;
so
that
Cato
putting
him
in
mind
of
what
he
had
foretold
from
the
very
beginning
touching
Caesar
,
he
made
this
Answer
only
,
That
Cato
indeed
had
spoke
more
like
a
Prophet
,
but
he
had
acted
more
like
a
Friend
.
Cato
then
advised
them
to
choose
Pompey
General
,
with
absolute
Power
and
Authority
,
saying
,
That
the
same
Men
who
do
great
Evils
,
know
best
how
to
Cure
them
.
He
therefore
went
his
way
forthwith
into
Sicily
,
the
Province
that
was
allotted
him
;
and
all
the
rest
of
the
Senators
likewise
departed
,
every
one
to
his
respective
Government
.
Thus
all
Italy
,
in
a
manner
,
being
up
in
§.
17.
Arms
,
it
seem'd
very
doubtful
what
was
best
to
be
done
:
For
they
that
were
without
,
came
from
all
Parts
flocking
into
the
City
;
and
they
that
were
within
,
seeing
the
Confusion
and
Disorder
so
great
there
,
went
out
and
forsook
it
as
fast
;
They
that
were
willing
to
obey
were
found
too
weak
for
Service
,
and
the
Disobedient
were
found
too
strong
to
be
govern'd
by
the
Magistrates
:
Nay
,
it
was
so
far
from
being
possible
to
allay
their
Fears
,
that
they
would
not
suffer
Pompey
to
follow
his
own
Judgment
,
but
every
Man
would
have
him
act
according
to
his
particular
Fancy
,
whether
it
proceeded
from
Doubt
,
Fear
,
Grief
,
or
any
meaner
Passion
;
whereby
they
became
so
disordered
in
their
apprehension
of
things
,
that
even
in
the
same
day
they
were
often
forced
to
make
use
of
quite
contrary
Counsels
:
Then
again
,
't
was
altogether
as
impossible
to
have
any
good
intelligence
of
his
Enemies
,
for
what
each
Man
heard
by
chance
upon
a
flying
Rumour
,
he
would
report
for
truth
,
and
take
it
hainously
of
Pompey
if
he
did
not
believe
it
,
Pompey
at
length
seeing
such
a
Confusion
Pompey
l●●●●s
.
Rome
.
in
Rome
,
determin'd
with
himself
to
put
an
end
to
their
Clamours
by
his
Departure
;
and
therefore
commanding
all
the
Senate
to
follow
him
,
and
declaring
,
That
whosoever
tarried
behind
,
should
be
judg'd
a
Confederate
of
Caesar's
;
about
the
dusk
of
the
Evening
,
he
went
out
and
left
the
City
;
the
Consuls
also
follow'd
after
in
a
Hurry
,
without
offering
any
Sacrifice
to
the
Gods
,
as
is
usual
before
a
War
.
But
above
all
,
Pompey
himself
was
extremely
fortunate
,
that
even
in
the
midst
of
all
these
Calamities
,
he
had
the
Love
and
Good-will
of
the
People
;
for
though
many
condemned
the
War
,
and
Office
of
a
General
,
yet
no
Man
hated
the
General
himself
;
insomuch
as
there
were
more
to
be
found
of
those
that
went
out
of
Rome
,
for
that
they
would
not
forsake
Pompey
,
than
of
those
that
fled
for
love
of
their
Liberty
.
Some
few
days
after
,
Pompey
was
gone
Caesar
enters
the
City
and
purs●es
him
.
out
,
Caesar
came
into
the
City
,
and
made
himself
Master
of
it
,
treating
all
the
rest
with
a
great
deal
of
Courtesie
,
and
appeasing
their
Fears
,
all
except
Metellus
,
one
of
the
Tribunes
;
but
when
he
refused
to
let
him
take
any
Money
out
of
the
common
Treasury
,
Caesar
threatned
him
with
death
,
adding
a
sharper
Sentence
to
his
Threats
▪
That
it
was
far
easier
for
him
to
do
it
than
say
it
:
Thereupon
,
after
he
had
turned
Metellus
out
of
his
Office
,
and
taken
what
Monies
were
of
use
for
his
occasions
,
he
set
forwards
in
pursuit
of
Pompey
,
endeavouring
with
all
speed
to
drive
him
out
of
Italy
,
before
his
Army
,
that
was
in
Spain
,
could
joyn
with
him
.
But
Pompey
arriving
at
Brundusium
,
and
Pompey
sends
his
Army
from
Brundusium
to
Dyrrachium
.
having
provided
a
Fleet
of
Ships
there
,
the
two
Consuls
imbarked
immediately
,
and
with
them
there
were
shipt
off
30
Cohorts
or
Regiments
of
Foot
bound
before
him
for
Dyrrachium
:
He
sent
likewise
his
Father-in-law
Scipio
,
and
C●eus
his
Son
,
into
Syria
,
to
provide
and
fit
out
a
Fleet
there
;
himself
in
the
mean
time
having
barred
up
the
Gates
,
and
fortified
the
Works
of
the
City
,
placed
his
lightest
Soldiers
as
Guards
upon
the
Walls
;
and
giving
express
Orders
that
the
Citizens
should
keep
within
door
,
he
cast
up
divers
Trenches
and
Rampiers
(
which
he
fortify'd
with
Palisadoes
or
sharp-pointed
Piles
)
throughout
all
the
Streets
of
the
City
,
except
only
those
two
that
lead
down
to
the
Sea-side
or
Haven
.
Thus
in
three
days
space
having
with
ease
put
all
the
rest
of
his
Army
on
Ship-board
,
he
suddenly
gave
the
Signal
to
those
that
guarded
the
Walls
,
who
as
nimbly
repairing
to
the
Ships
,
were
receiv'd
and
transported
:
Caesar
,
when
he
perceived
the
Walls
unguarded
,
imagining
with
himself
that
they
were
fled
,
made
haste
after
,
but
in
the
heat
of
the
pursuit
was
very
nigh
falling
upon
the
Stakes
and
Trenches
,
had
not
the
Brundusians
prevented
him
;
wherefore
he
wheeled
about
,
and
fetching
a
compass
round
the
City
,
made
towards
the
Haven
,
where
he
found
all
the
Fleet
under
Sail
,
excepting
only
two
Vessels
that
had
but
a
few
Soldiers
aboard
.
Some
are
of
opinion
,
That
this
Departure
He
is
censured
for
leaving
Italy
.
of
Pompey's
is
to
be
ranged
among
the
best
of
his
Stratagems
▪
but
Caesar
himself
could
not
but
admire
that
he
(
who
was
ingarrison'd
in
a
City
well
Fortify'd
,
who
was
in
expectation
of
his
Forces
from
Spain
,
and
was
Master
of
the
Sea
besides
)
should
ever
leave
and
depart
out
of
Italy
:
Cicero
likewise
blam'd
him
,
in
that
he
follow'd
the
Counsels
of
Themistocles
,
rather
than
of
Pericles
,
whereas
the
state
of
his
Affairs
was
more
agreeable
to
the
Circumstances
of
the
latter
,
than
those
of
the
former
:
However
,
it
appear'd
plainly
,
and
Caesar
shew'd
it
by
his
Actions
,
that
he
was
in
great
fear
of
the
Times
;
for
when
he
had
taken
Numerius
,
a
Friend
of
Pompey's
Prisoner
,
he
sent
him
as
an
Ambassador
to
Brundusium
,
with
offers
of
Peace
and
Reconciliation
upon
equal
terms
;
but
Numerius
sail'd
away
with
Pompey
:
And
now
Caesar
being
Master
of
all
Italy
,
in
60
days
,
without
a
drop
of
Bloodshed
,
had
a
great
desire
forthwith
to
follow
Pompey
;
but
being
destitute
of
Shipping
,
Caesar
goes
for
Spain
.
he
was
forc'd
to
divert
his
course
,
and
march
into
Spain
,
designing
to
joyn
those
Forces
of
Pompey
there
to
his
own
.
In
the
mean
time
Pompey
had
rais'd
a
Pompey's
Army
in
Greece
.
mighty
Army
both
by
Sea
and
Land
;
As
for
his
Navy
,
't
was
altogether
invincible
,
for
there
were
500
Men
of
War
,
besides
an
infinite
company
of
Galliots
,
Foists
,
and
Pinaces
:
Then
for
his
Land-Forces
,
the
Cavalry
made
up
a
Body
of
7000
Horse
,
the
very
flower
of
Rome
and
Italy
,
Men
of
Honour
,
Wealth
,
and
Courage
;
but
the
Infantry
was
a
mixture
of
raw
and
unexperienc'd
Soldiers
,
and
therefore
he
exercised
and
train'd
them
up
daily
near
the
City
Beraea
,
(
where
he
had
quarter'd
and
lodg'd
his
Army
)
himself
no
ways
slothful
,
but
performing
all
his
Exercises
as
if
he
had
been
in
the
flower
of
his
Youth
:
This
exemplary
Conduct
raised
the
Spirits
of
his
Soldiers
extremely
,
for
it
was
no
small
Encouragement
for
them
to
see
Pompey
the
Great
,
60
Years
of
Age
wanting
two
,
one
while
trailing
a
Pike
,
and
handling
his
Arms
among
the
Foot
in
all
his
Postures
;
then
again
mounted
among
the
Horse
,
drawing
out
his
Sword
with
ease
in
full
career
,
and
sheathing
it
up
as
easily
;
And
in
darting
the
Javelin
,
there
he
shew'd
not
only
his
skill
and
dexterity
in
hitting
the
Mark
,
but
his
strength
and
activity
in
throwing
it
so
far
,
that
few
of
the
youngest
went
beyond
him
.
Several
Kings
and
Princes
of
other
Nations
Of
th●se
that
resorted
to
him
.
came
thither
to
him
,
but
there
was
a
glorious
appearance
of
Roman
Magistrates
,
and
so
numerous
,
that
they
made
up
a
compleat
Senate
;
Labienus
forsook
his
old
Friend
Caesar
,
(
whom
he
had
serv'd
throughout
all
his
Wars
in
Gaul
)
and
came
over
to
Pompey
;
And
Brutus
,
Son
to
that
Brutus
that
was
put
to
Death
in
Gaul
,
a
Man
of
great
Spirit
,
and
one
that
to
that
day
had
never
so
much
as
saluted
or
spoke
to
Pompey
(
looking
upon
him
as
the
Murderer
of
his
Father
)
came
then
and
submitted
himself
to
him
,
as
the
defender
of
their
Liberty
:
Cicero
likewise
,
(
though
he
wrote
and
advis'd
otherwise
,
yet
)
was
asham'd
not
to
be
accounted
in
the
number
of
those
that
would
hazard
their
Lives
and
Fortunes
for
the
safeguard
of
their
Country
:
And
last
of
all
there
came
to
him
even
into
Macedonia
,
Tidius
Sextus
,
a
Man
extremely
Old
,
and
Lame
of
one
Leg
;
others
indeed
mock'd
and
laugh'd
at
the
Spectacle
,
but
Pompey
,
as
soon
as
he
saw
him
,
rose
and
ran
to
meet
him
,
esteeming
it
no
small
assurance
of
their
Good-will
,
when
Men
of
such
Age
and
Infirmities
should
rather
choose
to
be
with
him
in
danger
,
than
in
safety
at
home
.
Afterwards
in
a
Council
of
War
there
passed
a
Decree
,
which
was
pronounced
by
Cato
as
President
,
That
no
Roman
Citizen
should
be
put
to
Death
but
in
Battel
,
and
that
they
should
not
Sack
or
Plunder
any
City
that
was
subject
to
the
Roman
Empire
:
By
these
means
Pompey's
Party
grew
into
greater
Reputation
,
insomuch
that
they
,
who
were
no
ways
at
all
concern'd
in
the
War
,
(
either
because
they
dwelt
afar
off
,
or
were
thought
incapable
by
reason
of
their
Infirmities
)
were
yet
in
their
opinions
of
his
side
,
and
did
in
all
their
Discourses
even
fight
for
his
Cause
,
calling
it
the
good
or
just
Cause
,
esteeming
those
as
Enemies
to
the
Gods
and
Men
,
that
wished
not
Victory
to
Pompey
.
Neither
was
Pompey's
Clemency
such
,
§.
18.
but
that
Caesar
likewise
shew'd
himself
as
merciful
a
Conqueror
;
for
when
he
had
taken
and
overthrown
all
Pompey's
Forces
in
Spain
,
he
gave
them
Quarter
,
leaving
the
Commanders
at
their
Liberty
,
and
taking
the
common
Soldiers
into
his
own
Pay
:
Then
repassing
the
Alpes
,
and
making
a
running
March
through
Italy
,
he
came
to
Brundusium
about
the
Winter
Solstice
,
and
crossing
the
Sea
there
,
landed
at
the
Port
of
Oricum
:
Now
Caesar
having
Jubius
(
an
intimate
Friend
of
Pompey's
)
with
him
as
his
Prisoner
,
dispatch'd
him
to
Pompey
,
in
an
Embassage
,
entreating
,
That
they
meeting
together
in
a
Conference
,
as
one
should
disband
both
their
Armies
within
three
days
,
and
renewing
their
former
Friendship
with
solemn
Oaths
,
should
return
together
into
Italy
.
Pompey
look'd
upon
this
again
as
some
new
Stratagem
or
Device
;
and
therefore
marching
down
in
all
haste
towards
the
Sea-Coast
,
possessed
himself
of
all
Forts
and
Places
of
Strength
,
(
fit
to
encamp
in
,
and
secure
his
Land-Forces
)
as
likewise
of
all
Ports
and
Harbours
commodious
to
receive
any
that
came
by
Sea
;
so
that
what
Wind
soever
blew
,
it
must
needs
in
some
way
or
other
be
favourable
to
him
,
bringing
in
either
Provision
,
Men
,
or
Money
:
But
Caesar
,
on
the
contrary
,
was
so
distressed
both
by
Sea
and
Land
,
that
he
was
forc'd
to
desire
Battel
,
daily
provoking
the
Enemy
,
and
assailing
them
in
their
very
Forts
;
and
in
these
light
Skirmishes
for
the
most
part
had
the
better
,
only
once
he
was
dangerously
overthrown
,
and
likely
to
have
lost
his
whole
Army
:
For
Pompey
having
valiantly
re-inforced
the
Battel
,
made
a
desperate
Charge
upon
him
,
even
to
a
total
Rout
of
all
his
Army
,
and
the
Slaughter
of
2000
upon
the
Place
;
but
either
he
was
not
able
to
force
their
Camp
,
or
he
was
afraid
to
fall
in
pell-mell
together
with
them
:
Insomuch
as
Caesar
told
some
of
his
Friends
,
Pompey's
Soldiers
were
so
mightily
encourag'd
by
this
Victory
that
they
would
needs
have
it
put
to
the
decision
of
a
Battel
;
but
Pompey
himself
(
though
he
wrote
to
Foreign
Kings
,
Princes
,
and
States
in
Confederacy
with
him
,
as
a
Conqueror
,
yet
)
was
afraid
to
hazard
the
Success
of
a
Battel
,
choosing
rather
by
delays
,
and
distress
of
Provisions
,
to
tire
out
those
who
had
never
yet
been
Conquer'd
by
force
of
Arms
,
but
had
always
,
when
they
fought
in
a
body
,
been
accustom'd
to
Victory
:
Besides
the
Infirmities
of
their
Age
,
which
now
made
them
quickly
weary
of
those
other
Hardships
of
War
,
(
such
as
were
long
Marches
,
and
frequent
Decampings
,
making
of
Trenches
,
and
building
of
Fortifications
)
made
them
willing
to
fight
and
venture
the
Battel
with
all
speed
.
Pompey
had
all
along
hitherto
by
his
Perswasions
,
pretty
well
quieted
his
Soldiers
;
but
after
this
last
Engagement
,
when
Caesar
for
want
of
Provisions
was
forc'd
to
raise
his
Camp
,
and
had
passed
through
Athamania
into
Thessaly
,
it
was
impossible
to
curb
or
allay
the
heat
of
their
Spirits
any
longer
;
For
all
crying
out
with
a
general
Voice
,
That
Caesar
is
fled
,
some
were
for
pursuing
and
pressing
upon
him
;
others
for
returning
into
Italy
;
some
there
were
that
sent
their
Friends
and
Servants
before
hand
to
Rome
,
to
hire
Houses
near
the
Forum
or
Market-place
,
whereby
they
might
be
in
a
readiness
to
sue
for
Offices
and
Places
in
the
Government
:
But
several
were
so
vain
as
to
sail
for
Lesbos
,
in
a
Compliment
to
Cornelia
,
with
this
joyful
News
,
That
the
War
was
brought
to
an
end
;
(
for
Pompey
had
privately
convey'd
her
thither
from
the
Tumults
in
Rome
.
)
Hereupon
a
Council
of
War
was
call'd
,
and
the
Matter
being
under
debate
,
Afranius
was
of
Opinion
,
That
Italy
should
first
be
regain'd
,
for
that
it
was
the
grand
Prize
and
Crown
of
all
the
War
;
and
withal
they
who
were
Masters
of
that
,
would
quickly
have
at
their
Devotion
all
the
Provinces
of
Sicilia
,
Sardinia
,
Corsica
,
Spain
,
and
Gaul
;
but
what
was
of
greatest
weight
and
moment
,
't
was
his
own
native
Country
that
lay
near
,
reaching
out
her
Hand
for
his
Help
;
and
certainly
it
could
not
be
consistent
with
Pompey's
Honour
to
leave
her
thus
expos'd
to
all
Indignities
,
and
in
Bondage
under
Slaves
,
and
the
Flatterers
of
a
Tyrant
.
But
Pompey
himself
on
the
contrary
,
thought
it
neither
honourable
to
fly
a
second
time
before
Caesar
,
and
be
pursued
,
when
Fortune
had
given
him
the
Advantage
of
a
Pursuit
;
nor
indeed
lawful
before
the
Gods
,
to
forsake
Scipio
,
and
divers
other
Men
of
consular
Dignity
dispers'd
throughout
Greece
and
Thessaly
,
who
must
necessarily
fall
into
Caesar's
Hands
,
together
with
all
their
Wealth
and
greater
Forces
:
Then
as
to
his
Care
for
the
City
of
Rome
,
that
would
most
eminently
appear
,
by
removing
the
Scene
of
War
to
a
greater
distance
,
whereby
she
,
being
every
way
insensible
of
those
Calamities
that
attend
a
War
,
might
in
Peace
expect
the
Return
of
her
Conqueror
.
With
this
determination
Pompey
march'd
He
follows
Caesar
int●
Thessaly
.
forwards
in
pursuit
of
Caesar
,
firmly
resolv'd
with
himself
not
to
give
him
Battel
,
but
rather
to
Besiege
and
distress
him
,
by
keeping
close
at
his
heels
,
straitning
his
Quarters
,
and
cutting
off
all
necessary
Reliefs
:
Now
there
were
other
Reasons
that
made
him
continue
this
Resolution
,
but
especially
a
Combination
among
the
Roman
Knights
that
came
to
his
Ear
,
wherein
they
design'd
as
soon
as
Caesar
▪
was
overthrown
,
to
humble
him
too
;
and
therefore
,
some
report
,
it
was
for
this
Reason
that
Pompey
never
employ'd
Cato
in
any
Matter
of
consequence
during
the
whole
War
;
yet
now
,
when
he
pursued
Caesar
,
he
left
him
to
guard
his
Baggage
by
Sea
,
fearing
,
if
Caesar
should
be
taken
off
,
lest
,
by
Cato's
means
,
he
likewise
not
long
after
should
be
forc'd
to
lay
down
his
Commission
.
Whilst
he
was
thus
slowly
attending
the
Motions
of
the
Enemy
,
his
Friends
began
to
charge
upon
him
many
Reproaches
and
Imputations
,
as
if
he
did
not
use
this
Stratagem
to
deceive
Caesar
,
but
his
Country
and
the
Senate
,
that
he
might
always
continue
in
Authority
,
and
never
cease
to
keep
those
for
his
Guards
and
Servants
who
themselves
were
worthy
to
govern
the
World
;
besides
that
scoffing
way
of
Domitius
Aenobarbus
,
continually
calling
him
Agamemnon
,
and
King
of
Kings
,
render'd
him
very
odious
:
And
Favonius
his
unseasonable
Raillery
,
did
him
no
less
injury
,
than
those
that
took
upon
them
a
greater
liberty
of
Speech
,
when
in
Drollery
he
cry'd
out
▪
My
Masters
!
you
must
not
expect
to
gather
any
Figs
in
Tusculan
this
year
.
But
Lucius
Afranius
(
who
had
lain
under
an
imputation
of
Treachery
in
Betraying
the
Army
in
Spain
)
when
he
perceiv'd
that
Pompey
did
industriously
decline
an
Engagement
,
declar'd
openly
,
That
he
could
not
but
admire
,
why
those
who
were
so
ready
to
accuse
him
,
did
not
go
themselves
and
fight
that
Merchant
of
their
Provinces
.
With
these
and
many
such
like
Speeches
they
wrought
upon
Pompey
,
(
a
Man
of
that
Honour
and
Modesty
,
that
he
could
not
bear
a
Reproach
,
neither
would
he
disoblige
his
Friends
)
and
forc'd
him
to
break
his
Measures
,
so
that
he
forsook
his
own
prudent
Resolution
,
only
to
follow
their
vain
Hopes
and
Desires
:
Now
if
such
an
unsteady
Conduct
is
blameable
in
the
Pilot
of
a
Ship
,
how
much
more
in
an
Emperor
,
or
the
Soveraign
Commander
of
such
an
Army
,
and
so
many
Nations
;
but
he
(
though
he
has
often
commended
those
Physicians
who
did
not
comply
with
the
humorous
Appetites
of
their
Patients
,
yet
)
himself
could
not
but
yield
to
the
Diseased
part
of
his
Army
,
rather
than
he
would
use
any
severity
in
the
Cure
;
and
indeed
,
who
would
not
judge
it
Insanity
,
and
want
of
a
Cure
in
those
Men
,
who
went
up
and
down
the
Camp
,
suing
already
for
the
Consulship
and
Office
of
a
Praetor
?
Nay
,
Spinther
,
Domitius
,
and
Scipio
,
made
Friends
,
rais'd
Factions
,
and
even
quarrell'd
among
themselves
,
who
should
succeed
Caesar
in
the
Dignity
of
his
High-Priesthood
,
esteeming
all
as
lightly
,
as
if
they
were
to
engage
only
with
Tigranes
,
King
of
Armenia
,
or
some
petty
Na●athaean
King
,
not
with
that
Caesar
and
his
Army
,
that
had
Storm'd
a
1000
Towns
,
and
subdued
more
than
300
several
Nations
;
that
had
fought
innumerable
Battels
with
the
Germans
and
Gauls
,
and
always
carried
the
Victory
;
that
had
taken
a
Million
of
Men
Prisoners
,
and
Slain
as
many
upon
the
Spot
in
pitcht
Battels
.
But
as
soon
as
they
came
to
the
Fields
§.
19.
of
Pharsalia
,
they
grew
very
tumultuous
,
so
that
they
forced
him
by
their
Pressures
and
Importunities
to
call
a
Counsel
of
War
,
where
Labienus
,
General
of
the
Horse
,
stood
up
,
and
first
took
the
Sacrament
,
swearing
,
That
he
would
not
return
out
of
the
Battel
,
until
he
had
seen
the
Backs
if
his
Enemies
;
and
all
the
rest
took
the
same
Oath
.
That
Night
Pompey
Dream'd
,
That
as
he
went
into
the
Theater
,
the
People
receiv'd
him
with
great
Applause
,
and
that
he
himself
adorn'd
the
Temple
of
Venus
,
the
Conqueress
,
with
many
Spoils
:
This
Vision
partly
encourag'd
,
and
partly
disheartned
him
,
●●●●ing
lest
that
Splendor
and
Ornament
to
Venus
should
be
made
with
Spoils
taken
from
himself
by
Caesar
,
who
deriv'd
his
Family
from
that
Goddess
;
besides
,
there
was
a
certain
Panick
Fear
run
through
the
Camp
,
with
such
a
Noise
that
it
awak'd
him
out
of
his
Sleep
:
And
about
the
time
of
renewing
the
Watch
towards
Morning
,
there
appear'd
a
great
Light
over
Caesar's
Camp
,
whilst
they
were
all
at
rest
,
and
from
thence
a
Ball
of
flaming
Fire
was
carried
into
Pompey's
Camp
,
which
Caesar
himself
said
,
he
saw
as
he
was
walking
his
Rounds
.
Now
Caesar
having
designed
to
raise
his
Camp
before
break
of
day
,
whilst
the
Soldiers
were
busie
in
pulling
down
their
Tents
,
and
sending
away
their
Cattle
and
Servants
before
them
,
with
all
their
Bag
and
Baggage
,
there
came
in
Scouts
who
brought
word
,
that
they
saw
several
Arms
carried
to
and
fro
in
the
Enemies
Camp
,
and
heard
a
noise
and
running
up
and
down
,
as
of
Men
preparing
for
Battel
:
Not
long
after
there
came
in
other
Scouts
with
farther
Intelligence
,
That
the
first
Ranks
were
already
set
in
Battel
Array
.
Thereupon
Caesar
,
when
he
had
told
them
,
That
the
wish'd
for
day
was
come
at
last
,
wherein
they
should
Fight
with
Men
,
not
with
Hunger
and
Famine
,
he
presently
gave
Orders
for
the
Red
Colours
to
be
set
up
before
his
Tent
,
for
that
was
usually
the
Signal
of
Battel
among
the
Romans
:
As
soon
as
the
Soldiers
saw
that
,
they
left
their
Tents
,
and
with
great
Shouts
of
Joy
ran
to
their
Arms
;
The
Officers
likewise
on
their
parts
drawing
up
their
Squadrons
in
order
of
Battel
,
every
Man
fell
in●o
his
proper
Rank
without
any
trouble
or
noise
,
as
quietly
and
orderly
as
if
they
had
been
in
a
Dance
:
Pompey
himself
led
up
the
right
Wing
of
his
Army
against
Anthony
,
and
appointed
his
Father-in-Law
Scipio
in
the
middle
against
Lucius
Albinus
.
The
Left
Wing
was
Commanded
by
Lucius
Domitius
,
and
re-enforced
with
several
Regiments
of
Horse
;
for
the
whole
Cavalry
almost
was
plac'd
there
to
distress
Caesar
,
and
cut
off
the
Tenth
Legion
,
which
was
accounted
the
stoutest
in
all
the
Army
,
and
in
which
Caesar
himself
always
fought
in
Person
.
Caesar
observing
the
Left
Wing
of
the
Enemy
to
be
lin'd
and
guarded
with
such
a
mighty
guard
of
Horse
,
and
fearing
the
Gallantry
of
that
Battalion
,
he
sent
a
Detachment
of
six
Regiments
out
of
the
Forlorn
,
and
plac'd
them
in
the
Rear
of
the
Tenth
Legion
,
commanding
them
not
to
stir
,
lest
they
should
be
discovered
by
the
Enemy
;
but
withal
,
as
soon
as
the
Enemies
Horse
had
made
a
Charge
,
and
began
to
press
upon
them
,
that
they
should
make
up
with
all
speed
to
the
Front
through
the
foremost
Ranks
,
and
not
throw
their
Javelins
at
a
distance
,
(
as
't
is
usual
among
your
valiant
Warriers
,
that
they
may
come
to
a
close
Fight
with
their
Swords
the
sooner
)
but
that
they
should
dart
them
upwards
into
the
Eyes
and
Face
of
the
Enemy
;
telling
them
,
That
those
fine
young
Dancers
would
never
endure
the
Steel
shining
in
their
Eyes
,
but
would
fly
to
save
their
handsome
Faces
.
This
was
Caesar's
Device
at
that
time
:
But
while
he
was
thus
instructing
his
Soldiers
,
Pompey
on
Horseback
was
viewing
the
Order
of
both
Battalia's
;
and
when
he
saw
how
well
the
Enemy
kept
their
Ranks
,
expecting
quietly
the
Signal
of
Battel
;
and
on
the
contrary
,
how
impatient
and
unsteady
his
own
Men
were
,
waving
up
and
down
in
great
Disorder
for
want
of
Experience
,
was
very
much
afraid
that
their
Ranks
would
be
broken
upon
the
first
Onset
;
and
therefore
he
gave
out
strict
Orders
,
that
the
Vanguard
should
make
a
Stand
,
and
keeping
close
in
their
Ranks
should
receive
the
Enemies
Charge
.
But
Caesar
did
very
much
condemn
his
Judgement
in
this
Stratagem
,
for
that
by
taking
away
the
power
of
an
Assault
,
it
does
not
only
take
off
from
the
strength
and
force
of
a
Blow
,
which
is
otherwise
made
with
a
spring
upon
an
Incursion
,
but
it
does
likewise
abate
and
blunt
the
edge
of
that
Spirit
and
Fury
which
the
Assailants
carry
with
them
,
(
and
which
is
improv'd
by
Shouts
and
Running
on
)
so
that
at
last
they
become
cold
,
unactive
,
and
disheartned
.
Caesar's
Army
consisted
of
22000
,
and
Po●●●●'s
of
somewhat
above
twice
as
many
:
Now
when
the
Signal
of
Battel
was
given
on
both
sides
,
and
the
Trumpets
began
to
●ound
an
Alarm
,
the
generality
of
those
present
minded
their
own
Charge
,
and
the
Matters
that
belong'd
to
themselves
;
only
some
few
of
the
Roman
Nobility
,
together
with
certain
Grecians
there
present
,
(
as
Spectators
,
without
the
Battel
,
seeing
the
Armies
ready
to
join
)
could
not
but
consider
in
themselves
to
what
a
pass
the
Ambition
and
Emulation
of
these
two
had
brought
the
Roman
Empire
;
For
the
Weapons
being
of
Kin
,
and
the
Bands
Brethren
,
under
the
same
common
Banners
,
together
with
the
flower
and
strength
of
the
same
City
,
clashing
and
falling
foul
upon
one
another
even
to
the
Destruction
of
both
,
gave
a
clear
Demonstration
of
human
Nature
,
how
sensless
and
void
of
Reason
it
is
when
't
is
blinded
with
Passion
:
For
if
they
had
been
desirous
only
to
Rule
,
and
enjoy
in
Peace
what
they
had
Conquer'd
in
War
,
the
greatest
and
best
part
of
the
World
was
subject
to
them
both
by
Sea
and
Land
;
but
if
there
was
yet
a
thirst
in
their
Ambition
,
that
must
still
be
fed
with
new
Trophies
and
Triumphs
;
the
Parthian
and
German
Wars
would
yield
Matter
enough
to
satisfie
the
most
Covetous
of
Honour
:
Nay
,
Scythia
was
yet
Unconquer'd
,
and
the
Indians
too
,
where
their
Ambition
might
be
colour'd
over
with
the
specious
pretence
of
Civilizing
those
Barbarous
Nations
;
And
what
Scythian
Horse
,
Parthian
Arrows
,
and
Indian
Riches
,
could
be
able
to
resist
70000
Roman
Soldiers
,
well
appointed
in
Arms
,
under
the
Command
of
two
such
Generals
as
Pompey
and
Caesar
?
whose
Names
they
had
heard
of
before
that
of
the
Romans
;
and
whose
Prowess
,
by
their
Conquests
of
wild
,
savage
,
and
bruitish
Nations
,
was
spread
farther
than
the
Fame
of
the
Romans
themselves
:
But
now
they
having
laid
aside
the
sence
of
their
Honour
,
and
with
that
their
Piety
too
,
not
sparing
their
own
Country
,
were
engag'd
in
a
Civil
War
,
and
dashing
one
another
in
pieces
,
who
had
both
been
accounted
invincible
till
that
day
;
And
for
the
Alliance
contracted
betwixt
them
,
the
Charms
of
Julia
,
and
that
Marriage
,
those
were
look'd
upon
as
Tricks
of
State
,
(
only
to
palliate
some
sinister
Design
or
Confederacy
betwixt
them
)
rather
than
Pledges
of
any
real
Friendship
.
Now
therefore
,
as
soon
as
the
Plains
of
§.
20.
Pharsalia
were
covered
with
Men
,
Horse
,
and
Armour
,
and
that
the
Signal
of
Battel
was
given
on
either
side
,
Caius
Crastinus
,
a
Centurion
,
(
who
Commanded
a
Troop
consisting
of
120
Men
)
was
the
first
that
advanc'd
out
of
Caesar's
Army
,
to
give
the
Charge
,
and
acquit
himself
of
a
solemn
Engagement
,
that
he
had
made
to
Caesar
:
For
Caesar
as
he
was
going
out
of
his
Tent
in
the
Morning
,
saw
Crastinus
;
where
after
some
Discourse
,
he
ask'd
,
What
his
Opinion
was
touching
the
event
of
that
Battel
?
To
which
he
stretching
out
his
Right
Hand
,
reply'd
aloud
,
Thine
is
the
Victory
,
oh
Caesar
,
Thou
shalt
Conquer
gloriously
,
and
I
my self
this
day
will
be
the
Subject
of
thy
Praise
,
either
alive
or
dead
:
In
pursuance
of
this
Promise
he
broke
out
of
his
Rank
,
and
being
follow'd
by
many
more
,
charg'd
into
the
midst
of
his
Enemies
;
there
they
came
presently
to
a
close
Fight
with
their
Swords
,
and
made
a
great
Slaughter
:
But
as
Crastinus
was
still
pressing
forward
,
and
breaking
the
Ranks
of
the
Vanguard
,
a
certain
Soldier
ran
him
in
at
the
Mouth
,
so
that
the
point
of
the
Sword
came
out
behind
at
his
Neck
;
wherefore
Crastinus
being
thus
slain
,
the
Fight
became
doubtfull
,
and
continued
equal
on
that
part
of
the
Battel
.
Pompey
had
no●
yet
brought
on
the
right
Wing
,
but
staid
and
view'd
about
,
expecting
what
Execution
his
Cavalry
would
do
in
the
Left
;
now
they
had
already
drawn
out
their
Squadrons
in
form
,
designing
to
encompass
Caesar
,
and
force
those
few
Horse
which
he
had
plac'd
in
the
Front
,
to
give
back
upon
the
Battalion
of
Foot
:
But
Caesar
,
on
the
other
side
having
given
the
Signal
,
his
Horse
retreated
back
a
little
,
and
gave
way
to
those
Six
Auxiliary
Regiments
,
(
being
3000
in
number
)
which
had
been
posted
in
the
Rear
,
as
an
Ambush
or
Reserve
,
to
prevent
encompassing
;
these
ran
out
,
and
fiercely
charg'd
the
Enemy
upon
the
Flank
;
but
when
they
came
up
to
the
Horse
,
there
they
darted
their
Javelins
upwards
,
according
to
their
Instructions
,
and
hit
the
young
Gentlemen
in
their
Faces
:
Now
these
Gallants
(
as
they
were
altogether
unskilful
in
any
manner
of
Fight
,
so
least
of
all
expecting
or
understanding
such
a
kind
as
this
)
had
not
Courage
enough
to
endure
the
Blows
upon
their
Faces
,
but
turning
their
Backs
,
and
covering
their
Eyes
with
their
Hands
,
were
shamefully
put
to
Flight
,
Caesar's
Men
did
not
follow
the
Chace
,
but
turn'd
their
Forces
back
upon
the
Foot
,
and
attack'd
them
on
all
parts
of
that
Wing
which
lay
naked
and
unguarded
by
the
Horse
,
whereby
they
were
presently
surrounded
and
environ'd
on
every
side
;
so
that
now
being
attack'd
in
the
Flank
by
these
,
and
charg'd
in
the
Front
by
the
10th
Legion
,
they
were
not
able
to
abide
the
Charge
,
or
make
any
longer
Resistance
,
especially
when
they
saw
themselves
out-witted
in
their
own
Stratagem
,
and
circumvented
in
that
Ambush
,
by
which
they
design'd
to
have
invested
the
Enemy
:
Thus
these
being
likewise
routed
and
put
to
flight
,
when
Pompey
saw
it
,
and
by
the
Dust
flying
in
the
Air
,
conjectur'd
the
same
Fate
of
his
Horse
too
,
it
were
very
hard
to
express
his
thoughts
at
that
time
,
but
he
look'd
more
like
one
distracted
and
besides
himself
,
than
one
that
should
have
call'd
to
mind
that
he
was
Pompey
the
Great
;
and
therefore
he
retired
slowly
towards
his
Camp
,
without
speaking
a
word
to
any
Man
,
behaving
himself
exactly
according
to
the
description
in
these
Verses
,
When
Jove
from
Heav'n
strook
Ajax
with
a
fear
,
Ajax
the
bold
,
he
stood
astonish'd
there
,
And
trembling
gaz'd
about
without
a
Shield
or
Spear
.
In
this
state
and
condition
he
went
into
his
own
Tent
,
and
sate
him
down
speechless
still
,
until
some
of
the
Enemies
fell
in
together
with
his
Men
that
were
flying
into
the
Camp
,
and
then
he
let
fall
only
this
one
word
,
What
?
into
the
very
Camp
?
and
said
no
more
,
but
rose
up
,
and
putting
on
a
Garment
suitable
to
his
present
Fortune
,
departed
secretly
.
By
this
time
the
rest
of
the
Army
was
put
to
flight
,
and
there
was
a
great
Slaughter
in
the
Camp
among
the
Servants
,
and
those
that
guarded
the
Tents
;
but
of
the
Soldiers
themselves
,
there
were
not
above
6000
slain
,
as
't
is
reported
by
Asinius
Pollio
,
who
was
himself
a
Voluntier
in
this
Fight
of
Caesar's
Party
.
When
Caesar's
Soldiers
had
taken
the
Camp
,
they
saw
clearly
the
Folly
and
Vanity
of
the
Enemy
;
for
all
their
Tents
and
Pavilions
were
richly
adorn'd
with
Garlands
of
Myrtle
,
painted
Carpets
and
Hangings
,
their
Couches
strow'd
with
Flowers
,
and
their
Tables
set
full
of
Bowls
and
Glasses
,
and
those
even
crown'd
with
Wine
;
nay
,
their
foolish
hopes
had
puff'd
them
up
with
such
vain
Confidence
,
that
their
whole
Preparation
and
Furniture
was
of
People
going
to
Feast
and
Sacrifice
,
rather
than
of
Men
well-arm'd
and
appointed
for
the
Battel
.
When
Pompey
had
got
a
little
way
from
the
Camp
,
he
dismounted
and
forsook
his
Horse
,
having
but
a
small
Retinue
with
him
,
and
finding
that
no
Man
pursu'd
him
,
walk'd
on
softly
a
foot
,
taken
up
altogether
with
thoughts
,
such
as
probably
might
possess
any
Man
of
his
Quality
and
Circumstances
,
a
Man
that
for
the
space
of
34
Years
together
,
had
been
accustomed
to
Conquest
and
Victory
,
and
was
then
at
last
in
his
old
Age
beginning
to
know
the
Calamities
of
War
in
Slaughter
and
Flight
:
And
it
was
no
small
Affliction
to
consider
,
that
he
had
lost
in
one
hour
all
that
Glory
and
Power
which
he
had
been
getting
in
so
many
Wars
and
bloody
Battels
,
and
that
he
,
who
but
a
little
before
was
guarded
with
such
an
Army
of
Foot
,
so
many
Regiments
of
Horse
,
and
such
a
mighty
Fleet
,
was
now
flying
in
so
mean
a
condition
,
and
with
such
a
slender
Retinue
,
that
his
very
Enemies
who
sought
him
could
not
know
him
.
Thus
when
he
had
passed
by
the
City
of
Larissa
,
and
came
into
the
Fields
of
Tempe
,
he
being
very
thirsty
,
kneel'd
down
and
drank
out
of
the
River
;
then
rising
up
again
,
he
passed
through
those
Valleys
,
until
he
came
to
the
Sea-side
,
and
there
he
betook
himself
to
a
poor
Fisherman's
Cottage
,
where
he
lodg'd
all
the
remainder
of
the
Night
:
The
next
Morning
about
break
of
day
he
went
into
a
little
Boat
upon
the
River
,
and
taking
his
Freemen
along
with
him
,
dismissed
the
rest
of
his
Servants
,
advising
them
to
go
boldly
to
Caesar
and
not
be
afraid
:
As
he
was
rowing
up
and
down
near
the
Shore
,
he
chanc'd
to
spy
a
great
Ship
of
Burthen
riding
at
Anchor
,
and
just
ready
to
set
Sail
;
the
Master
whereof
was
call'd
by
the
Name
of
Petitius
,
a
Roman
Citizen
,
who
,
though
he
was
not
familiary
acquainted
with
Pompey
,
yet
he
knew
him
very
well
by
sight
:
Now
it
happened
that
this
Petitius
dream'd
the
Night
before
that
he
saw
Pompey
,
not
like
the
Man
he
had
often
seen
him
,
but
in
a
despicable
condition
,
and
disconsolate
,
and
in
that
posture
was
discoursing
with
him
:
He
was
then
telling
his
Dream
to
the
Passengers
,
(
as
Men
commonly
do
that
are
at
leisure
,
and
especially
Dreams
of
that
consequence
)
when
of
a
sudden
one
of
the
Mariners
told
him
,
he
saw
a
little
Boat
with
Oars
putting
off
from
Shore
,
and
that
some
of
the
Men
there
shook
their
Garments
,
and
held
out
their
Hands
,
with
Signs
to
take
them
in
:
Thereupon
Petitius
standing
up
,
knew
him
immediately
,
seeing
him
in
the
same
disguise
as
he
appear'd
in
his
Dream
,
and
smiting
his
Hand
on
his
Head
,
order'd
the
Mariners
to
let
down
the
Ships
Boat
,
he
himself
lending
his
Hand
,
and
calling
him
by
the
Name
of
Pompey
;
in
that
he
was
already
assur'd
of
his
Change
,
and
the
change
of
his
Fortune
,
by
that
of
his
Garb
:
So
that
without
any
farther
Entreaty
or
Discourse
,
he
took
him
into
his
Ship
,
together
with
such
of
his
Company
as
he
thought
fit
,
and
hois'd
Sail
:
There
were
with
him
,
the
two
Len●uli
and
Favonius
;
and
a
little
after
they
spy'd
King
Deiotarus
making
up
towards
them
from
a-shore
,
so
they
stayed
and
took
him
in
along
with
them
:
At
Supper
time
,
the
Master
of
the
Ship
having
made
ready
▪
such
Provisions
as
he
had
aboard
,
Pompey
,
for
want
of
his
Servants
▪
began
to
wash
himself
,
which
when
Favonius
perceiv'd
,
he
ran
to
him
,
wash'd
and
anointed
him
;
and
always
after
continu'd
to
wait
upon
,
and
attend
him
in
all
things
,
as
Servants
do
their
Masters
,
even
to
the
washing
of
his
Feet
,
and
providing
of
his
Supper
.
Insomuch
that
one
there
present
,
observing
that
free
and
unaffected
Courtesie
in
his
Services
,
broke
out
into
these
words
,
Lord
!
in
the
noble
and
the
fair
,
How
graceful
all
things
do
appear
!
Pompey
sailing
by
the
City
of
Amphipolis
,
coasted
over
from
thence
to
Mitylene
,
with
a
design
to
take
in
Cornelia
and
his
Son
;
as
Lesbos
.
soon
as
he
arriv'd
at
the
Port
in
that
Island
,
he
dispatch'd
a
Messenger
into
the
City
,
with
News
very
different
from
Cornelia's
Expectation
;
for
she
,
by
all
the
former
Messengers
and
Letters
sent
to
please
her
,
had
been
put
in
hopes
that
the
War
was
ended
at
Dyrrachium
,
and
that
there
was
nothing
more
remaining
for
Pompey
,
but
the
Chace
of
Caesar
:
The
Messenger
finding
her
in
the
same
Hopes
still
,
was
not
able
to
salute
or
speak
to
her
,
but
declaring
the
greatness
of
her
Misfortune
by
his
Tears
rather
than
by
his
words
,
desir'd
her
to
make
haste
if
she
would
see
Pompey
,
with
one
Ship
only
,
and
that
none
of
his
own
:
The
young
Lady
hearing
this
,
fell
down
all
along
in
a
Swoon
,
and
continu'd
so
a
long
time
sensless
and
speechless
;
she
was
scarce
well
recover'd
of
her
Senses
again
,
but
being
conscious
to
her self
that
this
was
no
time
for
Lamentation
and
Tears
she
started
up
and
ran
through
the
City
towards
the
Sea-side
,
where
Pompey
meeting
and
embracing
her
in
his
Arms
,
(
as
she
was
just
fainting
away
and
falling
into
a
Swoon
)
she
vented
her
passion
in
this
manner
:
This
is
the
effect
of
my
Fortune
,
dear
Sir
,
not
of
yours
,
that
I
see
you
thus
dejected
and
reduced
to
one
poor
Vessel
,
who
,
before
your
Marriage
with
the
unfortunate
Cornelia
,
was
wont
to
ride
Admiral
of
these
Seas
,
with
a
Fleet
of
500
Sail
;
why
therefore
should
you
come
to
see
me
,
or
why
not
rather
have
left
her
to
a
severer
Fate
,
who
has
been
the
Cause
and
Author
of
all
your
Misfortunes
?
How
happy
a
Woman
had
I
been
,
if
I
had
breath'd
out
my
last
before
that
fatal
News
from
Parthia
,
of
the
Death
of
Publius
,
to
whom
I
was
wedded
in
my
Virginity
?
and
how
prudent
,
if
I
had
follow'd
his
Destiny
,
as
I
design'd
?
But
I
was
reserv'd
for
a
greater
Mischief
,
even
the
ruine
of
Pompey
the
Great
.
Thus
,
they
say
,
Cornelia
spoke
to
him
,
and
this
was
Pompey's
Reply
:
Dear
Cornelia
,
Thou
hast
hitherto
known
only
one
kind
Fortune
,
which
perhaps
has
deceiv'd
thee
in
this
,
that
she
has
been
constant
to
me
beyond
her
usual
Custom
;
but
it
behoves
us
▪
who
are
Mortals
born
,
to
bear
with
these
Afflictions
,
and
try
our
Fortune
once
again
;
neither
ought
we
to
despond
,
and
rest
hopeless
,
for
that
't
is
as
possible
to
retrieve
our
former
Happiness
from
this
unlucky
state
,
as
it
was
to
fall
from
that
,
into
this
present
Calamity
.
Thereupon
she
sent
for
her
Goods
and
Servants
out
of
the
City
;
the
Citizens
also
of
Mitylene
came
out
to
salute
and
invite
Pompey
into
the
City
;
but
he
refused
,
advising
them
to
be
obedient
to
the
Conqueror
,
and
fear
not
,
for
that
Caesar
was
a
Man
of
great
Goodness
and
Clemency
:
Then
turning
to
Cratippus
the
Philosopher
,
(
who
came
among
the
rest
out
of
the
City
to
visit
him
)
he
began
to
repine
,
and
argue
somewhat
with
him
touching
the
Dispensations
of
Providence
;
but
Cratippus
very
modestly
declin'd
the
Dispute
,
putting
him
in
better
Hopes
only
,
lest
by
opposing
,
he
might
seem
too
sharp
or
unseasonable
:
For
when
Pompey
had
put
him
a
certain
Question
touching
Providence
,
and
demonstrated
how
necessary
it
was
,
that
the
Commonwealth
should
be
turn'd
into
a
Monarchy
,
because
of
their
ill
Government
in
the
State
;
he
return'd
the
Question
,
But
how
,
oh
Pompey
!
and
by
what
token
or
assurance
may
we
be
induc'd
to
believe
,
that
if
the
Victory
had
been
thine
,
thou
wouldst
have
us'd
thy
Fortune
better
than
Caesar
?
But
Providence
is
a
point
of
Divinity
belonging
to
the
Gods
,
and
ought
to
be
let
alone
to
act
after
its
own
method
.
Thus
Pompey
having
taken
his
Wife
and
§.
21.
Friends
aboard
,
set
Sail
,
making
no
Port
,
nor
touching
any
where
,
but
when
he
was
necessitated
to
take
in
Provisions
,
or
fresh
Water
:
The
first
Place
he
arriv'd
at
was
Attalia
,
a
City
in
Pamphylia
,
and
whilst
he
was
there
,
there
came
some
Gallies
thither
to
him
out
of
Cilicia
,
together
with
a
few
Bands
of
Soldiers
,
and
there
he
had
almost
60
Senators
with
him
again
:
Then
hearing
that
his
Navy
was
safe
too
,
and
that
Cato
had
rallied
a
considerable
Body
of
Soldiers
after
their
Overthrow
,
and
pass'd
with
them
over
into
Africa
,
he
began
to
complain
and
blame
himself
and
his
Friends
too
,
in
that
they
had
forc'd
him
to
engage
by
Land
,
without
making
use
of
his
other
Forces
,
(
in
which
he
was
undoubtedly
the
stronger
)
and
had
not
kept
near
enough
to
his
Fleet
,
that
failing
by
Land
,
he
might
have
reinforced
his
Troops
from
the
Sea
,
and
presently
drawn
out
a
Power
equal
and
able
enough
to
encounter
the
Enemy
;
so
that
in
truth
,
neither
did
Pompey
during
all
the
War
commit
a
greater
Oversight
,
nor
Caesar
use
a
more
subtil
Stratagem
,
than
by
drawing
the
Fight
so
far
off
from
their
Naval
Forces
.
Now
Pompey
being
at
present
constrain'd
to
attempt
and
act
somewhat
according
to
his
small
Ability
,
he
dispatch'd
his
Agents
as
Ambassadors
to
some
of
the
neighbouring
Cities
,
and
himself
sail'd
about
in
Person
to
others
,
requiring
their
Aid
in
Money
and
Soldiers
to
Victual
and
Man
out
his
Ships
;
however
,
fearing
lest
the
sudden
Approach
of
the
Enemy
might
prevent
his
Preparations
,
he
began
to
consider
what
Place
would
yield
him
the
safest
Refuge
and
Retreat
at
present
:
Thereupon
a
Consult
being
held
,
it
was
generally
agreed
upon
,
That
no
Province
of
the
Romans
was
secure
enough
;
and
touching
Foreign
Kingdoms
,
he
himself
was
of
opinion
,
That
Parthia
must
needs
be
the
fittest
both
to
receive
and
defend
them
in
their
present
Distress
,
as
well
as
to
aid
and
furnish
them
with
the
greatest
Forces
:
Others
of
the
Council
were
for
going
into
Africa
,
and
to
King
Juba
;
but
Theophanes
,
the
Lesbian
,
thought
it
madness
to
leave
Aegypt
(
that
was
but
a
Voyage
of
three
days
Sailing
)
and
forsake
Ptolomy
(
who
was
just
come
of
Age
,
and
highly
oblig'd
to
him
for
that
Friendship
and
Favour
which
he
had
lately
shewn
to
his
Father
)
only
to
put
himself
under
the
Parthian
,
and
trust
the
most
Treacherous
Nation
in
the
World
:
Or
what
is
worse
,
to
subject
himself
to
the
Tyranny
of
Arsaces
the
King
of
Parthia
,
and
make
him
his
Lord
(
a
Power
which
he
was
not
able
to
compass
in
the
Life-time
of
Crassus
)
rather
than
try
the
Clemency
of
a
Generous
Roman
,
and
one
that
had
been
his
Father-in-Law
,
to
whom
,
if
he
would
but
yield
to
be
Second
,
he
might
assure
himself
to
be
the
first
and
chief
over
all
the
rest
:
Besides
,
he
thought
it
would
be
great
Cruelty
to
expose
a
young
Lady
,
descended
from
the
Noble
Family
of
the
Scipio's
,
among
such
a
barbarous
People
,
who
govern
by
their
Lusts
,
and
measure
their
Greatness
by
their
Power
,
to
commit
Affronts
and
Insolencies
;
from
whom
,
though
she
suffer
no
Dishonour
,
yet
it
would
be
thought
she
did
,
being
in
the
Hands
of
those
who
had
the
power
to
do
it
:
This
Argument
alone
,
they
say
,
was
so
perswasive
,
as
to
divert
his
Course
,
that
was
design'd
towards
Euphrates
,
if
it
were
so
indeed
that
any
Counsel
of
Pompey's
,
and
not
his
own
Fate
,
made
him
take
this
other
way
.
As
soon
therefore
as
't
was
resolv'd
upon
,
that
he
should
fly
into
Aegypt
,
he
setting
Sail
from
Cyprus
,
in
a
Galley
of
Seleucia
,
together
with
Cornelia
,
(
and
the
rest
of
his
Company
,
some
in
Long-Boats
,
and
others
in
Ships
of
Burthen
sailing
by
)
pass'd
over
the
Sea
without
danger
.
But
when
he
understood
that
King
Ptolomy
was
sate
down
with
his
Army
in
the
City
of
Pelusium
,
making
War
against
his
Sister
,
he
steer'd
his
Course
that
way
,
and
sent
a
Messenger
before
to
acquaint
the
King
with
his
Arrival
,
and
humbly
crave
his
Protection
:
Ptolomy
himself
was
a
very
young
Man
;
and
therefore
Pothinus
,
the
principal
Minister
of
State
,
(
having
the
sole
Administration
of
all
Affairs
in
the
Government
▪
)
call'd
a
Council
of
the
chiefest
Men
at
Court
(
those
being
the
greatest
whom
he
pleas'd
to
make
so
)
and
commanded
them
every
Man
to
deliver
his
Opinion
touching
the
Reception
of
Pompey
:
Now
,
't
was
a
horrid
thing
to
consider
,
That
the
Fate
of
Pompey
the
Great
should
be
determin'd
by
such
a
Crew
,
as
Pothinus
an
Eunuch
,
Theodotus
of
Chios
,
a
mercenary
Rhetorician
,
that
taught
Oratory
,
as
a
Schoolmaster
,
for
Reward
,
and
Achillas
an
Aegyptian
;
for
these
,
with
others
of
his
Bed-Chamber
,
and
some
of
those
who
had
a
share
in
his
Education
,
were
the
chief
and
leading
Men
in
the
Council
;
Pompey
(
who
thought
it
dishonourable
to
owe
his
Safety
to
Caesar
▪
)
riding
at
Anchor
a
great
way
distant
from
Shore
,
was
forc'd
to
wait
the
Result
of
this
honourable
Council
:
It
seems
they
were
different
in
their
Opinions
▪
Some
were
for
sending
the
Man
away
,
and
others
again
for
calling
and
receiving
him
;
but
Theodotus
,
to
shew
the
power
of
his
Eloquence
and
Rhetorick
,
undertook
to
demonstrate
,
That
neither
the
one
nor
the
other
was
safe
in
that
Juncture
of
Affairs
;
for
if
they
entertain'd
him
,
they
would
be
sure
to
make
Caesar
their
Enemy
,
and
Pompey
their
Master
;
Or
if
they
dismiss'd
him
,
they
might
render
themselves
hereafter
obnoxious
to
Pompey
for
that
inhospitable
Expulsion
,
and
to
Caesar
,
for
the
Escape
;
so
that
the
most
expedient
Advice
would
be
to
send
and
take
away
his
Life
,
for
by
that
means
they
would
ingratiate
themselves
with
the
one
,
and
have
no
reason
to
fear
the
other
;
adding
,
as
't
is
reported
,
with
a
Smile
,
That
a
dead
Man
cannot
bite
.
This
Advice
being
approv'd
of
,
they
committed
the
execution
of
it
to
Achillas
:
He
therefore
taking
with
him
as
his
Accomplices
,
one
Septimius
,
a
Man
that
had
formerly
commanded
a
Brigade
under
Pompey
,
and
Salvius
,
another
Centurion
,
with
three
or
four
Officers
more
,
made
up
towards
Pompey's
Galley
;
in
the
mean
time
,
all
the
chiefest
of
those
who
accompanied
Pompey
in
this
Voyage
,
were
come
into
his
Ship
to
see
the
event
of
their
Embassie
:
But
when
they
saw
the
manner
of
their
Reception
,
that
in
appearance
it
was
neither
Princely
,
nor
Honourable
,
nor
indeed
any
ways
answerable
to
the
Hopes
of
Theophanes
,
or
their
Expectation
(
for
there
came
but
a
few
Men
in
a
Fisherman's
Boat
to
meet
them
)
they
began
to
suspect
the
meaness
of
their
Entertainment
,
and
gave
warning
to
Pompey
that
he
should
turn
back
,
whilst
he
was
out
of
their
reach
,
and
launch
out
into
the
main
Sea
:
By
this
time
the
Aegyptian
Boat
drew
near
,
and
Septimius
standing
up
first
,
saluted
Pompey
in
the
Latin
Tongue
,
by
the
Title
of
Imperator
,
or
General
:
Then
Achillas
saluting
him
in
the
Greek
Language
,
desir'd
him
to
come
aboard
his
Vessel
,
telling
him
,
That
the
Sea
was
very
shallow
towards
the
Shore
,
and
that
a
Galley
of
that
Burthen
could
not
avoid
striking
upon
some
Shelve
or
Quick-sand
:
At
the
same
time
they
saw
several
of
the
King's
Galleys
well
mann'd
,
and
all
the
Shore
cover'd
with
Soldiers
;
so
that
if
they
had
chang'd
their
Minds
,
it
seem'd
impossible
for
them
to
escape
;
and
besides
,
their
Distrust
would
have
giv'n
the
Assassinates
a
colourable
pretence
for
their
Cruelty
.
Pompey
therefore
taking
his
leave
of
Cornelia
,
who
lamented
his
Death
before-hand
,
bid
two
Centurions
,
(
Philip
,
one
of
his
Free-men
,
and
a
Slave
call'd
S●yn●s
)
go
aboard
of
the
Aegyptian's
Boat
before
him
;
and
as
some
of
the
Ships
Crew
belonging
to
Achillas
,
were
reaching
out
their
Hands
to
help
him
,
he
turn'd
about
towards
his
Wife
and
Son
,
and
repeated
those
Iambicks
of
Sophocles
.
He
that
once
falls
into
a
Tyrants
Power
,
Becomes
a
Slave
,
though
he
were
Free
before
.
These
were
the
last
words
he
spoke
to
his
Friends
,
and
so
he
went
aboard
.
When
Pompey
perceiv'd
that
,
(
notwithstanding
there
was
a
considerable
distance
betwixt
his
Galley
and
the
Shore
,
and
yet
none
of
the
Ships
Company
had
spoke
a
kind
word
to
him
all
the
way
,
he
look'd
earnestly
upon
Septimius
,
and
spoke
to
him
,
Methinks
I
should
know
thee
,
Friend
,
have
not
we
been
formerly
Fellow-Soldiers
,
and
serv'd
together
in
the
Wars
?
But
he
only
nodded
with
his
Head
,
making
no
Reply
at
all
,
nor
shewing
any
other
manner
of
Civility
:
Since
therefore
they
continu'd
silent
,
Pompey
took
a
little
Book
in
his
Hand
(
wherein
was
written
a
Greek
Oration
,
which
he
intended
for
King
Ptolomy
)
and
began
to
read
it
;
Afterwards
,
when
they
drew
near
to
the
Shore
,
Cornelia
,
(
together
with
the
rest
of
her
Friends
in
the
Galley
,
was
very
impatient
to
see
the
Event
,
and
began
to
take
Courage
at
last
,
when
she
saw
several
of
the
Court
coming
to
meet
him
,
imagining
that
it
might
be
for
a
more
honourable
Reception
;
but
,
in
the
mean
time
,
as
Pompey
took
Philip
by
the
hand
,
to
rise
up
more
easily
,
Septimius
came
first
of
all
behind
His
Death
.
with
his
Sword
,
and
run
him
thorow
;
next
after
him
likewise
Salvius
and
Achillas
drew
out
their
Swords
.
Wherefore
Pompey
taking
up
his
Gown
with
both
Hands
,
hid
his
Face
,
and
neither
saying
nor
doing
any
thing
unworthy
of
himself
(
only
groaning
a
little
)
manfully
endur'd
the
Wounds
they
gave
him
;
and
so
ended
his
Life
in
the
59th
Year
of
his
Age
,
the
very
next
day
after
the
day
of
his
Birth
.
Cornelia
,
with
her
Company
from
the
Gallies
,
seeing
him
Murder'd
,
gave
such
a
Shriek
,
that
it
was
heard
to
the
Shore
,
and
weighing
Anchor
with
all
speed
,
they
hoisted
Sail
,
and
fled
:
The
Wind
serv'd
them
favourably
from
ashore
,
and
assisted
their
Flight
with
a
brisk
Gale
,
whereby
they
presently
got
the
main
Sea
,
so
that
the
Aegyptians
failing
of
their
aim
,
desisted
from
pursuing
them
.
But
they
cut
off
Pompey's
Head
,
and
threw
the
rest
of
his
Body
over-board
,
leaving
it
naked
upon
the
Shore
,
to
be
view'd
by
any
that
had
the
curiosity
to
see
such
a
miserable
Spectacle
:
Philip
stay'd
by
and
watch'd
his
Corps
,
till
they
had
glutted
their
Eyes
in
viewing
it
,
and
then
washing
it
with
Sea-water
,
and
having
nothing
else
,
he
wrapt
it
up
in
one
of
his
own
Shirts
for
a
Winding-sheet
;
then
seeking
up
and
down
about
the
Sands
,
at
last
he
found
some
rotten
Planks
of
a
little
Fisher-Boat
,
not
much
,
but
yet
enough
to
make
up
a
Funeral
Pile
for
a
naked
Body
,
and
that
not
quite
entire
:
As
Philip
was
busie
in
gathering
and
putting
these
old
Planks
together
,
an
old
Roman
Citizen
,
who
from
his
Youth
had
serv'd
in
the
Wars
under
Pompey
,
came
to
him
and
demanded
,
Who
he
was
that
was
preparing
the
Funerals
of
Pompey
the
Great
?
And
Philip
making
Answer
,
That
he
was
his
Free-man
;
Nay
,
said
he
,
but
thou
shalt
not
have
this
Honour
alone
,
let
even
me
too
,
I
prithee
,
have
my
share
in
such
a
pious
Office
,
that
I
may
not
altogether
repent
me
of
this
Pilgrimage
in
a
strange
Land
,
but
that
in
compensation
of
all
my
Misfortunes
,
I
may
obtain
this
Happiness
at
last
,
even
with
my
own
Hands
to
touch
the
Body
of
Pompey
,
and
pay
my
Devotion
at
the
Obsequies
of
the
greatest
General
among
the
Romans
:
And
in
this
manner
were
the
Funerals
of
Pompey
perform'd
.
The
next
day
Lucius
Lentulus
not
knowing
what
had
pass'd
,
came
sailing
from
Cyprus
along
the
Shore
of
that
Coast
,
and
seeing
a
Funeral
Pile
,
and
Philip
(
whom
he
did
not
know
at
first
)
standing
by
,
ask'd
him
,
Who
it
was
that
was
dead
and
buried
there
?
But
pausing
a
little
with
himself
,
and
fetching
a
deep
Sigh
,
Perhaps
,
said
he
,
even
thou
O
Pompey
the
Great
,
!
and
so
going
ashore
,
he
was
presently
apprehended
and
Slain
;
This
was
the
unfortunate
End
of
Pompey
the
Great
.
Not
long
after
,
Caesar
coming
into
Aegypt
,
(
that
was
then
in
very
great
Troubles
)
shew'd
a
great
abhorrence
of
the
Person
that
presented
him
with
Pompey's
Head
,
turning
away
from
him
as
a
most
detestable
Assassinate
;
but
when
he
receiv'd
his
Seal
,
(
whereon
was
Engraven
a
Lyon
holding
a
Sword
in
his
Paw
)
he
burst
out
into
Tears
.
Achillas
and
Pothinus
he
put
to
Death
;
and
King
Ptolomy
himself
being
overthrown
in
Battel
upon
the
Banks
of
Nilus
,
fled
away
in
disguise
,
and
was
never
heard
of
afterwards
.
Theodotus
,
the
Rhetorician
,
flying
out
of
Aegypt
,
escap'd
the
hands
of
Caesar's
Justice
,
but
liv'd
a
Vagabond
in
Banishment
,
wandring
up
and
down
,
despis'd
and
hated
of
all
Men
,
till
at
last
Marcus
Brutus
(
after
he
had
kill'd
Caesar
)
finding
him
in
his
Province
of
Asia
,
put
him
to
Death
,
having
first
made
him
suffer
the
most
exquisite
▪
Torments
he
could
invent
.
The
Ashes
of
Pompey
were
carried
to
his
Wife
Cornelia
,
who
buried
them
in
a
Vault
at
his
Country-House
,
near
the
City
of
Alba.
THE
PARALLEL
OF
POMPEY
WITH
AGESILAUS
,
THus
having
drawn
out
the
History
or
Lives
of
Agesilaus
and
Pompey
,
the
next
thing
is
to
compare
them
,
and
in
order
to
the
Parallel
wherein
they
agree
,
we
'll
take
a
cursory
View
,
and
touch
upon
some
few
Passages
that
make
the
difference
,
shewing
wherein
they
chiefly
disagree
;
which
are
these
:
In
the
first
place
,
Pompey
attain'd
to
all
his
Greatness
and
Glory
by
the
just
measures
of
his
own
Integrity
,
and
so
was
advanc'd
by
himself
;
having
often
and
desperately
engag'd
together
with
Sylla
,
in
delivering
Italy
,
from
the
Usurpation
of
Tyrants
:
But
Agesilaus
appears
to
have
usurp'd
a
Kingdom
,
not
without
offence
to
the
Laws
,
both
of
Gods
and
Men
;
Of
these
,
by
giving
Judgment
of
Bastardy
against
Leotychides
,
the
natural
and
lawful
Son
of
his
Brother
,
as
appear'd
by
undoubted
Evidence
;
Of
those
,
by
putting
a
false
Gloss
upon
the
Oracle
of
the
Gods
,
and
eluding
the
Prophesie
in
the
point
of
Lameness
.
Secondly
,
Pompey
had
a
perpetual
Veneration
for
Sylla
all
his
Life-time
,
and
express'd
as
much
after
his
Death
,
by
making
an
honourable
Inrerment
of
his
Corps
in
despight
of
Lepidus
,
and
giving
his
Daughter
in
Marriage
to
his
Son
Faustus
:
But
Agesilaus
upon
a
slight
pretence
cast
off
Lysander
with
Reproach
and
Dishonour
.
So
that
in
point
of
gratitude
,
Sylla
receiv'd
in
return
from
Pompey
no
less
than
he
gave
him
,
whereas
Lysander
made
Agesilaus
King
of
Sparta
,
and
General
of
all
Greece
:
Thirdly
,
Those
Transgressions
of
Pompey
against
the
State
and
Laws
,
were
occasion'd
chiefly
by
his
Relations
(
for
that
most
of
his
Errors
had
some
Affinity
,
as
well
as
himself
,
to
Caesar
and
Scipio
,
they
being
both
his
Fathers-in-law
:
)
But
Agesilaus
,
to
gratifie
the
Amours
or
Lust
of
his
Son
,
sav'd
the
Life
of
Sphodria
by
Violence
,
when
he
deserv'd
Death
for
those
injuries
he
had
done
to
the
Athenians
;
and
't
is
manifest
that
he
was
openly
and
cordially
an
Abettor
to
Phaebida
,
(
in
the
breach
of
the
League
with
the
Thebans
)
barely
for
the
Iniquity
of
the
Act
it self
.
In
short
,
what
Mischief
soever
might
be
charg'd
upon
Pompey
,
as
done
through
Modesty
or
Inadvertency
against
the
Roman
Government
,
the
very
same
were
committed
by
Agesilaus
against
the
Lacedaemonians
,
out
of
Obstinacy
and
Malice
,
he
himself
being
the
Incendiary
of
the
Baeotian
War
:
And
if
by
chance
there
was
any
thing
common
in
the
Offences
of
these
two
,
that
of
Pompey
was
unexpected
to
the
Romans
;
whereas
Agesilaus
would
not
suffer
the
Lacedaemonians
to
avoid
what
they
foresaw
and
heard
must
attend
a
lame
or
decrepit
Kingdom
;
For
had
Leotychides
been
chargeable
ten
thousand
times
as
foreign
and
spurious
,
yet
the
Race
of
the
Eurityontidae
was
still
in
being
,
and
there
never
could
have
been
wanting
one
descended
from
that
Line
,
to
furnish
Sparta
with
a
natural
and
lawful
King
,
and
one
that
was
entire
in
his
Limbs
too
,
had
not
Lysander
darkned
and
disguis'd
the
true
sence
of
●he
Oracle
in
favour
of
Agesilaus
.
But
as
for
State-Affairs
,
never
was
there
such
a
politick
piece
of
Sophistry
,
as
was
devised
by
Agesilaus
,
in
that
great
perplexity
of
the
People
touching
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
(
or
those
who
had
cowardly
deserted
their
Colours
at
the
Battel
of
Leuctra
,
whereby
they
became
obnoxious
to
the
Law
)
when
after
that
unhappy
Defeat
,
he
decreed
▪
That
the
Laws
should
sleep
for
that
day
:
Neither
indeed
have
we
the
fellow
of
it
in
all
Pompey's
Story
;
but
on
the
contrary
,
Pompey
for
a
Friend
thought
it
no
Sin
to
break
those
very
Laws
which
he
himself
had
made
▪
shewing
at
once
both
the
force
of
Friendship
,
and
the
greatness
of
his
Power
:
Whereas
Agesilaus
,
finding
that
he
must
of
necessity
have
dissolv'd
the
Laws
,
to
preserve
the
Lives
of
his
Citizens
,
devis'd
this
Expedient
,
whereby
the
Laws
might
not
hurt
them
,
though
they
were
not
dissolv'd
.
Then
I
must
needs
commend
this
as
an
incomparable
Act
of
civil
Vertue
and
Obedience
in
Agesilaus
,
That
immediately
upon
the
receipt
of
the
Scytala
(
or
scrowl
of
Parchment
,
with
a
Countermand
from
the
Ephori
)
he
left
the
Wars
in
Asia
,
and
return'd
into
his
Country
;
for
that
he
did
not
act
generally
,
as
Pompey
did
,
(
in
those
things
by
which
he
made
himself
Great
)
for
the
interest
and
benefit
of
the
Commonwealth
;
who
,
for
his
Countries
sake
,
laid
aside
as
great
Authority
and
Honour
,
as
ever
any
Man
had
before
or
since
,
except
Alexander
the
Great
:
But
now
for
some
other
Head
.
And
if
well
take
a
view
of
Pompey
in
his
Military
Expeditions
and
Exploits
of
War
,
in
the
number
of
Trophies
,
and
the
greatness
of
the
Armies
which
he
Commanded
,
together
with
the
multitude
of
Battels
in
which
he
triumph'd
as
a
Conqueror
,
I
am
perswaded
even
Xenophon
himself
would
not
put
the
Victories
of
Agesilaus
in
Ballance
with
his
,
though
he
has
this
Priviledge
allow'd
him
,
(
as
a
singular
Reward
for
all
his
other
Vertues
)
that
he
may
write
and
speak
in
favour
of
his
Hero
what-e're
he
pleases
.
Methinks
too
there
is
a
great
deal
of
difference
betwixt
these
Men
in
their
Clemency
and
Moderation
towards
their
Enemies
;
For
whilst
Agesilaus
was
attempting
the
Conquest
of
Thebes
,
and
Destruction
of
Messene
,
(
this
being
the
entire
Lot
of
his
own
[
](A55203-e34850-b)*
*
Sicily
.
Country
,
and
that
the
Metropolis
of
Baeotia
)
he
had
almost
lost
Sparta
it self
,
but
did
really
lose
the
Government
of
Greece
;
whereas
Pompey
gave
Cities
to
those
of
the
Pirates
who
were
willing
to
change
their
manner
of
Life
;
And
when
't
was
in
his
power
to
have
led
Tigranes
,
King
of
Armenia
,
in
Triumph
,
he
chose
rather
to
make
him
a
Confederate
of
the
Romans
,
saying
,
That
he
preferr'd
an
eternal
Honour
before
the
Glories
of
one
day
.
But
if
the
Preheminence
,
in
that
which
chiefly
relates
to
the
Office
of
a
General
,
(
consisting
of
a
steady
resolution
upon
the
wisest
Acts
and
Counsels
of
War
)
might
be
given
to
a
Commander
of
the
best
Conduct
,
the
Lacedaemonian
would
not
a
little
exceed
the
Roman
in
that
;
for
Agesilaus
never
deserted
his
City
,
though
it
was
Besieg'd
by
an
Army
of
70000
Men
,
when
there
were
very
few
Soldiers
within
to
defend
it
,
and
those
had
been
baffled
too
but
a
little
before
at
the
Battel
of
Leuctra
:
But
Pompey
(
when
Caesar
with
a
Body
only
of
5300
Men
,
had
taken
but
one
Town
in
Italy
)
departed
timorously
out
of
Rome
,
either
through
Cowardice
,
when
they
were
so
few
,
or
at
least
through
a
vain
imagination
,
that
there
were
more
;
and
having
convey'd
away
his
Wife
and
Children
,
he
left
all
the
rest
of
the
Citizens
defenceless
,
and
fled
;
whereas
he
ought
either
to
have
conquer'd
in
Fight
for
the
defence
of
his
Country
,
or
yielded
upon
terms
to
the
Conqueror
,
for
he
was
his
Fellow-Citizen
,
and
Ally'd
to
him
:
But
now
to
that
same
Man
,
(
to
whom
he
deny'd
an
Enlargement
in
the
term
of
his
Government
,
and
thought
it
intolerable
to
grant
another
Cousulship
)
even
to
him
he
gave
a
Power
,
(
by
letting
him
take
the
City
)
to
tell
Metellus
the
Tribune
,
together
with
all
the
rest
,
That
they
were
his
Prisoners
.
That
therefore
,
which
is
chiefly
the
Office
of
a
General
,
to
put
the
Enemy
upon
a
necessity
of
Fight
,
when
he
finds
himself
the
the
stronger
,
and
to
avoid
it
when
he
is
the
weaker
;
that
Property
being
singular
in
Agesilaus
,
he
always
kept
himself
Invincible
:
And
this
was
Caesar's
Talent
too
,
that
when
he
was
the
weaker
,
he
could
at
any
time
by
fencing
with
Pompey
,
decline
the
Danger
;
and
when
he
was
the
stronger
,
he
forc'd
him
to
Battel
by
Land
,
even
to
the
hazard
of
all
,
whereby
he
became
the
Master
of
the
Treasury
,
Stores
,
and
the
Sea
too
,
which
were
all
in
his
Enemies
hands
,
and
by
which
he
had
his
constant
Supplies
without
Fighting
.
Now
,
that
which
is
alledg'd
as
an
Apology
,
in
vindication
of
Pompey
,
is
the
greatest
Crime
in
so
great
a
General
;
for
't
is
a
true
,
for
a
young
Commander
by
Tumults
and
Noise
to
be
wrought
into
a
Fear
and
Easiness
,
whereby
he
may
forsake
the
safest
Counsels
,
is
neither
strange
,
nor
altogether
unpardonable
;
But
for
Pompey
the
Great
,
whose
Camp
the
Romans
call'd
their
Country
,
and
his
Tent
the
Senate
,
styling
the
Consuls
,
Praetors
,
and
all
other
Magistrates
,
(
that
had
taken
upon
them
the
Administration
of
the
Government
at
Rome
)
by
no
better
Title
than
that
of
Rebels
and
Traytors
;
for
him
,
I
say
,
whom
they
well
knew
,
never
to
have
been
under
the
Command
of
any
but
himself
,
(
having
nobly
finish'd
his
course
of
Warfare
under
himself
,
as
sole
General
in
all
the
Wars
he
made
)
who
could
excuse
him
,
that
upon
so
small
a
Provocation
(
as
the
Scoffs
of
Favonius
and
Domitius
,
and
lest
he
should
bare
the
Nickname
of
Agamemnon
)
should
be
wrought
upon
,
and
even
forc'd
to
hazard
the
whole
Empire
and
Liberty
of
Rome
upon
the
cast
of
a
Dye
?
In
him
,
I
say
,
't
was
intolerable
,
who
,
if
he
had
so
much
regarded
a
present
Infamy
,
should
have
guarded
the
City
at
first
with
his
Arms
,
and
fought
valiantly
in
defence
of
Rome
,
not
have
left
it
as
he
did
,
colouring
his
Flight
over
with
the
Stratagem
of
Themistocles
;
and
yet
after
all
this
,
to
imagine
that
there
could
be
any
Reproach
in
a
wary
Delay
before
the
Battel
in
Thessaly
,
was
as
inexcusable
:
For
neither
did
God
appoint
the
Pharsalian
Fields
,
to
be
the
Stage
and
Theater
upon
which
they
should
contend
for
the
Empire
of
Rome
,
neither
was
he
summon'd
thither
by
any
Herald
upon
Challenge
,
with
intimation
,
that
he
must
either
undergo
the
Combat
,
or
surrender
the
Crown
to
another
;
But
there
were
many
other
Fields
,
thousands
of
Cities
,
and
even
the
whole
Earth
,
that
he
might
have
had
by
the
Advantage
of
his
Fleet
,
and
Forces
at
Sea
,
if
he
would
but
have
follow'd
the
Examples
of
Maximus
,
Marius
,
Lucullus
,
and
even
Agesilaus
himself
;
who
endur'd
no
less
Tumults
within
the
City
of
Sparta
,
when
the
Thebans
provok'd
him
to
Battel
for
the
residue
of
his
Country
;
He
endur'd
likewise
many
Calumnies
and
Accusations
in
Aegypt
,
through
the
Imprudence
of
the
King
there
,
entreating
his
patience
constantly
;
but
following
always
what
he
had
determined
in
his
own
Judgment
upon
mature
Advice
,
he
did
by
that
means
,
not
only
preserve
the
Aegyptians
against
their
wills
,
not
only
keep
Sparta
constantly
upon
its
Legs
,
even
in
those
desperate
Convulsions
,
but
set
up
Trophies
likewise
in
the
City
against
the
Thebans
,
giving
them
afterwards
an
occasion
of
Victory
,
in
that
he
did
not
at
that
time
lead
them
out
,
as
they
would
have
forc'd
him
,
to
their
destruction
;
insomuch
,
that
at
last
Agesilaus
was
highly
commended
,
even
of
those
who
provok'd
their
own
Ruine
,
after
they
found
he
had
sav'd
their
Lives
against
their
wills
:
Whereas
Pompey
(
whose
Errors
had
always
some
other
Authors
)
found
those
to
be
his
Accusers
,
upon
whom
he
had
plac'd
his
chiefest
confidence
;
and
some
say
,
that
he
was
deceiv'd
by
his
Father-in-law
Scipio
,
for
that
he
,
(
designing
to
conceal
and
keep
to
himself
the
greatest
part
of
that
Treasure
,
which
he
had
brought
out
of
Asia
)
did
press
Pompey
to
Battel
,
upon
this
pretence
,
that
there
would
be
a
want
of
Money
;
however
,
admitting
this
to
be
true
,
yet
such
a
General
ought
not
to
have
been
so
easily
deluded
,
and
led
into
an
Error
,
even
to
the
hazard
of
all
the
greatest
Concerns
in
the
Common-wealth
:
And
thus
we
have
taken
a
view
of
each
,
by
comparing
them
together
in
their
Conduct
and
Actions
in
War
.
As
to
their
Voyages
into
Aegypt
:
One
steer'd
his
Course
thither
out
of
necessity
in
Flight
;
the
other
neither
honourably
,
nor
of
necessity
,
but
as
a
Mercenary
Soldier
,
having
listed
himself
into
the
Service
of
a
barbarous
Nation
for
Pay
,
that
he
might
be
able
to
wage
War
upon
the
Graecians
:
Lastly
,
That
which
we
charge
upon
the
Aegyptians
in
the
Name
of
Pompey
,
the
Aegyptians
return
again
in
an
Accusation
against
Agesilaus
;
For
one
was
barbarously
betray'd
and
murder'd
by
those
whom
he
trusted
:
The
other
betray'd
his
Trust
,
and
deserted
them
,
having
upon
his
Revolt
gone
over
to
the
Enemy
,
(
that
was
now
making
War
upon
Aegypt
)
notwithstanding
he
came
at
first
,
as
an
Auxiliary
to
the
Aegyptians
.
ALEXANDER
.
depiction of Alexander
:
MBurgher
:
sculp
.
THE
LIFE
OF
Alexander
the
Great
.
English'd
from
the
Greek
,
By
John
Evelyn
Esq
IT
being
my
purpose
to
write
the
Lives
The
Author's
d●sign
of
Alexander
and
Caesar
,
by
whom
Pompey
was
destroyed
,
the
multitude
of
their
great
Actions
affords
me
so
large
a
Field
,
that
I
were
to
blame
if
I
should
not
by
way
of
Apology
acquaint
my
Reader
,
that
I
have
chosen
rather
to
epitomize
the
most
celebrated
parts
of
their
Story
,
than
to
insist
at
large
on
every
particular
Circumstance
of
it
;
especially
when
I
consider
my
Design
is
not
to
write
an
History
,
but
Lives
.
Neither
do
the
most
glorious
Exploits
always
furnish
us
with
the
clearest
discoveries
of
Virtue
,
or
Vice
in
Men
;
sometimes
a
Matter
of
less
moment
,
an
Expression
,
or
a
Jest
,
informs
us
better
of
their
Manners
,
and
Inclinations
,
than
the
most
famous
Sieges
,
the
greatest
Armies
,
or
the
bloudiest
Battels
whatsoever
.
Therefore
as
those
who
draw
by
the
Life
,
are
more
exact
in
the
first
Lines
and
Features
of
the
Face
,
from
which
we
may
often
collect
the
Disposition
of
the
Person
,
than
in
the
other
Parts
of
the
Body
:
So
I
shall
endeavour
by
penetrating
into
,
In
writing
Lives
.
and
describing
the
secret
Recesses
,
and
Images
of
the
Soul
,
to
express
the
Lives
of
Men
,
and
leave
their
more
shining
Actions
and
Atchievments
to
be
treated
of
by
others
.
It
is
agreed
on
by
all
Hands
,
that
on
Alexander's
Family
.
rhe
Father's
side
Alexander
descended
from
Hercules
by
Caranus
,
and
from
Aeacus
by
Neoptolemus
on
the
Mother's
side
.
His
Father
Philip
being
in
Samothrace
when
he
was
young
,
fell
in
Love
there
with
Olympias
,
with
whom
he
was
initiated
in
the
religious
Ceremonies
of
the
Countrey
,
and
her
Father
and
Mother
being
both
dead
,
soon
after
with
the
consent
of
her
Brother
Arimbas
married
her
.
The
night
before
the
consummation
of
the
Marriage
,
she
dream'd
that
her
Belly
was
struck
with
Lightning
,
which
kindled
a
great
Fire
,
whose
divided
Flames
dispers'd
themselves
all
about
,
and
then
were
extinguish'd
.
And
Philip
some
time
Philip's
Dream
.
after
he
was
married
,
dream'd
that
he
Seal'd
up
his
Wife's
Belly
with
a
Seal
,
whose
impression
,
as
he
fancied
,
was
the
Figure
of
a
Lion
.
Some
interpreted
this
as
a
warning
to
Philip
to
look
narrowly
to
his
Wife
;
but
Aristander
of
Telmessus
considering
how
unusual
it
was
to
seal
up
any
thing
that
was
empty
,
assured
him
the
meaning
of
his
Dream
was
,
that
the
Queen
was
with
Child
of
a
Boy
,
who
would
one
day
prove
as
stout
and
couragious
as
a
Lion
.
Not
long
after
a
Dragon
was
observ'd
to
lye
close
by
Olympias
while
she
slept
;
upon
which
Philip's
Affection
to
her
sensibly
abated
:
For
whether
he
fear'd
her
as
an
Inchantress
,
or
thought
she
had
commerce
with
some
God
,
and
so
look'd
on
himself
as
unequal
to
such
a
Rival
,
he
was
ever
after
less
fond
of
her
Conversation
.
Others
say
,
that
the
Women
of
this
Country
having
always
been
extreamly
addicted
to
perform
the
Enthusiastick
Ceremonies
of
Orpheus
and
Bacchus
(
upon
which
account
they
were
called
[
](A55203-e35790-b)*
*
Furious
▪
&
warlike
▪
Clodones
,
and
Mimallones
)
did
in
many
things
imitate
the
Edonian
and
Thracian
Women
about
Mount
Haemus
,
from
whom
the
word
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
seems
to
be
derived
,
signifying
superfluous
and
over-curious
Sacrifices
:
That
Olympias
zealously
affecting
these
Fanatical
and
Enthusiastick
Inspirations
,
to
perform
them
with
more
barbarick
Dread
,
was
wont
in
the
Dances
proper
to
these
Ceremonies
,
to
have
great
tame
Serpents
about
her
,
which
sometimes
creeping
out
of
the
Joy
,
and
the
Mystick
Fans
,
sometimes
winding
themselves
about
the
sacred
Sphears
,
and
the
Womens
Chaplets
,
made
it
a
dreadful
Spectacle
to
those
who
beheld
them
.
Philip
,
after
this
Vision
,
sent
Chaeron
of
He
consults
the
Oracle
.
Megalopolis
to
consult
the
Oracle
of
Apollo
at
Delphos
,
by
which
he
was
commanded
to
sacrifice
to
,
and
most
respectively
adore
Jupiter
Hammon
above
all
other
Gods
;
and
was
told
he
would
one
day
lose
that
Eye
with
which
he
presum'd
to
peep
through
the
Chink
of
the
Door
,
when
he
saw
the
God
in
form
of
a
Serpent
so
familiar
with
his
Wife
.
Eratosthenes
says
,
that
Olympias
,
when
she
brought
Alexander
on
his
way
to
the
Army
,
in
his
first
Expedition
,
told
him
the
Secret
of
his
Birth
,
and
exhorted
him
to
behave
himself
with
Courage
suitable
to
his
divine
Extraction
.
Others
again
affirm
,
that
she
wholly
declin'd
this
Vanity
,
and
was
wont
to
say
,
Will
Alexander
never
leave
making
Juno
jealous
of
me
?
Alexander
was
born
the
6th
of
June
,
The
Birth
of
Alexander
.
(
which
month
the
Macedonians
call
Lous
)
the
same
day
that
the
Temple
of
Diana
at
Ephesus
was
burn'd
;
upon
which
occasion
Hegesias
of
Magnesia
has
an
expression
so
mean
and
cold
,
as
might
have
serv'd
to
have
extinguish'd
the
Flames
:
Diana
says
he
deserv'd
to
have
her
Temple
burnt
,
for
leaving
the
care
of
it
to
play
the
Midwife
at
the
Birth
of
Alexander
.
All
the
Priests
and
Soothsayers
who
happened
to
be
then
at
Ephesus
,
looking
upon
the
Ruine
of
this
Temple
to
be
the
forerunner
of
some
other
Calamity
,
ran
about
the
Town
,
beating
their
Faces
,
and
crying
,
that
day
had
brought
forth
something
that
would
prove
fatal
and
destructive
to
all
Asia
.
Presently
after
Philip
had
taken
Posidea
,
he
receiv'd
these
three
Messages
on
the
same
day
:
That
Parmenio
had
overthrown
the
Illyrians
in
a
great
Battel
;
that
his
Race
horse
had
won
the
Course
at
the
Olynpick
Games
;
and
that
his
Wife
was
brought
to
bed
of
Alexander
;
with
which
being
extreamly
pleased
,
as
an
Addition
to
his
Satisfaction
the
Diviners
assured
him
,
that
a
Son
whose
Birth
was
accompanied
with
three
such
Successes
,
could
not
fail
of
being
invincible
.
The
Statues
that
most
resembled
Alexander
,
His
Person
described
.
were
those
of
Lysippus
,
by
whom
alone
this
Prince
would
suffer
his
Image
to
be
carv'd
;
and
these
chiefly
did
most
of
his
Successors
and
Friends
afterwards
imitate
;
the
Artist
having
expressed
the
inclination
of
his
Head
a
little
on
one
side
towards
his
left
Shoulder
,
and
his
[
](A55203-e36260-b)*
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
melting
Eye
with
incomparable
exactness
.
But
Apelles
,
who
drew
him
with
Thunderbolts
in
his
Hand
,
made
his
Complexion
browner
and
darker
than
it
was
naturally
,
for
he
was
fair
,
having
a
mixture
of
ruddiness
,
chiefly
in
his
Face
,
and
upon
his
Breast
.
Aristoxenus
in
his
Memoirs
tells
us
,
that
an
admirable
Scent
proceeded
from
his
Skin
,
and
that
his
Breath
and
Body
all
over
was
so
fragrant
,
as
to
perfume
the
Cloaths
which
he
wore
next
him
;
the
cause
of
which
might
probably
be
the
hot
and
adust
Temperament
of
his
Body
:
For
sweet
Smells
,
as
Theophrastus
conjectures
,
are
produced
by
the
concoction
of
moist
Humors
by
Heat
,
which
is
the
reason
that
those
parts
of
the
World
which
are
driest
,
and
most
burnt
up
,
afford
Spices
of
the
best
kind
,
and
in
the
greatest
quantity
;
for
the
heat
of
the
Sun
exhausts
the
superfluous
moisture
,
which
generates
Putrefaction
in
Bodies
.
And
this
hot
Constitution
it
may
be
,
rendred
Alexander
so
addicted
to
drinking
,
and
so
cholerick
.
His
Temperance
as
to
the
pleasures
of
His
Manners
.
the
Body
,
was
apparent
in
him
in
his
very
Childhood
,
being
with
much
difficulty
incited
to
them
,
and
always
using
them
with
great
moderation
:
Though
in
other
things
he
was
extreamly
eager
and
vehement
.
In
his
love
of
Glory
,
and
the
pursuit
of
it
,
he
shew'd
a
solidity
of
Judgment
and
Magnanimity
far
above
his
Age
;
For
he
neither
fought
,
nor
valued
it
upon
every
slight
occasion
,
as
his
Father
Philip
did
,
(
who
affected
to
shew
his
Eloquence
almost
to
a
degree
of
Pedantry
,
and
took
care
to
have
the
Victories
of
his
Racing
Chariots
at
the
Olympick
Games
engraven
on
his
Coin
:
)
But
when
he
was
asked
by
some
about
him
,
Whether
he
would
run
a
Race
?
for
he
was
very
swift-footed
;
he
answer'd
,
He
would
,
if
he
might
have
Kings
to
run
with
him
.
He
often
appointed
Prizes
,
in
which
not
only
Tragedians
and
Musicians
,
Pipers
and
Harpers
,
but
Rapsodists
also
strove
to
outvye
one
another
:
And
delighted
in
all
manner
of
Hunting
,
and
Cudgel-playing
,
And
Exercises
.
but
never
gave
any
encouragement
either
to
playing
at
Fisty-cuffs
,
or
that
[
](A55203-e36370-b)*
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Sport
in
which
all
Weapons
were
to
be
made
use
of
.
While
he
was
yet
very
young
,
he
entertain'd
the
Ambassadors
from
the
King
of
Persia
,
in
the
absence
of
his
Father
,
and
falling
into
Conversation
with
them
,
gain'd
so
much
upon
them
by
his
Affability
,
and
the
Questions
he
asked
them
,
which
were
far
from
being
childish
,
or
trifling
:
(
For
he
enquired
of
them
the
length
of
the
Ways
,
the
Passages
into
the
upper
parts
of
Asia
,
the
Character
of
their
King
,
how
he
carried
himself
to
his
Enemies
,
and
what
Forces
he
was
able
to
bring
into
the
Field
:
That
they
were
struck
with
admiration
of
him
,
and
look'd
uppon
the
Diligence
and
so
much
fam'd
Conduct
of
Philip
,
to
be
nothing
in
comparison
of
the
forwardness
,
and
great
Spirit
,
that
appeard
so
early
in
his
Son
.
Whensoever
he
heard
His
Magnanimity
.
Philip
had
taken
any
Town
of
importance
,
or
won
any
signal
Victory
,
instead
of
rejoycing
at
it
,
he
would
in
a
deploring
manner
tell
his
Companions
,
that
he
fear'd
his
Father
would
anticipate
every
thing
,
and
leave
him
and
them
no
opportuntties
of
performing
great
and
illustrious
Actions
.
For
being
more
addicted
to
Virtue
and
Glory
,
than
either
to
Pleasure
or
Riches
,
he
esteemed
all
that
he
shouid
receive
from
his
Father
,
as
a
diminution
and
prevention
of
his
own
future
Atchievments
;
and
would
have
chosen
rather
to
succeed
to
a
Kingdom
involv'd
in
Troubles
and
Wars
,
which
would
have
afforded
him
frequent
exercise
of
his
Valour
,
and
a
larger
Field
of
Honor
,
than
to
one
already
flourishing
and
settled
,
where
he
must
lead
an
unactive
Life
,
and
be
as
it
were
buried
in
the
sordid
enjoyments
of
Wealth
and
Luxury
.
The
care
of
his
Education
(
as
it
much
His
Education
and
Tutors
.
imported
)
was
committed
to
a
great
many
Praeceptors
and
Tutors
,
over
whom
Leonidas
,
a
near
Kinsman
of
Olympias
,
a
Man
of
an
austere
temper
,
presided
:
He
declining
the
title
of
Praeceptor
,
though
a
Charge
of
sufficient
Honour
and
Reputation
,
because
of
his
Dignity
and
Relation
,
was
called
Alexander's
Foster-Father
and
Governour
.
But
he
who
took
upon
him
the
Place
and
Name
of
his
pedagogue
,
was
Lysimachus
the
Acarnanian
,
who
though
he
had
nothing
of
worth
to
recommend
him
,
but
his
luck
to
call
himself
Phoenix
,
Alexander
Achilles
,
and
Philip
Peleus
,
was
therefore
well
enough
esteem'd
and
rank'd
in
the
next
degree
after
Leonidas
.
Philonicus
the
Thessalian
brought
the
Horse
He
cames
Eucephalus
.
Bucephalus
to
Philip
,
offering
to
sell
him
for
13
Talents
;
but
when
they
went
into
the
Field
to
try
him
,
they
found
him
so
very
vicious
and
unmanageable
,
that
he
stood
up
an
end
when
they
endeavoured
to
back
him
,
and
would
not
so
much
as
endure
the
voice
of
any
of
Philip's
Attendants
:
Upon
whose
dislike
,
as
they
were
leading
him
away
as
wholly
useless
and
untractable
,
Alexander
who
stood
by
,
would
not
let
them
,
saying
,
What
an
excellent
Horse
do
they
lose
,
for
want
of
address
and
boldness
to
manage
him
?
Philip
at
first
took
no
notice
what
he
said
;
but
when
he
heard
him
repeat
the
same
thing
,
and
saw
he
was
troubled
to
have
the
Horse
sent
away
;
Do
you
reproach
,
said
he
to
him
,
those
who
are
elder
than
your self
,
as
if
you
knew
more
,
and
were
better
able
to
manage
him
than
they
?
Yes
.
replied
he
,
with
this
Horse
I
could
deal
better
than
any
body
else
.
And
if
you
do
not
,
said
Philip
,
what
will
you
forfeit
for
your
Rashness
?
By
Jove
,
answer'd
Alexander
,
the
whole
price
of
the
Horse
.
At
this
the
whole
Company
fell
a
laughing
;
but
as
soon
as
the
Agreement
was
made
between
them
about
the
Money
,
he
presently
ran
to
the
Horse
,
and
taking
hold
of
the
Bridle
,
turn'd
him
directly
towards
the
Sun
,
having
it
seems
observ'd
he
was
disturb'd
at
,
and
afraid
of
,
the
motion
of
his
own
Shadow
:
Then
letting
him
go
forward
a
little
,
still
keeping
the
Reins
in
his
Hand
,
and
stroking
him
gently
,
when
he
found
him
to
be
very
brisk
and
fiery
,
he
let
fall
his
upper
Garment
softly
,
and
with
one
nimble
Leap
securely
mounted
him
,
and
when
he
And
backs
him
.
was
seated
,
by
little
and
little
straitned
the
Bridle
,
and
curb'd
him
without
either
striking
or
spurring
.
Afterwards
when
he
perceiv'd
his
dangerous
fury
and
heat
was
abated
,
but
yet
not
without
great
impatience
to
run
,
he
let
him
go
at
full
speed
,
not
only
encouraging
him
with
a
commanding
Voice
,
but
pressing
him
forward
also
with
his
Heel
.
All
who
were
present
beheld
this
Action
at
first
with
silent
astonishment
,
and
inward
concern
:
Till
seeing
him
turn
at
the
end
of
his
Career
,
and
come
back
rejoycing
and
triumphing
for
what
he
had
perform'd
,
they
all
burst
out
into
Acclamations
of
Applause
;
and
his
Father
weeping
for
joy
,
kiss'd
him
as
he
came
down
from
his
Horse
,
and
in
his
Transport
said
,
O
my
Son
,
look
the
out
a
Kingdom
equal
to
,
and
worthy
of
,
thy
great
Soul
,
for
Macedonia
is
too
little
for
thee
.
After
this
,
considering
him
to
be
of
a
Temper
easie
to
be
led
to
his
Duty
by
Reason
,
but
by
no
means
to
be
compell'd
,
he
always
endeavour'd
to
perswade
,
rather
than
to
command
or
force
him
to
any
thing
;
and
now
looking
upon
the
institution
and
accomplishment
of
his
Youth
,
to
be
of
greater
difficulty
and
importance
,
than
to
be
wholly
trusted
to
those
Masters
who
only
taught
him
Musick
,
and
other
superficial
and
vulgar
Sciences
,
and
to
require
,
as
Sophocles
says
,
The
Bridle
,
and
the
Rudder
too
:
He
sent
for
Aristotle
,
the
most
knowing
and
Aristotle
,
Alexander's
Tuter
.
celebrated
Philosopher
of
his
time
,
and
rewarded
him
with
a
Munificence
proportionable
to
,
and
becoming
the
care
he
took
to
instruct
his
Son
.
For
he
repeopled
his
native
City
Stagira
,
which
he
had
caused
to
be
deserted
a
little
before
,
restor'd
all
the
Citizens
who
were
in
Exile
or
Slavery
,
to
their
Habitations
,
and
assign'd
them
[
](A55203-e36820-b)*
*
A
College
.
Nympheum
for
their
Studies
and
Exercises
,
near
the
Town
of
Mieza
,
where
to
this
very
day
they
shew
you
Aristotle's
stone
Seats
,
and
the
shady
walks
which
he
was
wont
to
frequent
.
It
appears
that
Alexander
receiv'd
not
only
the
Rules
of
Morality
and
Policy
from
him
,
but
that
more
abstruse
and
solid
part
of
Learning
which
is
seldom
communicated
to
the
Vulgar
.
For
when
he
was
in
Asia
,
and
heard
Aristotle
had
publish'd
some
Treatifes
of
that
kind
,
he
wrote
to
him
with
great
freedom
in
the
behalf
of
Philosophy
in
this
manner
:
Alexander
to
Aristotle
,
greeting
.
You
have
His
Letter
to
Aristotle
.
not
done
well
to
set
forth
your
Books
of
select
Knowledge
,
for
what
is
there
now
that
I
can
surmount
others
in
,
if
those
things
which
I
have
been
particularly
instructed
in
,
be
laid
open
to
all
:
For
my
part
I
assure
you
,
I
had
rather
excel
others
in
the
knowledge
of
what
is
excellent
in
its
kind
,
than
in
the
extent
of
my
Power
and
Dominion
.
Farewel
.
Aristotle
,
to
appease
and
comply
with
this
noble
Ambition
of
Alexander
,
answer'd
him
,
That
those
Treatises
,
which
were
his
Metaphysicks
,
were
indeed
publish'd
,
but
not
plainly
expos'd
to
every
bodies
Capacity
.
For
to
say
truth
,
they
are
written
in
such
a
style
,
that
they
are
only
an
useful
and
instructive
System
to
those
,
who
have
been
already
long
conversant
in
that
sort
of
Learing
.
Doubtless
it
was
to
Aristole's
Precepts
that
he
owed
the
inclination
he
had
not
barely
to
the
Theory
,
but
likewise
to
the
Practice
of
Physick
:
For
when
any
of
his
Friends
were
sick
,
he
would
often
prescribe
them
their
course
of
Diet
,
and
Medicines
proper
to
their
Disease
,
as
we
may
find
in
his
Epistles
.
He
was
naturally
a
great
lover
His
inclination
to
Learning
.
of
all
kind
of
Learning
,
and
mightily
addicted
to
Reading
;
and
Onesicritus
informs
us
,
That
he
constantly
laid
Homer's
Illiads
,
Corrected
by
Aristotle
,
with
his
Dagger
,
under
his
Pillow
,
declaring
that
he
esteemed
them
an
exact
Institution
and
perfect
Store-house
of
all
Military
Vertue
and
Knowledge
.
When
he
was
in
the
higher
Provinces
of
Asia
,
being
destitute
of
other
Books
,
he
order'd
Harpalus
to
send
him
some
,
who
furnish'd
him
with
Philestus
his
History
,
a
great
many
of
Euripides
,
Sophocles
,
and
Aeschylus
his
Tragedies
,
and
some
Dithyrambick
Hymns
composed
by
Telestes
and
Philaxenus
.
For
a
while
he
lov'd
and
cherished
Aristotle
no
less
,
as
he
was
wont
to
say
himself
,
than
if
he
had
been
his
Father
,
giving
this
Reason
for
it
,
that
as
he
receiv'd
his
Being
from
the
one
,
so
the
other
had
taught
him
to
live
well
.
But
afterwards
having
some
mistrust
of
him
,
yet
not
so
far
as
to
do
him
any
Prejudice
,
his
Familiarity
and
friendly
Kindness
to
him
abated
so
much
,
as
to
make
it
evident
he
was
very
indifferent
to
him
.
However
his
violent
Thirst
after
,
and
Respect
for
Learning
,
which
were
born
,
and
still
grew
up
with
him
,
never
decay'd
,
as
appears
by
his
veneration
of
Anaxarchus
,
by
the
Present
of
50
Talents
which
he
sent
to
Xenocrates
,
and
his
particular
Care
and
Esteem
of
Dandamis
and
Calanus
.
While
Philip
made
War
against
the
Byvantines
,
His
Courage
and
early
entrance
upon
Action
.
he
left
Alexander
,
then
16
years
old
,
his
Lieutenant
in
Macedonia
,
committing
the
charge
of
his
Great
Seal
to
him
,
who
not
to
sit
idle
,
reduc'd
the
rebellious
Medan
,
and
having
taken
their
chief
Town
by
Storm
,
drave
out
the
barbarous
Inhabitants
,
and
planting
a
Colony
of
several
Nations
in
their
room
,
call'd
the
Place
after
his
own
Name
Alexandropolis
.
At
the
Battel
of
Chaeronaea
,
which
his
Father
fought
against
the
Grecians
,
he
is
said
to
have
been
the
first
Man
that
charg'd
the
Thebans
sacred
Band.
And
even
in
my
remembrance
there
stood
an
old
Oak
near
the
River
Cephisus
,
which
the
Country
People
call'd
Alexander's
Oak
,
because
his
Tent
was
pitch'd
under
it
.
And
not
far
off
are
to
be
seen
the
Graves
of
the
Macedonians
,
who
fell
in
that
Battel
.
This
early
Bravery
made
Philip
so
fond
of
him
,
that
nothing
pleas'd
him
more
,
than
to
hear
his
Subjects
call
Alexander
their
King
,
while
they
allow'd
himself
no
other
Title
than
that
of
their
General
.
But
the
Disorders
of
his
Family
,
chiefly
His
Differences
with
his
Father
.
caused
by
his
new
Marriages
,
and
extravavagant
Loves
,
(
the
whole
Kingdom
being
soon
,
in
a
manner
,
imbroil'd
by
the
Women
)
rais'd
many
Quarrels
and
great
Breaches
between
them
,
which
the
ill
Nature
of
Olympias
,
a
Woman
of
a
jealous
and
implacable
Temper
,
still
made
wider
,
by
exasperating
Alexander
against
his
Father
.
Among
the
rest
,
this
Accident
contributed
most
to
their
falling
out
.
At
the
Wedding
of
Cleopatra
,
whom
Philip
,
in
his
Dotage
had
Married
,
she
being
much
too
young
for
him
,
her
Uncle
Attalus
,
in
his
Drink
,
desir'd
the
Macedonians
would
implore
the
Gods
to
give
them
a
lawful
Successor
to
the
Kingdom
by
his
Neece
.
This
nettled
Alexander
so
,
that
throwing
one
of
the
Cups
at
his
Head
,
You
Villain
,
said
he
,
what
am
I
then
,
a
Bastard
?
Then
Philip
taking
Attalus
his
part
,
rose
up
,
and
would
have
ran
his
Son
through
;
but
by
good
Fortune
for
them
both
,
either
his
over-hasty
Rage
,
or
the
Wine
he
had
drank
,
made
his
Foot
slip
,
so
that
he
fell
down
on
the
Floor
.
At
which
Alexander
most
reproachfully
insulted
over
him
:
See
there
,
said
he
,
how
low
he
lyes
,
not
able
to
remove
from
one
Seat
to
another
,
who
was
making
such
Preparations
to
pass
out
of
Europe
into
Asia
.
After
this
insolent
Debauch
,
he
and
his
Mother
Olympias
went
from
Court
,
and
when
he
had
plac'd
her
in
Epirus
,
he
himself
retir'd
into
Illyria
.
About
this
time
Demaratus
the
Corinthian
,
Reconcil'd
by
Demaratus
the
Corinthian
.
an
old
Friend
of
the
Family
,
who
had
the
freedom
to
say
any
thing
among
them
without
offence
,
coming
to
visit
Philip
,
after
the
first
Compliments
and
Embraces
were
over
,
Philip
asked
him
,
Whether
the
Grecians
liv'd
in
Amity
with
one
another
?
It
ill
becomes
you
,
replied
Demaratus
,
to
enquire
after
the
State
of
Greece
,
who
have
involv'd
your
own
House
in
so
many
Dissentions
and
Calamities
.
He
was
so
convinc'd
by
this
seasonable
Reproach
,
that
he
immediately
sent
for
his
Son
home
,
and
at
last
,
by
Demaratus
his
Mediation
,
prevail'd
with
him
to
return
.
But
this
Reconciliation
lasted
not
long
;
for
when
Pexodorus
,
Viceroy
of
Caria
,
sent
Aristocritus
to
treat
a
Match
between
Break
on
t
again
.
his
eldest
Daughter
,
and
Philip's
Son
Aridaeus
,
seeking
thereby
to
enter
into
a
League
offensive
and
defensive
with
him
:
Alexander's
Mother
,
and
some
who
pretended
to
be
his
Friends
,
fill'd
his
Head
with
Tales
and
Calumnies
,
as
if
Philip
,
by
this
splendid
Alliance
,
and
considerable
Negotiation
,
intended
to
settle
the
Kingdom
upon
Aridaeus
.
To
prevent
this
,
he
dispatches
one
Thessalus
,
a
Player
,
into
Caria
,
to
dispose
Pexodorus
to
slight
Aridaeus
,
both
as
illegitimate
,
and
a
Fool
,
and
rather
to
accept
of
himself
for
his
Son-in-law
.
This
Proposition
was
much
more
agreeable
to
Pexodorus
then
the
former
.
But
Philip
,
as
soon
as
ever
he
was
made
acquainted
with
this
Transaction
,
went
directly
to
his
Son's
Apartment
,
accompanied
only
by
Philotas
,
one
of
his
most
intimate
Friends
,
the
Son
of
Parmenio
,
and
there
reprov'd
him
severely
,
and
reproach'd
him
bitterly
,
that
he
should
be
so
degenerate
,
and
unworthy
of
the
Crown
he
was
to
leave
him
,
as
to
desire
the
Alliance
of
a
mean
Carian
,
who
was
at
best
,
but
the
Vassal
of
a
barbarous
Prince
.
Nor
did
this
satisfie
his
Resentment
,
for
he
wrote
to
the
Corinthians
to
send
Thessalus
to
him
in
Chains
,
and
banish'd
Harpalus
,
Nearchus
,
Phrygius
,
and
Ptolomy
,
his
Sons
Confidents
and
Favorites
,
whom
Alexander
afterwards
recall'd
,
and
rais'd
to
great
Honour
and
Preferment
.
Not
long
after
this
,
a
Youth
nam'd
Pausanias
,
Philip
murther'd
by
Pausanias
.
being
forcibly
abused
,
not
without
the
knowledge
and
consent
of
Attalus
and
Cleopatra
:
When
he
found
he
could
get
no
Reparation
for
his
Disgrace
at
Philip's
hands
,
watch'd
his
opportunity
,
and
Murther'd
him
.
The
guilt
of
which
Fact
fell
partly
upon
Olympias
,
who
is
said
to
have
encourag'd
and
exasperated
the
enrag'd
Youth
to
Revenge
;
and
partly
upon
Alexander
himself
,
w●●
when
Pausanias
came
,
and
complain'd
to
him
of
the
Injury
he
had
receiv'd
,
repeated
these
Verses
to
him
out
of
Euripides
his
Medea
,
where
in
her
Fury
she
says
—
She
'll
see
that
her
Revenge
be
satisfied
On
Husband
,
Wife
,
and
him
who
gave
the
Bride
.
However
,
he
took
care
to
find
out
and
punish
the
Accomplices
of
the
Conspiracy
severely
,
and
was
very
angry
with
Olympias
,
for
treating
Cleopatra
too
inhumanely
in
his
absence
.
Alexander
was
but
20
years
old
when
his
The
beginning
of
Alexander's
Reign
attended
with
great
Difficulties
.
Father
was
murther'd
,
and
not
without
great
Envy
succeeded
to
a
Crown
beset
on
all
sides
with
many
dangers
,
and
powerful
Enemies
.
For
not
only
the
barbarous
Nations
that
border'd
on
Macedonia
,
were
impatient
of
being
govern'd
by
any
but
their
own
native
Princes
;
but
Philip
likewise
,
though
he
had
been
victorious
over
the
Grecians
,
yet
,
for
want
of
time
to
finish
his
Conquests
,
and
settle
his
Affairs
,
had
left
all
things
in
great
Hurry
and
Confusion
.
Wherefore
some
would
have
perswaded
Alexander
to
have
given
over
all
thoughts
of
containing
the
Grecians
in
their
Duty
by
force
of
Arms
,
and
rather
to
apply
himself
to
reduce
the
neighbouring
Nations
by
gentle
means
,
and
prevent
Innovations
in
their
very
beginning
.
But
he
rejected
this
Counsel
as
weak
and
timorous
,
and
look'd
upon
it
to
be
more
Prudence
to
secure
himself
by
Resolution
and
Magnanimity
,
than
by
seeming
to
truckle
to
any
,
hazard
the
bringing
all
his
Enemies
upon
him
at
once
.
In
pursuit
of
this
opinion
,
he
kept
the
Barbarians
quiet
,
by
making
a
sudden
Incursion
into
their
Country
,
as
far
as
the
River
He
overthrows
the
Triballians
.
Ister
,
where
he
gave
Syrmus
,
King
of
the
Triballians
,
a
considerable
Overthrow
.
And
hearing
the
Thebans
were
ready
to
Revolt
,
and
that
the
Athenians
held
Correspondence
with
them
,
because
Demosthenes
,
in
disparagement
of
him
,
had
call'd
him
a
Child
while
he
was
in
Illyria
,
and
the
Country
of
the
Triballians
,
allowing
him
to
be
no
more
than
a
Youth
,
while
he
was
in
Thessaly
:
To
shew
how
much
he
was
improv'd
,
he
immediately
led
his
Army
through
the
Straits
of
Thermopylae
,
and
said
,
they
should
find
him
a
Man
to
some
purpose
before
the
Walls
of
Athens
.
When
he
came
to
Thebes
,
to
shew
how
willing
he
was
to
accept
of
their
Repentance
for
what
was
past
,
he
only
demanded
of
them
Phoenix
and
Prothytes
,
the
Authors
of
the
Rebellion
,
and
proclaim'd
a
general
Pardon
of
those
who
would
come
over
to
him
.
But
when
the
Thebans
on
the
other
side
,
not
only
requir'd
Philotas
and
Antipater
to
be
deliver'd
into
their
hands
,
but
also
publickly
invited
all
who
would
assert
the
Liberty
of
Greece
,
into
an
Association
with
them
,
he
presently
applied
himself
to
make
them
feel
the
last
Extremities
of
War
.
The
Thebans
indeed
defended
themselves
with
Alacrity
and
Courage
,
far
beyond
their
Strength
,
being
much
out-numbred
by
their
Enemies
.
But
when
the
Macedonian
Garrison
sallied
out
upon
them
from
the
Cittadel
,
they
were
so
hem'd
in
on
all
sides
,
that
many
of
them
fell
in
the
Battel
.
The
City
it self
being
taken
by
Storm
,
was
sack'd
and
ras'd
,
on
purpose
Takes
Thebes
,
and
rases
it
.
that
so
severe
an
Example
might
terrifie
the
rest
of
Greece
into
obedience
.
However
,
to
colour
this
Vengeance
,
he
gave
out
,
he
was
forc'd
to
be
so
extremely
rigorous
,
by
the
pressing
Complaints
and
Accusations
of
his
Confederates
the
Phocians
and
Plataeans
.
So
that
except
the
Priests
,
and
some
few
who
had
heretofore
entertain'd
the
Macedonians
kindly
at
their
Houses
,
the
Family
of
the
Poet
Pindar
,
and
those
who
were
known
The
Family
of
the
Poet
Pindar
spar'd
.
to
have
oppos'd
the
Rebellion
,
all
the
rest
,
to
the
number
of
30000
,
were
publickly
sold
for
Slaves
;
and
it
is
computed
,
that
upwards
of
6000
were
put
to
the
Sword
.
Among
the
other
Calamities
that
befel
this
miserable
City
,
it
happen'd
that
some
Thracian
Soldiers
having
plundred
and
demolished
the
House
of
an
Illustrious
Matron
named
The
Story
of
Timoclea
.
Timoclea
,
their
Captain
,
after
he
had
lain
with
her
by
force
,
to
satisfie
his
Avarice
,
as
well
as
Lust
,
ask'd
her
,
If
she
knew
of
any
Money
conceal'd
;
to
which
she
readily
answer'd
,
she
did
,
and
bid
him
follow
her
into
a
Garden
,
where
she
shew'd
him
a
Well
,
into
which
,
she
told
him
,
upon
the
the
taking
of
the
City
,
she
had
thrown
what
she
had
of
most
value
.
The
greedy
Thracian
presently
stooping
down
to
view
the
place
where
he
thought
the
Treasure
lay
,
she
came
behind
him
,
and
push'd
him
into
the
Well
,
and
then
flung
great
Stones
in
upon
him
,
till
she
had
kill'd
him
.
After
which
,
when
the
Soldiers
led
her
away
bound
to
Alexander
,
her
very
Meen
and
Gate
shew'd
her
to
be
a
Woman
of
Quality
,
and
of
a
Mind
no
less
elevated
,
not
betraying
the
least
sign
of
Fear
or
Astonishment
.
And
when
the
King
ask'd
her
,
Who
she
was
?
I
am
,
said
she
,
the
Sister
of
Theagenes
,
who
fought
the
Battel
of
Chaeronea
with
your
Father
Philip
,
and
fell
there
for
the
liberty
of
Greece
.
Alexander
was
so
surpriz'd
,
both
at
what
she
had
done
,
and
what
she
said
,
that
he
could
not
chuse
but
give
her
and
her
Children
their
Freedom
to
go
whither
they
pleased
.
After
this
he
receiv'd
the
Athenians
into
He
pardons
the
Athenians
.
Favour
,
although
they
had
shew'd
themselves
so
much
concern'd
at
the
Calamity
of
Thebes
,
that
they
omitted
the
Celebration
of
their
Festivals
,
and
entertain'd
those
who
escap'd
,
with
all
possible
Humanity
.
Whether
in
this
he
follow'd
the
Nature
of
Lions
,
his
Rage
being
already
satisfied
,
or
that
after
an
Example
of
horrid
Cruelty
,
he
had
a
mind
to
appear
Merciful
,
it
happen'd
well
for
the
Athenians
;
for
he
not
only
forgave
them
all
past
Offences
,
but
commanded
them
to
look
to
their
Affairs
with
Caution
and
Vigilance
,
upon
this
Consideration
,
that
if
he
should
miscarry
in
his
Expedition
,
they
were
like
to
be
the
Arbiters
of
Greece
.
Certain
it
is
,
that
he
often
repented
of
his
Severity
to
the
Thebans
,
and
his
Remorse
had
such
influence
on
his
Temper
,
as
to
make
him
ever
after
less
rigorous
to
all
others
.
He
imputed
also
the
Murther
of
Clitus
,
which
he
committed
in
his
Wine
,
and
the
base
unwillingness
of
the
Macedonians
to
follow
him
against
the
Indians
,
(
by
which
his
Enterprize
and
Glory
was
left
imperfect
)
to
the
Wrath
and
Vengeance
of
Bacchus
,
the
Protector
of
Thebes
.
And
it
was
observ'd
,
that
whatsoever
any
Theban
,
who
had
the
good
fortune
to
survive
this
Victory
,
ask'd
of
him
,
he
was
sure
to
grant
,
without
the
least
difficulty
.
Soon
after
the
Graecians
being
assembled
Is
chosen
General
of
the
Grecians
.
in
the
Strait
of
Peloponesus
,
declar'd
their
Resolution
of
joyning
with
Alexander
in
the
War
against
the
Persians
,
and
made
choice
of
him
for
their
General
.
While
he
staid
here
,
many
publick
Ministers
and
Philosophers
came
from
all
Parts
to
visit
him
,
and
congratulate
his
Election
:
But
contrary
to
his
Expectation
,
Diogenes
of
Synope
,
who
then
dwelt
at
Corinth
,
thought
so
little
of
him
,
that
instead
of
coming
to
complement
him
,
he
never
so
much
as
stirr'd
out
of
the
Cranium
or
Suburbs
,
where
Alexander
found
him
lying
along
in
the
Sun
.
When
he
saw
so
much
Company
near
him
,
he
rais'd
himself
a
little
,
and
vouchsaf'd
to
look
upon
The
Behaviour
of
Diogenes
the
Cynick
towards
him
.
Alexander
,
and
when
he
kindly
ask'd
him
,
Whether
he
wanted
any
thing
?
Yes
,
said
he
,
I
would
have
you
stand
from
between
me
and
the
Sun
.
Alexander
was
so
affected
at
this
Answer
,
and
surpriz'd
at
the
Greatness
of
the
Man's
Soul
,
who
had
taken
so
little
notice
of
him
,
that
as
he
went
away
,
he
told
his
Followers
,
who
were
Laughing
at
the
Moroseness
of
the
Philosopher
,
That
if
he
were
not
Alexander
,
he
would
rather
chuse
to
be
Diogenes
than
any
other
Man
.
Then
he
went
to
Delphos
,
to
consult
Apollo
He
consults
,
and
forces
the
Oracle
.
concerning
the
Success
of
the
War
he
had
undertaken
;
and
happening
to
come
at
a
time
that
was
esteeem'd
unlucky
,
and
improper
to
give
any
Answers
from
the
Oracle
,
he
sent
Messengers
to
desire
the
Priestess
to
do
her
Office
;
but
she
refusing
,
under
pretence
of
a
Law
to
the
contrary
,
he
went
up
himself
,
and
drew
her
by
force
into
the
Temple
,
where
tir'd
and
overcome
with
Struggling
,
My
Son
,
said
she
,
thou
art
Invincible
.
Alexander
taking
hold
of
what
she
spoke
,
declar'd
he
had
receiv'd
such
an
Answer
as
he
wish'd
for
,
and
that
it
was
needless
to
consult
the
God
any
further
.
Among
other
Prodigies
that
preceded
the
March
of
his
Army
,
the
Image
of
Orpheus
at
Libethra
,
made
of
Cypress-Wood
,
was
seen
to
Sweat
in
great
abundance
,
to
the
discouragement
of
many
.
But
Aristander
told
him
,
That
far
from
presaging
any
Ill
to
him
,
it
signifi'd
,
he
should
perform
things
so
important
and
glorious
,
as
would
make
the
Poets
and
Musicians
of
future
Ages
labour
and
sweat
to
describe
and
celebrate
them
.
His
Army
,
by
their
Computation
who
Alexander's
Army
and
Preparations
.
reckon
moderately
,
consisted
of
30000
Foot
,
and
5000
Horse
;
and
those
who
make
the
most
of
it
,
speak
but
of
34000
Foot
,
and
4000
Horse
.
Aristobulus
says
,
he
had
not
a
Fund
of
above
70
Talents
for
their
Pay
,
nor
more
than
30
days
Provisions
,
if
we
may
believe
Duris
;
and
Onesicritus
tell
us
,
he
was
200
Talents
in
Debt
.
However
narrow
and
disproportionable
the
beginnings
of
so
vast
an
Undertaking
might
seem
to
be
,
yet
he
would
not
embark
his
Army
,
till
he
had
inform'd
himself
particularly
,
His
Liberality
.
what
Estates
his
Friends
had
to
enable
them
to
follow
him
,
and
supplied
what
they
wanted
,
by
giving
good
Farms
to
some
,
a
Village
to
one
,
and
the
Revenue
of
some
Borough
or
Port-Town
to
another
.
So
that
at
last
he
had
wasted
or
engag'd
almost
all
the
Crown-Lands
,
which
giving
Perdiccas
an
occasion
to
ask
him
,
What
he
would
leave
himself
?
He
replied
,
Nothing
but
the
Hopes
of
his
future
Conquests
.
You
will
not
then
,
said
Perdiccas
,
take
it
ill
,
if
we
share
with
you
in
those
Hopes
only
,
and
refused
to
accept
of
the
Estate
he
had
assign'd
him
.
Some
others
of
his
Friends
did
the
like
,
but
to
those
who
willingly
receiv'd
,
or
desir'd
assistance
of
him
,
he
liberally
granted
it
,
as
far
as
his
Patrimony
in
Macedonia
would
reach
,
which
was
all
spent
in
these
Donations
.
With
such
vigorous
Resolutions
,
and
He
passes
the
Hellespont
,
and
visits
Achilles
his
Tomb.
his
Mind
thus
dispos'd
,
he
pass'd
the
Hellespont
,
and
at
Troy
Sacrific'd
to
Minerva
,
and
Honour'd
the
Memory
of
the
Heroes
who
were
Buried
there
,
with
solemn
Funeral
Libations
;
especially
Achilles
,
whose
Grave-Stone
he
Anointed
,
and
with
his
Friends
,
as
antient
Custom
was
,
ran
naked
about
his
Sepulchre
,
and
Crown'd
it
with
Garlands
,
withal
declaring
,
how
happy
he
estee●'d
him
▪
in
having
while
he
liv'd
,
so
faithful
a
Friend
as
Patroclus
;
and
when
he
was
dead
,
so
famous
a
Poet
as
Homer
to
immortalize
his
Actions
.
While
he
was
viewing
the
rest
of
the
Antiquities
and
Curiosities
of
the
Place
,
being
told
,
he
might
see
Paris
his
Harp
if
he
pleas'd
,
he
said
,
He
thought
it
not
worth
looking
on
,
but
he
should
be
glad
to
fee
that
of
Achilles
,
with
which
he
had
celebrated
the
Glory
and
Renown'd
Actions
of
so
many
brave
Men.
In
the
mean
time
Darius
his
Captains
having
Martial'd
great
Forces
,
were
incamp'd
The
Battel
of
Granicus
.
on
the
further
Bank
of
the
River
Granicus
,
which
was
look'd
on
as
so
considerable
a
Pass
into
Asia
,
that
there
was
an
absolute
necessity
of
Fighting
to
win
it
.
The
depth
of
the
River
,
with
the
unevenness
and
difficult
ascent
of
the
oppositite
Shore
,
which
was
to
be
gain'd
by
main
force
,
was
apprehended
by
some
;
and
others
were
so
Superstitious
,
as
to
think
it
an
improper
time
to
engage
,
because
it
was
unusual
for
the
Kings
of
Macedonia
to
march
with
their
Forces
in
the
Month
of
June
.
But
Alexander
broke
through
these
Scruples
,
telling
them
,
they
should
call
it
a
second
May.
And
when
Parmenio
advis'd
him
not
to
attempt
any
thing
that
day
,
because
it
was
late
,
he
told
him
,
The
Hellespont
which
he
had
pass'd
would
blush
for
him
,
if
he
should
be
baffled
at
the
passage
of
an
inconsiderable
River
.
And
so
without
more
saying
,
he
immediately
took
the
River
with
13
Troops
of
Horse
,
and
advanc'd
against
whole
showers
of
Darts
thrown
from
the
other
side
,
which
was
cover'd
with
multitudes
of
the
Enemy
,
Alexander
passes
the
Granicus
in
despite
of
the
Enemy
.
notwithstanding
the
disadvantage
of
the
Ground
,
and
the
rapidity
of
the
Stream
;
So
that
this
Action
seem'd
to
have
more
of
Rage
and
Madness
in
it
,
than
of
prudent
Conduct
.
However
he
persisted
obstinately
to
gain
the
Ford
,
and
at
last
with
much
ado
climbing
up
the
Banks
,
which
were
very
slippery
by
reason
of
the
Mud
,
he
was
fain
to
mingle
among
the
thickest
of
the
Enemy
,
and
Fight
hand
to
hand
for
a
while
,
before
he
could
bring
his
Men
,
who
were
endeavouring
still
to
pass
,
into
any
Order
.
They
press'd
upon
him
with
loud
and
warlike
Outcries
,
and
charging
him
closely
with
their
Horse
,
after
they
had
broken
and
spent
their
Javelins
,
they
fell
to
it
with
their
Swords
.
And
Alexander
being
remarkable
for
his
Buckler
,
and
a
large
Plume
of
excellent
white
Feathers
on
his
Helmet
,
was
attack'd
on
all
sides
,
yet
escap'd
wounding
,
though
his
Cuirass
was
pierc'd
by
a
Javelin
in
a
faulty
place
.
And
Rhesaces
,
His
dangerous
Encounter
.
and
Spithridrates
,
two
Persian
Commanders
,
falling
upon
him
at
once
,
he
avoided
one
of
them
,
and
struck
at
Rhesaces
,
who
had
a
good
Cuirass
on
,
with
such
force
,
that
his
Javelin
breaking
in
his
Hand
,
he
was
glad
to
betake
himself
to
his
Sword
.
While
they
were
thus
engag'd
,
Spithridates
came
up
on
one
side
of
him
,
and
raising
himself
upon
his
Horse
,
gave
him
such
a
Blow
with
his
Battel-Axe
on
the
Helmet
,
that
he
cut
off
the
Crest
of
it
,
with
one
side
of
his
Plume
,
and
made
such
a
Gash
,
that
the
edge
of
his
Weapon
touch'd
the
very
Hair
of
his
Head
.
But
as
he
was
about
to
repeat
his
Stroke
,
Great
Clitus
prevented
him
,
by
And
Preservation
by
Clitus
.
running
him
through
the
Body
with
his
Spear
.
At
the
same
time
Alexander
dispatch'd
Rhesaces
with
his
Sword
.
While
the
Horse
were
thus
dangerously
engag'd
,
the
Macedonian
Phalanx
pass'd
the
River
,
and
the
Foot
on
each
side
advanc'd
to
Fight
.
but
the
Enemy
hardly
sustaining
the
first
onset
,
soon
gave
ground
and
fled
,
all
but
the
mercenary
Graecians
,
who
making
a
stand
upon
a
rising
Ground
,
desired
quarter
,
which
Alexander
guided
rather
by
Passion
than
Judgment
,
refused
to
grant
,
and
charging
them
himself
first
,
had
his
Horse
(
not
Bucephalus
but
another
)
kill'd
under
him
.
And
this
obstinacy
of
his
to
cut
off
these
experienc'd
desperate
Men
,
cost
him
the
lives
of
more
of
his
own
Soldiers
,
than
all
the
Battel
before
,
besides
those
who
were
wounded
.
The
Persians
lost
in
this
Battel
20000
Foot
,
and
2500
Horse
:
On
Alexander's
side
,
Aristobulus
says
there
was
not
wanting
above
34
,
of
which
9
were
Foot
,
to
whose
Memory
he
caused
so
many
Statues
of
Brass
of
Lysippus
his
Hand
to
be
Erected
:
And
that
the
Graecians
might
participate
the
Fruits
of
his
Victory
,
he
shar'd
the
Booty
among
them
.
Particularly
to
the
Athenians
he
sent
300
Bucklers
,
and
upon
all
the
rest
of
the
Spoils
he
ordered
this
glorious
Inscription
to
be
set
:
Alexander
the
Son
of
Philip
,
and
all
the
Grecians
,
except
the
Lacedemonians
,
won
these
from
the
Barbarians
who
inhabit
Asia
.
All
the
Plate
and
Purple
Garments
,
and
whatever
else
of
any
value
he
took
from
the
Persians
,
except
a
very
small
quantity
reserv'd
for
himself
,
he
sent
as
a
Present
to
his
Mother
.
This
Battel
presently
made
a
great
change
of
Affairs
to
Alexander's
advantage
:
For
Sardis
it self
,
the
chief
Seat
of
the
Barbarians
Sardis
taken
.
Power
in
the
Maritime
Provinces
,
and
many
other
considerable
Places
were
Surrendred
to
him
;
only
Halicarnassus
and
Miletus
stood
,
which
he
soon
took
in
by
force
,
together
with
the
Territory
about
them
.
After
which
he
was
a
little
unsettled
in
his
Opinion
how
to
proceed
:
Sometimes
he
thought
it
best
to
find
out
Darius
as
soon
as
he
could
,
and
put
all
to
the
hazard
of
a
Battel
;
another
while
he
looked
upon
it
as
a
more
prudent
course
;
to
make
an
entire
Conquest
of
the
Sea-Coast
,
and
not
to
seek
the
Enemy
till
he
was
strengthned
,
by
the
addition
of
the
Wealth
and
Forces
of
those
Provinces
.
