OF
THE
GODS
OF
THE
HEATHENS
.
CHAP.
I.
The
Approach
to
the
Pantheon
.
The
Origine
of
Idolatry
.
Palaeophilus
.
WHat
sort
of
Building
is
that
before
us
,
of
so
unusual
a
Figure
?
For
I
think
it
is
round
,
unless
the
distance
deceives
my
sight
.
Mystagogus
.
You
are
not
deceiv'd
.
It
is
a
place
well
deserving
to
be
visited
in
this
,
the
Queen
of
Cities
.
Let
us
go
and
view
it
,
before
we
go
to
any
other
place
.
P.
What
is
its
Name
?
M.
The
Fabulous
Pantheon
.
That
is
,
the
Temple
of
all
the
Gods
,
which
the
Religious
Folly
of
Men
hath
feign'd
,
either
through
a
gross
Ignorance
,
or
through
a
grievous
Contempt
,
of
the
true
and
only
God
.
P.
What
was
the
Occasion
of
the
feigning
of
many
Gods
?
M.
Four
Causes
[
](A55340-e1380-b)*
*
Vid.
Euseb.
Lactant.
Clem.
A.
lex
.
August
.
Plat.
Cicer.
especially
,
above
others
,
may
be
assign'd
for
it
,
upon
which
,
as
on
so
many
Pillars
the
whole
Frame
of
this
Fabrick
depends
.
1.
The
folly
[
](A55340-e1410-b)†
†
Sap.
14.
and
perverseness
of
the
Mind
of
Man
,
which
hath
deny'd
to
Him
,
who
is
the
inexhausted
Fountain
of
all
Good
,
the
Honors
that
it
hath
attributed
to
muddy
streams
:
[
](A55340-e1460-b)‖
‖
Jerem.
9.
13.
digging
,
as
the
Holy
Prophet
complains
,
to
themselves
broken
and
dirty
Cisterns
,
and
neglecting
and
forsaking
the
most
pure
Fountain
of
living
Waters
.
It
ordinarily
happen'd
after
this
manner
.
[
](A55340-e1480-b)*
*
Diodor.
lib.
17.
Plutarch
.
in
Lysand.
If
any
one
did
excel
in
Stature
of
Body
,
if
he
was
endu'd
with
Greatness
of
Mind
,
or
Clearness
of
[
](A55340-e1490-b)†
†
Val.
Max.
l.
8.
c.
ult.
Cic.
de
rep.
ap.
Wit
,
he
first
made
himself
to
be
admir'd
among
the
ignorant
Vulgar
:
this
Admiration
was
by
degrees
turn'd
into
a
profound
Respect
,
till
at
length
they
paid
him
greater
Honours
than
Man
ought
to
receive
,
and
ascrib'd
the
Man
into
the
number
of
the
Gods
.
Aug.
3.
de
civ
c.
15.
Whilst
the
more
Prudent
were
either
carried
away
with
the
Torrent
of
the
Vulgar
Opinion
,
or
were
unable
or
at
least
afraid
to
resist
it
.
2.
The
sordid
Flattery
of
Subjects
towards
their
Princes
,
was
another
cause
of
Idolatry
.
For
to
gratifie
their
Vanity
,
to
flatter
their
Pride
,
and
sooth
them
in
their Self
conceit
,
they
erected
Altars
and
set
the
Images
of
their
Princes
on
them
;
to
which
they
offer'd
Incense
in
like
manner
as
to
the
Gods
;
[
](A55340-e1540-b)*
*
Athen
:
lib.
6.
dipnosoph
.
cap.
6.
de
Demetrio
Poliorcete
.
Sueton.
in
Julio
c.
76.
&
84.
and
many
times
also
while
they
were
yet
living
.
3.
[
](A55340-e1560-b)†
†
Pontan
.
l.
1.
c.
de
Saturn
.
An
extravagant
love
of
Immortality
in
many
,
who
studied
to
attain
to
it
by
leaving
Effigies
of
themselves
behind
them
,
imagining
,
that
their
Names
would
still
be
preserv'd
from
the
power
of
Death
and
Time
,
so
long
as
they
lived
after
their
Funerals
,
in
Brass
,
or
breath'd
in
lively
Statues
of
Marble
.
4.
[
](A55340-e1590-b)‖
‖
Thucydid
.
l.
7.
Plutarch
.
Apopht
.
Lacon
.
Cic.
1.
de
nat.
Deor.
1
Sap.
14.
A
preposterous
desire
of
perpetuating
the
Memories
of
extraordinary
and
useful
Men
to
future
Ages
.
[
](A55340-e1610-b)*
*
Vid.
Annal.
Saliana
.
m.
2000.
Hier.
in
Ezech.
&
in
Oseam
.
For
to
perpetuate
the
Memory
of
such
Men
,
and
to
eternize
their
Names
,
they
made
them
Gods
,
or
rather
call'd
them
so
.
P.
But
who
was
the
first
Fictor
and
Assertor
of
False
Gods
?
M.
[
](A55340-e1700-b)*
*
Vid.
Annal.
Saliana
.
m.
2000.
Hier.
in
Ezech.
&
in
Oseam
.
Ninus
,
the
first
King
of
the
Assyrians
was
,
as
it
is
reported
:
who
,
to
immortalize
the
Name
of
his
Father
Belus
,
or
Nimrod
,
worshipped
him
with
Divine
Honours
after
his
Decease
.
P.
When
,
and
in
what
manner
do
they
say
that
happened
?
M.
I
will
tell
you
.
After
Ninus
had
conquer'd
many
Nations
far
and
near
,
and
had
Built
the
City
call'd
after
his
Name
,
Ninive
,
in
a
publick
Assembly
of
the
Babylonians
he
extoll'd
his
Father
Belus
,
the
Founder
of
the
City
and
Empire
of
Babylon
,
extravagantly
as
his
manner
was
,
and
represented
him
,
not
only
worthy
of
perpetual
Honour
amongst
all
Posterity
,
but
of
Immortality
also
among
the
Gods
above●
he
exhibited
a
Statue
of
him
that
was
curiously
and
neatly
made
,
to
which
they
should
pay
the
same
Reverence
that
they
would
give
to
Belus
alive
:
and
if
at
any
time
an
Offender
should
fly
to
this
Statue
,
he
should
not
be
forced
away
thence
to
be
punished
,
because
he
appointed
it
to
be
a
common
Sanctuary
to
the
miserable
.
This
thing
easily
procured
an
Opinion
of
a
Divinity
to
the
dead
Prince
;
so
that
he
was
created
a
God
under
the
Title
of
Iove
,
or
as
others
please
,
Saturn
of
Babylon
:
where
a
most
magnificent
Temple
was
erected
to
him
by
his
Son
,
and
dedicated
with
variety
of
Sacrifices
,
in
the
two
thousandth
Year
of
the
World
,
which
was
the
last
Year
but
one
of
the
Life
of
Noah
.
And
from
thence
as
from
a
pestilential
Head
the
Sacrilegious
Plague
of
Idols
,
passed
by
a
kind
of
a
Contagion
into
other
Nations
,
and
dispersed
it self
every
where
about
.
P.
What
?
Did
all
other
Nations
of
the
World
worship
Belus
?
M.
All
indeed
did
not
worship
Belus
;
but
after
this
beginning
of
Idolatry
,
several
Nations
form'd
to
themselves
several
Gods
;
receiving
into
that
number
not
only
mortal
and
dead
Men
,
but
Brutes
also
,
and
,
which
is
a
greater
wonder
,
inanimate
things
,
even
the
most
mean
and
pitiful
.
For
it
is
evident
from
the
Authority
of
innumerable
Writers
,
that
the
Africans
made
the
Heavens
a
God
;
the
Persians
,
Fire
,
Water
and
the
Winds
;
the
Lybians
,
the
Sun
and
Moon
;
the
Thebans
,
Sheep
and
Weesels
;
the
Babylonians
of
Memphis
,
a
Whale
;
the
Inhabitants
of
Mendes
,
a
Goat
;
the
Thessalians
,
Storks
;
the
Syrophenicians
,
Doves
;
the
Egyptians
,
Dogs
,
Cats
,
C●ocodiles
and
Hawks
;
nay
,
which
is
more
ridiculous
,
Leeks
,
Onions
and
Garlick
.
Of
whom
Iuvenal
facetiously
says
,
O
sanctas
Gentes
,
quibus
haec
nascuntur
in
Hortis
Numina
!
—
Religious
Nations
sure
,
and
blest
Abodes
,
Where
ev'ry
Orchard
is
o'er-run
with
Gods
.
P.
But
certainly
,
the
ancient
Inhabitants
and
most
wise
Citizens
of
Rome
did
not
so
sottishly
entertain
these
Images
of
Vain
Gods
,
as
those
Barbarous
Nations
did
,
to
whom
they
were
superiour
,
not
in
Arms
only
and
Humanity
,
but
in
Wit
and
Judgment
.
M.
You
are
mistaken
,
Sir
;
for
they
exceeded
even
those
Barbarians
in
this
sort
of
Folly
.
P.
Say
you
so
?
M.
Indeed
.
For
they
Deified
and
Adored
not
only
Beasts
and
things
void
of
all
sense
,
but
which
is
a
far
greater
madness
,
they
worship'd
also
Murderers
,
Adulterers
,
Thieves
,
Drunkards
,
Robbers
,
and
such
like
pests
of
Mankind
.
P.
How
many
and
what
kind
of
Gods
did
the
Romans
worship
?
M.
It
is
scarce
possible
to
recount
them
:
When
besides
their
own
Country
Gods
and
Family
Gods
,
all
Strange
Gods
that
came
to
the
City
were
made
Free
of
it
.
Whence
it
came
to
pass
in
time
,
that
when
they
saw
their
Precincts
too
narrow
to
contain
so
many
,
necessity
forc'd
them
to
send
their
Gods
into
Colonies
,
as
they
did
their
Men.
But
you
will
see
these
things
which
I
cursorily
tell
you
,
more
conveniently
and
pleasantly
by
and
by
,
with
your
own
Eyes
,
when
you
come
into
this
Pantheon
with
me
;
where
we
are
now
at
the
Door
.
Let
us
enter
.
CHAP.
II.
The
Entrance
into
the
Pantheon
.
A
Distribution
of
the
Gods
into
several
Classes
.
P.
GOod
God!
What
a
Crowd
of
dea●
Deities
is
here
,
if
all
these
are
Deities
,
whose
Figures
I
see
painted
and
devised
upon
the
Walls
?
M.
This
is
the
smallest
part
of
them
.
For
the
very
Walls
of
the
City
,
although
it
be
so
large
,
much
less
of
this
Temple
,
cannot
contain
even
their
Titles
.
P.
Have
these
Gods
been
all
of
the
same
Order
and
Dignity
?
M.
By
no
means
.
But
as
the
Roman
People
was
distributed
into
Three
Ranks
,
viz.
into
Senatorians
,
Knights
or
Gentlemen
,
and
Plebeians
(
Patricii
,
Equites
&
Plebeii
;
)
as
also
into
Noble
,
New-raised
(
Novi
)
and
Ignoble
;
Cic.
pro
Mur.
(
The
Novi
,
were
those
who
did
not
receive
their
Nobility
from
their
Ancestors
;
but
obtain'd
it
themselves
by
their
own
Virtue
)
so
the
Roman
Gods
were
divided
into
Three
,
as
it
were
,
Classes
.
The
First
is
of
those
called
the
Superiour
Gods
,
Dii
Majorum
Gentium
,
for
the
People
paid
to
them
a
higher
degree
of
worship
;
because
they
imagin'd
that
these
Gods
were
more
eminently
concern'd
in
the
Government
of
this
World
.
These
were
call'd
also
Selecti
,
because
they
had
always
had
the
Title
of
Celestial
Gods
,
famous
and
eminent
above
others
,
of
extraordinary
Authority
and
Renown
.
Twelve
of
these
Dii
selecti
were
styled
Consentes
,
quasi
Consentientes
;
Sen●●
.
l.
2.
quaest.
nat.
Lucian
.
Dial.
de
Deorum
concil
.
Plaut.
in
Epidico
.
because
in
Affairs
of
great
Importance
,
Iupiter
admitted
them
into
his
Council
.
The
Images
of
these
were
fix'd
in
the
Forum
at
Rome
:
six
of
them
were
Males
and
six
Females
;
commonly
without
other
addition
called
Dii
Duodecim
;
and
whose
Names
Ennius
comprises
in
this
Distich
:
Iuno
,
Vesta
,
Minerva
,
Ceres
,
Diana
,
Venus
,
Mars
,
Mercurius
,
Iupiter
,
Neptunus
,
Vulcanus
,
Apollo
.
Others
read
in
the
latter
Verse
not
Iupiter
,
Dempster
paralip
.
ad
c.
3.
but
Iovis
;
and
rightly
in
my
Judgment
.
For
anciently
they
said
Iovis
in
the
Nominative
,
and
in
Verse
they
,
if
occasion
required
it
,
Liv.
l.
1.
cut
off
the
last
Letter
.
These
Twelve
Gods
were
believed
to
preside
over
the
Twelve
Months
:
each
of
them
was
allotted
a
Month
;
Ianuary
to
Iuno
,
February
to
Neptune
,
March
to
Minerva
,
April
to
Venus
,
May
to
Apollo
,
Iune
to
Mercury
,
Iuly
to
Iupiter
,
August
to
Ceres
,
September
to
Vulcan
,
October
to
Mars
,
November
to
Diana
,
December
to
Vesta
.
They
likewise
presided
over
the
Twelve
Celestial
Signs
,
as
Manilius
explains
it
,
lib.
2.
Astron.
And
if
to
these
Twelve
Dii
Consentes
,
you
add
the
Eight
following
,
Ianus
,
Saturnus
,
Genius
,
Sol
,
Pluto
,
Bacchus
,
Tellus
and
Luna
,
you
will
have
all
the
Dii
Selecti
,
i.e.
Twenty
.
The
Second
Class
is
of
those
,
called
inferiour
Gods
,
Dii
Minorum
Gentium
,
who
shine
with
a
less
degree
of
Glory
,
and
have
been
placed
among
the
Gods
as
,
says
Tully
,
de
nat.
Deor.
by
their
own
Merits
.
Whence
they
are
called
also
[
](A55340-e3210-b)*
*
Var.
ap.
Aug.
Adscriptitii
,
Minuscularii
,
Putatitii
and
[
](A55340-e3230-b)†
†
Lucian
.
Dial.
de
Deor.
con
.
Indigetes
.
[
](A55340-e3250-b)‖
‖
Serv.
i●
.
1●
.
Aen.
Indigetes
,
quod
nullius
r●i
indigerent
;
or
because
being
translated
from
this
Earth
into
Heaven
,
in
Diis
agerent
;
or
being
as
it
were
fixed
to
certain
places
,
committed
peculiarly
to
their
Care
;
they
dwelt
in
them
(
in
iis
degerent
)
to
perform
the
Duty
intrusted
to
them
.
Liv.
l.
1.
Thus
Aeneas
was
made
a
God
of
the
Order
of
the
Indigetes
,
by
his
Mother
Venus
,
in
the
manner
described
by
Ovid
:
Metam
.
l.
14.
Lustratum
Genitrix
divino
corpus
odore
Unxit
,
&
Ambrosia
cum
dulci
Nectare
mixta
Contigit
os
,
fecitque
Deum
,
quem
turba
quirini
Nuncupat
Indigetem
,
temploque
,
arisque
recepit
.
—
His
Mother
then
his
Body
purifi'd
,
Anoints
with
sacred
Odors
,
and
his
Lips
In
Nectar
mingl'd
with
Ambrosia
dips
;
So
Deifi'd
:
whom
Indiges
Rome
calls
,
Honor'd
with
Altars
,
Shrines
and
Festivals
.
The
Third
and
lowest
Class
among
the
Gods
,
is
of
the
[
](A55340-e3520-b)*
*
Horat.
l.
3.
carm.
Minuti
,
Vesci
or
Miscellanei
,
commonly
called
[
](A55340-e3550-b)†
†
Ap.
Guther
.
l.
1.
c.
4.
de
jur.
man
.
Semones
,
quasi
semi-Homines
,
half-Men
.
[
](A55340-e3570-b)‖
‖
Lips.
l.
●
.
an
t
.
lect.
c.
18.
(
For
the
Antients
,
instead
of
Hominem
,
said
Hemonem
)
whose
Merits
were
not
sufficient
to
gain
them
a
place
among
the
Celestial
Gods
;
yet
their
Vertues
were
such
that
the
People
thought
them
superiour
to
mortal
Men.
Plautus
in
Cistell
.
calls
them
Patellarii
,
[
](A55340-e3630-b)*
*
Fulgent
.
Plac●d
.
ad
Chalcid
.
from
the
Vessels
(
Patellae
)
in
which
the
Ancients
offer'd
to
the
Gods
their
Sacrifices
,
according
to
Ovid
,
in
Fast.
Fert
missos
Vestae
pura
patella
cibos
.
To
Vesta's
Deity
with
humble
Mess
,
In
cleanest
Dish
serv'd
up
they
now
address
.
To
these
we
ought
to
adjoin
the
Novensiles
,
Liv.
l.
8
Varr.
de
ling.
lat.
the
Gods
which
the
Sabines
brought
to
Rome
by
the
Command
of
King
Tatius
;
and
which
were
so
called
,
as
some
say
,
because
they
were
latest
of
all
(
Novissimi
omnium
)
reckoned
among
the
Gods
:
or
because
they
were
(
Novitatum
Praesides
)
Presidents
over
the
Changes
,
by
which
the
things
of
this
World
subsist
.
Cincius
believes
them
to
have
been
the
strange
Gods
of
conquered
Countries
:
Ap.
Gyrald
.
synt
.
1.
whereof
the
numbers
were
so
vast
,
that
it
was
thought
fit
to
call
them
all
in
general
Novensiles
,
Arnob.
3.
adv.
Dent.
lest
they
should
forget
any
of
them
.
And
lastly
,
to
this
Class
also
we
must
refer
the
Gods
and
Goddesses
,
for
whose
sake
,
says
Tully
(
de
Nat.
Deor.
)
Men
come
to
be
advanced
to
the
Dignity
of
Gods
;
of
which
sort
are
the
principal
Virtues
,
as
we
shall
particularly
shew
in
its
proper
place
.
CHAP.
III.
A
View
of
the
Pantheon
.
A
more
Commodious
Division
of
the
Gods
.
P.
I
Cast
my
Eyes
very
curiously
every
where
about
me
,
and
yet
I
do
not
see
the
Three
Classes
of
the
Gods
,
that
you
have
described
just
now
.
M.
Because
there
is
made
here
another
and
more
convenient
Division
of
them
;
which
we
will
follow
also
if
you
please
in
our
Discourse
.
P.
I
cannot
deny
my self
that
useful
Pleasure
which
I
shall
reap
from
your
Conversation
.
M.
You
see
that
the
Three
Classes
,
which
I
mentioned
to
you
,
are
here
divided
into
six
,
and
painted
upon
the
several
parts
of
the
Pantheon
.
1.
You
see
the
Celestial
Gods
and
Goddesses
,
upon
an
Arch.
2.
The
Terrestrial
,
upon
the
Wall
on
the
Right
Hand
.
3.
The
Marine
and
River
Gods
,
upon
the
Wall
on
the
left
.
4.
The
Infernal
,
in
this
lower
Apartment
by
the
Pavement
.
5.
The
Minuti
,
or
Semones
and
Miscellanei
,
before
you
.
6.
The
Adscriptitii
and
Indigetes
behind
you
.
These
Six
parts
shall
compose
our
Discourse
:
each
of
which
parts
shall
lay
before
you
,
whatsoever
I
have
found
most
remarkable
amongst
the
best
Authors
upon
this
Subject
:
if
at
least
my
Talkativeness
is
tolerable
to
you
.
P.
Sir
,
you
jest
when
you
call
it
Talkativeness
.
Can
any
thing
that
is
more
pleasing
happen
to
me
?
M.
Then
since
it
pleases
you
,
let
us
sit
down
together
a
while
:
and
since
the
place
is
free
from
all
Company
,
we
will
take
a
deliberate
View
of
this
whole
Army
of
Gods
,
and
inspect
them
one
after
another
;
beginning
,
as
it
is
fit
,
with
the
Celestial
,
and
so
with
Iove
,
according
to
the
direction
of
the
Poet.
Virg.
Ecl.
3.
CHAP.
IV.
Of
the
Celestial
Gods
.
IUPITER
.
His
Image
.
M.
THE
Gods
,
commonly
called
Celestial
,
are
these
that
follow
:
Iupiter
,
Apollo
,
Mars
,
Mercury
,
and
Bacchus
.
The
Celestial
Goddesses
,
Iuno
,
Vesta
,
Minerva
,
or
Pallas
,
Venus
,
Latona
and
Bellona
.
We
will
begin
with
the
King
of
them
all
,
Iupiter
.
P.
Where
is
Iupiter
?
M.
Look
up
to
that
Arch.
Virg.
Aen.
1.
Pausan.
●n
Eliac
.
Lucian
.
de
sacrif
.
You
may
easily
know
him
by
his
Habit.
That
is
,
Divum
pater
atque
hominum
rex
,
the
Father
and
King
of
Gods
and
Men
,
whom
you
see
sitting
in
a
Throne
of
Ivory
and
Gold
,
with
the
Beard
,
holding
Thunder
in
his
Right
Hand
,
and
throwing
it
against
the
Giants
underneath
him
,
which
heretofore
he
conquered
.
Vpon
his
Scepter
(
which
they
say
is
made
of
Cypress
,
which
is
a
Symbol
of
the
Eternity
of
his
Empire
,
because
that
Wood
is
free
from
Corruption
[
](A55340-e4470-b)*
*
Apud
Laert.
l.
8.
)
sits
an
Eagle
:
either
because
he
was
brought
up
by
it
[
](A55340-e4480-b)†
†
Maero
ap
Nat.
Com.
;
or
heretofore
an
Eagle
resting
upon
his
Head
,
portended
his
Reign
;
or
[
](A55340-e4490-b)‖
‖
Serv.
in
Aen.
1.
because
in
his
War
with
the
Giants
,
an
Eagle
brought
him
his
Thunder
,
and
thence
received
the
Title
of
[
](A55340-e4500-b)*
*
Virg.
5.
Aen.
Iovis
Armiger
,
Iupiter's
Armour-●earer
.
[
](A55340-e4530-b)†
†
Cic.
3.
de
nat.
He
has
golden
Shooes
and
an
embroidered
Cloak
,
diversified
with
various
Flowers
and
figures
of
Animals
:
which
Dionysius
the
Tyrant
,
as
it
is
said
,
did
take
from
him
in
Sicily
,
and
giving
him
a
Woollen
Cloak
instead
of
it
,
said
,
that
that
would
be
more
convenient
for
him
in
all
Seasons
,
since
it
was
warmer
in
the
Winter
and
much
lighter
in
the
Summer
.
Yet
let
it
not
seem
a
wonder
to
you
,
if
by
chance
you
should
see
him
in
another
place
in
another
Dress
.
For
he
uses
to
be
decked
in
several
Fashions
,
according
to
the
various
Names
he
assumes
,
and
the
diversity
of
the
People
amongst
whom
he
is
worshipped
.
Particularly
you
will
smile
when
you
see
him
amongst
the
Lacedemonians
without
Ears
,
Plut.
de
Osir.
&
Isid.
when
the
Cretans
are
so
liberal
therein
to
him
,
that
they
give
him
four
.
Ap.
Guther
.
de
Jur.
man
.
So
much
for
the
Figure
of
Iupiter
.
For
if
it
were
my
design
to
speak
of
his
Statue
,
I
should
repeat
here
what
Verrius
says
,
Plin.
l.
33.
c.
7.
in
Asinar
.
that
his
Face
upon
Holydays
ought
to
be
painted
with
Vermilion
:
as
the
Statues
of
the
rest
of
the
Gods
also
used
to
be
rubbed
with
Ointments
,
and
●adorned
with
Garlands
,
according
to
an
Observation
of
Plautus
in
Asinar
.
P.
Was
the
power
of
darting
Thunder
and
Lightning
in
the
hands
of
Iupiter
only
?
M.
The
learned
Hetrurians
teach
us
,
Plin.
l.
2.
c.
51.
that
this
Power
was
committed
to
Nine
Gods
but
to
which
of
them
does
not
plainly
appear
.
Some
,
besides
Iupiter
,
Serv.
1.
&
2.
Aen.
mention
Vulcan
and
Minerva
:
whence
the
Phrase
,
Minervales
Manubiae
signifies
Thunder
(
as
the
Books
of
those
antient
Hetrusci
call
Strokes
of
Thunder
Manubias
)
because
the
noxious
Constellation
of
Minerva
causes
Tempests
in
the
Vernal
Equinox
.
Idem
8.
Aen.
Others
say
Thunder
was
also
attributed
to
Iuno
,
to
Mars
,
and
the
South
Wind
:
and
they
reckon
up
several
kinds
of
Thunders
;
Plin.
l.
2.
c.
43.
51.
52.
Fes
.
Amm.
as
Peremptalia
,
Pestifera
,
Popularia
,
Perversa
,
Renovativa
,
Ostentatoria
,
Clara
,
Familiaria
,
Bruta
,
Consiliaria
.
Marc.
l.
2.
But
the
Romans
commonly
took
notice
of
no
more
than
Two
.
Ex
Guth
.
de
jur
.
man
.
l.
1.
c.
3.
The
Diurnal
Thunder
which
they
attributed
to
Iupiter
;
and
the
Nocturnal
,
which
they
attributed
to
Pluto
.
Now
let
us
go
on
to
Iupiters
Birth
.
SECT.
I.
Jupiter's
Descent
and
Education
.
P.
Who
were
the
Parents
that
Iupiter
was
born
of
?
M.
One
Answer
will
not
fully
satisfie
this
one
Question
,
since
there
is
not
one
Iupiter
but
many
,
who
are
sprang
from
different
Families
.
Three
Jupiters
,
(
says
Tully
de
Nat.
Deor.
3.
)
are
recounted
by
those
who
are
called
Theologues
.
The
first
and
second
were
born
in
Arcadia
.
The
Father
of
the
one
was
Aether
;
from
whom
Proserpine
and
Liber
are
said
to
be
born
.
The
Father
of
the
other
was
Coelum
.
He
is
said
to
have
begot
Minerva
.
The
third
was
a
Cretan
,
Ap.
Aug.
de
Civ
.
Euseb.
the
Son
of
Saturn
;
whose
Tomb
is
yet
extant
in
the
Isle
of
Crete
.
But
Varro
reckons
up
Three
hundred
Iupiters
:
and
others
count
almost
an
innumerable
Company
of
them
;
Caes.
l.
3.
praep.
Evang.
for
there
was
hardly
any
Nation
,
which
did
not
worship
a
Iupiter
of
their
own
,
and
suppose
him
to
be
born
amongst
themselves
.
But
of
all
these
,
the
famousest
Iupiter
in
general
Opinion
,
is
He
,
whose
Mother
was
Ops
and
whose
Father
was
Saturn
;
to
whom
therefore
is
usually
ascrib'd
all
that
the
Poets
fabulously
write
about
the
other
Iupiters
.
P.
Where
,
and
by
whom
was
this
Iupiter
educated
?
M.
He
was
educated
where
he
was
born
,
Vid.
Nat.
Com.
in
Jove
.
that
is
,
upon
the
Mountain
Ida
in
Crete
:
but
by
whom
the
variety
of
Opinions
is
wonderful
.
For
some
affirm
he
was
educated
by
the
Curetes
and
Corybantes
.
Some
say
by
the
Nymphs
,
and
some
,
by
Amalthaea
the
Daughter
of
Melissus
King
of
Crete
.
Others
on
the
contrary
have
recorded
,
that
the
Bees
fed
him
with
Hony
.
Others
,
that
a
Goat
gave
him
Milk
.
Not
a
few
say
,
that
he
was
nourished
by
Doves
.
Some
,
by
an
Eagle
:
many
,
by
a
Bear
.
And
further
,
it
is
the
Opinion
of
some
,
concerning
the
foresaid
Amalthaea
,
that
she
was
not
the
Daughter
of
Melissus
,
as
we
now
mentioned
;
but
the
very
Goat
which
suckled
Iupiter
,
Corn●
Amalthaeae
.
whose
Horn
,
it
is
said
,
he
gave
afterwards
to
his
Nurses
,
with
this
admirable
Privilege
,
that
whoever
possessed
it
,
should
desire
nothing
which
they
should
not
presently
obtain
.
They
add
besides
,
that
after
this
Goat
was
dead
,
Iupiter
took
her
Skin
and
made
a
Shield
of
it
;
with
which
he
singly
combated
the
Giants
:
whence
that
Shield
was
called
Aegis
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
which
signifies
a
Goat
,
which
at
last
he
restored
to
live
again
,
and
,
giving
her
a
new
Skin
,
placed
her
amongst
the
Celestial
Constellations
.
SECT.
II.
Jupiter's
Exploits
.
P.
WHen
Iupiter
was
grown
to
be
a
Man
,
what
did
he
perform
worthy
of
Memory
?
M.
He
overcame
in
War
the
Giants
and
the
Titans
(
of
whom
more
when
we
speak
of
Saturn
)
and
also
delivered
his
Father
Saturn
from
Imprisonment
;
but
afterwards
deposed
him
from
the
Throne
and
banished
him
,
because
he
formed
a
Conspiracy
against
him
;
dividing
the
paternal
Inheritance
with
his
two
Brothers
Neptune
and
Pluto
,
as
more
largely
will
be
shewn
in
its
proper
place
,
when
we
speak
of
each
of
them
apart
:
In
fine
,
he
so
assisted
and
obliged
all
Mankind
by
the
great
Favours
that
he
did
,
that
he
not
only
thence
obtained
the
Name
of
Iupiter
,
Cic.
2.
de
nat.
Deor.
quasi
juvans
pater
;
but
he
was
advanced
also
unto
divine
Honours
,
and
was
esteemed
the
common
Father
both
of
Gods
and
Men.
Amongst
some
of
his
more
illustrious
Actions
,
we
ought
to
remember
the
Story
of
Lycaon
.
For
when
Iupiter
had
heard
a
Report
concerning
the
Wickedness
and
great
Impiety
of
Men
,
he
descended
,
that
he
might
know
the
real
truth
of
it
,
it
is
said
,
from
Heaven
to
the
Earth
,
and
came
into
the
House
of
Lycaon
King
of
Arcadia
;
where
declaring
himself
to
be
a
God
,
whilst
others
did
prepare
Sacrifices
for
him
,
Lycaon
derided
him
;
nor
did
he
stop
here
,
he
added
an
abominable
Wickedness
to
this
Contempt
,
and
being
desirous
to
try
whether
Iupiter
was
a
God
as
he
pretended
,
he
kills
one
of
his
Domestick
Servants
,
and
roasts
and
boils
the
Flesh
of
him
,
and
sets
it
before
Iupiter
for
his
Entertainment
:
who
abominating
the
Barbarity
of
the
Man
,
fired
the
Palace
with
Lightning
,
and
turn'd
Lycaon
into
a
Wolf
.
Ovid.
Met.
l.
1.
P.
Are
there
no
other
Exploits
of
his
?
Apollon.
4.
Argon
.
M.
Yes
indeed
:
but
they
are
very
lewd
and
dishonourable
;
I
am
almost
ashamed
to
mention
them
.
For
of
what
sort
of
Lewdness
in
the
World
was
he
not
guilty
?
Or
what
Infamy
is
there
not
branded
upon
his
Name
?
I
will
only
mention
a
few
Actions
of
this
sort
amongst
many
.
1.
In
the
Shape
of
a
Crow
he
debauch'd
his
Sister
Iuno
,
who
was
born
at
the
same
Birth
with
him
,
with
pretences
that
he
would
marry
her
:
Doroth.
2
Metam
.
as
how
many
Ladies
does
that
pretence
delude
even
now
?
2.
He
violated
the
Chastity
of
Danae
,
the
Daughter
of
Acrisius
King
of
the
Argives
,
tho
her
Father
had
shut
her
up
in
a
Tower
,
being
admonished
by
the
Oracle
,
that
it
should
happen
that
he
should
be
kild
by
his
Grandson
.
For
changing
himself
into
a
shower
of
gold
,
he
slid
down
through
the
Roof
and
Tiles
of
the
place
into
the
Lady's
Lap.
As
what
place
is
there
so
fortified
and
guarded
,
Ovid.
4.
Metam
.
into
which
Love
cannot
find
a
passage
?
Is
there
any
Heart
so
very
hard
and
Iron-like
,
which
Mony
cannot
soften
?
What
Way
,
what
Passage
,
what
Undertaking
is
not
open
and
safe
(
converso
in
pretium
Deo
,
Horat.
)
to
a
God
who
turns
himself
into
Mony
to
make
the
purchase
.
3.
He
corrupted
Leda
,
Arat.
in
Phaenom
.
the
Wife
of
Tyndarus
King
of
Laconia
,
in
the
similitude
of
a
Swan
:
Thus
a
fair
Outside
oftimes
veils
the
foulest
Temper
;
and
is
a
beautiful
Cover
to
a
most
deformed
Mind
.
4.
He
corrupted
Antiope
,
Ovid.
6.
Metam
.
the
Wife
of
Lycus
,
King
of
Thebes
,
Id.
ibid.
in
the
likeness
of
a
Satyr
.
5.
He
defiled
Alcmena
,
the
Wife
of
Amphitryon
in
her
Husband's
absence
,
in
the
likeness
of
Amphitryon
himself
.
6.
He
inflamed
Aegina
,
Ibid.
the
Daughter
of
Aesopus
,
King
of
Boeotia
,
with
Love
in
the
similitude
of
Fire
,
(
a
lively
representation
of
his
Crime
)
and
so
robb'd
her
of
her
Virginity
.
7.
He
deflowred
Clytoris
,
Arnob.
ap.
Gyr.
a
Virgin
of
Thessalia
,
of
great
Beauty
,
by
metamorphosing
himself
into
what
?
O
ridiculous
,
into
an
Ant
!
And
many
times
indeed
it
happens
,
that
great
Mischiefs
arise
from
very
small
Beginnings
.
8.
He
corrupted
the
Daughter
of
Lycaon
,
Boocat
l.
5.
de
Gen.
Deor.
King
of
Arcadia
,
(
her
Name
was
Calisto
)
counterfeiting
,
which
is
very
strange
,
the
Modesty
and
Countenance
of
Diana
.
And
yet
he
did
not
protect
her
from
the
Disgrace
that
afterwards
followed
.
For
as
she
began
to
appear
big
,
and
washed
her self
in
the
Fountain
with
Diana
,
and
the
other
Nymphs
,
her
Fault
being
discovered
,
she
was
ignominiously
turn'd
out
,
and
chang'd
by
Iuno
into
a
Bear
.
But
,
I
mistake
.
Her
Disgrace
was
indeed
●aken
away
by
Iupiter
,
who
advanced
this
Bear
into
Heaven
,
and
made
it
a
Constella●ion
;
which
is
commonly
called
Ursa
Major
,
●nd
by
the
Greeks
,
Helice
.
9.
By
sending
an
Eagle
,
Vir.
5.
Aen.
Ovid.
Metam
.
10.
he
snatch'd
away
●he
pretty
Boy
Ganymede
,
the
Son
of
Tros
,
as
●●e
hunted
upon
the
Mountain
Ida.
Or
he
himself
being
chang'd
into
an
Eagle
,
took
him
in
his
Claws
and
carried
him
up
to
Hea●en
.
And
so
he
did
to
Asteria
,
the
Daugh●er
of
Coeus
,
a
young
Lady
of
the
greatest
Modesty
,
Fulgent
.
Plac.
whom
he
ravished
and
carried
away
in
Eagles
Claws
;
for
he
seem'd
to
be
●n
Eagle
:
10.
He
corrupted
Europa
,
Ovid.
6.
Metam
.
the
Daughter
of
●genor
King
of
Phenicia
,
in
the
form
of
a
●urious
white
Bull
,
and
carried
her
into
Crete
with
him
.
See
how
many
several
Beasts
a
●erson
resembles
,
who
hath
once
put
off
his
Modesty
!
And
by
how
many
various
Fables
●s
this
one
Truth
represented
,
that
the
very
Gods
by
practices
of
impure
Lust
become
●rutes
.
The
Bull
in
reality
was
the
Ship
up●n
which
a
Bull
was
painted
,
in
which
Europa
●ailed
;
in
like
manner
was
the
Horse
Pegasus
,
●hat
was
painted
upon
Bellerophon's
Ship
,
and
the
●am
which
was
painted
upon
that
of
Phryxus
●nd
Helle
,
created
ample
matter
of
Fiction
●or
the
Poets
.
But
to
return
to
our
Fable
.
●admus
,
Ovid.
3.
Met●m
.
Brother
to
this
Europa
,
when
he
had
●n
vain
sought
her
all
about
,
and
did
not
dare
●o
go
home
to
his
Father
without
her
,
who
had
banished
him
from
his
sight
till
he
found
her
,
—
Facto
pius
&
sceleratus
eodem
.
(
Ov.
Met.
)
Unnatural
and
pious
both
at
once
.
He
built
the
City
Thebes
,
not
far
from
the
Mountain
Parnassus
:
and
whereas
it
happened
that
his
Companions
that
were
with
him
,
were
devoured
by
a
certain
Serpent
,
whilst
they
went
abroad
to
fetch
Water
,
he
,
to
revenge
their
Deaths
,
slew
that
Serpent
;
whose
Teeth
he
took
out
,
and
by
the
Advice
of
Minerva
sowed
them
,
and
suddenly
a
Harvest
of
Armed
Soldiers
sprouted
up
;
who
quarrelling
amongst
themselves
,
with
the
same
speed
that
they
grew
up
,
mowed
one
another
down
again
,
excepting
Five
only
,
by
whom
that
Country
was
Peopled
afterwards
.
At
length
Cadmus
and
his
Wife
Hermione
,
or
Harmonia
when
they
had
experienced
the
Inconstancy
of
the
Fortune
of
this
World
in
a
great
many
instances
,
were
changed
into
Serpents
.
He
is
said
to
have
invented
Sixteen
of
the
Letters
of
the
Greek
Alphabet
;
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
to
which
Palamede●
in
〈◊〉
time
of
the
Trojan
added
these
Four
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
)
to
have
also
taught
the
manner
of
Writing
in
Prose
,
Plin.
l.
5.
c.
29.
Cael.
39.
c.
24.
and
to
have
first
among
the
Greeks
,
consecrated
Statues
to
the
Honor
of
the
Gods
.
Now
the
Historical
meaning
of
this
Fable
perhaps
is
this
.
Bochart
.
2.
P
Geog.
c.
19.
Cadmus
was
in
truth
King
of
Sidon
,
by
Nation
a
Kadmonite
,
as
his
Name
intimates
;
Genes.
15.
19
:
of
the
number
of
those
mentioned
by
Moses
.
Which
Kadmonites
were
the
same
with
the
Hevaei
,
who
possessed
the
Mountain
Hermon
,
and
were
thence
also
called
Hermo●aei
:
and
so
it
came
to
pass
,
that
the
Wife
of
Cadmus
had
the
Name
of
Harmonia
,
or
Hermione
,
from
the
same
Mountain
.
And
why
is
it
said
that
Cadmus's
Companions
were
converted
into
Serpents
,
but
because
the
Word
Hevaeus
in
the
Syriac
signifies
a
Serpent
?
The
Ambiguity
of
another
Word
in
that
Language
occasioned
the
Fable
,
that
armed
Soldiers
sprouted
forth
from
the
Teeth
of
the
Serpent
.
Hygin
.
c.
274.
For
the
same
Word
signifies
both
Serpents
teeth
and
brazen
spears
,
with
which
Cadmus
first
of
all
Men
armed
his
Soldiers
in
Greece
,
being
indeed
the
Inventor
of
Brass
,
insomuch
that
the
Oar
of
which
Brass
is
made
,
is
from
him
even
now
called
Cadmia
.
As
to
the
Five
Soldiers
,
which
are
said
to
survive
all
the
rest
of
their
Brethren
,
Plin.
l.
34.
c.
1.
10.
who
sprouted
up
out
of
the
Teeth
of
the
Serpent
,
the
same
Syriac
Word
signifies
Fiv●
,
and
also
a
Man
ready
for
Battel
,
according
as
it
is
differently
pronounced
.
Bochartus
Geogr.
SECT.
III.
Jupiter's
Names
.
P.
HOW
many
Names
has
Iupiter
?
M.
They
can
hardly
be
numbered
;
he
obtained
so
many
Names
,
either
from
the
places
where
he
lived
and
was
worshipped
,
or
from
the
things
that
he
did
.
The
more
remarkable
I
will
here
set
down
Alphabetically
.
The
Greeks
called
him
Ammon
,
Plut.
in
Ofir
.
V.
Cur.
l.
4.
or
Hammon
Arenarius
,
Sandy
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
arena
.
Accordingly
he
was
worshipped
in
Lybia
under
the
Figure
of
a
Ram
,
because
when
Bacchus
was
athirst
in
the
fabulous
Desarts
of
Arabia
,
and
implored
the
Assistance
of
Iupiter
,
Iupiter
appearing
in
the
Form
of
a
Ram
,
opened
a
Fountain
with
his
Foot
and
discovered
it
to
him
.
Others
give
this
Reason
;
because
Iupiter
in
War
wore
a
Helmet
whose
Crest
was
a
Rams
head
.
The
Babylonians
and
Assyrians
,
Beros
.
l.
4.
whom
he
governed
called
him
Belus
;
Euseb.
l.
1.
praep.
Eu.
Hier.
1.
in
Oseam
.
he
was
the
impious
Author
of
Idolatry
:
by
reason
of
the
uncertainty
of
his
Descent
,
they
believed
that
he
had
neither
Father
or
Mother
;
and
therefore
was
thought
the
first
of
all
the
Gods
:
in
different
Places
and
Language
he
was
afterwards
called
Beel
,
Baal
,
Beelphegor
,
Beelzebub
,
and
Belzemen
.
Iupiter
was
called
Capitolinus
,
Ci●
.
1.
de
nat.
Plin.
Liv.
Plut.
Tacit.
19.
from
the
Capitoline
Hill
;
upon
the
top
whereof
he
had
the
first
Temple
that
ever
was
at
Rome
;
which
Tarquinius
Priscus
design'd
first
,
but
Tarquinius
Superbus
erected
,
and
Horatius
the
Consul
dedicated
it
.
He
was
besides
called
Tarpeius
,
from
the
Tarpeian
Rock
,
on
which
this
Temple
was
built
.
He
was
also
styled
Optimus
Maximus
,
because
he
both
can
and
is
willing
to
profit
all
Men.
Wherefore
,
says
Tully
,
thou
Capitoli●e
Deity
,
Quem
propter
beneficia
Populus
Romanus
Optimum
,
propter
vim
Maxium
appellavit
,
&c.
He
is
called
also
Custos
.
Apul.
de
mundo
Senec.
2.
qu.
nat.
There
is
in
Nero's
Coins
an
Image
of
him
sitting
on
his
Throne
,
he
bears
in
his
Right
Hand
Thunder
,
and
in
his
Left
a
Spear
,
with
this
Inscription
Iupiter
Custos
.
Anciently
in
some
Forms
of
Oaths
he
was
commonly
called
Diespiter
,
quasi
Diei
pater
;
Varr.
de
ling.
lat.
as
by
and
by
we
shall
further
remark
under
the
Word
Lapis
.
Macrobius
(
in
Saturnal
.
)
says
,
that
the
Cretans
call'd
him
directly
Diem
.
And
amongst
the
Galls
also
there
was
heretofore
a
God
,
Diespiter
;
whence
some
think
,
that
the
French
Word
,
Ouy
Dea
,
the
same
with
the
Greek
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
hath
been
deriv'd
down
to
these
Times
.
Bochartus
in
Geogr.
The
Title
Dodonaeus
was
given
from
the
City
Dodona
in
Chaonia
,
which
was
so
called
from
Dodona
,
a
Nymph
of
the
Sea
.
Near
to
which
City
there
was
a
Grove
sacred
to
Iupiter
,
which
was
planted
with
Oaks
,
and
famous
in
it
was
the
ancientest
Oracle
of
all
Greece
.
Alex.
ab
Al.
6.
c.
2.
Two
Doves
delivered
Responses
there
to
those
who
consulted
it
.
Or
as
others
use
to
say
,
the
Leaves
of
the
Oaks
themselves
became
vocal
,
and
gave
forth
Oracles
.
He
was
named
Elicius
,
quod
Coelo
precibus
eliciatur
,
Because
the
Prayers
of
Men
may
bring
him
down
from
Heaven
.
For
so
Ovid.
in
Fast.
3.
Eliciunt
coelo
,
te
Iupiter
;
unde
Minores
Nunc
quoque
te
celebrant
,
Eliciumque
vocant
.
When
from
high
Heav'n
our
Prayers
bring
thee
down
,
I'
th'
Name
Elicius
thy
Deity
we
own
.
The
Name
Feretrius
,
is
deriv'd
either
à
feriendo
hoste
,
from
his
smiting
of
his
Enemies
;
or
à
ferenda
pace
,
according
to
Festus
(
for
they
fetcht
the
Scepter
by
which
they
swore
,
and
the
Flint-stone
with
which
they
bargain'd
,
Plut.
in
Rom.
Dion
.
2.
from
his
Temple
)
or
else
à
ferendis
spoliis
,
because
they
carried
the
Grand
Spoils
(
Opima
Spolia
)
to
his
Temple
:
Romulus
first
presented
such
Spoils
to
Iupiter
,
after
he
had
slain
Acron
,
King
of
Caenina
;
and
Cornelius
Gallus
offered
the
same
Spoils
after
he
had
conquered
Tolumnius
,
King
of
Hetruria
;
and
thirdly
,
M.
Marcellus
,
when
he
had
vanquished
Viridomarus
,
King
of
the
Galls
,
of
whom
Virgil
says
,
Tertiaque
arma
Patri
suspendes
arma
Quirino
.
6.
Aen.
&
Serv.
ibid.
Their
vanquisht
Arms
thrice
to
the
God
shall
give
.
Those
Spoils
were
called
Opima
which
one
General
took
from
the
other
in
Battel
.
Fulminator
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
is
Iupiter's
Title
,
from
hurling
Thunder
,
which
is
thought
to
be
his
proper
Office
,
Horat.
3.
Carm.
if
we
believe
the
Poet
,
—
O
qui
res
hominumque
Deumque
Et●rnis
regis
Imperiis
&
fulmine
terres
.
Vir.
Aen.
Who
Men
and
Gods
by
thy
eternal
Law
Dost
rule
,
and
by
thy
mighty
Thunder
aw
.
In
Lycia
they
worshipped
him
under
the
Name
of
Gragus
,
Ap.
Lycoph
.
●irg
.
1.
&
4.
Aen.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
and
Genitor
,
as
we
find
in
Lycophron
.
In
Aegium
,
about
the
Sea
Coast
,
he
is
said
to
have
had
a
Temple
with
the
Name
of
Homogyn●s
.
At
Praeneste
,
Pausan.
&
Hesych
.
Liv.
l.
6.
he
was
called
Imperator
.
There
was
a
most
famous
Statue
of
him
there
,
afterwards
translated
to
Rome
.
Latialis
was
his
Epithet
,
Cic.
pro
Mil.
86.
Dion
.
l.
4.
because
he
was
worshipped
in
Latium
,
a
Country
of
Italy
:
whence
the
Latinae
feriae
are
denominated
:
to
which
all
those
Cities
of
Italy
resorted
,
who
desired
to
be
partakers
of
the
Solemnity
;
and
brought
to
him
divers
Oblations
,
particularly
,
a
Bull
was
sacrificed
at
that
time
,
in
the
common
Name
of
them
all
,
whereof
every
one
took
a
part
.
The
Name
Lapis
,
or
as
others
write
Lapideus
,
was
given
him
by
the
Romans
,
who
conceived
that
juramentum
per
Iovem
Lapidem
,
an
Oath
by
Iupiter
Lapis
was
the
most
obligatory
Oath
.
Cic.
7.
Epist.
12.
And
it
is
derived
either
from
the
Stone
which
was
presented
to
Saturn
,
by
his
Wife
Ops
,
who
said
that
it
was
Iupiter
,
in
which
sense
Eusebius
(
in
Chronic.
)
says
,
that
Lapis
reign'd
in
Crete
;
In
Chron.
or
from
Lapide
silice
,
the
Flint-stone
,
which
in
making
Bargains
the
Swearer
held
in
his
hand
,
and
said
,
Fest.
ap.
Lil.
Si
sciens
fallo
,
it
a
me
Diespiter
,
salva
urbe
arceque
,
bonis
ejiciat
,
ut
ego
hunc
lapidem
:
If
knowingly
I
deceive
,
so
let
Diespiter
,
saving
the
City
and
the
Capitol
,
cast
me
away
from
all
that
's
good
,
as
I
cast
away
this
Stone
:
whereupon
he
threw
the
Stone
away
.
The
Romans
had
another
Form
,
not
unlike
to
this
,
of
making
Bargains
,
it
will
not
be
amiss
to
adjoin
it
here
;
Liv
l.
1.
Si
dolo
malo
aliquando
fallam
,
tu
illo
die
,
Iupiter
,
me
sic
ferito
,
ut
ego
hunc
porcum
hodie
feriam
;
Tantoque
magis
ferito
,
quanto
magis
potes
,
pollesque
.
If
with
evil
intent
I
at
any
time
deceive
,
Thou
upon
that
day
Jupiter
;
so
strike
me
,
as
I
this
Swine
to
day
shall
strike
,
and
so
much
the
more
strike
thou
,
as
thou
the
more
able
and
skilful
art
to
do
it
,
with
which
he
struck
down
the
Swine
.
Lucetius
,
Serv.
9.
Aen.
derived
from
Luce
in
the
old
Thuscan
Language
,
is
the
same
as
Diespiter
in
Latin
.
Which
Title
is
given
to
Iupiter
,
says
Gellius
,
quod
nos
die
ac
luce
,
quasi
vita
ipsa
afficeret
ac
juvaret
:
because
he
affects
and
comforts
us
with
the
light
of
the
day
,
as
much
as
with
life
it self
.
Or
as
Festus
hath
it
,
because
he
was
believed
to
be
the
cause
of
Light
.
The
Peoples
of
Elis
used
to
celebrate
him
by
the
Title
of
Martius
,
Plut.
in
Pyrrho
.
Martial
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Muscularius
,
Pausan.
5.
Eliac
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Muscarum
abactor
,
the
confounder
of
Flies
:
because
when
Hercules's
Religious
Exercises
were
interrupted
by
a
multitude
of
Flies
,
he
thereupon
offered
a
Sacrifice
to
Iupiter
,
which
being
finished
,
all
the
Flies
flew
away
.
Nicephorius
,
Ael
.
Spart
.
in
ejus
vita
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Victory-bearing
,
by
whose
Oracle
,
the
Emperour
Adrian
was
told
that
he
should
be
promoted
to
the
Empire
.
Livy
often
mentions
him
;
and
many
Coins
are
extant
,
in
which
is
the
Image
of
Iupiter
bearing
Victory
in
his
hand
.
He
was
called
also
Opitulus
and
Opitulator
,
quasi
Opus
lator
,
Fest.
Aug.
7.
de
civit
.
helper
.
And
Centipeda
from
his
stability
:
because
those
things
stand
secure
and
firm
which
have
many
feet
.
He
was
called
Stabilitor
and
Tigellus
,
because
he
supports
the
World
.
Almus
also
and
Alumnus
,
because
he
cherisheth
all
things
:
and
Ruminus
from
Ruma
,
the
Pap
,
by
which
he
nourisheth
Animals
.
His
Title
of
Olympius
is
either
derived
from
his
praeceptor
,
Paus.
Att.
&
Eliac
.
Liv.
l.
4.
dec.
3.
Olympus
;
or
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
the
Heavens
in
Greek
,
or
from
the
City
Olympia
,
which
stood
near
the
Mountain
Olympus
,
and
was
ancietly
celebrated
far
and
near
for
a
Temple
there
dedicated
to
Iupiter
,
and
for
Games
solemnized
every
five
years
.
To
this
Iupiter
Olympus
the
first
Cup
was
sacrificed
in
their
Festivals
.
Pollux
When
the
Galls
besieged
the
Capitol
,
Ovid.
6.
Fast.
an
Altar
was
erected
to
Iupiter
Pistor
from
pinsendo
:
Lact.
l.
12.
Liv.
l.
5.
because
he
put
it
into
the
minds
of
the
Romans
,
to
make
Loaves
of
Bread
and
throw
them
into
the
Gall's
Tents
:
whereupon
the
Siege
was
raised
.
The
Athenians
erected
a
Statue
to
him
,
Phurnut
.
in
Jovin
.
and
worshipped
it
upon
the
Mountain
Hymettus
:
giving
him
in
that
place
the
Title
of
Pluvius
,
which
is
mentioned
by
Tibullus
,
Arida
nec
Pluvia
supplicat
herba
Iovi
.
Nor
the
parcht
grass
for
Rain
from
Iove
does
call
.
Praedator
was
also
his
Name
.
Not
because
he
protected
Robbers
,
Serv.
5.
Aen.
but
because
out
of
all
the
Booty
taken
from
the
Enemy
,
one
part
was
due
to
him
.
For
when
the
Romans
went
to
War
,
they
used
to
devote
to
the
Gods
a
part
of
the
Spoil
that
they
should
get
;
and
for
that
reason
there
was
a
Temple
at
Rome
dedicated
to
Iupiter
Praedator
.
Quirinus
,
as
appears
by
that
Verse
of
Virgil
which
we
cited
above
in
the
Word
Teretrius
.
Rex
and
Regnator
are
his
common
Titles
in
Virgil
,
Homer
and
Ennius
.
Divum
atque
hominum
Rex
.
Aen.
1.
&
.
10.
Summi
regnator
Olympi
.
Aen.
7.
King
of
Gods
and
Men.
Ruler
of
the
highest
heaven
.
Stator
comes
from
stando
or
sistendo
;
Lib.
1.
for
when
Romulus's
Soldiers
fled
in
the
Battel
with
the
Sabines
,
and
Iupiter
stopped
their
flight
,
Romulus
consecrated
a
Temple
to
Iupiter
Stator
.
Livy
brings
in
Romulus
thus
praying
to
Iupiter
on
that
occasion
,
lib.
1.
At
tu
pater
Deum
hominumque
hinc
saltem
arce
hostem
,
de
me
terrorem
Romanis
,
fugamque
foedam
siste
,
Hic
ego
tibi
templum
Statori
Iovi
,
quod
monumentum
sit
posteris
tua
praesenti
ope
servatam
urbem
esse
,
voveo
.
But
thou
,
O
Father
of
the
Gods
and
Mankind
,
at
this
place
at
least
drive
back
the
Enemy
,
take
away
the
fear
of
the
Romans
,
and
stay
their
dishonourable
flight
.
And
I
vow
to
build
a
Temple
to
thee
upon
the
same
,
that
shall
bear
the
name
of
Jupiter
Stator
,
for
a
monument
to
posterity
;
That
it
was
from
thy
immed●●●●●ssistance
that
the
City
received
its
preservati●n
.
The
Greeks
called
him
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Strabo
l.
9.
Arrian
.
8.
de
gest
.
Alex.
Servator
,
the
Saviour
,
because
he
delivered
them
from
the
Medes
.
Conservator
also
was
his
Title
,
as
appears
from
divers
of
Dioelesian's
Coins
:
in
which
his
Effigies
stands
with
Thunder
brandished
in
his
right
hand
,
and
a
Spear
in
his
left
;
with
this
Inscription
,
Conservatori
.
In
others
,
instead
of
Thunder
,
he
holds
forth
a
little
Image
of
Victory
,
with
this
Inscription
,
Iovi
Conservatori
Orbis
,
to
Iupiter
the
Conservator
of
the
World
.
The
Augures
called
him
Tonans
and
Fulgens
.
Cic.
1
de
nat.
And
the
Emperour
Augustus
dedicated
a
Temple
to
him
so
called
;
Dio.
l.
50.
wherein
was
a
Statue
of
Iupiter
,
to
which
a
little
Bell
was
fastned
.
He
is
also
call'd
by
Orpheus
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Ap.
Lyl.
Gyr.
fine
.
2.
and
by
Apuleius
,
Tonitrualis
,
the
Thunderer
:
and
an
Inscription
is
to
be
seen
upon
a
Stone
at
Rome
,
Iovi
Brontonti
.
Trioculus
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Pausan.
ap.
eund.
was
also
an
Epithet
given
him
by
the
Grecians
,
who
thought
that
he
had
three
Eyes
,
with
one
one
of
which
he
observed
the
Affairs
of
Heaven
,
with
another
the
Affairs
of
the
Earth
,
and
with
the
the
third
he
viewed
those
of
the
Sea
.
There
was
a
Statue
of
him
of
this
kind
in
Priamus's
Palace
at
Troy
;
which
,
beside
the
usual
two
had
a
third
Eye
in
the
Forehead
.
Vejovis
,
Cic.
5.
de
nar
.
or
Vejupiter
,
and
Vedius
,
that
is
little
Iupiter
,
Gell.
l.
5.
Ovid.
in
Fast.
was
his
Title
when
he
was
described
without
his
Thunder
;
viewing
angrily
short
Spears
which
he
held
in
his
hand
:
The
Romans
accounted
him
a
fatal
and
noxious
Deity
;
and
therefore
they
worshipped
him
only
,
that
he
might
not
hurt
them
.
Agrippa
dedicated
a
Pantheon
to
Iupiter
Ultor
,
the
Avenger
,
at
Rome
,
according
to
Pliny
.
Lib.
36.
15.
Lib.
36.
c.
15.
He
was
likewise
called
Xenius
,
Ser.
1.
Ae●
Cic.
pro
Deir
.
or
Hospitalis
,
Hospitable
;
Plu●
.
qu.
Rom.
because
he
was
thought
the
Author
of
the
Laws
and
Customs
concerning
Hospitality
.
Demost.
or
de
le●gation
.
Whence
the
Greeks
called
Presents
given
to
Strangers
Xenia
,
as
the
Latins
called
them
Lautia
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Phurnut
.
de
Jov.
the
proper
Name
of
Iupiter
,
is
derived
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
because
he
gives
life
to
Animals
.
SECT.
IV.
The
Signification
of
the
Fable
,
and
what
is
understood
by
the
Name
Jupiter
.
YOU
have
told
us
the
Dreams
of
the
Poets
about
Iupiter
;
now
pray
Sir
let
us
know
what
the
Historians
and
Mythologists
affirm
concerning
him
.
M.
Very
willingly
.
Apud
Salian
.
●n
Ann.
&
Epi●ome
Tursell●
Iupiter
was
King
of
Crete
,
and
cotemporary
,
according
to
Eusebius
,
with
the
Patriarch
Abraham
.
This
Iupiter
deposed
his
Father
,
and
afterwards
divided
by
lot
the
Kingdom
with
his
two
Brothers
,
Neptune
and
Pluto
.
And
because
by
lot
the
Eastern
part
of
the
Country
was
given
to
Iupiter
;
the
Western
to
Pluto
;
and
the
Maritime
Parts
to
Neptune
;
they
took
occasion
from
hence
to
feign
,
that
upiter
was
the
King
and
God
of
the
Heavens
,
Neptune
of
the
Sea
,
and
Pluto
of
Hell
.
Nay
,
Iupiter's
Name
was
so
honoured
by
Posterity
,
that
all
Kings
and
Princes
were
from
him
called
Ioves
,
and
their
Queens
Iunones
,
from
Iuno
the
Wife
of
Iupiter
.
Concerning
the
Mythologists
,
or
the
Interpreters
of
Fables
,
I
shall
only
observe
this
by
the
by
.
There
is
in
these
kind
of
things
such
a
vast
diversity
of
Opinions
among
them
;
and
,
which
yet
is
worse
,
the
Accounts
that
many
of
them
give
are
so
witless
and
impertinent
,
so
incongruous
to
the
very
Fables
which
they
pretend
to
explain
,
that
I
think
it
better
to
write
nothing
from
them
,
than
●o
trouble
the
Reader
with
those
things
which
will
not
probably
satisfie
him
:
which
when
●
cannot
effect
,
I
shall
pass
the
Business
over
●n
silence
,
and
leave
it
to
every
ones
discretion
●o
devise
his
own
Interpretations
.
For
it
is
●etter
that
himself
should
be
the
Author
of
●is
Mistake
,
than
to
be
led
into
it
by
ano●her
;
because
a
slip
is
more
tolerable
and
ea●ie
,
when
we
our selves
fall
down
,
than
when
others
violently
push
us
down
at
unawares
.
Yet
whenever
the
place
requires
,
that
I
give
my
Expositions
of
these
Fables
,
that
I
may
●iscover
some
Meaning
that
is
not
repugnant
●o
common
Sense
,
I
shall
not
be
so
far
want●ng
to
my
Duty
,
as
that
any
one
should
just●y
accuse
me
of
Negligence
.
By
the
present
Fable
I
may
justifie
my
words
;
for
observe
only
how
various
are
Mens
Opinions
concerning
the
Signification
of
the
Name
Iupiter
,
you
may
guess
at
the
rest
.
The
Natural
Philosophers
many
times
think
that
Heaven
is
meant
by
the
Name
Iupiter
:
Ci●
.
2
de
nat●
deor●
whence
come
those
Phrases
,
Iove
tonante
,
fulgente
,
&c.
signifying
Thunder
;
and
that
of
the
Poet
,
Virg.
Aen.
10.
Panditur
interea
domus
omnipotentis
Olympi
.
Mean
while
the
Palace
of
th'
Omnipotent
Is
open'd
wide
.
Others
imagine
that
the
Air
,
Theor.
Eccl.
4●
and
the
things
that
are
therein
contained
,
as
Thunder
,
Lightning
,
Rain
,
Meteors
and
the
like
,
are
signified
by
the
same
Name
.
In
which
sense
that
Sentence
of
Horace
is
understood
,
—
Coelum
ac
terras
,
camposque
liquentes
Spiritus
intus
alit
,
totamque
infusa
per
antus
Mens
agitat
molem
,
&
magno
se
corpore
miscet
.