While
he
was
thus
deliberating
what
to
do
,
it
hapned
that
a
Fountain
near
the
City
of
Xanthus
in
Lycia
,
of
its
own
accord
swell'd
over
its
Banks
,
and
threw
up
a
Copper
Plate
upon
the
Shore
,
in
which
was
Engraven
in
ancient
Characters
,
Being
irresolute
is
encourag'd
by
an
old
Prophesie
.
That
the
time
would
come
,
when
the
Persian
Empire
should
be
destroyed
by
the
Graecians
.
Incouraged
by
this
Accident
,
he
proceeded
to
reduce
the
Maritime
Parts
of
Cilicia
,
and
Phoenicea
,
and
passed
his
Army
along
the
Sea-Coasts
of
Pamphilia
with
such
Expedition
,
that
many
Historians
have
describ'd
,
and
extoll'd
it
with
that
height
of
Admiration
,
as
if
it
were
no
less
than
a
Miracle
,
and
an
extraordinary
effect
of
Divine
Favour
,
that
the
Waves
which
were
wont
to
come
rowling
in
from
the
Main
,
and
hardly
ever
leave
so
much
as
the
Beach
under
the
steep
,
broken
Cliffs
at
any
time
uncover'd
,
should
on
a
sudden
retire
to
afford
him
passage
.
Menander
,
in
one
of
his
Comedies
,
alludes
to
this
wonderful
Event
,
when
he
says
,
How
this
Resembles
Alexander's
high
Exploits
?
This
Fellow
of
his
own
accord
is
here
.
Ask
him
to
wade
the
Sea
,
and
he
'll
reply
,
Ev'n
that
to
him
does
passable
appear
.
Alexander
himself
in
his
Epistles
,
mentions
nothing
unusual
in
this
at
all
,
but
says
,
he
went
from
Phaselis
,
and
marched
through
the
Straits
,
which
they
call
the
Ladders
.
At
Phaselis
he
staid
some
time
,
and
finding
the
Statue
of
Theodectes
,
who
was
then
Dead
,
erected
in
the
Market
Place
,
after
he
had
Supp'd
,
having
drank
pretty
plentifully
,
he
went
and
Danc'd
about
it
,
and
Crown'd
it
with
Garlands
as
it
were
in
sport
,
Honouring
the
Memory
of
his
Friend
,
whose
Conversation
he
had
formerly
enjoyed
,
when
he
was
Aristotle's
Scholar
.
Then
he
subdued
the
Pisidians
who
made
Pisidia
and
Phrygia
subdued
.
head
against
him
,
and
conquered
the
Phrygians
,
at
whose
chief
City
Gordium
,
(
which
is
said
to
be
Seat
of
Old
King
Midas
)
he
saw
the
famous
Chariot
fastned
with
Cords
made
of
the
Rind
of
the
Cornel
Tree
,
which
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
whosoever
should
untie
,
the
Inhabitants
had
a
constant
Tradition
,
that
for
him
was
reserv'd
the
Empire
of
the
World
.
Most
are
of
Opinion
,
That
Alexander
finding
himself
unable
to
untie
the
Knot
,
because
the
ends
of
it
were
secretly
folded
up
within
it
,
cut
it
asunder
,
with
his
Sword
:
But
Cuts
the
Gordian
Knot
.
Aristobulus
tells
us
,
it
was
easie
for
him
to
undo
it
,
by
only
pulling
the
Pin
out
of
the
Beam
which
fastned
the
yoak
to
it
,
and
afterwards
drawing
out
the
yoak
it self
.
From
hence
he
advanced
into
Paphlagonia
and
Cappadocia
,
both
which
Countries
he
soon
reduc'd
to
his
obedience
,
and
then
hearing
of
the
Death
of
Memnon
,
one
of
Darius
his
best
Sea-Commanders
,
who
,
if
he
had
lived
,
might
have
put
a
great
stop
to
the
progress
of
his
Arms
,
he
was
the
rather
induc'd
to
carry
the
War
into
the
upper
Provinces
of
Asia
.
Darius
was
by
this
time
upon
his
March
Darius
marches
towards
him
.
from
Susa
,
very
confident
,
not
only
in
the
number
of
his
Men
,
which
amounted
to
fix
hundred
thousand
,
but
likewise
in
a
dream
which
the
Magicians
interpreted
rather
in
flattery
to
him
,
than
with
any
probability
of
Truth
.
He
dream'd
that
he
saw
the
Macedonian
Phalanx
all
on
fire
,
and
Alexander
waiting
on
him
,
clad
in
the
same
Robe
which
he
used
to
wear
when
he
was
Asgandes
to
the
late
King
;
A
Messenger
.
after
which
going
into
the
Temple
of
Belus
,
he
vanish'd
out
of
his
sight
.
By
this
dream
it
was
manifest
in
my
opinion
,
that
the
Darius
his
Dream
interpreted
.
Gods
design'd
to
shew
him
the
illustrious
Actions
the
Macedonians
were
to
perform
,
that
as
he
from
an
Asgandes
had
arriv'd
at
the
Crown
,
so
Alexander
should
come
to
be
Master
of
Asia
,
and
not
long
surviving
his
Conquests
,
conclude
his
Life
with
great
Glory
and
Reputation
.
Darius
his
confidence
increas'd
the
more
,
because
Alexander
spent
so
much
time
in
Cilicia
,
which
he
imputed
to
his
Cowardice
:
But
it
was
sickness
that
detain'd
him
there
,
which
some
say
Alexander
falls
sick
.
he
contracted
by
taking
too
much
pains
,
others
by
Bathing
in
the
River
Cydnus
,
whose
Waters
were
exceeding
cold
.
However
it
hapned
,
none
of
his
Physicians
would
venture
to
give
him
any
Remedies
,
they
thought
his
case
so
desperate
,
and
were
so
afraid
of
the
censure
and
ill
will
of
the
Macedonians
,
if
they
should
fail
in
the
Cure
;
till
Philip
the
Acarnanian
considering
his
extream
danger
,
and
confiding
in
his
Friendship
,
resolved
to
try
the
utmost
efforts
of
his
Art
,
and
rather
hazard
his
own
Credit
and
Life
,
than
suffer
him
to
perish
for
want
of
Physick
,
which
he
confidently
administred
to
him
,
encouraging
him
to
take
it
boldly
,
if
he
desired
a
speedy
Recovery
,
in
order
to
prosecute
the
War
.
At
this
very
time
Parmenio
wrote
to
Alexander
from
the
Camp
,
bidding
him
have
a
care
of
Philip
,
as
one
who
was
brib'd
by
Darius
to
kill
him
,
with
great
sums
of
Money
,
and
a
promise
of
his
Daughter
in
Marriage
.
When
he
had
perus'd
the
Letter
,
he
put
it
under
his
Pillow
,
without
shewing
it
so
much
as
to
any
of
his
most
intimate
Friends
,
and
when
Philip
came
in
with
the
Potion
,
he
took
it
with
great
chearfulness
and
assurance
,
withal
giving
him
the
Letter
to
read
.
This
was
an
encounter
well
worth
being
present
at
,
to
see
Alexander
take
the
draught
,
His
confidence
in
his
Physician
Philip.
and
Philip
read
the
Letter
at
the
same
time
,
looking
earnestly
upon
one
another
,
but
with
different
Sentiments
;
for
Alexander's
looks
were
chearful
and
open
,
a
demonstration
of
his
kindness
to
,
and
confidence
in
his
Physician
,
while
the
others
were
full
of
surprise
at
the
accusation
,
appealing
to
the
Gods
to
witness
his
Innocence
,
sometimes
lifting
up
his
hands
to
Heaven
,
and
then
throwing
himself
down
by
the
Bed-side
,
and
beseeching
Alexander
to
lay
aside
all
fear
,
and
rely
on
his
Fidelity
.
The
Medicine
at
first
wrought
so
strongly
with
him
,
that
it
overcame
his
Spirits
,
and
brought
him
so
low
that
he
lost
his
speech
,
and
falling
into
a
Swoon
,
had
scarce
any
sense
or
pulse
left
;
but
soon
after
,
by
Philip's
By
whom
he
is
Cur'd
.
means
,
his
Health
and
Strength
returned
,
and
he
shewed
himself
in
publick
to
the
Macedonians
,
who
were
in
continual
fear
and
dejection
till
they
saw
him
abroad
again
.
There
was
at
this
time
in
Darius
his
Army
a
Macedonian
Fugitive
,
named
Amyntas
,
one
who
was
pretty
well
acquainted
with
Alexander's
designs
,
This
Man
,
when
he
Darius
rejects
good
Counsel
.
saw
Darius
,
intended
to
fall
upon
the
Enemy
in
the
Straits
of
an
inclosed
Country
,
advised
him
rather
to
keep
where
he
was
,
it
being
the
advantage
of
a
numerous
Army
to
have
Field
room
enough
,
when
it
ingages
with
a
lesser
Force
.
Darius
instead
of
taking
his
Counsel
,
told
him
,
he
was
afraid
the
Enemy
would
endeavour
to
run
away
,
and
so
Alexander
would
escape
out
of
his
hands
.
That
Fear
,
replied
Amyntas
,
is
needless
,
for
assure
your self
that
far
from
avoiding
you
,
he
will
make
all
the
speed
he
can
to
meet
you
,
and
is
now
questionless
on
his
March
towards
you
.
But
Amyntas
his
Counsel
was
to
no
purpose
,
for
Darius
immediately
decamped
,
marched
into
Cilicia
,
at
the
same
time
that
Alexander
advanced
into
Syria
to
meet
him
,
but
missing
one
another
in
the
Night
,
they
both
came
back
again
.
Alexander
mightily
pleased
with
the
Accident
,
made
all
the
haste
he
could
to
fight
in
the
Straits
,
and
Darius
to
recover
his
former
ground
,
and
draw
his
Army
out
of
so
disadvantageous
a
place
.
For
now
he
began
to
perceive
his
error
in
engaging
too
far
into
a
Country
,
which
,
by
reason
of
the
Sea
,
the
Mountains
,
and
the
River
Pindarus
running
through
the
midst
of
it
,
would
necessitate
him
to
divide
his
Forces
,
render
his
Horse
almost
unserviceable
,
and
only
cover
and
supply
the
weakness
of
the
Enemy
.
Fortune
was
not
kinder
to
Alexander
in
the
situation
of
the
place
,
than
he
was
carefull
to
improve
it
to
his
advantage
:
For
being
much
inferiour
in
numbers
,
to
prevent
being
inclosed
,
he
stretched
his
Right
The
Battel
of
Issus
.
Wing
much
further
out
than
his
Left
,
and
Fighting
there
himself
in
the
very
foremost
Ranks
,
put
the
Barbarians
to
flight
.
In
this
Battel
he
was
wounded
in
the
Thigh
by
Darius
(
as
Chares
says
)
with
whom
he
fought
hand
to
hand
.
But
in
the
account
which
he
gave
Antipater
of
the
Battel
,
though
indeed
he
owns
he
was
run
through
the
Thigh
with
a
Sword
,
though
not
dangerously
,
yet
he
takes
no
notice
who
it
was
that
wounded
him
.
Nothing
was
wanting
to
complete
this
glorious
Victory
,
which
he
gain'd
at
the
expence
of
above
an
Hundred
and
ten
thousand
of
his
Enemies
lives
,
but
the
taking
the
Person
of
Darius
,
who
escaped
very
narrowly
Darius
escapes
.
by
flight
.
However
,
having
taken
his
Chariot
,
and
his
Bow
,
he
returned
from
pursuing
him
,
and
found
his
own
Men
busie
in
pillaging
the
Barbarians
Camp
,
which
,
though
to
disburden
themselves
,
they
had
left
most
of
their
Baggage
at
Damascus
,
was
exceeding
rich
.
But
Darius
his
Tent
,
in
which
were
abundance
of
Officers
,
a
great
deal
of
noble
Furniture
,
and
vast
quantities
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
they
reserved
for
Alexander
himself
,
who
after
he
had
put
off
his
Arms
,
as
he
was
going
to
Bathe
himself
,
Let
us
now
,
said
he
,
cleanse
and
refresh
our selves
after
the
toils
of
war
,
in
Darius
his
own
Bath
.
Not
so
,
replied
one
of
his
followers
,
but
in
Alexander's
rather
,
for
the
Goods
of
the
Vanquish'd
are
,
and
always
ought
to
be
,
reputed
the
Conquerors
.
Here
,
when
he
beheld
the
Bathing
Vessels
,
the
Water
Pots
,
Vials
,
and
Oyntment
Boxes
all
of
Gold
,
curiously
wrought
,
and
smelt
the
fragrant
odours
with
which
the
whole
place
was
exquisitely
perfumed
,
and
from
thence
passed
into
another
Apartment
,
large
and
well
pitched
,
where
the
Bed
,
the
Table
,
and
the
Alexander
taken
with
the
Persian
Luxury
and
Riches
.
Entertainment
were
perfectly
magnificent
,
he
turned
to
those
about
him
,
and
in
a
kind
of
transport
told
them
,
This
is
to
be
a
King
indeed
.
But
as
he
was
going
to
Supper
,
word
was
brought
him
that
Darius
his
Mother
,
and
Wife
,
and
two
unmarried
Daughters
,
being
taken
among
the
rest
of
the
Prisoners
,
upon
the
sight
of
his
Chariot
and
Bow
,
were
all
in
tears
and
sorrow
,
imagining
him
to
be
dead
.
After
a
little
pause
,
more
touched
with
their
affliction
than
with
his
own
success
,
he
sent
Leonatus
to
them
,
to
let
them
know
Darius
was
not
Dead
,
and
that
they
need
not
apprehend
any
ill
usage
from
Alexander
,
who
made
War
upon
him
only
for
Dominion
;
and
that
they
should
find
themselves
as
well
provided
for
,
as
ever
they
were
in
Darius
his
most
flourishing
condition
,
when
his
Empire
was
entire
.
This
kind
message
could
not
but
be
very
welcom
to
the
Captive
Ladies
,
especially
being
made
good
by
Actions
no
less
humane
and
generous
:
For
he
gave
them
leave
to
bury
whom
they
pleased
of
the
Persians
,
and
to
make
use
of
what
Garments
and
Furniture
they
thought
His
generous
usage
of
Darius
his
Wife
and
Daughters
.
fit
out
of
the
Booty
.
He
diminished
nothing
of
their
Equipage
,
or
of
the
respect
formerly
paid
them
,
and
allowed
larger
Pensions
for
their
maintenance
,
than
ever
they
had
before
.
But
the
bravest
and
most
Royal
Part
of
their
usage
,
was
,
that
he
treated
these
Illustrious
Prisoners
according
to
their
Vertue
and
their
Quality
,
not
suffering
them
to
hear
,
or
receive
,
or
so
much
as
to
apprehend
any
thing
that
was
indecent
,
or
to
the
prejudice
of
their
Honour
.
So
that
they
seemed
rather
lodg'd
in
some
Temple
,
or
holy
Virgin
Cloyster
,
where
they
enjoyed
their
Privicy
sacred
and
uninterrupted
;
than
in
the
Camp
of
an
Enemy
.
Not
that
he
wanted
temptation
,
for
Darius
his
Wife
was
accounted
the
beautifullest
Princess
then
living
,
as
her
Husband
the
handsomest
and
properest
man
of
his
time
,
and
the
Daughters
were
no
less
charming
than
their
Parents
:
But
Alexander
His
Continence
.
esteeming
it
more
glorious
to
govern
himself
than
to
conquer
his
Enemies
,
touch'd
none
of
them
,
nor
any
other
Woman
before
Marriage
,
except
Barsina
,
Memnon's
Widow
,
who
was
taken
Prisoner
at
Damascus
.
She
was
very
knowing
in
the
Grecian
Learning
,
of
a
sweet
temper
,
and
by
her
Father
Artabazus
,
Royally
descended
.
Which
good
qualities
added
to
the
sollicitations
,
and
incouragement
of
Parmenio
(
as
Aristobulus
tells
us
)
made
him
the
more
willing
to
enjoy
so
agreable
and
illustrious
a
Woman
.
Of
the
rest
of
the
Persian
Captives
,
tho'
handsom
and
well
proportion'd
enough
,
he
took
no
farther
notice
than
to
say
merrily
that
they
were
great
eye-sores
.
His
Temperance
and
Chastity
so
much
surmounted
the
effects
of
their
Charms
,
that
they
mov'd
him
no
more
than
so
many
liveless
Statues
.
And
when
Philoxenus
,
his
Lieutenant
on
the
Sea
coast
,
wrote
to
him
to
know
if
he
would
buy
two
very
fine
Boys
,
which
one
Theodorus
a
Tarentine
had
to
sell
:
He
was
so
offended
,
that
he
often
He
is
angry
with
those
who
would
have
Corrupted
him
.
expostulated
with
his
Friends
,
what
baseness
Philoxenus
had
ever
observ'd
in
him
,
that
he
should
presume
to
make
him
such
a
reproachful
offer
?
And
immediately
wrote
him
a
very
sharp
Letter
,
commanding
him
to
dismiss
Theodorus
,
and
his
vile
Merchandize
with
disgrace
.
Nor
was
he
less
severe
to
Agnon
,
who
sent
him
word
,
he
would
buy
a
pretty
Corinthian
Youth
nam'd
Crobylus
,
to
present
him
with
.
And
hearing
that
Damon
and
Timotheus
,
two
of
Parmenio's
Soldiers
,
had
abus'd
the
Wives
of
some
Strangers
who
were
in
his
Pay
,
he
wrote
to
Parmenio
,
charging
him
strictly
,
if
he
found
them
guilty
,
to
put
them
to
Death
,
as
Beasts
that
were
good
for
nothing
but
to
corrupt
and
ruine
Mankind
.
In
the
same
Letter
he
added
,
that
he
had
not
so
much
as
seen
,
or
desir'd
to
see
the
Wife
of
Darius
,
no
,
nor
suffer'd
any
body
to
speak
of
her
Beauty
before
him
.
He
was
wont
to
say
,
that
Sleep
,
and
the
Act
of
Generation
chiefly
made
him
sensible
that
he
was
Mortal
,
withal
affirming
,
that
Pain
and
Pleasure
proceeded
both
from
the
same
Frailty
and
Imbecillity
of
humane
Nature
.
In
his
Diet
he
was
most
temperate
,
as
His
Temperance
.
appears
,
omitting
many
other
Circumstances
,
by
what
he
said
to
Ada
,
whom
he
adopted
to
be
his
Mother
,
and
afterwards
created
Queen
of
Caria
.
For
when
she
out
of
Kindness
sent
him
every
day
many
curious
Dishes
and
Sweet-meats
,
and
would
have
furnish'd
him
with
such
Cooks
and
Pastry-men
as
were
excellent
in
their
kind
:
he
told
her
,
He
wanted
none
of
them
,
his
Praeceptor
Leonidas
having
already
given
him
the
best
,
which
were
Night-marches
to
prepare
him
for
his
Dinner
,
and
moderate
Dinners
to
create
an
Appetite
for
Supper
.
And
that
he
us'd
to
open
and
search
the
Furniture
of
his
Chamber
,
and
his
Wardrobe
,
to
see
if
his
Mother
had
left
him
any
thing
that
was
nice
or
superfluous
.
He
was
much
less
addicted
to
Wine
than
was
generally
believ'd
;
that
which
gave
People
occasion
to
think
so
of
him
,
was
,
that
when
he
had
nothing
else
to
do
,
he
lov'd
to
sit
long
and
discourse
,
rather
than
drink
,
and
tell
long
Stories
between
every
Glass
.
For
when
his
Affairs
call'd
upon
him
,
he
would
not
be
detain'd
as
other
Generals
often
were
,
either
by
Wine
,
or
Sleep
,
Nuptial
Solemnities
,
Spectacles
,
or
any
other
Diversion
whatsoever
:
A
convincing
Argument
of
which
is
,
that
in
the
short
time
he
liv'd
,
he
accomplish'd
so
many
and
so
great
Actions
.
When
he
was
free
from
Employment
,
after
he
was
up
,
and
had
Sacrifi'd
to
the
Gods
,
he
us'd
to
sit
down
to
Dinner
,
and
then
spend
the
rest
of
the
day
either
in
Hunting
,
And
manner
of
Life
describ'd
.
or
writing
Memoirs
,
or
composing
Differences
among
his
Soldiers
,
or
Reading
.
In
Marches
that
requir'd
no
great
haste
,
he
would
practise
Shooting
as
he
went
along
,
or
to
mount
a
Chariot
,
and
alight
from
it
in
full
speed
.
Sometimes
for
Sports
sake
,
his
Journals
tell
us
,
he
would
go
a
Fox-Hunting
,
and
Fowling
,
and
when
he
came
home
,
after
he
had
Bath'd
,
and
was
anointed
,
he
would
call
for
his
Bakers
,
and
chief
Cooks
,
to
know
if
they
had
got
his
Supper
ready
in
good
order
.
He
never
car'd
to
Sup
till
it
was
pretty
late
,
and
was
wonderful
circumspect
at
Meals
,
that
every
one
who
sate
with
him
should
be
serv'd
alike
.
His
talkative
Humour
,
as
I
noted
before
,
made
him
delight
to
sit
long
at
Table
,
and
then
,
though
otherwise
no
Princes
Conversation
was
ever
so
agreeable
,
he
would
fall
into
such
a
vein
of
Ostentation
,
and
Soldierly
Bragging
,
as
He
is
given
to
bragging
.
gave
his
Flatterers
a
great
advantage
to
ride
him
,
and
made
his
best
Friends
and
Servants
very
uneasie
.
For
though
they
thought
it
too
base
to
strive
who
should
Flatter
him
most
,
yet
they
found
it
hazardous
not
to
And
subject
to
Flattery
.
do
it
;
so
that
between
the
Shame
and
the
Danger
,
they
were
in
a
great
strait
how
to
behave
themselves
.
After
such
an
Entertainment
,
he
was
wont
to
Bath
,
and
then
perhaps
he
would
Sleep
till
Noon
,
and
sometimes
all
day
long
.
He
was
so
very
Temperate
in
his
Diet
,
that
when
any
excellent
Fish
or
Fruits
were
sent
him
,
he
would
distribute
them
among
his
Friends
,
and
hardly
reserve
any
for
his
own
Eating
.
His
Table
however
was
always
Magnificent
,
the
Expence
of
it
still
increasing
with
his
good
Fortune
,
till
it
amounted
to
10000
The
Expence
of
his
Table
.
Drachmas
a
day
,
to
which
Sum
he
limited
it
;
and
beyond
this
,
he
would
suffer
none
to
lay
out
in
an
Entertainment
,
though
he
himself
were
the
Guest
.
After
the
Battel
of
Issus
,
he
sent
to
Damascus
to
seize
upon
the
Money
and
Baggage
,
the
Wives
and
Children
of
the
Persians
,
of
which
the
Thessalian
Horsemen
had
the
greatest
share
;
for
he
had
taken
particular
notice
of
their
Gallantry
in
the
Fight
,
and
sent
them
thither
on
purpose
to
make
their
Reward
suitable
to
their
Courage
:
Not
but
that
the
rest
of
the
Army
had
so
considerable
part
of
the
Booty
,
as
was
sufficient
to
make
the
Fortune
of
every
private
Soldier
.
This
first
gave
the
Macedonians
such
a
taste
of
the
Persian
Wealth
,
Women
,
and
manner
of
Living
,
that
they
pursued
and
trac'd
it
with
the
same
eagerness
and
ardour
,
that
Hounds
do
when
they
are
upon
a
Scent
.
Alexander
before
he
proceeded
any
farther
,
thought
Cyprus
and
Phoenicia
yielded
to
him
.
it
necessary
to
assure
himself
of
the
Sea-Coast
.
Those
who
Govern'd
in
Cyprus
,
put
that
Island
into
his
Possession
,
and
all
Phoenicia
except
Tyre
was
Surrendred
to
him
without
a
stroke
.
During
the
Siege
of
this
City
,
which
with
Mounts
of
Earth
cast
up
,
and
He
Besieges
Tyre
.
battering
Engines
,
and
200
Gallies
by
Sea
,
was
carried
on
with
all
imaginable
vigour
for
seven
Months
together
,
he
chanc'd
to
Dream
,
that
he
saw
Hercules
upon
the
Walls
,
reaching
out
his
Hand
,
and
calling
to
him
.
And
many
of
the
Tyrians
in
their
Sleep
,
fancied
that
Apollo
told
them
,
he
was
displeas'd
with
their
Actions
,
and
was
about
to
leave
them
,
and
go
over
to
Alexander
.
Upon
which
,
as
if
the
God
were
a
Fugitive
,
they
took
him
in
the
Fact
,
chaining
his
Statue
,
and
nailing
it
to
the
Pedestal
,
withal
reproaching
him
,
that
he
was
an
Alexandrist
,
or
a
Favourer
of
Alexander's
Party
.
Another
time
Alexander
Dream'd
,
He
saw
a
Satyr
mocking
him
at
a
distance
,
and
when
he
endeavour'd
to
catch
him
,
he
still
escap'd
from
him
,
till
at
last
,
with
much
perseverance
,
and
running
about
after
him
,
he
got
him
into
his
Power
.
The
Soothsayers
making
two
words
of
Satyros
,
assur'd
him
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
which
signifies
,
Tyre
is
thine
.
that
in
all
probability
Tyre
was
as
good
as
his
own
.
The
Inhabitants
at
this
time
shew
the
Fountain
near
which
Alexander
slept
,
when
he
fancied
the
Satyr
appear'd
to
him
.
While
the
Body
of
the
Army
lay
before
Tyre
,
he
made
a
short
Excursion
against
the
Arabians
,
who
inhabit
Mount
Antilibanus
,
in
which
he
hazarded
his
Life
extreamly
,
to
bring
off
his
Master
Lysimachus
,
who
would
needs
go
along
with
him
,
bragging
he
was
neither
older
,
nor
inferior
in
Courage
to
Phoenix
Achilles
,
his
Tutor
,
whose
Name
he
affected
to
bear
.
For
when
quitting
their
Horses
,
they
march'd
up
the
Hill
on
foot
,
the
rest
of
the
Soldiers
out-went
them
a
great
deal
,
so
that
Night
drawing
on
,
and
the
Enemy
near
,
Alexander
was
His
care
of
his
old
Master
▪
fain
to
stay
behind
so
long
,
to
encourage
and
help
up
the
lagging
,
tir'd
old
Man
,
that
before
he
was
aware
,
he
was
gotten
a
great
way
from
his
Army
with
a
slender
attendance
,
and
forc'd
to
pass
an
extream
cold
Night
in
the
dark
,
and
in
a
very
ill
place
.
Till
seeing
a
great
many
scattered
Fires
of
the
Enemy
at
some
distance
,
and
trusting
to
his
Agility
of
Body
,
and
constant
Indefatigableness
,
with
which
he
was
wont
to
relieve
and
support
the
Macedonians
in
their
Distress
,
he
ran
strait
to
one
of
the
nearest
and
personal
Valour
,
in
extremity
of
danger
Fires
,
and
with
his
Dagger
dispatching
two
of
the
Barbarians
that
sate
by
it
,
snatch'd
up
a
lighted
Brand
,
and
return'd
with
it
to
his
own
Men
,
who
immediately
made
a
great
Fire
,
which
so
terrified
the
Enemy
,
that
most
of
them
fled
,
and
those
that
assaulted
them
were
soon
routed
,
by
which
means
they
lodg'd
securely
the
rest
of
the
Night
.
Thus
Chares
gives
an
account
of
this
Action
.
But
to
return
to
the
Siege
,
it
had
this
Issue
:
Alexander
that
he
might
refresh
his
Army
,
harass'd
with
many
former
Encounters
,
drew
out
a
small
Party
,
rather
to
keep
the
Enemy
upon
Duty
,
than
with
any
prospect
of
much
Advantage
.
It
happen'd
at
this
time
,
that
Aristander
,
after
he
had
sacrific'd
,
upon
view
of
the
Intrails
,
affirm'd
confidently
to
those
who
stood
by
,
that
the
City
should
be
certainly
taken
that
very
Month
,
which
made
them
laugh
at
,
and
mock
him
exceedingly
,
because
that
was
the
last
day
of
it
.
But
the
King
taking
notice
of
his
Perplexity
,
and
emulous
Zeal
,
ever
ambitious
to
have
his
Predictions
take
place
,
commanded
they
should
not
account
that
the
30th
,
but
the
3d
day
of
the
expiring
Month
,
and
ordering
the
Trumpets
to
sound
,
attack'd
the
Walls
with
more
Fury
He
takes
Tyre
and
Gaza
.
than
he
at
first
intended
.
The
briskness
of
the
Assault
so
inflam'd
the
rest
of
his
Forces
who
were
left
in
the
Camp
,
that
they
could
not
hold
from
advancing
to
second
it
,
which
they
perform'd
with
so
much
Vigour
,
that
the
Tyrians
retir'd
,
and
the
Town
was
carried
that
very
day
.
The
next
Place
he
sate
down
before
was
Gaza
,
the
Metropolis
of
Syria
,
where
this
Accident
befel
him
,
A
great
Fowl
flying
over
him
,
let
a
Clod
of
Earth
fall
upon
his
Soulder
,
and
then
settling
upon
one
of
the
battering
Engines
,
was
suddenly
intangled
and
caught
in
the
Where
he
is
wounded
by
a
str●nge
accident
.
Nets
composed
of
Sinews
,
which
protected
the
Ropes
with
which
the
Machine
was
manag'd
.
This
fell
out
exactly
according
to
Aristander's
Prediction
,
which
was
,
that
Alexander
should
be
wounded
,
and
the
City
reduc'd
.
From
hence
he
sent
great
part
of
the
Spoils
to
Olympias
,
Cleopatra
,
and
the
rest
of
his
Friends
,
not
omitting
his
Praeceptor
Leonidas
,
on
whom
he
bestowed
five
hundred
Talents
worth
of
Frankincense
,
and
an
hundred
of
Myrrh
;
prompted
to
it
by
the
remembrance
of
his
forward
hopes
of
him
,
when
he
was
but
a
Child
.
For
Leonidas
,
it
seems
,
standing
by
him
one
day
while
he
was
sacrificing
,
and
seeing
him
take
both
his
hands
full
of
Gums
to
throw
into
the
Fire
,
told
him
,
it
became
him
to
be
more
sparing
in
his
Offerings
then
,
and
not
be
so
profuse
till
he
was
Master
of
the
Countries
,
where
those
sweet
Gums
and
Spices
were
produc'd
.
Upon
this
account
,
Alexander
wrote
him
word
,
he
had
sent
him
a
large
quantity
of
Myrrh
and
Frankincense
,
that
for
the
future
he
might
not
be
so
niggardly
to
the
Gods
.
Among
the
Treasures
and
other
Booty
that
was
taken
from
Darius
,
there
was
a
very
curious
little
Box
,
which
being
presented
to
Alexander
for
a
great
Rarity
,
he
ask'd
those
about
him
what
they
thought
fittest
to
be
laid
up
in
it
;
and
when
they
had
delivered
their
opinions
,
he
told
them
he
esteem'd
nothing
so
worthy
to
be
preserv'd
in
it
as
Homer's
Iliads
.
His
esteem
of
Homer
.
This
passage
is
attested
by
many
credible
Authors
,
and
if
what
those
of
Alexandria
,
relying
upon
the
credit
of
Heraclides
,
tell
us
be
true
;
Homer
was
neither
an
idle
,
nor
an
unprofitable
Companion
to
him
in
his
expedition
.
For
when
he
was
Master
of
Aegypt
,
designing
to
settle
a
Colony
of
Grecians
there
,
he
resolv'd
to
build
a
large
and
populous
City
,
and
give
it
his
own
Name
.
In
order
to
which
,
after
he
had
measur'd
and
stak'd
out
the
Ground
,
with
with
the
advice
of
the
best
Workmen
,
he
chanc'd
one
Night
in
his
sleep
to
see
a
wonderful
Vision
:
A
gray-headed
Old
Man
,
of
a
venerable
Aspect
,
appear'd
to
stand
by
him
,
and
pronounce
these
Verses
,
Girt
with
the
surging
Main
,
there
lies
an
Isle
,
Not
far
from
Egypt
,
which
they
Pharos
stile
.
Alexander
upon
this
immediately
rose
up
and
went
to
Pharos
,
which
at
that
time
was
an
Island
lying
a
little
above
the
Canobique
Mouth
of
the
River
Nilus
,
tho'
it
be
now
joyn'd
to
the
Continent
by
a
straight
Causey
.
As
soon
as
he
saw
the
commodious
scituation
of
the
place
,
it
being
a
long
neck
of
Land
,
of
a
proportionable
breadth
,
having
a
great
Lake
on
one
side
,
and
the
Sea
on
the
other
;
at
the
end
of
it
making
a
spacious
Hrrbour
,
he
said
,
Homer
,
besides
his
other
Excellencies
,
was
a
very
good
Architect
,
and
ordered
the
Plot
of
a
City
He
builds
Alexandri
.
to
be
drawn
answerable
to
the
place
.
To
do
which
,
for
want
of
Chalk
,
the
Soil
being
black
,
they
set
out
their
Lines
with
Flower
,
taking
in
a
pretty
large
compass
of
ground
in
a
circular
Figure
;
the
inside
of
whose
circumference
was
equally
terminated
by
Right
Lines
like
the
edges
of
a
Cloak
.
While
he
was
pleasing
himself
with
his
design
,
on
a
sudden
an
infinite
number
of
great
Birds
,
of
several
kinds
,
rising
like
a
black
Cloud
out
of
the
River
,
and
the
Lake
,
devoured
all
the
Flower
that
was
used
in
setting
out
the
Lines
;
at
which
,
Omen
Alexander
was
much
troubled
,
till
the
Augur's
incouraging
him
again
,
by
telling
him
,
It
was
a
sign
,
the
City
he
was
about
to
build
,
would
not
only
abound
in
all
things
within
it self
,
but
also
be
the
Nurse
of
many
Nations
;
he
commanded
the
Workmen
to
proceed
,
while
he
went
to
visit
the
Temple
of
Jupiter
Hammon
.
This
was
a
long
,
painful
,
and
dangerous
His
Journey
to
the
Temple
of
Jupiter
Hammon
.
Journey
in
two
respects
:
First
,
if
their
Provision
of
Water
should
fail
in
so
wide
a
Desart
:
And
Secondly
,
If
a
violent
South-Wind
should
rise
upon
them
,
while
they
were
Travelling
through
the
deep
gaping
Sands
,
as
it
did
heretofore
upon
Cambyses
his
Army
,
blowing
the
Sands
together
in
heaps
,
and
then
rowling
it
in
Waves
upon
his
Men
,
till
50000
were
swallowed
up
and
destroyed
by
it
.
All
these
difficulties
were
weighed
and
represented
to
him
;
but
Alexander
was
not
easily
to
be
diverted
from
any
thing
he
was
bent
upon
:
For
Fortune
having
hitherto
seconded
him
in
his
designs
,
made
him
resolute
and
firm
in
his
Opinions
,
and
the
greatness
of
his
Mind
raised
a
confidence
in
him
of
surmounting
almost
invincible
difficulties
;
as
if
it
were
not
enough
to
be
always
victorious
in
the
Field
,
unless
Places
,
and
Seasons
,
and
Nature
her self
submitted
to
him
.
In
this
Voyage
,
the
Relief
and
Assistance
the
Gods
afforded
him
in
his
Distresses
,
were
more
wonderful
and
worthy
of
belief
,
than
the
Oracles
he
received
afterwards
,
which
were
valued
and
credited
the
more
upon
this
occasion
:
For
first
,
the
plentiful
Rains
that
fell
preserv'd
them
from
perishing
by
drought
,
and
allaying
the
extreme
driness
of
the
Sand
,
which
now
became
moist
and
firm
to
Travel
on
,
clear'd
and
purified
the
Air.
Besides
this
,
when
they
were
out
of
their
way
,
and
were
In
which
he
is
w●nderfully
guided
and
preserv'd
.
wandring
up
and
down
,
by
reason
the
marks
which
were
wont
to
direct
the
Guides
were
disordered
and
lost
,
they
were
set
right
again
by
some
Ravens
who
flew
before
them
in
their
March
,
and
would
wait
for
those
who
lagg'd
or
were
left
behind
.
But
the
greatest
Miracle
,
as
Calisthenes
tells
us
,
was
,
That
if
any
of
the
Company
went
astray
in
the
Night
,
they
never
left
croking
and
making
a
noise
,
till
by
that
means
they
had
brought
them
into
the
right
way
again
.
Having
passed
through
the
Wilderness
they
came
to
the
City
,
where
the
High-Priest
,
at
the
first
salute
bade
Alexander
welcom
from
his
Father
Ammon
:
And
being
ask'd
by
him
whether
any
of
his
Father's
Murderers
had
escaped
punishment
,
he
charg'd
him
to
speak
with
more
respect
,
for
his
Father
was
not
Mortal
.
Then
Alexander
more
plainly
desired
to
know
of
him
,
if
any
of
those
who
murder'd
Philip
were
yet
unpunish'd
,
and
further
concerning
Dominion
,
whether
the
Empire
of
the
World
was
reserv'd
for
him
?
This
the
God
answered
he
should
obtain
,
and
that
Philip's
Death
was
fully
reveng'd
;
which
gave
him
so
much
satisfaction
,
that
he
made
splendid
Offerings
to
Jupiter
,
and
gave
the
Priests
very
rich
Presents
.
This
is
the
substance
of
what
Answers
he
receiv'd
from
the
Oracle
:
Although
Alexander
in
a
Letter
to
his
Mother
tells
her
,
there
were
some
secret
Predictions
,
which
,
at
his
return
,
he
would
communicate
to
her
only
.
Others
Is
flattered
by
a
Priest
.
say
,
That
the
Priest
,
desirous
to
express
himself
more
kindly
,
and
to
call
him
in
the
Greek
Tongue
Paidion
,
which
signifies
my
Son
,
to
avoid
the
barbarism
as
he
thought
of
the
N
,
used
the
S
instead
of
it
,
and
said
Paidios
,
or
Son
of
Jupiter
,
which
mistake
of
his
Speech
,
Alexander
was
well
enough
pleas'd
with
,
and
it
went
for
currant
,
that
the
Oracle
had
call'd
him
so
.
Among
the
Sayings
of
one
Psammon
a
Philosopher
,
whom
he
heard
in
Aegypt
,
he
most
approved
of
this
,
That
all
Men
are
govern'd
Alexander's
opinion
of
the
Deity
.
by
God
,
because
in
every
thing
that
which
is
Chief
and
Commands
is
Divine
.
But
what
he
pronounc'd
himself
upon
this
Subject
,
was
more
like
a
Philosopher
;
for
he
said
,
God
was
the
common
Father
of
us
all
,
but
more
particularly
of
Good
Men.
To
the
Barbarians
he
carried
himself
very
insolently
,
as
if
he
were
fully
perswaded
of
his
Divine
And
politick
use
of
being
thought
a
God
.
Original
;
but
to
the
Grecians
more
moderately
,
and
with
less
affectation
of
Divinity
:
Except
it
were
writing
to
the
Athenians
concerning
Samos
,
where
he
tells
them
,
they
held
not
that
free
and
glorious
City
by
vertue
of
his
Gift
,
but
from
the
Bounty
of
him
,
who
,
at
that
time
,
was
call'd
his
Lord
and
Father
,
meaning
Philip.
However
,
afterwards
being
wounded
with
an
Arrow
,
and
feeling
much
pain
,
he
turn'd
to
those
about
him
,
and
told
them
,
it
was
common
Humane
Blood
that
fell
from
him
,
and
not
the
Ichor
,
Such
as
th'
Immortal
Gods
were
wont
to
shed
.
And
another
time
when
it
Thundred
so
much
that
every
body
was
afraid
,
and
Anaxarchus
the
Sophist
ask'd
him
,
if
he
who
He
is
jeer'd
by
Anaxarchus
.
was
Jupiter's
own
Son
were
so
too
?
Yes
,
that
I
am
,
answer'd
Alexander
laughing
,
for
I
would
not
be
formidable
to
my
Friends
,
as
you
would
have
me
be
,
who
despis'd
my
Table
for
being
furnish'd
with
Fish
,
and
not
with
the
Heads
of
Governors
of
Provinces
.
For
it
is
certain
,
That
Anaxarchus
seeing
a
Present
of
small
Fishes
which
the
King
sent
to
Hephaestion
,
did
express
himself
to
this
purpose
,
to
shew
his
contempt
and
derision
of
those
who
take
mighty
pains
and
run
desperate
hazards
in
pursuit
of
great
matters
,
and
yet
after
all
,
if
we
examine
things
closely
,
have
little
more
of
Pleasure
or
Enjoyment
than
other
People
.
For
what
I
have
said
upon
this
Subject
,
it
is
apparent
that
Alexander
in
himself
was
not
foolishly
affected
,
or
had
the
Vanity
to
think
himself
really
a
God
,
but
his
Followers
were
captivated
with
an
overweaning
opinion
of
his
Divinity
.
At
his
return
out
of
Aegypt
into
Phoenicia
,
The
expence
of
Tragedies
defrayed
by
Kings
.
he
Sacrific'd
and
made
solemn
Processions
,
to
which
were
added
circular
Dances
and
Acting
of
Tragedies
,
whose
splendor
appear'd
not
only
in
the
Furniture
and
Ornaments
,
but
in
the
noble
Zeal
and
Contention
of
those
who
acted
them
.
For
no
less
Persons
than
two
Kings
of
Cyprus
were
at
the
charge
of
them
,
in
the
same
manner
as
it
is
perform'd
at
Athens
by
those
who
are
chosen
by
Lot
out
of
the
Tribes
.
And
indeed
they
strove
with
wonderful
emulation
to
out-vie
each
other
:
Chiefly
Nicocreon
King
of
Salamis
,
and
Pasicrates
of
Soli
,
who
were
appointed
to
furnish
and
defray
the
expence
of
Athenodorus
and
Thessalus
,
two
of
the
most
celebrated
Actors
of
that
Age.
Thessalus
was
most
favour'd
by
Alexander
,
though
it
appear'd
not
till
Athenodorus
was
declar'd
Victor
by
the
plurality
of
Suffrages
.
For
then
at
his
going
away
,
he
said
the
Judges
deserv'd
to
be
commended
for
what
they
had
done
,
but
that
he
would
willingly
have
lost
part
of
his
Kingdom
,
rather
than
to
have
seen
Thessalus
overcome
.
However
,
when
he
understood
Athenodorus
was
Fin'd
by
the
Athenians
,
for
being
absent
at
the
Festivals
celebrated
in
Honour
of
Bacchus
,
tho'
he
refus'd
his
request
of
Writing
in
his
behalf
;
yet
he
was
so
generous
as
to
give
him
wherewithal
to
satisfie
the
Penalty
.
Another
time
Lycon
of
Scarphia
happened
to
Act
with
great
Applause
in
the
Theatre
,
and
in
a
Verse
inserted
in
his
part
,
cunningly
begg'd
Ten
Talents
of
Alexander
;
who
was
so
pleas'd
with
his
Ingenuity
,
that
he
freely
gave
him
the
Money
.
About
this
time
Darius
wrote
to
him
,
and
Darius
his
Proposals
rejected
.
his
Friends
to
intercede
with
him
to
accept
10000
Talents
,
as
a
Ransom
for
what
Prisoners
he
had
in
his
hands
:
And
to
purchase
his
Amity
and
Alliance
,
offer'd
him
all
the
Countries
on
this
side
the
River
Euphrates
,
together
with
one
of
his
Daughters
in
Marriage
.
These
Propositions
he
communicated
to
his
Friends
,
and
when
Parmenio
told
him
,
that
for
his
part
,
if
he
were
Alexander
,
he
should
readily
embrace
them
;
So
would
I
too
you
may
be
sure
,
said
the
King
,
if
I
were
Parmenio
.
Accordingly
his
Answer
to
Darius
was
,
That
if
he
would
yield
himself
up
into
his
Power
,
he
would
treat
him
with
all
imaginable
Kindness
,
if
not
,
he
was
resolv'd
immediately
to
advance
towards
him
.
But
the
Death
of
Darius
his
Wife
in
Child-birth
,
made
him
soon
after
repent
of
this
Resolution
,
not
without
evident
Alexander's
generous
Usage
of
Darius's
Wif●
.
marks
of
Grief
,
for
being
so
depriv'd
of
a
further
opportunity
of
exercising
his
Clemency
and
good
Nature
,
which
he
shew'd
to
the
last
,
by
the
great
Expence
he
was
at
in
her
Funeral
.
Among
the
Eunuchs
who
waited
in
the
Queen's
Chamber
,
and
were
taken
Prisoners
with
the
Women
,
there
was
one
Tyreus
,
who
getting
out
of
the
Camp
,
fled
away
on
Horseback
to
Darius
,
to
inform
him
of
his
Wives
Death
;
which
,
as
soon
as
he
heard
,
he
could
not
forbear
beating
his
Head
,
and
bursting
forth
into
Tears
with
lamentable
Outcries
,
said
,
Alas
!
how
great
is
the
Calamity
of
the
Persians
?
Was
it
not
enough
that
their
Kings
Consort
and
Sister
was
a
Prisoner
in
her
Life-time
,
but
she
must
,
now
she
is
dead
also
,
be
but
meanly
and
obscurely
Buried
?
Oh
Sir
,
replied
the
Eunuch
,
As
to
her
Interment
,
or
any
Respect
or
Decency
,
that
was
omitted
at
it
,
you
have
not
the
least
reason
to
accuse
the
ill
Fortune
of
your
Country
;
for
to
my
knowledge
,
neither
your
Queen
Statira
when
alive
,
or
your
Mother
or
Children
,
wanted
any
thing
of
their
former
happy
Condition
,
unl●ss
it
were
the
light
of
your
Countenance
,
which
I
doubt
not
but
the
mighty
Oromasdes
will
yet
restore
with
greater
Splendor
and
Glory
than
ever
:
and
after
her
Decease
,
I
assure
you
,
she
had
not
only
all
due
Funeral
Ornaments
,
but
was
honour'd
also
with
the
Tears
of
your
very
Enemies
;
for
Alexander
is
as
merciful
and
gentle
after
Victory
,
as
he
is
daring
and
terrible
in
the
Field
.
At
the
hearing
of
these
words
,
such
was
the
Grief
and
Emotion
of
Darius
his
Mind
,
that
although
there
was
not
the
Makes
him
jealous
.
〈…〉
least
ground
for
them
,
he
could
not
chuse
but
entertain
some
absurd
Suspicions
.
For
taking
Tyreas
aside
into
a
more
private
Apartment
in
his
Tent
:
Unless
thou
likewise
,
said
he
to
him
,
hast
deserted
me
,
together
with
the
good
Fortune
of
Persia
,
and
art
become
a
Macedonian
in
thy
Heart
;
if
thou
bearest
me
yet
any
Respect
,
and
ownest
me
for
thy
Soveraign
Darius
,
Tell
me
,
I
charge
thee
,
by
the
Veneration
thou
payest
the
Deity
of
[
](A55203-e43350-b)*
*
The
Sun
.
Mithras
,
and
this
Right
Hand
of
the
King
:
Do
I
not
lament
the
least
of
Statira's
Misfortunes
in
her
Captivity
and
Death
?
Have
I
not
suffer'd
something
more
injurious
and
deplorable
in
her
Life-time
?
And
had
I
not
been
miserable
with
less
dishonour
,
if
I
had
met
with
a
more
severe
and
inhumane
Enemy
?
For
how
is
it
possible
a
young
Man
as
he
is
,
should
treat
the
Wife
of
Darius
with
so
much
Generosity
,
without
passing
the
Bounds
of
a
virtuous
Conversation
?
Whilst
he
was
yet
speaking
,
Tyreus
threw
himself
at
his
Feet
,
and
But
without
Reason
,
of
which
he
is
convinc'd
by
Tyreus
the
Eunuch
.
besought
him
neither
to
wrong
Alexander
so
much
,
nor
his
Dead
Wife
and
Sister
,
as
to
harbour
such
unjust
thoughts
,
which
depriv'd
him
of
the
only
Consolation
he
was
capable
of
in
his
Adversity
,
in
a
firm
belief
that
he
was
overcome
by
a
Man
,
whose
Virtues
rais'd
him
far
above
the
pitch
of
human
Nature
.
That
he
ought
to
look
upon
Alexander
with
Love
and
Admiration
,
who
had
given
no
less
Proofs
of
his
Continence
towards
the
Persian
Women
,
than
of
his
Valour
among
the
Men.
The
Eunuch
confirm'd
all
he
said
with
solemn
,
horrid
Oaths
,
and
was
farther
enlarging
himself
in
the
description
of
Alexander's
Moderation
and
Magnanimity
upon
other
occasions
:
When
Darius
,
not
able
to
contain
himself
any
longer
,
broke
from
him
into
the
next
Room
,
where
before
all
his
Courtiers
he
lifted
up
his
Hands
to
Heaven
,
and
utter'd
this
Prayer
.
Ye
Gods
,
said
he
,
who
are
the
Darius
his
Prayer
.
Authors
of
our
Being
,
and
supreme
Directors
of
Kingdoms
;
above
all
things
,
I
beg
of
you
to
restore
the
declining
Affairs
of
Persia
,
that
I
may
leave
them
at
least
in
as
flourishing
a
condition
as
I
found
them
,
and
have
it
in
my
Power
to
make
some
grateful
Returns
to
Alexander
,
for
the
Kindness
which
in
my
Adversity
he
has
shew'd
to
those
who
are
dearest
to
me
.
But
if
indeed
the
fatal
Time
be
come
,
which
is
to
give
a
Period
to
the
Persian
Monarchy
;
if
our
Ruine
be
a
Debt
that
must
be
inevitably
paid
to
the
Divine
Vengeance
,
and
the
Vicissitude
of
Things
:
Then
I
beseech
you
grant
,
that
no
other
Man
but
Alexander
may
sit
upon
the
Throne
of
Cyrus
.
The
truth
of
these
Passages
is
attested
by
most
Writers
.
But
to
return
to
Alexander
,
after
he
had
The
Event
of
a
great
Battel
,
gather'd
from
a
ridiculous
Accident
.
reduc'd
all
Asia
,
on
this
side
the
Euphrates
,
he
advanc'd
towards
Darius
,
who
was
coming
down
against
him
with
a
Million
of
Men.
In
his
March
,
a
very
ridiculous
Passage
happened
.
The
Servants
who
follow'd
the
Camp
,
for
Sports-sake
divided
themselves
into
two
Parties
,
and
nam'd
the
Commander
of
one
of
them
Alexander
,
and
of
the
other
Darius
.
At
first
they
only
pelted
one
another
with
Clods
of
Earth
,
and
after
fell
to
Fisty-cuffs
,
till
at
last
,
heated
with
the
Skirmish
,
they
fought
in
good
earnest
with
Stones
and
Clubs
,
so
that
they
had
much
ado
to
part
them
,
till
Alexander
order'd
the
two
Captains
to
decide
the
Quarrel
by
single
Combat
,
and
arm'd
him
who
bore
his
Name
himself
,
while
Philotas
did
the
same
to
him
who
represented
Darius
.
The
whole
Army
were
Spectators
of
this
Encounter
,
with
Minds
prepar'd
from
the
Event
of
it
,
to
make
a
Judgment
of
their
own
future
Success
.
After
they
had
fought
stoutly
a
pretty
while
,
at
last
he
who
was
call'd
Alexander
had
the
better
,
and
for
a
Reward
of
his
Prowess
,
had
12
Villages
given
him
,
with
leave
to
vest
himself
after
the
Persian
Mode
.
Thus
we
are
inform'd
by
the
Writings
of
Eratosthenes
.
But
the
great
Battel
of
all
that
was
fought
At
the
Battel
of
Gausamela
.
with
Darius
,
was
not
as
most
Writers
tell
us
,
at
Arbela
,
but
at
Gausamela
,
which
in
their
Language
signifies
the
Camels
House
,
forasmuch
as
one
of
their
ancient
Kings
,
having
escap'd
the
pursuit
of
his
Enemies
on
a
swift
Camel
,
in
gratitude
to
his
Beast
,
settled
him
at
this
place
,
with
an
allowance
of
certain
Villages
and
Rents
for
his
maintenance
.
It
came
to
pass
,
that
in
the
month
[
](A55203-e43780-b)*
*
August
.
Boedromion
,
about
the
beginning
of
the
Feast
of
Mysteries
at
Athens
,
there
happen'd
an
Eclipse
of
the
Moon
,
the
11th
Night
after
which
,
the
two
Armies
being
then
in
view
of
one
another
,
Darius
kept
his
Men
in
Arms
,
and
by
Torch-light
took
a
general
Review
of
them
.
But
Alexander
,
while
his
Soldiers
slept
,
spent
the
night
before
his
Tent
,
with
his
Diviner
Aristander
,
performing
certain
mysterious
Ceremonies
,
and
sacrificing
to
Apollo
.
In
the
mean
Some
Copies
have
it
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
▪
to
Fear
.
while
the
eldest
of
his
Commanders
,
and
chiefly
Parmenio
,
when
they
beheld
all
the
Plain
between
the
River
Niphates
,
and
the
Gordyaean
Mountains
,
shining
with
the
Lights
and
Fires
which
were
made
by
the
Barbarians
,
and
heard
the
rude
and
confus'd
Voices
out
of
their
Camp
,
the
terror
and
noise
of
which
resembled
the
roaring
of
a
vast
Ocean
,
they
were
so
amaz'd
at
the
thoughts
of
such
a
multitude
,
that
after
some
Conference
among
themselves
,
they
concluded
it
an
Enterprize
too
difficult
and
hazardous
Alexander
though
infinitely
inferior
in
numbers
,
refuses
to
steal
a
Victory
.
His
Reasons
for
it
.
for
them
to
engage
so
numerous
an
Enemy
in
the
Day
,
and
therefore
meeting
the
King
as
he
came
from
Sacrificing
,
besought
him
to
attack
Darius
by
Night
,
that
the
Darkness
might
conceal
the
Horror
and
Danger
of
the
ensuing
Battel
.
To
this
he
gave
them
the
so
celebrated
Answer
,
That
he
would
not
steal
a
Victory
:
Which
though
some
may
think
childish
and
vain
,
as
if
he
play'd
with
Danger
,
yet
others
look
upon
it
as
an
evidence
that
he
confided
in
his
present
Condition
,
and
made
a
true
Judgment
of
the
future
,
in
not
leaving
Darius
,
in
case
he
were
worsted
,
so
much
as
a
pretence
of
trying
his
Fortune
any
more
;
which
he
would
certainly
do
,
if
he
could
impute
his
Overthrow
to
the
disadvantage
of
the
Night
,
as
he
did
before
to
the
Mountains
,
the
narrow
Passages
,
and
the
Sea
.
For
it
was
not
to
be
imagin'd
,
that
he
who
had
still
such
Forces
and
large
Dominions
left
,
His
Reasons
for
it
.
should
give
over
the
War
for
want
of
Men
or
Arms
,
till
he
had
first
lost
all
Courage
and
Hope
,
by
the
conviction
of
an
undeniable
and
manifest
Defeat
.
After
they
were
gone
from
him
with
this
Answer
,
he
laid
himself
down
in
his
Tent
,
and
slept
the
rest
of
the
Night
soundlier
than
he
was
wont
to
do
,
to
the
astonishment
of
the
Commanders
,
who
came
to
him
early
in
the
Morning
,
and
were
fain
themselves
to
give
order
that
the
Soldiers
should
Dine
.
But
at
last
,
time
not
giving
them
leave
to
wait
any
longer
,
Parmenio
went
to
his
Bed-side
,
and
call'd
him
twice
or
thrice
by
his
Name
,
till
he
wak'd
him
,
and
then
ask'd
him
,
How
it
was
possible
when
he
was
to
fight
the
most
important
Battel
of
all
,
he
could
sleep
so
securely
,
as
if
he
were
already
Victorious
.
So
I
am
,
said
Alexander
,
smiling
,
since
I
am
now
no
more
put
to
the
trouble
of
wandring
after
,
and
pursuing
Darius
,
as
long
as
he
pleases
to
decline
Fighting
,
in
a
Country
of
so
large
extent
,
and
so
wasted
.
And
not
only
before
the
Engagement
,
but
likewise
in
the
extreamest
danger
of
it
,
he
shew'd
the
greatness
of
his
Courage
in
Action
,
and
the
solidity
of
his
Judgment
in
Counsel
.
For
the
left
Wing
which
Parmenio
commanded
,
An
Instance
of
his
Conduct
.
was
so
violently
charg'd
by
the
Bactrian
Horse
,
that
it
was
disorder'd
,
and
forc'd
to
give
Ground
,
at
the
same
time
that
Mazeus
had
sent
a
Party
round
about
to
fall
upon
those
who
guarded
the
Baggage
,
which
so
disturb'd
Parmenio
,
that
he
sent
Messengers
to
acquaint
Alexander
,
that
the
Camp
and
Baggage
would
be
all
lost
,
unless
he
immediately
reliev'd
the
Rear
,
by
a
considerable
Reinforement
drawn
out
of
the
Front
.
This
Message
being
brought
him
Just
as
he
was
giving
the
Signal
to
those
about
him
for
the
Onset
,
he
bade
them
tell
Parmenio
,
That
sure
he
was
mad
,
and
had
lost
the
use
of
his
Reason
,
and
that
the
Consternation
he
was
in
,
had
made
him
forget
,
that
Conquerors
always
become
Masters
of
their
Enemies
Baggage
;
whereas
those
who
were
defeated
,
instead
of
taking
care
of
their
Wealth
or
their
Slaves
,
had
nothing
more
to
do
,
but
to
fight
gallantly
,
and
die
with
Honour
.
When
he
had
said
this
,
he
put
on
his
Helmet
,
having
the
rest
of
his
Arms
His
A●mour
describ'd
.
on
before
he
came
out
of
his
Tent
,
which
were
a
short
Coat
of
the
Sicilian
fashion
,
girt
close
about
him
,
and
over
that
a
Breast-piece
of
Linnen
often
folded
and
plaited
,
which
was
taken
among
other
Booty
at
the
Battel
of
Issus
.
The
Helmet
which
was
made
by
Theophilus
,
though
of
Iron
was
so
well
wrought
and
polish'd
,
that
it
was
as
bright
as
the
most
refin'd
Silver
.
To
this
was
fitted
a
Gorget
of
the
same
metal
,
set
with
precious
stones
.
His
Sword
,
which
was
the
weapon
he
most
us'd
in
Fight
,
was
given
him
by
the
King
of
the
Citieans
,
and
was
of
an
admirable
temper
and
lightness
.
But
the
Belt
which
he
wore
also
in
all
Engagements
,
was
of
much
richer
Workmanship
than
the
rest
of
his
Armour
;
it
was
made
by
old
Helicon
,
and
presented
him
by
the
Rhodians
,
as
a
mark
of
their
Respect
to
him
.
When-ever
he
drew
up
his
Men
,
or
rode
about
to
give
Orders
,
or
instruct
,
or
view
them
,
he
favour'd
Bucephalus
by
reason
of
his
Age
,
and
made
use
of
another
Horse
;
but
when
he
was
to
fight
,
he
sent
for
him
again
,
and
as
soon
as
he
was
mounted
,
presently
fell
upon
the
Enemy
.
After
he
had
made
a
long
Oration
to
the
Thessalians
,
and
the
rest
of
the
Graecians
,
who
encourag'd
him
with
loud
Outcries
,
desiring
to
be
led
on
to
the
Charge
,
he
shifted
his
Javeling
into
his
left
Hand
,
and
with
his
right
lifted
up
towards
Heaven
,
besought
the
Gods
,
that
if
he
was
of
a
truth
the
Son
of
Jupiter
,
they
would
be
pleas'd
to
assist
and
strengthen
the
Graecians
.
At
the
same
time
the
Augur
Aristander
,
who
had
a
white
Mantle
about
him
,
and
a
Crown
of
Gold
A
good
Omen
before
the
Battel
.
on
his
Head
,
rode
by
,
and
shew'd
them
an
Eagle
that
soar'd
just
over
Alexander
,
and
directed
his
flight
towards
the
Enemy
;
which
so
animated
the
Beholders
,
that
after
mutual
Encouragements
and
Exhortations
,
the
Horse
charg'd
at
full
speed
,
and
were
vigourously
seconded
by
the
Foot
.
But
before
they
could
well
come
to
Blows
with
the
first
Ranks
,
the
Barbarians
shrunk
back
,
and
were
hotly
pursued
by
Alexander
,
who
drave
those
that
fled
before
him
into
the
middle
of
the
Battel
,
where
Darius
himself
was
in
Person
,
whom
he
saw
over
the
foremost
Ranks
,
conspicuous
in
the
midst
of
his
Life-Guard
;
for
he
was
an
handsom
,
proper
Man
,
and
drawn
in
a
lofty
Chariot
,
defended
by
abundance
of
the
best
Horse
,
who
stood
close
in
order
about
it
,
ready
to
receive
the
Enemy
.
But
Alexander's
approach
was
so
terrible
,
forcing
those
who
gave
back
,
upon
those
who
yet
maintain'd
their
Ground
,
that
he
beat
down
and
dispers'd
them
almost
all
,
but
a
few
of
the
bravest
and
valiantest
,
who
were
slain
in
their
King's
presence
,
falling
in
heaps
upon
one
another
,
and
in
the
very
pangs
of
Death
striving
by
catching
hold
of
the
Men
and
Horses
,
to
stop
the
Macedonians
pursuit
.
Darius
now
seeing
all
was
lost
,
that
those
who
were
plac'd
in
Front
to
defend
him
were
broken
,
and
beat
back
upon
him
,
that
he
could
not
turn
or
disengage
his
Chariot
without
great
difficulty
,
the
Wheels
were
so
clogg'd
and
intangled
among
the
dead
Bodies
which
lay
in
such
heaps
,
as
not
only
stopt
,
but
almost
cover'd
the
Horses
,
and
made
them
bound
,
and
grow
so
unruly
,
that
the
frighted
Charioter
Darius
flies
.
could
govern
them
no
longer
:
In
this
extremity
he
was
glad
to
quit
his
Chariot
and
his
Arms
,
and
mounting
,
as
they
say
,
upon
a
Mare
that
had
newly
foal'd
,
betook
himself
to
flight
.
But
he
had
not
escap'd
so
neither
,
if
Parmenio
had
not
sent
fresh
Messengers
to
Alexander
,
to
desire
him
to
return
,
and
assist
him
against
a
considerable
Body
of
the
Enemy
which
yet
stood
together
,
and
would
not
give
ground
▪
Upon
this
Parmenio
was
on
all
hands
accus'd
of
Dulness
and
Sloth
,
whether
Age
had
impair'd
his
Courage
,
or
that
,
as
Callisthenes
says
,
he
inwardly
griev'd
at
and
envied
his
Masters
growing
Greatness
.
Alexander
though
he
was
not
a
little
vex'd
to
be
so
recall'd
,
and
hindred
from
pursuing
his
Victory
,
yet
conceal'd
the
true
Reason
from
his
Men
,
and
causiing
a
Retreat
to
be
sounded
,
as
if
it
were
too
late
to
continue
the
Execution
any
longer
,
march'd
back
And
Alexander
gains
an
intire
Victory
.
towards
the
place
of
danger
,
and
by
the
way
met
with
the
News
of
the
Enemies
total
overthrow
and
flight
.
This
Battel
being
thus
over
,
seem'd
to
He
is
proclaim'd
King
of
Asia
put
a
period
to
the
Persian
Empire
;
and
Alexander
who
was
now
proclaim'd
King
of
Asia
,
return'd
thanks
to
the
Gods
in
magnificent
Sacrifices
,
and
rewarded
his
Friends
and
Followers
with
great
sums
of
Mony
,
and
Palaces
,
and
Governments
of
Provinces
.
To
ingratiate
himself
with
the
Grecians
,
he
wrote
to
them
,
that
he
would
have
all
Tyrannies
abolish'd
,
that
they
might
live
He
courts
the
Grecians
.
free
according
to
their
own
Laws
,
more
particularly
to
the
Plataeans
,
that
their
City
should
be
reedified
,
because
their
Ancestors
permitted
their
Countrymen
to
make
their
Territories
the
Seat
of
the
War
,
when
they
fought
with
the
Babarians
for
their
common
Liberty
.
He
sent
also
part
of
the
Spoils
into
Italy
,
to
the
Crotonians
,
to
honour
the
Zeal
and
Courage
of
their
Citizen
Phaylus
the
Wrestler
,
who
in
the
Median
War
,
when
the
other
Grecian
Colonies
in
Italy
disown'd
Greece
;
that
he
might
have
a
share
in
the
danger
,
joyn'd
the
Fleet
at
Salamis
,
with
a
Vessel
set
forth
at
his
own
charge
.
So
affectionate
was
Alexander
to
all
kind
of
Virtue
,
and
so
desirous
to
preserve
the
memory
of
laudable
Actions
.
From
hence
he
march'd
through
the
Province
Takes
Babylon
.
of
Babylon
,
which
immediately
submitted
to
him
,
and
in
that
of
Ecbatane
was
mightyly
surpris'd
to
see
Fire
continually
break
like
a
spring
out
of
a
cleft
of
the
Earth
;
and
not
far
from
that
a
Foutain
of
Naptha
,
which
stagnated
in
great
abundance
.
An
Account
of
Naptha
.
This
Naptha
,
in
other
respects
resembling
Bitumen
,
is
so
subject
to
take
fire
,
that
before
it
touches
the
flame
,
it
will
kindle
at
the
very
light
that
surrounds
it
,
and
often
inflame
the
interjacent
Air
also
.
The
Barbarians
,
to
shew
the
Power
and
Nature
of
it
,
sprinkled
the
street
that
led
to
the
Kings
Lodgings
with
little
drops
of
this
Liquor
,
and
when
it
was
almost
night
,
stood
at
the
further
end
with
Torches
,
which
being
applied
to
the
moistned
Places
,
the
first
presently
taking
fire
,
in
less
than
a
minute
it
caught
from
one
end
to
the
other
,
in
that
manner
,
that
the
whole
Sreet
was
but
one
continued
flame
.
Among
those
who
us'd
to
wait
on
the
King
when
he
anointed
and
wash'd
himself
,
and
divert
his
Mind
with
pleasant
discourses
,
there
was
one
Athenophanes
,
an
Athenian
,
who
desired
him
to
make
an
Experiment
of
the
Naptha
upon
Stephanus
,
who
stood
by
in
the
Bathing
place
,
a
very
ugly
ridiculous
Youth
,
whose
Talent
was
Singing
well
:
For
,
said
he
,
if
it
take
hold
of
him
and
cannot
be
quenched
,
it
must
undeniably
be
allow'd
to
be
of
great
and
invincible
strength
.
The
Youth
readily
consented
With
an
Experiment
of
it
.
to
undergo
the
Tryal
,
and
as
soon
as
he
was
anointed
and
rubb'd
with
it
,
his
whole
Body
broke
out
into
such
a
flame
,
and
was
so
seiz'd
by
the
fire
,
that
Alexander
was
exceedingly
perplex'd
and
concern'd
for
him
,
and
not
without
Reason
;
for
nothing
could
have
prevented
his
being
consum'd
by
it
,
if
by
good
chance
there
had
not
been
People
at
hand
with
a
great
many
Vessels
of
Water
for
the
service
of
the
Bath
,
with
all
which
,
they
had
much
ado
to
extinguish
the
Fire
;
and
his
Body
was
so
burn'd
all
over
,
that
he
was
not
our'd
of
it
a
good
while
after
.
Not
absurdly
therefore
do
they
endeavour
to
reconcile
the
Fable
to
Truth
,
who
say
,
this
was
the
Drug
mention'd
by
the
Poets
,
with
which
Medea
anointed
the
Crown
and
Veil
which
she
gave
to
Creon's
Daughter
.
For
neither
the
things
themselves
,
nor
the
And
some
conjectures
.
fire
could
kindle
of
its
own
accord
,
but
being
prepar'd
for
it
by
the
Naptha
,
they
imperceptibly
attracted
and
caught
the
flame
:
For
the
rays
and
emanations
of
Fire
,
at
a
distance
,
have
no
other
effect
upon
some
bodies
,
than
bare
light
and
heat
;
but
in
others
,
where
they
meet
with
aiery
dryness
,
and
also
sufficient
fat
moisture
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
they
collect
themselves
and
soon
prey
upon
and
alter
the
matter
.
However
,
the
production
of
Naptha
admits
of
divers
opinions
:
[
](A55203-e44890-b)*
*
Here
some
of
the
Original
is
lost
.
Whether
this
liquid
Substance
that
feeds
the
flame
,
does
not
rather
proceed
from
a
Soil
that
is
unctuous
and
productive
of
Fire
,
as
that
of
the
Province
of
Babylon
Concerning
the
Nature
of
it
.
is
,
where
the
Ground
is
so
very
hot
,
that
oftentimes
the
Grains
of
Barly
leap
up
,
and
are
thrown
out
,
as
if
the
violent
Inflammation
had
given
the
Earth
a
pulse
:
And
in
extreme
heats
,
the
Inhabitants
are
wont
to
sleep
upon
Skins
fill'd
with
Water
.
Harpalus
,
who
was
left
Governor
of
this
Country
,
and
was
desirous
to
adorn
the
Palace
,
Gardens
,
and
Walks
with
Grecian
Plants
,
succeeded
in
the
raising
of
all
but
Ivy
,
which
the
Earth
would
not
bear
,
but
constantly
kill'd
:
For
being
a
Plant
that
loves
a
cold
Soil
,
the
temper
of
that
mold
,
which
was
violently
hot
,
was
improper
for
it
.
Such
digressions
as
these
,
the
nicest
Readers
may
endure
,
provided
they
are
not
too
tedious
.
At
the
taking
of
Susa
,
Alexander
found
Vast
Treasures
found
at
Susa
.
in
the
Palace
40000
Talents
in
Money
ready
coyn'd
,
besides
an
unspeakable
quantity
of
other
Furniture
and
Treasure
;
amongst
which
was
5000
Talents
worth
of
Hermionique
Purple
,
that
had
been
laid
up
there
an
hundred
and
ninety
nine
Years
,
and
yet
kept
its
colour
as
fresh
and
lively
as
at
first
.
The
reason
of
which
they
say
,
is
that
in
Dying
the
Purple
they
made
use
of
Honey
,
and
of
white
Oyl
in
the
white
Tincture
,
both
which
being
of
equal
Age
,
still
preserv'd
their
lustre
clean
and
refulgent
.
Dimon
also
relates
,
That
the
Kings
of
Persia
had
Water
fetch'd
them
from
the
Nile
and
the
Danubius
,
which
they
laid
up
in
their
Treasuries
,
using
it
as
an
Argument
of
the
Greatness
of
their
Power
and
Universal
Empire
.
But
the
entrance
into
Persia
being
very
Alexander
enters
into
Persia
.
difficult
,
by
reason
of
the
enevenness
of
the
Ways
,
and
that
the
Passes
to
secure
Darius
,
who
was
retired
thither
,
were
guarded
by
the
best
of
his
Forces
,
Alexander
happened
upon
a
Guide
exactly
correspondent
to
what
the
Pythia
had
foretold
when
he
was
a
Child
;
That
a
Lycian
should
conduct
him
in
his
Journey
into
Persia
;
for
by
such
an
one
,
whose
Father
was
a
Lycian
,
and
his
Mother
a
Persian
,
and
who
spoke
both
Languages
,
he
was
led
into
the
Country
by
a
way
something
about
,
yet
without
fetching
any
considerable
compass
.
Here
a
great
many
of
the
Prisoners
were
put
to
the
Sword
,
of
which
himself
gives
this
account
;
That
he
commanded
them
to
be
kill'd
,
out
of
an
apprehension
it
would
be
advantageous
to
his
Affairs
:
Nor
was
his
Booty
in
Money
less
here
than
at
Susa
,
besides
other
Moveables
and
Treasure
,
as
much
as
10000
pair
of
Mules
and
5000
Camels
could
well
carry
away
.
When
Alexander
saw
a
vast
Statue
of
Xerxes
thrown
down
on
a
sudden
,
by
the
multitudes
of
Solers
that
broke
into
the
Palace
;
he
stood
still
,
and
accosting
it
as
if
it
had
been
alive
;
His
Speech
to
Xerxes
his
Statue
.
Shall
we
,
said
he
,
neglectfully
pass
thee
by
,
now
thou
art
prostrate
on
the
Ground
,
because
thou
once
invadest
Greece
,
or
shall
we
erect
thee
again
,
in
consideration
of
the
Greatness
of
thy
Mind
and
thy
other
Vertues
?
But
at
last
,
after
he
had
paus'd
a
pretty
while
,
he
went
on
without
taking
any
further
notice
of
it
.
In
this
place
he
took
up
his
Winter-Quarters
,
and
staid
four
Months
to
refresh
his
Soldiers
.
The
first
time
he
sate
on
the
Royal
Throne
of
Persia
,
under
a
Canopy
of
Gold
,
Demaratus
the
Corinthian
,
a
well-wisher
to
Alexander
,
and
one
of
his
Father's
Friends
wept
,
Good
Old
Man
,
and
deplor'd
the
misfortune
of
the
Grecians
,
that
by
Death
were
depriv'd
of
the
satisfaction
to
see
Alexander
Seated
on
Darius
his
Throne
.
From
hence
designing
to
march
against
Darius
,
before
he
set
out
,
he
diverted
himself
with
his
Officers
at
an
Entertainment
of
Drinking
,
and
other
Pastimes
,
and
indulg'd
so
far
as
to
have
every
one
his
Mistress
sit
by
and
drink
with
them
.
The
most
celebrated
of
them
was
Thais
an
Athenian
,
Xerxes
his
Palace
burnt
by
Thais
an
Athenian
Whore
.
Ptolomy's
Mistriss
,
who
was
afterwards
King
of
Aegypt
.
She
sometimes
cunningly
prais'd
Alexander
,
sometimes
play'd
upon
him
and
rally'd
him
,
and
all
the
while
drank
so
freely
that
at
last
she
fell
to
talk
extravagantly
,
as
those
of
her
Country
us'd
to
do
,
much
above
her
Character
or
Condition
.
She
said
it
was
indeed
some
recompence
for
the
pains
she
had
taken
in
following
the
Camp
all
over
Asia
,
that
she
was
that
day
Treated
in
,
and
could
insult
over
the
stately
Palace
of
the
Persian
Monarchs
:
But
she
added
,
it
would
please
her
much
better
,
if
while
the
King
look'd
on
,
she
might
in
sport
,
with
her
own
hands
,
set
fire
to
Xerxes
his
Court
,
who
reduc'd
the
City
of
Athens
to
Ashes
;
that
it
might
be
recorded
to
Posterity
,
that
the
Women
who
follow'd
Alexander
,
had
taken
a
sharper
Revenge
on
the
Persians
for
the
Sufferings
and
Affronts
of
Greece
,
than
all
his
Commanders
could
do
by
Sea
or
Land
.
What
she
said
,
was
receiv'd
with
such
universal
liking
,
and
murmurs
of
Applause
,
and
so
seconded
by
the
incouragement
and
eagerness
of
the
Company
,
that
the
King
himself
perswaded
to
be
of
the
Party
,
if
arted
from
his
Seat
,
and
with
a
Chaplet
of
Flowers
on
his
Head
,
and
a
lighted
Torch
in
his
Hand
,
led
them
the
way
,
who
went
after
him
in
a
Riotous
manner
,
Dancing
,
and
making
loud
noises
about
the
place
:
Which
,
when
the
rest
of
the
Macedonians
perceiv'd
,
they
also
,
with
all
the
Joy
imaginable
ran
thither
with
Torches
;
for
they
hop'd
the
burning
and
destruction
of
the
Royal
Palace
,
was
an
Argument
that
he
look'd
homeward
,
and
had
no
design
to
reside
among
the
Barbarians
.
Thus
some
Writers
give
an
account
of
this
Action
,
and
others
say
,
it
was
done
deliberately
;
however
all
agree
that
he
soon
repented
of
it
,
and
gave
order
to
put
out
the
fire
.
Alexander
was
naturally
very
munificent
,
Several
instances
of
Alexander's
Munificence
and
grew
more
so
as
his
Fortune
increas'd
,
accompanying
what
he
gave
with
that
courtesie
and
freedom
,
which
,
to
speak
truth
,
is
absolutely
necessary
to
make
a
Benefit
really
obliging
.
I
will
give
you
a
few
Instances
of
this
kind
.
Ariston
,
the
Captain
To
Ariston
.
of
the
Paeonians
,
having
kill'd
an
Enemy
,
brought
his
Head
to
shew
him
,
and
told
him
,
That
among
them
such
a
Present
was
recompens'd
with
a
Cup
of
Gold
.
With
an
empty
one
,
said
Alexander
,
smiling
,
but
I
drink
to
you
in
this
full
of
Wine
,
which
I
give
you
.
Another
time
,
as
one
of
the
common
Soldiers
was
driving
a
Mule
laden
with
some
of
the
King's
Treasure
,
the
Beast
tir'd
,
and
the
Soldier
took
it
upon
his
own
Back
,
and
began
to
March
with
it
,
till
Alexander
seeing
the
Fellow
so
overcharg'd
,
ask'd
what
was
the
matter
,
and
when
he
was
inform'd
,
just
as
he
was
ready
to
lay
down
his
Burthen
for
weariness
:
Do
not
faint
now
,
said
To
a
poor
Soldier
.
he
to
him
,
but
keep
on
the
rest
of
your
way
,
and
carry
what
you
have
there
,
to
your
own
Tent
for
your self
.
He
was
always
more
displeas'd
with
those
who
would
not
accept
of
what
he
gave
,
than
with
those
who
continually
begg'd
of
him
.
And
therefore
he
wrote
to
Phocion
,
That
he
should
not
take
him
for
his
Friend
any
longer
,
if
he
refus'd
his
Presents
.
To
Phocion
.
Nor
would
he
ever
give
any
thing
to
Serapion
,
one
of
the
Youths
that
play'd
at
Ball
with
him
,
because
he
did
not
ask
of
him
,
till
one
day
it
coming
to
Serapion's
Turn
to
play
,
he
still
threw
the
Ball
to
others
,
and
when
the
King
ask'd
him
,
Why
he
did
not
direct
it
to
him
?
Because
you
did
not
desire
it
,
To
Serapion
.
said
he
;
which
Answer
pleas'd
him
so
,
that
he
was
very
liberal
to
him
afterwards
.
One
Proteas
,
a
pleasant
,
drolling
,
drinking
Fellow
,
having
incurr'd
his
Displeasure
,
got
his
Friends
to
intercede
for
him
,
and
begg'd
his
Pardon
himself
with
Tears
,
which
at
last
prevail'd
,
and
Alexander
declar'd
he
was
Friends
with
him
.
I
cannot
believe
it
,
Sir
,
said
Proteas
,
unless
you
give
me
some
pledge
To
Proteas
.
of
your
Reconciliation
.
The
King
understood
his
meaning
,
and
presently
order'd
him
to
receive
five
Talents
.
How
generous
he
was
in
enriching
his
Friends
,
and
those
who
attended
on
his
Person
,
appears
by
a
Letter
which
Olympias
wrote
to
him
,
where
she
tells
him
,
He
should
reward
and
honour
those
about
him
in
a
more
moderate
way
;
for
now
,
said
she
,
you
make
them
all
equal
to
Kings
,
you
give
them
power
and
opportunity
to
improve
their
own
Interest
,
by
obliging
of
many
to
them
,
and
in
the
mean
time
do
not
consider
,
that
you
leave
your self
bare
and
destitute
.
She
often
wrote
to
him
to
this
purpose
,
and
he
never
communicated
her
Letters
to
any
body
,
unless
it
were
one
which
he
open'd
when
Hephestion
was
by
,
whom
he
permitted
to
read
it
along
with
him
;
but
then
,
as
soon
as
he
had
done
,
he
took
off
his
Ring
,
and
clapp'd
the
Seal
upon
his
Lips
.
Mazeus
,
who
was
To
Mazeus
the
most
considerable
Man
in
Darius
his
Court
,
had
a
Son
who
was
already
Governour
of
a
very
good
Province
;
but
Alexander
would
needs
bestow
another
upon
him
that
was
better
,
which
he
modestly
refus'd
,
and
withal
told
him
,
Instead
of
one
Darius
,
he
went
the
way
to
make
many
Alexanders
.
To
Parmenio
he
gave
Bagoas
his
To
Parmenio
.
House
,
in
which
he
found
a
Wardrobe
of
Apparel
worth
more
than
1000
Susian
Talents
.
He
wrote
to
Antipater
,
commanding
him
to
keep
a
Life-guard
about
him
,
for
the
security
of
his
Person
against
Conspitacies
.
And
to
his
Mother
he
was
very
grateful
,
sending
her
many
Presents
,
but
would
never
suffer
her
to
meddle
with
matters
of
State
or
War
,
not
indulging
her
busie
Temper
;
and
▪
when
she
fell
out
with
him
upon
this
account
,
he
bore
her
ill
Humour
very
patiently
.
Nay
more
,
when
he
read
a
long
Letter
from
Antipater
,
full
of
Accusations
against
her
:
I
wonder
,
said
he
,
Antipater
s●ould
not
know
,
that
one
Tear
of
a
Mother
effaces
a
thousand
such
Letters
as
these
.
But
when
he
perceiv'd
his
Favorites
He
reproves
the
Luxury
of
his
Farites
.
grow
so
luxurious
and
extravagant
in
their
way
of
Living
and
Expences
;
that
Agnon
the
T●ian
,
wore
silver
Nails
in
his
Shoes
;
that
Leonatus
employ'd
several
Camels
,
only
to
bring
him
Powder
out
of
Aegypt
,
to
use
when
he
Wrestl'd
;
and
that
Philotas
had
Toyls
to
take
wild
Beasts
,
that
reach'd
12500
paces
in
length
;
that
more
us'd
precious
Oyntments
than
plain
Oyl
when
they
went
to
bathe
,
and
that
they
had
Servants
every
where
with
them
,
to
rub
them
and
wait
upon
them
in
their
Chambers
:
he
reprov'd
them
with
great
mildness
and
discretion
,
telling
them
,
he
wondred
that
they
who
had
been
engaged
in
so
many
signal
Battels
,
should
not
know
by
experience
,
that
Labour
and
Industry
made
People
sleep
more
sweetly
and
soundly
than
Laziness
;
and
that
if
they
compar'd
the
Persians
manner
of
Living
with
their
own
,
they
would
be
convinc'd
it
was
the
most
abject
,
slavish
condition
in
the
World
to
be
effeminate
and
voluptuous
,
but
the
most
generous
and
becoming
a
Great
Man
to
take
pains
.
Besides
he
reason'd
with
them
;
how
it
was
possible
for
any
one
who
pretended
to
be
a
Soldier
,
either
to
look
well
after
his
Horse
,
or
to
keep
his
Armour
bright
and
in
good
order
,
who
thought
much
to
let
his
Hands
be
serviceable
to
what
was
nearest
to
him
,
his
own
Body
.
Are
ye
still
to
learn
,
said
he
,
the
End
and
Perfection
of
our
Victories
is
to
avoid
the
Vices
and
Infirmities
of
those
whom
we
subdue
?
And
to
strengthen
his
Precepts
by
Example
,
he
applied
himself
now
more
vigorously
than
ever
to
Hunting
and
Warlike
Expeditions
,
readily
embracing
all
opportunities
of
Hardship
and
Danger
;
insomuch
that
old
Lacon
,
who
chanc'd
to
be
by
,
when
he
encounter'd
with
,
and
master'd
an
huge
Lyon
,
told
him
,
He
had
put
his
Empire
in
Competition
,
and
had
fought
gallantly
with
the
Beast
,
which
of
the
two
should
be
King
.
Craterus
caus'd
a
Representation
His
Encounter
with
a
Lyon
,
expr●ss'd
in
Figures
of
Brass
dedicated
to
Apollo
at
Delphos
.
of
this
Adventure
,
consisting
of
the
Lyon
and
the
Dogs
,
of
the
King
engag'd
with
the
Lyon
,
and
himself
coming
in
to
his
assistance
,
all
express'd
in
Figures
of
Brass
,
some
of
which
were
made
by
Lysippus
,
and
the
rest
by
Leochares
,
to
be
dedicated
to
the
Temple
of
Apollo
at
Delphos
.
In
this
manner
did
Alexander
expose
his
Person
to
Danger
,
whilst
he
both
inur'd
himself
,
and
incited
others
to
the
performance
of
brave
and
vertuous
Actions
.
But
his
Followers
who
were
grown
rich
,
The
Ingratitude
of
his
Favourites
.
and
consequently
proud
,
long'd
to
indulge
themselves
in
Pleasure
and
Idleness
,
and
were
perfectly
weary
of
the
Toyls
and
Inconveniencies
of
War
,
and
by
degrees
came
to
be
so
impudently
ungrateful
,
as
to
censure
and
speak
ill
of
him
behind
his
back
.
All
which
at
first
he
bore
very
patiently
,
saying
,
It
became
a
King
well
,
to
do
good
to
others
,
and
be
evil
spoken
of
.
But
to
descend
to
some
Instances
of
an
inferiour
nature
,
it
is
certain
,
that
in
the
least
demonstrations
How
tender
he
was
of
his
Friends
Health
.
of
Kindness
to
his
Friends
,
there
was
still
a
great
mixture
of
Tenderness
and
Respect
.
Hearing
Peucestes
was
bitten
by
a
Bear
,
he
wrote
to
him
,
That
he
took
it
unkindly
,
he
should
send
others
notice
of
it
,
and
not
make
him
acquainted
with
it
;
but
now
,
said
he
,
since
it
is
so
,
let
me
know
how
you
do
,
and
whether
any
of
your
Companions
forsook
you
when
you
were
in
danger
,
that
I
may
punish
them
.
He
sent
Hephestion
,
who
was
absent
about
some
business
,
word
,
How
,
while
they
were
fighting
for
their
diversion
with
an
Ichneumon
,
Craterus
was
by
chance
run
through
both
Thighs
with
Perdiccas
his
Javelin
.
And
upon
Peucestes
his
recovery
from
a
fit
of
Sickness
,
he
sent
a
Letter
of
Thanks
to
his
Physician
Alexippus
.
When
Craterus
was
ill
,
he
saw
a
Vision
in
his
Sleep
,
after
which
he
offer'd
Sacrifices
for
his
Health
,
and
commanded
him
to
do
so
likewise
.
He
wrote
also
to
Pausanias
the
Physician
,
who
was
about
to
purge
Craterus
with
Hellebore
,
partly
out
of
an
anxious
Concern
for
him
,
and
partly
to
give
him
a
Caution
how
he
us'd
that
Medicine
.
He
was
so
tender
of
his
Friends
and
Reputation
.
Reputation
,
that
he
imprison'd
Ephialtes
and
Cissus
,
who
brought
him
the
first
News
of
Harpalus
his
Flight
,
and
withdrawing
from
his
Service
,
as
if
they
had
falsly
accus'd
him
.
When
he
sent
the
old
infirm
Soldiers
home
,
Eurylochus
the
Aegean
got
his
Name
enroll'd
among
the
Sick
,
though
he
ail'd
nothing
;
which
being
discover'd
,
he
confess'd
he
was
in
Love
with
a
young
Woman
named
Telerippa
,
and
had
a
mind
to
go
along
with
her
to
the
Sea-side
.
Alexander
enquired
,
To
whom
the
Woman
belong'd
?
and
being
told
,
She
was
an
Whore
at
her
own
disposal
:
I
will
assist
you
,
said
he
to
Eurylochus
,
all
I
can
in
your
Amour
,
if
your
Mistriss
Assists
them
in
their
Love
▪
be
to
be
gain'd
by
Presents
or
Perswasions
;
but
we
must
use
no
other
means
,
because
she
is
free-bo●n
.
It
is
surprizing
to
consider
,
upon
what
slight
occasions
he
would
write
Letters
to
serve
his
Friends
.
As
when
he
wrote
one
,
in
which
he
gave
Order
to
search
for
a
Youth
that
belonged
to
Seleucus
,
who
was
run
away
into
Cilicia
.
In
another
he
and
domestick
Affairs
thanked
and
commended
Peucestes
for
apprehending
Nicon
,
a
Servant
of
Craterus
.
And
to
Megabysus
,
concerning
a
Slave
that
had
taken
Sanctuary
in
a
Temple
,
he
wrote
,
that
he
should
not
meddle
with
him
while
he
was
there
,
but
if
he
could
entice
him
out
by
fair
means
,
then
he
gave
him
leave
to
seize
him
.
It
is
reported
of
him
,
that
when
he
first
sate
in
Judgment
upon
Capi●al
Causes
,
he
would
lay
his
Hand
upon
one
of
his
Ears
,
while
the
Accuser
spoke
,
to
keep
it
free
and
unprejudic'd
in
behalf
of
the
Party
accus'd
.
But
afterwards
,
such
a
multitude
of
Accusations
were
brought
before
him
,
whereof
many
proving
true
,
exasperated
him
so
,
that
he
gave
credit
to
those
also
that
were
false
,
and
especially
when
any
body
spoke
ill
of
him
,
he
would
be
so
out
of
measure
transported
,
that
he
became
cruel
and
inexorable
,
valuing
his
Glory
and
Reputation
far
beyond
either
his
Life
or
Kingdom
.
His
Affairs
call'd
upon
him
now
to
look
A
long
March
in
pursuit
of
Darius
.
after
Darius
,
expecting
he
should
be
put
to
the
hazard
of
another
Battel
;
till
he
heard
he
was
taken
,
and
secur'd
by
Bessus
,
upon
which
news
he
sent
home
the
Thessalians
,
and
gave
them
a
largess
of
2000
Talents
,
over
and
above
the
Pay
that
was
due
to
them
.
This
long
and
painful
pursuit
of
Darius
,
(
for
in
eleven
days
he
march'd
412
Miles
)
harass'd
his
Soldiers
so
,
that
most
of
●●●●
were
ready
to
faint
,
chiefly
for
want
of
Water
.
While
they
were
in
this
distress
,
it
hapned
that
some
Macedonians
,
who
had
fetch'd
Water
in
Skins
upon
their
Mules
from
a
River
they
had
found
out
,
came
about
Noon
to
the
place
where
Alexander
was
,
and
seeing
him
almost
choak'd
with
Thirst
,
presently
fill'd
an
Helmet
,
and
offered
it
him
.
He
ask'd
them
to
whom
they
were
carrying
the
Water
?
They
told
him
to
their
Children
,
adding
withal
,
that
if
his
Life
were
but
preserv'd
,
it
was
no
matter
for
them
,
they
should
have
opportunities
enough
to
repair
that
loss
,
tho'
they
all
perished
.
Then
he
took
the
Helmet
into
his
Hands
,
and
looking
round
about
when
he
saw
all
those
who
were
near
him
stretched
their
heads
out
,
and
gaped
earnestly
after
the
Drink
;
he
returned
it
again
with
thanks
,
without
tasting
a
drop
of
it
:
For
,
said
he
,
if
I
only
should
drink
,
the
A
memorable
instance
of
Alexander's
Prudence
and
Self denial
.
rest
will
be
quite
out
of
heart
and
faint
.
The
Soldiers
no
sooner
took
notice
of
his
Temperance
,
and
Magnanimity
upon
this
occasion
,
but
they
,
one
and
all
,
cried
out
to
him
to
lead
them
on
boldly
,
and
fell
a
whipping
their
Horses
to
make
them
mend
their
pace
;
for
whilst
they
had
such
a
King
,
they
said
they
defied
either
Weariness
or
Thirst
,
and
looked
upon
themselves
to
be
little
less
than
Immortal
.
But
tho'
they
●●Spsn●●
all
●●●ally
〈…〉
not
above
threescore
Horse
were
able
to
keep
up
,
and
fall
in
with
Alexander
upon
the
Enemies
Camp
,
where
they
rode
over
abundance
of
Gold
and
Silver
that
lay
scattered
about
,
and
passing
by
a
great
many
Chariots
full
of
Women
,
that
wandred
here
and
there
for
want
of
Drivers
,
they
endeavour'd
to
overtake
the
first
of
those
that
fled
,
in
hopes
to
meet
with
Darius
among
them
:
And
at
last
,
with
much
ado
▪
they
found
him
lying
along
in
a
Chariot
,
all
over
wounded
with
Darts
,
just
at
the
point
of
Death
.
However
,
he
desired
they
would
give
him
some
drink
,
and
when
he
had
drank
a
little
cold
Water
,
he
told
Polystrates
who
gave
it
him
,
That
to
receive
such
a
Benefit
,
and
not
have
it
in
his
Power
to
return
it
,
was
the
highest
pitch
of
his
misfortune
.
But
Alexander
,
said
he
,
whose
kindness
to
my
Mother
,
my
Wife
,
and
my
Children
,
I
hope
the
Gods
will
recompence
,
will
doubtless
thank
you
for
your
Humanity
to
me
.
Tell
him
therefore
in
token
of
my
Acknowledgment
,
I
gave
him
this
Right
Hand
:
At
which
words
he
took
hold
of
Polystratus
his
Hand
,
and
Died.
The
Death
of
Darius
.
When
Alexander
came
up
to
them
,
he
was
sensibly
touch'd
at
the
unfortunate
End
of
so
Great
a
Man
,
and
pulling
off
his
own
Coat
,
threw
it
upon
the
Body
to
cover
it
.
And
to
shew
how
much
he
detested
so
horrid
a
a
fact
,
as
soon
as
Bessus
was
taken
,
he
order'd
him
to
be
torn
in
pieces
in
this
manner
.
And
Punishment
of
Bessut
.
They
fastned
him
to
a
couple
of
tall
strait
Trees
,
which
were
bound
down
so
as
to
meet
,
and
then
being
l●t
loose
,
with
a
great
force
return'd
to
their
places
,
each
of
them
carrying
that
part
of
the
Body
along
with
it
that
was
tyed
to
it
.
Darius
his
Body
was
laid
in
State
,
and
sent
to
his
Mother
with
Pomp
suitable
to
his
quality
,
His
Brother
Exathres
,
Alexander
receiv'd
into
the
number
of
his
most
intimate
Friends
.
And
now
with
the
Flower
of
his
Army
he
march'd
down
into
Hyrcania
,
where
he
saw
a
Gulph
of
the
Sea
,
not
much
less
than
the
Conjectures
about
the
Caspian
Sea
.
Euxine
,
and
found
its
Water
sweeter
than
that
of
other
Seas
;
but
could
learn
nothing
of
certainty
concerning
it
,
farther
than
that
in
all
probability
it
seem'd
to
him
to
be
an
overflowing
of
the
Lake
of
Maeotis
or
at
least
to
have
Communication
with
it
.
However
the
Naturalists
better
inform'd
of
the
Truth
,
give
us
this
account
of
it
many
years
before
Alexander's
Expedition
;
that
of
four
Gulphs
which
out
of
the
main
Sea
enter
into
the
Continent
,
this
is
the
most
Northern
,
and
is
known
by
the
Name
both
of
the
Hyrcanian
and
Caspian
Sea
.
Here
the
Barbarians
unexpectedly
meeting
with
those
who
led
Bucephalus
,
took
them
Prisoners
,
and
carried
the
Horse
away
with
them
;
which
Alexander
was
so
offended
at
,
that
he
sent
an
Herald
to
let
them
know
,
he
would
put
them
all
to
the
Sword
,
Men
,
Women
,
and
Children
,
without
mercy
,
if
they
did
not
restore
him
:
Which
they
immediatly
did
,
and
at
the
same
time
surrendred
their
Cities
into
his
hands
;
upon
which
,
he
not
only
treated
them
very
kindly
,
but
also
paid
a
good
Ransom
for
his
Horse
to
those
who
took
him
.
From
hence
he
march'd
into
Parthia
,
Alexander
puts
on
the
Persian
Habit
.
where
not
having
much
to
do
,
he
first
put
on
the
Barbarick
Habit
,
which
Compliance
perhaps
he
us'd
in
order
to
civilize
them
;
for
nothing
gains
more
upon
men
,
than
a
Conformity
to
their
Fashions
and
Customs
;
or
it
may
be
he
did
it
as
an
Essay
,
whether
the
Macedonians
would
be
brought
to
adore
him
,
(
as
the
Persians
did
their
Kings
)
by
accustoming
them
by
little
and
little
to
bear
with
the
alteration
of
his
Dicipline
,
and
course
of
Life
in
other
things
.
However
he
follow'd
not
the
Median
Fashion
,
which
was
altogether
barbarous
and
uncouth
;
for
he
wore
neither
their
Breeches
,
nor
their
long
Vest
,
nor
their
Tiara
for
the
Head
,
but
taking
a
middle
way
between
the
Persian
Mode
and
the
Macedonian
,
he
so
contriv'd
his
Habit
,
that
it
was
not
so
flanting
as
the
former
,
and
yet
more
pompous
and
magnificent
than
the
latter
.
At
first
he
wore
this
Habit
only
when
he
convers'd
with
Strangers
,
or
within
doors
,
among
his
intimate
Friends
and
Companions
,
but
afterwards
he
appeared
in
it
abroad
,
and
at
publick
Audiences
.
A
Sight
which
the
Which
grieves
the
Macedonians
.
Macedonians
beheld
with
exceeding
Grief
;
but
they
were
so
charm'd
with
his
other
Vertues
and
good
Qualities
,
that
they
could
not
but
think
it
reasonable
in
some
things
to
gratifie
his
Humor
,
and
his
passionate
desire
of
Glory
:
In
pursuit
of
which
he
hazarded
himself
so
far
,
that
besides
his
other
Adventures
,
he
had
but
newly
been
wounded
in
the
Leg
by
an
Arrow
,
which
had
so
shatter'd
the
Shankbone
,
that
Splinters
were
taken
out
.
And
another
time
he
receiv'd
such
a
violent
Blow
with
a
Stone
upon
the
Nape
of
the
Neck
,
as
dimn'd
his
Sight
a
good
while
afterwards
.
But
all
this
could
not
hinder
him
from
exposing
himself
to
the
greatest
Dangers
,
without
any
regard
to
his
Person
;
insomuch
that
he
pass'd
the
River
Orexartes
,
which
he
took
to
be
the
Tanais
,
and
putting
the
Scythians
to
flight
,
follow'd
them
above
12
miles
in
their
Rear
,
though
at
the
same
time
he
had
a
violent
Flux
upon
him
.
Here
many
affirm
,
that
the
Amazonian
Queen
came
to
give
him
a
Visit
:
so
report
Clitarchus
,
Polycritus
and
Onesicritus
,
Antigenes
and
Ister
,
Aristobulus
and
Chares
,
besides
Ptolomy
and
Anticlides
,
Philon
the
Theban
,
and
Philip
the
Master
of
Requests
.
But
then
on
the
other
side
,
Hecataeus
the
Eretrian
,
Philip
the
Chalcidian
,
and
Duris
the
Samian
say
,
it
is
wholly
The
Story
of
the
Amazonian
Queens
coming
to
visit
him
is
a
Fiction
.
a
Fiction
.
And
truly
Alexander
himself
seems
to
confirm
the
opinion
of
the
latter
;
for
in
a
Letter
,
in
which
he
gives
Antipater
an
account
of
all
Passages
,
he
tells
him
,
that
the
King
of
Scythia
offer'd
him
his
Daughter
in
Marriage
,
but
makes
no
mention
at
all
of
the
Amason
.
And
many
years
after
,
when
Onesicritus
read
this
Story
in
his
4th
,
Book
to
Lisimachus
,
who
then
reign'd
,
the
King
fell
a
laughing
at
it
,
and
ask'd
,
How
such
a
thing
should
happen
,
and
he
know
nothing
of
it
,
though
he
was
present
?
But
it
signifies
little
to
Alexander
whether
He
persuades
his
Men
to
pursue
the
War
.
this
be
credited
or
no
:
Certain
it
is
,
that
apprehending
the
Macedonians
would
be
weary
of
pursuing
the
War
,
he
left
the
gross
of
his
Army
in
their
Quarters
;
and
having
with
him
in
Hyrcania
the
choice
of
his
men
only
,
which
amounted
to
20000
Foot
,
and
3000
Horse
,
he
spoke
to
them
to
this
effect
;
That
hitherto
the
Barbarians
had
seen
them
no
otherwise
than
as
it
were
in
a
dream
,
and
if
they
should
think
of
returning
when
they
had
only
alarm'd
Asia
,
and
not
conquer'd
it
,
their
Enemies
would
set
upon
them
,
and
destroy
them
like
so
many
Women
:
However
he
told
them
,
he
would
keep
none
of
them
with
him
against
their
will
,
they
might
go
if
they
pleas'd
,
but
withal
protested
against
those
who
should
be
so
mean-spirited
as
to
desert
him
,
and
his
Friends
,
and
those
who
were
willing
to
fight
under
him
still
,
in
an
enterprize
so
glorious
as
it
would
be
,
to
make
the
Macedonians
Lords
of
the
habitable
World
.
This
is
almost
word
for
word
,
as
he
wrote
it
in
a
Letter
to
Antipater
,
where
he
adds
,
That
when
he
had
thus
spoken
to
them
,
they
all
cryed
out
,
they
would
go
along
with
him
,
whithersoever
it
was
his
pleasure
to
lead
them
.
When
he
had
in
this
manner
gain'd
the
Principal
,
it
was
no
hard
matter
for
him
to
bring
over
the
multitude
▪
which
in
such
Cases
easily
follows
the
Example
of
their
Betters
.
Now
also
he
more
and
more
accomodated
himself
in
his
way
of
Living
to
that
of
the
Persians
,
and
brought
them
as
near
as
he
could
to
the
Macedonian
Customs
;
wisely
considering
,
that
since
he
design'd
an
Expedition
,
which
would
carry
him
far
from
thence
,
it
was
better
to
settle
affairs
in
his
His
Methods
to
preserve
his
new
Conquests
.
absence
,
by
a
mixture
of
their
Constitutions
,
and
mutual
Society
with
Good
will
,
than
by
Compulsion
.
In
order
to
this
he
chose
out
30000
Boys
,
whom
he
allow'd
Masters
to
teach
them
the
Greek
Tongue
,
and
to
train
them
up
to
Arms
in
the
Macedonian
Discipline
.
As
for
his
Marriage
of
Roxana
,
whose
good
Mein
and
Beauty
had
charm'd
him
,
at
a
Drinking
entertainment
,
where
he
first
happen'd
to
see
her
,
it
was
perfectly
the
effect
of
Love
,
nor
did
it
appear
to
be
at
all
prejudicial
to
his
Interest
,
as
things
stood
with
him
at
that
time
:
For
it
put
the
conquer'd
People
in
heart
,
and
made
them
confide
in
him
,
and
love
him
more
than
ever
,
when
they
saw
how
continent
he
was
,
and
that
he
forbore
the
only
Woman
he
was
ever
in
Love
with
,
till
he
could
enjoy
her
in
a
lawful
and
honourable
way
.
When
he
perceiv'd
that
among
his
chief
The
politick
use
he
made
of
his
Favourites
.
Friends
and
Favourites
,
Hephestion
most
approv'd
all
that
he
did
,
and
comply'd
with
,
and
imitated
him
in
his
Habit
,
while
Craterus
continued
strict
in
the
observation
of
the
Customs
and
Fashions
of
his
own
Countrey
:
He
made
the
best
use
of
them
both
,
employing
the
first
in
all
Transactions
with
the
Persians
,
and
the
latter
when
he
had
to
do
with
the
Greeks
,
or
Macedonians
.
It
is
true
,
he
lov'd
Hephestion
best
as
a
Favorite
,
because
he
lov'd
Alexander
,
but
then
he
esteem'd
and
honour'd
Craterus
most
as
a
Friend
,
because
he
lov'd
the
King
.
Wherefore
these
two
great
Men
bore
one
another
secret
Grudges
,
and
often
clash'd
and
quarrell'd
so
far
,
that
once
in
India
they
drew
upon
one
another
,
and
were
going
to
it
in
good
earnest
,
with
their
Friends
on
each
side
to
second
them
,
till
Alexander
came
up
to
them
,
and
publickly
reprov'd
Hephestion
,
calling
him
Fool
and
Mad-man
,
not
to
be
sensible
that
without
his
Favour
he
was
but
a
Cypher
.
He
chid
Craterus
also
in
private
very
severely
,
and
then
causing
them
both
to
come
into
his
presence
,
he
reconcil'd
them
,
at
the
same
time
swearing
by
Jupiter
Ammon
,
and
the
rest
of
the
Gods
,
that
he
lov'd
them
two
above
all
other
Men
;
but
if
ever
he
perceivd
them
fall
out
again
,
he
would
be
sure
to
put
both
of
them
to
death
,
at
least
the
Aggressor
:
After
which
,
they
neither
ever
did
,
or
said
any
thing
,
so
much
as
in
jest
to
offend
one
another
.
None
had
more
Authority
among
the
Macedonians
The
Fall
of
Philotas
,
occasioned
by
his
Arrogance
.
than
Philotas
,
the
Son
of
Parmenio
:
for
besides
that
he
was
valiant
,
and
able
to
endure
any
Fatigue
of
War
,
he
was
also
next
to
Alexander
himself
the
most
munificent
,
and
the
greatest
lover
of
his
Friends
;
one
of
whom
asking
him
for
some
Money
,
he
commanded
his
Steward
to
give
it
him
;
and
when
he
told
him
,
he
had
not
wherewith
,
Have
you
not
Plate
then
,
said
he
,
and
Cloaths
of
mine
?
turn
them
into
Money
rather
than
let
my
Friend
go
without
.
But
he
was
so
very
proud
and
insolent
by
reason
of
his
Wealth
,
and
so
over-nice
about
his
Person
and
Diet
,
more
than
became
a
private
Man
,
that
he
awkwardly
and
unseemingly
affected
the
Air
and
Character
of
Greatness
,
without
the
Civility
and
obliging
Temper
which
ought
to
accompany
it
,
and
so
gain'd
nothing
but
Envy
and
ill
will
to
that
degree
,
that
Parmenio
would
somtimes
tell
him
,
My
Son
,
the
meaner
the
better
.
For
he
had
long
before
been
complain'd
of
,
and
accus'd
to
Alexander
;
particularly
when
Darius
was
overthrown
in
Cilicia
,
and
an
immense
Booty
was
taken
at
Damascus
,
amongst
the
rest
of
the
prisoners
who
were
brought
into
the
Camp
,
there
was
one
Antigone
of
Pydna
,
a
very
handsome
Woman
,
who
fell
to
Philotas
his
share
.
The
young
Man
one
day
in
his
Cups
,
like
an
arrogant
,
bragging
Souldier
,
told
his
Mistress
,
That
all
the
great
Actions
were
perform'd
by
him
and
his
Father
,
the
Glory
and
Benefit
of
which
,
he
said
,
together
with
the
Title
of
King
,
that
Stripling
Alexander
reap'd
and
enjoy'd
by
their
means
.
She
could
not
hold
,
but
discovered
what
he
had
said
,
to
He
is
betray'd
by
his
Mistress
Antigone
.
one
of
her
Acquaintance
,
and
he
,
as
is
usual
in
such
Cases
,
●o
another
,
till
at
last
it
came
to
the
King
.
When
Alexander
had
heard
what
she
had
to
say
,
he
commanded
her
to
continue
her
Intrigue
with
Philotas
,
and
give
him
an
account
from
time
to
time
of
all
that
should
fall
from
him
to
this
purpose
:
Who
being
,
through
Inadvertency
,
caught
in
this
Snare
,
sometimes
to
gratifie
his
Passion
,
and
sometimes
his
Vain-glory
,
blurted
out
many
foolish
,
indiscreet
Speeches
against
the
King
in
Antigones
hearing
,
of
which
,
though
Alexander
was
inform'd
,
and
convinc'd
by
strong
Evidence
,
yet
he
would
take
no
notice
of
it
at
present
,
whether
it
was
,
that
he
confided
in
Parmenio's
Affection
and
Loyalty
,
or
that
he
apprehended
their
Authority
and
Interest
in
the
Army
.
About
this
time
one
Dimnus
,
a
Macedonian
Dimnus
his
Conspiracy
.
Native
of
Chalaestra
,
conspir'd
against
Alexander's
Life
,
and
communicated
his
Design
to
a
Youth
whom
he
lov'd
,
nam'd
Nicomachus
,
inviting
him
to
be
of
the
Party
.
But
he
not
relishing
the
thing
,
reveal'd
it
to
his
Brother
Balinus
,
who
immediately
address'd
himself
to
Philotas
,
requiring
him
to
introduce
them
both
to
Alexander
,
to
whom
they
had
something
of
great
moment
to
impart
▪
which
very
nearly
concern'd
him
.
But
he
,
for
what
Reason
is
uncertain
,
went
not
with
them
,
pretending
the
King
was
taken
up
with
Affairs
of
more
importance
:
And
when
they
had
urg'd
him
a
second
time
,
and
were
still
slighted
by
him
,
they
applied
themselves
to
another
;
by
whose
means
being
admitted
into
Alexander's
presence
,
they
first
laid
open
Dimnus
his
Conspiracy
,
and
then
represented
Philotas
his
Negligence
,
who
had
taken
so
little
notice
of
their
repeated
Solicitations
;
which
extremely
exasperated
Alexander
,
especially
when
sending
to
apprehend
Dimnus
▪
he
understood
that
he
defended
himself
and
chose
rather
to
be
Slain
than
Taken
;
for
by
his
Death
he
thought
he
was
depriv'd
of
the
means
of
making
a
full
discovery
of
the
Plot.
As
soon
as
his
Displeasure
against
Philotas
began
to
appear
,
presently
The
Falshood
of
Court
Friends
.
all
his
old
Enemies
shew'd
themselves
,
and
said
openly
,
The
King
was
too
easily
impos'd
on
,
to
imagine
;
that
one
so
inconsiderable
as
Dimnus
the
Calaestrian
,
should
of
his
own
head
undertake
such
an
Enterprize
;
that
in
all
likelihood
he
was
but
subservient
to
the
Design
,
an
Instrument
that
was
mov'd
by
some
greater
Spring
;
that
those
ought
to
be
most
strictly
examined
about
the
Matter
,
whose
Interest
it
was
so
much
to
conceal
it
.
When
they
had
once
fill'd
the
King's
Head
with
these
and
the
like
Speeches
and
Suspicions
,
they
loaded
Philotas
daily
with
innumerable
Crimes
,
till
at
last
they
prevail'd
to
have
him
seiz'd
,
and
put
to
the
Question
,
which
was
done
in
the
presence
of
the
principal
Officers
,
Alexander
himself
being
plac'd
behind
the
Tapestry
,
to
understand
what
pass'd
.
Where
when
he
heard
in
what
a
miserable
Tone
,
and
with
what
abject
Submissions
Philotas
applied
himself
to
Hephestion
,
he
broke
out
in
this
manner
:
Art
thou
so
mean-Spirited
and
Effeminate
,
Philotas
,
said
he
,
and
yet
engage
The
Death
of
Philotas
,
and
his
Father
Parmenio
.
thy self
in
so
desperate
a
Design
?
After
his
Death
,
he
presently
sent
into
Media
,
to
take
off
Parmenio
his
Father
,
who
had
done
brave
Service
under
Philip
,
and
was
the
only
Man
,
especially
of
his
old
Friends
and
Counsellors
,
who
had
encourag'd
Alexander
to
invade
Asia
.
Of
three
Sons
which
he
had
in
the
Army
,
he
had
already
lost
two
,
and
now
was
himself
put
to
Death
with
the
third
.
These
Actions
rendred
Alexander
formidable
to
many
of
his
Friends
,
and
chiefly
to
Antipater
,
who
thereupon
to
strengthen
himself
,
sent
Ambassadors
privately
to
the
Etolians
,
to
treat
an
Alliance
with
them
;
for
they
stood
in
fear
of
Alexander
,
because
they
had
destroy'd
the
Oeniades
,
of
which
,
when
he
was
inform'd
,
he
said
,
The
Children
of
the
Oeniades
need
not
Revenge
their
Father's
Quarrel
,
for
he
would
himself
take
care
to
punish
the
Etolians
.
Not
long
after
this
happen'd
the
deplorable
The
Murther
of
Clitus
.
End
of
Clitus
,
which
to
those
who
barely
hear
the
matter
of
Fact
,
may
seem
more
inhumane
than
that
of
Philotas
.
But
if
we
take
the
Story
with
its
Circumstance
of
Time
,
and
weigh
the
Cause
,
we
shall
find
the
King
did
it
not
on
purpose
,
but
by
evil
Chance
,
and
that
his
Passion
and
Drunkenness
were
the
occasion
of
Clitus
his
Misfortune
,
which
came
to
pass
in
this
manner
.
The
King
had
a
Present
of
Graecian
Fruit
brought
him
from
the
Sea-Coast
,
which
was
so
very
fresh
and
fair
,
that
he
was
surpriz'd
at
it
,
and
call'd
Clitus
to
him
to
see
it
,
and
to
give
him
a
share
of
it
.
Clitus
was
then
Sacrificing
,
but
he
immediately
left
off
,
and
came
,
follow'd
by
three
Sheep
,
on
whom
the
Drink-Offering
had
been
already
pour'd
,
in
order
to
Sacrifice
them
;
which
when
Alexander
saw
,
he
told
his
Diviners
,
Aristander
,
and
Cleomantis
the
Lacedemonian
,
of
it
,
and
ask'd
them
what
it
meant
:
Who
assuring
him
,
it
was
an
ill
Omen
,
he
commanded
them
in
all
haste
to
offer
Sacrifices
for
Clitus
his
Safety
,
forasmuch
as
three
days
before
he
himself
had
seen
a
strange
Vision
in
his
Sleep
▪
of
Clitus
all
in
Mourning
,
sitting
by
Parmenio's
Sons
who
were
Dead
.
Clitus
however
staid
not
to
finish
his
Devotions
,
but
came
strait
to
Supper
with
the
King
,
who
the
same
day
had
Sacrific'd
to
Castor
and
Pollux
.
And
when
they
had
drank
pretty
hard
,
some
of
the
Company
fell
a
Singing
the
Verses
of
one
Pranichus
,
or
as
others
say
,
of
Pierion
,
which
were
made
upon
those
Captains
who
had
been
lately
worsted
by
the
Barbarians
,
on
purpose
to
disgrace
and
turn
them
to
Ridicule
;
which
so
offended
the
grave
,
ancient
Men
,
that
they
reprov'd
both
the
Author
,
and
the
Singer
of
the
Verses
,
though
Alexander
and
the
Blades
about
him
were
mightily
pleas'd
to
hear
them
,
and
encourag'd
them
to
go
on
:
Till
at
last
,
Clitus
,
who
had
drank
too
much
,
and
was
besides
of
a
froward
,
and
willful
Temper
,
was
so
nettled
that
he
could
hold
no
longer
,
saying
,
It
was
not
well
done
to
expose
the
Macedonians
so
,
before
the
Barbarians
,
and
their
Enemies
,
since
though
it
was
their
Unhappiness
to
be
overcome
,
yet
they
were
much
better
Men
than
those
who
laugh'd
at
them
.
To
this
,
Alexander
replied
,
That
sure
Clitus
spoke
so
tenderly
of
Cowardise
,
when
he
call'd
it
Misfortune
,
only
to
excuse
himself
.
At
which
,
Clitus
starting
up
,
This
Cowardise
,
as
you
are
pleas'd
to
term
it
,
said
he
to
him
,
sav'd
your
Life
,
though
you
pretend
to
be
sprung
from
the
Gods
,
when
you
were
running
away
from
Spithridates
his
Sword
;
and
it
is
by
the
expence
of
Macedonian
Princes
cannot
bear
bold
Truths
.
Blood
,
and
by
these
Wounds
,
that
you
are
now
rais'd
to
such
a
height
,
as
to
despise
and
disown
your
Father
Philip
,
and
adopt
your self
the
Son
of
Jupiter
Ammon
.
Thou
base
Fellow
,
said
Alexander
,
who
was
now
throughly
exasperated
,
dost
thou
think
to
utter
these
Things
every
where
of
me
,
and
stir
up
the
Macedonians
to
Sedition
,
and
not
be
punish'd
for
it
?
We
are
sufficiently
punish'd
already
,
answer'd
Clitus
,
if
this
be
the
Recompence
of
our
Toyls
;
and
esteem
those
happiest
,
who
have
not
liv'd
to
see
their
Countrymen
Ignominiously
scourg'd
with
Median
Rods
,
and
forc'd
to
sue
to
the
Persians
to
have
access
to
their
King
.
While
he
talk'd
thus
at
Random
,
and
those
who
were
by
,
thwarted
and
reprov'd
him
,
the
old
Men
endeavour'd
all
they
could
to
compose
the
Business
.
Alexander
in
the
mean
time
turning
about
to
Xenodochus
the
Cardian
,
and
Artemius
the
Colophenian
,
ask'd
them
,
If
they
were
not
of
Opinion
,
that
the
rest
of
the
Graecians
,
in
comparison
with
the
Macedonians
,
behav'd
themselves
like
so
many
Demi-Gods
among
wild
Beasts
?
But
Clitus
for
all
this
would
not
give
over
,
desiring
Alexander
to
speak
out
,
if
he
had
any
thing
more
to
say
,
or
else
why
did
he
invite
Men
,
who
were
Free-Born
,
and
us'd
to
speak
their
Minds
openly
without
restraint
,
to
sup
with
him
?
He
had
better
live
,
and
converse
with
Barbarians
,
and
Conquer'd
Slaves
,
who
would
not
scruple
to
adore
his
Persian
Girdle
,
and
his
white
Tunick
.
Which
words
so
provok'd
Alexander
,
that
,
not
able
to
suppress
his
Anger
any
longer
,
he
threw
one
of
the
Apples
that
lay
upon
the
Table
at
him
,
and
hit
him
,
and
then
look'd
about
for
his
Sword
.
But
Aristophanes
,
one
of
his
Life-guard
,
had
hid
that
out
of
the
way
,
and
others
came
about
him
,
and
besought
him
to
stay
his
Fury
,
but
in
vain
;
for
breaking
from
them
,
he
call'd
out
aloud
to
his
Guards
in
the
Macedonian
Language
,
which
was
a
certain
sign
of
some
great
Disturbance
towards
,
and
commanded
a
Trumpeter
to
sound
,
giving
him
a
Box
on
the
Ear
for
not
presently
obeying
him
;
though
afterwards
the
same
Man
was
commended
for
disobeying
an
Order
,
which
would
have
put
the
whole
Army
into
Tumult
and
Confusion
.
Clitus
continued
still
in
the
same
quarrelsome
Humour
,
till
his
Friends
with
much
ado
forc'd
him
out
of
the
Room
;
but
he
came
in
again
immediately
at
another
door
,
very
irreverently
and
confidently
singing
this
Verse
out
of
Euripides
his
Andromache
.
Alas
!
in
Greece
how
ill
Affairs
are
govern'd
?
Then
Alexander
snatching
a
Spear
from
one
of
the
Soldiers
,
met
Clitus
as
he
was
putting
by
the
Curtain
that
hung
before
the
Door
,
and
ran
him
through
the
Body
,
so
that
he
fell
down
,
and
after
a
few
Sighs
and
Groans
died
.
At
sight
of
which
the
King's
Anger
presently
vanishing
,
he
came
perfectly
to
himself
,
and
when
he
saw
his
Friends
about
him
all
in
a
profound
Silence
,
he
pull'd
the
Spear
out
of
the
dead
Body
,
and
would
have
thrust
it
into
his
own
Throat
,
if
the
Guards
had
not
held
his
Hands
,
and
by
main
Force
carried
him
away
into
his
Chamber
,
where
all
that
night
and
the
next
day
Alexander
repents
of
Clitus
his
Death
.
he
wept
bitterly
,
till
being
quite
spent
with
crying
and
lamenting
,
he
lay
as
it
were
speechless
,
only
fetching
deep
Sighs
.
His
Friends
apprehending
some
dangerous
consequence
of
his
Silence
,
broke
into
the
Room
;
but
he
took
no
notice
of
what
any
Both
Priests
of
them
said
,
till
Aristander
putting
him
in
mind
of
the
Vision
he
had
seen
concerning
Clitus
,
and
the
Prodigy
that
follow'd
,
as
if
all
had
come
to
pass
by
an
unavoidable
Fatality
,
he
then
seem'd
to
moderate
his
Grief
.
They
also
brought
Calisthenes
the
Philosopher
,
who
was
nearly
related
to
Aristotle
,
and
Anaxarchus
of
Abdera
,
to
him
.
Calisthenes
endeavour'd
to
alleviate
his
Sorrow
with
moral
Discourses
,
and
gentle
Insinuations
without
offending
him
.
But
Anaxarchus
,
who
was
always
singular
in
his
Method
of
Philosophy
,
and
was
thought
to
slight
those
of
his
own
Time
,
as
soon
as
he
came
in
,
cried
out
aloud
,
Is
this
the
Alexander
whom
the
whole
World
looks
upon
with
such
Admiration
?
See
how
meanly
he
weeps
like
an
abject
Captive
,
for
fear
of
the
Censure
and
Reproach
of
Men
,
to
whom
he
himself
ought
to
be
a
Law
,
and
measure
of
Equity
,
if
he
would
make
a
right
use
of
his
Victories
,
as
Supream
Lord
and
Governour
of
all
,
and
not
be
a
Slave
to
a
vain
,
idle
Opinion
.
Do
not
And
Philosophers
ca●
flatter
basly
.
you
know
,
said
he
,
that
Jupiter
is
represented
to
have
Justice
and
Law
on
each
Hand
of
him
?
the
meaning
of
which
is
,
that
all
the
Actions
of
a
Prince
are
lawful
and
just
.
With
these
and
the
like
Speeches
,
Anax
〈…〉
●●deed
allay'd
the
King's
Grief
,
but
〈…〉
corrupted
his
Manners
,
rendring
him
more
dissolute
and
violent
than
he
was
before
.
Nor
did
he
fail
by
these
means
to
insinuate
himself
into
his
Favour
,
and
to
make
Calisthenes
his
Conversation
,
which
otherwise
because
of
his
Austerity
was
not
very
acceptable
,
more
uneasie
and
disagreeable
to
him
.
It
happen'd
that
these
two
Philosophers
meeting
at
an
Entertainment
,
where
the
Company
discours'd
of
the
Seasons
of
the
Year
,
and
the
Temperature
of
the
Air
;
Calisthenes
joyn'd
with
their
Opinion
,
who
held
,
that
those
Countries
were
colder
,
and
the
Winter
sharper
there
than
in
Greece
;
which
Anaxarchus
would
by
no
means
allow
of
,
but
contradicted
with
great
Obstinacy
.
Sure
,
said
Calisthenes
to
him
,
Callisthenes
his
true
Jest
upon
Anaxarchus
.
you
must
needs
confess
this
Country
to
be
colder
than
Greece
,
for
there
you
had
but
one
thread-bare
Cloak
to
keep
out
the
coldest
Winter
,
and
here
you
have
three
good
warm
Mantles
one
over
another
.
This
piece
of
Raillery
not
only
exceedingly
exasperated
Anaxarchus
,
but
likewise
piqu'd
the
other
Pretenders
to
Learning
,
and
the
crowd
of
Flatterers
,
who
could
not
endure
to
see
him
so
belov'd
and
follow'd
by
the
Youth
,
and
no
less
esteem'd
by
the
ancient
Men
for
his
good
Life
,
his
Modesty
,
Gravity
,
and
being
contented
with
his
Condition
.
All
which
confirm'd
what
he
gave
out
of
his
Design
in
this
Voyage
to
Alexander
,
that
it
was
only
to
get
his
Country-Men
recall'd
from
Banishment
,
and
to
re-Build
and
re-People
Abdera
,
where
he
was
Born
.
Besides
the
Envy
which
his
great
Reputation
rais'd
,
he
also
by
his
own
Deportment
gave
those
who
wish'd
him
ill
,
opportunity
to
do
him
▪
Mischief
.
For
when
he
was
invited
to
publick
Entertainments
,
he
would
most-times
refuse
to
come
,
or
if
he
were
present
at
any
,
he
put
a
constraint
upon
the
Company
by
his
Moroseness
and
Silence
,
seeming
to
disapprove
of
every
thing
they
did
or
said
;
which
made
Alexander
say
this
of
him
:
That
vain
pretence
to
Wisdom
I
detest
,
Where
a
Man
's
blind
to
his
own
Interest
.
Being
with
many
more
invited
to
Sup
with
the
King
,
he
was
Commanded
to
make
an
Oration
extempore
,
whilst
they
were
Drinking
,
in
praise
of
the
Macedonians
;
and
he
did
it
with
such
a
Torrent
of
Eloquence
,
that
all
who
heard
it
exceedingly
applauded
him
,
and
threw
their
Garlands
upon
him
,
only
Alexander
told
him
out
of
Euripides
,
I
wonder
not
that
you
have
spoke
so
well
,
'T
is
easie
on
good
Subjects
to
excel
.
Therefore
,
said
he
,
if
you
will
shew
the
force
of
your
Eloquence
,
tell
my
Macedonians
their
Faults
,
and
dispraise
them
,
that
by
hearing
their
Errors
,
they
may
learn
to
be
better
for
the
future
.
Callisthenes
presently
obey'd
him
,
retracting
all
he
had
said
before
,
and
inveighing
against
the
Macedonians
with
great
freedom
,
added
,
That
Philip
thriv'd
,
and
grew
Powerful
,
chiefly
by
the
Discord
of
the
Graecians
,
applying
this
Verse
to
him
:
Where-ever
Feuds
,
and
civil
Discords
reign
,
There
the
worst
Men
most
Reputation
gain
.
Which
so
disoblig'd
the
Macedonians
,
that
he
was
odious
to
them
ever
after
.
And
Alexander
said
,
That
instead
of
his
Eloquence
,
he
had
only
made
his
Ill-will
appear
in
what
he
had
spoken
.
Hermippus
assures
us
,
That
one
Stroebus
,
a
Servant
whom
Callisthenes
kept
to
Read
to
him
,
gave
this
account
of
these
Passages
afterwards
to
Aristotle
;
and
that
when
he
perceiv'd
the
King
grew
more
and
more
averse
to
him
,
he
mutter'd
this
Verse
out
of
Homer
two
or
three
times
to
himself
,
as
he
was
going
away
:
Death
seiz'd
at
last
on
Great
Patroclus
too
,
Though
he
in
Virtue
far
surmounted
you
.
Not
without
Reason
therefore
did
Aristotle
The
Character
and
Fall
of
Callisthenes
.
give
this
Character
of
Calisthenes
,
That
he
was
indeed
an
excellent
Orator
,
but
had
no
Judgement
at
all
.
For
though
we
grant
,
it
was
resolutely
and
Philosophically
done
of
him
,
not
to
Worship
the
King
,
though
by
talking
publickly
against
that
which
the
best
and
gravest
of
the
Macedonians
only
repin'd
at
in
secret
,
he
put
a
stop
to
their
base
Adoration
,
and
deliver'd
the
Graecians
and
Alexander
himself
from
a
great
deal
of
Infamy
:
Yet
in
the
close
he
ruin'd
himself
by
it
,
because
he
went
too
roughly
to
work
,
as
if
he
would
have
forc'd
the
King
to
that
which
he
should
have
effected
by
Reason
and
Perswasion
.
Chares
of
Mytilene
writes
,
That
at
a
Banquet
,
Alexander
Who
offends
Alexander
by
his
Morosen●ss
,
and
refusing
to
adore
him
.
after
he
had
drank
,
reach'd
the
Cup
to
one
of
his
Friends
,
who
receiving
it
,
rose
up
towards
the
Domestick
Altar
,
and
when
he
had
drank
,
first
ador'd
,
and
then
kiss'd
Alexander
,
and
afterwards
sate
down
at
the
Table
with
the
rest
.
Which
they
all
did
one
after
another
,
till
it
came
to
Calisthenes
his
Turn
,
who
taking
the
Cup
,
drank
it
off
,
when
the
King
,
who
was
engag'd
in
Discourse
with
Hephestion
,
did
not
mind
him
,
and
then
offer'd
to
kiss
him
.
But
Demetrius
,
sirnam'd
Pheidon
,
interpos'd
,
saying
,
Sir
,
by
no
means
let
him
kiss
you
,
for
he
only
of
us
all
had
refus'd
to
adore
you
;
upon
which
the
King
declin'd
it
,
and
all
the
Concern
Calisthenes
shew'd
,
was
,
that
he
said
aloud
,
Then
I
go
away
with
a
Kiss
less
than
the
rest
.
The
Displeasure
he
incurr'd
by
this
Action
,
was
improv'd
by
Hephestion's
affirming
,
That
he
had
broke
his
word
to
him
,
in
not
paying
the
King
the
same
Veneration
that
others
did
,
as
he
had
faithfully
promis'd
to
do
.
And
to
finish
his
Disgrace
,
Lysimachus
and
Agnon
added
,
That
this
Sophister
went
about
priding
himself
,
as
if
he
stood
in
the
Gap
against
Arbitrary
Power
;
that
the
young
Men
all
ran
after
him
,
and
honour'd
him
,
as
the
only
Man
among
so
many
Thousands
,
who
had
the
Courage
to
preserve
his
Liberty
.
Therefore
when
Hermolaus
his
Conspiracy
came
to
be
discover'd
,
the
Crimes
which
his
Enemies
laid
to
his
charge
were
the
more
easily
believ'd
,
particularly
that
when
the
young
Man
ask'd
him
,
What
he
should
do
to
be
the
most
illustrious
Person
on
Earth
;
he
told
him
,
The
readiest
way
was
to
kill
him
who
was
already
so
.
And
that
to
incite
him
to
commit
the
Fact
,
he
bid
him
not
be
aw'd
by
his
Golden
Bed
,
but
remember
Alexander
was
a
Man
equally
infirm
and
vulnerable
as
another
.
However
,
none
of
Hermolaus
his
Accomplices
,
in
the
extremity
of
their
Torments
,
made
any
mention
of
Calisthenes
his
being
engag'd
in
the
Design
.
Nay
Alexander
himself
,
in
the
Letters
which
he
wrote
soon
after
to
Craterus
,
Attalus
,
and
Alcetas
,
tells
them
,
That
those
who
were
put
to
the
Rack
,
confess'd
they
had
enter'd
into
the
Conspiracy
wholly
of
themselves
,
without
any
others
being
privy
to
,
or
guilty
of
it
.
But
yet
afterwards
in
a
Letter
to
Antipater
,
he
accuses
Callisthenes
of
the
same
Crime
.
The
young
Men
,
says
he
,
were
ston'd
to
Death
by
the
Macedonians
,
but
for
the
Sophister
,
meaning
Calisthenes
,
I
will
take
care
to
punish
him
,
with
them
too
who
sent
him
to
me
,
and
who
harbour
those
in
their
Cities
who
conspire
against
my
Life
.
By
which
Expressions
it
appears
,
he
had
no
Aristotle
himself
suspected
.
very
good
opinion
of
Aristotle
,
by
whom
Callisthenes
was
educated
upon
the
score
of
his
Relation
to
him
,
being
his
Neece
Hero's
Son
.
His
Death
is
diversly
related
:
some
say
,
he
was
hang'd
by
Alexander's
Command
;
others
,
that
he
died
of
Sickness
in
Prison
;
but
Chares
writes
,
he
was
kept
in
Chains
seven
Months
after
he
was
apprehended
,
on
purpose
that
he
might
be
proceeded
against
in
full
Council
,
when
Aristotle
should
be
present
;
and
that
being
grown
very
fat
,
he
died
of
the
lowsie
Disease
,
about
the
time
that
Alexander
was
wounded
in
the
Country
of
the
Malli
Oxydracae
;
all
which
came
to
pass
afterwards
.
For
to
go
on
in
order
:
Demaratus
of
Corinth
,
This
Passage
was
mention'd
before
.
a
Man
of
a
great
Age
,
was
at
this
time
very
desirous
to
give
the
King
a
Visit
,
and
when
he
had
seen
him
,
said
,
He
pitied
the
Misfortune
of
those
Graecians
,
who
were
so
unhappy
to
die
before
they
had
beheld
Alexander
seated
on
the
Throne
of
Darius
.
But
he
did
not
long
enjoy
the
Effects
of
his
Bounty
to
him
,
any
otherwise
,
than
that
soon
after
falling
sick
and
dying
,
he
had
a
Magnificent
Funeral
,
and
the
Army
rais'd
him
a
Monument
of
Earth
fourscore
Cubits
high
,
and
of
a
vast
Circumference
.
His
Ashes
were
convey'd
in
a
very
rich
Chariot
drawn
by
four
Horses
to
the
Sea-side
.
Alexander
now
intent
upon
his
Expedition
Alexander
burns
all
his
own
and
his
Soldiers
Baggage
.
into
India
,
took
notice
that
his
Soldiers
were
so
charg'd
with
Booty
,
that
it
hindred
their
marching
;
to
remedy
which
,
at
break
of
day
,
as
soon
as
the
Baggage-Waggons
were
laden
,
first
he
set
Fire
to
his
own
,
and
his
Friends
,
and
then
commanded
those
to
be
burnt
,
which
belong'd
to
the
rest
of
the
Army
.
An
Action
which
in
the
deliberation
of
it
seem'd
more
dangerous
and
difficult
than
it
prov'd
in
the
Execution
,
with
which
few
were
dissatisfied
;
for
most
of
them
,
as
if
they
had
been
inspir'd
with
Zeal
from
above
,
with
loud
Outcries
and
Warlike
Shoutings
,
furnish'd
one
another
with
what
was
absolutely
necessary
,
and
burnt
and
destroy'd
all
that
was
superfluous
,
the
sight
of
which
redoubled
Alexander's
Vigor
and
Alacrity
.
He
was
now
grown
very
severe
and
inexorable
He
grows
cruel
.
in
punishing
those
who
committed
any
Fault
;
for
he
put
Menander
,
one
of
his
Friends
to
Death
,
for
deserting
a
Fortress
,
where
he
had
plac'd
him
in
Garison
,
and
shot
Orsodates
,
one
of
the
Barbarians
who
revolted
from
him
,
with
his
own
Hand
.
At
this
time
a
Sheep
happen'd
to
yean
a
Lamb
,
with
the
perfect
shape
and
colour
of
a
Tiara
An
odd
Portent
.
upon
the
Head
,
and
Testicles
on
each
side
;
which
Portent
Alexander
so
detested
,
that
he
immediately
caus'd
his
Babylonian
Priests
,
whom
he
usually
carried
about
with
him
for
such
purposes
to
purifie
him
,
and
withal
told
his
Friends
,
he
was
not
so
much
concern'd
for
his
own
sake
,
as
for
theirs
,
out
of
an
apprehension
that
God
,
after
his
Death
,
might
suffer
his
Empire
to
fall
into
the
hands
of
some
degenerate
,
impotent
Person
.
But
this
Fear
was
soon
remov'd
,
by
a
wonderful
thing
that
happen'd
not
long
after
,
and
was
thought
to
presage
better
;
for
Proxenus
,
a
Macedonian
,
who
was
the
chief
of
those
who
look'd
to
the
King's
Furniture
,
as
he
was
breaking
Ground
near
the
River
Oxus
,
to
set
up
the
Royal
Pavilion
,
discover'd
a
Spring
of
gross
oyly
Liquor
,
A
Spring
of
Oyl
found
.
which
,
after
the
top
was
taken
off
,
ran
pure
,
clear
Oyl
,
without
any
difference
either
of
Taste
or
Smell
,
having
exactly
the
same
smoothness
and
brightness
,
and
that
too
in
a
Country
where
no
Olives
grew
.
The
Water
indeed
of
the
River
Oxus
is
said
to
be
so
fat
,
that
it
leaves
a
Gloss
on
their
Skins
who
bathe
themselves
in
it
.
Whatever
might
be
the
Cause
,
certain
it
is
,
that
Alexander
was
wonderfully
pleas'd
with
it
,
as
appears
by
his
Letters
to
Antipater
,
where
he
tells
him
,
He
look'd
upon
it
as
one
of
the
most
considerable
Presages
that
God
had
ever
favour'd
him
with
.
The
Diviners
told
him
,
It
signify'd
his
Expedition
would
be
glorious
in
the
Event
,
but
very
painful
,
and
attended
with
many
difficulties
;
for
Oyl
,
they
said
,
was
bestow'd
on
Mankind
by
God
as
a
Refreshment
of
their
Labours
.
Nor
did
they
judge
amiss
;
for
he
expos'd
himself
to
many
Hazards
in
the
Battels
which
he
fought
,
and
receiv'd
very
deep
and
dangerous
Wounds
,
besides
the
mouldring
away
of
his
Army
,
through
the
unwholesomness
of
the
Air
,
and
for
want
of
necessary
Provisions
.
But
he
still
applied
himself
to
surmount
Fortune
,
and
whatever
oppos'd
him
,
by
his
Resolution
and
Vertue
,
and
thought
nothing
impossible
to
Sisimethres
his
Rock
taken
.
a
daring
,
valiant
Man
.
Therefore
when
he
Besieg'd
Sisimethres
,
who
held
an
inaccessible
,
impregnable
Rock
against
him
,
and
his
Soldiers
began
to
despair
of
taking
it
,
he
ask'd
Oxyartes
,
Whether
Sisimethres
,
was
a
Man
of
Courage
?
who
assuring
him
,
he
was
the
greatest
Coward
alive
;
then
you
tell
me
,
said
he
,
that
the
Place
is
our
own
,
if
the
Commander
of
it
be
a
Poltron
:
And
,
in
a
little
time
he
so
terrified
Sisimethres
,
that
he
took
it
without
any
difficulty
.
At
an
Attack
which
he
made
upon
such
another
steep
place
,
with
some
of
his
Macedonian
Soldiers
,
he
call'd
to
one
whose
Name
was
Alexander
,
and
told
him
,
It
would
become
him
to
behave
himself
gallantly
for
his
Names
sake
.
The
Youth
fought
bravely
,
and
was
kill'd
in
the
Action
,
at
which
he
was
sensibly
afflicted
.
Another
time
seeing
his
Men
march
slowly
and
unwillingly
to
the
Siege
of
a
Place
call'd
Nysa
,
because
of
a
deep
River
between
them
and
the
Town
,
he
advanc'd
before
them
,
and
standing
upon
the
Bank
,
What
a
miserable
Man
,
said
he
,
am
I
,
that
I
have
not
learn'd
to
Swim
?
and
then
was
hardly
disswaded
from
endeavouring
to
pass
it
upon
his
Shield
.
Here
,
after
the
Aslault
was
over
,
the
Ambassadors
,
who
from
several
Towns
which
he
had
block'd
up
,
came
to
submit
to
him
,
and
make
their
Peace
,
were
surpriz'd
to
find
him
rough
,
and
arm'd
at
all
Points
,
without
any
Pomp
or
ceremony
about
him
;
and
when
his
Attendants
brought
him
a
Cushion
,
he
made
the
eldest
of
them
,
nam'd
Acuphis
,
take
it
,
and
sit
down
upon
it
.
The
old
Man
charm
,
d
with
his
Magnanimity
and
Courtesie
Alexander's
Discourse
with
Acuphis
.
ask'd
him
,
What
his
Countreymen
should
do
to
merit
his
Friendship
?
I
would
have
them
,
said
Alexander
,
choose
you
to
govern
them
,
and
send
100
of
the
most
considerable
and
most
worthy
men
among
them
to
remain
with
me
as
Hostages
:
I
shall
govern
them
with
more
ease
Sir
,
replied
Acuphis
,
smiling
,
if
I
send
you
so
many
of
the
worst
,
rather
than
the
best
of
my
Subjects
.
The
Extent
of
King
Taxiles
his
Dominions
in
India
was
thought
to
be
as
large
as
Aegypt
,
abounding
in
good
Pastures
,
and
above
all
in
excellent
Fruits
.
The
King
himself
had
the
reputation
of
a
wise
Man
,
and
at
his
first
Interview
with
Alexander
,
he
spoke
to
him
in
these
terms
:
To
what
purpose
,
said
he
,
with
Taxiles
.
should
we
make
War
upon
one
another
,
if
the
design
of
your
coming
into
these
Parts
,
be
not
to
r●b
us
of
our
Water
,
or
our
necessary
Food
,
which
are
the
only
things
that
wise
men
are
indispensably
oblig'd
to
fight
for
?
As
for
other
Riches
and
Possessions
,
as
they
are
accounted
in
the
eye
of
the
World
,
if
I
am
better
provided
of
them
than
you
,
I
am
ready
to
let
you
share
with
in●
;
but
if
Fortune
has
been
more
liberal
to
you
than
me
,
I
will
not
decline
your
Favours
,
but
accept
them
with
all
the
grateful
Acknowledgements
that
are
due
to
a
Benefactor
.
This
Discourse
pleas'd
Alexander
so
much
,
that
embracing
him
,
Do
you
think
,
said
he
to
him
,
your
fair
Speeches
,
and
affable
Behaviour
,
will
bring
you
off
in
this
Interview
without
fighting
?
No
,
you
shall
not
escape
so
,
for
as
to
matter
of
Benefits
,
I
will
contend
with
you
so
far
,
that
how
obliging
soever
you
are
,
you
shall
not
have
the
better
of
me
.
Then
receiving
some
Presents
from
him
,
he
return'd
him
others
of
greater
value
,
and
to
compleat
his
Bounty
,
gave
him
in
Money
ready
coin'd
1000
Talents
;
at
which
his
old
Friends
His
Friends
r●pine
at
his
Bounty
to
Strangers
.
were
exceedingly
displeas'd
,
but
it
gain'd
him
the
hearts
of
many
of
the
Barbarians
.
The
valiantest
of
the
Indians
now
taking
Pay
of
several
Cities
,
undertook
to
defend
them
,
and
did
it
so
bravely
,
that
they
put
Alexander
to
a
great
deal
of
Trouble
and
Fatigue
,
till
having
made
an
agreement
with
him
,
upon
the
surrender
of
a
Place
,
he
fell
upon
them
as
they
were
marching
away
,
and
put
them
all
to
the
Sword
.
This
one
breach
of
his
word
was
a
perpetual
Blemish
to
him
,
tho
on
all
other
occasions
he
had
manag'd
his
Wars
with
that
Justice
and
Honour
that
became
a
King
.
Nor
was
he
less
incommoded
by
the
Indian
Philosophers
,
who
inveigh'd
bitterly
against
those
Princes
who
were
of
his
Party
,
and
solicited
the
free
Cities
●●
oppose
him
,
therefore
he
took
several
of
them
,
and
caus'd
them
to
be
hang'd
.
〈…〉
〈…〉
in
his
own
Letters
has
given
us
●●
account
of
his
War
with
Porus
:
He
says
,
His
War
with
Porus
The
〈…〉
A●mies
were
seperated
by
the
River
Hydaspes
,
on
whose
opposite
Bank
Porus
continually
kept
his
Elephants
in
order
of
Bat●●l
▪
with
their
Heads
towards
their
Enemies
to
guard
the
Passage
.
That
he
was
forc'd
every
day
to
make
great
noises
in
his
Camp
,
and
give
his
Men
constant
Alarms
,
to
acc●sto●
them
by
degrees
not
to
be
afraid
of
the
Barbarians
.
That
one
cold
,
dark
Night
he
pass'd
the
River
above
the
Place
where
the
Enemy
lay
,
into
a
little
Island
,
with
part
of
his
Foot
and
the
best
of
his
Horse
.
Here
there
fell
so
violent
a
Shower
of
Rain
,
accompanied
with
Lightning
,
and
fier'y
Whirlwinds
,
that
seeing
some
of
his
Men
burnt
and
destroy'd
by
the
Lightning
,
he
qui●ted
the
Island
,
and
made
over
to
the
other
side
.
The
Hydaspes
,
now
after
the
Storm
was
so
swolo
and
grown
so
rapid
,
as
to
make
a
Breach
in
the
Bank
,
at
which
part
of
the
River
ran
out
,
so
that
when
he
came
to
land
,
he
found
very
ill
standing
for
his
Men
,
the
place
being
extream
slippery
and
He
passes
the
Hydaspes
.
undermin'd
and
ready
to
be
blown
up
by
the
Currents
on
both
sides
.
In
this
Dist●ess
On●●●crit●●
tells
us
He
was
heard
to
say
,
Oh
ye
Athenians
:
to
what
incredible
Dangers
do
I
my self
to
merit
your
Praises
?
But
to
proceed
,
Alexander
says
here
,
they
left
their
little
Boats
,
and
pass'd
the
Bteach
in
their
Armour
up
to
the
Breast
in
Water
;
and
then
he
advanc'd
with
his
Horse
about
20
Furlongs
before
his
Foot
,
concluding
,
that
if
the
Enemy
charg'd
him
with
their
Cavalry
,
he
should
be
too
strong
for
them
'
if
with
their
Foot
,
his
own
would
come
up
time
enough
to
his
Assistance
.
Nor
did
he
judge
amiss
;
for
being
charg'd
by
1000
Horse
,
and
60
arm'd
Chariots
,
which
advanc'd
before
their
main
Body
,
he
took
all
the
Chariots
,
and
kill'd
400
Horse
upon
the
Place
.
Porus
by
this
smart
Execution
,
guessing
that
Alexander
himself
was
gotten
over
,
came
on
with
his
whoie
Army
,
except
a
Party
which
he
left
behind
,
to
hold
the
rest
of
the
Macedonians
in
Play
,
if
they
should
attempt
to
pass
the
River
.
But
Alexander
apprehending
the
multitude
of
the
Enemie
,
and
to
avoid
the
shock
of
their
Elephants
,
would
not
joyn
Battel
with
them
in
Front
,
but
dividing
his
Forces
,
attack'd
their
left
Wing
himself
,
and
commanded
Coenus
to
fall
uppon
the
right
,
which
was
perform'd
with
good
Success
.
For
by
this
means
both
Wings
being
broken
,
they
retir'd
when
they
found
themselves
And
defeats
Porus.
press'd
close
to
their
Elephants
,
and
then
rallying
,
renew'd
the
Fight
so
obstinately
,
that
it
was
three
hours
after
Noon
before
they
were
entirely
defeated
.
This
description
of
the
Battel
the
Conqueror
has
left
us
in
his
own
Epistles
.
Almost
all
Writers
agree
,
That
Porus
Porus
his
Stature
.
was
four
Cubits
and
an
half
high
,
and
that
when
he
was
upon
his
Elephant
,
which
was
of
the
largest
size
,
his
Stature
and
Bulk
were
so
answerable
,
that
he
appear'd
to
be
but
proportionably
mounted
.
This
Elephant
,
during
the
whole
Battel
,
gave
many
proofs
of
wonderful
Understanding
,
and
a
particular
Care
of
the
King
,
whom
as
long
as
he
was
strong
,
and
in
condition
to
Fight
,
he
defended
with
great
Courage
,
repelling
those
who
set
upon
him
;
and
as
soon
as
he
perceiv'd
him
ready
to
faint
,
by
His
Elephant
.
reason
of
his
many
Wounds
,
and
multitude
of
Darts
that
were
thrown
at
him
,
to
prevent
his
falling
off
,
he
softly
kneel'd
down
,
&
then
with
his
Probosois
gently
drew
every
Dart
out
of
his
Body
.
When
Porus
was
taken
Prisoner
,
and
Alexander
ask'd
him
,
How
he
expected
to
be
us'd
?
he
answer'd
,
As
a
King
ought
to
be
;
for
that
expression
,
he
said
,
when
the
same
Question
was
put
to
him
a
second
time
,
comprehended
every
thing
.
And
Alexander
indeed
dealt
very
generously
with
him
,
for
he
not
only
suffer'd
him
to
govern
his
own
Kingdom
as
his
Lieutenant
,
but
added
to
it
a
large
Province
of
some
free
People
whom
he
had
newly
subdued
,
which
consisted
of
15
several
Nations
,
and
contain'd
5000
considerable
Towns
,
besides
abundance
of
Villages
.
Another
Government
,
three
times
as
large
as
this
,
he
bestow'd
on
Philip
,
one
of
his
Friends
.
Some
time
after
the
Battel
with
Porus
,
most
Authors
agree
,
that
Bucephalus
died
under
cure
of
his
Wounds
,
or
as
Onesicritus
says
,
of
Fatigue
and
Age
,
being
30
years
old
.
Alexander
was
no
less
concern'd
at
his
Death
,
than
if
he
had
lost
an
old
Companion
,
or
an
intimate
Friend
,
and
built
a
City
,
which
he
nam'd
Bucephalia
,
in
memory
A
City
built
in
memory
of
Bucephalus
.
of
him
,
on
the
Bank
of
the
River
Hydaspes
,
and
another
in
remembrance
of
his
beloved
favorite
Dog
Peritas
,
as
Sotion
assures
us
,
he
was
inform'd
by
Potamon
of
Lesbos
.
But
this
last
Combat
with
Porus
took
off
the
edge
of
the
Macedonians
Courage
,
and
hindred
their
farther
progress
in
India
.
For
having
with
much
ado
defeated
him
,
who
brought
but
20000
Foot
,
and
2000
Horse
into
the
Field
,
they
thought
they
had
Reason
to
oppose
Alexander's
Design
of
obliging
The
Macedonians
refuse
to
pass
the
Ganges
.
them
to
pass
the
Ganges
too
,
which
they
were
told
was
Four
Miles
over
,
and
an
hundred
fathom
deep
,
and
the
Banks
on
the
farther
side
cover'd
with
multitudes
of
Enemies
.
For
they
had
intelligence
that
the
Kings
of
the
Gandaritans
and
Persians
expected
them
there
with
80000
Horse
,
200000
Foot
,
8000
arm'd
Chariots
,
and
6000
fighting
Elephants
.
Nor
was
this
a
false
,
vain
Report
,
spread
on
purpose
to
discourage
them
;
for
Androcottus
,
who
not
long
after
reign'd
in
those
Parts
,
made
a
Present
of
500
Elephants
at
once
to
Seleucus
,
and
with
an
Army
of
600000
Men
subdued
all
India
.
Alexander
at
first
was
so
Which
grieves
Alexander
.
griev'd
and
enrag'd
at
his
Mens
Reluctancy
,
that
he
shut
himself
up
in
his
Tent
,
and
in
a
desponding
manner
threw
himself
upon
the
Ground
,
declaring
,
if
they
would
not
pass
the
Ganges
,
he
ow'd
them
no
thanks
for
any
thing
they
had
hitherto
done
,
and
that
to
retreat
now
,
was
plainly
to
confess
himself
vanquish'd
.
But
at
last
,
the
prudent
Remonstrances
and
Perswasions
of
his
Friends
,
who
inform'd
him
truly
how
the
Case
stood
,
and
the
Tears
and
Lamentations
of
his
Soldiers
,
who
in
a
suppliant
manner
crowded
about
the
entrance
of
his
Tent
,
prevail'd
with
him
to
think
of
returning
.
Yet
before
he
decamp'd
,
he
would
needs
impose
upon
Posterity
,
by
leaving
What
care
he
takes
to
deceive
Posterity
.
behind
some
fictitious
Monuments
of
his
Glory
;
such
as
Arms
of
an
extraordinary
bigness
,
and
Mangers
for
Horses
,
with
Bits
of
Bridles
above
the
usual
size
,
which
he
set
up
,
and
distributed
in
several
Places
.
He
erected
Altars
also
to
the
Gods
,
which
the
Kings
of
the
Persians
even
in
our
Time
highly
reverence
,
and
often
pass
the
River
to
sacrifice
upon
them
after
the
Graecian
manner
.
Androcottus
,
then
a
Youth
,
saw
Alexander
there
,
and
has
often
afterwards
been
heard
to
say
,
That
he
miss'd
but
little
of
making
himself
Master
of
those
Countries
;
their
King
,
who
then
reign'd
,
was
so
hated
and
despis'd
for
the
viciousness
of
his
Life
,
and
the
meanness
of
his
Extraction
.
Alexander
decamping
from
hence
,
had
a
His
Voyage
down
the
Rivers
.
mind
to
see
the
Ocean
;
to
which
purpose
he
caus'd
a
great
many
Vessels
with
Oars
,
and
small
Boats
to
be
built
,
in
which
he
fell
gently
down
the
Rivers
,
making
Merry
as
he
went
,
and
order'd
it
so
,
that
his
Navigation
was
neither
unprofitable
nor
unactive
;
for
by
making
several
Descents
,
he
took
in
the
Fortifi'd
Towns
,
and
consequently
the
Country
on
both
sides
.
But
His
Danger
among
the
Mallians
.
at
the
Siege
of
a
City
of
the
Mallians
,
who
are
the
valiantest
People
of
India
,
he
ran
great
danger
of
his
Life
;
for
having
beaten
off
the
Defendants
with
showers
of
Arrows
,
he
was
the
first
Man
that
mounted
the
Wall
by
a
scaling
Ladder
,
which
,
as
soon
as
he
was
up
,
broke
,
and
left
him
almost
alone
exposed
to
the
Darts
,
which
the
Barbarians
threw
at
him
in
great
numbers
from
below
.
In
this
Distress
,
turning
himself
as
well
as
he
could
,
he
leaped
down
in
the
midst
of
his
Enemies
,
and
had
the
good
Fortune
to
light
upon
his
Feet
.
The
brightness
and
clattering
of
his
Armour
,
when
he
came
to
the
Ground
,
made
the
Barbarians
think
,
they
saw
Rays
of
Light
,
or
some
Phantom
playing
before
his
Body
,
which
frighted
them
so
at
first
,
that
they
ran
away
and
dispers'd
themselves
,
till
seeing
him
seconded
but
by
two
of
his
Guards
,
they
fell
upon
him
Hand
to
Hand
,
and
though
he
defended
himself
very
bravely
,
wounded
him
through
his
Armour
with
their
Swords
and
Spears
.
One
who
stood
farther
off
,
drew
a
Bow
with
such
just
Strength
,
that
the
Arrow
finding
its
way
through
his
Cuirass
,
stuck
in
his
Ribs
under
the
Breast
.
This
stroke
was
so
violent
,
that
it
made
him
give
back
,
and
set
one
Knee
to
the
Ground
,
which
as
soon
as
he
that
Shot
him
perceiv'd
,
he
came
up
to
him
with
his
drawn
Scimitar
,
thinking
to
dispatch
him
,
and
had
done
it
,
if
Peucestes
and
Limnaeus
had
not
interpos'd
,
who
were
both
wounded
,
Limnaeus
mortally
,
but
Peucestes
stood
his
Ground
,
while
Alexander
kill'd
the
Barbarian
.
But
this
did
not
free
him
from
danger
;
for
besides
many
other
Wounds
,
at
last
he
receiv'd
so
weighty
He
is
desperately
wounded
.
a
stroke
of
a
Club
upon
his
Neck
,
that
he
was
forc'd
to
lean
his
Body
against
the
Wall
,
yet
still
look'd
undauntedly
upon
the
Enemy
.
When
he
was
reduc'd
to
this
Extremity
,
the
Macedonians
breaking
in
to
his
Assistance
,
very
opportunely
took
him
up
,
just
as
he
was
fainting
away
,
having
lost
all
sense
of
what
was
done
near
him
,
and
convey'd
him
to
his
Tent
,
upon
which
it
was
presently
reported
all
over
the
Camp
that
he
was
dead
.
But
when
they
had
with
great
difficulty
and
pains
saw'd
out
the
Shaft
of
the
Arrow
which
was
of
Wood
,
and
so
with
much
ado
got
off
his
Cuirass
,
they
came
to
cut
the
Head
of
it
,
which
was
three
fingers
broad
,
and
four
long
,
and
stuck
fast
in
the
Bone
.
During
the
Operation
,
he
was
taken
with
almost
mortal
Swoonings
,
but
when
it
was
out
,
he
came
to
himself
again
.
Yet
though
all
Danger
was
past
,
he
continued
very
weak
,
and
confin'd
himself
a
great
while
to
a
regular
Diet
,
and
the
method
of
his
Cure
,
till
one
day
hearing
the
Macedonians
were
so
desirous
to
see
him
,
that
they
were
ready
to
mutiny
,
he
put
on
his
Robe
,
and
when
he
had
shew'd
himself
to
them
,
and
sacrific'd
to
the
Gods
,
without
more
delay
he
went
on
Board
again
,
and
as
he
coasted
along
,
subdued
a
great
deal
of
the
Country
on
both
sides
,
and
took
in
several
considerable
Cities
.
In
this
Voyage
he
took
10
of
the
Indian
His
Questions
to
the
Indian
Philosophers
,
with
their
Answers
.
Philosophers
Prisoners
,
who
had
been
most
active
in
perswading
Sabbas
to
Rebel
,
and
besides
that
had
done
the
Macedonians
abundance
of
Mischief
.
These
Men
,
because
they
go
stark
naked
,
are
call'd
Gymnosophists
,
and
are
reputed
to
be
extremely
sharp
and
succinct
in
their
Answers
to
whatsoever
is
propounded
to
them
,
which
he
made
tryal
of
,
by
putting
difficult
Questions
to
them
,
withal
letting
them
know
,
that
those
whose
Answers
were
not
pertinent
,
should
be
put
to
death
,
of
which
he
made
the
eldest
of
them
Judge
.
The
first
being
ask'd
,
Which
he
thought
most
numerous
,
the
Dead
or
the
Living
?
Answer'd
,
The
Living
,
because
those
who
are
dead
,
are
not
at
all
.
Of
the
second
,
he
desir'd
to
know
,
Whether
the
Sea
or
Land
produc'd
the
largest
Beasts
?
Who
told
him
,
The
Land
,
for
the
Sea
was
but
a
part
of
it
.
His
Question
to
the
third
was
,
Which
was
the
craftiest
Animal
?
That
,
said
he
,
which
Mankind
is
not
yet
acquainted
with
.
He
bid
the
fourth
tell
him
,
What
Arguments
he
us'd
to
Sabbas
to
perswade
him
to
Revolt
?
No
other
,
said
he
,
than
that
he
should
live
with
Honour
,
or
perish
in
the
Attempt
.
Of
the
fifth
he
ask'd
,
Which
was
eldest
,
Night
or
Day
?
The
Philosopher
reply'd
,
Day
was
eldest
,
by
one
day
at
least
:
but
perceiving
Alexander
not
well
satisfied
with
that
Account
,
he
added
,
That
he
ought
not
to
wonder
,
if
strange
Questions
had
as
odd
Answers
made
to
th●●
▪
Then
he
went
on
,
and
enquir'd
of
the
next
,
What
a
Man
should
do
to
be
exceedingly
b●lov'd
?
He
must
be
very
powerful
,
said
he
,
without
making
himself
too
much
fear'd
.
The
Answer
of
the
seventh
to
his
Question
,
How
a
Man
might
be
a
God
?
was
,
If
he
could
do
that
which
was
impossible
for
Men
to
perform
.
The
eighth
told
him
,
Life
was
stronger
than
Death
,
because
it
supported
so
many
Miseries
.
And
the
last
being
ask'd
,
How
long
he
thought
it
decent
for
a
Man
to
live
?
said
,
Till
Death
appear'd
more
desirable
than
Life
.
Then
Alexander
turn'd
to
him
whom
he
had
made
Judge
,
and
commanded
him
to
give
Sentence
.
All
that
I
can
determine
,
said
he
,
is
,
that
they
have
every
one
answer'd
worse
than
another
.
No
,
that
they
have
not
,
said
the
King
,
but
however
thou
shalt
die
first
,
because
thou
judgest
so
ill
.
You
will
not
deal
so
with
me
,
Sir
,
reply'd
the
Gymnosophist
,
if
you
intend
to
be
as
goad
as
your
word
,
which
was
,
that
he
should
die
first
who
answer'd
worst
,
which
I
have
not
done
,
for
you
have
not
ask'd
me
any
Question
.
In
conclusion
,
he
gave
them
Presents
,
and
dismiss'd
them
.
But
to
those
who
were
in
greatest
Reputation
among
them
,
and
liv'd
a
private
,
quiet
Life
,
he
sent
Onesicritus
,
one
of
Diogenes
the
Cynicks
Disciples
,
desiring
them
to
come
to
him
.
Calanus
very
arrogantly
and
rudely
commanded
The
Arrogance
of
Calanus
,
a
Gymnosophist
.
him
to
strip
himself
and
hear
what
he
said
,
naked
,
otherwise
he
would
not
speak
a
word
to
him
,
though
he
came
from
Jupiter
himself
.
But
Dandamis
receiv'd
him
with
more
Civility
,
and
hearing
him
discourse
of
Socrates
,
Pythagoras
,
and
Diogenes
,
told
him
,
He
thought
them
Men
of
great
Parts
,
and
to
have
err'd
in
nothing
so
much
,
as
in
having
too
great
Respect
for
the
Laws
and
Constitutions
of
their
Country
.
Others
say
,
he
only
adk'd
him
the
Reason
,
Why
Alexander
undertook
so
long
a
Voyage
to
come
into
those
Parts
?
Taxiles
perswaded
Calanus
to
wait
upon
Alexander
;
his
proper
Name
was
Sphines
,
but
because
he
was
wont
to
say
Cale
,
which
in
the
IndianTongue
signifies
,
God
save
you
,
when
he
saluted
those
he
met
with
any
where
,
the
Graecians
call'd
him
Calanus
.
He
is
said
to
have
shewn
Alexander
an
instructive
Emblem
of
Government
,
which
was
this
:
He
His
Emblem
of
Government
.
threw
a
dry
shrivel'd
Hide
upon
the
Ground
,
and
trod
upon
the
edge
of
it
;
the
Skin
when
it
was
press'd
in
one
place
,
still
rose
up
in
another
,
wheresoever
he
trod
round
about
it
,
till
he
set
his
foot
in
the
middle
,
which
made
all
the
Parts
lye
even
and
quiet
.
The
meaning
of
this
Similitude
was
,
That
he
ought
to
reside
most
in
the
middle
and
Heart
of
his
Empire
,
and
not
spend
too
much
time
on
the
Borders
of
it
.
His
Voyage
down
the
Rivers
took
up
seven
Months
time
,
and
when
he
came
to
the
Sea
,
he
sail'd
to
an
Island
which
he
call'd
Scillustis
,
others
Psiltucis
,
where
going
Alexander's
Prayer
when
he
came
to
the
Sea
.
ashore
,
he
sacrificed
,
and
made
what
Observations
he
could
of
the
Nature
of
the
Sea
,
and
the
Sea-coast
.
Then
having
besought
the
Gods
,
that
no
other
Man
might
ever
go
beyond
the
Bounds
of
this
Expedition
,
he
order'd
his
Fleet
,
of
which
he
made
Nearchus
Admiral
,
and
Onesicritas
Pilot
,
to
sail
round
about
,
leaving
India
on
the
right
hand
,
and
return'd
himself
by
Land
through
the
Country
of
the
Ori●es
,
where
he
was
reduc'd
to
great
Straits
for
want
of
Provisions
,
and
lost
abundance
of
Men
,
so
that
of
an
Army
of
120000
Foot
,
and
in
●000
Horse
,
What
loss
he
sustain'd
in
his
march
back
he
searce
brought
back
above
a
fourth
part
out
of
India
,
they
were
so
diminish'd
by
Diseases
,
ill
Diet
,
and
the
scorching
Heats
,
but
most
by
Famine
.
For
then
March
was
through
an
uncultivated
Country
,
whose
Inhabitants
far'd
hardly
,
and
had
none
but
a
little
ill
Breed
of
Sheep
,
whose
Flesh
was
rank
and
unsavory
,
by
reason
of
their
continual
feeding
upon
Sea-fish
.
After
60
days
March
he
came
into
Gedrosia
,
where
he
found
great
Plenty
of
all
things
,
which
the
neighbouring
Kings
,
and
Governors
of
Provinces
,
hearing
of
his
Approach
,
had
taken
care
to
provide
.
From
hence
when
he
had
reinforc'd
his
Army
,
he
His
rietous
Progress
through
Carmania
.
continued
his
March
through
Carmania
,
feasting
all
the
way
for
seven
days
together
.
He
,
with
his
most
intimate
Friends
,
Banquetted
and
Revell'd
night
and
day
,
upon
a
Stage
,
erected
on
a
lofty
conspicuous
Scaffold
,
which
with
a
slow
,
majestick
Pace
,
was
drawn
by
8
Horses
.
This
was
follow'd
by
a
great
many
Chariots
,
whereof
some
were
cover'd
with
Tapistry
of
Purple
,
and
other
Colours
,
and
some
with
green
Boughs
,
which
were
supplied
with
fresh
as
they
wither'd
,
and
in
them
the
rest
of
his
Friends
and
Commanders
drinking
,
and
crown'd
with
Garlands
and
Flowers
.
Here
was
now
no
Target
or
Helmet
,
no
Spear
to
be
seen
,
instead
of
Armour
,
the
Soldiers
handled
nothing
but
Cups
and
Goblets
,
and
drinking
Bowls
of
Thericles
his
Make
,
which
they
dipp'd
into
larger
Vessels
,
and
drank
Healths
to
one
another
,
some
sitting
close
to
it
,
others
as
they
went
along
.
All
Places
resounded
with
Musick
of
Pipes
and
Flutes
,
with
Odes
and
Songs
,
and
Women
dancing
,
as
in
the
Rites
of
Bacchus
;
for
this
disorderly
wandring
March
,
besides
the
drinking
part
of
it
,
was
accompanied
with
all
the
Loosness
and
Insolence
of
Bacchanals
,
as
much
as
if
the
God
himself
had
been
there
to
countenance
and
carry
on
the
Debauch
.
As
soon
as
he
came
to
the
Royal
Palace
of
Gedrosia
,
he
again
refresh'd
and
feasted
his
Army
,
and
one
day
after
he
had
drank
pretty
hard
,
(
it
is
said
)
went
to
see
a
Prize
of
Dancing
contended
for
,
in
which
A
Prize
of
Dancing
.
his
Minion
Bagoas
,
who
defrayed
the
expence
of
it
,
having
the
Victory
,
cross'd
the
Theater
in
his
Dancing
Habit
,
and
sate
down
close
by
him
,
which
so
pleas'd
the
Macedonians
,
that
they
made
loud
Acclamations
Won
by
Bagoas
.
for
him
to
kiss
Bagoas
,
and
never
left
clapping
their
Hands
and
shouting
,
till
Alexander
took
him
about
the
Neck
,
and
kiss'd
him
.
Here
his
Admiral
Nearchus
came
to
him
,
Alexander's
great
Preparations
for
a
Voyage
to
Sea
.
and
delighted
him
so
with
the
Relation
of
his
Voyage
,
that
he
resolv'd
himself
to
sail
out
of
the
mouth
of
Euphrates
with
a
great
Fleet
,
with
which
he
design'd
to
go
round
by
Arabia
and
Lybia
,
and
so
by
Hercules
his
Pillars
into
the
Mediteranean
;
in
order
to
which
,
he
directed
all
sorts
of
Vessels
to
be
built
at
Thapsacus
,
and
made
great
provision
every
where
of
Sea-men
and
Pilots
.
But
it
fell
out
unluckily
for
this
Enterprize
,
that
the
Report
of
the
Difficulties
he
went
through
in
his
Indian
Expedition
,
the
danger
of
his
Person
among
the
Mallians
,
the
loss
of
a
considerable
part
of
his
Forces
,
and
the
general
opinion
,
that
he
would
hardly
return
in
safety
,
occasion'd
the
Revolt
of
many
conquer'd
Nations
,
and
made
the
Commanders
and
Lieurenants
in
several
Provinces
,
presume
to
oppress
the
People
with
extream
Injustice
,
Avarice
,
and
Insolence
.
So
that
there
seem'd
to
be
an
universal
fluctuation
and
disposition
to
Change
.
Olympias
and
Cleopatra
rais'd
a
How
hindred
.
Faction
against
Antipater
,
and
shar'd
his
Government
between
them
,
Olympias
seizing
upon
Epirus
and
Cleopatra
upon
Macedonia
.
When
Alexander
was
told
of
it
,
he
said
,
His
Mother
had
made
the
best
choice
,
for
the
Macedonians
would
never
endure
to
be
rul'd
by
a
Woman
.
Upon
this
he
dispatch'd
Nearchus
again
to
the
Fleet
,
intending
to
carry
the
War
into
the
maritime
Provinces
,
and
as
he
march'd
that
way
himself
,
he
punish'd
those
Commanders
who
had
not
behav'd
themselves
well
,
particularly
Oxyartes
,
one
of
Abulites
his
Sons
,
whom
he
kill'd
with
his
own
hand
,
thrusting
him
through
the
Body
with
his
Spear
.
And
when
Abulites
,
instead
of
the
necessary
Provisions
which
he
ought
to
have
furnish'd
,
brought
him
3000
Talents
in
Money
ready
coin'd
,
he
order'd
it
to
be
thrown
to
his
Horses
,
who
not
meddling
with
it
;
What
good
does
this
Provision
do
me
?
said
he
to
him
,
and
sent
him
away
to
Prison
.
When
he
came
into
Persia
,
he
distributed
A
Custom
of
the
Kings
of
Persia
.
Money
among
the
Women
,
as
their
own
Kings
were
wont
to
do
,
who
,
as
often
as
they
came
thither
,
gave
every
one
of
them
a
Crown
,
for
which
Reason
some
of
them
came
but
seldom
,
and
Ochus
was
so
sordidly
Covetous
,
that
to
avoid
this
Expence
,
he
never
visited
Persia
all
his
Life
,
though
it
was
his
Native
Country
.
Then
finding
Cyrus
his
Sepulcher
open'd
,
Cyrus's
Sepulcher
rifled
.
and
rifled
,
he
put
Polymachus
,
who
did
it
to
death
,
though
he
was
a
Man
of
Quality
,
and
born
at
Pella
in
Macedonia
:
and
after
he
had
read
the
Inscription
,
he
caus'd
it
to
be
cut
again
below
the
old
one
in
Greek
Characters
;
the
words
were
these
:
O
Man
,
whosoever
thou
art
,
and
from
whencesoever
thou
comest
,
(
for
I
know
thou
wilt
come
)
I
am
Cyrus
,
the
Founder
of
the
Persian
Empire
;
do
not
envy
me
this
little
quantity
of
Earth
which
covers
my
Body
.
The
reading
of
this
sensibly
Alexander
mov'd
at
the
Inscription
.
touch'd
Alexander
,
causing
him
to
reflect
seriously
upon
the
incertainty
and
mutability
of
humane
Affairs
.
At
the
same
time
Calanus
having
been
a
little
while
troubled
with
a
Loosness
,
requested
he
might
have
a
Funeral
Pile
erected
,
to
which
he
came
on
Horseback
,
and
after
he
had
said
some
Prayers
,
and
sprinkled
himself
,
and
cut
off
some
of
his
Hair
to
throw
into
the
Fire
,
as
was
usual
on
such
occasions
;
before
he
ascended
it
,
he
embrac'd
and
took
leave
of
the
Macedonians
who
stood
by
,
desiring
them
to
pass
that
day
in
Mirth
and
good
Fellowship
with
their
King
,
whom
in
a
little
time
,
he
said
,
he
doubted
not
but
to
see
again
at
Babylon
.
Having
thus
said
,
he
lay
down
,
and
covering
himself
,
he
stirr'd
Calanus
barus
himself
.
not
when
the
Fire
came
near
him
,
but
continued
still
in
the
same
posture
as
at
first
,
and
so
sacrific'd
himself
,
as
it
was
the
ancient
Custom
of
the
Philosophers
in
those
Countreys
to
do
.
The
same
thing
was
done
long
after
by
another
Indian
,
who
came
with
Caesar
to
Athens
,
where
they
still
shew
you
the
Indians
Monument
.
At
his
return
from
the
Funeral
Pile
,
Alexander
invited
a
great
many
of
his
Friends
and
principal
Officers
to
Supper
,
A
drinking
Match
.
and
propos'd
a
Drinking-match
,
in
which
the
Victor
should
be
crown'd
.
Promachus
drank
18
Quarts
of
Wine
,
and
won
the
Prize
which
weigh'd
a
talent
,
from
them
all
;
but
he
surviv'd
his
Victory
but
three
days
,
and
was
followed
,
as
Chares
says
,
by
41
more
,
who
died
of
the
same
Debauch
,
by
reason
of
the
severe
Frost
which
happen'd
at
that
time
.
At
Susa
he
married
Darius
his
Daughter
Alexander
marries
Statira
,
Darius
his
Daughter
.
Statira
,
and
celebrated
the
Nuptials
of
his
Friends
,
bestowing
the
noblest
of
the
Persian
Ladies
upon
the
worthiest
of
them
,
withal
making
a
very
splendid
Entertainment
for
all
the
Macedonians
who
were
married
before
;
at
which
,
it
is
reported
,
there
were
no
less
than
9000
Guests
,
to
each
of
whom
he
gave
a
golden
Cup
,
for
them
to
use
in
their
Libations
of
Wine
to
the
Honour
of
the
Gods
.
Not
to
mention
other
Instances
of
his
wonderful
Magnificence
,
he
paid
the
Debts
of
He
pays
the
Debts
of
his
Army
.
his
whole
Army
,
which
amounted
to
9870
Talents
.
But
there
was
one
Antigenes
,
who
had
lost
one
of
his
Eyes
,
though
he
ow'd
nothing
,
got
his
Name
set
down
in
the
List
of
those
who
were
in
Debt
,
and
bringing
one
who
pretended
to
be
his
Creditor
,
to
the
Banquiers
Table
,
receiv'd
the
Money
.
But
when
the
Cheat
was
found
out
,
the
King
was
so
incens'd
at
it
,
that
he
banish'd
him
from
Court
,
and
took
away
his
Command
though
he
was
an
excellent
Souldier
and
a
Man
of
great
Courage
.
For
when
he
was
but
a
Youth
,
and
serv'd
under
Philip
at
the
Siege
of
Perinthus
,
where
he
was
wounded
in
the
Eye
by
an
Arrow
shot
out
of
an
Engine
,
he
would
neither
let
the
Arrow
be
taken
out
,
or
be
perswaded
to
quit
the
Field
,
till
he
had
bravely
repuls'd
the
Enemy
,
and
forc'd
them
to
retire
into
the
Town
.
A
Man
of
his
Spirit
was
not
able
to
support
such
a
Disgrace
with
any
Patience
,
and
certainly
Grief
and
Despair
would
have
made
him
kill
himself
,
but
that
the
King
Forgives
Antigenes
his
Fraud
.
fearing
it
,
not
only
pardon'd
him
,
but
let
him
also
enjoy
the
Benefit
of
his
Deceit
.
The
30000
Boys
which
he
left
behind
him
His
Seminary
of
Souldiers
.
to
be
taught
the
use
of
their
Arms
▪
and
military
Discipline
,
were
so
improv'd
at
his
return
both
in
Strength
and
Beauty
,
and
perform'd
their
Exercises
with
such
Dexterity
,
and
wonderful
Agility
,
that
he
was
extreamly
pleas'd
with
them
;
which
griev'd
the
Macedonians
,
and
made
them
fear
he
would
have
the
less
Esteem
for
them
.
And
when
he
was
sending
away
the
infirm
and
maim'd
Soldiers
The
Macedonians
discontented
.
to
Sea
,
they
said
,
they
were
unjustly
and
infamously
dealt
with
,
after
they
were
worn
out
in
his
service
upon
all
occasions
,
now
to
be
turn'd
away
with
Disgrace
,
and
sent
home
into
their
Country
among
their
Friends
and
Relations
,
in
a
worse
condition
than
when
they
came
out
;
therefore
they
desir'd
him
one
and
all
to
dismiss
them
,
and
to
account
his
Macedonians
useless
,
now
he
was
so
well
furnished
with
dancing
Boys
,
with
whom
,
if
he
pleased
,
he
might
go
on
,
and
conquer
the
World
.
These
Speeches
so
enraged
Alexander
,
that
after
he
had
given
them
a
great
deal
of
reproachful
Language
in
his
Passion
,
he
drave
them
away
,
and
committed
the
Watch
to
Persians
,
out
of
whom
He
takes
&
Guard
of
Persians
.
he
chose
his
Life-guard
,
and
Serjeants
at
Arms.
When
the
Macedonians
saw
him
attended
by
these
Men
,
and
themselves
excluded
,
and
shamefully
disgrac'd
,
their
high
Spirits
fell
,
and
upon
Discourse
with
one
another
,
they
found
that
Jealousie
and
Rage
had
almost
distracted
them
.
But
at
last
coming
to
themselves
again
,
they
went
without
their
Arms
,
almost
naked
,
crying
and
weeping
to
offer
themselves
at
his
Tent
,
and
desired
him
to
deal
with
them
as
their
Baseness
and
Ingratitude
deserv'd
.
However
this
would
not
prevail
;
for
though
his
Anger
was
already
something
mollified
,
yet
he
would
not
admit
them
into
his
presence
,
nor
would
they
stir
from
thence
,
but
continued
two
days
and
nights
before
his
Tent
,
bewailing
themselves
,
and
imploring
him
The
Macedonians
submit
.
their
Sovereign
Lord
to
have
compassion
on
them
.
But
the
third
day
he
came
out
to
them
,
and
seeing
them
very
humble
and
penitent
,
he
wept
himself
a
great
while
,
and
after
a
gentle
Reproof
spoke
kindly
to
them
,
and
dismissed
those
who
were
unserviceable
,
The
old
and
disabled
dismisi'd
with
〈…〉
with
magnificent
Rewards
:
And
this
Recommendation
to
Antipater
;
that
when
they
came
into
Greece
,
at
all
publick
Shews
,
and
in
the
Theaters
,
they
should
sit
on
the
best
and
foremost
Seats
,
crown'd
with
Chaplets
of
Flowers
,
and
order'd
the
Children
of
those
who
had
lost
their
Lives
in
his
Service
,
to
have
their
Fathers
Pay
continued
to
them
.
When
he
came
to
Ecbatana
in
Media
,
and
had
dispatched
his
most
urgent
Affairs
,
he
fell
to
divert
himself
again
with
Spectacles
,
and
publick
Entertainments
,
to
carry
on
which
,
he
had
a
Supply
of
3000
Actors
newly
〈…〉
arriv'd
out
of
Greece
.
But
they
were
soon
interrupted
by
Hephestion's
falling
sick
of
a
Fever
,
in
which
being
a
young
Man
,
and
a
Soldier
too
,
he
could
not
confine
himself
to
so
exact
a
Diet
as
was
necessary
;
for
whilst
his
Physician
Glaucus
was
gone
to
the
Theater
,
he
eat
a
boyl'd
Cock
for
his
Dinner
,
and
drank
a
large
draught
of
Wine
,
upon
Hephestion's
Death
.
which
he
grew
worse
,
and
died
in
a
few
days
.
At
this
Misfortune
Alexander
was
so
beyond
all
Reason
transported
,
that
to
express
his
Sorrow
,
he
presently
order'd
the
Manes
and
Tails
of
all
his
Horses
and
Mules
to
be
cut
,
and
threw
down
the
Battlements
of
the
neighbouring
Cities
.
The
poor
Physician
he
Crucified
,
and
forbad
playing
on
the
Flute
,
or
any
other
Musical
Instrument
,
in
the
Camp
a
great
while
,
till
the
Oracle
of
Jupiter
Ammon
enjoyn'd
him
to
Honour
Hephestion
,
and
sacrifice
to
him
as
to
an
Horo
.
Then
seeking
to
alleviate
his
Grief
in
War
,
he
set
out
as
if
he
were
to
go
a
Man-hunting
;
for
he
fell
upon
the
Cussaeans
,
and
put
A
whole
Nation
sacrific'd
to
him
.
the
whole
Nation
to
the
Sword
,
not
sparing
so
much
as
the
Children
.
This
was
call'd
a
Sacrifice
to
Hephaestion's
Ghost
.
In
his
Sepulcher
and
Monument
,
and
the
adorning
of
them
,
he
intended
to
bestow
10000
Talents
;
and
that
the
excellency
of
the
Artist
,
and
the
curiosity
of
the
Workmanship
,
might
go
beyond
the
expence
it self
,
he
rather
chose
to
imploy
Stasicrates
than
any
other
,
because
he
always
promis'd
something
very
bold
and
lofty
,
and
magnificent
in
his
Designs
.
For
in
Discourse
before
he
had
told
him
,
That
of
all
the
Mountains
Stasicrates
his
extravagant
design
of
a
Statue
.
he
knew
,
that
of
Athos
in
Thrace
,
was
the
most
capable
of
being
contriv'd
to
represent
the
Shape
and
Lineaments
of
a
Man
.
That
if
he
pleas'd
to
command
him
,
he
would
make
it
the
noblest
and
most
durable
Statue
in
the
World
,
which
in
its
left
Hand
should
hold
a
City
of
10000
Inhabitants
,
and
out
of
its
right
should
pour
a
copious
River
into
the
Sea
.
Though
Alexander
declin'd
this
Project
,
yet
now
he
spent
a
great
deal
of
time
with
Workmen
,
to
invent
and
contrive
others
far
more
absurd
and
expensive
.
As
he
was
upon
his
way
to
Babylon
,
Nearchus
,
Alexander
war●'d
not
to
go
to
Babylon
.
who
had
sail'd
back
out
of
the
Ocean
,
by
the
mouth
of
the
River
Euphrates
,
came
to
tell
him
,
he
had
met
with
some
Chaldaean
Diviners
who
warn'd
him
not
to
go
thither
.
But
Alexander
slighted
this
Advertisement
,
and
went
on
,
and
when
he
came
near
the
Walls
of
the
Place
,
he
saw
a
great
many
Crows
fighting
with
one
another
,
whereof
some
fell
down
just
by
him
.
After
this
being
privately
inform'd
,
that
Apollodorus
the
Governor
of
Babylon
had
sacrific'd
to
know
what
would
become
of
him
;
he
sent
for
Pythagoras
the
Soothsayer
,
who
not
denying
the
thing
,
he
ask'd
him
in
what
condition
he
found
the
Victim
?
and
when
he
told
him
,
The
Liver
was
defective
in
its
Lobe
;
a
great
Presage
indeed
,
said
Alexander
!
However
,
he
offered
Pythagoras
no
Injury
,
but
was
much
troubled
that
he
had
neglected
Nearchus
his
Advice
,
and
therefore
staid
a
great
while
without
the
Town
,
removing
his
Tent
from
Place
to
Place
,
and
sailing
up
and
down
the
Eupharates
.
Besides
this
,
he
was
disturbed
by
Several
Presages
of
his
Death
▪
many
other
Prodigies
.
A
tame
Ass
fell
upon
the
biggest
and
handsomest
Lyon
that
he
kept
,
and
kicked
him
to
Death
.
And
one
day
undressing
himself
to
be
anointed
,
and
to
play
at
Ball
,
when
he
was
putting
his
Cloaths
on
again
,
the
young
Men
who
played
with
him
,
perceived
a
Man
clad
in
the
King's
Robes
,
with
the
Diadem
upon
his
Head
,
sitting
silently
upon
his
Throne
.
They
asked
him
,
Who
he
was
?
To
which
he
gave
no
Answer
a
good
while
,
till
at
last
with
much
ado
coming
to
himself
,
he
told
them
,
His
Name
was
Dyonisius
;
that
he
was
of
Messenia
;
that
for
some
Crime
,
whereof
he
was
accus'd
,
he
was
brought
thither
from
the
Sea-side
,
and
had
been
kept
long
in
Prison
;
that
Serapis
appear'd
to
him
,
had
freed
him
from
his
Chains
,
conducted
him
to
that
Place
,
and
commanded
him
to
put
on
the
King's
Robe
and
Diadem
,
and
to
sit
where
they
found
him
,
and
to
say
nothing
.
Alexander
when
he
heard
this
,
by
the
direction
of
his
Soothsayers
put
the
Fellow
to
Death
,
but
from
thenceforth
desponded
,
and
grew
diffident
of
the
Protection
and
Assistance
of
the
Alexander
distrusts
the
Gods
.
Gods
,
and
besides
very
suspicious
of
his
Friends
.
His
greatest
apprehension
was
of
Antipater
and
his
Sons
,
one
of
whom
,
Iollas
was
his
chief
Cup-bearer
,
the
other
nam'd
Cassander
,
was
newly
arriv'd
out
of
Greèce
,
and
being
bred
up
in
the
freedom
of
his
Country
,
the
first
time
he
saw
some
of
the
Barbarians
adore
the
King
,
could
not
forbear
laughing
at
it
aloud
;
which
so
incens'd
Alexander
,
that
he
took
him
by
the
Hair
with
both
Hands
,
and
violently
knock'd
his
Head
against
the
Wall
.
Another
time
Cassander
would
have
said
something
in
defence
of
Antipater
,
to
those
who
accus'd
him
;
but
Alexander
interrupting
him
,
What
is
't
you
say
?
Do
you
think
People
,
if
they
had
receiv'd
no
Injury
,
would
come
such
a
Journey
only
to
calumniate
your
Father
?
To
which
when
Cassander
replied
,
That
this
very
thing
His
Usage
of
Cassander
was
a
great
evidence
of
their
Calumny
;
Alexander
smil'd
and
said
,
Those
were
some
of
Aristotle's
Sophisms
,
which
would
serve
equally
on
both
sides
;
and
added
,
That
both
he
and
his
Father
should
be
severely
punish'd
,
if
they
were
found
guilty
of
the
least
Injustice
towards
those
who
complain'd
;
which
,
upon
the
whole
,
made
such
a
deep
impression
of
Fear
in
Cassander's
Mind
,
that
long
after
when
he
was
King
of
Macedonia
,
and
Master
of
Greece
,
as
he
was
walking
up
and
down
at
Delphos
,
and
looking
on
the
Statues
,
at
the
sight
of
that
of
Alexander
,
he
was
suddenly
struck
with
Horrour
,
and
shook
all
over
,
his
Eyes
rowl'd
,
A
wonderfull
Effect
of
Fear
.
his
Head
grew
dizzy
,
and
he
had
much
ado
to
recover
himself
.
When
once
Alexander
gave
way
to
Superstition
,
his
Mind
grew
so
disturb'd
and
timorous
,
that
if
the
least
unusual
or
extraordinary
thing
happen'd
,
he
would
needs
have
it
thought
a
Prodigy
,
or
a
Presage
,
and
his
Court
was
throng'd
with
Diviners
and
Priests
,
whose
business
was
to
Sacrifice
,
and
Purifie
,
and
foretel
the
future
.
So
horrid
a
thing
is
Incredulity
,
and
Contempt
of
the
Gods
on
one
hand
,
and
no
less
horrid
The
nature
of
Superstition
.
is
Superstition
on
the
other
,
which
like
Water
,
always
creeping
on
the
Ground
,
invades
us
with
servile
Fear
and
Folly
,
as
it
did
now
Alexander
himself
.
But
upon
some
Answers
which
were
brought
him
from
the
Oracle
concerning
Hephestion
,
he
had
laid
aside
his
Sorrow
,
and
fell
again
to
Sacrificing
and
Drinking
;
and
having
given
Nearchus
a
splendid
Entertainment
,
after
he
had
bath'd
,
as
was
his
Custom
,
just
as
he
was
going
to
Bed
,
at
Medius
his
Request
he
went
to
Supper
with
him
.
Here
he
drank
all
that
night
and
the
next
day
to
such
excess
,
as
put
him
into
a
Fever
,
which
Alexander
falls
sick
after
a
great
Debauck
.
seiz'd
him
,
not
as
some
write
,
after
he
had
drank
of
Hercules
his
Bowl
,
nor
was
he
taken
with
a
sudden
pain
in
his
Back
,
as
if
he
had
been
struck
with
a
Lance
:
for
these
are
the
Inventions
of
some
Authors
,
who
thought
it
became
them
to
make
the
conclusion
of
so
great
an
Action
as
tragical
and
moving
as
they
could
.
Aristobulus
tells
us
,
That
in
the
rage
of
his
Fever
,
and
a
violent
Thirst
,
he
took
a
draught
of
Wine
,
upon
which
he
fell
into
a
Frenzy
,
and
died
the
30th
of
June
.
But
in
his
Journals
we
have
this
account
of
his
Sickness
,
That
the
18th
of
June
,
by
reason
of
his
Illness
,
he
lay
in
his
Bathing-room
,
where
it
first
seiz'd
him
;
that
when
he
had
bath'd
,
he
remov'd
into
his
Chamber
,
and
spent
that
A
Diary
of
his
Sickness
.
day
at
Dice
with
Medius
.
In
the
evening
having
wash'd
and
sacrific'd
,
he
eat
with
a
good
Stomach
,
and
had
his
Fever
that
night
.
The
20th
after
the
usual
Sacrifices
and
Bathing
,
he
kept
his
Bed
in
the
same
Room
,
and
heard
Nearchus
his
Relation
of
He
hears
his
Admiral
relate
his
Voyage
.
his
Voyage
,
and
the
Observations
he
had
made
of
the
Ocean
.
The
21st
he
pass'd
in
the
same
manner
,
his
Fever
still
encreasing
,
and
had
a
very
ill
night
of
it
.
The
next
day
he
had
a
severe
Fit
,
and
caus'd
himself
to
be
remov'd
,
and
his
Bed
set
by
the
great
Bath
,
and
then
discours'd
with
his
principal
Officers
about
filling
up
the
vacant
Charges
in
the
Army
,
with
Men
of
tryed
Valour
aud
Experience
.
The
24th
being
much
worse
,
he
was
carried
out
to
assist
at
the
Sacrifices
,
and
gave
order
that
his
chief
Commanders
should
wait
within
the
Court
,
whilst
the
Colonels
and
Captains
kept
Watch
without
doors
.
The
25th
he
was
remov'd
to
his
Palace
on
the
other
side
the
River
,
where
he
slept
a
little
,
but
his
Fever
abated
not
,
and
when
the
Commanders
came
into
his
Chamber
,
he
was
speechless
,
and
continued
so
the
following
day
.
Then
the
Macedonians
supposing
he
was
dead
,
came
with
great
Clamours
to
the
Gates
,
and
menac'd
his
Friends
so
,
that
The
Macedonians
admitted
to
see
him
.
they
were
forc'd
to
admit
them
,
and
let
them
all
pass
through
unarm'd
along
by
his
Bed-side
.
The
same
day
Python
and
Seleucus
being
sent
to
Serapis
his
Temple
,
to
enquire
if
they
should
bring
Alexander
thither
,
were
answer'd
by
the
God
,
that
they
should
not
remove
him
.
The
28th
in
the
Evening
Hie
Death
.
he
Died.
This
Account
is
most
of
it
word
for
word
,
as
it
is
written
in
his
own
Diary
.
At
that
time
no
body
had
any
suspicion
of
his
being
poyson'd
;
but
upon
a
discovery
made
six
years
after
,
they
say
,
Olympias
put
many
to
death
,
and
threw
abroad
the
Not
without
suspicion
of
Poyson
.
Ashes
of
Jollas
,
who
was
dead
,
as
if
he
had
given
it
him
.
But
those
who
affirm
Aristotle
counselled
Antipater
to
do
it
,
and
that
by
his
means
wholly
the
Poyson
was
brought
,
produce
one
Agnothemis
for
their
Author
,
who
heard
King
Antigonus
speak
of
it
,
and
tell
us
,
that
the
Poyson
was
Water
,
deadly
cold
as
Ice
,
distilling
from
a
Rock
in
the
Territory
of
Nonacris
,
which
they
gather'd
like
a
thin
Dew
,
and
kept
in
an
Asses
Hoof
;
for
it
was
so
very
cold
and
penetrating
,
that
no
other
Vessel
would
hold
it
.
However
most
are
of
opinion
that
all
this
is
false
,
no
slight
evidence
of
which
is
,
that
during
the
Dissentions
among
the
Commanders
,
which
lasted
a
great
many
days
,
the
Body
continued
clear
and
fresh
,
without
any
sign
of
Which
is
contradicted
.
such
Taint
or
Corruption
,
though
it
lay
neglected
in
a
close
,
sultry
place
.
Roxana
who
was
now
with
Child
,
and
upon
that
account
much
honour'd
by
the
Macedonians
,
being
Jealous
of
Statira
,
sent
for
her
by
a
Counterfeit
Letter
,
as
if
Alexander
had
been
still
alive
;
and
when
she
had
her
in
her
power
,
kill'd
her
and
her
Sister
,
and
The
Death
of
Statira
.
threw
their
Bodies
into
a
Well
,
which
they
fill'd
up
with
Earth
,
not
with
out
the
Privity
and
assistance
of
Perdiccas
,
who
at
this
time
,
under
the
shelter
of
Arideus
,
whom
he
carried
about
with
him
for
his
own
security
,
bore
the
greatest
sway
of
any
,
Arideus
himself
,
who
was
Philip's
Son
,
by
one
Philinna
,
an
obscure
common
Strumpet
,
was
a
man
of
weak
Parts
,
by
reason
of
his
Indisposition
of
Body
,
which
was
neither
natural
to
him
,
nor
contracted
of
it self
;
for
in
his
Childhood
he
was
quickwitted
,
and
hopeful
enough
,
but
caus'd
by
Drinks
that
Olympias
gave
him
,
which
not
only
impair'd
his
Health
,
but
weakned
his
Understanding
.
C.
IVLIVS
CAESAR
.
depiction of Julius Caesar
〈…〉
THE
LIFE
OF
Julius
Caesar
.
Englished
from
the
Greek
by
Mr.
Smalridge
of
Christchurch
.
AS
soon
as
Sylla
had
made
himself
Master
of
Rome
,
he
resolved
to
force
Cornelia
,
Daughter
to
Cinna
(
the
late
Usurper
)
from
Caesar
her
Husband
;
but
being
unable
to
compass
it
either
by
hopes
or
fears
,
confiscated
her
Dowry
.
The
ground
of
Sylla's
hatred
to
Caesar
,
was
the
alliance
between
him
and
Marius
;
for
Marius
the
elder
Married
Julia
,
Caesar's
Aunt
by
the
Fathers
side
,
and
had
by
her
the
younger
Marius
,
who
consequently
was
Caesar's
Cousin-german
.
And
thô
at
first
in
the
heat
of
his
Tyranny
and
hurry
of
business
,
Caesar
was
overlook't
by
Sylla
,
he
could
not
lie
still
,
but
presented
himself
to
the
People
as
a
Candidate
for
the
Priesthood
,
thô
he
was
yet
under
Age.
But
Sylla
,
by
his
under-hand
management
,
so
carried
it
,
that
Caesar
fell
short
of
his
pretensions
;
and
in
a
Consult
of
Friends
to
take
him
off
,
when
it
was
urged
by
some
,
that
it
was
not
worth
his
while
to
contrive
the
death
of
a
Boy
,
he
answered
,
that
They
knew
little
,
who
did
not
see
many
Marius's
in
that
Boy
.
Caesar
,
upon
notice
of
this
lay
concealed
a
long
while
among
the
Sabines
,
often
changing
his
Quarters
;
till
one
night
,
as
he
was
removing
his
Lodging
for
his
health
,
he
fell
into
the
hands
of
Sylla's
Soldiers
,
who
were
searching
those
parts
in
order
to
apprehend
such
as
had
absconded
.
Coesar
by
a
Bribe
of
two
Talents
prevailed
with
Cornelius
their
Captain
to
let
him
go
,
and
was
no
sooner
dismist
,
but
he
put
to
Sea
,
and
made
for
Bithynia
.
After
a
short
stay
there
with
Nicomedes
the
King
,
in
his
passage
back
he
was
taken
near
the
Island
Pharmacusa
by
some
Pirates
,
who
at
that
time
with
some
great
Ships
,
and
a
vast
number
of
smaller
Vessels
,
infested
those
Seas
.
When
at
first
they
demanded
of
him
20
Talents
for
his
Ransom
,
he
smiled
at
them
as
not
understanding
the
value
of
their
Prisoner
,
and
voluntarily
engaged
to
give
'em
50.
He
presently
dispatched
those
about
him
to
several
places
to
raise
the
Money
,
till
at
last
he
was
left
among
those
bloody
Villains
,
the
Cilicians
,
only
with
one
Friend
,
and
two
Attendants
;
Yet
he
made
so
little
of
them
,
that
when
he
had
a
mind
to
sleep
,
he
would
send
to
them
,
and
command
silence
.
For
38
days
,
with
all
the
freedom
in
the
World
he
used
Exercise
,
and
Gamed
amongst
them
,
as
if
they
had
not
been
his
Keepers
,
but
his
Guards
.
He
wrote
Verses
,
and
Speeches
,
and
made
them
his
Auditors
,
and
those
who
did
not
admire
them
,
he
called
to
their
faces
illiterate
and
barbarous
,
and
would
often
in
raillery
threaten
to
hang
'em
.
They
were
mightily
taken
with
this
,
and
attributed
his
free
way
of
talking
to
a
kind
of
Simplicity
,
and
Juvenile
Humor
.
As
soon
as
his
Ransom
was
come
from
Miletus
,
he
paid
it
,
and
was
discharged
;
soon
after
which
he
Mann'd
some
Ships
at
the
Milesian
Port
,
and
went
in
pursuit
of
the
Pirates
,
whom
he
surprized
as
they
were
yet
at
an
Anchor
,
and
took
most
of
them
.
Their
Money
he
made
Prize
,
and
the
Men
he
secured
in
Prison
at
Pergamus
,
and
presently
applied
himself
to
Junius
,
who
was
then
Governor
of
Asia
,
to
whose
Office
it
belonged
,
as
Praetor
,
to
determine
their
Punishment
.
Junius
having
his
Eye
upon
the
Money
,
(
for
the
Sum
was
considerable
)
said
,
He
would
think
at
his
leisure
what
to
do
with
the
Prisoners
;
upon
which
Caesar
took
his
leave
of
him
,
and
went
for
Pergamus
,
where
he
ordered
the
Pirates
to
be
brought
forth
and
Crucified
;
the
Punishment
he
had
often
threatened
them
with
,
whilst
he
was
in
their
hands
,
and
they
little
dream't
he
was
in
earnest
.
In
the
mean
time
Sylla's
Power
declined
,
and
Caesar's
Friends
advised
him
to
return
to
Rome
;
but
he
went
off
to
Rhodes
,
and
entred
himself
in
the
School
of
Apollonius
,
Molon's
Son
,
a
famous
Rhetorician
,
one
who
had
the
reputation
of
a
well-tempered
Man
,
and
had
Cicero
at
that
time
for
his
Auditor
.
Caesar
was
by
Nature
excellently
framed
for
a
perfect
States-Man
,
and
Orator
,
and
took
such
pains
to
improve
his
Genius
this
way
,
that
without
dispute
he
might
challenge
the
second
place
amongst
Men
of
that
Character
.
More
he
did
not
aim
at
,
as
chusing
to
be
first
rather
amongst
Men
of
Arms
and
Power
;
and
therefore
never
rose
up
to
that
pitch
of
Eloquence
to
which
Nature
would
have
carried
him
,
being
diverted
by
those
Expeditions
and
Designs
,
which
at
length
gain'd
him
the
Empire
.
And
he
himself
in
his
Answer
to
Cicero's
Panegyric
on
Cato
,
desires
his
Reader
not
to
compare
the
plain
Discourse
of
a
Soldier
with
the
Harangues
of
an
Orator
,
who
had
not
only
fine
Parts
,
but
had
employed
his
whole
Life
in
this
one
Study
.
When
he
was
returned
to
Rome
,
he
accused
Dolabella
of
Male-Administration
,
and
many
Cities
of
Greece
came
in
to
attest
it
.
Dolabella
was
acquitted
,
and
Caesar
in
return
of
the
favours
he
had
received
from
the
Grecians
,
assisted
them
in
their
prosecution
of
P.
Antonius
for
Bribery
before
M.
Lucullus
Praetor
of
Macedonia
.
In
this
Cause
he
prevailed
so
far
,
that
Antonius
was
forced
to
appeal
to
the
Tribunes
at
Rome
,
alledging
,
that
in
Greece
he
could
not
have
fair
play
against
Grecians
.
In
his
Pleadings
at
Rome
he
appeared
with
all
the
graces
of
an
Orator
,
and
gained
much
upon
the
Affections
of
the
People
by
the
easiness
of
his
Address
,
and
Conversation
,
in
which
he
was
accomplisht
beyond
what
could
be
expected
from
his
Age.
His
Interest
grew
still
insensibly
greater
by
the
open
House
he
kept
,
and
the
magnificence
of
his
Entertainments
;
His
Enemies
slighted
the
growth
of
it
at
first
,
in
expectation
it
would
soon
fail
,
when
his
Money
was
gone
;
whilst
in
the
mean
time
it
was
firmly
setled
among
the
Common
People
.
When
his
Power
at
last
was
fixt
,
and
not
to
be
controll'd
,
and
now
openly
tended
to
the
altering
of
the
whole
Constitution
,
they
were
aware
too
late
,
that
there
is
no
beginning
so
mean
,
which
continued
application
will
not
make
considerable
,
and
that
small
dangers
by
being
despised
at
first
become
at
last
irresistible
.
Cicero
was
the
first
who
had
any
suspicions
of
his
designs
upon
the
Government
,
and
(
as
a
good
Pilot
is
apprehensive
of
a
Storm
when
the
Sea
is
calmest
)
saw
the
designing
temper
of
the
Man
thrô
this
disguise
of
good
humor
,
and
affability
,
and
said
upon
it
;
In
all
his
other
actions
and
intrigues
I
plainly
discover
the
air
of
a
Tyrant
;
but
when
I
see
his
Hair
lie
in
so
exact
order
,
and
him
so
often
adjusting
it
,
I
cannot
imagine
it
should
enter
into
such
a
Man's
thoughts
to
subvert
the
Roman
State
.
But
of
this
more
hereafter
.
The
first
Proof
he
had
of
the
People's
good
Will
to
him
,
was
,
when
he
carried
a
Tribuneship
in
the
Army
against
C.
Popilius
.
A
second
and
clearer
instance
of
their
Favour
appeared
upon
his
making
an
Excellent
Oration
in
praise
of
his
Aunt
Julia
,
Wife
to
Marius
,
publickly
in
the
Forum
:
at
whose
Funeral
he
was
so
bold
as
to
bring
forth
the
Images
of
Marius
,
which
no
Body
durst
produce
since
the
Government
came
into
Sylla's
Hands
,
Marius's
Party
having
from
that
time
been
declared
Enemies
to
the
State
.
For
when
some
upon
this
Occasion
exclaimed
against
Caesar
,
the
People
on
the
other
side
were
taken
with
the
Action
,
and
received
it
with
very
great
applause
;
admiring
him
for
having
revived
in
the
City
those
Honors
of
Marius
,
which
for
so
long
time
had
been
buried
.
It
had
always
been
the
custom
at
Rome
to
make
Funeral
Orations
in
praise
of
Ancient
Matrons
,
but
there
was
no
precedent
of
any
upon
young
Women
,
till
Caesar
first
made
one
upon
the
death
of
his
own
Wife
.
This
also
procured
him
Favour
,
and
by
this
shew
of
Affection
he
got
the
Hearts
of
the
People
,
who
lookt
upon
him
as
a
Man
of
great
Tenderness
and
extraordinary
good
Nature
.
When
he
had
buried
his
Wife
,
he
went
Quaestor
into
Spain
under
one
Votus
,
who
was
Praetor
,
whom
he
Honoured
ever
after
,
and
made
his
Son
Quaestor
,
when
he
himself
came
to
be
Praetor
.
When
he
was
out
of
that
Office
,
he
Married
Pompeja
his
third
Wife
,
having
then
a
Daughter
by
Cornelia
his
first
Wife
,
whom
he
afterwards
match'd
to
Pompey
the
Great
.
He
was
so
profuse
in
his
Expences
,
that
before
he
had
any
publick
Employment
,
he
was
in
debt
1300
Talents
.
Some
thought
that
by
being
at
so
great
a
charge
to
be
popular
,
he
changed
a
real
and
solid
good
,
for
what
was
short
,
and
uncertain
:
But
in
truth
he
purchased
what
was
of
the
greatest
value
at
an
inconsiderable
rate
.
When
he
was
made
Surveyor
of
the
Appian
Way
,
he
disburst
besides
the
publick
Moneys
a
great
Sum
out
of
his
private
Purse
;
and
when
he
was
Aedile
,
he
provided
such
a
number
of
Gladiators
,
that
he
entertain'd
the
People
with
320
several
Duels
;
and
by
his
great
liberality
and
magnificence
in
Shews
,
in
Pomps
,
and
publick
Feastings
,
obscured
the
glory
of
all
who
went
before
him
,
and
gain'd
so
much
upon
the
People
,
that
every
one
was
ready
to
invent
new
Offices
,
and
new
Honors
,
for
him
,
in
return
to
his
Munificence
.
There
being
two
Factions
in
the
City
,
one
for
Sylla
,
which
was
very
powerful
,
the
other
for
Marius
which
was
then
broken
,
and
in
a
very
low
condition
,
he
was
desirous
to
raise
it
again
,
and
to
bring
it
over
to
his
Interest
:
To
this
end
,
whilst
he
was
in
the
heighth
of
his
Repute
with
the
People
,
for
the
magnificent
Shews
he
gave
as
Aedile
,
he
ordered
Images
,
and
Statues
,
with
Ensigns
of
Victory
,
to
be
carried
privately
in
the
night
,
and
placed
in
the
Capitol
.
Next
morning
,
when
some
saw
them
glittering
with
Gold
,
and
curiously
wrought
with
Inscriptions
of
Marius's
Exploits
over
the
Cimbrians
,
they
were
surprized
at
the
boldness
of
him
who
had
set
them
up
,
nor
was
it
difficult
to
guess
who
it
was
.
The
fame
of
this
soon
spread
,
and
brought
together
a
great
Concourse
of
People
:
Some
presently
cried
out
that
Caesar
had
designs
upon
the
Government
,
because
he
had
revived
those
Honors
which
were
buried
by
the
Laws
,
and
Decrees
of
the
Senate
;
that
this
was
done
to
sound
the
temper
of
the
People
,
whom
he
had
prepared
before
,
and
to
try
whether
they
were
tame
enough
to
bear
his
Humor
,
and
would
quietly
give
way
to
his
Innovations
.
However
Marius's
Party
took
courage
;
and
't
is
incredible
what
a
multitude
of
them
appeared
on
a
sudden
,
and
came
shouting
into
the
Capitol
.
Many
of
them
when
they
saw
Marius's
Picture
cried
for
Joy
,
and
Caesar
was
highly
extoll'd
as
the
only
Person
,
who
was
a
Relation
worthy
of
Marius
.
Upon
this
the
Senate
met
,
and
Catulus
Luctatius
,
one
of
the
most
eminent
Romans
of
that
time
,
stood
up
,
and
accused
Caesar
,
closing
his
Speech
with
this
remarkable
saying
;
Caesar
no
longer
undermines
the
Government
,
but
openly
plants
his
Batteries
against
it
.
But
when
Caesar
had
made
an
Apology
for
himself
,
and
satisfied
the
Senate
,
his
Admirers
were
very
much
animated
,
and
advised
him
not
to
depart
from
his
own
thoughts
for
any
one
,
since
he
was
likely
to
get
the
better
of
them
all
in
a
little
time
,
and
to
be
the
first
Man
in
the
State
with
the
Peoples
Consent
.
At
the
same
time
Metellus
the
High-Priest
died
;
and
Catulus
,
and
Isauricus
,
Persons
of
known
Reputation
,
and
who
bore
a
great
weight
in
the
Senate
,
were
Competitors
for
the
Office
;
yet
Caesar
would
not
give
way
to
them
,
but
presented
himself
to
the
People
as
a
Candidate
against
them
.
The
several
Interests
seeming
very
equal
,
Catulus
,
who
because
he
had
the
most
Honor
to
lose
,
was
the
most
apprehensive
of
the
event
,
sent
to
Caesar
to
buy
him
off
,
with
Offers
of
a
great
Sum
of
Money
:
But
he
said
,
He
would
provide
a
larger
Sum
then
that
to
carry
on
the
Competition
.
Upon
the
day
of
Election
,
as
his
Mother
conducted
him
out
of
doors
with
tears
,
he
saluted
her
,
and
said
;
Well
,
Mother
,
to
day
you
'l
see
me
either
High-Priest
,
or
Banished
.
When
the
Votes
were
taken
,
after
a
great
struggle
,
he
carried
it
,
and
by
that
gave
the
Senate
and
Nobility
reason
to
fear
he
might
now
draw
on
the
People
to
the
greatest
height
of
Arrogance
.
Whereupon
Piso
and
Catulus
found
fault
with
Cicero
for
letting
Caesar
escape
,
when
in
the
Conspiracy
of
Catiline
he
had
given
the
Government
such
advantage
against
him
.
For
Catiline
,
who
had
designed
not
only
to
change
the
present
State
of
Affairs
,
but
to
subvert
the
whole
Constitution
,
and
confound
all
,
had
himself
escaped
,
by
reason
the
Evidence
was
not
full
against
him
,
they
having
not
yet
gone
to
the
bottom
of
his
Design
.
But
he
had
left
Lentulus
and
Cethegus
in
the
City
to
supply
his
place
in
the
Conspiracy
▪
Whether
they
had
any
secret
Encouragement
and
Assistance
from
Caesar
is
uncertain
;
This
is
certain
,
that
they
were
fully
convicted
in
the
Senate
,
and
when
Cicero
the
Consul
ask●
the
several
Opinions
of
the
Senators
,
how
they
would
have
them
punish'd
,
all
who
spake
before
Caesar
sentenced
them
to
Death
,
but
Caesar
stood
up
,
and
made
a
set
Speech
,
wherein
he
told
them
,
That
he
thought
it
without
Precedent
,
and
not
just
to
take
away
the
Lives
of
two
Persons
of
their
Birth
and
Quality
,
before
they
were
fairly
tried
,
unless
there
was
an
absolute
necessity
for
it
;
but
that
if
they
were
kept
confin'd
in
any
Town
which
Cicero
himself
should
chuse
till
Catiline
was
defeated
,
then
the
Senate
might
in
peace
and
at
their
leisure
determine
,
what
was
best
to
be
done
.
This
Sentence
of
his
carried
so
much
appearance
of
Humanity
,
and
he
gave
it
so
good
an
air
by
his
Speech
,
that
not
only
those
who
spoke
after
him
closed
with
it
,
but
even
they
who
had
before
given
a
contrary
Opinion
,
now
came
over
to
his
;
till
it
came
about
to
Catulus
,
and
Cato's
turn
to
speak
.
They
warmly
opposed
it
;
and
Cato
insinuated
in
his
Speech
some
suspicions
of
Caesar
himself
,
and
prest
the
matter
so
far
,
that
the
Criminals
were
given
up
to
suffer
Execution
.
As
Caesar
was
going
out
of
the
Senate
,
many
of
the
young
Men
who
guarded
Cicero
,
ran
in
with
their
naked
Swords
to
assault
him
.
But
Curio
,
as
it
is
said
,
threw
his
Gown
over
him
,
and
convey'd
him
out
,
and
Cicero
himself
gave
a
Sign
to
his
Guards
,
who
watch't
the
motions
of
his
Eye
,
not
to
kill
him
,
either
for
fear
of
the
People
,
or
because
he
thought
the
Murder
unjust
and
illegal
.
If
this
be
true
,
I
wonder
how
Tully
came
to
omit
it
in
the
Book
which
he
wrote
concerning
his
Consulship
.
Cicero
was
blam'd
afterwards
for
not
making
use
of
so
good
an
opportunity
against
Caesar
out
of
fear
of
the
Populace
,
who
mightily
favourd
him
.
Sometime
after
,
when
Caesar
went
into
the
Senate
to
clear
himself
of
some
Suspicions
he
lay
under
,
he
found
great
clamours
rais'd
against
him
,
whereupon
the
Senate
sitting
longer
then
ordinary
,
the
People
went
up
to
the
House
in
a
Tumult
,
and
beset
it
,
demanding
Caesar
,
and
requiring
them
to
dismiss
him
.
Upon
this
Cato
much
fearing
a
Mutiny
from
the
poorer
sort
,
who
are
always
the
Incendiaries
in
a
Rebellion
,
and
who
now
plac'd
all
their
hopes
in
Caesar
,
persuaded
the
Senate
to
give
them
a
Monthly
allowance
of
Corn
,
which
put
the
Commonwealth
to
the
extraordinary
charge
of
55000
Crowns
a
year
.
This
Expedient
remov'd
all
fears
for
the
present
,
and
very
much
weaken'd
Caesar's
power
,
who
at
that
time
was
just
going
to
be
made
Praetor
,
and
consequently
would
have
been
more
formidable
by
his
Office
.
But
there
was
no
disturbance
during
his
Praetorship
,
only
what
misfortune
he
met
with
in
his
own
Domestick
Affairs
.
P.
Clodius
was
a
Person
well
descended
,
eminent
both
for
his
Riches
and
Eloquence
,
but
in
Lewdness
and
Impudence
exceeded
the
very
worst
of
those
,
who
were
remarkable
for
their
Debauchery
.
He
was
in
love
with
Pompeja
,
Caesar's
Wife
,
and
she
had
no
aversion
to
him
.
But
there
were
strict
Guards
on
her
Apartment
,
and
Caesar's
Mother
Aurclia
,
who
was
a
discreet
Woman
,
being
continually
about
her
,
made
an
Interview
very
dangerous
,
and
difficult
.
The
Romans
have
a
Goddess
which
they
call
Bona
,
the
same
which
the
Greeks
call
Gynaecea
:
The
Phrygians
,
who
claim
a
peculiar
Title
to
her
,
say
she
was
Mother
to
Midas
;
The
Romans
pretend
she
was
one
of
the
Dryads
,
and
Married
to
Faunus
:
The
Grecians
affirm
that
she
is
that
Mother
of
Bacchus
,
whose
Name
is
not
to
be
utter'd
:
For
this
Reason
the
Women
who
celebrate
her
Festival
,
cover
the
Tents
with
Vine-branches
,
and
according
to
the
Fable
,
a
Consecrated
Dragon
is
plac'd
by
the
Goddess
.
It
is
not
lawful
for
a
Man
to
be
bye
,
nor
so
much
as
in
the
House
,
whilst
the
Sacred
Rites
are
celebrated
;
but
the
Women
by
themselves
perform
such
Holy
Offices
,
as
are
much
a●kin
to
those
us'd
in
the
Solemnities
sacred
to
Orpheus
▪
When
the
Festival
comes
,
the
Husband
,
who
is
always
either
Consul
or
Praetor
,
and
with
him
every
Male-creature
quits
the
House
;
the
Wife
then
taking
it
under
her
care
,
sets
it
in
order
,
and
there
are
great
Solemnities
all
night
,
attended
with
Dancing
,
and
several
sorts
of
Musick
.
As
Pompeja
was
at
that
time
celebrating
this
▪
Feast
,
Clodius
,
who
as
yet
had
no
Beard
,
and
so
thought
to
pass
undiscover'd
,
took
upon
him
the
Habit
and
Disguise
of
a
Singing-Woman
,
having
the
Air
of
a
young
Girl
,
and
so
came
thither
.
Finding
the
Doors
open
,
he
was
without
any
stop
introduc'd
by
a
young
Maid
,
who
was
in
the
Intrigue
.
She
presently
ran
to
tell
Pompeja
,
but
being
from
him
a
great
while
,
he
grew
uneasie
in
waiting
for
her
,
and
therefore
left
his
Post
,
and
travers'd
the
House
from
one
Room
to
another
,
still
taking
care
to
avoid
the
Lights
▪
till
at
last
Aurelia's
Woman
met
him
,
and
invited
him
to
such
Recreations
as
the
Women
use
among
themselves
.
He
refus'd
to
comply
;
but
the
presently
pull'd
him
forward
,
and
ask'd
him
,
who
he
was
,
and
whence
?
Clodius
told
her
he
waited
for
Aura
one
of
Pompeja's
Maids
,
and
as
he
said
so
,
betray'd
himself
by
his
Voice
:
Upon
which
the
Woman
shrieking
,
ran
into
the
Company
where
there
were
Lights
,
and
cried
out
,
she
had
discovered
a
Man
.
The
Women
were
all
in
a
fright
;
Aurelia
presently
threw
a
Vail
over
the
Ceremonies
,
put
a
stop
to
the
Orgia
,
and
having
order'd
the
Doors
to
be
shut
,
ran
about
with
Lights
to
find
Clodius
,
who
was
got
into
the
Maids
Room
,
that
he
had
come
in
with
,
and
was
seiz'd
there
.
The
Women
knew
him
,
and
drave
him
out
of
Doors
,
and
presently
,
thô
it
was
yet
night
,
went
home
to
tell
their
Husbands
the
Story
.
In
the
morning
it
was
all
about
Town
,
what
an
impious
attempt
Clodius
had
made
,
and
all
agreed
he
ought
to
be
punish'd
as
an
Offender
not
only
against
those
whom
he
had
affronted
,
but
also
against
the
Publick
,
and
the
Gods
.
Upon
which
one
of
the
Tribunes
accus'd
him
of
profaning
the
Holy
Rites
,
and
some
of
the
Principal
Senators
came
in
,
and
witness'd
against
him
,
that
besides
many
other
horrible
Crimes
,
he
had
been
guilty
of
Incest
with
his
own
Sister
,
who
was
Married
to
Lucullus
.
But
the
People
set
themselves
against
the
Interest
of
the
Nobility
,
and
defended
Clodius
;
which
was
of
great
service
to
him
with
the
Judges
,
who
were
at
a
stand
,
being
afraid
to
provoke
the
Commonalty
.
Caesar
presently
dismist
Pompeja
,
but
being
summon'd
as
a
Witness
against
Clodius
,
said
,
He
had
nothing
to
charge
him
with
.
This
looking
like
a
Paradox
,
the
Accusers
ask'd
him
,
why
he
parted
with
his
Wife
?
Caesar
replied
,
Because
I
can't
bear
that
my
Wife
should
be
so
much
as
suspected
.
Some
say
that
Caesar
spake
this
as
his
thoughts
;
Others
▪
that
he
did
it
to
gratifie
the
People
,
who
were
very
earnest
to
save
Clodius
.
So
Clodius
got
clear
of
the
Indictment
,
most
of
the
Judges
giving
their
Opinions
in
confus'd
terms
,
that
they
might
not
be
in
danger
from
the
People
by
condemning
him
,
nor
in
disgrace
with
the
Nobility
by
acquitting
him
.
Caesar
in
the
mean
time
being
out
of
his
Praetorship
had
got
the
Province
of
Spain
,
but
was
in
ill
Circumstances
with
his
Creditors
,
who
,
as
he
was
going
off
,
came
upon
him
▪
and
were
very
pressing
and
importunate
;
which
made
him
apply
himself
to
Crassus
,
who
was
the
richest
Man
in
Rome
,
but
wanted
Caesar's
vigor
and
warmth
to
set
up
against
Pompey
.
Crassus
took
upon
him
to
satisfie
those
Creditors
,
which
were
most
uneasie
to
him
,
and
would
not
be
put
off
any
longer
,
and
engag'd
himself
to
the
value
of
830
Talents
:
Upon
which
Caesar
was
now
at
Liberty
to
go
to
his
Province
.
In
his
Journey
as
he
was
crossing
the
Alps
,
and
passing
by
a
small
Village
of
the
Barbarians
,
which
was
stock'd
with
but
few
Inhabitants
,
and
those
wretchedly
poor
,
his
Friends
smil'd
,
and
ask'd
him
by
way
of
raillery
,
If
there
were
any
canvasing
for
Offices
there
;
any
contention
which
should
be
uppermost
,
or
fewds
of
great
Men
one
against
another
?
To
which
Caesar
made
answer
very
seriously
:
For
my
part
I
had
rather
be
the
first
Man
among
these
Fellows
,
then
the
second
Man
in
Rome
.
'T
is
said
that
another
time
,
being
retir'd
from
Business
,
and
reading
the
History
of
Alexander
,
he
sat
a
great
while
very
thoughtful
,
and
at
last
burst
out
into
Tears
.
His
Friends
were
surpris'd
,
and
ask'd
him
the
Reason
of
it
.
Do
you
think
(
said
he
)
I
have
not
just
cause
to
weep
,
when
I
consider
that
Alexander
at
my
Age
had
conquer'd
so
many
Nations
,
and
I
have
all
this
time
done
nothing
,
that
is
memorable
?
As
soon
as
he
came
into
Spain
he
was
very
active
,
and
in
a
few
days
had
got
together
10
new
Companies
of
Foot
to
those
20
which
were
there
before
:
With
these
he
march'd
against
the
Gallaeci
,
and
Lusitani
,
conquer'd
them
,
and
advancing
as
far
as
the
Ocean
,
subdu'd
those
Nations
,
which
never
before
had
been
subject
to
the
Romans
.
Having
manag'd
his
Military
Affairs
with
good
success
,
he
was
equally
happy
in
the
Course
of
his
Civil
Government
;
For
he
establish'd
a
good
Understanding
amongst
the
several
States
,
and
took
especial
Care
to
heal
the
differences
betwixt
Debtors
and
Creditors
.
He
order'd
that
the
Creditor
should
receive
two
parts
of
the
Debtor's
yearly
Income
,
and
that
the
other
part
should
be
manag'd
by
the
Debtor
himself
,
till
by
this
method
the
whole
Debt
was
at
last
discharg'd
.
This
Conduct
made
him
leave
his
Province
with
a
fair
reputation
;
being
rich
himself
,
and
having
enrich'd
his
Soldiers
,
who
therefore
Complimented
him
with
the
Title
of
Emperor
.
There
is
a
Law
among
the
Romans
,
that
whoever
desires
the
Honor
of
a
Triumph
must
stay
without
the
City
,
and
expect
his
Answer
:
And
another
,
that
those
who
put
in
for
the
Consulship
shall
appear
personally
upon
the
place
:
Caesar
was
come
home
at
the
very
time
of
chusing
Consuls
,
and
being
in
a
strait
between
these
two
opposite
Laws
,
sent
to
the
Senate
to
desire
,
that
since
he
was
oblig'd
to
be
absent
,
he
might
appear
for
the
Consulship
by
Proxy
.
Ca●o
being
back'd
by
the
Law
,
at
first
oppos'd
his
request
;
afterwards
perceiving
that
Caesar
had
prevail'd
with
a
great
part
of
the
Senate
to
comply
with
it
,
he
made
it
his
business
to
gain
time
,
and
wasted
an
whole
day
in
Harangues
:
Upon
which
Caesar
thought
fit
to
let
the
Triumph
fall
,
and
pursu'd
the
Consulship
.
He
advances
therefore
presently
,
and
enters
upon
a
project
which
deceiv'd
all
but
Cato
.
This
was
the
reconciling
of
Crassus
,
and
Pompey
,
who
then
bore
the
greatest
weight
in
Rome
.
There
had
been
a
quarrel
between
them
,
which
he
quickly
made
up
;
and
by
this
means
strengthen'd
himself
by
the
united
power
of
both
;
and
so
privately
undermin'd
the
Government
,
under
the
covert
of
an
Action
which
carried
in
it
all
the
appearance
of
a
good
Office
.
For
it
was
not
the
quarrel
betwixt
Pompey
,
and
Caesar
,
as
most
Men
imagine
,
which
was
the
foundation
of
the
Civil
Wars
,
but
their
Union
;
they
conspiring
at
first
to
subvert
the
Aristocracy
,
and
quarrelling
at
last
betwixt
themselves
,
which
should
be
Monarch
.
Cato
,
who
often
foretold
what
the
Consequence
of
this
Alliance
would
be
,
had
then
the
Character
of
a
sullen
and
busie
Man
,
and
afterwards
the
Reputation
of
a
wise
,
but
unfortunate
Counsellor
.
Thus
Caesar
being
doubly
guarded
with
the
Interests
of
of
Crassus
,
and
Pompey
,
was
promoted
to
the
Consulate
,
and
declar'd
publickly
with
Calfurnius
Bibulus
.
When
he
was
fix't
in
his
Office
he
brought
in
Bills
,
which
would
have
been
preferr'd
with
better
grace
by
a
bold
Tribune
,
then
by
a
Consul
;
in
which
he
propos'd
transplantation
of
Colonies
,
and
Division
of
Lands
,
on
purpose
to
oblige
the
Commonalty
.
The
best
and
most
Honourable
of
the
Senators
oppos'd
it
,
upon
which
,
having
long
waited
for
such
a
colourable
pretence
,
he
openly
protested
how
unwillingly
he
was
driven
upon
applications
to
the
People
,
and
how
necessary
it
was
to
make
his
Addresses
that
way
,
and
to
enter
into
their
Interests
,
since
he
had
receiv'd
so
many
Affronts
,
and
found
so
much
Sullenness
in
the
Senate
.
When
he
had
said
this
,
he
ask'd
Crassus
and
Pompey
,
who
sat
on
each
side
of
him
,
Whether
they
consented
to
the
Bills
he
had
propos'd
?
They
own'd
their
Assent
,
upon
which
he
desir'd
them
to
assist
him
against
those
who
had
threatned
to
oppose
him
with
their
Swords
.
They
engag'd
they
would
,
and
Pompey
added
farther
,
that
he
would
not
only
meet
their
Swords
with
a
Sword
in
his
Hand
,
but
that
he
would
bring
a
Buckler
with
him
besides
.
This
Speech
the
Nobles
resented
,
as
neither
suitable
to
his
gravity
,
nor
becoming
the
Reverence
due
to
that
Assembly
,
but
such
as
had
an
air
of
levity
and
rashness
:
But
the
People
were
pleas'd
with
it
.
Caesar
that
he
might
work
himself
yet
deeper
into
the
Interest
of
Pompey
,
gave
him
his
Daughter
Julia
,
who
had
before
been
contracted
to
Servilius
Caepio
,
and
told
Servilius
he
should
have
Pompey's
Daughter
,
who
was
not
unprovided
neither
,
but
design'd
for
Sylla's
Son
,
Faustus
.
A
little
time
after
Caesar
Married
Calpurnia
the
Daughter
of
Piso
,
and
made
Piso
Consul
for
the
year
following
.
Cato
exclaim'd
loudly
against
this
,
and
protested
with
a
great
deal
of
warmth
,
that
it
was
intolerable
the
Government
should
be
prostituted
by
these
Marriages
,
and
that
they
should
advance
one
another
to
the
Commands
of
Armies
,
Provinces
,
and
other
great
Posts
by
the
Interest
of
Women
.
Bibulus
,
Caesar's
Collegue
finding
it
was
to
no
purpose
to
oppose
his
Bills
,
but
that
he
was
in
danger
of
being
murder'd
in
the
Forum
,
as
also
was
Cato
,
confin'd
himself
to
his
House
,
and
there
wore
out
the
remaining
part
of
his
Consulship
.
Pompey
when
he
was
Married
,
presently
fill'd
the
Forum
with
Soldiers
,
and
so
secur'd
to
the
People
their
new
Laws
,
and
to
Caesar
the
Government
of
all
Gaul
,
both
on
this
and
the
other
side
of
the
Alps
,
together
with
Illyricum
,
and
the
command
of
4
Legions
for
5
years
.
Cato
made
some
attempts
against
these
proceedings
,
but
was
sent
to
Prison
by
Caesar
,
who
suspected
he
would
appeal
to
the
Tribunes
.
But
when
Caesar
saw
that
he
went
along
without
speaking
a
word
,
and
that
not
only
the
Nobility
disrelish'd
it
,
but
that
the
People
also
out
of
their
Veneration
to
Cato's
Virtue
waited
on
him
,
and
by
their
silence
and
dejected
looks
exprest
a
great
concern
for
him
;
he
himself
privately
desir'd
one
of
the
Tribunes
to
rescue
Cato
.
As
for
the
other
Senators
,
some
few
of
them
attended
the
House
;
the
rest
being
disgusted
,
absented
themselves
.
Hence
Considius
,
a
very
old
Man
,
took
occasion
one
day
to
tell
Caesar
,
that
the
Senators
did
not
meet
because
they
were
afraid
of
his
Soldiers
.
Caesar
presently
ask'd
him
,
Why
don't
you
then
out
of
the
same
fear
keep
at
home
?
To
which
the
old
Man
replied
that
Age
was
his
guard
against
Fear
,
and
that
the
small
Remains
of
his
Life
were
not
worth
much
Caution
.
But
the
foulest
thing
that
was
done
in
Caesar's
Consulship
was
his
promoting
Clodius
to
be
Tribune
,
that
very
Clodius
who
had
attempted
to
dishonour
his
Bed
,
and
who
contrary
to
all
Piety
had
polluted
the
holy
and
mysterious
Vigils
.
Now
he
was
prefer'd
in
opposition
to
Cicero
,
nor
did
Caesar
take
the
Field
,
till
they
had
overpower'd
Cicero
,
and
drove
him
out
of
Italy
.
Thus
far
have
we
deduc'd
Caesar's
Actions
before
the
Wars
of
Gaul
.
After
this
he
seems
to
have
begun
his
Course
afresh
,
and
to
have
enter'd
upon
a
new
,
and
different
Scene
of
Action
.
The
Progress
of
those
Battels
which
he
afterwards
fought
,
and
those
many
Expeditions
in
which
he
subdu'd
the
Gauls
,
shew
him
to
have
been
a
Soldier
and
General
not
in
the
least
inferior
to
any
of
those
great
and
admired
Commanders
,
who
have
appear'd
at
the
Heads
of
Armies
.
For
if
we
compare
him
with
the
Fabii
,
the
Metelli
,
the
Scipio's
,
and
with
those
who
were
his
Contemporaries
,
or
not
long
before
him
,
Sylla
,
Marius
,
the
2
Luculli
,
or
even
Pompey
himself
,
whose
Glory
reach't
the
Heavens
▪
we
shall
find
Caesar's
Actions
to
have
surpast
them
all
.
One
he
excel'd
on
the
account
of
the
difficulty
of
the
places
where
he
fought
:
Another
in
respect
of
the
large
extent
of
Country
which
he
over-ran
:
Some
in
the
Number
and
Strength
of
the
Enemies
,
whom
he
conquer'd
;
and
some
in
the
roughness
and
barbarity
of
their
tempers
,
whom
he
polish'd
and
civiliz'd
:
Others
yet
in
his
Humanity
and
Clemency
to
those
he
over-power'd
,
and
others
in
his
Gifts
,
and
Gratuities
to
his
Soldiers
:
All
in
the
Number
of
the
Battles
which
he
fought
,
and
the
Enemies
,
which
he
kill'd
.
For
he
had
not
pursu'd
the
Wars
in
Gaul
full
10
years
,
before
he
took
by
Storm
800
Towns
,
subdu'd
300
States
;
and
of
the
3
millions
of
Men
,
which
made
up
the
gross
of
those
,
with
whom
at
several
times
he
engag'd
,
he
kill'd
one
,
and
took
a
second
.
He
was
so
much
Master
of
the
good
Will
,
and
hearty
service
of
his
Soldiers
,
that
those
who
in
other
Expeditions
were
but
ordinary
Men
,
carried
with
them
a
force
not
to
be
resisted
or
shaken
,
when
they
went
upon
any
danger
,
where
Caesar's
glory
was
concern'd
.
Such
an
one
was
Acilius
,
who
in
a
Sea-fight
before
Marseilles
had
his
Right
Hand
struck
off
with
a
Sword
,
yet
did
not
quit
his
Buckler
out
of
his
Left
,
but
gaul'd
the
Enemies
in
the
Face
with
it
,
till
he
defeated
them
,
and
made
himself
Master
of
the
Vessel
.
Such
another
was
Cassius
Scaera
,
who
in
a
Battle
near
Dyrrhachium
had
one
of
his
Eyes
pick'd
out
with
an
Arrow
,
his
Shoulder
pierc'd
with
one
Javelin
,
and
his
Thigh
with
another
,
and
having
receiv'd
130
Darts
upon
his
Target
call'd
to
the
Enemy
,
as
thô
he
would
surrender
himself
;
but
when
two
of
them
came
up
to
him
,
he
cut
off
the
Shoulder
of
one
with
a
Sword
,
and
by
a
blow
over
the
Face
forc'd
the
other
to
retire
,
whilst
with
the
Assistance
of
his
own
Party
he
made
his
escape
.
Again
in
Britain
,
when
some
of
the
chief
Officers
were
accidentally
faln
into
a
Morass
full
of
Water
,
and
there
assaulted
by
the
Enemy
,
a
common
Soldier
,
whilst
Caesar
stood
and
look'd
on
,
threw
himself
into
the
midst
of
them
,
and
after
many
and
signal
demonstrations
of
his
Valour
,
rescu'd
the
Officers
,
and
beat
off
the
Barbarians
.
At
last
he
took
the
Water
,
and
with
much
ado
,
partly
by
swimming
,
partly
by
wading
,
pass'd
it
,
but
in
the
passage
lost
his
Shield
.
Caesar
admir'd
him
,
and
went
to
meet
him
with
joy
and
acclamation
;
but
the
Soldier
very
much
dejected
,
and
in
tears
threw
himself
down
at
Caesar's
feet
,
and
beg'd
his
pardon
,
that
he
had
let
go
his
Buckler
.
Another
time
in
Afric
,
Scipio
having
taken
▪
a
Ship
of
Caesar's
,
in
which
Granius
Petronius
,
one
lately
made
Questor
was
passing
,
he
gave
the
other
Passengers
as
free
prize
to
his
Soldiers
,
but
thought
fit
to
give
the
Questor
his
Life
:
But
he
said
,
it
was
not
usual
for
Caesar's
Soldiers
to
take
,
but
give
Life
,
and
having
said
so
,
●an
upon
his
Sword
and
kill'd
himself
.
These
Principles
and
Notions
of
Honour
were
inspir'd
into
them
,
and
cherish'd
in
them
by
C●sar
himself
,
who
by
his
liberal
distribution
of
Money
and
Honours
shew'd
them
that
he
did
not
from
the
Wars
heap
up
Wealth
for
his
own
Luxury
,
or
the
gratifying
his
private
Pleasure
,
but
that
he
took
care
to
settle
a
sure
Fund
for
the
reward
and
encouragement
of
Valour
,
and
that
he
look'd
upon
himself
only
rich
in
that
,
which
he
gave
to
deserving
Soldiers
.
There
was
no
danger
to
which
he
did
not
willingly
expose
himself
;
no
labour
from
which
he
pleaded
an
exemption
.
His
contempt
of
danger
was
not
so
much
admir'd
by
his
Soldiers
,
because
they
knew
how
much
he
lov'd
Honour
:
But
his
enduring
so
much
hardship
,
which
he
did
to
all
appearance
beyond
his
Natural
Strength
,
very
much
astonish'd
them
.
For
he
was
a
spare
Man
,
had
a
soft
and
white
Skin
,
was
distemper'd
in
the
Head
,
and
subject
to
an
Epilepsie
,
which
't
is
said
first
seiz'd
him
at
Corduba
.
But
he
did
not
make
the
weakness
of
his
Constitution
a
pretext
for
his
Ease
,
but
us'd
War
as
the
best
Physick
against
his
Indispositions
,
whilst
by
unwearied
Travels
,
course
Diet
,
and
frequent
lodging
in
the
Fields
,
he
strugled
with
his
Diseases
,
and
prepar'd
his
Body
against
all
attacks
.
He
slept
generally
in
his
Chariots
or
Litters
,
and
employ'd
even
his
Rest
in
pursuit
of
Action
,
In
the
day
he
was
carried
to
Castles
,
Garisons
,
or
Fortifications
in
his
Chariot
,
one
Servant
riding
with
him
,
who
us'd
to
write
down
what
he
dictated
as
he
went
,
and
a
Soldier
attending
behind
,
with
his
Sword
drawn
.
He
drove
so
briskly
,
that
when
he
first
set
out
from
Rome
he
arriv'd
at
the
River
Rhoan
within
8
days
.
He
had
been
an
expert
Rider
from
his
Childhood
,
for
it
was
usual
with
him
to
hold
his
hands
close
behind
him
,
and
to
put
his
Horse
to
full
speed
.
But
in
the
Wars
he
had
improv'd
himself
so
far
as
to
dictate
Letters
from
on
Horseback
,
and
to
direct
himself
to
two
,
who
took
Notes
at
the
same
time
,
or
as
Oppius
saith
,
to
more
.
And
't
is
thought
that
he
was
the
▪
first
who
found
out
a
new
way
of
Conversing
with
his
Friends
by
Cyphers
,
when
either
through
multitude
of
business
,
or
the
large
extent
of
the
City
,
he
had
not
time
for
a
Personal
Conference
about
such
Incidents
as
requir'd
a
sudden
dispatch
.
How
little
nice
he
was
in
his
Diet
,
we
have
this
remarkable
Instance
.
When
Valerius
Leo
invited
him
one
night
to
Supper
,
and
Treated
him
with
a
Sparagus
,
upon
which
in
stead
of
Oyl
he
had
pour'd
a
sweet
Oyntment
,
Caesar
fed
on
it
without
any
disgust
,
and
reprimanded
his
Friends
for
finding
fault
with
it
.
For
it
was
enough
,
said
he
,
not
to
eat
,
what
you
did
not
like
;
but
he
who
reflects
on
another
Man's
want
of
breeding
,
shews
he
wants
it
as
much
himself
.
Another
time
upon
the
Road
he
was
driven
by
a
Storm
into
a
poor
Man's
Cottage
,
where
he
found
but
one
Room
,
and
that
such
as
would
afford
but
a
mean
Reception
to
a
single
Person
,
and
therefore
he
told
his
Companions
,
that
the
most
Honourable
Places
ought
to
be
given
to
the
best
Men
,
but
the
most
Necessary
Accommodations
to
the
weakest
;
and
accordingly
order'd
that
Oppius
,
who
was
infirm
,
should
lodge
within
,
whilst
he
and
the
rest
slept
under
a
Shed
at
the
Door
.
His
first
War
in
Gaul
was
against
the
Helvetians
and
Tigurines
,
who
having
burnt
12
of
their
own
Towns
,
and
400
Villages
,
would
have
march'd
forward
through
that
part
of
Gaul
,
which
was
under
the
Roman
Province
,
as
the
Cimbrians
and
Teutons
formerly
had
done
.
Nor
were
they
inferior
to
these
in
Courage
;
and
in
Numbers
they
were
equal
,
being
in
all
Three
hundred
thousand
,
of
which
One
hundred
and
ninety
thousand
were
fighting
Men.
Caesar
did
not
engage
the
Tigurines
in
Person
,
but
Latienus
,
who
was
Commission'd
by
him
,
routed
them
about
the
River
Arar
.
But
the
Helvetians
surpriz'd
Caesar
,
and
unexpectedly
set
upon
him
as
he
was
conducting
his
Army
to
a
Confederate
Town
.
However
he
manag'd
it
so
as
to
get
into
a
place
well
fortified
,
where
when
he
had
muster'd
▪
and
marshal'd
his
Men
,
his
Horse
was
brought
to
him
;
upon
which
he
said
,
When
I
have
won
the
Battel
,
I
'le
use
my
Horse
for
the
Chase
,
but
at
present
let
us
go
against
the
Enemy
:
Accordingly
he
charged
them
furiously
on
foot
.
After
a
long
and
sharp
Engagement
he
drove
the
main
Army
out
of
the
Field
,
but
found
the
toughest
work
at
their
Carriages
and
Ramparts
,
where
not
only
the
Men
stood
,
and
fought
,
but
the
Women
also
and
Children
defended
themselves
,
till
they
were
cut
to
pieces
;
insomuch
that
the
Fight
was
scarce
ended
till
midnight
.
This
Action
in
it self
very
great
,
Caesar
crown'd
with
another
more
glorious
by
gathering
in
a
Body
all
the
Barbarians
that
had
escap'd
out
of
the
Battel
,
above
100000
in
number
,
and
obliging
them
to
repair
to
the
Countrey
which
they
had
deserted
,
and
the
Cities
which
they
had
burnt
.
Which
he
did
for
fear
the
Germans
should
pass
the
Rhine
,
and
possess
themselves
of
the
Country
whilst
it
lay
uninhabited
.
His
second
War
was
in
favour
of
the
Gauls
against
the
Germans
,
thô
sometime
before
he
had
made
Ariovistus
,
their
King
,
own'd
at
Rome
as
an
Allie
.
But
they
were
very
insufferable
Neighbours
to
those
under
his
Obedience
,
and
it
was
probable
,
when
Occasion
shew'd
,
they
would
be
uneasie
under
their
present
posture
,
and
would
make
Incursions
into
Gaul
,
and
seize
it
.
But
finding
his
Commanders
timorous
,
and
especially
those
of
the
young
Nobility
and
Gentry
,
who
came
along
with
him
in
hopes
of
making
use
of
that
Expedition
to
their
Pleasure
,
or
Profit
,
he
call'd
them
together
,
and
advis'd
them
to
march
off
,
and
not
to
run
the
hazard
of
a
Battel
against
their
Inclinations
,
since
they
were
so
effeminately
,
and
cowardly
disposed
;
telling
them
withall
,
that
he
would
take
only
the
10th
Legion
,
and
march
against
the
Barbarians
,
whom
he
did
not
expect
to
find
an
Enemy
more
formidable
than
the
Cimbri
,
nor
should
they
find
him
a
General
inferior
to
Marius
.
Upon
this
the
10th
Legion
deputed
some
of
their
Body
to
pay
him
their
Compliments
of
Thanks
,
and
the
other
Legions
blam'd
their
Officers
,
and
with
great
vigor
and
zeal
follow'd
him
many
days
Journey
,
till
they
encamp'd
within
200
furlongs
of
the
Enemy
.
Ariovistus's
Courage
was
cool'd
upon
their
very
approach
;
for
not
expecting
the
Romans
should
attack
the
Germans
,
who
were
known
to
be
Men
likely
to
stand
a
Charge
,
he
admir'd
Caesar's
Conduct
,
and
saw
his
own
Army
under
a
great
Consternation
.
They
were
still
more
discourag'd
by
the
Prophesies
of
their
Holy
Women
,
who
by
observing
the
Whirl-pools
of
Rivers
,
and
taking
Omens
from
the
windings
and
noise
of
Brooks
,
foretold
strange
Events
,
and
warn'd
them
not
to
engage
before
the
next
New
Moon
appear'd
.
Caesar
having
had
intimations
of
this
,
and
seeing
the
Germans
lie
still
,
thought
it
expedient
to
attack
them
,
whilst
they
were
under
these
Apprehensions
,
rather
then
sit
still
,
and
wait
their
Time
.
Accordingly
he
made
his
approaches
to
their
Fortifications
and
Outworks
,
within
which
they
were
intrench'd
,
and
so
gall'd
,
and
fretted
them
,
that
at
last
they
came
down
with
great
fury
to
engage
.
But
he
gain'd
a
glorious
Victory
,
and
pursu'd
them
for
300
furlongs
as
far
as
the
Rhine
;
all
which
space
was
cover'd
with
Spoils
,
and
Bodies
of
the
Slain
.
Ariovistus
made
shift
to
pass
the
Rhine
with
the
small
Remains
of
an
Army
;
for
it
is
said
the
number
of
the
slain
amounted
to
80000.
After
this
Action
Caesar
left
his
Army
at
their
Winter-Quarters
in
the
Country
of
the
Sequani
,
and
in
order
to
attend
his
Affairs
at
Rome
,
went
into
that
part
of
Gaul
,
which
lies
on
the
Po
,
and
was
part
of
his
Province
,
for
the
River
Rubicon
divides
Gaul
,
which
is
on
this
side
the
Alps
from
the
rest
of
Italy
.
There
he
sat
down
,
and
gain'd
the
favour
of
the
People
,
who
made
their
Court
to
him
frequently
,
and
always
found
their
Requests
answer'd
;
for
he
never
fail'd
to
dismiss
any
without
present
pledges
of
his
favour
in
hand
,
and
farther
hopes
for
the
future
.
During
all
this
time
of
the
War
in
Gaul
,
Pompey
never
discover'd
,
how
on
one
side
Caesar
conquer'd
his
Enemies
with
the
Arms
of
Rome
,
and
on
the
other
side
gain'd
upon
the
Romans
,
and
captivated
them
with
the
Money
which
he
had
got
from
his
Enemies
.
But
when
Caesar
heard
that
the
Belgae
,
who
were
the
most
powerful
of
all
the
Gauls
,
and
inhabited
a
third
part
of
the
Country
were
revolted
,
and
that
they
had
got
together
a
great
many
thousand
Men
in
Arms
,
he
immediately
directed
his
Course
that
way
with
great
expedition
,
and
falling
upon
the
Enemy
,
as
they
were
ravaging
the
Gauls
his
Allies
,
he
soon
defeated
them
,
and
put
them
to
flight
.
For
though
their
numbers
were
great
,
yet
they
made
but
a
slender
defence
;
so
that
the
Marshes
and
deep
Rivers
were
made
passable
to
the
Roman
Foot
by
the
vast
quantity
of
dead
Bodies
.
Of
those
who
revolted
,
all
that
liv'd
near
the
Ocean
came
over
without
fighting
,
and
therefore
he
led
his
Army
against
the
Nervi
,
who
are
the
most
unciviliz'd
and
most
warlike
People
of
all
in
those
parts
.
These
live
in
a
close
,
Woody
Countrey
,
and
having
lodg'd
their
Children
,
and
their
Goods
in
a
deep
hollow
within
a
large
Forest
,
fell
upon
Caesar
with
a
Body
of
60000
Men
before
he
was
prepar'd
for
them
,
and
while
he
was
making
his
Encampment
.
They
soon
routed
his
Cavalry
,
and
having
surrounded
the
12th
and
7th
Legions
kill'd
all
the
Officers
;
and
had
not
Caesar
himself
snatch'd
up
a
Buckler
,
and
forced
his
way
through
his
own
Men
to
come
up
to
the
Barbarians
,
or
had
not
the
10th
Legion
,
when
they
saw
him
in
danger
,
ran
in
from
the
tops
of
the
Hills
,
where
they
lay
,
and
broke
through
the
Enemies
Ranks
to
rescue
him
,
in
all
probability
his
Army
had
been
entirely
cut
off
.
But
through
the
Influence
of
Caesars
Valour
,
the
Romans
in
this
Conflict
exerted
more
then
their
ordinary
Courage
;
yet
with
the
utmost
streins
of
their
Valour
,
they
were
not
able
to
beat
the
Enemy
out
of
the
Field
,
but
cut
them
off
fighting
in
their
own
defence
.
For
out
of
60000
Soldiers
not
above
500
survived
the
Battle
,
and
of
400
of
their
Senators
not
above
three
▪
When
the
Roman
Senate
had
received
News
of
this
they
voted
Sacrifices
and
Festivals
to
the
Gods
to
be
strictly
observed
for
the
space
of
15
days
,
which
is
a
longer
space
then
ever
was
observed
for
any
Victory
before
.
For
the
danger
appear'd
great
,
because
they
were
engag'd
with
so
many
States
at
once
,
and
the
favour
of
the
People
to
Caesar
made
the
Victory
more
esteem'd
because
he
was
Conqueror
.
He
was
now
retir'd
to
his
Winter-Quarters
by
the
Po
,
where
after
he
had
setled
the
Affairs
of
Gaul
,
he
resided
in
order
to
the
forming
his
designs
at
Rome
.
All
who
were
Candidates
for
Offices
us'd
his
Assistance
,
and
were
supplied
with
Money
from
him
to
corrupt
the
People
,
and
buy
their
Votes
,
in
return
of
which
,
when
they
were
chose
,
they
did
all
things
to
advance
his
Power
.
But
what
was
more
considerable
,
the
most
eminent
and
powerful
Men
in
Rome
in
great
Numbers
made
their
Court
to
him
at
Lucca
,
as
,
Pompey
and
Crassus
,
and
Appius
the
Praetor
of
Sardinia
,
and
Nepos
the
Proconsul
of
Spain
;
so
that
there
were
upon
the
place
at
one
time
120
Lictors
,
and
more
then
200
Senators
,
who
held
a
Council
,
and
then
parted
.
There
it
was
decreed
,
that
Pompey
and
Crassus
should
be
Consuls
again
for
the
following
year
;
that
Caesar
should
have
a
fresh
supply
of
Money
,
and
that
his
Command
should
be
renew'd
to
him
for
5
years
more
.
It
seem'd
very
extravagant
to
all
thinking
Men
,
that
those
very
Persons
who
had
receiv'd
so
much
Money
from
Caesar
,
should
persuade
the
Senate
to
grant
him
more
as
if
he
wanted
,
though
indeed
they
did
not
so
much
persuade
as
compel
the
Senate
,
who
at
the
same
time
regretted
what
they
were
forc'd
to
pass
.
Cato
was
not
present
,
for
they
had
sent
him
aside
very
seasonably
into
Cyprus
;
but
Favonius
,
who
was
a
zealous
imitator
of
Cato
,
when
he
found
he
could
do
no
good
by
opposing
it
,
broke
out
of
the
House
,
and
loudly
declaim'd
against
these
Proceedings
to
the
People
.
But
none
gave
him
hearing
;
some
slighting
him
out
of
respect
to
Crassus
and
Pompey
,
others
,
to
gratifie
Caesar
,
on
whom
depended
all
their
hopes
.
After
this
Caesar
return'd
again
to
his
Forces
in
Gaul
,
where
he
found
that
Country
involv'd
in
a
dangerous
War
,
two
strong
People
of
the
Germans
having
lately
past
the
Rhine
,
and
made
Inroads
into
it
;
One
of
them
call'd
Ipes
,
the
other
Tenterides
.
Of
the
War
with
this
People
,
Caesar
himself
has
given
this
Account
in
his
Commentaries
;
That
the
Barbarians
having
sent
Ambassadors
to
treat
with
him
,
did
during
the
Treaty
set
upon
him
in
his
march
,
by
which
means
with
800
Men
they
routed
5000
of
his
Horse
,
who
did
not
suspect
their
coming
;
that
afterwards
they
sent
other
Ambassadors
to
pursue
the
same
fraudulent
practices
,
whom
he
kept
in
Custody
,
and
led
on
his
Army
against
the
Barbarians
,
as
judging
it
would
betray
too
much
Easiness
,
if
he
should
keep
Faith
with
those
who
broke
their
Promises
,
and
could
not
be
oblig'd
by
any
League
.
Canusius
saith
,
that
when
the
Senate
decreed
Festivals
,
and
Sacrifices
for
this
Victory
,
Cato
declar'd
it
to
be
his
Opinion
that
Caesar
ought
to
be
given
into
the
hands
of
the
Barbarians
,
that
so
the
guilt
which
this
breach
of
Faith
might
otherwise
bring
upon
the
Publick
,
might
be
expiated
by
transferring
the
Curse
on
him
,
who
was
the
Occasion
of
it
.
Of
those
which
past
the
Rhine
there
were
400000
cut
off
;
those
few
which
escaped
were
shelter'd
by
the
Sicambri
,
a
People
of
Germany
.
Caesar
took
hold
of
this
pretence
to
invade
the
Germans
,
being
otherwise
ambitious
of
glory
,
and
especially
of
the
Honour
of
being
the
first
Man
that
should
pass
the
Rhine
with
an
Army
.
He
presently
laid
a
Bridge
over
it
,
though
it
was
very
wide
,
and
in
that
place
deeper
than
ordinary
,
and
at
the
same
time
very
rough
and
fierce
,
carrying
down
with
its
Stream
Trunks
of
Trees
,
and
other
Lumber
,
which
much
shock'd
and
weaken'd
the
foundations
of
his
Bridge
.
But
he
drove
great
Planks
of
Wood
into
the
bottom
of
the
River
above
the
Bridge
,
both
to
resist
the
impression
of
such
Bodies
,
and
to
break
the
force
of
the
Torrent
,
and
by
this
means
he
finish'd
his
Bridge
,
which
no
one
who
saw
could
believe
it
to
be
the
Work
of
but
10
days
.
In
the
passage
of
his
Army
over
it
,
he
met
with
no
opposition
,
the
Suevi
themselves
,
who
are
the
most
Warlike
People
of
all
Germany
,
flying
with
their
Effects
into
the
closest
and
most
woody
part
of
the
Vales.
When
he
had
burnt
all
the
Enemies
Countrey
,
and
encourag'd
those
who
had
remain'd
firm
to
the
Roman
Interest
,
he
went
back
into
Gaul
after
18
days
stay
in
Germany
.
But
his
Expedition
into
Britain
gave
the
most
signal
Testimony
of
his
Courage
,
for
he
was
the
first
who
brought
a
Navy
into
the
Western
Ocean
,
or
who
sail'd
through
the
Atlantick
with
an
Army
to
make
War
;
and
though
the
Island
is
of
so
incredible
an
extent
,
that
it
has
given
room
to
Historians
to
dispute
,
whether
such
an
Island
really
be
in
Nature
,
or
whether
't
is
a
bare
Name
and
Fiction
,
yet
he
attempted
to
conquer
it
,
and
to
carry
the
Roman
Empire
beyond
the
Limits
of
the
known
World
.
He
past
thither
twice
from
that
part
of
Gaul
,
which
lies
over-against
it
,
and
in
several
Battles
which
he
fought
,
did
more
disservice
to
the
Enemy
,
than
service
to
himself
;
for
the
Islanders
were
so
miserably
poor
,
that
they
had
nothing
worth
being
plundred
of
.
When
he
found
himself
unable
to
put
such
an
end
to
the
War
as
he
wish'd
,
he
was
content
to
take
Hostages
from
the
King
,
and
to
impose
some
Taxes
,
and
then
quitted
the
Island
.
At
his
arrival
in
Gaul
he
found
Letters
which
lay
ready
to
be
convey'd
over
the
Water
to
him
,
from
his
Friends
at
Rome
to
give
him
Notice
of
his
Daughters
death
,
who
died
in
Labour
of
a
Child
by
Pompey
.
Caesar
and
Pompey
were
much
afflicted
with
her
Death
,
nor
were
their
Friends
less
disturb'd
▪
because
that
Alliance
was
now
quite
broke
,
which
had
hitherto
kept
the
Commonwealth
in
Peace
and
Amity
;
for
the
Child
also
died
within
a
few
days
after
the
Mother
.
The
People
took
the
Body
of
Julia
by
force
from
the
Tribunes
,
and
buried
it
in
the
Campus
Martius
with
all
Solemnities
proper
on
that
Occasion
.
Caesar's
Army
was
now
grown
very
numerous
,
so
that
he
was
forc'd
to
disperse
them
into
several
Winter-Quarters
,
and
being
gone
himself
towards
Rome
,
as
he
us'd
to
do
,
there
was
a
sudden
Rupture
in
Gaul
,
and
great
Armies
were
on
their
march
about
the
Country
,
who
beat
up
the
Romans
Quarters
,
and
attempted
to
make
themselves
Masters
of
the
Forts
,
where
they
lay
.
The
greatest
and
strongest
Party
of
the
Rebels
under
the
Command
of
Ambiorix
cut
off
Cotta
,
and
Titurius
,
with
their
Army
.
After
that
the
Enemies
invested
a
Town
,
(
where
Cicero
lay
with
his
Legion
)
with
an
Army
of
60000
▪
Men
,
and
had
almost
taken
it
by
Storm
,
the
Roman
Souldiers
in
it
being
all
wounded
,
and
having
quite
spent
themselves
by
a
brisk
and
vigorous
defence
beyond
their
Natural
strength
:
But
Caesar
,
who
was
at
a
great
distance
,
having
receiv'd
notice
of
this
,
quickly
got
together
7000
Men
,
and
hasten'd
to
relieve
Cicero
.
The
Besiegers
were
aware
of
it
,
and
went
to
meet
him
,
with
great
confidence
that
they
should
with
ease
devour
such
an
handful
of
Men.
Caesar
to
nourish
their
presumption
seem'd
to
avoid
fighting
,
and
still
march'd
off
till
he
found
a
place
conveniently
situate
for
a
few
to
engage
against
many
,
where
he
encamp'd
.
He
kept
his
Souldiers
from
making
any
Incursion
on
the
Enemy
,
and
commanded
them
to
raise
a
Bulwark
,
and
to
build
strong
Barricadoes
,
that
by
shew
of
fear
,
they
might
heighten
the
Enemies
contempt
of
them
;
till
at
last
they
came
without
any
order
in
great
security
to
make
an
Attack
,
when
he
made
a
Sally
,
and
put
them
to
flight
with
the
loss
of
many
Men.
This
quieted
many
Commotions
in
these
parts
of
Gaul
,
and
Caesar
made
his
progress
through
several
parts
of
the
Country
,
and
with
great
vigilance
provided
against
all
Innovations
.
At
that
time
there
were
3
Legions
come
to
him
by
way
of
Recruits
for
the
Men
he
had
lost
;
of
which
Pompey
furnish'd
him
with
two
out
of
those
under
his
Command
;
the
other
was
newly
rais'd
in
that
part
of
Gaul
which
is
by
the
Po.
After
this
the
Seeds
of
War
,
which
had
long
since
been
secretly
sown
and
scatter'd
by
the
most
powerful
Men
in
those
Warlike
Nations
,
broke
forth
,
and
ripen'd
into
the
greatest
and
most
dangerous
War
that
ever
was
in
those
parts
,
both
for
the
number
of
Men
in
the
vigor
of
their
Youth
,
and
quantity
of
Arms
,
which
were
gather'd
from
all
parts
,
and
the
vast
Funds
of
Money
laid
up
for
this
purpose
,
and
the
strength
of
Towns
,
and
situation
of
places
by
which
they
were
inaccessible
.
It
being
Winter
,
the
Rivers
were
frozen
,
the
Woods
cover'd
with
Snow
,
and
the
Fields
overflow'd
;
so
that
in
some
places
the
Ways
were
lost
through
the
depth
of
the
Snow
;
in
others
,
the
overflowing
of
Bogs
and
Brooks
made
the
passage
very
dangerous
:
All
which
difficulties
made
it
seem
impracticable
to
Caesar
to
make
any
attempt
upon
the
Rebels
.
Many
States
had
revolted
together
;
the
chief
of
them
were
the
Arverni
,
and
Carnutes
;
the
General
who
had
the
Supream
Command
in
War
was
Vercingetorix
,
whose
Father
the
Gauls
had
put
to
death
on
suspicion
he
affected
absolute
Government
.
He
having
dispos'd
his
Army
in
several
Bodies
,
and
set
Officers
over
them
,
drew
over
to
him
all
the
Country
round
about
as
far
as
those
that
lie
upon
Arar
,
and
having
Intelligence
of
the
Opposition
which
Caesar's
Affairs
now
found
at
Rome
,
thought
to
engage
all
Gaul
in
the
War
.
Which
if
he
had
done
a
little
later
,
when
Caesar
was
taken
up
with
the
Civil
Wars
,
Italy
had
been
put
into
as
great
fears
,
as
before
it
was
by
the
Cimbri
.
But
at
this
time
Caesar
who
was
of
a
Genius
naturally
fitted
to
make
a
right
use
of
all
advantages
in
War
,
as
soon
as
he
heard
of
the
Revolt
,
return'd
immediately
the
same
way
he
went
,
and
shew'd
the
Barbarians
,
by
the
quickness
of
his
march
in
such
a
tempestuous
season
,
that
the
Army
which
was
advancing
against
them
was
invincible
.