The
Heaven
and
Earth
,
and
the
vast
watery
Main
A
Spirit
feeds
within
,
which
closely
join'd
,
Acts
the
vast
Mass
with
an
embodied
Mind
.
I
do
not
regard
the
moral
Signification
of
the
Fables
,
that
would
be
an
endless
and
an
impertinent
Labour
.
It
is
free
,
as
I
said
above
,
for
every
one
,
to
fancy
what
he
pleases
,
and
to
abound
in
his
own
Sense
,
according
to
the
Proverb
.
CHAP.
V.
APOLLO
.
His
Image
.
P.
BUT
who
is
that
beardless
and
unshaven
Youth
,
Horat.
l.
ad
Callimach
.
holding
a
Bow
and
Arrows
in
his
Right
Hand
,
and
a
Harp
in
his
Left
,
that
is
crowned
with
Laurel
,
and
shining
in
Garments
of
Gold
?
M.
It
is
the
Image
of
Apollo
:
Porphyr
.
l.
de
sole
.
who
is
sometimes
described
with
a
Shield
in
one
Hand
,
and
the
Graces
in
the
other
.
And
because
he
hath
a
threefold
Power
,
in
Heaven
where
he
is
called
Sol
,
in
Earth
where
he
is
named
Liber
Pater
,
and
in
Hell
where
he
is
stiled
Apollo
;
he
is
usually
painted
with
these
three
things
,
a
Harp
,
a
Shield
,
and
Arrows
.
The
Harp
shews
that
he
bears
Rule
in
Heaven
where
all
things
are
full
of
Harmony
;
the
Shield
describes
his
Office
in
Earth
where
he
gives
Health
and
Safety
to
terrestrial
Creatures
;
his
Arrows
shew
his
Authority
in
Hell
,
for
whomsoever
he
strikes
with
them
,
he
sends
them
into
Hell
.
SECT.
I.
His
Descent
.
P.
WHat
Family
was
Apollo
born
of
?
M.
You
shall
know
,
after
you
have
first
heard
how
many
Apollo's
there
were
?
P.
How
many
?
M.
Four
.
The
first
and
ancientest
whereof
was
born
of
Vulcan
:
The
Second
was
a
Cretan
,
a
Son
of
the
Corybantes
:
the
Third
was
born
of
Iupiter
and
Latona
:
the
Fourth
was
born
in
Arcadi
,
called
by
the
Arcades
,
Nomius
.
But
tho
,
as
Cicero
says
de
Nat.
Deor.
lib.
3.
there
were
so
many
Apollo's
,
Reliqui
omnes
silentur
,
omnesque
res
aliorum
gestae
ad
unum
Apollmem
Iovis
&
Latonae
filium
referuntur
:
Yet
the
rest
of
them
are
all
unspoken
of
,
and
all
that
they
did
is
referred
to
the
Person
of
one
only
,
who
is
he
,
that
was
born
of
Jupiter
and
Latona
.
P.
In
what
Place
was
Apollo
the
Son
of
Latona
born
?
M.
I
will
tell
you
more
than
you
ask
;
they
say
the
thing
was
thus
.
Latona
the
Daughter
of
Coeus
the
Titan
,
conceived
of
two
Twins
by
Iupiter
:
Iuno
incensed
at
it
,
sent
the
Serpent
Python
against
her
:
and
Latona
,
to
escape
the
Serpent
,
betook
her self
into
the
Island
Delos
;
where
she
brought
forth
Apollo
and
Diana
at
the
same
Birth
.
Hesiod
.
SECT.
II.
Actions
of
Apollo
.
P.
BY
what
Means
was
Apollo
advanced
to
the
highest
degree
of
Honour
and
Worship
?
M.
By
these
four
especially
:
By
the
Invention
of
Physick
,
Musick
,
Poetry
,
and
Rhetorick
;
and
therefore
he
is
supposed
to
preside
over
the
Muses
.
It
is
said
that
he
taught
the
Arts
of
Divining
,
and
Shooting
with
Arrows
:
when
therefore
he
had
gratified
Mankind
infinitely
by
these
Favours
,
they
deified
him
.
Hear
how
gloriously
he
himself
repeats
his
Accomplishments
of
Mind
and
Nature
,
where
he
magnifies
himself
to
the
flying
Nymph
iri
Ovid
,
whom
he
passionately
loved
.
—
Nescis
,
temeraria
,
Ovid.
Metam
.
nescis
Quem
fugias
,
ideoque
fugis
.
Iupiter
est
genitor
.
Per
me
quod
eritque
fuitque
,
Estque
patet
.
Per
me
concordant
carmina
nervis
.
Certa
quidem
nostra
est
,
nostra
tamen
una
sagitta
.
Certior
in
vacuo
quae
vulnera
pectore
fecit
.
Inventum
Medicina
meum
est
.
Opiferque
per
orbem
Dicor
,
&
herbarum
est
subjecta
potentia
nobis
.
Perhaps
thou
know'st
not
my
superior
State
;
And
from
that
Ignorance
proceeds
thy
Hate
.
The
King
of
Gods
begot
me
:
What
shall
be
,
Or
is
,
or
ever
was
,
in
Fate
,
I
see
.
Mine
is
th'
Invention
of
the
charming
Lyre
;
Sweet
Notes
and
heav'nly
Numbers
I
inspire
.
Sure
is
my
Bow
,
unerring
is
my
Dart
;
But
ah
!
more
deadly
his
who
pierc'd
my
Heart
.
Med'cine
is
mine
;
what
Herbs
and
Simples
grow
In
Fields
or
Forests
,
all
their
Pow'rs
I
know
;
And
am
the
great
Physician
call'd
below
.
P.
What
memorable
things
did
he
perform
?
M.
Many
;
but
especially
these
.
1.
He
destroyed
all
the
Cyclops
,
the
Forgers
of
Iupiter's
Thunderbolts
with
his
Arrows
,
to
revenge
the
Death
of
Aesculapius
his
Son
,
whom
Iupiter
had
killed
with
Thunder
,
because
by
the
Help
of
his
Physick
he
revived
the
Dead
.
Lucian
.
Dial.
mor.
Wherefore
for
this
Fact
being
cast
down
from
Heaven
,
and
deprived
of
his
Divinity
,
expos'd
to
the
Calamities
of
the
World
,
and
commanded
to
live
in
Banishment
upon
Earth
;
Pausan.
in
Eliac
.
Apollo
was
compelled
by
Want
to
look
after
Admetu●'s
Cattel
:
where
tired
with
Leisure
,
to
pass
away
his
time
,
it
is
said
that
he
first
invented
and
formed
a
Harp
.
After
this
,
Mercury
got
an
opportunity
to
drive
away
a
few
of
the
Cattel
of
his
Herd
by
stealth
;
for
which
whilst
Apollo
complained
and
threatned
him
,
unless
he
brought
the
same
Cattel
back
again
,
his
Harp
was
also
stoln
from
him
by
Mercury
:
Horat.
1.
Carm.
so
that
he
could
not
forbear
turning
his
Anger
into
Laughter
.
2.
He
raised
the
Walls
of
the
City
of
Troy
by
the
Musick
of
his
Harp
alone
,
if
we
may
believe
the
Poet
;
Ovid.
Epist.
Parid.
Ilion
aspicies
,
firmataque
turribus
altis
Moenia
Apollineae
structa
canore
lyrae
.
Troy
you
shall
see
,
and
divine
Walls
admire
,
Built
to
the
Consort
of
Apollo's
Lyre
.
Some
say
,
that
there
was
a
Stone
,
Pausan.
in
Attic.
upon
which
Apollo
only
laid
down
his
Harp
,
the
Stone
by
the
Touch
of
it
alone
became
so
melodious
,
that
whenever
it
was
struck
with
another
Stone
,
it
sounded
like
a
Harp
.
3.
By
Misfortune
he
kild
Hyacinthus
,
a
pretty
and
an
ingenious
Boy
that
he
loved
.
For
whilst
Hyacinthus
and
he
did
play
together
at
Quoits
,
Zephyrus
being
inraged
because
Apollo
was
better
beloved
by
Hyacinthus
than
himself
;
and
having
an
opportunity
of
Revenge
,
he
puffed
the
Quoit
that
Apollo
cast
,
against
Hyacinthus's
Head
,
by
which
blow
he
fell
down
dead
;
whereupon
Apollo
caused
the
Blood
of
the
Youth
that
was
spilt
upon
the
Earth
,
to
produce
the
Flowers
of
Violets
.
Ovid.
Metam
.
lib.
10.
Ecce
,
cruor
qui
fusus
humi
signaverat
herbas
,
Desinit
esse
cruor
,
Tyrioque
nitentior
ostro
,
Flos
or
itur
,
formamque
capit
,
quam
Lilia
;
si
non
Purpureus
color
his
,
argenteus
esset
in
illis
.
Behold
the
Blood
which
late
the
Grass
had
dy'd
,
Was
now
no
Blood
,
from
whence
a
Flow'r
full-blown
,
Far
brighter
than
the
Tyrian
Scarlet
shone
,
Which
seem'd
the
same
,
or
did
resemble
right
A
Lily
,
changing
but
the
Red
to
White
.
Sands
He
was
besides
a
great
Lover
of
Cyparissus
,
another
very
pretty
Boy
;
who
,
when
he
had
unfortunately
kild
a
fine
Deer
which
he
exceedingly
loved
,
and
had
brought
up
from
its
birth
,
was
so
melancholy
for
the
Loss
thereof
,
that
he
constantly
bewailed
the
Loss
of
this
Deer
,
and
refused
all
comfort
.
Apollo
,
in
pity
chang'd
him
into
a
Cypress-Tree
;
as
before
his
death
he
had
begg'd
of
the
Gods
.
Ovid
.
Metam
.
lib.
10.
—
Ut
tempore
lugeat
omni
Ingemuit
,
tristisque
Deus
,
lugebere
nobis
Lugebisque
alios
,
aderisque
lugentibus
,
inquit
.
Implores
,
that
he
might
never
cease
to
mourn
.
When
Phoebus
sighing
,
I
for
thee
will
mourn
,
Mourn
thou
for
others
,
Herses
still
adorn
.
Sands
.
For
they
used
Cypress
in
Funerals
.
4.
He
most
ardently
loved
the
Virgin
Daphne
,
Ovid.
10.
Metam
.
so
famous
for
her
Modesty
.
When
he
pursued
her
,
that
she
might
secure
her
Chastity
from
the
violence
of
his
Passion
,
she
was
changed
into
a
Laurel
,
the
most
chast
of
Trees
;
which
is
never
corrupted
with
the
violence
of
heat
or
cold
,
but
remains
always
flourishing
,
always
pure
.
There
is
a
Story
about
this
Virgin
Tree
,
Liban
.
in
progym
.
which
better
deserves
our
Admiration
than
our
Belief
.
A
certain
Painter
was
about
to
draw
the
Picture
of
Apollo
upon
a
Table
made
of
Laurel
Wood
:
and
it
is
said
,
that
the
Laurel
would
not
suffer
the
Colours
to
stick
to
it
:
as
though
the
dead
Wood
was
sensible
,
and
did
abhor
the
Picture
of
the
impure
Deity
,
no
less
than
if
Daphne
her self
was
alive
within
it
.
5.
He
courted
also
a
long
time
the
Nymph
Bolina
;
Pau●
.
l.
7.
but
never
could
gain
her
:
for
she
chose
rather
to
throw
her self
into
a
River
and
be
drowned
,
than
yield
to
his
lascivious
Flames
.
Nor
did
her
unconquerable
Modesty
lose
its
reward
.
She
gained
to
her self
an
Immortality
by
dying
so
,
and
sacrificing
her
Life
in
the
Defense
of
her
Virginity
,
not
only
overcame
Apollo
,
but
the
very
Powers
of
Death
.
She
became
immortal
.
6.
Leucothoe
,
the
Daughter
of
Orchamus
,
King
of
Babylon
,
was
not
so
tenacious
of
her
Chastity
:
for
she
yielded
at
last
to
Apollo's
Amour
.
Her
Father
could
not
bear
such
a
Disgrace
branded
on
his
Family
,
and
therefore
buried
her
alive
.
Ovid.
Met.
lib.
4.
—
defodit
alta
Crudus
humo
,
tumulumque
super
gravis
addit
arenae
.
Interr'd
her
living
Body
in
the
Earth
,
And
on
it
rais'd
a
Tomb
of
heavy
Sand
,
Whose
pondrous
weight
her
rising
might
withstand
.
Apollo
was
indeed
much
troubled
at
this
;
but
since
he
could
do
nothing
else
for
her
,
Nectare
odorato
sparsit
corpusque
locumque
,
Multaque
conquestus
,
Tanges
tamen
aethera
,
dixit
.
Protinus
imbutum
caelesti
nectare
corpus
Delituit
,
terramque
suo
madefecit
odore
Virgaque
per
glebas
,
sensim
radicibus
actis
,
Thurea
surrexit
,
tumulumque
cacumine
rupit
.
He
mourn'd
her
loss
,
and
sprinkled
all
her
Herse
With
balmy
Nectar
and
more
precious
tears
.
Then
said
,
since
Fate
does
here
our
joys
defer
,
Thou
shalt
ascend
to
Heav'n
and
bless
me
there
:
Her
Body
straight
,
embalm'd
with
heav'nly
art
,
Did
a
sweet
Odour
to
the
ground
impart
.
And
from
the
Grave
a
second
Tree
arise
,
That
cheers
the
God
with
pleasing
Sacrifice
.
These
Amours
of
Leucothoe
and
Apollo
had
been
discovered
to
her
Father
by
her
Sister
Clytie
;
Ovid.
Metam
.
4.
whom
Apollo
also
loved
,
but
now
he
deserted
;
which
she
seeing
pin'd
away
,
with
her
Eyes
continually
looking
up
to
the
Sun
,
and
at
last
was
changed
into
a
Heliotrope
,
or
the
Flower
that
is
thence
called
the
Turn-Sole
.
7.
Apollo
was
challenged
in
Musick
by
Marsyas
a
proud
Musician
,
Ovid.
Fast.
6.
and
when
he
had
overcome
him
,
Apollo
flay'd
him
,
because
he
had
dared
to
contend
with
him
,
and
afterwards
converted
him
into
the
River
of
Phrygia
,
of
the
same
Name
:
Ovid.
Fast.
lib.
6.
8.
But
when
Midas
King
of
Phrygia
,
foolishly
gave
the
Victory
to
the
God
Pan
,
when
Apollo
and
he
sang
together
:
Apollo
stretched
his
Ears
to
the
length
and
shape
of
those
of
an
Ass.
Met.
lib.
11.
—
partem
damnatur
in
unam
,
Induturque
aures
,
lente
gradientis
aselli
.
Punisht
in
that
offending
part
;
who
bears
Upon
his
Skull
a
slow-pac'd
Asses
Ears
.
Midas
endeavoured
to
hide
this
Disgrace
as
well
as
he
could
by
his
hair
:
but
however
since
it
was
impossible
to
conceal
it
from
his
Barber
,
he
earnestly
begg'd
the
Man
,
and
prevailed
with
him
by
great
Promises
,
not
to
divulge
what
he
saw
to
any
Person
.
But
the
Barber
was
not
able
to
contain
so
wonderful
a
Secret
longer
,
but
went
and
digged
a
Hole
,
Met.
lib.
●
1.
—
Secedit
,
humumque
Effodit
;
&
domini
quales
conspexerit
aures
Voce
refert
parva
—
—
The
Man
withdraws
and
digs
a
pit
,
And
whispers
with
a
low
voice
into
it
,
How
long
his
Masters
Ears
.
and
whisper'd
into
the
Ditch
these
words
,
Aures
asininas
habet
rex
Midas
;
King
Midas
hath
the
Ears
of
an
Ass
;
then
filling
up
the
Ditch
with
the
Earth
again
,
he
went
away
.
But
O
wonderful
and
strange
!
The
Reeds
that
grew
out
of
that
Ditch
,
if
they
were
moved
by
the
least
blast
of
wind
,
did
utter
the
very
same
Words
which
the
Barber
had
buried
in
it
;
Aures
asininas
habet
rex
Midas
:
King
Midas
hath
the
Ears
of
an
Ass.
SECT.
III.
Names
of
Apollo
.
SOme
derive
the
Name
of
Apollo
from
a
&
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Chrysip
.
ap.
Gyr.
Varr.
de
ling.
lat.
Plut.
ap.
Phurnut
.
as
they
derive
Sol
in
Latin
from
Solus
,
because
there
is
no
more
than
one
.
It
is
derived
by
some
also
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
from
Driving
away
Diseases
;
or
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
from
Darting
Rays
.
Varro
.
Plutarc
.
He
is
called
Cynthius
,
Festus
.
from
the
Mountain
Cynthus
in
the
Island
of
Delos
;
from
whence
Diana
also
is
called
Cynthia
too
.
And
Delius
from
the
same
Island
:
because
he
was
born
there
.
Macrob
&
Phurn.
Or
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
because
Apollo
(
who
is
Sol
,
the
Sun
)
by
his
Light
makes
all
things
manifest
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
as
he
is
also
called
Phanaeus
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
to
appear
.
He
is
named
Delphinius●
Pausan.
in
Attic.
because
he
kild
the
Serpent
Python
,
called
Delphis
.
Or
else
because
when
Castalius
a
Cretan
,
Pausan.
carried
Men
to
the
Plantations
,
Apollo
guided
him
in
the
shape
of
a
Dolphin
.
His
Title
Delphicus
,
Phurnut
.
Lactant.
comes
from
the
City
Delphi
in
Boeotia
A
City
said
to
be
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
the
navel
of
the
Earth
:
because
when
Iupiter
had
sent
forth
two
Eagles
together
,
the
one
from
the
East
and
the
other
f●om
the
West
,
Aescul
.
in
sacerd.
they
met
by
equal
flights
exactly
at
this
place
.
Here
,
Apollo
had
the
famousest
Temple
in
the
World
;
in
which
he
uttered
Oracles
to
those
who
consulted
him
:
but
he
received
them
first
from
Iupiter
.
And
they
say
that
this
famous
Oracle
became
dumb
at
the
birth
of
our
Saviour
;
Niceph.
hist.
l.
1.
and
,
when
Augustus
,
who
was
a
great
Votary
of
Apollo
,
desired
to
know
the
reason
of
its
Silence
,
the
Oracle
answered
him
in
these
Words
;
Me
puer
Hebraeus
,
divos
Deus
ipse
gubernans
,
Cedere
sede
jubet
,
tristemque
redire
sub
orcum
,
Aris
ergo
dehinc
nostris
abscedito
Caesar.
An
Hebrew
Child
,
whom
the
blest
Gods
adore
Has
bid
me
leave
these
Shrines
and
pack
to
Hell
,
So
that
of
Oracles
I
've
now
no
more
;
Away
then
from
our
Altar
and
farewel
.
He
was
called
Didymaeus
,
Macrob.
ap.
Gyr.
from
the
Greek
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
twins
;
as
the
Sun
and
Moon
are
supposed
;
who
enlighten
the
World
betwixt
them
by
day
and
night
.
And
Nomius
,
Macrob.
Phurnut
.
not
only
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
a
Shepherd
,
because
he
fed
the
Cattel
of
Admetus
;
but
because
the
Sun
,
quasi
pascat
omnia
,
as
it
were
feeds
all
things
that
the
Earth
generates
,
by
his
heat
and
influence
.
Or
perhaps
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Cic.
3.
de
nat.
Deor.
Lex
,
because
he
made
very
severe
Laws
,
when
he
was
King
of
Arcadia
.
Macrobius
.
Cicero
de
Nat.
Deor.
lib.
●
He
is
called
Paean
,
Fest.
either
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
from
allaying
Sorrows
;
or
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
ferire
;
wherefore
he
is
armed
with
Arrows
.
And
we
know
that
the
Sun
strikes
us
and
oftentimes
hurts
us
with
its
Rays
,
as
with
so
many
darts
.
Hence
those
Phrases
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
heal
us
Paean
;
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
jace
&
immitte
Paean
,
sc.
tela
in
feram
,
discharge
thy
Arrows
,
Paean
,
against
the
Beast
.
For
so
his
Mother
and
the
Spectators
cried
aloud
,
whilst
Apollo
did
fight
with
the
Serpent
Python
.
And
hence
the
custom
came
that
not
only
all
Hymns
in
the
praise
of
Apollo
were
called
Paeanes
,
but
also
in
all
Songs
of
Triumph
,
and
in
the
Celebration
of
all
Victories
,
Men
cried
out
Io
Paean
.
After
this
manner
the
airy
and
wanton
Lover
in
Ovid
acteth
his
Triumph
too
:
de
arte
amandi
lib.
2.
Ovid.
2
de
arte
aman
.
Dicite
,
Io
Paean
,
&
Io
,
bis
dicite
,
Paean
;
Decidit
in
casses
praeda
petita
meos
.
Sing
Io
Paean
twice
,
twice
Io
say
;
My
toils
are
pitcht
and
I
have
caught
my
prey
.
From
the
same
Exclamation
of
Io
Paean
,
Apollo
receiveth
that
Epithet
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Phoebus
may
be
derived
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
quod
vi
feratur
,
L.
Gyr.
because
the
Sun
moves
with
a
great
force
;
or
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
purgo
,
since
by
the
help
of
Physick
,
which
was
Apollo's
invention
,
the
Bodies
of
Mankind
are
purged
and
cured
.
He
was
named
Pythius
,
Hygin
.
in
fab.
c.
50.
not
only
from
the
Serpent
Python
which
he
killed
,
but
likewise
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
from
asking
and
consulting
.
For
none
amongst
the
Gods
was
more
consulted
,
or
delivered
more
Responses
and
spake
Oracles
than
he
;
especially
in
the
Temple
which
he
had
at
Delphos
;
to
which
all
sorts
of
Nations
resorted
,
Cic.
pro
Font.
Diodor.
1.
Stat.
Theb.
Diod.
ib.
V.
Orig.
7.
adv.
so
that
it
was
called
,
Orbis
terrae
Oraculum
,
the
Oracle
of
all
the
Earth
.
The
Oracles
were
given
out
by
a
young
Virgin
,
'till
one
was
debauched
;
whereupon
a
Law
was
made
,
that
a
very
antient
Woman
should
give
the
Answers
,
in
the
dress
of
a
young
Maid
:
who
was
therefore
called
,
ab
Apolline
Pythio
,
Cels.
Epit.
1.
De
Divin.
114.
Ap.
Lil.
Gyr.
Pythia
;
and
from
Phoebus
,
Phoebas
.
But
as
to
the
manner
that
the
Woman
understood
the
God's
mind
,
Mens
Opinions
differ
.
Tully
supposes
that
some
Vapors
exhaled
out
of
the
Earth
and
affected
the
Brain
much
,
and
raised
in
it
a
power
of
Divination
.
De
Divin
.
P.
What
was
the
Tripus
in
which
the
Pythian
Lady
sat
?
M.
Some
say
that
it
was
a
Table
with
three
feet
,
on
which
she
rested
her self
when
she
design'd
to
give
forth
Oracles
:
and
because
it
was
covered
with
the
Skin
of
the
Serpent
Python
,
they
call
it
also
by
the
Name
of
Cortina
.
Plutarch
.
in
Solon
.
But
others
say
that
it
was
a
Vessel
,
in
which
she
was
plunged
before
she
prophesied
;
or
rather
,
that
it
was
a
golden
Vessel
,
furnished
with
Ears
,
and
supported
by
three
Feet
,
whence
it
was
called
Tripus
;
and
on
this
the
Lady
sat
down
.
It
happened
that
this
Tripus
was
lost
in
the
Sea
,
and
afterwards
taken
up
in
the
Nets
of
Fishermen
,
who
mightily
contended
amongst
themselves
,
which
should
have
it
;
the
Pythian
Priestess
being
asked
,
gave
Answer
,
that
it
ought
to
be
sent
to
the
wisest
Man
in
all
Greece
.
Whereupon
it
was
carried
to
Thales
of
Miletus
:
who
sent
it
to
Bias
,
as
to
a
wiser
Person
,
Bias
referred
it
to
another
,
and
that
other
referred
it
to
a
Fourth
;
till
after
it
had
been
sent
backwards
and
forwards
to
all
the
wise
Men
,
it
return'd
again
to
Thales
,
who
dedicated
it
to
Apollo
at
Delphos
.
P.
Who
were
those
Wise
Men
of
Greece
?
M.
These
Seven
,
to
whose
Names
I
adjoin
the
Places
of
their
Nativity
.
Thales
of
Miletus
,
Solon
of
Athens
,
Chilo
of
Lacedaemon
,
Pittacus
of
Mitylene
,
Bias
of
Priene
,
Cleobulus
of
Lindi
,
and
Periander
of
Corinth
.
I
will
add
some
remarkable
things
concerning
them
.
Thales
was
reckoned
among
the
Wise
Men
,
because
he
was
believed
to
be
the
first
that
brought
Geometry
into
Greece
.
He
first
observed
the
Courses
of
the
Times
,
the
Motion
of
the
Winds
,
the
Nature
of
Thunder
,
and
the
Motions
of
the
Sun
and
the
Stars
.
Being
asked
what
he
thought
the
difficultest
thing
in
the
World
,
he
answered
,
to
know
ones
self
.
Which
perhaps
was
the
Occasion
of
the
advice
written
on
the
Front
of
Apollo's
Temple
,
to
those
who
were
about
to
enter
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Know
thy self
.
For
there
are
very
few
that
know
themselves
.
Laert.
When
Solon
visited
Croesus
,
the
King
of
Lydia
,
the
King
shew'd
his
vast
Treasures
to
him
;
and
asked
him
whether
he
knew
a
Man
happier
than
he
?
Yes
,
says
Solon
,
I
know
Tellus
,
a
very
poor
,
but
a
very
virtuous
Man
at
Athens
,
who
lives
in
a
little
Tenement
that
he
hath
there
;
and
he
is
more
happy
than
your
Majesty
:
For
neither
can
those
things
make
us
happy
,
which
are
subject
to
the
changes
of
the
times
,
nor
is
any
one
to
be
thought
truly
happy
,
till
he
hath
died
.
It
is
said
,
when
King
Croesus
was
afterwards
taken
Prisoner
by
Cyrus
,
and
laid
upon
the
Pile
to
be
burnt
,
he
remembred
this
Saying
of
Solon
,
and
often
repeated
his
Name
;
so
that
Cyrus
ask'd
why
he
cry'd
out
Solon
,
and
who
the
God
was
whose
Assistance
he
begg'd
Croesus
said
,
I
now
find
by
Experience
that
which
heretofore
he
said
to
me
to
be
true
;
and
so
he
told
Cyrus
the
Story
:
who
hearing
it
,
was
so
touch'd
with
the
Sense
of
the
Vicissitude
of
Human
Affairs
,
that
he
preserved
Croesus
from
the
Fire
,
and
ever
after
had
him
in
great
Honour
.
Plutarch
.
Herodotus
.
Chilo
had
this
Saying
continually
in
his
Mouth
,
Nequid
nimium
cupias
,
desire
nothing
too
much
.
Yet
when
his
Son
had
got
the
Victory
at
the
Olympick
Games
,
the
good
Man
died
with
Joy
;
and
all
Greece
honoured
his
Funeral
.
Plin.
l.
7.
c.
32.
Bias
,
a
Man
famous
for
Learning
no
less
than
Nobility
;
preserved
his
Citizens
a
long
time
.
And
when
at
last
,
says
Tully
,
his
Country
Priene
was
taken
,
and
the
rest
of
the
Inhabitants
in
their
Escape
carried
away
with
them
as
much
of
their
Goods
as
they
could
;
one
advised
him
to
do
the
same
,
Val●r
.
7.
c.
2.
but
he
made
Answer
,
Ego
verò
facio
,
nam
omnia
mea
mecum
porto
.
It
is
what
I
do
already
,
for
all
the
things
that
are
mine
I
carry
about
me
.
He
often
said
,
that
Friends
should
remember
,
it
a
amare
oportere
,
ut
aliquando
essent
osuri
,
To
love
one
another
so
,
as
persons
who
may
sometime
come
to
hate
one
another
.
Laert.
Tull
Paradox
.
De
Amicit.
Of
the
rest
nothing
extraordinary
is
reported
.
SECT.
III.
The
Significatiin
of
the
Fable
.
Apollo
,
the
Sun
.
Every
body
agrees
that
Apollo
signifies
the
Sun
;
Cic.
3.
de
nat.
which
is
the
most
comfortable
Creature
in
the
World
,
and
the
most
necessary
to
the
Conservation
of
all
others
.
And
those
Herbs
which
are
most
expos'd
to
its
Heat
,
are
found
to
have
the
greater
Power
.
He
darts
his
Rays
upon
the
Earth
like
so
many
Arrows
;
and
dispels
the
Darkness
,
by
which
the
Truth
of
Things
is
concealed
,
with
his
Glorious
Light
.
His
Motion
in
the
midst
of
the
Planets
is
harmonious
,
and
the
Seven
Planets
about
him
may
resemble
the
Seven
strings
of
a
Harp
to
complete
the
Consort
.
Thus
the
Four
Properties
that
are
attributed
to
Apollo
,
of
Healing
,
Discovering
of
Secrets
,
Darting
and
Musick
,
agree
in
some
measure
to
this
Noble
Star
.
And
from
the
things
Sacrificed
to
Apollo
,
Theocrit
.
in
Herc.
it
appears
that
he
was
the
Sun
.
As
first
Olives
,
which
Fruit
loves
the
Sun
,
and
cannot
be
nourished
in
places
distant
from
it
.
2.
The
Laurel
,
Ac●ius
.
a
Tree
of
a
hot
nature
,
always
flourishing
,
never
old
,
and
conducing
not
a
little
towards
Divination
:
because
Laurel
leaves
put
under
the
Pillow
produce
true
Dreams
;
and
therefore
the
Poets
are
crown'd
with
Laurel
.
3.
Amongst
Animals
,
Cygni
non
sine
causa
Apollini
dicati
sunt
,
quòd
ab
eo
divinationem
habere
videantur
;
quia
praevidentes
quid
in
morte
bonisit
,
cum
cantu
&
voluptate
moriuntur
;
says
Tully
,
the
Swans
are
,
not
without
reason
,
consecrated
to
Apollo
:
because
from
him
they
are
endued
with
a
Faculty
of
Divination
;
when
foreseeing
the
Happiness
in
Death
,
they
sing
dying
and
pleased
.
Tuscul.
1.
4.
Griffons
also
and
Crows
were
sacred
to
him
for
the
same
reason
.
And
the
Hawk
,
which
has
Eyes
as
fierce
as
the
Sun
:
the
Cock
,
which
foretels
his
Rising
;
and
the
Grashopper
,
a
singing
Creature
.
It
was
a
Custom
with
the
Athenians
to
fasten
golden
Grashoppers
to
their
Hair
,
in
honour
of
Apollo
.
Thucyd.
Schol.
Aristoph
.
And
especially
if
we
derive
the
Name
of
Latona
,
the
Mother
of
Apollo
and
Diana
,
from
the
Greek
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Vid.
1.
Gyrald
.
in
Apol.
it
will
signifie
,
that
before
the
Birth
of
Apollo
and
Diana
,
that
is
,
before
the
Production
of
the
Sun
and
the
Moon
,
all
things
lay
involved
in
darkness
:
from
whence
those
Two
glorious
Luminaries
afterwards
proceeded
,
as
out
of
the
Womb
of
a
Mother
.
But
notwithstanding
all
this
,
several
Inventions
of
the
Poets
agree
with
the
Sun
,
but
not
with
Apollo
.
And
of
those
therefore
it
is
necessary
to
treat
apart
.
CHAP.
VI.
The
SUN
.
His
Genealogy
and
Names
.
THis
Glorious
Sun
,
which
illustrates
all
things
with
his
Light
,
is
called
Sol
,
says
Tully
,
de
Nat.
Deor.
Vel
quia
Solus
ex
omnibus
syderibus
est
tantus
,
vel
quia
cum
exortus
est
obscuratis
omnibus
solus
appareat
.
Either
because
he
is
the
only
Star
that
is
of
that
Magnitude
;
or
because
when
he
rises
,
he
puts
out
all
the
other
Stars
,
and
only
appears
himself
.
Yet
the
Poets
have
said
,
that
there
were
Five
Sols
;
and
Tully
reckons
them
up
.
But
whatever
they
delivered
concerning
each
of
them
singly
,
they
commonly
applied
to
one
,
who
was
the
Son
of
Hyperion
,
and
Nephew
to
Aether
,
begotten
of
an
unknown
Mother
.
The
Persians
call
the
Sun
Mithra
,
Hesych
.
&
Lact.
Gramm
.
ap.
Lil.
Gyr.
and
account
him
the
greatest
of
their
Gods
,
and
they
worship
him
in
a
Cave
.
His
Statue
bears
the
Head
of
a
Lion
,
drest
with
a
Tiara
,
dressed
with
Persian
Attire
,
and
holding
with
both
hands
a
mad
Bull
by
the
Horns
.
Those
that
desired
to
become
his
Priests
,
Doris
.
7.
ap.
Athen.
and
understand
his
Mysteries
,
did
first
undergo
a
great
many
Hardships
,
Disgraces
,
Stripes
,
Colds
,
Heats
,
and
other
Torments
,
before
they
could
attain
to
the
Honour
of
that
Employment
.
And
see
the
Sanctimoniousness
of
their
Religion
.
It
was
not
lawful
for
the
Kings
of
Persia
to
drink
excessively
;
but
upon
that
Day
,
in
which
the
Sacrifices
were
offered
to
Mithra
,
Greg.
Naz
,
Orat.
1.
in
Iul.
The
Egyptians
called
the
Sun
Horus
:
whence
the
parts
,
Plut.
In
Is.
&
Osir.
into
which
the
Sun
divides
the
Day
,
are
called
Horae
Hours
.
They
represented
his
Power
by
a
Scepter
,
on
the
top
of
which
an
Eye
was
placed
,
by
which
they
signified
,
that
the
Sun
sees
,
and
that
all
things
are
seen
by
his
means
.
These
Horae
were
thought
to
be
the
Daughters
of
Sol
and
Chronis
;
Homer
.
Iliad
.
&
Odyss
.
4.
V.
Boccat
.
l.
4.
c.
4.
who
early
in
the
Morning
prepare
the
Chariot
and
the
Horses
for
their
Father
,
and
open
the
Gates
of
the
Day
.
Plutarch
.
Homer
.
SECT.
I.
Actions
of
Sol.
THE
Actions
of
Sol
were
only
Debaucheries
,
and
Intrigues
of
Love
with
Mistresses
;
with
which
he
obscured
the
Honour
of
his
Name
.
I
will
set
down
the
most
remarkable
of
them
.
1.
He
lay
with
Venus
in
the
Island
of
Rhodes
,
Pindar
.
in
Olymp.
at
which
time
they
said
it
rained
Gold
,
and
the
Earth
cloathed
it self
with
Roses
and
Lilies
:
from
whence
the
Island
was
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
rosa.
2.
He
begat
of
Clymene
,
Phaeton
,
and
Phaeton's
Sisters
.
3.
Of
Neaera
he
begat
Pasiphae
;
and
of
Perseis
,
Circe
(
to
omit
the
rest
of
his
Brood
of
more
obscure
Note
.
)
Of
each
of
which
according
to
my
Method
I
shall
say
something
,
since
I
have
mentioned
Rhodes
,
I
have
spoke
a
little
concerning
the
Colossus
that
was
there
,
which
was
one
of
the
Seven
Wonders
of
the
World
.
SECT.
II.
The
Seven
Wonders
of
the
World
.
P.
WHat
were
those
Seven
Wonders
of
the
World
?
Plin.
34.
c.
17.
M.
They
were
these
that
follow
.
1.
The
Colossus
at
Rhodes
;
a
Statue
of
the
Sun
,
Seventy
Cubits
high
,
placed
at
the
Mouth
of
the
Harbour
;
one
Man
could
not
grasp
its
Thumb
with
both
his
Arms.
Its
Thighs
were
stretched
out
to
such
a
Distance
,
that
a
large
Ship
sailing
might
easily
pass
into
the
Port
betwixt
them
.
It
was
Twelve
Years
a
making
,
and
cost
Three
hundred
Talents
(
a
Talent
is
worth
Six
thousand
Aurei
;
)
stood
Fifty
Years
,
and
at
last
was
thrown
down
in
an
Earthquake
.
And
from
this
Coloss
the
People
of
Rhodes
were
called
Colossenses
,
and
every
Statue
since
of
an
unusual
Magnitude
,
is
called
Colossus
.
2.
The
Temple
of
Diana
at
Ephesus
;
Plin.
l.
7.
c.
38.
&
l.
16.
40.
which
was
a
Work
of
the
greatest
Magnificence
,
and
infinitely
admired
among
the
Antients
.
Two
hundred
and
twenty
Years
were
spent
in
perfecting
it
tho'
all
Asia
was
employed
.
It
was
supported
by
One
hundred
and
twenty
seven
Pillars
,
Sixty
Foot
high
,
each
of
them
raised
by
as
many
Kings
.
Of
these
Thirty
seven
were
engraven
.
The
Image
of
the
Goddess
was
made
of
Ebony
,
as
they
tell
us
in
History
.
3.
The
Mausoleum
,
or
Sepulchre
of
Mausolus
,
King
of
Caria
,
Plin.
l.
36.
c.
5.
built
by
his
Queen
Artemisia
of
the
purest
Marble
;
and
yet
the
Work
of
it
was
much
more
valuable
than
the
Marble
.
It
lay
from
North
to
South
Sixty
three
Feet
long
,
almost
Four
hundred
and
eleven
Feet
in
compass
,
and
Twenty
five
Cubits
high
,
surrounded
with
Thirty
six
Columns
,
that
were
to
Admiration
.
And
from
this
Mausoleum
,
all
other
sumptuous
Sepulchres
are
also
called
by
the
same
Name
.
4.
A
Statue
of
Iupiter
,
Plin.
l.
36.
c.
5.
in
the
Temple
of
the
City
Olympia
;
made
with
the
greatest
Art
by
Phidias
,
of
Ivory
;
and
of
a
vast
proportion
.
5.
The
Walls
of
the
City
Babylon
,
Idem
l.
6.
c.
26.
(
which
was
the
Metropolis
of
Chaldea
)
built
by
the
Queen
Semiramis
:
Sixty
thousand
Paces
in
circumference
,
Two
hundred
Foot
high
,
and
Fifty
broad
:
so
that
Six
Chariots
might
conveniently
pass
upon
them
in
a
row
.
6.
The
Pyramids
of
Egypt
:
Plin.
l.
36.
c.
12.
Three
of
which
,
remarkable
for
their
height
,
do
still
remain
.
The
first
has
a
square
Basis
,
Belo
.
l.
2.
c.
32.
sing
.
observat.
the
Front
consists
of
an
hundred
and
two
Feet
.
It
is
One
hundred
and
forty
three
long
,
and
a
Thousand
high
.
Made
of
so
great
Stones
,
that
the
least
of
them
is
Thirty
Foot
thick
.
Three
hundred
and
sixty
thousand
Men
were
employed
in
building
it
,
for
the
space
of
Twenty
Years
.
The
two
others
which
are
somewhat
smaller
,
attract
the
Admiration
of
all
Spectators
.
And
in
these
Pyramids
,
it
is
reported
,
the
Bodies
of
the
Kings
of
Egypt
lie
interred
.
7.
The
Royal
Palace
of
Cyrus
,
Calepin
.
V.
miraculum
.
King
of
the
Medes
;
made
by
Menon
,
with
no
less
Prodigality
than
Art
,
for
he
cemented
the
Stones
with
Gold
.
Plin.
SECT.
III.
The
Children
of
the
Sun
.
NOW
let
us
change
our
Discourse
again
to
Sol's
Children
.
The
famousest
of
which
was
Phaeton
,
who
gave
the
Poets
an
excellent
opportunity
of
exercising
their
Fancy
by
the
following
Action
.
Epaphus
,
one
of
the
Sons
of
Iupiter
,
fell
out
with
Phaeton
,
and
said
that
he
falsly
pretended
to
be
the
Sun
of
Sol
,
since
that
was
only
a
device
of
his
adulterous
Mother
.
He
was
so
provoked
at
the
Slander
,
that
with
the
advice
of
Clymene
he
went
to
the
Royal
Palace
of
the
Sun
,
that
he
might
bring
from
thence
some
indubitable
marks
of
his
Nativity
.
The
Sun
received
him
,
when
he
came
,
kindly
;
and
owned
his
Son
:
and
to
take
away
all
occasion
of
doubting
hereafter
,
he
gave
him
liberty
to
ask
any
thing
,
swearing
by
the
Stygian
Lake
,
(
which
sort
of
Oath
none
of
the
Gods
dare
violate
)
that
he
would
not
deny
him
.
Hereupon
Phaeton
desired
leave
to
govern
his
Fathers
Chariot
for
one
day
:
which
was
the
occasion
of
great
grief
to
his
Father
;
Ovid.
2.
Metam
.
who
foreseeing
his
Son's
ruin
thereby
.
Temerariae
,
dixit
,
Vox
mea
facta
tua
est
.
Utinam
promissa
liceret
Non
dare
.
Confiteor
,
solum
hoc
tibi
nate
negarem
.
Dissuadere
licet
.
Non
est
tua
tuta
voluntas
.
Magna
petis
,
Phaeton
,
&
quae
non
viribus
istis
.
Munera
conveniunt
,
nec
tam
puerilibus
annis
.
Sors
tua
mortalis
:
non
est
mortale
,
quod
optas
.
—
dictis
tamen
ille
repugnat
,
Propositumque
premit
,
flagratque
cupidine
currus
.
Thou
to
thy
ruin
my
rash
vow
dost
wrest
.
O
,
would
I
could
break
promise
!
this
request
I
must
confess
I
only
would
deny
;
And
yet
dissuade
I
may
.
Thy
death
does
lie
Within
thy
wish
.
What
's
so
desir'd
by
thee
Can
neither
with
thy
strength
nor
youth
agree
,
Thou
mortal
dost
no
mortal
thing
desire
.
—
In
vain
dissuaded
,
he
his
promise
claim'd
,
With
glory
of
so
great
a
charge
inflam'd
.
Sandys
.
In
short
the
Father
was
obliged
to
yield
to
the
rashness
of
the
Son
;
and
instructing
him
to
observe
the
middle
path
,
he
unwillingly
granted
what
he
could
not
deny
.
Occupat
ille
levem
juvenili
corpore
,
currum
,
Statque
super
,
manibusque
datas
contingere
habenas
Gaudet
,
&
invito
grates
agit
inde
parenti
.
Interea
volucres
Pyroeis
&
Eous
&
Aethon
Solis
equi
,
quartusque
Phlegon
,
hinnitibus
auras
Flammiferis
implent
,
pedibusque
repagula
pulsant
.
He
youthful
vaults
into
the
blazing
seat
,
Glad
of
the
reins
nor
doubtful
of
his
skill
,
And
gives
his
Father
thanks
against
his
will
.
Mean
while
the
Suns
swift
Horses
,
hot
Pyrous
,
Light
Aethon
,
fiery
Phlegon
,
bright
Eous
,
Neighing
aloud
inflame
the
Air
with
heat
,
And
with
their
thundring
hoofs
the
barriers
beat
.
S.
Immediately
Phaeton
unable
to
govern
the
Horses
,
fired
Heaven
and
Earth
;
so
that
Iupiter
struck
him
out
of
the
Chariot
with
Thunder
and
cast
him
headlong
into
the
River
Po.
His
Sisters
Phaethusa
,
Lampetia
,
and
Phoebe
,
lamenting
his
death
incessantly
upon
the
banks
of
that
River
,
were
turned
by
the
pity
of
the
Gods
into
Poplar
Trees
,
henceforth
weeping
Amber
instead
of
Tears
.
A
great
Fire
that
hapned
in
Italy
near
the
Po
,
in
the
time
of
King
Phaeton
,
was
the
occasion
of
this
Fable
:
The
Ambitious
are
taught
hereby
,
what
event
they
ought
to
expect
,
when
they
soar
higher
than
they
ought
.
Circe
,
the
most
skilful
of
all
Sorceresses
,
Ovid.
14.
Metam
.
poisoned
her
Husband
,
a
King
of
the
Sarmatae
,
for
which
she
was
banished
by
her
Subjects
,
and
flying
into
Italy
,
fixed
her
Seat
upon
the
Promon●ory
Circaeum
,
where
she
mightily
loved
Glaucus
a
Sea
God
,
who
at
the
same
time
loved
Sylla
.
Circe
turned
her
into
a
Sea-Monster
,
by
poisoning
the
water
in
which
she
used
to
wash
.
She
entertained
Ulysses
,
who
was
driven
thither
by
the
violence
of
storms
,
with
great
Civility
;
and
restored
his
Companions
,
whom
according
to
her
usual
Custom
she
had
changed
into
Hogs
,
Bears
,
Wolves
and
the
like
Beasts
,
unto
their
former
shapes
again
.
Ulysses
was
armed
against
her
Assaults
,
so
that
she
set
upon
him
in
vain
.
It
is
said
,
she
drew
down
the
very
Stars
from
Heaven
:
whence
we
are
plainly
informed
,
that
Voluptuousness
(
whereof
Circe
is
the
Emblem
)
alters
Men
into
ravenous
and
filthy
Beasts
;
that
even
those
,
who
with
the
lustre
of
their
Wit
and
Vertue
shine
in
the
World
as
Stars
in
the
Firmament
,
when
once
they
addict
themselves
to
obscene
Pleasures
,
become
obscure
and
inconsiderable
,
falling
as
it
were
headlong
from
the
glory
of
Heaven
.
Pasiphae
was
the
Wife
of
Minos
King
of
Crete
:
Ovid.
1.
Metam
.
she
fell
in
love
with
a
Bull
,
and
obtained
her
desire
by
the
Assistance
of
Daedalus
,
who
for
that
purpose
enclos'd
her
in
a
wooden
Cow
:
she
brought
forth
a
Minotaur
,
a
Monster
one
part
of
which
was
like
a
Man
,
the
other
like
a
Bull.
Now
the
occasion
,
they
say
,
Serv.
ap.
Boccat
.
l.
4
of
the
Fable
was
this
.
Pasiphae
loved
a
Man
whose
Name
was
Taurus
,
and
had
two
Twins
by
him
in
Daedalus's
House
;
one
of
which
was
very
like
her
Husband
Minos
,
and
the
other
like
the
Father
.
But
however
that
is
,
the
Minotaur
was
shut
up
in
the
Labyrinth
,
that
Daedalus
made
by
the
order
of
King
Minos
This
Labyrinth
was
a
place
diversified
with
abundance
of
windings
and
turnings
and
cross
paths
running
into
one
another
.
How
this
Minotaur
was
kild
,
and
by
whom
,
I
shall
shew
particularly
in
its
place
in
the
account
of
Theseus
.
Daedalus
was
an
excellent
Artificer
of
Athens
;
Ovid.
Metam
.
&
Pausan.
in
Attic.
who
first
,
as
it
is
said
,
invented
the
Axe
,
the
Saw
,
the
Plum-line
,
the
Auger
,
and
Glue
;
also
he
first
contrived
Masts
and
Yards
for
Ships
:
besides
he
carved
Statues
so
admirably
,
that
they
not
only
seemed
alive
,
but
would
never
stand
still
in
one
place
;
and
would
fly
away
unless
they
were
chained
.
This
Daedalus
,
together
with
Icarus
his
Son
,
was
by
Minos
shut
up
in
the
Labyrinth
which
he
had
made
,
because
he
had
assisted
the
Amours
of
Pasiphae
:
whereupon
he
made
Wings
for
himself
and
his
Son
,
with
Wax
and
the
Feathers
of
Birds
;
fastening
these
Wings
to
his
shoulders
,
he
flew
out
of
Crete
into
Sicily
;
but
Icarus
in
his
flight
neglected
his
Fathers
advice
,
and
observed
not
his
due
course
,
but
out
of
a
juvenile
wantonness
flew
higher
than
he
ought
,
whereupon
the
Wax
being
melted
by
the
heat
of
the
Sun
,
and
the
Wings
falling
in
pieces
,
he
fell
into
the
Sea
,
which
is
since
,
according
to
Ovid
,
from
him
named
the
Icarian
Sea
.
Ovid.
9.
Metam
.
Icarus
Icariis
nomine
fecit
aquis
,
Icarian
Seas
from
Icarus
were
call'd
.
To
these
Children
of
the
Sun
,
we
must
adjoin
his
Niece
and
his
Nephew
Biblis
and
Caunus
.
Biblis
so
far
loved
Caunus
,
tho
he
was
her
Brother
,
that
she
employed
all
her
Charms
to
entice
him
to
commit
Incest
;
and
when
nothing
would
overcome
his
modesty
,
she
followed
him
so
long
,
that
at
last
being
quite
oppressed
with
sorrow
and
labour
,
she
sat
down
under
a
Tree
,
and
shed
such
a
quantity
of
Tears
,
that
she
was
converted
into
a
Fountain
.
Sic
lachrymis
consumpta
suis
Phoebeia
Biblis
Vertitur
in
fontem
,
qui
nunc
quoque
vallibus
imis
Nomen
habet
dominae
,
nigraque
sub
ilice
manat
.
Thus
the
Phoebeian
Biblis
spent
in
tears
,
Becomes
a
living
Fountain
,
which
yet
bears
Her
name
,
and
under
a
black
Holm
that
grows
In
those
rank
Vallies
plentifully
flows
.
Sandys
CHAP.
VII
.
MERCURY
.
His
Image
and
Birth
.
P.
WHO
is
that
young
Man
,
Galen
.
ap.
Nat.
Com.
l.
5.
with
a
cheerful
Countenance
,
an
honest
Look
,
and
lively
Eyes
;
who
is
so
fair
with-out
Paint
?
having
Wings
fixed
to
his
Hat
and
his
Shooes
,
and
a
Rod
in
his
hand
,
which
is
winged
and
bound
about
by
a
couple
of
Serpents
?
M.
It
is
the
Image
of
Mercury
,
as
the
Egyptians
paint
him
;
whose
Face
is
partly
black
and
dark
,
and
partly
clear
and
bright
;
because
sometimes
he
converses
with
the
Celestial
,
and
sometimes
with
the
Infernal
Gods
.
He
wears
winged
Shooes
(
which
are
properly
called
Talaria
)
Wings
also
are
fastned
to
his
Hat
(
which
is
called
Petasus
)
because
since
he
is
the
Messenger
of
the
Gods
,
he
ought
not
only
to
run
,
but
flie
.
P.
Of
what
Parents
was
he
born
?
M.
His
Parents
were
Iupiter
and
Maia
the
Daughter
of
Atlas
:
Hesiod
.
in
Theogon
.
Horat.
1.
Carm.
Macrob.
&
Suidas
.
and
for
that
reason
perhaps
they
used
to
offer
Sacrifices
to
him
in
the
Month
of
May.
They
say
that
Iuno
suckled
awhile
in
his
Infancy
;
and
once
while
he
sucked
the
Milk
very
greedily
,
it
ran
out
of
his
Mouth
,
being
full
,
upon
the
Heavens
;
which
made
that
white
stream
,
which
they
call
Via
lactea
,
the
Milky
Way
;
and
in
Greek
,
Galaxia
;
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Milk
.
P.
What
were
,
SECT.
I.
His
Offices
and
Qualities
?
M.
HE
had
many
Offices
.
Lucian
.
dial
.
Maiae
&
Mercur.
The
first
and
chiefest
of
them
was
to
carry
the
Commands
of
Iupiter
,
whence
he
is
commonly
called
Deorum
Nuncius
,
the
Messenger
of
the
Gods
.
2.
He
swept
the
Room
where
the
Gods
supped
and
made
the
Beds
;
and
did
execute
other
the
like
mean
Employments
;
hence
he
was
styled
[
](A55340-e18630-b)†
†
Stat.
Tullian
.
2.
de
vocab
.
rerum
.
Camillus
or
Casmillus
,
that
is
,
an
inferiour
Servant
of
the
Gods
.
For
anciently
[
](A55340-e18670-b)*
*
Serv.
in
12.
Aen.
all
Boys
and
Girls
under
age
were
called
Camilli
and
,
[
](A55340-e18690-b)‖
‖
Pac●v
.
in
Medea
de
Dion
.
Halic
.
l.
2.
Macrob.
sat.
3.
Camillae
:
and
the
same
Name
was
afterwards
given
to
the
young
Men
and
Maids
,
who
[
](A55340-e18710-b)†
†
Boch
.
l.
1.
c.
12.
suae
Geog.
attended
the
Priests
at
their
Sacrifices
.
Tho
the
People
of
[
](A55340-e18720-b)*
*
Sophoc
.
in
Oedip.
Boeotia
,
instead
of
Camillus
,
say
Cadmilus
;
perhaps
from
the
Arabick
Word
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Chadam
,
to
serve
;
or
from
the
Phoenician
Word
,
Chadmel
,
Gods
Servant
,
or
Minister
sacer
.
3.
He
[
](A55340-e18820-b)‖
‖
Homer
.
Odyss.
●
.
attended
upon
dying
Persons
to
unloose
their
Souls
from
the
Chains
of
the
Body
,
and
carry
them
to
Hell
;
he
also
revived
and
placed
into
new
bodies
those
Souls
which
had
completed
their
full
time
in
the
Elysian
Fields
.
All
which
things
Virgil
does
almost
comprise
in
these
Verses
,
Aeneid
.
l.
4.
Dixerat
Ille
patris
magni
parere
parabat
Imperio
,
&
primum
pedibus
talaria
nectit
Aurea
,
quae
sublimem
alis
sive
aequora
supra
Seu
terram
rapido
pariter
cum
flamine
portant
.
Tum
virgam
capit
:
hac
animas
ille
evocat
Orco
,
Pallentes
,
alias
sub
tristia
Tartara
mittit
:
Dat
somnos
adimitque
&
lumina
morte
resignat
.
About
his
Father's
business
Hermès
goes
,
And
first
he
buckles
on
his
golden
shooes
:
With
which
being
wing'd
o'r
sea
and
land
he
flies
,
A
swift
wind
counterpoising
through
the
Skies
:
Then
takes
his
charming
Wand
,
whose
power
pale
Ghosts
Calls
up
,
or
drives
to
miserable
coasts
;
Gives
or
breaks
sleep
and
seals
up
dying
eyes
.
Og
,
His
remarkable
Qualities
were
likewise
many
.
Tertull.
l.
decoronis
.
1.
They
say
that
he
was
the
Inventor
of
Letters
:
this
is
certain
,
he
excelled
in
Eloquence
and
the
Art
of
Speaking
well
;
insomuch
that
the
Greeks
called
him
Hermes
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
from
interpreting
or
explaining
:
and
therefore
he
is
accounted
the
God
of
the
Rhetoricians
and
Orators
.
2.
He
is
reported
to
have
been
the
Inventor
of
Contracts
,
Weights
and
Measures
;
and
to
have
taught
the
Art
of
Buying
,
Selling
and
Trafficking
first
;
Festus
.
Fulgen.
and
to
have
received
the
Name
of
Mercury
from
Merces
,
or
Mercium
cura
,
his
understanding
of
Merchandize
.
Hence
he
is
accounted
the
God
of
the
Merchants
,
and
the
God
of
Gain
;
Philostr
.
in
soph
.
3.
Lucian
.
Dial.
Ap.
&
Vulc.
so
that
all
unexpected
Gain
and
Treasure
,
that
comes
of
a
sudden
,
is
from
him
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
or
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
3.
In
the
Art
of
Thieving
he
certainly
excelled
all
the
Sharpers
that
ever
were
or
will
be
;
for
he
is
the
very
Prince
and
God
of
Thieves
.
On
that
day
in
which
he
was
born
,
he
stole
away
some
Cattel
from
King
Admetus's
Herd
,
altho
Apollo
was
Keeper
of
them
;
who
complained
much
of
the
Theft
,
and
bent
his
Bow
against
him
:
but
in
the
mean
time
Mercury
stole
even
his
Arrows
from
him
.
Whilst
he
was
yet
an
Infant
,
and
entertain'd
by
Vulcan
,
he
stole
his
Tools
from
him
.
He
took
away
by
stealth
Venus's
Girdler
,
whilst
she
embraced
him
;
and
Iupiter's
Scepter
:
he
design'd
to
steal
the
Thunder
too
,
but
he
was
afraid
lest
it
should
burn
him
.
4.
He
was
mighty
skilful
in
making
Peace
;
and
for
that
reason
was
sometimes
painted
with
Chains
of
Gold
flowing
from
his
mouth
,
with
which
he
link'd
together
the
Minds
of
those
that
heard
him
.
And
he
not
only
pacifi'd
Mortal
men
,
but
also
the
immortal
Gods
of
Heaven
and
Hell
:
for
whenever
they
quarrell'd
amongst
themselves
,
he
composed
their
differences
:
as
Ovid
says
,
lib.
5.
Fast.
Pacis
&
armorum
,
superis
,
imisque
Deorum
Arbiter
,
alato
qui
pede
carpit
iter
.
Thee
Wing
foot
,
all
the
Gods
both
high
and
low
,
The
Arbiter
of
Peace
and
War
allow
.
And
Claudian
,
de
raptu
Proserp
.
Atlantis
Tegaee
Nepos
,
commune
profundis
Et
superis
Numen
,
qui
fas
per
limen
utrumque
Solus
habes
,
geminoque
facis
compendia
mundo
.
Fair
Maias
son
,
whose
pow'r
alone
dos
reach
(
beach
High
Heavens
bright
Towers
and
Hells
dusky
A●ommo●
God
to
both
dost
both
the
Worlds
appease
.
And
this
Pacificatory
Faculty
of
his
,
is
signified
by
the
Rod
that
he
holds
in
his
Hand
,
which
Apollo
heretofore
gave
him
;
for
he
had
given
Apollo
an
Harp
.
This
Rod
had
a
wonderful
faculty
of
deciding
all
Controversies
.
Hom.
in
.
hymn
.
This
Virtue
was
first
discovered
by
Mercury
;
who
seeing
two
Serpents
fighting
as
he
travelled
,
he
put
his
Rod
between
them
and
reconciled
them
presently
,
and
they
mutually
embraced
each
other
,
and
stuck
to
the
Rod
which
is
called
Caduceus
;
Lexic.
lat.
hoc
v.
and
from
hence
all
Ambassadors
sent
to
make
Peace
are
called
Cadu●eatores
:
for
as
Wars
were
denounced
by
Feciales
,
so
they
were
ended
by
Caduceatores
.
SECT.
II.
Actions
of
Mercury
.
P.
ARE
any
of
his
Actions
recorded
in
History
?
M.
Yes
,
several
:
but
such
as
in
my
Judgment
do
not
much
deserve
to
be
remembred
.
However
the
following
Account
is
most
remarkable
.
He
had
a
Son
by
his
Sister
Venus
,
called
Hermaphroditus
;
i.
e.
Mercuric-Venus
(
for
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
signifies
Mercury
,
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Venus
)
Salmac●
a
Nymph
lived
in
the
Woods
in
which
he
often
hunted
:
she
loved
this
Youth
extravagantly
,
who
was
very
beautiful
,
but
a
great
Woman
hater
.
She
often
tempted
the
young
man
,
but
was
as
often
repulsed
;
yet
she
did
not
despair
.
She
lay
in
Ambush
at
a
Fountain
,
where
he
usually
came
to
bath
,
and
when
he
was
in
the
water
,
she
also
leapt
in
to
him
:
but
neither
so
could
she
overcome
his
extraordinary
Modesty
.
Whereupon
,
it
is
said
,
she
prayed
to
the
Gods
above
that
the
Bodies
of
both
might
become
one
,
which
was
granted
.
Hermaphroditus
was
amazed
when
he
saw
this
change
of
his
Body
;
and
desired
that
,
for
his
comfort
,
some
other
Persons
might
be
like
him
.
He
obtained
his
request
;
for
whosoever
washed
himself
in
that
Fountain
(
called
Salmacis
,
in
the
Country
Caria
)
became
an
Hermaphrodite
,
and
was
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
androgynos
,
that
is
,
had
both
Sexes
,
Ovid.
Met.
l.
4.
I
was
unwilling
to
omit
the
following
Story
.
A
Herdsman
whose
name
was
Battus
saw
Mercury
stealing
Admetus's
Cows
from
Apollo
their
Keeper
.
When
Mercury
perceived
that
his
Theft
was
discovered
,
he
went
to
Battus
and
desired
that
he
would
say
nothing
,
and
gave
him
a
delicate
Cow
.
Battus
promised
;
Mercury
,
that
he
might
try
his
fidelity
,
came
in
another
shape
to
him
,
and
asked
him
about
the
Cows
;
whether
he
saw
them
,
or
knew
the
place
where
the
Thief
carried
them
.
Battus
denied
it
,
but
the
God
prest
him
hard
,
and
promised
that
he
would
give
him
both
a
Bull
and
a
Cow
,
if
he
would
discover
.
With
the
Promise
he
was
overcome
;
whereupon
Mercury
was
enraged
,
and
laying
aside
his
Disguise
,
turn'd
him
into
a
Stone
,
call'd
Index
;
as
Ovid
relates
so
prettily
in
Verse
,
that
I
cannot
but
recite
them
.
At
Battus
,
postquam
est
merces
geminata
,
sub
illis●
Montibus
,
inquit
,
erant
:
&
erant
sub
montibus
illis
.
Risit
Atlantiades
:
&
me
mihi
perfide
prodis
?
Me
mihi
prodis
,
ait
?
perjuraque
pectora
a
vertit
In
durum
silicem
,
qui
nunc
quoque
dicitur
Index
.
Battus
,
upon
the
double
proffer
,
tells
him
,
there
,
Beneath
those
hills
,
beneath
those
hills
they
were
.
Then
Hermes
laughing
loud
;
what
knave
I
say
,
Me
to
my self
,
to
my self
me
betray
?
Then
to
a
Touchstone
turn'd
his
perjur'd
breast
,
Whose
Nature
now
is
in
that
Name
exprest
.