For
in
time
that
one
would
have
thought
it
scarce
credible
that
a
Courier
,
or
Express
should
have
come
so
far
,
he
appear'd
with
all
his
Army
;
in
his
march
he
ravaged
the
Country
,
demolish'd
the
Forts
,
and
receiv'd
into
his
protection
those
who
declar'd
for
him
;
till
at
last
the
Hedui
oppos'd
him
,
who
before
had
styl'd
themselves
Brethren
to
the
Romans
,
and
had
been
much
honour'd
by
them
,
but
now
joyn'd
the
Rebels
to
the
great
discouragement
of
Caesar's
Army
.
Wherefore
he
remov'd
thence
,
and
past
the
Country
of
the
Lingones
,
desiring
to
touch
upon
the
Territories
of
the
Sequani
,
who
were
his
Allies
,
and
are
situate
next
to
Italy
upon
the
Confines
of
Gaul
.
There
the
Enemy
came
upon
him
,
and
surrounded
him
with
many
Myriads
,
whom
he
was
eager
enough
to
engage
;
and
had
the
advantage
of
them
upon
all
accounts
,
and
at
last
through
the
length
of
time
and
terrour
of
his
Name
,
quite
defeated
them
.
But
he
seems
to
have
made
some
false
steps
at
first
,
and
the
Arverni
shew
you
a
Sword
hanging
up
in
a
Temple
,
which
they
say
was
taken
from
Caesar
.
This
Caesar
saw
afterwards
,
and
smil'd
at
it
,
and
when
his
Friends
advis'd
it
should
be
taken
down
,
would
not
permit
it
,
because
he
look'd
upon
it
as
consecrated
.
After
the
defeat
a
great
part
of
those
who
had
escap'd
,
fled
with
their
King
into
a
Town
call'd
Alexia
,
which
Caesar
besieged
,
though
for
the
heighth
of
the
Walls
,
and
number
of
those
who
were
in
Garison
,
it
seem'd
impregnable
.
During
the
Siege
he
met
with
greater
danger
without
the
Town
,
then
can
be
exprest
.
For
the
choice
Men
of
Gaul
,
pick'd
out
of
each
Nation
,
and
well
Arm'd
,
came
to
relieve
Alexia
,
to
the
number
of
Three
hundred
thousand
;
nor
were
there
in
the
Town
less
than
170
thousand
:
So
that
Caesar
being
shut
up
betwixt
two
such
Armies
,
was
forc'd
to
raise
two
Walls
,
one
towards
the
Town
,
the
other
against
the
new
Supplies
,
as
knowing
if
these
Forces
should
join
,
his
Affairs
would
be
intirely
ruin'd
.
The
danger
that
he
underwent
before
Alexia
did
justly
gain
him
great
Honour
,
and
gave
him
an
opportunity
of
shewing
greater
Instances
of
his
Valour
and
Conduct
,
than
any
other
Battle
ever
did
.
One
would
wonder
very
much
how
he
should
engage
and
defeat
so
many
thousands
of
Men
without
the
Town
,
and
not
be
perceiv'd
by
those
within
:
but
much
more
,
that
the
Romans
themselves
who
guarded
their
Wall
which
was
next
the
Town
should
be
Strangers
to
it
.
For
even
they
knew
nothing
of
the
Victory
till
they
heard
the
cries
of
the
Men
,
and
lamentations
of
the
Women
,
who
were
in
the
Town
,
and
had
from
thence
seen
the
Romans
at
a
distance
carrying
into
their
Camp
a
great
quantity
of
Bucklers
adorn'd
with
Gold
and
Silver
,
many
Breast-plates
stain'd
with
Blood
,
besides
Cups
and
Tents
made
after
the
Gallic
mode
.
So
soon
was
so
vast
an
Army
dissipated
,
and
vanish'd
like
a
Ghost
or
Dream
,
the
greatest
part
of
them
being
kill'd
upon
the
spot
.
Those
which
were
in
Alexia
having
given
themselves
and
Caesar
much
trouble
surrendred
at
last
;
and
Vercingetorix
,
who
was
the
chief
Spring
of
all
the
War
,
with
his
best
Armour
on
,
and
well
mounted
,
rode
out
of
the
Gates
,
and
took
a
Turn
about
Caesar
as
he
was
sitting
;
then
quitted
his
Horse
,
threw
off
his
Armour
,
and
laid
himself
quietly
at
Caesar's
feet
,
who
committed
him
to
Custody
to
be
reserv'd
for
a
Triumph
.
Caesar
had
long
since
design'd
to
ruine
Pompey
,
and
Pompey
,
him
;
for
Crassus
,
who
had
hitherto
kept
them
in
Peace
,
being
slain
in
Parthia
,
the
one
wanted
nothing
to
make
himself
the
greatest
Man
in
Rome
,
but
the
fall
of
him
,
who
was
so
;
Nor
had
the
other
any
way
to
prevent
his
own
ruine
,
but
by
being
before-hand
with
him
whom
he
fear'd
.
But
Pompey
had
not
been
long
under
such
apprehensions
,
having
till
that
time
despis'd
Caesar
,
as
thinking
it
no
difficult
matter
to
crush
him
whom
he
himself
had
advanc'd
.
But
Caesar
had
entertain'd
this
design
from
the
beginning
against
his
Rivals
,
and
had
retir'd
like
an
expert
Wrestler
,
to
prepare
himself
for
the
Combat
;
He
had
improv'd
the
strength
of
his
Souldiery
by
exercising
e'm
in
the
Gallic
Wars
,
and
had
heighten'd
his
own
glory
by
his
great
Actions
,
so
that
he
was
look'd
on
,
as
one
that
vied
with
Pompey
.
Nor
did
he
let
go
any
of
those
advantages
,
which
were
now
given
him
both
by
Pompey
himself
,
and
the
times
,
and
the
ill
Government
of
Rome
,
whereby
all
who
were
Candidates
for
Offices
publickly
gave
Money
,
and
without
any
shame
brib'd
the
Pople
,
who
having
receiv'd
their
pay
did
not
contend
for
their
Benefactors
with
their
bare
Suffrages
,
but
with
Bows
,
Swords
,
and
Slings
;
so
that
they
seldom
parted
without
having
stain'd
the
place
of
Election
with
the
Blood
of
Men
kill'd
upon
the
spot
;
by
which
the
City
was
brought
to
confusion
like
a
Ship
without
a
Pilot
;
so
that
the
Wiser
part
wish'd
things
which
were
carried
on
with
so
much
Tumult
and
fury
might
end
no
worse
then
in
a
Monarchy
.
Some
were
so
bold
as
to
declare
openly
,
that
the
Government
was
incurable
but
by
a
Monarchy
,
and
that
they
ought
to
take
that
Remedy
from
the
Hands
of
the
gentlest
Physician
,
meaning
Pompey
,
who
though
in
words
he
pretended
to
decline
it
,
yet
in
reality
he
made
his
utmost
Efforts
to
be
declar'd
Dictator
.
Cato
perceiving
his
design
prevail'd
with
the
Senate
to
make
him
sole
Consul
,
that
he
might
not
aim
at
the
Dictatorship
,
being
taken
off
with
the
offer
of
a
more
legal
sort
of
Monarchy
.
They
over
and
above
voted
him
the
continuance
of
his
Provinces
;
for
he
had
two
,
Spain
,
and
all
Afric
,
which
he
govern'd
by
his
Deputies
,
and
maintain'd
Armies
under
him
at
the
yearly
charge
of
10000
Talents
out
of
the
publick
Treasury
.
Upon
this
Caesar
also
by
his
Proxies
demanded
the
Consulate
,
and
the
continuance
of
his
Provinces
.
Pompey
at
first
did
not
stir
in
it
,
but
Marcellus
and
Lentulus
oppos'd
it
,
who
had
always
hated
Caesar
,
and
now
did
every
thing
,
whether
fit
or
unfit
,
which
●●●ht
disgrace
,
and
expose
him
.
For
they
took
away
the
freedom
of
Rome
from
the
Neocomians
,
who
were
a
Colony
that
Caesar
had
lately
planted
in
Gaul
,
and
Marcellus
,
who
was
then
Consul
,
order'd
one
of
the
Senators
of
that
City
,
then
at
Rome
,
to
be
whipt
,
and
told
him
he
laid
that
mark
upon
him
to
signifie
he
was
no
Citizen
of
Rome
,
bidding
him
,
when
he
went
back
again
,
to
shew
it
Caesar
.
After
Marcellus's
Consulate
,
Caesar
presented
largely
all
the
great
Statesmen
out
of
the
Riches
he
had
taken
from
the
Gauls
;
discharg'd
Curio
the
Tribune
from
his
great
Debts
;
gave
Paulus
,
then
Consul
,
1500
Talents
,
with
which
he
built
a
noble
Palace
joining
to
the
Forum
,
in
the
place
where
that
of
Fulvius
had
stood
.
Pompey
jealous
of
these
Preparations
,
did
now
openly
practise
both
by
himself
and
his
Friends
,
to
have
a
Successor
declar'd
to
Caesar
,
and
sent
to
redemand
those
Souldiers
whom
he
had
lent
him
to
carry
on
the
Wars
in
Gaul
.
Caesar
return'd
them
,
and
gave
each
Souldier
250
Drachms
.
Those
who
conducted
them
to
Pompey
spread
amongst
the
People
no
very
favourable
report
of
Caesar
,
and
flatter'd
Pompey
himself
with
false
suggestions
that
he
was
wish'd
for
by
Caesar's
Army
,
and
though
his
Affairs
here
were
in
an
ill
posture
thrô
the
envy
of
some
,
and
the
ill
state
of
the
Government
,
yet
there
the
Army
was
at
his
Command
,
and
if
they
might
pass
into
Italy
,
would
presently
declare
for
him
;
so
uneasie
were
they
under
Caesar
,
who
had
engag'd
them
in
so
many
Expeditions
,
and
so
suspicious
of
him
as
aspiring
to
the
Monarchy
.
Upon
this
Pompey
grew
careless
,
and
neglected
all
Warlike
Preparations
as
fearing
no
danger
,
but
attack'd
him
with
Words
only
and
Speeches
thinking
to
conquer
by
a
Majority
of
Votes
,
which
Caesar
slighted
.
For
't
is
said
,
that
one
of
his
Captains
,
who
was
sent
by
him
to
Rome
,
standing
before
the
Senate-house
one
day
,
and
being
told
that
the
Senate
would
not
give
Caesar
a
longer
time
in
his
Government
,
clapt
his
Hand
on
the
Hilt
of
his
Sword
,
and
said
,
But
this
shall
.
Yet
the
demands
which
Caesar
made
had
the
fairest
colours
of
Equity
imaginable
;
for
he
proposed
to
lay
down
his
Arms
,
and
that
Pompey
should
do
the
same
,
and
both
together
should
become
private
Men
,
and
each
expect
a
Reward
of
his
Services
from
the
Publick
;
for
that
those
who
went
to
disarm
him
,
and
at
the
same
time
confirm'd
Pompey's
Power
,
only
supprest
the
one
,
to
establish
the
other
in
his
Tyranny
.
When
Curio
made
these
Proposals
to
the
People
in
Caesar's
Name
,
he
was
mightily
applauded
,
and
some
threw
Garlands
towards
him
,
and
dismist
him
as
they
do
Wrestlers
,
crown'd
with
Flowers
.
Antony
being
Tribune
,
produced
a
Letter
sent
from
Caesar
on
this
Occasion
,
and
read
it
,
though
the
Consuls
did
what
they
could
to
oppose
it
.
But
Scipio
,
Pompey's
Father-in-Law
,
propos'd
in
the
Senate
,
that
if
Caesar
did
not
lay
down
his
Arms
within
such
a
time
,
he
should
be
voted
an
Enemy
;
and
the
Consuls
putting
it
to
the
Question
,
whether
Pompey
should
dismiss
his
Soldiers
;
and
again
,
whether
Caesar
should
disband
his
,
very
few
assented
to
the
first
,
but
almost
all
to
the
latter
.
But
Antony
proposing
again
that
both
should
lay
down
their
Commissions
,
all
unanimously
agreed
to
it
.
Scipio
was
upon
this
very
violent
,
and
Lentulus
the
Consul
cried
aloud
,
that
they
had
need
of
Arms
,
and
not
of
Suffrages
against
a
Robber
;
so
that
they
were
adjourn'd
,
and
chang'd
their
Robes
in
token
of
grief
for
the
Dissention
.
Afterwards
there
came
other
Letters
from
Caesar
,
which
seem'd
yet
more
moderate
;
for
he
proposed
to
quit
every
thing
else
,
and
only
to
have
Gallia
Cisalpina
,
Illyricum
,
and
two
Legions
,
till
he
should
stand
a
second
time
for
Consul
.
Cicero
the
Orator
,
who
was
lately
return'd
from
Cilicia
,
endeavour'd
to
reconcile
differences
,
and
soften'd
Pompey
,
who
was
willing
to
comply
in
other
things
,
but
not
to
allow
him
the
Soldiers
.
At
last
Cicero
prevail'd
with
Caesar's
Friends
,
who
were
now
more
flexible
to
accept
of
the
Provinces
,
and
6000
Soldiers
only
,
and
so
to
make
up
the
Quarrel
.
Pompey
gave
way
to
this
,
but
Lentulus
the
Consul
would
not
hearken
to
it
,
but
drove
Antony
and
Curio
out
of
the
House
with
disgrace
;
by
which
they
afforded
Caesar
the
handsomest
pretence
that
could
be
to
enflame
the
Soldiers
,
by
shewing
them
two
Persons
of
such
Worth
and
Authority
who
were
forc'd
to
escape
in
a
common
Hackney-Coach
,
in
the
Habits
of
Slaves
;
for
so
they
were
glad
to
disguise
themselves
,
when
they
fled
out
of
Rome
.
Now
there
were
not
about
him
at
that
time
above
300
Horse
,
and
5000
Foot
,
for
the
rest
of
his
Army
,
which
was
left
behind
the
Alps
,
was
to
be
brought
after
him
by
Persons
Commission'd
for
that
purpose
.
But
he
thought
the
first
Motion
towards
the
design
which
he
had
then
on
foot
did
not
require
many
Forces
at
present
,
and
that
he
ought
to
make
his
first
step
so
suddenly
,
as
to
surprize
the
adverse
Party
into
an
admiration
of
his
Courage
;
for
he
esteem'd
it
easier
to
astonish
them
,
if
he
came
unawares
,
then
fairly
to
conquer
them
,
if
he
had
alarm'd
them
by
his
Preparations
;
and
therefore
he
commanded
his
Captains
,
and
other
Officers
,
to
go
only
with
their
Swords
in
their
Hands
without
any
other
Arms
,
and
make
themselves
Masters
of
Ariminum
,
a
great
City
of
Gaul
,
with
as
little
Noise
and
Bloodshed
as
possible
.
He
committed
the
Care
of
the
Army
to
Hortensius
,
and
spent
the
day
in
publick
,
as
a
Stander
by
,
and
Spectator
of
the
Gladiators
,
who
exercis'd
before
him
.
A
little
before
night
he
bath'd
,
and
then
went
into
the
Hall
,
and
converst
for
some
time
with
those
he
had
invited
to
Supper
,
till
it
began
to
grow
dusky
▪
when
he
rose
from
Table
,
and
having
complimented
the
Company
,
and
desir'd
'em
to
stay
till
he
came
back
,
gave
private
Orders
to
some
of
his
Confidents
that
they
should
follow
him
▪
not
all
the
same
way
;
but
some
one
way
,
some
another
.
He
himself
got
into
an
Hackney
Coach
,
and
drove
at
first
another
way
,
but
presently
turn'd
towards
Ariminum
.
When
he
came
to
the
River
Rubicon
▪
which
parts
Gaul
that
is
within
the
Alps
from
the
rest
of
Italy
,
his
thoughts
began
to
work
,
now
he
was
just
entring
upon
danger
,
and
he
waver'd
much
in
his
mind
,
when
he
consider'd
coolly
the
difficulty
of
the
attempt
.
This
stopt
his
career
for
a
while
,
and
made
him
halt
,
while
he
revolv'd
with
himself
,
and
often
chang'd
his
Opinion
one
way
;
and
the
other
,
without
speaking
a
word
.
When
he
could
not
fix
his
Resolution
,
he
discust
the
matter
very
particularly
with
his
Friends
which
were
about
him
(
of
which
number
Asinius
Pollio
was
one
)
computing
how
many
Calamities
his
passing
that
River
would
bring
upon
Mankind
,
and
what
a
Relation
of
it
would
be
transmitted
to
Posterity
.
At
last
carried
on
by
an
extraordinary
Impulse
he
lost
of
reasoning
,
and
trusted
to
the
event
,
using
the
Proverb
frequent
in
their
Mouths
who
enter
upon
dangerous
and
bold
attempts
,
The
die
is
cast
;
with
which
words
he
took
the
River
.
When
he
was
over
,
he
us'd
all
expedition
possible
,
and
before
it
was
day
reach'd
Ariminum
,
and
took
it
.
'T
is
said
,
that
the
night
before
he
past
the
River
,
he
had
an
impious
dream
that
he
was
unnaturally
familiar
with
his
own
Mother
.
As
soon
as
Ariminum
was
taken
,
there
was
as
it
were
a
wide
Gate
open'd
to
a
War
by
Sea
,
as
well
as
Land
;
and
with
the
limits
of
the
Provinces
,
the
boundaries
of
the
Laws
were
transgrest
▪
Nor
would
one
have
thought
that
the
Inhabitants
only
,
as
at
other
times
,
fled
from
one
place
to
another
in
great
consternation
,
but
that
the
very
Towns
themselves
left
their
stations
,
and
fled
for
succor
into
each
other
;
so
that
the
City
of
Rome
was
over
run
as
it
were
with
a
Doluge
by
the
conflux
of
neighbouring
People
from
all
parts
round
about
,
and
was
neither
easie
under
the
Government
of
its
Magistrates
,
nor
to
be
quieted
by
the
Eloquence
of
any
Orator
in
this
great
hurry
and
confusion
,
but
was
in
danger
of
sinking
by
its
own
weight
.
For
contrary
passions
,
and
violent
motions
possest
all
places
;
nor
were
those
who
were
interested
in
these
Changes
wholly
at
peace
,
but
frequently
meeting
,
as
in
so
great
a
City
they
needs
must
,
with
such
as
shew'd
themselves
fearful
and
dejected
,
brought
quarrels
on
themselves
by
their
great
confidence
and
presumption
.
Pompey
sufficiently
of
himself
disturb'd
,
was
yet
more
perplex'd
by
the
clamors
of
others
;
some
telling
him
that
he
justly
suffer'd
for
having
arm'd
Caesar
against
himself
,
and
the
Government
;
others
blaming
him
for
permitting
Caesar
to
be
insolently
us'd
by
Lentulus
,
when
he
made
so
large
Concessions
,
and
offer'd
such
reasonable
Proposals
towards
an
Accommodation
.
Favonius
bad
him
now
stamp
upon
the
Ground
;
for
once
talking
big
in
the
Senate
he
desir'd
them
not
to
trouble
themselves
about
making
any
preparations
for
the
War
;
for
that
he
himself
with
one
stamp
of
his
Foot
would
fill
all
Italy
with
Soldiers
.
Yet
still
Pompey
had
more
Forces
then
Caesar
,
but
he
was
not
permitted
to
pursue
his
own
thoughts
,
but
being
continually
alarm'd
with
frightful
and
false
reports
,
as
if
the
Enemy
was
just
upon
him
,
and
Master
of
all
,
was
forc'd
to
give
way
,
and
was
born
down
by
the
common
cry
.
In
this
distraction
,
it
is
resolved
to
leave
the
City
,
and
the
Senators
are
commanded
to
follow
him
,
with
an
Order
,
that
no
one
should
stay
behind
who
did
not
prefer
Tyranny
to
their
Countrey
,
and
Liberty
.
The
Consuls
presently
fled
without
making
the
usual
Sacrifices
;
the
same
did
most
of
the
Senators
,
carrying
off
their
own
Goods
in
as
much
hast
as
if
they
had
been
robbing
their
Neighbours
.
Some
,
who
had
formerly
much
favour'd
Caesar's
Cause
,
out
of
fear
quitted
their
own
Sentiments
,
and
without
any
prospect
of
good
to
themselves
,
were
carried
along
by
the
common
stream
.
It
was
a
very
melancholy
view
to
see
the
City
tost
in
these
Tumults
like
a
Ship
whose
Pilot
has
given
her
over
,
and
despairs
of
hindring
her
from
being
struck
on
the
next
Rock
.
Those
,
who
left
the
City
,
though
their
departure
was
on
so
sad
an
occasion
,
yet
esteem'd
the
place
of
their
Exile
to
be
their
Countrey
for
Pompey's
sake
,
and
fled
from
Rome
,
as
if
it
had
been
Caesar's
Camp
.
At
the
same
time
Labienus
,
a
Person
who
had
been
one
of
Caesar's
best
Friends
,
and
his
Lieutenant
,
and
one
who
had
fought
by
him
very
vigorously
in
the
Gallic
Wars
,
deserted
him
,
and
went
over
to
Pompey
.
Caesar
sent
all
his
Money
,
and
Equipage
after
him
,
and
then
sat
down
before
Corfinium
,
which
was
Garison'd
with
30
Soldiers
under
the
command
of
Domitius
.
He
in
despair
order'd
a
Physician
who
attended
him
to
give
him
Poison
,
and
taking
the
Dose
drunk
it
in
hopes
of
being
dispatch'd
by
it
,
but
soon
after
when
he
was
told
that
Caesar
us'd
a
wonderful
Clemency
towards
those
he
took
Prisoners
,
lamented
his
misfortune
,
and
blam'd
the
hastiness
of
his
own
Resolution
.
His
Physician
comforted
him
,
when
he
acquainted
him
that
he
had
took
a
sleeping
,
not
a
mortal
Poison
;
with
this
he
was
very
much
pleased
,
and
rising
from
his
Bed
,
went
presently
over
to
Caesar
,
and
kist
his
Hand
,
but
afterwards
revolted
to
Pompey
.
The
report
of
these
things
at
Rome
sweetned
those
who
were
there
,
and
some
who
had
fled
thence
,
return'd
.
Caesar
took
into
his
Army
Domitius's
Soldiers
,
as
he
did
all
those
,
whom
he
found
in
any
Town
listed
for
Pompey's
Service
.
Being
now
strong
and
formidable
enough
,
he
advanc'd
against
Pompey
himself
,
who
did
not
stay
to
receive
him
,
but
fled
to
Brundusium
,
having
sent
the
Consuls
before
with
the
Army
to
Dyrrachium
.
Soon
after
upon
Caesar's
approach
he
set
to
Sea
,
as
shall
be
more
particularly
related
in
his
Life
.
Caesar
would
have
immediately
pursu'd
him
,
but
wanted
Shipping
,
and
therefore
went
back
to
Rome
,
having
made
himself
Master
of
all
Italy
in
the
space
of
60
days
.
When
he
came
thither
he
found
the
City
more
quiet
then
he
expected
,
and
many
Senators
upon
the
place
,
to
whom
he
addrest
himself
with
great
courtesie
and
deference
,
desiring
them
to
send
to
Pompey
about
any
reasonable
Accommodations
towards
a
Peace
.
But
no
body
complied
with
this
Proposal
,
whether
out
of
fear
of
Pompey
,
whom
they
had
deserted
,
or
that
they
thought
Caesar
did
not
mean
what
he
said
,
but
thought
it
his
interest
to
talk
plausibly
.
Afterwards
,
when
Metellus
the
Tribune
would
have
hinder'd
him
from
taking
Money
out
of
the
publick
Treasury
,
and
produc'd
some
Laws
against
it
,
Caesar
replied
,
That
Arms
and
Laws
did
not
well
agree
,
and
if
you
are
displeas'd
with
what
I
do
,
at
present
,
Sir
,
retreat
quietly
,
for
War
doth
not
admit
long
Speeches
:
When
I
have
laid
down
my
Arms
,
and
entred
into
Terms
of
Peace
,
then
come
,
and
Harangue
as
you
please
:
and
this
I
tell
you
in
diminution
of
my
own
just
Right
,
for
indeed
you
are
my
Subject
,
as
are
all
those
who
have
appear'd
against
me
,
and
are
now
in
my
power
.
Having
said
this
to
Metellus
,
he
went
to
the
Doors
of
the
Treasury
,
and
the
Keys
being
not
to
be
found
,
sent
for
Smiths
to
force
them
open
.
Metellus
again
making
resistance
,
and
some
encouraging
him
in
it
,
Caesar
threatned
to
kill
him
,
if
he
gave
him
any
farther
disturbance
;
And
this
,
saith
he
,
you
know
,
young
Man
,
is
harder
for
me
to
say
,
then
to
do
.
These
words
made
Metellus
withdraw
for
fear
,
and
at
the
same
time
gave
way
to
Caesar's
being
easily
and
readily
supplied
with
all
things
necessary
for
the
War
.
He
was
now
going
to
make
War
in
Spain
,
with
a
Resolution
first
,
to
remove
Afranius
and
Varro
,
Pompey's
Lieutenants
,
and
to
make
himself
Master
of
the
Army
and
Provinces
under
them
,
that
he
might
more
securely
advance
against
Pompey
,
when
he
had
no
Enemy
left
behind
him
.
In
this
Expedition
his
Person
was
often
in
danger
from
Ambuscades
,
and
his
Army
by
want
of
Provisions
,
yet
he
did
not
desist
from
pursuing
the
Enemy
,
provoking
them
to
fight
,
and
besieging
them
,
till
by
main
force
he
made
himself
Master
of
their
Camps
,
and
their
Forces
:
Only
the
Officers
got
off
and
fled
to
Pompey
.
When
Caesar
came
back
to
Rome
,
Piso
his
Father
in
Law
advis'd
him
to
send
Men
to
Pompey
,
to
treat
of
a
Peace
;
but
Isauricus
to
ingratiate
himself
with
Caesar
spoke
against
it
.
Caesar
after
this
,
being
chose
Dictator
by
the
Senate
,
called
home
the
Exiles
,
advanced
to
Titles
of
Honour
the
Children
of
such
as
had
suffer'd
under
Sylla
,
and
such
as
were
in
debt
by
retrenching
some
part
of
the
Interest
,
and
touch'd
upon
some
other
Regulations
like
these
,
but
not
many
:
For
within
11
days
he
resign'd
his
Dictatorship
,
and
having
declar'd
himself
Consul
with
Servilius
Isauricus
,
made
haste
to
the
Camp
again
.
He
march'd
so
fast
,
that
he
left
all
his
Army
behind
him
,
except
600
chosen
Horse
,
and
5
Legions
,
with
which
he
put
to
Sea
in
the
very
middle
of
Winter
about
the
beginning
of
the
Month
January
,
which
the
Athenians
call
Posideon
,
and
having
past
the
Ionian
Sea
took
Oricum
,
and
Apollonia
,
and
then
sent
back
the
Ships
to
Brundusium
,
to
bring
over
the
Soldiers
,
that
were
left
behind
in
the
march
.
These
Soldiers
,
as
they
were
upon
the
Road
,
being
very
much
wasted
in
their
Bodies
,
and
tir'd
with
the
fatigue
of
so
many
Engagements
,
talkt
against
Caesar
after
this
manner
.
When
at
last
,
and
where
will
this
Caesar
let
us
be
quiet
?
He
carries
us
from
place
to
place
,
and
uses
us
,
as
if
we
were
not
to
be
worn
out
,
and
had
no
sense
of
labour
.
Even
our
Iron
it self
is
spent
by
blows
,
and
we
ought
to
have
some
pity
on
our
Bucklers
,
and
Breast-plates
,
which
have
been
us'd
so
long
.
Doth
not
Caesar
gather
from
our
wounds
,
that
we
are
mortal
Men
,
whom
he
commands
,
and
that
we
are
subject
to
the
same
Calamities
,
and
Diseases
,
as
other
Mortals
are
.
'T
is
impossible
for
a
God
himself
to
force
the
Winter-Season
,
or
to
hinder
the
Storms
,
when
they
rage
:
Yet
he
pushes
forward
,
as
if
he
were
not
pursuing
,
but
flying
from
an
Enemy
.
This
was
their
Discourse
as
they
march'd
leisurely
towards
Brundusium
.
But
when
they
came
thither
,
and
found
that
Caesar
was
gone
off
before
them
,
they
chang'd
their
Sentiments
,
and
blam'd
themselves
as
Traitors
to
their
General
.
They
now
rail'd
at
their
Officers
for
marching
so
slowly
,
and
placing
themselves
on
the
Promontories
by
the
Sea-side
over-against
Epirus
,
lookt
out
to
see
if
they
could
espy
the
Vessels
,
which
were
to
transport
them
to
Caesar
.
He
in
the
mean
time
was
posted
in
Apollonia
,
but
had
not
an
Army
with
him
able
to
fight
the
Enemy
,
the
Forces
from
Brundusium
being
so
long
a
coming
,
which
put
him
into
a
great
suspence
,
and
loss
what
to
do
.
At
last
he
entred
upon
a
dangerous
project
,
which
was
to
go
in
a
Vessel
of
12
Oars
,
without
any
ones
knowledge
,
over
to
Brundusium
,
though
the
Sea
was
at
that
time
cover'd
with
a
vast
Fleet
of
the
Enemies
.
He
embark'd
in
the
night-time
in
the
habit
of
a
Slave
,
and
throwing
himself
down
like
some
inconsiderable
Fellow
,
lay
along
at
the
bottom
of
the
Vessel
.
The
River
Anius
was
to
carry
them
down
to
Sea
,
and
there
us'd
to
blow
a
gentle
gale
every
morning
from
the
Land
,
which
made
it
very
calm
towards
the
mouth
of
the
River
,
by
driving
the
Waves
forward
;
but
that
night
there
blew
a
strong
Wind
from
the
Sea
,
which
overpower'd
that
from
the
Land
;
so
that
betwixt
the
violence
of
the
Tide
,
and
the
resistance
of
the
Waves
against
it
,
the
River
was
very
rough
,
and
so
uneven
and
dangerous
,
that
the
Pilot
could
not
make
good
his
Passage
,
but
order'd
his
Sailors
to
tack
about
.
Caesar
upon
this
discovers
himself
,
and
taking
the
Pilot
by
the
Hand
,
who
was
surprised
to
see
him
there
,
said
,
Go
on
boldly
my
Friend
,
and
fear
nothing
;
thou
carriest
Caesar
,
and
his
Fortune
along
with
thee
.
The
Mariners
when
they
heard
that
,
forgot
the
Storm
,
and
laying
all
their
Strength
to
their
Oars
,
did
what
they
could
to
force
their
way
down
the
River
.
But
when
it
was
to
no
purpose
,
and
the
Vessel
now
took
in
much
Water
,
Caesar
finding
himself
in
so
great
danger
in
the
very
mouth
of
the
River
,
permitted
the
Master
,
though
much
against
his
will
,
to
turn
back
.
When
he
was
come
to
Land
,
his
Soldiers
ran
to
him
in
whole
Troops
,
and
exprest
how
much
they
were
troubled
,
that
he
should
think
himself
not
strong
enough
to
get
a
Victory
by
their
sole
Assistance
,
but
must
needs
disturb
himself
,
and
expose
his
Person
for
those
who
were
absent
,
as
if
he
could
not
trust
those
who
were
with
him
.
After
this
,
Antony
came
over
with
the
Forces
from
Brundusium
,
which
encourag'd
Caesar
to
give
Pompey
Battel
,
though
he
was
encamp'd
very
advantageously
,
and
furnish'd
with
plenty
of
Provisions
both
by
Sea
,
and
Land
,
whilst
he
himself
,
who
at
first
had
been
but
ill
stock'd
,
was
now
at
last
extreamly
pinch'd
for
want
of
Necessaries
,
so
that
his
Soldiers
were
forc'd
to
dig
up
a
kind
of
Root
which
grew
there
,
and
tempering
it
with
Milk
to
feed
on
it
.
Sometimes
they
made
Loaves
,
and
in
their
Incursions
on
the
Enemies
Out-guards
,
would
throw
in
those
Loaves
,
telling
them
,
that
as
long
as
the
Earth
produc'd
such
Roots
they
would
not
leave
off
to
besiege
Pompey
.
But
Pompey
took
what
care
he
could
,
that
neither
the
Loaves
,
nor
the
Words
should
reach
his
Men
,
for
they
would
have
been
disheartned
at
the
fierceness
and
hardiness
of
their
Enemies
,
and
look'd
upon
them
as
a
Kin
to
the
savage
Nature
of
Wild
Beasts
.
There
were
continual
Skirmishes
about
Pompey's
Out-works
,
in
all
which
Caesar
had
the
better
,
except
one
;
when
his
Men
were
forc'd
to
fly
in
such
a
manner
,
that
he
had
like
to
have
lost
his
Camp
.
For
Pompey
made
such
a
vigorous
Sally
on
them
,
that
not
a
Man
stood
his
ground
;
the
Trenches
were
fill'd
with
dead
Bodies
;
many
fell
upon
their
own
Ramparts
,
and
Bulwarks
,
being
closely
pursu'd
by
the
Enemy
.
Caesar
met
them
,
and
would
have
turn'd
them
back
,
but
could
not
.
When
he
went
to
lay
hold
of
the
Colours
,
those
who
carried
them
threw
them
down
,
so
that
the
Enemies
took
32
of
them
.
He
himself
narrowly
escap'd
;
for
taking
hold
of
a
big
lusty
Fellow
that
was
flying
by
him
,
he
bad
him
stand
,
and
face
about
;
but
the
Fellow
full
of
apprehensions
from
the
danger
he
was
in
,
began
to
handle
his
Sword
,
as
if
he
would
strike
Caesar
,
and
had
done
it
,
had
not
Caesar's
Arm-bearer
prevented
the
blow
by
chopping
off
the
Man's
Arm.
Caesar's
Affairs
were
so
desperate
at
that
time
,
that
when
Pompey
either
through
fear
,
or
his
ill
Fortune
,
did
not
give
the
finishing
stroke
to
that
great
Action
,
but
retreated
after
he
had
shut
up
the
Enemy
within
their
Camp
,
Caesar
upon
his
return
said
to
his
Friends
,
The
Victory
to
day
had
been
on
our
Enemies
side
,
if
they
had
had
a
General
,
which
knew
how
to
conquer
.
When
he
was
retir'd
into
his
Tent
,
he
laid
himself
down
to
sleep
,
but
spent
that
night
the
most
melancholy
that
he
ever
did
any
,
being
perplex'd
in
his
thoughts
for
his
ill
conduct
in
this
War
;
for
when
he
had
a
large
Country
before
him
,
and
all
the
wealthy
Cities
of
Macedonia
,
and
Thessaly
,
he
had
neglected
to
carry
the
War
thither
,
and
had
sat
down
by
the
Sea-side
,
whilst
his
Enemies
had
such
a
powerful
Fleet
;
so
that
he
seem'd
rather
to
be
besieg'd
with
want
of
Necessaries
,
then
to
besiege
others
with
his
Arms.
Being
thus
distracted
in
his
thoughts
with
the
view
of
the
ill
posture
he
stood
in
,
he
rais'd
his
Camp
with
a
design
to
advance
towards
Scipio
,
who
lay
in
Macedonia
;
for
he
hop'd
either
to
draw
Pompey
where
he
should
fight
without
the
advantage
he
now
had
of
supplies
from
the
Sea
,
or
over-power
Scipio
,
if
not
assisted
.
This
animated
Pompey's
Army
,
and
Officers
so
far
,
that
they
were
for
pursuing
Caesar
,
as
one
that
was
worsted
and
flying
.
But
Pompey
was
afraid
to
hazard
a
Battle
,
on
which
so
much
depended
,
and
being
himself
provided
with
all
Necessaries
for
a
considerable
time
,
thought
to
tire
out
,
and
waste
the
vigor
of
Caesar's
Army
,
which
could
not
last
long
;
For
the
best
part
of
his
Men
,
though
they
had
much
Experience
,
and
shew'd
an
irresistible
Courage
in
all
Engagements
,
yet
by
their
frequent
marches
,
changing
their
Camps
,
assaulting
of
Towns
,
and
long
watches
,
were
so
broken
,
and
so
much
exhausted
with
Age
,
that
their
Bodies
were
unfit
for
Labour
,
and
their
Courage
cool'd
by
their
years
.
Besides
,
't
is
said
that
a
Pestilential
Disease
occasioned
by
their
irregular
Diet
rag'd
in
Caesar's
Army
,
and
,
what
was
of
greatest
moment
,
he
was
neither
furnish'd
with
Money
,
nor
Provisions
,
so
that
in
a
little
time
he
must
needs
fall
of
himself
.
For
these
Reasons
Pompey
had
no
mind
to
fight
him
,
and
was
thank'd
for
it
by
none
but
Cato
,
who
was
pleas'd
with
it
out
of
his
zeal
to
preserve
his
Fellow-Citizens
.
For
when
he
saw
the
dead
Bodies
of
those
which
had
faln
in
the
last
Battle
on
Caesar's
side
to
the
number
of
a
thousand
,
he
went
away
,
cover'd
his
Face
,
and
wept
.
The
rest
reproach'd
Pompey
for
declining
to
fight
,
and
call'd
him
Agamemnon
,
and
the
King
of
Kings
,
as
One
that
had
no
mind
to
lay
down
his
Sovereign
Authority
,
but
was
pleas'd
to
see
so
many
great
Commanders
attending
on
him
,
and
paying
their
●●●endance
at
his
Tent.
Favonius
,
who
affected
Cato's
free
way
of
speaking
his
mind
,
complain'd
bitterly
,
that
they
should
eat
no
Figs
that
year
at
Tusculum
by
reason
of
Pompey's
ambition
to
be
Monarch
.
Afranius
,
who
was
lately
return'd
out
of
Spain
,
and
by
reason
of
the
ill
Campagne
he
had
made
,
was
suspected
by
Pompey
to
have
betray'd
the
Army
for
Money
,
ask'd
him
,
Why
he
did
not
fight
that
Merchant
,
who
had
made
such
purchases
?
Pompey
was
compell'd
by
this
kind
of
Language
to
give
Caesar
Battle
,
though
against
his
own
Sentiments
,
and
in
order
to
it
,
pursu'd
him
.
Caesar
had
found
great
difficulties
in
his
march
;
for
no
Country
would
supply
him
with
Provisions
,
his
Reputation
being
very
much
sunk
since
his
last
Defeat
.
But
when
he
came
to
Gomphi
,
a
Town
of
Thessaly
,
he
not
only
found
Provisions
for
his
Army
,
but
Physick
too
.
For
there
they
met
with
plenty
of
Wine
,
which
they
took
off
very
freely
;
heated
with
this
,
and
fir'd
with
the
God
,
they
jollily
danc'd
along
,
and
so
shook
off
their
Disease
,
and
chang'd
their
whole
Constitution
.
When
the
two
Armies
were
come
into
Pharsalia
,
and
both
encamp'd
there
,
Pompey's
thoughts
ran
the
same
way
,
as
they
had
done
before
,
against
fighting
,
and
the
more
,
because
of
some
unlucky
Presages
,
and
an
odd
Vision
he
had
in
a
Dream
.
Yet
some
who
were
about
him
were
so
confident
of
success
,
that
Domitius
,
Spinther
,
and
Scipio
,
as
if
they
had
already
conquer'd
,
quarrel'd
which
should
succeed
Caesar
in
the
Pontificate
;
And
many
sent
to
Rome
to
take
Houses
fit
to
accommodate
Consuls
and
Praetors
,
as
being
sure
of
entring
upon
those
Offices
,
as
soon
as
the
Battle
was
over
.
The
Cavalry
especially
were
eager
to
fight
,
as
being
well
Arm'd
,
and
bravely
mounted
,
and
valuing
themselves
upon
the
clean
shapes
of
their
Horses
,
and
the
advantage
of
their
numbers
,
for
they
were
5000
against
1000
of
Caesar's
.
Nor
was
their
Infantry
better
match'd
,
there
being
45000
of
Pompey's
,
against
22000
of
the
Enemy
.
Caesar
drew
up
his
Soldiers
,
and
told
'em
that
Cornificius
was
coming
up
to
them
with
two
Legions
,
and
that
15
Companies
more
under
Calenu●
were
posted
at
Megara
,
and
Athens
,
he
ask'd
'em
,
whether
they
would
stay
till
these
join'd
them
,
or
would
hazard
the
Ba●●le
by
themselves
▪
They
all
cried
ou●
against
delaying
,
and
were
eager
to
engage
as
soon
as
possible
.
When
he
sacrific'd
to
the
Gods
for
the
lustration
of
his
Army
,
upon
the
death
of
the
first
Victim
,
the
Augur
told
him
,
within
3
days
,
he
should
come
to
a
decisive
Action
.
Caesar
ask'd
him
,
Whether
he
saw
any
thing
in
the
Entrails
,
which
promis'd
an
happy
Event
?
That
,
saith
the
Priest
,
you
can
best
answer
your self
;
for
the
Gods
signifie
a
great
Alteration
from
the
present
posture
of
Affairs
;
if
therefore
you
think
your self
happy
now
,
expect
worse
Fortune
;
if
unhappy
,
hope
for
better
.
The
night
before
the
Battle
,
as
he
walk'd
the
Rounds
about
Midnight
,
he
saw
a
Light
in
the
Heaven
very
bright
and
flaming
,
which
seem'd
to
pass
over
Caesar's
Camp
,
and
fall
into
Pompey's
;
and
when
Caesar's
Soldiers
came
to
relieve
the
Watch
in
the
morning
,
they
perceiv'd
a
Panic
fear
among
the
Enemies
.
However
he
did
not
expect
to
fight
that
day
,
but
decamp'd
as
if
he
design'd
to
march
towards
Scotusa
.
But
when
the
Tents
were
taken
down
,
his
Scouts
rode
up
to
him
,
and
told
him
the
Enemy
would
give
him
Battle
.
With
this
he
was
very
much
pleas'd
,
and
having
perform'd
his
Devotions
to
the
Gods
,
set
his
Army
in
Battalia
,
dividing
them
into
3
Bodies
.
Over
the
middle-most
he
plac'd
Domitius-Calvinus
:
Antony
commanded
the
Left
Wing
,
and
he
himself
the
Right
,
being
resolv'd
to
fight
at
the
Head
of
the
10th
Legion
.
But
when
he
saw
the
Enemies
Cavalry
planted
against
him
,
being
struck
with
their
Bravery
,
and
their
Number
,
he
gave
private
Orders
,
That
six
Companies
from
the
Reer
of
the
Army
should
advance
up
to
him
,
whom
he
posted
behind
the
Right
Wing
,
and
instructed
them
what
they
should
do
,
when
the
Enemies
Horse
came
to
charge
.
On
the
other
side
,
Pompey
commanded
the
Right
Wing
,
Domitius
the
Left
,
and
Scipio
,
Pompey's
Father-in-law
,
the
Main
Body
.
The
whole
Weight
of
the
Cavalry
was
in
the
Left
Wing
,
who
design'd
to
attack
the
Right
Wing
of
the
Enemy
,
and
press
that
part
most
which
the
General
himself
commanded
:
For
they
thought
no
Body
of
Foot
could
be
so
deep
as
to
bear
such
a
shock
,
but
that
they
must
necessarily
be
broken
to
pieces
upon
the
first
impression
of
so
strong
a
Cavalry
.
When
they
were
ready
on
both
sides
to
give
the
signal
for
Battel
,
Pompey
commanded
his
Foot
,
who
were
in
the
Front
,
to
stand
their
ground
,
and
,
without
breaking
their
Order
▪
receive
quietly
the
Enemies
first
Attack
,
till
they
came
within
Javelins
cast
.
Caesar
blam'd
this
Conduct
,
and
said
,
Pompey
was
not
aware
that
the
first
Charge
,
if
it
were
brisk
and
fierce
,
gave
weight
to
every
stroke
,
and
rais'd
a
general
warmth
of
Soul
,
which
was
easily
kept
alive
and
improv'd
by
the
concurrence
of
the
whole
Army
.
He
was
now
advanc'd
with
his
Forces
,
and
just
upon
Action
,
when
he
found
one
of
his
Captains
,
a
trusty
and
experienc'd
Soldier
,
encouraging
his
Men
to
exert
their
utmost
.
Caesar
call'd
him
by
his
Name
,
and
said
,
What
hopes
,
C.
Crassinius
,
and
what
grounds
for
encouragement
?
Crassinius
stretch'd
out
his
hand
,
and
cried
in
a
loud
Voice
:
We
shall
conquer
nobly
,
Caesar
;
and
this
day
I
'll
deserve
your
Praises
either
alive
or
dead
.
With
these
words
he
immediately
ran
in
upon
the
Enemy
,
back'd
only
with
six-score
Men
,
and
presently
cut
down
the
foremost
,
and
still
press'd
on
forwards
with
much
slaughter
of
the
Enemy
,
till
at
last
he
was
struck
back
by
the
Wound
of
a
Sword
,
which
went
in
at
his
Mouth
with
such
force
,
that
it
came
out
at
his
Neck
behind
.
Whilst
the
Foot
were
thus
sharply
engag'd
in
the
Main
Battel
,
one
Wing
of
Pompey's
Horse
march'd
up
confidently
,
and
open'd
their
Ranks
very
wide
,
that
they
might
surround
the
Right
Wing
of
Caesar
:
But
before
they
engag'd
,
some
Companies
of
Caesar's
made
up
to
them
,
and
did
not
dart
their
Javelins
at
a
distance
,
nor
strike
at
their
Thighs
and
Legs
as
they
us'd
to
do
in
close
Battel
,
but
aim'd
at
their
Faces
;
for
thus
Caesar
had
instructed
them
,
in
hopes
that
Young
Gentlemen
,
who
had
not
convers'd
much
in
Battels
and
Wounds
,
but
were
in
the
flower
of
their
Age
,
and
height
of
their
Beauty
,
would
be
very
apprehensive
of
such
Blows
,
and
not
care
for
hazarding
both
a
Danger
at
present
,
and
a
Blemish
for
the
future
.
This
Design
took
,
for
they
were
so
far
from
bearing
the
stroke
of
the
Javelins
,
that
they
could
not
stand
the
sight
of
them
,
but
turn'd
about
,
and
cover'd
their
Faces
to
secure
them
.
In
this
great
disorder
,
they
were
at
last
forc'd
to
fly
for
it
,
and
by
this
Confusion
ruin'd
all
;
for
those
who
had
beat
them
back
,
presently
surrounded
the
Infantry
,
and
falling
on
their
Reer
,
cut
them
to
pieces
.
Pompey
,
who
commanded
the
other
Wing
of
the
Army
,
when
he
saw
his
Cavalry
thus
broke
and
flying
,
was
no
longer
himself
,
nor
did
he
now
remember
that
he
was
Pompey
the
Great
;
but
like
one
whom
the
Gods
had
depriv'd
of
his
Senses
,
and
struck
with
some
fatal
Blow
,
retir'd
to
his
Tent
without
speaking
a
word
,
and
there
sat
to
expect
the
Event
,
till
the
whole
Army
was
defeated
,
and
the
Enemy
appear'd
upon
the
Works
which
were
thrown
up
before
his
Camp
,
where
they
closely
engag'd
with
his
Men
,
who
were
posted
there
to
defend
it
.
Then
he
first
seem'd
to
have
recover'd
his
senses
;
and
when
he
had
said
to
himself
,
What
,
into
my
Camp
too
?
he
laid
aside
his
General
's
habit
,
and
putting
on
such
Cloaths
as
might
best
favour
his
flight
,
stole
off
.
What
Fortune
he
met
with
afterwards
,
how
he
took
shelter
in
Aegypt
,
and
was
murder'd
there
,
we
tell
you
in
his
Life
.
Caesar
,
when
he
came
to
view
Pompey's
Camp
▪
and
saw
some
of
his
Enemies
dead
upon
the
ground
,
others
dying
,
said
with
a
sigh
,
----
This
they
would
have
;
they
brought
me
to
this
necessity
,
that
I
Caius
Caesar
must
have
lost
the
credit
of
all
my
former
Successes
in
War
,
if
I
had
at
last
dismiss'd
my
Army
.
Asinius
Pollio
says
that
Caesar
spoke
those
words
then
in
Latin
,
which
he
afterwards
wrote
in
Greek
;
that
those
who
were
killed
at
the
taking
of
the
Camp
,
were
most
of
them
Servants
;
and
that
there
fell
not
above
6000
Soldiers
.
Caesar
incorporated
most
of
the
Foot
,
whom
he
took
Prisoners
,
with
his
own
Legions
,
and
pardoned
several
Persons
of
Quality
,
and
amongst
the
rest
Brutus
,
who
afterwards
stabb'd
him
.
He
did
not
immediately
appear
after
the
Battel
was
over
,
which
put
Caesar
into
a
great
Agony
for
him
;
nor
was
his
pleasure
less
,
when
he
saw
him
safe
,
and
at
the
same
time
coming
over
to
him
.
There
were
many
Prodigies
that
foretold
this
Victory
;
but
the
most
signal
was
that
at
Tralles
.
In
the
Temple
of
Victory
there
stood
Caesar's
Statue
;
the
Floor
it self
was
very
firm
,
and
the
Stone
with
which
it
was
pav'd
still
harder
:
yet
it
is
said
that
a
Palm-Tree
shot
it self
up
near
the
Pedestal
of
this
Statue
.
In
the
City
of
Padua
,
one
C.
Cornelius
,
who
had
the
Character
of
a
good
Augur
,
fellow-Citizen
and
Friend
of
Livie
the
Historian
,
happened
to
make
some
Augural
Observations
that
very
day
when
the
Battel
was
fought
:
And
first
,
as
Livie
tells
us
,
he
pointed
out
the
critical
time
of
the
Fight
,
and
said
to
those
who
were
by
him
,
That
just
then
the
Action
was
hot
,
and
the
Men
engag'd
.
When
he
look'd
a
second
time
upon
the
Birds
,
and
nicely
observ'd
the
Omens
,
he
leap'd
as
if
he
had
been
inspir'd
,
and
cry'd
out
,
Thou
,
Caesar
,
art
the
Conqueror
.
This
mightily
surpriz'd
the
standers
by
;
but
he
took
the
Crown
,
which
he
had
on
,
from
his
Head
,
and
swore
he
would
never
wear
it
again
till
the
Event
should
give
Authority
to
his
Art
.
This
Livie
positively
affirms
for
a
Truth
.
Caesar
,
as
a
Monument
of
his
Victory
,
gave
the
Thessalians
great
Immunities
,
and
then
went
in
pursuit
of
Pompey
.
When
he
was
arrived
at
Asia
,
to
gratifie
Theopompus
,
who
had
made
a
Collection
of
Fatles
,
he
enfranchis'd
the
Guidians
,
and
remitted
one
third
of
the
Tax
to
all
the
Asiatics
.
When
he
came
to
Alexandria
,
where
Pompey
was
already
murder'd
,
he
would
not
look
upon
Theodotus
,
who
presented
him
with
his
head
,
but
took
his
Signet
and
wept
over
it
.
Those
of
Pompey's
Friends
who
had
been
taken
by
the
King
of
Aegypt
as
they
were
stragling
in
those
parts
,
he
obliged
,
and
made
his
own
.
He
wrote
Letters
to
Rome
,
wherein
he
signified
to
his
Friends
,
That
the
greatest
Advantage
and
Pleasure
he
found
by
the
Victory
was
,
that
he
every
day
sav'd
several
Citizens
Lives
who
had
fought
against
him
.
As
to
the
War
in
Aegypt
,
some
say
it
was
dangerous
and
dishonourable
,
and
no
ways
necessary
,
but
occasion'd
only
by
his
Passion
for
Cleopatra
:
Others
blame
the
Ministers
,
and
especially
the
Eunuch
Photinus
,
who
was
chief
Favourite
,
had
lately
took
off
Pompey's
Head
,
banished
Cleopatra
from
Court
,
and
was
now
thought
to
be
privately
carrying
on
the
Destruction
of
Caesar
;
to
prevent
which
,
Caesar
from
that
time
began
to
sit
up
whole
nights
,
under
pretence
of
Drinking
,
for
the
greater
security
of
his
Person
.
'T
is
certain
,
that
he
was
intolerable
in
his
open
Affronts
to
Caesar
,
both
by
his
Words
and
Actions
;
for
when
Caesar's
Soldiers
had
musty
and
unwholsom
Corn
measur'd
out
to
them
,
Photinus
told
them
,
They
must
like
it
,
since
they
were
fed
at
another's
Cost
.
He
order'd
that
his
Table
should
be
serv'd
with
wooden
and
earthen
Dishes
,
and
said
,
Caesar
had
carried
off
all
the
Gold
and
Silver
Plate
,
under
pretence
of
Arrears
of
Debt
.
For
the
present
King's
Father
ow'd
Caesar
1750
Myriads
of
Money
;
Caesar
had
formerly
remitted
to
his
Children
the
rest
,
but
thought
fit
to
demand
the
thousand
Myriads
at
that
time
,
to
maintain
his
Army
.
Photinus
told
him
,
That
he
had
better
go
then
,
and
attend
his
other
Affairs
of
greater
Consequence
,
and
that
he
should
receive
his
Money
at
another
time
with
Thanks
.
Caesar
replied
,
That
he
did
not
want
Aegyptians
to
be
his
Councellors
,
and
soon
after
privately
sent
for
Cleopatra
from
her
Retirement
.
She
took
a
little
Skiff
,
and
one
of
her
Confidents
,
Apollodorus
,
along
with
her
,
and
in
the
dusk
of
the
evening
landed
near
the
Palace
.
She
was
at
a
loss
how
to
get
in
undiscover'd
,
till
she
thought
of
putting
her self
into
the
Coverlet
of
a
Bed
,
and
lying
at
length
,
whilst
Apollodorus
bound
up
the
Bedding
,
and
carried
it
on
his
Back
through
the
Castle-gates
to
Caesar's
Apartment
▪
Caesar
was
first
taken
with
this
fetch
of
Cleopatra
,
as
an
Argument
of
her
Wit
;
and
was
afterwards
so
far
charm'd
with
her
Conversation
and
graceful
Behaviour
,
that
he
reconcil'd
her
to
her
Brother
,
and
made
her
Partner
in
the
Government
.
A
Festival
was
kept
for
joy
of
this
Reconciliation
,
where
Caesar's
Barber
,
a
busie
pragmatical
Fellow
,
whose
fear
made
him
inqui●itive
into
every
thing
,
discover'd
that
there
was
a
Plot
carrying
on
against
Caesar
by
Achillas
,
General
of
the
King's
Forces
,
and
Photinus
the
Eunuch
.
Caesar
,
upon
the
first
intelligence
of
it
,
set
a
Guard
upon
the
Hall
where
the
Feast
was
kept
,
and
kill'd
Photinus
.
Achillas
escap'd
to
the
Army
,
and
rais'd
a
troublesom
War
against
Caesar
,
which
it
was
not
easie
for
him
to
manage
with
so
small
a
Force
against
so
powerful
a
State
.
The
first
difficulty
he
met
with
,
was
want
of
Water
;
for
the
Enemies
had
turned
the
Pipes
.
Another
was
,
that
when
the
Enemy
endeavour'd
to
cut
off
his
Communication
by
Sea
,
he
was
forc'd
to
divert
that
Danger
by
setting
fire
to
his
own
Ships
,
which
when
it
had
burnt
the
Harbor
,
spread
it self
so
far
as
to
destroy
the
famous
Library
of
Alexandria
.
A
third
was
,
that
in
an
Engagement
near
Pharos
he
leap'd
from
the
Mole
into
a
Skiff
,
to
assist
his
Soldiers
,
who
were
in
danger
:
When
the
Aegyptians
press'd
him
on
every
side
,
he
threw
himself
into
the
Sea
,
and
with
much
difficulty
swam
off
.
He
had
then
many
Papers
in
his
hand
,
which
though
he
was
continually
darted
at
,
and
forc'd
to
keep
his
Head
often
under
Water
,
yet
he
did
not
let
go
,
but
held
them
up
safe
from
wetting
in
one
hand
,
whilst
he
swam
with
the
other
.
His
Skiff
in
the
mean
time
was
quickly
sunk
.
At
last
,
the
King
having
got
off
to
Achillas
and
his
Party
,
Caesar
engag'd
and
conquer'd
them
;
many
fell
in
that
Battel
,
and
the
King
himself
was
never
seen
after
.
Upon
this
,
he
makes
Cleopatra
Queen
of
Aegypt
,
who
soon
after
had
a
Son
by
him
,
whom
the
Alexandrians
call'd
Caesarion
,
and
then
departed
for
Syria
.
Thence
he
passed
to
Asia
,
where
he
heard
that
Domitius
was
beaten
by
Pharnaces
,
Son
of
Mithridates
,
and
fled
out
of
Pontus
with
an
handful
of
Men
;
and
that
Pharnaces
pursu'd
the
Victory
so
eagerly
,
that
though
he
was
already
Master
of
Bithynia
and
Cappadocia
,
he
had
still
farther
aims
to
take
in
Armenia
the
less
;
in
order
to
which
,
he
invited
all
the
Kings
and
Tetrarchs
there
to
rise
.
Caesar
immediately
marched
against
him
with
three
Legions
,
fought
him
near
Zela
,
drove
him
out
of
Pontus
,
and
totally
defeated
his
Army
.
When
he
gave
Amintius
,
a
Friend
of
his
at
Rome
,
an
Account
of
this
Action
,
to
express
the
smartness
and
dispatch
of
it
,
he
used
these
three
words
,
Veni
,
Vidi
,
Vici
;
which
Latin
words
having
all
the
same
Cadence
,
carry
with
them
an
air
of
brevity
,
which
in
this
place
is
very
lucky
and
graceful
.
Hence
he
went
for
Italy
,
and
came
to
Rome
at
the
end
of
that
Year
,
for
which
he
was
a
second
time
chose
Dictator
,
(
though
that
Office
had
never
before
lasted
so
long
)
and
was
elected
Consul
for
the
next
.
He
was
ill
spoke
of
,
because
upon
a
Mutiny
of
Soldiers
,
who
kill'd
Cosconius
and
Galba
,
who
had
been
Praetors
,
he
gave
them
only
that
slight
Reprimand
of
calling
them
Citizens
,
instead
of
Fellow-Soldiers
,
and
after
gave
each
Man
a
thousand
Drachms
,
besides
a
share
of
some
Lands
in
Italy
.
He
was
also
reflected
on
for
Dolabella's
Extravagance
,
Amintius's
Covetousness
,
Anthony's
Debauchery
,
and
Corfinius's
Profuseness
,
who
pull'd
down
Pompey's
House
,
and
re-built
it
,
as
not
Magnificent
enough
;
for
the
Romans
were
much
displeased
with
all
these
.
But
Caesar
,
for
the
carrying
on
his
Designs
,
though
he
knew
their
Characters
,
and
disapprov'd
them
,
was
forc'd
to
make
use
of
such
Instruments
.
After
the
Battel
of
Pharsalia
,
Cato
and
Scipio
fled
into
Afric
,
and
there
,
with
the
Assistance
of
King
Juba
,
got
together
a
considerable
Force
,
which
Caesar
resolv'd
to
engage
.
In
order
to
it
,
he
pass'd
into
Sicily
in
the
very
midst
of
Winter
;
and
to
remove
from
his
Officers
all
hopes
of
delay
there
,
encamp'd
by
the
Sea-shoar
,
and
as
soon
as
ever
he
had
a
fair
Wind
put
to
Sea
with
3000
Foot
,
and
a
few
Horse
.
When
he
had
landed
them
,
he
went
back
privately
under
great
apprehensions
for
the
better
part
of
his
Army
;
but
met
'em
upon
the
Sea
,
and
brought
them
all
to
the
same
Camp
.
There
he
was
inform'd
,
That
the
Enemies
rely'd
much
upon
an
ancient
Oracle
,
That
the
Family
of
the
Scipioes
should
be
always
Victorious
in
Afric
.
There
was
in
his
Army
a
Fellow
,
otherwise
mean
and
contemptible
,
but
of
the
House
of
the
Africani
,
and
his
Name
Scipio
Sallustio
:
This
Man
Caesar
put
in
the
Head
of
his
Army
,
with
the
Title
of
General
;
which
he
did
either
in
raillery
to
ridicule
Scipio
,
who
commanded
the
Enemy
,
or
seriously
to
bring
over
the
Omen
to
his
side
.
He
was
oblig'd
often
to
set
upon
the
Ememy
,
and
skirmish
with
them
;
for
he
wanted
both
Victualling
for
his
Men
,
and
Forage
for
his
Horse
:
so
that
he
was
forc'd
to
feed
'em
with
a
Sea-weed
,
which
he
mix'd
with
Grass
,
to
take
off
its
saltness
,
and
to
give
it
a
more
agreeable
Taste
▪
He
was
forc'd
to
make
this
shift
,
because
the
Numidians
,
in
great
Numbers
,
and
well
Hors'd
,
commanded
the
Country
.
Caesar's
Cavalry
being
one
day
out
of
Employ
,
diverted
themselves
with
seeing
an
African
,
who
entertain'd
'em
with
a
Dance
,
and
play'd
upon
the
Pipe
to
admiration
:
They
were
so
taken
with
this
,
that
they
lighted
,
and
gave
their
Horses
to
some
Boys
,
when
on
a
sudden
the
Enemy
briskly
surrounded
them
,
kill'd
some
,
pursu'd
the
rest
,
and
fell
in
with
'em
into
their
Camp
;
and
had
not
Caesar
himself
and
Asinius
Pollio
came
in
to
their
Assistance
,
and
put
a
stop
to
their
flight
,
the
War
had
been
then
at
an
end
.
In
another
Engagement
,
where
the
Enemy
had
again
the
better
,
Caesar
took
an
Ensign
,
who
was
running
away
,
by
the
Neck
,
and
forcing
him
to
face
about
,
said
,
Look
,
that
way
is
the
Enemy
!
Scipio
flush'd
with
this
Success
at
first
,
had
a
mind
to
come
to
one
decisive
Action
.
Wherefore
he
leaves
Afranius
and
Juba
in
two
distinct
Bodies
not
far
distant
,
and
marches
himself
towards
Thapsacus
,
where
he
built
a
Fort
,
which
might
serve
for
a
Security
to
them
,
and
a
Retreat
to
himself
.
Whilst
Scipio
was
taken
up
with
this
matter
,
Caesar
with
an
incredible
dispatch
made
his
way
through
thick
Woods
,
and
an
unpassable
Country
,
surrounded
one
Party
of
the
Enemy
,
and
charg'd
the
other
other
in
the
Front
.
When
he
had
defeated
these
,
he
improv'd
this
Opportunity
,
and
the
course
of
his
good
Fortune
so
far
,
that
in
one
moment
he
took
Afranius's
Camp
,
and
destroy'd
that
of
the
Numidians
,
Juba
their
King
being
glad
to
save
himself
by
flight
;
so
that
in
a
small
part
of
a
day
he
made
himself
Master
of
three
Camps
,
and
kill'd
50000
of
the
Enemy
,
with
the
loss
only
of
50
Men.
This
is
the
Account
some
give
of
that
Fight
;
Others
say
,
He
was
not
in
the
Action
,
but
that
he
was
taken
with
his
usual
Distemper
just
as
he
was
setting
his
Army
in
Battalia
.
He
perceiv'd
the
approaches
of
it
,
before
it
had
too
far
disorder'd
his
Senses
;
and
as
soon
as
he
began
to
shake
,
took
care
to
be
remov'd
into
a
neighbouring
Fort
,
where
he
repos'd
himself
.
Of
the
Great
Men
that
were
taken
after
the
Fight
,
some
Caesar
put
to
Death
,
others
prevented
him
by
killing
themselves
.
Cato
had
undertaken
to
defend
Utica
,
and
for
that
reason
was
not
in
the
Battel
.
The
desire
which
Caesar
had
to
take
him
alive
,
made
him
hasten
thither
;
upon
notice
that
he
had
dispatch'd
himself
,
't
is
certain
Caesar
was
much
discompos'd
,
but
for
what
reason
is
not
so
well
agreed
:
yet
this
he
said
;
Cato
,
I
envy
thee
thy
Death
,
because
thou
enviedst
me
the
honour
of
saving
thy
Life
.
Yet
after
all
this
,
the
Discourse
he
wrote
against
Cato
after
his
Death
,
is
no
great
sign
of
his
kindness
,
or
that
he
was
thorowly
reconciled
to
him
.
For
how
is
it
probable
that
he
would
have
been
tender
of
his
Life
,
who
was
so
bitter
against
his
Memory
?
Yet
from
his
Clemency
to
Cicero
,
Brutus
,
and
many
others
who
fought
against
him
,
some
have
guess'd
that
Caesar's
Book
was
not
compos'd
so
much
out
of
harted
to
Cato
,
as
in
his
own
Vindication
.
Cicero
,
it
seems
,
had
written
an
Encomium
upon
Cato
,
and
call'd
it
by
his
Name
;
a
Discourse
written
by
so
great
a
Master
upon
so
excellent
a
Subject
,
was
sure
to
be
in
every
ones
hands
.
This
touch'd
Caesar
,
who
look'd
upon
a
Panegyric
on
his
Enemy
,
as
no
better
then
a
Satyr
against
himself
:
and
therefore
he
made
in
his
Anti-Cato
a
full
Collection
of
whatever
could
be
said
in
that
Great
Man's
derogation
.
Those
Discourses
had
each
of
them
their
several
Admirers
,
as
Men
were
differently
inclin'd
to
the
Parties
.
Caesar
,
upon
his
return
to
Rome
,
did
not
forget
to
entertain
the
People
with
a
large
Account
of
his
Victory
,
telling
them
,
That
he
had
subdu'd
a
Country
,
which
would
supply
the
Publick
every
year
with
200000
Bushels
of
Corn
,
and
3000000
weight
of
Oyl
.
He
was
allow'd
three
Triumphs
,
for
Aegypt
,
Pontus
,
and
Afrric
;
the
last
,
not
for
the
Conquest
of
Scipio
,
but
Juba
,
whose
little
Son
was
then
led
in
Triumph
,
the
happiest
Captive
that
ever
was
,
who
of
a
barbarous
Numidian
came
by
this
means
to
be
reckon'd
among
the
most
Learned
Historians
of
all
Greece
.
After
these
Triumphs
,
he
distributed
Rewards
to
his
Soldiers
,
and
treated
the
People
with
Feasting
and
Shews
:
At
one
Feast
he
had
22000
Tables
,
and
entertain'd
the
People
with
Gladiators
and
Sea-Fights
in
honour
to
his
Daughter
Julia
,
long
since
dead
.
When
those
Shews
were
over
,
an
Account
was
taken
of
the
people
,
who
from
320000
were
now
reduc'd
150000.
So
great
a
waste
had
the
Civil
War
made
in
Rome
alone
,
not
to
mention
what
the
other
parts
of
Italy
and
the
Provinces
suffer'd
.
He
was
now
chosen
a
fourth
time
Consul
,
and
went
into
Spain
against
Pompey's
Sons
;
they
were
but
young
,
yet
had
got
together
a
great
Army
,
and
shew'd
they
had
Courage
and
Conduct
to
command
it
,
so
that
Caesar
was
in
extreme
danger
.
The
great
Battel
was
near
Munda
,
in
which
Caesar
seeing
his
Men
hard
press'd
,
and
making
but
a
weak
Resistance
,
ran
through
the
Ranks
among
the
Soldiers
,
and
crying
out
,
ask'd
them
,
Whether
they
were
not
asham'd
to
deliver
him
into
the
hands
of
Boys
?
At
last
,
with
great
difficulty
,
and
the
best
efforts
he
could
make
,
he
forced
back
the
Enemy
,
killing
30000
of
them
,
though
with
the
loss
of
1000
of
his
best
Men.
When
he
came
back
from
the
Fight
,
he
told
his
Friends
,
that
he
had
often
fought
for
Victory
,
but
this
was
the
first
time
he
had
ever
fought
for
Life
.
This
Battel
was
won
on
the
Feast
of
the
Bacchanals
,
the
very
day
in
which
Pompey
,
four
years
before
,
had
set
out
for
the
War
.
The
younger
of
Pompey's
Sons
escap'd
,
and
Didius
some
days
after
the
Fight
brought
the
elder
's
Head
to
Caesar
.
This
was
the
last
Battel
he
was
engag'd
in
.
The
Triumph
he
made
for
this
Victory
displeas'd
the
Romans
beyond
any
thing
:
For
he
had
not
defeated
foreign
Generals
,
and
barbarous
Kings
,
but
had
ruin'd
the
Children
and
Family
of
one
of
the
greatest
Men
of
Rome
,
though
unfortunate
;
and
it
did
not
look
well
to
triumph
over
the
Calamities
of
his
Country
,
and
to
rejoyce
in
those
things
for
which
no
better
Apology
could
be
made
to
the
Gods
and
Men
,
then
their
being
absolutely
necessary
.
Besides
,
that
hitherto
he
had
never
sent
Letter
or
Express
of
any
Victory
over
his
Fellow-Citizens
,
but
had
seem'd
rather
to
be
asham'd
of
the
Action
,
then
to
expect
Honour
from
it
.
For
all
this
,
the
Romans
taking
the
same
side
with
Fortune
,
gave
the
Rein
into
his
hands
,
and
hoping
that
the
Government
of
a
single
Person
would
give
them
time
to
breathe
after
so
many
Civil
Wars
and
Calamities
,
made
him
Dictator
for
Life
.
This
was
a
down-right
Tyranny
;
for
his
Power
now
was
not
only
absolute
,
but
perpetual
too
.
Cicero
propos'd
to
the
Senate
to
confer
such
Honours
upon
him
as
were
indeed
in
some
measure
within
the
bounds
of
modesty
;
Others
striving
which
should
deserve
most
,
carried
them
so
excessively
high
,
that
they
made
Caesar
odious
to
the
most
indifferent
and
moderate
sort
of
men
by
the
haughtiness
and
extravagance
of
those
Titles
which
they
decreed
him
.
His
Enemies
are
thought
to
have
had
some
share
in
this
,
as
well
as
his
Flatterers
:
it
gave
them
more
advantage
against
him
,
and
laid
him
more
open
to
their
Calumnies
,
for
since
the
Civil
Wars
were
ended
,
he
had
nothing
else
that
he
could
be
charg'd
with
.
And
they
had
good
reason
to
decree
a
Temple
to
Clemency
,
in
token
of
their
Thanks
for
this
mild
use
he
made
of
this
Victory
;
for
he
not
only
pardon'd
many
of
those
who
fought
against
him
;
but
farther
to
some
gave
Honours
and
Offices
:
as
particularly
to
Brutus
and
Cassius
,
who
both
of
them
were
Praetors
;
Pompey's
Images
that
were
thrown
down
,
he
set
up
again
;
upon
which
Cicero
said
,
that
by
raising
Pompey's
Statues
he
had
fix'd
his
own
.
When
his
Friends
advis'd
him
to
a
Guard
,
and
several
offer'd
their
Service
,
he
would
not
hear
of
it
,
but
said
,
It
was
better
to
suffer
Death
once
;
then
always
to
live
in
fear
of
it
.
He
look'd
upon
the
Affections
of
the
People
to
be
the
best
and
surest
Guard
,
and
therefore
entertain'd
them
again
with
publick
Feastings
and
general
Distributions
of
Corn
;
and
to
gratifie
his
Army
,
he
sent
out
many
Colonies
to
several
places
,
of
which
the
most
remarkable
were
Carthage
and
Corinth
;
which
,
as
before
they
had
been
ruin'd
at
the
same
time
,
so
now
they
were
restor'd
and
peopl'd
together
.
As
for
the
Men
of
Quality
,
he
promis'd
some
that
they
should
be
Consuls
or
Praetors
;
others
he
satisfied
with
Offices
or
Titles
;
to
all
he
gave
hopes
of
his
Favour
,
as
being
desirons
to
rule
by
Love
:
So
that
upon
the
Death
of
Maximus
,
one
day
before
his
Consulate
was
ended
,
he
made
Caninius
Rebellius
Consul
for
that
day
.
When
many
went
to
pay
their
Complements
to
the
new
Consul
,
as
is
usual
,
●icero
said
by
way
of
raillery
,
Let
us
make
haste
,
lest
the
Man
be
gone
out
of
his
Office
before
we
come
.
Caesar
was
born
to
do
great
things
,
and
had
a
love
of
Honour
;
nor
did
the
many
Noble
Exploits
he
had
done
invite
him
to
sit
still
,
and
reap
the
fruit
of
his
past
labours
,
but
were
Incentives
and
Encouragements
to
go
on
,
and
rais'd
in
his
Soul
the
Ideas
of
still
greater
Actions
,
and
a
desire
of
new
Glory
,
as
if
the
present
were
all
spent
.
This
Passion
was
a
kind
of
aemulous
struggle
with
himself
,
as
it
had
been
with
another
,
how
he
might
out-do
his
past
▪
Actions
by
his
future
.
In
pursuit
of
these
thoughts
,
he
resolv'd
to
make
War
upon
the
Parthians
,
and
when
he
had
subdu'd
them
,
to
pass
through
Hircania
;
thence
to
march
along
by
the
Caspian
Sea
to
Mount
Caucasus
,
and
so
on
about
Pontus
,
till
he
came
into
Scythia
;
then
to
over-run
all
the
Countries
about
Germany
,
and
Germany
it self
;
and
to
return
through
Gaul
into
Italy
,
till
he
had
finished
the
whole
Circle
of
his
intended
Empire
,
and
bounded
it
on
every
side
by
the
Ocean
.
While
Preparations
were
making
for
this
Expedition
,
he
attempted
to
dig
through
the
Isthmus
on
which
Corinth
stands
.
Afterthat
,
he
had
a
Design
to
divert
the
Rivers
Apien
and
Tiber
,
and
to
carry
them
by
a
deep
Channel
directly
from
Rome
to
Circaeum
,
and
so
into
the
Sea
near
Tarracina
,
that
there
might
be
a
safe
and
easie
Passage
for
all
Merchants
who
traded
to
Rome
.
Besides
this
,
he
intended
to
drain
all
the
Marshes
by
Nomentum
and
Setium
,
and
gain
ground
enough
from
the
Water
to
employ
many
Thousands
of
Men
in
Tillage
.
He
propos'd
farther
to
make
great
Mounds
on
the
Shoar
nighest
Rome
,
to
hinder
the
Sea
from
breaking
in
upon
the
Land
;
to
cleanse
the
Ostian
Shoar
of
such
hidden
Shelves
and
Rocks
as
made
it
unsafe
for
Shipping
,
and
to
build
Ports
and
Harbors
fit
to
receive
such
large
Vessels
as
used
to
ride
thereabouts
.
These
things
were
design'd
without
taking
effect
:
but
his
Reformation
of
the
Kalendar
,
in
order
to
rectifie
the
irregularity
of
Time
,
was
not
only
ingeniously
contriv'd
,
but
brought
to
perfection
by
him
,
and
prov'd
of
very
great
use
;
For
it
was
not
only
in
ancient
Times
that
the
Romans
wanted
a
certain
Rule
to
make
the
Revolutions
of
their
Months
fall
in
with
the
Course
of
the
Year
,
(
whereby
their
Festivals
and
solemn
days
for
Sacrifice
were
remov'd
by
little
and
little
,
till
at
last
they
came
to
be
kept
at
a
Season
quite
contrary
to
what
they
had
been
formerly
)
but
even
at
this
time
,
the
People
had
no
way
of
computing
right
the
Course
of
the
Sun
;
only
the
Priests
had
the
knack
,
and
at
their
pleasure
,
without
giving
any
notice
,
clapt
in
an
intercalary
Month
,
which
they
call'd
Mercedonius
.
Numa
was
the
first
who
put
in
this
Month
,
but
his
Invention
was
too
narrow
and
short
to
correct
all
the
Errors
that
rose
from
their
Computation
of
the
Year
,
as
we
have
shewn
in
his
Life
.
Caesar
call'd
in
the
best
Philosophers
and
Mathematicians
of
his
Time
,
to
settle
this
Point
;
and
upon
Principles
there
propos'd
,
establish'd
a
more
exact
and
proper
Method
of
correcting
the
Kalendar
;
which
the
Romans
use
to
this
day
,
and
seem
to
err
less
then
any
other
Nation
in
the
Reduction
of
this
inequality
of
Months
to
the
Year
.
Yet
even
this
gave
Offence
to
those
who
envy'd
his
Grandeur
,
and
were
weary
of
his
Power
;
for
Cicero
the
Orator
,
when
one
of
the
Company
chanc'd
to
say
,
The
next
morning
Lyra
would
rise
;
reply'd
,
Yes
,
by
vertue
of
the
Edict
;
as
if
Men
were
forc'd
by
Authority
to
receive
this
new
Scheme
.
But
that
which
brought
upon
him
the
most
apparent
and
mortal
hatred
,
was
his
affectation
of
being
King
,
which
gave
the
Common
People
the
first
Occasion
to
quarrel
with
him
,
and
prov'd
the
most
specious
pretence
to
those
who
had
been
his
secret
Enemies
all
along
.
Those
who
would
have
procur'd
him
that
Title
,
gave
it
out
,
That
't
was
foretold
in
the
Sibylls
Books
,
that
the
Romans
should
conquer
the
Parthians
when
they
fought
against
them
under
the
Conduct
of
a
King
,
but
not
before
.
And
one
day
,
as
Caesar
was
going
from
Alba
to
Rome
,
some
were
so
bold
as
to
salute
him
by
the
Name
of
King
;
but
he
finding
the
People
disrelish
it
,
seem'd
to
resent
it
himself
,
and
said
,
His
Title
was
Caesar
,
not
King
.
Upon
this
,
they
forbore
their
Acclamations
,
and
he
past
on
with
an
air
that
express'd
much
sullenness
and
dissatisfaction
.
Another
time
,
when
the
Senate
had
conferr'd
on
him
some
extravagant
Honours
,
he
chanc'd
to
receive
the
Message
as
he
was
sitting
on
the
Rostra
,
where
,
though
the
Consuls
and
Praetors
themselves
waited
on
him
,
attended
by
the
whole
Body
of
the
Senate
,
he
did
not
rise
,
but
behav'd
himself
to
them
as
if
they
had
been
private
Men
,
and
told
them
,
His
Honours
wanted
rather
to
be
retrench'd
,
than
increas'd
.
This
Carriage
of
his
offended
not
only
the
Senate
,
but
Commonalty
too
;
for
they
thought
the
affront
upon
the
Senate
equally
reflected
upon
the
whole
Republick
;
so
that
all
who
could
decently
leave
him
went
off
much
dejected
.
Caesar
perceiving
the
false
step
he
had
made
,
immediately
retir'd
home
,
and
laying
his
Throat
bare
,
told
his
Friends
,
That
he
was
ready
to
stand
fair
for
any
man
that
would
do
him
the
kind
Office
:
Afterwards
he
excus'd
his
sitting
by
his
Distemper
,
under
pretence
that
those
who
are
affected
with
it
have
their
senses
discompos'd
,
if
they
talk
much
standing
;
that
they
presently
grow
giddy
,
fall
iuto
Convulsions
,
and
quite
lose
their
Reason
.
But
all
this
was
feign'd
;
for
he
would
willingly
have
stood
up
to
the
Senate
,
had
not
Cornelius
Balbus
,
one
of
his
Friends
,
or
rather
Flatterers
,
hinder'd
him
.
Don't
you
remember
,
saith
he
,
you
are
Caesar
;
and
will
you
abate
any
thing
of
that
Honor
which
is
due
to
your
Dignity
?
He
gave
still
a
fresh
occasion
of
resentment
by
his
affront
to
the
Tribunes
.
The
Lupercalia
were
then
celebrated
,
a
Feast
at
the
first
Institution
peculiar
,
as
some
Writers
say
,
to
the
Shepherds
,
much
of
the
same
nature
with
the
Arcadian
Lycaea
:
Many
young
Noblemen
and
Magistrates
run
up
and
down
the
City
naked
,
striking
all
they
meet
with
leathern
Thongs
,
by
way
of
sport
;
Many
Women
of
the
best
Quality
place
themselves
in
the
way
,
and
hold
out
their
Hands
to
the
Lash
,
as
Boys
in
a
School
do
to
the
Ferula
,
out
of
an
Opinion
that
it
procures
an
easie
Labour
to
those
who
are
with
Child
,
and
makes
those
conceive
who
are
barren
.
Caesar
drest
in
a
Triumphal
Robe
,
seated
himself
in
a
golden
Chair
upon
the
Rostra
,
to
view
this
Ceremony
.
Anthony
,
as
Consul
,
was
one
of
those
who
ran
this
Course
;
when
he
came
into
the
Forum
,
the
People
made
way
for
him
,
whilst
he
presented
Caesar
with
a
Diadem
wreath'd
with
Lawrel
.
Upon
this
,
there
was
a
small
shout
,
made
only
by
those
few
who
were
planted
there
for
that
purpose
;
but
when
Caesar
refus'd
it
,
there
was
an
universal
applause
.
Upon
the
second
offer
,
very
few
;
and
upon
the
second
refusal
,
all
again
clapp'd
.
Caesar
finding
it
would
not
take
,
rose
up
,
and
order'd
the
Crown
to
be
carried
into
the
Capitol
.
Caesar's
Statues
were
afterwards
found
with
Royal
Diadems
on
their
Heads
;
Flavius
and
Marullus
,
two
Tribunes
of
the
People
,
went
presently
and
pull'd
them
off
;
and
having
apprehended
those
who
first
saluted
Caesar
as
King
,
committed
them
:
The
People
follow'd
them
with
acclamations
,
and
call'd
them
Brutus's
,
because
Brutus
was
the
first
who
cut
off
the
Succession
of
Kings
,
and
transferr'd
the
Power
which
before
was
lodg'd
in
One
,
into
the
hands
of
the
Senate
and
People
.
Caesar
so
far
resented
this
,
that
he
displac'd
Marullus
and
Flavius
;
and
as
he
inveigh'd
against
them
,
at
the
same
time
ridicul'd
the
People
,
telling
them
,
He
confess'd
those
Men
were
indeed
properly
call
Bruti
and
Cumaei
[
Beasts
and
Sots
.
]
This
made
the
Multitude
place
their
hopes
on
M.
Brutus
,
who
by
his
Father's
side
was
thought
to
be
descended
from
that
first
Brutus
,
and
by
his
Mother's
side
from
the
Servilii
,
another
Noble
Family
;
being
besides
Nephew
and
Son-in-law
to
Cato
.
But
the
Honours
and
Favours
he
had
receiv'd
from
Caesar
,
took
off
the
edge
from
those
eager
Desires
he
naturally
had
to
subvert
the
Monarchy
;
for
he
had
not
only
been
pardon'd
himself
after
Pompey's
Defeat
at
Pharsalia
,
and
had
procur'd
the
same
Grace
for
many
of
his
Friends
,
but
was
one
in
whom
Caesar
had
a
particular
Confidence
.
He
had
at
that
time
the
most
honourable
Praetorship
of
the
Year
,
and
was
nam'd
for
the
Consulship
four
years
after
,
being
preferr'd
before
Cassius
his
Competitor
.
Upon
the
Dispute
between
them
,
Caesar
said
,
That
Cassius
had
the
fairest
Pretensions
,
but
that
he
could
not
pass
by
Brutus
.
Nor
did
he
afterwards
hearken
to
those
who
accus'd
Brutus
,
as
engag'd
in
a
Conspiracy
against
him
;
but
laying
his
hand
on
his
Body
,
said
to
the
Informers
,
Brutus
will
stay
for
this
skin
of
mine
;
intimating
,
that
he
was
worthy
of
Empire
on
account
of
his
Vertue
,
but
would
not
be
base
and
ungrateful
to
gain
one
.
But
those
who
desir'd
a
Change
,
and
look'd
on
Him
as
the
only
,
or
at
least
the
most
proper
person
to
effect
it
,
durst
not
discourse
the
matter
with
him
,
but
in
the
Night-time
laid
Papers
about
his
Chair
of
State
,
where
he
us'd
to
sit
and
determine
Causes
,
with
Sentences
in
them
to
this
import
:
You
are
asleep
,
Brutus
;
you
are
no
longer
Brutus
.
Cassius
,
when
he
perceiv'd
his
ambitious
Soul
a
little
rais'd
upon
this
,
was
more
instant
then
before
to
work
him
yet
farther
,
having
himself
a
private
grudge
against
Caesar
,
for
some
Reasons
that
we
have
mention'd
in
the
Life
of
Brutus
.
Nor
was
Caesar
without
suspicions
of
him
,
so
that
he
took
occasion
to
say
to
his
Friends
,
What
do
you
think
Cassius
drives
at
?
I
don't
well
like
him
,
he
looks
so
pale
.
And
when
it
was
told
him
that
Anthony
and
Dolabella
were
in
a
Plot
against
him
,
he
said
,
He
did
not
fear
such
fat
,
jolly
Men
,
but
rather
the
pale
,
lean
Fellows
;
meaning
Cassius
and
Brutus
.
But
neither
was
his
Fate
so
much
unexpected
,
as
it
was
unavoidable
;
for
there
were
many
strange
Prodigies
and
Apparations
which
were
Presages
of
it
.
As
to
the
Lights
in
the
Heavens
,
the
Phantoms
which
walk'd
in
the
Night
,
and
the
wild
Birds
which
perch'd
upon
the
Forum
,
these
are
not
perhaps
worth
taking
notice
of
in
so
great
a
Case
as
this
.
Strabo
the
Philosopher
tells
us
,
that
many
as
they
went
along
seem'd
to
be
all
on
fire
;
and
that
a
Soldier
's
Servant
seem'd
to
throw
a
great
quantity
of
flame
out
of
his
hand
,
so
that
they
who
saw
it
thought
he
must
be
burnt
,
but
that
after
all
he
had
no
hurt
.
As
Caesar
was
sacrificing
,
the
Victim
was
seen
to
want
an
Heart
,
which
was
a
very
ill
Omen
,
because
a
Creature
can't
subsist
without
an
Heart
.
Many
add
,
that
a
Soothsayer
bid
him
prepare
for
some
great
Danger
on
the
Ides
of
March
:
When
the
day
was
come
,
Caesar
as
he
went
to
the
Senate
met
this
Soothsayer
,
and
said
to
him
by
way
of
raillery
,
The
Ides
of
March
are
come
;
who
answer'd
him
calmly
,
Yes
,
they
are
come
,
but
they
are
not
past
.
The
day
before
this
Assassination
,
he
supp'd
with
M.
Lepidus
;
as
he
was
signing
some
Letters
,
there
arose
a
Dispute
what
sort
of
Death
was
the
best
?
At
which
he
immediately
,
before
any
one
could
speak
,
said
,
A
sudden
one
.
After
this
,
as
he
was
in
Bed
with
his
Wife
,
all
the
Doors
and
Windows
of
the
House
flew
open
together
;
he
was
startled
at
the
Noise
,
and
the
Light
which
brake
into
the
Room
,
and
sat
up
in
his
Bed
,
where
by
the
Moon-shine
he
perceived
Calpurnia
fast
asleep
,
but
heard
her
utter
in
her
Dream
some
indistinct
words
,
and
inarticulate
groans
.
She
fancied
at
that
time
she
was
weeping
over
Caesar
,
and
holding
him
butcher'd
in
her
Arms.
Others
say
,
This
was
not
her
Dream
;
but
that
she
dreamt
a
Pinacle
(
which
the
Senate
had
order'd
to
be
rais'd
on
Caesar's
House
by
way
of
Ornament
and
Grandeur
)
was
broken
down
,
which
was
the
occasion
of
her
tears
and
groans
.
When
it
was
day
,
she
begg'd
of
Caesar
,
if
it
were
possible
,
not
to
stir
ou●
,
but
to
adjourn
the
Senate
to
another
time
;
and
if
he
slighted
her
Dreams
,
that
he
would
be
pleas'd
to
consult
his
Fate
by
Sacrifices
and
other
kinds
of
Divination
.
Nor
was
he
himself
without
some
suspicion
and
fears
;
for
he
never
before
discover'd
in
Calpurnia
any
Womanish
Superstition
,
whom
he
now
saw
under
such
terrible
apprehensions
.
Upon
the
Report
which
the
Priests
made
to
him
,
that
they
had
kill'd
several
Sacrifices
,
and
still
found
them
inauspicious
,
he
was
resolv'd
to
send
Anthony
to
dismiss
the
Senate
.
D.
Brutus
,
whose
Sirname
was
Albinus
,
(
one
whom
Caesar
had
such
confidence
in
,
that
he
made
him
his
second
Heir
,
thô
at
the
same
time
he
was
engag'd
in
the
Conspiracy
with
the
other
Brutus
and
Cassius
)
fearing
,
lest
if
Caesar
should
put
off
the
Senate
to
another
day
,
the
business
might
get
wind
,
took
care
to
expose
the
Pretenders
to
Divination
,
and
blam'd
Caesar
for
giving
the
Senate
so
just
Occasions
of
quarrelling
with
him
,
by
casting
such
a
slur
on
them
;
for
that
they
were
met
upon
his
Summons
,
and
were
ready
to
vote
unanimously
,
that
he
should
be
declared
King
of
all
the
Provinces
without
Italy
,
and
might
wear
a
Diademin
any
other
place
but
Italy
,
by
Sea
or
Land
.
If
any
one
should
be
sent
to
tell
'em
they
might
break
up
for
the
present
,
and
meet
again
when
Calpurnia
should
chance
to
have
better
Dreams
;
what
would
his
Enemies
say
?
or
who
could
with
any
patience
hear
his
Friends
,
if
they
should
pretend
to
defend
his
Government
as
not
Arbitrary
and
Tyrannical
?
But
if
he
was
possess'd
so
far
as
to
think
this
day
unfortunate
,
yet
it
were
more
decent
to
go
himself
to
the
Senate
,
and
to
adjourn
it
in
his
own
Person
.
Brutus
as
he
spoke
these
words
took
Caesar
by
the
hand
,
and
conducted
him
forth
:
He
was
not
gone
far
from
the
door
,
when
a
Servant
made
towards
him
;
but
not
being
able
to
come
up
to
him
by
reason
of
the
Crowd
who
press'd
about
him
,
he
made
shift
to
get
into
the
House
,
and
committed
himself
to
Calpurnia
,
begging
of
her
to
secure
him
till
Caesar
return'd
,
because
he
had
matters
of
great
importance
to
communicate
to
him
.
Artemidorus
,
a
Cnidian
,
who
taught
the
Art
of
Sophistry
in
Greek
,
and
by
that
means
was
so
far
acquainted
with
some
about
Brutus
,
that
he
had
got
into
the
Secret
,
brought
Caesar
in
a
little
Schedule
the
Heads
of
what
he
had
to
depose
.
He
had
observ'd
that
Caesar
as
he
receiv'd
any
Papers
presently
gave
'em
to
the
Servants
who
attended
on
him
;
and
therefore
came
as
near
to
him
as
he
could
,
and
said
,
Read
this
,
Caesar
alone
,
and
quickly
,
for
it
contains
great
Business
,
and
such
as
concerns
you
.
Caesar
receiv'd
it
,
and
went
to
read
it
several
times
,
but
was
still
hindred
by
the
Crowd
of
those
who
came
to
speak
to
him
.
However
,
he
kept
it
in
his
hand
by
it self
,
till
he
came
into
the
Senate
.
Some
say
it
was
another
who
gave
Caesar
this
Note
,
and
that
Artemidorus
could
not
get
to
him
,
being
all
along
kept
off
by
the
Crowd
.
All
these
things
might
happen
by
chance
:
but
the
place
where
the
Senate
met
,
which
was
chose
out
for
the
Scene
of
this
Murther
▪
was
the
same
in
which
Pompey's
Statue
stood
,
and
was
one
of
the
Edifices
which
Pompey
had
rais'd
and
dedicated
with
his
Theatre
to
the
use
of
the
Publick
;
which
plainly
shew'd
that
there
was
something
of
a
Deity
which
guided
the
Action
,
and
order'd
it
to
be
in
that
particular
place
.
Cassius
just
before
the
Assassination
look'd
towards
Pompey's
Statue
,
and
silently
implor'd
his
Assistance
▪
though
he
was
an
Epicurean
in
his
Principles
:
but
this
Occasion
,
and
the
instant
Danger
,
shook
his
former
Notions
,
and
made
him
a
perfect
Enthusiast
.
As
for
Anthony
,
who
was
firm
to
Caesar
,
and
a
lusty
Person
,
Brutus
Abinus
kept
him
without
the
House
,
and
entertain'd
him
with
a
long
Discourse
contriv'd
on
purpose
.
When
Caesar
entred
into
the
House
,
the
Senate
stood
up
in
respect
to
him
;
of
Brutus's
Confederates
some
came
about
his
Chair
,
and
stood
behind
it
;
others
met
him
,
pretending
to
supplicate
with
Metellus
Cimber
,
in
behalf
of
his
Brother
who
was
in
Exile
;
and
they
follow'd
him
with
their
joynt
Petitions
till
he
came
to
his
Seat
▪
When
he
was
sat
down
,
he
refus'd
to
comply
with
their
Requests
,
and
upon
their
urging
him
farther
,
reprimanded
them
severally
:
when
Metellus
laying
hold
of
his
Robe
with
both
his
hands
,
pull'd
it
over
his
Neck
,
which
was
the
Signal
for
the
Assault
.
Casca
gave
him
the
first
Cut
in
the
Neck
,
which
was
not
mortal
,
nor
dangerous
,
as
coming
from
one
who
at
the
beginning
of
such
a
bold
Action
was
probably
very
much
disturb'd
.
Caesar
immediately
turn'd
about
,
and
laid
his
Hand
upon
his
Dagger
;
and
both
of
'em
at
the
same
time
cry'd
out
:
He
that
receiv'd
the
Blow
,
in
Latine
,
Wicked
Casca
!
what
dost
thou
mean
?
and
he
that
gave
it
,
in
Greek
,
to
his
Brother
,
Brother
,
help
!
Upon
the
first
Onset
,
those
who
were
not
conscious
to
the
Design
were
astonish'd
;
and
their
Horror
at
the
Action
was
so
great
,
that
they
durst
not
fly
,
nor
assist
Caesar
,
nor
as
much
as
speak
a
word
.
But
those
who
came
prepar'd
for
the
Business
,
enclos'd
him
on
every
side
with
their
naked
Daggers
in
their
Hands
:
Which
way
soever
he
turn'd
,
he
met
with
Blows
,
and
saw
their
Swords
levell'd
at
his
Face
and
Eyes
,
and
was
baited
on
all
sides
,
like
a
Beast
taken
in
a
Toyl
.
For
it
was
agreed
they
should
each
of
them
make
a
Thrust
at
him
,
and
flesh
themselves
with
his
Blood
;
wherefore
Brutus
gave
him
one
Stab
in
the
Groin
.
Some
say
that
he
fought
and
resisted
all
the
rest
,
and
mov'd
off
from
one
place
to
another
,
calling
out
for
Help
:
But
when
he
saw
Brutus's
Sword
▪
drawn
,
he
cover'd
his
Face
with
his
Robe
,
and
quietly
surrendred
himself
,
till
he
was
push'd
,
either
by
Chance
,
or
by
Design
of
the
Murtherers
,
to
the
Pedestal
,
on
which
Pompey's
Statue
stood
,
which
by
that
means
was
much
stain'd
with
his
Blood
;
so
that
Pompey
himself
may
seem
to
have
had
his
share
in
the
Revenge
of
his
Enemy
,
who
fell
at
his
Feet
,
and
breath'd
out
his
Soul
through
his
multitude
of
Wounds
;
for
they
say
he
received
Three
and
Twenty
.
The
Assassinates
themselves
were
many
of
them
wounded
by
each
other
,
whilst
they
all
levelled
their
Blows
at
the
same
Person
.
When
Caesar
was
dispatch'd
,
Brutus
stood
forth
to
give
a
Reason
for
what
they
had
done
;
but
the
Senate
would
not
hear
him
▪
but
flew
out
of
doors
in
all
haste
,
and
fill'd
the
People
with
so
much
Fear
and
Distraction
,
that
some
shut
up
House
,
others
left
their
Counters
and
Shops
.
All
ran
one
way
or
other
;
some
to
the
Place
,
to
see
the
sad
Spectacle
;
others
back
again
,
after
they
had
seen
it
.
Anthony
and
Lepidus
,
Caesar's
best
Friends
,
got
off
privately
,
and
absconded
themselves
in
some
Friends
Houses
.
Brutus
and
his
Followers
,
being
yet
hot
with
the
Murther
,
marched
in
a
Body
from
the
Senate-House
to
the
Capitol
with
their
drawn
Swords
,
not
like
Persons
who
thought
of
escaping
,
but
with
an
Air
of
Confidence
and
Assurance
.
As
they
went
along
,
they
call'd
to
the
People
to
resume
their
Liberty
,
and
complimented
those
of
better
Quality
,
which
they
met
.
Some
of
those
went
along
with
them
,
and
joyn'd
Company
with
the
Conspirators
,
pretending
to
the
Honour
of
the
Action
,
as
if
they
had
born
a
part
in
it
.
Of
this
number
was
C.
Octavius
,
and
Lentulus
Spinther
:
These
suffer'd
afterwards
for
their
Vanity
,
being
taken
off
by
Anthony
,
and
the
younger
Caesar
;
but
they
lost
the
Honour
they
desir'd
,
as
well
as
their
Lives
,
which
it
cost
them
,
since
no
one
believ'd
they
had
any
share
in
the
Action
;
for
neither
did
those
who
punished
them
revenge
the
Fact
,
but
the
ill
Will.
The
day
after
,
Brutus
with
the
rest
came
down
from
the
Capitol
,
and
made
a
Speech
to
the
People
,
who
attended
to
it
,
without
expressig
either
any
Pleasure
or
Resentment
,
but
shewed
by
their
deep
silence
that
they
pitied
Caesar
,
and
reverenc'd
Brutus
.
The
Senate
made
Acts
of
Oblivion
for
what
was
past
,
and
took
healing
Measures
to
reconcile
all
Parties
;
They
order'd
that
Caesar
should
be
worshipp'd
as
a
God
,
and
that
not
any
the
least
thing
should
be
alter'd
which
he
had
enacted
during
his
Government
;
At
the
same
time
,
they
gave
Brutus
and
his
Followers
the
Command
of
Provinces
,
and
other
considerable
Posts
:
so
that
all
People
now
thought
things
were
well
settled
,
and
put
into
a
very
good
Posture
.
But
when
Caesar's
Will
was
open'd
,
and
it
was
found
that
he
had
left
a
Considerable
Legacy
to
each
one
of
the
Roman
Citizens
;
and
when
his
Body
was
seen
carried
through
the
Market-Place
all
mangled
with
Wounds
,
the
Multitude
could
no
longer
contain
themselves
within
the
Bounds
of
Decency
and
Order
,
but
heap'd
together
a
Pile
of
Benches
,
Bars
,
and
Tables
,
which
they
placed
the
Corps
on
,
and
setting
Fire
to
it
,
burnt
them
.
Then
they
took
▪
Firebrands
,
and
ran
some
to
fire
the
Houses
of
the
Assassinates
,
others
up
and
down
the
City
,
to
find
out
the
Men
,
and
Limb
them
;
but
they
met
with
none
of
them
,
they
having
taken
effectual
Care
to
secure
themselves
.
One
Cinna
,
a
Confident
of
Caesar's
,
chanc'd
the
Night
before
to
have
an
odd
Dream
:
He
fancied
that
Caesar
invited
him
to
Supper
;
and
that
upon
his
Refusal
to
go
with
him
,
Caesar
took
him
by
the
Hand
,
and
forc'd
him
,
though
he
hung
back
.
Upon
Notice
that
Caesar's
Body
was
burning
in
the
Market-Place
,
he
got
up
,
and
went
thither
,
out
of
respect
to
his
Memory
,
though
his
Dream
gave
him
some
ill
Apprehensions
;
and
though
he
was
at
the
same
time
Fevorish
.
One
of
the
Rabble
who
saw
him
there
,
ask'd
another
,
Who
that
was
?
And
having
learnt
his
Name
,
told
it
to
his
next
Neighbour
:
It
presently
went
for
currant
,
that
he
was
one
of
Caesar's
Murtherers
;
and
indeed
there
was
one
Cinna
a
Conspirator
:
They
taking
this
to
be
the
Man
,
immediately
Seized
him
,
and
tore
him
Limb
from
Limb
upon
the
Spot
.
Brutus
and
Cassius
,
frighted
at
this
,
within
a
few
days
retir'd
out
of
the
City
.
What
they
afterwards
did
and
suffer'd
,
and
how
they
dy'd
,
is
written
in
the
Life
of
Brutus
.
Caesar
dy'd
in
his
Fifty
sixth
year
,
not
having
surviv'd
Pompey
above
four
years
:
That
Empire
and
Power
which
he
had
pursued
through
the
whole
Course
of
his
Life
with
so
much
Hazzard
,
he
did
at
last
with
much
difficulty
compass
;
but
reap'd
no
other
Fruits
from
it
then
an
empty
Name
,
and
invidious
Title
.
But
that
happy
Genius
,
which
was
Propitious
to
him
during
his
Life
,
seems
to
have
stuck
to
him
after
his
Death
,
as
the
Revenger
of
his
Murther
;
for
it
pursu'd
by
Sea
and
Land
all
those
who
were
concern'd
in
it
,
and
suffer'd
none
to
escape
,
but
reach'd
all
who
were
either
actually
engaged
in
the
Fact
,
or
by
their
Councels
any
way
promoted
it
.
The
most
signal
Accident
of
all
here
below
,
was
that
which
befell
Cassius
,
who
when
he
was
conquer'd
at
Philippi
,
kill'd
himself
with
the
same
Dagger
which
he
had
made
use
of
against
Caesar
.
The
most
remarkable
Appearance
in
the
Heavens
was
a
great
Comet
,
which
shone
bery
bright
for
seven
Nights
after
Caesar's
Death
,
and
then
disappear'd
.
There
was
also
a
very
faint
Light
in
the
Sun
;
for
the
Orb
of
it
was
pale
for
the
space
of
an
Year
,
nor
did
it
rise
with
its
usual
Brightness
and
Vigor
.
Hence
it
gave
but
a
weak
and
feeble
Heat
,
and
consequently
the
Air
was
damp
and
gross
,
for
want
of
stronger
Rays
to
open
and
rarifie
it
:
The
Fruits
,
for
that
Reason
,
were
crude
and
unconcocted
,
so
that
they
rotted
and
decay'd
,
through
the
Chilness
of
the
Air.
Above
all
,
the
Phantôm
which
appear'd
to
Brutus
,
shew'd
the
Murther
was
not
pleasing
to
the
Gods
.
The
Story
of
it
is
this
.
Brutus
being
to
pass
his
Army
from
A●ydos
to
the
Continent
on
the
other
side
,
lay'd
himself
down
one
Night
,
as
he
used
to
do
,
in
his
Tent
,
and
was
not
a-sleep
,
but
thinking
of
his
Affairs
,
and
what
Events
he
might
expect
:
For
he
was
naturally
of
a
watchful
Constitution
▪
and
very
little
inclin'd
to
Sleep
.
He
thought
he
heard
a
Noise
at
the
Door
of
his
Tent
,
and
looking
that
way
,
by
the
Light
of
his
Lamp
,
which
was
almost
out
,
saw
a
terrible
Figure
,
like
that
of
a
Man
,
but
of
an
extraordinary
Bulk
,
and
grim
Countenance
.
He
was
somewhat
frighted
at
first
:
but
seeing
it
neither
did
nor
spoke
any
thing
to
him
,
only
stood
silently
by
his
Bed-side
,
he
ask'd
it
at
last
,
Who
it
was
?
The
Spectre
answer'd
him
,
I
am
thy
Evil
Genius
,
Brutus
,
and
thou
shalt
see
me
by
Philippi
.
Brutus
answer'd
very
courageously
,
Well
,
I
will
see
you
there
;
and
immediately
the
Ghost
vanish'd
.
When
the
time
was
come
,
he
drew
up
his
Army
near
Philippi
against
Anthony
and
Caesar
,
and
in
the
first
Battel
got
the
Day
,
routed
the
Enemy
,
and
plunder'd
Caesar's
Camp
.
The
Night
before
the
second
Battel
,
the
same
Ghost
appear'd
to
him
again
,
but
spoke
not
a
word
.
He
presently
understood
his
Death
was
near
,
and
expos'd
himself
to
all
the
Danger
of
the
Battel
:
yet
he
did
not
die
in
the
Fight
;
but
seeing
his
Men
defeated
,
got
up
to
the
top
of
a
Rock
,
and
there
presenting
his
Sword
to
his
naked
Breast
,
and
assisted
,
as
they
say
,
by
a
Friend
,
who
helpt
him
to
give
the
Thrust
,
died
upon
the
Spot
.
FINIS
.
PHOCION
.
depiction of Phocion
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
MBurgh
.
sculp
.
commonly
said
,
That
the
Populace
is
most
insulting
and
contumelious
to
great
men
,
when
they
are
puff'd
up
with
Prosperity
and
Success
,
the
contrary
oft
happens
;
Afflictions
and
publick
Calamities
naturally
eagering
and
sowring
the
Minds
and
Manners
of
men
,
and
disposing
them
to
such
Peevishness
and
Chagrin
,
that
hardly
can
any
one
carry
himself
so
swimmingly
in
his
words
or
actions
,
but
they
will
be
apt
to
take
pett
:
he
that
remonstrates
to
their
Miscarriages
,
is
interpreted
to
insult
over
their
Misfortunes
,
and
even
the
mildest
Expostulations
are
constru'd
Contempt
:
Honey
it self
is
searching
in
sore
and
ulcerated
parts
;
and
the
wisest
,
though
soft
Counsels
,
may
prove
to
be
provoking
to
distemper'd
minds
,
that
have
not
well
prepar'd
ears
to
entertain
them
.
This
made
the
Poet
express
such
applications
,
by
a
word
signifying
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
a
grateful
and
easie
touch
upon
the
mind
,
without
harshness
or
offence
:
inflamed
Eyes
require
a
retreat
into
gloomy
and
dusky
places
,
amongst
Colours
of
the
deepest
shades
,
unable
to
endure
the
vigorous
and
glaring
light
:
So
fares
it
in
the
Body
politick
,
when
heated
with
Factions
and
Irresolution
;
there
is
a
certain
Niceness
and
touchy
Humour
prevails
in
the
Minds
of
men
,
and
an
unaccountable
jealousie
of
any
person
that
with
openness
and
freedom
offers
to
scan
their
actions
,
even
when
the
necessities
of
their
affairs
most
require
such
plain-dealing
.
And
surely
such
a
condition
of
State
is
most
ticklish
,
when
those
who
endeavour
to
stem
the
popular
Torrent
,
are
in
danger
to
be
run
down
by
them
,
and
those
who
humour
them
,
to
be
swallow'd
up
with
them
in
the
common
ruine
.
Astronomers
tell
us
,
the
Sun's
motion
is
neither
exactly
parallel
with
the
rest
of
the
Orbs
,
nor
yet
directly
and
diametrically
opposite
to
them
;
but
describing
an
oblique
line
,
with
insensible
declination
,
he
steers
his
course
so
,
to
dispence
his
Light
and
Influence
,
in
his
annual
Revolution
,
at
several
Seasons
,
in
equal
proportions
,
to
the
whole
Creation
:
so
it
happens
in
political
Affairs
,
that
if
the
motions
of
Rulers
be
constantly
opposite
and
cross
to
the
Genius
and
inclination
of
the
People
,
they
will
be
stomach'd
as
arbitrary
and
tyrannical
;
as
on
the
other
side
,
too
much
Deference
and
Indulgence
to
the
Subjects
Levity
and
Wantonness
,
has
oft
proved
dangerous
and
fatal
;
but
the
gratifying
them
in
reasonable
and
fair
Requests
,
when
they
are
not
masterly
and
insolent
,
may
prove
for
the
honour
and
safety
of
the
Government
:
yet
it
must
be
confess'd
,
it
is
a
nice
Point
,
and
extream
difficult
,
so
to
temper
this
Lenity
,
as
to
preserve
the
Authority
of
the
Government
,
that
it
may
not
be
exposed
to
the
Peoples
Affront
and
Contempt
.
But
if
such
a
blessed
Mixture
and
Temperament
may
be
obtain'd
,
it
seems
to
be
the
most
regular
and
harmonious
of
all
other
;
for
thus
we
are
taught
even
God
governs
the
World
,
not
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
by
irresistible
sorce
,
but
perswasive
Arguments
and
gentle
Insinuations
into
our
Minds
,
bending
them
to
compliance
with
his
eternal
Purposes
.
Thus
it
befel
Cato
the
younger
,
whose
Manners
were
so
little
agreeable
or
acceptable
to
the
People
,
that
he
received
very
slender
marks
of
their
Favour
;
witness
his
repulse
in
the
Pretences
he
made
to
the
Consulate
,
behaving
himself
,
as
Cicero
observes
,
rather
like
a
Citizen
of
Plato's
Commonwealth
,
than
among
the
Lees
of
Romulus's
Posterity
:
the
same
thing
happening
to
him
,
in
my
opinion
,
as
we
observe
in
Fruits
ripe
before
their
season
▪
which
we
rather
gaze
at
and
admire
than
use
;
so
much
was
his
old-fashion'd
Virtue
out
of
present
mode
,
considering
the
depraved
Customs
,
Time
and
Luxury
had
introduc'd
,
that
it
appear'd
(
indeed
)
sightly
and
splendid
,
but
suited
not
the
present
Exigencies
,
being
so
disproportion'd
to
the
Manners
in
vogue
,
and
the
guise
of
the
present
Times
.
Yet
his
Circumstances
were
not
altogether
like
Phocion's
who
came
to
the
Helm
when
the
publick
Bottom
was
just
upon
sinking
.
Cato's
Time
was
,
indeed
,
stormy
and
tempestuous
,
yet
so
as
he
was
able
to
assist
in
managing
the
Sails
,
and
lend
his
helping
hand
to
those
that
steer'd
:
his
manly
resolution
gave
Fortune
a
task
of
Time
and
difficulty
in
ruining
the
Commonwealth
,
in
which
he
and
his
Friends
had
almost
prevail'd
against
her
,
which
yet
,
by
other
assistance
,
with
long
time
and
tugging
,
by
slow
degrees
was
afterwards
effected
.
Now
we
compare
Phocion
to
him
,
not
only
in
the
common
Resemblances
that
appear
amongst
great
Men
and
States-men
;
for
indeed
there
is
some
difference
among
Virtues
of
the
same
denomination
,
as
the
Valour
of
Alcibiades
and
Epaminondas
,
the
Prudence
of
Themistocles
and
Aristides
,
the
Justice
of
Numa
and
Agesilaus
.
But
these
men's
Virtues
are
the
same
,
even
to
the
most
minute
differences
,
having
the
same
colour
,
stamp
and
character
impressed
upon
them
,
so
as
not
to
be
distinguishable
;
whether
you
look
upon
them
in
the
exact
mixture
on
the
one
hand
,
with
austerity
on
the
other
;
their
Gallantry
upon
some
occasions
,
and
Caution
on
others
;
their
extream
sollicitude
for
the
Publick
,
and
perfect
neglect
of
themselves
;
their
fixt
and
immovable
bent
to
all
virtuous
and
honest
Actions
,
accompani'd
with
an
extream
tenderness
and
scrupulosity
of
doing
any
thing
might
appear
mean
or
unworthy
:
so
that
in
these
,
as
in
two
Instruments
exactly
tuned
to
each
other
,
he
must
have
a
nice
Ear
that
can
perceive
any
Discord
.
As
to
Cato's
Extraction
,
it
's
confess'd
by
all
to
be
illustrious
,
(
as
shall
be
said
hereafter
)
nor
was
Phocion's
(
I
'm
well
assured
)
obscure
or
ignoble
;
for
had
he
been
the
Son
of
a
Turner
,
(
as
Idomeneus
reports
)
it
had
certainly
not
been
forgot
to
his
disparagement
,
by
Hyperides
the
Son
of
Glaucippus
,
who
heaped
up
a
thousand
spiteful
things
against
him
:
nor
indeed
was
it
possible
for
him
in
such
Circumstances
to
have
had
such
liberal
Education
in
his
Youth
,
as
to
be
first
Plato's
,
and
afterwards
Xenocrates's
Scholar
in
the
Academy
,
and
in
whatever
gentile
Accomplishments
,
to
have
been
all
along
emulous
of
the
very
best
of
his
Contemporaries
.
His
Countenance
was
so
composed
,
that
scarce
was
he
ever
seen
by
the
Athenians
laughing
,
or
in
tears
;
he
indulged
not
himself
in
the
luxury
of
the
publick
Baths
,
(
as
Douris
reports
)
nor
ever
had
his
Hands
without
his
Cloak
,
when
he
appear'd
dress'd
in
publick
:
Abroad
and
in
the
Camp
he
was
so
hardy
to
go
always
thin
clad
and
barefoot
,
except
the
Frost
was
vehement
and
intolerable
,
that
the
Soldiers
used
to
say
in
Merriment
,
that
it
was
a
hard
Winter
like
to
be
,
when
Phocion
wore
his
Shooes
.
Although
he
was
of
most
easie
Conversation
and
great
Humanity
,
his
appearance
was
morose
and
sowr
,
so
that
he
was
seldom
accosted
by
any
that
were
Strangers
to
him
:
upon
which
occasion
Chares
,
upon
a
time
jeering
his
supercilious
Look
,
and
the
Athenians
applauding
him
for
it
,
Phocion
reply'd
My
Sullenness
never
made
any
of
you
sad
,
but
these
men's
Jollity
hath
given
you
sorrow
enough
.
In
like
manner
Phocion's
Discourse
was
grave
and
pithy
,
full
of
useful
Remarks
with
a
sententious
brevity
,
awful
and
austere
,
however
unpleasant
:
after
the
manner
as
Zeno
says
a
Philosopher
should
speak
,
his
words
throughly
tinctur'd
with
the
inward
sense
of
his
mind
;
such
was
Phocion's
who
crowded
much
into
little
room
:
and
to
this
probably
Polyeuctus
the
Sphettian
had
regard
,
when
he
said
,
that
Demosthenes
was
indeed
the
best
Orator
of
his
time
,
but
Phocion
the
most
powerful
Speaker
;
whose
words
were
to
be
estimated
like
smaller
Coins
from
the
intrinsick
value
of
the
Metal
,
not
from
the
bulk
.
He
was
observed
sometimes
,
when
the
Theater
was
fill'd
with
Spectators
,
to
walk
musing
alone
behind
the
Scenes
,
which
one
of
his
Friends
once
taking
notice
of
,
said
,
Phocion
,
you
seem
to
be
thoughtful
;
●es
verily
,
replyed
he
,
I
am
considering
wherein
I
may
retrench
what
I
am
to
say
to
the
Athenians
.
Even
Demosthenes
himself
,
who
used
to
despise
the
rest
of
the
Haranguers
,
when
he
rose
up
,
was
wont
to
say
presently
to
those
about
him
,
Now
mark
,
says
he
,
the
Pruning-hook
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
of
my
Periods
.
But
this
perhaps
may
be
referr'd
to
the
Authority
of
the
man
,
since
not
only
a
word
,
but
even
a
nod
from
a
person
had
in
reverence
,
is
of
more
force
than
the
most
studied
and
elaborate
Speeches
of
others
.
In
his
Youth
he
serv'd
under
Chabrias
,
at
that
time
General
,
whom
he
greatly
honour'd
,
and
by
him
was
abundantly
instructed
in
military
Knowledge
;
and
in
return
,
help'd
to
correct
his
Humour
,
which
was
odd
and
capricious
:
for
being
otherways
naturally
heavy
and
flegmatick
,
he
was
so
fired
and
transported
in
heat
of
Fight
,
that
he
threw
himself
headlong
into
danger
beyond
the
forwardest
;
which
indeed
cost
him
his
Life
in
the
Island
of
Chio
,
having
press'd
his
own
Ship
foremost
,
to
force
a
descent
into
the
Haven
.
But
Phocion
being
a
man
of
Temper
as
well
as
Courage
,
had
the
dexterity
at
some
times
to
warm
the
General
's
Flegm
,
and
at
others
to
moderate
and
cool
the
impetuousness
of
his
unseasonable
Fury
.
Upon
which
account
Chabrias
,
being
a
good
natur'd
man
,
loved
him
extreamly
,
and
preferr'd
him
to
Offices
and
Commands
,
and
effectually
recommended
him
to
the
Athenians
,
using
his
assistance
,
and
taking
his
advice
in
all
his
Affairs
of
moment
:
particularly
the
Sea
fight
at
Naxus
made
not
a
little
to
Phocion's
Reputation
;
for
having
the
left
Squadron
committed
to
him
by
Chabrias
,
he
so
managed
the
Matter
,
that
the
Controversie
was
quickly
decided
in
their
favour
by
a
speedy
Victory
:
and
this
being
the
first
prosperous
Dispute
the
City
had
with
the
Groecians
,
by
its
single
force
,
since
it
was
under
Hatches
,
Chabrias
the
General
was
mightily
adored
,
and
Phocion
magnifi'd
as
a
man
worthy
of
the
greatest
Trust
and
Command
.
This
Victory
happen'd
at
the
great
Solemnities
,
and
Chabrias
appointed
an
Anniversary
to
commemorate
it
on
the
16th
.
of
August
,
on
which
it
was
obtained
,
and
distributed
a
Largess
of
Wine
among
the
Athenians
.
Much
about
this
time
Chabrias
sent
Phocion
to
demand
their
Quota
of
the
Charges
of
the
War
from
the
Islanders
,
and
proffering
him
a
Guard
of
20
Sail
,
he
told
him
,
if
he
intended
him
to
go
against
them
as
Enemies
,
that
force
was
insignificant
;
if
as
to
Friends
and
Allies
,
one
Vessel
was
sufficient
:
so
he
took
one
single
Galley
,
and
having
visited
the
Cities
,
and
treated
with
the
Governours
friendly
and
apertly
,
he
return'd
with
a
good
number
of
Ships
,
sent
by
the
Confederates
to
Athens
,
with
supplies
for
their
maintenance
.
Neither
did
his
Friendship
to
Chabrias
determine
with
his
Life
,
but
after
his
decease
was
religiously
maintained
to
all
that
related
to
him
:
chiefly
his
Son
Ctesippus
he
labour'd
to
bring
into
some
decorum
,
and
although
he
was
a
very
stupid
and
unhewn
young
Fellow
,
he
ceased
not
,
what
in
him
lay
,
to
correct
and
cover
his
faults
and
follies
;
once
when
the
Youngster
was
very
impertinent
and
troublesom
to
him
in
the
Camp
,
about
ordering
the
Army
,
still
shooting
his
Bolt
,
interrupting
him
with
idle
Questions
,
and
documentizing
Phocion
with
his
silly
Opinions
in
the
Matter
,
he
could
not
forbear
crying
out
,
O
Chabrias
,
Chabrias
,
this
is
the
greatest
test
of
my
Friendship
to
thee
,
to
endure
this
Blockhead
!
Upon
looking
into
publick
Matters
,
and
the
Managers
of
them
,
he
observed
they
had
shared
the
administration
of
Affairs
among
themselves
,
as
it
were
by
Lot
;
the
Sword-men
,
and
those
of
the
long
Robe
,
so
as
not
to
interfere
with
each
other
:
these
were
to
manage
the
Assemblies
,
register
their
Votes
,
and
publish
their
Acts
and
Edicts
,
of
whom
were
Eubulus
,
Aristophon
,
Demosthenes
,
Lycurgus
and
Hyperides
;
this
was
a
gainful
Trade
among
them
,
and
the
men
of
the
Blade
,
as
Diopithes
,
Menestheus
,
Leosthenes
and
Charetas
,
by
their
military
Emploies
,
carved
out
fair
Proportions
for
themselves
out
of
the
publick
Stock
.
Now
Phocion
was
o●
opinion
,
that
such
a
model
of
Government
as
that
of
Pericles
,
Aristides
and
Solon
,
wherein
the
same
person
acted
both
Parts
,
in
propounding
Laws
and
ordering
the
Militia
,
was
a
more
perfect
,
uniform
and
regular
Mixture
,
and
would
redound
most
to
the
common
Good
and
Safety
;
each
of
these
persons
being
well
qualifi'd
for
both
purposes
,
that
I
may
use
Archilocus's
words
Mars
and
the
Muses
Friends
alike
design'd
,
To
Arts
and
Arms
indifferently
inclin'd
.
Minerva
being
styl'd
the
Patroness
and
Protectress
of
Arts
both
Civil
and
Military
.
Phocion
having
thus
consider'd
with
himself
,
his
Inclinations
and
Genius
were
always
for
peace
and
quietness
,
yet
was
he
engaged
in
more
Wars
than
any
of
his
Predecessors
;
never
indeed
promoting
or
encouraging
such
Designs
,
nor
,
on
the
other
hand
,
shunning
or
declining
any
Enterprize
when
he
was
call'd
to
it
by
the
publick
necessity
of
the
State
.
And
thus
much
is
well
known
,
that
he
was
no
less
than
45
several
times
chosen
General
,
when
he
was
never
once
of
those
times
present
in
the
Assembly
;
but
the
Command
,
in
his
absence
,
by
common
Suffrage
,
conferr'd
on
him
,
and
he
sent
for
on
purpose
to
undertake
it
:
insomuch
that
it
amazed
those
that
did
not
well
consider
,
to
see
the
People
always
preferr
Phocion
,
who
was
so
far
from
humouring
them
,
or
courting
their
Favour
,
that
he
always
thwarted
and
opposed
them
.
But
so
it
was
,
as
great
Men
and
Princes
use
their
Buffoons
and
Jesters
after
Meals
,
for
their
Disport
and
Merriment
,
so
the
Athenians
upon
slight
occasions
entertain'd
and
diverted
themselves
with
their
spruce
Speakers
and
trim
Orators
;
but
when
it
came
to
dint
of
Action
,
they
were
so
sober
and
considerative
to
mark
out
the
gravest
and
wisest
for
publick
Employment
,
however
opposite
to
their
Sentiments
.
This
he
made
no
scruple
to
own
,
upon
the
occasion
of
the
Oracle
of
Delphos
being
read
,
which
informed
them
,
that
the
rest
of
the
Citizens
being
unanimous
,
there
was
one
only
person
so
presumptuous
to
abound
in
his
own
sence
,
which
he
frankly
told
them
was
himself
,
bidding
them
look
no
further
,
for
he
indeed
was
nothing
satisfied
in
all
their
proceedings
.
Happening
afterwards
to
speak
his
own
opinion
,
to
the
General
approbation
of
the
Assembly
,
turning
to
some
of
his
Friends
,
he
demanded
of
them
,
What
foolish
thing
had
escaped
him
unawares
to
merit
their
Applause
?
Upon
occasion
of
a
publick
Festivity
,
being
sollicited
for
his
Contribution
,
by
the
example
of
others
,
and
pressing
him
much
,
he
bid
them
apply
themselves
to
the
wealthy
,
for
his
part
he
should
blush
to
be
so
prodigal
to
throw
away
any
thing
,
whilst
he
was
in
the
Usurer's
Books
,
pointing
to
Callicles
the
Scrivener
.
Being
still
clamour'd
on
and
importun'd
,
he
told
them
this
Tale
:
A
certain
white liver'd
Fellow
intending
for
the
Wars
,
hearing
the
Ravens
croak
in
his
passage
,
threw
down
his
Arms
,
resolving
to
be
quiet
:
recollecting
himself
after
,
he
adventur'd
out
again
,
but
hearing
the
same
Musick
,
made
a
full
stop
,
saying
,
they
might
tear
their
Throats
(
if
they
pleas'd
)
for
joy
of
smelling
a
Feast
,
but
for
his
part
he
was
resolv'd
to
save
his
Skin
.
The
Athenians
urging
him
at
an
unseasonable
time
to
fall
upon
the
Enemy
,
he
peremptorily
refused
,
and
being
upbraided
by
them
with
Cowardice
and
Pusillanimity
,
he
told
them
,
Gentlemen
,
we
understand
one
another
very
well
;
you
cannot
make
me
valiant
at
this
time
,
nor
I
you
wise
.
In
time
of
security
,
the
people
were
very
pert
and
severe
upon
him
,
demanding
a
strict
account
how
the
publick
Treasure
had
been
employed
and
the
like
:
He
bid
them
first
be
assured
of
their
safety
,
and
after
mind
their
good
Husbandry
:
in
effect
,
the
passions
of
the
Mobile
alter'd
with
their
Affairs
,
being
extream
timorous
and
submiss
in
times
of
danger
;
when
that
was
blown
over
,
insolent
and
over
▪
bearing
,
clamouring
upon
Phocion
as
one
that
envied
them
the
honour
of
Victory
.
To
all
which
he
made
only
this
Answer
,
My
Friends
,
you
are
happy
that
have
a
Leader
knows
your
humours
,
or
you
had
long
since
been
undone
.
Having
a
Controversie
with
the
Boeotians
about
Boundaries
,
which
he
counsell'd
them
to
decide
by
Treaty
,
they
inclined
to
Blows
;
he
told
them
,
Gentlemen
,
for
my
part
I
think
it
advisable
for
you
to
have
a
tryal
of
skill
at
the
Weapons
you
can
best
manage
(
your
Tongues
)
and
not
your
Hands
,
in
which
you
are
inferiour
.
Once
when
he
was
speaking
,
they
run
him
down
with
noise
,
not
suffering
him
to
go
on
,
or
enduring
to
hear
him
:
Well
,
Sirs
,
quoth
he
,
you
may
overpower
me
to
do
what
I
would
not
,
but
you
shall
never
force
me
to
say
any
thing
contrary
to
my
sense
.
The
whole
Crew
of
Haranguers
upon
a
time
bandying
against
him
,
Demosthenes
said
,
Phocion
,
the
Athenians
will
tear
thee
piece
-
meal
,
if
once
they
grow
enraged
;
and
thee
,
says
he
,
when
they
return
to
their
right
minds
.
Observing
Polyeuctus
the
Sphettian
a
very
corpulent
man
,
with
earnestness
,
till
he
wanted
breath
and
dropt
again
with
sweat
,
labouring
the
Assembly
for
a
War
against
King
Philip
;
This
indeed
,
says
he
,
is
a
proper
person
to
perswade
you
to
Action
,
and
will
doubtless
behave
himself
notably
in
back
and
breast
,
that
with
talking
only
has
almost
melted
his
grease
.
When
Lycurgus
had
spoken
many
reflecting
and
scurrillous
things
against
him
,
closing
with
that
of
his
advising
them
to
deliver
ten
of
the
Citizens
for
Hostages
,
which
Alexander
had
demanded
;
he
coolly
reply'd
,
That
he
had
been
the
Author
of
much
safe
and
wholsom
Counsel
,
which
had
not
been
follow'd
.
There
was
a
man
call'd
Archibiades
,
nick-named
the
Lacedoemonian
,
affecting
their
Gravity
,
by
wearing
an
overgrown
mossie
Beard
,
an
old
leaguer
Cloak
,
with
a
very
formal
Countenance
:
Phocion
being
teased
by
the
rest
,
made
sure
of
this
man
for
his
Advocate
and
Compurgat●r
;
but
finding
him
when
he
began
to
speak
,
smoothing
and
weadling
with
the
predominant
Faction
,
taking
him
by
the
Beard
,
he
cry'd
,
Nay
Friend
,
if
you
turn
Courtier
,
by
all
means
off
with
your
Gravity
.
Aristogeiton
the
Sycophant
,
was
a
terrible
man
of
War
within
the
doors
of
the
House
,
always
sounding
to
horse
and
inflaming
them
to
Battel
;
but
when
the
Muster-rool
came
to
be
produc'd
,
where
every
ones
Name
was
that
was
fit
for
service
,
he
came
limping
with
his
Crutch
to
the
Meeting
,
with
a
world
of
Bandage
on
his
Leg
,
like
a
maimed
Souldiers
:
Phocion
spy'd
him
afar
off
coming
in
,
and
cry'd
out
to
the
Clerk
,
Set
down
Aristogeiton
too
for
a
counterfeit
Cripple
.
It
was
a
little
to
be
admired
,
how
a
man
so
severe
and
smart
upon
all
occasions
as
Phocion
was
,
should
notwithstanding
maintain
his
Respect
and
Reputation
with
the
People
;
yet
though
difficult
,
it
is
not
impossible
a
man's
Temper
,
like
some
Wines
,
may
have
a
sweetness
mixt
with
some
harshness
also
,
not
at
all
ungrateful
;
as
on
the
contrary
,
some
are
so
extream
luscious
,
they
are
both
untasty
and
unwholsom
.
Hyperides
who
was
sowre
and
sarcastical
,
used
to
excuse
it
to
the
Athenians
,
by
saying
,
Consider
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
I
pray
,
whether
I
have
designed
any
advantage
by
my
bitterness
;
as
though
a
covetous
Design
were
the
only
unsupportable
Grievance
,
and
not
also
men
may
justly
render
themselves
obnoxious
to
Censure
,
by
abusing
their
Authority
,
with
Pride
and
Passion
to
prevail
upon
the
weakness
,
and
awe
the
minds
of
the
Vulgur
.
But
Phocion
had
no
personal
Pique
nor
Spleen
to
any
man
,
nor
indeed
reputed
any
man
his
Enemy
,
but
who
contravened
his
Proposals
for
the
Weal
publick
;
in
which
Argument
he
was
most
tenacious
,
sturdy
and
uncontrollable
:
for
his
general
Conversation
,
it
was
easie
,
courteous
and
obliging
to
all
,
to
that
point
,
as
to
befriend
all
sorts
in
distress
,
and
even
espouse
the
Cause
of
those
who
differ'd
most
from
him
,
when
they
needed
his
Patronage
.