The
Antients
used
to
set
up
Statues
called
Indices
,
where
the
Roads
crossed
each
other
;
because
with
an
Arm
and
a
Finger
held
out
,
they
indicated
the
way
to
this
or
that
place●
The
Romans
placed
Statues
in
all
Publick
places
and
Highways
:
the
Athenians
placed
them
at
their
Doors
for
their
security
,
to
drive
away
Thieves
;
and
they
called
these
Statue●
Hermae
,
from
Mercury
,
whose
Greek
Name
●
Hermes
.
Concerning
which
Hermae
,
it
is
to
be
observed
.
1.
These
Images
had
neither
Hands
no●
Feet
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Herod
.
l.
1.
and
from
hence
Mercury
was
called
Cyllenius
,
and
,
b●
Syncope
,
Cyllius
;
for
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
in
Greek
,
signifies
a
Man
without
hands
or
feet
:
and
not
from
Cyllene
,
a
Mountain
in
Arcadia
,
in
which
h●
was
educated
.
Vid.
Lil.
Gyr.
3.
The
Romans
used
to
join
the
Statues
of
Mercury
and
Minerva
together
,
Cic.
and
these
Images
they
called
Hermathenae
:
and
sacrificed
to
both
Deities
upon
one
and
the
same
Altar
.
Those
who
had
escaped
any
great
danger
always
offered
Sacrifices
to
Mercury
;
Pausan.
in
Attio
.
4
Metam
.
Callistrat
.
Homer
.
they
offered
up
a
Calf
,
and
Milk
and
Hony
,
and
especially
the
Tongues
of
the
Sacrifices
,
which
with
a
great
deal
of
Ceremony
they
cast
into
the
Fire
,
and
then
the
Sacrifice
was
finished
;
it
is
said
that
the
Megarenses
first
used
this
Ceremony
.
CHAP.
VIII
.
BACCHUS
.
His
Image
.
M.
WHY
do
you
laugh
,
Palaeophilus
?
P.
Who
can
forbear
,
when
he
sees
that
filthy
,
shameless
and
immodest
God
placed
next
to
Mercury
;
Euripid.
in
Bacch
●
with
a
Body
naked
,
red
Face
,
lascivious
Looks
,
in
an
effeminate
Posture
,
dispirited
with
Luxury
and
overcome
with
Wine
.
His
swoln
Cheeks
resemble
Bottles
;
his
great
Belly
and
fat
Breasts
,
his
distended
swelling
Paunch
,
make
me
think
that
a
Hogshead
rather
than
a
God
is
carried
in
that
Chariot
.
M.
That
is
no
wonder
,
for
it
is
Bacchus
himself
,
the
God
of
Wine
,
and
the
Captain
and
Emperour
of
Drunkards
.
He
is
crowned
with
Ivy
and
Vine
Leaves
.
Ovid.
l.
de
arte
.
He
has
a
Thyrsus
instead
of
a
Scepter
;
that
is
,
Aristoph
.
Scholiast
.
in
Plurum
.
Strab.
l.
20.
a
Javelin
with
an
Iron
Head
,
incircled
by
Ivy
or
Vine-Leaves
in
his
hand
.
He
is
carried
in
a
Chariot
,
sometimes
drawn
by
Tygers
and
Lions
,
and
sometimes
by
Lynxes
and
Panthers
.
And
like
a
King
he
is
surrounded
with
a
drunken
Band
of
Satyrs
,
of
Cobali
,
Ovid.
4.
Metam
.
&
3.
or
Demons
,
of
Lenae
,
Nymphs
that
preside
over
the
Wine-Presses
,
and
of
Naiades
and
Bacchae
;
And
Silenus
comes
last
sitting
upon
a
crooked
Ass.
P.
But
what
's
here
?
This
Bacchus
has
got
Horns
,
and
is
a
young
man
without
a
Beard
:
I
have
heard
,
the
Elienses
paint
him
like
an
old
man
with
a
Beard
.
M.
It
is
true
.
He
is
sometimes
painted
an
old
Man
,
and
sometimes
a
smooth
an
beardless
Boy
.
For
thus
Ovid
speaks
of
him
.
Met.
—
Tibi
inconsumpta
juventa
?
Tu
puer
aeternus
,
tu
formosissimus
,
alto
Conspiceris
coelo
;
Tibi
,
cum
sine
cornibus
adstas
,
Virgineum
caput
est
.
Still
dost
thou
enjoy
Unwasted
Youth
;
eternally
a
Boy
Thou'
rt
seen
in
Heaven
,
whom
all
perfections
grace
;
And
when
unhorn'd
thou
hast
a
Virgins
Face
.
And
likewise
Tibullus
,
Solis
aeterna
est
Phaebo
Bacchoque
juventa
.
Phoebus
and
Bacchus
only
have
eternal
Youth
.
Ovid
speaks
of
his
Horns
,
Accedant
capiti
cornua
,
Bacchus
eris
.
Clap
to
thy
Head
a
pair
of
Horns
and
Bacchus
thou
shalt
be
.
I
will
give
you
the
reason
of
the
Horns
,
and
of
all
the
other
things
about
the
end
of
the
Fable
.
SECT.
I.
The
Birth
of
Bacchus
.
BAcchus's
Birth
was
both
wonderful
and
ridiculous
,
if
the
Poets
may
be
heard
;
as
they
must
when
we
treat
of
Fables
.
They
tell
us
that
when
Iupiter
was
in
love
with
Semele
,
it
raised
Iuno's
jealousie
higher
than
ever
before
.
Iuno
therefore
endeavoured
to
destroy
her
;
and
in
the
shape
of
an
old
Woman
,
visited
Semele
,
wished
her
much
joy
from
her
acquaintance
with
Iupiter
,
and
advised
her
to
oblige
him
,
when
he
came
,
by
an
inviolable
Oath
,
to
grant
her
a
request
;
and
then
,
says
she
to
Semele
,
ask
him
to
come
to
you
as
he
is
wont
to
come
to
Juno
.
And
he
will
come
cloathed
in
all
his
Glory
,
and
Majesty
,
and
Honour
.
Semele
was
enflamed
hereby
,
and
when
Iupiter
came
next
,
she
desired
,
—
sine
nomine
munus
.
Cui
Deus
,
Ovid.
Met.
3.
elige
,
ait
:
nullam
patiere
repulsam
.
Quoque
magis
credas
,
Stygii
quoque
conscia
sunto
Numina
torrentis
:
Timor
,
&
Deus
ille
Deorumest
.
Laeta
malo
,
nimiumque
petens
,
perituraque
amantis
Obsequio
,
Semele
:
Qualem
Saturnia
,
dixit
,
Te
solet
amplecti
,
Veneris
cum
foedus
initis
,
Da
mihi
te
talem
.
—
A
Gift
unnam'd
:
When
thus
the
kind
consenting
God
reply'd
,
Speak
but
thy
choice
it
shall
not
be
deny'd
;
And
to
confirm
thy
Faith
,
let
Stygian
Gods
,
And
all
the
Tenants
of
Hells
dark
abodes
,
Witness
my
Promise
;
these
are
Oaths
that
bind
,
And
Gods
that
keep
even
Jove
himself
confin'd
.
Transported
with
the
sad
Decree
,
she
feels
Ev'n
mighty
Satisfaction
in
her
Ills
;
And
just
about
to
perish
by
the
Grant
And
kind
compliance
of
her
fond
Gallant
,
Says
,
Take
Joves
Vigor
as
you
use
Joves
Name
;
The
same
the
strength
and
sinewy
force
the
same
,
As
when
you
mount
the
great
Saturnias
Bed
,
And
lock'd
in
her
embrace
diffusive
Glories
shed
.
Iupiter
was
very
sorry
,
for
he
could
not
recal
his
Words
nor
annul
his
Vows
.
So
he
cloaths
himself
with
the
Terrors
of
his
Majesty
,
and
enters
into
the
House
of
Semele
.
But
—
Corpus
mortale
,
tumultus
Non
tulit
aethereos
,
donisque
jugalibus
arsit
.
Nor
could
her
mortal
body
bear
the
sight
Of
glaring
beams
and
strong
Celestial
light
;
But
scorch'd
all
o'er
,
with
Joves
embrace
expir'd
,
And
mourn'd
the
Gift
so
eagerly
desir'd
.
She
was
struck
down
and
stupified
by
the
Thunder
,
and
burnt
to
Ashes
by
the
Lightning
.
Thus
we
may
see
what
comes
from
Rashness
and
Ambition
.
But
when
you
hear
what
became
of
the
Child
it
will
make
you
laugh
.
—
Gene●ricis
ab
alvo
Eripitur
,
patrioque
tener
(
si
credere
dignum
est
)
Insuitur
femori
,
maternaque
tempora
complet
.
Th'
imperfect
Babe
that
in
the
Womb
doth
lie
Was
ta'n
by
Jove
,
and
sew'd
into
his
Thigh
,
His
Mothers
time
accomplishing
.
—
Thus
Bacchus
was
enclos'd
within
Iupiter's
Thigh
,
and
in
fulness
of
time
he
was
born
;
and
then
delivered
into
the
hands
of
Mercury
,
Nat.
com
.
l.
4.
venat
.
to
be
carried
into
Euboea
,
to
Macris
the
Daughter
of
Aristaeus
;
who
immediately
anointed
his
Lips
with
Hony
,
and
brought
him
up
with
great
care
,
Apollon.
4.
Argon
.
in
a
certain
Cave
which
had
two
Gates
.
SECT.
II.
Names
of
Bacchus
.
WE
will
first
speak
of
his
proper
Name
,
and
then
come
to
his
Titles
and
Surnames
.
Bacchus
is
derived
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Eustath
.
ap.
Lil.
or
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
ab
inaniendo
,
from
revelling
.
For
,
for
the
same
reason
the
wild
Women
,
his
Companions
,
be
called
Bacchae
,
Virg.
Aen.
4.
and
sometimes
Thyades
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
furore
:
and
Maenades
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
insanio
,
desipio
,
to
be
mad
or
foolish
.
They
were
also
called
Mimallones
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
to
imitate
,
because
they
imitated
all
Bacchus's
Actions
.
Biformis
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
because
he
was
reckoned
both
a
young
and
an
old
Man
;
Diodor.
ap.
Lil.
with
a
Beard
and
without
a
Beard
:
or
because
Wine
,
whereof
Bacchus
is
the
Emblem
,
makes
People
sometimes
chearful
and
pleasant
,
sometimes
peevish
and
morose
.
He
was
named
Brisaeus
,
either
,
(
as
some
think
)
from
the
Nymph
his
Nurse
;
Cornut
.
in
Pers.
Sat.
1.
or
from
the
use
of
Grapes
and
Hony
,
which
he
invented
;
for
Brisa
signifies
a
Bunch
of
prest
Grapes
;
or
else
from
the
Promontory
Brisa
,
in
the
Island
Lesbos
,
where
he
was
worshipped
.
Bromius
,
Ovid.
4.
Metam
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
from
the
cracking
of
Fire
,
and
noise
of
Thunder
that
was
heard
when
his
Mother
was
kild
with
the
Embrace
of
Iupiter
.
Bimater
or
Bimetor
,
Idem
.
ib.
because
he
had
two
Mothers
:
the
first
was
Semele
,
who
conceiv'd
him
in
the
Womb
;
and
the
other
the
Thigh
of
Iupiter
,
into
which
he
was
received
after
he
was
saved
from
the
Fire
.
He
is
called
by
divers
of
the
Greeks
Bugenes
,
Clem.
in
strom
.
Euseb.
l.
2.
praep.
Evang.
Diodor
.
l.
5.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
è
bove
genitus
,
and
from
thence
Tauriformis
or
Tauriceps
,
and
he
is
supposed
to
have
Horns
,
because
he
first
plough'd
with
Oxen
,
or
because
he
was
the
Son
of
Iupiter
Ammon
,
who
had
the
Head
of
a
Ram.
Daemon
bonus
,
Idem
l.
3.
Aristop.
in
Equit.
the
good
Angel
:
and
in
Feasts
,
after
the
Tables
were
removed
,
the
last
Glass
was
drank
round
to
his
Honour
.
Dithyrambus
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
à
bis
in
januam
ingrediendo
:
Diog.
Orig
.
Euseb.
which
signifies
either
that
he
was
born
twice
,
of
Semele
and
of
Iove
;
or
the
double
Gate
,
which
the
Cave
had
in
which
he
was
brought
up
;
or
perhaps
it
means
that
Drunkards
cannot
keep
Secrets
:
but
whatever
is
in
the
Heart
comes
into
the
Mouth
,
and
then
bursts
forth
,
quasi
per
geminam
portam
;
as
it
usually
said
,
that
Wine
makes
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
i.
e.
sets
both
the
doors
of
the
mouth
open
.
Dionysius
or
Dionysus
,
Phurnut
:
in
fab.
Lu●●an
.
Dial.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
(
his
Father
Iupiter
)
and
Nisa
the
Nymph
,
by
whom
he
was
nursed
as
they
say
:
or
from
the
word
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
pungo
;
because
he
prick'd
his
Father's
side
with
his
Horns
when
he
was
born
:
or
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Nonn
.
l.
9.
morbus
,
for
Iupiter
limped
when
Bacchus
was
in
his
Thigh
.
Or
from
an
Island
among
the
Cyclades
called
Dia
or
Naxos
,
which
was
dedicated
to
him
when
he
married
Ariadne
.
Or
lastly
from
the
City
of
Nisa
,
in
which
Bacchus
reign'd
.
Evobus
or
Evius
.
Eurip.
in
Bacch
.
For
in
the
War
of
the
Giants
,
when
Iupiter
did
not
see
Bacchus
,
he
thought
that
he
was
kild
,
Virg.
Aen.
7.
and
cried
out
,
Eheu
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Alas
,
Son
.
Or
because
when
he
found
that
Bacchus
had
overcome
the
Giant
,
Cornut
.
in
Pers.
by
changing
himself
into
a
Lion
,
Acron
.
in
Horat.
he
cried
out
again
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Euge
fili
.
Evan
,
Vir.
6.
aen
.
Ovid.
4.
from
the
Acclamations
of
the
Bacchantes
,
who
were
therefore
called
Evantes
Euchius
is
derived
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Metam
.
Nat
Com.
l.
5.
largiter
fundo
,
because
Bacchus
loves
Brimmers
.
Eleleus
and
Eleus
,
Ovid.
4.
Metam
.
from
the
Acclamation
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
used
to
encourage
the
Soldiers
to
fight
,
and
in
the
Celebration
of
Bacchus's
Sacrifices
,
Aeschyl
.
in
Prometh
.
call'd
Orgia
:
it
was
used
also
in
the
fight
itself
.
Iacchus
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
clamo
vociferor
.
And
it
is
used
by
Claudian
de
rapt
.
Proserp
.
l.
1.
where
he
says
,
—
laetusque
simul
procedit
Iacchus
,
Crinali
florens
hedera
:
quem
Parthica
Tigris
Velat
,
&
auratos
,
in
nodum
colligit
ungues
.
—
The
jolly
God
comes
in
,
His
Hair
with
Ivy
twin'd
,
his
Cloaths
a
Tygers
Skin
,
Whose
golden
Claws
are
clutcht
into
a
Knot
.
For
he
did
not
always
go
naked
.
He
was
sometimes
cloathed
with
the
Skin
of
a
Tygre
.
Donatus
derives
his
Name
Lenaeus
from
hence
,
Virg.
2.
Georg.
quòd
leniat
mentem
vinum
.
Ovid.
4.
Metam
.
in
2.
Georg.
But
Servius
does
with
reason
reject
that
Etymology
;
because
Lenaeus
is
a
Greek
Word
,
and
lenire
a
Latin
one
;
therefore
others
derive
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
or
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
the
Vat
or
Press
in
which
Wine
is
made
.
Liber
and
Liber
Pater
,
Vir.
7.
Ecl.
from
liberando
,
as
in
Greek
they
call
him
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Plutar.
in
probl
.
the
Deliverer
:
for
he
is
the
Symbol
of
Liberty
,
Pausan.
in
Attic.
and
is
worshipped
in
all
Cities
that
are
free
.
Ovid.
4.
Metam
.
Lyaeus
and
Lysius
,
Vir.
aen
.
4.
signifie
the
same
with
Liber
:
for
Wine
frees
the
Mind
from
Cares
;
and
those
who
have
drank
plentifully
,
speak
whatsoever
comes
into
their
minds
,
as
Ovid
says
,
Cura
fugit
multo
,
diluiturque
mero
.
The
plenteous
bowl
all
Cares
dispels
.
The
Sacrifices
of
Bacchus
were
celebrated
in
the
night
;
Phurn.
in
.
Bacch
.
wherefore
he
is
called
Nyctileus
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Ovid.
4.
Metam
.
nocte
perficio
.
Because
he
was
educated
upon
the
Mountain
Nisa
,
I●
.
ibid.
he
is
called
Nysaeus
.
He
taught
a
certain
King
of
Athens
to
dilute
his
Wine
with
Water
;
so
that
Men
,
who
through
much
drinking
staggered
before
,
by
mixing
Water
with
their
Wine
began
to
go
rectà
,
streight
;
and
from
thence
Bacchus
was
called
Rectus
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
His
Mother
Semele
and
his
Nurse
were
sometimes
called
Thyo
:
therefore
from
thence
they
called
him
Thyonaeus
.
Her.
l.
1.
Carm.
Lastly
,
He
was
called
Triumphus
,
Varr.
de
ling.
lat.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
because
when
in
Triumph
the
Conquerours
went
into
the
Capitol
,
the
Soldiers
cried
out
Io
Triumphe
.
SECT.
III.
Actions
of
Bacchus
.
BAcchus
invented
so
many
things
useful
to
Mankind
,
Diod●
l.
5.
hist.
&
Oros.
l.
2.
either
in
finishing
Controversies
,
in
building
Cities
,
Horat.
2.
Epist.
in
making
Laws
and
obtaining
Victories
,
that
he
was
declared
a
God
by
the
joint
Suffrages
of
the
whole
World
.
And
indeed
what
could
not
Bacchus
himself
do
,
when
his
Priestesses
,
by
striking
the
Earth
with
their
Thyrsus's
.
drew
forth
Rivers
of
Milk
and
Honey
,
and
Wine
,
and
wrought
several
such
Miracles
without
the
least
Labour
.
And
yet
they
received
their
whole
Power
from
Bacchus
:
Who
1.
Invented
the
use
of
Wine
;
Ovid.
3.
Fast.
and
first
taught
the
Art
of
planting
the
Trees
from
whence
it
is
made
;
as
also
the
Art
of
making
Honey
,
and
tilling
the
Earth
.
This
he
did
amongst
the
People
of
Egypt
;
who
therefore
honoured
him
as
a
God
,
Dion
.
de
situ
orb
.
and
called
him
Osiris
.
Vid.
Nat.
Com.
Let
Bacchus
have
honour
,
because
he
invented
the
Art
of
Planting
Vines
;
but
let
him
not
refuse
to
the
Ass
of
Nauplia
its
Praises
,
who
by
gnawing
Vines
taught
the
Art
of
Pruning
them
.
2.
He
invented
Commerce
and
Merchandise
,
Idem
.
ib.
and
found
out
Navigation
when
he
was
King
of
Phoenicia
.
3.
Whereas
Men
wandred
about
unsettled
like
Beasts
,
Ovid.
3.
Fast.
he
reduced
them
into
Society
and
Union
:
he
taught
them
to
worship
the
Gods
,
Eurip
l.
in
Bacch
.
Dion
.
ib.
and
was
excellent
in
Prophesying
.
4.
He
subdued
India
,
and
many
other
Nations
;
riding
on
an
Elephant
:
he
victoriously
subdued
all
Egypt
,
Syria
,
Phrygia
,
and
all
the
East
;
Idem
eod.
lib.
de
situ
orbis
.
where
he
erected
Pillars
,
as
Hercules
did
in
the
West
:
he
first
invented
Triumphs
and
Crowns
for
Kings
.
5.
Bacchus
was
desirous
to
reward
Midas
,
the
King
of
Phrygia
(
of
whose
Asses
Ears
we
spake
before
)
because
he
had
done
some
Service
to
him
;
and
bid
him
ask
what
he
would
,
and
Midas
desired
that
whatsoever
he
touchd
might
become
Gold
;
Bacchus
consented
.
Ovid
.
Met.
l.
11.
Annuit
optatis
,
nocituraque
munera
solvit
Liber
,
&
indoluit
,
quod
non
meliora
petisset
.
To
him
his
harmful
wish
Lyaeus
gives
,
And
at
the
weakness
of
's
Request
he
grieves
.
Laetus
abit
,
gaudetque
malo
,
Glad
he
departs
,
and
joys
in
's
Misery
;
So
that
whatsoever
Midas
touches
becomes
Gold
;
nay
when
he
touched
his
Meat
or
Drink
,
they
also
became
Gold
:
when
therefore
he
saw
that
he
could
not
escape
Death
by
hunger
or
thirst
,
he
then
perceived
that
he
had
foolishly
begg'd
a
destructive
Gift
,
and
repenting
his
Bargain
,
he
desired
Bacchus
to
take
his
Gift
to
himself
again
.
Bacchus
consented
,
and
bid
him
bath
in
the
River
Pactolus
:
Midas
obeyed
;
and
from
hence
the
Sand
of
that
River
became
golden
,
and
the
River
was
called
Chrysorrhoas
,
or
Aurifluus
.
6.
When
he
was
yet
a
Child
,
some
Tyrrhenian
Mariners
found
him
asleep
and
carried
him
into
a
Ship
:
wherefore
he
first
stupified
them
,
stopping
the
Ship
in
such
a
manner
,
that
it
was
unmoveable
;
afterwards
he
caused
Vines
to
spring
up
in
the
Ship
on
a
sudden
,
and
Ivy
twining
about
the
Oars
;
and
when
the
Seamen
were
almost
dead
with
the
fright
he
threw
them
headlong
into
the
Sea
and
chang'd
them
into
Dolphins
.
Ovid.
Met.
l.
3.
SECT.
IV.
The
Sacrifices
of
Bacchus
.
IN
Sacrifices
Three
things
are
to
be
considered
:
the
Creatures
that
are
offered
,
the
Priests
and
the
Sacrifices
themselves
,
which
are
celebrated
by
such
and
such
Ceremonies
-
1.
Amongst
Trees
and
Plants
,
Xenoph.
in
Sacerd.
Plutar.
in
probl
.
symp
.
Euripid
in
Bacch
.
Herodot
.
Euterpe
.
these
were
sacred
or
consecrated
to
Bacchus
,
the
Fir
,
the
Ivy
,
Bind
weed
,
the
Fig
and
the
Vine
.
Among
Animals
,
the
Dragon
and
the
Pye
,
signifying
the
Talkativeness
of
drunken
People
.
The
Goat
was
slain
in
his
Sacrifices
,
because
he
is
a
Creature
destructive
to
the
Vines
.
And
amongst
the
Egyptians
they
sacrificed
a
Swine
to
his
Honour
before
their
doors
.
-
2.
The
Priests
and
Priestesses
of
Bacchus
were
the
Satyrs
,
Vid.
Nat.
Com.
l.
5.
the
Sileni
,
the
Lenae
,
the
Naiades
,
but
especially
the
revelling
Women
called
Bacchae
,
from
Bacchus's
Name
.
-
3.
The
Sacrifices
themselves
were
various
,
and
celebrated
with
different
Ceremonies
,
according
to
the
variety
of
Places
and
Nations
.
They
were
celebrated
on
stated
days
of
the
year
,
with
the
greatest
Religion
,
or
rather
with
the
rankest
Prophaneness
and
Impiety
.
The
Phoenicians
Instituted
the
first
Sacrifices
and
called
them
.
Oscophoria
,
in
which
the
Boys
,
Pausan.
in
Attic.
carrying
Vine-leaves
in
their
hands
,
went
in
ranks
praying
,
from
the
Temple
of
Bacchus
to
the
Chappel
of
Pallas
.
The
Trieterica
were
celebrated
in
the
Winter
by
night
,
Ovid.
Fast.
&
6.
Met.
by
the
Bacchae
,
who
went
about
armed
,
making
a
great
noise
,
and
foretelling
,
as
it
was
believed
,
things
to
come
.
These
Sacrifices
were
intituled
Trieterica
,
because
Bacchus
returned
from
his
Indian
Expedition
after
three
years
.
The
Epilenaea
were
Games
celebrated
in
the
time
of
Vintage
(
after
that
the
Press
for
squeezing
Grapes
was
invented
)
they
disputed
with
one
another
,
Scholiast
.
Aristoph
.
in
treading
the
Grapes
,
who
should
soonest
press
out
most
Must
;
and
in
the
mean
time
they
sung
the
Praises
of
Bacchus
,
begging
that
the
Must
might
be
very
sweet
and
good
.
The
Canephoria
,
Demarat
.
in
certam
.
Dionys.
amongst
the
antient
Athenians
were
performed
by
Marriageable
Virgins
,
who
carried
golden
Baskets
filled
with
the
First
Fruits
of
the
Year
.
Nevertheless
some
think
that
these
Sacrifices
were
instituted
to
the
Honour
of
Diana
;
Doroth.
Sydon
.
ap.
Nat.
Com.
and
that
they
did
not
carry
Fruit
in
the
Baskets
,
but
Presents
wrought
with
their
own
hands
,
which
they
offered
to
this
Goddess
;
to
testifie
that
they
were
desirous
to
quit
their
Virginity
and
Marry
.
The
Apaturia
,
Vid
,
Nat
Com.
in
Bacch
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Feasts
amongst
the
Athenians
to
the
Honour
of
Bacchus
:
so
called
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
fallo
.
Idem
ib.
The
Ambrosia
,
observed
in
Ianuary
,
a
Month
sacred
to
Bacchus
;
for
which
reason
this
Month
was
called
Lenaeus
or
Lenaeo
,
because
the
Wine
was
brought
into
the
City
about
that
time
.
But
the
Romans
called
these
Feasts
Brumalia
,
from
Bruma
,
Cael.
Rho.
l.
18.
c.
25.
one
of
the
Names
of
Bacchus
amongst
them
:
and
they
celebrated
them
twice
a
year
in
the
Months
of
February
and
August
.
The
Ascolia
,
Tzetz
.
in
Hesiod
.
so
called
from
the
Greek
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
utris
,
a
Leathern
Bottle
;
several
of
which
were
produced
filled
with
Air
,
Menand
.
l.
de
myster.
or
as
others
say
with
Wine
.
The
Athenians
were
wont
to
leap
upon
them
with
one
foot
,
so
that
they
would
sometimes
fall
down
;
however
they
thought
they
did
a
great
Honour
to
Bacchus
hereby
;
because
they
trampled
upon
the
Skin
of
the
Goat
,
who
is
the
greatest
Enemy
to
the
Vines
.
But
amongst
the
Romans
Rewards
were
distributed
to
those
,
who
by
artificially
leaping
upon
these
Leathern
Bottles
overcame
the
rest
.
And
then
all
of
them
together
calling
aloud
upon
Bacchus
confusedly
,
and
in
Verses
unpolished
,
they
carried
his
Statue
about
their
Vineyards
in
Masquerade
,
dawbing
their
Faces
with
Barks
of
Trees
and
the
Dregs
of
Wine
.
So
returning
to
his
Altar
again
,
from
whence
they
came
,
they
presented
their
Oblations
in
Basons
to
him
,
and
burnt
them
.
And
in
the
last
place
they
hung
upon
the
highest
Trees
,
little
wooden
or
earthen
Images
of
Bacchus
,
which
they
called
Oscilla
;
from
the
smalness
of
the
Heads
,
that
out
of
them
,
as
out
of
Perspectives
,
the
God
might
look
to
the
Vines
that
they
suffer
no
injury
.
Virgil
hath
elegantly
expressed
all
this
,
where
he
says
,
Georg.
l.
2.
—
Atque
inter
pocula
laeti
,
Mollib●s
&
pratis
,
unctos
saliere
per
utres
.
Versibus
incomptis
ludunt
,
nisuque
soluto
Oraque
corticibus
sumunt
horrenda
cavatis
.
Et
te
,
Bacche
,
vocant
per
carmina
laeta
,
tibique
Oscilla
,
ex
alta
,
suspendunt
mollia
,
pinu
.
Hinc
omnis
largo
pubescit
vinea
foetu
,
&c.
They
to
soft
meads
heightned
with
wine
advance
,
And
joyfully
o'er
nointed
Bottles
dance
,
And
merry
,
at
their
slippery
sport
they
play
Some
rustick
Madrigal
or
Roundelay
,
In
vizards
of
rough
Bark
conceal
their
Face
,
And
with
glad
numbers
thee
,
great
Bacchus
,
grace
,
Hanging
soft
Pictures
on
thy
lofty
Pine
,
Then
Vineyards
swell
pregnant
with
chearful
Wine
.
Lastly
the
Bacchanalia
,
Vir.
4.
Georg.
6.
&
7.
Aen.
or
Dionysia
,
or
Orgya
,
were
the
Feasts
of
Bacchus
among
the
Romans
,
which
at
first
were
solemnized
in
February
at
mid-day
by
Women
only
;
but
afterwards
perform'd
by
Men
and
Women
together
,
and
young
Boys
and
Girls
;
who
,
in
a
word
,
left
no
sort
of
Lewdness
and
Extravagancy
uncommitted
.
For
upon
this
occasion
,
Rapes
,
Whoredoms
,
Poison
,
Murder
,
and
such
abominable
Impieties
were
promoted
,
under
a
sacrilegious
pretence
of
Religion
.
Till
the
Senate
by
an
Edict
abrogated
this
Festival
;
Liv.
l.
9.
Aug.
6.
de
Civit.
as
Diagondas
did
at
Thebes
,
says
Cicero
,
because
of
their
Lewdnesses
;
which
also
Pentheus
King
of
Thebes
attempted
,
Cic.
c.
11.
2.
de
leg
.
but
with
ill
success
;
for
the
Bacchae
barbarously
killed
him
:
whence
came
the
Story
,
that
his
Mother
and
Sisters
tore
him
in
pieces
,
fancying
that
he
was
a
Boar
:
There
is
a
Story
besides
that
Alcithoe
,
the
Daughter
of
Mineus
,
and
her
Sisters
,
Idem
.
4.
Met.
because
despising
the
Sacrifices
of
Bacchus
,
they
did
stay
at
home
and
spin
whilst
the
Orgya
were
celebrating
,
were
changed
into
Bats
.
There
is
an
idle
Story
,
that
Lycurgus
,
who
attempted
many
times
to
hinder
these
Bacchanalia
in
vain
,
cut
off
his
own
Legs
,
Ap.
Nat.
Com.
because
he
had
rooted
up
the
Vines
,
to
the
dishonour
of
Bacchus
.
SECT.
V.
The
Historical
Sense
of
the
Fable
.
Bacchus
an
Emblem
either
of
Nimrod
or
Moses
.
I
Find
two
meanings
applyed
to
this
Fable
.
Bochart
.
in
suo
Phaleg
.
For
some
say
that
Bacchus
is
the
same
with
Nimrod
:
the
reasons
of
which
Opinion
are
,
1.
The
similitude
of
the
Words
Bacchus
and
Ba●chus
;
which
signifies
the
Son
of
Chus
,
that
is
Nimrod
.
2.
They
think
the
Name
of
Nimrod
may
allude
to
the
Hebrew
word
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Namur
;
or
the
Chaldee
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Namer
,
a
Tyger
.
And
accordingly
the
Charriot
of
Bacchus
was
drawn
by
Tygres
,
Anthol.
1.
c.
38.
ep.
1.
and
himself
cloathed
with
the
Skin
of
a
Tygre
.
3.
Bacchus
is
sometimes
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
which
is
the
very
same
with
Nimrodus
.
4.
Moses
stiles
Nimrod
a
great
Hunter
,
and
we
find
that
Bacchus
is
styled
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
i.
e.
great
Hunter
.
(
this
Name
of
Bacchus
is
not
mentioned
above
,
for
I
design
not
a
nicely
complete
account
of
every
thing
)
5.
Nor
is
it
absurd
to
say
,
that
Nimrod
presided
over
the
Vines
,
since
he
was
the
first
King
of
Babylon
,
Ex
Athenaeo
.
where
was
the
most
excellent
Wines
,
as
the
Antients
often
say
.
Others
think
that
Bacchus
is
Moses
;
because
many
things
in
the
Fable
of
the
one
,
Vossius
apud
Bochart
.
in
suo
Canaan
.
seem
derived
from
the
History
of
the
other
.
For
first
,
some
feign
that
he
was
born
in
Egypt
,
and
presently
shut
up
in
an
Ark
,
and
thrown
upon
the
Waters
as
Moses
was
.
2.
The
Surname
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
or
Bimater
,
which
belongs
to
Bacchus
may
be
ascribed
to
Moses
:
who
besides
his
Mother
by
Nature
,
had
another
by
Adoption
,
King
Pharaoh's
Daughter
.
3.
They
were
both
handsom
Men
,
brought
up
in
Arabia
,
good
Soldiers
,
and
had
Women
in
their
Armies
.
4.
Orpheus
calls
Bacchus
directly
Móon
,
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
the
Legislator
;
and
further
attributes
to
him
,
Exod.
34.
29.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
the
two
Tables
of
the
Law
.
5.
Besides
Bacchus
was
called
Bicornis
:
and
accordingly
the
Face
of
Moses
appeared
double-horned
,
when
he
came
down
from
the
Mountain
,
where
he
had
spoken
to
God
;
the
Rays
of
Glory
that
darted
from
his
Brow
,
resembling
the
sprouting
out
of
Horns
.
6.
As
Snakes
were
sacrificed
,
Eurip.
in
Bacchis
.
and
a
Dog
given
to
Bacchus
as
a
Companion
,
so
Moses
had
his
Caleb
,
which
in
Hebrew
signifies
a
Dog
.
7.
And
as
the
Bacchae
brought
Water
from
a
Rock
,
by
striking
it
with
their
Thyrsus
,
and
the
Country
wherever
they
came
flow'd
with
Milk
,
Wine
,
and
Honey
;
so
the
Land
of
Can●●n
,
into
which
Moses
conducted
the
Israelites
,
not
only
flowed
with
Milk
and
Honey
,
but
with
Wine
also
:
as
appears
from
that
noble
Bunch
of
Grapes
,
which
two
Men
carried
upon
a
Staff
betwixt
them
,
(
Numb.
13.
)
8.
Bacchus
dryed
up
the
Rivers
Orontes
and
Hydaspes
,
Nonn
.
in
Dionysiac
l.
23.
&
25.
&
35.
&
45.
by
striking
them
with
his
Thyrsus
,
and
passed
through
them
,
as
Moses
passed
thro'
the
Red
Sea
.
9.
It
is
said
also
,
that
a
little
Ivy
stick
,
Apud
Eund
.
thrown
down
by
one
of
the
Bacchae
upon
the
Ground
,
crept
like
a
Dragon
,
and
twisted
itself
about
an
Oak
.
And
10.
That
the
Indians
once
were
all
covered
with
Darkness
,
whilst
those
Bacchae
enjoyed
a
perfect
Day
.
Nonnius
.
Vossius
apud
Bochart
in
Chan.
From
whence
you
may
collect
,
Iliad.
48.
that
the
antient
Inventors
of
Fables
,
have
borrowed
many
things
from
the
Holy
Scriptures
,
to
patch
up
their
Conceits
.
Thus
Homer
says
that
Bacchus
wrestled
with
Pallene
,
to
whom
he
yielded
,
like
the
Story
of
the
Angel
wrestling
with
Iacob
.
In
like
manner
Pausanias
reports
,
that
the
Greeks
at
Troy
found
an
Ark
which
was
sacred
to
Bacchus
;
which
when
Euripilus
had
opened
,
and
viewed
the
Statue
of
Bacchus
laid
therein
,
he
was
presently
struck
with
Madriess
.
For
this
is
taken
from
the
Second
Book
of
Kings
,
where
the
Bethshemites
were
destroyed
by
God
,
because
they
looked
with
too
much
curiosity
into
the
Ark
of
the
Covenant
.
Again
,
Aristoph
.
Schol.
in
Acharn
.
act
3.
sc.
1.
Bacchus
was
angry
with
the
Athenians
because
they
despised
his
Solemnities
,
and
received
them
not
with
due
respect
when
first
they
were
brought
by
Pegasus
〈◊〉
of
Boeotia
into
Attica
.
He
afflicted
them
,
〈◊〉
says
,
with
a
grievous
Disease
in
the
Secret
Parts
,
for
which
there
was
no
Cure
,
till
by
the
advice
of
the
Oracle
they
performed
the
Reverences
due
to
the
God
,
and
erected
Phallo's
that
is
,
Images
of
the
afflicted
Parts
,
to
hi●
Honour
:
whence
the
Feasts
and
Sacrifice●
called
Phallica
,
were
yearly
celebrated
among
the
Athenians
.
1.
Reg.
c.
6
Is
one
Egg
more
like
another
than
this
Fable
is
like
the
History
of
the
Philistines
?
whom
God
punished
with
the
E●rods
,
for
their
Irreverence
to
the
Ark
;
an●
when
they
consulted
the
Diviners
thereupon
,
they
were
told
that
they
could
no
ways
be
cured
unless
they
made
Golden
Images
of
Emrods
,
and
consecrated
them
to
God
.
SECT.
VI.
The
Moral
Sense
of
the
Fable
.
Bacchus
the
Symbol
of
Wine
.
WINE
,
and
its
Effects
are
understood
in
this
Fable
of
Bacchus
.
Let
us
begin
with
Bacchus's
Birth
.
When
I
imagine
Bacchus
in
Iupiters
Thigh
,
and
Iupiter
limping
therewith
,
it
brings
to
my
mind
the
I●mage
of
a
Man
that
is
burthened
and
over●come
with
Drink
;
who
not
only
halts
,
b●●reels
and
stumbles
,
and
madly
rushes
where●ever
the
force
of
the
Wine
carries
him
.
Was
Bacchus
taken
out
of
the
Body
of
his
Mother
Semele
in
the
midst
of
Thunder
and
Lightning
?
So
is
the
Wine
drawn
from
the
Butt
attended
with
Quarrels
,
and
Fighting
,
and
Noise
.
Bacchus
was
educated
by
the
Naiades
,
Nymphi
of
the
Rivers
and
Fountains
,
which
may
direct
Men
to
dilute
their
Wine
with
Water
.
But
Bacchus
is
an
eternal
Boy
.
And
do
not
the
oldest
Men
become
Children
by
too
much
Drink
?
Does
not
Excess
deprive
us
of
that
Reason
that
distinguishes
Men
from
Boys
?
Bacchus
is
naked
,
as
is
he
who
hath
lost
his
Senses
by
Drinking
.
Erasm.
in
adag
.
He
cannot
dissemble
,
he
cannot
hide
any
thing
.
In
vino
veritas
,
the
Wine
speaks
truth
;
●opens
all
the
Secrets
of
the
Mind
and
Body
too
;
witness
Noah
.
Bacchus
is
horned
,
according
to
Ovid.
Epist.
Sapph
.
Accedant
capits
cornua
,
Bacchus
eris
.
Cornuted
be
thy
Crest
and
Bacchus
thou
shalt
be
.
And
let
the
Poet
decide
whether
Bacchus
makes
fewer
horned
than
Venus
.
Cura
fugit
multo
,
diluiturque
mero
.
Ovid.
de
arte
Full
bowls
or
chase
or
else
dissolve
our
cares
.
Tuuc
veniunt
risus
,
tunc
pauper
cornua
sumit
.
Then
enters
mirth
,
and
th'
Beggar
grows
a
King
.
That
is
,
Wine
creates
a
Boldness
,
a
Forwardness
,
Porphyr
.
in
2.
car
.
and
Fierceness
even
in
poor
People
.
I
know
very
well
that
●ome
say
,
Hora●
.
Lil.
Gyr.
that
Bacchus
was
horned
,
because
formerly
the
Cups
were
Horn
;
whence
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
poculum
,
quasi
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
is
derived
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
cornu
.
He
is
crowned
with
Ivy
,
because
that
Plant
(
being
always
green
and
flourishing
,
and
as
it
were
young
)
by
its
natural
coolness
asswages
the
heat
occasioned
by
too
much
Wine
.
He
is
both
a
young
and
an
old
Man
,
because
as
a
moderate
quantity
of
Wine
increases
the
Strength
of
the
Body
,
so
excess
of
Wine
destroys
it
.
Women
only
celebrate
the
Sacrifices
of
Bacchus
;
and
of
them
only
those
who
are
enraged
,
and
entoxicated
,
and
abandon
themselves
to
all
sorts
of
Wickedness
.
Accordingly
Wine
effeminates
the
most
masculine
minds
,
and
disposes
them
to
Luxury
.
It
begets
●●ger
,
and
stirs
them
up
to
madness
;
and
therefore
Lions
and
Tyg●es
draw
the
Chariot
of
Bacchus
.
The
Men
and
Women
both
celebrate
the
Bacchanalia
in
Masques
.
It
is
well
that
they
be
ashamed
of
their
Faults
.
Their
Modesty
hath
not
quite
left
them
;
some
remains
of
it
are
yet
hid
under
those
Disguises
,
lest
they
should
be
utterly
oppressed
by
the
Impudence
of
ill
Words
and
Actions
.
And
does
not
Wine
mask
and
disguise
us
strangely
?
Does
it
not
make
Men
Beasts
;
and
turn
one
into
a
Lion
,
another
into
a
Bear
,
another
into
a
Swine
,
or
an
Ass
?
I
had
almost
forgot
to
tell
you
,
that
Bacchus
is
sometimes
merry
,
and
sometimes
sad
and
morose
.
For
indeed
what
cherishes
the
Heart
of
Man
so
much
us
Wine
?
What
more
delightfully
refreshes
the
Spirits
of
the
mind
,
than
that
natural
Nectar
,
that
divine
Medicine
,
which
when
we
have
taken
Tunc
dolor
,
Ovid.
de
Art
.
&
curae
,
rugaque
frontis
abest
.
Then
far
away
are
banisht
griefs
and
fears
,
No
thoughtful
wrinkle
in
the
face
appears
.
The
Vine
is
so
beneficial
to
this
Life
,
that
in
vite
vitam
hominis
esse
diceres
;
and
therefore
many
say
,
that
the
Happiness
of
one
consists
in
the
Enjoyment
of
the
other
.
But
do
not
consider
,
that
if
Wine
be
the
Cradle
of
Life
,
yet
it
is
the
Grave
of
the
Reason
:
for
if
Men
do
constantly
sail
in
the
Red
Sea
of
Claret
,
their
Souls
are
oftimes
drowned
therein
.
It
blinds
them
,
and
leaves
them
under
Darkness
,
especially
when
it
begins
to
draw
the
Sparkles
and
little
Stars
from
their
Eyes
.
Then
the
Body
being
drowned
in
Drink
,
the
Mind
floats
,
or
else
is
stranded
:
thus
too
great
love
of
the
Vine
is
pernicious
to
Life
;
for
from
it
come
more
Faults
than
Grapes
,
and
it
breeds
more
Mischiefs
than
Clusters
.
Would
you
see
an
instance
of
the
truth
of
what
you
read
,
observe
a
drunken
Man
:
O
Beast
!
See
how
his
Head
totters
,
his
Hams
sink
,
his
Feet
fail
,
his
Hands
tremble
,
his
Mouth
froths
,
his
Cheeks
are
flabby
,
his
Eyes
sparkle
and
water
,
his
Words
are
unintelligible
,
his
Tongue
falters
and
stops
,
his
Throat
sends
forth
a
nasty
loathsom
stench
;
but
what
do
I
do
?
It
is
not
my
Business
now
to
tell
Truths
,
but
Fables
.
CHAP.
IX
.
MARS
.
His
Image
.
P.
AS
far
as
I
see
,
we
must
tarry
in
thi●
place
all
night
.
M.
Do
not
fear
it
;
for
I
shall
not
say
so
much
of
the
other
Gods
as
I
have
said
of
Bacchus
.
And
especially
Mars
,
whose
Image
is
next
,
I
hope
will
not
keep
us
so
long
.
P.
Do
you
call
him
Mars
,
that
is
so
fierce
and
sowr
in
his
look
?
Terror
is
every
where
in
his
looks
as
well
as
in
his
d●ess
;
and
he
is
drawn
by
a
pair
of
Horses
,
in
a
Chariot
guided
by
I
know
not
what
mad
Woman
.
He
is
covered
with
Armour
,
and
brandisheth
a
Spear
in
his
Right
Hand
,
as
though
he
breathed
Fire
and
Death
,
and
threatned
every
Body
with
Ruin
and
Destruction
.
M.
It
is
Mars
himself
,
the
God
of
War●
whom
I
have
often
seen
also
on
Horseback
,
in
a
formidable
manner
,
with
a
Whip
and
a
Spear
together
.
But
that
you
may
understand
every
thing
in
that
Picture
;
observe
,
that
the
Creatures
which
draw
the
Chariot
are
not
Horses
,
but
Fear
and
Terror
,
Discord
goes
before
them
in
tatter'd
Garments
,
and
Cla●●●
and
Anger
go
behind
.
Yet
some
say
that
Fear
and
Terror
are
Servants
to
Mars
.
Hear
how
imperiously
he
commands
them
.
Claud.
in
Ruf.
Fer
galeam
Bellona
mihi
,
nexusque
rotarum
Tende
Pavor
;
fraena
rapidos
Formido
jugales
.
My
Helmet
let
Bellona
bring
,
Terror
my
traces
fit
,
And
panick
Fear
do
thou
the
rapid
Driver
sit
.
As
soon
as
they
receive
his
Orders
.
Virgil.
Aen.
l.
8.
—
Saevit
medio
in
certamine
Mavors
Caelatus
ferro
,
tristesque
ex
aethere
Dirae
:
Et
scissa
gaudens
vadit
Discordia
,
pallâ
,
Quam
,
cum
sanguineo
sequitur
Bellona
flagello
.
—
Mars
through
the
Battle
rav'd
,
Sad
Furies
hover
above
,
himself
in
steel
engrav'd
.
Glad
of
her
tatter'd
Cloaths
next
Discord
goes
,
And
fierce
Bellona
with
her
bloody
Whip
pursues
.
P.
Where
is
that
Bellona
?
Bellona
Silius
l.
4.
M.
It
is
Bellona
who
drives
the
Chariot
.
The
Goddess
of
War
,
Stat.
7.
Theb.
the
Companion
of
Mars
;
or
as
others
say
,
his
Sister
,
or
Wife
,
or
both
.
She
prepares
for
him
his
Chariot
and
Horses
when
he
goes
to
fight
.
It
is
plain
that
she
is
called
Bellona
,
from
Bellum
.
She
is
otherwise
called
Duellona
from
Duellum
,
or
from
the
Greek
word
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
a
Needle
,
whereof
she
is
said
to
be
the
Inventress
.
Her
Priests
,
the
Bellona●ii
,
sacrificed
to
her
in
their
own
Blood
:
Sectisque
humeris
,
says
Lactantius
,
&
utraque
manu
districtos
gladios
exerentes
,
L.
1.
c.
1●
.
currunt
offeruntur
,
insaniunt
.
Cutting
their
Shoulders
,
and
holding
out
drawn
Swords
in
both
their
hands
,
they
run
and
are
transported
and
mad
;
Juvenal
.
Sat.
4.
&
Lucan
.
l.
1.
x.
Eutrop.
and
People
thought
,
that
,
after
the
Sacrifice
was
ended
,
they
were
able
to
foretel
future
Events
.
Claudian
introduces
Bellona
combing
Snakes
.
Sil.
l.
5.
Another
describes
her
thus
.
Ipsa
facem
quatiens
,
&
flavam
sanguine
multo
Sparsa
comam
,
medias
acies
Bellona
pererrat
.
Stridit
tartareae
nigro
sub
pectore
Divae
Lethiferum
murmur
.
Her
torch
Bellona
waving
through
the
Air
,
Sprinkles
with
clotted
gore
her
flaming
Hair
,
And
through
both
Armies
up
and
down
does
fly
,
Whilst
from
her
horrid
breast
Tisiphone
A
deadly
murmur
se●ds
.
Before
the
Temple
of
this
Goddess
there
stood
a
Pillar
called
Bellica
,
Alex.
ab
Alex.
l.
3.
c.
12●
over
which
the
Herald
threw
a
Spear
,
when
he
proclaimed
War
.
SECT.
I.
His
Descent
.
MARS
is
said
to
be
the
Son
of
Iupiter
and
Iuno
;
Homer
.
Iliad.
5.
tho
according
to
Ovid's
Story
,
Hesiod
.
in
Theog
.
he
is
the
Child
of
Iuno
only
.
For
says
he
,
when
Iuno
did
admire
how
it
was
possible
that
her
Husband
Iupiter
had
conceived
Minerva
,
and
begot
her
himself
,
without
the
concurrence
of
a
Mother
.
(
as
we
shall
see
in
the
Account
of
Minerva
)
When
her
amasement
ceased
;
she
being
desirous
of
performing
the
like
,
went
to
Oceanus
to
ask
his
Advice
;
whether
she
could
have
a
Child
without
her
Husbands
concurrence
:
she
was
tired
in
her
Journey
,
and
sat
down
at
the
Door
of
the
Goddess
Flora
;
who
understanding
the
Occasion
of
her
Journey
,
desired
her
to
be
of
good
Heart
,
for
she
had
in
her
Garden
a
Flower
,
and
if
she
did
only
touch
it
with
the
tips
of
her
fingers
,
the
smell
of
it
would
make
her
conceive
a
Son
presently
.
So
Iuno
was
carried
into
the
Garden
,
the
Flower
shown
her
,
she
touched
it
,
and
conceived
Mars
;
who
afterwards
took
to
Wife
Ner●o
,
Vid.
Cerd
.
8.
Virg.
or
Nerione
;
(
which
Word
in
the
Sabine
Language
signifies
Virtus
and
Robur
;
)
and
from
her
the
Claudian
Family
formerly
derived
the
Name
of
Nero.
SECT.
II.
Names
of
Mars
.
HE
is
called
Mars
,
quod
maribus
in
bello
praesit
;
Varro
de
l.
lat.
because
he
presides
over
the
Men
in
War
:
as
likewise
Mavors
by
the
Poets
,
quod
magna
vertat
,
because
he
manages
great
things
.
He
is
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
in
Greek
;
Cic.
5.
de
nat.
either
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
tollere
;
Or
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
interficere
:
O
says
Suidas
,
from
a
not
,
Phurnut
.
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
to
speak
:
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
because
in
War
deeds
not
words
are
necessary
.
Pausan.
in
Attic.
But
from
whatsoever
words
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
is
derived
,
it
is
certain
those
famous
Names
Areopagus
and
Areopagita
,
are
derived
from
it
.
The
Areopagus
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
(
that
is
,
the
Hill
or
Mount
of
Mars
)
was
a
place
at
Athens
,
in
which
,
when
Mars
was
accused
of
Murther
and
Incest
,
as
tho
he
had
kild
Halirothius
,
Neptunes
Son
,
and
debauch'd
his
Daughter
Alcippa
:
he
was
forced
to
defend
himself
in
a
Tryal
before
Twelve
Gods
,
and
was
acquitted
by
Six
Voices
:
from
which
time
that
place
became
a
Court
wherein
were
tryed
Capital
Causes
,
and
the
things
belonging
to
Religion
.
The
Areopagitae
were
the
Judges
,
Budae
in
pandect.
l.
ult.
de
.
len
.
whose
Integrity
and
good
Credit
was
so
great
,
that
no
Person
could
be
admitted
into
their
Society
,
unless
when
he
deliver'd
in
publick
an
Account
of
all
his
Life
past
,
he
was
found
in
every
part
thereof
blameless
.
And
that
the
Lawyers
,
who
pleaded
,
might
not
blind
the
Eyes
of
the
Judges
by
the
Charms
of
Eloquence
,
they
were
obliged
to
plead
their
Causes
without
any
Ornament
of
Speech
;
if
they
did
otherwise
,
they
were
immediately
commanded
to
be
silent
.
And
lest
they
should
be
moved
to
Compassion
by
seeing
the
miserable
Condition
of
the
Prisoners
,
they
gave
Sentence
in
the
dark
,
without
Lights
;
not
by
Words
,
Cic.
ad
Attic.
l.
1.
,
but
in
a
Paper
:
whence
arose
the
Proverb
of
Areopagita
taciturnior
,
one
that
speaks
little
or
nothing
.
His
Name
Gradivus
comes
à
gradiendo
,
from
marching
;
or
from
brandishing
the
Spear
,
which
in
Greek
is
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
He
is
called
Quirinus
,
Serv.
in
1.
Aen.
from
Curis
or
Quiris
,
signifying
a
Spear
:
whence
comes
Securis
,
quasi
Semicuris
,
a
piece
of
a
Spear
.
And
this
Name
was
afterward
attributed
to
Romulus
,
because
he
was
esteemed
the
Son
of
Mars
;
from
whom
the
Romans
were
called
Quirites
.
Gravidus
is
the
Name
of
Mars
when
he
rages
;
Ser.
1.
27.
and
Quirinus
,
when
he
is
quiet
.
And
accordingly
there
were
two
Temples
at
Rome
dedicated
to
him
;
Serv.
ib.
one
within
the
City
which
was
dedicated
to
Mars
Quirinus
,
the
Keeper
of
the
Cities
Peace
;
the
other
without
the
City
,
near
the
Gate
,
to
Mars
Gradivus
,
the
Warriour
,
and
the
Defender
of
the
City
against
all
outward
Enemies
.
The
antient
Latins
applyed
to
him
the
Title
of
Salisubsulus
,
Pacuv
.
ap.
Nonn
.
or
Dancer
,
from
salio
,
because
his
Temper
is
very
inconstant
and
uncertain
,
inclining
sometimes
to
this
side
,
and
sometimes
to
that
in
Wars
:
whence
we
say
,
Cic.
l.
6.
ep.
4.
Martem
belli
communem
esse
,
that
the
issue
of
Battels
is
uncertain
,
and
the
Chance
dubious
.
But
we
must
not
think
that
Mars
is
the
only
God
of
War
;
Serv.
in
.
11.
Aen.
for
Bellona
,
Victoria
,
Sol
,
Luna
and
Pluto
,
use
to
be
reckoned
in
the
number
of
Martial
Deities
.
It
was
usual
with
the
Lacedemonians
to
shackle
the
Feet
of
the
Image
of
Mars
,
that
he
should
not
fly
from
them
:
and
amongst
the
Romans
,
the
Priests
,
Salii
,
were
instituted
to
look
after
the
Sacrifices
of
Mars
,
and
go
about
the
City
dancing
with
their
Shields
.
He
was
called
Enyalius
,
Vid.
Lit.
Gyr.
from
Enyo
,
id
est
,
Bellona
,
and
by
other
the
like
Names
;
but
it
is
not
worth
my
time
to
insist
upon
them
longer
.
SECT.
III.
Actions
of
Mars
.
IT
is
strange
that
the
Poets
relate
only
one
Action
of
this
terrible
God
,
which
deserved
to
be
concealed
in
darkness
,
if
the
light
of
the
Sun
had
not
discovered
it
;
and
if
a
good
Kernel
was
not
contained
in
a
bad
Shell
Every
body
knows
the
Story
of
Mars
and
Venus's
Adultery
;
In
Pelopida
.
(
from
whence
Hermione
,
a
Tutelar
Deity
,
according
to
Plutarch
,
was
born
)
thus
Ovid
says
,
Fabula
narratur
,
toto
notissima
coelo
,
Mulciberis
,
capti
Marsque
Venusque
dolis
.
The
Tale
is
told
thro
Heav'n
far
and
wide
,
How
Mars
and
Venus
were
by
Vulcan
ty'd
.
When
Sol
discovered
them
both
,
he
told
it
to
Vulcan
,
Venus's
Husband
:
who
thereupon
made
a
Net
of
Iron
,
whose
links
were
so
small
and
slender
,
that
it
was
invisible
;
and
spread
it
over
the
Bed
of
Venus
.
By
and
by
the
Lovers
return
to
their
Sport
;
and
were
caught
in
the
Net
.
Vulcan
calls
all
the
Gods
together
to
the
Shew
,
Vir.
2.
Aen.
who
jeered
them
extremely
.
After
they
had
long
been
exposed
to
the
Jests
and
the
Hisses
of
the
Company
,
Vulcan
,
at
the
request
of
Neptune
,
unlooses
their
Chains
,
and
gives
them
their
Liberty
.
But
Alectryon
,
Mars's
Favourite
,
suffered
the
Punishment
that
his
Crime
deserved
;
because
when
he
was
appointed
to
watch
he
fell
asleep
,
and
so
gave
Sol
an
opportunity
to
slip
into
the
Chamber
.
Therefore
Mars
changed
him
into
a
Cock
,
a
Bird
of
his
own
Name
,
in
Greek
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Which
to
this
day
is
so
mindful
of
his
old
Fault
,
that
he
constantly
gives
notice
of
the
Approach
of
the
Sun
by
his
Crowing
.
SECT.
IV.
The
Signification
of
the
foregoing
Fable
.
LET
us
explain
this
Fable
.
Indeed
when
a
Venus
is
married
to
a
Vulcan
,
that
is
,
a
very
handsom
Lady
to
a
very
ugly
Man
,
it
is
a
great
occasion
of
Adultery
.
But
neither
can
that
Dishonesty
,
nor
any
other
,
escape
the
knowledge
of
the
Sun
of
Righteousness
,
although
it
be
done
in
the
obscurest
Darkness
;
though
it
be
with
the
utmost
care
guarded
by
the
trustiest
Pimps
in
the
World
;
tho
they
be
committed
in
the
privatest
Retirement
and
concealed
with
the
greatest
a●●
,
they
will
all
at
one
time
be
exposed
to
both
the
Infernal
and
Celestial
Regions
,
in
the
brightest
Light
:
when
the
Offenders
shall
be
set
in
the
midst
,
bound
by
the
Chains
of
their
Consciences
by
that
faln
Vulcan
,
who
is
the
Instrument
of
the
Terrors
of
the
true
.
Iupiter
;
and
then
they
shall
hear
and
suffer
the
Sentence
that
was
formerly
threatned
to
David
in
this
Life
,
Thou
didst
this
thing
secretly
,
but
I
will
raise
up
evil
against
thee
,
in
the
sight
of
all
Israel
,
and
before
the
Sun
:
2
Sam.
12.
12.
But
let
us
return
again
to
Mars
,
or
rather
to
the
Son
of
Mars
,
Tereus
;
who
learnt
Wickedness
from
his
Fathers
Example
,
as
a
bad
Father
makes
a
bad
Child
,
says
the
Proverb
.
SECT.
V.
The
Story
of
Tereus
the
Son
of
Mars
.
TEreus
was
the
Son
of
Mars
,
Ovid.
1.
Metam
.
begotten
of
the
Nymph
Bistonis
.
He
married
Progne
the
Daughter
of
Pandion
,
King
of
Athens
,
when
he
himself
was
King
of
Thrace
.
This
Progne
had
a
Sister
called
Philomela
,
a
Virgin
:
in
Modesty
and
Beauty
inferior
to
none
.
She
lived
with
her
Father
at
Athens
.
Progne
being
desirous
to
see
her
Sister
,
asked
Tereus
to
fetch
Philomela
to
her
;
he
comply'd
,
and
went
to
Athens
and
brought
Philomela
with
her
Fathers
leave
to
Progne
.
Upon
this
Occasion
,
Tereus
falls
in
love
with
Philomela
to
distraction
;
and
as
they
travell'd
together
,
because
she
refused
him
,
he
overpower'd
her
,
and
cut
out
her
Tongue
,
and
threw
her
into
a
Goal
.
And
returning
afterwards
to
his
Wife
,
pretended
with
the
greatest
Assurance
,
that
Philomela
died
in
her
Journey
;
and
that
his
Story
might
appear
true
,
he
shed
many
Tears
,
and
put
on
Mourning
.
But
Philomela
,
though
she
was
dumb
,
found
out
a
way
to
tell
her
Sister
the
villany
of
Tereus
.
—
Grande
doloris
Ingenium
est
,
miserisque
venit
solertia
rebus
.
Desire
of
Vengeance
makes
th'
Invention
quick
,
When
miserable
,
help
with
craft
we
seek
.
She
describes
the
Story
of
the
Violences
which
she
had
received
from
Tereus
,
as
well
as
she
could
,
in
Embroidery
,
and
sends
the
Work
folded
up
to
her
Sister
;
who
no
sooner
view'd
it
but
she
boiled
with
rage
.
Et
(
mirum
potuisse
)
silet
;
dolor
ora
repressit
,
Varbaque
quaerenti
satis
indignantia
linguae
Defuerant
,
nec
flere
vacat
,
sed
fasque
nefasque
Confusura
ruit
,
poenaeque
in
imagine
tota
est
.
She
held
her
peace
,
't
was
strange
,
grief
struck
her
mute
.
No
language
could
with
such
a
passion
sute
:
Nor
had
she
time
to
weep
.
Right
,
wrong
were
mix'd
In
her
fell
thoughts
,
her
soul
on
vengeance
fix'd
.
Then
she
hastned
to
her
Sister
,
and
brought
her
home
without
Tereus's
knowledge
.
Whilst
she
meditated
revenge
,
her
young
Son
Itys
came
and
embraced
his
Mother
:
but
she
carried
him
aside
into
the
remote
parts
of
the
House
,
Et
mater
,
mater
,
clamantem
&
colla
petentem
,
Ense
ferit
:
—
He
Mother
,
Mother
,
cries
,
And
on
her
clings
,
whilst
by
her
Sword
he
dyes
.
When
she
had
kild
him
,
she
cut
him
into
pieces
,
and
dressed
the
Flesh
,
and
gave
it
Tereus
for
Supper
.
Vescitur
,
inque
suam
sua
viscera
congerit
alvum
.
—
does
eat
,
And
his
own
Flesh
and
Blood
does
make
his
meat
.
And
when
Tereus
sent
for
his
Son
Itys
,
says
Progne
,
Intus
habes
,
quod
poscis
,
ait
.