His
Friends
reproaching
him
for
pleading
in
behalf
of
an
ill
man
,
he
told
them
,
The
innocent
had
no
occasion
for
an
Advocate
.
Aristogeiton
the
Sycophant
,
we
mention'd
before
,
having
after
Sentence
pass'd
upon
him
,
sent
earnestly
to
Phocion
to
speak
with
him
in
the
Prison
,
his
Friends
disswaded
him
from
going
;
Why
,
by
your
favour
,
says
he
,
where
should
I
rather
choose
to
make
Aristogeiton
a
Visit
?
As
for
the
Friends
and
Allies
of
the
Athenians
the
Islanders
,
whenever
any
Admiral
besides
Phocion
was
sent
,
they
treated
him
as
an
Enemy
suspect
,
barricado'd
their
Gates
block'd
up
their
Havens
,
drove
the
Countrey
of
their
Cattel
,
Slaves
,
Wives
and
Children
,
and
put
them
in
Garrison
:
but
upon
Phocion's
Arrival
,
they
went
out
to
welcome
him
in
their
Shallops
and
Barges
,
with
Streamers
and
Garlands
,
and
received
him
at
Landing
,
with
all
demonstrations
of
Joy
and
Triumph
.
At
this
time
King
Philip
made
a
descent
into
Euboea
bringing
thither
an
Army
from
Macedonia
,
endeavouring
to
gain
the
Cities
to
his
Interest
,
by
the
means
of
their
Governours
:
Plutarch
of
Eretria
(
a
City
in
Euboea
)
was
sent
to
pray
Aid
of
the
Athenians
,
toward
the
relief
of
the
Island
,
that
was
in
imminent
danger
of
being
surprized
by
the
Macedonians
.
Phocion
was
sent
thither
with
a
handful
of
men
,
(
in
comparison
)
in
expectation
the
Countrey
would
flock
in
amain
to
him
;
but
when
he
came
,
he
found
all
things
in
confusion
,
the
Countrey
betray'd
,
all
corrupted
by
Bribery
,
and
bought
and
sold
by
the
Pensioners
to
King
Philip
,
insomuch
that
he
ran
the
greatest
risque
imaginable
.
To
secure
himself
the
best
he
could
,
he
possest
himself
of
a
small
rising
Ground
,
which
was
divided
from
the
Camp
about
Taminias
,
by
a
large
Trench
,
in
which
he
enclosed
the
choicest
of
his
Army
:
for
the
Praters
and
idle
Vagabonds
that
straggled
from
the
Camp
,
and
forsook
their
Colours
,
he
bid
his
Officers
not
regard
them
,
for
that
they
would
not
only
be
disorderly
and
ungovernable
themselves
,
but
be
a
hindrance
to
the
rest
;
and
further
being
conscious
to
themselves
of
the
neglect
of
their
duty
,
they
would
be
less
apt
to
prate
and
misrepresent
the
Action
,
or
bespatter
them
at
their
return
home
.
When
the
Enemy
drew
nigh
,
he
commanded
them
to
stand
to
their
Arms
,
whilst
he
went
to
sacrifice
;
in
which
he
spent
a
considerable
time
,
either
by
the
te
▪
diousness
of
the
thing
it self
,
or
on
purpose
to
invite
the
Enemy
nearer
.
Plutarch
interpreting
this
tardiness
as
a
failure
in
his
Courage
,
fell
on
alone
with
the
Auxiliaries
;
which
the
Cavalry
perceiving
,
could
not
be
contained
,
but
issuing
also
out
of
the
Camp
confusedly
and
disorderly
,
spurr'd
up
to
the
Enemy
.
The
Van
by
this
means
was
worsted
,
the
rest
were
easily
dispersed
,
and
Plutarch
himself
show'd
a
fair
pair
of
heels
,
as
judging
the
whole
Army
had
been
routed
.
But
by
this
time
,
the
Sacrifice
being
over
,
those
within
the
Camp
made
a
Head
,
and
fell
upon
them
that
were
got
to
the
Ditch
,
putting
them
to
flight
,
and
cutting
many
of
them
in
pieces
:
and
Phocion
having
order'd
a
particular
Squadron
to
watch
their
motions
,
and
pursue
those
that
first
gave
way
in
the
Skirmish
,
himself
afterwards
,
with
a
reserve
of
his
best
men
,
engaged
the
whole
Body
of
the
Enemy
in
a
sharp
and
bloody
Fight
,
in
which
all
of
them
behaved
themselves
with
remarkable
Courage
and
Gallantry
.
Thallus
the
Son
of
Cineas
,
and
Glaucus
of
Polymedes
,
that
fought
near
the
General
,
signalized
themselves
;
so
did
also
Cleophanes
merit
the
Reputation
of
a
brave
man
,
having
every
where
laid
about
him
,
and
call'd
upon
the
Horse
that
were
wheeling
,
to
succour
the
General
,
who
was
in
danger
,
he
made
them
face
about
,
so
as
to
confirm
the
Victory
already
obtained
by
the
Infantry
.
By
which
means
Plutarch
was
driven
out
of
Eretria
,
and
the
commodious
Castle
of
it
was
taken
,
being
situate
in
that
part
of
the
Island
,
where
it
is
narrowed
into
a
small
neck
of
Land
,
the
rest
of
the
Island
being
surrounded
other-where
by
the
Sea
.
He
would
not
permit
them
to
take
any
of
the
Greeks
Prisoners
,
for
fear
the
Orators
at
Athens
should
inflame
the
People
against
them
,
to
determine
something
to
their
prejudice
.
This
Affair
thus
dispatch'd
and
settled
,
Phocion
set
Sail
homewards
,
having
given
most
manifest
tokens
of
his
Justice
and
Humanity
to
the
Allies
,
and
to
the
Athenians
indisputable
proofs
of
his
Courage
and
Conduct
.
His
Successor
Molossus
had
worse
fate
to
fall
alive
into
the
Enemies
hands
,
which
inspired
Philip
with
great
thoughts
and
designs
,
to
move
with
all
his
force
into
the
Hellespont
,
so
to
the
Chersonesus
and
Perinthus
,
and
on
to
Byzantium
.
The
Athenians
raising
Recruits
to
relieve
them
,
the
Demagogues
made
it
their
business
to
preferr
Chares
to
be
General
,
who
sailing
thither
,
effected
nothing
worthy
of
such
an
Equipage
;
nor
would
the
Confederates
harbour
his
Fleet
,
having
jealousie
of
him
,
so
that
he
did
nothing
but
pirate
about
,
pillaging
their
Friends
,
and
despised
by
their
Enemies
.
Upon
this
occasion
,
the
People
being
chased
by
the
Orators
,
were
in
great
Ferment
,
and
highly
enraged
they
had
been
so
fool'd
,
to
send
any
Succour
to
the
Byzantines
:
whereupon
Phocion
rising
up
,
told
them
,
My
Masters
,
you
have
not
so
much
reason
to
be
concern'd
at
the
Jealousies
of
your
Friends
,
as
the
Vnfaithfulness
of
your
own
Generals
,
who
render
you
suspected
,
even
to
those
who
yet
can't
possibly
subsist
without
your
Succours
.
The
Assembly
being
moved
with
this
Speech
of
his
,
chang'd
their
minds
on
the
sudden
,
and
commanded
him
immediately
to
raise
more
Force
,
and
assist
their
Confederates
in
the
Hellespont
,
which
would
be
of
the
greatest
moment
for
the
security
of
Byzantium
.
At
this
time
Phocion's
Name
was
up
,
and
an
old
Acquaintance
of
his
,
who
had
been
his
fellow-Student
in
the
Academy
,
Cleon
,
a
man
of
highest
renown
for
Virtue
among
the
Byzantines
,
having
vouch'd
for
Phocion
to
the
City
,
they
opened
their
Gates
to
receive
him
,
not
permitting
him
(
though
he
desired
it
)
to
incamp
without
the
Walls
,
but
entertained
him
and
all
the
Athenians
with
entire
Respect
;
and
they
to
requite
their
Considence
,
conversed
with
their
new
Hosts
,
not
only
soberly
and
inoffensively
,
but
behaved
themselves
on
all
occasions
with
great
chearfulness
and
resolution
for
their
detence
.
Thus
came
King
Philip
to
be
driven
out
of
the
Hellespont
,
and
despised
to
boot
,
who
was
till
now
thought
impossible
to
be
match'd
,
and
even
apprehended
invincible
.
Phocion
also
took
some
of
his
Ships
,
and
retook
some
of
the
Places
he
had
garrison'd
,
making
besides
several
Inrodes
into
the
Countrey
,
which
he
plunder'd
and
over-run
,
untill
such
time
as
he
happen'd
to
be
wounded
by
some
of
them
that
came
to
his
Assistance
,
he
made
off
towards
home
.
The
Megareans
at
this
time
privately
praying
Aid
of
the
Athenians
,
Phocion
fearing
lest
the
Boeotians
being
aware
of
it
,
should
prevent
them
call'd
an
Assembly
very
early
in
the
morning
,
and
backing
the
Boeotians
Petition
,
it
was
put
to
the
Question
,
and
voted
in
their
favour
.
As
soon
as
ever
it
was
done
,
he
made
Proclamation
immediately
by
sound
of
Trumpet
,
and
led
them
off
straight
from
the
Assembly
,
to
arm
and
put
themselves
in
posture
.
The
Megareans
received
them
joyfully
,
they
help'd
them
to
fortifie
Nisoea
,
and
build
two
new
Bulwarks
on
each
side
,
from
the
City
to
the
Haven
,
and
so
joyn'd
it
to
the
Sea
;
so
that
being
sufficiently
defended
on
the
Land
side
from
the
Assailants
,
it
was
secured
to
the
Athenians
.
Now
was
the
time
that
the
Liberty
of
Greece
was
openly
disputed
with
King
Philip
,
and
at
Athens
such
Chiefs
chosen
in
Phocion's
absence
,
that
at
his
arrival
from
the
Islands
he
dealt
earnestly
with
the
Athenians
,
(
being
deeply
possess'd
what
danger
might
ensue
)
that
since
Philip
show'd
some
peaceable
Inclinations
towards
them
,
they
would
consent
to
a
Treaty
,
being
contradicted
in
this
by
a
prating
pick-thank
Fellow
of
those
sort
of
Vermin
that
haunt
the
Places
of
publick
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Forum
maximum
Athenis
sub
dio.
Assembly
,
(
this
was
a
famous
Place
of
the
Athenians
meeting
open
to
the
Air.
)
This
sawcy
Companion
asking
Phocion
,
if
he
durst
presume
to
perswade
the
Athenians
to
Peace
now
their
Swords
were
in
their
hands
?
Yes
,
said
he
,
I
dare
,
though
I
'm
satisfied
I
shall
be
thy
Master
in
time
of
War
,
and
thou
(
perhaps
)
mine
in
time
of
Peace
.
Since
he
could
not
prevail
,
and
Demosthenes's
opinion
carry'd
it
,
advising
them
to
make
War
,
as
far
off
home
as
possible
,
(
that
was
to
the
far
side
of
Attica
)
Phocion
argued
,
that
in
these
Matters
the
Place
was
not
so
much
to
be
considered
,
as
the
probability
of
Success
,
for
by
this
the
distance
of
War
was
to
be
measured
;
to
be
sure
,
those
that
were
worsted
,
would
have
it
quickly
brought
home
to
theirs
doors
.
Accordingly
Matters
succeeding
ill
,
the
Innovators
and
Incendiaries
haling
up
Charidemus
to
the
Tribunal
,
to
be
nominated
to
the
Command
,
the
best
of
the
Senators
were
in
a
panick
fear
,
and
call'd
a
Meeting
of
the
People
at
Areopagus
,
where
with
Entreaties
and
Tears
they
hardly
prevail'd
to
have
Phocion
preferr'd
and
intrusted
with
the
care
of
the
City
.
He
was
of
opinion
that
the
fair
Terms
Philip
proposed
,
were
to
be
accepted
;
yet
after
demades
had
propounded
,
that
the
City
should
receive
the
self
same
conditions
,
that
were
tender'd
to
the
rest
of
the
States
of
Greece
,
he
opposed
it
,
till
it
were
known
what
the
Particulars
were
King
Philip
had
demanded
.
Being
overborn
in
this
Advice
at
that
juncture
of
time
,
presently
after
the
Athenians
sufficiently
repented
it
,
when
they
understood
that
by
them
Articles
,
they
were
obliged
to
furnish
Philip
both
with
horse
and
Shipping
:
This
,
Gentlemen
,
says
he
,
I
foresaw
,
and
therefore
opposed
;
but
since
you
have
now
articled
,
make
the
best
on
't
,
be
courageous
,
and
bear
it
as
well
as
you
can
,
remembring
that
your
Ancestors
using
their
Fortune
indifferently
,
sometimes
giving
Laws
,
at
other
times
truckling
,
perform'd
each
part
with
decorum
,
and
perserved
not
only
their
own
City
,
but
the
rest
of
Greece
.
Upon
the
news
of
Philip's
Death
,
he
would
not
suffer
the
People
to
make
Bonfires
,
or
other
publick
demonstrations
of
Joy
and
Jubilee
,
minding
them
how
ungenerous
it
was
to
insult
upon
such
an
occasion
,
and
that
the
Army
that
had
fought
them
at
Cheronoea
was
lessened
by
one
man
only
.
When
Demosthenes
made
Invectives
against
Alexander
,
who
was
now
set
down
before
Thebes
,
he
repeated
those
Verses
of
Homer
:
What
mean'st
thou
,
Fool
,
with
rage
to
swell
his
Breast
,
Already
full
,
with
glorious
hopes
possest
?
What
's
this
but
adding
fresh
fuel
to
the
Fire
,
and
pushing
your selves
forwards
into
the
Flames
,
that
are
already
devouring
the
Neighbour-hood
;
for
my
part
(
says
he
)
I
will
not
be
consenting
to
your
destroying
your selves
,
though
you
should
court
me
to
it
,
and
for
this
end
only
have
I
continued
my
Command
.
After
Thebes
was
lost
,
and
Alexander
had
demanded
Demosthenes
,
Lycurgus
,
Hyperides
,
and
Charidemus
to
be
deliver'd
up
,
the
whole
Assembly
turning
their
eyes
frequently
and
intently
upon
him
,
and
calling
on
him
also
by
Name
to
deliver
his
opinion
;
at
last
he
rose
up
,
laying
hold
upon
one
of
his
most
dear
and
intimate
Friends
,
that
he
loved
and
confided
in
above
all
others
,
telling
them
,
Sirs
,
you
have
brought
things
amongst
you
to
that
pass
,
that
for
my
part
should
he
demand
this
my
Friend
Nicocles
,
I
would
not
refuse
him
,
and
should
think
it
the
greatest
happiness
my self
,
to
sacrifice
my
own
Life
and
Fortune
for
your
safety
;
for
truly
,
says
he
,
it
pierces
my
heart
to
see
those
that
are
fled
hither
for
Succour
from
the
desolation
of
Thebes
;
and
surely
it
will
be
more
for
the
common
Interest
,
that
we
rather
deprecate
the
Conqueror
,
and
intercede
for
both
,
than
run
the
hazzard
of
another
Battel
.
When
this
was
decreed
by
the
Commonalty
,
Alexander
is
said
to
have
rejected
their
first
Address
when
it
was
presented
,
throwing
it
back
scornfully
,
and
turning
his
back
on
the
Ambassadors
,
they
departed
;
but
the
2d
.
which
was
presented
by
Phocion
,
he
graciously
received
,
understanding
by
the
grave
Seniors
,
how
much
Philip
always
held
him
in
the
highest
Esteem
and
Veneration
;
and
not
only
accepted
his
Memorial
and
Petition
,
but
also
permitted
him
to
advise
him
;
which
he
did
to
this
effect
,
that
if
his
designs
were
for
Peace
and
Quietness
,
he
should
put
a
stop
to
his
Career
,
if
the
glory
of
his
Arms
were
his
aim
,
he
should
do
well
to
divert
them
from
Greece
,
and
turn
them
on
the
Barbarians
.
With
divers
such
insinuations
,
dextrously
fitted
to
the
Humour
and
Genius
of
Alexander
,
he
so
won
upon
him
,
and
softned
his
Temper
,
that
he
was
heard
to
say
,
The
Athenians
ought
to
value
themselves
,
for
if
any
thing
amiss
betided
him
,
they
only
were
worthy
of
the
Soveraignty
.
Conversing
thus
with
Phocion
as
his
Friend
and
Confident
,
he
did
him
that
Honour
,
which
few
of
those
that
were
next
his
Person
ever
received
;
insomuch
that
Douris
reports
,
when
he
grew
great
and
high
,
after
the
Defeat
of
Darius
,
he
left
off
the
word
Greeting
in
all
his
Letters
,
except
in
only
those
that
were
directed
to
Phocion
and
Antipater
he
condescended
to
use
it
,
which
also
is
confirmed
by
Chares
.
As
for
his
Munificence
to
him
,
it
is
well
known
he
sent
him
a
Present
at
one
time
of
a
100
Talents
,
which
being
brought
to
Athens
,
Phocion
demanded
of
the
Bearers
,
how
it
came
to
pass
,
that
among
all
the
rest
of
the
Athenians
,
he
alone
should
be
so
highly
obliged
to
his
Bounty
?
and
being
told
,
that
Alexander
esteemed
him
(
only
)
a
Person
of
Honour
and
Worth
:
May
it
please
him
then
,
(
said
he
)
to
permit
me
to
continue
so
,
and
be
still
so
reputed
.
Following
him
to
his
House
,
and
observing
his
simple
and
plain
way
of
Living
,
his
Wife
imploy'd
in
the
Pastry-work
with
her
own
hands
,
himself
pumping
Water
to
wash
his
Feet
;
they
press'd
him
to
accept
it
,
with
some
Indignation
,
being
asham'd
,
(
as
they
said
)
that
Alexander's
Friend
should
live
so
poorly
and
pitifully
.
Phocion
taking
notice
of
a
poor
old
Fellow
in
a
tatter'd
Coat
passing
by
,
asked
them
,
If
they
thought
him
in
worse
condition
than
that
poor
Wretch
?
They
begg'd
his
pardon
for
the
Comparison
;
yet
,
says
he
,
this
man
has
less
to
live
upon
than
I
and
is
content
;
and
in
short
,
I
must
tell
you
,
if
this
summ
be
more
than
I
can
use
,
it
is
altogether
superfluous
;
if
I
live
up
to
it
,
I
shall
give
cause
of
jealousie
both
of
your
Master
and
my self
to
the
rest
of
the
Citizens
.
So
the
Treasure
was
returned
back
from
Athens
,
giving
the
Gracians
an
illustrious
Example
,
how
much
truly
richer
the
man
is
,
who
by
contracting
his
mind
,
has
no
occasion
for
more
,
than
him
who
by
the
largeness
of
his
Fortunes
is
capable
of
the
largest
Munificence
.
Alexander
was
displeased
at
this
,
and
writ
to
him
again
,
acquainting
him
,
That
he
could
not
esteem
those
his
Friends
,
who
thought
much
to
be
obliged
by
him
.
Yet
neither
would
this
prevail
with
Phocion
to
accept
the
Money
,
but
he
made
use
of
his
favour
to
intercede
for
Echecratides
the
Sophist
,
and
Athenodorus
the
Imbrian
,
as
also
for
Demaratus
and
Sparton
,
two
Rhodians
,
that
had
been
convicted
of
certain
Crimes
,
and
were
in
custody
at
Sardis
,
that
he
would
please
to
enlarge
them
:
This
was
presently
granted
by
Alexander
,
and
they
were
set
at
liberty
.
Afterwards
sending
Craterus
into
Macedonia
,
he
commanded
him
to
make
him
an
Offer
of
four
Cities
in
Asia
;
Cio
,
Gergetho
,
Mylassis
and
Eloea
,
any
of
which
,
at
his
choice
,
should
be
delivered
to
him
;
being
instant
with
him
,
and
declaing
he
should
resent
it
,
should
he
continue
obstinate
in
his
refusal
;
but
Phocion
was
not
to
be
prevail'd
with
at
all
,
and
presently
after
Alexander
died
.
Phocion's
House
is
shown
to
this
day
in
a
Village
call'd
Melita
,
beautify'd
with
Tyles
of
Copper
,
otherways
plain
and
homely
.
Concerning
his
Wives
;
of
the
first
of
them
there
is
little
said
,
save
only
that
she
was
Sister
of
Cephisdotus
the
Statuary
:
The
other
was
a
Matron
of
no
less
Reputation
for
Virtue
and
good
Housewifery
among
the
Athenians
,
than
Phocion
for
Probity
.
It
happen'd
once
when
the
People
were
entertained
with
a
new
Tragedy
,
he
that
was
to
rigg
out
the
Queen
and
her
Attendants
,
wanted
some
fine
Habits
and
Accountrements
for
the
purpose
,
to
make
them
appear
splendid
;
which
not
being
provided
,
the
Player
was
sullen
and
refused
to
act
,
but
kept
them
in
expectation
,
till
Melanthius
the
Master
of
the
Revels
,
push'd
him
on
the
Stage
,
crying
out
aloud
,
What
,
Sirrah
,
don't
you
take
notice
that
Phocion's
Wife
goes
constantly
attended
with
one
only
waiting
Woman
,
but
you
must
debauch
the
Sex
,
and
fill
the
Womens
heads
with
nothing
but
pride
and
vanity
?
This
free
Speech
of
his
was
received
with
wonderful
Applause
,
and
clapp'd
by
the
Audience
round
the
Theater
.
The
same
plain
Lady
,
entertaining
at
her
House
a
Stranger
,
a
spruce
Dame
of
Ionia
,
who
show'd
her
all
her
Finery
of
gold
Embroidery
,
rich
Jewels
,
Bracelets
,
Necklaces
,
and
the
like
:
For
my
part
,
Madam
,
says
she
,
all
my
Ornament
is
my
Goodman
Phocion
,
who
has
commanded
the
Athenians
now
this
20
years
.
Phocion's
Son
had
an
ambition
to
make
one
at
the
Exercises
performed
at
Athens
in
honour
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
of
Minerva
every
5th
.
year
,
which
he
permitted
him
to
do
,
not
so
much
to
have
the
Garlands
of
Victory
,
(
if
he
approved
himself
)
but
for
his
Health
,
and
to
invigorate
his
Body
by
manly
Labour
and
Abstinence
,
the
young
man
being
at
other
times
intemperate
and
a
Pot-companion
.
Having
succeeded
in
the
Sports
,
many
offer'd
their
service
to
treat
his
Son
with
the
usual
Complements
to
the
Victor
,
which
Honour
he
refused
to
all
,
except
one
Gentleman
.
When
he
came
to
the
Treat
,
and
found
it
very
extravagant
upon
all
accounts
,
even
the
Water
brought
to
wash
the
Guests
Feet
mingled
with
Wine
and
Spices
,
he
reprimanded
his
Son
,
asking
him
Why
he
would
so
far
permit
his
Friend
to
sully
the
Honour
of
his
Victory
;
and
endeavouring
wholly
to
wean
the
youngster
from
such
courses
and
company
,
he
sent
him
to
Lacedoemon
,
and
plac'd
him
among
the
Youth
that
were
educated
according
to
the
custom
of
that
Country
.
This
the
Athenians
took
offence
at
,
as
though
he
slighted
and
contemned
the
Education
at
home
;
and
Demades
twitted
him
with
it
publickly
,
telling
him
,
Why
,
Phocion
,
do
not
we
perswade
the
Athenians
to
receive
the
Laconian
Manners
and
Discipline
?
If
you
please
to
have
it
so
,
I
am
ready
to
propound
such
a
Law
.
Yes
indeed
,
said
Phocion
,
it
would
exceedingly
become
you
that
are
so
pouder'd
and
perfum'd
,
with
that
Revelling
Habit
on
your
back
,
to
Speech
it
in
praise
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
caenae
frugi
apud
Lacones
.
Lycurgus
,
and
invite
the
Athenians
to
Colledge
Commons
.
When
Alexander
had
demanded
the
Galleys
they
had
agreed
to
furnish
him
withal
,
the
Orators
opposed
the
sending
them
,
and
the
Council
demanding
Phocion's
sence
,
he
told
them
freely
;
Sirs
,
I
would
either
have
you
make
sure
of
a
Victory
,
or
a
Friend
of
the
Victor
.
About
that
time
one
Pytheas
,
a
confident
talking
Fellow
,
begun
to
be
very
impertinent
and
troublesom
with
his
often
prating
:
Him
Phocion
check'd
,
telling
him
,
That
it
would
be
better
manners
for
him
to
be
silent
,
who
was
but
of
yesterday
among
them
.
At
that
time
Harpalus
came
from
Alexander
out
of
Asia
into
Attica
,
with
a
vast
sum
of
Money
;
at
whose
arrival
the
little
people
of
those
that
use
to
be
hangers
on
upon
the
Court
,
flock'd
about
him
to
get
something
of
him
:
amongst
whom
he
scattered
some
small
largesses
to
gain
them
,
and
tye
them
by
the
teeth
:
But
to
Phocion
he
made
an
offer
of
no
less
than
700
Talents
,
and
all
manner
of
other
advantages
he
pleas'd
to
demand
;
with
the
Complement
from
Alexander
,
that
he
would
entirely
commit
himself
and
all
his
affairs
to
his
disposal
:
To
which
Phocion
answer'd
sharply
,
That
if
he
took
such
measures
,
he
should
dearly
repent
his
projects
of
corrupting
and
debauching
the
Citizens
:
Upon
which
he
desisted
with
regret
.
After
,
while
the
Athenians
were
deliberating
in
Council
about
him
,
he
found
those
that
had
received
Pensions
from
him
,
to
be
his
greatest
enemies
,
urging
and
aggravating
matters
against
him
,
to
prevent
themselves
being
discover'd
:
But
Phocion
who
had
clean
hands
,
and
whose
chief
aim
was
always
the
Weal-publick
,
to
have
some
regard
also
to
his
particular
security
.
This
encourag'd
him
once
more
to
feel
his
pulse
,
and
attack
him
;
but
he
found
him
like
a
strong
Fortress
,
every
way
so
defended
,
that
even
the
Golden
Key
could
gain
no
admittance
,
on
all
sides
inaccessible
and
impregnable
:
Yet
having
made
a
particular
Friendship
with
Phocion's
Son
in
Law
Charicles
,
and
using
him
with
entire
confidence
in
all
his
affairs
,
he
brought
him
into
some
suspicion
:
Upon
the
occasion
of
Pythonica
the
Courtesans
dying
,
who
was
Harpalus's
Mistress
,
for
whom
he
had
a
great
fondness
,
and
had
a
Child
by
her
;
he
resolv'd
to
build
her
a
sumptuous
Monument
,
and
committed
the
care
of
it
to
his
Friend
Charicles
.
This
design
,
vain
enough
in
it self
,
was
yet
further
disparag'd
by
the
workmanship
,
after
it
was
finished
(
for
it
is
yet
to
be
seen
in
Hermio
,
as
we
go
from
Athens
to
Eleusina
,
there
appearing
nothing
answerable
to
the
sum
of
30
Talents
,
said
to
be
accounted
by
Charicles
as
expended
about
it
.
After
Harpalus
his
own
decease
,
his
Daughter
was
educated
by
Phocion
and
Charicles
with
great
care
;
but
Charicles
being
question'd
by
some
of
Harpalus
his
Relations
about
his
concerns
,
and
intreating
his
Father
in
Law
's
Protection
,
and
that
he
would
appear
for
him
in
the
Court
;
Phocion
refused
him
peremptorily
,
telling
him
,
He
would
espouse
his
cause
,
as
his
Son
in
Law
,
only
in
things
worthy
and
honourable
.
About
this
time
Asclepiades
the
Son
of
Hipparchus
,
brought
the
first
tidings
of
Alexander's
Death
to
Athens
,
which
Demades
told
them
was
not
to
be
credited
;
for
were
it
true
,
the
whole
World
would
feel
the
stink
of
the
dead
Carkase
.
Phocion
perceiving
his
design
of
innovating
and
stirring
the
People
to
Sedition
,
endeavoured
to
prevent
and
restrain
them
,
but
many
of
them
crowding
up
to
the
Bench
,
and
crying
aloud
that
it
was
true
what
Asclepiades
had
related
;
Well
then
,
suppose
it
,
says
he
,
if
it
be
true
to
day
,
it
will
be
as
true
to
morrow
and
the
next
day
;
so
that
we
have
leisure
quietly
and
treatably
to
consult
our
security
.
Leosthenes
had
a
design
of
imbarquing
the
Athenians
in
the
Groecian
War
,
which
Phocion
could
not
brook
,
nor
forbear
him
:
He
ask'd
Phocion
scoffingly
,
what
the
State
had
been
benefited
by
his
Ministry
now
so
many
years
?
Truly
not
a
little
,
said
he
,
methinks
that
the
Citizens
have
been
quietly
laid
up
in
their
own
Sepulchres
.
But
Leosthenes
continuing
to
huff
and
swagger
in
the
Assembly
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
in
adagio
.
Young
man
,
says
Phocion
,
your
Language
is
like
the
Cypress
Trees
,
tall
and
topping
,
but
without
Fruit.
After
him
Hyperides
set
upon
him
,
demanding
of
Phocion
when
the
time
would
come
,
he
would
advise
the
Athenians
to
make
War
?
Why
truly
,
says
he
,
when
I
shall
find
the
younger
sort
tractable
and
observant
of
Discipline
,
the
Wealthy
forward
in
their
Contributions
,
and
the
Lawyers
forbear
pillaging
and
robbing
the
Publick
Exchequer
.
After
,
when
many
admired
the
Forces
raised
,
and
the
Preparations
for
War
that
were
made
by
Leosthenes
,
they
ask'd
Phocion
how
he
approved
of
the
new
Levies
?
Very
well
,
says
he
,
for
a
course
,
but
I
apprehend
the
success
of
a
War
,
the
Common-wealth
being
wholly
destitute
both
of
Treasure
,
Shipping
and
Seamen
for
the
expedition
:
And
the
event
justify'd
his
prognostick
;
yet
at
first
all
things
appear'd
fair
and
promising
,
Leosthenes
gain'd
Reputation
by
worsting
the
Boeotians
in
Battel
,
and
driving
Antipater
within
the
Walls
of
Lamia
;
and
the
Citizens
were
so
transported
with
the
first
successes
,
that
they
kept
solemn
Festivities
for
them
,
and
instituted
publick
Sacrifices
to
the
Gods
of
Victory
:
So
that
some
,
to
reproach
Phocion
for
being
of
contrary
sentiments
,
ask'd
him
whether
now
he
would
not
willingly
be
Author
of
this
successful
Action
to
the
Publick
?
Yes
verily
,
says
he
,
most
gladly
but
also
of
the
former
Counsel
.
When
one
Express
after
another
came
from
the
Camp
,
confirming
and
magnifying
the
Victories
,
Nay
then
,
says
he
,
sure
we
shall
never
have
done
killing
and
slaying
.
Leosthenes
died
soon
after
,
and
those
that
feared
lest
if
Phocion
obtain'd
the
Command
,
he
would
put
an
end
to
the
War
,
dealt
with
an
obscure
Fellow
in
the
Assembly
,
who
should
stand
up
and
pretend
himself
to
be
a
Friend
and
old
Crony
of
Phocion's
,
and
perswade
the
People
to
spare
him
at
this
time
,
and
reserve
him
for
a
more
pressing
occasion
,
having
none
comparable
to
him
for
Conduct
at
a
pinch
;
but
now
to
send
Antiphilus
with
the
Command
of
the
Army
.
This
pleas'd
the
Generality
,
but
Phocion
made
it
appear
,
he
was
so
far
from
having
any
friendship
with
him
of
old
standing
,
that
he
had
not
so
much
as
the
least
familiarity
with
him
:
Yet
now
,
Sir
,
says
he
,
give
me
leave
to
put
you
down
among
the
number
of
my
Friends
and
Familiars
,
having
advised
in
my
concerns
,
so
much
to
my
advantage
.
Still
the
Athenians
being
violent
to
engage
against
the
Boeotians
,
Phocion
was
the
first
oppos'd
it
,
and
his
Friends
telling
him
the
People
would
kill
him
,
for
always
running
counter
to
them
;
Truly
,
says
he
,
it
will
be
hard
measure
if
I
advise
them
honestly
,
if
not
,
let
me
suffer
.
Whilst
they
were
loud
and
hot
upon
't
,
he
commanded
the
Cryer
to
make
Proclamation
,
that
all
the
Athenians
from
16
to
60
,
should
presently
prepare
themselves
with
5
days
provision
,
and
immediately
follow
him
from
the
Assembly
:
This
caused
a
great
tumult
:
Those
in
years
were
startled
,
and
clamour'd
against
the
Order
;
he
demanded
wherein
he
injured
them
,
For
I
,
says
he
,
am
now
fourscore
,
and
am
ready
to
lead
you
.
This
divreted
them
and
pacified
them
for
the
present
;
in
the
mean
time
Micion
,
with
a
great
force
of
Macedonians
and
Mercenaries
,
was
ravaging
and
pillaging
the
Sea
coast
,
making
a
descent
into
Ramnunta
,
and
wasting
the
Country
.
Against
him
Phocion
was
sent
and
drew
out
his
Army
,
where
some
stragglers
pragmatically
intermedling
in
the
Marshalling
of
it
,
would
needs
be
tutoring
him
how
he
should
possess
himself
of
such
an
Hill
,
and
dispose
of
the
Cavalry
in
such
a
place
,
and
so
and
so
to
range
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Battalions
to
the
best
advantage
:
O
Hercules
,
says
he
,
how
many
Generals
have
we
here
,
and
how
few
Soldiers
?
Afterward
having
form'd
the
Battle
,
one
that
would
seem
forward
,
advanc'd
out
of
his
Order
before
the
rest
;
but
the
Enemy
approaching
,
his
heart
fail'd
him
,
and
he
retired
back
into
his
rank
:
Him
he
reproach'd
,
telling
him
,
Youngster
,
are
you
not
asham'd
twice
in
one
day
to
desert
your
Station
,
both
where
I
had
plac'd
you
,
and
you
had
plac'd
your self
?
But
falling
on
the
Enemy
with
great
bravery
and
resolution
,
he
routed
them
,
killing
Micion
and
many
more
upon
the
spot
,
and
afterwards
he
overcame
the
Groecian
Army
that
was
in
Thessaly
,
wherein
Leonatus
had
joyn'd
himself
with
Antipater
and
the
Macedonians
,
that
came
out
of
Asia
:
Leonatus
was
kill'd
in
the
Fight
,
Antiphilus
commanding
the
Foot
,
and
Menon
the
Thessalian
,
the
Horse
.
Not
long
after
,
Craterus
coming
out
of
Asia
with
a
great
Force
,
another
skirmish
hapned
in
Cranon
,
wherein
the
Groecians
were
worsted
,
but
the
loss
was
not
very
considerable
,
nor
the
number
of
the
slain
;
yet
with
their
restiveness
to
their
Governors
,
who
were
young
men
,
and
too
mild
and
indulgent
.
Antipater
,
in
the
mean
season
,
also
under-hand
tampering
with
the
Cities
,
the
Groecians
utterly
lost
themselves
,
and
shamefully
betrayed
the
Liberty
of
their
Country
.
Upon
the
news
of
Antipater's
approaching
Athens
with
all
his
force
,
Demosthenes
and
Hyperides
deserted
the
City
,
and
Demades
,
who
was
altogether
insolvent
for
any
part
of
the
Fines
that
had
been
laid
upon
him
by
the
City
,
(
for
he
had
been
condemn'd
no
less
than
7
times
for
false
Judgments
contrary
to
the
known
Laws
)
and
having
lost
his
Reputation
to
that
degree
,
that
he
was
not
permitted
to
Vote
in
the
Assembly
,
laid
hold
on
this
favourable
juncture
to
bring
in
a
Bill
for
sending
Embassadors
with
Plenipotentiary
Power
to
Antipater
,
to
treat
about
a
Peace
,
but
the
people
distrusting
him
and
calling
upon
Phocion
to
give
his
opinion
,
as
the
Person
they
only
and
entirely
confided
in
,
he
said
:
My
Masters
,
if
my
former
Counsels
had
been
any
thing
prevalent
with
you
,
we
had
not
been
reduc'd
to
such
straits
as
we
now
labour
under
in
our
deliberations
about
these
matters
.
However
,
the
Vote
pass'd
,
and
a
Decree
was
made
,
and
he
,
with
others
,
deputed
to
go
to
Antipater
,
who
lay
now
incamped
in
the
Theban
Territories
,
but
intended
suddenly
to
dislodge
,
and
pass
into
Attica
.
His
first
proposal
was
,
that
the
Treaty
might
begin
whilst
he
staid
in
that
Country
:
This
was
cry'd
out
upon
as
unreasonably
propounded
by
Phocion
(
by
Craterus
)
to
oppress
the
Country
of
their
Friends
and
Allies
by
their
stay
,
since
they
might
rather
use
that
of
their
Enemies
,
for
provisions
and
support
of
their
Army
.
But
Antipater
taking
him
by
the
hand
,
said
,
'T
is
true
,
but
let
us
grant
this
Boon
out
of
respect
to
Phocion
:
And
for
the
rest
,
he
bid
them
return
to
their
Principals
,
and
acquaint
them
that
he
would
grant
them
no
other
Terms
than
what
he
himself
had
received
from
Leosthenes
,
then
General
,
when
he
was
shut
up
in
Lamia
.
When
Phocion
had
return'd
to
the
City
,
and
acquainted
them
with
this
answer
,
they
made
a
virtue
of
necessity
at
this
Juncture
,
and
comply'd
,
since
it
would
be
no
better
:
So
Phocion
return'd
to
Thebes
with
other
Embassadors
,
and
among
the
rest
,
Zenocrates
the
Philosopher
,
the
reputation
of
whose
Prudence
and
Wisdom
was
so
great
and
celebrated
among
the
Athenians
,
that
they
conceiv'd
there
could
not
be
any
thing
of
mankind
so
brutal
and
barbarous
,
or
devoid
of
common
humanity
,
that
even
his
meen
and
aspect
would
not
gain
upon
and
create
a
respect
for
him
:
But
the
contrary
hapned
by
the
insolence
and
ferity
of
Antipater's
disposition
,
who
embracing
all
the
rest
of
his
Companions
,
pass'd
Zenocrates
,
by
not
deigning
so
much
as
to
salute
him
,
or
take
the
least
notice
of
him
:
Upon
which
occasion
,
Zenocrates
said
,
He
was
well
satisfied
he
used
him
so
scurvily
,
since
he
had
the
same
intentions
to
the
whole
City
:
As
soon
as
ever
he
began
to
speak
,
Antipater
thwarted
and
interrupted
him
,
not
suffering
him
to
proceed
,
but
enjoyned
him
silence
:
But
when
Phocion
had
declar'd
the
purport
of
their
Embassy
,
he
reply'd
short
and
peremptorily
,
he
would
make
a
League
with
the
Athenians
on
these
conditions
and
no
others
.
That
Demosthenes
and
Hyperides
be
deliver'd
up
to
him
:
That
the
ancient
way
of
Raising
Taxes
in
the
City
be
observ'd
:
That
they
should
receive
a
Garrison
from
him
into
Minichia
:
Defray
the
Charges
of
the
War
,
and
damages
sustain'd
,
and
put
themselves
under
Contribution
for
it
.
As
things
stood
,
these
Terms
were
judg'd
tolerable
by
the
rest
of
the
Embassadors
:
Zenocrates
said
,
Truly
if
Antipater
reputed
them
as
already
his
Slaves
,
they
were
indifferent
;
but
if
he
considered
them
still
as
Free
,
they
were
insufferable
.
Phocion
press'd
him
with
much
earnestness
,
only
to
spare
the
Garrison
,
and
used
many
Arguments
and
Intreaties
:
Antipater
reply'd
,
He
should
find
him
compliant
in
any
thing
to
his
request
,
that
did
not
inevitably
tend
no
the
ruin
of
them
both
.
Others
report
it
differently
,
that
Antipater
should
ask
Phocion
,
If
he
remitted
the
Garrison
to
the
Athenians
,
he
would
stand
Surety
for
the
City
to
demean
themselves
peaceably
,
and
endeavour
no
Innovations
?
To
which
when
he
demurr'd
and
made
no
return
;
on
the
sudden
Callimedon
the
Carabian
,
a
hot
man
,
and
a
profess'd
Enemy
to
Free
States
,
rose
up
,
asking
Antipater
if
he
would
suffer
himself
to
be
juggled
withal
,
and
have
his
confidence
abused
so
far
as
not
to
act
what
he
thought
most
expedient
?
So
the
Athenians
receiv'd
the
Garrison
,
and
Menyllus
for
the
Governor
,
a
fair
condition'd
man
,
and
one
of
Phocion's
Acquaintance
.
This
proceeding
seem'd
sufficiently
imperious
and
arbitrary
,
indeed
rather
a
spiteful
insulting
and
ostentation
of
power
,
than
that
the
possessing
himself
of
that
Fortress
,
would
be
of
any
real
advantage
to
his
affairs
.
The
resentment
of
this
usage
was
heightned
by
the
time
it
happened
in
:
For
it
fortun'd
the
Garrison
was
brought
in
in
the
Month
of
August
,
just
at
the
time
of
the
great
Festival
,
when
Bacchus
was
carried
with
solemn
Pomp
from
the
City
to
Eleusina
;
so
that
the
Solemnity
being
disturb'd
,
many
began
to
recollect
what
had
happen'd
at
the
time
of
those
Rites
both
anciently
and
modernly
.
For
of
old
,
in
their
greatest
prosperity
,
there
had
been
odd
appearances
seen
,
and
Voices
heard
at
the
time
of
their
Celebration
,
which
struck
terror
and
amazement
into
their
Enemies
;
but
now
at
the
same
season
,
the
Gods
themselves
stood
Wittnesses
of
the
extream
oppressions
of
Greece
;
the
Holy
time
being
prophan'd
,
and
their
greatest
Jubilee
made
the
unlucky
date
of
their
most
extream
calamity
.
Not
many
years
before
,
they
had
brought
an
Advertisement
from
the
Oracle
at
Dodona
,
That
they
should
carefully
Guard
the
Promontory
of
Diana's
Temple
,
and
secure
it
from
the
possession
of
Strangers
:
And
about
the
same
time
when
they
dyed
the
Ribbonds
and
Garlands
,
with
which
they
adorn'd
the
Pageants
in
devotion
to
her
;
instead
of
a
Purple
,
they
receiv'd
only
a
faint
dead
colour
,
and
which
added
to
the
Omen
,
all
those
things
that
were
dyed
for
common
use
took
the
natural
colour
.
Also
a
Sacrificer
washing
a
Porket
in
the
Haven
,
whilst
it
was
calm
,
a
Shark
seiz'd
on
him
,
bit
off
all
his
hinder
parts
to
the
Belly
,
and
devoured
them
;
by
which
they
imagin'd
the
God
gave
them
apparently
to
understand
,
that
having
already
lost
the
lower
parts
of
their
Territories
,
towards
the
Sea
coast
,
they
should
more
carefully
guard
those
towards
the
City
.
Now
the
Garrison
under
Menyllus
was
no
ways
offensive
to
those
of
the
better
sort
,
but
of
the
meaner
sort
,
the
number
of
whom
(
who
by
reason
of
their
poverty
were
not
taxed
)
were
reckon'd
in
the
City
to
be
above
12000
;
those
that
remain'd
in
the
City
thought
themselves
oppress'd
and
affronted
,
and
those
that
had
gone
away
into
Thrace
,
on
whom
Antipater
had
bestow'd
a
Town
,
and
some
Territories
to
inhabit
,
accounted
themselves
only
as
a
Colony
of
Slaves
and
Exiles
.
Demosthenes
dyed
at
that
time
in
Calabria
,
and
Hyperides
at
Cleona
,
a
City
of
Greece
,
(
as
we
have
else-where
related
)
which
put
the
Citizens
in
mind
of
the
death
of
Philip
and
Alexander
,
and
almost
wishing
the
return
of
those
times
.
Just
as
after
Antigonus
was
slain
;
and
those
that
had
taken
him
off
,
afterwards
more
grievously
afflicting
and
oppressing
the
People
;
a
Countryman
in
Phrygia
digging
in
the
Fields
,
was
ask'd
what
he
was
doing
?
I
am
,
says
he
,
(
fetching
a
deep
sigh
)
searching
again
for
Antigonus
.
So
said
many
that
remembred
those
days
,
and
the
disputes
they
had
with
those
Kings
,
whose
anger
,
however
great
,
was
yet
generous
and
placable
;
whereas
Antipater
,
with
the
counterfeit
humility
of
appearing
like
a
private
man
,
in
the
meanness
of
his
Habit
and
homely
Fare
,
covered
the
haughtiness
of
his
Mind
,
and
insolently
abusing
his
power
,
was
indeed
insufferable
to
those
under
his
Command
being
extream
Lordly
and
Tyranical
.
Yet
Phocion
had
interest
with
him
to
recal
many
from
Banishment
by
his
intreaty
,
and
prevail'd
also
for
those
that
fled
away
,
that
they
might
not
,
like
others
,
be
hurried
beyond
Foenarus
and
the
Mountains
of
Ceraunia
,
but
remain
in
Greece
,
and
plant
themselves
in
Peloponnesus
,
of
which
number
was
Agnonides
the
Sycophant
He
no
less
studiously
manag'd
the
affairs
within
the
City
,
with
signal
Equity
and
Moderation
,
preferring
constantly
those
that
were
Men
of
Worth
and
Temper
to
the
Magistracy
;
keeping
out
the
factious
and
turbulent
,
lest
they
should
abuse
their
power
to
raise
stirs
,
and
those
that
were
decayed
,
he
advis'd
to
retire
into
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Country
,
and
mind
tillage
.
Observing
that
Zenocrates
payed
his
Assessments
as
a
Foreigner
,
he
would
have
perswaded
him
to
accept
of
his
freedom
;
which
he
refus'd
,
saying
:
He
could
not
receive
it
from
that
City
,
whose
Liberties
and
Franchises
were
doomed
,
when
he
himself
was
one
of
the
Embassadors
.
Menyllus
offered
Phocion
a
considerable
Sum
of
Mony
,
who
,
thanking
him
,
said
,
Neither
was
he
greater
than
Alexander
,
nor
his
own
occasions
more
urgent
to
receive
it
now
,
who
then
refused
it
from
him
:
But
still
pressing
him
to
permit
his
Son
Phocus
to
receive
it
,
he
replyed
;
If
my
Son
returns
to
his
right
mind
,
his
Patrimony
is
sufficient
,
if
not
,
in
the
courses
he
now
takes
,
all
supplies
will
be
insignificant
.
But
to
Antipater
he
answered
more
tartly
,
who
would
have
him
engaged
in
something
dishonourable
;
Antipater
says
he
,
can't
use
me
both
as
a
Friend
and
a
Flatterer
.
And
indeed
Antipater
was
wont
to
say
,
he
had
two
Friends
at
Athens
,
Phocion
and
Demades
,
the
one
would
never
suffer
him
to
gratifie
him
at
all
,
the
other
would
never
be
satisfied
:
For
Phocion's
Virtue
made
his
Poverty
appear
reputable
,
having
so
oft
been
Commander
in
Chief
of
the
Athenians
,
and
admitted
to
the
Friendship
of
so
many
Potentates
,
he
had
yet
grown
old
and
poor
in
the
service
of
the
Common-wealth
:
But
Demades
prided
himself
by
lavishing
his
Wealth
,
to
break
in
upon
the
Publick
Constitutions
and
affront
them
:
For
there
having
been
an
Order
that
no
Foreigner
should
be
entertain'd
to
Dance
at
the
Publick
Shows
,
on
the
penalty
of
1000
Drachma's
to
be
levied
on
him
that
should
exhibit
them
;
his
vanity
was
so
great
to
hire
100
Strangers
,
and
paid
the
Fine
for
them
all
in
ready
Cash
upon
the
Stage
.
Marrying
his
Son
Demeas
at
that
time
,
he
told
him
with
the
like
vanity
,
Son
,
when
I
married
your
Mother
,
it
was
done
so
privately
it
was
not
known
to
the
next
Neighbours
;
but
Kings
and
Princes
show
themselves
forward
to
present
you
at
your
Nuptials
.
Still
this
Garrison
was
a
grievous
eye-sore
to
the
Commonalty
among
the
Athenians
,
and
they
ceased
not
clamouring
upon
Phocion
,
to
prevail
with
Antipater
for
its
removal
;
but
when
he
despair'd
of
effecting
it
,
or
rather
observed
the
People
more
governable
,
and
behaving
themselves
more
orderly
,
by
the
Awe
that
was
upon
them
,
he
constantly
declined
that
Office
;
yet
as
to
the
Money-matter
,
effectually
obtained
of
him
,
not
to
demand
the
Subsidy
agreed
on
,
but
prolonged
the
time
of
its
payment
.
So
the
People
,
leaving
him
off
,
apply'd
themselves
to
Demades
,
who
readily
undertook
the
Employment
and
took
along
with
him
his
Son
also
into
Macedonia
;
the
Devil
,
as
it
seem'd
,
owing
him
a
shame
,
he
came
just
at
that
nick
of
time
,
when
Antipater
was
seized
with
Sickness
,
and
Cassander
taking
upon
himself
the
Command
,
had
found
a
Letter
of
Demades's
,
formerly
writ
by
him
to
Antigonus
in
Asia
,
moving
him
to
take
upon
himself
the
Empire
of
Greece
and
Macedonia
,
which
now
stood
upon
an
old
and
rotten
Stalk
,
so
rallying
Antipater
.
So
when
Cassander
heard
of
his
coming
,
he
seized
him
,
and
having
caused
his
Son
to
be
brought
before
his
Face
,
slew
him
,
so
ordering
it
,
that
the
Son's
Blood
should
fly
upon
the
Father
,
and
bedawb
him
;
after
,
bitterly
taunting
and
upbraiding
him
with
his
Ingratitude
and
Treachery
,
he
dispatch'd
him
.
Antipater
(
having
nominated
Polyperchon
General
,
and
Cassander
Colonel
)
being
dead
,
Cassander
presently
set
up
for
himself
,
and
immediately
dispatch'd
Nicanor
to
Menyllus
,
to
be
his
Successor
in
the
Athenian
Garrison
,
commanding
him
to
possess
himself
of
it
,
before
the
News
of
Antipater's
Death
,
should
be
bruited
abroad
.
Which
being
done
,
and
some
days
after
the
Athenians
hearing
the
Report
of
it
,
Phocion
was
taxt
,
as
privy
to
it
before
,
and
censured
heavily
for
dissembling
it
,
as
a
Friend
and
Confederate
of
Nicanor's
:
but
he
slighted
their
tittle
tattle
,
and
meeting
oft
and
conferring
with
Nicanor
,
made
it
his
business
to
render
him
civil
and
obliging
to
the
Athenians
,
and
not
only
so
,
but
perswaded
him
to
some
Expence
upon
them
,
and
have
some
Shows
at
his
own
charge
to
entertain
the
People
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Polyperchon
,
to
whose
Care
the
chief
Affairs
were
committed
,
to
countermine
Cassander
,
writ
a
cunning
Letter
to
the
City
,
declaring
,
that
they
were
restored
to
their
ancient
Privileges
and
Immunities
,
and
were
at
entire
liberty
to
govern
their
Commonwealth
,
according
to
their
ancient
Customs
and
Constitutions
.
The
bottom
of
these
Pretences
was
meer
Stratagem
and
Trick
,
levell'd
principally
against
Phocion
,
as
the
Event
manifested
it self
;
for
Polyperchon's
design
being
to
possess
himself
of
the
City
,
he
despaired
altogether
of
bringing
it
to
pass
,
whilst
Phocion
lived
,
and
in
Credit
:
but
the
most
certain
way
to
ruine
him
,
would
be
again
to
bring
into
play
the
Demagogues
,
who
had
been
put
out
of
Office
for
seditious
Practices
,
and
restore
them
to
their
Places
of
Trust
,
both
in
the
Courts
of
Judicature
,
and
their
Votes
in
Common-Council
.
Thus
the
Populace
being
let
loose
,
presently
great
Commotions
happen'd
in
Athens
,
which
Nicanor
endeavouring
to
compose
,
call'd
the
Senate
together
into
the
Pyroeum
,
and
came
thither
himself
,
committing
himself
to
Phocion
for
his
security
;
Locus
5.
vel
6.
miliar
.
Ital
.
distans
,
ubi
Templum
Dianae
Mynich
.
but
one
Dercyllus
,
a
Captain
of
the
Train-bands
in
the
Suburbs
,
attempting
to
seize
him
,
he
having
some
hint
of
it
,
withdrew
himself
,
giving
out
that
he
would
suddenly
right
himself
upon
the
City
for
this
Affront
.
Phocion
was
accused
for
being
near
him
,
and
not
seizing
him
,
as
he
was
required
;
but
he
defended
himself
,
saying
,
that
he
had
no
manner
of
mistrust
of
Nicanor
,
nor
the
least
reason
to
expect
any
mischief
from
him
;
but
should
it
prove
otherways
,
for
his
part
he
would
have
them
all
know
,
he
had
rather
receive
,
than
do
an
ill
thing
to
any
Man
.
This
Carriage
of
Phocion's
,
fairly
and
simply
considered
,
would
appear
extream
generous
and
Gentleman-like
;
yet
looking
upon
a
man
standing
in
relation
to
his
Countrey
,
now
endanger'd
,
and
that
in
the
highest
station
of
Power
and
Authority
there
is
something
(
methinks
)
of
prior
Consideration
and
original
Obligation
of
Justice
,
in
discharging
the
trust
reposed
in
him
,
to
be
regarded
,
much
rather
than
such
Points
of
Honour
:
for
it
is
not
a
satisfactory
pretence
to
say
,
that
he
dreaded
the
involving
the
City
in
War
,
by
seizing
Nicanor
,
nor
that
in
Honour
and
Justice
he
could
not
lay
hands
on
a
man
,
who
had
given
him
all
the
assurance
and
security
in
the
world
,
that
he
would
no
ways
molest
or
disturb
the
Athenian
State
;
but
it
was
,
indeed
,
his
Credulity
and
Confidence
in
him
,
and
an
over-weening
opinion
of
his
Sincerity
,
that
imposed
upon
him
:
so
that
notwithstanding
the
sundry
Intimations
he
had
from
those
that
accused
him
of
having
Designs
on
the
Pyroeum
,
and
sending
numbers
of
Mercenaries
into
Salamina
,
besides
his
tampering
with
,
and
endeavouring
to
corrupt
those
of
Pyroeum
,
(
where
his
Garrison
stood
)
he
would
(
notwithstanding
all
this
Evidence
)
never
be
perswaded
to
belive
it
.
Nay
further
,
although
Philomedes
,
the
Son
of
Lampres
,
had
got
a
Decree
pass'd
,
that
all
the
Athenians
should
stand
to
their
Arms
,
and
be
ready
to
follow
Phocion
their
General
,
he
yet
sate
still
and
secure
,
till
such
time
as
Nicanor
had
actually
brought
down
Arms
and
Ammunition
from
Minichia
to
Pyroeum
,
and
begun
to
draw
Trenches
round
it
.
Whilst
these
things
were
transacted
when
Phocion
(
at
last
)
would
have
led
out
the
Athenians
,
they
mutined
against
him
,
and
slighted
his
Orders
.
Alexander
,
the
Son
of
Polyperchon
,
was
at
hand
with
a
considerable
Force
,
pretended
to
be
for
succour
of
the
City
against
Nicanor
,
but
intended
nothing
less
(
if
possible
)
than
to
surprize
the
City
,
whilst
they
were
in
Tumult
,
and
divided
among
themselves
:
for
those
that
had
been
banished
,
getting
into
the
City
,
to
whom
the
Foreigners
joyned
themselves
,
and
all
the
Rabble
rout
thronging
in
to
them
,
they
made
up
an
odd
irregular
mixt
Convention
,
wherein
they
presently
divested
Phocion
of
all
Power
,
and
chose
to
themselves
other
Commanders
;
and
if
by
chance
Alexander
had
not
been
spy'd
from
the
Walls
,
alone
,
and
in
close
Consult
with
Nicanor
,
and
given
the
Athenians
just
cause
of
Suspicion
,
certainly
the
City
at
that
moment
had
run
a
great
Risque
.
Immediately
the
Orator
Agnonides
fell
foul
upon
Phocion
,
and
impeacht
him
of
Treason
:
Callimedon
and
Pericles
fearing
the
worst
,
consulted
their
own
security
by
flying
from
the
City
:
Phocion
,
with
a
few
of
his
Friends
that
stay'd
with
him
,
went
over
to
Polyperchon
,
and
out
of
Respect
,
Solon
of
Platoea
,
and
Dinarchus
of
Corinth
,
accompany'd
him
,
being
reputed
Friends
and
Confidents
of
Polyperchon
.
But
Dinarchus
enjoying
ill
Health
,
they
remained
many
days
in
Elatoea
,
a
City
of
Phocis
,
situate
near
the
Mountain
Acrorium
.
During
which
time
Agnonides
promoting
it
,
Archestratus
procured
a
Decree
,
that
th●
People
should
send
Delegates
thither
to
accuse
Phocion
:
so
both
of
them
waited
upon
Polyperchon
,
who
was
with
the
King
viewing
the
Countrey
,
and
was
then
at
a
small
Village
of
Phocis
,
Pharygas
,
now
call'd
Galate
.
There
Polyperchon
having
pitch'd
a
Royal
Tent
of
Cloth
of
Gold
for
the
King
and
his
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Friends
,
caused
Dinarchus
to
be
brought
without
further
Ceremony
,
and
having
first
tormented
him
,
caused
him
to
be
slain
;
then
he
gave
Audience
to
the
Ambassadors
,
who
filled
the
Place
with
Noise
and
Tumult
,
peaching
and
accusing
one
another
;
Agnonides
approaching
,
entreated
they
might
all
be
shut
up
together
in
an
iron
Grate
,
and
convey'd
to
Athens
,
there
to
decide
the
Controversie
:
At
that
the
King
could
not
forbear
smiling
;
but
the
Company
that
attended
,
Macedonians
and
Strangers
,
that
now
had
leisure
enough
,
were
eager
to
see
the
Scuffle
,
and
hear
them
pelt
one
another
,
made
Signs
to
the
Delegates
to
go
on
with
their
Accusations
.
But
it
was
far
from
a
fair
Hearing
,
nothing
equitable
could
be
obtained
;
Polyperchon
frequently
interrupted
Phocion
,
and
at
last
knocking
with
his
Battoon
on
the
Ground
,
refused
him
absolutely
,
and
commanded
him
Silence
.
Hegemon
appeal'd
to
Polyperchon
himself
,
as
one
that
well
knew
how
studious
he
had
been
of
the
Interest
of
the
People
;
to
which
he
reply'd
furiously
;
Forbear
to
belye
me
before
the
King
:
the
King
starting
up
was
about
to
have
darted
him
through
with
his
Javelin
,
but
Polyperchon
interposed
and
hinder'd
him
;
so
the
Assembly
was
dissolved
.
Phocion
then
and
those
about
him
were
put
into
Custody
;
but
those
of
his
Friends
that
were
at
some
distance
,
observing
this
,
hiding
their
Faces
,
endeavour'd
to
save
themselves
by
Flight
:
but
Clitus
perceived
them
,
and
brought
them
back
to
Athens
,
pretendedly
,
to
purge
themselves
,
but
in
truth
,
as
men
already
sentenced
,
to
die
.
The
manner
of
conveying
them
was
indeed
extream
moving
;
they
were
carried
in
Chariots
through
Ceramicum
,
straight
to
the
Place
of
Judicature
,
where
Clitus
secured
them
till
they
had
call'd
a
Hall
,
which
was
open
to
all
Comers
;
neither
Foreigners
,
nor
Slaves
,
nor
any
of
the
Rascality
,
being
refused
Admittance
,
but
was
free
to
all
;
Men
,
Women
and
Children
,
being
allowed
to
seat
themselves
in
the
Court
;
and
even
upon
the
Bench
:
where
having
read
the
King's
Letters
,
wherein
he
declared
,
he
was
abundantly
satisfied
that
these
men
were
Traitors
;
however
,
they
being
a
free
City
,
he
willingly
indulged
them
the
Grace
of
trying
and
judging
them
according
to
their
own
Laws
.
Clitus
brought
in
his
Prisoners
.
The
men
of
highest
Quality
blush'd
at
the
sight
of
Phocion
,
and
hanging
down
their
Heads
,
could
not
forbear
Tears
:
One
of
them
was
so
hardy
to
say
,
Since
the
King
was
so
gracious
to
permit
them
freedom
in
Judgment
,
he
thought
it
reasonable
to
dismiss
the
Strangers
,
and
those
of
servile
condition
,
from
the
Assembly
;
but
the
Populace
would
not
endure
it
,
crying
out
,
They
were
Enemies
to
the
Commonwealth
,
and
Betrayers
of
the
Liberty
of
the
People
,
and
deserved
to
be
stoned
that
sided
with
the
Nobility
;
after
which
no
man
durst
offer
any
thing
farther
in
Phocion's
behalf
.
He
was
scarce
suffer'd
to
be
heard
,
when
he
demanded
,
if
they
intended
to
put
them
to
death
by
form
of
Law
or
not
?
Some
answer'd
,
According
to
Law
:
He
reply'd
,
How
should
that
be
done
,
except
we
have
a
fair
Hearing
?
But
when
they
were
deaf
to
all
he
said
,
approaching
nearer
,
As
to
my self
,
says
he
,
I
confess
the
Crime
,
and
submit
my self
to
the
Judgment
of
the
Law
,
but
for
these
my
Friends
,
O
ye
men
of
Athens
,
what
have
they
done
to
deserve
the
Sentence
,
having
in
nothing
offended
you
?
The
Rabble
cry'd
out
,
They
were
his
Friends
and
Complices
,
that
was
enough
.
Hearing
this
,
he
drew
back
as
one
struck
dumb
.
Then
Agnonides
read
the
Bill
of
Attainder
,
whereby
the
People
were
impowered
to
have
a
Poll
for
majority
of
Voices
,
whether
they
judged
them
Guilty
;
and
if
so
it
should
be
found
,
to
be
sentenced
to
Death
.
The
Names
being
read
,
some
were
so
brutish
to
desire
it
might
be
added
to
the
Sentence
,
That
Phocion
should
not
only
die
a
simple
Death
,
but
be
tortured
also
,
and
that
the
Rack
should
be
produced
with
the
Tormenters
:
but
Agnonides
perceiving
even
Clitus
himself
to
dislike
this
,
esteeming
it
a
thing
most
horrid
and
barbarous
;
says
he
,
If
we
can
take
that
Villain
Callimedon
,
O
ye
Athenians
!
let
us
serve
him
so
with
all
my
heart
,
but
I
can't
consent
Phocion
should
be
used
so
:
And
one
of
those
that
were
better
minded
,
rose
up
,
saying
,
Thou
art
in
the
right
,
if
Phocion
be
tortured
,
what
dost
thou
deserve
thy self
?
So
the
Sentence
was
ratified
,
taking
every
man's
Vote
singly
,
no
man
sitting
down
,
but
all
rising
up
,
and
some
with
Garlands
on
their
Heads
condemn'd
them
all
to
death
.
There
were
with
Phocion
,
Nicocles
,
Theudippus
,
Hegemon
and
Pythocles
:
moreover
Demetrius
the
Phalaroean
,
Callimedon
,
Charicles
,
and
some
others
,
were
in
the
same
Condemnation
,
being
absent
.
After
the
Assembly
was
dismist
,
they
were
remanded
to
Prison
,
some
of
their
Friends
following
them
,
embracing
and
weeping
over
them
,
and
making
great
Lamentation
.
Phocion's
Countenance
was
not
chang'd
,
but
went
with
the
same
undaunted
Look
,
he
used
to
be
followed
from
the
Court
to
the
Camp
,
whilst
he
was
their
General
;
that
most
men
admired
the
Bravery
and
Magnanimity
of
the
man
,
yet
some
sneaking
Fellows
of
his
Enemies
insulted
over
him
,
reviling
and
abusing
him
as
he
pass'd
:
And
one
coming
up
to
him
,
spit
in
his
Face
;
at
which
Phocion
,
turning
to
the
Officers
,
only
said
,
Will
no
body
correct
this
Fellow's
Rudeness
?
Theudippus
,
when
he
observed
the
Executioner
tempering
the
Poyson
,
and
preparing
it
for
them
,
was
disorder'd
,
and
began
to
bemoan
his
condition
,
and
the
hard
measure
he
received
so
unjustly
to
suffer
upon
Phocion's
account
:
What
,
says
he
,
dost
thou
not
think
it
creditable
to
run
the
same
Fate
with
Phocion
?
One
of
his
Friends
that
stood
by
,
askt
him
,
if
he
would
have
any
thing
to
his
Son
?
Yes
,
by
all
means
,
says
he
,
command
him
from
me
to
forget
the
Athenian's
Ill
Treatment
of
his
Father
.
Then
Nicocles
,
the
dearest
and
most
faithful
of
his
Friends
,
begg'd
of
him
first
to
drink
the
Poyson
:
Ah!
my
Friend
,
says
he
,
this
is
the
most
harsh
and
ungrateful
Request
thou
ever
madest
me
;
but
since
through
my
whole
Life
,
I
have
never
deny'd
thee
any
thing
,
I
must
gratifie
thee
in
this
also
.
Having
all
drunk
,
there
wanted
of
the
due
Proportion
,
and
the
Executioner
refused
to
prepare
more
,
except
they
would
pay
him
12
Drachma's
to
defray
the
charge
of
a
full
Draught
.
Some
delay
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈…〉
su
〈…〉
&
pond
.
genus
.
was
made
,
and
the
time
spent
▪
Phocion
call'd
one
of
his
Friends
that
stood
by
:
What
,
says
he
,
can't
a
man
die
on
Free-cost
among
the
Athenians
?
and
bid
him
give
him
a
small
spill
of
Money
.
It
was
the
19th
.
day
of
the
Month
Mynichion
,
March
.
when
there
was
accustomed
to
be
solemn
Processions
in
the
City
,
in
Honour
of
Jupiter
:
The
Horsemen
,
as
they
pass'd
by
,
some
of
them
threw
away
their
Garlands
,
others
stopt
at
the
Prison-doors
,
bitterly
weeping
,
and
casting
most
doleful
Looks
towards
the
Place
of
Execution
;
and
as
many
of
the
rest
,
whose
Minds
were
not
absolutely
debauch'd
by
Spite
and
Passion
,
or
had
any
spark
of
Humanity
left
,
acknowledged
it
to
be
most
wicked
and
ungodly
;
at
least
,
not
to
have
reprieved
them
that
day
,
and
purge
the
City
from
Blood
and
Slaughter
at
the
solemn
Festival
.
But
as
if
all
this
had
been
small
Game
,
the
Malice
of
Phocion's
Enemies
went
yet
higher
,
to
endeavour
that
his
dead
Corps
might
be
thrown
out
of
the
Cityboundaries
;
none
of
the
Athenians
daring
to
light
a
Funeral
Pile
,
to
burn
the
Body
,
after
their
manner
;
neither
durst
any
of
his
Friends
presume
to
concern
themselves
about
his
Body
,
only
one
Conopion
,
a
man
accustomed
to
those
Offices
,
having
procured
the
Body
,
at
his
own
Expence
,
to
be
carry'd
beyond
Eleusina
,
borrow'd
Fire
from
a
Woman
of
Magoera
,
and
burnt
it
;
the
Woman
her self
,
with
her
Servant-maids
,
being
present
and
assistant
at
the
Solemnity
,
casting
up
a
small
Monument
for
him
,
performed
the
customary
Offerings
;
and
gathering
up
his
Bones
in
her
Lap
,
and
carrying
them
by
night
,
digg'd
a
Place
by
the
Fire-side
in
her
House
,
saying
,
Dear
Gods
,
Guardians
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
this
Place
,
here
I
deposite
the
Remains
of
this
excellent
Person
,
and
you
,
I
beseech
you
,
protect
and
restore
them
to
the
Sepulcher
of
his
Ancestors
,
when
the
Athenians
return
again
to
their
right
Minds
.
And
indeed
,
a
very
little
Time
,
and
their
own
sad
Experience
,
soon
informed
them
,
what
an
excellent
Governour
,
and
how
great
an
example
and
Patron
of
Justice
and
all
Virtue
,
they
had
bereft
themselves
of
:
And
now
they
decreed
him
a
Statue
of
Brass
,
and
his
Bones
to
be
buried
honourably
at
the
publick
Charge
;
and
for
his
Accusers
,
Agnonides
they
took
themselves
,
and
caused
him
to
be
put
to
death
;
Epicurus
and
Demophilus
,
that
fled
from
the
City
for
fear
,
his
Son
met
with
,
and
took
his
Revenge
upon
them
.
This
Son
of
his
they
report
not
otherways
to
be
considerable
,
only
a
man
of
Pleasure
,
that
was
enamour'd
of
a
Wench
kept
by
a
common
Bawd
;
and
happenning
one
day
to
hear
Theodorus
the
Atheist
talking
at
this
rate
,
That
if
a
man
might
venture
to
rescue
his
Friend
,
why
not
his
Mistress
?
and
if
not
one
,
why
the
other
?
The
Argument
hitting
his
Humour
,
encouraged
him
to
take
away
the
Girl
by
force
.
But
this
Fate
of
Phocion's
,
revived
the
Memory
of
Socrates
among
the
Groecians
,
their
Case
being
exactly
parallel
,
both
their
Deaths
being
alike
,
the
most
shameful
Fault
,
and
heavy
Misfortune
of
the
People
of
Athens
.
THE
LIFE
OF
CATO
the
Younger
.
Englished
from
the
Greek
,
by
Stephen
Waller
Dr.
of
Laws
.
THE
House
of
Cato
derived
its
Lustre
and
Glory
from
his
Great-Grandfather
Cato
;
one
that
by
his
Virtue
gained
a
very
great
Reputation
and
Authority
among
the
Romans
,
as
we
have
written
in
his
Life
.
This
Cato
,
was
,
by
the
loss
of
both
his
Parents
,
left
an
Orphan
,
together
with
his
Brother
Coepio
,
and
his
Sister
Porcia
.
Servilia
CATO
IUNIOR
.
depiction of Cato the Younger
Ecce
Parens
verus
Patrice
:
dignissimus
aris
Roma
tuis
.
—
Nil
causâ
fecit
in
armis
Ipse
suâ
:
Studiis
Odiisque
carens
.
At
frustrá
Leges
et
inania
Jura
tuenti
Scire
Mori
Sors
optima
.
Lucan
:
M
Burg.
sculp
.
also
was
his
Sister
by
the
Mother's-side
.
All
these
lived
together
,
and
were
bred
up
in
the
House
of
Livius
Drusus
,
their
Uncle
by
the
Mother
;
who
at
that
time
had
a
great
share
in
the
Government
;
for
he
was
very
Eloquent
,
remarkably
Just
,
and
in
Wisdom
not
inferior
to
any
of
the
Romans
.
'T
is
said
of
Cato
,
that
he
did
,
even
from
his
Infancy
,
in
his
Speech
,
his
Countenance
,
and
all
his
childish
Pastimes
,
discover
an
inflexible
Temper
,
unmoved
by
any
Passion
,
and
firm
in
every
thing
.
He
would
force
himself
,
much
beyond
the
strength
of
his
Age
,
to
go
through
with
whatever
he
undertook
.
He
was
rough
and
ungentle
toward
them
that
flattered
him
;
but
yet
more
stubborn
and
untractable
to
those
who
threatned
him
.
He
was
very
difficultly
moved
to
laugh
;
and
was
rarely
seen
to
smile
.
Not
quickly
or
easily
provoked
to
Anger
;
but
if
once
incensed
,
he
was
no
less
difficultly
pacified
.
When
he
began
to
learn
,
he
proved
dull
,
and
slow
to
apprehend
;
but
what
he
once
conceived
,
he
very
faithfully
retained
.
And
truly
't
is
usual
in
Nature
,
that
men
of
quick
Apprehensions
have
not
the
best
Memories
;
but
those
who
receive
things
with
most
pains
and
difficulty
,
remember
them
with
most
exactness
:
for
every
new
thing
that
is
learnt
seems
to
make
some
new
impression
upon
the
Mind
.
Hence
the
difficulty
there
was
in
Cato
to
be
moved
,
made
it
the
more
difficult
for
him
to
be
taught
;
for
to
learn
is
to
suffer
a
kind
of
Alteration
:
and
it
happens
,
that
those
are
most
easily
wrought
upon
,
who
have
least
strength
to
oppose
what
is
offered
.
Hence
young
men
are
sooner
perswaded
,
than
those
that
are
more
in
years
;
and
Sick
men
,
than
those
that
are
well
in
Health
:
in
fine
where
the
Resistance
is
least
powerful
,
the
Impression
is
most
easily
made
.
Yet
Cato
(
they
say
)
was
very
obedient
to
his
Schoolmaster
,
and
would
do
whatever
he
was
commanded
;
but
he
would
also
ask
the
Reason
,
and
enquire
the
Cause
of
every
thing
:
and
indeed
his
Schoolmaster
was
a
very
courteous
man
,
more
ready
to
instruct
,
than
to
beat
his
Scholars
;
his
Name
was
Sarpedo
.
When
Cato
was
a
Child
,
the
Allies
of
the
Romans
sued
to
be
made
free-Citizens
of
Rome
.
Pompoedius
Sillo
,
one
of
their
Deputies
,
a
brave
Souldier
,
and
a
man
of
great
worth
,
who
had
contracted
a
Friendship
with
Drusus
,
lodged
at
his
House
for
several
days
;
in
which
Time
being
grown
familiar
with
the
Children
,
Well
,
(
said
he
to
them
)
will
you
entreat
your
Vncle
to
befriend
us
in
our
Business
?
Coepio
smiling
,
seemed
to
consent
;
but
Cato
made
no
Answer
,
only
he
looked
stedfastly
and
fiercely
on
the
Strangers
:
Then
said
Pompoedius
to
him
,
And
you
young
man
,
what
say
you
to
us
?
will
not
you
,
as
well
as
your
Brother
,
intercede
with
your
Vncle
in
our
behalf
?
Cato
Continued
still
unmoved
;
but
by
his
Silence
and
his
Countenance
seeming
to
deny
their
Petition
,
Pompoedius
snatch'd
him
up
to
the
Window
,
as
if
he
would
throw
him
out
:
then
he
urged
him
to
consent
,
or
he
would
fling
him
down
;
and
speaking
in
a
harsher
Tone
,
held
his
Body
out
of
the
Window
,
and
shook
him
several
times
.
When
Cato
had
suffered
this
a
good
while
,
unmoved
and
unconcerned
;
Pompoedius
setting
him
down
,
said
softly
to
his
Friends
,
What
a
Blessing
is
this
Child
to
Italy
?
if
he
were
a
Man
,
I
believe
we
should
not
gain
one
Voice
among
the
People
.
Another
time
,
one
of
his
Relations
,
on
his
Birth-day
,
invited
Cato
and
some
other
Children
to
Supper
,
who
diverting
themselves
in
a
part
of
the
House
,
were
at
Play
all
together
,
the
elder
and
the
younger
;
their
Play
was
to
act
the
Pleading
of
Causes
before
the
Judges
,
accusing
one
another
,
and
carrying
away
the
Condemned
to
Prison
.
Among
these
,
a
very
beautiful
young
Child
being
bound
and
carried
by
a
bigger
into
Prison
,
he
cryed
out
to
Cato
;
who
presently
run
to
the
Door
,
and
thrusting
away
those
who
stood
there
as
a
Guard
,
took
out
the
Youth
,
and
went
home
in
great
Anger
followed
by
all
his
Companions
.
Cato
at
length
grew
so
famous
among
them
,
that
when
Sylla
Designed
to
exhibit
the
Game
of
young
men
riding
Races
on
Horseback
,
which
they
called
the
Trojan
Course
,
having
got
together
all
the
Youth
of
Quality
,
he
appointed
two
for
their
Leaders
.
One
of
them
they
accepted
for
his
Mother's
sake
,
which
was
the
Son
of
Metella
,
the
Wife
of
Sylla
;
but
for
the
other
,
which
was
Sextus
,
the
Nephew
of
Pompey
,
they
would
not
be
led
by
him
,
nor
exercised
under
him
:
then
Sylla
asking
,
Whom
they
would
have
?
They
all
cryed
out
,
Cato
;
and
Sextus
willingly
yielded
the
Honour
to
him
,
as
the
more
worthy
Person
.
Sylla
,
having
had
a
Friendship
with
their
Father
,
did
often
send
for
Cato
and
his
Brother
,
and
would
talk
familiarly
with
them
;
a
Favour
which
he
shewed
to
very
few
,
by
reason
of
the
great
Power
and
high
Station
which
he
had
gotten
.
Sarpedo
,
considering
the
Advantage
hereof
as
well
for
the
Honour
as
the
Safety
of
his
Scholars
,
did
often
bring
Cato
to
wait
upon
Sylla
at
his
House
,
which
,
for
the
multitude
of
those
that
were
slain
,
imprisoned
,
and
tormented
there
,
looked
like
a
Place
of
Execution
.
Cato
was
then
about
14
years
old
;
now
seeing
the
Heads
of
great
Men
brought
thither
,
and
observing
the
secret
Sighs
of
those
that
were
present
,
he
asked
his
Schoolmaster
▪
Why
does
no
body
kill
this
Man
?
Because
(
said
he
)
they
fear
him
,
Child
,
more
than
they
hate
him
:
Why
then
(
replied
Cato
)
do
you
not
give
me
a
Sword
,
that
I
may
stab
him
,
and
free
my
Countrey
from
this
Slavery
?
Sarpedo
hearing
this
,
and
at
the
same
time
seeing
his
Countenance
full
of
Anger
and
Fury
,
took
care
thence-forward
to
watch
him
strictly
,
lest
he
should
fall
into
any
desperate
Attempt
.
While
he
was
yet
very
young
;
to
some
that
asked
him
,
Whom
he
loved
best
?
He
answered
,
His
Brother
:
And
being
asked
,
Whom
next
?
He
replied
▪
His
Brother
again
:
So
likewise
the
third
time
;
and
still
the
same
,
till
they
left
off
to
ask
any
farther
.
As
he
grew
in
Age
,
this
Love
to
his
Brother
increased
;
for
when
he
was
about
20
years
old
,
he
never
supped
,
never
went
out
of
Town
,
nor
into
the
Forum
,
without
Coepio
;
but
when
his
Brother
made
use
of
Oyntments
and
Perfumes
,
these
Cato
rejected
:
And
he
was
in
the
whole
course
of
his
Life
very
regular
and
austere
;
so
that
when
Coepio
was
admired
for
his
Moderation
and
Temperance
,
he
would
acknowledge
,
that
indeed
he
might
be
accounted
such
,
in
respect
of
some
other
men
;
but
(
said
he
)
when
I
compare
my self
with
Cato
,
methinks
I
differ
not
at
all
from
Sippius
;
one
at
that
time
notorious
for
Softness
and
Luxury
.
Cato
,
being
made
one
of
Apollo's
Priests
,
changed
his
Habitation
,
took
his
portion
of
their
paternal
Inheritance
,
and
began
to
live
yet
more
severely
than
before
.
Having
gained
an
intimate
Acquaintance
with
Antipater
,
the
Stoick
Philosopher
,
he
bent
himself
chiefly
to
the
Study
of
Moral
Philosophy
and
Politicks
.
He
was
carried
,
as
it
were
,
by
a
kind
of
Inspiration
,
to
embrace
every
Virtue
;
but
most
inclined
,
to
delight
in
a
sort
of
steady
Justice
,
that
was
not
to
be
wrought
upon
by
Favour
or
Compassion
.
He
learned
also
the
Art
of
speaking
in
publick
;
which
he
looked
upon
as
a
thing
no
less
requisite
for
governing
,
than
the
Art
of
War
,
for
defending
a
City
.
But
he
would
never
recite
his
Speeches
before
Company
;
nor
was
he
ever
heard
declame
:
And
to
one
that
told
him
,
Men
blamed
his
Silence
;
but
I
hope
not
my
Life
,
(
said
he
)
and
I
will
then
begin
to
speak
,
when
I
think
I
can
say
something
that
is
worth
being
spoken
.
There
was
a
great
Hall
,
which
had
been
built
and
dedicated
to
the
Publick
by
old
Cato
;
here
the
Tribunes
of
the
People
used
to
keep
Court
:
And
because
a
certain
Pillar
seemed
not
to
stand
well
for
the
convenience
of
their
Benches
,
they
deliberated
,
whether
it
were
best
to
remove
it
only
,
or
to
take
it
away
.
This
Business
first
drew
Cato
into
the
Forum
,
tho'
much
against
his
will
;
for
he
therein
opposed
the
Tribunes
,
and
at
the
same
time
gave
an
admirable
Specimen
both
of
his
Courage
and
his
Eloquence
.
His
Speech
had
nothing
in
it
of
childish
or
affected
,
but
was
rough
,
vehement
,
and
full
of
sence
;
besides
he
had
a
certain
grace
in
speaking
,
which
charmed
the
Ear
,
and
agreed
well
with
the
shortness
of
his
Sentences
;
and
something
of
Mirth
and
Raillery
mingled
with
the
Gravity
of
his
Temper
,
was
not
unpleasant
to
his
Auditors
.
His
Voice
was
full
,
sounding
,
and
sufficient
to
be
heard
by
so
great
a
Multitude
.
His
Vigour
,
and
the
strength
of
his
Body
indefatigable
;
for
he
could
speak
a
whole
day
,
and
never
be
weary
.
When
he
had
carried
this
Cause
,
he
betook
himself
again
to
his
Study
and
Retirement
;
where
he
accustomed
his
Body
to
Labour
and
violent
Excercise
:
would
use
himself
to
go
bare-headed
both
in
hot
and
cold
Weather
.
When
he
went
abroad
with
any
of
his
Friends
,
tho'
they
were
on
Horseback
,
and
he
on
Foot
,
yet
he
would
often
joyn
now
one
,
then
another
,
and
discourse
with
them
on
the
way
.
In
Sickness
,
admirable
was
the
Patience
he
shewed
in
supporting
;
and
the
Abstinence
he
used
,
for
curing
his
Distempers
.
One
time
when
he
had
an
Ague
,
he
would
be
alone
all
day
long
,
and
suffer
no
body
to
see
him
,
till
he
began
to
recover
,
and
found
the
Fit
was
over
.
At
Supper
when
he
threw
Dice
for
the
choice
of
the
Messes
,
and
lost
,
the
Company
offered
him
nevertheless
his
choice
;
but
the
refused
,
saying
,
[
](A55203-e74860-b)*
*
Alluding
to
the
lucky
Chance
,
called
Venus
.
Venus
forbids
.
At
first
he
was
wont
to
drink
only
once
after
Supper
,
and
then
go
away
,
but
in
process
of
time
he
grew
to
drink
more
,
insomuch
that
oftentimes
he
would
continue
at
Table
till
morning
.
This
his
Friends
excused
;
for
that
the
State
Affairs
took
him
up
all
day
,
and
he
being
desirous
of
Knowledge
,
did
pass
the
night
at
Table
in
the
Conversation
of
Philosophers
.
Hence
one
Memmius
saying
in
Company
,
That
Cato
spent
whole
nights
in
Drinking
;
But
you
cannot
say
(
replied
Cicero
)
that
he
spends
whole
days
in
Playing
.
Cato
esteemed
the
Customs
and
Manners
of
Men
at
that
time
so
corrupt
,
and
a
reformation
in
them
so
necessary
,
that
he
thought
it
requisite
in
many
things
,
to
go
contrary
to
the
ordinary
way
of
the
World
.
Wherefore
seeing
the
lightest
and
gayest
Colours
were
most
in
fashion
,
he
would
always
wear
the
darkest
:
and
he
would
often
go
out
of
doors
without
either
Shooes
or
Coat
.
Not
that
he
sought
Vain-glory
from
such
Novelties
;
but
he
would
accustom
himself
to
be
ashamed
only
of
what
deserves
shame
and
to
despise
all
other
sorts
of
disgrace
.
The
Estate
of
one
Cato
,
his
Cousin-german
,
(
which
was
worth
100
Talents
)
falling
to
him
,
he
turned
it
all
into
ready
Money
,
which
he
kept
by
him
for
any
of
his
Friends
that
should
happen
to
want
,
to
whom
he
would
lend
it
without
use
;
for
some
of
them
,
he
suffered
his
own
Land
and
his
Slaves
to
be
mortgaged
to
the
publick
Treasury
.
When
he
thought
himself
of
an
Age
fit
to
marry
,
having
never
before
known
any
Woman
,
he
was
contracted
to
Lepida
,
who
had
before
been
contracted
to
Metellus
Scipio
;
but
he
having
quitted
her
,
the
Contract
was
dissolved
,
and
she
at
liberty
:
yet
Scipio
afterward
repenting
himself
,
did
all
he
could
to
regain
her
,
before
the
Marriage
with
Cato
was
compleat
;
and
therein
succeeded
.
At
which
Cato
was
very
much
incensed
,
and
resolved
to
go
to
Law
about
it
;
but
his
Friends
perswaded
him
to
the
contrary
;
however
he
was
so
moved
by
the
heat
of
Youth
and
Passion
,
that
he
writ
Iambicks
against
Scipio
,
which
had
all
the
Wit
and
Satyr
of
Archilochus
,
without
his
Impudence
and
Scurrility
.
After
this
he
married
Atilia
,
the
Daughter
of
Sorranus
,
which
was
the
first
▪
but
not
the
only
Woman
he
ever
knew
;
in
this
much
less
happy
than
Loelius
,
the
Friend
of
Scipio
,
who
in
the
whole
course
of
so
long
a
Life
never
knew
but
one
Woman
.
In
the
War
made
by
the
Rebellion
of
the
Slaves
,
(
which
was
named
from
Spartacus
their
Ring-leader
)
Gellius
was
General
;
and
Cato
went
a
Voluntier
,
for
the
sake
of
his
Brother
Coepio
,
who
was
a
Colonel
in
that
Army
.
But
Cato
could
find
no
opportunity
to
shew
his
Courage
,
or
exercise
his
Valour
by
reason
of
the
ill
Conduct
of
the
General
;
however
admidst
the
Corruptions
and
Disorders
of
that
Army
,
he
shewed
such
a
love
of
Discipline
,
so
much
Bravery
upon
occasion
,
and
so
much
Wisdom
in
every
thing
,
that
it
appeared
he
would
not
be
any
way
inferiour
to
the
old
Cato
.
Whereupon
Gellius
offered
him
great
Rewards
,
and
would
have
decreed
him
considerable
Honours
;
which
he
refused
,
saying
,
He
had
done
nothing
that
deserved
them
;
and
this
made
him
be
thought
a
man
of
a
very
odd
Humour
.
There
was
a
Law
▪
That
the
Candidates
who
stood
for
any
Office
,
should
not
have
Prompters
to
tell
them
the
Names
of
the
Citizens
.
Cato
,
when
he
sued
to
be
elected
Military
Tribune
,
was
the
only
man
that
obeyed
that
Law
;
he
took
great
pains
to
salute
those
he
met
,
and
call
them
by
their
Names
.
Yet
for
these
things
he
was
envied
,
even
by
those
who
praised
him
;
for
the
more
they
considered
the
Excellency
of
what
he
did
,
the
more
they
were
grieved
at
the
difficulty
they
found
to
do
the
like
.
Now
being
chosen
Military
Tribune
,
he
was
sent
into
Macedon
after
Rubrius
,
who
was
General
there
.
It
is
said
,
that
his
Wife
shewing
much
Concern
,
and
weeping
at
his
Departure
,
Munatius
,
one
of
Cato's
Friends
said
to
her
,
Do
not
trouble
your self
,
Atilia
,
I
'll
take
care
to
keep
him
for
you
.
Ay
,
by
all
means
,
replied
Cato
.
When
they
had
gone
one
days
Journey
together
;
Well
,
said
he
to
Munatius
,
that
you
may
be
sure
to
keep
your
promise
to
Atilia
,
you
must
not
leave
me
day
nor
night
;
and
then
ordered
two
Beds
to
be
made
in
his
own
Chamber
,
that
Munatius
might
lie
there
:
so
that
he
seemed
rather
to
be
kept
by
Cato
.
There
went
with
him
fifteen
Slaves
,
two
Freed-men
and
four
of
his
Friends
;
these
rode
on
Horseback
,
but
Cato
always
went
on
Foot
,
yet
would
he
keep
by
them
,
and
discourse
with
them
on
the
way
.
When
he
came
to
the
Army
,
which
consisted
of
many
Legions
,
the
General
gave
him
the
Command
of
one
;
but
Cato
looked
upon
it
as
a
small
matter
,
and
not
worthy
a
Commander
,
to
make
his
own
single
Valour
appear
;
therefore
he
desired
to
make
his
Souldiers
like
himself
.
Yet
he
did
not
thereby
lose
the
Reverence
due
to
his
Command
,
but
joyned
Reason
to
his
Authority
;
for
he
perswaded
and
instructed
every
one
in
particular
,
and
on
all
bestowed
Rewards
or
Punishments
according
to
desert
.
At
length
his
Men
were
so
well
disciplined
,
that
it
was
hard
to
say
,
whether
they
were
more
peaceable
,
or
more
warlike
;
more
valiant
,
or
more
just
:
they
were
dreadful
to
their
Enemies
,
and
courteous
to
their
Companions
;
fearful
to
do
wrong
,
and
forward
to
gain
Honour
.
Thus
Cato
,
tho'
he
never
sought
,
yet
easily
acquired
Glory
and
Repute
;
was
highly
esteemed
by
all
men
,
but
entirely
beloved
by
the
Souldiers
.
Whatever
he
commanded
to
be
done
,
he
himself
took
part
in
the
performing
.
In
his
Apparel
,
his
Diet
and
Labour
,
he
was
more
like
a
common
Souldier
than
an
Officer
;
but
in
Virtue
,
Courage
and
Wisdom
,
he
far
exceeded
all
that
had
the
Name
of
Commanders
.
By
these
means
he
made
himself
greatly
beloved
,
and
was
therefore
the
more
willingly
followed
:
for
the
true
love
of
Virtue
,
is
in
all
men
produced
by
the
Love
and
Respect
they
bear
to
him
that
teaches
it
;
and
those
who
praise
good
men
,
yet
do
not
love
them
may
cry
up
their
Honour
,
but
will
never
imitate
their
Virtue
.
At
that
time
there
dwelt
in
Pergamum
,
one
Athenodorus
,
sirnamed
Cordylio
,
a
Man
very
well
versed
in
the
Stoick
Philosophy
,
who
was
now
grown
old
,
and
had
always
refused
the
Friendship
and
Acquaintance
of
Princes
and
great
Men.
Cato
understood
this
;
so
that
imagining
he
should
not
be
able
to
prevail
with
him
by
sending
or
writing
;
and
being
by
the
Laws
allowed
two
months
absence
from
the
Army
,
he
resolved
to
go
into
Asia
,
to
see
Athenodorus
:
and
considering
the
great
worth
of
the
Man
,
he
hoped
he
should
not
lose
his
labour
.
When
Cato
had
discoursed
with
him
,
and
perswaded
him
from
his
former
Resolutions
,
he
returned
and
brought
him
to
the
Army
,
as
joyful
and
as
proud
of
this
success
,
as
if
he
had
done
some
heroick
Exploit
,
greater
than
any
of
those
of
Pompey
or
Lucullus
,
who
at
that
time
subdued
so
many
Nations
and
Kingdoms
.
While
Cato
was
yet
in
the
Army
,
his
Brother
,
on
a
Journey
toward
Asia
,
fell
sick
at
Aenus
in
Thrace
,
and
immediately
dispatched
Letters
to
him
.
The
Sea
was
very
rough
,
and
no
convenient
great
Vessel
to
be
had
;
yet
Cato
,
getting
into
a
little
Passage
boat
,
with
only
two
of
his
Friends
,
and
three
Servants
,
set
Sail
from
Thessalonica
,
and
having
very
narrowly
escaped
drowning
,
he
arrived
at
Aenus
just
as
Coepio
expired
.
Upon
this
occasion
Cato
shewed
himself
more
a
fond
Brother
than
a
Philosopher
,
not
only
in
the
excess
of
Grief
,
bewailing
and
embracing
the
dead
Body
,
but
also
in
the
extravagant
Expences
of
the
Funeral
,
wherein
a
vast
quantity
of
rich
Perfumes
and
costly
Garments
were
burnt
with
the
Corps
?
besides
,
he
erected
in
the
Forum
of
the
Aenians
,
a
Monument
of
Thassian
Marble
,
which
cost
eight
Talents
.
This
some
blamed
,
as
not
suiting
with
Cato's
usual
Moderation
in
other
things
:
But
they
did
not
consider
,
that
tho'
he
were
stedfast
,
firm
,
and
inflexible
to
Pleasure
,
Fear
,
or
fond
Entreaties
;
yet
he
was
full
of
natural
Tenderness
,
and
brotherly
Affection
.
Divers
of
the
Cities
and
Governours
of
the
Countrey
,
sent
him
many
Presents
,
to
honour
the
Funerals
of
his
Brother
;
but
he
took
none
of
their
Money
,
only
the
Perfumes
and
Ornaments
he
received
,
and
paid
for
them
also
.
Afterward
,
when
the
Estate
was
divided
between
him
and
Coepio's
Daughter
,
he
did
not
require
the
Funeral
Expences
to
be
deducted
.
Notwithstanding
all
this
,
a
certain
Writer
has
affirmed
,
that
he
made
his
Brother's
Ashes
be
passed
through
a
Sieve
,
to
find
the
Gold
that
was
melted
down
with
the
Body
:
but
surely
that
[
](A55203-e75650-b)*
*
He
means
Julius
Caesar
.
person
thought
,
his
Writings
,
as
well
as
his
Actions
,
should
never
be
subject
to
Examination
.
The
Time
of
Cato's
Service
in
the
Army
being
expired
,
he
received
at
his
departure
not
only
the
Prayers
and
Praises
,
but
the
Tears
and
Embraces
of
the
Souldiers
,
who
spread
their
Garments
at
his
Feet
,
and
kissed
his
Hand
as
he
passed
;
an
Honour
,
which
the
Romans
shewed
to
very
few
of
their
Generals
.
Cato
having
left
the
Army
,
resolved
before
he
would
return
home
,
and
apply
himself
to
the
management
of
State-Affairs
,
to
travel
over
Asia
,
and
there
observe
the
Manners
,
the
Customs
,
and
the
Strength
of
every
Province
.
He
was
also
willing
to
gratifie
the
Importunity
of
Deiotarus
,
King
of
Galatia
,
who
having
had
great
Familiarity
and
Friendship
with
his
Father
,
did
earnestly
invite
him
thither
.
Cato
took
care
to
order
his
Journeys
in
this
manner
:
Early
in
the
morning
he
sent
out
his
Baker
and
his
Cook
toward
the
Place
where
he
designed
to
lodge
the
next
night
:
these
went
civilly
and
quietly
into
the
Town
in
which
if
there
happened
to
be
no
Friend
nor
Acquaintance
of
Cato
or
his
Family
,
they
provided
for
him
in
an
Inn
,
and
gave
no
disturbance
to
any
body
;
but
if
there
were
no
Inn
,
they
went
to
the
Magistrates
,
and
desired
them
to
help
them
to
Lodgings
,
and
were
always
satisfied
with
what
was
allotted
to
them
.
His
Servants
thus
behaving
themselves
toward
the
Magistrates
,
without
noise
and
threatning
,
were
often
not
credited
,
or
neglected
by
them
;
so
that
Cato
did
many
times
arrive
,
before
any
thing
was
provided
for
him
.
And
indeed
he
himself
was
often
despised
,
and
made
little
account
of
;
for
sitting
silent
by
himself
on
his
Carriages
,
he
was
looked
upon
as
a
contemptible
Man
,
and
one
of
a
mean
Spirit
;
therefore
he
would
sometimes
call
the
Townsmen
together
,
and
say
,
Ye
ill-natured
Men
,
lay
aside
this
inhospitable
Humour
;
you
should
by
Courtesie
endeavour
to
break
the
power
of
those
Men
,
who
desire
but
a
pretence
to
take
from
you
by
force
,
what
you
give
with
such
Reluctance
.
While
he
travelled
in
this
manner
,
a
pleasant
Accident
befell
him
in
Syria
.
As
he
was
going
into
Antioch
,
he
saw
a
great
multitude
of
People
without
the
Gates
,
ranked
in
order
on
either
side
the
way
;
here
the
young
Men
with
long
Cloaks
,
there
the
Children
decently
dress'd
;
others
wore
Crowns
and
white
Garments
,
which
were
the
Priests
and
Magistrates
.
Cato
,
presently
imagining
all
this
was
to
do
him
Honour
,
and
for
his
Reception
,
began
to
be
angry
with
his
Servants
that
were
sent
before
,
for
suffering
it
to
be
done
;
then
making
his
Friends
alight
,
he
walked
along
with
them
on
Foot
.
As
soon
as
he
came
near
the
Gate
,
a
reverend
old
Man
,
who
seemed
to
be
Master
of
these
Ceremonies
,
with
a
Staff
and
a
Crown
in
his
Hand
,
comes
up
to
Cato
,
and
without
shewing
him
any
respect
,
ask'd
him
,
Where
he
had
left
Demetrius
,
and
how
soon
he
thought
he
would
be
there
?
This
Demetrius
was
Pompey's
Servant
;
and
by
all
those
who
hoped
for
any
Favour
from
Pompey
,
he
was
highly
honoured
,
not
for
his
own
Desert
,
but
for
his
great
Power
with
his
Master
.
Upon
this
Cato's
Friends
fell
out
into
such
a
Laughter
,
that
they
could
not
restrain
themselves
,
while
they
passed
through
the
Crowd
;
he
himself
much
out
of
Countenance
,
cryed
,
O
unhappy
City
!
and
said
no
more
:
yet
afterward
he
used
to
tell
this
Story
,
and
laugh
at
it
himself
.
Pompey
likewise
after
that
made
the
People
ashamed
of
their
Ignorance
and
Folly
;
for
Cato
,
in
his
Journey
to
Ephesus
,
went
to
pay
his
Respects
to
him
;
who
was
the
elder
Man
,
had
gained
much
Honour
,
and
was
then
General
of
a
great
Army
.
Yet
Pompey
would
not
receive
him
sitting
;
but
as
soon
as
he
saw
him
rose
up
,
and
going
to
meet
him
,
as
the
more
honourable
Person
,
gave
him
his
Hand
,
and
embraced
him
very
kindly
.
He
said
many
things
also
in
commendation
of
Cato's
Virtue
,
both
in
his
presence
,
and
when
he
was
gone
away
.
So
that
now
all
men
began
to
respect
Cato
,
and
admired
him
for
the
same
things
for
which
they
despised
him
before
;
having
well
considered
the
mildness
of
his
Temper
,
and
the
greatness
of
his
Spirit
.
Moreover
,
the
Civility
that
Pompey
himself
shewed
him
,
appeared
to
come
from
one
that
rather
honoured
,
than
loved
him
.
For
it
was
observed
,
he
was
very
kind
to
Cato
while
he
was
present
with
him
,
but
very
glad
when
he
was
gone
from
him
:
And
when
other
young
men
came
to
see
him
;
he
usually
importuned
and
entreated
them
to
continue
with
him
.
Now
he
did
not
at
all
invite
Cato
to
stay
;
but
as
if
his
own
Power
were
lessened
by
the
other's
Presence
,
he
very
willingly
dismiss'd
him
.
Yet
to
Cato
alone
,
of
all
those
that
went
for
Rome
,
he
recommended
his
Children
and
his
Wife
,
who
was
also
her self
allied
to
Cato
.
After
this
,
all
the
Cities
through
which
he
passed
,
strove
and
emulated
each
other
in
shewing
him
Respect
and
Honour
.
They
invited
him
to
great
Entertainments
;
at
which
he
desired
his
Friends
to
be
present
,
and
take
care
of
him
,
lest
he
should
make
good
what
was
said
by
Curio
;
who
tho'
he
were
his
familiar
Friend
,
yet
disliking
the
austerity
of
his
Temper
,
asked
him
one
day
,
If
when
he
left
the
Army
,
he
designed
to
see
Asia
?
And
Cato
answering
,
Yes
,
by
all
means
:
You
do
well
,
replied
Curio
,
and
I
hope
you
will
return
thence
a
litle
more
softned
,
and
less
an
Enemy
to
Pleasure
.
Those
were
his
words
.
Deiotarus
being
now
an
old
Man
,
had
sent
for
Cato
,
with
design
to
recommend
his
Children
and
Family
to
his
Protection
:
and
as
soon
as
he
came
,
brought
him
Presents
of
all
sorts
of
things
,
which
he
begg'd
and
entreated
him
to
accept
.
This
so
displeased
Cato
,
that
tho'
he
came
but
in
the
evening
,
he
stay'd
only
that
night
,
and
went
away
early
the
next
morning
.
After
he
was
gone
one
days
Journey
,
he
found
at
Pessinuns
a
greater
number
of
Presents
provided
for
him
there
,
and
also
Letters
from
Deiotarus
,
entreating
him
to
receive
them
;
or
at
least
to
permit
his
Friends
to
take
them
,
who
for
his
sake
deserved
something
:
And
indeed
Cato's
own
Estate
was
not
very
great
;
yet
he
would
not
suffer
it
,
tho'
he
saw
some
of
them
were
willing
to
receive
such
Gifts
,
and
ready
to
complain
of
his
Severity
:
But
he
told
them
,
That
at
this
rate
Corruption
would
never
want
pretence
;
and
for
his
Friends
,
they
should
share
with
him
in
what-ever
he
could
get
justly
and
honestly
;
so
he
returned
the
Presents
to
Deiotarus
.
When
he
took
Ship
for
Brundusium
,
his
Friends
would
have
perswaded
him
to
put
his
Brother's
Ashes
into
another
Vessel
;
but
he
said
,
He
would
sooner
part
with
his
Life
than
leave
them
:
and
so
he
set
Sail.
'T
is
said
,
he
passed
the
Sea
not
without
some
danger
;
tho'
others
at
the
same
time
went
over
very
safely
.
After
he
was
returned
to
Rome
,
he
spent
his
Time
for
the
most
part
either
at
home
,
in
Conversation
with
Athenodorus
,
or
at
the
Forum
,
in
the
service
of
his
Friends
.
When
the
Office
of
Quoestor
was
allotted
to
him
,
he
would
not
take
the
Place
,
till
he
had
perfectly
studied
the
Laws
concerning
it
,
and
diligently
enquired
of
experienced
Men
the
Duty
and
Authority
belonging
to
it
.
Being
thus
instructed
,
as
soon
as
he
came
into
the
Office
,
he
made
a
great
Reformation
among
the
Clerks
and
under-Officers
of
the
Treasury
.
For
they
being
well
versed
in
the
Records
and
Methods
of
the
Office
,
into
which
continually
succeeded
new
Quoestors
,
who
for
their
Ignorance
and
Unskilfulness
were
fit
only
to
learn
,
and
not
able
to
manage
the
Business
:
These
Officers
therefore
had
taken
to
themselves
all
the
Power
,
and
were
in
effect
the
Treasurers
:
Till
Cato
,
applying
himself
roundly
to
the
Work
,
had
not
only
the
Title
and
Honour
of
a
Quoestor
,
but
an
insight
and
understanding
of
whatever
belonged
to
the
Office
.
So
that
he
used
the
Clerks
and
under-Officers
like
Servants
,
as
they
were
;
reprehending
them
that
were
corrupt
,
and
instructing
those
that
were
Ignorant
.
Yet
being
bold
,
impudent
Fellows
,
they
flattered
the
other
Quoestors
his
Collegues
,
and
by
their
means
made
great
opposition
against
Cato
.
But
he
caught
the
chiefest
of
them
dealing
dishonestly
in
the
division
of
an
Estate
,
and
turned
him
out
of
the
Treasury
.
A
second
he
accused
of
forging
a
Will
;
who
was
defended
by
Luctatius
Catulus
,
at
that
time
Censor
;
a
Man
very
considerable
for
his
Office
,
but
more
for
his
Virtue
;
and
was
eminent
above
all
the
Romans
of
that
Age
,
for
his
Wisdom
and
Integrity
:
he
had
also
an
intimate
Acquaintance
with
Cato
and
much
commended
his
way
of
Living
.
Catulus
,
perceiving
he
could
not
bring
off
his
Client
,
if
he
stood
to
the
issue
of
a
fair
Trial
,
fell
to
Prayers
and
Entreaties
;
but
Cato
would
not
suffer
him
to
proceed
therein
:
and
when
he
continued
still
importunate
;
'T
is
a
shame
,
(
said
he
to
Catulus
)
that
you
who
are
to
Judge
of
our
Lives
,
should
thus
let
your
own
be
dishonoured
,
by
defending
the
Faults
of
our
Servants
.
At
this
expression
Catulus
looked
as
if
he
would
have
made
some
Answer
;
but
he
said
nothing
,
and
either
through
Anger
or
Shame
went
away
silent
,
and
out
of
Countenance
.
Nevertheless
the
Man
was
not
cast
;
for
the
Voices
that
quitted
him
,
were
but
one
in
number
less
than
those
that
condemned
him
:
and
Marcus
Lollius
,
one
of
Cato's
Collegues
,
was
absent
by
reason
of
Sickness
;
to
him
Catulus
sent
,
and
entreated
him
to
come
and
assist
his
Client
:
so
Lollius
was
brought
into
Court
in
a
Chair
,
and
gave
his
Voice
also
for
acquitting
the
Man
.
Yet
Cato
never
after
made
use
of
that
Clerk
,
and
never
paid
him
his
Salary
,
nor
would
he
make
any
account
of
that
Voice
of
Lollius
.
Having
thus
humbled
the
Clerks
,
and
brought
them
to
be
at
Command
,
he
made
use
of
the
Books
and
Registers
as
he
thought
fit
,
and
in
a
little
while
reduced
the
Treasury
into
as
good
order
as
any
other
Court
;
and
all
men
said
,
Cato
had
made
the
Office
of
a
Quoestor
equal
to
the
Dignity
of
a
Consul
.
When
he
found
many
indebted
to
the
State
upon
old
accounts
,
and
the
State
also
in
Debt
to
many
private
Persons
,
he
took
care
that
the
Publick
might
neither
do
nor
suffer
wrong
:
for
he
severely
and
punctually
exacted
what
was
due
to
the
Treasury
;
but
as
freely
and
speedily
paid
all
those
to
whom
it
was
indebted
.
This
made
the
People
much
reverence
Cato
:
when
they
saw
those
made
to
pay
,
who
thought
to
have
escaped
for
nothing
;
and
others
receiving
all
their
due
,
who
despaired
of
getting
any
thing
.
Whereas
usually
those
who
brought
false
Bills
,
aud
pretended
Orders
of
Senate
,
could
through
Favour
get
them
accepted
;
Cato
would
never
be
so
imposed
upon
:
And
a
certain
Order
being
questioned
whether
it
had
passed
the
Senate
,
he
would
not
believe
a
great
many
Witnesses
that
attested
it
,
nor
did
admit
of
it
till
the
Consuls
came
and
affirmed
it
upon
Oath
.
There
were
at
that
time
a
great
many
,
whom
Sylla
had
made
use
of
as
his
Executioners
in
the
last
Proscription
,
and
to
whom
he
had
for
that
Service
given
twelve
thousand
Drachma's
apiece
.
These
men
every
body
hated
as
wicked
Wretches
,
but
no
body
durst
be
revenged
of
them
.
Yet
Cato
called
every
one
to
account
,
who
had
thus
gotten
the
publick
Money
;
which
he
exacted
of
them
,
and
at
the
same
time
sharply
reproved
them
for
their
cruel
and
impious
Actions
.
Having
born
this
from
Cato
,
they
were
presently
accused
of
Murther
;
and
being
already
prejudged
as
guilty
,
they
were
easily
found
so
,
and
accordingly
suffered
.
At
this
all
People
rejoyced
,
and
hoped
now
to
see
the
fear
of
Tyranny
taken
away
,
and
Sylla
himself
punished
.
Cato's
Assiduity
also
,
and
indefatigable
Diligence
,
won
very
much
upon
the
People
;
for
he
always
came
first
of
any
of
his
Collegues
to
the
Treasury
,
and
went
away
the
last
.
He
never
miss'd
any
Assembly
of
the
People
,
or
Sitting
of
the
Senate
;
where
he
always
took
care
strictly
to
observe
those
,
who
lightly
,
or
out
of
Ambition
,
voted
for
remitting
or
giving
away
the
Fines
and
Customs
,
that
were
owing
to
the
State
.
And
at
length
having
freed
the
Exchequer
from
Informers
,
yet
filled
it
with
Treasure
;
he
made
it
appear
,
the
State
might
be
rich
,
without
oppressing
the
People
.
At
first
he
was
uneasie
and
hateful
to
some
of
his
Collegues
,
but
afterward
much
beloved
by
them
;
for
on
him
they
laid
the
fault
,
when
they
could
not
gratifie
their
Friends
with
Pensions
out
of
the
Treasury
,
or
corrupt
Judgments
in
passing
their
Accounts
;
and
when
pressed
by
Suiters
,
they
readily
answered
,
'T
was
impossible
to
do
any
thing
,
unless
Cato
would
consent
.
The
last
day
of
his
Office
he
was
very
honourably
attended
to
his
House
by
all
the
People
;
but
by
the
way
he
was
informed
,
that
several
Persons
of
great
Power
and
Familiarity
with
Marcellus
,
were
about
him
in
the
Treasury
,
and
earnestly
urging
him
to
pass
a
certain
Gift
out
of
the
publick
Revenue
,
as
if
it
had
been
a
Debt
.
This
Marcellus
had
been
one
of
Cato's
Friends
from
his
Childhood
,
and
was
one
of
the
best
of
his
Collegues
in
this
Office
;
but
when
alone
,
was
easily
wrought
upon
by
the
importunity
of
Suiters
,
and
of
his
own
inclination
very
ready
to
do
any
body
a
Kindness
.
Wherefore
Cato
immediately
turned
back
,
and
finding
that
Marcellus
had
yielded
to
pass
the
thing
,
he
took
the
Book
,
and
razed
it
out
.
When
he
had
done
this
,
he
brought
Marcellus
out
of
the
Court
,
who
went
home
with
him
;
and
for
all
this
,
neither
then
,
nor
ever
after
,
complained
of
him
,
but
always
continued
his
Friendship
and
Familiarity
with
him
.
Cato
after
he
had
laid
down
his
Office
,
yet
did
not
leave
the
Care
of
the
Treasury
;
for
he
had
his
Servants
there
continually
writing
out
Accounts
,
and
he
himself
kept
always
by
him
certain
Books
,
that
contained
the
Accounts
of
the
Revenue
,
from
Sylla's
Time
to
his
own
,
for
which
he
gave
five
Talents
.
He
was
always
first
at
the
Senate
,
and
went
out
last
;
oftentimes
while
others
walked
about
there
idlely
,
he
would
sit
and
read
by
himself
,
holding
his
Gown
before
his
Book
,
and
was
never
out
of
Town
,
when
the
Senate
was
to
meet
.
Pompey
and
his
Party
finding
that
Cato
could
never
be
,
either
perswaded
or
compelled
to
favour
their
unjust
Designs
;
they
contrived
to
keep
him
from
so
much
frequenting
the
Senate
,
by
engaging
him
in
Business
for
his
Friends
,
either
to
plead
their
Causes
,
or
arbitrate
their
Differences
.
But
he
quickly
discovering
their
Contrivance
,
to
encounter
it
,
fairly
told
all
his
Acquaintance
,
that
he
would
never
meddle
in
any
private
Business
,
when
the
Senate
was
assembled
;
since
't
was
not
for
Honour
or
Riches
,
nor
rashly
or
by
chance
,
that
he
engaged
himself
in
the
Affairs
of
State
;
but
he
undertook
the
Service
of
the
Publick
,
as
the
proper
Business
of
an
honest
Man
:
and
therefore
he
thought
himself
obliged
to
be
as
diligent
for
the
good
of
his
Countrey
,
as
a
Bee
for
the
preservation
of
her
Hive
.
To
this
end
he
took
care
to
make
his
Friends
and
Correspondents
send
him
the
Edicts
,
Decrees
,
Judgments
,
and
most
considerable
Actions
that
passed
in
any
of
the
Provinces
.
Clodius
,
the
seditious
Oratour
,
practising
to
stir
up
great
Commotions
,
and
traducing
the
Priests
and
Vestals
to
the
People
,
(
among
whom
,
Fabia
Terentia
,
Sister
to
Cicero's
Wife
,
run
great
danger
)
Cato
boldly
opposed
him
,
and
made
him
appear
so
infamous
,
that
he
was
forc'd
to
leave
the
Town
;
and
when
Cicero
came
to
thank
him
for
what
he
had
done
;
You
must
thank
the
Commonwealth
,
said
he
;
for
whose
sake
alone
it
was
that
he
did
every
thing
.
Thus
he
gained
a
great
and
wonderful
Reputation
:
so
that
a
certain
Advocate
in
a
Cause
,
where
there
was
only
one
Witness
against
him
,
told
the
Judges
,
They
ought
not
to
rely
upon
a
single
Witness
,
though
it
were
Cato
himself
.
And
it
was
grown
proverbial
among
the
People
,
if
any
very
unlikely
and
incredible
thing
were
asserted
,
to
say
,
They
would
not
believe
it
,
though
Cato
himself
should
affirm
it
.
One
day
a
debauched
Prodigal
talking
in
the
Senate
about
Frugality
and
Temperance
,
Amnoeus
standing
up
,
cryed
,
Who
can
endure
this
,
Sir
,
to
hear
you
,
that
feast
like
Crassus
,
and
build
like
Lucullus
,
talk
like
Cato
.
So
likewise
those
who
were
wild
and
dissolute
in
their
Manners
,
yet
affected
to
seem
grave
and
severe
in
their
Discourses
,
were
in
derision
called
Cato's
.
At
first
when
his
Friends
would
have
perswaded
him
to
stand
to
be
Tribune
of
the
People
,
he
thought
it
not
convenient
;
for
that
the
Power
of
so
great
an
Office
,
ought
to
be
imployed
only
as
the
strongest
Medicines
,
when
things
are
brought
to
the
last
necessity
.
But
afterward
in
Vacation-time
,
as
he
was
going
,
accompanied
with
his
Books
and
Philosophers
,
to
Leucania
,
where
he
had
a
pleasant
Seat
;
by
the
way
they
met
a
great
many
Horses
,
Carriages
,
and
Attendants
,
of
whom
they
understood
,
that
Metellus
Nepos
was
going
to
Rome
,
to
stand
to
be
Tribune
of
the
People
.
Hereupon
Cato
stopp'd
,
and
after
a
little
pause
,
gave
Orders
to
return
immediately
:
At
which
the
Company
seeming
to
wonder
;
Don't
you
know
(
said
he
)
how
dangerous
of
it self
the
Madness
of
Metellus
is
?
but
now
he
comes
assisted
with
the
Counsel
of
Pompey
,
he
will
fall
like
Lightning
on
the
State
,
and
bring
it
to
utter
ruine
:
wherefore
this
is
no
time
for
Idleness
and
Diversion
;
but
we
must
go
and
prevent
this
man
in
his
Designs
,
or
bravely
die
in
defence
of
our
Liberty
.
Nevertheless
,
by
the
Perswasion
of
his
Friends
,
he
went
first
to
his
Countrey-house
,
where
he
stay'd
but
a
very
little
time
,
and
then
returned
to
Town
.
He
arrived
in
the
Evening
,
and
went
straight
the
next
Morning
to
the
Forum
,
where
he
began
to
sollicit
for
the
Tribuneship
,
in
opposition
to
Metellus
.
The
Power
of
this
Office
consists
rather
in
controuling
,
than
performing
any
Business
;
for
tho'
all
the
rest
except
any
one
Tribune
should
be
agreed
,
yet
his
denial
or
intercession
could
put
a
stop
to
the
whole
Matter
.
Cato
at
first
had
not
many
that
appeared
for
him
;
but
as
soon
as
his
Design
was
known
,
all
Persons
of
the
best
Quality
,
and
of
his
own
Acquaintance
,
took
part
with
him
;
for
they
looked
upon
him
not
as
one
that
desired
a
Favour
of
them
,
but
one
that
sought
to
do
a
great
Kindness
to
his
Countrey
,
and
all
honest
men
:
Who
had
many
times
refused
the
same
Office
,
when
he
might
have
had
it
without
trouble
;
but
now
sought
it
with
danger
,
that
he
might
defend
their
Liberty
,
and
their
Government
.
It
is
reported
,
that
so
great
a
number
flock'd
about
him
,
that
he
was
like
to
be
stifled
amidst
the
Press
,
and
could
scarce
get
through
the
Crowd
.
He
was
declared
Tribune
,
with
several
others
,
among
whom
was
Metellus
.
Now
when
Cato
was
chosen
into
this
Office
,
having
observed
that
the
Election
of
Consuls
was
grown
very
mercenary
,
he
sharply
rebuked
the
People
for
this
Corruption
,
and
in
the
conclusion
of
his
Speech
protested
,
he
would
accuse
whom
ever
he
should
find
giving
Money
:
yet
Passed
by
Silanus
,
by
reason
of
his
Alliance
,
for
he
had
married
Servilia
,
Cato's
Sister
;
so
that
he
did
not
prosecute
him
:
but
Lucius
Murena
,
who
was
chosen
Consul
with
Silanus
,
he
accused
of
Bribery
.
There
was
a
Law
,
That
the
Party
accused
might
set
a
Guard
upon
his
Accuser
,
to
watch
him
lest
he
should
use
any
indirect
means
in
preparing
the
Accusation
.
He
that
was
set
upon
Cato
by
Murena
,
at
first
followed
and
observed
him
strictly
,
yet
never
found
him
dealing
any
way
unfairly
or
unjustly
,
but
always
generously
and
candidly
,
going
on
in
the
just
and
open
Methods
of
Proceeding
.
So
that
he
much
admired
Cato's
great
Spirit
and
noble
Nature
,
and
easily
trusted
to
his
Integrity
;
for
meeting
him
abroad
,
or
going
to
his
House
,
he
would
ask
him
if
he
designed
to
do
any
thing
that
day
in
order
to
the
Accusation
;
and
if
Cato
said
,
No
,
he
went
away
,
freely
relying
on
his
Word
.
When
the
Cause
was
pleaded
,
Cicero
,
who
was
then
Consul
,
and
defended
Murena
,
did
so
wittily
expose
Cato
,
and
the
Stoick
Philosophers
,
and
their
Paradoxes
,
that
he
raised
great
Laughter
in
his
Judges
.
Whereupon
,
Cato
smiling
,
said
to
the
Standers
by
Sirs
,
we
have
a
very
pleasant
Consul
.
Murena
was
acquitted
,
and
afterward
shewed
himself
no
passionate
,
but
a
very
prudent
Man
;
for
when
he
was
Consul
,
he
always
took
Cato's
Advice
in
the
most
weighty
Affairs
,
and
in
all
the
time
of
his
Office
,
gave
him
much
Honour
and
Respect
.
Of
which
,
not
only
Murena's
Prudence
,
but
also
Cato's
obliging
Humour
,
was
the
Cause
:
for
tho'
he
were
terrible
and
severe
,
as
to
Matters
of
Justice
,
in
the
Senate
and
at
the
Bar
;
yet
he
was
very
courteous
and
good-natured
to
all
men
in
private
.
Before
Cato
took
upon
him
the
Office
of
Tribune
,
he
assisted
Cicero
,
at
that
time
Consul
,
in
many
things
that
concerned
his
Office
;
but
most
especially
in
prosecuting
Catiline's
Conspiracy
,
which
he
did
with
great
Courage
and
Success
.
This
Catiline
had
plotted
a
dreadful
and
entire
Subversion
of
the
Roman
State
,
contriving
to
raise
great
Seditions
,
and
drive
them
into
a
Civil
War
;
but
being
detected
by
Cicero
,
was
forced
to
fly
the
City
.
Yet
Lentulus
and
Cethegus
conspired
with
several
others
,
and
blaming
Catiline
,
as
one
that
wanted
Courage
,
and
had
too
much
Caution
for
such
desperate
Designs
,
they
themselves
resolved
to
set
the
whole
Town
on
fire
,
and
utterly
to
ruine
the
Empire
of
the
World
,
by
Tumults
at
home
,
and
War
from
abroad
.
But
the
Design
was
discovered
by
Cicero
,
(
as
we
have
written
in
his
Life
)
and
the
Matter
brought
before
the
Senate
.
Silanus
,
who
spoke
first
,
delivered
his
opinion
,
That
the
Conspirators
ought
to
suffer
the
last
of
Punishments
;
and
was
therein
followed
by
all
that
spoke
after
him
,
till
it
came
to
Coesar
who
was
very
eloquent
,
and
looking
upon
all
Changes
and
commotions
in
the
State
,
as
Matter
for
him
to
work
upon
,
desired
rather
to
increase
than
extinguish
them
.
Wherefore
standing
up
,
he
made
a
very
merciful
and
perswasive
Speech
;
That
they
ought
not
to
suffer
otherwise
than
according
to
Law
,
by
which
they
could
not
be
put
to
death
;
and
moved
that
they
might
be
kept
in
Prison
:
Thus
was
the
House
almost
wholly
turned
by
Coesar
.
They
were
also
afraid
of
the
People
;
insomuch
that
Silanus
retracted
,
and
said
he
did
not
mean
Death
,
but
Imprisonment
,
for
that
was
the
utmost
of
what
a
Roman
could
suffer
.
Upon
this
they
were
all
inclined
to
the
milder
opinion
;
when
Cato
standing
up
,
began
to
speak
with
great
Passion
and
Eloquence
;
blaming
Silanus
for
his
change
of
Opinion
,
and
reflecting
on
Caesar
for
his
affectation
of
Popularity
,
who
(
he
said
)
would
ruine
the
Common-wealth
by
mild
words
,
and
plausible
speeches
:
yet
endeavoured
to
frighten
the
Senate
,
where
he
himself
ought
to
fear
:
for
he
might
take
it
kindly
,
if
he
escaped
unpunished
,
or
unsuspected
,
who
did
thus
openly
and
boldly
dare
to
protect
the
Enemies
of
the
State
;
seemed
to
have
no
compassion
for
so
great
and
glorious
an
Empire
,
brought
so
near
its
utter
ruine
;
yet
was
full
of
pity
for
those
men
,
who
had
better
never
been
born
,
and
whose
death
must
deliver
the
Commonwealth
from
danger
and
destruction
.
This
only
of
all
Cato's
Speeches
,
't
is
said
,
was
preserved
;
for
Cicero
the
Consul
had
dispersed
about
the
Senate
house
several
expert
Writers
,
whom
he
had
taught
to
make
certain
figures
,
which
did
in
little
and
short
strokes
express
a
great
many
words
:
till
that
time
they
had
not
used
those
we
call
Short-hand
Writers
,
who
then
first
,
as
't
is
said
,
laid
the
foundation
of
that
Art
.
Thus
Cato
carried
it
,
and
so
turned
the
House
again
,
that
it
was
decreed
,
The
Conspirators
should
be
put
to
death
.
Not
to
omit
any
the
least
strokes
that
may
shew
Cato's
Temper
,
and
contribute
to
draw
the
Image
of
his
Mind
;
it
is
reported
,
that
while
Coesar
and
he
were
disputing
very
earnestly
in
this
Business
,
and
the
whole
Senate
regarding
them
two
,
a
little
Note
was
brought
in
to
Coesar
;
which
Cato
presently
declared
to
be
suspicious
;
and
some
of
the
Senators
moved
it
might
be
read
.
Whereupon
Coesar
delivered
the
Letter
to
Cato
,
who
discovering
it
to
be
a
Love
letter
from
his
Sister
Servilia
to
Coesar
,
by
whom
she
had
been
debauched
,
he
threw
it
to
him
again
,
crying
,
Take
it
,
you
Sot
;
and
so
went
on
with
his
Discourse
.
In
short
,
it
seems
Cato
had
but
ill
Fortune
in
Women
;
for
this
Lady
was
ill-spoken
of
,
for
her
Familiarity
with
Coesar
:
and
another
Servilia
,
Cato's
Sister
also
,
was
yet
more
infamous
;
for
being
married
to
Lucullus
,
one
of
the
greatest
Men
in
Rome
;
and
having
brought
him
a
Son
,
she
was
afterward
divorced
for
Incontinency
.
But
what
was
worst
of
all
,
Cato's
own
Wife
,
Atilia
,
was
not
free
from
the
same
Fault
;
and
after
she
had
born
him
two
Children
,
he
was
forc'd
to
put
her
away
for
her
ill
Conduct
.
After
that
he
married
Martia
,
the
Daughter
of
Philip
,
a
Woman
of
good
Reputation
;
who
yet
has
occasioned
much
Discourse
;
for
this
Passage
in
the
Life
of
Cato
looks
like
a
Fable
in
a
Play
,
and
is
very
difficult
to
be
cleared
,
or
made
out
with
any
certainty
.
It
is
thus
related
by
Thraseas
,
who
refers
to
the
Authority
of
Munatius
,
Cato's
Friend
and
constant
Companion
.
Among
many
that
loved
and
admired
Cato
,
some
were
more
remarkable
and
conspicuous
than
others
:
of
these
was
Quintus
Hortensius
,
a
Man
of
signal
Worth
,
and
approved
Virtue
;
who
desired
not
only
to
live
in
Friendship
and
Familiarity
with
Cato
,
but
also
to
be
united
to
his
Family
,
by
some
Alliance
in
Marriage
.
Therefore
he
set
himself
to
perswade
Cato
,
that
his
Daughter
Porcia
,
who
was
already
married
to
Bibulus
,
and
had
born
him
two
Children
,
might
nevertheless
be
given
to
him
,
as
a
fruitful
Field
,
from
which
he
might
raise
an
Off-spring
:
For
(
said
he
)
tho'
this
in
the
opinion
of
men
may
seem
strange
,
yet
in
Nature
't
would
be
honest
and
profitable
for
the
Publick
;
that
a
Woman
in
the
prime
of
her
youth
should
not
lie
useless
,
and
lose
the
Fruit
of
her
Womb
;
nor
on
the
the
other
side
would
it
be
convenient
,
she
should
burthen
and
impoverish
one
Man
,
by
bringing
him
too
many
Children
.
Also
by
this
Communication
of
Families
among
worthy
Men
,
Virtue
would
increase
,
and
be
diffused
through
their
Posterity
;
and
the
Common-wealth
would
be
united
and
cemented
by
their
Alliances
.
Yet
if
Bibulus
would
not
part
with
his
Wife
altogether
,
he
would
restore
her
as
soon
as
she
had
brought
him
a
Child
,
whereby
he
might
be
united
to
both
their
Families
.
Cato
answered
,
That
he
loved
Hortensius
very
well
,
and
did
much
approve
of
uniting
their
Houses
;
but
he
thought
it
very
strange
to
speak
of
marrying
his
Daughter
,
which
was
already
given
to
another
.
Then
Hortensius
,
turning
the
Discourse
,
did
not
stick
to
acknowledge
,
that
't
was
Cato's
own
Wife
which
he
desired
;
for
she
was
young
and
fruitful
,
and
he
had
already
Children
enough
.
Neither
can
it
be
thought
,
that
Hortensius
did
this
,
as
imagining
Cato
did
not
love
Martia
;
for
,
't
is
said
,
she
was
then
with
Child
.
Cato
perceiving
his
earnest
desire
,
did
not
deny
his
Request
,
but
said
,
that
Philip
,
the
Father
of
Martia
,
ought
also
to
be
consulted
.
Philip
therefore
being
sent
for
,
came
;
and
finding
they
were
well
agreed
,
gave
his
Daughter
Martia
to
Hortensius
in
the
presence
of
Cato
,
who
himself
also
assisted
at
the
Marriage
.
These
things
were
done
afterward
;
but
since
I
was
speaking
of
Women
▪
I
thought
fit
to
make
mention
thereof
in
this
Place
.
Lentulus
and
the
rest
of
the
Conspirators
were
put
to
death
;
but
Coesar
,
by
reason
of
what
was
said
against
him
in
the
Senate
,
betook
himself
to
the
People
,
and
stirred
up
the
most
corrupt
and
dissolute
Members
of
the
State
to
follow
him
.
Cato
,
apprehensive
of
what
might
ensue
thereupon
,
perswaded
the
Senate
to
win
over
the
poor
and
disorderly
Rabble
,
by
a
distribution
of
Corn
,
the
Charge
of
which
amounted
to
twelve
hundred
and
fifty
Talents
.
This
Liberality
did
in
appearance
dissipate
the
present
Danger
.
But
Metellus
,
coming
into
his
Office
of
Tribune
,
began
to
hold
tumultuous
Assemblies
,
and
had
prepared
a
Decree
,
That
Pompey
the
Great
should
presently
be
called
into
Italy
,
with
all
his
Forces
,
to
preserve
the
City
from
the
danger
of
Catiline's
Conspiracy
.
This
was
the
fair
pretence
;
but
the
true
design
was
,
to
deliver
all
into
the
hands
of
Pompey
,
and
give
him
an
absolute
Power
.
Upon
this
the
Senate
was
assembled
;
and
Cato
did
not
fall
sharply
upon
Metellus
,
as
he
used
to
do
,
but
spoke
many
things
full
of
great
Reason
and
Moderation
.
At
last
he
descended
even
to
Entreaty
,
and
extolled
the
House
of
Metellus
,
as
having
always
taken
part
with
the
Nobility
.
At
this
Metellus
grew
the
more
insolent
,
and
despising
C●to
,
as
if
he
yielded
and
were
afraid
,
let
fall
many
audacious
Speeches
,
openly
threatning
to
do
whatever
he
pleased
in
spite
of
the
Senate
.
Hereupon
Cato
changed
his
Countenance
,
his
Voice
and
his
Language
;
and
after
many
sharp
Expressions
,
boldly
concluded
,
That
while
he
lived
,
Pompey
should
never
come
armed
into
the
City
.
The
Senate
thought
them
both
extravagant
,
and
not
well
in
their
Wits
;
for
the
Design
of
Metellus
seemed
to
be
the
effect
of
his
Rage
,
who
out
of
excess
of
Malice
,
would
bring
all
to
Ruine
and
Confusion
;
and
Cato's
Virtue
look'd
like
a
kind
of
Ecstasie
,
while
he
with
so
great
heat
and
passion
contended
for
what
was
good
and
just
.
Afterward
,
when
the
People
were
to
give
their
Voices
for
the
passing
this
Decree
,
Metellus
before-hand
possessed
the
Forum
with
armed
Men
,
Strangers
,
Gladiators
and
Slaves
,
and
all
those
that
in
hopes
of
Change
followed
Pompey
,
which
was
no
small
part
of
the
People
;
besides
they
had
great
Assistance
from
Coesar
,
who
was
then
Proetor
.
The
best
and
chiefest
Men
of
the
City
,
were
no
less
offended
at
these
Proceedings
than
Cato
;
but
they
seemed
rather
likely
to
suffer
with
him
,
than
able
to
assist
him
.
In
the
mean
time
Cato's
whole
Family
were
in
dreadful
Fear
and
Apprehension
for
him
;
some
of
his
Friends
did
neither
eat
nor
sleep
all
the
night
,
continuing
in
very
great
Perplexity
:
his
Wife
and
Sisters
also
bewailed
and
lamented
him
;
but
he
himself
,
void
of
all
Fear
,
and
full
of
Assurance
,
did
comfort
and
encourage
them
by
his
own
Discourse
.
After
Supper
he
went
to
rest
at
his
usual
hour
,
and
was
the
next
day
waked
out
of
a
profound
Sleep
,
by
Minutius
Thermus
,
one
of
his
Collegues
.
So
soon
as
he
was
up
,
they
two
went
together
into
the
Forum
,
accompanied
by
very
few
,
but
met
by
a
great
many
,
who
bid
them
have
a
care
of
themselves
.
Cato
,
when
he
saw
the
Temple
of
Castor
and
Pollux
incompassed
with
armed
Men
,
and
the
ascent
to
it
guarded
by
Gladiators
,
at
the
top
whereof
sate
Metellus
and
Caesar
together
;
turning
to
his
Friends
,
Behold
(
said
he
)
that
couragious
Fellow
who
has
raised
so
great
Forces
against
one
unarmed
naked
man
:
and
so
he
went
on
with
Thermus
.
They
who
kept
the
Passages
,
gave
way
to
those
two
;
but
would
not
let
any
body
else
pass
:
yet
Cato
,
taking
Munatius
by
the
Hand
,
with
much
difficulty
pull'd
him
thorow
along
with
him
.
Then
going
directly
to
Metellus
and
Caesar
,
he
sate
himself
down
between
them
,
to
prevent
their
talking
to
one
another
;
at
which
they
were
both
amazed
.
And
those
of
the
honest
Party
,
observing
the
Countenance
and
admiring
the
Spirit
and
Boldness
of
Cato
,
went
nearer
,
and
cry'd
out
to
him
to
have
Courage
,
exhorting
one
another
to
stand
together
,
and
not
betray
their
Liberty
,
nor
the
Defender
of
it
.
Then
the
Clerk
took
out
the
Bill
,
but
Cato
forbade
him
to
read
it
;
whereupon
Metellus
took
it
,
and
would
have
read
it
himself
,
but
Cato
snatch'd
away
the
Book
.
Yet
Metellus
having
the
Decree
by
heart
,
began
to
recite
it
without
book
;
but
Thermus
clapp'd
his
Hand
to
his
Mouth
,
and
stopp'd
his
Speech
.
Metellus
seeing
them
fully
bent
to
withstand
him
,
and
the
People
inclining
to
their
side
,
sent
to
his
House
for
armed
Men
;
who
rushing
in
with
great
noise
and
terrour
,
they
all
dispers'd
and
run
away
,
except
Cato
,
who
alone
stood
still
,
while
the
other
Party
threw
Sticks
and
Stones
at
him
from
below
.
Murena
,
whom
he
had
formerly
accused
,
could
not
brook
this
,
but
came
to
him
,
and
holding
his
Gown
before
him
,
cryed
out
to
them
to
leave
off
throwing
▪
in
●ine
,
perswading
and
pulling
him
along
,
he
forc'd
him
into
the
Temple
of
Caster
and
Pollux
.
Metellus
now
seeing
the
Place
clear
,
and
all
the
adverse
Party
fled
out
of
the
Forum
,
thought
he
might
easily
carry
his
Point
so
he
commanded
the
Souldiers
to
retire
,
and
going
orderly
to
work
,
he
began
to
proceed
in
passing
the
Decree
:
But
the
other
side
,
having
recollected
themselves
,
returned
very
boldly
,
and
with
great
shouting
;
insomuch
that
Metellus
his
Adherents
were
utterly
dismayed
,
and
fled
every
one
out
of
the
Place
.
They
being
thus
dispersed
,
Cato
came
in
again
,
and
confirmed
the
Courage
,
and
commended
the
Resolution
of
the
People
;
so
that
now
the
Multitude
were
,
by
all
means
,
for
deposing
Metellus
from
his
Office
.
The
Senate
also
being
presently
assembled
,
gave
Orders
to
stand
by
Cato
,
and
to
oppose
this
Decree
,
which
would
certainly
raise
great
Disturbance
,
and
perhaps
Civil
War
in
the
Common
wealth
.
But
Metellus
continued
still
very
bold
and
resolute
;
and
seeing
his
Party
stood
greatly
in
fear
of
Cato
,
whom
they
look'd
upon
as
invincible
,
he
flung
out
of
the
Senate
,
and
going
into
the
Forum
he
assembled
the
People
to
whom
he
made
a
bitter
and
invidious
Speech
against
Cate
,
crying
out
,
He
was
forc'd
to
fly
from
his
Tyranny
,
and
this
Conspiracy
against
Pompey
,
that
the
City
would
soon
repent
their
having
dishonoured
so
great
a
Man
.
Cato
was
highly
magnified
,
for
having
thus
delivered
the
State
,
from
the
dangerous
Tribuneship
of
Metellus
;
and
thereby
in
some
measure
diminished
the
Power
of
Pompey
:
But
he
was
more
commended
,
for
that
the
Senate
intending
to
disgrace
Metellus
,
and
depose
him
from
his
Office
,
Cato
did
altogether
oppose
,
and
at
length
divert
that
Design
.
For
which
the
Common
People
admired
his
Moderation
and
Humanity
,
in
not
insulting
on
an
Enemy
whom
he
had
overthrown
;
but
wise
Men
acknowledged
his
Prudence
and
Policy
,
in
not
exasperating
Pompey
.
After
this
,
Lucullus
returned
from
the
War
in
Asia
;
the
finishing
of
which
,
and
thereby
the
Glory
of
the
whole
,
would
in
all
appearance
fall
to
Pompey
.
Lucullus
also
was
like
to
lose
his
Triumph
;
for
C●ius
Memmius
traduced
him
to
the
People
,
and
threatned
to
accuse
him
:
which
he
did
rather
out
of
Love
to
Pompey
,
than
for
any
particular
Enmity
to
Lucullus
.
But
Cate
,
being
related
to
Lucullus
who
had
married
his
Sister
Servilia
,
and
also
thinking
this
design
very
unjust
,
opposed
Memmius
;
and
thereby
underwent
many
Slanders
and
false
Accusations
;
insomuch
that
they
would
have
turned
him
out
of
his
Office
,
pretending
that
he
used
his
Power
tyrannically
.
Yet
at
length
Cato
so
far
prevailed
against
Memmius
,
that
he
was
forc'd
to
let
fall
the
Accusations
,
and
to
desist
from
his
Design
.
Lucullus
,
having
thus
obtained
his
Triumph
,
did
yet
more
carefully
cultivate
Cato's
Friendship
,
which
he
look'd
upon
as
a
great
guard
and
defence
against
Pompey's
Power
.
Pompey
the
Great
also
returning
from
the
Army
,
and
confiding
in
the
Glory
of
his
Actions
,
and
the
Good-will
of
the
People
,
thought
he
should
be
denied
nothing
.
Therefore
he
sent
to
the
Senate
,
to
put
off
the
Assembly
for
the
choice
of
Consuls
,
till
he
could
be
present
,
to
assist
Piso
,
who
stood
for
that
Office
.
To
this
most
of
the
Senate
presently
yielded
;
only
Cato
,
not
thinking
that
this
delay
would
be
of
any
great
importance
,
but
desiring
to
lessen
and
cut
off
the
Hopes
and
Designs
of
Pompey
,
withstood
his
Request
,
and
so
over-ruled
the
Senate
,
that
't
was
carried
against
him
.
This
did
not
a
little
trouble
Pompey
,
who
found
he
should
very
often
fail
in
his
Designs
,
unless
he
could
bring
over
Cato
to
his
Interest
.
Therefore
he
sent
for
his
Friend
Munatius
;
and
Cato
having
two
Neeces
that
were
marriageable
,
he
offered
to
marry
the
eldest
himself
,
and
take
the
youngest
for
his
Son
.
Some
say
,
they
were
not
his
Neeces
,
but
his
Daughters
,
whom
Pompey
would
have
thus
married
.
Munatius
proposed
the
Matter
to
Cato
,
in
presence
of
his
Wife
and
Sisters
:
the
Women
very
much
desired
the
Alliance
of
so
great
and
worthy
a
Person
;
but
Cato
,
without
delay
or
balancing
,
presently
answered
;
Go
,
Munatius
,
go
tell
Pompey
,
that
Cato
is
not
to
be
wrought
upon
by
Women
;
tho'
otherwise
I
very
much
value
his
Kindness
:
And
while
he
deals
uprightly
in
the
State
,
he
shall
find
in
me
a
Friendship
more
firm
than
any
Alliance
;
but
I
will
not
give
Hostages
to
Pompey's
Glory
,
against
my
Countrey
's
safety
.
This
Answer
was
very
grating
to
the
Women
;
and
to
all
his
Friends
it
seemed
somewhat
harsh
and
haughty
.
Afterwards
,
when
Pompey
,
endeavouring
to
get
the
Consulship
for
one
of
his
Friends
,
did
give
Money
to
the
People
for
their
Voices
;
and
the
Bribery
was
notorious
,
for
the
Money
was
told
out
in
Pompey's
own
Gardens
.
Cato
then
said
to
the
Women
,
They
must
necessarily
have
been
concerned
in
these
Faults
of
Pompey
,
if
they
had
been
allied
to
his
Family
;
and
they
acknowledged
,
that
he
did
best
in
refusing
it
.
But
,
if
we
may
judge
by
the
Event
,
Cato
seems
much
to
blame
for
rejecting
that
Alliance
,
which
thereby
fell
to
Caesar
.
And
then
that
Match
was
made
,
which
uniting
his
and
Pompey's
Power
,
had
well-nigh
ruined
the
Roman
Empire
,
and
did
at
last
utterly
destroy
the
Commonwealth
.
Nothing
of
which
perhaps
had
come
to
pass
,
but
that
Cato
was
too
apprehensive
of
Pompey's
least
Faults
;
and
did
not
consider
,
how
he
forced
him
into
a
condition
of
committing
much
greater
;
however
these
things
were
yet
to
come
.
Now
Lucullus
and
Pompey
had
a
great
Dispute
,
concerning
what
had
been
established
in
Pontus
;
each
endeavouring
that
his
own
Ordinances
might
stand
.
Cato
took
part
with
Lucullus
,
who
was
apparently
injured
;
and
Pompey
,
finding
himself
the
weaker
in
the
Senate
,
took
to
the
People
.
To
gain
them
,
he
proposed
a
Law
,
for
dividing
the
Lands
among
the
Souldiers
:
Cato
opposing
him
in
this
also
,
made
the
Law
be
rejected
.
Hereupon
Pompey
joyned
himself
with
Clodius
,
at
that
time
the
most
violent
of
all
the
popular
Men
;
and
was
likewise
united
to
Caesar
upon
this
occasion
,
of
which
Cato
himself
was
the
Cause
.
For
Caesar
,
returning
from
his
Government
in
Spain
,
at
the
same
time
sued
to
be
chosen
Consul
,
and
yet
desired
not
to
lose
his
Triumph
.
Now
the
Law
requiring
,
That
those
who
stood
for
any
Office
,
should
be
present
;
and
yet
that
whoever
expected
a
Triumph
,
should
continue
without
the
Walls
;
Caesar
requested
the
Senate
,
that
his
Friends
might
be
permitted
to
canvass
for
him
in
his
absence
.
Many
of
the
Senators
where
willing
to
consent
to
it
;
but
Cato
opposed
it
;
and
perceiving
them
inclined
,
to
favour
Caesar
,
spent
the
whole
day
in
speaking
;
and
so
prevented
the
Senate
,
that
they
could
come
to
no
conclusion
.
Caesar
therefore
resolving
to
let
fall
his
Pretensions
to
the
Triumph
,
came
into
the
Town
,
and
immediately
made
a
Friendship
with
Pompey
,
and
stood
for
the
Consulship
:
so
soon
as
he
was
declared
Consul
elect
,
he
married
his
Daughter
Julia
to
Pompey
.
Having
thus
combined
themselves
together
against
the
Commonwealth
,
the
one
proposed
the
Agrarian
Laws
,
for
dividing
the
Lands
among
the
poor
People
;
and
the
other
was
present
to
second
the
Proposal
.
Against
them
,
Lucullus
,
Cicero
,
and
their
Friends
,
joyned
with
Bibulus
the
other
Consul
,
and
did
all
they
could
to
hinder
the
passing
those
Laws
.
Among
these
none
was
more
remarkable
than
Cato
,
who
look'd
upon
the
Friendship
and
Alliance
of
Pompey
and
Caesar
as
very
dangerous
;
and
declared
,
he
did
not
so
much
dislike
the
Advantage
,
the
People
should
get
by
this
division
of
the
Lands
,
as
he
fear'd
the
Reward
these
men
would
gain
,
by
thus
cheating
the
People
.
And
in
this
the
Senate
was
of
his
opinion
;
as
likewise
many
honest
men
without
,
who
were
very
much
offended
at
Caesar's
ill
Conduct
;
That
he
now
bearing
the
Authority
of
Consul
,
should
thus
basely
and
dishonourably
flatter
the
People
,
practising
to
win
them
by
the
same
means
,
that
were
wont
to
be
used
only
by
the
most
rash
and
heady
Tribunes
.
Caesar
therefore
and
his
Party
,
fearing
they
should
not
carry
it
by
fair
dealing
,
fell
to
open
force
.
First
a
Basket
of
Dung
was
thrown
upon
Bibulus
,
as
he
was
going
to
the
Forum
:
then
they
set
upon
his
Lictors
,
and
broke
their
Rods
;
at
length
several
Darts
were
thrown
,
and
many
men
wounded
:
so
that
all
that
were
against
those
Laws
,
fled
out
of
the
Forum
,
the
rest
making
what
hast
they
could
;
but
Cato
last
of
all
walking
out
very
slowly
,
often
turned
back
and
cursed
those
Citizens
.
Now
the
other
Party
did
not
only
carry
this
Point
of
dividing
the
Lands
;
but
also
ordained
,
that
all
the
Senate
should
swear
to
confirm
this
Law
,
and
to
defend
it
against
whoever
should
attempt
to
alter
it
;
inflicting
great
Penalties
on
those
that
should
refuse
the
Oath
.
All
the
Senators
,
seeing
the
necessity
they
were
in
,
took
the
Oath
;
remembring
the
Example
of
old
Metellus
,
who
refusing
to
swear
upon
the
like
occasion
,
was
forc'd
to
fly
out
of
Italy
.
As
for
Cato
,
his
Wife
and
Children
with
Tears
besought
him
;
his
Friends
and
Familiars
perswaded
and
entreated
him
to
yield
,
and
take
the
Oath
;
but
he
that
principally
prevailed
with
him
,
was
Cicero
the
Orator
,
who
urged
and
remonstrated
,
How
unreasonable
it
was
,
that
a
private
man
alone
should
oppose
what
the
Publick
had
decreed
:
That
the
thing
being
already
past
remedy
,
it
would
look
like
folly
and
madness
,
to
run
himself
into
danger
,
where
't
is
impossible
to
do
his
Countrey
any
good
.
Besides
,
it
would
be
the
greatest
of
all
Evils
,
to
abandon
the
Commonwealth
,
for
whose
sake
he
did
every
thing
,
and
to
let
it
fall
into
the
hands
of
those
,
who
designed
nothing
but
its
ruine
.
This
would
look
,
as
if
he
were
glad
of
an
opportunity
,
to
retire
from
the
trouble
of
defending
his
Countrey
:
For
(
said
he
)
tho'
Cato
have
no
need
of
Rome
,
yet
Rome
has
need
of
Cato
;
and
so
likewise
have
all
his
Friends
.
Of
whom
Cicero
profess'd
himself
the
chief
;
being
at
that
time
aimed
at
by
Clodius
,
who
openly
threatned
to
fall
upon
him
,
as
soon
as
ever
he
should
get
to
be
Tribune
.
Thus
Cato
(
they
say
)
moved
by
the
Entreaties
of
his
Family
,
and
the
Persuasions
of
his
Friends
,
went
unwillingly
to
take
the
Oath
;
which
he
did
the
last
of
all
,
except
only
Favonius
,
one
of
his
intimate
Acquaintance
.
Coesar
,
exalted
with
this
Success
,
proposed
another
Law
,
for
dividing
almost
all
the
Countrey
of
Campania
among
the
poor
and
needy
Citizens
.
No
body
durst
speak
against
it
but
Cato
,
whom
therefore
Coesar
pull'd
from
the
Rostra
,
and
dragg'd
to
Prison
:
yet
Cato
did
not
at
all
remit
his
freedom
of
Speech
,
but
as
he
went
along
,
continued
to
speak
against
the
Law
,
and
advised
the
People
to
put
a
stop
to
these
Proceedings
.
The
Senate
and
the
best
of
the
Citizens
followed
him
with
sad
and
dejected
Looks
,
showing
their
Grief
and
Indignation
by
their
Silence
;
so
that
Coesar
could
not
be
ignorant
how
much
they
were
offended
;
but
being
one
of
a
fierce
contentious
Spirit
,
he
still
persisted
,
expecting
Cato
should
either
supplicate
him
,
or
appeal
to
the
People
.
Afterwards
,
when
he
saw
that
Cato
would
do
neither
,
Coesar
himself
,
asham'd
of
what
he
had
done
,
privately
sent
one
of
the
Tribunes
to
take
him
out
of
Prison
.
Thus
having
won
the
Multitude
by
these
Laws
and
Gratifications
,
they
decreed
,
That
Coesar
should
have
the
Government
of
Illyricum
,
and
all
Gaule
,
with
an
Army
of
four
Legions
,
for
the
space
of
five
years
:
Tho'
Cato
still
cry'd
out
,
they
were
placing
a
Tyrant
in
their
Citadel
.
Publius
Clodius
,
(
who
illegally
of
a
Patrician
became
a
Plebeian
)
was
declared
Tribune
of
the
People
:
And
he
had
promised
to
do
all
things
according
to
their
pleasure
,
on
condition
he
might
banish
Cicero
.
For
Consuls
,
they
set
up
Calpurnius
Piso
,
the
Father
of
Coesar's
Wife
;
and
Aulus
Gabinius
,
a
Man
wholly
at
Pompey's
Devotion
,
as
they
Write
who
best
knew
his
Life
and
Manners
.
Yet
when
they
had
thus
firmly
established
all
things
;
having
mastered
one
part
of
the
City
by
Favour
,
and
the
other
by
Fear
,
they
themselves
were
still
afraid
of
Cato
:
For
they
well
considered
,
with
how
much
pains
and
difficulty
they
had
oppressed
him
;
and
what
disgrace
they
suffered
,
when
they
did
violence
to
him
.
This
made
Clodius
despair
of
driving
Cicero
out
of
Italy
,
while
Cato
stay'd
at
home
.
Therefore
,
having
first
laid
his
Design
;
as
soon
as
he
came
into
his
Office
,
he
sent
for
Cato
,
and
told
him
,
That
he
look'd
upon
him
as
the
most
uncorrupt
Man
of
all
the
Romans
,
and
was
ready
by
deeds
to
make
good
the
truth
of
his
words
:
For
whereas
(
said
he
)
many
have
sought
to
command
the
Expedition
to
Cyprus
,
and
have
much
sollicited
to
be
sent
thither
;
I
think
you
only
deserve
it
,
and
therefore
to
you
I
will
freely
give
that
Command
.
Cato
presently
cry'd
out
,
This
was
a
design
upon
him
,
and
no
Favour
,
but
an
Injury
.
Then
Clodius
proudly
and
fiercely
answered
,
If
you
will
not
take
it
as
a
Kindness
;
yet
you
shall
go
,
tho'
never
so
unwillingly
:
and
immediately
going
into
the
Assembly
of
the
People
,
he
made
them
pass
a
Decree
,
that
Cato
should
be
sent
to
Cyprus
.
But
they
ordered
him
neither
Ships
,
nor
Souldiers
,
nor
any
Officers
,
only
two
Secretaries
;
one
of
which
was
a
very
Rascal
,
and
the
other
a
Retainer
to
Clodius
.
Besides
,
as
if
the
gaining
of
Cyprus
,
and
conquering
Ptolemy
,
were
not
Work
sufficient
,
he
was
ordered
also
to
restore
the
Fugitives
of
Byzantium
:
For
Clodius
was
resolved
to
keep
him
far
enough
off
,
whilst
himself
continued
Tribune
.
Cato
,
being
in
this
necessity
of
going
away
,
advised
Cicero
,
(
who
was
next
to
be
set
upon
)
to
make
no
Resistance
,
lest
he
should
throw
the
State
into
Civil
War
and
Confusion
;
but
to
give
way
to
the
Times
:
And
thus
he
might
become
once
more
the
Preserver
of
his
Countrey
.
Cato
sent
Canidius
,
one
of
his
Friends
,
to
Cyprus
,
to
perswade
Ptolemy
to
yield
,
without
being
forc'd
;
which
if
he
did
,
he
should
want
neither
Riches
nor
Honour
:
For
the
Romans
would
give
him
the
Priesthood
of
Venus
in
the
Isle
of
Paphos
.
He
himself
stay'd
at
Rhodes
,
making
some
Preparations
,
and
expecting
an
Answer
from
Cyprus
.
In
the
mean
time
Ptolemy
,
King
of
Aegypt
,
who
had
left
Alexandria
,
upon
some
quarrel
between
him
and
his
Subjects
,
was
sailing
for
Rome
,
in
hopes
that
Pompey
and
Coesar
would
by
their
Power
restore
him
again
to
his
Kingdom
:
in
his
way
he
desired
to
see
Cato
,
to
whom
he
sent
,
supposing
he
would
come
to
him
.
Cato
was
about
his
necessary
Affairs
,
when
the
Messenger
came
;
to
whom
he
made
Answer
,
That
Ptolemy
might
come
to
him
,
if
he
thought
fit
.
When
he
came
,
Cato
neither
went
forward
to
meet
him
,
nor
so
much
as
rose
up
to
him
,
but
saluting
him
as
an
ordinary
Person
,
bid
him
sit
down
.
This
at
first
amazed
Ptolemy
,
who
admired
to
see
such
Greatness
and
stately
Carriage
,
in
a
Man
of
common
Birth
and
mean
Appearance
:
But
afterward
,
when
he
began
to
talk
about
his
affairs
,
Ptolemy
no
less
wonder'd
at
the
Wisdom
and
freedom
of
his
Discourse
;
for
Cato
blamed
his
Design
,
and
shew'd
him
the
Honour
and
Happiness
he
had
fallen
from
,
the
Disgrace
and
Troubles
he
would
run
himself
into
;
told
him
,
what
great
Gifts
and
Presents
he
must
bestow
on
the
leading
Men
at
Rome
,
whom
all
Aegypt
turn'd
into
Silver
would
scarcely
satisfie
;
he
therefore
advised
him
to
return
home
,
and
be
reconciled
to
his
Subjects
,
offering
to
go
along
with
him
,
and
assist
him
in
composing
the
Differences
.
Upon
this
Discourse
Ptolemy
came
to
himself
,
as
one
recovered
from
a
Fit
of
Madness
;
and
acknowledging
the
Wisdom
and
Sincerity
of
Cato
,
was
resolved
to
follow
his
Advice
:
But
he
was
again
over-perswaded
by
his
Friends
to
the
contrary
,
and
so
according
to
his
first
Design
,
went
to
Rome
.
When
he
came
there
,
and
was
forced
to
wait
at
the
Gate
of
one
of
the
Magistrates
;
he
began
to
repent
of
his
folly
,
in
having
rejected
the
Counsel
of
so
good
a
Man
,
or
rather
the
Oracle
of
a
God
.
In
the
mean
time
the
other
Ptolemy
,
that
was
in
Cyprus
,
(
very
luckily
for
Cato
)
poyson'd
himself
.
It
was
reported
he
had
left
great
Riches
;
therefore
Cato
designing
to
go
first
to
Byzantium
,
sent
his
Nephew
Brutus
to
Cyprus
,
for
he
would
not
wholly
trust
Canidius
.
Then
having
reconciled
the
Fugitives
and
the
People
of
Byzantium
,
he
left
the
City
in
peace
and
quietness
;
and
thence
sail'd
to
Cyprus
;
where
he
found
a
Royal
Treasure
in
Plate
,
Tables
,
precious
Stones
and
purple
,
all
which
was
to
be
turn'd
into
ready
Money
.
Cato
resolved
to
examine
all
very
exactly
,
and
to
raise
the
price
of
every
thing
to
the
utmost
;
to
which
end
he
was
always
present
at
selling
the
things
,
and
took
the
Accounts
himself
.
Nor
would
he
trust
to
the
usual
Customs
of
the
Market
,
but
suspected
all
the
Officers
,
Cryers
,
Prizers
,
and
even
his
own
Friends
:
therefore
he
himself
talk'd
with
the
Buyers
,
and
urged
them
to
bid
up
;
so
that
most
of
the
things
were
sold
at
great
Rates
.
This
Mistrustfulness
of
Cato's
offended
most
of
his
Friends
;
but
especially
Munatius
,
the
most
intimate
of
them
all
,
became
almost
irreconcilable
.
And
this
afforded
Caesar
a
plentiful
Subject
for
Railing
,
in
his
Book
against
Cato
.
Yet
Munatius
himself
relates
,
that
this
falling
out
was
not
so
much
occasioned
by
Cato's
mistrust
,
as
by
his
neglect
of
him
,
and
by
his
own
jealousie
of
Canidius
:
for
Munatius
writ
a
Book
concerning
Cato
,
which
is
chiefly
follow'd
by
Thraseas
.
Now
Munatius
says
,
That
coming
last
to
Cyprus
,
and
having
a
very
ill
Lodging
provided
for
him
,
he
thereupon
went
to
Cato's
House
,
but
was
not
admitted
,
because
he
was
in
private
with
Canidius
;
of
which
he
afterward
very
mildly
complain'd
to
Cato
,
but
received
a
very
harsh
Answer
:
for
he
told
him
,
That
too
much
Love
(
according
to
Theophrastus
)
often
causes
Hatred
;
and
you
(
said
he
)
because
you
bear
me
much
Love
,
think
you
receive
too
little
Honour
,
and
presently
grow
angry
:
but
as
to
Canidius
,
I
will
imploy
him
,
both
for
hîs
Industry
and
his
Fidelity
,
●e
has
been
always
with
me
,
and
I
have
always
found
him
free
from
corruption
▪
These
things
were
said
in
private
between
them
two
:
but
Cato
afterward
told
Canidius
what
had
passed
▪
which
Munatius
understanding
,
would
no
more
go
to
sup
with
him
,
and
when
he
was
called
to
Council
,
refused
to
come
.
Then
Cato
threatned
to
seize
his
Goods
,
as
was
the
custom
to
deal
with
those
who
were
disobedient
:
but
Munatius
,
not
regarding
his
Threats
,
returned
to
Rome
,
and
continued
a
long
time
thus
discontented
.
Afterward
when
Cato
was
come
back
also
,
Martia
,
who
as
yet
lived
with
him
,
contrived
to
have
them
both
invited
to
sup
together
at
the
House
of
one
Barca
:
Cato
came
in
last
of
all
,
when
the
rest
were
at
Table
,
and
ask'd
,
Where
he
should
be
?
Barca
answered
him
,
Where
he
pleased
:
then
looking
about
,
he
said
,
He
would
be
near
Munatius
,
and
presently
went
,
and
placed
himself
next
to
him
;
yet
he
shewed
him
no
other
mark
of
Kindness
,
all
the
time
they
were
at
Table
together
.
But
another
time
,
at
the
Entreaty
of
Martia
,
Cato
wrote
to
Munatius
,
That
he
desired
to
speak
with
him
.
Munatius
went
to
his
House
one
Morning
,
and
was
entertained
by
Martia
;
till
all
the
Company
was
gone
;
then
Cato
came
and
embraced
him
very
kindly
,
and
they
were
perfectly
reconciled
.
I
have
the
more
fully
related
this
Passage
,
for
that
I
think
the
Manners
and
Tempers
of
Men
,
are
more
clearly
discovered
by
things
of
this
nature
,
than
by
great
and
illustrious
Actions
.
Cato
got
together
no
less
than
seven
thousand
Talents
of
Silver
;
but
apprehensive
of
what
might
happen
in
so
long
a
Voyage
by
Sea
,
he
provided
a
great
many
Coffers
that
held
two
Talents
,
and
five
hundred
Drachma's
apiece
:
to
each
of
these
he
fastned
a
long
Rope
,
and
to
the
other
end
of
the
Rope
a
piece
of
Cork
;
so
that
,
if
the
Ship
should
miscarry
,
it
might
be
discovered
where
about
the
Chests
lay
under
Water
:
thus
all
the
Money
,
except
a
very
little
,
was
safely
transported
.
Now
Cato
had
made
two
Books
,
in
which
all
his
Accounts
were
carefully
written
;
but
neither
of
them
was
preserved
;
for
his
Freed-man
Phylargyrus
,
who
had
the
charge
of
one
of
them
,
setting
Sayl
from
Cenohrea
,
was
drowned
,
together
with
the
Ship
,
and
all
her
Lading
.
The
other
Book
Cato
himself
kept
till
he
came
to
Corcyra
;
where
he
see
up
his
Tents
in
the
Market-place
:
and
the
Mariners
being
very
cold
in
the
Night
,
made
a
great
many
Fires
,
some
of
which
took
hold
of
the
Tents
,
so
that
they
were
burnt
,
and
the
Book
lost
.
Though
Cato
had
brought
with
him
several
of
Ptolemy's
Servants
,
who
could
testifie
his
Integrity
,
and
stop
the
mouths
of
his
Enemies
;
yet
this
loss
troubled
him
:
for
he
designed
them
not
only
for
a
proof
of
his
own
Fidelity
,
but
a
pattern
of
Exactness
to
others
.
News
being
brought
to
Rome
,
that
Cato
was
coming
up
the
River
,
all
the
Magistrates
,
the
Priests
,
and
the
whole
Senate
,
with
great
part
of
the
People
,
went
out
to
meet
him
:
both
the
Banks
of
the
Tyber
were
covered
with
People
:
so
that
his
Entrance
was
in
Solemnity
and
Honour
,
not
inferiour
to
a
Triumph
.
But
't
was
thought
somewhat
strange
,
and
look'd
like
Pride
;
that
when
the
Consuls
and
Praetors
appeared
,
he
did
not
come
toward
them
,
nor
stay
to
salute
them
,
but
rowed
up
the
Stream
in
a
Royal
Galley
of
six
Banks
of
Oars
,
and
stopt
not
till
he
came
to
the
place
of
Landing
.
However
,
when
the
Money
was
carried
through
the
Streets
,
the
People
much
wondred
at
the
vast
quantity
of
it
,
and
the
Senate
being
assembled
,
did
in
honourable
terms
decree
him
an
extraordinary
Praetorship
,
and
also
the
priviledge
of
being
at
the
publick
shews
in
a
Robe
fac'd
with
purple
.
Cato
refused
all
these
Honours
:
but
declaring
what
Diligence
and
Fidelity
he
had
found
in
Nicias
,
the
Steward
of
Ptolemy
,
he
requested
the
Senate
to
give
him
his
Freedom
.
Philip
,
the
Father
of
Martia
,
was
that
year
Consul
;
but
the
Authority
and
Power
of
the
Office
rested
wholly
in
Cato
:
for
the
other
Consul
no
less
respected
him
for
his
Vertue
,
than
Philip
did
for
his
Alliance
.
Cicero
being
returned
from
his
Banishment
,
(
into
which
he
was
Driven
by
Clodius
)
and
having
again
obtained
great
Credit
among
the
People
;
he
went
one
day
,
in
the
absence
of
Clodius
,
and
by
force
took
away
the
Records
of
his
Tribuneship
,
which
Clodius
,
had
laid
up
in
the
Capitol
.
Hereupon
the
Senate
was
assembled
,
and
Clodius
Complained
of
Cicero
;
who
answered
,
That
Clodius
was
never
legally
Tribune
,
and
therefore
whatever
he
had
done
,
was
void
and
of
no
Authority
.
But
Cato
interrupted
him
,
and
standing
up
,
said
,
That
indeed
he
did
not
at
all
approve
of
Clodius
his
Proceedings
;
but
if
they
questioned
the
Validity
of
what
had
been
done
in
his
Tribuneship
,
they
might
also
question
what
himself
had
done
at
Cyprus
:
for
the
Expedition
was
unlawfull
,
if
he
that
sent
him
had
no
lawful
Authority
.
But
,
he
thought
Clodius
was
legally
made
Tribune
,
who
,
by
permission
of
the
Law
,
was
from
a
Patrician
adopted
into
a
Plebeian
Family
:
and
if
he
had
done
ill
in
this
Office
,
he
ought
to
be
called
to
account
for
it
;
but
the
Authority
of
the
Magistracy
ought
not
to
suffer
for
the
Faults
of
the
Magistrate
.
Cicero
took
this
very
ill
,
and
for
along
time
discontinued
his
Friendship
with
Cato
:
but
they
were
afterward
reconciled
upon
this
occasion
.
Pompey
and
Crassus
,
by
Agreement
with
Caesar
,
(
who
came
over
the
Alpes
,
on
purpose
,
)
had
laid
a
Design
,
That
they
two
should
stand
to
be
chosen
Consuls
a
second
time
;
and
when
they
should
be
in
their
Office
,
they
would
continue
to
Caesar
his
Government
for
five
years
more
,
and
take
to
themselves
the
greatest
Provinces
,
with
Armies
,
and
money
to
maintain
them
.
This
seemed
a
plain
Conspiracy
,
to
destroy
the
Commonwealth
,
and
divide
the
Empire
.
Several
honest
Men
had
intended
to
stand
to
be
Consuls
that
year
:
but
upon
the
appearance
of
these
great
Men
,
they
all
desisted
,
except
only
Lucius
Domitius
,
who
had
married
Porcia
,
the
Sister
of
Cato
,
and
was
by
him
perswaded
to
stand
it
out
,
and
not
abandon
such
an
Undertaking
;
which
(
he
said
)
was
not
only
to
gain
the
Consulship
,
but
to
preserve
the
Liberty
of
Rome
.
In
the
mean
time
,
't
was
usually
discoursed
among
the
more
prudent
part
of
the
Citizens
,
That
they
ought
not
to
suffer
the
Power
of
Pompey
and
Crassus
to
be
united
,
which
would
then
grow
beyond
all
Bounds
,
and
become
dangerous
to
the
State
;
that
therefore
one
of
them
must
be
denied
.
For
these
Reasons
they
took
part
with
Domitius
;
whom
they
exhorted
and
encouraged
to
go
on
,
assuring
him
,
that
many
who
feared
openly
to
appear
for
him
,
would
privately
assist
him
.
Pompey's
Party
,
fearing
this
,
laid
wait
for
Domitius
,
and
set
upon
him
as
he
was
going
before
day-light
,
with
Torches
,
into
the
Field
.
First
he
that
bore
the
Light
next
before
Domitius
,
was
knock'd
down
;
then
several
others
being
wounded
,
all
the
rest
fled
,
except
Cato
and
Domitius
:
for
Cato
held
him
,
(
tho'
himself
were
wounded
in
the
Arm
)
and
crying
out
,
conjured
the
others
to
stay
,
and
while
they
had
breath
,
not
to
forsake
the
defence
of
their
Liberty
,
against
those
Tyrants
,
who
plainly
shewed
with
what
Moderation
they
were
like
to
use
the
Power
,
which
they
endeavour'd
to
gain
by
such
Violence
.
But
at
length
Domitius
also
no
longer
willing
to
stand
the
Danger
,
fled
to
his
own
House
;
and
so
Pompey
and
Crassus
were
declared
Consuls
.
Nevertheless
Cato
would
not
give
over
;
but
resolv'd
to
stand
himself
to
be
Praetor
that
year
,
which
he
thought
would
be
some
help
to
him
,
in
his
design
of
opposing
them
:
that
he
might
not
act
as
a
private
Man
,
when
he
was
to
contend
with
publick
Magistrates
.
Pompey
and
Crassus
apprehended
this
:
and
fearing
that
the
Office
of
Praetor
in
the
Person
of
Cato
,
might
be
equal
in
Authority
to
that
of
Consul
;
they
assembled
the
Senate
unexpectedly
,
without
giving
any
notice
to
a
great
many
of
the
Senators
,
and
made
an
Order
,
That
those
who
were
chosen
Praetors
,
should
immediately
enter
upon
their
Office
,
without
attending
the
usual
time
,
in
which
,
according
to
Law
,
they
might
be
accused
,
if
they
had
corrupted
the
People
with
Gifts
.
When
by
this
Order
they
were
secure
from
being
called
to
account
;
they
set
up
their
own
Friends
and
Dependants
to
stand
for
the
Praetorship
,
giving
Money
,
and
solliciting
the
People
for
their
Voices
.
Yet
the
Vertue
and
Reputation
of
Cato
was
like
to
triumph
over
all
these
Stratagems
:
for
many
of
the
People
abhorred
,
that
Cato
should
be
sold
,
who
ought
rather
to
be
hired
to
take
upon
him
the
Office
:
so
he
carried
it
by
the
Voices
of
the
first
Tribe
.
Hereupon
Pompey
immediately
frames
a
Lye
,
crying
out
,
It
thunder'd
,
and
straight
broke
up
the
Assembly
.
For
the
Romans
religiously
observed
those
things
,
and
never
concluded
any
Matter
,
after
it
had
thunder'd
.
Against
the
next
time
,
they
had
distributed
larger
Bribes
;
and
did
also
keep
the
best
Men
out
of
the
Field
.
By
these
foul
means
they
procured
Vatinius
to
be
chosen
Praetor
instead
of
Cato
.
'T
is
said
,
that
those
who
had
thus
corruptly
and
dishonestly
given
their
Voices
,
made
what
hast
they
could
out
of
the
Field
:
but
the
others
staying
together
,
and
much
grieving
at
what
was
done
,
one
of
the
Tribunes
continued
the
Assembly
;
and
Cato
standing
up
,
did
,
as
it
were
by
Inspiration
,
foretell
all
the
Miseries
that
afterward
befell
the
State
:
then
he
exhorted
them
to
beware
of
Pompey
and
Crassus
,
who
were
guilty
of
such
things
,
and
had
laid
such
Designs
,
that
they
might
well
fear
to
have
Cato
their
Proetor
.
When
he
had
ended
this
Speech
,
he
was
followed
to
his
House
by
a
greater
number
of
People
than
all
the
Proetors
together
.
Caius
Trebonius
proposed
the
Law
for
alloting
Provinces
to
the
Consuls
;
whereby
one
was
to
have
Spain
and
Lybia
,
the
other
Aegypt
and
Syria
,
with
full
power
of
making
War
and
Peace
,
both
by
Sea
and
Land
,
as
they
should
think
fit
.
When
this
was
proposed
,
all
men
despaired
of
putting
any
stop
to
it
;
and
therefore
said
nothing
against
it
.
But
Cato
,
before
they
began
Voting
,
went
up
into
the
Rostra
,
and
desired
to
be
heard
;
they
would
scarce
allow
him
two
hours
to
speak
.
Having
spent
that
time
,
in
declaring
many
things
that
were
passed
,
and
foretelling
many
that
were
to
come
,
they
would
not
suffer
him
to
speak
any
longer
;
but
as
he
was
going
on
,
a
Serjeant
came
and
pull'd
him
down
:
yet
when
he
was
down
,
he
still
continued
his
Discourse
;
and
many
there
were
who
hearkened
to
him
,
and
were
much
concern'd
for
him
.
Then
the
Serjeant
took
him
,
and
forc'd
him
out
of
the
Forum
;
but
as
soon
as
he
got
loose
,
he
returned
again
,
crying
out
to
the
People
,
to
stand
by
him
.
Cato
having
done
thus
several
times
,
Trebonius
grew
very
angry
,
and
commanded
him
to
be
carried
to
Prison
;
but
the
Multitude
followed
him
,
and
hearkened
to
him
,
who
made
a
Speech
to
them
,
as
he
went
along
.
Whereupon
Trebonius
was
afraid
,
and
ordered
him
to
be
released
:
thus
was
all
that
day
spent
,
and
the
Business
driven
off
by
Cato
.
But
afterward
,
many
of
the
Citizens
being
over-aw'd
by
Fears
and
Threats
,
and
others
won
by
Gifts
and
Favours
:
Aquilius
,
one
of
the
Tribunes
,
they
shut
into
the
Senate
house
;
Cato
,
who
cry'd
,
It
thundered
,
they
drove
out
of
the
Forum
;
many
were
wounded
,
and
some
slain
:
at
length
by
open
force
they
passed
the
Law
.
At
this
many
were
so
incensed
,
that
they
got
together
,
and
resolved
to
throw
down
the
Statues
of
Pompey
:
but
Cato
went
,
and
diverted
them
from
that
Design
.
Again
,
another
Law
was
proposed
,
concerning
the
Provinces
and
Legions
for
Coesar
.
Upon
this
occasion
Cato
did
not
apply
himself
to
the
People
,
but
to
Pompey
;
and
told
him
,
He
did
not
consider
now
;
that
he
took
Caesar
upon
his
own
Shoulders
,
who
would
shortly
grow
too
weighty
for
him
;
and
at
length
,
not
able
to
lay
down
the
burthen
,
nor
yet
to
bear
it
any
longer
,
he
would
fall
with
it
upon
the
Commonwealth
:
and
then
he
would
remember
Cato's
Advice
;
which
was
no
less
advantageous
to
him
,
than
just
and
honest
in
it self
.
Thus
was
Pompey
often
warned
,
but
still
went
on
;
never
mistrusting
Coesar's
Change
,
and
always
confiding
in
his
own
Power
and
good
Fortune
.
Cato
was
made
Proetor
the
following
year
;
but
,
it
seems
,
he
did
not
more
honour
and
credit
the
Office
by
his
signal
Integrity
,
than
he
did
disgrace
and
diminish
it
by
his
strange
Behaviour
,
for
he
would
often
come
to
the
Court
without
his
Shooes
,
and
sit
upon
the
Bench
without
his
Gown
;
and
in
this
Habit
give
Judgment
in
the
greatest
Causes
,
and
upon
Persons
of
the
best
Quality
.
'T
is
said
also
,
he
would
dispatch
Business
after
Dinner
,
when
he
had
drunk
Wine
:
but
this
was
wrongfully
reported
of
him
.
The
People
were
at
that
time
extreamly
corrupted
by
the
Bribes
of
those
who
sought
Offices
;
and
many
made
a
constant
Trade
of
selling
their
Voices
.
Cato
was
resolved
utterly
to
root
this
Corruption
out
of
the
Commonwealth
;
therefore
he
perswaded
the
Senate
to
make
an
Order
,
That
those
who
were
chosen
into
any
Office
,
tho'
no
body
did
accuse
them
,
should
be
obliged
to
come
into
the
Court
,
and
give
account
upon
Oath
how
they
had
dealt
in
their
Election
.
This
very
much
displeased
those
who
stood
for
the
Offices
;
but
much
more
those
who
took
the
Bribes
:
insomuch
that
one
Morning
,
as
Cato
was
going
to
the
Place
where
he
kept
Court
,
a
great
multitude
of
People
flocked
together
,
and
with
a
mighty
uproar
fell
to
reviling
him
,
and
threw
Stones
at
him
.
Those
that
were
about
the
Tribunal
,
presently
fled
;
Cato
himself
being
forc'd
thence
,
and
justled
about
in
the
Throng
,
very
narrowly
escaped
the
Stones
that
were
thrown
at
him
,
and
with
much
difficulty
got
into
the
Rostra
;
where
standins
up
with
a
bold
and
undaunted
Countenance
,
he
appeas'd
the
Tumult
,
and
silenced
the
Clamour
:
then
he
began
to
speak
,
and
was
heard
with
great
attention
;
so
that
he
perfectly
quelled
the
Sedition
.
Afterward
,
the
Senate
commending
him
for
this
;
But
I
don't
commend
you
(
said
he
)
for
abandoning
your
Praetor
in
Danger
,
and
bringing
him
no
Assistance
.
In
the
mean
time
,
the
Candidates
were
in
great
perplexity
:
for
every
one
dreaded
to
give
Money
himself
;
and
yet
feared
lest
his
Competitors
should
.
At
length
they
all
agreed
to
lay
down
an
hundred
and
twenty
five
thousand
Drachma's
apiece
,
and
then
go
on
to
canvass
fairly
and
honestly
,
on
condition
,
that
if
any
one
was
found
to
make
use
of
Bribery
,
he
should
forfeit
the
Money
.
Being
thus
agreed
,
they
chose
Cato
to
keep
the
Stakes
,
and
arbitrate
the
Matter
:
to
him
therefore
they
brought
the
Sum
concluded
on
,
and
before
him
subscribed
the
Agreement
;
he
refused
to
take
the
Money
,
but
would
have
others
bound
for
them
.
Upon
the
day
of
Election
,
Cato
stood
by
the
Tribune
that
took
the
Votes
,
and
very
watchfully
observing
all
that
passed
,
he
discover'd
one
who
had
broken
the
Agreement
,
and
immediately
ordered
him
to
pay
his
Money
to
the
rest
:
but
they
much
admiring
the
Justice
of
Cato
,
remitted
the
Penalty
,
as
thinking
the
Dishonour
a
sufficient
Punishment
.
This
rais'd
Cato
as
much
Envy
,
as
it
gain'd
him
Reputation
:
and
many
were
offended
at
him
,
as
if
he
did
hereby
take
upon
himself
the
whole
Authority
of
the
Senate
,
Court
of
Judicature
,
and
other
Magistracies
.
For
there
is
no
Vertue
,
the
Honour
and
Credit
whereof
procures
a
man
more
Envy
,
than
that
of
Justice
:
and
that
because
it
acquires
a
man
great
Power
and
Authority
among
the
common
People
.
For
they
only
revere
the
Valiant
,
and
admire
the
Wise
;
while
they
truly
love
just
men
,
and
in
these
have
entire
Trust
and
Confidence
:
but
of
the
former
,
they
fear
the
one
,
and
always
mistrust
the
other
.
Besides
,
they
think
men
rather
beholding
to
their
Complexion
,
than
to
any
goodness
of
their
Will
,
for
those
Vertues
:
for
they
look
upon
Valour
as
a
certain
natural
firmity
of
the
Mind
;
and
Wisdom
as
the
effect
of
a
fine
Constitution
.
Whereas
a
man
has
it
in
his
own
power
to
be
Just
;
if
he
have
but
the
will
to
be
so
:
and
therefore
also
Injustice
is
thought
the
most
dishonourable
,
because
't
is
least
excusable
.
Cato
upon
this
account
was
oppos'd
by
all
the
great
Men
,
who
thought
themselves
reprov'd
by
his
Vertue
.
Pompey
especially
look'd
upon
the
increase
of
Cato's
Credit
,
as
the
ruin
of
his
own
Power
;
and
therefore
continually
set
up
men
to
rail
against
him
.
Among
these
was
the
seditious
Clodius
,
now
again
united
to
Pompey
;
he
declared
openly
,
that
Cato
had
convey'd
away
a
great
deal
of
the
Treasure
that
was
found
in
Cyprus
;
and
that
he
hated
Pompey
,
only
because
he
refused
to
marry
his
Daughter
.
Cato
answered
,
That
although
they
had
allow'd
him
neither
Horse
nor
Men
,
he
had
brought
more
Treasure
from
Cyprus
alone
,
than
Pompey
had
,
after
so
many
Wars
and
Triumphs
,
from
the
ransack'd
World
:
that
he
never
sought
the
Alliance
of
Pompey
;
not
that
he
thought
him
unworthy
of
being
related
to
him
,
but
because
he
differ'd
so
much
from
him
,
in
things
that
concerned
the
Commonwealth
;
for
(
said
he
)
I
laid
down
the
Province
that
was
given
me
,
when
I
went
out
of
my
Praetorship
:
on
the
contrary
,
Pompey
retains
many
Provinces
to
himself
,
and
many
he
bestows
on
others
;
lately
he
sent
Caesar
six
thousand
Men
into
Gaul
,
which
were
never
ask'd
of
the
People
,
nor
ever
given
by
their
consent
.
Thus
unlimitted
Powers
,
Men
,
Horse
and
Arms
,
are
become
the
mutual
Gifts
of
private
Men
to
one
another
.
And
Pompey
still
keeps
the
Titles
of
Commander
and
General
;
but
gives
the
Armies
and
Provinces
to
others
to
govern
:
while
he
himself
presides
in
the
City
;
and
stays
at
home
to
model
Seditions
,
and
contrive
Tumults
in
Elections
:
whence
't
is
plain
,
he
aims
at
raising
himself
a
Monarchy
out
of
our
Confusion
.
Thus
did
Cato
take
occasion
sharply
to
reflect
on
Pompey
.
Marcus
Favonius
was
an
intimate
Friend
,
and
zealous
Imitator
of
Cato
;
such
as
heretofore
Apollodorus
Phalereus
is
said
to
have
been
of
Socrates
,
with
whose
Discourses
he
was
wont
to
be
so
transported
,
that
he
would
seem
perfectly
mad
,
and
as
it
were
possess'd
.
This
Favonius
stood
to
chosen
Aedile
,
and
was
like
to
lose
it
:
but
Cato
,
who
was
there
to
assist
him
,
observed
that
all
the
Votes
were
written
in
one
Hand
;
and
discovering
the
Cheat
,
appeal'd
to
the
Tribunes
,
who
voided
the
Election
.
Favonius
was
afterward
chosen
Aedile
,
and
Cato
,
who
assisted
him
in
all
things
that
belong'd
to
his
Office
,
did
also
take
care
of
the
Plays
that
were
exhibited
in
the
Theater
:
to
the
Actors
Cato
gave
Crowns
,
not
of
Gold
,
but
of
wild
Olive
,
such
as
us'd
to
be
given
at
the
Olympick
Games
.
Instead
of
the
magnificent
Gifts
,
that
were
wont
to
be
bestow'd
on
the
People
,
he
gave
to
the
Groecians
Leeks
,
Lettices
,
Radishes
and
Pears
;
and
to
the
Romans
,
earthen
Pots
of
Wine
,
Pork
,
Figs
,
Cucumbers
,
and
little
Fagots
of
Wood.
Some
laugh'd
at
Cato
for
this
;
and
others
were
well
pleas'd
with
the
Humour
,
which
they
look'd
on
as
a
relaxation
of
his
usual
Austerity
.
In
fine
,
Favonius
himself
mingled
with
the
Crowd
,
and
sitting
among
the
Spectators
,
applauded
Cato
,
bid
him
bestow
Honours
and
Rewards
on
those
who
did
well
,
and
assur'd
the
People
,
that
he
had
given
all
the
Power
into
Cato's
Hands
.
At
the
same
time
Curio
,
the
Collegue
of
Favonius
,
gave
very
magnificent
Plays
in
another
Theatre
.
But
the
People
left
his
,
and
went
to
those
of
Favonius
,
which
they
very
much
applauded
,
seeing
him
act
the
private
Man
,
and
Cato
the
Master
of
the
Shows
;
who
did
these
things
,
in
derision
of
the
great
Expences
that
others
bestowed
;
and
to
teach
them
,
that
in
Sports
men
ought
to
seek
Diversion
only
,
and
decent
Chearfulness
,
not
great
Preparations
,
and
costly
Magnificence
;
nor
should
they
imploy
too
much
Care
about
things
of
little
Concern
.
After
this
Scipio
,
Hypsaeus
,
and
Milo
,
stood
to
be
Consuls
,
and
that
not
only
with
the
usual
and
common
Disorders
of
Bribery
and
Corruption
:
but
with
Arms
and
Slaughter
were
running
desperately
into
a
Civil
War
.
Whereupon
't
was
propos'd
,
That
Pompey
might
be
impower'd
to
preside
over
that
Election
.
This
Cato
at
first
oppos'd
,
saying
,
That
the
Laws
ought
not
to
seek
protection
from
Pompey
,
but
Pompey
from
the
Laws
.
Yet
this
Confusion
lasting
a
long
time
,
the
Forum
continually
,
as
it
were
,
besieged
with
three
Armies
,
and
no
possibility
of
putting
a
stop
to
these
Disorders
:
Cato
at
length
agreed
,
that
rather
than
fall
into
the
last
Extremity
,
the
Senate
should
freely
confer
all
on
Pompey
:
since
't
was
necessary
to
make
use
of
a
lesser
Evil
,
to
prevent
a
greater
;
and
better
to
set
up
a
Monarchy
themselves
,
than
to
suffer
a
Sedition
to
continue
,
that
must
certainly
end
in
one
.
Bibulus
therefore
a
Relation
of
Cato's
,
moved
the
Senate
to
create
Pompey
sole
Consul
:
For
that
either
he
would
preserve
the
present
Government
;
or
they
should
live
quietly
under
the
most
powerful
.
Cato
stood
up
,
and
,
contrary
to
all
expectation
,
seconded
this
Motion
,
concluding
,
That
any
Government
was
better
than
Confusion
;
and
that
he
did
not
question
but
Pompey
would
deal
honourably
,
and
take
care
of
the
Commonwealth
,
thus
committed
to
his
charge
.
Pompey
,
being
hereupon
declared
Consul
,
invited
Cato
to
his
House
in
the
Suburbs
.
When
he
came
,
he
saluted
and
embrac'd
him
very
kindly
,
acknowledg'd
the
Favour
he
had
done
him
,
and
desired
his
Counsel
and
Assistance
,
in
the
management
of
this
Office
.
Cato
made
Answer
,
That
what
he
had
spoken
heretofore
,
was
not
out
of
Hate
to
Pompey
;
nor
what
he
had
now
done
,
out
of
Love
to
him
:
but
all
for
the
good
of
the
Commonwealth
.
That
,
in
private
,
if
he
ask'd
him
,
he
would
freely
give
his
Advice
:
but
in
publick
tho'
he
ask'd
him
not
,
he
would
always
speak
his
Opinion
.
And
he
did
accordingly
:
for
first
when
Pompey
made
severe
Laws
for
punishing
,
and
laying
great
Fines
on
those
who
had
corrupted
the
People
with
Gifts
,
Cato
advised
him
,
To
let
alone
what
was
already
pass'd
and
to
provide
for
the
future
:
for
if
he
should
seek
into
past
Crimes
,
it
would
he
difficult
to
know
where
to
stop
;
and
if
he
would
ordain
new
Penalties
,
it
would
be
unreasonable
to
punish
Men
by
a
Law
,
which
they
had
never
broken
.
Afterward
,
when
many
considerable
Men
,
and
some
of
Pompey's
own
Relations
,
were
accused
,
he
grew
remiss
,
and
let
fall
the
Prosecution
:
but
Cato
sharply
reprov'd
him
,
and
urg'd
him
to
proceed
.
Pompey
had
made
a
Law
also
,
to
forbid
the
custom
of
making
commendatory
Orations
,
on
behalf
of
those
that
were
accused
:
yet
he
himself
writ
one
for
Munatius
Flaccus
,
and
sent
it
,
while
the
Cause
was
pleading
:
which
Cato
seeing
,
he
stopt
his
Ears
with
his
Hands
,
and
would
not
hear
it
read
,
for
he
was
one
of
the
Judges
.
Whereupon
Flaccus
,
before
Sentence
was
given
,
excepted
against
him
,
but
was
condemned
notwithstanding
.
And
indeed
Cato
was
the
occasion
of
great
Trouble
and
Perplexity
,
to
almost
all
that
were
accused
of
any
thing
:
for
they
fear'd
to
have
him
one
of
their
Judges
,
yet
did
not
dare
to
reject
him
:
and
many
had
been
condemned
,
because
,
refusing
him
,
they
seemed
not
to
trust
their
own
Innocence
.
To
others
it
was
objected
,
as
a
great
Reproach
,
the
not
accepting
Cato
for
their
Judge
.
In
the
mean
while
,
Caesar
lay
with
his
Forces
in
Gaul
,
where
he
continued
in
Arms
;
and
at
the
same
time
,
by
his
Gifts
,
his
Riches
and
his
Friends
,
increas'd
his
Power
in
the
City
.
Hereupon
Cato
forewarn'd
Pompey
,
and
rouz'd
him
out
of
the
negligent
Security
in
which
he
lay
,
not
imagining
any
Danger
near
:
but
seeing
Pompey
very
slow
,
and
unwilling
or
afraid
to
undertake
any
thing
against
Caesar
;
Cato
resolved
himself
to
stand
for
the
Consulship
,
and
presently
force
Caesar
,
either
to
lay
down
his
Arms
,
or
discover
his
Intentions
.
Both
Cato's
Competitors
were
persons
very
much
beloved
by
the
People
.
Sulpitius
,
who
was
one
,
had
by
Cato's
means
acquired
great
Credit
and
Authority
in
the
City
;
therefore
it
was
thought
unhandsom
,
and
ungratefully
done
,
to
stand
against
him
:
but
Cato
did
not
take
it
ill
;
For
't
is
no
wonder
(
said
he
)
if
a
man
will
not
yield
to
another
,
in
that
which
he
esteems
the
greatest
Good
.
Now
he
perswaded
the
Senate
to
make
an
Order
,
That
those
who
stood
for
Offices
,
should
themselves
ask
the
People
for
their
Votes
,
and
not
sollicite
by
others
.
This
very
much
offended
the
common
People
:
for
it
took
from
them
,
not
only
the
means
of
receiving
Money
,
but
also
the
opportunity
of
obliging
several
Persons
;
and
so
rendred
them
both
poor
,
and
less
regarded
.
Besides
,
Cato
himself
was
by
nature
altogether
unfit
for
the
business
of
Canvassing
:
for
he
took
more
care
to
preserve
the
dignity
of
his
Character
,
than
to
obtain
the
Office
.
Thus
by
following
his
own
way
of
Solliciting
;
and
not
suffering
his
Friends
to
do
those
things
which
take
with
the
Multitude
,
he
lost
the
Consulship
.
Whereas
,
upon
such
like
Occasions
,
not
only
those
who
miss'd
the
Office
,
but
even
their
Friends
and
Relations
,
used
to
be
much
griev'd
and
out
of
Countenance
for
several
days
after
:
yet
Cato
took
it
so
unconcernedly
;
that
he
anointed
himself
,
and
play'd
at
Ball
in
the
Field
,
and
after
Dinner
went
into
the
Forum
,
as
he
used
to
do
,
without
his
Shooes
or
his
Coat
,
and
there
walked
about
with
his
Acquaintance
.
But
Cicero
▪
Blamed
him
;
for
that
when
Affairs
required
such
a
Consul
,
he
would
not
take
any
Care
,
nor
shew
the
People
any
Civility
:
as
also
that
he
afterward
neglected
to
try
again
;
whereas
he
had
stood
a
second
time
to
be
chosen
Praetor
.
Cato
answer'd
,
That
he
lost
the
Praetorship
the
first
time
,
not
by
any
dislike
of
the
People
;
but
by
the
power
and
corruption
of
his
Adversaries
:
whereas
in
the
Election
of
Consuls
there
had
been
no
foul
dealing
.
So
that
he
plainly
saw
,
the
People
were
offended
at
his
Manners
;
which
an
honest
man
ought
not
to
alter
for
their
sake
:
nor
yet
would
a
wise
man
attempt
the
same
thing
again
,
while
he
lies
under
the
same
Prejudices
.
Caesar
was
then
fighting
with
many
warlike
Nations
,
whom
he
very
bravely
subdued
:
Among
the
rest
,
it
seems
,
he
had
set
upon
the
Germans
,
(
who
yet
were
in
Peace
with
the
Romans
)
and
slew
three
hundred
thousand
of
them
.
Upon
which
,
some
of
his
Friends
moved
the
Senate
for
a
publick
Thanksgiving
:
but
Cato
declared
,
They
ought
to
deliver
Caesar
into
the
hands
of
those
who
had
been
thus
unjustly
assaulted
;
that
they
might
expiate
the
Offence
,
and
not
bring
a
Curse
upon
the
City
:
yet
we
have
reason
(
said
he
)
to
thank
the
Gods
;
for
that
they
spared
the
Commonwealth
,
and
did
not
take
Vengeance
upon
the
Army
,
for
the
Madness
and
Folly
of
the
General
.
Hereupon
Caesar
writ
a
Letter
to
the
Senate
,
which
was
read
openly
:
't
was
full
of
reproachful
Language
and
Accusations
against
Cato
,
who
standing
up
,
seemed
not
at
all
concern'd
;
and
without
any
Heat
or
Passion
,
but
with
a
calm
,
and
,
as
it
were
,
premeditated
Discourse
,
expos'd
the
Scurrility
and
Folly
of
Caesar
:
making
it
evident
,
that
the
Accusations
he
had
heap'd
together
against
him
,
were
nothing
but
abusive
and
ridiculous
Railing
.
Then
he
began
to
rip
up
all
Caesar's
Practices
;
and
laid
open
his
Designs
from
the
beginning
,
as
clearly
,
as
if
he
never
had
been
an
Enemy
to
him
,
but
a
constant
Confederate
with
him
:
and
told
the
Senate
,
That
if
they
were
wise
,
they
would
not
fear
the
Britains
and
Gauls
,
but
Caesar
himself
.
This
Discourse
so
mov'd
and
awaken'd
the
Senate
;
that
Caesars
Friends
repented
,
they
had
made
the
Letter
be
read
,
which
had
given
Cato
opportunity
of
many
reasonable
things
,
and
such
severe
Truths
against
him
.
However
,
nothing
was
then
concluded
:
only
't
was
hinted
,
that
they
would
do
well
to
send
him
a
Successor
.
Hereupon
Caesar's
Friends
required
,
That
Pompey
also
should
lay
down
his
Arms
,
and
resign
his
Provinces
;
or
else
that
Caesar
might
not
be
obliged
to
either
.
Then
Cato
cry'd
out
What
he
had
foretold
,
was
come
to
pass
:
now'twas
manifest
he
would
come
upon
them
with
his
Forces
;
and
turn
against
the
State
those
Armies
he
had
got
,
by
deceitfully
imposing
on
them
.
Yet
Cato
could
not
prevail
much
out
of
the
Senate-house
;
for
the
People
always
magnified
Caesar
:
And
the
Senate
were
convinced
by
Cato
;
but
were
afraid
of
the
People
.
When
News
was
brought
,
That
Caesar
had
taken
Ariminum
,
and
was
coming
on
with
his
Army
toward
Rome
:
then
all
men
,
even
Pompey
,
and
the
common
People
too
,
cast
their
eyes
on
Cato
,
who
had
alone
foreseen
,
and
first
clearly
discover'd
Caesar's
Intentions
.
He
therefore
told
them
,
If
you
had
believ'd
me
,
or
regarded
my
Advice
;
you
would
not
now
have
been
reduc'd
to
stand
in
fear
of
one
Man
,
and
also
to
put
all
your
Hopes
in
one
alone
.
Then
Pompey
acknowledg'd
,
That
Cato
indeed
had
spoken
most
like
a
Prophet
;
and
that
himself
had
acted
too
much
like
a
Friend
.
Now
Cato
advised
the
Senate
to
put
all
into
the
hands
of
Pompey
;
for
those
who
can
raise
up
great
Evils
,
(
said
he
)
can
best
allay
them
.
Pompey
finding
he
had
not
sufficient
Forces
,
and
that
those
he
could
raise
,
were
not
very
resolute
,
he
forsook
the
City
.
Cato
resolving
to
follow
Pompey
,
sent
his
younger
Son
to
Munatius
,
who
was
then
in
the
Countrey
of
Brutium
,
and
took
his
eldest
with
him
.
But
wanting
some
body
to
keep
his
House
,
and
take
care
of
his
Daughters
;
he
took
Martia
again
,
who
was
now
a
rich
Widow
:
for
Hortensius
was
dead
,
and
had
left
her
all
his
Estate
.
Caesar
afterward
made
use
of
this
Action
also
,
to
reproach
him
with
Covetousness
,
and
a
mercenary
Design
in
his
Marriage
:
For
(
says
he
)
if
he
had
need
of
a
Wife
,
why
did
he
part
with
her
?
and
if
he
had
not
,
why
did
he
take
her
again
?
unless
he
gave
her
only
as
a
Bait
to
Hortensius
;
and
lent
her
when
she
was
young
,
to
have
her
again
when
she
was
rich
.
But
in
Answer
to
this
,
we
may
apply
the
Saying
of
Euripides
,
First
for
Absurdities
:
and
surely
none
Will
Hercules
for
want
of
Courage
blame
.
Now
't
is
alike
absurd
,
to
reproach
Hercules
for
Cowardice
,
and
to
accuse
Cato
of
Covetousness
.
Though
otherwise
,
whether
he
did
altogether
right
in
this
Marriage
,
might
be
disputed
:
for
as
soon
as
he
had
again
taken
Martia
,
he
committed
his
House
and
his
Daughters
to
her
,
and
himself
followed
Pompey
.
'T
is
said
,
that
from
that
day
he
never
cut
his
Hair
,
nor
shav'd
his
Beard
,
nor
wore
a
Garland
:
but
always
full
of
sadness
,
grief
and
dejectedness
for
the
Calamities
of
his
Countrey
,
he
continually
bore
the
same
Habit
to
the
last
,
whatever
Party
had
Misfortune
or
Success
.
The
Government
of
Sicily
being
allotted
to
him
,
he
pass'd
over
to
Syracuse
;
where
understanding
,
that
Asinius
Pollio
was
arrived
at
Messana
,
with
Forces
from
the
Enemy
,
Cato
sent
to
him
,
to
know
the
reason
of
his
coming
thither
:
Pollio
on
the
other
side
,
demanded
of
him
the
cause
of
these
Commotions
.
Cato
also
hearing
,
that
Pompey
had
quite
abandon'd
Italy
,
and
lay
incamp'd
at
Dyrrachium
:
he
cry'd
out
,
How
dark
and
uncertain
is
the
Will
of
Heav'n
!
Pompey
,
when
he
did
nothing
wisely
nor
honestly
was
always
successful
:
and
now
that
he
would
preserve
his
Countrey
,
and
defend
her
Liberty
,
he
is
altogether
unfortunate
.
As
for
Asinius
,
he
said
,
he
could
easily
drive
him
out
of
Sicily
;
but
there
coming
greater
Forces
to
his
Assistance
,
he
would
not
engage
the
Island
in
a
War
:
wherefore
he
advised
the
Syracusians
to
submit
to
the
Conqueror
,
and
provide
for
their
own
safety
.
Then
he
set
Sayl
from
thence
.
When
he
came
to
Pompey
,
he
constantly
gave
Advice
to
prolong
the
War
:
for
he
always
hoped
to
compose
Matters
,
and
would
by
no
means
that
they
should
come
to
Action
.
For
the
Commonwealth
would
suffer
extreamly
,
and
be
the
certain
cause
of
its
own
Ruine
;
whoever
were
the
Conqueror
▪
Moreover
he
persuaded
Pompey
and
the
Council
of
War
to
ordain
,
That
no
City
should
be
sack'd
,
that
was
subject
to
the
People
of
Rome
:
and
that
no
Roman
should
be
kill'd
,
but
in
the
heat
of
Battel
.
Thereby
he
got
himself
great
Honour
,
and
brought
over
many
to
the
Party
of
Pompey
,
who
were
much
taken
with
the
Moderation
and
Humanity
of
Cato
.
Afterward
,
being
sent
into
Asia
,
to
assist
those
who
were
raising
Men
,
and
preparing
Ships
in
those
Parts
;
he
took
with
him
his
Sister
Servilia
,
and
a
little
Boy
which
she
had
by
Lucullus
.
For
since
her
Widowhood
,
she
had
lived
with
her
Brother
,
and
very
much
recover'd
her
Reputation
:
having
put
her self
under
his
Care
,
follow'd
him
in
his
Voyages
,
and
comply'd
with
his
severe
way
of
Living
:
yet
Caesar
did
not
fail
to
asperse
him
upon
her
account
also
.
Pompey's
Officers
in
Asia
,
it
seems
,
had
no
great
need
of
Cato
.
But
he
brought
over
the
People
of
Rhodes
by
his
Perswasions
;
and
leaving
his
Sister
Servilia
and
her
Child
there
,
he
returned
to
Pompey
,
who
had
now
gotten
together
very
great
Forces
both
by
Sea
and
Land
.
And
here
Pompey
clearly
betray'd
his
own
Intentions
.
For
at
first
he
design'd
to
give
Cato
the
Command
of
the
Navy
,
(
which
consisted
of
no
less
than
five
hundred
Ships
of
War
,
besides
a
vast
number
of
Pinaces
,
Scouts
,
and
Tenders
)
But
presently
bethinking
himself
,
or
put
in
mind
by
his
Friends
;
that
Cato's
principal
and
only
aim
,
being
to
free
his
Countrey
from
all
Usurpation
:
if
he
were
Master
of
so
great
Forces
;
as
soon
as
ever
Caesar
should
be
conquered
,
he
would
certainly
oblige
Pompey
to
lay
down
his
Arms
,
and
be
subject
to
the
Laws
.
Therefore
Pompey
chang'd
his
Mind
;
and
tho'
he
had
before
mentioned
it
to
Cato
,
yet
he
made
Bibulus
Admiral
.
Notwithstanding
this
,
it
appear'd
,
Cato's
Affection
to
the
publick
Good
was
no
way
diminish'd
.
For
when
they
were
ready
to
engage
in
a
Battle
at
Dyrrachium
,
Pompey
himself
encouraged
the
Army
,
and
commanded
all
the
Officers
to
do
the
like
:
yet
the
Souldiers
hearkened
to
them
but
coldly
,
and
with
silence
.
Cato
spoke
last
of
all
;
and
discours'd
to
them
out
of
the
Principles
of
Philosophy
,
such
things
as
the
Occasion
required
,
concerning
Liberty
,
Valour
,
Death
and
Glory
:
all
which
he
delivered
with
great
vehemence
of
Affection
;
and
concluded
with
an
Invocation
of
the
Gods
,
to
whom
he
directed
his
Speech
,
as
if
they
were
present
to
behold
them
fight
for
their
Countrey
.
At
this
the
Army
gave
such
a
Shout
,
as
fill'd
all
their
Leaders
with
Hope
,
and
made
them
fall
on
without
fear
of
Danger
.
Caesar's
Party
were
routed
,
and
put
to
flight
:
yet
his
good
Fortune
took
such
advantage
of
Pompey's
Cautiousness
and
Diffidence
,
as
rendred
the
Victory
incompleat
.
But
of
this
we
have
spoken
in
the
Life
of
Pompey
.
Now
while
all
the
rest
rejoyc'd
,
and
magnified
their
Success
;
Cato
alone
bewail'd
his
Countrey
,
and
curs'd
that
fatal
Ambition
,
which
made
so
many
brave
Romans
murther
one
another
.
After
this
,
Pompey
following
Caesar
into
Thessaly
,
left
at
Dyrrachium
a
great
quantity
of
Munition
,
store
of
Riches
and
many
of
his
Domesticks
and
Relations
;
the
charge
of
all
which
he
gave
to
Cato
,
with
the
Command
only
of
fifteen
Cohorts
;
for
tho'
he
trusted
him
much
,
yet
he
was
afraid
of
him
too
:
knowing
full
well
,
that
if
he
succeeded
not
,
Cato
would
never
forsake
him
;
but
if
he
conquer'd
,
would
never
let
him
use
his
Victory
at
his
pleasure
.
There
were
likewise
many
Persons
of
eminent
Quality
,
that
stay'd
with
Cato
at
Dyrrachium
.
When
they
heard
of
the
Overthrow
at
Pharsalia
;
Cato
resolv'd
with
himself
,
that
if
Pompey
were
slain
,
he
would
conduct
those
that
were
with
him
,
into
Italy
,
and
then
retire
as
f●r
from
the
Tyranny
of
Caesar
as
he
could
,
and
live
in
Exile
:
but
if
Pompey
were
safe
,
he
would
keep
the
Army
together
for
him
.
With
this
Resolution
he
pass'd
over
to
Corcyra
,
where
the
Navy
lay
.
There
he
would
have
resign'd
his
Command
to
Cicero
:
because
he
had
been
Consul
,
and
himself
only
a
Proetor
:
but
Cicero
refus'd
it
,
and
was
going
for
Italy
.
At
which
Pompey's
Son
being
incens'd
,
would
rashly
and
in
a
heat
have
punish'd
all
those
who
were
going
away
,
and
in
the
first
place
have
laid
hands
on
Cicero
:
but
Cato
reprehended
him
in
private
,
and
diverted
him
from
that
Design
,
Thus
apparently
he
sav'd
the
Life
of
Cicero
,
and
preserv'd
several
others
besides
.
Now
understanding
that
Pompey
the
Great
was
fled
toward
Aegypt
,
or
Lybia
,
Cato
resolved
to
hasten
after
him
;
and
having
taken
all
his
Men
aboard
,
he
set
Sail
:
but
first
to
those
who
were
not
willing
to
engage
,
he
gave
free
liberty
to
depart
.
When
they
came
to
the
Coast
of
Africk
,
they
met
with
Sextus
,
Pompey's
younger
Son
,
who
told
them
of
the
Death
of
his
Father
in
Aegypt
:
at
which
they
were
all
exceedingly
griev'd
,
and
declared
,
that
after
Pompey
they
would
follow
no
other
Leader
but
Cato
.
Out
of
compassion
therefore
to
so
many
worthy
Persons
,
who
had
given
such
testimones
of
their
Fidelity
,
and
whom
he
could
not
for
shame
leave
in
a
desart
Countrey
,
amidst
so
many
Difficulties
;
he
took
upon
him
the
Command
,
and
march'd
toward
the
City
of
Cyrene
,
which
presently
received
him
,
tho'
not
long
before
they
had
shut
their
Gates
against
Labienus
,
Here
he
was
inform'd
,
that
Scipio
Pompey's
Father-in-law
,
was
received
by
King
Juba
;
and
that
Appius
Varus
,
whom
Pompey
left
Governour
of
Lybia
,
had
joyn'd
them
with
his
Forces
.
Cato
therefore
resolved
to
march
toward
them
by
land
,
it
being
Winter
;
and
having
got
together
a
great
many
Asses
to
carry
Water
,
he
furnished
himself
likewise
with
plenty
of
all
other
Provision
,
and
a
number
of
Carriages
:
he
took
also
with
him
some
of
those
they
call
Pssilli
,
who
cure
the
biting
of
Serpents
,
by
sucking
out
the
Poyson
with
their
Mouths
,
and
have
likewise
certain
Charms
,
by
which
they
stupifie
and
lay
asleep
the
Serpents
.
Thus
they
marched
seven
days
together
.
Cato
all
the
time
went
on
Foot
at
the
Head
of
his
Men
,
and
never
made
use
of
any
Horse
or
Chariot
.
Ever
since
the
Battel
of
Pharsalia
,
he
used
to
sit
at
Table
;
and
added
this
to
his
other
ways
of
Mourning
,
that
he
never
lay
down
but
to
sleep
.
Having
pass'd
the
Winter
in
Lybia
,
Cato
drew
out
his
Army
,
which
amounted
to
little
less
than
ten
thousand
.
The
Affairs
of
Scipio
and
Varus
went
very
ill
,
by
reason
of
their
Dissentions
and
Quarrels
among
themselves
,
and
their
Submissions
and
Flatteries
to
King
Juba
;
who
was
insupportable
for
his
Vanity
,
and
the
Pride
he
took
in
his
Strength
and
Riches
.
The
first
time
he
came
to
a
conference
with
Cato
,
he
had
ordered
his
own
Seat
to
be
placed
in
the
middle
,
between
Scipio
and
Cato
:
which
Cato
observing
,
took
up
his
Chair
,
and
set
himself
on
the
other
side
of
Scipio
;
to
whom
he
thus
gave
the
Honour
of
sitting
in
the
middle
,
tho'
he
were
his
Enemy
,
and
had
formerly
published
a
scandalous
Libel
against
him
.
There
are
some
who
approve
not
this
Action
of
Cato's
:
and
yet
on
the
other
side
blame
him
;
for
that
in
Sicily
,
walking
one
day
with
Philostratus
,
he
gave
him
the
middle
Place
,
out
of
the
Respect
he
bore
to
Philosophy
.
Thus
did
Cato
pull
down
the
Spirit
of
Juba
,
who
before
treated
Scipio
and
Varus
no
better
than
his
own
Subjects
:
he
reconciled
them
also
to
one
another
.
All
the
Army
desired
Cato
to
be
their
Leader
:
Scipio
likewise
and
Varus
gave
way
to
it
,
and
Offer'd
him
the
Command
.
but
he
said
,
He
would
not
break
those
Laws
,
which
he
fought
to
defend
;
and
he
,
being
but
Pro-proetor
,
ought
not
to
command
in
the
presence
of
a
Pro-Consul
;
for
Scipio
had
been
created
Pro-Consul
:
besides
that
the
People
would
take
it
as
a
good
Omen
,
to
see
a
Scipio
command
in
Africk
,
and
the
very
Name
would
give
Courage
to
the
Souldiers
.
Scipio
having
taken
upon
him
the
Command
,
presently
resolv'd
(
at
the
Instigation
of
Juba
)
to
put
all
the
Inhabitants
of
Vtica
to
the
Sword
,
and
to
raze
the
City
;
for
having
(
as
they
pretended
)
taken
part
with
Coesar
.
Cato
would
by
no
means
suffer
this
:
but
invoking
the
Gods
,
exclaiming
and
protesting
against
it
in
the
Council
of
War
;
he
with
much
difficulty
delivered
the
poor
People
from
their
Cruelty
.
Afterward
,
upon
the
Entreaty
of
the
Inhabitants
,
and
at
the
Instance
of
Scipio
,
Cato
took
upon
himself
the
Government
of
Vtica
,
lest
it
should
fall
into
Coesar's
hands
;
for
it
was
a
strong
Place
,
and
very
advantageous
for
either
Party
:
yet
it
was
better
provided
,
and
more
fortified
by
Cato
,
who
brought
in
great
store
of
Corn
,
repair'd
the
walls
,
erected
Towers
,
made
deep
Trenches
and
Out-works
round
the
Town
.
The
young
Men
of
Vtica
he
lodg'd
in
the
Trenches
;
having
first
taken
their
Arms
from
them
:
the
rest
of
the
Inhabitants
he
kept
within
the
Town
,
and
took
great
care
,
that
no
Injury
should
be
done
,
nor
Affront
offer'd
them
by
the
Romans
.
From
hence
he
sent
great
quantity
of
Arms
,
Money
,
and
Provision
,
to
the
Camp
,
and
made
this
City
their
chief
Magazine
.
He
advis'd
Scipio
,
as
he
had
before
done
Pompey
,
by
no
means
to
hazard
a
Battel
against
a
Man
experienc'd
in
War
,
and
encourag'd
with
Success
;
but
to
use
delay
:
for
time
would
cool
the
Heats
and
Passions
of
men
,
which
are
the
chief
support
and
strength
of
Vsurpers
.
But
Scipio
out
of
Pride
rejected
this
Counsel
,
and
writ
a
Letter
to
Cato
;
in
which
he
reproach'd
him
with
Cowardice
:
and
that
he
could
not
content
himself
to
lie
secure
within
Walls
and
Trenches
;
but
he
must
hinder
others
,
that
they
might
not
make
use
of
the
Courage
and
Reason
they
have
to
lay
hold
an
Occasions
.
In
Answer
to
this
,
Cato
writ
word
again
,
That
he
would
take
the
Horse
and
Foot
which
he
had
brought
into
Africk
,
and
go
over
into
Italy
,
to
give
Caesar
some
Diversion
there
.
But
Scipio
derided
this
Proposition
also
.
Then
Cato
openly
avow'd
,
He
was
sorry
he
had
yielded
the
Command
to
Scipio
,
who
,
he
saw
,
would
not
use
his
Power
wisely
in
the
War
:
and
if
(
contrary
to
all
appearance
)
he
should
succeed
;
doubtless
he
would
use
his
Success
as
unjustly
at
home
.
For
Cato
did
then
think
,
and
so
he
told
his
Friends
,
That
he
could
have
but
slender
Hopes
in
those
Generals
,
that
had
so
much
Boldness
,
and
so
little
Conduct
.
Yet
if
any
thing
should
happen
beyond
Expectation
,
and
Caesar
should
be
overthrown
:
for
his
part
he
would
not
stay
at
Rome
;
but
would
retire
from
the
Cruelty
and
Inhumanity
of
Scipio
,
who
had
already
given
out
fierce
and
proud
Threats
against
many
.
But
what
Cato
had
look'd
for
,
fell
out
sooner
than
he
expected
.
For
about
midnight
came
one
from
the
Army
,
who
brought
word
,
There
had
been
a
great
Battel
near
Thapsus
:
that
all
was
utterly
lost
;
Caesar
had
taken
both
the
Camps
;
Scipio
and
Juba
were
fled
with
a
few
only
;
and
the
rest
cut
to
pieces
.
This
News
(
as
't
is
usual
in
War
,
and
coming
in
the
night
too
)
did
so
frighten
the
People
,
that
they
were
almost
out
of
their
Wits
,
and
could
scarce
keep
themselves
within
the
Walls
of
the
City
:
but
Cato
went
out
,
and
meeting
the
People
in
this
Hurry
and
Clamour
,
did
comfort
and
encourage
them
what
he
could
and
something
appeas'd
the
Fear
and
Amazement
they
were
in
;
telling
them
,
That
very
likely
things
were
not
so
bad
in
truth
,
but
more
than
half
augmented
by
Report
:
thus
he
pacified
the
Tumult
for
the
present
.
The
next
morning
he
assembled
the
three
hundred
,
which
he
used
as
his
Council
;
these
were
Romans
,
who
traffick'd
there
in
Merchandize
and
exchange
of
Money
:
there
were
also
several
Senators
,
and
their
Sons
.
While
they
were
coming
together
,
Cato
walked
about
very
quietly
and
unconcern'd
,
as
if
nothing
new
had
happen'd
.
He
had
a
Book
in
his
Hand
,
which
he
was
reading
;
in
this
Book
was
an
account
of
what
provision
he
had
for
War
,
Armour
,
Corn
,
Weapons
,
and
Souldiers
.
When
they
were
assembled
,
he
began
his
Discourse
:
First
with
the
three
hundred
themselves
:
and
very
much
commended
the
Courage
and
Fidelity
they
had
shown
,
and
their
having
very
well
served
their
Countrey
with
their
Persons
,
Money
and
Counsel
.
Then
he
entreated
them
by
no
means
to
separate
;
as
if
each
single
man
could
hope
for
any
safety
in
forsaking
his
Companions
:
on
the
contrary
,
while
they
kept
together
,
Caesar
would
have
less
reason
to
despise
them
,
if
they
fought
against
him
;
and
be
more
forward
to
pardon
them
,
if
they
submitted
to
him
.
Therefore
he
advis'd
them
to
consult
among
themselves
,
nor
would
he
dislike
,
whatever
they
should
propose
if
they
thought
fit
to
submit
to
Fortune
,
he
would
impute
their
Change
to
Necessity
;
but
if
they
resolved
to
stand
to
it
,
and
undergo
some
Danger
for
the
sake
of
Liberty
,
he
should
not
only
commend
,
but
admire
their
Valour
.
And
would
himself
be
their
Leader
and
Companion
too
,
till
they
had
try'd
the
utmost
Fortune
of
their
Countrey
:
which
was
not
Utica
or
Adrumetum
,
but
Rome
;
and
she
had
often
by
her
own
strength
,
rais'd
her self
out
of
greater
Difficulties
.
Besides
,
as
there
were
many
things
,
that
would
conduce
to
their
Safety
;
so
chiefly
this
,
that
they
were
to
fight
against
one
,
who
by
his
Affairs
would
be
much
distracted
,
and
by
several
Occasions
called
into
many
several
Places
.
Spain
was
already
revolted
to
the
younger
Pompey
:
Rome
was
unaccustomed
to
the
Bridle
,
and
impatient
of
it
;
would
therefore
be
ready
for
Commotions
and
Insurrections
,
upon
every
Turn
of
Affairs
.
As
for
themselves
,
they
ought
not
to
shrink
from
any
Danger
:
and
in
this
might
take
Example
from
their
Enemy
.
Who
does
so
freely
expose
his
Life
to
compass
his
unjust
Designs
;
yet
never
can
hope
for
so
happy
a
conclusion
,
as
they
may
promise
themselves
:
for
,
notwithstanding
the
uncertainty
of
War
,
they
will
be
sure
of
a
most
happy
Life
,
if
they
succeed
;
or
a
most
glorious
Death
,
if
they
miscarry
.
However
,
he
said
,
they
ought
to
deliberate
among
themselves
,
and
pray
to
the
Gods
,
that
in
recompence
of
their
former
Courage
and
Good-will
,
they
would
direct
their
future
Designs
.
When
Cato
had
thus
spoken
,
many
were
moved
and
encouraged
by
his
Speech
:
but
the
greatest
part
were
so
animated
by
his
Valour
,
Generosity
,
and
Goodness
,
that
they
forgot
the
present
Danger
.
And
as
if
he
were
the
only
invincible
Leader
,
and
above
all
Fortune
,
they
entreated
him
,
To
imploy
their
Persons
,
Arms
,
and
Estates
,
as
he
thought
fit
:
for
they
esteem'd
it
far
better
to
meet
Death
,
in
following
his
Counsel
;
than
to
find
their
safety
,
in
betraying
one
of
so
great
Virtue
.
One
of
the
Assembly
propos'd
the
making
a
Decree
,
to
set
the
Slaves
at
Liberty
;
and
most
of
the
rest
approved
the
Motion
.
Cato
said
,
That
ought
not
to
be
done
;
for
it
was
neither
just
nor
lawful
:
but
if
any
of
their
Masters
would
willingly
set
them
free
;
those
that
were
fit
for
Service
,
should
be
received
.
Which
divers
promised
to
do
;
whose
Names
he
order'd
to
be
enroll'd
,
and
then
withdrew
.
Presently
after
this
,
he
received
Letters
from
Juba
and
Scipio
.
Juba
,
with
some
few
of
his
Men
,
was
retired
to
a
Mountain
,
where
he
waited
to
hear
what
Cato
would
resolve
upon
:
and
intended
to
stay
there
for
him
,
if
he
thought
fit
to
leave
Vtica
;
or
to
relieve
him
with
an
Army
,
if
he
were
besieged
.
Scipio
also
lay
at
Anchor
,
under
a
certain
Promontory
,
not
far
from
Vtica
,
expecting
an
Answer
upon
the
same
account
:
but
Cato
thought
fit
to
retain
the
Messengers
,
till
the
three
hundred
should
come
to
some
Resolution
.
As
for
the
Senators
that
were
there
,
they
shew'd
great
forwardness
,
and
did
presently
set
free
their
Slaves
,
and
furnish
them
with
Arms.
But
the
three
hundred
being
Men
that
dealt
in
Merchandice
and
Usury
,
much
of
their
Substance
also
consisting
in
Slaves
;
the
Heat
that
Cato's
Speech
had
rais'd
in
them
,
did
not
long
continue
.
As
some
Bodies
that
easily
admit
Heat
,
and
as
suddenly
lose
it
,
when
the
Fire
is
removed
:
so
these
Men
were
heated
and
inflamed
,
while
Cato
was
present
.
But
when
they
began
to
reason
among
themselves
,
the
Fear
they
had
of
Coesar
soon
overcame
the
Reverence
they
bore
to
Cato
:
For
who
are
we
?
(
said
they
)
and
who
is
it
we
refuse
to
obey
?
Is
it
not
that
Caesar
,
to
whom
all
the
Power
of
Rome
has
submitted
?
And
which
of
us
is
a
Scipio
,
a
Pompey
,
or
a
Cato
?
But
now
that
all
Men
make
their
Honour
give
way
to
their
Fear
;
shall
we
alone
engage
for
the
Liberty
of
Rome
?
And
in
Utica
declare
War
against
him
,
from
whom
Cato
and
Pompey
the
great
fled
out
of
Italy
?
Shall
we
set
free
our
Slaves
against
Caesar
,
who
have
our selves
no
more
Liberty
than
he
is
pleas'd
to
allow
?
No
,
let
us
,
poor
Creatures
,
know
our selves
;
submit
to
the
Victor
,
and
send
Deputies
to
implore
his
Mercy
.
Thus
said
the
most
moderate
of
them
:
but
the
greatest
part
were
for
seizing
the
Senators
;
that
by
securing
them
,
they
might
appease
Coesar's
Anger
.
Cato
though
he
perceiv'd
the
Change
,
took
no
notice
of
it
:
but
writ
to
Juba
and
Scipio
to
keep
away
from
Vtica
,
because
he
mistrusted
the
three
hundred
.
A
considerable
Body
of
Horse
,
which
had
escaped
from
the
late
Fight
,
were
coming
toward
Vtica
,
and
had
sent
three
Men
before
to
Cato
,
which
yet
did
not
all
bring
the
same
Message
:
for
some
were
for
going
to
Juba
;
others
for
joyning
with
Cato
;
and
some
also
were
afraid
to
go
into
Vtica
.
When
Cato
heard
this
,
he
ordered
Marcus
Rubrius
to
attend
upon
the
three
hundred
,
and
quietly
take
the
Names
of
those
,
who
of
their
own
accord
set
their
Slaves
at
Liberty
,
but
by
no
means
to
force
any
body
.
Then
taking
with
him
the
Senators
,
he
went
out
of
the
Town
,
and
met
the
principal
Officers
of
those
Horsemen
;
whom
he
entreated
not
to
abandon
so
many
worthy
Roman
Senators
,
nor
to
prefer
Juba
for
their
Commander
before
Cato
:
but
to
seek
the
mutual
safety
of
one
another
,
and
to
come
into
the
City
;
which
was
impregnable
,
and
well
furnish'd
with
Corn
,
and
other
Provision
,
sufficient
for
many
years
:
the
Senators
likewise
with
Tears
besought
them
to
stay
.
Hereupon
the
Officers
went
to
consult
their
Souldiers
,
and
Cato
with
the
Senators
sate
down
upon
the
Works
,
expecting
their
Resolution
.
In
the
mean
time
comes
Rubrius
in
great
Disorder
,
crying
out
,
The
three
hundred
were
all
in
Commotion
,
and
raising
Tumults
in
the
City
.
At
this
all
the
rest
fell
into
Despair
,
lamenting
and
bewailing
their
condition
:
but
Cato
endeavour'd
to
comfort
them
,
and
sent
to
the
three
hundred
,
desiring
them
to
have
a
little
patience
.
Then
the
Officers
of
the
Horse
returned
,
with
no
very
reasonable
Demands
.
They
said
,
they
did
not
desire
to
serve
Juba
for
his
Pay
;
nor
should
they
fear
Caesar
,
while
they
follow'd
Cato
:
but
they
dreaded
to
be
shut
up
with
the
Uticans
,
Men
of
a
traiterous
Nature
,
and
Carthaginian
Race
,
for
tho'
they
were
quiet
at
present
:
yet
as
soon
as
Caesar
should
appear
,
without
doubt
they
would
conspire
together
,
and
betray
the
Romans
.
Therefore
if
he
expected
they
should
joyn
with
him
;
he
must
drive
out
of
the
Town
,
or
destroy
all
the
Uticans
:
that
he
might
receive
them
into
a
Place
void
both
of
Enemies
and
Barbarians
.
This
Cato
thought
very
cruel
and
barbarous
:
but
he
mildly
answered
,
He
would
consult
the
three
hundred
.
Then
he
returned
to
the
City
,
where
he
found
the
Men
,
not
framing
Excuses
,
or
dissembling
,
out
of
Reverence
to
him
:
but
openly
refusing
to
make
War
against
Coesar
;
which
(
they
said
)
they
were
neither
able
,
nor
willing
to
do
.
And
some
there
were
who
muttered
out
something
,
about
retaining
the
Senators
till
Coesar's
coming
;
but
Cato
seemed
not
to
hear
this
,
for
he
was
a
little
deaf
.
At
the
same
time
came
one
to
him
,
and
told
him
,
The
Horse
were
going
away
.
Cato
fearing
least
the
three
hundred
should
take
some
desperate
Resolution
concerning
the
Senators
,
he
presently
went
out
with
some
of
his
Friends
;
and
seeing
they
were
gone
some
way
,
he
took
Horse
,
and
rid
after
them
.
They
,
when
they
saw
him
coming
,
were
very
glad
,
and
receiv'd
him
very
kindly
,
entreating
him
to
save
himself
with
them
.
At
this
time
(
't
is
said
)
Cato
shed
Tears
;
while
earnestly
begging
for
the
Senators
,
and
stretching
out
his
Hands
,
some
of
their
Horses
he
stopp'd
,
and
hung
upon
their
Arms
,
till
he
had
prevailed
with
them
,
out
of
Compassion
,
to
stay
only
that
one
day
,
to
procure
a
safe
Retreat
for
the
Senators
.
Having
thus
persuaded
them
to
go
along
with
him
,
some
he
plac'd
at
the
Gates
of
the
Town
,
and
to
others
gave
the
charge
of
the
Citadel
.
Now
the
three
hundred
began
to
fear
,
they
should
suffer
for
their
Inconstancy
,
and
sent
to
Cato
,
entreating
him
by
all
means
to
come
to
them
;
but
the
Senators
flocking
about
him
,
would
not
suffer
him
to
go
,
and
said
,
They
would
not
trust
their
Guardian
and
Saviour
to
the
Hands
of
perfidious
Traitors
.
At
this
instant
(
in
my
opinion
)
did
most
evidently
appear
to
all
in
Vtica
,
the
Excellence
,
the
Clearness
,
and
admirable
Simplicity
of
Cato's
Virtue
;
how
sincere
,
untainted
,
and
free
it
was
from
any
mixture
of
Self-regard
:
that
he
,
who
had
long
before
resolv'd
on
his
own
Death
,
should
take
such
extream
pains
,
toil
,
and
care
,
only
for
the
sake
of
others
:
that
when
he
had
secured
their
Lives
,
he
might
put
an
end
to
his
own
;
for
't
was
easily
perceived
,
that
he
had
determined
to
die
,
tho'
he
did
endeavour
not
to
let
it
appear
.
Therefore
having
pacified
the
Senators
,
he
hearkened
to
the
Request
of
the
three
hundred
,
and
went
to
them
alone
without
any
Attendance
.
They
gave
him
many
thanks
,
and
entreated
him
to
imploy
and
trust
them
for
the
future
;
but
in
that
they
were
not
Cato
'
s
,
and
could
not
come
up
to
his
greatness
of
Courage
,
they
begg'd
,
he
would
pity
their
weakness
;
and
told
him
,
they
had
decreed
to
send
to
Caesar
,
and
entreat
him
chiefly
,
and
in
the
first
place
for
Cato
;
and
if
they
could
not
prevail
for
him
,
they
would
not
accept
of
pardon
for
themselves
,
but
as
long
as
they
had
breath
,
would
fight
in
his
defence
.
Cato
commended
their
good
Intentions
;
and
advised
them
to
send
speedily
,
for
their
own
safety
,
but
by
no
means
to
ask
any
thing
in
his
behalf
;
for
those
who
are
conquer'd
,
must
submit
,
and
those
who
have
done
wrong
,
beg
pardon
:
for
himself
,
he
was
never
overcome
in
all
his
Life
,
but
rather
so
far
as
he
thought
fit
,
had
got
the
Victory
,
and
had
conquered
Caesar
,
in
what
was
just
and
honest
.
And
indeed
Caesar
might
be
look'd
upon
,
as
one
surpriz'd
and
vanquish'd
;
for
he
was
now
forc'd
to
discover
and
own
those
Designs
,
which
he
had
so
long
deny'd
,
and
always
practised
against
his
Countrey
.
When
he
had
thus
spoken
,
he
went
out
of
the
Assembly
;
and
being
informed
,
that
Coesar
was
coming
with
his
whole
Army
;
Alas
!
(
said
he
)
does
he
come
against
us
,
as
against
men
?
Then
he
went
to
the
Senators
,
and
urged
them
to
make
no
delay
,
but
hasten
to
be
gone
,
while
the
Horsemen
were
yet
in
the
City
.
So
ordering
all
the
Gates
to
be
shut
,
except
one
toward
the
Sea
,
he
appointed
Ships
for
those
that
were
to
depart
,
and
gave
Money
and
Provision
to
those
that
wanted
:
All
which
he
did
with
great
Order
and
Exactness
,
taking
care
to
suppress
all
Tumults
,
and
that
no
wrong
should
be
done
to
the
People
.
Marcus
Octavius
coming
with
two
Legions
,
encamped
near
Vtica
,
and
sent
to
Cato
,
to
treat
about
the
chief
Command
.
Cato
return'd
him
no
Answer
,
but
said
to
his
Friends
;
No
wonder
all
goes
ill
with
us
,
who
are
so
much
taken
up
with
Ambition
,
even
upon
the
point
of
our
Ruine
.
In
the
mean
time
word
was
brought
him
,
that
the
Horse
were
going
away
,
and
about
to
spoyl
and
plunder
the
Vticans
.
Cato
ran
to
them
,
and
from
the
first
he
met
,
snatch'd
what
they
had
taken
;
the
rest
threw
down
all
they
had
gotten
,
and
went
away
silent
,
and
asham'd
of
what
they
had
done
.
Then
he
called
together
the
Citizens
of
Vtica
,
and
requested
them
,
in
behalf
of
the
three
hundred
,
not
to
exasperate
Coesar
against
them
,
but
all
to
seek
their
common
Safety
together
with
them
.
After
that
he
went
again
to
the
Port
,
to
see
those
who
were
about
to
imbark
;
and
there
he
embrac'd
and
dismiss'd
those
of
his
Friends
and
Acquaintance
,
whom
he
had
persuaded
to
go
.
As
for
his
Son
,
he
did
not
counsel
him
to
be
gone
,
nor
did
he
think
fit
to
persuade
him
to
forsake
his
Father
.
But
there
was
one
Statyllius
,
a
young
Man
,
in
the
flower
of
his
Age
,
one
of
a
brave
Spirit
,
and
very
desirous
to
imitate
the
invincible
Constancy
of
Cato
,
who
entreated
him
to
go
away
,
for
he
was
a
noted
Enemy
to
Coesar
;
but
he
refused
to
go
.
Then
Cato
looking
upon
Apollonides
the
Stoick
Philosopher
,
and
Demetrius
the
Peripatetick
;
It
belongs
to
you
(
said
he
)
to
bring
down
this
young
man's
Spirit
,
and
to
make
him
know
what
is
good
for
him
.
Thus
having
dismiss'd
all
the
rest
,
he
returned
to
his
Affairs
,
gave
Audience
,
and
dispatch'd
Business
;
in
which
he
spent
that
night
,
and
the
greatest
part
of
the
next
day
.
Lucius
Coesar
,
a
Kinsman
of
Julius
Coesar's
,
being
appointed
to
go
Deputy
for
the
three
hundred
,
came
to
Cato
,
and
desired
he
would
assist
him
to
make
a
persuasive
Speech
for
them
:
And
as
to
you
your self
,
(
said
he
)
I
shall
not
scruple
to
kiss
the
Hands
,
and
fall
at
the
Knees
of
Caesar
,
in
your
behalf
.
But
Cato
would
by
no
means
permit
him
to
do
any
such
thing
:
For
as
to
my self
,
(
said
he
)
if
I
would
be
preserved
by
Caesar's
Favour
,
I
should
my self
go
to
him
;
but
I
will
not
be
beholding
to
a
Tyrant
,
for
those
very
things
that
are
Marks
of
Tyranny
:
for
't
is
an
instance
of
his
Vsurpation
to
preserve
men
,
as
if
he
were
Lord
of
their
Lives
,
over
whom
he
has
no
right
to
raign
;
but
if
you
please
,
let
us
consider
what
you
had
best
say
for
the
three
hundred
.
And
when
they
had
continued
some
time
together
,
as
Lucius
was
going
away
,
Cato
recommended
to
him
his
Son
,
and
the
rest
of
his
Friends
;
and
taking
him
by
the
Hand
,
bid
him
farewel
.
Then
he
retired
to
his
House
again
,
and
called
together
his
Son
and
his
Friends
;
to
whom
he
discoursed
of
several
things
:
Among
the
rest
,
he
forbad
his
Son
to
engage
himself
in
the
Affairs
of
State
?
For
to
act
therein
,
as
became
him
,
was
now
impossible
;
and
to
do
otherwise
,
would
be
dishonourable
.
Toward
Evening
he
went
into
his
Bath
.
As
he
was
bathing
,
he
remembred
Statyllius
,
and
cryed
out
aloud
,
Well
Apollonides
,
you
have
brought
down
the
high
Spirit
of
Statyllius
;
and
is
he
gone
without
bidding
us
farewel
?
No
,
(
said
Apollonides
)
I
have
discours'd
much
to
him
,
but
to
little
purpose
;
he
is
still
resolute
and
unalterable
,
and
declares
,
he
is
determined
to
follow
your
Example
.
At
this
(
't
is
said
)
Cato
smiled
,
and
answer'd
,
That
will
soon
be
try'd
.
After
he
had
bath'd
,
he
went
to
Supper
,
with
a
great
deal
of
Company
,
at
which
he
sate
,
as
he
had
always
us'd
to
do
,
ever
since
the
Battel
of
Pharsalia
;
for
since
that
time
he
never
lay
down
,
but
when
he
went
to
sleep
.
There
supped
with
him
all
his
own
Acquaintance
,
and
several
of
the
principal
Citizens
of
Vtica
.
After
Supper
,
the
Wine
produced
a
great
deal
of
Wit
,
and
learned
Discourse
;
many
Philosophical
Questions
were
discussed
:
At
length
they
came
to
the
strange
opinions
of
the
Stoicks
,
called
Paradoxes
;
and
to
this
in
particular
,
That
the
good
man
only
is
free
,
and
that
all
wicked
Men
are
Slaves
.
The
Peripatetick
(
as
't
is
likely
)
opposing
this
,
Cato
fell
upon
him
very
warmly
;
and
somewhat
raising
his
Voice
,
he
argued
the
Matter
in
a
Discourse
of
some
length
,
which
he
urged
with
such
wonderful
Vehemence
,
that
't
was
apparent
to
every
body
,
he
was
resolved
to
put
an
end
to
his
Life
,
and
set
himself
at
Liberty
.
Hereupon
,
when
he
had
done
speaking
,
there
was
a
great
Silence
,
and
the
Company
much
dejected
:
but
Cato
,
to
divert
them
from
any
suspicion
of
his
Design
,
turned
the
Discourse
,
and
fell
again
to
talk
of
the
present
Affairs
,
shewing
great
Concern
for
those
that
were
at
Sea
,
as
also
for
the
others
,
who
travelling
by
Land
,
were
to
pass
through
a
dry
and
barbarous
Desart
.
When
the
Company
was
broke
up
,
Cato
walked
with
his
Friends
,
as
he
us'd
to
do
after
Supper
,
gave
the
necessary
Orders
to
the
Officers
of
the
Watch
;
and
going
into
his
Chamber
,
he
embraced
his
Son
,
and
every
one
of
his
Friends
,
with
more
than
usual
Ardour
,
which
again
renew'd
their
suspicion
of
his
Design
.
Then
laying
himself
down
,
he
took
into
his
Hand
Plato's
Dialogue
concerning
the
Soul
:
having
read
more
than
half
the
Book
,
he
looked
up
,
and
missing
his
Sword
,
(
which
his
Son
had
taken
away
,
while
he
was
at
Supper
)
he
called
his
Servant
,
and
asked
.
Who
had
taken
away
his
Sword
?
The
Servant
making
no
Answer
,
he
fell
to
reading
again
:
And
a
little
after
,
not
seeming
importunate
,
or
hasty
for
it
,
but
as
if
he
would
only
know
what
was
become
of
it
,
he
bid
it
be
brought
.
But
having
stay'd
some
time
,
he
had
read
over
the
Book
,
and
no
body
brought
the
Sword
:
whereupon
he
called
up
all
his
Servants
,
and
in
a
hasty
Tone
demanded
his
Sword
.
To
one
of
them
he
gave
such
a
Blow
in
the
Mouth
,
that
he
hurt
his
own
Hand
;
and
now
grew
more
angry
,
crying
out
,
He
was
betray'd
,
and
delivered
naked
to
the
Enemy
,
by
his
Son
and
his
Servants
.
Then
his
Son
with
the
rest
of
his
Friends
,
came
running
into
the
Room
,
and
falling
at
his
Feet
,
began
to
lament
and
beseech
him
:
But
Cato
raising
up
himself
,
and
looking
fiercely
;
When
(
said
he
)
and
how
did
I
fall
distracted
?
Why
does
no
body
persuade
me
by
Reason
,
or
teach
me
what
is
better
,
if
I
have
design'd
any
thing
that
's
ill
?
But
must
I
be
disarm'd
,
and
hindred
from
using
my
own
Reason
?
And
you
,
young
man
,
why
don't
you
bind
your
Fathers
Hands
behind
him
,
that
when
Caesar
comes
,
he
may
find
me
unable
to
defend
my self
?
Nor
do
I
want
a
Sword
to
dispatch
my self
;
I
need
but
hold
my
Breath
a
while
,
or
strike
my
Head
against
the
Wall
.
When
he
had
thus
spoken
,
his
Son
went
weeping
out
of
the
Chamber
,
and
with
him
all
the
rest
,
except
Demetrius
and
Apollonides
;
who
being
left
alone
with
him
,
to
them
he
began
to
speak
more
calmly
:
And
you
,
(
said
he
)
do
you
think
to
keep
a
Man
of
my
Age
alive
by
Force
?
And
do
you
sit
silent
here
to
watch
me
?
Or
can
you
bring
any
Reason
to
prove
,
that
it
is
not
base
,
and
unworthy
Cato
,
when
he
can
find
his
Safety
no
other
way
,
to
seek
it
from
his
Enemy
?
Or
why
do
you
not
perswade
us
,
to
unlearn
what
we
have
been
taught
,
that
rejecting
all
the
Opinions
we
have
hitherto
established
,
we
may
now
by
Caesars's
means
grow
wiser
,
and
be
yet
more
oblig'd
to
him
,
than
for
Life
only
?
not
that
I
have
determined
ought
concerning
my self
,
but
I
would
have
it
in
my
power
to
perform
▪
what
I
shall
think
fit
to
resolve
;
and
I
shall
not
fail
to
ask
your
Counsel
,
when
I
have
occasion
to
use
what
your
Philosophy
teaches
:
in
the
mean
time
,
don't
trouble
your selves
,
but
go
tell
my
Son
,
that
he
should
not
compel
his
Father
,
to
what
he
cannot
persuade
him
.
They
made
him
no
Answer
,
but
went
weeping
out
of
the
Chamber
.
Then
the
Sword
being
brought
in
by
a
little
Boy
,
Cato
took
it
,
drew
it
out
and
looked
on
it
;
and
when
he
saw
the
Point
was
good
,
Now
(
said
he
)
I
am
Master
of
my self
:
And
laying
down
the
Sword
,
he
took
his
Book
again
,
which
,
't
is
reported
he
read
twice
over
.
After
this
he
slept
so
soundly
,
that
he
was
heard
snore
by
those
that
were
without
.
About
Midnight
he
called
up
two
of
his
Freed-men
,
Cleanthes
,
his
Physician
,
and
Butas
,
whom
he
chiefly
imploy'd
in
publick
Affairs
:
him
he
sent
to
the
port
,
to
see
if
all
the
Romans
were
gone
:
to
the
Physician
he
gave
his
Hand
to
be
dressed
,
for
it
was
swell'd
by
the
Blow
he
had
struck
one
of
his
Servants
.
At
this
they
all
rejoic'd
,
hoping
that
now
he
design'd
to
live
.
But
as
,
after
a
little
while
,
returned
,
and
brought
word
,
they
were
all
gone
,
except
Crassus
,
who
had
stay'd
about
some
Business
,
but
was
just
ready
to
depart
:
he
said
also
,
That
the
Wind
was
high
,
and
the
Sea
very
rough
.
Cato
hearing
this
,
sigh'd
,
out
of
Compassion
to
those
who
were
at
Sea
,
and
sent
But
as
again
,
to
see
if
any
of
them
should
happen
to
return
for
any
thing
they
wanted
,
and
to
acquaint
him
therewith
.
Now
the
Birds
began
to
sing
,
and
Cato
again
fell
into
a
little
Slumber
.
At
length
But
as
came
back
,
and
told
him
,
All
was
quiet
in
the
Haven
:
Then
Cato
,
laying
himself
down
,
as
if
he
would
sleep
out
the
rest
of
the
night
,
bid
him
shut
the
Door
after
him
.
But
as
soon
as
But
as
was
gone
out
,
he
took
his
Sword
,
and
stabb'd
it
into
his
Breast
;
yet
not
being
able
to
use
his
Hand
so
well
,
by
reason
of
the
Swelling
,
he
did
not
immediately
die
of
the
Wound
,
but
struggling
,
fell
out
of
the
Bed
,
and
throwing
down
a
little
Mathematical
Table
that
stood
by
,
made
such
a
noise
,
that
the
Servants
hearing
it
,
cry'd
out
.
And
immediately
his
Son
and
all
his
Friends
came
into
the
Chamber
,
where
seeing
him
lie
weltring
in
his
Blood
,
great
part
of
his
Bowels
out
of
his
Body
,
himself
not
quite
dead
,
but
looking
ghastly
,
they
all
stood
amazed
.
The
Physician
went
to
him
,
and
would
have
put
in
his
Bowels
,
which
were
not
pierced
,
and
sow'd
up
the
Wound
:
Cato
hereupon
coming
to
himself
,
thrust
away
the
Physician
,
pluck'd
out
his
own
Bowels
,
and
tearing
open
the
Wound
,
immediately
expired
.
In
less
time
than
one
would
think
his
own
Family
could
have
known
this
Accident
,
all
the
three
hundred
were
at
the
Door
.
And
a
little
after
the
People
of
Vtica
flock'd
thither
,
crying
out
with
one
Voice
,
He
was
their
Benefactor
,
and
their
Saviour
,
the
only
free
,
and
only
invincible
man
.
At
the
very
same
instant
they
had
News
that
Caesar
was
coming
;
yet
neither
fear
of
the
present
Danger
,
nor
desire
to
flatter
the
Conquerer
,
nor
the
Commotions
and
Discord
among
themselves
,
could
divert
them
from
doing
Honour
to
Cato
:
for
they
sumptuously
set
out
his
Body
,
made
him
a
magnificent
Funeral
,
and
buried
him
by
the
Sea-side
,
where
now
stands
his
Statue
,
holding
a
Sword
.
Which
being
done
,
they
returned
to
consider
of
preserving
themselves
and
their
City
.
Coesar
had
been
advertised
,
that
Cato
stay'd
at
Vtica
,
and
did
not
seek
to
fly
;
that
he
had
sent
away
the
rest
of
the
Romans
,
but
,
himself
,
with
his
Son
,
and
a
few
of
his
Friends
,
continued
there
very
unconcernedly
;
so
that
he
could
not
imagine
what
might
be
his
Design
:
but
having
a
great
Consideration
for
the
Man
,
he
hastned
thither
with
his
Army
.
When
he
heard
of
Cato's
Death
,
't
is
reported
,
he
said
these
words
:
Cato
,
I
envy
thee
thy
Death
,
for
thou
hast
envy'd
me
the
preservation
of
thy
Life
.
And
indeed
if
Cato
would
have
suffer'd
himself
to
be
preserved
by
Coesar
,
't
is
like
he
would
not
so
much
have
impar'd
his
own
Honour
,
as
augmented
the
others
Glory
;
yet
what
would
have
been
done
,
we
cannot
know
,
but
from
Coesar's
usual
Clemency
,
we
may
guess
what
was
most
likely
.
Cato
was
forty
eight
years
old
when
he
Dy'd
.
His
Son
suffered
no
Injury
from
Coesar
;
but
't
is
said
,
he
grew
idle
,
and
debauch'd
with
Women
.
In
Cappadocia
he
lodg'd
at
the
House
of
Marphadates
,
one
of
the
Royal
Family
,
who
had
a
very
handsom
Wife
,
where
staying
longer
than
was
decent
,
he
was
reflected
on
by
some
,
that
made
such
Jests
as
these
upon
him
;
Cato
goes
to
morrow
,
after
thirty
days
,
and
Porcius
and
Marphadates
are
two
Friends
,
that
have
but
one
Soul
,
(
for
Marphadates
Wife
was
named
Psyche
,
i.
e.
Soul
:
)
and
Cato
is
very
well
born
,
and
an
illustrious
Man
,
for
he
has
a
Royal
Soul
.
But
all
these
Stains
were
clearly
wip'd
off
by
the
Bravery
of
his
Death
;
for
in
the
Battle
of
Philippi
,
where
he
fought
for
his
Countrey
's
Liberty
,
against
Caesar
and
Antony
,
when
the
Army
was
broken
,
he
disdaining
to
fly
or
to
escape
,
called
out
to
the
Enemy
,
shew'd
them
who
he
was
,
and
encouraged
those
of
his
Party
to
stay
;
At
length
he
fell
,
and
left
his
Enemies
in
admiration
of
his
Valour
.
Nor
was
the
Daughter
of
Cato
inferiour
to
the
rest
of
her
Family
,
for
Prudence
and
greatness
of
Spirit
.
She
was
married
to
Brutus
,
who
killed
Caesar
;
was
acquainted
with
that
Conspiracy
,
and
ended
her
Life
,
as
became
one
of
her
Birth
and
Vertue
:
All
which
is
related
in
the
Life
of
Brutus
.
Statyllius
,
who
said
he
would
imitate
Cato
,
was
at
that
time
hindred
by
the
Philosophers
when
he
would
have
put
an
end
to
his
Life
.
He
afterward
follow'd
Brutus
,
to
whom
he
was
very
faithful
and
very
serviceable
,
and
died
in
the
Field
of
Philippi
.
AGIS
AND
CLEOMENES
.
depiction of Agis and Cleomenes
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
MBurg
.
sculp
.
THE
LIFE
OF
AGIS
.
Translated
from
the
Greek
,
by
Sir
Robert
Thorald
.
THe
Fable
of
Ixion
,
who
imbracing
a
Cloud
instead
of
Juno
,
begot
the
Centaurs
,
was
ingeniously
enough
invented
to
represent
to
us
ambitious
Men
,
whose
Minds
doting
on
Glory
,
(
which
is
a
meer
Image
of
Vertue
)
produce
nothing
that
is
genuine
or
uniform
,
but
born
away
by
violent
and
contrary
Passions
,
their
Actions
being
the
off-spring
of
such
a
Conjunction
,
must
needs
be
deform'd
and
unnatural
;
and
they
may
say
with
the
Hersdmen
in
the
Tragedy
of
Sophocles
.
We
follow
those
whom
we
ought
to
govern
,
And
they
command
us
,
tho'
th'
are
dumb
.
That
is
indeed
the
true
condition
of
those
ambitious
Men
,
who
to
gain
a
vain
Title
of
Magistracy
,
are
content
to
subject
themselves
to
the
Humours
of
the
People
:
for
as
they
who
row
in
the
fore-part
of
the
Ship
,
may
seem
to
guide
the
Motions
of
it
,
yet
have
continually
an
eye
on
the
Pilot
who
sits
at
the
Helm
,
and
must
proceed
in
the
Course
he
will
steer
;
so
these
Men
,
steer'd
as
I
may
say
by
popular
Applause
,
tho'
they
bear
the
Name
of
Governours
,
are
in
reality
Slaves
to
the
Mobile
.
The
Man
who
is
compleatly
wise
and
virtuous
,
regards
not
Glory
,
but
only
as
it
disposes
and
prepares
his
way
to
great
Attempts
.
A
young
Man
,
I
grant
,
may
be
permitted
to
glory
a
little
in
his
good
Actions
;
for
(
as
Theophrastus
says
)
his
Vertues
which
are
yet
tender
,
and
as
it
were
in
the
bud
,
cherish'd
and
supported
by
Praises
,
grow
stronger
,
and
take
the
deeper
root
:
but
when
this
Passion
is
exhorbitant
,
't
is
dangerous
in
all
men
,
and
especially
in
those
who
govern
a
Commonwealth
;
for
being
joyn'd
with
an
unlimited
Power
,
it
often
transports
men
to
a
degree
of
Madness
,
so
that
now
they
no
more
seek
Glory
by
Vertue
,
but
will
have
those
Actions
only
esteem'd
good
that
are
glorious
.
As
Phocion
therefore
answered
King
Antipater
,
who
sought
his
Approbation
of
some
unworthy
Action
,
I
cannot
be
your
Flatterer
,
and
your
Friend
;
so
these
men
shou'd
answer
the
People
,
I
cannot
govern
,
and
obey
you
:
lest
it
shou'd
happen
to
the
Commonwealth
,
as
to
the
Serpent
in
the
Fable
,
whose
Tayl
rising
in
rebellion
against
the
Head
,
complain'd
(
as
of
a
great
Grievance
)
that
it
was
always
forc'd
to
follow
,
and
pray'd
,
it
might
be
permitted
by
Turns
to
lead
the
way
;
which
being
granted
but
for
a
day
,
quickly
discover'd
the
Folly
,
by
the
Mischiefs
which
befell
the
whole
Body
,
and
particularly
to
the
Head
,
in
following
,
contrary
to
Nature
,
a
Guide
that
was
deaf
and
blind
.
The
same
we
see
does
every
day
happen
to
many
,
who
guided
by
the
Inclinations
of
an
ignorant
and
giddy
Multitude
,
must
needs
bring
all
things
to
Confusion
.
This
is
what
has
occurr'd
to
us
to
say
of
that
Glory
which
depends
on
the
Vulgar
,
considering
the
sad
effects
of
it
in
the
Misfortunes
of
Caius
,
and
Tiberius
Gracchus
,
Men
nobly
born
,
whose
generous
Disposition
by
Nature
was
improv'd
by
an
excellent
Education
,
and
who
came
to
the
Administration
of
Affairs
with
very
sincere
Intentions
,
yet
they
were
ruin'd
,
I
cannot
say
,
by
an
▪
immoderate
desire
of
Glory
,
but
by
a
more
excusable
fear
of
Infamy
;
for
being
excessively
belov'd
and
favour'd
by
the
People
,
they
thought
it
an
Ingratitude
to
deny
them
any
thing
,
till
the
People
and
They
mutually
inflam'd
,
and
vying
with
each
other
in
Honours
and
Benefits
,
things
were
at
last
brought
to
such
a
pass
,
that
they
might
say
accordingly
to
the
Proverb
,
T'
engage
so
far
we
were
to
blame
,
And
to
retreat
't
is
now
a
shame
.
This
the
judicious
Reader
will
easily
gather
from
the
Story
.
I
will
now
compare
with
them
,
two
Lacedoemonian
Kings
,
Agis
and
Cleomenes
;
for
they
being
desirous
also
to
please
the
People
,
by
restoring
their
obsolete
Laws
of
Equality
,
incurr'd
the
Hatred
of
the
Rich
and
Powerfull
,
who
cou'd
not
endure
to
be
depriv'd
of
those
Advantages
,
which
did
so
gloriously
distinguish
them
from
the
Vulgar
.
These
were
not
indeed
Brothers
by
Nature
,
as
the
two
Romans
,
but
they
had
a
kind
of
brotherly
Resemblance
in
their
Actions
and
Designs
,
which
took
a
Rise
from
Beginnings
and
Occasions
as
I
am
now
about
to
relate
.
When
Gold
and
Silver
(
the
great
Debauchers
of
Mankind
)
had
once
gain'd
Admittance
into
the
Lacedoemonian
Commonwealth
't
was
quickly
follow'd
by
Avarice
,
baseness
of
Spirit
,
and
all
manner
of
Frauds
in
the
possession
,
by
Riot
,
Luxury
,
and
Effeminacy
in
the
use
.
Then
Sparta
fell
from
her
original
Vertue
and
Glory
,
and
so
continued
till
the
days
of
Agis
and
Leonidas
,
who
both
together
were
Kings
of
the
Lacedoemonians
.
Agis
was
of
the
Royal
Family
of
Eurytion
,
Son
of
Eudamidas
,
and
the
sixth
in
descent
from
Agesilaus
,
who
being
chief
Commander
of
the
Grecians
,
gain'd
so
great
Renown
in
the
so
famous
Expedition
into
Asia
.
Agesilaus
left
behind
him
a
Son
call'd
Archidamus
,
who
being
slain
by
the
Calabrians
at
Mardonium
in
Italy
,
was
succeeded
by
his
eldest
Son
Agis
;
he
being
kill'd
by
Antipater
near
Megalopolis
,
and
leaving
no
Issue
,
was
succeeded
by
his
Brother
Eudamidas
;
he
by
a
Son
call'd
Archidamus
and
Archidamus
by
another
Eudamidas
,
the
Father
of
this
Agis
of
whom
we
now
treat
.
Leonidas
,
Son
of
Cleonimus
,
was
of
the
other
Royal
Branch
of
the
Agiades
,
and
the
eighth
in
descent
from
Pausanias
who
defeated
Mardonius
in
the
Battel
of
Platea
.
Pausanias
was
succeeded
by
a
Son
call'd
Plistonax
;
and
he
by
another
Pausanias
,
who
being
banish'd
,
and
leading
a
private
Life
at
Tegea
,
his
eldest
Son
Agesipolis
reign'd
in
his
place
;
he
dying
without
Issue
,
was
succeeded
by
a
younger
Brother
call'd
Cleombrotus
,
who
left
two
Sons
:
the
elder
was
Agesipolis
,
who
reign'd
but
a
short
time
,
and
died
without
Issue
;
the
younger
was
call'd
Cleomenes
,
who
had
also
two
Sons
.
Acrotatus
and
Cleonimus
:
the
first
died
before
his
Father
,
but
left
a
Son
call'd
Areus
,
who
succeeded
,
and
being
slain
at
Corinth
,
left
the
Kingdom
to
his
Son
Acrotatus
:
This
Acrotatus
was
defeated
,
and
slain
near
Megalopolis
,
in
a
Battel
against
the
Tyrant
Aristodemus
;
he
left
his
Wife
big
with
Child
,
who
being
deliver'd
of
a
Son
,
Leonidas
(
Son
of
the
above-named
Cleonimus
)
was
made
his
Guardian
,
and
the
young
man
dying
in
his
Minority
,
he
succeeded
in
the
Kindom
.
Leonidas
was
a
Man
in
no
great
Esteem
with
the
People
:
for
tho'there
were
at
that
time
a
general
Corruption
in
Manners
,
yet
a
greater
aversion
to
the
old
Institutions
appear'd
in
him
than
in
others
;
for
having
liv'd
a
long
time
among
the
great
Lords
of
Persia
,
and
been
a
follower
of
King
Seleucus
he
unadvisedly
wou'd
imitate
the
Pride
and
Luxury
of
those
Courts
,
in
the
limited
Government
of
a
Grecian
Commonwealth
.
Agis
on
the
contrary
shew'd
himself
to
all
men
obliging
and
affable
,
and
did
in
goodness
of
Nature
,
and
greatness
of
Mind
not
only
far
excel
Leonidas
,
but
in
a
manner
all
the
Kings
that
had
reign'd
since
the
great
Agesilaus
.
For
tho'he
had
been
bred
very
tenderly
,
and
in
abundance
of
all
things
,
by
his
Mother
Agesistrata
,
and
his
Grandmother
Archidamia
,
(
who
were
the
wealthiest
of
the
Lacedoemonians
)
yet
before
the
Age
of
twenty
,
he
so
far
overcame
himself
as
to
renounce
effeminate
Pleasures
.
He
was
a
very
handsom
Person
,
and
of
a
graceful
Behaviour
;
yet
to
give
a
Check
to
the
Vanity
he
might
take
therein
,
would
go
always
plain
and
mean
in
his
Cloaths
.
In
his
Diet
,
Bathings
,
aad
in
all
his
Excercises
,
he
chose
to
imitate
the
old
Laconian
Frugality
and
Temperance
,
and
was
often
heard
to
say
,
He
wou'd
not
desire
the
Kingdom
,
if
he
did
not
hope
by
means
of
that
Authority
to
restore
their
ancient
Laws
and
Discipline
.
The
Lacedoemonians
might
date
the
beginning
of
their
Corruption
from
their
Conquest
of
Athens
,
which
was
the
first
occasion
of
their
Wealth
and
Luxury
;
yet
nevertheless
the
Agrarian
Law
remaining
in
force
,
(
by
which
every
one
was
oblig'd
to
leave
his
lot
or
Portion
of
Land
entirely
to
his
Son
)
a
kind
of
Order
and
Equality
was
thereby
maintain'd
,
which
still
in
some
degree
preserv'd
them
from
Ruine
.
But
one
Epitadeus
happening
to
be
Ephore
,
a
Man
of
a
factious
,
violent
Spirit
,
and
on
some
occasion
incens'd
against
his
Son
,
he
procur'd
a
Decree
,
that
all
men
shou'd
have
liberty
to
dispose
of
their
Land
by
Gift
or
Sale
,
or
by
their
last
Will
and
Testament
:
which
being
promoted
by
him
to
satisfie
a
passion
of
Revenge
,
and
through
Covetousness
consented
to
by
others
,
an
excellent
Institution
was
abrogated
;
the
effect
whereof
was
,
that
the
moneyed
men
coveting
to
possess
the
Land
,
the
right
Heirs
were
by
degrees
disinherited
,
and
all
the
Wealth
being
in
the
hands
of
a
few
,
the
generality
were
poor
and
miserable
;
Liberal
Arts
and
Sciences
were
neglected
,
and
the
City
fill'd
with
a
mean
sort
of
Mechanicks
,
always
envious
,
and
hating
the
Rich:
there
did
not
remain
above
700
of
the
old
Spartan
Families
,
of
which
perhaps
100
might
have
Estates
in
Land
;
the
rest
were
an
abject
,
low-spirited
People
,
who
having
no
sense
of
Honour
,
were
unwillingly
drawn
to
the
Wars
,
and
ever
greedy
of
Novelty
and
Change
.
Agis
therefore
believing
it
a
glorious
Action
,
(
as
in
truth
it
was
)
to
repeople
the
City
,
and
to
bring
them
back
to
their
first
Institution
,
began
to
sound
the
Inclinations
of
the
Citizens
.
He
found
the
young
Men
dispos'd
beyond
his
expectation
;
for
being
taken
with
the
specious
Name
of
Liberty
they
seem'd
as
ready
to
shift
their
Manners
as
their
Cloaths
;
but
the
old
Men
habituated
and
more
confirm'd
in
their
Vices
,
were
startled
at
the
very
Name
of
Lycurgus
,
as
a
fugitive
Slave
fears
to
be
brought
back
before
his
offended
Master
:
these
men
cou'd
not
endure
to
hear
Agis
continually
deploring
the
present
state
of
Sparta
,
and
wishing
she
might
be
restor'd
to
her
ancient
Glory
.
But
on
the
other
side
,
Lysander
,
the
Son
of
Lybis
,
Mandroclidas
,
the
Son
of
Ecphanes
,
together
with
Agesilaus
,
did
not
only
approve
his
Design
,
but
assisted
and
confirm'd
him
in
it
.
Lysander
had
a
great
Authority
and
Credit
with
the
People
;
Mandroclidas
was
esteem'd
the
ablest
Man
of
his
Time
,
to
manage
any
Affair
in
the
Grecian
Assemblies
,
and
joyn'd
with
skill
,
had
a
great
degree
of
Boldness
;
Agesilaus
was
the
King's
Uncle
by
the
Mother's
side
,
an
eloquent
Man
,
but
covetous
and
voluptuous
;
he
was
not
mov'd
by
any
Consideration
of
publick
Good
,
but
rather
seem'd
to
be
perswaded
to
it
by
his
Son
Hypomedon
,
(
whose
Courage
and
signal
Actions
in
War
had
gain'd
him
a
high
Esteem
among
the
young
Men
of
Sparta
)
tho'
indeed
the
true
Motive
was
,
because
he
had
many
Debts
,
and
hop'd
by
this
means
to
be
freed
from
them
.