Circumspicit
ill●
Atque
ubi
sit
,
quaerit
:
quaerenti
,
iterumque
vocanti
,
Prosiluit
,
Ityosque
caput
Philomela
cruentum
Misit
in
ora
patris
.
Thou
hast
,
said
she
,
within
thee
thy
desire
.
He
looks
about
,
asks
where
.
And
while
again
He
asks
and
calls
,
all
bloody
with
the
slain
Forth
like
a
Fury
Philomela
flew
,
And
at
his
Face
the
Head
of
Itys
threw
.
Tereus
incensed
with
rage
,
rush'd
on
them
both
with
his
drawn
Sword
;
but
they
flew
away
,
and
Fear
added
Wings
to
their
flight
;
so
that
Progne
became
a
Swallow
,
and
Philomela
a
Nightingale
.
Fury
gave
Wings
to
Tereus
himself
:
he
was
changed
into
a
Hoopo●
,
(
Upupa
)
which
is
one
of
the
filthiest
of
all
Birds
.
The
Gods
out
of
Pity
changed
Itys
into
a
Pheasant
.
SECT.
VI.
The
Sacrifices
of
Mars
.
TO
Mars
were
Sacrificed
the
Wolf
for
his
Fierceness
;
Virg.
Aen.
9.
the
Horse
for
his
usefulness
in
War
;
the
Woodpecker
and
the
Vultu●
,
for
their
Ravenousness
;
the
Cock
for
his
Vigilance
,
which
Virtue
Soldiers
ought
chiefly
to
have
.
And
Grass
;
because
it
grows
in
Towns
that
the
War
leaves
without
an
Inhabitant
;
and
is
thought
to
come
up
the
thicker
in
such
places
as
have
been
irrigated
with
human
Blood
.
Amongst
the
most
ancient
Rites
belonging
to
Mars
,
I
do
not
know
a
more
memorable
one
than
the
following
.
Qui
Belli
alicujus
susceperit
curam
(
says
Servius
)
Sacrarium
Martis
ingressus
,
primò
Ancilia
commovebat
post
hastam
simulacri
ipsius
;
dicens
,
Mars
,
Vigila
.
Whoever
had
undertook
the
Business
of
any
War
,
he
went
into
the
Vestry
of
the
Temple
of
Mars
;
and
first
stirred
the
Ancilia
,
(
which
were
a
sort
of
holy
Shields
)
afterwards
the
Spear
of
the
Image
of
Mars
it self
;
and
said
,
Mars
,
Watch.
CHAP.
X.
The
Celestial
Goddesses
.
JUNO
.
M.
YOU
have
viewed
the
Five
Celestial
Gods
;
now
look
upon
the
Celestial
Goddesses
that
follow
them
there
in
order
.
●irst
observe
Iuno
carried
in
a
Golden
Cha●iot
,
Ovid.
2.
Metam
.
Ap●lei
.
l.
10.
which
is
drawn
by
Peacocks
;
She
is
●dorned
with
a
Crown
beset
with
Roses
and
●ilies
;
nor
is
her
Scepter
less
beautiful
.
For
●he
is
the
Queen
of
the
Gods
.
—
Iovisque
Et
soror
&
conjux
:
Vir.
1.
Aen.
Apollon.
1
Argon
.
●he
Sister
and
Wife
too
of
Jupiter
,
and
the
Daugh●er
of
Saturn
by
Ops.
She
was
born
in
the
Island
●amos
;
where
she
lived
till
she
was
Married
.
P.
Really
she
seems
very
august
.
How
●right
,
how
majestical
,
how
charming
is
that
●ace
,
how
comely
are
her
Shapes
?
How
well
●oes
a
Scepter
become
those
Hands
,
and
a
Crown
that
Head
?
How
tempting
and
ra●ishing
are
the
Beauty
of
her
Smile
,
and
the
Gracefulness
of
her
Breasts
?
Her
Presence
is
generous
and
fine
.
Her
Dress
the
same
.
She
is
full
of
Majesty
,
and
worthy
of
Admiration
.
But
what
pretty
Damsel
is
that
which
stands
near
her
,
as
if
she
were
her
Servant
.
M.
It
is
Iris
,
IRIS
:
the
Daughter
of
Thaumas
and
Electra
,
and
Sister
to
the
Harpyae
.
She
is
Iuno's
Messenger
,
Virg.
9.
Aen.
as
Mercury
is
Iupiter's
:
tho
Iupiter
and
the
other
Gods
,
the
Furies
,
nay
sometimes
Men
have
sent
her
on
a
Message
.
Nonn
.
20.
Because
of
her
swiftness
she
is
painted
with
Wings
,
Ibid.
31.
riding
upon
her
Rainbow
:
Homer
.
as
Ovid
says
.
Iliad.
23.
2.
Metam
.
Effugit
,
&
remeat
per
quos
,
modò
venerat
,
arcus
.
By
the
same
Bow
she
went
she
soon
returns
.
It
is
her
Office
besides
to
unloose
the
Souls
of
Women
from
the
Chains
of
the
Body
,
as
Mercury
unlooses
the
Mens
.
We
have
an
example
of
this
in
Dido
,
who
laid
violent
Hands
on
her self
;
for
when
she
was
almost
dead
.
Tum
Iuno
omnipotens
longum
miserata
dolorem
Difficilesque
obitus
,
Vir.
4
Aen.
Irim
demisit
Olympo
,
Quae
luctantem
animam
,
nexosque
resolveretartus
.
Ergo
Iris
croceis
per
coelum
roscida
pennis
,
Mille
trahens
varios
adverso
sole
colores
,
Devolat
,
&
supra
caput
astitit
.
Hunc
ego
Diti
Sacrum
jussa
fero
,
teque
isto
corpore
solvo
:
Sic
ait
,
&
dextrâ
crinem
secat
,
omnis
&
unâ
Dilapsus
calor
,
atque
in
ventos
vita
recessis
.
But
Juno
,
who
her
Misery
bemoan'd
,
And
lingring
Death
,
sent
Iris
from
the
Pole
,
To
loose
Lifes
Bonds
,
and
free
her
strugling
Soul●
Since
neither
Death
deserv'd
,
nor
Doom
of
Fates
,
But
sudden
rage
her
Time
anticipates
;
Nor
Proserpine
her
Golden
Hair
did
take
,
Dooming
her
Head
down
to
the
Stygian
Lake
.
From
Heaven
then
dewy
Rose
wing'd
Iris
flew
,
And
with
Sun-Beams
a
thousand
Colors
drew
:
When
hovering
near
,
I
bear
this
second
Charge
To
Pluto's
Court
,
and
thee
from
Flesh
inlarge
.
With
her
Right
Hand
,
thus
saying
she
cuts
her
Hair
,
And
vital
Breath
mix'd
with
Aetherial
Air.
But
herein
Iris
differs
from
Mercury
;
Hesiod
in
Theog
for
whereas
he
is
sent
both
from
Heaven
and
from
Hell
,
she
is
sent
from
Heaven
only
.
He
oftentimes
was
employed
in
Messages
of
Peace
,
whence
he
was
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
the
Peace-maker
:
Vid.
Cer.
in
4.
Aen.
But
Iris
always
was
sent
to
promote
Strife
and
Dissention
:
so
that
Servius
says
,
she
was
called
Iris
,
quasi
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
i.
e.
Contention
,
the
Goddess
of
Discord
:
tho
others
rather
think
that
she
is
called
so
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
to
speak
.
SECT.
I.
The
Children
of
JUNO
.
Her
Disposition
.
P.
WHAT
Children
had
Iuno
by
Iupiter
?
M.
Vulcan
,
Mars
,
and
Hebe
.
Altho
some
write
that
Hebe
was
the
Child
of
Iuno
alone
,
HEBE●
Pausan
in
Corint
.
in
this
manner
;
Before
Iuno
had
any
Children
:
she
eat
some
wild
Lettices
,
set
before
her
at
a
Feast
in
Iupiters
House
,
being
on
suddain
Bigbellyed
she
brought
forth
Hebe
:
who
for
her
extraordinary
Beauty
was
by
Iupiter
made
Goddess
of
Youth
:
and
had
the
office
of
Cupbearer
to
Iupiter
given
her
.
But
when
by
an
unlucky
unhappy
fall
she
made
all
the
Guests
laugh
:
Iupiter
was
enraged
,
and
turned
her
out
from
her
Office
,
and
put
Ganimede
in
her
stead
.
P.
Which
was
Iuno's
most
notorious
fault
.
M.
Iealousie
:
I
will
give
one
or
two
of
the
many
instances
of
it
.
Iupiter
loved
Iö
the
Daughter
of
Inachus
:
and
enjoy'd
her
.
When
Iuno
observed
Iupiter
to
be
absent
from
Heaven
,
she
justly
suspected
that
the
pursuit
of
his
Amours
was
the
cause
of
his
absence
.
Therefore
she
immediately
flew
down
to
the
Earth
after
him
,
and
luckily
found
the
very
place
where
Iupiter
and
Iö
entertain'd
themselves
in
private
.
As
soon
as
Iupiter
perceived
her
coming
,
fearing
a
Chiding
:
he
turned
the
young
Lady
into
a
white
Cow
.
Iuno
seeing
the
Cow
,
asked
,
whose
she
was
,
and
from
what
Bull
she
came
.
Says
Iupiter
,
she
was
born
of
a
sudden
out
of
the
Earth
.
The
cunning
Goddess
suspecting
the
Matter
,
desired
the
Cow
,
which
Iupiter
could
not
refuse
,
lest
he
should
encrease
her
Suspition
.
So
Iuno
taking
the
Cow
.
—
Servandum
tradidit
Argo
Centum
luminibus
cinctum
caput
Argos
habebat
,
Ovid.
1.
Metam
.
Inde
suis
vicibus
,
capiebant
bina
quietem
:
Caetera
servabat
,
atque
in
statione
manebant
.
Constiterat
quocunque
laco
,
spectabat
ab
Iö
,
Ante
oculos
Iö
,
quamvis
aversus
,
habebat
.
—
The
Goddess
then
to
Argus
streight
convey'd
Her
gift
,
and
him
the
watchful
Keeper
made
.
Argus's
Head
an
hundred
eyes
possest
,
And
only
two
at
once
declined
to
rest
:
The
others
watch'd
and
in
a
constant
round
,
Refreshment
in
alternate
courses
found
.
Where'r
he
turn'd
he
always
Iö
viewd
'
,
Iö
he
saw
tho
she
behind
him
stood
.
Besides
her
troublesom
confinement
;
she
was
forced
to
eat
insipid
Leaves
and
bitter
Herbs
:
Which
hardship
Iupiter
could
not
endure
to
see
.
Wherefore
he
sent
Mercury
to
Argus
,
to
set
Iö
free
.
Mercury
under
the
disguise
of
a
Shepherd
came
to
Argus
,
and
with
the
Musick
of
his
Pipe
lulled
him
asleep
:
and
then
cut
off
his
Head
.
—
Centumque
oculos
nox
occupat
una
,
Excipit
hos
,
volucrisque
suae
Saturnia
pennis
Collocat
,
&
gemina
caudam
stellantibus
implet
.
There
Argus
lies
;
and
all
that
wondrous
Light
Which
gave
his
hundred
Eyes
their
useful
sight
Lies
buried
now
in
one
Eternal
Night
.
But
Juno
that
she
might
his
Eyes
retain
.
Soon
fix'd
them
in
her
gaudy
Peacocks
Train
.
For
Iuno
hereupon
turned
Argus
into
a
Peacock
,
and
scattered
his
hundred
Eyes
about
the
Tail
of
that
Bird.
And
she
committed
Iö
to
the
Furies
to
be
tormented
.
And
being
driven
into
Aegypt
she
prayed
to
Iupiter
to
be
restored
to
her
pristin
Form
,
and
her
Request
granted
,
she
thenceforth
took
the
Name
of
Isis
,
the
Goddess
of
the
Aegyptians
,
and
was
worshipped
with
Divine
Honour
.
Iuno
gave
another
clear
mark
of
her
Jealousie
.
Doroth.
in
.
2.
nar
.
fabul
.
For
when
her
Anger
against
Iupiter
was
so
violent
,
that
nothing
could
pacifie
her
;
King
Cithaeron
advised
Iupiter
to
pretend
that
he
was
about
to
take
another
Wife
.
Plutarch
.
in
Arist.
The
Contrivance
pleased
him
,
wherefore
he
takes
an
Oaken
Image
dressed
very
fine
,
and
puts
it
into
a
Chariot
:
and
declares
publickly
,
that
he
was
about
to
marry
Plataea
the
Daughter
of
Aesopus
.
The
Report
spread
,
and
came
to
Iuno's
Ears
:
who
immediately
running
thither
,
fell
furiously
upon
the
Image
,
and
tore
all
the
Cloaths
,
till
she
discovered
the
Jest
:
and
laughing
very
much
,
she
was
reconciled
to
her
Husband
:
and
from
the
King
Cithaeron
,
the
Adviser
of
the
Artifice
,
she
was
afterwards
called
Citheronia
.
The
rest
of
the
most
considerable
of
her
Names
,
follow
:
SECT.
II.
Names
of
JUNO
.
ANthia
,
In
Corin.
i.
e.
Florida
,
Flowry
,
Pausanias
mentions
her
Temple
.
Argiva
from
the
People
Argivi
,
amongst
whom
the
Sacrifices
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
were
celebrated
to
her
Honor
;
in
which
an
Hecatomb
,
that
is
,
an
Hundred
Oxen
were
sacrificed
to
her
;
They
made
her
Image
of
Gold
and
Ivory
;
holding
a
Pomegranate
in
one
Hand
,
Doroth.
lib.
2.
Met.
&
Paus.
and
a
Scepter
in
the
other
:
upon
the
top
of
which
stood
a
Cuckow
;
because
Iupiter
changed
himself
into
that
Bird
,
when
he
loved
her
.
Bunaea
,
Paus.
in
Corinth
.
from
Buno
the
Son
of
Mercury
,
who
built
a
Temple
to
this
Goddess
at
Corinth
.
Calendaris
(
from
the
old
Word
Calo
,
Macrob
in
Sat.
to
call
,
)
for
she
was
called
upon
by
the
Priests
upon
the
first
days
of
every
Month
:
which
Days
are
thence
called
Calendae
.
Caprotina
.
Plutarch
.
&
Ovid.
de
arte
.
Her
Festival
was
observed
by
Maid-servants
,
upon
the
Nones
of
Iuly
,
which
on
the
same
day
with
several
Free
Women
,
Var.
de
ling.
lat.
sacrificed
to
Iuno
under
a
Wild
Fig-tree
(
Caprificus
)
in
memory
of
that
extraordinary
Virtue
,
which
guided
the
Maid-Servants
of
Rome
to
those
Counsels
,
which
did
preserve
the
Honour
of
the
Roman
Name
.
For
after
the
City
was
taken
and
the
Gallick
tumults
quieted
;
the
Borderers
having
an
oportunity
almost
to
oppress
the
Romans
who
had
already
suffered
so
much
.
They
sent
an
Herald
to
tell
the
Romans
,
that
if
they
desired
to
save
the
remainder
of
their
City
from
Ruin
,
they
must
send
all
their
Wives
and
Daughters
.
The
Senate
being
strangely
distracted
hereat
:
a
Maid-servant
,
whose
name
was
Philotis
or
Iutela
,
telling
her
design
to
the
Senate
;
took
with
her
several
other
Maid-servants
,
dressed
them
like
Mistresses
of
Families
and
like
Virgins
,
and
went
with
them
to
the
Enemy
.
Livy
the
Dictator
dispersed
them
about
the
Camp
;
and
they
incited
the
Men
to
Drink
much
,
because
they
said
that
was
a
Festival
day
:
The
Wine
made
the
Souldiers
Sleep
soundly
:
whereupon
a
Sign
being
given
from
a
Wild
Fig-Tree
;
the
Romans
came
and
slew
all
the
Souldiers
.
The
Romans
were
not
forgetful
of
this
great
Service
,
for
they
made
all
these
Maid-servants
Free●
and
gave
them
Portions
out
of
the
Publick
Treasury
:
they
ordered
that
the
Day
should
be
called
Nonae
Caprotinae
,
from
that
Wild
Fig-Tree
from
whence
they
had
the
sign
:
and
they
ordered
an
anniversary
Sacrifice
,
to
Iuno
Caprotina
,
to
be
celebrated
under
a
Wild
Fig-Tree
,
the
Juice
of
which
was
mix'd
with
the
Sacrifices
in
memory
of
this
Action
.
Curis
or
Curitis
,
Fest.
from
her
Spear
,
called
Curis
in
the
Language
of
the
old
Sabines
.
The
Matrons
were
understood
to
be
under
her
Guardianship
.
Whence
,
says
Plutarch
,
the
Spear
is
sacred
to
her
,
In
Rom.
Arnob.
2.
contra
Gent.
and
many
of
her
Statues
lean
upon
Spears
,
and
she
her self
is
called
Quiritus
and
Curitis
.
Hence
springs
the
custom
that
the
Bride
combs
her
Hair
with
hasta
celibari
,
a
Spear
taken
out
of
the
body
of
a
dead
Gladiator
.
Cinxia
,
Marian.
de
nupt.
from
Cingulum
the
Girdle
,
which
the
Bride
wore
when
about
to
Marry
;
for
this
Girdle
was
unloosed
with
Iuno's
good
leave
,
who
was
thought
the
Patroness
of
Marriages
.
Domiduca
and
Interduca
,
à
ducenda
uxore
in
domum
maritis
,
August
.
7.
de
●iv
.
from
bringing
home
the
Bride
to
her
Husband
's
House
.
Egeria
,
Festus
.
quòd
eam
partui
egerendo
opitulari
crederent
:
because
she
assisted
,
as
they
believed
,
to
the
Facility
of
the
Birth
.
Februalis
,
Ex.
Sext.
Pomp.
Februata
,
Februa
,
or
Februla
,
because
they
sacrificed
to
her
in
the
Month
of
February
.
Her
Festival
was
celebrated
upon
the
same
Day
with
the
Lupercalia
,
when
the
Luperci
,
Ovid.
2.
Fast.
the
Priests
of
Pan
,
the
God
of
Shepherds
,
running
naked
through
the
City
,
and
striking
the
Hands
and
Bellies
of
Breeding
Women
with
Iuno's
Cloak
,
Cic.
2.
Phil.
that
is
,
the
Skin
of
a
Goat
,
februabant
eas
,
purified
them
:
and
they
thought
that
this
ceremony
caused
to
the
Women
Fruitfulness
,
and
easie
Labors
.
All
sorts
of
purgations
in
any
Sacrifice
were
called
Februa
:
And
the
Animals
sacrificed
to
Iuno
were
a
white
Cow
,
Virg.
4.
Aen.
a
Swine
,
and
a
Sheep
.
Idem
8.
Idem
4.
Ovid.
ibi
.
The
Goose
also
and
the
Peacock
were
sacred
to
her
.
Fluonia
,
quòd
fluoribus
menstruis
adest
:
because
she
assisted
them
in
their
Courses
.
Hoplosmia
,
that
is
,
armed
compleatly
,
she
was
Worshipped
at
Elis
:
Lil.
Gyr.
and
from
hence
Iupiter
is
called
Hoplosmius
.
Iuga
,
Serv.
4.
Aen.
Fest.
and
in
Greek
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
from
jugum
and
conjugium
,
because
she
is
the
Goddess
of
Marriages
.
A
street
in
Rome
where
her
Altar
stood
was
called
Iugarius
from
thence
.
And
anciently
People
used
to
enter
into
the
Iugum
,
the
Yoke
of
Marriage
at
the
Altar
:
she
is
also
by
some
called
Socigena
,
quod
nubentes
associet
.
Lacinia
,
Strab.
l.
6.
Liv.
l.
24.
from
the
Temple
Lacinium
,
built
and
dedicated
to
her
by
Lacinius
.
Lucina
and
Lucelia
is
either
à
luco
,
the
Grove
,
Varr.
de
.
ling
lat.
in
which
she
had
a
Temple
;
or
from
luce
,
the
Light
of
this
World
,
into
which
Infants
are
brought
by
her
.
Ovid
comprises
both
these
Significations
of
Lucina
in
a
Distich
.
In
fast
.
Gratia
Lucinae
:
dedit
haec
tibi
nomina
Lucus
,
Vel
quia
principium
,
tu
Dea
,
lucis
habes
.
Lucina
,
hail
,
so
nam'd
from
thy
own
Grove
,
Or
from
the
Light
thou
giv'st
us
from
above
.
Moneta
,
Liv.
l.
7.
Suid.
Ov.
ep.
Parid.
Euseb.
3.
praep.
●vang
.
Plutar.
in
Sympos
.
either
because
she
gives
wholesome
Counsel
(
Salutaria
monita
)
to
those
who
consult
her
,
or
because
she
was
believed
to
be
the
Goddess
of
Money
.
Nuptialis
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
And
when
they
Sacrificed
to
her
under
this
Name
,
they
took
the
Gall
out
of
the
Victims
,
and
cast
it
behind
the
Altar
:
to
signifie
,
that
there
ought
to
be
no
Gall
or
Anger
betwixt
those
who
are
married
together
.
Ex
Lil.
Gy.
Opigena
,
because
she
gives
help
(
opem
)
to
Women
in
labour
.
Parthenos
;
Pindar
.
in
Hymn
.
Olymp.
in
Corint
.
or
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
the
Virgin
or
Virginity
.
Pausanias
tells
us
that
she
was
called
so
from
hence
.
There
was
a
Fountain
amongst
the
Argivi
,
called
Canathus
;
where
Iuno
washing
herself
every
year
,
was
thought
to
recover
her
Virginity
anew
.
Perfecta
,
Jul.
Pollux
,
l.
3.
or
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
for
Marriage
is
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
and
married
people
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
when
therefore
she
married
Iupiter
,
she
became
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
that
is
perfecta
and
adulta
.
Aug.
6.
de
Civ
.
Macrob
.
6.
Sat
Populona
or
Populonia
,
because
people
pray
to
her
,
or
because
they
are
procreated
from
marriage
,
of
which
she
is
Goddess
.
And
for
the
same
Reason
she
was
called
Pronuba
:
Senec.
in
Med.
neither
indeed
were
any
marriages
lawful
,
unless
Iuno
was
first
called
upon
.
Regina
,
Queen
,
thus
she
calls
her self
,
in
Virgil
,
Aen.
1.
Ast
ego
,
quae
Divûm
,
in
coelo
Regina
,
Iovisque
Et
Soror
,
&
Conjux
.
Whilst
I
,
Heaven
's
Queen
,
Sister
and
Wife
to
Jove
.
Sospita
,
à
sospitando
:
because
all
the
Women
were
supposed
to
be
under
her
Safe-guard
:
Cic.
de
nat.
every
one
of
which
had
a
Iuno
,
as
every
Man
had
a
Genius
.
Unxia
was
another
,
ah
unguendo
:
for
the
Posts
of
the
Door
were
anointed
;
Lil.
Gyr.
where
a
new
married
Couple
lived
,
whence
the
Wife
was
called
Uxor
,
quasi
Unxor
.
SECT.
III.
The
Signification
of
the
Fable
.
JUNO
the
Air.
IF
we
heed
Varro's
account
,
by
Iuno
was
signified
the
Earth
,
and
by
Iupiter
the
Heavens
:
by
the
Marriage
of
which
two
,
that
is
,
by
the
Commixtion
of
the
Influences
of
the
Heavens
with
the
Vapours
of
the
Earth
,
all
things
almost
are
generated
.
But
if
we
believe
the
Stoicks
,
Iuno
is
the
Air
:
Ap.
Cic.
2.
de
nat.
thus
the
Greek
words
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
have
an
affinity
and
likeness
.
Qui
interjectus
inter
coelum
&
terram
;
Iunonis
nomine
consecratus
est
,
Planciad
.
says
Tully
;
which
lying
betwixt
the
Earth
and
the
Heaven
is
consecrated
by
the
Name
of
Juno
.
Iuno
is
called
Iupiters
Wife
,
because
the
Air
being
naturally
cold
is
warmed
by
Iupiter
,
Hellanic
.
in
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Homer
.
Iliad
.
5.
Phurnut
.
that
is
,
by
Fire
,
She
is
called
Aeria
,
because
she
is
from
the
Air
it self
or
rules
in
the
Air.
And
hence
arises
the
story
that
Iuno
is
bound
by
Iupiter
with
Golden
Chains
,
Iron
Anvils
being
hung
at
her
feet
.
Hereby
the
Ancients
signified
,
that
the
Air
was
naturally
more
like
Fire
,
yet
it
was
sometimes
mingled
with
Earth
and
Water
the
heaviest
Elements
.
Sep.
ep.
310.
I
must
not
omit
that
every
Woman
had
a
Iuno
.
as
every
Man
had
a
Genius
:
which
were
their
tutelar
or
guardian
Angels
.
CHAP.
XI
.
SECT.
I.
MINERVA
or
PALLAS
.
Her
Image
.
P.
THis
is
a
threatning
Goddess
.
She
denounces
Terror
altogether
.
M.
It
is
Minerva
,
who
derives
her
Name
,
as
some
think
,
from
Minae
,
the
Threats
of
her
stern
and
fierce
Look
.
P.
But
why
is
she
Cloathed
with
Armour
,
rather
than
with
Womens
Cloaths
;
What
means
that
Headpiece
of
Gold
,
and
the
Crests
that
glitter
so
?
Apoll.
l.
90.
To
what
purpose
has
she
a
Golden
Breast-Plate
,
and
a
Lance
in
her
Right
Hand
,
and
a
terrible
Shield
in
her
Left
Hand
:
on
which
Shield
I
see
a
Grisly
Head
beset
with
Snakes
,
which
she
holds
?
And
what
means
the
Cock
and
the
Owl
,
that
are
painted
there
?
M.
I
will
satisfie
all
your
demands
.
She
ought
to
be
Armed
rather
than
dressed
in
Womens
Cloaths
,
because
she
is
the
President
and
Inventress
of
War
.
Virgil.
11.
Aen.
Cic.
3.
de
nat.
D.
The
Cock
is
sacred
to
her
,
because
it
is
a
fighting
Bird
,
and
is
often
painted
sitting
upon
her
Headpiece
;
as
is
the
Owl
,
of
which
by
and
by
.
But
as
for
that
Head
looking
so
formidable
with
Snakes
,
she
not
only
carries
upon
the
Shield
,
but
sometimes
also
in
the
midst
of
her
Breast
:
it
is
the
Head
of
Medusa
,
one
of
the
●orgones
.
Virgil
writes
thus
concerning
it
.
Aegidaque
horrificum
,
Aen.
turbatae
Palladis
arma
,
Certatim
squammis
serpentem
,
auroque
polibat
;
Connexosque
angues
,
ipsamque
in
pectore
Divi
Gorgona
,
desecto
vertentem
lumina
collo
.
These
angry
Pallas
dreadful
Target
mold
,
And
wrought
her
Arms
with
Dragons
Scales
and
Gold
.
This
Gorgon's
Head
with
twisted
Serpents
plies
,
Rolling
in
Deaths
Convulsions
dying
Eyes
.
●ut
you
do
not
observe
,
I
believe
,
an
Olive
Crown
upon
the
Head
of
this
Goddess
.
P.
It
escaped
my
notice
.
Nor
do
I
yet
see
,
●hy
the
Goddess
of
War
should
be
Crowned
●ith
an
Olive
,
which
is
an
Emblem
of
Peace
.
●or
I
remember
I
have
read
in
Virgil.
Paciferaeque
manu
ramum
praetendit
Olivae
.
And
in
her
hand
a
Branch
of
peaceful
Olive
bears
.
Plutar.
in
Themist
.
M.
Now
,
for
that
very
reason
,
because
it
is
●he
Emblem
of
Peace
,
Herod
.
in
Terpsich
.
it
ought
to
be
attributed
〈◊〉
the
Goddess
of
War
.
For
War
is
only
made
,
●at
Peace
may
follow
.
Tho
there
is
another
●eason
too
why
she
wears
the
Olive
.
For
she
●rst
taught
Mankind
the
use
of
that
Plant
:
●hen
Cecrops
built
a
new
City
.
Neptune
and
Minerva
contended
about
the
name
of
that
City
:
it
was
resolved
that
whichsoever
of
the
●wo
Deities
found
out
the
most
useful
Creature
●
Man
,
should
give
the
name
to
the
City
.
Neptune
brought
a
Horse
,
and
Minerva
caused
●n
Olive
to
spring
out
of
the
Earth
,
which
was
●dged
a
more
useful
Creature
for
Man
than
●he
Horse
:
therefore
Minerva
named
the
City
,
●nd
called
it
Athenae
,
after
her
own
Name
,
in
Greek
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
SECT.
II.
The
Birth
of
MINERVA
.
HIstory
mentions
five
Minerva's
.
Cic.
3.
de
Nat.
We
sha●
speak
but
of
that
one
which
was
born
〈◊〉
Iupiter
,
and
to
whom
the
rest
are
referre●
P.
But
how
was
she
born
?
M.
I
will
tell
yo●
if
you
do
not
know
;
tho
it
is
ridiculous
.
Whe●
Iupiter
saw
that
his
Wife
Iuno
was
Barren●●
thro
greif
struck
his
Forehead
,
and
after
Thre●
Months
brought
forth
Minerva
;
Sthena
.
ap.
Gyr.
from
whence
as
some
say
,
she
was
called
Tritonia
qua●●
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Lucian
.
in
Dial.
Vulcan
was
his
Midwife
,
who
opening
his
Brain
with
the
Blow
of
an
Hatche●
was
amazed
,
Deor.
when
he
saw
an
armed
Virag●
leaping
out
of
the
Brain
of
her
Father
,
instea●
of
a
tender
little
naked
Girl
,
as
Ovid
spea●
of
Minerva
.
—
De
capitis
fertur
sine
matre
paterni
Vertice
,
cum
clypeo
prosiluisse
suo
:
Out
of
her
Father's
Scull
,
as
they
report
,
Without
a
Mother
,
all
in
Arms
,
leapt
forth
.
Some
have
said
,
that
Iupiter
conceived
th●●
Daughter
,
when
he
had
devoured
Metis
,
one
o●
his
Wives
;
Hesiod
.
in
Theog
.
and
with
that
Me●t
he
presently
grew
big
,
and
brought
forth
the
armed
Palla●
They
say
besides
,
Strab.
l.
14.
that
it
rained
Gold
in
the
Island
of
Rhodes
,
when
Minerva
was
born●
Which
observation
Claudian
makes
.
Auratos
Rhodiis
imbres
,
nascente
Minerva
,
Induxisse
Iovem
ferunt
.
At
Pallas
Birth
great
Jupiter
,
we
're
told
,
Bestrew'd
the
Rhodians
with
a
Shower
of
Gold●
SECT.
III.
Names
of
Minerva
.
LET
us
first
examin
whence
the
Names
Minerva
and
Pallas
are
derived
.
Minerva
,
2
de
nat.
says
Cicero
,
is
derived
from
hence
,
quòd
vel
minuit
,
vel
minuatur
.
And
it
is
very
true
,
being
the
Goddess
of
War
,
she
diminishes
the
Number
of
Men
,
Cornific
.
ap.
Gyr.
and
deprives
both
Families
of
their
Heads
,
and
Cities
of
their
Members
.
But
it
may
be
derived
from
Minae
,
as
I
said
before
;
because
her
Looks
threaten
Violence
,
and
strike
the
Beholders
with
Terror
.
You
may
derive
it
too
from
monere
,
her
good
Admonitions
,
Festus
.
because
she
is
the
Goddess
of
Wisdom
.
She
is
Wisdom
it self
in
the
common
esteem
;
whence
comes
the
common
Proverb
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Cic.
9.
Epist.
18.
Sus
Minervam
;
which
Proverb
is
spoken
of
Men
who
would
teach
those
that
are
wiser
than
themselves
.
And
from
this
Name
of
Minerva
comes
Minerval
,
or
Minervale
,
in
Greek
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
signifying
the
Salary
that
is
given
by
the
Scholars
to
the
Masters
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
in
Greek
,
is
by
some
derived
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
to
suck
or
suckle
by
the
Breast
;
for
she
never
sucked
the
Breast
;
because
she
was
born
out
of
her
Father's
Head
in
full
strength
,
and
was
therefore
call'd
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Motherless
.
Plato
thinks
she
was
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Pollux
Phurnut
.
quasi
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
or
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
that
is
,
skilful
in
Divine
Affairs
.
Others
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
In
Cratylo
to
be
enslaved
,
because
no
Philosopher
or
Student
in
Wisdom
is
obnoxious
to
Servitude
;
according
to
the
Sentence
of
the
Stoicks
in
Tully
,
Liberum
esse
neminem
,
In
Parad.
nisi
sapientem
.
The
Philosopher
,
or
the
wise
Man
,
is
the
only
Free-Man
.
Pallas
is
derived
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Serv.
in
2.
Aen.
the
Brandishing
of
her
Spear
,
which
Minerva
does
in
War
;
or
from
a
certain
Giant
called
Pallas
,
which
she
slew
;
or
from
the
Lake
Pallas
where
she
was
first
seen
by
Men.
Now
we
pass
to
her
other
Names
,
and
because
a
great
many
of
them
are
insignificant
and
useless
,
I
will
speak
of
two
or
three
only
;
after
I
have
first
treated
of
the
Palladium
.
The
Palladium
was
an
Imge
of
Pallas
,
preserved
in
the
Castle
of
the
City
of
Troy
;
for
while
the
Castle
and
Temple
of
Minerva
was
building
,
they
say
this
Image
fell
from
Heaven
into
the
Temple
,
before
it
was
covered
with
a
Roof
.
This
stirred
up
every
bodies
Admiration
;
and
when
Apollo
was
consulted
,
he
answered
,
That
the
City
should
be
safe
so
long
as
that
Image
remained
within
the
City
.
Therefore
when
the
Grecians
besieged
Troy
,
Ovid.
5.
Fast.
they
found
that
it
was
impossible
to
take
the
City
,
unless
the
Palladium
was
taken
out
of
it
.
The
business
was
left
to
Ulysses
and
Diomedes
,
who
undertook
to
creep
into
the
City
through
the
Common-Shores
,
and
bring
away
this
fatal
Image
.
Herodian
.
I.
1.
Plut.
in
Paral.
When
they
had
performed
this
,
Troy
was
taken
without
any
difficulty
.
Some
say
,
Serv.
in
2
Aen.
it
was
not
lawful
for
any
Person
to
remove
the
Palladium
,
or
even
to
look
upon
it
,
Others
add
,
Clem.
in
Protrep
.
that
it
was
made
of
Wood
,
so
that
it
was
a
wonder
how
it
could
move
the
Eyes
,
and
shake
the
Spear
.
Others
on
the
contrary
,
report
,
that
it
was
made
of
the
Bones
of
Pelops
,
and
sold
to
the
Trojans
by
the
Scythians
:
That
Aeneas
recovered
it
,
after
it
had
been
taken
by
the
Greeks
,
from
Diomedes
,
and
carried
it
with
him
into
Italy
,
where
it
was
laid
up
in
the
Temple
of
Vesta
,
Dion
.
Hal.
l.
1.
Antiq.
as
a
Pledg
of
the
Stability
of
the
Roman
Empire
,
as
it
had
been
before
a
Token
of
the
Security
of
Troy
.
And
lastly
,
others
write
,
that
there
were
two
Palladiums
;
one
Diomedes
took
,
and
another
Aeneas
carried
away
with
him
.
Parthenos
,
Homer
.
in
hymn
.
in
Vener
.
i.
e.
Virgin
,
and
the
Temple
at
Athens
,
where
she
was
most
religiously
worshipped
,
was
called
Parthenon
.
For
Minerva
,
like
Vesta
and
Diana
,
was
a
perpetual
Virgin
,
and
such
a
Lover
of
Chastity
,
that
the
deprived
Tiresias
of
the
sight
of
his
Eyes
,
because
he
saw
her
bathing
in
the
Fountain
Helicon
:
But
Tiresias's
Mother
,
Hom.
l.
10.
by
her
humble
Petitions
,
obtained
,
Odyss.
that
since
her
own
Son
had
lost
the
Eyes
of
his
Body
,
the
Sight
of
his
Mind
might
be
brighter
and
clearer
,
by
having
the
Art
of
Prophesie
.
L.
3.
Met.
I
know
that
Ovid
assigns
another
cause
of
his
Blindness
;
to
wit
,
When
Iupiter
and
Iuno
in
a
merry
Dispute
made
him
Judg
,
because
when
he
killed
a
She
Serpent
,
he
was
turned
into
a
Woman
,
and
after
seven
Years
,
when
he
killed
a
He
Serpent
,
he
was
again
turned
into
a
Man
;
he
pronounced
for
Iupiter
,
wherefore
Iuno
deprived
him
of
his
sight
.
This
is
another
illustrious
Instance
of
the
Chastity
of
Minerva
;
Nat.
Com●
l.
7.
c.
18.
When
Neptune
had
enjoyed
the
beautiful
Medusa
,
(
whose
Hair
was
Gold
)
in
her
Temple
,
she
changed
into
Snakes
that
Hair
which
had
tempted
him
;
and
caused
,
that
those
that
looked
upon
her
hereafter
,
should
be
turned
into
Stones
.
Her
Name
of
Tritonia
is
taken
from
the
Lake
Triton
,
Pausan.
in
Boeot
.
l.
9.
where
she
was
educated
,
upon
which
Lake
thus
Lucan
writes
:
Hanc
&
Pallas
amat
,
patrio
quod
vertice
nata
Terrarum
primam
Lybien
(
nam
proxima
coelo
est
,
Ut
probat
ipse
calor
)
tetigit
,
stagnique
quietâ
Vult●s
vidit
aquâ
,
posuitque
in
margine
plantas
,
Et
se
dilectâ
Tritonida
dixit
ab
undâ
.
This
Pallas
loves
,
born
of
the
Brain
of
Jove
,
Who
first
on
Lybia
trod
:
(
the
heat
does
prove
This
Land
next
Heaven
)
she
standing
by
the
side
,
Her
Face
within
the
quiet
water
spy'd
,
And
gave
her self
from
the
lov'd
Pool
,
a
Name
,
Tritonia
.
—
Or
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
or
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
which
word
signifies
the
Head
in
the
old
Boeotian
and
AEolick
Language
;
because
she
was
born
there
.
Yet
before
we
leave
the
Lake
Triton
,
let
me
tell
you
the
Ceremonies
that
were
performed
upon
the
Banks
of
it
,
in
Honour
of
Minerva
.
Herodot
.
in
Melp
.
A
great
Concourse
of
People
out
of
all
the
neighbouring
Towns
assembled
,
to
see
the
following
Performance
:
All
the
Virgins
came
in
several
Companies
,
armed
with
Clubs
and
Stones
;
and
a
Sign
being
given
,
they
assaulted
each
other
;
she
who
was
first
killed
,
was
not
esteemed
a
Virgin
,
and
therefore
her
Body
was
disgracefully
thrown
into
the
Lake
;
but
she
,
who
received
the
most
and
the
deepest
Wounds
,
and
did
not
give
over
,
was
carried
home
in
Triumph
in
a
Chariot
,
attended
with
the
Acclamations
and
Praises
of
the
whole
Company
.
Ex
Hes
c.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Isid.
I.
10.
Operaria
,
Workwoman
;
she
was
thus
called
by
the
Samians
,
Ovid.
6.
Metam
.
her
Worshippers
;
because
she
invented
divers
Arts
,
Virg.
7.
Aen.
especially
the
Art
of
Spinning
,
as
the
Poet
teaches
us
;
—
No●
illa
colo
,
Theocrit
.
Eccl.
34.
calathisque
Minervae
Foemineas
assueta
manus
.
To
Pallas
Arts
her
Hands
were
never
train'd
.
The
Distaff
is
sometimes
called
Minerva
,
because
she
invented
it
;
as
in
Virgil.
Aen.
8.
Cui
tolerare
colo
vitam
tenuique
Minerva
.
By
th'
Spinsters
Trade
she
gets
her
Livelyhood
.
Although
Minerva
so
much
excelled
all
others
in
spinning
;
yet
Arachne
,
a
young
Lady
of
Lydia
,
very
skilful
at
spinning
,
challenged
Minerva
in
this
Art
;
but
she
was
ruined
by
it
;
for
the
Goddess
tore
her
Work
,
and
with
a
Spoke
of
the
Wheel
struck
her
Forehead
.
Ovid.
6.
Metam
.
—
Frontem
percussit
Arachnes
,
Non
tulit
infelix
,
laqueoque
animosa
ligavit
Guttura
,
pendentem
Pallas
miserata
levavit
,
Atqueita
,
Vive
quidem
,
pende
tamen
improba
,
dixit
.
Arachne
thrice
upon
the
Forehead
smote
;
Whose
great
Heart
brooks
it
not
;
about
her
Throat
A
Rope
she
ties
;
Virg
Eccl●
remorseful
Pallas
staid
Her
falling
Weight
.
Live
,
wretch
,
yet
hang
,
she
said
.
And
afterwards
turned
her
into
a
Spider
.
—
Et
antiqu●s
exercet
Aranea
telas
.
And
now
a
Spider
turn'd
,
she
still
spins
on
.
The
Art
of
Building
,
especially
of
Castles
,
was
Minerva's
Invention
;
and
therefore
she
was
believed
to
preside
over
them
.
She
is
called
Musica
;
L.
34.
c.
l.
2.
because
,
says
Pliny
,
Dracones
in
ejus
Gorgone
ad
ictus
citharae
tinnitu
resonabant
.
The
Dragons
about
her
Gorgon
-
Head
tingled
at
the
noise
of
a
Harp
.
But
more
especially
because
she
first
found
out
the
Use
of
the
Pipe
;
but
when
she
plaid
with
her
Pipe
by
a
River
side
,
and
saw
her
Face
in
the
Water
,
swell'd
and
deform'd
by
blowing
,
she
threw
it
away
,
saying
,
I
procul
hinc
,
Ovid.
duxit
,
non
est
mihi
tibia
tanti
,
Ut
vidit
vultus
,
Pallas
in
amne
suos
.
Away
,
thou
art
not
so
much
worth
,
she
cry'd
,
Dear
Pipe
;
when
she
her
Face
i'
th'
stream
espy'd
.
Glaucopis
,
Pausan
in
Attic.
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
an
Owl
;
for
her
Eyes
,
like
the
Eyes
of
an
Owl
,
were
grey
or
sky-colour'd
,
that
is
,
of
a
green
colour
mixed
with
white
.
Others
think
that
she
was
not
call'd
so
from
the
Colour
of
her
Eyes
,
but
from
the
Terror
and
Formidableness
of
her
Mien
;
for
which
reason
Lions
and
Dragons
are
also
called
Glauci
and
Caesii
.
Phurnut
.
Pylotis
,
AEschyl
.
in
Eumenid
.
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
a
Gate
;
for
as
Mars
his
Image
was
set
up
in
the
Suburbs
,
so
her
Effigies
or
Picture
was
placed
on
the
City
Gates
or
Doors
of
Houses
:
whereby
they
signified
,
that
we
ought
to
use
our
Weapons
abroad
to
keep
the
Enemy
from
entring
our
Towns
;
but
in
the
Town
we
must
use
the
Assistance
of
Minerva
,
not
of
Mars
;
that
is
,
the
State
ought
to
be
governed
at
home
by
Prudence
,
Counsel
,
and
Law
.
SECT.
IV.
The
Signification
of
the
Fable
.
Pallas
,
the
Symbol
of
Wisdom
and
Chastity
.
BY
this
Story
of
Minerva
,
Cic.
1.
Off.
the
Poets
intended
to
represent
Wisdom
;
that
is
,
true
and
skilful
Knowledge
joyn'd
with
discreet
and
prudent
Practice
.
They
hereby
signifyed
also
,
the
understanding
of
the
noblest
Arts
,
and
the
Accomplishments
of
the
Mind
,
the
Virtues
,
and
especially
Chastity
.
Nor
indeed
without
reason
;
for
1.
Minerva
is
said
to
be
born
out
of
Iupiter's
Brain
;
because
the
Wit
and
Ingenuity
of
Man
did
not
invent
the
useful
Sciences
,
which
for
the
Use
of
Man
were
derived
from
the
Brain
of
Iupiter
;
that
is
,
from
the
inexhausted
Fountain
of
the
Divine
Wisdom
,
from
whence
,
not
only
the
Arts
and
Sciences
,
but
the
Blessings
of
Wisdom
and
Virtue
also
proceed
.
2.
Pallas
was
born
armed
;
Cic.
in
parad
.
because
,
a
wise
Man's
Soul
being
fortified
with
Wisdom
and
Virtue
is
invincible
.
He
is
prepar'd
and
arm'd
against
Fortune
:
In
Dangers
he
is
intrepid
;
●n
Crosses
unbroken
;
in
Calamities
impregnable
.
Quemadmodum
enim
non
colliquescit
Iupiter
,
dum
simulacrum
ejus
liquefit
,
Senec.
as
Seneca
said
;
Though
the
Image
of
Jupiter
sweats
in
ill
weather
,
yet
as
Jupiter
himself
is
dry
and
unconcerned
with
it
;
so
a
wise
Man's
Mind
is
har●ened
against
all
the
Assaults
that
Fortune
can
make
upon
his
Body
.
3.
Minerva
is
a
Virgin
,
Nyss.
de
Virg.
init
.
c.
4.
&
5.
as
all
the
Muses
are
;
and
accordingly
the
sight
of
God
is
promised
to
pure
and
undefiled
Eyes
;
Serv.
in
2.
Aen.
for
even
the
Heathens
thought
that
chast
Eyes
could
see
God
;
and
Wisdom
and
Modesty
has
often
appear'd
in
the
Visions
of
Holy
Men
,
in
the
form
and
habit
of
Virgins
.
4.
Minerva
has
a
stern
Look
,
and
a
froward
Countenance
;
because
,
a
wise
and
modest
Mind
gains
not
its
Reputation
and
Esteem
from
outward
Beauty
and
Finery
,
but
from
inward
Honour
and
Virtue
;
for
Wisdom
and
plain
Modesty
,
though
clothed
with
Rags
,
yet
sends
forth
a
glorious
shining
Lustre
;
she
has
as
much
Beauty
in
tattered
Garments
,
as
when
she
is
clothed
with
Purple
;
and
has
as
much
Majesty
when
she
sits
on
a
Dunghil
,
as
when
she
is
placed
on
a
Throne
;
she
is
as
beautiful
and
charming
when
joyned
to
the
Infirmities
and
Decays
of
old
Age
,
as
when
she
is
united
to
the
Vigour
and
Comeliness
of
Youth
.
5.
She
invented
and
exercised
the
Art
of
Spinning
.
From
hence
other
Virgins
may
learn
,
if
they
would
preserve
their
Chastity
,
to
employ
themselves
continually
in
some
Work
,
and
never
to
indulge
Idleness
;
after
the
Example
of
Lucretia
,
a
noble
Roman
Lady
,
who
was
found
late
at
Night
spinning
amongst
the
Maids
,
working
,
and
sitting
in
the
middle
of
the
House
,
when
the
young
Gentlemen
came
thither
from
the
King
.
Livy
.
6.
As
the
Spindle
and
the
Distaff
were
the
Invention
of
Minerva
,
so
they
are
the
Arms
of
every
virtuous
Woman
.
Provided
with
these
she
will
despise
the
Enemy
of
her
Honour
,
and
drive
away
Cupid
from
her
with
the
greatest
ease
:
For
which
Reason
,
those
Instruments
were
formerly
carryed
before
the
Bride
,
Bellof
.
l.
ult
c.
1●
.
when
she
was
brought
to
her
Husbands
House
.
And
somewhere
it
is
a
Custom
,
at
the
Funerals
of
Women
,
to
throw
the
Distaff
and
Spindle
into
the
Grave
with
them
.
7.
As
soon
as
Tiresias
had
seen
Minerva
naked
,
he
lost
his
sight
;
was
it
for
a
punishment
,
or
for
a
reward
?
Surely
he
never
saw
things
so
acutely
before
;
for
then
he
became
a
Prophet
,
knew
future
things
,
long
before
they
were
acted
.
Which
is
an
excellent
Precept
to
us
,
That
he
,
who
hath
once
beheld
the
Beauty
of
true
Wisdom
clearly
,
may
without
repining
,
lose
his
bodily
sight
,
and
want
the
view
of
corporal
things
,
since
he
beholds
the
things
that
are
to
come
,
and
enjoys
the
contemplation
of
eternal
heavenly
things
,
which
are
not
visible
to
the
Eye
.
8.
An
Owl
,
a
Bird
seeing
in
the
dark
,
was
sacred
to
Minerva
,
and
painted
upon
her
Images
,
which
is
a
representation
of
a
wise
Man
;
who
scattering
and
dispelling
the
Clouds
of
Ignorance
and
Error
,
is
clear-sighted
where
others
are
stark
blind
.
9.
What
can
the
Palladium
mean
,
an
Image
which
gave
Security
to
those
Cities
,
in
which
it
was
placed
,
unless
that
those
Kingdoms
flourish
and
prosper
where
Wisdom
Counsels
.
It
is
supposed
to
have
fallen
down
from
Heaven
,
that
we
may
understand
,
(
what
we
find
confirmed
by
the
Scripture
)
That
every
the
best
and
perfect
Gift
comes
from
above
,
Jac.
Ep.
1.
c.
1.
and
descends
from
the
Father
of
Lights
.
To
this
,
I
add
the
Inscription
,
which
was
heretofore
to
be
seen
in
the
Temples
of
Minerva
,
written
in
Golden
Letters
,
amongst
the
Egyptians
.
V.
Lil.
Gyr.
Synt.
11.
Ego
sum
,
quae
sunt
,
quae
erunt
,
quae
fuerunt
.
Velum
meum
revelavit
nemo
.
Quem
ego
fructum
peperi
,
Sol
est
natus
.
I
am
what
is
,
what
shall
be
,
what
hath
been
.
My
Veil
hath
been
unveiled
by
none
.
Whatever
Fruit
I
have
brought
forth
,
there
is
the
Sun
born
.
Which
are
Words
,
as
I
think
,
full
of
Mysteries
,
and
contain
a
great
deal
of
Sense
.
Let
every
one
interpret
them
according
to
this
own
mind
.
CHAP.
XII
.
SECT.
I.
VENUS
.
Her
Image
.
M.
TUrn
your
Eyes
now
to
a
sweeter
Object
,
and
view
that
Goddess
,
on
whose
countenance
the
most
refined
Charms
of
the
Graces
sit
and
play
.
You
see
a
Pleasantness
,
a
Mirth
and
Joy
in
every
part
of
her
Face
:
you
see
a
thousand
pretty
Beauties
and
Amours
,
sporting
wantonly
in
her
snowy
Bosom
.
Observe
with
what
a
becoming
pride
she
holds
up
her
Head
and
views
her self
,
where
she
finds
nothing
but
Joys
and
soft
Delights
.
She
is
crown'd
with
Roses
,
Philostr
.
12.
Imag.
and
cloath'd
with
a
purple
Mantle
glittering
with
Diamonds
:
by
her
side
stand
two
Cupids
,
Ovid.
Met.
15.
and
round
her
are
the
three
Graces
:
Apul.
l.
6.
after
follows
the
lovely
beautiful
Adonis
,
who
holds
up
the
Goddess's
Train
.
Near
her
stands
an
empty
Ivory
Chariot
,
Horat.
3.
curiously
wrought
in
the
shape
of
an
Escallop
Shell
;
Od.
Ovid.
10.
Met.
which
is
drawn
by
Doves
,
Sappho
poet
.
or
Swans
,
or
Swallows
,
as
Venus
orders
when
she
rides
in
it
.
P.
Is
that
Venus
,
the
Goddess
of
Love
?
the
Patroness
of
Strumpets
,
the
vile
promoter
of
Impudence
and
Lust
;
infamous
for
so
many
Whoredoms
,
Rapes
,
and
Incests
?
M.
Yes
,
that
is
Venus
:
whom
in
more
honourable
terms
Men
stile
the
Goddess
of
the
Graces
,
the
Author
of
Finery
,
Beauty
,
Neatness
,
Delight
,
and
Cheerfulness
.
But
in
reality
,
she
is
,
as
you
say
,
an
impudent
,
Strumpet
,
and
the
Mistress
and
President
of
Obscenity
.
P.
Why
then
is
she
so
beautifully
painted
?
Why
is
her
Dress
so
glorious
?
Why
is
not
her
Chariot
rather
drawn
by
Swine
,
and
Dogs
,
and
Goats
,
than
Swans
and
Doves
,
the
purest
and
chastest
of
Birds
?
Infernal
Spirits
and
black
Spirits
,
are
attendants
more
suitable
to
her
than
the
Graces
.
M.
What
do
you
say
?
Blind
foolish
Men
used
formerly
to
erect
Altars
and
deifie
their
Vices
,
they
hallowed
the
grossest
Impurities
with
Frankincense
,
and
thought
to
ascend
into
Heaven
by
the
steps
of
their
Iniquities
.
But
let
us
not
inveigh
against
the
times
,
but
rather
proceed
in
our
Story
of
Venus
.
You
will
in
other
places
see
her
painted
,
sometimes
like
a
young
Lady
rising
from
the
Sea
,
and
riding
in
a
Shell
:
again
like
a
Woman
holding
the
Shell
in
her
Hand
,
her
Head
being
Crowned
with
Roses
:
Sometimes
her
Picture
has
a
Silver
Looking-glass
in
her
Hand
,
Philostr
.
in
Imag.
and
on
her
Feet
are
Golden
Sandals
and
Buckles
.
Pausan.
in
Corinth
.
In
the
Pictures
of
the
Sicyonian●
she
holds
Poppy
in
one
Hand
and
an
Apple
in
the
other
:
They
consecrated
to
her
the
Thighs
of
all
Sacrifices
except
Swine
;
for
Venus
,
altho'
she
her self
be
filthy
and
unclean
,
abominates
Swine
for
their
uncleanness
,
or
rather
because
a
Boar
killed
Adonis
her
Gallant
.
Plut.
in
praec
.
connub
.
&
l.
de
Isid.
&
Osir.
At
Elis
she
was
painted
treading
on
a
Tortoise
;
shewing
thereby
that
Virgins
ought
not
to
ramble
abroad
;
and
that
married
Women
ought
to
keep
silence
and
love
their
own
home
,
and
order
their
Family
.
She
wore
a
Girdle
or
Belt
called
Cestus
(
from
which
some
derive
Incestus
,
Incest
,
)
Homer
.
II.
●
.
in
which
all
kinds
of
Pleasures
,
Delights
,
and
Gratifications
were
folded
up
.
Eurip
in
Medea
.
ex
Phurn.
Some
give
her
Arrows
;
and
make
Python
or
Suada
,
the
Goddess
of
Eloquence
,
her
Companion
.
SECT.
II.
The
Descent
of
Venus
THey
write
,
Cic.
3.
de
nat.
that
there
were
Four
Venus's
;
born
of
different
Parents
.
But
this
Venus
of
whom
we
speak
,
was
the
eminentest
of
them
,
and
had
the
Beauties
as
well
as
the
Disgraces
of
the
other
commonly
ascribed
to
her
.
Hesiod
.
in
Theog
.
She
sprang
from
the
Froth
of
the
Sea
,
which
Froth
was
made
,
when
they
cut
off
the
Secrets
of
Coelum
,
or
of
his
Son
Saturn
,
and
threw
them
into
the
Sea
.
Therefore
she
was
called
in
Greek
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Spuma
;
unless
,
Ex
Eurip.
&
Phurn.
as
others
say
,
it
comes
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
to
be
mad
.
As
soon
as
she
was
born
,
she
was
laid
like
a
Pearl
,
Homer
.
in
hym
.
ad
Ven.
in
a
Shell
instead
of
a
Cradle
;
and
was
driven
by
Zephyrus
upon
the
Island
Cyprus
:
where
the
Horae
received
her
,
and
took
her
into
their
Bosoms
;
educated
,
accomplished
,
and
adorned
her
,
and
when
she
came
to
Age
,
carried
her
to
Heaven
,
and
presented
her
to
the
Gods
:
who
being
taken
with
her
Beauty
,
all
desired
to
marry
her
:
but
at
last
she
was
betrothed
to
Vulcan
,
and
afterwards
married
him
.
SECT.
III.
Names
of
Venus
.
HER
Name
Venus
,
says
Tully
,
comes
from
veniendo
,
3
de
nat.
quòd
ad
omnes
res
veniat
:
All
things
are
subject
to
Love
.
Or
,
quòd
per
eam
omnia
proveniant
,
ac
progignantur
;
All
things
are
produced
〈◊〉
begotten
by
Love
.
Or
,
as
others
say
,
she
is
called
Venus
,
quasi
venusta
,
since
she
is
the
Goddess
of
Beauty
:
Pausan.
in
Attic.
or
Venus
,
quasi
Adventitia
.
For
she
was
first
worshipped
by
the
Egyptians
,
and
from
the
Egyptians
she
was
translated
to
the
Greeks
,
and
from
them
to
the
Romans
;
who
always
called
all
that
came
from
Greece
,
1
de
O●
Adventitia
and
Transmarina
.
Thus
Tully
calls
the
Learning
of
the
Greeks
Transmarinam
and
Adventitiam
.
Let
us
now
proceed
to
her
other
Names
.
Amica
Venus
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
For
so
the
Athenians
styled
her
;
quòd
amicos
&
amic●s
jungeret
,
because
she
joyns
Lovers
together
.
Festus
.
This
word
is
used
both
in
a
good
and
a
bad
sense
:
thus
the
Greeks
called
both
Sweethearts
and
Whores
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Ex
Apol.
&
Hesych
.
from
which
word
the
Latin
Pullus
,
signifies
a
Boy
whom
Men
caress
.
Armata
.
Pausan.
in
Lacon
.
&
in
Attic.
Because
when
the
Spartan
Women
●allied
out
of
their
Town
,
besieged
by
the
Messenians
,
and
beat
them
;
their
Husbands
who
were
ignorant
of
it
,
went
out
to
Fight
,
and
met
their
Wives
returning
from
the
pursuit
.
The
Men
believing
them
Enemies
,
made
themselves
ready
to
Fight
:
but
the
Women
shewed
both
by
Words
and
by
Deeds
,
that
they
were
their
Wives
,
(
Modesty
forbids
a
plainer
explanation
)
and
for
this
reason
a
Temple
was
dedicated
to
Venus
Armata
.
The
Sidonians
called
her
Astarte
,
Epiph.
contr.
Haeres
.
or
Dea
Syria
(
which
Goddess
others
think
was
the
Moon
)
and
worshipped
her
in
the
Figure
of
a
Star
.
Euseb.
1.
de
praep.
Apaturia
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Evang.
Lucian
.
de
Dea
Syr.
fallo
:
for
neither
is
any
thing
more
deceitful
than
a
Lover
,
nothing
more
fraudulent
than
Love
.
Which
flatters
the
Eyes
,
Strab.
l.
11.
and
pleases
like
Roses
in
their
finest
Colours
;
but
it
leaves
a
Thorn
in
the
Heart
,
it
torments
the
Mind
,
and
wounds
the
Conscience
.
She
was
called
by
the
Romans
Barbata
,
Serv.
Macrob
.
because
when
the
Roman
Women
were
so
troubled
with
a
violent
Itching
,
Suidas
&
alii
.
that
all
their
Hair
fell
off
;
they
entreated
Venus
and
their
Hair
grew
again
:
whereupon
they
made
an
Image
of
Venus
with
a
Comb
,
and
gave
it
a
Beard
,
that
she
might
have
the
signs
of
both
Sexes
,
and
be
thought
to
preside
over
the
Generation
of
both
.
That
this
thing
might
be
expressed
more
plainly
;
the
uppermost
part
of
the
Image
represented
a
Man
,
and
the
lower
part
a
Woman
.
Cypris
,
Cypria
,
and
Cyprogenia
,
because
she
was
worshipped
in
the
Island
of
Cyprus
:
Cytheris
and
Cytherea
,
from
the
Island
Cythera
,
whither
she
was
first
carried
in
the
Shell-Fish
.
Festus
.
There
was
a
Temple
at
Rome
dedicated
to
Venus
Calva
,
Lactant.
I.
1.
div
.
Instit.
because
when
the
Galls
possessed
that
City
,
Ropes
for
the
Engines
were
made
with
the
Womens
Hair
.
Cluacina
,
Veget.
l.
4.
de
re
milit.
from
cluo
,
to
purge
:
her
Image
being
set
up
in
the
place
,
in
which
the
Peace
was
concluded
betwixt
the
Romans
and
Sabines
.
Erycina
,
Plin.
l.
15.
from
the
Mountain
Eryce
,
in
the
Island
of
Sicily
:
Polyb.
l.
2.
upon
which
Aeneas
built
a
splendid
and
famous
Temple
to
her
Honour
,
Serv.
1.
because
she
was
his
Mother
.
Aen.
Horace
speaks
of
her
thus
.
Od.
2.
l.
1.
Varr.
1.
de
re
rust
.
Sive
tu
mavis
,
Erycina
ridens
,
Quam
Iocus
circumvolat
&
Cupid●
.
If
you
,
blith
Goddess
,
will
our
side
defend
,
Whom
Mirth
and
brisk
Desire
still
attend
.
The
Epithet
Ridens
is
properly
applyed
to
her
thus
.
Suidas
.
In
Homer
she
is
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Phurnut
.
amans
risus
.
Iliad.
20.
ab
Hesiod
.
For
she
is
said
to
be
born
laughing
,
and
from
thence
was
made
the
Goddess
of
Mirth
.
●ortensis
.
Because
she
looks
after
the
production
of
Seed
and
Plants
in
Gardens
.
And
Festus
tells
us
,
that
the
word
Venus
,
is
by
Naevius
put
for
Herbs
,
as
Ceres
is
for
Bread
,
and
Neptunus
is
for
Fish
.
Idalia
and
Acidalia
,
Vir.
1.
Aen.
&
Serv.
Horat.
saepe
.
from
the
Mountain
Idalus
,
in
the
Island
Cyprus
,
and
the
Fountain
Acidalius
in
Boeotia
.