As
soon
as
Agis
had
prevail'd
with
his
Uncle
,
he
endeavour'd
by
his
mediation
to
gain
his
Mother
also
,
who
being
exceeding
rich
,
had
by
her
many
Creditors
,
Friends
and
Followers
,
a
considerable
Power
in
the
City
.
At
the
first
proposal
she
was
very
averse
,
and
earnestly
advis'd
her
Son
not
to
engage
in
so
difficult
and
so
dangerous
an
Enterprise
;
but
Agesilaus
endeavour'd
to
possess
her
,
that
the
thing
was
not
so
difficult
as
she
imagin'd
,
and
that
it
might
in
all
likelihood
redound
to
the
great
Honour
and
Advantage
of
her
Family
.
The
King
her
Son
earnestly
besought
her
,
not
to
decline
assisting
him
in
so
glorious
a
Design
;
he
told
her
,
he
cou'd
not
pretend
to
equal
other
Kings
in
Riches
,
the
very
Followers
and
Servants
of
Seleucus
or
Ptolemy
,
abounding
more
in
Wealth
,
than
all
the
Spartan
Kings
put
together
:
but
if
by
Vertue
and
greatness
of
Mind
he
cou'd
out-do
them
,
and
if
by
his
means
Sparta
could
be
restor'd
to
her
ancient
Splendor
,
he
shou'd
then
be
a
great
King
indeed
.
In
conclusion
,
the
Mother
and
the
Grandmother
also
were
so
taken
with
the
young
man's
generous
Ambition
,
that
they
not
only
consented
,
but
were
ready
on
all
occasions
to
spur
him
on
to
a
Perseverance
,
and
did
engage
with
him
not
only
the
men
with
whom
they
had
an
Interest
,
but
the
Women
also
,
knowing
well
that
the
Lacedoemonian
Wives
had
always
a
great
power
with
their
Husbands
,
who
us'd
to
impart
to
them
their
State
Affairs
,
with
greater
freedom
than
the
Women
wou'd
communicate
with
the
Men
in
the
private
Business
of
their
Families
:
which
was
indeed
one
of
the
greatest
Obstacles
to
this
Design
;
for
the
Money
of
Sparta
being
most
of
it
in
the
Womens
hands
,
't
was
their
Interest
to
oppose
it
,
not
only
as
depriving
them
of
those
superfluous
Trifles
,
in
which
through
want
of
Vertue
they
plac'd
their
chief
Felicity
,
but
also
because
they
knew
their
Riches
was
the
main
support
of
their
Power
and
Credit
.
Those
therefore
who
were
of
this
Faction
,
had
recourse
to
Leonidas
,
representing
to
him
,
how
it
was
his
part
,
as
the
elder
and
more
experienc'd
,
to
put
a
stop
to
the
ill-advised
Projects
of
a
rash
young
Man
.
Leonidas
,
tho'
of
himself
sufficiently
inclin'd
to
oppose
Agis
,
durst
not
openly
for
fear
of
the
People
,
who
did
manifestly
favour
him
,
and
were
desirous
of
this
Change
,
but
under-hand
he
did
all
he
cou'd
to
incense
the
chief
Magistrates
against
him
,
and
on
all
occasions
craftily
insinuated
,
that
Agis
having
design'd
an
arbitrary
Government
,
wou'd
divide
among
the
Poor
what
belong'd
to
the
Rich
,
as
a
Bribe
for
a
future
Service
:
That
instead
of
so
many
rich
Citizens
of
Sparta
,
he
might
have
a
Company
of
Slaves
to
be
his
Guard
.
Agis
nevertheless
little
regarding
these
Rumors
,
caus'd
Lysander
to
be
chosen
Ephore
;
then
took
the
first
occasion
of
proposing
his
Rhetra
or
Decree
to
the
Senate
,
the
chief
Articles
whereof
were
these
:
That
every
one
shou'd
be
freed
from
their
Lots
:
All
the
Lands
to
be
divided
into
equal
portions
:
Those
that
lay
betwixt
the
Valley
of
Pellene
and
Mount
Tegetum
,
as
far
as
the
Cities
of
Mallea
and
Sellasia
,
into
4500
Lots
;
the
remainder
into
1500
;
these
last
to
be
shar'd
by
some
chosen
out
of
the
adjacent
Countreys
,
men
able
and
fit
to
bear
Arms
:
The
first
among
the
natural
Spartans
,
admitting
also
of
Strangers
to
supply
their
Number
,
those
who
were
young
,
vigorous
and
ingenious
.
All
these
were
to
be
divided
into
ten
Companies
,
some
of
four
hundred
,
and
some
of
two
,
with
a
Diet
and
Discipline
agreeable
to
the
Laws
of
Lycurgus
.
This
Decree
being
propos'd
in
the
Senate
,
occasion'd
a
hot
Debate
;
so
that
Lysander
doubting
the
Event
,
wou'd
not
expect
the
Issue
,
but
immediately
convok'd
the
great
Assembly
of
the
People
,
to
whom
he
,
Mandroclidas
and
Agesilaus
made
Orations
,
exhorting
them
,
that
they
wou'd
not
suffer
the
Majesty
of
Sparta
to
be
brought
into
Contempt
,
to
gratifie
a
few
rich
Men
,
who
by
specious
pretences
endeavour'd
to
delude
them
,
only
that
they
themselves
might
pass
their
time
in
Riot
and
delights
.
They
bad
them
call
to
mind
,
how
ancient
Oracles
had
forewarn'd
them
to
beware
of
Avarice
,
as
the
very
Plague
and
utter
Ruine
of
Sparta
:
That
they
shou'd
think
of
the
Oracle
lately
deliver'd
from
the
famous
Temple
of
Pasiphae
in
Thelamia
.
Some
say
,
this
Pasiphae
was
one
of
the
Daughters
of
Atlas
,
who
had
by
Jupiter
a
Son
call'd
Ammon
:
Others
are
of
opinion
,
it
was
Cassandra
,
the
Daughter
of
King
Priamus
,
who
dying
in
this
Place
,
was
call'd
Pasiphae
,
as
who
should
say
,
clearly
revealing
Secrets
,
as
the
Light
discovers
all
things
to
the
Eye
:
Others
will
have
it
,
that
this
was
Daphne
,
the
Daughter
of
Amiclas
,
who
flying
from
Apollo
,
was
transform'd
into
a
Lawrel
,
and
honour'd
by
that
God
with
the
Gift
of
Prophecy
.
But
be
it
as
it
will
,
't
is
certain
the
People
were
made
to
apprehend
,
that
this
Oracle
had
commanded
them
to
return
to
their
former
state
of
Equality
.
As
soon
as
these
had
done
speaking
,
Agis
stood
up
,
and
said
,
He
wou'd
not
amuse
them
with
vain
words
,
but
contribute
to
what
had
been
propos'd
for
their
Advantage
by
real
Effects
.
In
the
first
place
,
he
wou'd
divide
among
them
all
his
Patrimony
,
which
was
of
large
extent
in
Tillage
and
Pasture
;
he
wou'd
also
give
600
Talents
in
ready
Money
,
and
that
his
Mother
,
Grandmother
,
and
his
other
Friends
and
Relations
,
who
were
the
richest
of
the
Lacedoemonians
,
were
ready
to
follow
his
Example
.
The
People
transported
with
admiration
of
the
young
man's
Generosity
,
highly
applauded
,
and
loudly
declar'd
,
there
had
not
been
for
300
years
so
worthy
a
King
in
Sparta
.
But
on
the
other
side
,
Leonidas
was
now
more
than
ever
averse
,
being
sensible
that
he
and
his
Friends
wou'd
be
oblig'd
to
contribute
with
their
Riches
,
and
yet
all
the
Honour
and
Obligation
wou'd
redound
to
Agis
.
He
ask'd
him
then
before
them
all
,
Whether
Lycurgus
were
not
in
his
opinion
a
vast
and
a
wise
Man
?
Agis
answering
He
was
:
And
when
did
Lycurgus
(
reply'd
Leonidas
)
cancel
Debts
,
or
admit
of
Strangers
?
he
who
thought
the
Commonwealth
not
secure
unless
they
were
excluded
.
To
this
Agis
reply'd
,
'T
is
no
wonder
that
Leonidas
,
who
has
married
,
and
has
Children
by
a
Wife
taken
out
of
a
Persian
Court
,
shou'd
know
little
of
Lycurgus
or
his
Laws
.
Lycurgus
took
away
both
Debts
and
Usury
,
by
taking
away
Money
,
and
excluded
Strangers
,
such
as
wou'd
not
conform
to
the
Laws
of
his
Commonwealth
,
not
for
any
Ill-will
to
them
,
but
lest
they
shou'd
infect
the
City
with
their
Covetousness
;
for
otherwise
't
is
well
known
,
that
he
himself
gladly
kept
Terpander
,
Thales
and
Phericides
,
tho'
they
were
Strangers
,
because
he
perceiv'd
they
were
of
the
same
Mind
with
him
.
And
you
that
use
to
praise
Ecprepes
,
who
being
Ephore
,
cut
off
two
Strings
from
the
Instrument
of
Phrynis
the
Musician
,
and
to
commend
those
who
did
▪
afterwards
imitate
him
,
with
what
face
can
you
blame
me
,
for
designing
to
cut
off
Superfluity
and
Luxury
from
the
Common-wealth
?
Do
you
think
those
men
were
so
concern'd
only
about
a
Fiddle-string
,
or
intended
any
thing
else
,
than
by
checking
the
voluptuousness
of
Musick
,
to
keep
out
a
way
of
living
,
which
might
destroy
the
harmony
of
the
City
.
From
this
time
forward
as
the
common
People
follow'd
Agis
,
so
the
rich
Men
adhered
to
Leonidas
,
who
joyning
his
Authority
with
their
Interest
,
things
were
so
manag'd
in
the
Senate
,
(
whose
chief
Power
consisted
in
preparing
all
Laws
before
they
were
propos'd
to
the
People
)
that
with
much
ado
the
designed
Rhetra
of
Agis
was
rejected
,
tho'
but
by
one
only
Vote
;
whereupon
Lysander
,
who
(
as
we
said
)
was
Ephore
,
and
of
Agis
his
Party
,
resolving
to
be
reveng'd
on
Leonidas
,
drew
up
an
Information
against
him
,
grounded
on
two
old
Laws
;
The
one
forbids
any
of
the
Race
of
Hercules
to
marry
a
Stranger
;
and
the
other
makes
it
capital
for
a
Lacedoemonian
to
travel
into
foreign
Countreys
.
Whilest
he
set
others
on
to
manage
this
Accusation
,
he
with
his
Collegues
went
to
observe
the
Stars
,
which
was
a
Custom
they
had
,
and
perform'd
in
this
manner
.
Every
ninth
year
the
Ephori
choosing
a
Star-light
Night
,
(
when
there
was
neither
Cloud
nor
Moon
)
sate
down
together
in
quiet
and
silence
;
and
if
they
chanc'd
to
spy
the
shooting
of
a
Star
,
they
presently
pronounc'd
their
King
guilty
of
some
great
Crime
against
the
Gods
,
and
thereupon
he
was
immediately
secluded
from
all
Exercise
of
Regal
Power
,
till
he
cou'd
be
reliev'd
by
an
Oracle
from
Delphos
or
Olympus
.
Lysander
therefore
assur'd
the
People
,
he
had
seen
a
Star
shoot
,
and
at
the
same
time
Leonidas
was
cited
to
answer
for
himself
.
Witnesses
were
produc'd
to
testifie
he
had
married
an
Asian
Woman
,
bestow'd
on
him
by
one
of
King
Seleucus
his
Lieutenants
;
that
he
had
two
Children
by
her
,
but
there
happening
some
difference
betwixt
them
,
she
did
so
mortally
hate
him
,
that
flying
from
her
,
he
was
in
a
manner
forc'd
to
return
to
Sparta
,
where
his
Predecessor
dying
without
Issue
,
he
took
upon
him
the
Government
.
Lysander
not
content
with
this
,
perswades
also
Cleombrotus
to
lay
claim
to
the
Kingdom
:
he
was
of
the
Royal
Family
,
and
Son-in-law
to
Leonidas
,
who
fearing
now
the
event
of
this
Process
,
was
fled
to
the
Temple
of
Juno
,
call'd
Calcideos
,
together
with
his
Daughter
,
the
Wife
of
Cleombrotus
,
for
she
in
this
occasion
resolv'd
to
leave
her
Husband
,
and
to
follow
her
Father
.
Leonidas
being
again
cited
,
and
not
appearing
,
they
pronounc'd
a
Sentence
of
Deposition
against
him
,
and
made
Cleombrotus
King
in
his
place
.
Soon
after
this
Revolution
,
Lysander
(
his
year
expiring
)
went
out
of
Office
,
and
new
Ephori
were
chosen
of
the
contrary
Faction
,
who
immediately
conspiring
to
restore
Leonidas
,
cited
Lysander
and
Mandroclidas
to
answer
,
for
having
,
contrary
to
Law
,
cancell'd
Debts
,
and
design'd
a
new
division
of
Lands
.
They
seeing
themselves
in
danger
,
had
recourse
to
the
two
Kings
,
and
represented
to
them
,
how
necessary
it
was
for
their
Interest
and
Safety
resolutely
to
unite
,
thereby
to
prevent
the
Designs
of
the
Ephori
,
and
put
a
stop
to
their
Encroachments
.
The
Power
of
the
Ephori
(
they
said
)
was
only
grounded
on
the
Dissention
of
Kings
,
the
Law
having
in
that
Case
made
them
a
kind
of
Arbitrators
;
but
when
the
two
Kings
were
unanimous
,
none
ought
or
durst
resist
their
Authority
.
Agis
and
Cleombrotus
thus
perswaded
,
went
together
into
the
Senate-house
,
where
raising
the
Ephori
from
their
Seats
,
they
plac'd
others
in
their
room
,
(
of
which
Agesilaus
was
one
:
)
then
arming
a
Company
of
young
Men
,
and
releasing
many
out
of
Prison
,
their
Enemies
began
to
be
in
great
fear
of
their
Lives
;
but
there
was
no
Bloud
spilt
.
Agis
on
the
contrary
having
notice
that
Agesilaus
had
order'd
a
Company
of
Souldiers
to
lie
in
wait
for
Leonidas
,
to
kill
him
as
he
fled
to
Tegea
,
immediately
sent
some
of
his
Followers
to
defend
him
,
and
to
convoy
him
safely
into
that
City
.
Thus
far
all
things
proceeded
prosperously
,
none
daring
to
oppose
;
but
by
the
sordid
Avarice
of
one
Man
,
these
promising
Beginnings
were
blasted
.
Agesilaus
(
as
we
said
)
was
much
in
Debt
,
yet
had
a
fair
Estate
in
Land
:
and
tho'
he
gladly
joyn'd
in
this
Design
to
be
quit
of
his
Debts
,
he
was
not
at
all
willing
to
part
with
his
Land
:
therefore
he
perswaded
Agis
,
that
if
both
these
things
shou'd
be
put
in
execution
at
the
same
time
,
so
great
and
so
sudden
an
Alteration
might
cause
some
dangerous
Commotion
;
but
if
Debts
were
in
the
first
place
cancell'd
,
the
rich
Men
wou'd
afterwards
more
easily
be
prevail'd
with
to
part
with
their
Land
.
Lysander
also
was
of
the
same
opinion
,
being
deceiv'd
in
like
manner
by
the
Craft
of
Agesilaus
:
so
that
all
Men
were
presently
commanded
to
bring
in
their
Bonds
,
(
or
Deeds
of
Obligation
,
by
the
Lacedaemonians
call'd
Claria
)
which
being
laid
together
in
a
Heap
,
they
set
Fire
to
it
.
The
Usurers
and
other
Creditors
come
,
one
may
easily
imagine
,
beheld
it
with
a
heavy
heart
;
but
Agesilaus
told
them
scoffingly
,
His
Eyes
had
never
seen
so
bright
and
so
glorious
a
Flame
.
And
now
the
People
press'd
earnestly
for
a
division
of
Lands
:
the
Kings
also
had
order'd
it
shou'd
be
done
;
but
Agesilaus
sometimes
pretending
one
Difficulty
,
and
sometimes
another
,
delay'd
the
Execution
,
till
an
occasion
happen'd
to
call
Agis
to
the
Wars
.
The
Achaeans
,
in
virtue
of
a
League
defensive
,
sent
to
demand
Succours
,
for
they
expected
every
day
when
the
Aetolians
wou'd
attempt
to
enter
Peloponnesus
by
the
Confines
of
Maegara
:
they
had
made
Aratus
their
General
,
and
sent
him
with
an
Army
to
hinder
this
Incursion
.
Aratus
writ
to
the
Ephori
,
who
immediately
gave
order
Agis
shou'd
hasten
to
their
Assistance
with
the
Lacedaemonian
Auxiliaries
.
Agis
was
extreamly
well
pleas'd
to
see
the
forwardness
of
the
young
Men
to
this
Expedition
;
for
tho'
they
were
very
poor
,
yet
freed
from
Debts
,
and
in
hope
of
being
Masters
of
Land
at
their
Return
,
they
follow'd
chearfully
,
and
in
good
Equipage
.
The
Cities
through
which
they
pass'd
,
were
in
admiration
,
to
see
how
they
march'd
from
one
end
of
Peloponnesus
to
the
other
,
without
the
least
Disorder
,
and
in
a
manner
without
making
any
Noise
:
it
gave
them
occasion
to
discourse
with
one
another
,
how
great
might
be
the
Temperance
and
Modesty
of
the
ancient
Lacedaemonians
,
under
their
famous
Captains
Agesilaus
,
Lysander
and
Leonidas
,
since
they
saw
such
Discipline
and
exact
Obedience
under
a
King
,
who
perhaps
was
the
youngest
Man
in
all
the
Army
.
They
saw
also
how
he
was
content
to
fare
hardly
,
ready
to
undergo
any
Labours
,
and
not
to
be
distinguish'd
by
Pomp
or
Richness
of
Habit
,
from
the
meanest
of
his
Souldiers
.
But
if
by
this
Moderation
and
Conduct
he
gain'd
the
Love
of
the
Souldiers
and
the
common
People
,
it
made
him
still
more
odious
to
the
Rich
and
Powerful
,
who
were
afraid
such
an
Example
might
work
an
Impression
to
their
prejudice
,
in
all
the
neighbouring
Countreys
.
Agis
having
joyn'd
Aratus
near
the
City
of
Corinth
,
a
Councel
of
War
was
call'd
,
to
debate
whether
or
no
it
were
expedient
to
give
the
Enemy
Battel
.
Agis
on
this
occasion
shew'd
a
great
Forwardness
and
Resolution
,
yet
without
Obstinacy
or
Presumption
:
he
declar'd
it
was
his
opinion
they
ought
to
fight
,
thereby
to
hinder
the
Enemy
from
entring
Peloponnesus
;
but
nevertheless
he
wou'd
submit
to
the
Judgment
of
Aratus
,
not
only
as
the
elder
and
more
experienc'd
Captain
,
but
as
he
was
General
of
the
Achaeans
,
whose
Forces
he
wou'd
not
pretend
to
command
,
but
was
only
come
thither
to
assist
them
.
I
am
not
ignorant
,
that
Baton
of
Synope
relates
it
in
another
manner
:
He
says
,
Aratus
wou'd
have
fought
,
and
that
Agis
was
against
it
;
but
't
is
most
certain
he
was
mistaken
,
not
having
read
what
Aratus
himself
writes
in
his
own
Justification
;
for
he
expresly
tells
us
,
That
knowing
the
People
had
well-nigh
got
in
their
Harvest
,
he
thought
it
much
better
to
let
the
Enemy
pass
,
than
to
hazard
by
a
Battel
the
loss
of
the
whole
Countrey
:
And
therefore
giving
thanks
to
the
Confederates
for
their
readiness
,
he
dismiss'd
them
.
Thus
Agis
,
not
without
having
gain'd
a
great
deal
of
Honour
,
return'd
to
Sparta
where
he
found
the
People
in
a
Mutiny
,
and
all
things
in
Confusion
,
occasion'd
by
the
Avarice
and
ill-Government
of
Agesilaus
.
For
he
being
now
one
of
the
Ephori
,
and
by
that
Authority
freed
from
the
Fear
which
Formerly
kept
him
in
some
Restraint
,
forbore
no
kind
of
Oppression
which
might
bring
in
Gain
:
Among
other
things
he
exacted
a
thirteen
Months
Tax
,
whereas
before
they
had
never
paid
more
than
twelve
.
For
these
and
other
Reasons
fearing
his
Enemies
,
and
knowing
how
he
was
hated
by
the
People
,
he
thought
it
necessary
to
maintain
a
Guard
,
which
always
accompanied
him
to
the
Courts
of
Justice
;
and
presuming
now
on
his
Power
,
he
was
grown
so
insolent
,
that
of
the
two
Kings
,
the
one
he
openly
contemn'd
;
and
if
he
shew'd
any
Respect
towards
Agis
,
wou'd
have
it
thought
rather
an
effect
of
his
near
Relation
,
than
any
duty
or
submission
to
the
Royal
Authority
;
and
being
desirous
all
men
shou'd
be
confirm'd
in
a
belief
of
his
Power
,
he
gave
it
out
he
was
to
continue
Ephore
the
ensuing
year
also
.
His
Enemies
alarm'd
by
this
Report
immediately
conspir'd
against
him
,
and
bringing
back
Leonidas
from
Tegea
,
restablished
him
in
the
Kingdom
,
to
which
the
People
(
highly
incens'd
for
having
been
defrauded
in
the
promis'd
division
of
Lands
)
easily
consented
.
Agesilaus
himself
wou'd
hardly
have
scap'd
their
Fury
,
if
his
Son
Hypomedon
had
not
mediated
in
his
behalf
,
and
then
privately
convey'd
him
out
of
the
City
.
During
this
Combustion
,
the
two
Kings
fled
;
Agis
to
the
Temple
of
Juno
,
and
Cleombrotus
to
that
of
Neptune
.
Leonidas
more
incens'd
against
his
Son-in-law
,
left
Agis
,
to
pursue
him
with
a
Company
of
Souldiers
;
and
being
taken
,
he
was
brought
before
Leonidas
,
who
with
great
vehemence
reproach'd
to
him
his
Ingratitude
;
how
being
his
Son-in-law
,
he
had
conspir'd
with
his
Enemies
,
usurp'd
his
Kingdom
,
and
banish'd
him
from
his
Countrey
:
Cleombrotus
having
little
to
say
for
himself
,
stood
silent
.
His
Wife
Chelonis
had
been
a
Partner
with
Leonidas
in
his
Sufferings
;
for
when
Cleombrotus
usurp'd
the
Kingdom
,
she
forsook
him
,
and
wholly
applied
her self
to
comfort
her
Father
in
his
Affliction
:
she
often
mediated
in
his
behalf
,
and
openly
disown'd
and
condemn'd
the
Action
as
unjust
;
but
now
upon
this
Turn
of
Fortune
,
she
was
as
zealous
and
as
assiduous
in
expressions
of
Love
and
Duty
to
her
Husband
,
whom
she
embrac'd
with
one
Arm
,
and
her
two
little
Children
with
the
other
.
All
men
were
strangely
taken
with
the
Piety
and
tender
Affection
of
the
Young
Woman
,
who
in
a
loose
neglected
Mourning
,
with
a
pale
dejected
Countenance
,
and
in
a
suppliant
Posture
,
spoke
thus
to
Leonidas
.
I
am
not
brought
to
this
Condition
you
see
me
in
,
nor
have
taken
upon
me
this
mourning
Habit
,
by
reason
of
the
present
Misfortunes
of
Cleombrotus
;
't
is
long
since
familiar
to
me
:
it
was
put
on
to
condole
with
you
in
your
Banishment
;
and
now
you
are
restor'd
to
your
Countrey
and
to
your
Kingdom
,
must
I
still
remain
in
Grief
and
Misery
?
or
wou'd
you
have
me
attir'd
in
my
Festival
Ornaments
,
that
I
may
rejoyce
with
you
,
when
you
have
kill'd
within
my
arms
,
the
Man
to
whom
you
gave
me
for
a
Wife
?
Either
Cleombrotus
must
appease
you
by
my
Tears
,
or
he
must
suffer
a
Punishment
greater
than
his
Faults
have
deserv'd
:
he
shall
infallibly
see
me
die
before
him
,
whom
he
has
profess'd
tenderly
to
love
:
to
what
end
shou'd
I
live
,
or
how
shall
I
appear
among
the
Spartan
Ladies
,
when
it
shall
so
manifestly
be
seen
,
that
I
have
not
been
able
to
move
to
Compassion
neither
a
Husband
nor
a
Father
?
I
am
only
born
to
be
an
unfortunate
Wife
,
and
a
more
unfortunate
Daughter
,
not
having
the
least
Power
or
Interest
,
where
I
ought
to
have
been
in
the
greatest
Esteem
.
As
for
Cleombrotus
,
I
have
sufficiently
disown'd
his
Cause
,
when
I
forsook
him
to
follow
you
;
but
now
you
your self
will
justifie
his
Proceedings
,
by
shewing
to
the
World
,
how
Ambition
is
a
Passion
not
to
be
resisted
:
for
a
Kingdom
,
a
Man
may
kill
a
Son-in-law
;
nay
even
destroy
his
own
Children
.
Chelonis
having
ended
this
Lamentation
,
turn'd
her
weeping
Eyes
towards
the
Spectators
,
then
gently
repos'd
her
Head
in
her
Husband's
Bosom
.
Leonidas
touch'd
with
Compassion
,
withdrew
a
while
to
advise
with
his
Friends
;
then
returning
,
condemn'd
Cleombrotus
to
perpetual
Banishment
:
Chelonis
,
he
said
,
ought
to
stay
with
him
,
it
not
being
just
she
shou'd
forsake
a
Father
,
who
had
grantted
at
her
Intercession
the
Life
of
her
Husband
;
but
all
he
could
say
,
wou'd
not
prevail
.
She
rose
up
immediately
,
and
taking
one
of
her
Children
in
her
Arms
,
gave
the
other
to
her
Husband
;
then
having
perform'd
her
Devotions
at
an
Altar
dedicated
to
Juno
,
she
chearfully
follow'd
him
into
Banishment
.
To
be
short
,
so
great
was
the
Virtue
and
Generosity
express'd
by
Chelouis
on
this
occasion
,
that
if
Cleombrotus
were
not
strangely
blinded
by
Ambition
,
he
wou'd
chuse
to
be
banish'd
with
the
enjoyment
of
so
excellent
a
Woman
,
rather
than
without
her
to
possess
a
Kingdom
.
Cleombrotus
thus
remov'd
,
Leonidas
thought
fit
also
to
displace
the
Ephori
,
and
to
choose
others
in
their
room
;
then
he
began
to
consider
how
he
might
entrap
Agis
.
At
first
he
endeavour'd
by
fair
means
to
perswade
,
that
he
wou'd
come
and
partake
with
him
(
as
was
his
Right
)
in
the
Kingdom
:
the
People
,
he
said
,
wou'd
easily
pardon
the
Errors
of
a
young
Man
,
ambitious
of
Glory
,
and
deceiv'd
by
the
Craft
of
Agesilaus
.
But
finding
Agis
was
suspicious
,
and
not
to
be
prevail'd
with
to
quit
his
Sanctuary
,
he
gave
over
that
Design
;
yet
what
cou'd
not
then
be
effected
by
the
Dissimulation
of
an
Enemy
,
was
soon
after
brought
to
pass
by
the
Treachery
of
a
Friend
.
Amphares
,
Demochares
and
Archesilaus
,
did
often
visit
Agis
,
and
he
was
so
confident
of
their
Fidelity
,
that
after
a
while
he
was
prevail'd
with
to
accompany
them
to
the
Baths
,
which
were
not
far
distant
,
they
constantly
returning
to
see
him
safe
again
in
the
Temple
.
Amphares
had
borrow'd
a
great
deal
of
Plate
and
rich
Household
stuff
of
Agesistrata
,
and
hop'd
if
he
cou'd
destroy
her
and
the
whole
Family
,
he
might
peaceably
enjoy
those
Goods
.
To
so
base
an
intent
,
he
was
ready
to
serve
Leonidas
in
any
treacherous
way
,
and
being
one
of
the
Ephori
,
did
all
he
cou'd
to
incense
the
rest
of
his
Collegues
against
Agis
.
These
men
therefore
finding
that
Agis
wou'd
never
stir
from
his
Sanctuary
,
but
only
when
he
went
with
them
to
the
Bath
,
resolv'd
to
make
use
of
that
occasion
.
And
one
day
in
his
return
,
they
met
and
saluted
him
as
formerly
,
discoursing
pleasantly
by
the
way
,
as
familiar
Friends
use
to
do
,
till
coming
to
the
turning
of
a
Street
which
led
to
the
Prison
,
Amphares
by
virtue
of
his
Office
arrested
Agis
,
and
told
him
,
He
must
go
with
him
before
the
other
Ephori
,
to
answer
for
his
Misdemeanors
.
At
the
same
time
Demochares
,
who
was
a
tall
strong
man
,
threw
his
Cloak
over
his
Head
,
and
dragg'd
him
after
by
the
Neck
,
whilst
the
others
went
behind
to
thrust
him
on
;
so
that
none
of
Agis
his
Friends
being
near
to
assist
him
,
they
easily
got
him
into
the
Prison
,
where
Leonidas
was
already
arriv'd
,
with
a
Company
of
Souldiers
,
who
strongly
guarded
all
the
Avenues
:
the
Ephori
were
also
there
with
as
many
of
the
Senators
as
they
knew
to
be
true
to
their
Party
,
being
desirous
to
proceed
with
some
resemblance
of
Justice
.
First
they
bad
him
give
an
Account
,
why
he
had
gone
about
to
alter
the
Government
To
which
Agis
(
only
smiling
at
their
Craft
and
Dissimulation
)
answer'd
not
a
word
.
Amphares
told
him
,
It
was
more
seasonable
to
weep
,
for
now
the
time
was
come
in
which
he
shou'd
be
punish'd
for
his
Presumption
.
Another
of
the
Ephori
seeming
more
favourable
,
(
and
offering
as
it
were
an
occasion
of
Excuse
)
said
,
He
was
confident
Agis
had
been
seduc'd
,
and
in
a
manner
constrain'd
to
what
he
did
,
by
Lysander
and
Agesilaus
.
But
Agis
answer'd
,
He
had
not
been
seduc'd
or
constrain'd
by
any
man
,
nor
had
any
other
intent
in
what
he
did
,
but
only
to
follow
the
Example
of
Lycurgus
,
and
to
govern
conformably
to
his
Laws
.
They
ask'd
him
,
Whether
now
at
least
he
did
not
repent
his
Rashness
?
To
which
he
reply'd
,
That
tho'
he
saw
unavoidable
Death
before
his
Eyes
,
yet
he
cou'd
never
repent
of
so
just
and
so
glorious
a
Design
,
They
had
not
the
patience
to
hear
him
any
longer
,
but
commanded
the
Serjeants
to
carry
him
into
the
Decade
,
(
which
was
a
place
in
the
prison
where
they
us'd
to
strangle
Malefactors
.
)
The
Officers
refus'd
to
obey
,
and
the
very
mercenary
Souldiers
declin'd
it
,
believing
it
an
insolent
and
a
Wicked
Act
to
lay
violent
hands
on
a
King
;
which
as
soon
as
Demochares
perceiv'd
,
threatning
and
reviling
them
for
it
,
he
himself
thrust
him
into
the
Room
.
By
this
time
the
News
of
Agis
his
Imprisonment
having
reach'd
all
Parts
of
the
City
,
had
occasion'd
a
great
Concourse
of
People
with
Lanthorns
and
Torches
about
the
Prison-gates
,
and
in
the
midst
of
them
,
the
Mother
and
the
Grandmother
of
Agis
crying
out
with
a
loud
Voice
,
That
their
King
ought
to
appear
,
and
to
be
heard
by
the
People
,
and
shou'd
at
least
be
proceeded
with
in
the
usual
Forms
of
Justice
.
But
this
Clamour
instead
of
preventing
,
hasten'd
his
Death
,
his
Enemies
fearing
if
the
Tumult
shou'd
increase
,
he
might
that
very
night
be
rescued
out
of
their
hands
.
Agis
being
now
at
the
point
to
die
,
perceiv'd
one
of
the
Serjeants
bitterly
bewailing
his
Misfortune
:
Weep
not
Friend
,
(
says
he
)
for
me
,
who
die
innocent
,
but
rather
grieve
for
those
who
are
guilty
of
this
wicked
Act
;
my
condition
is
much
better
than
theirs
.
As
soon
as
he
had
spoken
these
words
not
shewing
the
least
sign
of
Fear
,
he
patiently
stretch'd
out
his
Neck
to
the
Executioner
.
Immediately
after
Agis
was
dead
Amphares
went
out
of
the
Prison-gate
,
where
he
found
Agesistrata
,
who
casting
her self
at
his
Feet
,
he
gently
rais'd
her
up
,
pretending
still
the
same
Friendship
as
formerly
:
he
assur'd
her
,
she
needed
not
fear
any
farther
Violence
shou'd
be
offer'd
against
her
Son
;
and
that
if
she
pleas'd
,
she
might
go
in
and
see
him
:
she
begg'd
her
Mother
might
also
have
the
favour
to
be
admitted
;
and
he
reply'd
,
No
body
shou'd
hinder
it
.
When
they
were
enter'd
,
he
commanded
the
Gate
shou'd
again
be
lock'd
,
and
the
Grandmother
to
be
first
introduc'd
:
she
was
now
grown
very
old
,
and
had
liv'd
all
her
days
with
great
reputation
of
Vertue
and
Wisdom
.
As
soon
as
Amphares
thought
she
was
dispatch'd
,
he
told
Agesistrata
,
She
might
now
go
in
if
she
pleas'd
:
she
enter'd
,
where
beholding
her
Son's
Body
stretch'd
on
the
Ground
,
and
her
Mother
hanging
by
the
Neck
,
she
stood
at
first
astonish'd
at
so
horrid
a
Spectacle
;
but
after
a
while
recollecting
her
Spirits
,
the
first
thing
she
did
,
was
to
assist
the
Souldiers
in
taking
down
the
Body
;
then
covering
it
decently
,
she
laid
it
by
her
Son
's
,
whom
embracing
,
and
kissing
his
Cheeks
,
O
my
Son
,
said
she
,
't
is
thy
too
great
Mercy
and
Goodness
which
has
brought
thee
and
us
to
this
untimely
End
.
Amphares
,
who
stood
watching
behind
the
Door
,
hearring
this
,
rush'd
in
hastily
,
and
with
a
furious
Tone
and
Countenance
said
to
her
,
Since
you
approve
so
well
of
your
Sons
Actions
,
't
is
fit
you
shou'd
partake
in
his
Reward
.
She
rising
up
to
meet
her
Destiny
,
only
utter'd
these
few
words
,
I
pray
the
Gods
that
all
this
may
redound
to
the
good
of
Sparta
.
And
now
the
three
Bodies
being
expos'd
to
view
,
and
the
Fact
divulg'd
,
no
fear
of
Magistrates
cou'd
hinder
the
people
from
expressing
a
detestation
of
it
,
or
from
hating
the
chief
Contrivers
and
especially
Leonidas
and
Amphares
.
They
were
not
afraid
openly
to
declare
,
that
so
wicked
and
barbarous
an
Act
had
never
been
committed
in
Sparta
,
since
first
the
Doriens
inhabited
Pelopennesus
;
the
very
Enemies
in
War
,
they
said
,
were
always
cautious
of
spilling
the
Bloud
of
a
Lacedoemonian
King
,
insomuch
that
in
any
Encounter
they
wou'd
decline
,
and
endeavour
to
avoid
them
,
so
great
a
Respect
they
bore
to
the
Royal
Majesty
.
I
must
needs
say
,
't
is
very
remarkable
,
that
in
so
many
Battels
fought
betwixt
the
Lacedoemonians
and
the
other
Grecians
,
none
but
Cleombrotus
was
kill'd
,
being
wounded
with
a
Javelin
,
at
the
Battel
of
Leuctres
,
a
little
before
the
days
of
King
Philip
of
Macedon
.
I
am
not
ignorant
,
that
the
Messenians
affirm
,
Theopompus
was
also
slain
by
their
Aristomenes
;
but
the
Lacedoemonians
deny
it
,
and
say
,
He
was
only
wounded
:
Be
it
as
it
will
,
't
is
certain
at
least
that
Agis
was
the
first
King
put
to
death
by
the
Epori
,
with
a
form
and
pretence
of
Justice
,
and
only
for
having
endeavour'd
to
reduce
them
to
their
original
Institution
,
a
Design
well
becoming
the
Courage
of
a
noble
Spartan
.
Thus
Agis
had
the
Fortune
to
be
ill
treated
by
his
Enemies
,
and
worse
by
his
Friends
;
for
if
he
had
reason
to
complain
of
Leonidas
,
whose
Life
he
had
sav'd
,
much
more
of
Amphares
,
in
whose
Friendship
he
repos'd
the
highest
Confidence
:
so
unmercifully
was
he
dealt
with
by
others
,
who
being
himself
of
a
most
mild
and
generous
Disposition
,
did
deserve
to
be
belov'd
by
all
Mankind
.
THE
LIFE
OF
CLEOMENES
.
Translated
from
the
Greek
,
by
Mr.
Creech
,
Fellow
of
All-Souls
Colledge
in
Oxford
.
THus
fell
Agis
.
His
Brother
Archidamus
was
too
quick
for
Leonidas
,
and
sav'd
himself
by
a
timely
Retreat
.
But
his
Wife
then
newly
brought
to
Bed
,
the
Tyrant
forc'd
her
from
her
own
House
,
and
compell'd
her
to
marry
his
Son
Cleomenes
,
though
at
that
time
too
young
for
a
Wife
;
for
he
was
unwilling
that
any
one
else
should
have
her
,
she
being
Heiress
to
her
Father
Gylippus's
great
Estate
;
for
Person
,
the
finest
Woman
in
all
Greece
,
very
good-natur'd
,
of
an
exemplary
Life
,
and
therefore
,
they
say
,
she
did
all
she
could
,
that
she
might
not
be
compell'd
to
this
Match
.
Being
thus
married
to
Cleomenes
,
she
hated
Leonidas
,
but
to
the
Youth
she
show'd
her self
a
kind
and
obliging
Wife
.
He
,
as
soon
as
they
came
together
,
began
to
love
her
very
much
,
and
the
constant
Kindness
that
she
still
retain'd
for
the
memory
of
Agis
,
wrought
somewhat
of
Concern
in
the
young
Man
for
him
,
so
that
he
would
often
enquire
of
her
concerning
what
had
pass'd
,
and
attentively
listen
to
the
Story
of
Agis's
Designs
.
Now
Cleomenes
had
a
generous
and
great
Soul
;
he
was
as
temperate
and
moderate
in
his
Pleasures
as
Agis
,
but
not
so
very
cautious
,
circumspect
and
gentle
:
a
spur
of
Passion
always
gall'd
him
,
and
his
eargerness
to
pursue
that
which
he
thought
good
and
just
,
was
violent
and
heady
:
to
make
Men
willing
to
obey
,
he
conceiv'd
to
be
the
best
Discipline
;
but
likewise
to
break
the
stubborn
,
and
force
them
to
be
better
,
was
in
his
opinion
commendable
and
brave
.
This
Disposition
made
him
dislike
the
management
of
the
City
:
the
Citizens
lay
dissolv'd
in
supine
Idleness
and
Pleasures
;
the
King
minded
nothing
,
designing
,
if
no
body
gave
him
any
disturbance
,
to
wast
his
Time
in
Ease
and
Riot
;
the
Publick
was
neglected
,
and
each
Man
intent
upon
his
private
Gain
.
'T
was
dangerous
,
now
Agis
was
kill'd
,
to
mention
the
exercising
and
training
of
their
Youth
,
and
to
set
up
for
the
ancient
Bravery
and
Equality
,
was
Treason
against
the
State
.
'T
is
said
also
that
Cleomenes
,
whilst
a
Boy
,
studied
Philosophy
under
Sphoerus
the
Borysthenite
,
who
coming
to
Sparta
,
was
very
diligent
in
instructing
the
Youth
.
Spoerus
was
one
of
the
chief
of
Zeno
the
Citiean's
Scholars
,
and
't
is
likely
that
he
admir'd
the
manly
Temper
of
Cleomenes
,
and
inflam'd
his
generous
Ambition
.
The
ancient
Leonidas
(
as
Story
saith
)
being
ask'd
,
What
manner
of
Poet
he
thought
Tyrtoeus
?
reply'd
,
An
excellent
one
to
whet
the
Courages
of
Youth
,
for
being
fill'd
with
Fury
by
his
Poems
,
they
daringly
ventur'd
on
any
Danger
:
now
the
Stoicks
Philosophy
is
a
dangerous
Incentive
to
hot
and
fiery
Dispositions
,
but
being
mixt
with
a
grave
and
cautious
Temper
,
is
very
good
to
fix
and
settle
the
Resolutions
.
Upon
the
Death
of
his
Father
Leonidas
,
he
succeeded
,
and
observing
the
Citizens
of
all
sorts
to
be
debauch'd
,
the
Rich
neglecting
the
Publick
,
and
intent
on
their
own
Gain
and
Pleasure
,
and
the
Poor
being
crampt
in
their
private
Fortunes
,
grown
unactive
,
Cowards
,
and
not
inclinable
to
the
Spartan
Institution
and
way
of
Breeding
,
that
he
had
only
the
Name
of
King
,
and
the
Ephori
all
the
Power
,
was
resolv'd
to
change
the
present
posture
of
Affairs
.
He
had
a
Friend
whose
Name
was
Xenares
,
his
Lover
(
such
an
Affection
the
Spartans
express
by
the
word
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
)
him
he
sounded
,
and
of
him
he
would
commonly
enquire
,
What
manner
of
King
Agis
was
;
by
what
means
,
and
by
what
Assistance
he
began
and
pursu'd
his
Designs
.
Xenares
at
first
willingly
comply'd
with
his
Request
,
and
told
him
the
whole
Story
,
with
all
the
particular
Circumstances
of
the
Actions
.
But
when
he
observ'd
Cleomenes
to
be
extreamly
affected
at
the
Relation
,
and
more
than
ordinarily
mov'd
at
Agis's
new
model
of
the
Government
,
and
begging
a
repetition
of
the
Story
,
he
at
first
severely
chid
him
,
told
him
,
He
was
frantick
,
and
at
last
left
off
all
sort
of
Familiarity
and
Conversation
with
him
,
yet
he
never
told
any
Man
the
cause
of
their
Disagreement
,
but
would
only
say
,
Cleomenes
knew
very
well
.
Cleomenes
finding
Xenares
averse
to
his
Designs
,
and
thinking
all
others
to
be
of
the
same
opinion
,
consulted
with
none
,
but
contriv'd
the
whole
Business
by
himself
.
And
considering
that
it
would
be
easier
to
bring
about
an
Alteration
when
the
City
was
at
War
,
than
when
in
Peace
,
he
engag'd
the
Commonwealth
in
a
Quarrel
with
the
Achoeans
,
who
had
given
them
fair
occasions
to
complain
:
for
Aratus
a
Man
of
the
greatest
Power
amongst
all
the
Achoeans
,
design'd
from
the
very
beginning
to
bring
all
the
Peloponnesians
into
one
common
Body
.
And
to
effect
this
,
he
undertook
many
Expeditions
,
and
ran
through
a
long
course
of
Policy
;
for
he
thought
this
the
only
means
to
make
them
an
equal
Match
for
their
foreign
Enemies
▪
All
the
rest
agreed
to
his
Proposals
,
only
the
Lacedoemonians
,
the
Eleans
,
and
as
many
of
the
Arcadians
as
inclin'd
to
the
Spartan
Interest
,
refus'd
.
Therefore
as
soon
as
Leonidas
was
dead
,
he
fell
upon
the
Arcadians
,
and
wasted
those
especially
that
border'd
on
Achaia
;
by
this
means
designing
to
try
the
Inclinations
of
the
Spartans
,
and
despising
Cleomenes
as
a
Youth
,
and
of
no
Experience
in
Affairs
of
State
or
War
.
Upon
this
the
Ephori
sent
Cleomenes
to
surprise
the
Athenoeum
,
(
dedicated
to
Minerva
)
near
Belbina
,
which
is
a
Pass
of
Laconia
,
and
was
then
under
the
Jurisdiction
of
the
Megalopolitans
:
Cleomenes
possest
himself
of
the
place
,
and
fortified
it
;
at
which
Action
Aratus
shew'd
no
publick
Resentment
,
but
marcht
by
night
to
surprise
Tegea
and
Orchomenium
.
The
Design
fail'd
;
for
those
that
were
to
betray
the
Cities
into
his
Hands
,
doubted
the
Success
;
so
Aratus
retreated
,
imagining
that
his
Design
had
been
undiscovered
:
But
Cleomenes
wrot
a
jeering
Letter
to
him
,
and
desired
to
know
as
from
a
Friend
,
whither
he
intended
to
march
at
night
?
And
Aratus
answering
,
That
having
understood
his
Design
to
fortifie
Belbina
,
he
resolv'd
to
march
thither
to
oppose
him
.
Cleomenes
return'd
,
That
he
believed
it
,
but
desir'd
him
to
give
him
an
account
,
if
it
stood
with
his
Convenience
,
why
he
carry'd
those
Torches
and
Ladders
with
him
.
Aratus
laughing
at
the
Jeer
,
and
asking
what
manner
of
Youth
this
was
;
Democrites
a
Spartan
Exile
,
reply'd
,
If
you
have
any
Designs
upon
the
Lacedaemonians
,
begin
before
this
young
Eagle's
Talons
are
grown
.
Presently
after
this
,
Cleomenes
being
in
Arcadia
with
a
few
Horse
,
and
300
Foot
,
the
Ephori
fearing
to
engage
in
the
War
,
commanded
him
home
;
but
upon
his
Retreat
,
Aratus
taking
Caphuoe
,
they
commission'd
him
again
.
In
this
Expedition
he
took
Methudrium
,
and
spoiled
the
Countrey
of
the
Argives
and
the
Achaians
:
to
stop
his
Victory
,
and
secure
their
Friends
,
sent
20000
Foot
and
1000
Horse
against
him
,
under
the
Command
of
Aristomachus
.
Cleomenes
fac'd
them
at
Palantium
,
and
offer'd
Battle
:
But
Aratus
being
dash'd
at
his
Bravery
,
would
not
suffer
the
General
to
engage
,
but
retreated
,
being
curst
by
the
Achoeans
,
and
hooted
at
,
and
scorn'd
by
the
Spartans
,
who
were
not
above
5000
,
for
a
Coward
▪
Cleomenes
encouraged
by
this
Success
,
began
to
vaunt
among
the
Citizens
a
Sentence
of
one
of
their
ancient
Kings
,
who
said
,
The
Spartans
seldom
enquired
how
many
their
Enemies
were
,
but
where
they
were
.
After
this
,
marching
to
the
Assistance
of
the
Eleans
,
upon
whom
the
Achaians
warr'd
,
and
about
Lycoeum
falling
upon
the
Enemy
in
their
Retreat
,
he
routed
their
whole
Army
,
taking
a
great
number
of
Captives
,
and
leaving
many
dead
upon
the
Place
;
so
that
it
was
commonly
reported
amongst
the
Greeks
that
Aratus
was
slain
.
But
Aratus
making
the
best
Advantage
of
the
Opportunity
,
presently
after
the
Defeat
,
march'd
to
Mantinoea
,
and
before
any
body
suspected
it
,
took
the
City
,
and
put
a
new
Garrison
into
it
.
Upon
this
the
Lacedoemonian
▪
s
being
quite
discouraged
,
and
opposing
Cleomenes's
Design
of
carrying
on
the
War
,
he
was
eager
to
send
for
Archidamus
,
Agis's
Brother
from
Mesena
,
for
he
of
the
other
Family
had
a
Right
to
the
Kingdom
;
and
beside
Cleomenes
thought
that
the
Power
of
the
Ephori
would
be
abated
when
the
Kingly
State
was
fill'd
up
,
and
equally
poised
between
the
two
Families
.
But
those
that
were
concern'd
in
the
Murder
of
Agis
understanding
the
Design
,
and
fearing
that
upon
Archidamus's
Return
they
should
be
call'd
to
an
Account
,
receiv'd
him
coming
privately
into
Town
,
waited
on
him
,
and
presently
after
murder'd
him
;
but
whether
Cleomenes
was
against
it
(
as
Phylarchus
imagines
)
or
whether
he
was
perswaded
by
his
Friends
,
and
winck'd
at
the
Contrivance
,
is
uncertain
;
however
,
they
were
most
blam'd
,
as
having
forc'd
his
Consent
.
But
he
still
resolving
to
new-model
the
State
brib'd
the
Ephori
to
make
him
General
:
and
won
the
Affections
of
many
others
by
means
of
his
Mother
Cratesicloea
,
who
spared
no
Cost
,
and
was
very
zealous
to
promote
the
same
Interest
;
and
though
of
her self
she
had
no
Inclination
to
marry
,
yet
for
her
Son's
sake
she
wedded
one
of
the
chiefest
Citizens
for
Wealth
and
Power
.
Cleomenes
marching
forth
with
the
Army
now
under
his
Command
,
took
Leuctra
,
a
place
belonging
to
Megalopolis
;
and
the
Achoeans
quickly
facing
him
with
a
good
body
of
Men
commanded
by
Aratus
,
in
a
Battle
under
the
vety
Walls
of
the
City
,
some
part
of
his
Army
was
routed
.
But
Aratus
commanding
the
Achoeans
not
to
pass
a
deep
Hollow
,
and
stopping
the
Pursuit
,
Lydiadas
the
Megalopolitan
fretting
at
the
Orders
,
encouraging
the
Horse
which
he
led
,
and
pursuing
the
routed
Enemy
,
fell
into
a
place
full
of
Vines
,
Hedges
and
Ditches
,
and
being
forc'd
to
break
his
Ranks
,
was
put
into
a
great
Disorder
.
Cleomenes
observing
the
Advantage
,
commanded
the
Tarentines
and
Cretans
to
engage
him
,
by
whom
,
after
a
brave
Dispute
he
was
routed
and
slain
.
The
Lacedoemonians
thus
encouraged
,
with
a
great
shout
fell
upon
the
Archoeans
and
routed
their
whole
Army
.
Of
the
slain
,
which
were
very
many
,
some
Cleomenes
delivered
upon
Articles
,
but
the
Body
of
Lydiadas
he
commanded
to
be
brought
to
him
and
then
putting
on
it
a
purple
Robe
,
and
a
Crown
upon
its
Head
,
sent
a
Convoy
with
it
to
the
Gates
of
Megalopolis
.
This
Lydiadas
was
the
Man
that
resign'd
his
Crown
,
restor'd
Liberty
to
the
Citizens
,
and
joyn'd
the
City
to
the
Achoean
Interest
.
Cleomenes
being
very
much
raised
by
this
Success
;
and
perswaded
,
that
if
matters
were
wholly
at
his
Disposal
,
he
should
quickly
be
too
hard
for
the
Achoeans
.
He
taught
Megistones
his
Mother's
Husband
,
That
't
was
expedient
for
the
State
to
shake
off
the
Power
of
the
Ephori
,
and
to
put
all
their
Wealth
into
one
common
Stock
for
the
whole
Body
;
That
Sparta
being
restor'd
to
its
old
Equality
,
might
be
rais'd
up
to
be
Mistriss
of
all
Greece
.
Megistones
liked
the
Design
,
and
engag'd
two
or
three
more
of
his
Friends
.
About
that
time
one
of
the
Ephori
sleeping
in
Phasiphae's
Temple
,
dream'd
a
very
surprizing
Dream
;
for
he
thought
he
saw
the
four
Chairs
removed
out
of
the
place
where
the
Ephori
used
to
sit
and
hear
Causes
,
and
one
only
set
there
;
and
whilst
he
wondred
he
heard
a
Voice
out
of
the
Temple
,
saying
,
This
is
best
for
Sparta
.
The
Person
telling
Cleomenes
this
Dream
,
he
was
a
little
troubled
at
first
,
fearing
that
he
us'd
this
as
a
Trick
to
sift
him
,
upon
some
Suspicion
of
his
Design
;
but
when
he
was
satisfied
that
the
Relater
spoke
truth
,
he
took
heart
again
,
and
taking
with
him
those
whom
he
thought
would
be
against
his
model
,
he
took
Eroea
and
Alcoea
,
two
Cities
of
the
Achoeans
,
furnish'd
Orchomenium
with
Provisions
,
besieg'd
Mantinoea
;
and
with
long
marches
so
harass'd
the
Lacedoemonians
,
that
many
of
them
desir'd
to
be
left
in
Arcadia
;
and
he
satisfy'd
their
Request
.
With
the
Mercenaries
he
march'd
to
Sparta
,
and
by
the
way
communicated
his
Design
to
those
whom
he
thought
fittest
for
his
Purpose
,
and
march'd
slowly
that
he
might
catch
the
Ephori
at
Supper
.
When
he
was
come
near
the
City
,
he
sent
Eurycleidas
to
the
Sussitium
,
the
eating-place
of
the
Ephori
,
under
pretence
of
carrying
some
Message
from
him
from
the
Army
;
Threicion
,
Phoebis
,
and
two
of
those
which
were
bred
with
Cleomenes
,
which
they
call
Samothracoe
,
follow'd
with
a
few
Souldiers
:
And
whilst
Eurycleidas
was
delivering
his
Message
to
the
Ephori
,
they
ran
upon
them
with
their
drawn
Swords
,
and
slew
them
.
Agesilaus
as
soon
as
he
was
run
through
,
fell
,
and
lay
as
dead
;
but
in
a
little
time
he
rose
,
silently
convey'd
himself
out
of
the
Room
,
and
crept
undiscover'd
into
a
little
House
,
which
was
the
Temple
of
Fear
,
and
which
always
us'd
to
be
shut
,
but
was
then
by
chance
open
;
being
got
in
,
he
shut
the
Door
,
and
lay
close
:
the
other
four
were
kill'd
,
and
above
ten
more
that
came
to
their
Assistance
;
to
those
that
were
quiet
,
they
did
no
harm
,
stopt
none
that
fled
the
City
,
and
spar'd
Agesilaus
,
who
came
out
of
the
Temple
the
next
day
.
The
Lacedoemonians
have
not
only
Temples
dedicated
to
Fear
,
but
also
to
Death
,
Laughter
,
and
the
like
Passions
:
now
they
worship
Fear
,
not
as
they
do
those
Deities
which
they
dread
,
esteeming
it
hurtful
,
but
thinking
their
Polity
is
chiefly
kept
up
by
Law
;
and
therefore
the
Ephori
(
Aristotle
is
my
Author
)
when
they
enter
upon
their
Government
,
make
Proclamation
to
the
People
,
That
they
should
shave
their
Whiskers
,
and
be
obedient
to
the
Laws
,
that
they
might
not
be
forc'd
to
be
severe
,
using
this
trivial
Particular
(
in
my
opinion
)
to
accustom
their
Youth
to
Obedience
even
in
the
smallest
Matters
.
And
the
Ancients
,
I
think
,
did
not
imagine
Fortitude
to
be
plain
Fearlessness
,
but
a
cautious
Fear
of
Infamy
and
Disgrace
:
for
those
that
show
most
Fear
towards
the
Laws
,
are
most
bold
against
their
Enemies
;
and
those
are
least
afraid
of
any
Danger
,
who
are
most
afraid
of
a
just
Reproach
.
Therefore
he
said
well
:
A
Reverence
still
attends
on
Fear
.
And
Homer
,
Fear'd
you
shall
be
,
dear
Vncle
,
and
rever'd
,
And
again
,
In
silence
fearing
those
that
bore
the
sway
.
For
't
is
very
commonly
seen
,
that
Men
reverence
those
whom
they
fear
;
and
therefore
the
Lacedoemonians
plac'd
the
Temple
of
Fear
by
the
Sussitium
of
the
Ephori
,
having
rais'd
their
Power
to
almost
absolute
Monarchy
.
The
next
day
Cleomenes
proscrib'd
80
of
the
Citizens
,
whom
he
thought
necessary
to
banish
,
and
remov'd
all
the
Seats
of
the
Ephori
except
one
,
in
which
he
himself
design'd
to
sit
,
and
hear
Causes
;
and
calling
the
Citizens
together
,
he
made
an
Apology
for
his
Proceedings
,
saying
,
That
by
Lycurgus
the
Senate
was
joyn'd
to
the
Kings
,
and
that
that
model
of
Government
had
continued
a
long
time
,
and
needed
no
other
sort
of
Magistrates
to
give
it
perfection
.
But
afterward
in
the
long
War
with
the
Messenians
,
when
the
Kings
being
to
command
the
Army
,
had
no
time
to
attend
civil
Causes
,
they
chose
some
of
their
Friends
,
and
left
them
to
determine
the
Suits
of
the
Citizens
in
their
stead
.
These
were
call'd
Ephori
,
and
at
first
behav'd
themselves
as
Servants
to
the
Kings
,
but
afterward
by
degrees
they
appropriated
the
Power
to
themselves
and
erected
a
distinct
sort
of
Magistracy
.
An
evidence
of
the
Truth
of
this
may
be
taken
from
the
usual
Behaviour
of
the
Kings
,
who
upon
the
first
and
second
Message
of
the
Ephori
,
refuse
to
go
,
but
upon
the
third
readily
attend
them
:
And
Asteropus
,
the
first
that
rais'd
the
Ephori
to
that
height
of
Power
,
liv'd
a
great
many
years
after
their
Institution
;
therefore
whilst
they
modestly
contain'd
themselves
within
their
own
proper
Sphere
,
't
was
better
to
bear
with
them
than
to
make
a
disturbance
.
But
that
an
upstart
introduc'd
Power
should
so
far
destroy
the
old
model
of
Government
,
as
to
banish
some
Kings
,
murder
others
without
hearing
their
defence
,
and
threaten
those
who
desir'd
to
see
the
best
and
most
divine
Constitution
restor'd
in
Sparta
,
was
unsufferable
.
Therefore
if
it
had
been
possible
for
him
without
Bloodshed
,
to
have
freed
Lacedaemon
from
those
foreign
Plagues
,
Luxury
,
Vanity
,
Debts
and
Usury
;
and
from
those
more
ancient
Evils
,
Poverty
and
Riches
,
he
should
have
thought
himself
the
happiest
King
in
the
World
,
having
like
an
expert
Physician
cur'd
▪
the
Diseases
of
his
Countrey
without
pain
.
But
now
in
this
necessity
Lycurgus's
Example
favour'd
his
Proceedings
,
who
being
neither
King
,
nor
Magistrate
,
but
a
private
Man
,
and
aiming
at
the
Kingdom
,
came
arm'd
into
the
Market-place
,
and
for
fear
of
the
King
,
Carileus
fled
to
the
Altar
:
but
he
being
a
good
Man
,
and
a
lover
of
his
Countrey
,
readily
consented
to
Lycurgus's
Project
,
and
admitted
an
Alteration
in
the
State
.
Thus
by
his
own
Actions
Lycurgus
show'd
,
That
it
was
difficult
to
correct
the
Government
without
Force
and
Fear
,
in
using
which
,
he
said
,
he
would
be
so
moderate
,
as
never
to
desire
their
Assistance
,
but
either
to
terrifie
or
ruine
the
Enemies
of
Sparta's
Happiness
and
Safety
.
He
commanded
that
all
the
Land
should
be
left
in
common
,
and
private
Claims
laid
aside
:
That
Debtors
should
be
discharged
of
their
Debts
,
and
a
strict
search
made
,
who
were
Foreigners
,
and
who
not
:
That
the
true
Spartans
,
recovering
their
Courage
,
might
defend
the
City
by
their
Arms
,
and
that
we
may
no
longer
see
Laconia
,
for
want
of
a
sufficient
number
to
secure
it
,
wasted
by
the
Aetolians
and
Illyrians
.
Then
he
himself
first
,
with
his
Father-in-law
Megistones
and
his
Friends
,
brought
all
their
Wealth
into
one
publick
Stock
,
and
all
the
other
Citizens
follow'd
the
example
:
the
Land
was
divided
,
and
every
one
that
he
had
banish'd
,
had
a
share
assign'd
him
;
for
he
promis'd
to
restore
all
,
as
soon
as
things
were
settled
and
in
quiet
;
and
compleating
the
common
number
of
Citizens
,
out
of
the
best
and
most
agreeable
of
the
neighbouring
Inhabitants
,
he
rais'd
a
Body
of
4000
Men
,
and
instead
of
a
Spear
,
taught
them
to
use
a
Sarissa
,
(
a
long
Pike
)
with
both
hands
,
and
to
carry
their
Shields
by
a
String
fastned
round
their
Arms
,
and
not
by
a
Handle
,
as
before
.
After
this
he
began
to
consult
about
the
exercising
and
breeding
of
the
Youth
,
(
many
Particulars
of
which
,
Sphoerus
being
then
at
Sparta
,
directed
)
and
in
a
short
time
the
Schools
of
Exercise
,
and
their
Syssitia
,
(
common
eating
Places
)
recover'd
their
ancient
Decency
and
Order
,
a
few
out
of
necessity
,
but
the
most
voluntarily
applying
themselves
to
that
generous
and
Laconick
way
of
Living
:
besides
,
that
the
Name
of
Monarch
might
give
them
no
jealousie
,
he
made
Eucleidas
,
his
Brother
,
Partner
in
the
Throne
;
and
that
was
the
only
time
that
Sparta
had
two
Kings
of
the
same
Family
.
Then
understanding
that
the
Achoeans
and
Aratus
imagin'd
that
this
Change
had
disturb'd
and
shaken
his
Affairs
,
and
that
he
would
not
venture
out
of
Sparta
,
and
leave
the
City
now
unsettled
by
so
great
an
Alteration
,
he
thought
it
great
and
serviceable
to
his
Designs
,
to
convince
his
Enemies
that
he
was
eagerly
desirous
of
a
War
:
And
therefore
making
an
Incursion
into
the
Territories
of
Megalopolis
,
he
wasted
the
Countrey
very
much
,
and
got
a
considerable
Booty
.
And
at
last
taking
those
that
us'd
to
act
in
the
publick
Solemnities
travelling
from
Messena
,
and
building
a
Theater
in
the
Enemies
Countrey
,
and
setting
a
Prize
of
40
l.
value
,
he
sate
Spectator
a
whole
day
;
not
that
he
either
desir'd
or
needed
such
a
Divertisement
,
but
as
it
were
insulting
o'er
his
Enemies
,
and
that
by
thus
manifestly
despising
them
,
he
might
show
that
he
had
more
than
conquer'd
the
Achaeans
:
for
that
alone
of
all
the
Greek
or
Kings
Armies
had
no
Stage-players
,
no
Jugglers
,
no
dancing
or
singing
Women
attending
it
,
but
was
free
from
all
sorts
of
Loosness
,
Wantonness
and
Foppery
;
the
young
Men
being
for
the
most
part
upon
Duty
,
and
the
old
Men
teaching
them
at
leisure-time
to
apply
themselves
to
their
usual
Drollery
,
and
to
rally
one
another
facetiously
after
the
Laconick
fashion
;
the
Advantages
of
which
I
have
discover'd
in
the
Life
of
Lycurgus
.
He
himself
instructed
all
by
his
Example
:
he
was
a
living
Pattern
of
Temperance
before
every
bodies
eyes
,
and
his
course
of
Living
was
neither
more
stately
nor
more
expensive
than
any
of
the
Commons
.
And
this
was
a
considerable
Advantage
to
him
in
his
Designs
on
Greece
;
for
Men
when
they
waited
upon
other
Kings
,
did
not
so
much
admire
their
Wealth
,
costly
Furniture
,
and
numerous
Attendance
,
as
they
hated
their
Pride
and
State
,
their
difficulty
of
Access
,
and
scornful
commanding
Answers
to
their
Petitions
.
But
when
they
came
to
Cleomenes
,
who
was
both
really
a
King
,
and
bore
that
Title
,
and
saw
no
Purple
,
no
Robes
of
State
upon
him
,
no
Chairs
and
Couches
about
him
for
his
ease
,
and
that
he
did
not
receive
Petitions
,
and
return
Answers
after
a
long
delay
,
by
a
number
of
Messengers
,
Waiters
,
or
by
Bills
,
but
that
he
rose
and
came
forward
to
meet
those
that
came
to
wait
upon
him
,
staid
,
talk'd
freely
and
graciously
with
all
that
had
Business
,
they
were
extreamly
taken
,
won
to
his
Service
,
and
profess'd
that
he
alone
was
the
true
Son
of
Hercules
.
His
common
every
days
Meal
was
in
a
mean
Room
,
very
sparing
,
and
after
the
Laconick
manner
;
and
when
he
entertain'd
Ambassadors
or
Strangers
,
two
more
Beds
were
added
,
and
a
little
better
Dinner
provided
by
his
Servants
;
but
no
Fricacies
,
no
Dainties
,
only
the
dishes
were
larger
,
and
the
Wine
more
plentiful
;
for
he
reprov'd
one
of
his
Friends
for
entertaining
some
Strangers
with
nothing
but
Pulse
and
black
Broth
,
such
Diet
as
they
usually
had
in
their
Phiditia
,
saying
,
That
upon
such
occasions
,
and
when
they
treat
Strangers
,
't
was
not
requisite
to
be
too
exact
Laconians
.
After
Supper
,
a
Stand
was
brought
in
with
a
brass
Vessel
full
of
Wine
,
two
silver
Pots
,
which
held
almost
a
Quart
apiece
,
a
few
silver
Cups
,
of
which
he
that
pleas'd
might
drink
,
but
no
Liquor
was
forc'd
on
any
of
the
Guests
.
There
was
no
Musick
,
nor
was
any
requir'd
;
for
he
entertain'd
the
Company
,
sometimes
asking
Questions
,
sometimes
telling
Stories
:
And
his
Discourse
was
neither
too
grave
,
and
unpleasantly
serious
,
nor
vain
and
abusive
,
but
merrily
facetious
;
for
he
thought
those
ways
of
catching
Men
by
Gifts
and
Presents
,
which
other
Kings
use
,
to
be
mean
and
inartificial
;
and
it
seem'd
to
him
to
be
the
most
glorious
method
,
and
most
suitable
to
a
King
to
win
the
Affections
of
those
that
came
near
him
,
by
pleasant
Discourse
,
and
unaffected
Conversation
:
for
a
Friend
and
Mercenary
differ
only
in
this
,
that
the
one
is
made
by
Conversation
and
agreeableness
of
Humour
,
and
the
other
by
Reward
.
The
Mantinoeans
were
the
first
that
oblig'd
him
;
for
getting
by
night
into
the
City
,
and
driving
out
the
Achoean
Garrison
,
they
put
themselves
under
his
Protection
:
he
restor'd
them
their
Polity
and
Laws
,
and
the
same
day
march'd
to
Tegea
;
and
a
little
while
after
fetching
a
Compass
through
Arcadia
,
he
made
a
Descent
upon
Pheroe
in
Achaia
,
intending
to
force
Aratus
to
a
Battle
,
or
bring
him
into
Disrepute
,
for
refusing
to
engage
,
and
suffering
him
to
waste
the
Countrey
:
Hyperbatus
at
that
time
commanded
the
Army
,
but
Aratus
had
all
the
Power
amongst
the
Achoeans
.
The
Achoeans
marching
forth
with
their
whole
Strength
,
and
incamping
in
Dumoeoe
,
about
Hecatomboeum
,
Cleomenes
came
up
,
and
thinking
it
not
advisable
to
pitch
between
Dumoeoe
,
a
City
of
the
Enemies
,
and
the
Camp
of
the
Achoeans
,
he
boldly
dar'd
the
Achoeans
,
and
forc'd
them
to
a
Battle
,
and
routing
the
Phalanx
,
slew
a
great
many
in
the
Fight
,
and
took
many
Prisoners
;
thence
marching
to
Lagon
,
and
driving
out
the
Achoean
Garrison
,
he
restor'd
the
City
to
the
Eloeans
.
The
Affairs
of
the
Achoeans
being
in
this
desperate
condition
,
Aratus
,
who
was
wont
to
continue
in
his
Government
above
a
year
,
refus'd
the
Command
,
though
they
entreated
and
urg'd
him
to
accept
it
;
and
this
was
ill
done
,
when
the
Storm
was
high
,
to
put
the
Power
out
of
his
own
hands
,
and
set
another
to
the
Helm
.
Cleomenes
at
first
propos'd
fair
and
easie
Conditions
by
his
Ambassadors
to
the
Achoeans
;
but
afterward
he
sent
others
,
and
requir'd
the
chief
Command
to
be
settled
upon
him
;
and
in
other
Matters
he
promis'd
to
agree
to
reasonable
terms
,
and
to
restore
their
Captives
and
their
Countrey
.
The
Achoeans
were
willing
to
come
to
an
Agreement
upon
those
terms
,
and
invited
Cleomenes
to
Lerna
,
where
an
Assembly
was
to
be
held
;
but
it
hapned
that
Cleomenes
hastily
marching
on
,
and
unreasonably
drinking
Water
,
brought
up
abundance
of
Blood
,
and
lost
his
Voice
:
therefore
being
unable
to
continue
his
March
,
he
sent
the
chiefest
of
the
Captives
to
the
Achoeans
,
and
putting
off
the
Meeting
for
some
time
,
retir'd
to
Lacedoemon
.
This
ruin'd
the
Affairs
of
Greece
,
which
was
just
then
ready
to
recover
it self
out
of
its
Disasters
,
and
avoid
the
insulting
and
Covetousness
of
the
Macedonians
:
for
Aratus
,
whether
fearing
or
distrusting
Cleomenes
,
or
envying
his
unlook'd-for
Success
,
or
thinking
it
a
disgrace
for
him
who
had
commanded
33
years
,
to
have
a
young
Man
succeed
to
all
his
Glory
and
his
Power
,
and
be
Head
of
that
Government
which
he
had
been
raising
and
settling
so
many
years
;
he
first
endeavour'd
to
keep
the
Achoeans
from
closing
with
Cleomenes
;
but
when
they
would
not
hearken
to
him
,
fearing
Cleomenes
▪
s
daring
Spirit
and
thinking
the
Lacedoemonian's
Proposals
to
be
very
reasonable
,
who
design'd
only
to
reduce
Peloponnesus
to
its
old
Model
,
he
took
his
last
Refuge
,
in
an
Action
which
was
unbecoming
any
of
the
Greeks
,
most
dishonourable
to
him
,
and
most
unworthy
his
former
Bravery
and
Exploits
:
for
he
call'd
Antigonus
into
Greece
,
and
fill'd
Peloponnesus
with
Macedonians
,
whom
he
himself
,
when
a
Youth
,
having
beaten
their
Garrison
out
of
the
Castle
of
Corinth
,
had
driven
from
the
same
Countrey
;
beside
,
he
declar'd
himself
an
Enemy
to
all
Kings
,
and
hath
left
many
dishonourable
Stories
of
this
same
Antigonus
,
in
those
Commentaries
which
he
wrote
.
Aud
though
he
declares
,
that
he
suffer'd
considerable
Losses
,
and
underwent
great
Dangers
,
that
he
might
free
Athens
from
the
Power
of
the
Macedonians
,
yet
afterward
he
brought
the
very
same
Men
arm'd
into
his
own
Countrey
,
and
his
own
House
,
even
to
the
Womens
Apartment
.
He
would
not
endure
,
that
one
of
the
Family
of
Hercules
,
and
King
of
Sparta
,
and
one
that
had
reform'd
the
Polity
of
his
Countrey
,
as
it
were
a
disorder'd
Harmony
,
and
tun'd
it
to
the
plain
Dorick
measure
of
Lycurgus
,
to
be
styl'd
,
Head
of
the
Triccoeans
and
Sicyonians
;
and
whilst
he
fled
the
Pulse
and
short
Coat
,
and
,
which
were
his
chief
Accusations
against
Cleomenes
,
the
extirpation
of
Wealth
,
and
reformation
of
Poverty
,
he
basely
subjected
himself
,
together
with
Achoea
,
to
the
Diadem
and
Purple
,
to
the
imperious
Commands
of
the
Macedonians
,
and
their
Satrapoe
.
That
he
might
not
seem
to
be
under
Cleomenes
,
he
sacrific'd
the
Antigoneia
,
(
Sacrifices
in
Honour
of
Antigonus
)
and
sung
Poeans
himself
with
a
Garland
on
his
Head
,
to
the
Honour
of
a
rotten
,
consumptive
Macedonian
.
I
write
this
not
out
of
any
Design
to
disgrace
Aratus
(
for
in
many
things
he
shew'd
himself
vigorous
for
the
Grecian
Interest
,
and
a
great
Man
)
but
out
of
pity
to
the
weakness
of
Humane
Nature
,
which
,
in
such
a
Person
so
excellent
,
and
so
many
ways
dispos'd
to
Vertue
,
cannot
attain
to
a
State
irreprehensible
.
The
Achoeans
meeting
again
at
Argos
,
and
Cleomenes
descending
from
Tegea
,
there
were
great
hopes
that
all
Differences
would
be
compos'd
.
But
Aratus
,
Antigonus
,
and
He
having
already
agreed
upon
the
chief
Articles
of
their
League
,
fearing
that
Cleomenes
would
carry
all
before
him
,
and
either
win
,
or
force
the
Multitude
to
comply
with
his
Demands
,
propos'd
,
that
having
three
hundred
Hostages
put
into
his
Hands
,
he
should
come
alone
into
the
Town
,
or
bring
his
Army
to
the
place
of
Exercise
,
call'd
Cillarabion
,
without
the
City
,
and
treat
there
.
Cleomenes
hearing
this
,
said
,
That
he
was
unjustly
dealt
with
;
for
they
ought
to
have
told
him
so
plainly
at
first
,
and
not
now
he
was
come
even
to
their
Doors
,
show
their
Jealousie
,
and
deny
him
Admission
:
And
writing
an
Epistle
to
the
Achoeans
about
the
same
Subject
;
the
greatest
part
of
which
was
an
Accusation
of
Aratus
;
and
Aratus
,
on
the
other
side
,
ripping
up
his
Faults
to
the
Assembly
,
he
hastily
dislodg'd
;
and
sent
a
Trumpeter
to
denounce
War
against
the
Achoeans
,
but
not
to
Argos
,
but
to
Aegium
,
as
Aratus
delivers
,
that
he
might
not
give
them
notice
enough
to
make
Provision
for
their
Defence
.
Upon
this
,
the
Achoeans
were
mightily
disturb'd
,
the
common
People
expecting
a
Division
of
the
Land
,
and
a
Release
from
their
Debts
;
and
the
chief
Men
being
on
many
Accounts
displeas'd
with
Aratus
,
and
some
angry
and
at
odds
with
him
,
as
the
Occasion
of
the
Macedonians
descent
on
Peloponnesus
.
Encouraged
by
these
Misunderstandings
,
Cleomenes
invades
Achoea
;
and
first
took
Pellene
by
surprise
,
and
beat
out
the
Achoean
Garrison
;
and
afterward
brought
over
Pheneon
and
Penteloeon
to
his
side
.
Now
the
Achoeans
suspecting
some
treacherous
Designs
at
Corinth
and
Sicyon
,
sent
their
Horse
and
Mercenaries
out
of
Argos
to
have
an
Eye
upon
those
Cities
,
and
they
themselves
went
to
Argos
to
celebrate
the
Nemean
Games
.
Cleomenes
advertis'd
of
this
march
,
and
hoping
(
as
it
afterward
fell
out
)
that
upon
an
unexpected
Advance
to
the
City
now
busied
in
the
Solemnity
of
the
Games
,
and
throng'd
with
numerous
Spectators
,
he
should
raise
a
considerable
Terror
and
Confusion
amongst
them
;
by
night
he
march'd
with
his
Army
to
the
Walls
,
and
taking
the
quarter
of
the
Town
call'd
Aspis
,
which
lies
above
the
Theater
,
a
place
well
fortify'd
,
and
hard
to
be
approach'd
,
he
so
terrify'd
them
,
that
none
offer'd
to
resist
,
but
agreed
to
accept
a
Garrison
,
to
give
twenty
Citizens
for
Hostages
,
and
to
assist
the
Lacedoemonians
,
and
that
he
should
have
the
chief
Command
.
This
Action
considerably
encreas'd
his
Reputation
,
and
his
Power
;
for
the
ancient
Spartan
Kings
,
though
they
many
ways
endeavour'd
to
effect
it
,
could
never
bring
Argos
to
be
stedfastly
and
sincerely
theirs
.
And
Pyrrhus
a
most
experienc'd
Captain
,
and
brave
Souldier
,
though
he
enter'd
the
City
by
force
,
could
not
keep
Possession
,
but
was
slain
himself
with
a
considerable
part
of
his
Army
:
Therefore
they
admir'd
the
Dispatch
and
Contrivance
of
Cleomenes
;
and
those
that
before
derided
him
for
saying
that
he
imitated
Solon
and
Lycurgus
in
releasing
the
People
from
their
Debts
,
and
in
equally
dividing
the
Wealth
of
the
Citizens
,
were
now
perswaded
that
he
was
the
cause
of
the
desirable
Alterations
in
the
Spartan
Common-wealth
:
For
before
they
were
very
low
in
the
World
,
and
so
unable
to
secure
their
own
,
that
the
Aetolians
invading
Laconia
,
brought
away
fifty
thousand
Slaves
;
(
so
that
one
of
the
elder
Spartans
is
reported
to
have
said
,
That
they
had
done
Laconia
a
kindness
by
unburdening
it
)
and
yet
a
little
while
after
applying
themselves
to
their
own
Customs
,
and
ancient
Institution
,
they
gave
notable
Instances
of
Courage
and
Obedience
,
as
if
they
had
been
under
the
Eye
of
Lycurgus
himself
;
and
quickly
rais'd
Sparta
to
be
Head
of
all
Greece
,
and
recover'd
Peloponnesus
to
themselves
.
Whilst
Argos
was
taken
,
and
Cleonoe
and
Phlius
sided
with
Cleomenes
,
Aratus
was
at
Corinth
searching
after
some
,
who
were
reported
to
favour
the
Spartan
Interest
.
The
News
being
brought
to
him
,
disturb'd
him
very
much
;
for
he
perceiv'd
the
City
inclining
to
Cleomenes
,
and
the
Achoeans
willing
to
be
at
ease
;
therefore
he
call'd
all
the
Citizens
into
the
common
Hall
,
and
,
as
it
were
,
undesignedly
retreating
to
the
Gate
,
he
mounted
his
Horse
that
stood
ready
there
,
and
fled
to
Sicyon
;
and
the
Corinthians
made
such
hast
to
Cleomenes
at
Argos
,
that
(
as
Aratus
says
)
striving
who
should
be
first
there
,
they
spoil'd
all
their
Horses
:
And
Cleomenes
was
very
angry
with
the
Corinthians
for
letting
Aratus
escape
:
And
Megistones
came
from
Cleomenes
to
him
,
desiring
him
to
diliver
up
the
Castle
of
Corinth
,
which
was
then
garrison'd
by
the
Achoeans
,
and
offer'd
him
a
considerable
Sum
of
Money
;
and
that
he
answered
,
That
Matters
were
not
now
in
his
Power
,
but
he
in
theirs
.
Thus
Aratus
himself
writes
.
But
Cleomenes
marching
from
Argos
,
and
taking
in
the
Troezenians
,
Epidaurians
,
and
Hermioneans
,
came
to
Corinth
,
and
block'd
up
the
Castle
which
the
Achoeans
would
not
surrender
;
and
sending
for
Aratus's
Friends
and
Stewards
,
committed
his
House
and
Estate
to
their
Care
and
Management
;
and
sent
Tritimallus
the
Messenian
to
him
a
second
time
,
desiring
that
the
Castle
might
be
equally
garrison'd
by
the
Spartans
and
Achoeans
,
and
promising
to
Aratus
himself
double
the
Pension
that
he
receiv'd
from
King
Ptolemy
:
But
Aratus
refusing
the
Conditions
,
and
sending
his
own
Son
with
other
Hostages
to
Antigonus
,
and
perswading
the
Achoeans
to
make
a
Decree
for
delivering
the
Castle
into
Antigonus's
Hands
,
Cleomenes
invaded
the
Territory
of
the
Sicyonians
,
and
by
a
Decree
of
the
Corinthians
,
seiz'd
on
all
Aratus's
Estate
.
In
the
mean
time
Antigonus
,
with
a
great
Army
,
pass'd
Gerania
,
and
Cleomenes
thinking
it
more
advisable
to
fortifie
and
garrison
,
not
the
Isthmus
,
but
the
Mountains
called
Onia
,
and
by
a
long
Siege
and
Skirmishes
to
weary
the
Macedonians
,
than
to
venture
a
set
Battle
,
put
his
Design
in
Execution
,
which
very
much
distress'd
Antigonus
;
for
he
had
not
brought
Victuals
sufficient
for
his
Army
;
nor
was
it
easie
to
force
a
way
through
whilst
Cleomenes
guarded
the
Pass
.
He
attempted
by
night
to
pass
through
Lechoeum
,
but
fail'd
,
and
lost
some
Men
;
so
that
Cleomenes
and
his
Army
,
were
mightily
encouraged
,
and
so
flusht
with
the
Victory
,
that
they
went
merrily
to
Supper
;
and
Antigonus
was
very
much
dejected
,
being
reduc'd
to
those
miserable
straits
.
At
last
he
design'd
to
march
to
the
Promontory
Heroeum
,
and
thence
transport
his
Army
in
Boats
to
Sicyon
,
which
would
take
up
a
great
deal
of
time
,
and
be
very
chargeable
.
The
same
time
about
Evening
some
of
Aratus's
Friends
came
from
Argos
by
Sea
,
and
invited
him
to
return
,
for
the
Argives
would
revolt
from
Cleomenes
.
Aristotle
was
the
Man
that
wrought
the
Revolt
;
and
he
had
no
hard
task
to
perswade
the
common
People
;
for
they
were
all
angry
with
Cleomenes
for
not
releasing
them
from
theirs
Debts
as
they
expected
.
Upon
this
Advertisement
Aratus
with
fifteen
hundred
of
Antigonus's
Souldiers
sail'd
to
Epidaurus
;
but
Aristotle
not
staying
for
his
coming
,
drew
out
the
Citizens
,
and
fought
against
the
Garrison
of
the
Castle
,
and
Timoxenus
with
the
Achoeans
from
Sicyon
,
came
to
his
Assistance
.
Cleomenes
heard
the
News
about
the
second
Watch
of
the
Night
,
and
sending
for
Megistones
angrily
commanded
him
to
go
and
set
things
right
at
Argos
.
This
Megistones
was
the
Man
who
pass'd
his
word
for
the
Argives
Loyalty
,
and
perswaded
him
not
to
banish
the
suspected
.
This
Megistones
he
dispatch'd
with
two
thousand
Souldiers
,
and
observ'd
Antigonus
himself
,
and
encouraged
the
Corinthians
,
pretending
that
there
was
no
great
matter
in
the
Stirs
at
Argos
,
but
only
a
little
Disturbance
rais'd
by
a
few
inconsiderable
Persons
.
But
when
Megistones
,
entring
Argos
,
was
slain
,
and
the
Garrison
could
scarce
hold
out
,
and
frequent
Messengers
came
to
Cleomenes
for
Succours
,
he
fearing
lest
the
Enemy
having
taken
Argos
,
should
shut
up
the
Passes
,
and
securely
waste
Laconia
,
and
besiege
Sparta
it self
,
which
he
had
left
without
Forces
;
he
dislodg'd
from
Corinth
,
and
presently
lost
that
City
;
for
Antigonus
entred
it
,
and
garrison'd
the
Town
.
He
turn'd
aside
from
his
direct
March
,
and
assaulting
the
Wall
of
Argos
,
endeavour'd
to
break
in
;
and
having
clear'd
a
way
under
the
quarter
called
Aspis
,
he
joyn'd
the
Garrison
which
still
held
out
against
the
Achoeans
;
some
parts
of
the
City
he
scal'd
,
and
took
,
and
his
Cretan
Archers
clear'd
the
Streets
.
But
when
he
saw
Antigonus
with
his
Phalanx
descending
from
the
Mountains
into
the
Plain
,
and
the
Horse
on
all
sides
entring
the
City
,
he
thought
it
impossible
to
maintain
his
Post
,
and
therefore
with
all
his
Men
made
a
safe
Retreat
behind
the
Wall
.
Having
in
a
short
time
rais'd
himself
to
a
considerable
height
,
and
in
one
March
made
himself
Master
of
almost
all
Peloponnesus
,
and
lost
all
again
in
as
short
a
time
:
For
some
of
his
Allies
presently
forsook
him
,
and
others
not
long
after
put
themselves
under
Antigonus's
Protection
.
His
Army
thus
defeated
,
as
he
was
leading
back
the
Relicks
of
his
Forces
,
some
from
Lacedoemon
met
him
in
the
Evening
at
Tegea
,
and
brought
him
News
of
as
great
a
Misfortune
as
that
which
he
had
lately
suffer'd
,
and
that
was
the
Death
of
his
Wife
,
whom
he
doted
on
so
much
,
that
when
he
was
most
prosperous
,
he
would
ever
now
and
then
make
a
step
to
Sparta
,
to
visit
his
beloved
Aegiatis
.
This
News
afflicted
him
extreamly
,
and
he
griev'd
,
as
a
young
Man
would
do
for
the
loss
of
a
very
beautifull
and
excellent
Wife
;
yet
his
passion
did
not
debase
the
greatness
of
his
Mind
,
but
keeping
his
usual
Voice
,
his
Countenance
and
his
Habit
,
he
gave
necessary
Orders
to
his
Captains
,
and
took
care
to
secure
the
Tegeans
.
The
next
day
he
retir'd
to
Sparta
,
and
having
at
home
with
his
Mother
and
Children
bewail'd
the
loss
,
and
finish'd
his
Mourning
,
he
presently
appear'd
about
the
publick
Affairs
of
the
State
.
Now
Ptolemy
,
the
King
of
Aegypt
,
promis'd
him
Assistance
,
but
demanded
his
Mother
and
Children
for
Hostages
:
this
for
some
considerable
time
he
was
asham'd
to
discover
to
his
Mother
;
and
though
he
often
went
to
her
on
purpose
,
and
was
just
upon
the
Discourse
,
yet
still
refrain'd
,
and
kept
it
to
himself
?
so
that
she
began
to
suspect
somewhat
,
and
ask'd
his
Friends
,
Whether
Cleomenes
had
somewhat
to
say
to
her
,
which
he
was
afraid
to
speak
!
At
last
Cleomenes
venturing
to
tell
her
,
she
laugh'd
heartily
,
and
said
,
Was
this
the
thing
that
you
had
often
a
mind
to
tell
me
;
and
was
afraid
?
Why
do
not
you
put
me
on
ship
board
,
and
send
this
Carkase
where
it
may
be
most
servicable
to
Sparta
,
before
Age
wastes
it
unprofitably
here
?
Therefore
all
things
being
provided
for
the
Voyage
,
thy
went
to
Toenarus
on
Foot
,
and
the
Army
waited
on
them
.
Cratesicloea
,
when
she
was
ready
to
go
on
Board
,
took
Cleomenes
aside
into
Neptune's
Temple
,
and
embracing
him
who
was
very
much
dejected
,
and
extreamly
discompos'd
,
she
said
thus
,
Go
to
King
of
Sparta
;
when
we
are
without
door
,
let
none
see
us
weep
,
or
show
any
Passion
below
the
Honour
and
Dignity
of
Sparta
;
for
that
alone
is
in
our
own
power
;
as
for
Success
or
Disappointments
,
those
wait
on
us
as
the
Deity
decrees
.
Having
said
thus
,
and
compos'd
her
Countenance
,
she
went
to
the
Ship
with
her
little
Grandson
,
and
bad
the
Pilot
put
presently
out
to
Sea
.
When
she
came
to
Aegypt
,
and
understood
that
Ptolemy
entertain'd
Proposals
and
Overtures
of
Peace
from
Antigonus
,
and
that
Cleomenes
,
though
the
Achoeans
invited
and
urg'd
him
to
an
Agreement
,
was
afraid
,
for
her
sake
,
to
come
to
any
,
without
Ptolemy's
consent
,
she
wrote
to
him
,
advising
him
to
do
that
which
was
most
becoming
and
most
profitable
for
Sparta
,
and
not
for
the
sake
of
an
old
Woman
and
a
little
Child
,
always
stand
in
fear
of
Ptolemy
:
this
Character
she
maintain'd
in
her
Misfortunes
.
Antigonus
having
taken
Tegea
,
and
plunder'd
Orchomenum
and
Mantinoea
,
Cleomenes
was
shut
up
within
the
narrow
Bounds
of
Laconia
,
and
made
such
of
the
Heilots
as
could
pay
five
Attick
pounds
,
free
of
Sparta
,
and
by
that
means
got
together
500
Talents
;
and
arming
2000
after
the
Macedonian
fashion
,
that
he
might
make
a
Body
fit
to
oppose
Antigonus's
Leucaspidoe
(
white-Shields
)
he
undertook
a
very
considerable
and
very
surprising
Enterprize
.
Megalopolis
was
at
that
time
a
City
of
it self
,
as
big
and
as
powerful
as
Sparta
,
and
had
the
Forces
of
the
Achoeans
and
Antigonus
incamping
on
its
sides
;
and
it
was
chiefly
the
Megalopolitans
doing
,
that
Antigonus
was
call'd
in
to
assist
the
Achoeans
.
Cleomenes
having
a
design
upon
this
City
,
(
no
Action
was
ever
more
sudden
and
more
unexpected
)
order'd
his
Men
to
take
five
days
Provision
,
and
so
march'd
to
Sellasia
,
as
if
he
intended
to
spoil
the
Countrey
of
the
Argives
:
but
from
thence
making
a
descent
into
the
Territories
of
Megalopolis
,
and
refreshing
his
Army
about
Rhoetium
,
he
march'd
through
Helicon
,
directly
to
the
City
.
When
he
was
not
far
off
the
Town
,
he
sent
Panteus
with
two
Regiments
to
surprize
the
Mesopyrgion
,
(
the
Quarter
between
the
two
Towers
)
which
he
understood
to
be
the
most
unguarded
Quarter
of
the
Megalopolitans
Fortifications
;
and
with
the
rest
of
his
Forces
he
follow'd
leisurely
.
Panteus
,
not
only
surpriz'd
that
Place
,
but
finding
a
great
part
of
the
Wall
without
Guards
,
he
pull'd
down
some
places
,
and
demolish'd
others
,
and
kill'd
all
the
Defenders
that
he
found
.
Whilst
he
was
thus
busied
,
Cleomenes
came
up
to
him
,
and
was
got
with
his
Army
within
the
City
,
before
the
Megalopolitans
knew
of
the
Surprize
:
At
last
,
as
soon
as
it
was
discover'd
,
some
left
the
Town
immediately
,
taking
with
them
what
Money
they
had
ready
;
some
arm'd
,
and
engag'd
the
Enemy
;
and
though
they
were
not
able
to
beat
them
out
,
yet
they
gave
their
Citizens
time
and
opportunity
safely
to
retire
:
so
that
there
were
not
above
1000
Persons
left
in
the
Town
,
all
the
rest
flying
with
their
Wives
and
Children
,
and
escaping
to
Messena
.
A
great
number
of
those
that
arm'd
and
fought
the
Enemy
,
were
sav'd
,
and
very
few
taken
,
amongst
whom
were
Lysandridas
and
Thearidas
,
two
Men
of
great
Power
and
Reputation
amongst
the
Megalopolitans
;
and
therefore
the
Souldiers
,
as
soon
as
they
were
taken
,
brought
them
to
Cleomenes
:
And
Lysandridas
,
as
soon
as
he
saw
Cleomenes
afar
off
,
cry'd
out
,
Now
,
King
of
Sparta
,
't
is
in
your
power
,
by
doing
a
most
Kingly
and
braver
Action
than
you
have
already
perform'd
,
to
purchase
a
considerable
Glory
.
And
Cleomenes
guessing
at
his
meaning
,
reply'd
,
What
do
you
say
,
Lysandridas
,
sure
you
will
not
advise
me
to
restore
your
City
to
you
again
?
'T
is
that
which
I
mean
,
Lysandridas
reply'd
,
and
I
advise
you
not
to
ruine
so
brave
a
City
,
but
to
fill
it
with
faithful
and
stedfast
Friends
and
Allies
,
by
restoring
their
Countrey
to
the
Megalopolitans
,
and
being
the
Saviour
of
so
considerable
a
People
.
Cleomenes
paus'd
a
while
,
and
then
said
,
'T
is
very
hard
to
trust
so
far
in
these
Matters
;
but
with
us
let
Profit
always
yield
to
Glory
.
Having
said
this
,
he
sent
the
two
Men
to
Messena
with
a
Trumpeter
from
himself
,
offering
the
Megalopolitans
their
City
again
,
if
they
would
forsake
the
Achoean
Interest
,
and
be
on
his
side
.
Though
Cleomenes
made
these
kind
and
obliging
Proposals
,
yet
Philopoemen
would
not
suffer
them
to
break
their
League
with
the
Achoeans
;
and
accusing
Cleomenes
to
the
People
,
as
if
his
design
was
not
to
restore
the
City
,
but
to
take
the
Citizens
too
,
he
forc'd
Thearidas
and
Lysandridas
to
leave
Messena
.
This
was
that
Philopoemen
who
was
afterward
Chief
of
the
Achoeans
,
and
a
Man
of
the
greatest
Reputation
amongst
the
Greeks
,
as
I
have
made
it
appear
in
his
own
Life
.
This
News
coming
to
Cleomenes
,
though
he
had
before
taken
such
strict
care
that
the
City
should
not
be
plunder'd
,
yet
then
being
in
a
Fury
,
and
put
out
of
all
patience
,
he
rifled
them
of
all
their
Coin
,
Plate
and
Jewels
,
and
sent
their
Statues
and
Pictures
unto
Sparta
;
and
demollishing
a
great
part
of
the
City
,
he
march'd
away
,
for
fear
of
Antigonus
and
the
Achoeans
:
but
they
never
stirr'd
,
for
they
were
in
Aegium
,
at
a
Council
of
War
.
There
Aratus
mountted
the
Desk
,
wept
along
while
,
and
held
his
Mantle
before
his
Face
;
and
at
last
the
Company
being
amaz'd
,
and
commanding
him
,
to
speak
,
he
said
,
Megalopolis
is
ruin
▪
d
by
Cleomenes
.
The
Assembly
was
presently
dissolv'd
,
the
Achoeans
being
extreamly
surpriz'd
at
the
suddenness
and
greatness
of
the
loss
;
and
Antigonus
intending
to
send
speedy
Succours
,
when
he
found
his
Army
to
gather
very
slowly
out
of
their
Winter-quarters
,
he
sent
them
Orders
to
continue
there
still
;
and
he
himself
march'd
to
Argos
with
a
considerable
Body
of
Men.
The
second
enterprize
of
Cleomenes
seem'd
to
be
carry'd
on
by
extream
Boldness
and
unaccountable
Madness
;
but
yet
in
Polybius's
opinion
,
was
done
upon
mature
Deliberation
and
exact
Fore-sight
:
for
knowing
very
well
that
the
Macedonians
were
dispers'd
into
their
Winter-quarters
,
and
that
Antigonus
with
his
Friends
and
a
few
Mercenaries
about
him
winter'd
in
Argos
;
upon
these
Considerations
he
invaded
the
Countrey
of
the
Argives
,
hoping
to
shame
Antigonus
to
a
Battle
upon
unequal
terms
;
or
else
if
he
did
not
dare
to
Fight
,
to
bring
him
into
Disrepute
with
the
Achoeans
.
And
this
accordingly
hapned
;
for
Cleomenes
wasting
,
plundring
and
spoyling
the
whole
Countrey
,
the
Argives
vex'd
at
the
loss
,
ran
in
Troops
to
the
Palace
of
the
King
,
and
clamour'd
that
he
should
either
fight
,
or
surrender
his
Command
to
better
and
braver
Men.
But
Antigonus
,
as
became
an
experienc'd
Captain
,
accounting
it
dishonourable
,
foolishly
to
hazzard
his
Army
,
and
quit
his
Security
,
and
not
so
to
be
abus'd
and
rail'd
at
by
the
Rabble
,
would
not
march
out
against
Cleomenes
,
but
stood
fix'd
to
the
Designs
which
he
had
laid
:
Cleomenes
in
the
mean
time
brought
his
Army
up
to
the
very
Walls
,
and
having
uncontroul'dly
spoil'd
the
Countrey
,
and
insulted
o'er
his
Enemies
,
drew
off
again
.
A
little
while
after
being
advertis'd
that
Antigonus
design'd
for
Tegea
,
and
thence
to
make
an
Incursion
into
Laconia
,
he
hastily
march'd
with
his
Army
another
way
,
and
appear'd
early
in
the
morning
before
Argos
,
and
wasted
the
Fields
about
it
:
the
Corn
he
did
not
cut
down
with
Reaping
hooks
and
Sythes
,
as
Men
usually
do
,
but
beat
it
down
with
great
Staves
made
like
Scymetars
,
as
if
with
a
great
deal
of
Contempt
and
wanton
Scorn
he
spoyl'd
the
Fields
,
and
wasted
the
Countrey
in
his
March
;
yet
when
his
Souldiers
would
have
set
Cyllabaris
,
the
School
of
Exercise
,
on
fire
,
he
hindred
the
Attempt
,
reflecting
upon
serious
consideration
,
that
the
Outrages
committed
at
Megalopolis
,
were
the
effects
of
his
Passion
rather
than
his
Wisdom
.
He
pretended
to
make
such
little
account
of
,
and
so
much
to
despise
Antigonus
,
who
first
retir'd
to
Argos
,
and
afterwards
plac'd
Garrisons
on
all
the
Mountains
round
about
,
that
he
sent
a
Trumpeter
to
desire
the
Keys
of
the
Heroeum
,
(
Juno's
Temple
)
that
he
might
sacrifice
to
the
Goddess
.
Thus
with
a
Scoff
and
bitter
Reflection
on
Antigonus
,
and
having
sacrific'd
to
the
Goddess
,
under
the
Walls
of
the
Temple
,
which
was
shut
,
he
march'd
to
Phlius
;
and
from
thence
driving
out
those
that
garrison'd
Hologountum
,
he
march'd
down
to
Orchomenum
.
And
these
Enterprizes
not
only
encouraged
the
Citizens
,
but
made
him
appear
,
to
the
very
Enemies
to
be
an
experienc'd
Captain
and
very
worthy
of
Command
:
for
with
the
Strength
of
one
City
,
not
only
to
fight
the
Power
of
the
Macedonians
,
and
all
the
Peloponnesians
;
not
only
to
preserve
Laconia
from
being
spoyl'd
,
but
to
waste
the
Enemies
Countrey
,
and
to
take
so
many
and
such
considerable
Cities
,
is
an
Argument
of
no
common
Bravery
.
He
that
first
said
,
That
Money
was
the
sinews
of
Affairs
,
seem'd
chiefly
in
that
saying
to
respect
War
:
And
Demades
,
when
the
Athenians
had
voted
that
a
Navy
should
be
made
ready
,
but
had
no
Money
,
said
,
They
should
make
Bread
before
they
thought
of
Sayling
.
And
the
old
Archidamus
,
in
the
beginning
of
the
Peloponnesian
War
,
when
the
Allies
desir'd
,
that
each
Parties
share
of
Contributions
for
the
War
should
be
determin'd
,
is
reported
to
have
said
,
War
cannot
be
kept
to
a
set
Diet
:
For
as
well-breath'd
Wrestlers
do
in
time
weary
and
tire
out
the
most
active
and
most
skilful
Combatant
;
so
Antigonus
coming
to
the
War
with
a
great
stock
of
Wealth
,
weary'd
out
Cleomenes
,
whose
Poverty
made
it
difficult
for
him
either
to
provide
Pay
for
the
Mercenaries
,
or
Provisions
for
the
Citizens
.
For
in
all
other
Respects
the
time
favour'd
Cleomenes
;
for
Antigonus's
Affairs
at
home
began
to
be
disturb'd
:
for
the
Barbarians
wasted
and
over-ran
Macedonia
whilst
he
was
absent
;
and
at
that
time
a
vast
Army
of
the
Illyrians
came
down
:
to
be
freed
from
whose
Outrages
,
the
Macedonians
sent
for
Antigonus
,
and
the
Letters
had
almost
been
brought
to
him
before
the
Battel
was
fought
;
upon
the
receipt
of
which
he
presently
dislodg'd
,
and
left
the
Achoeans
Affairs
to
themselves
.
But
Fortune
,
that
loves
to
determine
the
greatest
Affairs
by
a
Minute
,
in
this
Conjuncture
show'd
such
an
exact
niceness
of
Time
,
that
immediately
after
the
Battel
in
Sellasia
was
over
,
and
Cleomenes
had
lost
his
Army
and
his
City
,
the
Messengers
reach'd
Antigonus
.
And
this
made
Cleomenes's
Misfortune
more
to
be
pitied
;
for
if
he
had
forborn
fighting
two
days
longer
,
there
had
been
no
need
of
hazarding
a
Battel
,
since
upon
the
departure
of
the
Macedonians
,
he
might
have
had
what
Conditions
he
pleas'd
from
the
Achoeans
▪
But
now
(
as
I
hinted
before
)
for
want
of
Money
,
being
necessitated
to
rely
wholly
on
his
Arms
,
he
was
forc'd
with
20000
(
this
is
Polybius's
Account
)
to
engage
thirty
thousand
;
and
approving
himself
an
excellent
Commander
in
this
Difficulty
,
his
Citizens
showing
an
extraordinary
Courage
,
and
his
Mercenaries
Bravery
enough
;
he
was
overborn
by
the
different
way
of
fighting
,
and
the
weight
of
the
Arm'd
Phalanx
.
Besides
,
Phylarchus
affirms
,
that
the
Treachery
of
some
about
him
was
the
chief
Cause
of
Cleomenes's
Ruine
.
For
Antigonus
gave
Orders
,
that
the
Illyrians
and
Acharnanians
should
march
round
by
a
secret
way
,
and
encompass
the
other
Wing
which
Eucleidas
,
Cleomenes's
Brother
,
commanded
;
and
then
drew
out
the
rest
of
his
Forces
to
the
Battel
.
And
Cleomenes
,
from
a
convenient
rising
,
viewing
his
Order
,
and
not
seeing
any
of
the
Illyrians
and
Acharnanians
,
began
to
suspect
that
Antigonus
had
sent
them
upon
some
such
Design
;
and
calling
for
Damoteles
,
who
was
to
inspect
,
and
to
provide
against
Ambushes
,
commanded
him
carefully
to
look
after
,
and
discover
the
Enemies
Designs
upon
his
Rear
.
But
Damoteles
(
for
some
say
Antigonus
had
brib'd
him
)
telling
him
,
that
he
should
not
be
sollicitous
about
that
matter
,
for
all
was
well
enough
,
but
mind
,
and
fight
those
that
met
him
in
the
front
.
He
was
satisfied
,
and
advanc'd
against
Antigonus
;
and
by
the
Vigorous
Charge
of
his
Spartans
,
made
the
Macedonian
Phalanx
give
ground
,
and
press'd
upon
them
with
great
Advantage
about
half
a
mile
;
but
then
making
a
stand
,
and
seeing
the
danger
which
the
surrounded
Wing
commanded
by
his
Brother
Eucleidas
,
was
in
,
he
cry'd
out
,
Thou
art
lost
,
dear
Brother
,
thou
art
lost
,
thou
brave
Example
to
our
Spartan
Matron's
Songs
.
Eucleidas's
Wing
being
thus
cut
in
Peices
,
and
the
Conquerors
from
that
part
falling
upon
his
Battel
,
he
perceiv'd
his
Souldiers
to
be
disorder'd
,
and
unable
to
maintain
the
Fight
,
and
therefore
provided
for
his
own
safety
.
When
he
came
into
the
City
,
he
advised
those
Citizens
that
he
met
,
to
receive
Antigonus
;
and
as
for
himself
,
he
said
,
which
should
appear
most
advantageous
to
Sparta
,
whether
his
Life
or
Death
,
that
he
would
chuse
.
Seeing
the
Women
running
out
to
those
that
fled
with
him
,
taking
their
Arms
,
and
bringing
Drink
to
them
,
he
entred
into
his
own
House
,
and
his
Servant
,
which
was
a
free-born
Woman
,
taken
from
Megalopolis
after
his
Wife's
Death
,
offering
,
as
she
us'd
to
do
,
to
make
necessary
Provision
for
him
returning
from
the
Battel
;
though
he
was
very
thirsty
,
he
refus'd
to
drink
,
and
though
very
weary
,
to
sit
down
;
but
arm'd
as
he
was
,
he
clapt
his
Arm
side-way
to
a
Pillar
,
and
leaning
his
Forehead
upon
his
Elbow
,
he
rested
his
Body
a
little
while
,
and
ran
over
in
his
Thoughts
what
course
he
should
take
,
and
then
with
his
Friends
went
presently
to
Gythium
;
where
finding
Ships
fitted
for
the
Purpose
,
they
embark'd
.
Antigonus
taking
the
City
,
treated
the
Lacedoemonians
courteously
,
and
neither
affronting
,
nor
ruining
the
Dignity
of
Sparta
,
but
permitting
them
to
enjoy
their
own
Laws
and
Polity
,
and
sacrificing
to
the
Gods
,
dislodg'd
the
third
day
:
for
he
heard
that
there
was
a
great
War
kindled
in
Macedonia
,
and
that
the
Country
was
spoyl'd
by
the
Barbarians
;
besides
,
he
grew
sick
of
a
Consumption
and
continual
Defluxion
on
the
Lungs
,
yet
he
still
kept
up
that
he
might
return
and
free
his
own
Country
,
and
fall
more
gloriously
upon
an
heap
of
slaughter'd
Barbarians
.
As
Phylarchus
says
,
and
't
is
probable
,
he
broke
a
Vein
by
shouting
in
the
Battel
.
In
the
Plays
't
was
said
,
that
after
the
Victory
he
cry'd
out
for
Joy
,
O
fine
Day
!
and
presently
bringing
up
abundance
of
Blood
,
fell
into
a
Fever
,
and
dy'd
in
a
short
time
.
And
thus
much
concerning
Antigonus
.
Cleomenes
sailing
from
Cytheroe
,
touch'd
at
another
Island
call'd
Aegyalia
,
whence
as
he
was
about
to
depart
for
Cyrene
,
one
of
his
Friends
,
Therycion
by
Name
,
a
Man
of
an
haughty
Spirit
in
all
Enterprises
,
and
high
and
boasting
in
his
talk
,
came
privately
to
him
,
and
said
thus
;
Sir
,
Death
in
Battel
,
which
is
the
most
glorious
,
we
have
let
go
;
though
all
heard
us
say
that
Antigonus
should
never
tread
over
the
King
of
Sparta
▪
unless
dead
;
and
now
that
which
is
next
in
Bravery
and
Glory
,
is
presented
to
us
.
Whither
do
we
madly
sail
,
flying
that
which
is
near
,
and
seeking
that
which
is
far
removed
?
For
if
it
is
not
dishonourable
for
the
Race
of
Hercules
to
serve
the
Successors
of
Philip
and
Alexander
,
we
shall
save
a
long
Voyage
by
delivering
our selves
up
to
Antigonus
,
who
,
probably
,
surpasseth
Ptolomy
as
much
as
the
Macedonians
do
the
Aegyptians
;
but
if
we
think
it
mean
to
submit
to
those
whose
Arms
have
conquer'd
us
,
why
should
we
chuse
him
for
our
Lord
by
whom
we
have
not
yet
been
beaten
?
Is
it
that
instead
of
one
,
we
might
appear
meaner
than
two
,
whilst
we
fly
Antigonus
,
and
flatter
Ptolomy
?
Or
,
is
it
for
your
Mother's
sake
that
you
retreat
to
Aegypt
?
It
will
indeed
be
a
very
fine
,
and
very
desirable
sight
for
her
to
be
shown
her
Son
by
Ptolomy's
Women
,
now
chang'd
from
a
Prince
into
an
exile
and
a
Slave
.
Are
we
not
still
Masters
of
our
own
Swords
?
And
whilst
we
have
Laconia
in
view
,
shall
we
not
here
free
our selves
from
this
disgracefull
Misery
,
and
clear
our selves
to
those
,
who
at
Sellasia
dy'd
for
the
Honour
and
Defence
of
Sparta
?
Or
,
shall
we
sit
lazily
in
Aegypt
enquiring
what
News
from
Sparta
?
and
whom
Antigonus
hath
been
pleas'd
to
make
Governour
of
Lacedaemon
?
Thus
spoke
Therycion
;
and
this
was
Cleomenes's
Reply
;
By
seeking
Death
,
you
Coward
,
the
most
easie
,
and
most
ready
Refuge
,
you
fansie
that
you
shall
appear
courageous
and
brave
,
though
this
Flight
is
baser
than
thy
former
.
Better
Men
than
we
have
given
way
to
their
Enemies
,
having
been
betray'd
by
Fortune
,
or
oppress'd
by
Multitude
;
but
he
that
sinks
under
Labour
or
Afflictions
,
the
Opinions
or
Reproaches
of
Men
,
is
overcome
by
his
own
Effeminacy
and
Softness
:
For
a
voluntary
Death
ought
not
to
be
chosen
as
a
Relief
from
Action
,
but
as
an
Exemplary
Action
it self
,
and
't
is
base
either
to
live
or
to
die
only
to
our selves
.
That
death
to
which
you
now
invite
us
,
is
propos'd
only
as
a
release
from
our
present
Miseries
,
but
carries
nothing
of
Bravery
or
Profit
in
it
.
And
I
think
it
becomes
both
me
and
you
not
to
despair
of
our
Country
;
but
when
there
are
no
hopes
of
that
left
,
those
that
have
an
Inclination
may
quickly
die
.
To
this
Therycion
return'd
no
Answer
;
but
as
soon
as
he
could
get
out
of
Cleomenes's
Company
,
went
toward
the
Shore
,
and
ran
himself
through
.
But
Cleomenes
sailed
from
Aegialia
,
landed
in
Libya
,
and
being
honourably
conducted
through
the
King's
Country
,
came
to
Alexandria
.
When
he
was
first
brought
to
Ptolomy
,
no
more
than
common
Civilities
,
and
usual
Ceremonies
were
paid
him
;
but
when
;
upon
tryal
,
he
found
him
a
Man
of
deep
Sense
,
and
great
Reason
,
and
that
his
plain
Laconick
way
of
Conversation
carried
a
free
Pleasantness
with
it
,
that
he
did
nothing
unbecoming
the
greatness
of
his
Birth
,
nor
bent
under
Fortune
,
and
appear'd
a
more
faithful
Councellor
,
than
those
who
made
it
their
business
to
please
and
flatter
;
he
was
asham'd
,
and
repented
that
he
had
neglected
so
great
a
Man
,
and
suffer'd
Antigonus
to
get
so
much
Power
and
Reputation
by
ruining
him
.
Therefore
he
heap'd
up
Honours
and
Kindnesses
on
Cleomenes
,
and
gave
him
Hopes
that
he
would
furnish
him
with
an
Army
and
a
Navy
to
recover
Greece
,
and
re-instate
him
in
is
Throne
.
Besides
,
he
allow'd
him
a
yearly
Pension
of
four
and
twenty
Talents
;
a
little
part
of
which
Sum
supply'd
his
and
his
Friends
thrifty
Temperance
;
and
the
rest
was
imploy'd
in
doing
good
Offices
to
,
and
in
relieving
the
Necessities
of
those
that
fled
Greece
,
and
retir'd
into
Aegypt
.
But
the
elder
Ptolomy
dying
before
Cleomenes's
Affairs
had
receiv'd
a
full
Dispatch
,
and
the
Successor
being
a
loose
,
voluptuous
and
effeminate
Prince
,
under
the
power
of
his
Pleasures
and
his
Women
,
his
Business
was
neglected
:
for
the
King
was
so
besotted
with
his
Women
and
his
Wine
,
that
Balls
,
Musick
and
Dancing
,
were
the
only
Employments
of
his
most
busie
and
serious
hours
,
and
the
greatest
Affairs
of
State
were
managed
by
Agathoclea
the
King's
Mistress
,
her
Mother
,
and
the
Pimp
Oinanthes
.
Therefore
at
the
first
they
seem'd
to
stand
in
need
of
Cleomenes
;
for
Ptolomy
being
afraid
of
his
Brother
Magas
,
who
by
his
Mother's
means
had
a
great
Interest
amongst
the
Souldiers
,
took
Cleomenes
into
his
Cabinet-Council
,
and
acquainted
him
with
the
Design
of
taking
off
his
Brother
.
He
,
though
all
were
for
it
,
declar'd
his
opinion
to
the
contrary
,
saying
The
King
,
if
it
were
possible
,
should
have
more
Brothers
for
the
better
security
and
management
of
his
Affairs
:
And
Sosibius
,
the
greatest
Favourite
,
replying
,
That
they
were
not
secure
of
the
Mercenaries
whilst
Magas
was
alive
;
Cleomenes
return'd
▪
That
he
ne●d
not
trouble
himself
about
that
Matter
,
for
amongst
the
Mercenaries
there
were
above
3000
Peloponnesians
,
who
were
his
fast
Friends
,
and
whom
he
could
command
at
any
time
with
a
Nod.
This
Discourse
made
Cleomenes
for
the
present
to
be
look'd
upon
as
a
Man
of
Integrity
and
Power
;
but
afterwards
(
Ptolemy's
Weakness
increasing
his
Fear
,
and
,
as
it
usually
happens
,
where
there
is
no
Judgment
and
Wisdom
at
the
bottom
,
placing
his
Security
in
Jealousie
and
Suspicion
)
rendred
Cleomenes
suspected
to
the
Courtiers
,
as
having
too
much
Interest
with
the
Mercenaries
;
and
many
had
this
Saying
in
their
mouths
,
That
he
was
a
Lion
midst
a
flock
of
Sheep
:
for
such
he
seem'd
to
be
in
the
Court
,
slyly
overlooking
and
taking
notice
of
the
management
of
Affairs
;
therefore
when
he
desir'd
a
Navy
and
an
Army
from
the
King
,
his
Petition
was
rejected
.
But
when
he
understood
that
Antigonus
was
dead
,
that
the
Achoeans
were
engaged
in
a
War
with
the
Aetolians
,
and
that
the
Affairs
of
Peloponnesus
,
being
now
in
very
great
Distraction
and
Distress
,
requir'd
and
invited
his
Assistance
,
he
desir'd
leave
to
depart
only
with
his
Friends
,
but
could
not
obtain
that
,
the
King
not
so
much
as
hearing
his
Petition
,
being
shut
up
amongst
his
Women
,
and
wasting
his
Hours
in
Debauchery
and
Frolicks
.
But
Sosibius
,
the
chief
Minister
of
State
,
thought
that
Cleomenes
being
detain'd
against
his
will
,
would
grow
ungovernable
and
dangerous
,
and
yet
that
it
was
not
safe
to
let
him
go
,
being
an
aspiring
▪
daring
Man
,
and
well
acquainted
with
the
Diseases
and
Weakness
of
the
Kingdom
;
for
no
Presents
,
no
Gifts
,
could
win
him
to
a
Compliance
.
But
as
the
Ox
Apis
,
though
revelling
in
all
possible
plenty
and
delight
,
yet
desires
to
live
as
nature
would
provide
for
him
,
to
be
at
liberty
,
and
frisk
about
the
Fields
,
and
can
scarce
endure
to
be
under
the
Priests
keeping
;
so
he
could
not
brook
their
Courtship
,
and
tender
Entertainment
,
but
like
Achilles
.
Whilst
there
,
his
heart
did
wast
with
secret
grief
,
And
he
was
eager
for
the
noisy
Wars
.
His
Affairs
standing
in
this
condition
,
Nicagoras
the
Messenian
came
to
Alexandria
,
a
Man
that
deeply
hated
Cleomenes
,
yet
pretended
to
be
his
Friend
;
for
he
had
formerly
sold
Cleomenes
a
fair
Estate
,
but
never
receiv'd
the
Money
,
because
Cleomenes
was
either
unable
,
(
as
it
may
be
)
or
else
by
reason
of
his
engagement
in
the
Wars
and
other
Distractions
,
had
no
time
to
pay
him
.
Cleomenes
seeing
him
landing
,
(
for
he
was
then
walking
upon
the
Key
)
kindly
saluted
him
,
and
ask'd
,
What
Business
brought
him
to
Aegypt
?
Nicagoras
return'd
his
Complement
,
and
told
him
,
That
he
came
to
bring
some
excellent
War-horses
to
the
King
.
And
Cleomenes
with
a
Smile
subjoyn'd
,
I
wish
you
had
rather
brought
Pimps
,
Whores
and
Pathicks
;
for
those
now
are
the
King
's
chief
Delight
.
Nicagoras
at
the
present
smil'd
at
the
Conceit
;
but
a
few
days
after
he
put
Cleomenes
in
mind
of
the
Estate
that
he
had
bought
of
him
,
and
desir'd
his
Money
,
protesting
that
he
would
not
have
troubled
him
,
if
his
Merchandize
had
turn'd
to
that
Account
,
which
he
thought
it
would
.
Cleomenes
reply'd
,
That
he
had
not
a
penny
left
of
all
that
had
been
given
him
:
At
which
Answer
Nicagoras
being
nettled
,
told
Sosibius
Cleomenes's
Scoff
upon
the
King
.
He
caress'd
him
for
the
Discovery
,
but
desiring
to
have
some
greater
Reason
to
excite
the
King
against
Cleomenes
,
perswaded
Nicagoras
to
leave
a
Letter
written
against
Cleomenes
,
importing
that
he
had
a
Design
,
if
he
could
have
gotten
Ships
and
Souldiers
,
to
surprize
Cyrene
:
Nicagoras
wrote
such
a
Letter
,
and
left
Aegypt
.
Four
days
after
Sosibius
brought
the
Letter
to
Ptolomy
,
pretending
it
was
just
then
delivered
him
,
and
with
a
bitter
Invective
excited
the
Fury
of
the
Youth
;
upon
this
it
was
agreed
,
that
Cleomenes
should
be
invited
into
a
large
Apartment
and
treated
as
formerly
,
but
not
suffer'd
to
go
out
again
:
this
Usage
was
grievous
to
Cleomenes
,
and
by
this
unlucky
Accident
,
his
Hopes
for
the
future
seem'd
to
be
quite
dash'd
.
Ptolomy
,
the
Son
of
Chrysermas
,
a
Favourite
of
the
King
's
,
always
carried
himself
fairly
towards
Cleomenes
;
they
contracted
a
near
Acquaintance
,
and
would
talk
freely
together
about
the
State
.
He
upon
Cleomenes's
Desire
came
to
him
,
had
some
Discourse
with
him
,
upon
a
few
and
inconsiderable
Subjects
,
to
avoid
suspicion
,
and
made
some
Excuses
for
the
King
;
but
as
he
went
out
again
,
not
knowing
that
Cleomenes
follow'd
him
to
the
Door
,
he
very
severely
reprimanded
the
Keepers
,
for
their
Carelessness
in
looking
after
so
great
and
so
furious
a
wild
Beast
.
This
Cleomenes
himself
heard
,
and
retiring
before
Ptolomy
perceiv'd
it
,
told
his
Friends
what
he
had
heard
.
Upon
this
they
cast
off
all
their
former
Hopes
,
and
determin'd
for
violent
Proceedings
,
resolving
to
be
reveng'd
on
Ptolomy
for
his
base
and
unjust
Dealing
,
to
have
satisfaction
for
the
Affronts
,
to
die
as
it
became
Spartans
,
and
not
stay
till
,
like
fatted
Sacrifices
,
they
were
butcher'd
:
for
't
was
both
grievous
and
dishonourable
for
Cleomenes
,
who
had
scorn'd
to
come
to
Terms
with
Antigonus
,
a
brave
Warriour
,
and
a
Man
of
Action
,
to
wait
an
effeminate
King's
leisure
,
till
he
should
lay
aside
his
Fiddle
,
and
end
his
Dance
,
and
then
kill
him
.
These
Courses
being
resolv'd
on
,
and
Ptolomy
hapning
at
the
same
time
to
make
a
Progress
to
Canopus
,
they
first
spread
abroad
a
Report
,
that
his
Freedom
was
order'd
by
the
King
;
and
it
being
the
King's
custom
,
to
send
Presents
and
an
Entertainment
to
those
whom
he
would
free
,
Cleomenes's
Friends
made
that
provision
,
and
sent
it
into
the
Prison
,
thereby
deceiving
the
Keepers
,
who
thought
it
had
been
sent
by
the
King
;
for
he
sacrific'd
,
and
gave
them
large
Portions
,
and
with
a
Crown
upon
his
Head
feasted
and
made
merry
with
his
Friends
:
't
is
said
,
that
he
began
the
Action
sooner
than
he
design'd
,
having
understood
that
a
Servant
of
one
of
the
Accomplices
lay
abroad
with
a
Mistress
that
he
lov'd
.
This
made
him
afraid
of
a
Discovery
;
and
therefore
as
soon
as
it
was
full
Noon
,
and
all
the
Keepers
drunk
and
fast
asleep
,
he
put
on
his
Coat
,
and
opening
the
Seam
on
his
right
Shoulder
,
with
his
drawn
Sword
in
his
hand
he
issued
forth
,
together
with
his
Friends
,
provided
in
the
same
manner
,
making
13
in
all
.
One
of
them
,
by
Name
Hippotas
,
was
lame
,
he
follow'd
the
first
Onset
very
well
;
but
when
afterward
he
perceiv'd
that
they
were
more
slow
in
their
Advances
for
his
sake
,
he
desir'd
them
to
run
him
through
,
and
not
ruine
their
Enterprize
,
by
staying
for
an
useless
,
unprofitable
Man
.
By
chance
an
Alexandrian
was
then
riding
by
the
Door
,
him
they
threw
off
,
and
setting
Hippotas
on
Horseback
,
ran
through
the
narrow
Lanes
,
and
proclaim'd
Liberty
to
the
People
;
but
they
,
it
seems
,
had
Courage
enough
to
praise
and
admire
Cleomenes's
Daring
,
but
not
one
had
the
heart
to
follow
and
assist
him
.
Three
of
them
fell
on
Ptolomy
,
the
Son
of
Chrysermas
,
as
he
was
coming
out
of
the
Palace
,
and
kill'd
him
:
Another
Ptolomy
,
the
Lieutenant
of
the
City
,
advancing
against
them
in
a
Chariot
,
they
set
upon
,
dispers'd
his
Guards
and
Attendants
,
and
pulling
him
out
of
the
Chariot
,
kill'd
him
upon
the
Place
.
Then
they
made
toward
the
Castle
,
designing
to
break
open
the
Prison
,
and
take
the
Prisoners
to
their
Assistance
;
but
the
Keepers
were
too
quick
for
them
,
and
secur'd
the
Passages
.
Being
baffled
in
this
Attempt
,
Cleomenes
with
his
Company
roam'd
about
the
City
,
none
joyning
with
him
,
but
all
retreating
from
,
and
flying
his
Approach
:
therefore
despairing
of
Success
,
and
saying
to
his
Friends
,
That
it
was
no
wonder
that
Women
rul'd
o'er
those
Men
that
fled
Liberty
,
he
excited
them
all
to
die
as
bravely
as
became
his
Followers
,
and
Men
of
their
glorious
Performances
.
This
said
,
Hippotas
was
first
,
as
he
desir'd
,
run
through
by
one
of
the
young
Men
,
and
then
each
of
them
readily
and
resolutely
fell
upon
his
own
Sword
,
except
Panteus
,
that
Panteus
that
first
surpriz'd
Megalopolis
.
This
Man
being
a
very
handsom
Person
,
and
a
better
Companion
▪
than
any
of
the
Youth
,
the
King
lov'd
,
and
bad
him
,
when
he
had
seen
him
and
the
rest
fall'n
,
die
by
their
Example
.
Panteus
walk'd
over
them
as
they
lay
,
and
prick'd
every
one
with
his
Dagger
,
to
try
whether
any
was
alive
;
when
he
prick'd
Cleomenes
in
the
Leg
,
and
saw
him
turn
upon
his
Back
,
he
kiss'd
him
,
sate
down
by
him
,
and
when
he
was
quite
dead
,
cover'd
his
Carkase
,
and
then
kill'd
himself
upon
his
Body
.
Thus
fell
Cleomenes
that
great
,
brave
Man
,
after
he
had
been
King
of
Sparta
sixteen
Years
.
The
News
of
their
Fall
being
nois'd
through
the
City
,
Cratesiclaea
,
though
a
Woman
of
a
great
Spirit
,
could
not
bear
up
against
the
insupportable
weight
of
this
Affliction
;
but
embracing
Cleomenes's
Children
,
made
grievous
Lamentations
;
but
the
eldest
Boy
,
none
suspecting
such
a
Spirit
in
a
Child
,
threw
himself
headlong
from
the
top
of
the
House
;
he
was
bruis'd
very
much
,
but
not
kill'd
by
the
Fall
,
and
was
taken
up
crying
,
and
expressing
his
Resentments
for
not
being
permitted
to
destroy
himself
.
Ptolomy
,
as
soon
as
an
Account
of
the
Action
was
brought
him
,
gave
order
that
Cleomenes's
Body
should
be
flea'd
and
hung
up
;
that
his
Children
,
Mother
,
and
the
Women
that
were
with
her
,
should
be
kill'd
.
Amongst
those
was
Panteus's
Wife
,
a
very
fair
Women
,
and
of
a
stately
Carriage
,
who
had
been
but
newly
married
,
and
suffer'd
these
Disasters
in
the
height
of
her
Love
.
Her
Parents
would
not
let
her
embark
with
Panteus
presently
after
they
were
married
,
though
she
eargerly
desir'd
it
,
but
shut
her
up
,
and
kept
her
by
Violence
at
home
;
yet
a
few
days
after
she
got
an
Horse
and
a
little
Money
,
and
escaping
by
Night
,
made
speed
to
Taenarus
where
she
embark'd
for
Aegypt
,
came
to
her
Husband
,
and
with
him
chearfully
endur'd
to
live
in
a
foreign
Country
.
She
led
Cratesiclaea
as
she
was
going
with
the
Souldiers
to
Execution
,
held
up
her
Train
,
and
begg'd
her
to
be
courageous
,
who
of
her self
was
not
in
the
least
afraid
of
Death
,
and
desir'd
nothing
else
,
but
only
to
be
kill'd
before
the
Children
.
When
they
were
come
to
the
Place
of
Execution
,
the
Children
were
first
kill'd
before
Cratesiclaea's
Eyes
,
and
afterwards
she
her self
,
with
only
these
words
in
her
Mouth
;
O
Children
,
whither
are
you
gone
?
But
Panteus's
Wife
girded
her
Garments
close
to
her
,
and
being
a
strong
Women
,
without
any
Noise
or
Lamentation
,
lookt
after
every
one
that
was
slain
,
and
wound
them
up
as
well
as
her
present
Circumstances
would
permit
;
and
after
all
were
kill'd
,
dressing
her self
,
bound
her
clothes
close
about
her
,
and
suffering
none
to
come
near
,
or
be
an
Eye-witness
of
her
Fall
,
besides
the
Executioner
,
she
courageously
submitted
to
the
stroak
,
and
wanted
no
Body
to
look
after
her
,
or
wind
her
up
after
she
was
dead
.
Thus
in
her
Death
the
Modesty
of
her
Mind
appear'd
,
and
set
that
Guard
upon
her
Body
,
which
she
always
kept
when
alive
:
And
she
in
the
declining
Age
of
the
Spartans
shew'd
,
that
Women
were
no
unequal
Rivals
of
the
Men
,
and
was
on
Instance
of
such
a
Courage
as
would
not
sneak
to
the
Affronts
of
Fortune
.
A
few
days
after
,
those
that
watch'd
the
hanging
Body
of
Cleomenes
,
saw
a
very
great
Snake
winding
about
his
Head
,
and
covering
his
Face
,
so
that
no
Bird
of
Prey
would
fly
at
it
.
This
made
the
King
superstitiously
afraid
,
and
set
the
Women
upon
several
Lustrations
,
as
if
he
had
been
an
extraordinary
Man
,
and
one
belov'd
by
the
Gods
that
had
been
slain
.
And
the
Alexandrians
made
Processions
to
the
Place
,
and
gave
Cleomenes
the
Title
of
Hero
,
and
Son
of
the
Gods
,
till
the
Philosophers
satisfied
them
by
saying
,
That
as
Oxen
breed
Bees
,
putrifying
Horses
Breed
Hornets
,
and
Beetles
rise
from
the
Carkasses
of
dead
Asses
,
so
the
Humours
and
Juices
of
the
Marrow
of
a
Man's
Body
coagulating
,
produce
Serpents
.
And
this
the
Ancients
observing
,
appropriated
a
Serpent
rather
than
any
other
Creature
to
Hero's
.
THE
LIVES
OF
THE
GRACCHI
,
TIBERIUS
and
CAIUS
.
English'd
from
the
Greek
,
by
John
Warren
,
Fellow
of
St.
Catharine's-Hall
in
Cambridge
.
HAving
dispatch'd
the
foregoing
History
,
we
shall
proceed
to
take
a
view
of
a
pair
of
Romans
,
not
less
remarkable
for
their
Misfortunes
than
the
former
;
and
compare
with
the
Lives
of
Agis
and
Cleomenes
,
these
of
Tiberius
and
Caius
.