Marina
,
because
she
was
born
of
the
Sea
(
as
we
said
)
and
begotten
of
the
Froth
of
the
Waters
:
which
Ausonius
hath
elegantly
signified
in
that
Verse
,
Orta
salo
,
suscepta
solo
,
patre
edita
coelo
.
Heaven
gave
her
life
,
the
Sea
a
Cradle
gave
,
And
Earths
wide
Regions
her
with
joy
receive
.
From
hence
she
is
called
Aphroditis
,
and
Anadyomene
;
that
is
,
Plin.
15.
c.
10.
Acuil
.
emerging
out
of
the
Waters
,
as
Apelles
painted
her
.
And
Pontia
from
Pontus
.
Alex.
2.
Hence
came
the
Custom
that
those
who
had
escaped
any
Danger
by
Water
,
Clit.
&
Leucippe
used
to
Sacrifice
to
Venus
.
Hence
also
the
Mariners
observed
those
Solemnities
called
Aphrodisia
,
which
Plutarch
describes
in
a
Treatise
against
Epicurus
.
Melanis
or
Melaenis
;
Pausan.
in
Arcad.
nigra
,
tenebrosa
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
because
of
nocturnal
Amours
,
both
lawful
and
unlawful
.
Od.
9.
●yr
.
ex●
Hesyc
.
For
omne
amoris
opus
amat
tenebras
:
the
Works
of
Love
do
all
of
them
seek
the
dark
.
Whence
the
Egyptians
worshipped
a
Venus
,
Eurip.
in
Hippol.
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
tenebrosa
,
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
a
Goddess
to
be
admired
in
the
night
,
that
is
,
in
Marriage
.
Meretrix
,
Lact.
&
Serv.
because
she
first
taught
the
Women
in
Cyprus
to
prostitute
themselves
for
Mony
.
Migonitis
,
Pausan.
in
Lacon
.
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
misceo
,
signifies
her
Power
in
the
Affairs
of
Love
.
And
Paris
,
after
he
had
mix'd
Embraces
with
Helena
,
dedicated
the
first
Temple
Veneri
Migonitidi
.
Virgil
uses
the
word
misceo
,
speaking
of
the
Affairs
of
Love
.
Aen.
7.
—
quem
Rhea
Sacerdos
Furtivo
partu
,
sub
luminis
edidit
auras
,
Mixta
Deo
mulier
.
—
Him
Priestess
Rhea
bore
Into
the
lightsome
World
,
for
by
stoln
Ioy
,
Mixt
with
a
Deity
she
got
the
Boy
.
She
is
called
Murcia
in
Livy
and
Pliny
,
quasi
Myrtea
,
because
the
Myrtle
was
sacred
to
Venus
,
and
her
Temple
,
upon
the
Aventine
Mountain
at
Rome
,
was
antiently
called
Murcus
.
Paphia
,
from
the
City
Paphos
in
the
Island
Cyprus
,
where
they
Sacrificed
Flowers
and
Frankincense
to
her
.
Thus
Catullus
speaks
of
her
,
de
coma
Beren
.
l.
2.
Ipsa
Paphum
sublimis
adit
,
sedesque
revisit
Laeta
suas
,
ubi
templum
illi
,
centumque
Sabaeo
Thure
calent
arae
,
sertisque
recentibus
halant
.
She
with
a
stately
gate
to
Paphos
goes
,
Her
antient
Seat
,
her
Fane
and
Altars
views
,
Of
which
a
hundred
stand
in
rising
steams
Of
Frankincense
,
and
Flowers
fragrant
smell
.
This
Image
had
not
an
human
shape
,
but
as
Tacitus
says
,
Erat
continuus
orbis
,
latiore
initio
,
tenuem
in
ambitum
,
metae
modo
exurgens
;
&
ratio
in
obscuro
.
Lib.
3.
It
was
from
the
top
to
the
bottom
an
orbicular
Figure
;
a
little
broad
beneath
,
the
circumference
but
small
,
and
sharpening
as
it
went
up
like
a
Sugar
loaf
.
The
reason
unknown
.
Lucan
observes
,
that
it
was
usual
to
worship
other
Gods
in
con●used
shapeless
Figures
.
—
simulacraque
moesta
Deorum
Arte
carent
,
caesisque
extant
informia
truncis
.
All
artless
,
plain
,
mishapen
Trunks
they
are
,
Their
moss
and
mouldiness
procures
a
Fear
.
For
certain
the
Goddess
Pessinuntia
(
of
whom
we
shall
say
more
,
when
we
speak
of
Cybele
)
was
nothing
but
a
shapeless
Stone
,
which
fell
down
from
Heaven
,
as
we
find
by
Herodian
.
In
Apolog.
●
Et
Pallas
Attica
,
says
Tertulian
,
&
Ceres
farrea
sine
effigie
,
rudi
palo
,
&
informi
ligno
prostant
.
Even
●allas
the
Athenian
Goddess
,
and
Ceres
the
God●●ss
of
Corn
,
both
of
them
without
any
certain
Effigies
to
them
,
but
mere
rugged
stakes
,
and
shapeless
pieces
of
Wood
,
are
things
that
are
bought
and
sold.
Lib.
6.
And
Arnobius
adds
,
Val.
Max.
lib.
8.
Arabas
informem
coluisse
lapidem
;
The
Arabians
worshipped
a
Stone
without
form
or
shape
of
a
Deity
.
Her
Name
Verticordi●
,
quasi
corda
vertens
,
signifies
the
power
of
Love
to
change
the
Hearts
,
and
ease
the
Minds
of
Men
from
the
Cares
that
perplex
them
.
Ovid
says
thus
of
her
:
Templa
jubet
fieri
Veneri
,
●
Fast.
quibus
ordine
factis
,
l●de
Venus
verso
nomina
corde
tenet
.
Temples
are
rais'd
to
Venus
,
whence
the
Name
,
From
changing
minds
,
of
Verticordia
came
.
And
for
the
same
reason
Venus
is
called
in
Greek
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Pausan●
in
Att.
SECT.
IV.
Actions
of
Venus
.
WHat
Deeds
can
you
expect
from
an
impudent
and
powerful
Strumpet
,
but
those
which
are
full
of
Lewdness
,
and
Mischief
,
and
Plagues
?
It
were
endless
only
to
repeat
the
Names
of
all
those
whom
she
hath
armed
to
the
Ruin
of
one
another
;
whom
she
hath
turned
into
Beasts
,
by
inciting
them
to
commit
such
monstrous
Wickednesses
,
as
Modesty
will
not
let
me
mention
.
For
who
without
blushing
can
hear
of
the
Story
of
Nyctimene
?
Nyctimen
who
inspired
by
impure
Lust
,
and
raging
with
cursed
Flames
,
is
said
—
Patrium
temerasse
cubile
.
—
To
have
defiled
her
Fathers
bed
.
And
was
therefore
changed
into
an
Owl
,
an
ugly
dismal
Bird
of
the
Night
,
who
—
Conscia
culpae
Ovid
2.
Metam
.
Conspectum
,
lucemque
fugit
,
tenebrisque
pudorem
Celat
,
&
à
cunctis
expellitur
aere
toto
.
Still
conscious
of
her
shame
avoids
the
Light
,
And
strives
to
shroud
her
guilty
head
in
Night
,
Expell'd
the
winged
Quire
.
Who
does
not
abhor
the
Fact
of
Myrrha
,
Ovid.
10.
Metam
.
Myrrha
,
which
was
contrived
and
committed
by
the
encouragement
and
the
assistance
of
Venus
?
She
committed
Incest
with
her
own
Father
,
by
the
Assistance
of
Cynaras
,
her
old
Nurse
(
may
such
Practices
of
Old
Women
receive
their
just
reward
)
but
her
Sin
prov'd
her
ruin
,
for
she
was
turned
into
a
Tree
.
Quae
quanquam
amisit
veteres
cum
corpore
sensus
Flet
tamen
,
&
tepidae
manant
ex
arbore
guttae
.
Tho
Sense
with
Shape
she
lost
,
still
weeping
she
Sheds
bitter
tears
which
trickle
from
her
Tree
.
Why
should
I
mention
the
Propoetides
,
Idem
ib.
Propoetides
.
the
chief
of
Strumpets
,
who
denied
that
Venus
was
a
Goddess
.
—
pro
quo
,
sua
,
Numinis
ira
,
Corpora
,
cum
forma
,
primae
vulgasse
feruntur
;
Utque
pudor
cessit
,
sanguisque
induruit
oris
In
rigidum
,
parvo
,
silicem
,
discrimine
versae
.
The
first
that
ever
gave
themselves
for
hire
To
Prostitution
,
urg'd
by
Venus
Ire
,
Their
Looks
emboldned
,
Modesty
now
gone
,
Convert
at
length
to
little
differing
Stone
.
Why
should
I
set
before
you
Pygmalion
a
Statua●y
?
Idem
ibid.
who
considering
the
great
Inconveniences
of
Marriage
,
Pygmalion
.
resolved
to
live
single
.
But
when
he
had
made
a
most
elegant
and
artificial
Image
of
Venus
,
he
fell
in
love
with
his
own
Workmanship
;
so
that
he
begged
Venus
,
that
she
would
turn
it
into
a
Woman
,
and
enliven
the
Ivory
:
his
wishes
were
granted
,
and
he
begot
of
this
Image
Paphus
.
—
de
quo
tenet
insula
nomen
.
From
whom
the
Island
does
its
Name
receive
.
Let
us
a
little
relate
the
Stories
of
Pyramus
and
Thisbe
,
Atalanta
and
Hippomenes
,
Paris
and
Helena
,
three
Couples
of
the
most
unfortunate
Lovers
.
Pyramus
and
Thisbe
were
both
Inhabitants
of
the
City
of
Babylon
;
equals
in
Beauty
,
Age
,
Conditions
and
Fortune
.
They
begin
to
love
from
their
Cradles
.
Their
Houses
were
contiguous
,
so
that
their
love
proceeded
from
their
Neighbourhood
,
encreased
by
their
mutual
Play
,
and
was
perfected
by
their
singular
Beauty
.
This
love
encreased
with
their
years
,
and
when
they
were
Marriageable
they
begged
their
Parents
consent
;
which
was
refused
,
because
of
some
former
Quarrels
between
the
two
Families
.
And
that
the
Children
might
not
attempt
any
thing
against
their
Parents
will
,
they
were
not
permitted
to
se●
each
other
,
or
to
speak
together
.
What
could
Pyramus
do
?
or
how
could
Thisbe
bea●
this
?
There
was
a
Partition
Wall
between
both
Houses
,
in
which
Wall
was
a
small
Crack
never
discovered
by
any
of
the
Servants
.
Ovid.
Met.
l.
4.
Quid
non
sentit
amor
?
—
Illam
,
primi
,
vidistis
,
amantes
,
Et
vocis
fecistis
iter
,
tutaeque
per
illud
Murmure
blanditiae
minimo
transire
solebant
.
This
for
so
many
Ages
undescry'd
,
(
What
cannot
love
find
out
?
)
the
Lovers
spy'd
,
By
which
their
whispering
voices
softly
trade
,
And
Passions
amorous
Embass●es
convey'd
.
Their
Sighs
went
through
;
but
Kisses
could
not
pass
:
which
,
when
they
parted
,
they
printed
on
the
Wall.
Parti
quisque
suae
non
pervenientia
contra
.
—
Their
Kisses
greet
The
senseless
Stones
with
Lips
that
cannot
meet●
But
what
a
fatal
rupture
in
their
Hearts
did
this
small
breach
in
the
Wall
produce
?
For
their
Love
was
too
great
to
be
confined
to
such
narrow
bounds
:
the
next
night
therefore
they
resolved
to
enjoy
that
Liberty
abroad
which
they
could
not
receive
at
home
,
by
escaping
into
a
neighbouring
Wood
;
where
they
intended
to
meet
under
the
shade
of
a
large
Mulberry-Tree
,
which
stood
close
to
a
Fountain
.
They
agree
,
and
Night
comes
,
Thisbe
deceives
her
Keepers
,
and
escapes
the
first
,
and
flies
into
the
Wood
;
for
Love
added
wings
to
her
.
When
she
came
to
the
appointed
place
,
a
Lioness
came
fresh
from
the
slaughter
of
some
Cattel
,
to
drink
at
the
Fountain
,
Depositura
sitim
vicini
fontis
in
unda
.
Thisbe
was
so
frighted
that
she
ran
into
a
Den
,
and
in
her
flight
her
Veil
fell
from
her
head
;
the
Lioness
returning
from
the
Fountain
,
found
the
Veil
,
and
tore
it
with
his
Jaws
,
smeered
with
the
Cattels
blood
.
Afterward
comes
Pyramus
,
and
sees
the
Prints
of
a
wild
Beast's
Foot
in
the
Gravel
,
and
by
and
by
finds
the
Veil
of
Thisbe
bloody
and
torn
.
He
immediately
concluded
that
she
was
kild
and
devoured
by
the
Beast
;
he
presently
grew
distracted
,
and
hastned
to
the
appointed
Tree
,
and
when
he
could
not
find
Thisbe
,
he
threw
himself
upon
his
Sword
and
died
.
Thisbe
in
the
mean
time
recovered
from
her
Fright
,
and
came
to
the
Mulberry-Tree
;
where
she
sees
when
she
came
near
a
dead
Body
lie
.
—
tremebunda
videt
pulsare
cruentu●
Membra
solum
.
—
Sees
his
panting
Limbs
Strike
the
stain'd
Earth
—
She
was
amazed
at
the
first
,
and
stop'd
,
and
went
back
frighted
.
Sed
postquam
remorata
suos
cognovit
amores
,
But
when
sh●
saw
it
was
her
dearest
Love
.
She
ran
into
the
Embraces
of
her
dying
Lover
,
and
mingling
her
Tears
with
his
Blood
,
and
folding
her
Arms
about
him
,
Pyrame
,
clamavit
,
quis
te
mihi
casus
ademit
?
Pyrame
,
responde
,
tua
te
charissima
Thisbe
Nom●at
;
exaudi
vultusque
at●olle
jacentes
.
Ad
nomen
Thisbes
,
oculos
in
morte
gravatos
Pyramus
erexit●
visaque
recondidit
illa
.
—
Wo's
me
,
she
said
,
What
cursed
Fate
hath
this
division
made
!
O
speak
my
Pyramus
!
O
look
on
me
!
Thy
dear
,
thy
desperate
Thisbe
calls
to
thee
!
At
Thisbe's
Name
he
opens
his
dim
Eyes
,
And
having
seen
her
shuts
them
up
and
dies
:
And
now
Thisbe
was
almost
dead
with
Grief
.
She
tore
her
Cheeks
,
and
beat
her
Breast
,
and
rent
her
Hair
,
and
shed
a
deluge
of
Tears
upon
his
cold
Face
;
nor
ceased
to
mourn
,
till
she
perceived
her
Veil
bloody
and
torn
,
in
Pyramus's
Hand
.
She
then
understood
the
occasion
of
his
Death
:
and
with
all
her
Strength
,
she
draws
the
Sword
out
of
the
Body
of
her
Lover
,
and
strikes
it
deep
into
her
own
;
and
falling
accidentally
on
him
,
gave
him
a
cold
Kiss
,
and
breathed
her
last
Breath
into
his
Bosom
.
The
Tree
was
warmed
with
the
blood
of
the
slain
,
so
that
it
became
sensible
of
their
Misfortune
and
mourn'd
.
Its
Berries
,
which
were
before
white
,
became
red
with
Grief
,
and
blushed
for
the
Death
of
Pyramus
:
when
Thisbe
also
died
,
the
Berries
became
black
and
dark
,
as
if
they
had
put
on
Mourning
.
In
the
next
place
hear
the
Story
of
Atalanta
and
Hippomenes
.
She
was
the
Daughter
of
King
Schoeneus
,
or
Coeneus
.
It
was
doubtful
whether
her
Beauty
or
Swiftness
in
running
were
greatest
.
When
she
consulted
the
Oracle
,
whether
she
should
Marry
or
no
,
she
received
this
Answer
,
that
Marriage
would
be
fatal
to
her
.
Hereupon
the
Virgin
hid
her self
in
the
Woods
,
and
liv'd
in
places
remote
from
the
Conversation
of
Men.
But
,
the
more
she
avoided
them
,
they
courted
her
the
more
eagerly
.
Her
Disdain
inflam'd
their
Desires
,
and
her
Pride
rais'd
their
Adoration●
At
last
,
when
she
saw
she
could
not
otherwise
deliver
her self
from
the
Importunity
of
her
Lovers
,
she
made
this
Agreement
with
them
.
You
court
me
in
vain
,
says
she
,
he
who
beats
me
at
Running
shall
be
my
Husband
;
but
they
who●
are
beaten
by
me
shall
suffer
death
:
I
will
be
the
Victors
Prise
but
the
Vanquisheds
Punishment
.
If
these
Conditions
please
,
come
,
go
with
me
into
the
Field
.
They
went
.
Venit
ad
hanc
legem
temeraria
turba
procorum
.
All
her
mad
Wooers
take
the
Terms
propos'd
.
They
all
strive
,
and
were
all
beaten
,
and
put
to
death
according
to
the
Agreement
;
suffering
for
the
fault
of
their
Feet
,
the
loss
of
their
Heads
.
Yet
the
Example
of
these
Gentlemen
did
not
deter
Hippomenes
from
undertaking
the
Race
,
He
entertain'd
Hopes
of
winning
the
Victory
,
because
Venus
had
given
him
three
golden
Apples
,
gathered
in
the
Gardens
of
the
Hesperides
;
and
did
advise
him
what
he
should
do
.
Hippomenes
briskly
set
out
and
began
the
Race
;
and
when
he
saw
that
Atalanta
overtook
him
,
he
threw
down
a
golden
Apple
:
the
beauty
of
it
enticed
her
,
so
that
,
Declinat
cursus
,
aurumque
volubile
tollit
.
She
greedy
of
the
shining
Fruit
steps
back
To
catch
the
rolling
Gold
.
—
Afterwards
he
threw
down
another
,
and
she
stopp'd
again
to
reach
it
,
and
again
a
third
;
so
that
while
Atalanta
was
busied
in
gathering
them
up
Hippomenes
reach'd
the
Goal
,
and
took
the
Lady
as
the
Price
of
his
Victory
.
But
how
inconstant
is
Venus
?
and
how
base
Ingratitude
?
Hippomenes
being
drunk
with
Love
,
gave
not
due
thanks
to
Venus
,
but
was
forgetful
of
her
Kindness
.
The
Goddess
resented
it
,
and
inflam'd
them
with
such
strong
impatient
Desires
,
that
in
their
Journey
they
dared
to
satisfie
their
Passion
in
a
Temple
:
for
which
Sacrilege
they
were
immediately
punished
,
for
they
were
turned
into
Lyons
.
Lastly
,
let
Paris
and
Helena
now
come
upon
the
Stage
.
Paris
was
the
Son
of
Priamus
,
King
of
Troy
,
by
Hecuba
:
his
Mother
,
when
she
was
big-belly'd
,
dreamt
that
she
brought
forth
a
burning
Torch
:
and
asking
the
Oracles
the
Interpretation
of
it
,
they
answer'd
,
that
it
did
portend
the
Burning
of
Troy
,
and
that
the
Fire
should
be
kindled
by
that
Boy
that
she
had
in
her
Belly
.
Therefore
,
as
soon
as
the
Child
was
born
,
by
the
Command
o●
Priamus
,
he
was
expos'd
upon
the
Mountain
Ida
;
where
the
Shepherds
brought
him
privately
up
,
and
nourished
him
,
and
call'd
him
Paris
.
When
he
became
a
Man
,
many
excellent
Endowments
and
good
Qualities
shined
in
him
;
and
particularly
he
gave
such
great
Tokens
of
singular
Prudence
and
Equity
in
deciding
Controversies
,
that
when
a
great
difference
arose
amongst
the
Goddesses
,
they
referr'd
it
to
his
Judgment
to
be
determin'd
.
The
Goddess
Discordia
was
the
occasion
of
this
Contention
:
for
,
Dio.
Chrys.
or
.
20.
because
all
the
Gods
and
Goddesses
were
invited
,
Philostr
.
in
Icon.
except
her self
to
the
Marriage
of
Peleus
,
she
was
angry
,
and
resolv'd
to
revenge
the
Disgrace
:
wherefore
when
they
all
met
and
sat
down
at
the
Table
,
she
came
in
privately
,
and
threw
down
upon
the
Table
an
Apple
of
Gold
,
on
which
was
this
Inscription
,
Pulchrior
accipiat
,
or
(
which
is
the
same
)
Detur
pulchriori
;
Let
the
Fairest
take
it
.
Hereupon
arose
a
Quarrel
amongst
the
Goddesses
;
for
every
one
thought
herself
the
handsomest
.
But
at
last
all
the
other
Goddesses
yielded
to
the
three
superior
Goddesses
,
Iuno
,
Pallas
and
Venus
:
who
disputed
so
eagerly
,
that
Iupiter
himself
was
not
able
to
bring
them
to
Agreement
.
He
resolved
therefore
to
leave
the
final
determination
of
it
to
the
Judgment
of
Paris
;
so
that
she
should
have
the
Apple
,
to
whom
Paris
should
appoint
it
.
The
Goddesses
consent
,
and
call
for
Paris
,
who
did
then
feed
Sheep
upon
a
Mountain
.
They
tell
him
the
Business
;
they
every
one
court
his
Favour
with
great
Promises
.
Iuno
promised
to
reward
him
with
Power
;
Pallas
with
Wisdom
;
and
Venus
promis'd
him
the
most
Beautiful
Woman
in
the
World
.
In
short
,
he
observ'd
them
all
very
curiously
:
but
Nature
guided
him
to
pronounce
Venus
the
Fairest
,
and
to
assign
to
her
the
Apple
of
Gold
.
Nor
did
Venus
break
her
Promise
to
Paris
:
for
in
a
little
time
Paris
was
own'd
to
be
King
Priam's
Son
;
and
sail'd
into
Greece
with
a
great
Fleet
,
under
colour
of
an
Embassy
,
to
fetch
away
Helena
,
the
most
Beautiful
Virgin
in
the
World
;
who
was
betroth'd
to
Menelaus
,
King
of
Sparta
,
and
liv'd
in
his
House
.
When
he
came
Menelaus
was
absent
from
home
;
and
in
his
absense
Paris
carried
Helena
to
Troy
:
Menelaus
demanded
her
,
but
Paris
refus'd
to
send
her
back
;
whereupon
that
fatal
War
between
the
Grecians
and
Trojans
brake
out
,
in
which
Troy
,
the
Metropolis
of
all
Asia
,
was
taken
and
miserably
burnt
,
in
the
Year
of
the
World
,
2871.
There
were
kild
886000
of
the
Grecians
;
amongst
whom
Achilles
their
General
lost
his
life
by
the
Treachery
of
Paris
himself
.
There
were
slain
676000
of
the
Trojans
;
from
the
beginning
of
the
War
,
to
the
Betraying
the
City
.
(
for
it
was
thought
that
Aeneas
and
Antenor
betray'd
it
)
amongst
whom
Paris
himself
was
kild
by
Pyrrhus
or
Philoctetes
;
and
his
Brother
Hector
,
Patriae
Columen
,
the
Pillar
of
his
Country
,
was
kild
by
Achilles
.
And
when
the
City
was
taken
and
burnt
,
King
Priamus
,
the
Father
of
Paris
and
Hector
,
at
once
lost
all
his
Children
,
Hecuba
his
Queen
,
his
Kingdom
,
and
his
Life
.
Helena
,
after
Paris
was
kild
,
married
his
Brother
Deiphobus
.
Yet
she
at
last
betray'd
the
Castle
to
the
Grecians
,
and
admitted
Menelaus
into
her
Chamber
to
kill
Deiphobus
;
whereby
,
it
is
said
,
she
was
reconciled
to
the
Favour
of
Menelaus
again
.
But
these
things
belong
rather
to
History
than
to
Fable
,
to
which
let
us
return
.
SECT.
IV.
Venus's
Companions
.
Cupid
,
the
Graces
,
Adonis
.
MAny
different
Parents
are
ascribed
to
the
God
of
Love
,
Philostr
.
in
Icon.
Cupid
,
because
there
were
many
Cupids
.
In
sympos
.
Vid.
Nat.
&
Lil.
Plato
says
he
was
born
of
Penia
,
the
Goddess
of
Poverty
,
and
Porus
,
the
Son
of
Counsel
and
Plenty
.
Hesiod
relates
that
he
was
born
of
Chaos
and
Terra
.
Sappho
derives
him
from
Venus
and
Coelum
Alcaeus
says
he
was
the
Son
of
Lite
and
Zephyrus
.
Simonides
attributes
him
to
Mars
and
Venus
;
and
Alcmaeon
to
Zephyrus
and
Flora.
But
whatsoever
Parents
Cupid
had
,
this
is
plain
,
he
always
accompanies
Venus
,
either
as
a
Son
or
as
a
Servant
.
Cic●
de
Nat.
Deor.
The
Poets
speak
of
two
Cupids
.
Plat.
in
Phaedro
.
One
of
which
is
an
ingenious
Youth
,
the
Son
of
Venus
and
Iupiter
,
a
celestial
Deity
,
and
often
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
the
other
an
obscene
Debauchee
,
the
Son
of
Nox
and
Erebus
(
Hell
and
the
Night
)
a
vulgar
God
,
whose
Companions
are
,
Drunkenness
,
Sorrow
,
Enmity
,
Contention
,
and
such
kind
of
Plagues
:
one
of
these
Cupids
is
called
Eros
,
and
the
other
Anteros
.
Both
of
them
are
Boys
,
and
naked
,
and
winged
,
and
blind
;
and
armed
with
a
Bow
and
Arrows
,
and
a
Torch
.
Plut.
ap.
Stobae
.
Schol.
They
have
two
Darts
of
different
Natures
;
a
Golden
Dart
which
procures
Love
,
Theocr.
10
Idyl
.
and
a
Leaden
Dart
which
causes
Hatred
.
Anteros
is
also
the
God
who
avenges
slighted
Love
.
Altho
this
be
the
youngest
of
all
the
Gods
in
Heaven
,
Pausan.
in
Boeot
.
yet
his
Power
is
so
great
,
Plut.
in
sympos
.
that
he
is
esteemed
the
strongest
of
them
;
for
he
subdues
them
all
Without
his
assistance
,
his
Mistress
Venus
is
weak
and
can
do
nothing
,
as
she
confesses
when
she
accosts
him
after
this
manner
.
Virg.
Aen.
1.
Nate
,
meae
vires
,
mea
magna
potentia
,
solus
.
My
Son
,
my
strength
and
power
thou
art
alone
.
P.
But
wherefore
is
Cupid
naked
?
M.
He
is
naked
,
because
the
Lover
has
nothing
his
own
,
but
deprives
himself
of
all
that
he
has
for
his
Mistress's
sake
;
he
can
cover
nor
conceal
any
thing
from
her
,
of
which
Sampson
is
a
witness
:
for
he
discovered
to
his
beloved
Mistress
,
even
the
Secret
on
which
his
safety
did
depend
;
and
herein
his
Understanding
was
blinded
before
his
Eyes
.
Another
gives
the
following
reason
of
Cupids
Blindness
.
Quare
nuda
Venus
?
nudi
pinguntur
amores
?
Nuda
quibus
placeat
,
nudos
dimittat
oportet
.
Why
's
Venus
naked
,
and
the
Loves
are
so
?
Those
that
like
Nakedness
should
naked
go
.
Cupid
is
a
Boy
,
because
he
is
void
of
Judgment
;
for
violent
Love
is
extravagant
and
Madness
.
And
he
is
blind
,
because
a
Lover
does
not
see
the
Faults
of
his
beloved
Object
,
nor
considers
in
his
Mind
the
Mischiefs
proceeding
from
that
Passion
.
He
is
winged
,
because
nothing
flies
swifter
than
Love
;
for
he
that
loves
to
day
,
will
hate
to
morrow
;
and
the
space
of
one
day
does
oftimes
see
Love
and
Aversion
in
their
turns
reigning
in
the
same
Person
:
nay
Amnon
,
King
David's
Son
,
both
loved
and
hated
the
same
Woman
in
a
shorter
space
of
time
;
for
with
the
greatest
degree
of
hatred
he
turned
her
out
of
his
Chamber
,
whom
he
just
before
enticed
in
with
the
highest
marks
of
Love
.
Lastly
,
the
Boy
is
armed
with
Arrows
,
because
he
strikes
afar
off
.
These
Sisters
were
painted
naked
(
or
in
transparent
and
loose
Garments
)
young
and
merry
,
and
all
Virgins
,
with
hands
joyned
.
One
turned
from
the
Beholder
,
as
if
she
was
going
from
him
;
the
two
other
turned
their
Faces
,
as
if
they
were
coming
to
him
:
whereby
we
may
understand
,
that
when
one
Kindness
is
done
,
Thanks
are
twice
due
;
once
when
received
,
and
again
when
it
is
repaid
.
The
Graces
are
naked
,
because
Kindnesses
ought
to
be
done
in
Sincerity
and
Candor
,
and
without
Disguise
.
They
are
Young
,
because
the
memory
of
Kindnesses
received
ought
never
to
grow
old
.
They
are
Virgins
,
because
Kindness
ought
to
be
pure
,
without
expectation
of
requital
:
or
because
we
ought
neither
to
give
or
receive
a
base
or
immodest
Kindness
.
Their
Hands
are
joined
,
because
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
one
good
turn
requires
another
:
there
ought
to
be
a
perpetual
intercourse
of
Kindness
and
Assistance
amongst
Friends
.
Adonis
was
the
Son
of
Cynaras
,
King
of
Cyprus
,
and
Myrrha
.
He
was
mighty
handsom
,
wherefore
Venus
took
great
delight
in
him
,
and
loved
his
Company
.
When
he
Hunted
,
a
Boar
struck
his
Groin
with
his
Tusks
and
kild
him
.
Venus
bewailed
his
death
with
much
sorrow
and
concern
,
and
changed
his
Blood
which
was
shed
on
the
ground
into
the
Flower
Anemone
,
which
ever
since
has
retained
the
colour
of
Blood
.
And
while
she
ran
to
assist
him
,
being
led
by
his
dying
Voice
,
she
prickt
her
Foot
with
a
Thorn
,
and
the
Blood
which
came
from
thence
made
the
Rose
red
,
which
was
before
white
.
Some
add
another
pleasant
Conceit
.
They
say
that
Venus
and
Proserpina
contended
before
Iupiter
which
should
have
Adonis
.
Iupiter
directed
them
to
Calliope
,
whom
he
appointed
Judge
of
their
Quarrel
Calliope
gave
this
Sentence
:
that
Adonis
should
serve
Venus
every
year
six
Months
,
and
Proserpina
the
other
six
.
The
meaning
of
which
Fable
is
this
:
Venus
is
the
Earth
,
and
her
Adonis
is
the
Sea
.
She
reigns
with
him
six
months
,
attired
with
beauteous
Flowers
,
and
enriched
with
Fruit
and
Corn
;
the
other
six
months
the
Sun
leaves
us
,
and
goes
as
it
were
to
live
with
Proserpina
.
Lastly
,
from
Adonis
comes
the
Proverb
Adonidis
Horti
,
which
signifies
all
those
things
which
are
fine
and
gay
,
but
useless
and
trifling
.
SECT.
V.
The
Explanation
of
the
Fable
.
VENUS
Amorousness
.
THE
Graces
,
Cupid
and
Adonis
,
are
Venus's
Companions
,
whereby
is
described
,
the
ungovernable
appetite
and
inclination
towards
Obscenity
.
1.
She
is
called
the
Goddess
of
Beauty
and
Comeliness
:
for
Beauty
is
the
greatest
fomenter
of
impure
Desires
.
She
sitting
on
a
frail
corporeal
Throne
,
subdues
the
Soul
;
she
by
her
Flattery
and
Enticement
steals
into
the
Affections
and
drives
Virtue
from
thence
,
and
basely
enslaves
the
whole
Man
.
The
Cythe●●ans
worshipped
Venus
armed
.
Beauty
needs
no
Weapons
:
she
who
possesses
that
is
suffici●ntly
armed
.
Anacreon
ingeniously
tell
us
,
●hat
Nature
gave
Women
Beauty
,
that
they
●●ight
use
it
instead
of
Spears
and
Shields
,
and
Conquer
with
greater
speed
and
force
than
●ither
Iron
or
Fire
can
.
Helena
,
Phryne
,
and
●nnumerable
others
,
are
witnesses
of
this
truth
:
One
Lady
,
when
she
was
bound
to
the
Stake
●o
be
stoned
,
with
the
lightning
of
her
Eyes
●●isarmed
her
Executioners
:
Another
,
when
●er
Crime
was
proved
,
and
tho'
she
had
often
offended
before
,
when
she
tore
her
Garments
●nd
opened
her
Breast
,
stopped
the
Judges
mouth
,
and
when
her
Beauty
pleaded
her
Cause
,
every
body
acquitted
her
.
2.
Beauteous
Venus
rides
in
a
Chariot
,
as
it
were
to
triumph
over
her
subdued
Enemies
,
whom
Love
,
rather
than
Force
has
conquered
.
She
has
her
Ambushes
,
but
they
are
composed
of
Pleasure
and
Enjoyment
;
she
Skirmishes
with
Delights
,
and
not
with
Fire
and
Bullets
;
●he
Wounds
she
gives
are
bloodless
and
gentle
;
she
uses
no
other
Flames
than
what
she
kindles
with
her
Eyes
,
and
draws
them
which
she
shoots
from
no
other
Quiver
.
And
if
she
●ights
thus
,
it
is
no
wonder
if
she
makes
the
Enemy
fly
to
her
rather
than
from
her
.
3.
She
wears
a
Crown
because
she
is
always
Victorious
.
Beauty
never
wants
success
:
because
she
fights
leasurely
and
Conquers
in
time
of
Peace
,
and
Triumphs
with
her
Eyes
:
Thunder
is
contained
in
her
Silence
,
and
Lightning
in
her
Looks
.
She
seizes
the
Breast
,
storms
the
Mind
,
and
takes
it
captive
with
one
Assault
,
nay
with
one
Look
.
Beauty
speaks
without
a
Voice
,
forces
us
without
Violence
;
tyes
us
down
without
Fetters
,
enchants
us
without
Witchcraft
,
and
in
her
to
see
is
to
Overcome
,
and
to
be
seen
is
to
Triumph
.
Augustus
refused
to
see
her
in
Cleopatra
,
lest
himself
should
be
taken
,
and
the
Conqueror
of
the
World
submit
to
a
Woman
.
When
therefore
she
pleaded
and
made
her
defence
,
he
opened
his
Ears
but
shut
his
Eyes
.
4.
She
carries
a
Looking
glass
,
that
the
brittleness
of
the
Glass
may
remind
her
of
the
frailty
of
her
Beauty
.
She
is
crowned
with
flowery
Garlands
,
because
nothing
is
more
fading
than
Beauty
,
which
like
a
Flower
is
blasted
by
the
least
breath
,
and
broken
by
the
least
accident
,
and
dies
in
the
smallest
moment
.
5.
She
is
born
from
the
Sea
,
because
more
Storms
and
Tempests
afflict
the
Lover
,
than
disturb
the
Sea
:
Nothing
but
bitterness
is
his
portion
,
so
that
we
may
say
that
amare
to
Love
,
is
derived
from
amarus
bitter
.
This
is
certainly
true
,
that
the
bitterness
of
the
Sea
is
sweet
,
if
compared
with
the
bitterness
of
Love
.
But
suppose
Love
has
some
sweetness
,
yet
like
the
Sea
from
whence
Venus
sprung
,
it
is
full
of
tempestuous
desires
and
stormy
disappointments
;
how
many
Vessels
have
beed
shipwreck'd
there
,
how
many
Goods
lost
?
What
destructions
not
only
of
Mens
Estates
,
but
of
the
Understandings
also
,
have
happened
here
?
Instances
of
which
,
every
body
who
is
not
blind
has
observed
.
6.
Consider
the
Adulteries
,
Rapes
,
Incests
,
of
which
Venus
is
accused
,
and
you
will
find
whitherward
her
Beauty
tends
.
Those
are
the
Precipices
,
into
which
that
Ignis
fatu●s
in
her
Eyes
betrays
its
Admirers
.
Tho
her
Face
appears
pure
,
and
cool
as
the
Ice
,
it
creates
a
Passion
both
impure
,
and
hot
as
Fire
.
From
that
stream
of
sparkling
Fire
which
comes
from
her
Eyes
,
are
engendred
Clouds
of
dark
and
hellish
Impurity
,
and
black
mists
of
Lust.
Thus
by
a
strange
contradiction
,
many
are
blinded
by
others
Eyes
,
and
find
Tumults
raised
in
their
breasts
from
the
calm
serenity
of
anothers
looks
,
grow
pale
at
the
redness
in
their
Cheeks
;
loose
their
own
Beauty
in
admiring
the
Beauty
of
others
,
and
grow
immodest
by
loving
their
Modesty
.
P.
How
far
I
prithee
will
the
Fervour
and
the
flowing
Tide
of
your
Wit
and
Fancy
carry
you
?
The
Beauty
of
this
Goddess
,
I
see
,
hath
raised
your
Admiration
.
M.
My
Choler
rather
.
But
however
you
do
well
in
stopping
me
.
She
hath
detained
us
longer
than
I
expected
.
Tho'
not
without
Reason
;
because
she
is
one
of
the
greatest
of
all
the
Goddesses
.
The
rest
are
less
illustrious
,
and
will
by
no
means
detain
us
so
long
.
CHAP.
XIII
.
SECT.
I.
LATONA
.
LAtona
,
Apollod
.
l.
1.
whom
you
see
standing
next
to
Venus
,
was
the
Daughter
of
Phoebe
,
and
Coeus
the
Titan.
Ovid.
6.
Metam
.
She
was
so
beautiful
a
Lady
,
that
Iupiter
fell
in
love
with
her
,
and
deflowred
her
:
when
Iuno
perceived
,
that
she
was
big
with
Child
by
him
,
she
cast
her
out
of
Heaven
to
the
Earth
;
and
obliged
Terra
by
an
Oath
,
not
to
give
her
any
where
a
habitation
to
bring
forth
in
:
and
besides
,
she
set
the
Serpent
Python
upon
her
,
Orph.
in
hymn
.
to
persecute
her
all
over
the
World
.
Iuno
however
was
disappointed
in
every
thing
:
for
the
Island
Delos
received
Latona
;
where
under
a
Palm
,
or
an
Olive-Tree
,
she
brought
forth
Diana
:
who
as
soon
as
she
was
born
,
performed
the
Office
of
a
Midwife
to
her
Mother
,
and
brought
Apollo
into
the
world
.
P.
But
if
Terra
swore
,
Lucian
.
in
dial
.
that
she
would
allow
no
place
to
Latona
,
how
could
she
bring
forth
in
Delos
?
Iridis
.
&
Neptuni
.
M
Very
well
.
For
they
say
,
that
that
Island
heretofore
floated
in
the
Sea
,
and
was
then
hid
under
the
Waters
,
when
Terra
took
her
Oath
;
but
emerged
afterwards
by
the
Order
of
Neptune
,
and
became
fix'd
and
immoveable
for
Latona's
use
:
from
which
time
it
was
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
conspicua
,
because
it
was
now
visible
like
other
places
P.
But
why
did
the
Island
Delos
emerge
for
Latona's
use
?
M.
That
is
not
strange
.
For
this
Island
was
Sister
to
Latona
:
some
say
that
her
name
formerly
was
Asteria
,
whom
Iupiter
loved
and
courted
,
but
she
was
converted
into
an
Island
;
but
others
report
,
that
she
was
converted
into
a
Quail
,
and
flew
into
this
Island
;
which
was
therefore
,
amongst
other
Names
,
called
Ortygia
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
a
Quail
.
Ovid.
15.
Metam
.
Niobe's
Pride
and
the
Barbarity
of
the
Country-men
of
Lycia
,
encrease
the
Fame
of
this
Goddess
.
Niobe
was
the
Daughter
of
Tantalus
,
Ovid.
6.
Metam
.
and
the
Wife
of
Amphion
,
King
of
Thebes
.
She
was
so
blessed
with
all
the
gifts
of
Nature
and
Fortune
,
her
happiness
was
so
great
that
she
could
not
bear
it
:
wherefore
puffed
up
with
Pride
and
full
of
Self-conceit
,
she
began
to
despise
Latona
,
and
to
esteem
her self
greater
than
her
,
saying
;
Major
sum
,
quam
cui
possit
fortuna
nocere
.
Multaque
ut
eripiat
,
multò
mihi
plura
relinquet
.
In
quancunque
domus
adverti
lumina
partem
,
Immensae
spectantur
opes
.
Accedit
eodem
Digna
Deo
facies
.
Huc
natas
adjice
septem
,
Et
totidem
Iuvenes
:
&
mox
Generosque
Nurusq
,
Quaerite
nunc
habeat
quam
nostra
superbia
causam
?
My
state
too
great
for
fortune
to
bereave
:
Tho
much
she
ravish
,
she
much
more
must
leave
.
Throughout
my
Court
,
behold
in
every
place
Infinite
Riches
!
add
to
this
,
a
Face
Worthy
a
Goddess
.
Then
,
to
crown
my
Ioys
,
Seven
beauteous
Daughters
,
and
as
many
Boys
:
All
these
by
marriage
,
to
be
multiply'd
.
Behold
,
have
we
not
reason
for
our
Pride
?
For
she
had
brought
to
her
Husband
seven
Sons
,
and
as
many
Daughters
,
who
were
all
very
ingenious
and
very
handsom
.
But
her
mad
Pride
deprived
her
of
all
the
Blessings
which
she
possessed
in
a
short
time
,
and
reduced
her
from
the
Heighth
of
good
Fortune
to
the
lowest
degree
of
Misery
.
For
when
Latona
saw
her self
so
despised
,
and
her
Sacrifices
disturbed
by
Niobe
,
she
left
it
to
Apollo
and
Diana
to
punish
the
Injury
that
was
offered
to
their
Mother
.
Immediately
they
two
go
with
their
Quivers
well
filled
with
Arrows
,
to
Niobe's
House
;
where
first
they
kill
the
Sons
,
then
the
Daughters
,
and
next
the
Father
,
in
the
sight
of
Niobe
:
who
by
that
means
—
Orba
resedit
Exanimes
inter
natos
,
natasque
virumque
,
Diriguitque
malis
.
She
,
by
her
Husband
,
Sons
,
and
Daughters
,
sits
A
childless
Widow
;
waxing
stiff
with
woes
.
Till
at
length
she
was
turned
into
Marble
:
which
because
of
this
misfortune
sheds
many
Tears
to
this
day
.
Id.
ibid.
The
Rusticks
of
the
Country
Lycia
,
in
Asia
,
did
also
experience
the
Anger
of
Latona
,
with
their
Ruine
:
for
when
she
wandered
in
the
Fields
,
very
big
with
Twins
,
the
heat
of
the
Weather
and
the
toil
of
her
Journey
,
brought
such
a
Drought
upon
her
,
that
she
almost
fainted
for
Thirst.
At
last
she
discovered
a
Spring
in
the
Bottom
of
the
Valley
,
she
ran
to
it
with
great
Joy
,
and
fell
on
her
Knees
;
—
gelidos
potura
liquores
.
The
neighbouring
Country-men
seeing
her
,
forbade
her
,
tho
she
begged
of
them
leave
to
;
drink
in
this
manner
:
Quid
prohibetis
aquas
?
usus
communis
aquarum
est
Quas
tamen
ut
detis
,
supplex
peto
.
Non
ego
nostros
Abluere
hic
artus
lassataque
membra
parabam
,
Sed
relevare
sitim
.
Caret
os
humore
loquentis
.
Et
fauces
arent
,
vixque
est
via
vocis
in
illis
.
Haustus
aquae
mihi
Nectar
erit
,
vitamque
fatebor
Accepisse
.
Quem
non
blanda
Deae
potuissent
verba
movere
?
Hi
tamen
orantem
perstant
prohibere
;
minasque
Ni
procul
abscedat
,
convitiaque
insuper
addunt
;
Nec
satis
est
;
ipsos
etiam
pedibusque
manuque
Turbavere
lacus
:
imoque
è
gurgite
mollem
Huc
illuc
limum
,
saltu
movere
maligno
.
—
Why
hinder
you
,
said
she
,
The
use
of
Water
,
that
to
all
is
free
?
The
Sun
,
Air
,
Water
,
Nature
did
not
frame
Peculiar
;
a
publick
Gift
I
claim
.
Yet
humbly
I
intreat
it
:
not
to
drench
My
weary
limbs
,
but
killing
thirst
to
quench
.
My
tongue
wants
moisture
,
and
my
jaws
are
dry
:
Scarce
is
there
way
for
speech
.
For
drink
I
die
.
Water
to
me
were
Nectar
.
If
I
live
,
'T
is
by
your
favour
:
—
With
whom
would
not
such
gentle
words
prevail
?
But
they
,
persisting
to
prohibit
,
rail
;
The
place
with
threats
command
her
to
forsake
.
Then
with
their
hands
and
feet
disturb
the
Lake
:
And
leaping
with
malicious
motions
,
move
The
troubled
mud
;
which
rising
,
flotes
above
.
Latona
could
no
longer
bear
such
barbarous
Treatment
,
wherefore
cursing
them
,
AEternum
stagno
,
dixit
,
vivatis
in
isto
:
Eveniunt
optata
Deae
.
Ever
,
said
she
,
may
y'
in
this
water
dwell
.
And
as
the
Goddess
wish'd
it
hap'd
.
Immediately
they
were
turn'd
into
Frogs
,
and
leapt
into
the
muddy
waters
.
CHAP.
XIV
.
SECT.
I.
AURORA
.
M.
DO
you
see
a
stately
Goddess
drawn
in
a
Chariot
of
Gold
Virg.
6.
Aen.
by
White
Horses
,
Theocrit
.
in
Hyla
.
who
do
you
think
she
is
?
P.
Is
it
not
Aur●ra
,
Apollod
.
l.
1.
ibid.
the
Daughter
of
Terra
and
Titan
,
Hymn
.
in
Vener
.
the
Sister
of
the
Sun
and
the
Moon
,
and
the
Mother
of
the
Stars
and
the
Winds
?
I
fancy
so
,
because
her
Countenance
shines
like
Gold
,
and
her
Fingers
are
red
like
Roses
:
and
Homer
describes
Aurora
after
that
manner
.
M.
Your
Observation
is
very
right
.
It
is
,
as
you
say
,
Aurora
:
who
in
Greek
is
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
or
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
whence
come
the
words
Eous
and
Heous
:
Orph.
in
Hymn
.
And
Aurora
,
quasi
Aurea
,
because
sh●
is
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
the
golden
Messenger
of
the
Sun
.
You
have
named
her
Parents
right
,
yet
some
say
that
she
was
the
Daughter
of
Hyperion
and
Thia
,
or
else
Pallas
:
Hesiod
.
in
Theog
.
from
whom
,
amongst
the
Poets
,
frequently
she
is
called
Pallantias
.
P.
Does
History
relate
nothing
done
by
her
?
M.
She
carried
by
force
two
beautiful
young
Men
,
Cephalus
and
Tithonus
,
Ovid.
7.
Metam
.
into
Heaven
.
Cephalus
married
Procris
the
Daughter
of
the
King
of
Athens
:
Pausan.
in
Lacon
.
when
Aurora
could
by
no
perswasion
move
him
to
violate
his
Marriage
Vow
,
she
carried
him
into
Heaven
,
but
even
there
she
could
not
shake
his
Constancy
.
Therefore
she
sent
him
again
to
his
Wife
Procris
,
disguised
in
the
habit
of
a
Merchan●
;
who
being
desirous
to
try
her
Fidelity
to
her
absent
Husband
,
tempted
her
with
much
Courtship
and
many
Presents
,
to
yield
to
his
desires
.
And
when
she
almost
consented
,
he
cast
off
his
Disguise
and
chid
his
Wife
for
her
Inconstancy
.
She
was
greatly
ashamed
and
hid
her self
in
the
Woods
:
but
afterwards
was
reconciled
to
her
Husband
,
and
gave
him
a
Dart●
which
never
mis●ed
the
Mark
,
which
she
had
receiv'd
from
Minoe
.
When
Cephalus
had
this
Dart
,
he
spent
his
whole
time
in
Hunting
,
and
pursuing
Wild
Beasts
.
Procris
,
suspecting
that
her
Husband
loved
some
Nymphs
,
went
before
and
lay
hid
in
a
Bush
,
to
discover
the
Truth
.
But
when
she
moved
carelesly
in
the
Bush
,
her
Husband
heard
the
rustling
,
and
thinking
that
some
Wild
Beast
was
there
,
he
drew
his
Bow
and
shot
his
Wife
with
his
unerring
Dart.
Ovid.
Metam
.
l.
7.
Tithonus
was
the
Son
of
Laomedon
,
Horat.
l.
2.
Carm.
and
Brother
of
Priamus
:
Aurora
for
his
singular
Beauty
,
carried
him
to
Heaven
and
married
him
,
and
instead
of
a
Portion
,
obtained
from
the
Fates
immortality
for
him
;
she
had
Memnon
by
him
.
But
she
forgot
to
ask
the
Fates
to
grant
him
perpetual
Youth
,
so
that
he
became
so
old
and
decrepid
,
that
like
an
Infant
he
was
rocked
to
sleep
in
a
Cradle
.
Wherefore
he
began
to
be
weary
of
Life
,
and
wish
for
Death
;
and
therefore
asked
Aurora
to
grant
him
power
to
die
.
She
said
that
it
was
not
in
her
power
to
grant
it
;
but
that
she
would
do
what
she
could
;
and
therefore
turned
her
Husband
into
a
Grashopper
:
which
they
say
moults
when
it
is
old
,
and
grows
young
again
.
Ovid.
Met.
l.
9.
P.
And
what
became
of
Memnon
?
M.
Memon
,
Ovid.
13.
Metam
.
their
Son
,
went
to
Troy
to
assist
King
Priam
,
where
,
in
a
Duel
,
with
Achilles
,
he
was
killed
;
and
in
the
place
where
he
fell
,
a
Fountain
arose
,
which
every
year
on
the
same
day
on
which
he
died
,
sends
forth
Blood
instead
of
Water
.
But
as
his
Body
lay
upon
the
Funeral
Pile
to
be
burnt
,
by
his
Mother
Aurora's
intercession
it
was
changed
into
a
Bird
;
and
many
other
Birds
of
the
same
kind
flew
out
of
the
Pile
with
him
:
which
were
called
Memnoniae
from
his
name
;
these
Birds
divided
themselves
into
two
Troops
:
and
furiously
fighting
with
their
Beaks
and
Claws
,
with
their
own
Blood
appeased
the
Ghost
of
Memnon
,
from
whom
they
sprang
.
What
they
report
concerning
a
Statue
of
this
Memnon
,
Lucian
.
in
Philopseu
.
which
was
made
of
black
Marble
,
and
set
up
in
the
Temple
of
Serapis
at
Thebes
in
Egypt
,
is
almost
incredible
.
Tzetzes
.
Chil.
6.
They
say
,
that
the
Mouth
of
this
Statue
,
when
first
touched
by
the
Rays
of
the
rising
Sun
,
did
send
forth
a
sweet
and
harmonious
sound
,
as
tho'
it
rejoyced
when
its
Mother
Aurora
came
.
But
when
the
Sun
did
set
,
it
used
a
low
melancholy
Tune
,
as
tho'
it
lamented
his
Mothers
departure
.
And
thus
I
have
told
you
,
Paleophilus
,
all
things
which
I
thought
useful
,
concerning
the
Celestial
Gods
and
Goddesses
.
P.
How
much
am
I
indebted
to
you
for
this
,
my
most
kind
Friend
.
But
what
now
?
I
think
you
are
going
away
.
Will
you
not
keep
your
word
?
Did
you
not
promise
to
explain
all
the
Images
in
the
fabulous
Pantheon
?
M.
Never
trouble
your self
:
what
I
undertake
,
I
will
be
sure
to
perform
.
But
would
you
have
us
stay
here
all
day
without
our
Dinner
?
Let
us
dine
,
and
we
will
soon
return
again
to
our
Business
.
Come
,
you
shall
dine
with
me
at
my
House
.
P.
Excuse
me
,
Sir
,
I
will
not
give
you
that
trouble
,
I
had
rather
dine
in
my
own
Inn.
M.
What
do
you
talk
of
Trouble
?
I
know
no
person
,
whose
Company
is
more
obliging
and
grateful
.
Let
us
go
,
I
say
:
you
are
not
your
own
Master
to
day
.
Obey
then
.
P.
I
do
so
,
I
wait
upon
you
.
PART
II.
CHAP.
I.
SECT.
I.
Of
the
Terrestrial
Deities
.
SATURN●
His
Image
.
P.
NOW
certainly
,
since
we
have
dined
so
well
,
you
will
speak
and
I
shall
mind
better
.
Come
on
.
Whereabouts
would
you
have
me
look
?
M.
Look
upon
the
Wall
on
the
right
Hand
;
because
it
would
be
ill
luck
to
begin
from
the
left
.
Upon
that
Wall
,
which
is
the
second
part
of
the
Pantheon
,
and
of
our
Discourse
,
you
see
the
Terrestrial
Deities
,
divided
into
two
sorts
.
For
some
of
them
inhabit
both
the
Cities
and
the
Fields
indifferently
;
and
are
called
in
general
Dii
Terrestres
.
But
the
others
live
only
in
the
Countries
and
the
Woods
;
and
are
properly
called
Dii
Sylvestres
.
We
will
begin
with
the
first
.
Of
the
Terrestrial
Gods
(
which
are
so
called
,
because
their
Habitation
is
in
the
Earth
)
the
most
celebrated
are
,
Saturn
,
Ianus
,
Vulcan
,
AEolus
and
Momus
.
The
Terrestrial
Goddesses
are
Vesta
,
Cybele
,
Ceres
,
the
Muses
,
and
Themis
;
equal
in
number
to
the
Celestial
Gods
and
Goddesses
.
We
will
begin
with
the
eldest
,
Saturn
,
whose
Image
you
see
there
.
P.
Is
that
decrepid
wrinkled
old
Man
Saturn
?
Virg.
7.
Aen.
with
a
long
Beard
,
a
hoary
Head
,
his
Shoulders
are
bowed
like
an
Arch
,
and
his
Jaws
are
hollow
and
thin
;
his
Eyes
full
of
Corruption
,
and
his
Cheeks
sunk
;
his
Nose
flat
,
his
Forehead
full
of
Furrows
,
Ex
Martian
.
ap.
Lil.
his
Chin
turning
up
,
his
Lips
black
and
blue
,
his
little
Ears
flagging
,
and
his
Hands
crooked
;
his
right
Hand
holds
a
rusty
Sickle
,
and
his
left
a
Serpent
biting
its
own
Tail
?
SECT.
II.
His
Family
and
Actions
.
M.
IT
is
indeed
Saturn
:
Nonn
.
l.
21.
Dionysiac
.
the
Son
of
Terra
(
or
Vesta
)
and
Coelum
,
Caelus
,
or
Coelius
,
●in
Greek
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
;
Lact.
Placid
.
in
l.
8.
Theb.
who
was
the
Son
of
AEther
and
Dies
,
and
the
Antientest
of
all
the
Gods
.
This
Coelum
(
according
to
the
Story
)
married
his
own
Daughter
Vesta
,
and
begat
many
Children
of
her
:
the
most
eminent
of
whose
was
Saturn
;
whose
Brothers
were
the
Cyclopes
,
Oceanus
,
Titan
,
the
Centimani
,
and
divers
others
:
and
Sisters
,
Ceres
,
Tethys
,
and
Ops
or
Rhea
;
(
which
he
afterwards
married
.
)
The
Sisters
perswaded
their
Mother
Vesta
to
exclude
Titan
or
Titanus
the
eldest
Son
,
and
to
appoint
Saturn
Heir
of
his
Father's
Kingdom
.
When
Titan
saw
the
fixed
Resolution
of
his
Mother
and
Sisters
,
he
would
not
strive
against
the
Stream
,
but
voluntarily
quitted
his
Right
,
and
transferr'd
it
upon
Saturn
,
under
Condition
,
that
he
should
not
bring
up
any
Male
Children
,
that
so
,
after
Saturn's
Death
,
the
Kingdom
should
return
to
the
Children
of
Titan.
P.
Did
Saturn
accept
that
Condition
?
M.
He
not
only
accepted
,
but
very
sincerely
kept
it
,
whilst
he
could
;
for
at
last
his
Design
was
prevented
.
For
when
his
Wife
Ops
perceived
that
her
Husband
devoured
all
her
Male
Children
,
when
she
brought
forth
the
Twins
Iupiter
and
Iuno
,
she
sent
only
Iuno
to
him
,
but
sent
Iupiter
to
be
nursed
in
Mount
Ida
by
the
Curetes
,
and
Corybantes
(
Priestesses
of
Cybele
)
who
by
the
noise
of
the
Cymbals
and
Drums
(
which
they
used
in
the
Sacrifices
)
might
hinder
Saturn
from
hearing
the
crys
of
Iupiter
.
By
the
same
Trick
she
also
saved
Neptune
and
Pluto
from
her
devouring
Husband
.
P.
Was
this
Artifice
ever
discovered
to
Saturn
?
M.
Yes
,
and
he
demanded
the
Boy
of
Ops.
But
Ops
lapp'd
up
a
Stone
in
Swadling
Cloaths
,
and
delivered
that
to
her
Husband
to
be
devoured
instead
of
Iupiter
,
who
swallowed
it
down
in
a
moment
?
P.
What
did
Titan
do
,
when
he
saw
himself
cheated
,
and
the
Agreement
between
him
and
Saturn
broken
.
M.
To
revenge
the
Injury
done
to
him
,
he
raised
Forces
,
and
brought
them
against
Saturn
,
and
made
both
him
and
Rhea
Prisoners
,
and
bound
them
,
and
shut
them
up
together
in
Hell
(
Tartarus
)
where
they
lay
,
till
Iupiter
after
a
few
years
overcame
the
Titans
,
and
set
his
Father
and
Mother
again
at
Liberty
.
P.
I
suppose
that
Saturn
remembred
this
Kindness
,
and
favoured
Iupiter
afterwards
.
M.
On
the
contrary
,
Enn.
in
Euemero
.
he
strove
to
take
away
his
Life
,
because
he
heard
by
an
Oracle
,
that
he
should
be
driven
out
of
his
Kingdom
by
a
Son
.
As
in
reality
he
was
afterwards
.
For
Iupiter
deposed
him
from
the
Throne
,
and
expelled
him
the
Kingdom
,
because
he
formed
Conspiracies
against
him
:
Stat.
8.
Theb.
Besides
this
,
when
he
found
Saturn
almost
Drunk
with
Mead
,
Claud.
1.
de
rapt
.
he
bound
him
and
gelded
him
,
as
Saturn
had
gelt
his
Father
Coelum
before
with
his
Sickle
.
P.
And
whither
did
Saturn
go
after
he
had
lost
his
Kingdom
?
Virg.
8.
Aen.
M.
Into
Italy
;
which
was
heretofore
called
Saturnia
from
him
.
Cyprian
.
de
Idol
.
vanit
.
He
lived
there
with
King
Ianus
,
and
that
part
of
Italy
,
in
which
he
lay
hid
,
was
afterwards
called
Latium
;
and
the
People
Latinus
,
à
latendo
;
as
Ovid
observes
.
Fast.
l.
1.
Inde
diu
Genti
mansit
Saturnia
nomen
:
Dicta
fuit
Latium
terra
,
latente
Deo
.
That
Country
long
Saturnia
became
,
While
Latium
from
his
lying
hid
had
Name
.
King
Ianus
made
Saturn
Partner
of
his
Kingdom
,
Diod.
l.
5.
Biblioth.
whereby
Saturn
reduced
the
wild
People
(
who
wandered
up
and
down
before
like
Beasts
)
to
civil
Society
,
and
joined
them
to
each
other
as
it
were
in
Chains
of
Brass
,
that
is
,
by
the
Brass
Money
which
he
invented
;
and
therefore
on
one
side
of
the
Money
was
stamped
a
Ship
,
because
Saturn
came
thither
in
a
Ship
,
and
on
the
other
side
was
stamped
a
Ianus
Bifrons
,
says
Ovid
in
Fast.
l.
1.
At
bona
posteritas
puppim
signavit
in
aere
;
Hospitis
adventum
testificata
Dei
.
A
Ship
by
th'
following
Age
was
stampt
on
Coin
,
To
shew
they
once
a
God
did
entertain
.
But
altho'
the
Money
was
Brass
,
Virg.
1.
Georg.
Vid.
Tibul
.
yet
this
was
the
Golden
Age
in
which
Saturn
lived
,
when
(
as
the
Poets
,
who
magnify
the
happiness
of
that
Age
,
Hesiod
.
Pherecrat
.
Trog
.
ap.
Justin.
l.
43.
would
persuade
us
)
the
Earth
without
the
Labour
of
Plowing
and
Sowing
brought
forth
its
Fruits
,
and
all
things
were
common
to
all
;
there
were
no
Differences
nor
Contentions
amongst
any
,
for
every
thing
happened
according
to
every
Body's
mind
.
Martial
.
l.
12.
ep.
73.
This
Virgil
hath
elegantly
described
,
Aen.
l.
8.
Primum
ab
aethereo
venit
Saturnus
Olympo
,
Arma
Iovis
fugiens
,
&
regnis
exul
ademptis
.
Is
genus
indocile
,
ac
dispersum
montibus
abtis
Composuit
,
legesque
dedit
,
Latiumque
vocari
Maluit
,
his
quoniam
latuisset
tu●us
in
oris
.
Aureaque
ut
perhibent
illo
sub
rege
fruere
Saecula
,
sic
placida
populos
in
pace
regebat
.
Flying
Jove's
Anger
,
Saturn
to
this
Coast
From
Heav'n
first
came
,
Coelestial
Kingdoms
lost
He
from
high
Mountains
the
rude
People
draws
And
taught
them
both
Civility
and
Laws
;
Then
Latium
stil'd
the
Country
,
since
it
held
H●m
safe
from
all
his
Enemies
conceal'd
.
That
was
the
Golden
Age
in
which
he
reign'd
,
Because
in
Peace
his
Kingdoms
were
maintain'd
.
Ovid
says
of
the
same
Age
(
Amor.
l.
3.
)
Signabat
nullo
limite
fossor
humum
.
The
Delver
made
nor
mound
nor
balk
.
Which
Virgil
hath
expressed
almost
in
the
same
words
:
1.
Georg.
Nec
signare
quidem
aut
partiri
limite
campum
Fas
erat
.
Around
the
Earth
the
Land-marks
then
to
fix
Was
held
a
Crime
.
SECT.
III.
Name
of
Saturn
.
MAny
derive
the
Name
Saturn
Festus
Lil.
Serv.
7.
Aen.
Lips.
3.
Saturn
.
or
Saturnus
(
as
they
pronounced
it
antiently
.
)
1.
From
Satu
,
Sowing
;
as
Portunus
is
derived
from
Portu
;
and
Neptunus
,
from
Nuptu
;
because
he
first
taught
the
Art
of
Sowing
and
Tilling
the
Ground
in
Italy
;
and
therefore
he
was
esteemed
the
God
of
Husbandry
,
and
called
by
the
Romans
,
Stercutius
,
because
he
first
fatned
the
Earth
with
Dung
.
He
is
therefore
painted
with
a
Sickle
,
with
which
the
Meadows
are
mowed
,
and
the
Corn
is
cut
dow
.
This
Sickle
,
called
in
Greek
Drepanon
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
was
thrown
into
a
City
of
Sicily
thence
called
Drepanum
(
now
Trapano
.
Apollod
4.
)
But
some
say
that
this
City
was
named
from
that
Sickle
which
Ceres
had
from
Vulcan
,
Argon
.
Ovid.
3.
Fast.
and
gave
the
Titans
when
she
taught
them
to
mow
.
But
others
say
,
the
Town
had
its
Name
,
because
it
was
crooked
and
hollow
like
a
Sickle
.
In
deed
Sicily
is
so
fruitful
in
Corn
and
Pasture
that
the
Poets
justly
imagined
that
the
Sickle
was
kept
there
.
2.
Again
Saturnus
is
derived
à
Saturnand●
quasi
saturet
populos
annona
,
as
tho'
he
fills
the
Bellies
of
the
People
with
Provision
;
as
hi●
Wife
was
called
Ops
,
quod
esurientibus
opem
ferat
,
because
she
helps
the
hungry
.
Or
,
quòd
ips●
saturetur
annis
,
Cic.
2.
de
Nat.
quos
devorat
,
that
he
is
satisfied
with
the
years
that
he
devours
;
for
Saturn
and
Time
are
the
same
.
3.
Or
thirdly
,
Apollophan
.
ap.
Fulgent
.
Saturnus
quasi
Sator
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
mentis
sator
,
because
he
creates
Sense
and
Understanding
in
the
Minds
of
Men
,
and
perfect●
them
with
Precepts
and
Prudence
.
SECT.
IV.
The
Sacrifices
and
Festivals
,
Saturnalia
.
MEN
only
were
sacrificed
to
Saturn
,
because
he
delighted
,
as
they
thought
,
with
human
Blood
:
Wherefore
the
Gladiators
were
placed
under
his
Protection
,
and
fought
at
his
Feasts
.
Macrob.
1.
Stat.
c.
10.
The
Romans
esteemed
him
an
infernal
God
,
as
Plutarch
says
,
because
the
Planet
Saturn
is
malignant
and
hurtful
;
Tertul.
de
testim
.
a.
nim
.
&
de
pallio
.
Macrob.
yet
he
is
commonly
reckoned
a
Terrestrial
God●
Those
who
sacrificed
to
him
had
their
Heads
bare
;
and
his
Priests
wore
Scarlet
Garments
.
On
his
Altar
were
placed
Wax
Tapers
lighted
,
because
by
Saturn
Men
were
reduced
from
the
Darkness
of
Error
into
the
Light
of
Truth
.
The
Feasts
Saturnalia
,
Dion
.
Halie
.
in
the
Greek
Language
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
were
instituted
either
by
Tullus
King
of
the
Romans
;
Lib.
2.
or
,
if
we
believe
Livy
,
by
Sempronius
and
Minutius
,
the
Consuls
.
Lips.
1.
Sat.
Dio.
l.
59.
&
60.
Till
the
time
of
Iulius
Caesar
they
were
dispatched
●n
one
Day
,
on
the
fourteenth
of
the
Ka●ends
of
Ianuary
.
Suet.
in
Calig
.
Cic.
ad
Art.
13.
Ep.
50.
But
then
they
began
to
be
celebrated
in
three
Days
,
and
afterwards
in
●our
and
five
,
by
the
Order
of
Caligula
;
and
●ome
write
,
that
they
have
lasted
seven
Days
.
Whence
the
Expression
,
primis
,
secundis
,
tertiis
Saturnalibus
comes
.
And
when
these
Days
were
added
to
the
Feast
,
the
first
was
●eckoned
from
the
Sixteenth
of
the
Ka●ends
.
Upon
these
Festival
Days
,
Martial
.
7.
first
the
Senate
did
not
sit
.
Epigr.
27.
2.
The
Schools
kept
Holy-day
.
3.
Presents
were
sent
to
and
fro
,
Plin.
8.
amongst
Friends
.
Epist.
7.
4.
It
was
unlawful
to
proclaim
War
,
Martial
.
passim
.
Dio.
1.
58.
Ath.
14.
or
execute
any
Offenders
.
5.
Servants
were
allowed
to
be
●lco●e
and
merry
towards
their
Masters
;
whence
Ausonius
says
,
Aurea
nunc
revocet
Saturni
Festa
December
,
Senec.
Ep.
47.
Nunc
tibi
cum
Domino
ludere
,
Eclog.
de
mensibus
.
verna
,
licet
.
Now
let
December
bring
Saturn's
brave
Feast
,
When
Slaves
may
freely
with
their
Masters
jest
.
6.
Nay
,
the
Masters
waited
upon
the
Servants
who
sat
at
Table
,
in
memory
of
that
Liberty
which
all
enjoyed
in
antient
Times
in
Saturn's
reign
,
when
there
was
no
Servitude
.
Tertull
ap.
Lips
.
Petron.
Arbit
.
7.
Con●rary
to
the
Custom
,
they
washed
them
as
soon
as
they
arose
,
as
if
they
were
about
sitting
down
to
Table
.
8.
And
lastly
,
they
put
on
a
certain
Festival
Garment
,
called
Synthesis
,
like
a
Cloak
of
Purple
or
Scarlet
Colour
,
and
this
Gentlemen
only
wore
.
SECT.
V.
The
Historical
Sense
of
this
Fable
.
Saturn
,
Noah
.
ALtho'
it
is
generally
said
that
Saturn
was
Nimrod
,
Beros
.
l.
3.
the
Founder
of
the
Empire
of
Babylon
;
yet
I
am
more
inclined
to
believe
the
Opinion
of
Bochartus
,
Bochartus
in
suo
Phaleg
.
l.
1.
c.
1.
who
maintains
that
Saturn
and
Noah
were
the
same
.
These
reasons
which
he
brings
seem
persuasive
.
1.
In
the
time
of
Noah
,
the
whole
Earth
spoke
one
Language
,
as
we
find
in
Gen.
xi
.
and
the
antient
Mythologists
say
,
that
the
Beasts
understood
this
Language
.
And
it
is
said
,
that
in
Saturn's
Age
,
there
was
but
one
Language
which
was
common
to
Men
and
Brutes
.
Plato
in
Polit.
2.
Noah
is
called
in
the
Hebrew
(
in
Gen.
ix
.
20.
)
Vir
terrae
,
a
Man
of
the
Earth
,
that
is
,
a
Husbandman
;
according
to
an
usual
Phrase
of
Scripture
,
which
calls
a
Soldier
,
a
Man
of
War
;
a
strong
Man
,
Jos.
5.
4.
2
Sam.
16
7.
a
Man
of
the
Arms
,
Vir
brachii
,
(
Iob.
xxii
.
8.
)
a
Murderer
,
a
Man
of
Blood
;
an
Orator
,
Exod.
10.
a
Man
of
Words
;
and
a
Shepherd
,
a
Man
of
Cattel
.
Gen.
46.
Now
Saturn
is
justly
called
Vir
terrae
,
Aur.
Vict.
de
Orig.
Gen.
Ro.
Macrob.
because
he
married
Tellus
;
whose
other
Names
were
Rhea
and
Ops.
4.
As
Noah
was
once
overcome
with
Wine
,
because
perhaps
he
never
experienced
the
Strength
of
it
before
;
so
the
Saturnals
did
frequently
drink
extreamly
,
because
Saturn
protected
Drunken
Men.
5.
As
Noah
cursed
his
Son
Ham
,
Callimac
.
in
hymn
.
because
he
saw
his
Father's
Nakedness
with
delight
.
So
Saturn
made
a
Law
,
that
whosoever
saw
the
Gods
naked
should
be
punished
.
6.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
(
says
Plato
in
Timaeo
)
Saturn
and
Rhea
his
Wife
,
and
those
with
them
,
were
born
of
Oceanus
and
Thetis
.
Thus
Noah
and
all
that
were
with
him
,
were
as
it
were
new
born
out
of
the
Waters
of
the
Deluge
,
by
the
help
of
the
Ark.
And
if
a
Ship
was
stamp'd
upon
the
antient
Coins
,
because
he
came
into
Italy
in
a
Ship
.
Plut.
in
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Surely
this
Honour
belonged
rather
to
Noah
,
who
in
a
Ship
preserved
the
Race
of
Mankind
from
utter
Destruction
.
7.
Did
Noah
foretel
the
coming
of
the
Flood
?
So
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
&
fabricandam
esse
arcam
,
&
in
ea
cum
volucribus
reptilibus
atque
jumentis
esse
navigandum
.
Alex.
Polyst
.
ap.
Cyril
.
con.
Julian
.
l.
1.
So
did
Saturn
foretel
,
That
there
should
be
great
quantities
of
Rain
,
and
an
Ark
built
,
in
which
Men
and
Birds
and
creeping
things
should
all
●ail
together
.
8.
Saturn
is
said
to
have
devoured
all
his
Sons
,
but
these
three
,
Iupiter
,
Neptune
and
Pluto
.
So
Noah
,
the
Pastor
and
Prophet
,
and
as
it
were
the
Father
of
all
Mortals
may
be
said
to
have
condemned
and
destroyed
all
Men
,
because
he
foretold
that
they
would
be
destroyed
in
the
Flood
.
Hebr.
11.
7.
For
in
the
Scripture
Phrase
the
Prophets
are
said
to
do
the
things
that
they
foretel
shall
be
done
hereafter
.
Thus
in
Ezek.
xliii
.
2.
When
I
came
to
destroy
the
City
;
that
is
,
when
I
came
to
foretel
,
that
the
City
shall
be
destroyed
.
But
as
Saturn
had
three
Sons
left
to
him
not
devoured
,
so
had
Noah
three
,
Sem
,
Cham
and
Iaphet
,
who
were
not
destroyed
in
the
Flood
.
These
reasons
persuade
us
that
Cham
is
Iupiter
:
1.
His
Hebrew
Name
Ham
is
by
many
called
Cham
,
from
whence
it
is
plain
,
the
Egyptians
derived
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
and
the
Africans
Ammon
or
Hammon
.
2.
C
ham
was
the
youngest
Son
of
Noah
,
Callimach
.
hymn
.
ad
Jov.
as
Iupiter
was
of
Saturn
.
3.
Iupiter
is
feigned
to
be
the
Lord
of
the
Heavens
;
thus
C
ham
had
Africa
,
Lucan
.
2.
9.
which
Country
is
esteemed
nearer
the
Heavens
than
other
Countries
,
because
it
has
the
Planets
vertical
.
4.
Iupiter
gelded
his
Father
,
which
Story
seems
to
be
taken
from
Gen.
ix
.
22.
And
Ham
saw
the
nakeness
of
his
Father
,
and
told
:
for
whereas
vaiagged
in
the
Hebrew
Language
signifies
&
nunciavit
,
they
might
easily
read
vaiaggod
,
which
signifies
&
abscidit
,
especially
before
the
Vowels
were
placed
under
the
Consonants
.
Iaphet
is
the
same
with
Neptune
,
Lactant.
de
fals.
Relig.
l.
1.
c.
11.
for
as
Neptune
had
the
command
of
the
Sea
,
so
the
Islands
and
Peninsula●
fell
chiefly
to
Iaphet'●
lot
.
But
how
shall
we
prove
that
Sem
was
Pluto●
What
carried
him
into
Hell
?
Not
his
Piety
and
Holiness
,
by
which
he
excell'd
his
Brothers
and
glorified
his
own
Name
.
Perhaps
,
because
he
was
so
holy
,
and
so
great
an
Enemy
to
Idolatry
,
the
Idolaters
hated
him
whilst
he
lived
,
and
endeavoured
to
blacken
his
Memory
when
he
dyed
,
by
sending
him
to
the
Stygian
darkness
,
and
●etting
in
his
hand
the
Scepter
of
Hell
.
SECT.
VI.
A
Philosophical
Sense
of
the
Fable
.
Saturn
,
Time
.
THat
by
Saturn
is
meant
Time
,
Cic.
2.
de
nat.
is
plain
from
his
Greek
Name
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
which
by
one
Letter
only
is
different
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
time
.
Orph.
hymn
.
ad
Sat.
Aeschyl
.
in
Eumen.
Thus
Saturn
is
painted
devouring
his
Children
and
vomiting
them
up
again
;
as
indeed
Time
devours
and
consumes
all
things
which
it
hath
produced
,
which
in
process
of
time
do
revive
again
,
and
are
,
as
it
were
renew'd
.
Or
else
Days
,
Months
and
Years
are
the
Children
of
Time
,
which
he
constantly
devours
and
produces
anew
.
Sometimes
he
is
drawn
in
the
midst
,
betwixt
two
young
Boys
and
two
Girls
:
as
Time
is
surrounded
by
the
different
Seasons
of
the
Year
,
as
Parents
are
by
their
Children
.
Lastly
,
as
Saturn
hath
his
Sithe
,
so
hath
Time
too
,
with
which
he
moweth
down
all
things
:
neither
can
the
hardest
Adamant
withstand
the
Edge
thereof
.
CHAP.
II.
SECT.
I.
JANUS
.
His
Image
.
P.
O
Strange
!
What
is
this
?
An
Image
with
two
Faces
,
and
one
Head
only
.
M.
It
is
so
;
and
by
those
Faces
he
sees
the
things
placed
both
before
and
behind
him
.
It
is
Ianus
the
Bifrons
Deus
;
holding
a
Key
in
his
Right
Hand
,
and
a
Rod
in
the
Left
.
Beneath
his
Feet
you
see
Twelve
Altars
.
If
he
could
lay
aside
that
Rod
and
Key
,
perhaps
according
to
his
custom
,
he
would
express
to
you
the
number
Three
Hundred
with
one
hand
,
and
the
number
Sixty
Five
by
the
other
;
by
the
different
motion
,
bending
and
weaving
his
Fingers
.
P.
I
do
not
throughly
understand
your
meaning
.
M.
You
will
presently
clearly
and
perfectly
understand
both
what
I
say
,
and
what
you
see
with
your
Eyes
.
Stay
a
little
,
till
I
explain
the
Four
most
remarkable
Names
of
this
God
:
for
in
so
doing
,
I
shall
not
only
explain
this
Picture
,
but
also
tell
you
whatever
things
are
necessary
concerning
Ianus
in
this
place
.
SECT.
II.
Names
and
Actions
of
Janus
.
JAnus
(
some
say
)
was
begotten
of
Coelum
and
Hecate
.
Arnob.
cont.
Gen.
Cic.
2.
de
nat.
He
is
so
called
quasi
eanus
ab
eundo
:
Unde
fit
,
says
Tully
,
ut
transitiones
perviae
Iani
(
plurali
numero
)
foresque
in
liminibus
profanarum
aedium
januae
dicerentur
.
From
whence
it
is
,
that
Thorough
passages
are
called
in
the
plural
number
,
Jani
;
and
the
Gates
before
the
Door
of
secular
Houses
,
Januae
.
A
place
at
Rome
was
called
Iani
,
Acron
.
in
Hor.
l.
2.
Sat.
●
de
2.
off
.
where
were
three
Images
of
Ianus
,
where
Usurers
and
Creditors
always
met
to
pay
and
receive
Money
.
Tully
means
this
place
when
he
speaks
of
some
great
Men
,
Dcmpst.
in
Paralip
.
l.
1.
ep.
1.
Virg.
Aen.
12.
ad
medium
Ianum
sedentibus
:
as
also
Horace
,
when
he
mentions
imum
&
summum
Ianum
.
As
he
is
drawn
Bifrons
,
with
two
Faces
,
so
Ovid
calls
him
Deus
Biceps
,
the
God
with
two
heads
.
Iane
Biceps
,
Anni
tacite
labentis
imago
,
Solus
de
superis
qui
tua
terga
vides●
Thou
double
pate
the
sliding
year
dost
shew
,
The
only
God
that
his
own
back
can
view
.
Because
so
great
was
his
Prudence
,
that
he
saw
both
the
things
past
,
and
those
which
were
future
.
Or
else
,
because
Ianus
was
thought
to
represent
the
World
,
that
he
may
view
the
two
chief
Quarters
of
the
World
,
the
East
and
the
West
.
He
is
also
described
,
quadrifrons
,
with
four
Faces
,
from
the
Four
Quarters
of
the
World
;
because
he
governs
them
by
his
Counsel
and
Authority
.
Or
because
he
is
Lord
as
of
the
Day
,
with
his
two
Faces
he
observes
both
the
Morning
and
the
Evening
:
for
thus
Horace
says
,
Matutine
pater
,
seu
Iane
,
libentius
audis
,
Unde
homines
operum
primos
vitaeque
labores
Institu●nt
.
Old
Janus
,
if
you
please
,
grave
two
fac'd
Father
,
Or
else
bright
God
o'
th'
morning
,
chuse
you
whether
,
Who
dates
the
Lives
and
Toils
of
mortal
Men.
When
Romulus
and
Tatius
,
Se●v
.
in
12.
Aen.
Kings
of
the
Romans
and
Sabines
made
a
League
,
the
first
made
an
Image
of
Ianus
Bifrons
,
quasi
ad
duorum
populorum
imaginem
;
to
be
as
it
were
an
Image
of
their
two
Nations
.
Numa
afterwards
dedicated
a
Temple
to
Ianus
Bifrons
,
which
had
double
Doors
.
In
7.
Aen.
When
Falisci
,
a
City
of
Hetruria
was
taken
;
inventum
est
(
says
Servius
)
simulacrum
Iani
quadrifrontis
:
there
was
an
Image
of
Janus
found
with
four
Faces
;
whereupon
the
Temple
of
Ianus
had
four
Gates
.
But
of
that
Temple
,
by
and
by
.
Claviger
,
Vid.
Lil.
Gyr.
or
Turnkey
,
and
Club-bearer
,
from
the
Rod
and
the
Key
in
his
hands
.
He
held
the
Rod
,
because
Rector
viarum
,
the
Guardian
of
the
ways
:
and
the
Key
for
these
Reasons
.
1.
He
was
the
Inventor
of
Locks
,
Doors
,
and
Gates
;
which
are
called
Ianuae
after
his
Name
:
and
himself
is
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Ianitor
,
because
Doors
were
under
his
Protection
.
2.
He
is
the
Ianitor
of
the
Year
,
and
of
all
the
Months
:
the
first
of
which
takes
the
Name
of
Ianuary
from
him
.
To
Iuno
belong
the
Calends
of
the
Months
,
and
she
committed
them
to
his
care
;
wherefore
he
is
called
by
some
Iunonius
.
Martial
speaks
ingeniously
of
him
thus
.
Annorum
,
nitidique
sator
pulcherrime
mundi
,
Mart.
l.
10.
ep.
28.
Gay
Founder
of
the
World
and
of
our
Years
.
For
this
Reason
he
had
twelve
Altars
Varr.
l.
dedicated
to
him
,
Human.
according
to
the
Number
of
the
Months
:
Sidon
.
Apoll.
carm.
2.
1.
Sat.
c.
12.
Sidon
.
ibid.
and
there
were
twelve
small
Chappels
in
his
Temple
.
The
Consuls
were
amongst
the
Romans
,
inaugurated
in
the
Temple
of
Ianus
,
who
were
from
thence
said
,
aperire
annum
,
to
open
the
year
.
Upon
the
Calends
of
Ianuary
(
and
,
as
Macrobius
says
,
on
the
Calends
of
March
)
a
new
Laurel
was
hung
upon
the
Statue
of
Ianus
,
and
the
old
Laurel
taken
away
;
according
to
Ovid.
Laurea
flaminibus
,
quae
toto
perstitit
anno
,
3
Fast.
Tollitur
,
&
frondes
sunt
in
honore
,
novae
.
The
Laurel
that
the
former
Year
did
grace
T'
a
fresh
and
verdant
garland
yields
his
place
.
Was
this
done
because
he
was
the
Inventor
of
Laurel
Garlands
?
Pliny
thought
that
this
custom
was
occasioned
,
because
Ianus
rules
over
the
Year
:
Drach
.
quod
Ianus
Geminus
●
Numa
rege
dicatus
,
Corcyr
.
apud
●th
.
l.
34.
c.
7.
digitis
ita
figuratis
,
ut
trecentorum
quinquaginta
quinque
(
some
read
sex●ginta
quinque
)
dierum
nota
per
significationem
●nni
,
temporis
&
aevi
,
se
Deum
indicaret
:
the
Statue
of
Janus
with
two
Faces
of
the
Dedication
of
King
Numa
,
had
its
Fingers
so
composed
,
as
●o
signifie
the
number
of
Three
hundred
sixty
five
Days
:
to
shew
that
Janus
was
a
God
,
V.
Gyral
.
by
his
knowlege
in
the
year
,
and
Times
,
and
Ages
.
He
had
not
these
Figures
described
on
his
Hand
,
Tiraq
.
Lil.
but
had
a
peculiar
way
of
numbring
them
,
Gyr.
Apulei
2.
by
bending
,
Apolog.
&c.
stretching
or
mixing
his
Fingers
;
of
which
Numeration
many
are
the
Opinions
of
Authors
.
3.
He
holds
a
Key
in
his
Hand
,
Arnob.
3.
cont.
Gen.
because
he
is
as
it
were
the
Door
,
through
which
the
Prayers
of
Mankind
have
access
to
the
Gods
.
For
in
all
the
Sacrifices
,
Prayers
were
first
offered
up
to
Ianus
.
Accordingly
Ianus
himself
in
Ovid
(
Fast.
lib.
1.
)
gives
this
Answer
to
one
that
asks
him
the
Question
,
Cur
quamvis
aliorum
numina
placem
,
Iane
,
tibi
primum
,
thura
merumque
fero
?
Ut
possis
aditum
per
me
,
qui
limina
tendo
,
Ad
quoscunque
voles
,
inquit
,
habere
deo●
.
Why
is
't
that
tho
I
other
Gods
adore
,
I
first
must
Janus
Deity
implore
?
Because
I
hold
the
Door
by
which
access
Is
had
to
any
God
you
would
address
.
Fest
us
gives
the
following
reason
,
L.
3.
v.
Chaos
.
why
Prayers
were
first
offered
up
to
him
;
Virg
Aen.
8.
Juven.
Sat.
6.
quod
fuerit
omnium
primus
,
à
quo
rerum
omnium
factum
putabant
initium
:
ideo
ei
supplicabant
velut
parenti
:
because
they
thought
,
Serv.
in
2.
Georg.
2.
Fab.
that
all
things
took
their
beginning
from
him
;
and
so
they
supplicated
him
in
the
quality
of
a
common
Father
.
For
tho
the
Name
Father
is
given
to
all
the
Gods
,
Pict
.
l.
1.
de
ant.
l●c
.
yet
Ianus
was
more
especially
called
Pater
.
He
first
instituted
Altars
,
Temples
,
and
other
Religious
Rites
:
Proptereaque
in
omni
sacrificio
perpetua
ei
praefatio
praemittitur
farque
illi
&
vinum
primo
praelibatur
:
And
for
that
Reason
amongst
the
rest
(
says
one
)
in
every
Sacrifice
there
was
a
Preface
premised
,
and
Wine
and
Bread
Corn
offer'd
to
him
before
any
other
Deity
.
Frankincense
was
not
offered
him
,
tho
Ovid
mentions
it
in
the
Verse
related
above
:
which
either
he
says
per
licentiam
poeticam
,
or
else
he
speaks
of
the
times
then
present
:
L.
13.
c.
1.
Dempst
.
in
paral
.
for
,
as
Pliny
writes
,
Iliacis
temporibus
,
thure
non
supplicatum
:
They
did
not
sacrifice
with
Frankincense
in
the
times
of
the
Trojans
.
Neither
does
Homer
in
the
least
mention
Frankincense
,
in
any
place
where
he
speaks
concerning
Sacrifices
,
which
so
exact
an
Author
would
never
have
omitted
,
if
it
had
been
in
use
.
Neither
do
I
find
a
Greek
word
that
properly
signifies
Thus
;
for
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
or
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
signifies
not
only
Thus
,
but
any
odoriferous
Smell
.
Patulcius
and
Clausius
,
Serv.
1.
Aen.
Claud.
de
6.
Hon.
Cons.
or
Patulacius
and
Clusius
;
from
patendo
or
patefaciendo
,
and
claudendo
:
for
in
time
of
War
Ianus's
Temple
was
open
,
but
was
shut
in
time
of
Peace
;
this
Temple
was
founded
by
Romulus
and
Tatius
as
I
said
before
.
Numa
ordained
that
it
should
be
opened
when
the
Romans
waged
War
,
but
shut
when
they
enjoyed
Peace
.
It
is
opened
in
time
of
War
,
because
a
Spring
of
warm
Water
arose
out
of
the
place
where
this
Temple
stands
,
when
Romulus
fought
with
the
Sabines
,
and
forced
the
Enemy
to
march
away
:
therefore
in
War
they
opened
that
Temple
,
hoping
for
the
same
or
the
like
assistance
:
or
it
may
be
rather
,
Serv.
in
7.
Aen.
because
they
that
go
to
War
ought
to
think
of
Peace
,
and
wish
for
a
quick
return
into
their
native
Country
.
Both
these
Names
of
Patulcius
and
Clusius
are
expressed
by
Ovid
in
this
Distich
(
in
Fast.
)
Nomina
ridebis
,
modo
namque
Patulcius
idem
,
Et
modo
sacrifico
Clusius
ore
vocor
.
You
'll
smile
,
I
'm
now
Patulc
or
Open
call'd
By
th'
Priest
,
and
then
I
'm
Clusius
or
Close
.
The
Ceremony
of
the
Opening
of
this
Temple
,
and
the
Form
of
the
Temple
it self
,
is
thus
described
by
Virgil.
Aen.
7.
lib.
Sunt
geminae
belli
portae
,
(
sic
nomine
dicunt
)
Religione
sacrae
,
&
saevi
formidine
Martis
.
Centum
aerei
claudunt
vectes
,
aeternaque
ferri
Robora
;
nec
custos
absistit
limine
Ianus
.
Has
ubi
certa
sedet
patribus
sententia
pugnae
,
Ipse
Quirinali
trabea
cinctuque
Gabino
Insignis
reserat
stridentia
limina
Consul
.
Two
Gates
there
be
stil'd
the
two
Ports
of
War
,
Sacred
to
Mars
with
reverential
fear
,
Shut
with
a
hundred
Iron
and
Brazen
Bands
,
There
in
the
Porch
bifronted
Janus
stands
;
Here
,
when
the
Senate
have
a
War
decreed
,
The
Consul
,
glorious
in
his
Regal
Weed
,
And
Gabine
Robe
,
doth
groaning
Gates
unbar
,
In
his
own
person
then
proclaims
the
War
.
Og.
In
another
place
introduces
Iupiter
unfolding
the
Secrets
of
the
Fates
to
Venus
,
and
writes
thus
concerning
the
Shutting
of
the
Temple
.
Aspera
tum
posit
is
mitescent
saecula
bellis
:
Aen.
1.
Cana
fides
&
Vesta
,
Remo
cum
fratre
Quirinus
Iura
dabunt
:
dirae
ferro
&
compagibus
arctis
Claudentur
Belli
portae
,
furor
impius
intus
Saeva
sedens
super
arma
,
&
centum
vinctus
ahenis
Post
tergum
nodis
fremet
horridus
ore
cruento
.
Then
Nations
milder
grow
,
and
Wars
surcease
;
Old
Faith
and
Vesta
,
Romulus
in
Peace
Shall
with
his
Brother
reign
,
when
Steel
shall
bar
Dire
Janus
Gates
;
within
sits
impious
War
On
cursed
Arms
,
bound
with
a
thousand
Chains
,
And
horrid
,
with
a
bloody
Mouth
complains
.
Og.
But
it
is
to
be
admired
,
Liv.
l.
2.
that
this
Temple
of
Ianus
in
the
space
of
Seven
hundred
Years
was
only
shut
thrice
:
Oros.
l.
5.
cap.
12.
the
first
time
by
King
Numa
;
Dio.
l.
5.
then
by
the
Consuls
M.
Attilius
and
T.
Manlius
,
after
the
Peace
with
the
Carthaginians
;
and
lastly
by
the
Emperor
Augustus
after
the
Battel
at
Actium
.
An
Explication
of
the
Fable
.
Janus
,
the
Emblem
of
Prudence
.
WE
may
see
in
this
Story
of
Ianus
(
whom
some
call
Noah
,
Munst.
2.
some
Ogyges
,
Cosm.
9.
Fab.
Pict
.
some
a
Priest
,
a
Philosopher
and
a
Divine
;
and
some
an
ancient
King
of
Italy
,
who
was
the
Founder
of
the
Town
Ianiculum
,
)
in
this
Fable
of
Ianus
,
we
may
behold
,
I
say
,
the
representation
of
a
very
prudent
person
:
which
Virtue
consists
,
says
Tully
,
(
de
Senect.
)
in
praeteritorum
memoriâ
&
providentiâ
futurorum
:
In
the
remembrance
of
things
past
,
and
a
foresight
of
things
to
come
.
The
prudent
Man
ought
therefore
to
have
,
as
it
were
,
two
Faces
:
that
according
to
his
natural
sagacity
of
Mind
,
and
ripeness
of
Judgment
,
observing
both
things
past
and
things
future
,
he
may
be
able
to
discern
the
Causes
and
the
Beginnings
,
the
Progress
,
and
as
it
were
the
forerunning
Accidents
of
all
things
;
that
he
may
be
able
to
draw
Likenesses
,
to
make
Comparisons
,
to
observe
Consequences
,
and
perceive
Futurities
,
and
by
a
wise
connection
of
Causes
and
Events
,
be
able
to
joyn
things
present
with
things
to
come
,
and
things
future
with
things
past
.
The
Prudent
Person
hath
the
Key
of
all
things
:
Nothing
is
so
obscure
,
that
his
understanding
cannot
comprehend
,
nothing
is
so
secret
and
private
,
that
his
consideration
and
care
can't
detect
and
lay
open
;
nothing
is
so
hard
and
intricate
,
that
his
quickness
and
dexterity
cannot
explain
and
unfold
.
With
this
Key
he
examines
all
the
ways
of
Business
,
and
finds
which
are
the
most
proper
;
he
sees
the
Disposition
of
Times
,
and
the
Exigences
of
Occasions
:
he
removes
the
Difficulties
,
and
the
Barrs
that
lie
in
his
way
;
he
publishes
as
much
as
is
useful
:
and
conceals
closely
whatsoever
will
〈◊〉
hurtful
to
him
.
With
this
Key
he
lays
open
for
himself
a
passage
into
the
Friendship
of
others
:
he
insinuates
himself
into
the
inward
Recesses
of
their
Breasts
;
he
learns
their
most
secret
Counsels
,
their
most
reserved
Thoughts
:
he
solves
Mysteries
,
and
penetrates
things
unknown
,
and
seeks
and
finds
and
views
Objects
the
most
remote
from
the
common
sense
of
the
World
.
Ianus
first
instituted
Altars
,
Temples
,
and
Sacrifices
.
Thus
it
is
a
sign
of
the
highest
Prudence
and
Understanding
,
to
pay
due
Honour
to
the
Almighty
,
to
reverence
his
Power
,
to
propagate
his
Worship
,
and
magnifie
his
Glory
.
And
as
Men
sacrificed
first
to
Ianus
●
all
Sacrifices
because
of
his
exemplary
Holiness
and
Piety
;
so
by
how
much
the
●ore
Worship
Men
pay
to
God
,
by
so
much
●e
more
Honour
shall
they
receive
both
from
God
and
Men
,
as
the
Precepts
and
Example
●
the
holy
Scripture
do
abundantly
testifie
.
CHAP
III.
SECT.
I.
VULCAN
.
P.
O
Heavens
!
I
think
that
I
see
a
Black-smith
amongst
the
Gods
.
M.
Very
true
;
He
is
both
a
Smith
,
and
a
God
,
by
●●me
Vulcan
.
He
hath
a
Shop
in
●he
Islan●
Lemnos
,
where
he
exercises
his
Trade
;
and
where
,
tho
he
is
a
God
himself
,
●e
made
Iupiter's
Thunder
,
and
the
Arms
of
●he
other
Gods
.
P.
If
he
was
a
God
,
what
Misfortune
drove
him
to
the
Forge
,
and
tyed
him
to
such
a
●asty
Employment
?
M.
His
Deformity
,
Phurnut
.
de
nat.
Deor.
Hesiod
.
&
Lucian
.
de
sacrif
.
Virg.
8.
Aen.
I
believe
.
He
was
●orn
of
Iupiter
and
Iuno
;
some
say
,
of
Iuno
only
;
and
being
contemptible
for
his
Deformity
,
he
was
cast
down
from
Heaven
into
the
●sland
Lemnos
(
whence
he
is
called
Lemnius
)
●e
broke
his
Leg
with
the
Fall
,
and
if
the
Lemnians
had
not
caught
him
when
he
fell
,
●e
had
certainly
broke
his
Neck
;
ever
since
he
hath
been
Lame
.
In
requital
for
their
kindness
,
he
fix'd
his
Seat
amongst
them
,
and
set
up
the
Craft
of
a
Smith
;
teaching
them
the
manifold
Uses
of
Fire
and
Iron
:
Lucan
.
l.
1.
and
a
mulcendo
ferum
,
from
softening
and
polishing
Iron
,
he
receiv'd
the
Name
Mulciber
or
Mulcifer
.
But
you
will
wonder
when
I
tell
you
that
this
deformed
nasty
Smith
has
married
the
beautifulest
Goddess
Venus
●
whom
he
caught
in
Adultery
with
Mars
,
and
linked
them
together
with
Chains
,
and
exposed
them
to
the
laughter
of
all
the
Gods
.
He
desired
mightily
to
marry
Minerva
,
and
Iupiter
consented
;
yielding
up
the
Virgin
to
the
Will
of
this
nasty
Creature
.
But
she
resisted
his
attempts
,
and
in
the
struggle
his
Nature
fell
from
him
upon
the
Earth
,
and
produced
the
Monster
Erichthomiu●
,
Erichthomius
.
Erichtheus
or
Erichthonicus
,
so
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
contentione
&
terra
;
which
was
a
Boy
,
Virg.
3.
Georg.
with
the
Feet
of
a
Dragon
,
who
first
invented
Coaches
,
that
he
might
hide
the
deformity
of
his
Feet
.
Iupiter
,
(
as
I
said
)
consented
,
that
Vulcan
should
marry
Minerva
if
he
could
overcome
her
Modesty
.
For
when
Vulcan
made
Arms
for
the
Gods
,
Iupiter
gave
him
leave
to
choose
out
of
the
Goddesses
a
Wife
,
and
he
chose
Minerva
.
But
he
admonished
Minerva
at
the
same
time
to
refuse
him
,
and
preserve
her
Virginity
;
as
she
did
admirably
well
.
At
Rome
were
celebrated
the
Vulcania
,
a
Feast
in
Honour
of
Vulcan
;
Var.
ap.
Lil.
in
which
they
threw
Animals
into
the
Fire
to
be
burnt
to
death
.
The
Athenians
instituted
Feasts
called
Chalce●
.
A
Temple
besides
was
dedicated
to
him
upon
the
Mountain
Aetna
,
Pollux
.
l.
7.
ap.
Lil.
Gyr.
from
which
he
is
sometimes
named
Aethnaeus
.
This
Temple
was
guarded
by
Dogs
,
whose
sense
of
Smelling
was
so
exquisite
,
that
they
could
discern
,
whether
the
persons
that
came
thither
were
Chaste
and
Religious
,
or
whether
they
were
Wicked
:
They
used
to
meet
,
and
flatter
,
and
follow
the
good
,
esteeming
them
the
Acquaintants
and
Friends
of
Vulcan
,
their
Master
.
But
they
bark'd
,
and
flew
at
the
bad
,
and
never
left
off
tearing
them
,
till
they
had
driven
them
away
.
P.
I
have
heard
,
unless
I
am
mistaken
,
that
this
Vulcan
,
by
Iupiter's
command
,
made
a
living
Woman
.
Is
it
true
?
M.
It
is
a
Comical
thing
to
expect
Truth
in
Fables
.
It
is
indeed
feigned
,
that
the
first
Woman
was
fashioned
by
the
Hammer
of
Vulcan
;
and
that
every
God
gave
her
some
Present
,
whence
she
was
called
Pandora
.
Pandora
.
Pallas
gave
her
Wisdom
,
Apollo
the
Art
of
Musick
,
Mercury
the
Art
of
Eloquence
,
Venus
gave
her
Beauty
,
and
the
rest
of
the
Gods
gave
her
other
Accomplishments
.
They
say
also
,
that
when
Promotheus
stole
Fire
from
Heaven
,
to
animate
the
Man
which
he
had
made
;
Iupiter
was
incensed
,
and
sent
Pandora
to
Prometheus
with
a
sealed
Box.
But
Prometheus
would
not
receive
it
.
He
sent
her
with
the
same
Box
again
to
the
Wife
of
Epimetheus
,
the
Brother
of
Prometheus
;
and
she
,
out
of
the
Curiosity
natural
to
her
Sex
,
open'd
it
,
which
as
soon
as
she
had
done
,
all
sorts
of
Diseases
and
Evils
,
with
which
it
was
filled
,
flew
out
amongst
Mankind
,
and
have
infested
them
ever
since
.
And
nothing
was
left
in
the
bottom
of
the
Box
,
but
Hope
.
Pausan.
in
Attic.
SECT.
II.
The
Cyclops
,
Servants
to
Vulcan
.
P.
WHAT
black
nasty
one
eyed
Fellows
are
those
.
M.
They
are
the
Cyclops
,
that
serve
Vulcan
in
his
Craft
:
so
called
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
a
Circle
;
because
they
had
but
one
Eye
,
which
was
in
the
middle
of
their
Foreheads
,
of
a
circular
Figure
,
Neptune
and
Amphitrite
were
their
Parents
.
Virgil
(
in
Aen.
8.
)
mentions
the
names
of
three
of
them
.
Ferrum
exercebant
vasto
Cyclopes
in
antro
,
Brontesque
,
Steropesque
,
&
Nudus
membra
Pyracmon
.
The
following
Verses
shew
these
three
were
not
the
only
Cyclops
,
there
were
many
more
.
—
Alii
ventosis
follibus
auras
Accipiunt
redduntque
:
alii
stridentia
tingunt
Aera
lacu
:
gemit
impositis
incudibus
antrum
,
Illi
inter
sese
multa
vi
brachia
tollunt
In
numerum
,
versantque
tenaci
forcipe
ferrum●
—
Others
receive
In
Bellows
breath
,
as
oft
them
breathless
leave
;
Those
in
cold
Water
dip
the
hissing
Ore
:
The
hollow
Vaults
with
thundring
Anvils
rore
.
They
with
huge
strength
their
Arms
in
order
raise
,
And
turn
with
Tongs
the
Mass
a
thousand
ways
.
SECT.
III.
Cacus
and
Caeculus
,
Sons
of
Vulcan
,
Polyphemus
.
CAcus
was
the
vilest
of
Miscreants
,
his
name
was
given
him
from
his
wickedness
(
for
Cacos
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
signifies
Malus
evil
.
)
He
tormented
all
Latium
with
his
Fires
and
Robberies
;
living
like
a
Beast
,
in
a
dismal
Cave
.
He
stole
Hercules's
Oxen
,
and
dragged
them
backwards
by
their
Tails
into
this
Cave
,
that
so
the
track
of
their
Feet
might
not
discover
this
Repository
of
his
Thefts
.
But
Hercules
passing
by
heard
the
lowing
of
the
Oxen
in
the
Cave
,
and
there
broke
into
it
,
(
Virg.
Aen.
8
)
—
Cacum
in
tenebris
incendia
vana
vomentem
Corripit
,
in
nodum
complexus
;
&
angit
inhaerens
Elisos
oculos
,
&
siccum
sanguine
guttur
.
—
He
Cacus
got
,
Belching
vain
Flames
,
and
wreath'd
him
in
a
knot
,
Then
whirls
him
round
,
next
down
upon
him
lies
,
Grasping
his
Throat
,
and
squeezing
out
his
Eyes
.
Take
the
Description
of
the
Cave
it self
from
the
same
Poet.
Hic
spelunca
fuit
vasto
submota
recessu
Semihominis
Caci
;
facies
quam
dira
tegebat
Solis
inaccessam
radiis
;
semperque
recenti
Caede
●epebat
humus
;
foribusque
affixa
superbis
Ora
virum
tristi
pendebant
pallida
tabo
.
Huic
monstro
Vulcanus
erat
pater
:
illius
atros
Ore
vomens
ignes
magna
se
mole
ferebat
.
Upon
yon
Hill
,
and
Breaches
wide
as
Hell
:
There
did
that
horrid
Monster
Cacus
dwell●
He
in
these
vast
Recesses
his
dire
Face
Did
always
hide
;
the
Sun
ne'er
pierc'd
that
place
,
Steeming
with
recent
Slaughter
;
on
his
Door
Pale
Heads
of
Men
hung
,
lothsome
in
their
Gore
.
Of
the
huge
Monster
,
Vulcan
was
the
Sire
,
A
mighty
Giant
,
breathing
Smoke
and
Fire
.
Caeculus
also
,
lived
by
Pl●nder
and
Robbery
.
He
was
so
called
from
the
smallness
of
his
Eyes
,
(
it
is
thought
,
the
noble
Family
of
the
Caecilii
at
Rome
derived
their
Original
from
him
.
)
Whilst
his
Mother
sat
by
the
Fire
,
a
Spark
flew
into
her
Lap
:
upon
which
●he
grew
big
with
Child
,
and
when
her
Reckoning
was
compleated
she
brought
forth
this
Son
;
who
was
afterwards
the
Founder
of
the
City
Praeneste
.
Others
say
,
that
the
Shepherds
found
Caeculus
unhurt
in
the
midst
of
the
fire
,
as
soon
as
he
was
born
;
from
whence
he
was
thought
the
Son
of
Vulcan
:
Virg.
Aen.
7.
To
these
Servants
and
Sons
of
Vulcan
,
add
the
Shepherd
Polyphemus
,
a
Monster
not
unlike
them
;
born
of
Neptune
.
For
he
had
but
one
Eye
in
his
Forehead
like
the
Cyclops
;
he
got
his
living
by
Murders
and
Robberies
like
Cacu●
and
Caeculus
.
This
Monster
drew
Four
of
Ulysse's
Companions
into
his
Den
,
in
Sicily
;
and
devoured
them
.
He
thought
too
that
he
was
certain
of
the
rest
.
But
Ulysses
made
him
drunk
with
Wine
,
and
then
with
a
Firebrand
quite
put
out
his
sight
.
Virgil
Aen.
3.
Visceribus
miserorum
,
&
sanguine
vescitur
atro
.
Vidi
egomet
,
duo
de
numero
cum
corpora
nostro
Prensa
manu
magna
,
medio
resupinus
in
antro
.
Frangeret
ad
saxum
:
sanieque
aspersa
natarent
Limina
:
vidi
atro
cùm
membra
fluentia
tabo
Manderet
,
&
tepidi
tremerent
sub
dentibus
artus
.
Haud
impunè
quidem
;
nec
talia
passus
Ulysses
,
Oblitusve
sui
est
Ithacus
discrimine
tanto
.
Nam
simul
expletus
dapibus
,
vinoque
supultus
,
Cervicem
inflexam
posuit
,
jacuitque
per
antrum
Immensum
,
saniem
eructans
,
ac
frustra
cruento
Per
somnum
commixta
mero
:
nos
magn●
precati
Numina
sortitique
vices
,
una
undique
circum
Fundimur
,
&
telo
lumen
terebramus
acuto
I●gens
;
quòd
torvd
solum
sub
fronte
latebat
;
Argolici
Clypei
,
aut
Phoebeae
lampadis
instar
.
Cruel
his
Looks
,
uncivil
are
his
Words
;
Bowels
of
Men
supply
his
wonted
Boards
.
I
saw
when
he
two
of
our
stoutest
Men
Seiz'd
in
his
mighty
Hand
,
and
'midst
his
Den
,
Laid
on
his
Back
,
against
a
Pillar
brain'd
,
And
with
foul
gore
the
sprinkled
Pavement
stain'd
.
He
would
devour
Mens
bloody
Quarters
raw
:
I
in
his
Teeth
the
warm
Flesh
trembling
saw
.
But
thus
Ulysses
took
it
not
,
nor
yet
His
own
,
nor
his
Friends
Dangers
did
forget
:
For
,
as
he
,
gorg'd
with
Wine
and
Meat
,
did
lie
In
his
huge
Cave
asleep
,
his
Neck
awry
,
Vomiting
Gobbets
,
mix'd
with
bloody
Wine
,
We
take
our
Chance
,
imploring
Powers
Divine
,
And
round
about
beset
him
every
where
;
Then
pierc'd
his
Eye
with
a
sharp-pointed
Spear
.
'Midst
his
stern
Brow
the
Luminary
lay
,
Like
a
Greek
Shield
,
or
the
great
Lamp
of
Day
.
SECT.
IV.
The
Signification
of
the
Fable
.
Vulcan
,
a
Symbol
of
Two
Sorts
of
Fire
.
THat
by
Vulcan
is
understood
Fire
,
Ap.
Lil.
the
Name
it self
discovers
,
if
we
follow
Varro
,
(
who
derives
Vulcanus
from
vi
ac
violentia
ignis
,
and
Vulcanus
,
quasi
Volicanus
,
quòd
ignis
per
aerem
volitet
,
because
Fire
is
a
violent
Element
,
and
flies
about
the
Air.
Ser.
8.
Aen.
)
And
therefore
he
is
painted
with
a
blew
Hat
,
Euseb.
de
praep.
Evang.
which
is
a
Symbol
of
the
Celestial
or
Elementary
Fire
,
which
is
by
Nature
clear
,
and
immix'd
;
whereas
the
Common
Fire
,
that
is
used
in
Earth
is
weak
,
and
wants
continual
fuel
to
support
it
,
and
therefore
Vulcan
is
said
to
be
lame
.
He
is
said
to
have
been
cast
down
from
Heaven
;
because
the
Lightning
comes
from
the
Clouds
;
and
to
have
fallen
into
Lemnos
,
because
Lightning
oft
falls
in
that
Island
.
Serv.
ib.
But
let
us
a
little
consider
the
flames
of
Love
,
for
Vulcan
married
Venus
.
If
you
admire
,
wherefore
so
fair
,
so
delicate
,
so
beautiful
a
Goddess
should
be
a
Wife
to
so
deformed
and
black
a
God
,
you
must
suppose
,
that
Vulcan
is
the
Fire
,
and
Venus
the
Flame
:
and
is
not
the
union
between
Fire
and
Flame
very
proper
?
But
this
Fire
is
kindled
in
Hell
and
blowed
by
Cyclops
.
And
those
who
are
addicted
to
Venery
are
set
on
fire
with
these
flames
:
For
when
a
flame
kindled
by
the
Eyes
of
a
beauteous
Woman
sets
the
Breast
on
fire
,
how
violent
is
the
Combustion
,
how
great
the
Havock
,
how
certain
the
Destruction
?
Hence
comes
the
Lovers
Anguish
,
Deadness
and
Faintness
overspread
his
Face
,
his
Eyes
are
dull
and
heavy
,
his
Cheeks
meager
and
wan
,
his
Countenance
puts
on
the
paleness
of
Ashes
;
which
are
fatal
Arguments
of
a
spreading
Fire
within
,
that
consumes
and
preys
upon
the
interior
parts
.
But
when
Impudence
has
blown
the
Coals
,
so
that
Modesty
can
put
no
farther
stop
to
the
Rage
and
Violence
of
this
Flame
:
When
this
hellish
Offspring
breaks
forth
,
and
by
degrees
gathers
strength
:
good
God!
How
does
it
spread
,
rage
,
and
encrease
?
With
what
fury
and
violence
does
it
bear
down
and
destroy
every
thing
?
By
this
Flame
Semele
was
consumed
.
Hercule's
strength
was
an
easie
pray
to
it
;
and
hereby
the
strongest
Towers
,
and
stateliest
Palaces
of
Troy
were
consumed
and
reduced
to
Ashes
.
Have
you
given
your self
up
to
Venus
?
She
will
make
you
a
Vulcan
:
she
will
make
you
filthy
,
nasty
,
and
black
as
Hell
,
she
will
darken
your
Understanding
,
though
you
are
in
the
midst
of
Fire
.
For
the
fire
of
Venus
gives
no
light
,
but
brings
the
greatest
darkness
;
it
freezes
and
stupifies
the
Soul
,
while
the
Body
is
thawed
and
melted
in
pleasures
.
How
sad
is
the
fate
of
an
effeminate
Man
?
His
toil
and
labour
is
like
the
work
of
Vulcan
;
for
he
who
desperately
loves
a
Woman
,
takes
a
burning
Iron
into
his
Breast
,
his
House
is
a
Forge
,
he
labours
and
toils
to
soften
her
Temper
,
more
than
Vulcan
sweats
to
fashion
the
hardest
Steel
;
he
neglects
the
care
of
himself
to
make
her
fine
and
handsome
:
Again
how
many
Estates
are
melted
in
lust's
Furnace
?
How
many
Possessions
reduced
to
Ashes
?
Till
nothing
but
Dross
is
left
,
and
the
Nobility
and
Honour
of
their
Families
disappear
and
vanish
in
smoak
.
No
Fuel
can
satisfie
this
Fire
;
the
heat
of
it
never
decreases
,
it
never
cools
:
for
Venus
blows
it
with
Sighs
,
kindles
it
with
Tears
,
and
foments
it
with
proud
Disdain
and
Coldness
.
Her
Kindness
is
Cruelty
,
her
Pride
is
ensnaring
.
What
wonder
is
it
then
,
that
so
many
Vulcans
,
not
only
in
Lemnos
but
every
where
,
make
Thunder
at
this
Forge
,
which
will
fall
on
their
own
Heads
;
by
which
they
are
cast
headlong
from
Heaven
to
Earth
,
that
is
from
the
highest
degree
of
Happiness
to
the
lowest
vale
of
Misery
:
from
which
fall
comes
a
lameness
never
to
be
cured
.
These
are
the
effects
of
the
love
of
Venus
.
If
you
will
not
believe
me
,
believe
the
Poet
,
who
in
a
witty
Epigram
says
;
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Having
Cupid
for
thy
Son
,
and
Venus
for
thy
Wife
,
Vulcan
,
thou
well
mayst
be
lame
,
all
thy
life
.
CHAP.
IV.
SECT.
I.
AEOLUS
.
LET
us
now
Blow
out
the
fire
with
the
wind
,
Ovid.
11.
Metam
.
and
bring
up
Aeolus
after
Vulcan
.
For
Aeolus
is
next
to
him
;
the
God
of
the
Winds
;
begotten
by
Iupiter
of
Acesta
or
Segesta
,
the
Daughter
of
Hippota
;
from
whom
he
is
named
Hippotades
.
He
dwelt
in
one
of
those
seven
Islands
,
which
from
him
are
called
Aeoliae
;
and
sometimes
Vulcaniae
.
Palephat
.
l.
incred
.
Varr.
&
Strab.
ap.
Serv.
He
was
a
skilful
Astronomer
,
and
an
excellent
natural
Philosopher
,
he
understood
more
particularly
the
nature
of
the
Winds
:
And
because
,
from
the
Clouds
and
Smoke
of
the
Aeolian
Islands
,
he
foretold
Winds
and
Tempests
a
great
while
before
they
arose
,
it
was
generally
believed
that
they
were
under
his
power
;
and
that
he
could
raise
the
Winds
or
still
them
as
he
pleased
.
And
from
hence
he
was
stiled
Emperor
and
King
of
the
Winds
(
the
Children
of
Astraeus
and
Aurora
.
)
Virgil
describes
Iuno
coming
to
him
,
and
represents
his
Palace
thus
.
Nimborum
in
patriam
,
loca
foeta
furentibus
Austris
,
Aeoliam
venit
:
Hic
vasto
Rex
Aeolus
antro
Luctantes
ventos
,
tempestatesque
sonoras
Imperio
premit
,
ac
vinclis
&
carcere
fraenat
.
Illi
indignantes
,
magno
cum
murmure
montis
Circum
claustra
a
fremunt
:
celsa
sedet
Aeolus
arce
,
Sceptra
tenens
,
mollitque
animos
,
&
temper
at
iras
.
Ni
faciat
,
maria
ac
terras
,
coelumque
profundum
Quippe
ferant
rapidi
secum
,
verrantque
per
auras
.
Sed
Pater
omnipotens
speluncis
abdidit
atris
,
Hoc
metuens
,
molemque
,
&
montes
in
super
altos
Imposuit
,
Regemque
dedit
,
qui
foederc
certo
Et
premere
,
&
laxas
sciret
dare
jussus
habenas
.
She
to
the
Land
of
Storms
(
Aeolia
)
went
,
Coasts
big
with
Tempests
,
where
King
Aeolus
reigns
,
And
the
rebellious
Winds
in
Prison
chains
:
But
they
,
disdaining
their
so
close
restraint
,
Round
the
dark
Dungeon
roar
with
loud
complaint
,
In
a
high
Tow'r
,
here
Sceptred
Aeolus
stands
,
Calming
their
fierceness
by
severe
Commands
;
Else
in
their
rapid
Course
they
would
not
spare
Sea
,
Land
,
high
Heaven
,
but
sweep
them
through
the
Air.
Jove
fearing
this
,
them
in
a
Cave
immures
,
And
under
weight
of
mighty
Hills
secures
;
And
gave
a
King
,
who
knows
when
to
restrain
,
And
when
commanded
,
how
to
loose
the
Rein
;
CHAP.
V.
SECT.
I.
MOMUS
.
P.
WHAT
is
this
man
,
and
what
is
his
name
?
M.
Do
you
expect
a
Man
among
the
Gods
?
The
name
of
this
God
is
in
Greek
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
which
signifies
a
Iester
,
a
Mocker
,
a
Mimick
,
for
that
is
his
business
.
He
follows
no
Employment
;
but
lives
an
idle
life
;
but
nicely
observes
the
actions
and
sayings
of
the
other
Gods
,
and
when
he
finds
them
doing
amiss
,
or
neglecting
their
Duty
,
he
censures
,
mocks
,
and
derides
them
with
the
greatest
liberty
.
Neptune
,
Vulcan
,
and
Minerva
,
may
witness
the
truth
of
this
,
when
they
contended
which
of
them
was
the
most
skilful
Artificer
;
whereupon
Neptune
made
a
Bull
,
Minerva
a
House
,
and
Vulcan
a
Man
;
they
made
Momus
judge
between
them
,
but
he
chid
them
all
three
.
He
accused
Neptune
of
imprudence
,
because
he
placed
not
the
Bull
's
Horn
in
his
Forehead
before
his
Eyes
,
for
then
the
Bull
might
give
a
stronger
and
a
surer
blow
.
He
blamed
Minerva
because
her
House
was
immoveable
,
so
that
it
could
not
be
carried
away
if
by
chance
it
was
placed
among
ill
Neighbours
.
But
he
said
that
Vulcan
was
the
most
imprudent
of
them
,
because
he
did
not
make
a
Window
in
the
Man's
Breast
,
that
we
might
see
what
his
thoughts
were
,
whether
he
designed
some
trick
,
whether
he
intended
what
he
spoke
.
P.
Who
were
the
Parents
of
Momus
?
M.
Nox
and
Somnus
begat
him
.
Hesiod
.
in
Theog
.
And
indeed
it
is
the
sign
of
a
dull
drowsie
sottish
disposition
,
when
we
see
a
Man
censuring
and
disliking
the
Actions
of
all
other
Men
,
when
nothing
but
God
is
wholly
perfect
,
something
is
wanting
to
every
thing
,
so
that
every
thing
is
defective
and
liable
to
censure
.
CHAP.
VI.
SECT.
I.
The
Terrestrial
Goddesses
.
VESTA
.
SHE
,
whom
you
see
sitting
and
holding
a
Drum
,
is
the
Wife
of
Coelum
,
and
the
Mother
of
Saturn
.
Vir
Aen.
9.
She
is
the
eldest
of
the
Goddesses
.
P.
If
she
is
the
Wife
of
Coelum
,
why
is
she
placed
amongst
this
Terrestrial
Goddesses
,
and
not
amongst
the
Coelestial
rather
?
M.
Because
this
Goddess
Vesta
is
the
same
with
Terra
,
and
has
her
name
à
Vestiendo
;
quod
plantis
frugibusque
terra
vestiatur
;
because
Plants
and
Fruit
are
the
cloathing
of
the
Earth
.
Plut.
l.
1.
Prim.
frige
.
Or
according
to
Ovid
the
Earth
is
called
Vesta
,
à
vi
stando
,
from
supporting
it self
.
Fast.
lib.
6.
Stat
vi
,
Terra
,
sua
,
vi
stando
,
Vesta
vocatur
.
Th'
Earth
by
'ts
own
power
stands
and
therefore
Vesta's
call'd
.
She
sits
,
Varr.
ap.
Aug
7.
de
Civ
.
Cic.
de
somn
.
because
the
Earth
is
immoveable
,
and
is
placed
in
the
center
of
the
World
.
Vesta
has
a
Drum
,
because
the
Earth
contains
the
boisterous
Winds
in
its
Bosom
.
Hecatae
.
Miles
.
in
general
.
And
divers
Flowers
weave
themselves
into
a
Crown
,
with
which
Vesta's
Head
is
crowned
.
Several
kinds
of
Animals
creep
about
and
fawn
upon
her
.
Because
the
Earth
is
round
,
Phurnut
.
Vesta's
Temple
at
Rome
was
also
round
;
and
some
say
that
the
Image
of
Vesta
her self
,
was
Orbicular
in
some
places
,
and
Ovid
says
that
her
Image
was
rude
and
shapeless
.
Fast.
l.
6.
Effigiem
nullam
,
Vesta
,
nec
Ignis
habet
.
Vesta
and
Fire
bear
no
shape
at
all
.
And
from
hence
round
Tables
were
anciently
called
Vestae
,
Plut.
In
sympos
.
because
,
like
the
Earth
,
they
supply
all
necessaries
of
Life
for
us
.
It
is
no
wonder
that
the
first
Oblations
in
all
Sacrifices
were
offered
to
her
,
Homer
.
in
hymn
.
since
whatsoever
is
sacrificed
springs
from
the
Earth
.
And
the
Greeks
both
began
and
concluded
all
their
Sacrifices
with
Vesta
;
because
they
esteemed
her
the
Mother
of
all
the
Gods
.
Ap.
Lil.
1.
Gy.
Strab.
l.
10.
P.
I
wish
that
you
would
resolve
one
Doubt
which
I
still
have
concerning
this
Goddess
.
How
can
Vesta
be
the
same
with
Terra
,
when
nothing
is
more
frequent
amongst
Mythologists
,
than
to
signifie
Fire
by
Vesta
.
M.
I
perceive
that
I
do
not
deal
with
a
Novice
:
I
will
satisfie
your
doubt
.
There
was
two
Vesta's
,
the
elder
and
the
younger
.
The
first
,
of
whom
I
have
spoken
,
was
the
Wife
of
Coelum
and
the
Mother
of
Saturn
.
The
second
was
the
Daughter
of
Saturn
by
his
Wife
Rhea
.
And
as
the
first
is
the
same
with
Terra
,
as
I
have
already
described
,
so
the
other
is
the
same
with
Ignis
.
Hujus
enim
,
says
Tully
(
de
Natur.
Deor.
lib.
2.
)
vis
omnis
ad
aras
&
focos
pertinet
:
For
the
power
of
this
Vesta
is
altogether
concerned
about
Altars
and
Houses
.
The
word
Vesta
is
often
put
for
Fire
,
and
is
derived
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
in
the
Greek
,
Hom.
in
hymn
.
which
signifies
a
Chimny
,
Virg.
1.
Georg.
&
2.
Aeneid
Eugraph
.
in
And.
Terent.
Act.
4.
S.
3.
a
House
,
or
Houshold
Gods
.
She
is
esteemed
the
President
and
Guardian
of
Houses
,
and
one
of
the
Houshold
Deities
,
not
without
reason
:
since
she
invented
the
Art
of
building
of
Houses
;
and
therefore
before
the
Doors
of
the
Houses
at
Rome
,
(
called
in
Latin
Vestibula
from
Vesta
)
was
placed
an
Image
of
Vesta
,
to
which
they
sacrificed
every
day
.
This
Goddess
was
a
Virgin
;
and
so
great
an
admirer
of
Virginity
,
Aristocr
.
l.
2.
Aristoph
.
in
Vespis
.
that
when
Iupiter
,
her
Brother
,
gave
her
liberty
of
asking
what
she
would
,
she
asked
,
that
she
might
always
be
a
Virgin
,
and
have
the
first
Oblations
in
all
Sacrifices
.