They
were
the
Sons
of
Tiberius
Gracchus
,
who
tho'
he
had
been
once
Censor
,
TIBERIUS
&
CAIUS
GRACCHUS
depiction of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus
MBurgher
:
sculp
.
twice
Consul
,
and
twice
had
triumph'd
,
yet
was
more
renown'd
and
esteem'd
for
his
Virtue
than
his
Honours
.
Upon
this
account
after
the
Death
of
that
Scipio
who
defeated
Hannibal
,
he
was
thought
worthy
to
match
with
his
Daughter
Cornelia
;
tho'
there
had
been
no
Friendship
or
Familiarity
between
Scipio
and
him
,
but
rather
the
contrary
.
There
goes
a
Report
,
that
he
once
found
in
his
Bed-Chamber
a
couple
of
Snakes
,
and
that
the
Southsayers
being
consulted
concerning
the
Prodigy
,
advised
,
That
he
should
neither
kill
'em
both
,
nor
let
'em
both
escape
;
saying
,
That
if
the
male
Serpent
was
kill'd
,
Tiberius
should
die
;
and
if
the
Female
,
Cornelia
:
And
that
therefore
Tiberius
,
who
extreamly
loved
his
Wife
,
and
thought
besides
that
it
was
much
more
becoming
him
,
who
was
an
old
Man
,
to
die
,
than
her
,
who
as
yet
was
but
a
young
Woman
;
kill'd
the
male
Serpent
,
and
let
the
Female
escape
:
And
soon
after
himself
dy'd
,
leaving
behind
him
12
Children
born
to
him
by
Cornelia
.
Cornelia
taking
upon
her self
all
the
Care
of
her
Family
,
and
Education
of
her
Children
,
approved
her self
so
modest
a
Matron
,
so
indulgent
a
Mother
,
and
so
constant
and
noble
spirited
a
Widow
,
that
Tiberius
seem'd
to
all
Men
to
have
done
nothing
unreasonable
,
in
choosing
to
die
for
so
great
a
Woman
;
who
,
when
King
Ptolomy
himself
would
have
married
her
,
and
proffer'd
her
his
Crown
,
refused
it
,
and
choose
rather
to
live
a
Widow
.
In
this
state
she
continued
,
and
lost
all
her
Children
except
one
Daughter
,
that
was
married
to
Scipio
the
younger
;
and
two
Sons
,
Tiberius
and
Caius
,
whose
Lives
we
are
now
writing
.
These
she
brought
up
with
so
great
Care
,
that
tho'
they
were
without
dispute
of
the
noblest
Family
,
and
had
the
best
natural
Parts
among
the
Romans
,
yet
they
seem'd
to
owe
their
eminent
Vertues
,
more
to
their
Education
than
their
Birth
.
Now
as
in
the
Statutes
and
Pictures
of
Castor
and
Pollux
,
tho'
the
Brothers
resemble
one
another
,
yet
there
is
a
difference
to
be
perceived
in
their
Countenances
,
between
the
one
,
who
delighted
in
the
Caestus
,
and
the
other
,
that
was
famous
for
managing
the
Horse
:
so
tho'
there
was
a
great
Agreement
between
these
two
noble
Youths
,
in
their
common
pursuit
after
Fortitude
and
Moderation
,
after
Liberality
and
Eloquence
,
and
greatness
of
Mind
;
yet
in
their
Actions
,
and
Administrations
of
publick
Affairs
,
a
Disagreement
as
great
manifestly
appear'd
.
It
will
not
be
amiss
before
we
proceed
,
to
set
down
the
Difference
between
them
.
Tiberius
in
the
Make
of
his
Countenance
An
exact
Character
of
Tiberius
and
Caius
.
and
his
Looks
,
in
his
Gesture
and
Motion
,
was
gentle
and
compos'd
;
but
Caius
earnest
and
vehement
:
so
that
in
their
publick
Speeches
to
the
People
,
the
one
modestly
used
very
little
Action
,
nor
changed
his
Place
;
the
other
would
walk
about
in
the
Rostrum
,
and
in
the
heat
of
his
Orations
,
pull
his
Gown
off
his
Souldiers
,
and
was
the
first
of
all
the
Romans
that
used
such
Gestures
:
As
Cleon
is
said
to
be
the
first
Orator
among
the
Athenians
,
that
pull'd
off
his
Cloack
,
and
smote
his
Thigh
,
in
his
Harangues
to
the
Multitude
.
Caius
his
Oratory
was
impetuous
,
and
so
pathetical
,
that
it
raised
Horror
in
the
Auditory
;
but
Tiberius
was
more
mild
,
and
apt
to
move
Pity
and
Compassion
:
in
his
Words
he
was
pure
and
natural
,
yet
laborious
and
accurate
;
but
Caius
was
pompous
and
figurative
.
So
likewise
in
their
way
of
Living
,
and
at
their
Tables
,
Tiberius
was
frugal
,
and
no
affecter
of
Variety
;
but
Caius
,
if
indeed
compared
with
other
Men
,
moderate
enough
:
but
in
respect
of
his
Brother
,
too
curious
a
Lover
of
Rareties
,
and
profuse
;
which
Drusus
objected
to
him
,
that
he
had
bought
A
Drachma
is
seven
pence
half
penny
.
certain
Dolphins
of
Silver
,
to
the
value
of
1250
Drachma's
,
for
every
pound
weight
.
The
same
difference
that
appear'd
in
their
Speaking
,
was
observable
also
in
their
Tempers
:
The
one
was
smooth
and
sedate
,
the
other
rough
and
passionate
;
and
to
that
degree
,
that
often
in
the
midst
of
his
Orations
,
he
was
so
hurried
away
by
his
Passion
,
even
against
his
own
Will
,
that
he
fell
to
give
ill
Language
;
and
so
strain'd
his
Voice
,
that
he
could
not
proceed
in
the
Speech
.
For
a
Remedy
to
this
Excess
,
he
made
use
of
an
ingenious
Servant
of
his
,
one
Licinius
,
who
stood
constantly
behind
him
with
a
[
](A55203-e100470-b)*
*
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Pitch-pipe
,
or
Instrument
to
regulate
the
Voice
by
;
and
when
ever
he
perceived
his
Master's
Tone
alter
,
and
grow
harsh
with
Anger
,
he
struck
a
soft
Note
with
his
Pipe
,
at
the
hearing
of
which
,
Caius
immediately
bated
of
the
vehemence
of
his
Passion
and
Voice
,
grew
mild
,
and
was
easily
recall'd
to
Temper
.
These
are
the
differences
between
the
two
Brothers
;
but
their
Valour
against
their
Enemies
,
their
Justice
to
their
Countrey-men
,
their
Care
and
well
management
of
their
publick
Affairs
,
and
lastly
their
Continency
against
Sensuality
and
Pleasures
,
were
equally
remarkable
and
alike
in
both
.
Tiberius
was
the
elder
by
nine
years
,
which
occasion'd
that
their
publick
Actions
were
divided
,
by
the
difference
of
the
Times
,
in
which
those
of
the
one
,
and
those
of
the
other
,
were
transacted
.
This
was
no
small
hindrance
to
their
Undertakings
;
for
not
coming
at
the
same
time
to
the
administration
of
Affairs
,
they
could
not
joyn
their
Interests
together
,
which
between
them
both
,
had
they
flourish'd
at
once
,
must
needs
have
been
very
great
,
and
almost
irresistable
.
We
must
therefore
give
an
Account
of
each
of
them
singly
,
and
first
of
the
eldest
.
Tiberius
,
tho's
as
yet
but
a
young
Man
,
Tiberius
made
Augur
.
was
so
celebrated
and
esteem'd
,
that
he
was
soon
admitted
into
the
Colledge
of
the
Augurs
,
and
that
with
Respect
had
,
more
to
his
early
Virtue
,
than
his
noble
Birth
.
This
Appius
Claudius
made
appear
;
who
,
tho'
he
had
been
Consul
and
Censor
,
and
was
then
the
chief
of
the
Roman
Senate
,
and
excelling
in
Wisdom
most
of
his
Quality
,
at
a
publick
Feast
of
the
Augurs
,
address'd
himself
openly
to
Tiberius
,
and
with
great
expressions
of
Kindness
,
offer'd
him
his
Daughter
He
marries
Claudia
,
the
Daughter
of
App-Claudius
.
in
Marriage
;
which
with
much
satisfaction
embracing
,
and
the
Wedding
Agreements
being
thus
speedily
concluded
,
Appius
went
straight
home
,
and
calling
out
his
Wife
to
the
Gate
,
with
a
loud
Voice
cry'd
out
,
O
Antistia
,
I
have
contracted
our
Daughter
Claudia
to
a
Husband
.
She
being
amazed
,
answer'd
,
but
why
so
suddenly
?
or
what
means
this
hast
?
unless
you
have
provided
Tiberius
Gracchus
for
her
Husband
.
I
am
not
ignorant
,
that
some
apply
this
Story
to
Tiberius
,
the
Father
of
the
Gracchi
,
and
Scipio
Africanus
;
but
most
People
relate
it
as
we
have
done
:
And
Polybius
writes
,
that
after
the
Death
of
Scipio
Africanus
,
the
nearest
Relations
of
Cornelia
,
preferring
Tiberius
to
all
other
Competitors
,
gave
her
to
him
in
Marriage
,
not
having
being
engaged
or
promised
to
any
one
by
her
Father
.
Now
this
young
Tiberius
serving
in
Africa
under
the
Younger
Scipio
,
who
had
married
his
Sister
,
and
conversing
under
the
same
Tent
with
his
General
,
soon
observ'd
and
learn'd
his
noble
Genius
,
which
excited
a
great
emulation
of
his
Virtues
,
and
stirr'd
him
up
to
the
imitation
of
his
Actions
,
and
in
a
short
time
excell'd
all
the
young
Men
of
the
Army
in
his
Regular
Behaviour
and
Courage
;
and
he
at
one
Siege
was
the
first
that
mounted
the
Enemies
Wall
,
as
Fannius
says
,
who
writes
,
that
he
himself
climb'd
up
with
him
,
and
was
partaker
in
that
Action
.
His
presence
created
amongst
the
Souldiers
an
extraordinary
Affection
,
and
his
departure
left
a
passionate
desire
of
his
Return
.
After
that
Expedition
,
being
chosen
Pay-master
He
is
chosen
Quaestor
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
of
the
Army
,
it
was
his
fortune
to
serve
in
the
War
against
the
Numantines
,
under
the
Command
of
C.
Mancinus
the
Consul
,
a
Person
no
ways
blameable
,
but
the
most
unfortunate
of
all
the
Roman
Generals
.
Notwithstanding
,
amidst
the
greatest
Misfortunes
,
and
in
the
most
unsuccessful
Enterprizes
,
not
only
the
Discretion
and
Valour
of
Tiberius
,
but
also
(
which
was
still
more
to
be
admired
)
the
great
Respect
and
Veneration
which
he
had
from
his
General
,
was
most
eminently
remarkable
:
insomuch
that
even
in
the
extremity
of
Danger
,
he
never
regarded
himself
,
as
a
principal
Officer
;
for
when
he
was
overcome
in
several
desperate
Battels
,
he
would
leave
the
main
Body
of
the
Army
,
and
in
the
Night-time
sally
out
with
the
Forces
under
his
particular
Command
.
When
the
Numantines
perceived
this
,
they
immediately
possess'd
themselves
of
his
Camp
,
pursuing
that
part
of
the
Forces
which
was
put
to
flight
;
slew
all
those
that
were
in
the
Rear
,
hedg'd
the
whole
Army
in
on
every
side
,
and
forcing
them
into
such
intricate
Places
,
as
that
there
could
be
no
possibility
of
an
Escape
.
Mancinus
desparing
to
make
his
way
through
by
force
,
sent
a
Messenger
to
desire
a
Truce
,
and
cessation
of
Arms
;
but
they
refused
to
conclude
a
Treaty
with
any
one
except
Tiberius
,
and
required
that
he
should
be
sent
to
treat
with
them
.
This
they
earnestly
insisted
upon
,
not
only
in
regard
to
the
young
Man's
Courage
,
(
for
he
had
a
great
Reputation
amongst
the
Souldiers
)
but
likewise
in
remembrance
of
his
Father
Tiberius
,
who
in
his
Expedition
against
the
Spaniards
,
had
utterly
destroyed
several
other
Places
,
but
granted
a
Peace
to
the
Numantines
,
which
he
commanded
to
be
always
kept
punctually
and
inviolable
.
Upon
this
Consideration
Tiberius
was
He
makes
a
Peace
with
the
Numantines
.
dispatch'd
to
the
Enemy
,
whom
he
perswaded
to
accept
of
several
Conditions
,
and
he
himself
complyed
with
others
;
and
by
this
means
it's
evident
,
that
he
saved
20000
of
the
Roman
Citizens
,
besides
Slaves
,
and
those
that
followed
the
Army
.
However
the
Numantines
seized
upon
,
and
destroyed
all
things
that
were
left
behind
in
the
Camp
;
amongst
these
were
Tiberius's
Books
of
Accompts
,
containing
the
whole
Transactions
of
his
Questor-ship
,
upon
which
he
set
an
extraordinary
value
:
And
therefore
when
the
Army
was
already
upon
their
March
,
he
return'd
to
Numantia
,
accompanied
with
only
three
or
four
of
his
intimate
Friends
,
and
making
his
Application
to
the
principal
Officers
of
the
Numantines
,
he
earnestly
entreated
,
that
they
would
return
him
his
Books
,
lest
his
Enemies
should
thereby
take
an
occasion
to
upbraid
him
,
for
not
being
able
to
give
an
Account
of
the
Moneys
received
and
disbursed
by
him
.
The
Numantines
joyfully
embraced
this
opportunity
of
obliging
him
,
and
kindly
invited
him
into
the
City
;
as
he
stood
arguing
the
Case
wish
them
,
they
approach'd
towards
him
,
took
him
by
the
H●nds
,
and
earnestly
begg'd
,
that
he
would
never
again
look
upon
them
as
Enemies
,
but
relying
upon
their
Friendship
,
be
confident
for
the
future
of
this
their
present
Sincerity
.
Tiberius
thought
it
convenient
to
believe
'em
,
because
he
was
desirous
to
have
his
Books
return'd
,
and
was
afraid
least
he
should
disoblige
them
,
by
shewing
any
manner
of
Distrust
.
As
soon
as
he
enter'd
into
the
City
,
they
in
the
first
place
invited
him
to
a
publick
Entertainment
,
and
were
very
earnest
that
he
would
accept
of
it
:
Afterwards
they
return'd
his
Books
,
and
gave
him
the
liberty
to
take
what-ever
he
saw
most
acceptable
of
the
remaining
Spoyls
.
He
on
the
other
hand
would
accept
of
nothing
but
some
Frankincense
,
which
he
used
in
his
publick
Sacrifices
;
and
after
he
had
kindly
embraced
them
,
and
made
his
Complements
,
departed
.
When
he
return'd
to
Rome
,
he
found
the
whole
Transaction
censured
and
reproach'd
,
as
a
Business
that
was
base
and
scandalous
to
the
Romans
;
but
the
Relations
and
Friends
of
the
Souldiers
,
which
were
the
greatest
part
of
the
Populace
,
came
flocking
to
Tiberius
,
whom
they
acknowledg'd
the
Preserver
of
so
many
Citizens
,
and
imputed
all
the
Miscarriages
which
had
happen'd
,
to
the
General
.
They
who
were
dissatisfied
with
the
Proceedings
,
proposed
The
Peace
Broken
.
the
example
of
their
Ancestors
to
be
followed
;
for
after
the
hasty
Peace
,
which
had
been
concluded
with
the
Samnites
,
upon
conditions
that
the
Romans
should
march
home
without
molestation
,
they
stripp'd
all
such
as
had
been
any
way
concern'd
in
making
that
Peace
,
as
well
the
Treasurers
and
Tribunes
,
as
the
leading
Officers
;
and
in
that
manner
delivered
'em
up
into
the
Enemies
hands
,
laying
the
Crimes
of
Perjury
,
and
breach
of
that
Peace
,
at
their
Doors
.
But
in
this
Affair
,
the
Populace
shewing
an
extraordinary
Kindness
and
Affection
for
Tiberius
,
they
indeed
voted
that
the
Consul
should
be
stripp'd
,
and
put
in
Irons
,
and
so
deliver'd
to
the
Numantines
;
but
they
granted
a
general
Pardon
to
all
the
others
,
out
of
Respect
only
to
Tiberius
.
It
may
be
probable
also
,
that
Scipio
,
who
at
that
time
was
a
leading
Man
among
the
Romans
,
lent
him
his
Assistance
;
tho'
he
was
nevertheless
censured
for
not
protecting
Mancinus
too
;
and
that
he
did
not
ratifie
the
Articles
of
Peace
,
which
had
been
agreed
upon
by
his
Kinsman
and
Friend
Tiberius
.
But
it
's
evident
,
that
the
greatest
part
of
these
Differences
did
arise
from
the
Ambition
of
some
designing
Politicians
,
who
had
a
Kindness
for
Tiberius
.
However
this
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Disorder
never
came
to
a
malignant
and
incurable
Disease
;
and
truly
I
cannot
be
perswaded
,
that
Tiberius
would
ever
have
taken
those
Courses
which
he
did
,
if
Scipio
Africanus
had
had
any
hand
in
the
management
of
his
Affairs
:
for
at
the
time
when
he
was
engaged
in
the
War
against
Numantia
,
Tiberius
then
ventured
to
make
Proposals
of
new
Laws
,
for
the
better
regulation
of
the
Government
,
upon
the
following
occasion
.
The
Romans
had
by
Conquest
gain'd
some
Lands
,
adjoyning
to
the
Suburbs
,
part
whereof
they
sold
publickly
,
and
turn'd
the
remainder
into
Common
;
this
Common
they
assign'd
to
such
of
the
Citizens
as
were
poor
and
indigent
,
for
which
they
were
to
pay
only
a
small
acknowledgment
into
the
publick
Treasury
:
but
when
the
wealthy
Men
began
to
raise
the
Rents
,
and
turn
the
poor
People
out
of
their
Possessions
,
it
was
enacted
by
Law
,
that
no
Person
what-ever
should
enjoy
more
than
500
Acres
of
Ground
.
This
Act
did
for
some
time
restrain
the
Avarice
of
the
richer
,
and
was
no
small
supply
to
the
poorer
People
,
who
possess'd
their
respective
Proportions
of
Ground
,
as
they
had
been
formerly
rented
by
them
:
afterwards
the
rich
Men
of
the
Neighbourhood
contrived
to
get
these
Lands
again
into
their
Possessions
,
under
other
peoples
Names
,
and
at
last
would
not
stick
to
claim
most
of
'em
publickly
in
their
own
.
The
Poor
,
who
were
thus
deprived
of
their
Farms
,
would
neither
list
themselves
in
the
Militia
,
nor
take
any
care
of
the
Education
of
their
Children
:
in
so
much
that
in
a
short
time
there
were
few
Free-men
remaining
in
all
Italy
,
which
swarm'd
with
a
numerous
company
of
barbarous
Slaves
:
these
the
rich
Men
employed
about
the
cultivating
their
Ground
,
for
want
of
Citizens
.
C.
Loelius
,
an
intimate
Acquaintance
of
Scipio's
,
undertook
to
rectifie
this
Abuse
;
but
meeting
with
Opposition
from
Men
of
Authority
,
and
fearing
lest
a
Riot
should
thereupon
be
committed
,
he
soon
desisted
;
upon
which
account
he
was
call'd
,
Loelius
the
Wise
.
Tiberius
being
elected
Tribune
of
the
People
,
Plutarch
styles
him
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
having
no
other
way
to
express
the
Latine
word
.
Sapiens
.
He
is
chosen
Tribune
.
prosecuted
that
Design
with
all
deligence
,
at
the
Instigation
(
as
't
is
commonly
reported
)
of
Diophanes
the
Orator
,
and
Blossius
the
Philosopher
.
Diophanes
was
one
that
had
been
banished
from
Mytilene
;
the
other
was
an
Italian
,
of
the
City
of
Cuma
,
who
was
educated
there
by
Antipater
of
Tarsus
,
that
afterwards
did
him
the
Honour
to
dedicate
his
Philosophical
Lectures
to
him
.
Some
are
apt
to
think
,
Cornelia
,
the
Mother
of
Tiberius
,
contributed
towards
it
,
because
she
frequently
upbraided
her
Sons
,
upon
this
account
,
that
the
Romans
as
yet
rather
call'd
her
the
Daughter
of
Scipio
,
than
the
Mother
of
the
Gracchi
;
but
't
was
thought
Sp.
Posthumius
was
the
chief
occasion
of
this
.
He
was
Contemporary
with
Tiberius
,
and
very
ambitious
to
gain
the
Reputation
of
being
the
better
Orator
;
whom
,
when
Tiberius
at
his
return
from
the
Campaign
,
found
to
be
in
very
great
Esteem
and
Authority
,
he
was
desirous
to
out-do
him
,
by
attempting
a
popular
Enterprize
of
this
Difficulty
,
and
of
such
great
consequence
.
But
his
Brother
Caius
left
it
us
in
Writing
,
that
when
Tiberius
went
through
Tuscany
into
Numantia
,
and
found
the
Countreys
almost
depopulated
,
there
being
hardly
any
Husbandmen
or
Shepherds
,
and
for
the
most
part
only
barbarous
foreign
Slaves
;
he
from
that
time
took
into
his
serious
Consideration
,
the
management
of
this
Affair
,
which
in
the
sequel
proved
so
fatal
to
his
Family
:
though
it
is
most
certain
,
that
the
People
themselves
chiefly
excited
him
to
be
active
and
vigorous
in
the
prosecution
of
this
,
by
their
fixing
publick
Libels
upon
the
Porches
,
Walls
and
Monuments
,
humbly
beseeching
him
,
that
he
would
re-establish
them
in
their
former
Possessions
.
However
he
did
not
make
this
Law
,
without
The
Law
concerning
the
division
of
Lands
.
the
Advice
and
Assistance
of
those
Citizens
,
that
were
then
most
eminent
for
their
Virtue
and
Authority
;
amongst
whom
was
Crassus
the
high-Priest
,
Mutius
Scoevola
the
Lawyer
,
(
who
at
that
time
was
Consul
)
and
Claudius
Apius
his
Father-in-Law
.
Never
did
any
Law
appear
more
moderate
and
gentle
,
especially
being
enacted
against
so
great
an
Oppression
and
Avarice
:
for
they
who
ought
to
have
been
severely
punished
for
trangressing
the
former
Laws
,
and
should
at
least
have
lost
all
their
Titles
to
such
Lands
,
which
they
had
unjustly
usurp'd
;
yet
they
were
order'd
notwithstanding
to
receive
a
Gratuity
,
for
quitting
their
unlawful
Claims
,
and
restoring
their
Lands
to
those
right
Owners
,
who
stood
in
need
thereof
.
But
though
this
Reformation
was
managed
with
so
much
Tenderness
,
and
all
the
former
Transactions
smother'd
,
the
People
were
never
the
less
carefull
to
prevent
all
Abuses
of
the
like
nature
for
the
future
.
On
the
other
hand
,
the
money'd
Men
,
and
those
of
great
Estates
,
were
exasperated
,
through
Covetousness
,
against
the
Law
it self
,
and
against
the
Law-giver
,
through
Anger
and
Obstinacy
;
they
therefore
endeavour'd
to
seduce
the
People
,
insinuating
to
them
,
that
Tiberius
had
introduced
such
a
division
of
the
Lands
,
with
a
design
only
to
disturb
the
Government
,
and
put
all
things
into
a
Confusion
.
But
they
succeeded
not
in
his
Project
;
for
Tiberius
being
a
Person
always
resolute
in
the
maintaining
of
an
honourable
and
just
Cause
,
and
one
whose
Eloquence
was
sufficient
to
have
made
a
less
creditable
Action
appear
plausible
,
was
earnest
,
and
not
easily
to
be
controuled
.
Upon
this
account
,
being
plac'd
in
the
Rostrum
,
he
made
a
Speech
on
the
behalf
of
the
poor
People
,
to
this
effect
.
The
savage
Beasts
,
says
he
,
in
Italy
Tiberius's
Speech
.
have
their
particular
Dens
;
they
have
their
Places
of
Repose
and
refuge
:
but
the
Men
who
bore
Arms
,
and
exposed
their
Lives
for
the
safety
of
their
Country
,
enjoy'd
in
the
mean
time
nothing
more
in
it
but
the
fresh
Air
and
Sun-shine
;
and
having
no
Houses
or
Settlements
of
their
own
,
were
constrained
to
wander
from
Place
to
Place
with
their
Wives
and
Children
.
He
told
'em
,
That
the
Commanders
were
guilty
of
a
ridiculous
Error
,
when
at
the
Head
of
their
Armies
,
they
exhorted
the
common
Souldiers
to
fight
for
their
Temples
and
Altars
;
when
not
any
amongst
so
many
Romans
,
is
possess'd
of
either
Altar
or
Monument
,
neither
have
they
any
Houses
of
their
own
,
or
Seats
of
their
Ancestors
to
defend
:
they
fought
indeed
,
and
were
slain
,
but
it
was
to
maintain
the
Luxury
and
the
Wealth
of
other
Men
:
they
likewise
were
styled
also
the
Lords
of
the
Vniverse
,
but
in
the
mean
time
had
not
one
foot
of
Ground
,
which
they
could
call
their
own
.
An
Harangue
of
this
nature
,
spoken
to
an
Enthusiastical
and
tumultuous
Rabble
,
by
a
Person
of
extraordinary
Prudence
and
great
Zeal
;
none
of
his
Adversaries
at
that
time
presumed
to
make
any
Opposition
thereunto
.
Forbearing
therefore
all
manner
of
Disputes
,
they
turn'd
themselves
towards
Marcus
Octavius
,
his
fellow
-
Tribune
,
who
being
a
young
Man
,
of
a
sober
Conversation
,
modest
in
his
Behaviour
,
and
an
intimate
Friend
of
Tiberius's
,
did
upon
that
account
decline
at
first
the
opposing
of
him
;
but
at
length
,
over-perswaded
M
▪
Octavius
opp●ses
this
Law
.
with
the
repeated
Importunities
of
some
considerable
persons
,
he
was
prevail'd
upon
to
answer
Tiberius
;
and
he
insisted
chiefly
upon
the
Abrogation
of
the
Law
;
it
being
a
Custom
,
that
the
Tribunes
have
a
power
to
hinder
any
Law
from
passing
and
that
the
Commonalty
can
enact
nothing
,
if
only
one
of
them
dissents
from
it
.
Tiberius
being
enraged
at
these
Proceedings
abolish'd
presently
this
mild
Law
;
but
at
the
same
time
preferr'd
another
;
which
as
it
was
more
grateful
to
the
Common
People
,
so
it
was
much
more
severe
against
Extortioners
;
commanding
them
,
To
make
an
immediate
Surrender
all
such
Lands
,
which
they
,
contrary
to
former
Laws
,
had
got
into
their
Possessions
.
From
hence
it
was
,
that
there
arose
daily
Contentions
between
him
and
Octavius
in
their
Orations
;
however
,
tho'
they
express'd
themselves
with
much
heat
and
earnestness
,
they
yet
were
never
known
to
use
any
scurrillous
Language
,
or
in
their
Passion
to
let
slip
any
indecent
Expression
,
so
as
to
derogate
from
one
another
.
From
whence
it
's
observable
,
how
much
a
good
Temper
,
and
an
Ingenuous
Education
does
influence
and
compose
mens
Minds
;
not
onely
in
their
Meetings
for
Pleasure
and
Diversion
,
but
likewise
in
their
Contentions
,
and
in
their
very
emulation
for
Preferments
.
When
Tiberius
considered
,
that
Octavius
himself
had
offended
against
this
Law
,
and
detain'd
a
great
quantity
of
Ground
from
the
Commonalty
,
he
desired
that
all
manner
of
Disputes
might
be
laid
aside
;
and
generously
proffer'd
for
the
Publick
Good
,
tho'
he
himself
had
but
an
indifferent
Estate
to
purchase
Octavius's
share
,
at
his
proper
Cost
and
Charges
:
But
upon
the
refusal
of
this
proffer
by
Octavius
,
he
then
publish'd
an
Edict
,
prohibiting
all
Magistrates
to
exercise
their
respective
Functions
,
till
such
time
as
the
Law
was
either
ratified
or
rejected
by
Publick
Votes
.
He
further
Seal'd
up
the
Gates
of
Saturn's
Temple
,
in
which
the
Publick
Treasury
was
kept
,
so
that
the
Treasurers
could
neither
take
any
thing
out
from
thence
,
or
put
any
thing
in
.
He
threaten'd
to
impose
a
severe
fine
upon
such
as
should
presume
to
disobey
his
Commands
,
insomuch
that
all
the
Officers
for
fear
of
this
Penalty
,
omitted
the
exercise
of
their
several
Jurisdictions
.
Upon
this
account
,
the
Gentlemen
of
Estates
put
themselves
into
Mourning
,
went
up
and
down
Melancholy
and
Dejected
;
thy
enter'd
into
a
Conspiracy
against
Tiberius
,
and
procured
Ruffians
to
murder
him
;
insomuch
that
he
never
went
abroad
without
such
a
Tuck
or
Rapier
as
Robbers
use
,
which
the
Latines
call
Dolon
.
When
the
day
appointed
was
come
,
and
the
People
Summon'd
to
give
their
Votes
,
the
Rich
Men
seized
upon
the
BallottingBoxes
:
And
carried
them
away
by
force
,
all
things
being
Transacted
in
great
Confusion
.
For
when
Tiberius's
Party
appeared
strong
enough
to
oppose
the
contrary
Faction
,
and
were
drawn
together
in
a
Body
.
with
Resolutions
to
do
so
;
Manlius
and
Fulvius
,
two
of
the
Consular
Quality
,
threw
themselves
at
Tiberius's
Feet
,
took
him
by
the
Hand
,
and
with
Tears
in
their
Eyes
,
humbly
beg'd
of
him
to
desist
.
Tiberius
considering
the
inconveniencies
that
were
likely
to
arise
,
and
having
a
great
Respect
for
two
such
Eminent
Persons
,
demanded
of
them
what
they
would
advise
him
to
do
.
They
acknowledged
themselves
Persons
altogether
unfit
to
advise
in
a
Matter
of
so
great
Importance
,
but
earnestly
entreated
him
to
leave
it
to
the
Determination
of
the
Senate
.
When
the
Senate
was
Assembled
,
and
yet
could
not
bring
the
Business
to
a
Period
,
by
reason
of
the
prevalency
of
the
Rich
Faction
,
he
then
betook
himself
to
illegal
and
unjust
Methods
,
endeavouring
to
deprive
Octavius
of
his
Tribune
ship
;
it
being
impossible
for
him
without
that
,
to
get
the
Law
ratified
and
confirmed
.
At
first
he
caress'd
him
with
most
Obliging
Language
,
and
taking
him
by
his
Hands
,
beseech'd
him
,
that
now
in
the
presence
of
all
the
People
,
he
would
take
this
Opportunity
to
Oblige
them
,
in
granting
onely
that
Request
which
was
in
it self
so
Just
and
Reasonable
,
being
but
a
small
Recompence
in
regard
of
those
many
Dangers
and
Hardships
which
they
had
undergone
for
the
Publick
Safety
.
Octavius
would
by
no
means
be
perswaded
to
a
Compliance
;
whereupon
Tiberius
declared
openly
,
that
seeing
they
two
were
joyntly
concern'd
in
the
same
Office
,
and
of
equal
Authority
,
it
would
be
a
difficult
matter
to
compose
this
Difference
without
a
Civil
War
;
and
that
the
only
Remedy
which
he
knew
,
must
of
Necessity
be
the
Deposing
one
of
them
from
their
Office
.
He
desired
therefore
that
Octavius
would
Summon
the
People
to
pass
their
Verdict
upon
him
first
,
averring
that
he
would
willingly
relinquish
his
Authority
if
the
honest
Citizens
would
consent
to
it
.
But
Octavius
still
continued
refractary
▪
wherefore
Tiberius
told
him
plainly
,
That
the
People
should
have
liberty
to
vote
against
him
,
if
upon
mature
Deliberation
he
did
not
suddenly
alter
his
Mind
,
and
after
this
Declaration
Adjourned
the
Assembly
till
the
next
day
.
When
the
People
were
met
together
again
,
Tiberius
placed
himself
in
the
Rostrum
,
and
endeavoured
a
second
time
to
perswade
Octavius
:
But
all
being
to
no
purpose
,
he
referred
the
whole
matter
to
the
People
,
Ordering
them
to
Vote
whether
Octavius
should
be
Deposed
or
not
;
and
when
seventeen
of
the
Thirty
five
Tribes
had
already
Voted
against
him
,
and
there
wanted
only
the
Votes
of
one
Tribe
more
for
his
final
deprivation
,
a
short
stop
being
here
put
to
the
proceedings
,
Tiberius
vouchsafed
to
renew
his
Importunities
,
embraced
and
kissed
him
before
all
the
Congregation
,
begging
with
all
the
earnestness
imaginable
,
that
he
would
neither
suffer
himself
to
be
exposed
to
such
Infamy
,
nor
him
to
be
reputed
the
Author
and
Promoter
of
such
an
odious
Project
.
Octavius
(
they
say
)
seemed
a
little
softned
and
moved
with
their
Importunities
,
and
and
with
his
Eyes
full
of
Tears
continued
silent
for
a
considerable
time
:
But
afterwards
looking
towards
the
Estates
who
were
gathered
together
in
a
Body
,
partly
for
shame
,
and
partly
for
fear
of
incurring
their
Displeasure
,
he
generously
bid
Tiberius
do
what
he
pleased
.
The
Law
for
his
Deprivation
being
thus
Voted
Tiberius
Ordered
one
of
his
Servants
,
whom
he
had
made
a
Freeman
,
Octavius
Deposed
.
to
pull
Octavius
out
of
the
Rostrum
,
for
he
employed
his
own
Domestick
Servants
in
the
stead
of
Serjeants
.
And
this
was
a
further
addition
to
the
Punishment
,
that
Octavius
was
dragged
out
in
such
an
Ignominious
manner
.
The
People
immediately
assaulted
him
with
great
violence
,
whilest
the
Rich
Men
ran
in
to
his
Assistance
.
Octavius
presently
fled
,
and
without
any
Attendant
escaped
the
Fury
of
the
Rabble
,
tho'it
happen'd
that
a
trusty
Servant
of
his
,
who
had
placed
himself
by
his
Master
,
that
he
might
assist
him
towards
his
escape
,
in
keeping
off
the
Multitude
,
had
his
Eyes
struck
out
,
contrary
to
the
intention
of
Tiberius
,
who
ran
with
all
hast
(
when
he
perceived
the
Disturbance
)
to
appease
the
Rioters
.
This
being
done
,
the
Law
concerning
This
Law
was
again
Ratified
.
the
lands
was
Ratified
,
and
Confirmed
,
and
three
Commissioners
were
appointed
to
make
a
Survey
of
the
grounds
and
see
the
same
equally
divided
:
The
Commissioners
were
Tiberius
himself
,
Claudius
Appius
his
Father-in-Law
,
and
his
Brother
C.
Gracchus
,
who
at
this
time
was
not
at
Rome
,
but
in
the
Army
under
the
Command
of
Scipio
Africanus
,
before
Numantia
.
These
things
were
transacted
by
Tiberius
peaceably
,
none
daring
to
stand
in
Opposition
to
him
;
and
besides
all
this
,
he
choose
by
his
own
Interest
and
Authority
another
Tribune
,
not
as
formerly
out
of
the
Eminent
Nobility
,
but
Mutius
,
one
of
his
own
Domestick
Servants
.
Upon
the
account
of
these
proceedings
,
the
Rich
were
extreamly
offended
,
and
still
dreaded
,
lest
he
should
grow
more
Popular
;
they
therefore
took
all
Opportunities
of
Affronting
him
publickly
in
the
Senate-House
;
for
when
he
desired
,
as
was
usual
,
to
have
a
tent
provided
at
the
Publick
Charge
for
his
use
,
when
he
should
begin
his
Expedition
to
divide
the
Lands
,
though
it
was
a
favour
commonly
granted
to
Persons
employed
in
business
of
much
less
importance
,
yet
was
peremptorily
refus'd
An
Obolus
is
a
Penny
Farthing
.
to
him
;
and
they
would
allow
him
only
nine
Oboli
to
defray
each
days
Expences
.
P.
Narsica
was
the
chief
promoter
of
these
Affronts
,
and
was
not
afraid
to
own
how
much
he
hated
him
▪
upon
the
account
of
his
having
formerly
a
very
great
Estate
in
those
Publick
Lands
,
and
did
not
a
little
resent
it
,
to
be
turned
out
now
by
force
.
The
People
on
the
other
hand
were
still
more
and
more
enraged
,
insomuch
that
a
little
after
this
,
it
happen'd
that
one
of
Tiberius's
Friends
dyed
suddenly
,
and
his
Body
being
full
of
Malignant
spots
,
the
People
therefore
ran
in
a
Tumultuous
manner
to
his
Funeral
,
crying
aloud
that
the
Man
was
Poysoned
:
They
took
the
Coffin
upon
their
shoulders
,
and
carryed
the
Corps
to
the
Funeral
Pile
,
really
believing
that
the
plain
Symptoms
of
Poyson
were
easily
discernable
,
for
the
Body
swell'd
to
a
great
bigness
,
and
such
a
quantity
of
Corrupt
Humours
issued
out
,
that
the
Funeral-fire
was
extinguished
thereby
;
and
when
it
was
again
kindled
,
the
Wood
still
would
not
burn
,
insomuch
that
they
were
constrained
to
carry
the
Corps
to
another
place
,
where
,
with
much
difficulty
,
it
took
fire
.
Besides
this
,
Tiberius
,
that
he
might
incense
the
People
yet
more
,
put
himself
into
Mourning
,
brought
his
Children
amongst
the
Crowd
,
intreated
the
People
to
provide
for
them
and
their
Mother
,
as
if
he
himself
did
now
despair
of
his
own
Security
.
About
this
time
King
Attalas
,
Sirnamed
Philopater
,
dyed
,
and
Eudemus
,
a
Pergamenian
,
brought
his
Last
Will
to
Rome
,
whereby
he
had
made
the
Roman
People
his
Heirs
.
Tiberius
,
to
ingratiate
himself
still
more
Tiberius
disposes
of
King
Attalas's
Legacy
to
the
Common
People
.
with
the
Commonalty
,
immediately
proposed
making
of
a
Law
,
that
all
the
ready
Money
which
Attalas
left
,
should
be
distributed
amongst
such
poor
Citizens
as
were
to
be
sharers
of
the
Publick
Lands
,
for
the
better
enabling
of
them
to
proceed
in
the
management
and
cultivating
of
their
Ground
;
and
as
for
the
Cities
that
were
in
the
Territories
of
Attalas
,
he
declared
that
the
disposal
of
them
did
not
at
all
belong
to
the
Senate
,
but
the
People
,
and
that
he
himself
would
ask
their
Pleasure
herein
;
by
this
he
exasperated
the
Senate
more
than
ever
he
had
done
before
,
and
therefore
Pompeius
stood
up
instantly
,
and
acquainted
the
Senate
that
he
was
the
next
Neighbour
to
Tiberius
,
and
so
had
the
Opportunity
of
knowing
,
That
Eudemus
the
Pergamenian
had
presented
Tiberius
with
a
Royal
Crown
and
a
Purple
Robe
,
thereby
intimating
that
Tiberius
should
ere
long
be
King
of
Rome
.
Quintus
Metellus
also
upbraided
Tiberius
,
that
when
his
Father
was
Censor
,
the
Romans
never
return'd
home
from
their
Country
Houses
after
Supper
,
but
they
put
▪
out
their
Torches
,
least
they
should
be
seen
to
have
indulged
themselves
in
Banquetting
at
unseasonable
hours
.
But
instead
of
this
decent
Custom
,
his
common
Practice
was
,
to
walk
the
Streets
at
Mid-night
,
whilst
mean
and
insolent
Fellows
flock'd
to
him
,
and
made
up
his
Retinue
.
Titus
Annius
,
a
Man
of
no
great
repute
either
for
his
Honesty
or
Learning
,
but
a
cunning
Sophister
in
proposing
cramp
Questions
and
returning
Answers
,
offered
to
prove
by
undeniable
Arguments
that
Tiberius
had
done
unworthily
in
Deposing
a
Roman
Magistrate
,
whom
the
Laws
ever
esteemed
Sacred
and
Inviolable
.
The
People
immediately
grew
Tumultuous
,
and
Tiberius
Summoning
a
General
Assembly
,
commanded
Annius
to
appear
and
maintain
that
which
he
had
asserted
:
But
Annius
being
neither
a
good
Logician
,
nor
pretending
much
to
Oratory
,
rather
betook
himself
to
his
old
way
of
asking
some
cunning
sort
of
Questions
,
and
desired
that
he
would
propose
one
or
two
to
Tiberius
,
before
he
entered
upon
the
Chief
Argument
.
This
Liberty
being
granted
,
and
silence
Proclaimed
,
Annius
proposed
this
Question
.
If
you
,
says
he
,
had
a
Design
to
Vilifie
and
Defame
me
,
and
I
should
apply
my self
to
any
other
Magistrate
for
redress
,
and
he
should
come
readily
to
my
assistance
,
would
you
for
that
reason
fall
into
an
extravagant
Passion
,
and
put
him
out
of
Commission
?
Tiberius
,
they
say
,
being
much
surprized
at
this
Question
,
was
wholly
silent
,
tho'
at
other
times
his
assurance
as
well
as
his
Eloquence
was
always
remarkable
;
yet
now
upon
this
account
he
thought
it
convenient
to
dismiss
the
Assembly
.
Afterwards
beginning
to
understand
that
his
Behaviour
towards
Octavius
did
disgust
the
Populace
as
well
as
the
Nobility
(
because
the
Dignity
of
the
Tribunes
seemed
to
be
violated
,
which
had
always
continued
till
that
day
very
Sacred
and
Honourable
)
he
made
a
Speech
to
the
People
in
Justification
of
himself
,
out
of
which
it
may
not
be
improper
to
Collect
some
particulars
,
that
we
may
thereby
discern
what
impression
such
Eloquence
was
able
to
make
upon
an
Auditory
.
A
Tribune
,
says
he
,
of
the
People
Tiberius's
Speech
.
is
Sacred
indeed
,
and
ought
to
be
inviolable
,
because
in
a
manner
Consecrated
to
be
the
Guardian
and
Protector
of
them
;
but
if
he
degenerates
so
far
as
to
Oppress
the
People
,
to
retrench
their
Privileges
,
and
take
away
all
their
Liberty
of
Voting
,
he
then
deprives
himself
of
that
Honourable
Station
by
the
neglect
of
his
Duty
,
for
which
the
Honour
was
bestowed
upon
him
;
otherwise
a
Tribune
might
not
think
himself
obnoxious
,
tho'
he
should
demolish
the
Capitol
,
or
burn
the
Naval
Magazines
.
Certainly
when
he
that
is
only
guilty
of
such
Extravagances
as
these
,
can't
be
lookt
upon
as
a
good
Tribune
;
much
less
can
he
be
so
,
that
dares
presume
to
diminish
the
Privileges
of
the
People
,
because
he
ceases
from
that
time
to
be
the
Peoples
Tribune
.
Is
it
not
very
unreasonable
,
that
a
Tribune
should
have
Power
to
Imprison
a
Consul
,
if
the
People
must
have
no
Authority
to
Degrade
him
when
he
uses
that
Honour
which
he
received
from
them
,
to
their
detriment
:
For
the
Tribunes
,
as
well
as
the
Consuls
,
are
Elected
to
that
Dignity
by
the
Peoples
Votes
.
(
But
to
proceed
)
the
Kingly
Government
,
which
comprehends
all
sorts
of
Authority
in
it self
alone
,
is
confirmed
with
the
greatest
and
most
religious
Solemnity
imaginable
,
as
being
a
Government
which
does
most
resemble
that
of
Heaven
.
But
the
Citizens
notwithstanding
this
,
deposed
King
Tarquin
▪
because
of
his
tyrannical
Oppressions
,
and
for
the
Injustice
of
one
single
Man
,
the
ancient
Government
under
which
Rome
was
built
,
was
abolish'd
for
ever
.
What
is
there
in
all
Rome
so
sacred
and
venerable
,
as
the
Vestal
Virgins
,
to
whose
care
alone
the
preservation
of
the
Eternal
Fire
is
committed
;
yet
if
their
Charity
be
violated
,
and
their
Reputation
stained
,
they
are
buried
alive
:
for
when
they
presume
to
commit
any
Offence
against
their
Gods
,
they
instantly
lose
that
Veneration
,
which
they
claimed
as
Attendants
in
their
Service
;
so
likewise
a
Tribune
should
no
longer
be
respected
by
the
People
as
a
sacred
Person
,
when
he
offends
against
that
Authority
from
whence
he
derived
his
own
.
We
always
esteem
that
Person
legally
chosen
Tribune
,
who
is
elected
only
by
the
majority
of
Votes
;
and
is
not
therefore
the
same
Person
much
more
lawfully
degraded
,
when
by
a
general
consent
of
them
all
,
they
agree
to
depose
him
.
Nothing
is
so
sacred
as
religious
Offerings
;
yet
the
People
were
never
prohibited
to
make
use
of
them
,
but
suffered
to
remove
and
carry
them
where-ever
they
pleased
:
they
likewise
,
when-ever
it
has
been
thought
convenient
,
have
transferr'd
the
Tribuneship
as
a
sacred
Present
,
from
one
Person
to
another
;
and
if
this
had
been
an
unusual
thing
,
yet
that
Authority
could
not
have
been
thought
unalterable
,
because
several
Magistrates
have
often
voluntarily
surrendred
their
Commissions
,
or
desired
to
be
discharged
.
Those
were
the
principal
Heads
of
Tiberius's
Apology
;
but
his
Friends
apprehending
the
Dangers
which
seemed
to
threaten
him
,
and
those
Conspiracies
that
were
secretly
contrived
against
him
,
were
of
opinion
,
that
the
safest
way
would
be
for
him
to
petition
,
that
he
might
be
continued
Tribune
for
the
year
ensuing
.
Upon
this
Consideration
he
again
endeavoured
to
oblige
the
People
with
other
Laws
,
making
the
years
of
serving
in
the
War
fewer
than
formerly
,
in
granting
the
liberty
of
Appeals
from
the
Judges
to
the
People
,
and
joyning
to
the
Senators
that
were
Judges
at
that
time
,
an
equal
number
of
ordinary
Gentlemen
,
endeavouring
as
much
as
in
him
lay
to
lessen
the
Power
of
the
Senate
;
which
proceeded
rather
from
Passion
and
Prejudice
,
than
from
any
rational
regard
to
Equity
and
the
publick
Good
.
When
it
came
to
be
debated
,
whether
these
Laws
should
be
ratified
,
he
was
presently
sensible
,
that
his
Adversaries
had
the
most
Votes
,
(
the
People
as
yet
being
not
got
together
in
a
full
Body
)
and
in
such
Cases
,
't
was
his
Custom
to
raise
some
disputes
with
his
fellow-Officers
,
out
of
design
only
to
gain
longer
time
;
but
failing
in
that
Project
too
,
he
at
length
adjourned
the
Assembly
till
the
day
following
.
Tiberius
then
went
down
into
the
Market
place
amongst
the
People
,
and
made
his
first
Addresses
to
them
in
an
humble
posture
with
Tears
in
his
Eyes
;
and
afterwards
told
them
,
he
had
just
reason
to
suspect
,
that
his
Adversaries
would
attempt
in
the
Night-time
to
break
open
his
House
,
and
murder
him
.
This
work'd
so
strongly
with
the
Multitude
,
that
several
of
them
erected
Tents
round
about
his
House
,
and
kept
Guard
all
night
for
the
security
of
his
Person
.
By
break
of
day
came
one
of
the
Several
ill
Omens
happen'd
to
him
.
Southsayers
,
who
prognosticate
good
or
bad
Success
by
the
pecking
of
Fowls
,
and
threw
them
something
to
eat
:
the
Southsayer
used
his
utmost
Endeavours
to
fright
the
Fowls
out
of
their
Coop
;
but
none
of
them
except
one
would
venture
out
,
which
flutter'd
with
its
left
Wing
,
and
stretch'd
out
its
Leg
,
and
run
back
again
into
the
Coop
,
without
eating
any
thing
.
This
put
Tiberius
in
mind
of
another
ill
Omen
,
which
had
formerly
hapned
to
him
:
he
had
a
very
costly
Head-piece
,
which
he
made
use
of
when
he
engaged
in
any
Battel
,
and
into
this
piece
of
Armour
two
Serpents
crawl'd
,
laid
Eggs
,
and
brought
forth
young
ones
;
the
remembrance
of
which
,
made
Tiberius
more
concern'd
at
this
,
than
otherwise
he
would
have
been
.
However
he
went
towards
the
Capitol
,
as
soon
as
ever
he
understood
that
the
People
were
assembled
there
;
but
before
he
got
out
of
the
House
,
he
stumbled
upon
the
Thresh-hold
with
such
violence
,
that
he
broke
the
Nail
of
his
great
Toe
,
insomuch
that
Bloud
gush'd
out
of
his
Shooe
.
He
was
not
gone
very
far
,
before
he
saw
two
Ravens
fighting
on
the
top
of
a
House
,
which
stood
on
his
left
hand
as
he
pass'd
along
;
and
tho'
he
was
surrounded
with
an
infinite
number
of
People
,
a
Stone
happen'd
to
fall
just
at
his
Foot
,
beaten
down
(
as
it
's
probable
)
by
the
Ravens
:
which
Accident
put
a
stop
to
those
that
were
the
boldest
Men
about
him
.
But
Blossius
of
Cuma
,
who
happen'd
to
be
then
present
,
told
him
,
That
it
would
be
a
shameful
thing
for
Tiberius
,
who
was
the
Son
of
Gracchus
,
the
Nephew
of
Scipio
Africanus
,
and
the
Protector
of
the
Roman
People
,
to
refuse
(
for
fear
of
a
silly
Bird
)
to
promote
the
Interest
of
his
Countreymen
,
who
might
reasonably
expect
it
from
him
;
and
that
his
Adversaries
would
not
only
represent
this
,
as
the
effect
of
a
mean
Spirit
,
but
the
trick
of
a
Tyrant
,
who
had
no
other
intension
than
to
abuse
the
generous
Kindness
of
the
common
People
.
At
the
same
time
several
Messengers
came
also
from
Tiberius's
Friends
,
to
desire
his
presence
at
the
Capitol
,
and
to
acquaint
him
,
that
all
things
went
there
according
to
expectation
.
Indeed
Tiberius's
first
entrance
there
was
very
pompous
,
and
he
was
honourably
received
;
for
as
soon
as
ever
he
appeared
,
his
Freinds
welcom'd
him
with
loud
Acclamations
into
the
Capitol
:
and
when
he
had
taken
his
Place
,
they
repeated
their
expressions
of
Joy
,
and
took
care
that
no
Person
what-ever
should
come
near
him
,
unless
those
who
were
his
intimate
Friends
.
Mutius
then
began
to
put
the
Business
again
to
the
Vote
;
but
nothing
was
performed
with
the
usual
Decency
and
Order
,
by
reason
of
the
Disturbance
which
the
Rabble
made
,
by
their
pressing
forwards
to
get
into
the
Capitol
.
Whilst
these
things
were
carried
on
in
this
Confusion
,
Flavius
Flaccus
,
a
Senator
,
standing
in
a
Place
higher
than
ordinary
,
but
at
such
a
distance
from
Tiberius
,
that
when
he
could
not
make
him
hear
,
by
reason
of
the
tumultuous
noise
,
signified
to
him
by
certain
motions
of
his
Hand
,
that
he
had
a
desire
to
impart
something
of
Consequence
to
him
in
private
.
Tiberius
order'd
the
Multitude
to
make
way
for
him
,
by
which
means
(
tho'
not
without
some
difficulty
)
Flavius
got
to
him
,
and
inform'd
him
,
that
the
Senators
,
seeing
they
could
not
prevail
upon
the
Consul
to
espouse
their
Quarrel
,
had
at
length
come
to
this
final
Determination
amongst
themselves
,
that
he
should
be
assassinated
;
and
to
that
purpose
had
a
great
number
of
their
Friends
and
Servants
prepared
to
accomplish
it
.
Tiberius
no
sooner
communicated
this
Confederacy
to
those
about
him
,
but
they
immediately
tuck'd
up
their
long
Gowns
,
broke
the
Halberts
which
the
Serjeants
used
to
keep
the
Crowd
off
,
into
pieces
,
and
with
those
resolv'd
to
oppose
all
violent
Assaultants
.
They
who
stood
at
a
distance
wonder'd
,
and
demanded
what
the
occasion
of
that
Disorder
should
be
;
Tiberius
knowing
that
they
could
not
hear
him
at
that
distance
,
lifted
his
Hand
to
his
Head
,
thereby
intimating
the
great
Danger
which
he
apprehended
himself
to
be
in
:
his
Adversaries
taking
notice
of
that
Action
,
ran
presently
to
the
Senate
house
,
and
declared
,
that
Tiberius
desired
the
People
to
bestow
a
Crown
upon
him
,
and
that
he
might
be
King
of
Rome
.
This
being
very
surprizing
,
Nasica
presently
demanded
of
the
Consul
,
that
he
would
punish
this
Tyrant
,
and
defend
the
Government
,
as
by
Law
establish'd
.
The
Consul
mildly
reply'd
,
That
he
would
not
be
Guilty
of
an
unjust
action
;
and
as
he
would
not
suffer
any
Free-man
to
be
put
to
death
,
before
Sentence
had
lawfully
pass'd
upon
him
,
so
neither
would
he
protect
Tiberius
,
if
by
his
Insinuation
the
People
should
act
any
thing
contrary
to
Law
.
But
Nasica
rising
from
his
Seat
in
a
great
passion
,
Since
the
Consul
,
says
he
,
regards
not
the
Safety
of
the
Common-wealth
,
let
every
one
who
will
defend
the
Dignity
and
Authority
of
their
Laws
,
follow
me
.
He
then
casting
the
skirt
of
his
Gown
over
his
Shoulder
,
hasten'd
to
the
Capitol
;
they
who
bore
him
company
,
wrapp'd
their
Gowns
also
about
their
Arms
,
and
forc'd
their
way
after
him
:
but
upon
the
account
that
they
were
Persons
of
the
greatest
Authority
in
the
City
,
the
common
People
durst
not
obstruct
their
going
thither
,
but
were
rather
so
careful
in
avoiding
'em
,
that
they
tumbled
over
one
another
in
haste
.
Some
had
furnish'd
themselves
with
Clubs
;
others
got
up
the
feet
of
Stools
and
Chairs
,
which
were
broken
by
the
hasty
flight
of
the
common
People
.
Thus
armed
,
they
made
towards
Tiberius
,
knocking
down
all
those
whom
they
happen'd
to
meet
with
;
so
that
the
People
were
soon
wholly
dispersed
,
and
many
slain
,
as
they
endervour'd
to
make
their
escape
.
Tiberius
seeing
these
things
,
thought
it
his
best
way
to
save
himself
by
flight
:
as
he
was
running
,
he
chanc'd
to
be
stopp'd
by
one
who
catch'd
him
hold
by
the
Grown
;
but
he
presently
getting
clear
of
that
,
fled
in
his
under-Garments
only
.
In
this
hasty
flight
it
happened
,
that
falling
over
those
who
before
had
been
knock'd
down
,
as
he
was
endeavouring
to
recover
himself
,
one
Publius
Satureius
,
a
Tribune
,
was
observed
to
give
him
the
first
fatal
stroke
,
by
hitting
Tiberius
slain
.
him
upon
the
Head
with
the
foot
of
a
Stool
:
the
next
Man
who
struck
him
,
was
Lucius
Rufus
,
who
afterwards
boasted
of
it
,
as
an
honourable
Exploit
.
In
this
Tumult
there
were
above
300
Men
slain
,
with
Clubs
and
Staves
only
,
there
being
no
Warlike
Instruments
made
use
of
.
This
was
the
first
Insurrection
amongst
the
Romans
,
that
ended
with
the
effusion
of
Blood
,
since
the
abrogation
of
Kingly
Government
;
for
all
former
Seditions
,
which
were
neither
small
,
nor
about
trivial
Matters
,
were
always
amicably
composed
,
the
two
Parties
constantly
submitting
to
one
another
,
either
the
Senate
for
fear
of
the
Commons
,
or
the
Commons
out
of
respect
to
the
Senate
.
And
it
's
probable
indeed
that
Tiberius
himself
might
then
have
been
easily
brought
to
submission
,
if
he
had
not
been
proceeded
against
in
such
a
rigorous
manner
;
for
he
had
not
at
that
time
above
3000
Men
of
his
Party
:
but
it
's
evident
,
that
this
Conspiracy
was
fomented
against
him
,
more
out
of
an
aversion
and
malice
which
the
rich
Men
had
to
his
Person
,
than
for
the
Reasons
which
they
commonly
pretended
against
him
:
in
testimony
whereof
,
we
may
alledge
the
Cruelty
and
unnatural
Insultings
which
they
used
to
his
dead
Body
;
for
they
would
not
suffer
his
own
Brother
tho'
he
earnestly
begg'd
the
favour
,
to
bury
his
Corps
in
the
Night
,
but
threw
it
together
with
other
Carkases
into
the
River
.
Neither
did
their
Cruelty
stop
here
;
for
they
banished
some
of
his
Friends
without
legal
Process
,
and
slew
as
many
of
the
others
as
they
could
lay
their
hands
on
:
amongst
whom
Diophanes
the
Orator
was
slain
;
they
murder'd
one
Caius
Billius
,
by
shutting
him
up
close
in
a
large
Tun
with
Vipers
and
Serpents
:
Blossius
of
Cuma
indeed
was
carried
before
the
Consuls
,
and
examin'd
touching
what
had
happen'd
;
who
freely
confessed
,
That
he
had
never
failed
to
execute
what
ever
Tiberius
commanded
him
:
What
,
reply'd
Nasica
,
then
if
Tiberius
had
commanded
that
you
should
burn
the
Capitol
,
would
you
have
burnt
it
?
His
First
Answer
was
,
That
Tiberius
never
commanded
any
such
thing
:
but
being
pressed
with
the
same
Question
by
several
others
,
he
declared
,
That
if
Tiberius
had
commanded
it
,
he
would
not
have
thought
it
an
inglorious
action
to
have
done
it
;
for
he
never
commanded
any
thing
but
what
he
thought
for
the
Peoples
Advantage
.
Blossius
at
this
time
was
pardoned
,
and
afterwards
fled
to
Aristonicus
in
Asia
,
whose
Fortune
being
then
reduced
to
a
desperate
condition
,
he
kill'd
himself
.
However
the
Senate
to
mollifie
the
People
after
these
Transactions
,
did
not
oppose
the
division
of
the
publick
Lands
,
and
permitted
them
to
choose
another
Commissioner
for
that
Business
in
the
room
of
Tiberius
:
so
they
elected
Publius
Crassus
,
who
was
Gracchus's
near
Kinsman
,
because
his
Daughter
Licinia
was
married
to
Caius
Gracchus
;
altho
Cornelius
Nepos
says
,
that
she
was
not
the
Crassus's
Daughter
,
whom
Caius
married
,
but
Brutus's
,
that
triumph'd
for
his
Conquests
in
Portugal
:
but
most
Historians
are
of
the
same
opinion
with
us
.
Afterwards
the
People
were
much
concern'd
for
the
loss
of
Tiberius
;
and
it
was
apparent
,
that
they
wanted
nothing
but
a
convenient
opportunity
to
be
revenged
,
and
already
threatn'd
to
bring
Nasica
to
his
Trial
.
The
Senate
fearing
lest
some
Mischief
should
befal
Nasica
,
sent
him
Ambassador
into
Asia
,
tho'
there
was
no
other
occasion
for
his
going
thither
.
The
common
people
did
not
conceal
their
Indignation
even
in
the
open
Streets
,
but
rail'd
at
him
,
when-ever
they
met
him
abroad
,
calling
him
a
Murderer
and
a
Tyrant
,
one
who
had
polluted
even
the
Temple
it self
,
with
the
blood
of
a
Tribune
.
Upon
this
Consideration
Nasica
left
Italy
,
altho'
he
was
obliged
,
being
the
Chief-Priest
,
to
officiate
in
all
Principal
Sacrifices
:
thus
wandring
full
of
Discontent
and
Affliction
from
one
Place
to
another
,
he
died
in
a
short
time
after
not
far
from
Pergamus
.
It
is
no
wonder
that
the
People
had
such
an
aversion
to
Nasica
,
when
even
Scipio
Africanus
,
who
,
though
deservedly
belov'd
by
the
Romans
,
was
in
danger
of
quite
losing
the
good
opinion
which
the
people
had
of
him
,
only
for
repeating
when
the
News
of
Tiberius's
Death
was
first
brought
to
Numantia
,
this
Verse
out
of
Homer
:
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
So
may
he
perish
,
who
such
Crimes
commits
.
And
afterwards
being
ask'd
by
Caius
and
Fulvius
,
in
a
great
Assembly
,
what
he
thought
of
Tiberius's
Death
;
he
answer'd
,
That
he
did
not
at
all
approve
Tiberius's
way
of
Proceeding
.
Upon
which
account
the
People
would
begin
to
interrupt
him
with
their
Hissings
,
in
the
middle
of
his
Orations
,
which
they
never
presumed
to
do
before
that
time
;
and
he
on
the
other
hand
was
so
incensed
at
it
,
that
upon
this
account
he
reflected
very
smartly
upon
the
People
.
This
is
a
full
Account
of
the
most
material
Passages
in
the
Life
of
Tiberius
.
THE
LIFE
OF
CAIUS
.
CAius
Gracchus
at
first
,
either
for
fear
of
his
Brother's
Enemies
,
or
designing
to
render
them
more
odious
to
the
People
,
absented
himself
from
their
publick
Assemblies
,
and
quietly
retired
to
his
own
House
,
as
if
he
was
a
Person
,
to
whom
such
private
Circumstances
were
not
only
very
agreeable
at
present
,
but
that
he
was
content
also
to
pass
the
remainder
of
his
Life
,
without
affecting
any
publick
Action
;
which
made
some
imagine
,
that
he
abhorred
and
detested
the
Transactions
of
Tiberius
:
however
he
was
now
but
very
young
,
being
not
so
old
as
his
Brother
by
nine
years
,
who
was
scarce
thirty
,
when
he
was
slain
.
It
was
not
long
before
he
plainly
discover'd
Gracchus
his
Character
.
his
Temper
,
having
a
natural
antipathy
to
a
lazy
Retirement
and
Effeminacy
;
nor
in
the
least
inclin'd
to
any
sort
of
Luxury
or
Covetousness
,
but
wholly
addicted
himself
to
the
study
of
Eloquence
,
as
Wings
whereby
he
might
easily
aspire
to
publick
Business
and
Government
;
and
it
was
very
apparent
,
that
he
did
not
intend
to
pass
his
days
in
obscurity
.
When
Bettius
,
a
Friend
of
his
,
was
impeach'd
of
high
Misdemeanors
,
and
he
undertaking
publickly
to
defend
his
Cause
,
the
People
were
in
an
Extasie
,
and
transported
with
Joy
,
to
find
him
at
the
Bar
,
and
Master
of
such
Eloquence
,
that
the
other
Orators
seem'd
to
talk
like
Children
in
comparison
to
him
.
This
created
new
Jealousies
and
Fears
amongst
those
in
Authority
,
and
their
great
design
was
,
how
to
hinder
Caius
from
being
made
Tribune
.
But
soon
after
it
happen'd
,
that
he
was
He
is
chosen
Quaestor
.
elected
Quoestor
,
and
obliged
to
attend
Orestes
the
Consul
into
Sardinia
.
This
,
as
it
pleased
his
Enemies
,
so
it
was
not
ungratefull
to
him
;
for
●eing
naturally
a
stout
Man
,
his
Fame
was
equally
remarkable
in
the
Camp
,
as
at
the
Bar.
And
besides
as
yet
he
very
much
dreaded
medling
with
State-affairs
,
and
appearing
publickly
in
the
Rostr●●
,
which
(
because
of
the
Importunity
of
Friends
)
he
could
no
otherwise
avoid
,
than
by
taking
this
Voyage
,
therefore
readily
embraced
the
opportunity
of
absenting
himself
.
Notwithstanding
which
,
many
are
of
opinion
,
that
he
was
an
humble
flatterer
of
the
common
People
,
and
more
ambitious
than
ever
Tiberius
had
been
,
of
popular
Applause
;
but
it
's
certain
that
he
was
forc'd
upon
,
not
that
he
courted
publick
Business
.
And
Tully
relates
this
of
him
,
That
when
he
declin'd
all
those
Concerns
,
and
would
have
liv'd
privately
,
his
Brother
appear'd
to
His
Dream
.
him
in
a
Dream
,
and
calling
him
by
his
Name
,
said
,
To
what
purpose
,
Caius
,
are
all
these
delays
;
there
is
no
possibility
of
avoiding
that
Fate
,
which
is
destin'd
for
us
two
,
both
to
live
and
die
alike
,
in
vindication
of
the
Peoples
Right
.
Caius
was
no
sooner
arrived
in
Sardinia
,
but
he
gave
exemplary
Proofs
of
his
true
Valour
;
for
he
not
only
excelled
all
the
young
Men
of
his
Age
in
his
early
Actions
in
doing
justice
to
his
Inferiors
,
and
in
shewing
all
Obedience
and
Respect
to
his
superior
Officer
,
but
likewise
in
Discretion
,
Frugality
and
Industry
,
he
surpassed
even
those
who
were
much
elder
than
himself
.
It
happen'd
to
be
a
sharp
and
sickly
Winter
in
Sardinia
,
insomuch
that
the
General
was
forc'd
to
lay
an
Imposition
upon
several
Towns
,
to
supply
the
Souldiers
'
with
necessary
Cloths
:
the
Cities
sent
an
Express
to
Rome
with
a
Petition
,
to
be
excused
from
that
Burthen
;
the
Senate
found
their
Request
reasonable
,
and
order'd
the
General
to
find
some
other
way
of
new
cloathing
the
Army
.
While
he
was
long
contriving
what
course
to
take
in
this
Affair
,
the
Souldiers
were
reduced
to
great
Extremities
;
but
Caius
went
from
one
City
to
another
,
and
by
laying
before
them
the
reasonableness
of
that
Demand
,
he
so
far
prevailed
with
them
,
that
of
their
own
accord
they
cloathed
the
Roman
Army
.
These
Transactions
being
carried
to
Rome
,
and
seeming
to
be
only
the
forerunners
of
popular
Ambition
,
rais'd
new
Jealousies
amongst
the
Senators
:
and
besides
this
,
there
came
Ambassadors
out
of
Africa
from
King
Micipsa
,
to
acquaint
the
Senate
,
that
their
Master
out
of
Respect
to
Caius
Gracchus
,
had
sent
a
considerable
quantity
of
Corn
to
the
General
in
Sardinia
;
at
which
the
Senators
were
so
much
offended
,
that
they
turn'd
the
Ambassadors
out
of
the
Senate-house
,
and
made
an
Order
,
that
the
common
Souldiers
should
be
relieved
,
by
sending
others
in
their
room
;
but
that
Orestes
should
continue
upon
the
Place
,
and
Caius
also
,
upon
the
account
of
his
being
Treasurer
.
But
he
soon
finding
how
things
were
carried
,
fell
into
a
great
passion
,
and
immediately
took
Shipping
for
Rome
:
his
Appearance
there
was
so
unexpected
,
that
he
was
generally
censur'd
,
not
only
by
his
Enemies
,
but
also
by
the
Commons
,
who
thought
it
an
unreasonable
thing
,
that
he
being
Quoestor
should
desert
the
Army
before
his
Commander
.
When
this
Misdemeanor
came
to
be
tryed
before
the
Censors
,
he
desired
leave
to
make
his
Apology
;
which
he
did
so
effectually
,
that
his
Auditors
quickly
entertain'd
a
better
opinion
of
him
,
believing
that
he
had
been
very
much
injured
.
He
made
it
then
appear
,
that
he
had
serv'd
12
years
in
the
Army
,
whereas
others
are
obliged
to
serve
only
10
;
that
he
had
continued
Questor
to
the
General
three
years
,
whereas
he
might
by
Law
have
return'd
at
the
end
of
one
year
;
that
none
but
he
in
that
Expedition
carried
his
own
Money
to
the
Army
,
whereas
others
first
took
care
to
drink
off
the
Vessels
of
Wine
which
they
carried
with
them
,
and
then
to
have
them
better
fill'd
with
the
Riches
and
Spoyl
of
the
Countrey
.
After
this
,
they
brought
other
Accusations
and
Writs
against
him
,
for
creating
Differences
among
the
Allies
,
and
being
engaged
in
the
Conspiracy
that
was
discover'd
about
Fregella
;
but
he
having
clear'd
himself
of
these
things
,
he
not
only
appear'd
wholly
innocent
of
the
Crimes
laid
to
his
charge
,
but
made
what
Interest
he
could
to
be
elected
Tribune
;
in
which
tho'
he
was
generally
opposed
by
all
Persons
of
Quality
,
yet
there
came
such
infinite
numbers
of
People
from
all
Parts
of
Italy
,
to
vote
for
Caius
,
that
many
wanted
Lodgings
in
the
City
;
and
the
Field
being
not
large
enough
to
contain
the
Company
,
there
were
several
who
gave
their
Votes
from
Roofs
and
Battlements
of
Houses
:
however
the
Nobility
did
so
influence
the
People
,
and
cross
Caius's
Expectations
,
that
he
was
not
return'd
the
first
,
(
as
was
expected
)
but
the
fourth
Tribune
.
When
he
came
once
to
the
execution
of
his
Office
,
it
was
seen
presently
who
deserv'd
to
have
been
the
first
Tribune
;
for
he
was
a
much
better
Orator
than
any
of
his
Co-temporaries
,
and
the
Concern
which
he
still
retain'd
for
the
Murder
of
his
Brother
,
made
him
the
bolder
in
speaking
.
He
us'd
on
all
occasions
to
remind
the
People
of
what
had
happen'd
in
that
Tumult
,
and
laid
before
them
the
Examples
of
their
Ancestors
;
how
they
declared
War
against
the
Falisci
,
only
for
giving
scurrilous
Language
to
one
Genutius
,
a
Tribune
of
the
People
;
and
sentenced
C.
Vulturius
to
death
,
for
taking
the
Wall
of
a
Tribune
in
the
Streets
:
Whereas
,
said
he
,
these
Persons
did
in
the
presence
of
you
all
murther
Tiberius
with
Clubs
,
and
dragg'd
the
slaughter'd
Body
through
the
middle
of
the
City
,
to
be
cast
into
the
River
;
even
his
Friends
,
as
many
as
could
be
taken
,
were
put
to
death
immediately
,
without
any
tryal
,
notwithstanding
that
just
and
ancient
Custom
,
which
was
always
observed
among
our
Forefathers
;
that
when-ever
any
one
was
accused
of
a
capital
Crime
,
and
did
not
make
his
personal
appearance
in
Court
,
a
Trumpet
was
sent
in
the
Morning
to
his
Lodging
,
to
summon
him
by
sound
of
Trumpet
to
appear
:
and
before
this
Ceremony
was
duely
performed
,
the
Judges
would
never
proceed
to
pass
Sentence
;
so
cautious
and
reserv'd
were
our
Ancestors
about
Business
of
Life
and
Death
.
Caius
having
moved
the
People
with
such
Speeches
(
for
his
Voice
was
loud
and
strong
)
he
proposed
two
Laws
:
The
first
was
,
That
who-ever
was
turn'd
out
of
any
His
Laws
.
publick
Office
by
the
People
,
he
should
be
thereby
render'd
incapable
of
bearing
any
Office
afterwards
.
The
second
was
,
that
if
any
Magistrate
shall
condemn
a
Roman
to
be
banished
without
a
legal
Trial
,
the
People
shall
be
authorized
to
take
cognizance
thereof
.
One
of
these
Laws
did
manifestly
reflect
upon
M.
Octavius
,
who
at
the
Instigation
of
Tiberius
,
had
been
depriv'd
of
his
Tribuneship
;
The
other
touch'd
Popilius
,
who
in
his
Praetorship
had
banished
all
Tiberius's
Friends
;
whereupon
Popilius
being
unwilling
to
stand
the
hazard
of
a
Tryal
,
fled
out
of
Italy
.
As
for
the
former
law
,
it
was
abrogated
by
Caius
himself
,
who
declared
his
readiness
to
oblige
Octavius
for
the
sake
of
his
Mother
Cornelia
:
this
was
very
acceptable
and
pleasing
to
the
People
,
who
had
a
great
Veneration
for
Cornelia
,
both
in
respect
to
her
Father
and
her
Children
;
and
therefore
they
afterwards
erected
a
Statue
of
Brass
in
Honour
of
her
,
with
this
Inscription
,
Cornelia
,
the
Mother
of
the
Gracchi
.
There
are
several
Expressions
in
writing
,
which
he
used
perhaps
with
two
much
Affectation
and
Popularity
concerning
her
,
to
one
of
her
Adversaries
:
How
,
said
he
,
dare
you
presume
to
reflect
upon
Cornelia
the
Mother
of
Tiberius
?
And
because
the
Person
who
made
the
Reflections
,
had
been
suspected
for
Sodomy
,
With
what
face
,
said
he
,
can
you
compare
Cornelia
with
your self
?
have
you
brought
forth
such
Children
as
she
has
done
?
and
yet
all
Rome
knows
,
that
she
has
refrain'd
from
the
Conversation
of
Men
,
longer
than
you
your self
have
done
.
These
and
many
other
such
satyrical
Expressions
may
be
collected
out
of
his
Orations
:
he
afterwards
proposed
several
other
Laws
,
to
raise
the
People's
Authority
,
and
to
detract
from
the
Senate's
.
The
first
was
concerning
the
publick
Other
Laws
preferr'd
by
C.
Grach
.
Lands
,
which
were
to
be
divided
amongst
the
poor
Citizens
.
Another
was
concerning
the
common
Souldiers
,
that
they
should
be
cloathed
at
the
publick
Charge
,
without
any
diminution
of
their
Pay
,
and
that
none
should
be
obliged
to
serve
in
the
Army
who
was
not
full
17
years
old
.
Another
gave
an
equal
Liberty
to
all
the
Italians
in
general
,
of
voting
at
Elections
,
as
was
granted
to
the
Citizens
of
Rome
.
Another
was
concerning
the
price
of
Bread-corn
,
which
was
to
be
sold
at
a
lower
rate
than
formerly
to
the
poor
People
.
Another
was
concerning
Matters
of
Judicature
,
whereby
the
Authority
of
the
Senate
was
very
much
retrenched
.
For
only
Senators
were
formerly
Judges
in
all
causes
,
by
which
means
their
Authority
was
very
much
dreaded
by
the
Roman
Knights
and
the
People
:
but
he
joyn'd
300
ordinary
Gentlemen
with
the
Senators
,
who
were
300
likewise
in
number
,
and
ordain'd
,
that
a
judicial
Authority
should
be
equally
invested
in
the
600.
While
he
was
arguing
for
the
ratification
of
this
Law
,
his
Behaviour
was
observed
to
be
quite
different
from
others
:
for
all
other
Orators
in
their
Speeches
,
used
to
turn
their
Faces
towards
the
Senate-house
,
and
the
Place
called
Comitium
:
but
he
,
on
the
Contrary
,
was
the
first
Man
that
in
his
Harangue
to
the
People
,
turn'd
himself
the
other
way
towards
them
,
and
after
that
time
always
observed
the
same
posture
.
Which
however
insignificant
that
Turn
might
seem
,
yet
it
was
the
cause
of
no
small
one
in
State-affairs
;
for
he
in
a
manner
converted
the
Government
from
an
Aristocracy
to
a
Democracy
,
thereby
intimating
by
that
Action
,
that
all
Orators
in
proposing
State-affairs
,
ought
to
speak
to
the
People
,
not
the
Senate
.
As
soon
as
the
Commonalty
had
ratified
this
Law
,
and
given
him
power
to
elect
Cajus's
Power
.
those
whom
he
approved
of
,
to
be
Judges
,
he
was
invested
with
such
an
absolute
Power
,
that
the
Senate
submitted
to
consult
with
him
in
Matters
of
Difficulty
;
and
he
always
took
care
to
advise
nothing
,
that
might
any
ways
derogate
from
a
Person
of
his
Quality
;
As
for
example
,
his
Resolution
about
the
Bread-corn
which
Fabius
the
Propraetor
sent
from
Spain
,
was
very
just
and
honourable
;
for
he
perswaded
the
Senate
to
sell
the
Corn
,
and
return
the
Money
to
the
same
Provinces
which
had
furnish'd
them
with
it
;
and
also
that
Fabius
should
be
censured
,
for
having
render'd
the
Roman
Government
odious
and
insupportable
to
the
Provinces
abroad
.
This
Proposal
got
him
an
extraordinary
Respect
and
Favour
amongst
the
foreign
Provinces
;
besides
all
this
,
he
proposed
ways
for
the
repeopling
of
several
ruinous
Cities
,
for
reparing
the
High-ways
,
and
for
building
publick
Granaries
.
Of
all
which
Works
he
himself
undertook
the
Management
and
Superintendency
,
and
was
never
wanting
to
give
necessary
Orders
for
the
quick
dispatch
of
different
and
great
Undertakings
,
and
that
too
with
such
wonderful
Expedition
and
Diligence
,
as
if
they
had
been
only
one
;
insomuch
that
all
Persons
,
who
either
hated
or
fear'd
him
,
stood
amazed
to
see
how
active
and
industrious
he
was
in
all
his
Designs
.
As
for
the
People
themselves
,
they
were
strangely
transported
at
the
very
sight
of
him
,
especially
when-ever
they
saw
him
surrounded
with
crowds
of
Labourers
,
Artificers
,
Messengers
,
Officers
,
Souldiers
,
and
Scholars
.
All
these
he
treated
with
an
easie
Familiarity
,
yet
always
took
care
to
support
his
Dignity
,
even
in
his
greatest
Condescentions
,
accommodating
his
Carriage
according
to
the
Quality
of
every
particular
Person
;
by
which
means
he
so
far
prevailed
,
that
his
Enemies
were
look'd
upon
no
better
than
envious
Detracters
,
whenever
they
presumed
to
represent
him
either
dangerous
,
rash
or
guilty
of
the
least
ill
Nature
.
He
had
that
peculiar
Art
of
insinuating
himself
,
and
gaining
by
degrees
upon
the
Commonalty
,
that
he
became
rather
more
Popular
by
his
common
Conversation
,
than
by
his
publick
Harangues
.
But
his
greatest
Endeavour
was
to
put
the
High-ways
into
good
condition
,
always
taking
care
to
make
them
handsom
and
pleasant
,
as
well
as
convenient
;
for
they
were
drawn
by
his
Directions
,
through
the
Fields
,
exactly
in
a
straight
Line
,
and
paved
with
hewn
Stone
,
founded
upon
great
quantities
of
Sand
,
brought
thither
from
the
Places
adjacent
for
that
purpose
:
when
he
met
with
any
Valleys
or
deep
Holes
occasion'd
by
great
Floods
,
he
either
caused
them
to
be
fill'd
up
with
Rubbish
,
or
Bridges
to
be
built
over
,
so
well
levell'd
,
that
they
being
of
an
equal
height
on
both
sides
,
the
whole
Work
made
a
beautiful
Prospect
.
Besides
this
,
he
caused
the
ways
to
be
all
divided
into
Miles
,
(
each
Mile
containing
The
Italian
Mile
contains
8
Furlongs
.
little
less
than
eight
Furlongs
)
and
erected
Pillars
of
Stone
,
to
signifie
the
distance
from
one
Place
to
another
:
he
likewise
placed
other
Stones
at
small
distances
from
one
another
,
on
both
sides
of
the
way
,
by
means
whereof
Travellers
might
get
easily
on
Horseback
without
Stirrups
.
For
these
Reasons
the
People
highly
extoll'd
him
,
and
were
ready
upon
all
occasions
to
express
their
Affection
towards
him
.
One
day
in
an
Oration
to
the
People
he
declared
,
that
he
had
only
one
Favour
to
request
;
which
if
granted
,
as
he
should
think
it
the
greatest
Obligation
in
the
World
,
so
if
it
were
denied
,
he
would
never
blame
them
for
the
refusal
:
this
Expression
made
the
World
believe
,
that
his
ambition
was
to
be
Consul
,
and
it
was
generally
expected
,
that
he
would
be
both
Consul
and
Tribune
at
the
same
time
.
When
the
day
for
election
of
Consuls
came
,
and
all
in
great
Expectation
,
to
see
what
would
be
the
Event
of
that
days
Work
,
he
appeared
in
the
Field
with
Caius
Fannius
,
and
made
all
the
Interest
he
could
for
him
,
that
he
might
be
chosen
Consul
.
This
Interest
was
so
considerably
useful
to
Fannius
,
that
he
was
immediately
chosen
Consul
;
and
Caius
likewise
was
then
elected
Tribune
the
second
time
,
without
his
own
Caius
chosen
Tribune
the
second
time
.
seeking
or
petitioning
for
it
,
but
at
the
voluntary
motion
of
the
People
.
When
he
understood
that
the
Senators
were
his
declared
Enemies
,
and
that
Fannius
himself
was
none
of
the
truest
Friends
,
he
began
again
to
flatter
the
People
with
other
new
Laws
.
He
proposed
that
a
Colony
of
Roman
Citizens
might
be
sent
to
repeople
Tarentum
and
Capua
,
and
that
all
the
Latins
should
enjoy
the
same
Privileges
with
the
Citizens
of
Rome
.
But
the
Senate
apprehending
that
he
would
at
last
grow
too
powerful
and
dangerous
,
took
a
new
and
unusual
course
to
alienate
the
Peoples
Affections
from
him
,
by
their
gratifying
them
in
things
beyond
what
they
could
reasonably
expect
.
Livius
Drusus
was
fellow
-
Tribune
,
with
Caius
,
a
Person
of
as
good
a
Family
,
and
as
well
educated
,
as
any
amongst
the
Romans
,
and
no
ways
inferior
to
those
,
who
for
their
Eloquence
and
Riches
were
the
most
famous
and
most
powerful
Men
of
that
time
.
To
him
therefore
the
chief
Senators
make
their
Application
,
exhorting
him
to
fall
upon
Caius
;
and
that
he
would
engage
himself
on
their
side
in
opposition
to
him
,
not
by
using
any
force
,
or
opposing
of
the
common
People
,
but
in
gratifying
and
obliging
them
with
such
unreasonable
things
,
as
might
otherwise
very
well
deserve
to
be
detested
.
Livius
offer'd
to
serve
the
Senate
with
his
Authority
in
this
Business
;
and
in
order
thereunto
,
enacted
such
Laws
as
were
in
reality
neither
honourable
nor
advantageous
for
the
Publick
;
his
whole
Design
being
to
out-do
Caius
in
pleasing
and
cajoling
the
Populace
,
(
as
Comedians
do
)
with
obsequious
Flattery
and
Popularity
:
whereby
the
Senate
gave
plain
Testimonies
,
that
they
were
not
at
all
displeased
with
Caius's
management
of
Affairs
,
but
privately
designed
either
to
ruine
him
utterly
,
or
to
lessen
at
least
his
Reputation
.
For
when
Caius
proposed
the
re-peopling
of
only
two
Colonies
abroad
,
and
mentioned
the
most
considerable
Citizens
for
that
purpose
,
they
accused
him
for
abusing
the
People
;
but
on
the
contrary
were
pleased
with
Drusus
,
when
he
proposed
the
sending
of
twelve
Colonies
abroad
,
and
each
to
consist
of
3000
Persons
,
and
those
too
the
most
beggarly
Rascals
that
he
could
find
.
When
Caius
divided
the
publick
Fields
amongst
the
poor
Citizens
,
and
charged
them
with
a
small
Rent
,
annually
to
be
paid
into
the
Exchequer
,
they
were
angry
at
him
,
as
one
who
pretended
to
gratifie
the
People
only
for
his
own
Interest
;
yet
afterwards
they
commended
Livius
,
tho'
he
exempted
them
from
paying
even
that
little
Acknowledgment
.
Besides
they
were
displeased
with
Caius
,
for
giving
the
Latins
an
equal
Power
,
with
the
Romans
,
of
voting
at
the
Election
of
Magistrates
;
but
when
Livius
proposed
,
that
it
might
not
be
lawful
for
a
Roman
Captain
to
strike
a
Latin
Souldier
,
they
promoted
the
passing
of
that
Law
:
and
Livius
in
all
his
Speeches
to
the
Mobile
,
always
told
them
,
That
he
proposed
no
Laws
but
such
as
were
agreeable
to
the
Senate
,
who
had
a
particular
regard
to
the
Peoples
Advantage
.
And
this
truly
was
the
only
Action
during
the
time
of
his
Tribuneship
,
which
proved
advantageous
to
the
Publick
;
for
the
People
were
by
this
inclined
to
shew
a
more
than
ordinary
Love
and
respect
to
the
Senate
:
and
tho'
they
formerly
suspected
and
hated
the
principal
Senators
,
yet
Livius
appeas'd
and
mitigated
all
their
former
Perverseness
and
Animosity
,
by
convincing
them
,
that
he
had
done
nothing
in
favour
and
for
the
benefit
of
the
Commons
,
without
their
Advice
and
Approbation
.
But
the
greatest
Credit
which
Drusus
got
for
his
Kindness
and
Justice
towards
the
People
,
was
,
That
he
never
seem'd
to
propose
any
Law
,
either
of
his
own
Head
,
or
for
his
own
Advantage
;
for
he
committed
the
charge
of
seeing
the
Colonies
rightly
settled
,
to
other
Commissioners
:
neither
did
he
ever
concern
himself
with
the
distributions
of
the
Moneys
;
whereas
Caius
was
always
the
principal
Man
concern'd
in
such
considerable
Transactions
.
When
Rubrius
,
another
Tribune
of
the
People
,
had
proposed
to
have
Carthage
again
inhabited
,
which
had
been
formerly
demolished
by
Scipio
,
it
fell
to
Caius's
lot
to
see
the
same
performed
,
and
for
that
purpose
he
sailed
into
Africa
.
Drusus
took
this
opportunity
of
his
absence
,
to
insinuate
himself
still
more
into
the
Peoples
Affections
;
which
he
did
chiefly
by
accusing
Fulvius
,
who
was
a
particular
Friend
to
Caius
,
and
deputed
a
Commissioner
with
him
for
the
division
of
the
Lands
.
This
Fulvius
was
a
Man
of
a
turbulent
Spirit
,
and
notoriously
hated
by
the
Senate
;
and
besides
,
he
was
suspected
by
others
to
have
fomented
a
Difference
between
them
and
their
Confederates
,
and
under-hand
to
have
perswaded
the
Italians
to
rebel
;
tho'
there
was
no
other
way
to
prove
the
truth
of
these
Accusations
,
than
by
his
being
a
suspicious
Person
,
and
of
a
seditious
Temper
.
This
was
one
principal
Cause
of
Caius's
Ruine
;
for
part
of
the
Envy
which
fell
upon
Fulvius
,
was
derived
upon
him
:
and
when
Scipio
Africanus
happen'd
to
die
suddenly
,
and
no
outward
cause
The
Death
of
Scipio
.
of
such
an
unexpected
Death
appear'd
,
except
some
marks
of
Blows
upon
his
Body
,
which
intimated
that
he
had
been
violently
murder'd
,
(
as
we
have
related
in
the
History
of
his
Life
)
the
greatest
part
of
the
Blame
was
thrown
upon
Fulvius
,
because
he
was
his
mortal
Enemy
,
and
that
very
day
had
reflected
upon
Scipio
publickly
in
the
Tribunal
;
nor
was
Caius
himself
clear
from
Suspicion
:
however
such
an
horrible
Murther
,
and
committed
too
upon
the
Person
of
one
of
the
greatest
and
most
considerable
Men
in
Rome
,
was
never
either
punished
or
enquired
into
thorowly
;
for
the
Mobile
opposed
and
hinder'd
the
Proceedings
of
Justice
,
for
fear
that
Caius
should
be
found
accessary
to
the
Murder
;
but
these
things
were
sometime
after
.
But
in
Africa
,
where
at
present
Caius
was
engaged
in
the
re-peopling
of
Carthage
,
(
which
he
named
Junonia
)
many
ominous
Prodigies
which
presaged
Mischief
,
are
reported
to
have
been
sent
from
the
Gods
.
For
the
First
Ensigns
Staff
was
broken
with
a
violent
Gale
of
Ill
Omens
happen
to
Caius
.
Wind
,
notwithstanding
all
the
Endeavours
of
the
Ensign
to
the
contrary
.
Another
sudden
Storm
blew
away
the
Sacrifices
which
were
laid
upon
the
Altars
,
and
disorder'd
the
whole
Platform
,
by
which
the
bounds
of
the
City
were
described
,
and
besides
all
this
,
the
Wolves
made
an
Incursion
,
and
carried
away
the
very
Marks
that
were
set
up
,
whereby
they
designed
the
Precincts
of
the
City
.
Caius
notwithstanding
all
this
,
order'd
and
dispatched
the
whole
Business
in
the
space
of
70
days
,
and
then
return'd
to
Rome
,
understanding
how
Fulvius
was
prosecuted
by
Drusus
,
and
that
the
present
Juncture
of
Affairs
would
not
suffer
him
to
be
absent
;
for
Lucius
Hostilius
,
(
one
who
sided
much
with
the
Nobility
,
and
of
no
small
Authority
in
the
Senate
,
who
had
formerly
sued
to
be
Consul
,
but
was
repulsed
by
Caius's
Interest
,
whereby
Fannius
was
elected
)
was
in
a
fair
way
now
of
being
chosen
Consul
,
because
he
had
a
numerous
company
of
Friends
;
and
it
was
generally
believ'd
,
if
he
did
obtain
it
,
that
he
would
wholly
ruine
Caius's
Interest
,
whose
Power
was
already
in
a
declining
condition
;
and
the
People
were
not
so
apt
to
admire
his
Actions
as
formerly
,
because
there
were
several
others
who
every
day
contrived
new
ways
to
please
the
People
,
with
which
the
Senate
did
readily
comply
.
After
his
Return
to
Rome
,
he
quitted
his
House
on
the
Palatine
Mount
,
and
went
to
live
in
a
certain
Place
near
to
the
publick
Court
,
thereby
endeavouring
to
make
himself
more
popular
in
those
Parts
,
where
most
of
the
pitifull
and
meanest
Inhabitants
were
lodged
.
In
the
next
place
he
endeavour'd
to
propose
other
Laws
,
in
order
to
have
them
ratified
by
popular
Votes
;
upon
which
account
he
conven'd
a
prodigious
number
of
people
from
all
the
adjacent
Places
:
but
the
Senate
perswaded
Fannius
the
Consul
,
to
command
all
Persons
,
who
were
not
Natives
and
Inhabitants
of
Rome
,
to
depart
the
City
.
A
new
and
unusual
Proclamation
was
thereupon
made
,
prohibiting
any
of
the
Allies
or
Confederates
to
appear
at
Rome
during
that
time
.
Caius
on
the
contrary
publish'd
an
Edict
,
accusing
the
Consul
for
what
he
had
done
,
and
setting
forth
to
the
Confederates
,
that
if
they
would
continue
upon
the
Place
,
they
might
be
assured
of
his
Assistance
and
Protection
.
However
he
was
not
so
good
as
his
word
;
for
tho'
he
saw
one
of
his
own
familiar
Friends
and
Companions
dragg'd
to
Prison
by
Fannius's
Officers
,
he
notwithstanding
passed
by
,
without
either
assisting
him
,
or
taking
any
notice
of
him
:
which
he
did
,
either
because
he
was
afraid
to
stand
the
test
of
his
Power
,
which
was
already
decreased
,
or
because
he
(
as
he
himself
reported
)
was
unwilling
to
give
his
Enemies
an
opportunity
,
which
they
very
much
desired
,
of
making
an
Insurrection
.
About
that
time
there
happen'd
likewise
a
Difference
between
him
and
his
fellow
Officers
upon
this
occasion
:
A
Prize
was
to
be
fought
before
the
People
in
the
Market-Place
,
and
most
of
the
Officers
erected
Scaffolds
round
about
,
with
an
intention
of
letting
them
for
Advantage
.
Caius
commanded
them
to
take
down
their
Scaffolds
,
that
the
poor
People
might
see
the
Sport
without
paying
any
thing
.
But
no
body
obeying
these
Orders
of
his
,
he
gather'd
together
some
Labourers
,
and
overthrew
all
the
Scaffolds
,
the
very
night
before
the
Prize
was
to
be
play'd
;
so
that
by
the
next
morning
the
Market-place
was
clear'd
,
and
the
common
People
had
an
opportunity
of
seeing
the
Pastime
gratis
.
Upon
this
account
,
the
Rable
esteem'd
him
as
a
Man
of
great
Generosity
;
but
he
very
much
disobliged
the
Tribunes
,
and
the
Action
was
look'd
upon
as
a
piece
of
Rashness
,
and
full
of
Presumption
.
This
was
thought
to
be
the
chief
Reason
,
that
he
fail'd
of
being
a
third
time
elected
Caius
miss'd
of
his
third
Tribuneship
.
Tribune
;
not
but
that
he
had
the
most
Votes
,
but
because
his
Collegues
out
of
Revenge
caused
false
Returns
to
be
made
.
But
as
to
this
Matter
there
is
not
much
credit
to
be
given
:
certain
it
is
,
he
very
much
resented
this
Repulse
,
and
behaved
himself
with
an
unusual
sort
of
Arrogance
towards
some
of
his
Adversaries
,
who
were
joyful
at
this
Defeat
of
his
,
telling
them
,
That
all
their
Mirth
was
a
[
](A55203-e106430-b)*
*
This
saying
is
occasion'd
from
a
poysonous
Herb
in
that
Country
,
which
whoever
tasts
of
,
he
presently
seems
to
laugh
,
and
in
that
posture
dies
.
Sardonian
Laugh
only
;
they
being
wholly
in
the
dark
,
as
to
those
Intrigues
which
he
was
carrying
on
.
As
soon
as
Opimius
was
chosen
Consul
,
they
Opimius
is
the
same
Person
,
who
in
this
Life
was
before
mentioned
by
the
Name
of
L.
Hostilius
.
presently
cancell'd
several
of
Caius's
Laws
,
especially
as
to
what
he
had
enacted
,
in
reference
to
some
Designs
at
Carthage
,
omitting
nothing
which
was
most
probable
to
enrage
him
,
that
from
some
effect
of
his
Passion
,
they
might
find
out
a
colourable
pretence
to
put
him
to
death
.
Caius
at
first
bore
these
things
very
patiently
;
but
afterwards
at
the
Instigation
of
his
Friends
,
especially
Fulvius
,
he
resolved
to
raise
Forces
,
and
oppose
the
Authority
of
the
Consuls
.
His
Mother
Cornelia
also
is
reported
by
some
,
to
have
assisted
him
in
carrying
on
this
Sedition
,
by
sending
privately
several
Strangers
into
Rome
,
under
pretence
as
if
they
came
to
be
hired
there
for
Harvest-men
?
and
she
acquainted
her
Son
with
this
Project
,
by
writing
Letters
to
him
in
Cyphers
:
however
't
is
confidently
affirmed
by
others
,
that
Cornelia
did
not
in
the
least
approve
of
these
Actions
.
When
the
day
came
,
in
which
Opimius
designed
to
abrogate
the
Laws
of
Caius
,
both
Parties
met
very
early
at
the
Capitol
;
and
the
Consul
having
performed
all
the
Rites
usual
in
their
Sacrifices
,
on
Quintus
Attyllius
,
a
Serjeant
,
carrying
out
the
Entrails
of
the
Beast
,
spoke
to
Fulvius
,
and
his
Friends
who
stood
about
him
,
Ye
factious
Citizens
,
says
he
,
make
way
for
honest
Men.
Some
report
,
that
besides
this
provoking
Language
,
he
extended
his
naked
Arm
towards
'em
,
which
is
reckon'd
,
it
seems
,
as
a
piece
of
Scorn
and
Contempt
.
Upon
this
they
presently
slew
him
,
with
a
sort
of
Bodkins
or
Pencils
,
which
are
used
in
Writing
;
tho'
some
say
,
that
at
present
they
had
furnish'd
themselves
with
'em
for
this
Employment
only
.
This
Murther
caused
a
sudden
Consternation
in
the
whole
Assembly
,
and
the
chiefest
Men
in
Authority
had
their
different
Resentments
of
it
:
as
for
Caius
,
he
was
in
a
great
Passion
,
and
severely
reprimanded
some
of
his
own
Party
,
because
they
had
given
their
Adversaries
a
colourable
pretence
to
proceed
against
them
,
which
they
had
so
long
hop'd
for
.
Opimius
gratefully
embracing
this
occasion
,
stood
up
,
and
excited
the
People
to
Revenge
;
but
there
happening
a
great
shower
of
Rain
on
the
sudden
,
it
put
an
end
to
the
business
of
that
day
.
Early
the
next
morning
,
the
Consul
having
again
summon'd
the
Assembly
,
and
whilst
he
advised
with
the
Senators
in
the
Court
concerning
publick
Affairs
,
the
Corps
of
Attyllius
was
laid
upon
a
Bier
,
and
brought
through
the
Market-place
,
being
there
exposed
to
open
view
just
before
the
Senate-house
,
every
one
expressing
a
great
deal
of
Sorrow
and
Lamentation
.
Opimius
was
not
at
all
ignorant
,
that
this
was
design'd
to
be
done
;
however
he
seem'd
to
be
surprized
,
and
wonder'd
what
the
meaning
of
it
should
be
:
the
Senators
therefore
presently
went
out
,
to
know
the
occasion
of
it
;
and
standing
about
the
Corps
,
some
condoled
the
Person
that
was
slain
;
all
represented
it
is
an
inhumane
and
barbarous
Action
.
In
the
mean
time
,
there
were
some
then
present
,
who
were
sensible
of
,
and
very
much
resented
this
Partiality
of
the
Senators
;
considering
,
that
when
they
themselves
had
not
only
assassinated
Tiberius
Gracchus
,
as
he
was
executing
his
Office
in
the
very
Capitol
,
but
had
also
thrown
his
mangled
Body
into
the
River
;
yet
that
now
they
should
expose
to
open
view
;
that
they
should
bewail
and
honour
with
their
presence
the
Corps
of
a
mean
mercenary
Fellow
,
(
who
tho'
he
might
perhaps
die
wrongfully
,
was
however
in
a
great
measure
the
occasion
of
it
himself
)
and
by
these
means
to
undermine
him
,
who
remains
the
only
Defender
and
Safeguard
of
the
People
.
The
Senators
after
some
time
with-drew
,
A
Decree
of
the
Senate
against
Caius
Gracchus
.
and
presently
order'd
,
that
Opimius
the
Consul
should
be
invested
with
such
Power
,
whereby
he
might
protect
the
Common-wealth
,
and
suppress
all
Tyrants
.
This
being
decreed
,
he
presently
commanded
the
Senators
to
arm
themselves
,
and
that
the
Roman
Knights
should
be
in
a
readiness
very
early
the
next
morning
,
and
every
one
of
'em
to
be
attended
with
two
Servants
well
armed
.
Fulvius
on
the
other
side
accoutred
himself
,
and
got
together
the
Rabble
.
Caius
at
that
time
returning
from
the
Market-place
,
made
a
stop
just
before
his
Father's
Statue
,
and
fixing
his
Eyes
for
some
time
upon
it
,
remain'd
in
a
deep
Contemplation
;
at
length
he
sigh'd
,
let
fall
a
few
Tears
,
and
departed
.
This
made
no
small
Impression
upon
those
who
saw
it
,
and
they
began
to
upbraid
one
another
,
that
they
should
desert
and
betray
so
worthy
a
Man
as
Caius
.
They
therefore
went
directly
to
his
House
,
remaining
there
as
a
Guard
about
it
all
night
,
tho'
in
a
different
manner
from
those
who
were
to
take
care
of
Fulvius's
Person
;
for
they
with
a
great
deal
of
Drink
and
Noise
pass'd
away
the
night
;
and
Fulvius
himself
,
being
the
first
who
was
made
drunk
spoke
and
acted
many
things
,
very
unbecoming
a
Man
of
his
Character
:
on
the
other
side
,
the
Party
which
guarded
Caius
,
were
very
diligent
,
relieving
one
another
by
Turns
,
and
prudently
fore-casting
,
as
is
usual
in
all
publick
Calamities
,
what
the
issue
of
things
might
be
.
As
soon
as
day
light
appear'd
,
they
rouzed
Fulvius
,
who
as
yet
slep●
very
secure
,
by
reason
of
the
Dose
he
took
over-night
;
and
having
armed
themselves
with
the
Weapons
which
hung
up
in
his
House
,
that
were
formerly
taken
from
the
Gauls
,
whom
he
conquer'd
in
the
time
of
his
Consulship
,
they
presently
with
Threats
and
loud
Acclamations
made
their
way
towards
the
Aventine
Mount
.
Caius
could
not
be
perswaded
to
arm
himself
,
but
put
on
his
Gown
,
as
if
he
had
been
going
to
the
Senate-house
,
only
with
this
difference
,
that
under
it
he
had
then
a
short
Dagger
by
his
side
.
As
he
was
going
out
,
his
Wife
came
running
to
him
at
the
Gate
,
holding
him
with
one
Hand
,
and
with
her
other
a
young
Child
of
his
;
she
thus
tenderly
Licinia's
Speech
to
her
Husband
Caius
Gracchus
.
bespoke
him
:
Alas
Caius
,
I
don't
now
part
with
you
,
as
if
you
were
going
to
make
Speeches
to
the
People
,
either
as
a
Tribune
or
a
Law-giver
;
nor
as
if
you
wer●
going
to
some
glorious
War
,
for
tho'
then
you
might
perhaps
have
been
subject
to
that
Fate
,
which
all
must
sometime
or
other
submit
to
,
yet
you
had
left
me
this
mitigation
of
my
Sorrow
,
that
your
fall
was
honourable
.
But
now
,
Caius
,
you
expose
your
Person
to
the
infamous
Murtherers
of
Tiberius
,
and
that
too
unarm'd
,
choosing
rather
to
suffer
the
worst
of
Injuries
,
than
be
in
any
capacity
of
doing
the
least
your self
;
but
what
is
yet
far
more
than
all
,
even
your
very
Death
at
this
time
can't
be
anyways
serviceable
to
the
publick
Good
.
Faction
prevails
;
power
and
success
of
Arms
are
now
the
only
measures
of
Justice
:
had
your
Brother
fell
before
Numantia
,
they
would
generously
have
given
back
,
what
then
remain'd
of
Tiberius
;
but
such
is
my
hard
Fate
,
that
I
probably
must
be
an
humble
Suppliant
to
the
Floods
and
to
the
Waves
,
that
they
would
somewhere
discover
to
my
view
their
sacred
charge
of
your
Relicks
;
for
what
trust
is
there
now
left
for
you
,
either
from
the
Laws
,
or
the
Gods
,
since
they
have
slain
Tiberius
?
Licinia
thus
bewailing
,
Caius
by
degrees
getting
loose
from
her
Embraces
,
silently
withdrew
himself
,
being
accompanied
by
his
Friends
;
she
endeavouring
to
catch
him
by
the
Gown
,
fell
prostrate
upon
the
Earth
,
lying
there
for
some
time
speechless
,
her
Servants
took
her
up
for
dead
,
and
convey'd
her
to
her
Brother
Crassus
.
Fulvius
when
the
People
were
gather'd
Fulvius
sent
his
youngest
Son
t●
tre●●
of
a
Peace
together
in
a
full
Body
,
by
the
advice
of
Caius
,
sent
his
youngest
Son
into
the
Market
place
,
with
an
Herald's
Rod
in
his
Hand
.
He
being
a
very
handsom
Youth
,
and
modestly
addressing
himself
,
with
Tears
in
his
Eyes
,
and
a
becoming
Bashfulness
,
humbly
offer'd
Proposals
of
Agreement
to
the
Consul
and
the
whole
Senate
.
The
greatest
part
of
the
Assembly
were
inclinable
to
accept
of
the
Proposals
;
but
Opimius
was
of
opinion
,
that
it
did
not
become
them
to
send
Messengers
,
and
capitulate
with
the
Senate
;
but
to
be
personally
present
,
and
like
good
Citizens
,
by
defending
their
own
Innocency
,
and
submitting
themselves
to
him
,
they
might
thus
appease
the
Anger
of
the
Senate
.
He
commanded
the
Youth
not
to
return
,
unless
they
would
comply
with
these
Conditions
.
Caius
,
as
't
is
reported
,
was
very
forward
to
come
,
and
clear
himself
before
the
Senate
;
but
none
of
his
Friends
consenting
to
it
,
Fulvius
sent
his
Son
a
second
time
to
intercede
for
'em
,
as
before
.
But
Opimius
who
chiefly
design'd
that
a
Battel
should
ensue
,
caused
the
Youth
to
be
apprehended
,
and
committed
into
safe
Custody
;
and
then
with
a
Company
of
his
Foot-Souldiers
,
and
some
Cretan
Archers
,
set
upon
that
Party
which
was
under
the
Command
of
Fulvius
.
The
Archers
did
such
Execution
,
and
wounded
their
Enemies
so
mortally
,
that
they
were
soon
put
to
flight
.
Fulvius
absconded
for
a
time
in
an
old
Bagnio
;
but
shortly
after
being
discover'd
Fulvius
and
his
eldest
Son
slain
.
he
and
his
eldest
Son
were
slain
together
.
Caius
was
not
observed
to
encounter
any
one
;
but
laying
these
things
very
much
to
heart
,
retired
to
Diana's
Temple
;
he
there
attempted
to
kill
himself
,
but
was
hinder'd
by
his
faithful
Friends
,
Pomponius
and
Licinius
:
they
took
his
Sword
away
from
him
,
and
were
very
urgent
that
he
would
endeavour
to
make
his
Escape
.
It
's
reported
,
that
falling
upon
his
Knees
,
and
lifting
up
his
Hands
,
he
prayed
earnestly
to
the
Goddess
,
that
the
Romans
,
as
a
punishment
for
their
Ingratitude
and
Treachery
,
might
always
remain
in
perpetual
Slavery
;
for
as
soon
as
a
proclamation
was
made
of
a
Pardon
,
they
presently
deserted
him
.
Caius
therefore
endeavour'd
now
to
make
his
Escape
,
but
was
pursued
so
close
by
his
Caius's
Flight
.
Enemies
,
as
far
as
the
wooden
Bridge
,
that
from
thence
he
narrowly
escap'd
.
There
it
was
that
his
two
trusty
Friends
begg'd
of
him
,
to
preserve
his
own
Person
by
flight
,
whilst
they
in
the
mean
time
would
keep
their
Post
,
and
maintain
the
Passage
;
neither
colud
their
Enemies
,
till
they
were
both
slain
,
pass
the
Bridge
.
Caius
had
no
other
Companion
in
his
flight
but
one
Philocrates
,
a
Servant
of
his
.
As
he
run
along
,
it
's
true
,
every
Body
encourag'd
him
,
and
wish'd
him
Success
,
(
as
standers
by
may
do
to
those
who
are
engaged
in
a
Battel
)
but
no
body
either
freely
lent
him
any
Assistance
,
or
so
much
as
furnish'd
him
with
a
Horse
;
tho'
he
earnestly
desir'd
it
,
because
his
Enemies
had
gain'd
Ground
,
and
got
very
near
him
:
however
he
had
still
time
enough
to
hide
himself
in
a
little
Grove
,
consecrated
to
the
Furies
.
In
that
Place
,
Caius's
Death
.
his
Servant
Philocrates
having
first
slain
him
,
presently
afterwards
kill'd
himself
also
,
and
fell
dead
upon
his
Master
;
tho'
some
affirm
it
for
a
truth
,
that
they
were
both
taken
alive
by
their
Enemies
,
and
that
Philocrates
embrac'd
his
Master
so
close
,
that
they
could
not
wound
Caius
,
till
his
Servant
was
slain
.
They
say
,
that
when
Caius's
Head
was
cut
off
,
and
carried
away
by
one
of
his
Murtherers
,
Septimuleius
,
Opimius's
Friend
,
met
him
,
and
forc'd
it
from
him
;
because
,
before
the
Battel
began
,
they
had
made
Proclamation
,
that
who
▪
ever
should
bring
the
Heads
either
of
Caius
or
Fulvius
,
he
should
,
as
a
Reward
,
receive
their
weight
in
Gold
.
Septimuleius
therefore
having
fix'd
Caius's
Head
upon
the
top
of
his
Spear
,
came
and
presented
it
to
Opimius
the
Consul
.
They
presently
brought
the
Scales
,
and
it
was
found
to
weigh
above
17
pounds
.
But
in
this
Affair
,
Septimuleius
gave
as
great
signs
of
his
Knavery
,
as
he
had
done
before
of
his
Cruelty
;
for
having
taken
out
the
Brains
,
he
fill'd
the
Scull
with
Lead
.
There
were
others
who
brought
the
Head
of
Fulvius
too
;
but
being
mean
,
inconsiderable
Persons
,
were
turn'd
away
without
the
promis'd
Reward
.
The
Bodies
of
these
two
Persons
,
as
well
as
of
the
rest
who
were
slain
,
to
the
number
of
3000
Men
,
were
all
thrown
into
the
River
;
their
Goods
were
forfeited
,
and
their
Widows
forbidden
to
put
themselves
into
Mourning
:
but
they
dealt
more
severely
with
Licinia
,
Caius's
Wife
,
and
wrong'd
her
even
of
her
Joynture
;
and
as
an
addition
still
to
all
their
Inhumanity
,
they
barbarously
murder'd
Fulvius's
youngest
Son
;
his
Crime
was
not
,
that
he
took
up
Arms
against
'em
,
or
that
he
was
present
in
the
Battel
,
but
because
he
had
proposed
Articles
of
Agreement
:
for
this
he
was
first
imprison'd
,
then
slain
.
But
that
which
enraged
the
common
People
beyond
all
these
things
,
was
,
because
at
this
time
(
in
memory
of
his
Success
)
Opimius
built
the
Temple
of
Concord
,
as
if
he
glory'd
and
triumph'd
in
the
Slaughter
of
so
many
Citizens
:
wherefore
some
body
in
the
Night
time
,
under
the
Inscription
of
the
Temple
,
added
this
Verse
:
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Folly
and
Discord
Concords
Temple
built
.
Opimius
was
the
first
,
who
being
Consul
,
presumed
to
usurp
the
Power
of
a
Dictator
,
and
condemned
,
without
any
Trial
,
not
only
3000
Citizens
,
but
Caius
Gracchus
,
and
Fulvius
Flaccus
:
One
of
whom
had
triumph'd
,
and
been
Consul
;
the
other
far
excell'd
all
his
Co
temporaries
in
Virtue
and
Honour
.
Notwithstanding
this
,
Opimius
could
not
restrain
himself
from
Extortion
and
Bribery
;
for
when
he
was
sent
Ambassador
to
Jugurtha
,
King
of
Numidia
,
he
was
there
corrupted
by
Presents
,
and
at
his
Return
being
shamefully
convicted
of
it
,
he
was
hated
and
reproach'd
by
the
common
People
;
so
that
growing
melancholy
and
his
Spirits
Sinking
,
his
Infamy
still
increas'd
with
his
years
.
It
quickly
now
appear'd
to
the
World
,
what
Respect
and
Veneration
they
had
for
the
memory
of
the
Graccki
.
They
order'd
their
Statues
to
be
made
,
and
fix'd
up
in
publick
view
;
they
consecrated
the
Places
where
they
were
slain
,
and
thither
brought
the
first
Fruits
of
every
thing
,
according
to
the
season
of
the
Year
,
for
to
make
their
Offerings
.
Many
came
likewise
thither
to
their
Devotions
,
and
daily
worship'd
there
,
as
formerly
at
the
Temples
of
the
Gods
.
It
's
reported
,
that
as
Cornelia
,
their
Mother
,
bore
the
loss
of
her
two
Sons
,
with
a
noble
and
undaunted
Spirit
;
so
in
reference
to
the
Temples
where
they
lay
interr'd
,
she
only
said
,
Their
Memory
deserved
such
Monuments
.
She
removed
afterwards
,
and
dwelt
near
the
Mount
Mycene
,
not
at
all
altering
her
former
way
of
Living
.
She
was
very
much
respected
and
beloved
,
and
kept
open
house
for
the
Entertainment
of
all
Strangers
,
having
daily
a
great
number
of
Grecians
and
learned
Men
,
who
resorted
thither
:
nor
was
there
any
foreign
Prince
but
received
Gifts
from
her
,
and
presented
her
again
.
Those
who
were
most
conversant
with
her
,
were
much
diverted
,
when
er'e
she
pleased
to
entertain
'em
with
any
Relation
concerning
her
Father
,
Scipio
African
,
or
his
way
of
Living
.
But
it
was
very
surprizing
,
to
have
her
make
mention
of
her
Sons
,
without
any
Tears
or
Sign
of
Grief
;
and
to
give
a
full
Account
of
all
their
Deeds
and
Misfortunes
,
as
unconcern'd
,
as
if
she
had
been
relating
the
History
of
some
ancient
Heroes
.
This
made
some
imagine
,
that
Age
,
or
the
greatness
of
her
Afflictions
,
had
made
her
delirous
,
and
wholly
insensible
of
all
her
Calamities
:
but
they
who
were
of
that
opinion
,
had
no
Notion
at
all
,
how
much
a
noble
Birth
,
or
a
good
Education
,
could
conquer
any
Affliction
;
and
tho'
envious
The
power
of
Education
to
conquer
Afflictions
.
Fortune
may
often
be
more
successful
,
and
may
smother
virtuous
Actions
;
yet
with
the
worser
Calamities
,
she
can't
bereave
us
of
that
tranquillity
of
Mind
,
by
which
we
generously
bear
them
.
The
End
of
the
Lives
of
the
Gracchi
,
Tiberius
and
Caius
.
THE
COMPARISON
OF
TIBERIUS
&
CAIUS
GRACCHI
,
with
AGIS
and
CLEOMENES
.
WE
having
given
an
Account
severally
of
these
Persons
,
it
remains
only
,
that
he
should
take
a
View
of
them
,
in
Comparison
with
one
another
.
As
for
the
Gracchi
;
the
greatest
Detracters
,
and
their
worst
Enemies
,
could
not
but
allow
,
that
they
had
a
Genius
to
Virtue
,
beyond
all
other
Romans
,
which
was
inproved
also
by
a
generous
Education
.
Agis
and
Cleomenes
seem'd
to
have
had
better
natural
Parts
,
and
a
more
solid
Judgment
;
for
tho'
they
wanted
all
the
Advantages
of
good
Literature
,
and
were
neither
instructed
in
Morality
,
nor
the
well
management
of
their
Affairs
,
(
from
which
,
even
those
who
were
elder
than
they
,
had
already
much
degenerated
)
yet
they
were
publick
Examples
of
Temperance
and
Frugality
.
Besides
,
the
Gracchi
happening
to
live
,
when
Rome
had
her
greatest
repute
for
Honour
and
virtuous
Actions
,
might
justly
have
been
ashamed
,
if
they
had
not
inherited
the
Virtues
of
their
Ancestors
:
whereas
the
other
two
had
Parents
of
different
Morals
;
and
tho'
they
found
their
Countrey
in
a
sinking
condition
,
and
debauch'd
,
yet
that
did
not
quench
their
forward
Zeal
to
what
was
just
and
honourable
.
The
Generosity
and
the
Integrity
of
the
two
Romans
,
was
chiefly
remarkable
in
this
,
That
in
the
administration
of
publick
Affairs
,
they
kept
themselves
from
the
imputation
of
Bribery
:
whereas
Agis
might
justly
be
offended
,
if
he
had
only
that
mean
Commendation
given
him
,
that
he
took
nothing
wrongfully
from
any
Man
,
being
he
distributed
his
own
Fortunes
,
which
amounted
in
ready
Money
to
the
value
of
600
Talents
,
amongst
his
fellow-Citizens
;
and
surely
extortion
must
appear
a
Crime
of
a
strange
nature
to
him
,
who
esteem'd
it
a
piece
of
Covetousness
,
to
possess
,
tho
nee'r
so
justly
gotten
,
greater
Riches
than
his
Neighbours
.
Their
Politicks
likewise
,
and
Transactions
,
in
reference
to
State-affairs
,
were
of
a
very
different
nature
.
The
chiefest
things
in
general
that
the
two
Romans
commonly
aim'd
at
,
was
the
repairing
of
Cities
,
and
mending
of
High-ways
;
and
in
particular
,
the
most
generous
Design
which
Tiberius
is
fam'd
for
,
was
his
division
of
the
Lands
amongst
the
poor
People
;
and
Caius
gain'd
his
greatest
Reputation
,
by
the
addition
of
300
of
the
Commonalty
to
the
same
number
of
Senators
,
investing
them
with
an
equal
Authority
.
Whereas
the
Alteration
which
Agis
and
Cleomenes
made
,
was
in
a
quite
different
manner
.
They
did
not
redress
things
by
little
and
little
,
and
cure
small
Distempers
;
for
that
would
have
been
(
according
to
Plato
)
like
cutting
off
one
of
the
Hydra's
Heads
,
which
was
the
only
means
to
increase
the
number
:
but
they
made
a
thorough
Reformation
,
and
at
once
freed
their
Countrey
from
all
Grievances
;
or
to
speak
more
truly
,
they
took
away
those
things
,
which
were
the
cause
of
all
their
Calamities
,
and
so
restor'd
their
City
to
its
ancient
Grandeur
.
However
this
must
be
confess'd
in
the
behalf
of
the
Gracchi
,
That
their
Undertakeings
were
always
opposed
by
Men
of
the
the
greatest
Quality
.
But
on
the
other
side
,
those
which
were
first
attempted
by
Agis
,
and
afterwards
consummated
by
Cleomenes
,
were
supported
by
the
famous
Authority
of
those
ancient
Laws
concerning
Frugality
and
Levelling
,
which
were
instituted
by
Lycurgus
,
ratified
and
confirmed
by
Apollo
.
It
is
also
further
observable
,
That
from
the
Transactions
of
the
Gracchi
,
the
City
of
Rome
received
no
Additions
to
her
former
Greatness
;
whereas
by
the
Conduct
of
Cleomenes
Greece
presently
saw
,
that
Sparta
exerted
the
soveraign
power
over
all
Peloponnesus
,
and
she
still
sought
to
enlarge
her
Dominions
,
with
the
greatest
Princes
of
that
Age
;
designing
by
all
her
warlike
Actions
,
to
set
Greece
at
liberty
,
from
her
subjection
to
the
Gauls
and
Illyrians
,
and
restore
her
Government
,
as
formerly
,
to
the
Race
of
Hercules
.
From
their
different
manner
of
Dying
,
we
may
also
make
some
Observations
,
in
relation
to
their
Courage
.
The
Gracchi
fighting
with
their
fellow-Citizens
,
were
both
slain
,
as
they
endeavour'd
to
make
their
Escape
;
but
Agis
willingly
submitted
to
his
Fate
,
rather
than
any
Citizen
should
be
in
danger
of
their
Lives
.
Cleomenes
also
after
his
being
affronted
and
abused
,
tho'
he
did
design
to
be
revenged
,
yet
having
fail'd
of
that
opportunity
,
he
then
generously
fell
by
his
own
Hand
.
But
on
the
contrary
we
must
consider
,
That
Agis
never
did
a
great
Action
,
worthy
a
Commander
,
being
prevented
by
an
untimely
Death
.
And
as
for
those
heroick
Actions
of
Cleomenes
,
we
may
justly
compare
with
them
that
of
Tiberius's
,
when
he
was
the
first
who
attempted
to
scale
the
Walls
of
Carthage
,
it
being
look'd
upon
as
no
mean
Exploit
.
To
which
may
be
added
likewise
the
Peace
which
he
concluded
with
the
Numantines
,
by
which
he
saved
the
Lives
of
20000
Romans
,
who
otherwise
had
certainly
been
cut
off
.
And
Caius
,
not
only
at
this
Place
,
but
in
Sardinia
too
,
behaved
himself
very
valiantly
;
that
their
early
Actions
were
no
small
Argument
that
afterwards
they
might
have
been
deservedly
compared
with
the
chiefest
of
the
Roman
Commanders
,
if
they
had
not
dyed
so
young
.
Agis
proceeded
very
mildly
in
the
management
of
publick
Affairs
;
and
meeting
too
with
some
Disappointments
by
the
Craft
of
Agesilaus
,
he
frustrated
the
Expectations
of
the
Citizens
,
as
to
the
division
of
the
Lands
,
and
was
constrained
to
leave
all
his
Designs
imperfect
and
unfinish'd
,
only
for
want
of
a
manly
Resolution
.
Cleomenes
on
the
contrary
acted
more
boldly
and
rashly
in
all
his
publick
Transactions
,
and
unjustly
slew
the
Ephori
,
whom
he
might
by
Conquest
have
gain'd
over
to
his
Party
,
or
else
might
easily
have
banish'd
,
not
only
them
,
but
several
others
also
of
the
City
;
for
to
cut
off
any
Members
,
unless
in
the
extreamest
necessity
,
is
neither
the
part
of
a
good
Chirurgeon
,
nor
a
Politician
,
but
argues
unskilfulness
in
both
.
By
this
therefore
Cleomenes
appears
cruel
,
as
well
as
unjust
.
Neither
of
the
Gracchi
were
forward
to
be
engaged
in
a
Civil
War
:
and
Caius
is
reported
to
have
avoided
all
manner
of
Revenge
,
even
when
his
Life
was
aim'd
at
,
showing
himself
always
valiant
against
a
foreign
Enemy
,
but
wholly
unactive
in
a
Sedition
.
This
was
the
Reason
that
he
went
from
his
own
House
unarm'd
,
and
was
present
in
the
Battel
;
which
makes
it
evident
▪
that
he
had
consulted
rather
,
not
to
do
any
harm
to
others
,
than
not
to
suffer
any
himself
.
Even
the
very
flight
of
the
Gracchi
,
must
not
be
look'd
upon
as
an
argument
of
their
mean
Spirit
,
but
an
honourable
Retreat
from
endangering
of
others
;
for
if
they
had
stay'd
,
they
must
either
have
yielded
to
those
who
assail'd
'em
,
or
else
have
sought
'em
in
their
own
defence
.
The
greatest
Crime
that
can
be
laid
to
Tiberius's
charge
,
was
the
deposing
of
his
fellow
-
Tribune
,
and
that
he
afterwards
substituted
Caius
in
his
room
:
and
as
for
the
Death
of
Attyllius
,
it
is
falsly
and
unjustly
attributed
to
Caius
;
for
he
was
slain
unknown
to
him
,
and
much
to
his
Grief
.
On
the
contrary
,
Cleomenes
(
not
to
mention
the
Murther
of
the
Ephori
)
set
all
the
Slaves
at
liberty
,
and
govern'd
by
himself
alone
in
reality
,
having
a
Partner
only
for
show
;
which
was
the
Reason
he
made
choice
of
his
Brother
Euclid
,
who
was
of
the
same
Family
.
He
also
prevail'd
upon
Archidamus
,
(
who
was
the
next
Heir
to
the
Kingdom
of
the
other
Line
)
that
he
would
venture
to
return
home
from
Messene
;
but
after
this
being
slain
,
because
Cleomenes
did
not
endeavour
to
revenge
his
Death
,
he
gave
an
occasion
of
being
justly
suspected
,
that
he
was
privy
to
it
himself
.
Truly
Lycurgus
,
whose
Example
he
pretends
to
imitate
,
after
he
had
voluntarily
settled
his
Kingdom
upon
Charilaus
his
Brother's
Son
▪
fearing
lest
if
the
Youth
should
chance
to
die
by
Accident
,
he
might
be
suspected
for
it
,
he
travell'd
a
long
time
,
and
would
not
return
again
to
Sparta
,
till
Charilaus
had
a
Son
,
and
an
Heir
to
his
Kingdoms
.
But
we
have
ne'er
another
Grecian
,
who
is
worthy
to
be
compared
with
Lycurgus
;
for
amongst
the
Deeds
of
Cleomenes
,
there
were
greater
Innovations
,
and
worse
Faults
than
these
.
They
therefore
who
strictly
examine
their
different
Manners
,
may
observe
,
That
the
two
Grecians
were
warlike
even
from
their
Youth
,
and
inclining
to
be
Tyrants
;
that
Tiberius
and
Caius
by
nature
had
too
great
an
Emulation
after
Glory
and
Honours
:
and
besides
,
they
never
stood
in
Competition
for
any
thing
;
but
as
soon
as
the
Contention
began
with
their
Adversaries
,
their
Heat
and
Passions
would
so
far
prevail
beyond
their
natural
Temper
,
that
by
them
,
as
by
ill
Winds
,
they
were
driven
afterwards
to
all
their
rash
Undertakings
.
What
could
be
more
just
and
honourable
,
than
their
first
Design
,
had
not
the
Power
and
the
Faction
of
the
Rich
,
by
endeavouring
to
abrogate
that
Law
,
engag'd
'em
both
in
those
fatal
Quarrels
;
the
one
,
for
his
own
Preservation
;
the
other
,
to
revenge
his
Brother's
Death
,
who
was
murder'd
without
any
Law
or
Justice
?
From
the
account
therefore
which
has
been
given
,
you
your self
may
perceive
the
Difference
;
which
if
it
were
to
be
pronounc'd
of
every
one
singly
,
I
should
affirm
Tiberius
to
have
excell'd
'em
all
in
Virtue
;
that
young
Agis
had
been
guilty
of
the
fewest
Miscarriages
;
and
that
in
Action
and
Boldness
Caius
came
far
short
of
Cleomenes
.
FINIS
.
Books
Printed
for
Jacob
Tonson
at
the
Judge's
Head
in
Chancery
Lane
near
Fleetstreet
.
History
.
-
PLutarch's
Lives
in
Five
Volumes
,
translated
from
the
Greek
by
several
the
most
Eminent
hands
,
adorn'd
with
fifty
five
Copper
Cuts
.
-
Mezeray's
Chronological
History
of
France
.
-
Sir
Paul
Rycaut's
History
of
the
Spaniards
Conquest
of
Peru
,
with
several
Cuts
,
explaining
the
Natural
Customs
of
the
Natives
there
.
-
The
most
diverting
Travels
of
Ferdinando
Pinto
.
-
Camden's
History
of
the
Life
and
Reign
of
Queen
Elizabeth
.
-
The
History
of
the
Wars
,
&c.
between
the
League
and
the
two
Kings
,
Henry
the
III.
and
Henry
the
IV.
of
France
;
Englished
by
Mr.
Dryden
upon
the
Command
of
King
Charles
the
Second
.
Poetry
.
-
The
Works
of
Jeffrey
Chaucer
with
his
Life
,
and
a
Dictionary
explaining
the
obsolete
words
.
-
Mr.
Edmond
Spencer's
Works
,
containing
the
Fairy
Queen
,
and
his
other
Pieces
formerly
Printed
,
with
some
new
Poems
not
extant
till
this
Edition
.
-
Mr.
Milton's
Juvenile
Poems
,
with
his
Treatise
of
Education
.
-
Mr.
Milton's
Paradise
lost
,
adorn'd
with
Cuts
.
-
Mr.
Milton's
Paradise
regain'd
,
with
the
Poem
of
Samson
Agonistes
.
-
The
Works
of
Mr.
Cowly
,
published
by
Dr.
Sprat
.
-
Mrs.
Phillip's
Poems
with
two
Tragedies
.
-
Mr.
Waller's
Poems
.
-
The
Maid's
Tragedy
alter'd
by
Mr.
Waller
,
with
other
Poems
published
since
his
Death
.
-
Dr.
Donn's
Poems
.
-
Sir
John
Sucklin's
Poems
.
-
Mr.
Carew's
Poems
.
-
Mr.
Crashaw's
Divine
Poems
.
-
The
Earl
of
Rochester's
Poems
.
-
Sir
Tho.
Fanshaw's
Pastor
Fido
,
with
other
Poems
.
-
The
Epistles
of
Ovid
,
Englished
by
the
most
Eminent
hands
.
-
The
Works
of
Horace
,
English'd
by
Mr.
Creech
.
-
Mr.
Dryden's
Poetical
Missellanies
in
two
parts
.
-
Mrs.
Behn's
Poems
.
-
Letters
and
Poems
Amorous
and
Gallant
.
Plays
Written
by
-
Shakespear
-
Johnson
-
Fletcher
-
Dryden
-
The
Earl
of
Orrery
-
Sir
Robert
Howard
-
Sir
G.
Etheredge
-
Mr.
Witcherly
-
Mr.
Otway
-
Mr.
Lee.
-
And
most
single
Plays
.
Missellanea
.
-
Seneca's
Morals
Abstractedly
Translated
,
by
Sir
Roger
L'Estrange
.
-
Sir
Roger
L'Estrange's
Tully's
Offices
.
-
Sir
Roger
L'Estrange's
Guide
to
Eternity
,
Englished
from
Cardinal
Bona.
-
A
Dialogue
concerning
Women
.
-
Sir
W.
Temple's
Works
.
-
Love
Letters
from
a
Noble
Man
to
his
Sister
.
-
Critical
History
of
the
Old
Testament
.
Notes, typically marginal, from the original text
Notes for div A55203-e2110
Notes for div A55203-e14100
Notes for div A55203-e35410
Notes for div A55203-e66430
Notes for div A55203-e73950
Notes for div A55203-e99830