Val.
Max.
l.
5.
c.
4.
Wherein
she
not
only
obtained
her
desire
,
but
received
this
further
Honour
amongst
the
Romans
;
Liv.
l.
5.
dec.
1.
that
a
perpetual
Fire
was
kept
in
her
Temple
,
amongst
the
sacred
Pledges
of
the
Empire
;
not
upon
an
Altar
,
or
in
the
Chimneys
,
but
in
earthen
Vessels
,
Val.
Max.
l.
4.
c.
4.
Papin
.
l.
4.
●yl
.
3.
hanging
in
the
Air
;
which
the
Vestal
Virgins
tended
with
so
much
care
,
that
if
by
chance
this
Fire
was
extinguished
,
all
publick
and
private
Business
was
intermitted
,
and
a
Vacation
proclaimed
,
till
they
had
expiated
the
unhappy
prodigy
with
incredible
pains
.
And
if
it
appeared
that
the
Virgins
were
the
occasion
of
its
going
out
by
carelesness
,
Idem
l.
●
c.
1.
they
were
severely
punished
,
Ovid.
3●
Fast.
and
sometimes
with
Rods.
Upon
the
Kalends
of
March
,
every
Year
,
though
it
was
not
extinguished
,
they
used
to
renew
it
,
not
with
other
Fire
,
but
by
the
Rays
of
the
Sun
.
Ovid
mentions
both
the
Younger
and
the
Elder
Vesta
,
in
lib.
6.
Fast.
Vesta
eadem
est
,
&
Terra
:
subest
vigil
Ignis
utrique
Significant
sedem
,
Terra
,
Focusque
suam
.
Vesta
and
Earth
are
one
,
one
Fire
share
,
Which
does
the
Centre
of
'em
both
declare
.
SECT.
II.
An
Explication
of
the
Fable
.
The
Younger
Vesta
,
the
Vital
Heat
in
the
Body
.
FRom
hence
we
may
conjecture
,
that
when
the
Poets
say
that
Vesta
is
the
same
with
Fire
,
the
terrible
,
scorching
,
lightning
Fire
of
Vulcan's
Forge
,
is
not
understood
;
nor
yet
the
impure
and
dangerous
Flames
of
Venus
,
of
which
we
spake
above
;
but
a
pure
,
unmixt
,
benign
Flame
;
so
necessary
for
us
,
that
Humane
Life
cannot
possibly
want
it
:
whose
heat
being
diffused
through
all
the
parts
of
the
Body
,
quickens
,
cherishes
,
refreshes
and
nourishes
us
.
A
Flame
really
sacred
,
heavenly
and
divine
;
repaired
daily
by
the
Food
which
we
eat
;
on
which
the
safety
and
welfare
of
our
Bodies
depend
.
This
Flame
moves
and
actuates
the
whole
Body
;
and
cannot
be
extinguished
,
but
when
Life
it self
dies
together
with
it
.
And
then
comes
a
lasting
Vacation
,
and
a
certain
end
is
put
to
all
our
business
in
this
World
.
But
if
by
our
own
fault
,
it
is
extinguished
,
we
are
guilty
of
our
own
death
and
deserve
that
our
Memory
should
rot
with
our
Bodies
in
the
Grave
,
and
that
our
Name
should
be
entombed
with
our
Carcasses
,
which
would
be
an
Affliction
no
less
severe
,
than
was
the
Punishment
of
the
guilty
Vestal
Virgins
,
who
were
buried
alive
.
CHAP.
VII
.
SECT.
I.
CYBELE
.
Her
Image
.
P.
STrange
!
Here
is
a
Goddess
whose
Head
is
crowned
with
Towers
,
Lucret.
l.
2.
de
reg
nat
.
what
mean●
this
?
Is
she
the
Goddess
of
Cities
and
Garrisons
?
M.
She
is
the
Goddess
not
of
the
Cities
only
,
but
of
all
things
which
the
Earth
sustains
.
She
is
the
Earth
it self
:
On
the
Earth
are
built
many
Towers
and
Castles
,
Serv.
in
3.
&
10.
Aen.
so
on
her
Head
is
placed
a
Crown
of
Towers
.
In
her
Hand
she
carries
a
Key
,
which
perhaps
you
did
not
observe
,
Isidor
.
l.
●
.
because
in
Winter
the
Earth
locks
those
treasures
up
,
which
she
brings
forth
,
and
dispenses
with
so
much
plenty
in
the
Summer
.
She
rides
in
a
Chariot
,
because
the
Earth
hangs
suspended
in
the
Air
,
balanced
and
poised
by
its
own
weight
.
But
that
Chariot
is
supported
by
Wheels
,
because
the
Earth
is
a
Voluble
Body
,
and
turns
round
:
and
it
is
drawn
by
Lions
,
Ovid.
4.
Fast.
because
nothing
is
so
savage
and
ungovernable
,
but
a
motherly
piety
and
tenderness
is
able
to
tame
it
,
and
make
it
submit
to
the
Yoak
.
Martia●●
.
Lil.
I
need
not
explain
why
her
Garments
are
painted
with
diverr
colours
,
and
figured
with
the
Images
of
several
Creatures
,
since
every
body
sees
that
such
a
dress
is
suitable
to
the
Earth
.
SECT.
III.
Names
of
Cybele
.
P.
IS
then
this
Goddess
called
Terra
?
M.
No
,
she
is
called
Cybele
,
Propert.
3.
Eleg.
16.
and
Ops
,
and
Rhea
and
Dindymene
,
and
Berecynthia
,
and
Bona
Dea
(
the
good
Goddess
)
and
Idaea
,
and
Pessinuntia
,
and
Magn●
Deorum
Mater
(
the
Great
Mother
of
the
Gods
)
and
sometimes
also
Vesta
.
All
these
are
the
names
of
the
same
Goddess
,
given
her
for
different
reasons
,
who
was
the
Daughter
of
Coelum
,
and
the
Elder
Vesta
;
and
Saturns
Wife
.
She
is
called
Cybele
from
the
Mountain
Cybalus
in
Phrygia
,
Steph.
Strab.
Suid.
Serv.
in
Aen.
3.
where
her
Sacrifices
were
Institutèd
first
.
Or
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
in
Caput
saltare
:
because
her
Priests
danced
upon
their
Heads
;
and
tossed
about
their
Hair
,
like
mad
men
,
foretelling
things
to
come
,
and
making
a
horrible
noise
,
as
Luc●n
speaks
of
them
,
l.
1.
—
crinemque
rotantes
Sanguineum
,
populis
ulularunt
tristia
Galli
.
Shaking
their
bloody
tresses
some
sad
spell
The
Priests
of
Cybel
to
the
people
yell
.
For
these
Priests
,
2
Fest.
as
I
shall
shew
presently
,
were
called
Galli
.
Or
,
Lastly
,
you
may
derive
Cybele
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
a
Cube
:
because
that
figure
was
by
the
Antients
dedicated
to
her
.
Ops
,
quòd
opem
ferat
,
she
is
a
help
to
all
things
,
that
are
contained
in
this
World
.
Rhea
,
comes
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
fluo
:
because
she
abounds
with
Blessings
.
Dindymene
,
Hor.
l.
1.
and
Dindyme
,
from
the
Mountain
Dindymus
,
Carm.
in
Phrygia
.
Berecynthia
,
from
the
Castle
Berecynthus
,
in
the
same
Country
.
She
is
described
by
this
name
in
Virgil
,
Aen.
6.
Qualis
Berecynthia
mater
Invehitur
curru
,
Phrygiae
turrita
per
urbes
,
Laeta
Deum
partu
.
As
Berecynthia
crown'd
with
turrets
rides
In
state
through
Ph●ygian
Cities
,
by
her
sides
A
hundred
Nephews
,
off-springs
of
the
Gods
.
As
the
Romans
called
her
,
Lucret.
l.
2.
the
Mother
of
the
Gods
,
so
the
Greeks
named
her
Pasithea
,
i.
e.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
omnibus
Diis
mater
,
her
Sacrifices
were
likewise
entitled
,
Cael.
Rhod.
l.
18.
c.
17.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
signifies
to
Celebrate
them
.
She
was
called
Bona
Dea
,
Labeo
ap.
Lil.
Sint
.
4.
Bona
Dea.
because
all
our
goods
things
in
this
life
proceed
from
her
.
Fauna
,
because
she
is
said
to
favour
all
Creatures
animantibus
favere
.
Fatua
from
fando
,
because
they
thought
that
new-born
Children
never
cryed
till
they
touched
the
Ground
.
It
is
said
,
Sex
Clod.
ap
Lact.
that
this
Bona
Dea
was
the
Wife
of
Faunus
;
who
beat
her
with
Myrtle
Rods
till
she
died
,
because
(
which
did
not
become
a
Queen
)
she
drank
up
a
Vessel
of
Wine
,
and
was
drunk
.
The
King
repented
of
his
severity
,
wherefore
he
Deified
his
dead
Wife
,
and
paid
her
divine
Honours
.
And
for
this
reason
it
was
forbid
that
any
one
should
bring
Myrtle
into
her
Temple
.
Plut.
in
probl
.
And
in
her
Sacrifices
the
Vessels
of
Wine
were
covered
;
and
when
the
Women
drank
out
of
them
they
called
it
Milk
,
not
Wine
:
so
extraordinary
was
the
Modesty
of
this
Goddess
,
Juven.
Sat.
9.
that
no
Man
ever
saw
her
,
except
her
Husband
;
or
scarce
heard
her
name
:
wherefore
her
Sacrifices
were
performed
in
private
,
and
all
Men
were
excluded
from
the
Temple
;
as
Tibullus
intimates
,
l.
1.
El.
6.
Sacra
Bonae
,
maribus
non
adeunda
,
Deae
.
Good
Goddess's
Rites
not
to
be
seen
by
men
.
Insomuch
that
the
place
,
Ex
Cic.
1.
ad
Att.
●
in
Parad.
l.
10.
c.
56.
l.
13.
in
which
her
Sacrifices
were
performed
,
was
called
Opertum
,
and
the
Sacrifices
themselves
,
Opertanea
in
Pliny
;
secret-Sacrifices
.
So
Silius
calls
Pluto
Opertum
regem
;
and
Lucan
,
in
his
lib.
6.
Nosse
domos
Stygias
,
areanaque
Ditis
Operti
.
To
hear
Hell's
silent
Counsels
,
and
to
know
The
Stygian
Cells
and
Mysteries
below
.
It
is
true
,
that
silence
was
observed
in
all
Sacrifices
,
but
more
especially
in
those
of
Bona
Dea
,
according
to
Virgil.
Aen.
3.
—
Fidaque
silentia
Sacris
.
A
faithful
Silence
paid
to
sacred
Rites
.
The
Pythagoreans
and
Egyptians
indeed
taught
,
Ap.
Cer.
in
3.
Aen.
that
God
was
to
be
worshipped
in
silence
,
because
from
it
all
things
at
first
took
their
beginning
.
De
loquacit
.
Loquendi
,
homines
magistros
habemu●
,
tacendi
Deos.
Ab
illis
silentium
accipientes
,
i●
initiationibus
&
mysteriis
.
Men
,
●says
Pliny
were
our
Masters
,
to
teach
us
to
speak
;
but
w●
learn
silence
from
the
Gods
.
From
these
w●
learn
to
hold
our
peace
,
in
their
Rites
and
Initiations
.
She
was
called
Idaea
Mater
from
the
Mountain
Ida
in
Phrygia
,
Lucret.
l.
2.
or
Creete
;
for
she
was
at
both
places
highly
honoured
.
As
also
at
Rome
,
whither
they
brought
her
from
the
City
Pesinus
in
Galatia
,
by
a
remarkable
Miracle
.
For
when
the
Ship
,
in
which
she
was
carried
,
stop'd
in
the
mouth
of
the
Tiber
,
the
Vestal
Claudia
(
whose
fine
Dress
and
free
Behaviour
,
made
her
Modesty
suspected
)
easily
drew
the
Ship
to
the
shore
with
her
Girdle
,
where
the
Goddess
was
received
by
the
hands
of
Virgins
,
and
the
City
assembled
to
meet
her
,
placing
Censors
with
Frankincense
before
their
Doors
,
and
when
they
had
lighted
the
Frankincense
,
they
prayed
that
she
would
enter
freely
into
Rome
,
and
be
favourable
to
it
.
And
because
the
Sybils
had
prophesied
that
Idaea
Mater
should
be
introduced
by
the
best
Man
amongst
the
Romans
;
Haud
parvae
rei
judicium
,
says
Livy
,
l.
9.
D.
3.
Senatum
tenebat
,
qui
vir
optimus
in
civitate
esset
:
veram
certe
victoriam
ejus
rei
,
sibi
quisque
mallet
,
quàm
ulla
imperia
,
honoresve
suffragio
seu
Patrum
,
seu
Plebis
delatos
.
Patres
Conscripti
,
P.
Scipionem
Cnei
filium
,
ejus
qui
in
Hispania
occiderat
,
adolescentem
nondum
Quaestorium
,
judicaverunt
,
in
tota
civitate
virum
optimum
esse
.
The
Senate
was
not
a
little
busied
to
pass
a
judgment
in
the
case
,
and
resolve
,
who
was
the
best
Man
in
the
City
.
For
every
one
was
ambitious
to
get
the
Victory
in
a
Dispute
of
that
nature
;
and
more
than
if
they
stood
to
be
elected
to
any
Commands
or
Honours
by
the
Voices
either
of
the
Senators
or
People
.
At
last
,
the
Senate
resolved
,
that
P.
Scipio
,
the
Son
of
that
Cneus
who
was
killed
in
Spain
,
a
young
Gentleman
who
had
never
been
yet
Quaestor
,
was
the
best
Man
,
take
all
the
City
round
.
She
was
called
Pesinuntia
,
Herod
.
l.
1.
from
a
certain
Field
in
Phrygia
,
into
which
an
Image
of
her
fell
from
Heaven
;
from
which
fall
,
in
Greek
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Pesein
,
the
place
was
called
Pesinus
,
and
the
Goddess
Pesinuntia
.
And
in
this
place
,
first
the
Phrygians
began
to
celebrate
the
Sacrifices
Orgia
to
this
Goddess
,
near
the
River
Gallus
,
from
whence
her
Priests
were
called
Galli
;
Fest.
as
I
shall
tell
you
,
after
I
have
observed
,
that
when
these
Priests
desired
that
a
great
Respect
and
Adoration
should
be
paid
to
any
thing
,
they
pretend
that
it
fell
from
Heaven
;
and
they
called
those
Images
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
that
is
sent
from
Jupiter
.
Of
which
sort
were
the
Ancile
,
the
Palladium
,
and
the
Effigies
of
this
Goddess
,
concerning
which
we
now
speak
.
Herod
.
l.
1.
SECT.
IV.
The
Sacrifices
of
Cybele
.
HER
Sacrifices
like
the
Sacrifices
of
Bacchus
,
were
celebrated
with
a
confused
Noise
of
Timbrels
,
Apul●i
.
●
Metam
.
Pipes
,
and
Cymbals
;
Claud.
2.
de
rapt
.
and
the
Sacrificants
bowled
,
as
if
they
were
mad
;
they
profaned
both
the
Temple
of
their
Goddess
,
and
the
Ears
of
their
hearers
,
with
their
filthy
Words
and
Actions
.
But
the
following
Rites
were
peculiarly
observed
in
her
Sacrifices
.
Her
Temple
was
opened
,
Serv.
in
6.
Aen.
not
by
Hands
,
but
Prayers
;
none
entred
who
had
tasted
Garlick
:
The
Priests
sacrificed
to
her
sitting
and
touching
the
Earth
,
Athen.
ap.
Lil.
and
offered
the
Hearts
of
the
Victims
.
Lil.
Gysynt
.
4.
And
lastly
,
amongst
Trees
the
Box
and
the
Pine
were
sacred
to
her
.
Lact.
P.
in
●
.
Theb.
The
Box
,
because
the
Pipes
used
in
her
Sacrifices
were
made
of
it
.
The
Pine
,
Virg.
9.
for
the
sake
of
Atys
,
Attes
,
or
Attines
,
Ser.
9.
Aen.
a
Boy
that
Cybele
much
loved
,
and
made
him
President
of
her
Rites
,
upon
Condition
,
that
he
always
preserved
his
Chastity
inviolate
.
But
he
forgot
his
Vow
,
and
lost
that
Virtue
.
Aug.
7.
de
civ
.
Wherefore
the
offended
Goddess
drave
him
into
such
a
madness
,
that
he
emasculated
himself
;
De
Dea
Syria
.
(
tho'
Lucian
says
that
Cybele
did
it
)
and
when
he
was
about
to
lay
violent
Hands
upon
his
Life
,
in
pity
she
turn'd
him
into
a
Pine
.
But
take
notice
that
there
was
a
true
Atys
,
the
Son
of
Croesus
King
of
Lydia
.
He
was
born
dumb
,
but
when
he
saw
in
the
Fight
a
Souldier
at
his
Father's
back
with
his
Sword
lift
up
to
kill
him
,
the
Strings
of
his
Tongue
which
hindered
his
Speech
,
burst
,
and
by
speaking
clearly
,
he
prevented
his
Father's
Destruction
.
SECT.
V.
The
Priests
of
Cybele
.
I
Just
now
told
you
that
her
Priests
were
called
Galli
,
Lil.
Gyr●
from
a
River
of
Phrygia
of
that
Name
:
whatsoever
Persons
drank
of
this
Water
,
were
enflamed
to
that
degree
of
madness
,
that
they
gelt
themselves
.
It
is
certain
that
the
Galli
were
castrated
,
and
from
thence
called
Semiviri
;
as
oft
as
they
sacrificed
,
they
furiously
cut
and
slashed
their
Arms
with
Knives
,
and
thence
all
furious
and
mad
People
were
called
Gallantes
.
Var.
ap.
Nonn
.
v.
Castum
.
Besides
the
Name
of
Galli
,
they
were
also
called
Curetae
,
Corybantes
,
Telchines
,
Cabiri
,
and
Idaei
Dactyli
Some
say
that
these
Priests
were
different
from
the
Galli
,
but
because
most
People
think
them
to
be
the
same
,
and
say
that
they
all
were
Priests
of
Cybele
,
therefore
I
will
speak
something
of
each
of
them
.
The
Curetes
were
either
Cretans
,
or
Aetolians
,
or
Euboei
;
who
were
so
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
tonsura
;
so
that
Curetes
and
Detonsi
signify
almost
the
same
thing
.
For
they
shaved
the
Hair
of
their
Heads
before
,
but
wore
Hair
behind
,
that
they
might
not
be
taken
(
as
it
hath
often
happened
)
by
the
Fore
locks
by
the
Enemy
;
or
perhaps
their
Name
may
come
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
puellae
;
because
the●
wore
a
long
Gown
like
a
Woman's
;
or
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
ab
educatione
juvenum
;
because
they
educated
Iupiter
.
Strabo
.
The
Corybantes
are
so
called
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
cornibus
ferire
,
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
incedere
,
because
in
the
Sacrifices
of
their
Goddess
,
they
tossed
their
Heads
,
and
danced
,
and
butted
with
their
Foreheads
like
Rams
,
after
a
mad
fashion
.
Thus
when
they
initiated
any
one
in
their
Sacrifices
,
they
placed
him
in
a
Chair
,
and
danced
about
him
,
like
fools
.
Plat.
in
Euthyd
.
The
Telchines
were
famous
Magicians
and
Inchanters
:
they
came
from
Crete
into
Cyprus
,
and
thence
into
Rhodes
,
which
latter
Island
was
called
Telchinis
from
them
.
Or
if
we
believe
others
,
they
were
deserving
Men
,
and
invented
many
Arts
for
the
good
of
the
Publick
.
For
they
first
set
up
the
Statues
and
Images
of
the
Gods
.
Strabo
.
The
Cabiri
or
Caberi
,
so
called
from
Cabiri
Mountains
of
Phrygia
,
were
either
the
Servants
of
the
Gods
,
or
Gods
themselves
,
or
rather
Demons
,
or
the
same
with
the
Coribantes
,
for
Peoples
Opinions
concerning
them
are
different
.
Ibid.
CHAP.
VIII
.
SECT.
I.
CERES
.
Her
Image
.
P.
YOU
have
said
enough
,
dear
Sir
,
of
Cybele
;
Ovid.
Fast.
4.
pray
tell
me
,
who
this
tall
,
majestick
Lady
is
,
who
stands
here
;
beautified
with
yellow
Hair
,
and
crowned
with
a
Turbant
,
composed
of
the
Ears
of
Corn
;
Arnob.
l.
5.
contr.
Martian
.
2.
de
nupt.
her
Bosom
swells
with
round
snowy
Breasts
,
her
right
hand
holds
a
lighted
Torch
,
and
her
left
a
handful
of
Poppies
and
Ears
of
Corn.
SECT.
II.
The
Explication
of
the
Image
.
M.
IT
is
Ceres
,
Hesiod
.
in
Theog
.
my
Palaeophilus
,
the
Daughter
of
Saturn
and
Ops
;
whose
singular
Beauty
made
the
Gods
themselves
her
Lovers
and
Admirers
.
Her
Brothers
Iupiter
and
Neptune
loved
and
debauched
her
.
Idem
ibid.
She
had
Proserpina
by
Iupiter
;
and
by
Neptune
it
is
uncertain
whether
she
had
a
Daughter
or
an
Horse
.
For
,
as
some
say
,
when
she
avoided
the
pursuits
of
Neptune
,
Proel
.
in
Georg.
Virg.
who
followed
her
,
she
cast
herself
amongst
a
drove
of
Mares
,
and
immediately
put
on
the
shape
of
a
Mare
.
Which
Neptune
perceiving
,
he
made
himself
a
Horse
,
and
from
her
begat
the
Horse
Arion
.
Ovid
consents
to
this
Opinion
,
saying
(
in
Met.
l.
6.
)
Et
te
,
flava
comas
,
frugum
mitissima
Mater
,
Sensit
Equus
.
The
Gold
hair'd
kindly
Goddess
of
our
Barns
Found
thee
a
Stallion
.
Hence
I
suppose
comes
the
Story
that
is
reported
by
Pausanias
.
In
Arcad.
Upon
the
Mountain
Elaeus
in
Arcadia
,
an
Altar
was
dedicated
to
Ceres
;
her
Image
had
the
Body
of
a
Woman
,
but
the
Head
of
a
Horse
;
it
remained
entire
and
unhurt
in
the
midst
of
Fire
.
Yet
others
have
told
us
,
that
Ceres
did
not
bring
forth
a
Horse
,
Paus.
ibid.
but
a
Daughter
:
the
Arcadians
thought
it
a
wicked
thing
to
call
this
Daughter
by
any
other
Name
than
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Lady
;
and
Magna
Dea
,
as
they
called
the
Mother
Ceres
herself
.
However
the
Goddess
exceedingly
lamented
the
loss
of
her
Honour
,
and
testified
her
Sorrow
by
the
mourning
Cloaths
,
which
afterwards
she
wore
(
whence
she
was
named
Melaena
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
nigra
)
and
retiring
into
the
dark
recesses
of
a
Cave
,
where
she
lay
so
private
,
that
none
of
the
Gods
knew
where
she
was
.
Till
Pan
the
God
of
the
Woods
discovered
her
by
chance
,
and
told
Iupiter
;
who
sending
the
Fates
to
her
,
persuaded
her
at
last
to
lay
aside
her
Grief
,
and
arise
out
of
that
Hole
,
which
was
an
happy
and
joyful
thing
for
all
the
World
.
For
in
her
absence
a
great
Infection
reigned
throughout
all
sorts
of
living
Creatures
,
which
sprang
from
the
Corruption
of
the
Fruits
of
the
Earth
,
and
the
Granaries
every
where
.
P.
But
Why
were
the
Fruits
of
the
Earth
corrupted
in
her
absence
?
M.
Why
?
Do
you
not
know
that
she
is
the
Goddess
of
the
Fruits
,
and
that
her
very
Name
is
derived
à
gerendis
frugibus
?
Cic.
2.
de
nat.
Matern
.
de
prof
.
Rel.
c.
18.
Scalig.
&
Serv.
in
1.
Georg.
Callimac
.
hymn
.
in
Cerer
.
Plin.
7.
cap.
56.
so
Ceres
is
quasi
Geres
,
or
quasi
Serens
;
or
perhaps
from
the
old
word
Cereo
,
which
is
the
same
with
Creo
,
because
she
is
the
Creatrix
and
Nurse
of
all
Fruits
?
Or
have
not
you
heard
that
she
first
invented
and
taught
the
Art
of
Tilling
the
Earth
,
and
Sowing
Corn
and
all
Pulse
(
except
Beans
)
and
of
making
Bread
therewith
;
whereas
before
they
eat
only
Acorns
?
Remember
what
the
Poet
says
(
Ovid
Met.
l.
5.
Prima
Ceres
unco
glebam
dimovit
aratro
,
Prima
dedit
fruges
,
alimentaque
mitia
terris
,
Prima
dedit
leges
.
Cereris
sunt
omnia
,
Munus
.
The
Turf
with
crooked
plough
first
Ceres
rent
,
First
gave
us
Corn
,
a
better
nourishment
;
First
Laws
prescrib'd
,
all
from
her
bounty
sprung
.
Whereas
before
the
Earth
lay
rough
and
unmannred
,
over
run
with
Briars
,
and
unprofitable
Plants
;
when
there
were
no
Proprietors
of
Land
,
they
neglected
it
;
No
body
had
any
Ground
of
his
own
;
they
did
not
care
,
Signare
quidem
,
aut
partiri
limite
campum
.
Or
to
make
Land-marks
or
to
balk
their
Fields
.
But
all
things
were
common
to
all
,
till
by
the
kindness
of
Ceres
,
Husbandry
was
followed
,
and
then
they
began
to
dispute
about
the
limits
of
their
Fields
;
and
from
hence
came
the
Origin
of
Law
and
Right
,
and
she
was
named
Legifica
,
Virg.
3.
the
Founder
of
Laws
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
and
their
Sacrifices
,
Aen.
Serv.
ibid.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
As
likewise
they
called
her
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
quasi
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Terra
Mater
.
P.
I
understand
now
the
meaning
of
her
Crown
made
of
Corn
;
but
yet
I
do
not
see
what
that
handful
of
Poppies
signifies
.
M.
I
will
explain
the
signification
of
that
also
,
in
its
place
;
but
first
let
me
speak
of
some
other
things
.
-
As
1.
She
is
beautiful
and
well
shaped
,
because
the
Earth
,
which
she
resembles
,
appears
beautiful
and
delightful
to
the
beholders
;
especially
,
when
it
is
arrayed
with
Plants
,
diversified
with
Trees
,
adorned
with
Flowers
,
enriched
with
Fruits
,
and
covered
with
Greens
,
when
it
displays
the
honours
of
the
Spring
,
and
poureth
forth
the
gifts
of
the
Autumn
with
a
bountiful
Hand
.
-
2.
Her
Hair
is
yellow
,
and
when
the
Ears
of
Corn
are
ripe
,
they
are
adorned
with
that
golden
Colour
.
-
3.
Her
Breasts
swell
with
Milk
,
Lyl.
Gyr.
Synt.
14.
Cic.
2.
&
3.
de
nat.
Idem
2.
de
leg
.
Virg.
1.
Georg.
(
whence
she
is
stiled
Mammosa
sometimes
)
because
after
the
Earth
is
impregnated
with
Seed
,
and
big
with
the
Fruits
thereof
,
it
brings
forth
all
things
out
of
itself
in
abundance
;
and
as
a
Mother
feeds
,
and
nourishes
us
,
whence
she
is
called
Alma
,
and
Altrix
Nostra
.
-
4.
She
holds
a
lighted
Torch
,
because
Proserpina
was
stoln
away
by
Pluto
.
Cic.
5.
in
Ver.
For
Ceres
was
desirous
to
find
Proserpine
again
,
and
kindled
her
Torches
(
they
say
)
with
the
Flames
which
burst
from
the
top
of
the
Mountain
Aetna
;
and
with
them
sought
her
Daughter
through
the
whole
World
.
-
5.
She
carries
Poppy
,
because
,
when
thro
Grief
she
could
not
obtain
the
least
rest
or
sleep
,
Serv.
1
,
Georg.
Iupiter
gave
her
Poppy
to
eat
:
for
they
say
that
this
Plant
is
endued
with
a
power
to
create
sleep
and
forgetfulness
.
Her
Grief
was
a
little
allay'd
by
sleep
,
but
she
forgot
not
her
loss
;
and
after
many
Voyages
and
Journies
,
she
at
last
heard
where
Proserpina
was
;
as
you
will
see
in
its
proper
place
.
P.
But
who
is
that
young
Man
,
that
sits
in
a
Chariot
drawn
by
flying
Serpents
?
M.
It
is
Triptolemus
,
Triptolemus
.
in
the
Chariot
which
Ceres
gave
him
.
He
was
the
Son
of
Eleusis
,
or
Cereus
,
a
Nobleman
.
Ceres
brought
him
up
from
his
Infancy
upon
this
occasion
.
Whilst
she
sought
Proserpine
by
Sea
and
Land
,
Callim
.
hymn
.
in
Cer.
upon
the
way
she
came
into
the
City
Eleusis
;
where
the
Father
of
Triptolemus
entertain'd
her
:
whose
kindness
she
required
,
by
nourishing
his
young
Son
,
which
in
the
day
time
she
fed
with
celestial
and
divine
Milk
,
Serv.
Geo.
1.
but
in
the
night
covered
him
all
over
with
Fire
.
By
this
sort
of
uncommon
Education
,
the
Child
became
a
fine
Youth
in
a
few
days
.
His
Father
was
mighty
desirous
to
know
how
Ceres
managed
him
;
and
when
looking
thro
a
dark
hole
,
he
saw
his
Son
Triptolemus
covered
over
by
Ceres
with
Coals
of
Fire
;
immediately
he
exclaims
that
his
Son
was
kill'd
,
and
flies
into
the
Room
to
save
him
.
Ceres
punished
his
unadvised
curiosity
with
death
:
then
putting
Triptolemus
into
the
Chariot
that
you
see
,
she
sent
him
throughout
the
World
,
to
shew
Mankind
the
use
of
Corn.
Triptolemus
executed
his
message
so
well
,
Hygin
.
tab
147.
that
that
name
was
given
to
him
,
quasi
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
hordeum
terens
.
Ovid
describes
the
thing
thus
,
Metam
.
l.
5.
—
Geminos
Dea
fertilis
angues
Curribus
admovit
,
fraenisque
coercuit
ora
,
Et
medium
coeli
,
terraeque
per
aera
vecta
est
Atque
levem
currum
,
Tritonida
misit
in
urhem
Triptolemo
;
partimque
rudi
data
semina
jussit
Spargere
humo
,
partim
post
tempora
long
a
recultae
The
fertile
Goddess
to
her
Chariot
chains
Her
yoked
Dragons
,
checkt
with
stubborn
rains
:
Her
course
,
'twixt
Heaven
and
Earth
,
to
Athens
bends
;
And
to
Triptolemus
her
Chariot
sends
.
Part
of
the
Seed
she
gave
,
she
bad
him
throw
On
untill'd
Earth
;
part
on
the
till'd
to
sow
.
P.
But
what
Evet
is
that
by
Ceres
Feet
?
for
I
fancy
I
see
an
Evet
there
.
M.
That
Creature
was
once
a
Boy
,
Stellio
.
whom
Ceres
for
his
malapertness
changed
into
a
little
Beast
like
a
Lizard
.
For
when
Ceres
was
very
weary
and
thirsty
by
travelling
,
she
came
to
a
Cottage
and
begg'd
a
little
Water
to
wash
her
mouth
,
of
an
old
Woman
that
liv'd
there
;
the
old
Woman
gave
her
also
Barley
broth
;
which
when
the
Goddess
supped
up
greedily
the
Womans
Son
Stellio
,
a
saucy
Boy
,
mocked
her
,
This
raised
Ceres's
anger
so
far
,
that
in
a
rage
she
flung
some
of
the
Broth
into
the
Boys
face
,
who
thereby
was
changed
into
an
Evet
or
Newt
.
(
Ovid.
Met.
l.
5.
)
and
Fugit
anum
,
latebramque
petit
;
aptumque
colori
Nomen
habet
,
variis
stellatus
corpora
guttis
.
Flies
the
old
Wife
and
creeps
into
a
hole
,
And
from
his
speckled
back
a
Name
he
gets
.
But
do
you
see
the
Man
rowling
himself
upon
the
ground
,
and
tearing
and
eating
his
own
flesh
?
P.
I
observe
him
:
what
is
his
Name
,
and
why
is
he
so
cruel
to
himself
?
M.
They
call
him
Erisichthon
.
Erisichthon
.
In
contempt
of
the
Sacrifices
of
Ceres
,
he
violated
her
Grove
,
and
cut
down
one
of
her
Oaks
:
for
which
he
was
punished
with
perpetual
Hunger
:
so
that
when
he
has
devoured
all
the
Meat
and
Food
which
he
can
by
any
ways
procure
,
he
is
forced
to
eat
his
own
flesh
to
support
his
Body
;
and
to
bring
upon
himself
an
horrible
Death
,
the
better
to
sustain
his
Life
.
SECT.
III.
The
Sacrifices
of
Ceres
.
AMongst
all
the
Cerealia
,
or
Sacrifices
instituted
to
the
Honour
of
Ceres
,
these
are
the
chief
.
The
Eleusinia
,
Paus.
in
Attie
.
(
by
which
Name
the
Goddess
her self
was
also
known
)
had
their
name
because
they
were
first
celebrated
in
the
City
Eleusis
.
Plut.
in
Demetr.
Of
these
were
two
sorts
;
the
Majora
,
Aristop.
in
Plnto
.
consecrated
to
Ceres
;
and
the
Minora
,
to
Proserpine
.
It
was
a
custom
,
that
those
who
were
initiated
in
the
Majora
,
never
pull'd
off
the
Cloaths
which
they
then
wore
,
Senec.
l.
7.
nat.
q.
cap.
31.
till
they
fell
off
in
Rags
.
In
both
the
Majora
and
Minora
,
a
perpetual
and
wonderful
silence
was
kept
:
to
publish
any
thing
concerning
them
was
a
Crime
;
whence
the
Proverb
concerning
silent
persons
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
and
the
word
Mysterium
,
signifies
a
religious
Rite
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
os
claudo
.
Lighted
Torches
were
used
in
these
Sacrifices
,
because
Ceres
with
them
sought
Proserpine
:
and
up
and
down
the
Streets
and
the
High-ways
,
they
cryed
out
Proserpine
;
till
they
fill'd
all
places
with
their
dismal
Howlings
,
as
Servius
tells
us
,
Aen.
4.
Nocturnisque
Hecate
triviis
ululata
per
urbes
.
Games
were
celebrated
in
these
Sacrifices
;
Pindar
.
in
Isthm.
in
which
the
Victors
were
honoured
with
a
Barley
Crown
.
The
Thesmophoria
,
Plin.
l.
24.
so
called
from
Ceres's
Name
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
legum
latrix
,
were
instituted
by
Triptolemus
:
and
those
Women
who
vow'd
perpetual
Chastity
,
were
initiated
in
them
.
For
some
days
a
Fast
was
kept
;
Serv.
in
3.
Aen.
and
Wine
was
altogether
banished
from
her
Altars
:
whence
this
Expression
came
,
Cereri
nuptias
facere
,
which
signifies
a
Feast
(
amongst
the
Antients
)
where
there
was
no
Wine
.
The
Swine
was
sacrificed
to
this
Goddess
,
because
he
hurts
the
Fruits
of
the
Earth
;
as
we
find
it
in
Ovid
(
in
Fast.
lib.
2.
)
Prima
Ceres
,
avidae
gavisa
est
sanguine
porcae
:
Ultra
suas
merito
,
caede
nocentis
,
opes
.
Ceres
with
Blood
of
Swine
we
best
atone
,
Which
thus
requite
the
mischief
they
have
done
.
And
Garlands
,
composed
of
Ears
of
Corn
,
were
offered
to
her
,
as
we
find
by
Tibullus
:
Flava
Ceres
,
tibi
sit
nostro
de
rure
corona
Spicea
,
quae
templi
pendeat
ante
fores
.
To
thee
,
fair
Goddess
,
we
'll
a
Garland
plat
Of
Ears
of
Corn
t'
adorn
thy
Temple
Gate
.
Ambarvalia
,
Serv.
in
1.
Georg.
were
instituted
to
purge
the
Fields
,
and
to
beg
Fruitfulness
and
Plenty
;
they
were
so
called
quod
victima
ambiret
arva
,
because
the
Sacrifice
was
lead
about
the
fields
;
as
the
Suburbs
,
amburbium
,
was
esteemed
sacred
,
because
the
Sacrifice
was
carried
round
the
City
.
These
Sacrifices
were
performed
by
Husbandmen
,
Virg.
3.
Ecl.
who
carried
a
Sow
big
with
young
,
or
a
Cow-Calf
,
through
the
Corn
and
the
Hay
,
in
the
beginning
of
Harvest
thrice
:
the
Country-men
following
him
with
Dancing
,
and
Leaping
,
and
Acclamations
of
Joy
,
till
all
the
fields
rung
again
with
the
Noise
.
In
the
mean
time
,
one
of
them
adorn'd
with
a
Crown
,
sung
the
Praises
of
Ceres
;
and
after
an
Oblation
of
Wine
,
mix'd
with
Honey
and
Milk
,
before
they
began
to
Reap
,
they
sacrificed
the
Sow
to
her
.
The
Rites
of
these
Ambarvalia
are
thus
described
by
Virgil
,
Georg
.
l.
1.
Cuncta
tibi
Cererem
pubes
agrestis
adoret
:
Cui
tu
lacte
favos
,
&
miti
dilue
Baccho
;
Terque
novas
circum
felix
eat
hostia
fruges
;
Omnis
quam
chorus
,
&
socii
comitentur
ovantes
,
Et
Cererem
clamore
vocent
in
tecta
,
neque
ante
Falcem
maturis
quisquam
supponat
aristis
,
Quàm
Cereri
,
torta
redimitus
tempora
quercu
,
Det
motus
incompositos
,
&
carminâ
dicat
.
Let
Ceres
all
the
youthful
Swains
adore
,
And
her
with
Honey
,
Milk
,
and
Wine
implore
;
Let
the
blest
Offering
thrice
new
Corn
surround
,
Thy
Roof
with
Guests
and
joyful
Friends
resound
,
Calling
on
Ceres
;
nor
the
meanest
Clown
,
Unless
his
Temples
Oken
Garlands
crown
,
To
Ceres
rudely
Dance
,
and
Verses
sing
,
Shall
Sickle
to
the
Golden
Harvest
bring
.
CHAP.
IX
.
SECT.
I.
The
MUSES
.
Their
Image
.
P.
O
What
Beauty
,
what
Sweetness
,
what
Elegancy
is
here
!
M.
You
mean
in
these
Nine
Virgins
,
that
are
crowned
with
Palms
,
Cornut
.
ap.
Lil.
do
you
not
?
P.
Certainly
.
How
pleasantly
,
and
kindly
they
smile
?
How
decent
,
and
becoming
is
their
Dress
?
How
handsomely
do
they
sit
together
in
the
Shade
of
that
Laurel
Arbour
?
How
skilfully
some
of
them
play
upon
the
Harp
,
some
upon
the
Cittern
,
some
upon
the
Pipe
,
some
upon
the
Cymbal
,
and
some
harmoniously
sing
and
play
at
once
?
Methinks
I
hear
them
with
united
Minds
,
Voices
and
Hands
,
make
an
agreeable
Concord
arise
from
their
different
Instruments
,
commanding
their
several
Voices
in
such
a
manner
,
that
they
make
the
most
noble
Harmony
,
whose
pleasing
Charms
entring
into
my
Ears
,
ravishes
my
mind
with
pleasure
.
M.
They
are
the
Muses
:
Orph.
hym
.
Mus.
Id.
ibid.
Hesiod
.
in
Theog
.
Tzetz
.
Chil.
6.
hist.
90.
Mus.
ap.
Lil.
the
Mistresses
of
all
the
Sciences
,
the
Presidents
of
the
Musicians
and
Poets
,
and
Governors
of
the
Feasts
and
Solemnities
of
the
Gods
.
Iupiter
begat
them
of
the
Nymph
Mnemosyne
,
who
afterwards
brought
them
forth
upon
the
Mountain
Pierius
:
Some
say
they
were
born
of
other
Parents
,
the
Ancients
say
that
they
are
ancienter
than
Iupiter
,
and
that
they
are
the
Daughters
of
Coelum
:
They
are
called
the
Daughters
of
Iupiter
,
and
Mnemosyne
(
which
in
Greek
signifies
memory
)
because
all
Students
and
Scholars
ought
to
have
great
ingenuity
and
ready
memories
.
SECT.
II.
The
Name
of
Muse.
M.
THE
Musae
were
fomerly
called
Mosae
,
Plat.
in
Cratylo●
and
derived
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
inquirere
:
because
Men
learn
of
them
the
things
of
which
they
were
ignorant
.
Or
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
to
teach
.
Or
as
others
derive
it
,
Cassiod
.
Musae
quasi
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Similes
:
because
there
is
a
Similitude
,
and
an
Affinity
and
Relation
betwixt
all
the
Sciences
;
in
which
they
agree
,
and
are
connex'd
with
one
another
.
Wherefore
the
Muses
are
often
painted
with
their
hands
joyned
,
dancing
round
,
in
the
middle
of
them
sits
Apollo
their
Commander
and
Prince
.
The
Pencil
of
Nature
,
described
them
in
that
manner
upon
the
Agate
,
which
Pyrrbus
,
who
made
War
against
the
Romans
,
wore
in
a
Ring
.
For
,
says
Pliny
,
(
lib.
37.
c.
1.
)
the
Nine
Muses
,
and
Apollo
holding
a
Harp
were
described
in
it
;
not
done
by
Art
,
but
by
the
spontaneous
Handiwork
of
Nature
;
and
the
veins
of
the
Stone
were
formed
so
regular●
,
that
every
Muse
had
her
particular
Distinctions
.
SECT.
III.
The
Proper
Names
of
the
Muses
.
P.
WHAT
were
the
Proper
Names
of
each
of
them
?
M.
They
had
each
of
them
a
Name
,
derived
from
some
particular
Accomplishment
of
their
Minds
or
Bodies
.
The
first
,
Calliope
,
was
so
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
from
the
Goodness
of
her
Voice
,
she
presides
over
Rhetorick
;
and
is
esteemed
the
most
excellent
of
all
the
Nine
.
The
Second
,
Schol.
Apollon.
Clio
,
is
derived
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
gloria
.
For
she
is
the
Historical
Muse
,
and
takes
her
Name
from
the
famousness
of
the
things
that
she
records
.
The
Third
,
Ovid.
2.
de
Art
.
Erato
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Amor
,
because
she
sings
of
Amours
:
because
Learned
Men
are
beloved
and
praised
by
others
.
She
is
also
called
Saltatrix
for
she
first
invented
the
Art
of
Dancing
,
over
which
she
presided
:
she
also
found
out
Poetry
.
The
Fourth
,
Procl
.
in
in
Plesiod
.
Thalia
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
to
flourish
,
because
she
sings
pleasantly
and
wantonly
;
some
ascribe
to
her
the
invention
of
Comedy
,
others
of
Geometry
.
The
Fifth
,
Melpomene
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Canto
,
or
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
concentum
facere
,
is
supposed
to
preside
over
Tragedy
,
and
to
have
invented
Sonnets
.
The
Sixth
,
Terpsichore
,
hath
her
Name
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
quod
choreis
delectet
because
she
delights
in
Bulls
:
some
call
her
Citharistria
.
The
Seventh
,
Euterpe
,
or
Euterpia
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
jucundus
,
the
sweetness
of
her
singing
too
.
Some
call
her
Tibicina
,
because
,
according
to
some
,
she
presides
over
the
Pipes
:
and
some
say
,
Logick
was
invented
by
her
.
The
Eight
,
Polyhymnia
,
or
Polymnia
,
or
Polymneia
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
memoria
,
was
excellent
for
her
memory
:
and
therefore
the
Invention
of
writing
of
History
is
attributed
to
her
;
Plut.
in
Sympos
.
which
requires
a
good
memory
.
It
was
her
invention
,
quòd
carminibus
additae
sini
Orchestrarum
loquacissimae
manus
,
linguosi
digiti
,
silentium
clamosum
,
expositio
tacita
,
uno
verbo
,
gestus
&
actio
.
That
the
Musicians
,
says
Cassiodorus
(
in
Virgil.
l.
4
)
add
to
the
Verses
,
that
they
sing
,
Hands
and
Fingers
,
which
speak
more
than
the
Tongue
;
an
expressive
silence
;
a
Language
without
words
;
in
short
,
Gesture
and
Action
.
The
Ninth
,
Urania
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
coelum
,
was
either
so
called
either
because
she
sings
of
divine
things
;
or
because
,
through
her
assistance
Homines
ad
coelos
evehantur
laudibus
:
or
because
by
the
Sciences
,
they
become
conversant
in
the
Contemplation
of
things
celestial
.
A
modern
Poet
(
Bahusius
)
hath
comprised
these
Nine
Muses
in
a
Distich
:
Bahus
.
4.
Epig.
1.
That
is
,
he
hath
made
the
Nine
Muses
to
stand
,
which
is
something
strange
,
but
upon
Eleven
Feet
.
Perhaps
you
will
remember
their
names
better
,
when
they
are
thus
joyned
together
in
two
Verses
.
Calliope
,
Polymneia
,
Erato
,
Clio
,
atque
Thalia
,
Melpomene
,
Euterpe
,
Terpsichore
,
Urania
.
SECT.
IV.
The
Common
Names
of
the
Muses
.
P.
WHAT
Names
had
the
Muses
,
common
to
them
all
?
M.
The
most
remarkable
are
,
Heliconides
,
or
Heliconiades
,
from
the
Mountain
Helicon
in
Boeotia
.
Parnasides
,
from
the
Mountain
Parnassus
in
Phocis
;
Pers.
in
prooem.
which
has
two
Heads
:
where
if
any
person
slept
,
he
presently
became
a
Poet.
It
was
anciently
called
Larnassus
from
Larnace
,
the
Ark
of
Deucalion
,
which
rested
here
;
and
was
named
Parnassus
,
after
the
Flood
,
from
an
Inhabitant
of
this
Mountain
so
called
.
Citherides
,
or
Cithaeriades
,
from
the
Mountain
Cithaeron
,
where
they
dwelt
.
Aonides
,
from
the
Country
Aonia
.
Pierides
and
Pieriae
,
Pers.
in
prooem.
from
the
Mountain
Pierus
or
Pieria
in
Thrace
:
or
from
the
Daughters
of
Pierius
and
Anippe
;
who
●●aring
to
contend
with
the
Muses
,
were
changed
into
Pyes
.
Pegasides
and
Hippocrenides
from
the
famous
Fountain
Helicon
;
which
by
the
Greeks
is
called
Hippocrene
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
and
the
Latines
,
Caballinus
,
from
Caballus
a
Horse
;
Ovid.
5.
Metam
.
and
Pegaseius
from
Pegasus
,
the
Winged
Horse
,
who
striking
a
Stone
in
this
place
with
his
Hoof
,
opened
the
Fountain
,
Sidon
.
Apollin
.
and
the
Waters
of
it
became
vocal
.
Aganippides
and
Aganippiae
,
from
the
Fountain
Aganippe
.
Castalide's
,
from
the
Fountain
Castalius
at
the
Foot
of
Parnassus
.
SECT.
V.
The
Number
of
the
Muses
.
P.
WHat
was
the
Number
of
the
Muses
?
M
,
Some
write
,
that
they
were
but
three
,
in
the
begining
;
because
Sound
,
Var.
ap.
Aug.
out
of
which
all
Singing
is
form'd
,
is
naturally
Threefold
;
either
made
by
the
Voice
alone
,
or
by
blowing
as
in
Pipes
,
or
by
striking
as
in
Citterns
and
Drums
.
Or
it
may
be
,
because
there
are
three
tones
of
the
Voice
or
other
Instruments
,
the
Base
,
the
Tenor
and
the
Treble
.
Or
because
three
is
the
most
perfect
of
Numbers
;
Censorin
.
de
die
nat
.
for
it
agrees
to
the
Persons
of
the
Godhead
:
Phurn.
de
Deor.
nat.
Or
lastly
,
because
all
the
Sciences
are
distributed
into
three
general
Parts
,
Philosophy
,
Rhetorick
,
and
Mathematicks
:
and
each
three
Parts
are
subdivided
into
three
other
Parts
.
Philosophy
into
Logick
,
Ethicks
,
and
Physick
.
Rhetorick
into
the
Genus
Demonstrativum
,
Deliberativum
,
and
Iudiciale
.
Mathematicks
into
Musick
,
Geometry
,
and
Arithmetick
:
whence
it
came
to
pass
,
that
they
reckoned
not
only
three
Muses
but
Nine
.
Others
gave
us
a
different
reason
why
they
are
Nine
.
Varro
ib.
ex
Lil.
Gyr.
When
the
Citizens
of
Sycion
appointed
three
skilful
Artificers
to
make
the
Statues
of
the
three
Muses
,
promising
to
chuse
those
three
Statues
out
of
the
Nine
which
they
liked
best
;
they
all
were
so
well
made
that
they
could
not
tell
which
to
chuse
so
that
they
bought
them
all
and
placed
them
in
the
Temples
:
and
Hesiod
afterwards
,
assigned
to
them
the
Names
mentioned
above
.
P.
Were
they
Virgins
;
M.
Some
affirm
,
Plat.
ap.
●und
.
vid.
Nat.
com
.
and
others
deny
it
;
who
reckon
up
their
Children
.
But
however
,
let
,
no
person
despise
the
Muses
;
unless
he
designs
to
bring
destruction
on
himself
by
the
Example
of
Thamyra
or
Thamyris
:
Thamyris
.
Homer
.
l.
2.
Iliad
.
Plu.
de
Musi●
.
who
being
conceited
of
his
beauty
and
skill
in
singing
,
presumed
to
challenge
the
Muses
to
sing
;
upon
condition
,
that
if
he
was
overcome
,
they
they
should
punish
him
as
they
pleased
.
And
after
he
was
overcome
,
he
was
deprived
at
once
both
of
his
Harp
and
his
Eyes
.
CHAP.
X.
SECT.
I.
Themis
,
Astraea
,
Nemesis
.
P.
THese
Three
Goddesses
,
I
see
contrive
and
consult
together
of
great
Matters
.
M.
I
suppose
so
.
For
the
Business
of
them
all
is
almost
the
same
.
The
same
Function
is
incumbent
upon
each
of
them
:
but
however
let
us
inspect
them
all
singly
.
Themis
,
Hesiod
.
in
Theog
.
the
First
of
them
is
the
Daughter
of
Coelum
and
Terra
.
Her
Office
is
to
instruct
Mankind
to
do
things
honest
,
just
and
right
,
according
to
the
signification
of
her
Name
in
Greek
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Fas.
Wherefore
,
her
Images
were
brought
and
placed
before
those
,
Ex
Lil.
Gyr.
who
were
about
to
speak
to
the
People
,
that
they
might
be
admonished
thereby
to
say
nothing
in
publick
,
but
what
was
just
and
righteous
.
Some
say
,
she
spoke
Oracles
at
Delphi
,
Ex
Ov.
1.
Metam
.
Hymn
.
Apollon.
Hesiod
.
in
Th.
Idem
.
before
Apollo
;
tho
Homer
says
that
she
served
Apollo
,
with
Nectar
and
Ambrosia
.
There
was
another
Themis
,
of
whom
Iustice
,
Law
and
Peace
are
said
to
be
born
.
Hesiod
attributes
to
this
latter
the
noble
Epithet
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
pudibundam
;
for
she
was
ashamed
to
see
any
thing
that
is
done
against
Right
and
Equity
.
Eusebius
calls
her
Carmenta
;
because
,
carminibus
edictisque
suis
,
Q.
l.
3.
praep.
Eu.
by
her
Verses
and
Precepts
she
directs
every
one
to
that
which
is
just
.
Where
he
means
a
different
Carmenta
from
Carmenta
Romana
,
Carmenta
.
the
Mother
of
Evander
,
otherwise
called
Themis
and
Nicostrata
,
1.
Solin
.
in
deser.
Rom.
a
Prophetical
Lady
;
she
was
worshipped
by
the
Romans
,
because
she
Prophesied
;
and
called
Carmenta
,
either
from
carmen
,
or
quasi
carens
mente
.
To
this
Lady
an
Altar
was
dedicated
near
the
Gate
Carmentalis
,
by
the
Capitol
;
and
a
Temple
was
built
to
her
Honour
also
upon
this
occasion
.
The
Senate
forbid
the
married
Women
the
use
of
Litters
or
Sedans
,
they
combined
together
,
and
resolved
,
that
they
would
never
bring
Children
,
unless
their
Husbands
rescinded
that
Edict
;
which
they
executed
so
long
,
that
the
Senate
was
obliged
to
change
their
Sentence
,
and
yield
to
the
Womens
Will
,
and
allow
them
Sedans
and
Chariots
again
.
And
when
their
Wives
conceived
and
brought
forth
fine
Children
,
they
erected
a
Temple
to
the
Honour
of
Carmenta
.
Astraea
,
the
Daughter
of
Aurora
and
Astraeus
,
the
Titan
,
Hesiod
.
in
Theog
.
(
or
as
others
rather
say
,
the
Daughter
of
Iupiter
and
Themis
)
was
esteemed
Iustitiae
Antistita
,
the
Princess
of
Iustice
.
The
Poets
feign
,
that
in
the
Golden
Age
she
descended
from
Heaven
to
the
Earth
;
and
being
offended
at
last
by
the
Wickedness
of
Mankind
,
she
returned
to
Heaven
again
,
after
all
the
other
Gods
had
went
before
her
.
Ovid.
1.
Metam
.
Victa
jacet
pietas
,
&
virgo
caede
madentes
Ultima
coelestûm
,
terras
Astraea
reliquit
.
Astraea
last
of
all
the
Heavenly
Birth
Affrighted
leaves
the
blood-defiled
Earth
.
She
is
many
times
directly
called
by
the
Name
of
Iustitia
;
as
particularly
:
(
Virgil
Georg.
l.
2.
)
—
extrema
per
illos
Iustitia
excedens
terris
,
vestigia
fecit
.
—
Through
these
old
Iustice
took
Her
parting
steps
,
when
she
the
Earth
forsook
.
And
when
she
had
returned
to
Heaven
again
,
Boccat
.
l.
4.
Geneal
.
Deor.
c.
53
she
was
placed
where
we
now
see
the
Constellation
Virgo
.
The
Parents
of
Nemesis
were
Iupiter
and
Necessity
;
or
according
to
others
,
Pausan.
in
Arcad.
Nox
and
Oceanus
:
she
was
the
Goddess
that
rewarded
Virtue
,
and
punished
Vice
,
and
she
taught
Men
their
Duty
;
says
Plato
de
leg
.
Dial.
2.
So
that
she
received
her
Name
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
à
distributione
quae
unicuique
fit
,
from
the
Distribution
that
she
made
to
every
Body
.
Iupiter
enjoyed
her
,
as
the
Story
says
,
in
the
Shape
of
a
Goose
;
after
which
she
brought
forth
an
Egg
;
which
she
gave
to
a
Shepherd
whom
she
met
,
Apollodor
.
l.
3.
Biblioth.
to
be
carried
to
Leda
.
Leda
laid
up
the
Egg
in
a
Box
,
and
Helena
was
soon
after
produced
of
that
Egg.
But
others
give
us
quite
different
Accounts
of
the
Matter
.
The
Romans
certainly
sacrificed
to
this
Goddess
,
when
they
went
to
War
;
whereby
they
signified
that
they
never
took
up
Arms
unless
in
a
just
Cause
.
She
is
called
by
another
Name
Adrastaea
,
from
Adrastus
,
a
King
of
the
Argivi
,
who
first
built
an
Altar
to
her
:
or
perhaps
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
fugere
;
Strab.
Pausan.
because
no
guilty
person
can
escape
the
punishment
due
to
his
Crimes
,
tho
sometimes
Iustice
overtakes
him
late
:
Indeed
she
has
Wings
,
but
does
not
always
use
them
in
pursuing
Offenders
.
Idem
in
Att.
For
Ad
scelerum
poenas
ultrix
venit
ira
tonantis
Hoc
graviore
manu
,
quo
graviore
pede
.
The
Wrath
Divine
to
punish
sin
comes
slow
,
But
th'
heavier
its
pace
,
the
heavier
its
Blow
.
Rhamnusia
is
another
Name
of
this
Goddess
,
from
Rhamnus
,
a
Town
in
Attica
,
where
she
had
a
Temple
;
in
which
there
was
a
Statue
of
her
made
of
one
Stone
,
Strab.
l.
9.
ten
Cubits
high
,
holding
the
Bough
of
an
Apple-Tree
in
her
Hand
;
Paus.
in
Att.
and
a
Crown
was
upon
her
Head
,
in
which
many
Images
of
Deer
were
engraven
.
She
had
also
a
Wheel
,
which
denoted
her
Swiftness
when
she
avenges
.
Hence
Claudian
says
,
Sed
Dea
,
quae
nimis
obstat
Rhamnusia
votis
,
Ingemuit
flexitque
rotam
.
Th'
avenging
Goddess
t'
our
desires
unbent
First
groan'd
,
then
turn'd
her
Wheel
.
CHAP.
XI
.
SECT.
I.
The
Gods
of
the
Woods
,
and
the
Rural
Gods
.
Pan.
His
Names
.
WE
are
now
come
to
the
second
part
of
the
right-hand
Wall
;
Samius
.
which
exhibits
the
Images
of
the
Gods
and
Goddesses
of
the
Woods
.
Here
you
may
see
the
Gods
Pan
,
Sylvanus
,
the
Fauni
,
Satyri
,
Sileni
,
Priapus
,
Aristaeus
,
and
Terminus
:
Hom.
in
hymn
.
and
there
you
see
the
Goddesses
Diana
,
Pales
,
Flora
,
Feronia
,
Pomona
,
and
an
innumerable
company
of
Nymphs
.
P.
What
Gods
,
do
you
shew
me
?
Do
you
call
those
Cornuted
Monsters
Gods
,
who
are
half
Men
,
and
half
Beasts
,
hairy
and
shaggy
,
with
Goats
Feet
,
Phurn.
and
Horses
Tails
?
M.
Why
not
?
Since
they
have
attained
to
that
honour
.
First
,
let
us
examine
the
Prince
of
them
all
,
PAN.
Pan
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Omne
,
is
called
by
that
name
,
either
as
some
tell
us
,
because
he
was
the
Son
of
Penelope
by
all
her
Wooers
;
or
,
because
he
exhilarated
the
minds
of
all
the
Gods
with
the
musick
of
the
Pipe
,
which
he
invented
;
and
by
the
Harmony
of
his
Cittern
,
upon
which
he
played
skilfully
as
soon
as
he
was
born
.
Or
perhaps
,
he
is
called
Pan
,
because
he
governs
the
Affairs
of
the
Universal
World
,
Serv.
in
Aen.
6.
by
his
Mind
,
as
he
represents
it
by
his
Body
,
as
we
shall
see
by
and
by
.
The
Latines
called
him
Inuus
,
and
Incubus
;
the
Night-Mare
,
Justin.
l.
43.
ab
ineundo
passim
cum
omnibus
animalibus
;
because
he
uses
Carnality
with
all
Creatures
.
And
at
Rome
he
was
worshipped
and
called
Lupercus
,
and
Lyceus
:
a
Temple
was
built
to
his
honour
,
at
the
foot
of
the
Palatine
Hill
;
the
Festivals
Lupercalia
were
instituted
,
in
which
his
Priests
,
the
Luperci
,
ran
about
the
City
naked
.
SECT.
II.
His
Descent
.
HIS
descent
is
uncertain
:
but
the
common
opinion
is
,
that
he
was
born
of
Mercury
and
Penelope
.
For
when
Mercury
loved
her
excessively
,
Herod
.
in
Euterpe
.
and
tryed
in
vain
to
move
her
,
but
changing
himself
into
a
very
white
Goat
,
he
obtains
his
desires
from
her
,
and
begat
Pan
of
her
when
she
kept
the
Sheep
of
her
Father
Icarius
in
the
Mountain
Taygetus
.
Pan
after
he
was
born
,
Hom.
in
hymn
.
was
lapt
up
in
the
Skin
of
a
Hare
,
and
carried
to
Heaven
.
But
why
do
I
here
detain
you
with
words
?
Look
upon
the
Image
of
him
.
SECT.
III.
The
Image
of
Pan.
P.
IS
that
Pan
?
that
horned
half
Goat
,
crowned
with
a
Pine
?
with
a
smiling
red
Face
;
and
the
Feet
and
Tail
of
a
Goat
,
cloathed
with
a
spotted
Skin
?
Lucian
.
in
Bacch
.
Holding
a
crooked
Staff
in
one
Hand
,
and
a
Pipe
made
of
an
uneven
number
of
Reeds
in
the
other
.
O
Ridiculous
Deity
!
fit
only
to
fright
the
Boys
.
M.
Believe
me
,
he
hath
frighted
the
Men
too
.
For
when
the
Galls
under
Brennus
,
their
Leader
made
an
irruption
into
Greece
,
and
were
just
about
to
plunder
the
City
Delphos
,
Pan
in
the
night
frightned
them
so
much
,
that
they
all
betook
themselves
to
flight
,
when
no
body
pursued
them
.
Whence
the
Proverb
came
Terrores
Panici
,
when
we
speak
of
those
who
are
frighted
without
Cause
.
Pausan.
Plut.
Now
hear
,
what
that
Image
of
Pan
signifies
.
Pan
,
they
say
,
is
a
symbol
of
the
Universal
World
,
as
I
intimated
before
:
In
his
upper
part
he
resembles
a
Man
,
in
his
lower
part
a
Beast
;
because
the
superiour
and
Celestial
part
of
the
World
is
beautiful
,
radiant
,
and
glorious
;
as
is
the
Face
of
his
God
:
whose
Horns
resemble
the
Rays
of
the
Sun
and
the
Horns
of
the
Moon
:
the
redness
of
his
Face
is
like
the
splendour
of
the
Sky
;
and
the
spotted
Skin
that
he
wears
,
is
an
Image
of
the
starry
Firmament
.
In
his
lower
parts
he
is
shagged
and
deformed
,
which
represents
the
Shrubs
,
and
wild
Beasts
,
and
Trees
of
the
Earth
below
.
His
Goats
Feet
signifie
the
solidity
of
the
Earth
;
and
his
Pipe
of
seven
Reeds
,
that
Celestial
harmony
which
is
made
by
the
seven
Planets
.
He
hath
●
●●eep-hook
,
crooked
at
the
top
,
in
his
Hand
,
which
signifies
the
turning
of
the
Year
into
itself
.
This
is
Servius's
Explication
of
him
,
in
●●rg
.
Eclog.
2.
SECT.
IV.
Actions
of
Pan.
P.
BUT
what
mean
those
Young
Ladies
that
dance
about
him
?
M.
They
are
the
Nymphs
,
which
dance
to
the
Musick
of
his
Pipe
.
Which
Instrument
Pan
first
invented
,
Virgil.
Eclog.
2.
Pan
primus
calamos
cera
conjungere
plures
Instituit
.
Pan
with
●oft
wax
unequal
reeds
first
joyn'd
,
And
others
taught
the
knack
.
You
will
wonder
when
you
hear
the
relations
which
the
Poets
tell
of
this
Pipe
:
to
wit
,
as
oft
as
Pan
blows
it
,
Orph.
hymn
.
the
Dugs
of
the
Sheep
are
filled
with
Milk
.
For
he
is
the
God
of
the
Shepherds
and
Hunters
;
Iibicus
Poet.
Gr.
the
Captain
of
the
Nymphs
,
the
President
of
the
Mountains
and
of
a
Country
life
;
and
the
Guardian
of
the
Flocks
,
that
graze
upon
the
Mountains
.
(
Virg.
Ecl.
2.
)
Pan
curat
oves
,
oviumque
magistroi
.
Pan
does
the
Sheep
as
well
as
Shepherds
guard
.
Although
his
Aspect
is
so
deformed
,
yet
when
he
changed
himself
into
a
white
Ram
,
he
pleased
and
gratified
the
Moon
,
as
it
is
reported
.
(
Virg.
Georg.
lib.
3.
)
Munere
sic
niveo
lanae
,
si
credere
dignum
est
.
Pan
,
Deus
,
Arcadiae
,
captam
te
,
Luna
,
fefellit
.
With
a
white
Fleece
,
if
we
may
Credit
give
,
God
Pan
did
Goddess
Luna
thus
deceive
.
Besides
he
pleased
the
Nymph
Echo
:
of
whom
he
begot
his
Daughter
Iringes
,
who
gave
Medea
the
Medicines
,
(
they
say
)
with
which
she
charm'd
Iason
.
Theaetet
.
Poet.
Gr.
He
could
not
but
please
Dryope
;
to
gain
whom
he
laid
aside
,
Hom.
in
hymn
.
as
it
were
,
his
Divinity
,
and
became
a
Shepherd
:
But
he
did
not
Court
the
Nymph
Syrinx
Syrinx
.
with
so
much
success
:
For
she
ran
away
to
avoid
so
filthy
a
Lover
;
till
coming
to
a
River
(
where
her
flight
was
stopt
)
she
prayed
the
Naiades
,
the
Nymphs
of
the
Waters
,
because
she
could
not
escape
her
pursuer
,
to
change
her
into
another
form
,
which
was
granted
.
Ovid.
Met.
l.
1.
Panaque
cum
prensam
sibi
jam
Syring
a
putaret
,
Corpore
pro
Nymphae
,
calamos
trivisse
palustres
.
Pan
,
when
he
thought
he
had
his
Syrinx
claspt
Between
his
Arms
,
Reeds
for
her
Body
graspt
.
For
she
was
changed
into
a
Reed
.
Dumque
ibi
suspirat
,
motos
in
arundine
ventos
Effecisse
sonum
tenuem
,
similemque
quaerenti
,
Arte
novâ
,
vocisque
Deum
dulcedine
captum
,
Hoc
mihi
consilium
tecum
,
dixisse
,
manebit
.
He
sighs
:
they
,
stir'd
therewith
,
report
again
A
mournful
sound
,
like
one
that
did
complain●
Rapt
with
the
musick
;
Yet
,
O
sweet
(
said
he
)
Together
ever
thus
converse
will
we
.
Pan
made
of
this
Reed
a
Pipe
,
which
he
called
Syrinx
from
the
Nymphs
name
.
Yet
Lucretiue
relates
a
different
occasion
of
the
invention
of
the
Pipe
:
where
he
says
,
lib.
5.
—
Zephyri
cava
per
calamorum
sibila
primûm
Agrestes
docuere
,
cavas
inflare
cicutas
:
Inde
minutatim
dulces
didicisse
querelas
Tibia
,
quas
fundit
digitis
pulsata
canentum
.
While
the
soft
Western
gales
blew
●er
the
Plains
,
And
shook
the
sounding
reeds
,
they
taught
the
Swains
To
frame
a
most
melodious
Pipe
from
thence
,
Whose
sounds
with
artful
Fingers
they
dispense
.
In
the
Sacrifices
of
this
God
,
Theocrit
.
in
viator
.
they
offered
to
him
Milk
and
Honey
,
Virg.
3.
in
a
Shepherds
Bottle
.
He
was
more
especially
worshipped
in
Arcadia
,
Georg.
4.
for
which
reason
he
is
so
often
called
Pan
Deus
Arcadiae
.
Ecl.
Some
derive
from
him
,
Ap.
Lil.
Gyr.
Hispania
,
Spain
,
formerly
called
Iberia
,
for
he
lived
there
,
when
he
returned
from
the
Indian
War
,
to
which
he
went
with
Bacchus
and
the
Satyrs
.
CHAP.
XII
.
SYLVANUS
.
ALtho'
many
Writers
confound
the
Sylvani
,
Fauni
,
Satyri
,
and
Sileni
,
with
Pan
;
yet
many
distingish
them
;
wherefore
we
will
treat
of
them
separately
,
and
begin
with
Sylvanus
.
That
old
Man
is
Sylvanus
whom
you
see
placed
next
to
Pan
,
Aelian
.
var.
hist.
with
the
Feet
of
a
Goat
,
and
the
Face
of
a
Man
,
Mart.
5.
de
nupt.
Serv.
in
Aen.
&
Georg.
Virg.
of
little
Stature
,
he
holds
Cypress
in
his
Hand
stretched
out
,
he
is
so
called
from
Sylvae
,
the
Woods
;
for
he
presides
over
them
.
He
mightily
loved
the
Boy
,
Cyparissus
;
who
had
a
tame
Deer
,
which
pleased
him
greatly
;
Sylvanus
by
chance
killed
it
,
whereupon
the
Youth
died
for
grief
.
Therefore
Sylvanus
changed
him
into
the
Tree
of
his
own
Name
,
and
carried
a
Branch
of
it
always
in
his
Hand
,
in
memory
of
his
Loss
.
(
Georg.
1.
)
Et
teneram
à
radice
ferens
,
Sylvane
,
Cupressum
.
A
tender
Cypress
plant
Sylvanus
bears
.
There
were
many
other
Sylvani
,
who
endeavoured
as
much
as
they
could
to
violate
the
Chastity
of
Women
.
St
Austin
says
,
Eos
cum
Faunis
(
quos
vulgo
incubos
vocant
)
improbos
saepe
extitisse
mulieribus
,
&
●orum
appetisse
,
&
peregisse
concubitum
;
that
they
and
the
Fauni
(
commonly
called
Incubi
)
were
oftentimes
wicked
to
the
Women
,
desiring
and
enjoying
their
Embraces
.
And
Varro
says
that
they
were
very
mischievous
to
big-bellied
Women
.
S.
Aug.
de
Civ
.
D.
l.
15.
c.
23.
CHAP.
XIII
.
SILENUS
.
THat
old
Fellow
,
who
follows
next
,
with
a
flat
Nose
and
a
bald
Head
,
with
large
Ears
,
and
a
small
,
fat
,
gorbellied
Body
,
is
Silenus
,
so
called
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Aelian
.
3.
Var.
hist.
c.
40.
dicteriae
in
aliquam
dicere
;
to
jest
upon
any
one
.
He
sits
up
on
a
crooked
Ass
,
but
when
he
walks
,
he
leans
upon
a
Staff
.
He
was
Bacchus's
Foster-Father
,
his
Master
,
and
his
perpetual
Companion
,
and
consequently
almost
always
drunk
.
For
Virgil
describes
him
in
such
a
Condition
.
(
Eclog.
6.
)
Silenum
pueri
somno
videre
jacentem
,
Inflatum
hesterno
venas
,
ut
semper
,
Iaccho
.
Serta
procul
tantum
capiti
delapsa
jacebant
,
Et
gravis
attrita
pendebat
Cantharus
ansa
.
The
Boys
in
's
Cave
Silenus
sleeping
found
,
With
last
night's
Bacchus
swell'd
(
his
usual
guise
)
Far
from
his
Head
his
faln
off
Garland
lies
;
By
a
worn
Handle
hung
his
heavy
Can.
Cantharus
is
a
sort
of
a
Cup
,
that
Bacchus
used
.
When
Silenus
was
drunk
,
he
carried
a
Staff
,
by
which
he
governed
his
stumbling
steps
,
as
Ovid
remarks
,
Met.
l.
4.
Quique
senex
ferula
titubantes
ebrius
artus
Sustinet
,
&
pando
non
fortiter
haeret
asello
.
His
Staff
does
hardly
keep
him
on
his
legs
,
When
mounted
on
his
Ass
,
see
how
he
swags
.
In
another
place
Ovid
hath
this
Distich
,
(
l.
2.
de
Arte
Am.
)
Ebrius
ecce
senex
,
pando
delapsus
asello
,
Clamarunt
Satyri
,
surge
,
age
,
surge
pater
.
Th'
old
Soker's
drunk
,
from
's
Ass
h'as
got
a
fall
,
Rowze
,
Daddy
,
rowze
again
,
the
Satyrs
bawl
.
You
must
know
the
Satyrs
esteemed
Silenus
,
as
their
Father
;
and
when
they
became
old
,
they
were
call'd
Sileni
too
.
Paus.
in
Attic.
And
concerning
Silenus's
Ass
,
they
say
,
that
he
was
translated
into
Heaven
,
and
placed
among
the
Stars
,
because
in
the
Gyants
War
,
Silenus
rode
on
him
,
and
helped
Iupiter
very
much
.
Arat.
But
when
Silenus
once
was
taken
,
and
asked
,
Quidnam
esset
hominibus
optimum
?
What
was
the
best
thing
that
could
befal
men
?
He
was
silent
a
long
time
,
and
then
answered
,
Omnibus
esse
optimum
,
non
nasci
;
&
natos
,
quam
citissimè
interire
.
It
is
best
for
all
never
to
be
born
;
but
being
born
,
to
die
very
quickly
.
Plut.
in
Consol.
Apoll.
Which
Expression
Pliny
repeats
almost
in
the
same
words
,
Multi
extitere
,
qui
non
nasci
optimum
censerent
,
aut
quam
citissime
aboleri
.
In
Praef.
l.
7.
CHAP.
XIV
.
The
SATYRS
.
BEhold
!
look
!
Those
are
Satyrs
,
who
dance
in
lascivious
Motions
and
Postures
,
Pausan.
in
Attic.
under
the
shade
of
that
tall
spreading
Oak
;
they
have
Heads
armed
with
Horns
,
and
Goats
Feet
and
Legs
,
crooked
Hands
,
rough
hairy
Bodies
,
and
Tails
not
much
shorter
than
Horses
Tails
.
Aeuseb
.
in
praep.
Eu.
Ibid.
There
is
no
Animal
in
Nature
,
more
salacious
and
libidinous
than
these
Gods
.
Their
Name
itself
is
derived
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
veretrum
.
Pausanias
proves
it
by
an
Instance
of
some
Mariners
,
who
were
drove
upon
a
Desart
Island
by
a
Storm
,
and
saw
themselves
surrounded
with
a
flock
of
Satyrs
;
the
Seamen
were
frighted
,
and
betook
themselves
again
to
their
Ships
,
and
the
Satyrs
left
the
Men
,
but
they
seized
the
Women
,
and
committed
all
manner
of
wickedness
with
them
.
CHAP.
XV.
The
FAUNS
.
THE
Fauni
which
you
see
joyned
with
the
Satyri
,
differ
from
them
in
Name
only
;
at
least
they
are
not
unlike
them
in
their
looks
.
Ovid.
Fast.
2.
For
they
have
Hoofs
and
Horns
,
and
are
crowned
with
the
Branches
of
the
Pine
.
When
they
meet
drunken
Persons
,
Idem
in
OEnone
.
they
stupifie
them
(
they
say
)
with
their
looks
alone
.
Idem
in
Phaedra
.
The
Boors
of
the
Country
call
them
,
Dii
Agrestes
,
Virgil.
Georg.
1.
the
Rural
Gods
;
and
pay
them
the
more
Respect
,
because
they
armed
with
Horns
,
and
Nails
,
and
painted
in
terrible
Shapes
.
Faunus
,
Serv.
in
Aen.
7.
or
Fatuellus
(
as
he
is
otherwise
called
)
was
the
Son
of
Picus
,
King
of
the
Latins
.
His
Wife
and
Sister
both
,
Nat.
Com.
lib.
5.
was
Fauna
or
Fatua
,
a
prophetical
Lady
,
whom
himself
first
Consecrated
.
And
the
Story
says
,
that
this
Faunus
was
the
Father
and
Prince
of
the
other
Fauni
and
the
Satyrs
.
Serv.
in
Aen.
7.
The
Name
is
derived
from
fando
,
or
vaticinando
;
Isid.
Hispal
.
Ep.
whence
Fatui
signifies
both
Persons
that
speak
rashly
and
inconsiderately
,
and
Enthusiasts
.
Because
they
who
prophesie
,
deliver
the
Mind
and
Will
of
another
,
and
speak
things
,
which
themselves
many
times
do
not
understand
.
CHAP.
XVI
.
PRIAPUS
.
P.
HA
!
What
means
that
Naked
God
,
with
his
Sickle
,
behind
the
Trunk
of
that
Tree
?
What
makes
him
hide
the
half
of
his
Body
so
?
M.
The
Painter
was
modest
,
and
therefore
painted
but
half
of
him
;
because
he
is
an
unhandsome
and
obscene
Deity
.
His
Name
is
Priapus
.
I
am
ashamed
to
tell
the
Story
of
him
,
he
is
so
very
filthy
.
And
therefore
I
shall
say
only
,
that
he
was
the
Son
of
Venus
and
Bacchus
,
born
at
Lampsacus
;
where
his
Mother
,
hating
his
deformity
,
and
the
disproportion
of
his
Members
,
rejected
him
.
Yet
he
pleased
the
Women
of
Lampsacus
,
insomuch
that
their
Husbands
banished
him
from
the
City
,
till
by
the
Oracles
command
he
was
recalled
and
made
God
of
the
Gardens
,
and
crowned
with
Garden
Herbs
.
He
carries
a
Sickle
in
his
Hand
,
to
cut
off
from
the
Trees
all
superfluous
Boughs
,
and
to
drive
away
Thieves
and
Beasts
,
and
mischievous
Birds
;
from
whence
he
is
called
Avistupor
.
Therefore
his
Image
is
usually
placed
in
Gardens
,
as
Tibullus
intimates
in
these
Verses
.
Pomosisque
ruber
custos
ponatur
in
hortis
,
Arceat
ut
salva
falce
Priapus
aves
.
With
th'
swarthy
guardian
God
your
Orchards
grace
,
With
his
stiff
Sickle
he
the
Birds
will
chase
.
And
Virgil.
Georg.
lib.
4.
Et
custos
furum
atque
avium
cum
falce
saligna
Hellespontiaci
servet
tutela
Priapi
.
where
the
Poet
gives
him
the
Epithet
Hellespontiacus
,
because
the
City
Lampsacus
was
situated
upon
the
Hellespont
.
But
Horace
relates
this
Office
of
Priapus
ingeniously
,
where
he
brings
in
Priapus
speaking
thus
of
himself
.
Sat.
8.
Olim
truncus
eram
ficulnus
,
inutile
lignum
,
Cum
faber
incertus
scamnum
faceretne
Priapum
,
Malu●t
esse
Deum
.
Deus
inde
ego
furum
aviumque
Maxima
formido
.
Long
time
I
lay
a
useless
piece
of
Wood
,
Till
Artists
doubtful
for
what
the
Log
was
good
,
A
Stool
or
God
;
resolv'd
to
make
a
God
:
So
I
was
made
,
my
Form
the
Log
receives
;
A
mighty
Terror
I
to
Birds
and
Thieves
.
They
say
that
this
was
the
occasion
of
the
Deformity
of
this
God
:
when
Iuno
saw
Venus
big
with
Child
,
she
was
jealous
,
and
therefore
under
pretence
of
assisting
her
in
her
Labour
,
she
spitefully
misus'd
her
,
so
that
the
young
Child
was
spoil'd
and
deform'd
,
and
from
his
deformity
was
call'd
Pria●us
,
Vid.
Phurnut
.
and
Phallus
,
and
Fascinum
;
all
which
three
names
savour
of
Obscenity
:
tho
by
some
he
is
call'd
Bonus
Daemon
,
or
Genius
.
Indeed
Iuno's
touch
was
not
necessary
to
make
the
Child
monstrous
:
for
what
Off-spring
can
we
expect
from
a
Sot
and
a
Whore
.
CHAP.
XVII
.
ARISTAEUS
.
HE
is
called
Aristaeus
,
whom
you
see
busied
in
that
Nursery
of
Olives
,
supporting
and
improving
the
Trees
.
He
is
employed
in
drawing
Oil
from
the
Olive
,
which
Art
he
first
invented
.
He
also
found
out
the
use
of
Honey
,
and
therefore
you
see
some
rows
of
Bee-hives
near
him
.
Paus.
in
Arcad.
For
which
two
profitable
Inventions
,
the
Antients
paid
him
Divine
Honours
.
He
was
otherwise
called
Nomius
and
Agraeus
,
and
was
the
Son
of
Apollo
by
Cyrene
;
or
as
Cicero
says
,
the
Son
of
Liber
Pater
;
educated
by
the
Nymphs
,
Apol.
l.
2.
In
Ver.
6.
and
taught
by
them
the
Art
of
making
Oil
,
Honey
,
and
Cheese
.
He
fell
in
love
with
Eurydice
,
the
Wife
of
Orpheus
,
and
pursued
her
into
a
Wood
,
where
a
Serpent
stung
her
so
that
she
died
:
the
Nymphs
hated
him
so
much
for
this
,
that
they
destroyed
all
his
Bees
,
to
revenge
the
death
of
Eurydice
.
This
loss
was
exceedingly
deplored
by
him
.
And
asking
his
Mother's
Advice
,
he
was
told
by
an
Oracle
,
that
he
ought
by
Sacrifices
to
appease
Eurydice
.
Wherefore
he
sacrificed
to
her
four
Bulls
and
four
Heifers
;
and
his
loss
was
supply'd
:
for
suddenly
a
swarm
of
Bees
burst
forth
from
the
Carcasses
of
the
Bulls
.
CHAP.
XVIII
.
TERMINUS
.
BUT
pray
why
is
that
Stone
or
Log
placed
there
(
the
distance
will
not
let
me
distinguish
which
of
the
two
it
is
)
?
M.
It
has
place
amongst
the
Rural
Gods
,
because
it
is
a
God
itself
.
P.
A
God
do
you
say
?
Surely
now
you
jest
,
Sir
.
M.
No
,
it
is
not
only
a
God
,
but
a
God
greatly
honour'd
in
this
City
of
Rome
:
which
they
call
Terminus
;
and
suppose
the
limits
of
the
Fields
to
be
under
his
Protection
.
Let
the
Poet
witness
this
,
who
thus
addresses
him
.
Ovid.
Fast.
l.
2.
Termine
,
sive
lapis
,
sive
es
desertus
in
agro
Stipes
,
ab
antiquis
tu
quoque
numen
habes
.
Old
Termin
,
whether
stump
or
stone
thou
be
,
The
Antients
give
a
Godhead
too
to
thee
.
The
Statue
of
this
God
was
either
a
square
Stone
,
Ar●ob
.
1.
contra
Gent.
or
a
Log
of
Wood
plained
:
Clem.
Alex.
7.
strom
.
which
they
usually
persum'd
with
Ointments
and
crown'd
with
Garlands
,
according
to
Tibull●
lib.
1.
Eleg.
1.
Nam
veneror
,
seu
stipes
habet
desertus
in
agris●
Seu
vetus
in
triviis
florida
serta
lapis
.
For
I
my
Adoration
freely
give
,
Whether
a
Stump
forlorn
my
vows
receive
,
Or
a
beflower'd
Stone
my
worship
have
.
Seneca
mentions
this
Deity
also
:
In
Hip.
Act.
2.
Sc.
1.
—
Nullus
in
campo
sacer
Divisit
agros
Arbiter
populis
lapis
.
The
sacred
Landmark
then
was
quite
unknown
.
Dion
.
Halic
.
l.
2.
And
indeed
these
lapides
Terminales
(
that
is
Landmarks
)
were
esteemed
sacred
;
so
that
whoever
dared
to
move
them
,
or
Plow
up
,
or
transfer
to
another
place
,
his
Head
became
devoted
to
the
Diis
Terminalibus
,
and
it
was
lawful
for
any
body
to
kill
him
.
And
further
,
though
they
did
not
Sacrifice
the
Lives
of
Animals
to
these
Stones
,
because
they
thought
that
it
was
not
lawful
to
Stain
them
with
blood
;
yet
they
offer'd
Wafers
of
Bread
to
them
,
and
the
first
fruits
of
Corn
,
and
the
like
:
and
upon
the
last
day
of
the
year
,
they
always
observed
Festivals
to
their
Honour
called
Terminalia
.
Now
we
pass
to
the
Goddesses
of
the
Woods
.
CHAP.
XIX
.
The
Goddesses
of
the
Woods
.
DIANA
.
P.
IT
is
very
well
.
Here
comes
a
Goddess
taller
than
the
other
Goddesses
,
Vir.
Aen.
1.
in
whose
Virgin
looks
we
may
ease
our
Eyes
,
which
have
been
tired
with
the
horrid
sight
of
those
monstrous
Deities
.
Idem
ibid.
Welcom
Diana
:
your
Hunting
Habit
,
the
Bow
in
your
Hand
,
and
the
Quiver
full
of
Arrows
which
hangs
down
from
your
Shoulders
,
and
the
Skin
of
a
Deer
fastned
to
your
Breast
,
Paus.
in
Arcad.
discover
you
.
Your
Behaviour
,
which
is
free
and
easie
,
but
modest
and
decent
;
your
Garments
,
which
are
handsom
and
yet
careless
;
shew
that
you
are
a
Virgin
.
Strab.
l.
14.
Your
Name
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
shews
your
Modesty
and
Honour
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
I
wish
that
you
who
are
tallest
of
the
Goddesses
,
integer
.
to
whom
Women
owe
their
Stature
,
Homer
.
would
implant
in
them
also
a
love
of
your
Chastity
.
Od.
20.
For
I
know
you
hate
,
you
abhor
the
Conversation
of
the
Men
;
and
fly
from
the
very
sight
of
them
.
You
reject
the
Temptations
of
Delight
,
and
abhor
the
charming
Witchcraft
of
Pleasure
with
all
your
Heart
.
Ovid.
Met.
4.
Actaeon
,
the
Son
of
Aristaeus
,
that
famous
Huntsman
,
fatally
learned
this
;
when
he
impudently
looked
upon
you
,
when
you
were
naked
in
the
Fountain
:
you
deferr'd
not
the
Punishment
of
his
Impurity
for
a
moment
;
for
sprinkling
him
with
the
Water
,
you
changed
him
into
a
Deer
,
which
was
afterwards
torn
to
pieces
by
Dogs
.
Farther
Honour
is
due
to
you
,
because
you
are
the
Moon
,
Astrorum
decus
(
Virg.
Aen.
9.
)
the
glory
of
the
Stars
,
and
the
only
Goddess
,
who
,
(
Aen.
11.
)
AEternum
telorum
&
virginitatis
amorem
,
Intemerata
colis
.
Thy self
untainted
still
,
Hunting
and
Chastity
thou
alway
lov'd
.
Nor
am
I
ignorant
of
that
famous
and
deserving
Action
that
you
did
to
avoid
the
flames
of
Alphaeus
:
when
you
hastily
fled
to
your
Nymphs
,
Paus.
in
poster
.
who
were
all
together
in
one
place
;
and
besmear'd
both
your self
and
them
with
dirt
so
,
Eliac
.
that
when
he
came
he
did
not
know
you
:
Whereby
your
honest
Deceit
succeeded
according
to
your
Intentions
;
and
the
Dirt
,
which
fouls
every
thing
else
,
added
a
new
Lustre
to
your
Virtue
.
Welcome
once
again
.
Horat.
Carm.
l.
3.
Montium
custos
,
nemorumque
virgo
,
Quae
laborantes
utero
puellas
Ter
vocata
audis
,
adimisque
letho
,
Diva
Triformis
.
Kind
Guardian
of
my
Hills
and
Grove
Who
thrice
implor'd
dost
hear
and
save
The
teeming
Women
from
the
grave
,
Great
here
on
Earth
,
in
Hell
,
and
great
above
.
M.
So
,
Palaeophilus
:
Have
you
thus
long
cheated
me
?
P
,
I
?
M.
Yes
you
;
who
have
counterfeited
the
person
of
an
ordinary
and
ignorant
Man
,
till
now
,
so
dexterously
?
P.
I
am
as
ignorant
as
I
pretended
.
You
may
believe
me
when
I
swear
,
that
I
am
altogether
ignorant
of
these
things
that
you
teach
me
.
Nor
can
you
suppose
otherwise
from
those
things
which
I
now
repeated
about
Diana
.
For
from
a
Boy
I
have
loved
this
Goddess
for
her
Modesty
;
and
out
of
respect
to
her
,
I
learn
these
few
things
which
you
heard
me
speak
.
I
am
wholly
blind
,
and
beg
,
that
by
your
Assistance
you
would
guide
me
.
I
speak
sincerely
I
am
a
meer
Freshman
.
M.
You
can
scarce
make
me
believe
so
.
But
however
,
I
will
verifie
the
Proverb
,
S●s
Minervam
;
and
begin
from
that
word
that
you
last
mentioned
.
Diana
is
called
Triformis
and
Tergemina
,
Cic.
3.
de
nat.
1.
because
though
she
is
one
,
yet
she
has
a
threefold
Office
,
for
she
is
Luna
in
the
Heavens
,
Diana
upon
Earth
,
Ex
Demp
.
in
Paralip
.
and
Hecate
in
Hell
.
All
these
three
Names
and
Offices
are
ingeniously
expressed
in
this
Distich
.
Terret
,
lustrat
,
agit
,
Proserpina
,
Luna
,
Diana
,
Ima
,
suprema
,
feras
,
sceptro
,
fulgore
,
sagittâ
.
Yet
Hesiod
esteems
them
three
different
Goddesses
.
In
Theogon
.
2.
Because
the
Poets
say
that
she
has
Three
Heads
:
Orph.
in
Argon
.
the
Head
of
a
Horse
on
the
Right
side
,
Cornut
.
&
Artemid
.
of
a
Dog
on
the
Left
,
and
of
a
Man
in
the
midst
:
2
Onirocrit
.
whence
some
call
her
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
And
others
ascribe
to
her
the
likeness
of
a
Bull
,
Porph.
ap.
G●rm
.
a
Dog
,
and
a
Lion
.
Virgil
mentions
her
thus
,
(
Aen.
4.
)
Tergeminamque
Hecaten
,
tria
Virginis
or
a
Dianae
.
—
Hecate
in
her
treble
Form
,
Three
Faces
of
the
Virgin-Goddess
see
.
And
Claudian
de
rapt
.
Pros.
lib.
2.
Ecce
procul
ternis
,
Hecate
,
variata
figuris
.
Behold
far
off
the
Goddess
Hecate
In
threefold
Shape
advances
.
Thirdly
,
Ap.
Lil.
Gyr.
According
to
the
Opinion
of
some
,
she
is
called
Triformis
,
because
the
Moon
hath
three
several
Faces
,
or
Shapes
.
The
New
Moon
casts
a
Circle
of
Light
like
an
Arch.
The
Half
Moon
fills
a
Semicircle
with
Light
,
and
the
Full
Moon
fills
a
whole
Circle
or
Orb
with
its
Light
.
But
let
us
examine
these
Names
more
nicely
.
Luna
is
derived
à
lucendo
,
shining
;
either
because
una
sit
,
quae
noctu
lucet
;
she
alone
shines
so
gloriously
in
the
Night
;
vel
quòd
luce
alienâ
splendeat
,
or
because
she
shines
by
the
light
of
another
.
In
Greek
her
Name
is
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
novum
lumen
;
because
she
shines
always
with
New
Light
.
Her
Chariot
is
drawn
with
a
white
and
a
black
Horse
,
or
with
two
Oxen
,
because
she
has
got
two
Horns
,
sometimes
a
Mule
is
added
,
says
Festus
,
because
she
is
barren
and
shines
by
the
Light
of
the
Sun
.
Some
say
that
a
Luna
of
both
Sexes
hath
been
worshipped
,
especially
among
the
AEgyptians
:
and
indeed
they
give
this
property
to
all
the
other
Gods
.
Thus
both
Lunus
and
Luna
were
worshipped
.
But
with
this
difference
,
that
those
who
worshipped
Luna
,
were
thought
subject
to
the
Women
,
and
those
who
worshipped
Lunus
,
were
superiour
to
them
.
We
must
also
observe
,
that
the
Men
sacrificed
to
Venus
,
Spart
.
de
Imp.
Carac
.
under
the
name
of
Luna
,
in
Womens
Cloaths
,
and
the
Women
in
Mens
Cloaths
Cic.
de
Deor.
Nat.
lib.
2.
Serv.
in
2.
Aen.
Philocor
.
Endymion
Endymion
.
was
the
Moons
Gallant
,
and
was
mightily
favoured
by
her
:
insomuch
that
to
kiss
him
,
she
descended
out
of
Heaven
,
and
came
to
the
Mountain
Latmus
or
Lathynius
in
Caria
;
Apollon.
4.
Argonaut
.
Plin.
l.
2.
c.
9.
where
he
lay
condemned
to
an
eternal
sleep
by
Iupiter
,
because
when
he
was
taken
into
Heaven
,
he
impudently
attempted
to
violate
the
Modesty
of
Iuno
.
In
reality
,
Endymion
was
a
famous
Astrologer
,
who
first
described
the
Course
of
the
Moon
,
and
he
is
represented
sleeping
,
because
he
contemplated
nothing
but
the
Stars
.
Hecate
may
be
derived
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Hesiod
.
in
Theog
.
eminus
,
because
the
Moon
darts
her
Rays
or
Arrows
afar
off
.
She
is
said
to
be
the
Daughter
of
Ceres
by
Iupiter
;
and
being
cast
out
by
her
Mother
,
and
exposed
in
the
Street
,
the
Shepherds
took
her
up
,
and
nourished
her
.
For
which
reason
,
her
Statue
was
usually
set
before
the
Doors
of
Houses
,
whence
she
took
the
Name
Propylae●
,
and
Virgil
says
of
her
,
Paus.
in
Attic.
Aen.
4.
Nocturnisque
Hecate
triviis
,
ululata
per
urbes
.
Others
derive
her
Name
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
●
because
they
sacrificed
a
Hundred
Victims
to
her
:
or
because
,
by
her
Edict
,
those
who
die
and
are
not
buried
,
wander
an
Hundred
years
up
and
down
Hell
.
However
,
it
is
certain
,
she
is
called
Trivia
,
à
Triviis
;
for
she
was
believed
to
preside
over
the
Streets
and
the
Ways
:
so
that
they
sacrificed
to
her
in
the
Streets
,
Aristop.
Pluto
.
and
the
Athenians
every
New
Moon
made
a
sumptuous
Supper
for
her
there
,
which
was
eaten
in
the
Night
by
the
poor
People
of
the
City
.
Lucian
.
in
Pseudoph
.
They
say
that
she
was
excessively
tall
,
her
Head
was
covered
with
frightful
Serpents
instead
of
Hair
,
and
her
Feet
were
like
Serpents
.
She
was
represented
encompassed
with
Dogs
,
because
that
Animal
was
sacred
to
her
,
ApudGyr
.
Apollon.
3.
Argon
.
Ovid.
9.
Met.
and
Hesychius
says
,
that
she
was
sometimes
represented
by
a
Dog
,
She
presided
also
over
Enchantments
they
tell
us
;
and
when
she
was
called
seven
times
she
came
to
the
Sacrifices
,
Apoll.
3.
Argon
.
as
soon
as
they
were
finished
,
several
Apparitions
appeared
,
called
from
her
Hecataea
.
She
was
called
by
the
Egyptians
Bubastis
;
her
Feasts
were
named
Bubastea
;
and
the
City
,
where
they
were
yearly
celebrated
,
was
called
Bubastis
.
Brimo
is
another
of
the
Names
of
Hecate
and
Diana
:
which
is
derived
from
fremitus
,
the
Cry
,
which
she
gave
when
Apollo
or
Mars
offered
her
Violence
when
she
was
Hunting
.
She
is
called
Lucina
and
Opis
,
because
Infantibus
in
lucem
venientibus
open
ferat
;
she
helps
to
bring
Children
into
the
world
;
Aug.
de
Civ.
4.
c.
11.
which
good
Office
(
it
is
said
)
she
first
perform'd
to
her
Brother
Apollo
;
when
as
soon
as
her self
was
born
,
Callimach●
hymn
.
in
Dian.
she
assisted
her
Mother
Latona
,
and
did
the
Office
of
a
Midwife
.
But
was
so
affrighted
with
her
Mothers
pains
,
that
she
resolved
never
to
have
Children
,
but
to
live
a
Virgin
perpetually
.
She
is
called
Chitone
and
Chitonia
,
Plut.
3.
Sympos
.
c.
ult.
quasi
tunicata
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
tunica
;
because
Women
after
Child-birth
used
to
sacrifice
to
Iuno
,
and
to
offer
to
Diana
their
own
and
their
Childrens
Cloaths
.
She
was
named
Dictynna
,
Ovid.
2.
Metam
.
Lact.
plae
.
4.
not
only
from
the
Nets
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
which
she
used
:
(
for
she
was
a
Huntress
,
and
the
Princess
of
Hunters
,
for
which
reason
all
Woods
were
dedicated
to
her
)
but
also
because
Britomartis
Theb.
Britomar●
t
is
.
Schol.
Aristoph
.
the
Virgin
when
she
Hunted
fell
into
the
Nets
,
and
vowed
,
if
she
escaped
,
a
Temple
to
Diana
.
She
did
escape
,
and
then
consecrated
a
Temple
Dianae
Dictynnae
,
Others
relate
the
Story
thus
;
When
Britomartis
,
whom
Diana
loved
because
she
was
an
Huntress
,
fled
from
Minos
her
Lover
,
and
cast
her self
into
the
Sea
,
she
fell
into
the
Fishermen's
Nets
,
and
Diana
made
her
a
Goddess
.
And
since
we
are
talking
of
Hunting
,
give
me
leave
to
add
,
that
the
Ancients
thought
that
Diana
left
off
Hunting
on
the
Ides
of
August
:
Brodae
.
in
auth.
ex
schol.
Pindari
.
therefore
at
that
time
it
was
not
lawful
for
any
to
Hunt
,
but
they
Crowned
the
Dogs
with
Garlands
,
and
lighted
Torches
made
of
the
Stubble
,
and
hung
up
the
hunting
Instruments
near
them
.
We
shall
only
adjoin
,
to
what
hath
been
said
,
the
Two
Stories
of
Chione
and
Meleager
.
Chione
,
the
Daughter
of
Daedalion
,
was
deflour'd
by
Apollo
and
Mercury
;
she
brought
forth
Twins
;
(
Philamon
a
skilful
Lutinist
,
and
Autolycus
,
a
famous
Jugler
.
)
Ovid.
Met.
l.
11.
—
Furtum
ingeniosus
ad
omne
,
Autolycus
.
Qui
facere
assuerat
,
patriae
non
degener
artis
,
Candida
de
nigris
&
de
candentibus
atra
.
Cunning
in
theft
,
and
wily
in
all
slights
,
Who
could
with
subtilty
deceive
the
sight
;
Converting
white
to
black
,
and
black
to
white
.
Chione
was
mighty
proud
,
and
boasted
,
Se
peperisse
duos
,
&
Diis
placuisse
duobus
,
That
she
two
Sons
had
brought
by
having
pleas'd
two
Gods
;
And
dared
to
value
her self
above
Diana
.
—
Se
praeferre
Dianae
Sustinuit
,
faciemque
Deae
culpavit
.
At
illi
Ira
ferox
mota
est
,
factisque
placahimus
,
inquit
:
Nec
mora
,
curvavit
cornu
,
nervusque
sagittam
Impulit
,
&
meritam
trajecit
arundine
,
linguam
.
She
to
Dianas
durst
her
face
confer
,
And
blame
her
Beauty
.
With
a
cruel
look
,
She
said
:
Our
deeds
shall
right
us
.
Forthwith
took
Her
bow
,
and
bent
it
;
which
she
strongly
drew
;
And
through
her
guilty
tongue
the
arrow
flew
.
Meleager
was
punished
for
his
Father
Oeneus's
fault
,
Ovid.
8.
Metam
.
who
,
when
he
offered
his
first
Fruits
to
the
Gods
,
wilfully
forgot
Diana
,
wherefore
she
was
angry
and
sent
a
Wild
Boar
into
the
Fields
of
his
Kingdom
of
Caledonia
,
to
destroy
them
Meleager
accompanied
with
many
chosen
Youths
immediately
undertook
either
to
kill
this
Boar
,
or
to
drive
him
out
of
the
Country
.
The
Virgin
Atalanta
was
among
the
Hunters
,
and
gave
the
Boar
the
first
wound
;
and
soon
after
Meleager
killed
him
.
He
esteemed
Atalanta
more
who
first
wounded
the
Boar
,
than
himself
who
killed
him
,
and
therefore
offered
her
the
Boars
skin
.
—
Exuvias
,
rigidis
horrentia
setis
Terga
dat
,
&
magnis
insignia
dentibus
ora
.
Invidere
alii
totoque
erat
agmine
murmur
,
Then
gave
the
bristled
spoil
,
and
gastly
head
With
monstrous
tushes
arm'd
,
which
terror
bred
.
She
in
the
Gift
and
giver
pleasure
took
.
All
murmur
with
preposterous
envy
strook
.
The
Relations
of
Meleager
were
enraged
that
the
Hide
was
given
to
a
Stranger
,
and
violently
took
it
from
her
:
whereupon
Meleager
killed
them
.
As
soon
as
his
Mother
Althaea
,
understood
that
Meleager
had
killed
his
own
Brothers
,
she
sought
revenge
like
a
mad
Woman
.
In
Althaea's
Chamber
was
a
Billet
;
which
,
when
Meleager
was
born
,
the
Fates
took
and
threw
into
the
Fire
;
saying
Tempora
dixerunt
,
eadem
lignoque
tibique
,
O
modo
nate
,
damus
:
quo
postquam
carmine
dicto
,
Excessere
Deae
;
flagrantem
mater
,
ab
igne
Eripuit
ramum
sparsitque
liquentibus
undis
.
Servatusque
diu
,
Iuvenis
servaverat
annos
.
O
lately
born
,
one
period
we
assign
To
thee
,
and
to
this
brand
.
The
charm
they
weave
Into
his
fate
;
and
then
the
Chamber
leave
.
His
Mother
snatcht
it
with
an
hasty
hand
Out
of
the
fire
;
and
quencht
the
flagrant
brand
.
This
in
an
inward
Closet
closely
lays
:
And
by
preserving
it
,
preserves
his
days
.
She
therefore
,
moved
with
rage
,
goes
to
her
Chamber
,
—
Dextraque
aversa
trementi
,
Funereum
torrem
medios
conjecit
in
ignes
.
—
With
Eyes
turn'd
back
,
her
quaking
hand
To
trembling
flames
expos'd
the
funeral
brand
.
And
as
the
Log
burnt
,
Meleager
,
tho
absent
,
felt
Fire
in
his
Bowels
:
which
consumed
him
in
the
same
manner
,
that
the
other
was
consumed
:
and
when
at
last
the
Log
was
quite
turn'd
to
Ashes
,
and
the
Fire
out
,
Meleager
at
the
same
time
expired
,
and
turn'd
to
Dust.
CHAP.
XX.
PALES
.
THAT
old
Lady
which
you
see
surrounded
with
Shepherds
,
Virg.
Ecl.
5.
is
Pales
,
the
Goddess
of
Shepherds
and
Pasture
.
Some
call
her
Magna
Mater
,
and
Vesta
.
To
this
Goddess
,
they
sacrificed
Milk
,
and
Wafers
made
of
Millet
,
that
she
might
make
the
Pastures
fruitful
.
They
instituted
the
Feasts
called
Palilia
or
Parilia
,
to
her
Honor
;
which
were
observed
upon
the
Eleventh
or
Twelfth
day
of
the
Kalends
of
May
,
by
the
Shepherds
,
in
the
Fields
:
on
the
same
day
,
in
which
Romulus
laid
the
Foundation
of
the
City
.
These
Feasts
were
celebrated
,
to
appease
this
Goddess
,
that
she
might
drive
away
the
Wolves
,
and
prevent
the
Diseases
incident
to
Cattle
.
The
Solemnities
observed
in
the
Palilia
were
many
.
The
Shepherds
placed
little
heaps
of
Straw
in
a
particular
order
and
at
a
certain
tain
distance
,
then
they
danced
and
leaped
over
them
;
then
they
purged
the
Sheep
and
the
rest
of
the
Cattle
with
the
fumes
of
Rosemary
,
Laurel
,
Sulphur
,
and
the
like
:
Ovid
gives
us
a
Description
of
these
Rites
in
Fast
,
lib.
4.
Alm●
Pales
,
faveas
pastoria
sacra
●anenti
,
Prosequar
officio
si
tua
facta
meo
,
Certe
ego
de
vitulo
cinerem
,
stipulamque
fabalem
Saepe
tuli
,
laeva
,
februa
tosta
,
manu
.
Certe
ego
transilui
positas
ter
in
ordine
flammas
,
Virgaque
rorales
laurea
misit
aquas
.
Favour
,
G
Pales
,
now
my
Past'ral
Song
,
Whilst
of
thy
Deeds
I
pious
mention
make
,
Thy
Rites
with
Bean
straw
Ashes
I
have
done
,
And
with
my
Left
Hand
tost
the
sacred
Cake
.
Thrice
o'r
the
flames
in
order
rang'd
I
've
leapt
,
And
holy
Dew
my
Laurel
Twig
has
dript
.
CHAP.
XXI
.
FLORA
.
P.
YOU
need
not
tell
me
who
that
Goddess
is
,
which
I
see
so
adorned
,
and
fine
,
and
flourishing
,
so
dressed
and
beautified
with
Flowers
.
It
is
Flora
the
Goddess
and
President
of
the
Flowers
:
is
it
not
?
M.
It
is
true
,
Lact.
l.
1.
c.
24.
the
Romans
give
her
the
Honor
of
a
Goddess
:
but
in
reality
,
she
was
a
famous
Miss
,
who
by
her
nasty
Trade
heaped
up
a
great
deal
of
Money
,
and
made
the
People
of
Rome
the
Heir
to
it
.
Particularly
she
left
a
certain
Sum
,
the
yearly
interest
of
which
was
paid
,
that
the
Games
called
Florales
or
Floralia
might
be
Celebrated
annually
on
her
birth
day
.
But
because
this
appeared
scandalous
,
impious
,
and
prophane
to
the
Senate
,
as
it
really
was
.
They
covered
their
design
,
and
worshipped
Flora
under
the
Title
of
Goddess
of
Flowers
:
and
pretended
that
they
offered
Sacrifice
to
her
,
that
the
Plants
and
Trees
might
flourish
.
Ovid
follows
the
same
Fiction
in
his
Fasti
:
In
Fast.
Chloris
.
where
he
marries
Chloris
,
an
infamous
Nymph
to
Zephyrus
,
and
says
that
her
Husband
gave
her
the
Power
over
all
the
Flowers
.
But
let
us
return
to
Flora
and
her
Games
.
Her
Image
,
as
we
find
in
Plutarch
,
was
exposed
in
the
Temple
of
Castor
and
Pollux
;
Val.
Max.
l.
2.
c.
5.
dressed
in
a
Coat
,
and
holding
in
her
Right
Hand
the
Flowers
of
Beans
and
Pease
.
For
while
these
sports
were
Celebrated
the
Officers
or
AEdiles
,
sprinkled
Beans
and
Pease
and
other
Pulse
amongst
the
People
.
These
Games
were
proclaimed
and
begun
by
sound
of
Trumpet
,
as
Iuvenal
intimates
in
saying
,
(
Sat.
6.
)
—
Dignissima
certè
Florali
matrona
tuba
.
—
A
Matron
worthy
sure
Of
Flora's
Festal
Trumpet
—
Then
the
lewd
Women
came
forth
in
publick
,
and
shewed
Tricks
naked
.
Strange
!
that
such
Filthiness
should
be
called
Flores
,
and
the
Games
Floralia
!
CHAP.
XXII
.
FERONIA
.
FEronia
the
Goddess
of
the
Woods
,
is
justly
placed
near
Flora
the
Goddess
of
the
Flowers
:
Virg.
7.
Aen.
her
name
is
derived
à
ferendis
arboribus
.
The
higher
place
is
due
to
her
because
Fruits
are
more
valuable
than
Flowers
,
and
Trees
than
small
and
ignoble
Plants
.
It
is
said
,
she
had
a
Grove
sacred
to
her
,
under
the
Mountain
Soracte
:
which
was
set
on
fire
,
the
Neighbours
were
resolve
to
remove
the
Image
of
Feronia
from
thence
.
When
on
a
sudden
the
Grove
became
green
again
.
Strabo
reports
that
those
,
who
were
inspired
by
this
Goddess
,
used
to
walk
barefoot
upon
burning
Coals
without
hurt
.
(
lib.
5.
)
Tho
many
have
believed
,
that
by
the
Goddess
Feronia
that
Virtue
only
is
meant
,
by
which
Trees
,
bring
forth
Fruits
and
Flowers
.
CHAP.
XXIII
.
POMONA
.
POmona
is
Pomorum
Dea
,
that
is
,
the
Goddess
,
the
Guardian
,
the
President
not
of
the
Apples
only
,
but
of
all
the
Fruit
and
Product
of
Trees
and
Plants
.
As
you
see
,
she
follows
after
Flora
and
Feronia
in
order
;
but
in
the
greatness
of
her
merit
,
she
far
surpasses
them
.
And
hath
a
Priest
who
only
serves
her
,
called
Flamen
Pomonalis
.
P.
What
old
toothless
Hag
is
that
which
flatters
Pomona
?
M.
It
is
not
an
old
Woman
,
but
a
God
.
I
do
not
wonder
that
you
are
deceived
,
since
in
this
Disguise
he
deceived
Pomona
her self
:
when
she
was
very
busie
in
looking
after
her
Gardens
and
Orchards
with
great
care
,
and
was
wholly
employed
in
watering
and
securing
the
roots
,
and
in
lopping
the
overgrown
Branches
,
Vertumnus
,
Vertumnus
.
a
principal
God
amongst
the
Romans
,
(
called
so
à
vertendo
se
,
because
he
had
a
power
to
turn
himself
into
what
shape
he
pleased
)
was
in
love
with
Pomona
,
and
counterfeited
the
Shape
of
an
old
Woman
;
(
Ovid.
Met.
l.
4.
)
Innitens
baculo
,
positis
per
tempora
canis
.
With
grey
hair'd
Noddle
,
leaning
on
a
Staff
.
He
came
into
the
Gardens
,
admired
the
Fruit
and
beauty
of
them
,
and
commending
her
care
about
them
,
he
saluted
her
.
He
viewed
the
Gardens
,
and
from
the
observations
which
he
had
made
,
he
began
to
discourse
of
Marriage
,
telling
her
that
it
would
add
to
the
happiness
even
of
a
God
,
to
have
her
to
Wife
.
Observe
,
says
he
,
the
Trees
which
creep
up
this
Wall
,
How
do
the
Apples
and
Plums
strive
which
shall
excel
the
other
in
Beauty
and
Colour
;
whereas
if
they
had
not
Pegs
or
Supports
,
which
like
Husbands
prop
them
up
;
they
would
perish
and
decay
.
At
si
staret
,
ait
,
coel●bs
sine
palmite
truncus
,
Nil
praeter
frondes
,
quare
peteretur
,
●aberet
.
Haec
quoque
quae
juncta
vitis
requiescit
in
ulmo
,
Si
non
juncta
foret
,
terrae
acclinata
jaceret
:
Tu
tamen
exemplo
non
tangeris
arboris
hujus
.
Yet
,
saith
he
,
if
this
Elm
should
grow
alone
,
Except
for
shade
,
it
would
be
priz'd
by
none
:
And
so
this
Vine
in
amorous
foldings
wound
,
If
but
disjoin'd
,
would
creep
upon
the
ground
.
Yet
art
not
thou
by
such
Examples
led
:
But
shun'st
the
pleasures
of
a
happy
bed
.
All
this
did
not
move
her
,
till
Vertumnu●
changed
himself
into
a
young
Man
.
—
In
juvenem
rediit
,
&
anilia
demit
Instrumenta
sibi
;
talisque
apparuit
illi
,
Qualis
ubi
oppositas
nitidissima
solis
imago
Evicit
nubes
nullaque
obstante
reluxit
.
Vimquè
parat
:
sed
vi
non
est
opus
:
inque
figura
Capta
Dei
Nympha
est
,
&
mutua
vulnera
sensit
.
—
Again
himself
he
grew
.
Th'
infirmities
of
heatless
Age
depos'd
And
such
himself
unto
the
Nymph
disclos'd
.
As
when
the
Sun
,
subduing
with
his
rays
The
muffling
cloud
his
golden
brow
displays
.
He
force
prepares
:
of
force
there
was
no
need
;
Struck
with
his
Beauty
,
mutually
they
bleed
.
CHAP.
XXIV
.
The
NYMPHS
.
NOW
observe
that
great
Company
of
neat
,
pretty
,
handsome
,
beautiful
,
charming
Virgins
,
who
are
very
near
the
Gardens
of
Pomona
.
Some
run
about
the
Woods
,
and
hide
themselves
in
the
Trunks
of
the
aged
Oaks
;
some
plunge
themselves
into
the
Fountains
,
and
some
swim
in
the
River
.
Phurn.
They
are
called
by
one
common
Name
Nymphs
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
because
they
always
look
young
;
or
from
the
Verb
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
splendere
:
because
they
are
handsome
.
Yet
all
have
their
proper
Names
besides
,
which
they
derive
either
from
the
places
where
they
live
,
or
the
Offices
that
they
perform
;
they
are
especially
distributed
into
three
Classes
,
the
Celestial
,
the
Terrestrial
,
and
the
Marine
Nymphs
.
The
Celestial
Nymph
were
those
Genii
,
Ex
Plut.
Macrob.
Procl
.
those
Souls
and
Intellects
,
who
guided
the
Spheres
of
the
Heavens
,
and
dispensed
the
Influences
of
the
Stars
to
the
things
of
the
Earth
.
Of
the
Terrestrial
Nymphs
,
Virg.
4.
Georg.
some
presided
over
the
Woods
,
and
were
called
Dryades
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
quercus
,
an
Oak
,
which
Word
principally
signifies
an
Oak
,
but
generally
all
Trees
.
These
Dryades
had
their
Habitations
in
the
Oaks
.
Other
Nymphs
were
called
Hamadryades
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
together
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
an
Oak●
for
they
were
born
when
the
Oak
was
first
planted
,
and
when
it
perishes
they
die
also
.
The
Antients
held
strange
Opinions
concerning
Oaks
,
they
imagined
that
even
the
smallest
Oak
was
sent
from
Heaven
.
Gyr.
Synt.
1.
The
Druidae
,
Priests
of
the
Gauls
,
esteemed
nothing
more
Divine
and
Sacred
than
the
excrescence
which
sticks
to
Oaks
.
Others
of
the
Terrestrial
Nymphs
were
called
Oreades
or
Orestiades
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
mons
;
for
they
presided
over
the
Mountains
.
Others
Napaeae
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
saltus
,
vallis
,
for
their
Province
was
in
the
Groves
and
the
Vallies
.
Others
Lemoniades
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
pratum
,
for
they
look
after
the
Meadows
and
Fields
;
and
others
Meliae
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
fraxinus
,
an
Ash
:
And
these
were
supposed
to
be
the
Mothers
of
those
Children
,
who
were
accidentally
born
under
a
Tree
,
or
exposed
there
.
The
Marine
Nymphs
,
either
presided
over
the
Seas
,
Orph.
in
hymn
.
and
were
called
Nereides
and
Nerinae
,
from
the
Sea-God
Nereus
,
and
the
Sea-Nymph
Doris
their
Parents
;
(
which
Nereus
and
Doris
,
were
born
of
Tethys
and
Oceanus
;
from
whom
they
were
called
Oceanitides
and
Oceanae
:
)
or
those
Nymphs
who
presided
over
the
Fountains
,
and
were
called
Naiades
and
Naides
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
fluo
;
others
inhabited
the
Rivers
,
and
were
called
Fluviales
or
Potamides
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Fluvius
;
again
,
others
preside
over
the
Lakes
and
the
Ponds
,
and
these
were
named
Limnades
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
a
Lake
.
All
the
Gods
had
Nymphs
attending
them
,
Iupiter
speaks
of
his
,
in
Ovid
Met.
l.
1.
Sunt
mihi
Semidei
,
sunt
rustica
numina
Fauni
,
Et
Nymphae
;
Satyrique
&
Monticolae
Sylvani
.
Half
Gods
and
Rustic
Fauns
attend
my
will
,
Nymphs
,
Satyrs
,
Sylvans
that
on
mountains
dwell
.
Neptune
had
several
Nymphs
;
in
so
much
that
Hesiod
and
Pindar
call
him
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Nympharum
ducem
,
the
Captain
of
the
Nymphs
;
the
Poets
generally
allow
him
fifty
.
Phoebus
had
the
Aganippidae
and
the
Muses
.
Bacchus
,
an
innumerable
Company
of
the
Bacchae
,
Bassarides
,
Eloides
and
Thyades
.
Diana
had
her
hunting
Nymphs
,
and
Tethys
the
Nereides
.
To
Iuno
belonged
.
—
bis
septem
praestanti
corpore
Nymphae
.
—
Twice
seven
Nymphs
of
noble
Shapes
.
I
will
give
you
the
History
of
two
of
them
.
Arethusa
,
was
one
of
Diana's
Nymphs
,
her
Virtue
was
as
great
as
her
Beauty
.
The
pleasantness
of
the
place
invited
her
,
to
cool
herself
in
the
Waters
of
a
fine
clear
River
:
Alpheus
(
the
God
of
that
River
)
assumed
the
Shape
of
a
Man
,
and
arose
out
of
the
Water
.
He
first
saluted
her
with
kind
Words
,
and
then
approached
near
to
her
,
but
away
she
flies
,
and
he
follows
her
;
and
when
he
had
almost
overtaken
her
,
she
dissolved
with
fear
by
the
assistance
of
Diana
whom
she
implored
,
into
a
Fountain
.
—
sed
enim
cognoscit
amatas
Amnis
aquas
;
Ovid.
5.
Metam
.
positoq
,
viri
,
quod
sumpserat
ore
,
Vertitur
in
proprias
,
ut
se
illi
misceat
undas
.
The
River
his
beloved
Waters
knew
;
And
putting
off
th'
assumed
shape
of
man
,
Resumes
his
own
;
and
in
my
Current
ran
.
To
this
day
,
Virg.
3.
Aen.
Arethusa
continues
her
flight
and
by
a
passage
through
a
Cavity
of
the
Earth
she
goes
under
ground
into
Sicily
.
Alphe●
also
follows
by
the
like
subterraneous
Pas●sages
,
till
at
last
he
unites
,
and
marries
hi●
own
Streams
to
those
of
Arethusa
in
that
Island
.
Echo
,
who
is
only
a
Voice
now
,
was
formerly
a
Nymph
,
who
for
her
talkativeness
received
this
punishment
:
Ovid.
Met.
l.
3.
Reddere
de
multis
,
ut
verba
novissima
posset
.
Fecerat
hoc
Iuno
:
quia
cum
deprendere
posset
Sub
Iove
saepe
suo
Nymphas
in
monte
jacentes●
Illa
Deam
,
longo
prudens
sermone
tenebat
,
Dum
fugerent
Nymphae
.
She
only
could
reiterate
the
close
Of
every
speech
.
This
Juno
did
impose
.
For
,
often
when
she
might
have
taken
Jove
,
Compressing
there
the
Nymphs
,
who
weakly
strove●
Her
long
discourses
made
the
Goddess
stay
.
Until
the
Nymphs
had
time
to
run
away
.
Echo
by
chance
met
Narcissus
rambling
in
the
Woods
;
and
she
so
admired
his
handsomness
,
that
she
fell
in
love
with
him
;
she
discovered
her
love
to
him
,
courted
him
,
followed
him
,
and
embraced
the
proud
Youth
in
her
Arms
;
but
he
broke
from
her
Embraces
,
and
hastily
fled
from
her
sight
;
whereupon
the
despised
Nymph
hid
her self
in
the
Woods
,
and
pined
away
with
Grief
.
—
Vox
tantum
,
atque
ossa
supersunt
:
Vox
manet
:
ossa
ferunt
lapidis
traxisse
figuram
.
Inde
latet
sylvis
,
nulloque
in
monte
videtur
.
Omnibus
auditur
;
sonus
est
,
qui
vivit
in
illa
.
Nothing
was
left
her
now
but
voice
and
bones
:
The
voice
remains
;
the
other
turn
to
stones
;
Conceal'd
in
Woods
,
in
Mountains
never
found
,
Yet
heard
in
all
:
and
all
is
but
a
Sound
.
Narcissus
,
who
would
neither
love
others
,
nor
admit
of
their
love
,
began
to
admire
his
own
Beauty
so
,
that
the
love
of
himself
ruined
him
.
Ovid
,
ib.
Fons
erat
illimis
,
nitidis
argenteus
undis
A
Spring
there
was
,
whose
silver
Waters
were
As
smooth
as
any
mirror
,
nor
less
clear
.
When
he
stooped
down
to
drink
at
this
Fountain
,
he
saw
his
own
Image
,
he
staid
,
liked
,
admired
,
and
at
last
passionately
loved
it
.
Spectat
inexpleto
mendacem
lumine
formam
,
Perque
oculos
,
perit
ipse
suos
.
Looking
on
his
false
Form
could
not
suffice
,
He
ruinates
himself
with
his
own
Eyes
.
The
water
hindered
him
from
enjoying
what
he
wished
.
—
Minimum
est
,
quod
amantibus
obstat
.
At
length
,
unhappy
Creature
,
he
perceived
,
that
he
consumed
for
Love
of
himself
.
—
Flammas
,
inquit
,
moveoque
feroque
Quod
cupio
,
mecum
est
;
inopem
me
copia
fe●it
.
Outinam
,
à
nostro
seced●re
corpore
possem
.
Votum
in
amante
novum
est
;
vellem
quod
amamus
abesset
.
I
suffer
in
those
flames
which
I
procure
.
Shall
I
be
woo'd
,
or
wooe
?
What
shall
I
crave
?
Since
what
I
covet
,
I
already
have
.
Too
much
hath
made
me
poor
!
O
you
divine
And
favouring
Powers
,
me
from
my self
disjoin
!
Of
what
I
love
,
I
would
de
dispossest
:
This
,
in
a
Lover
,
is
a
strange
request
!
In
a
Word
,
—
Attenuatus
amore
Liquitur
&
caeco
paulatim
carpitur
igne
.
And
at
last
by
the
favour
of
the
Gods
he
was
turned
into
the
Flower
Narcissus
:
(
a
Daffodil
.
)
CHAP.
XXV
.
The
inferiour
Rural
Deities
.
THE
Images
of
these
Gods
are
so
small
that
we
can't
discern
their
Figures
:
wherefore
I
will
only
re-count
their
Names
.
And
first
,
Rusina
,
to
whose
Care
all
the
parts
of
the
Country
are
committed
.
Then
Co●ina
,
who
reigns
over
the
Hills
.
Vallenia
,
who
holds
her
Empire
in
the
Valleys
.
Hippona
,
who
presides
over
the
Horses
and
Stables
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
This
was
the
Name
also
of
a
beautiful
Woman
begotten
by
one
Fulvius
with
a
Mare
.
Tertul.
Apolog.
Bubona
,
who
hath
the
Care
of
the
Oxen
,
Boves
.
Seia
,
who
takes
Care
of
the
Seed
,
whilst
it
lies
buried
in
the
Earth
.
Her
Name
derived
from
Serendo
.
Segetia
,
is
the
same
,
under
another
Name
;
from
Seges
.
Because
she
takes
Care
of
the
Blade
,
as
soon
as
it
appears
green
above
the
Ground
.
Plin.
lib.
18.
Ryncina
,
is
the
Goddess
of
weeding
.
Her
Office
begins
cum
runcantur
agri
,
when
the
Fields
are
to
be
weeded
.
Occator
,
is
the
God
of
Harrowing
.
His
Office
begins
,
cum
occantur
agri
,
when
the
Fields
are
to
be
harrowed
.
Serv.
Georg.
1.
Idem
ib.
c.
29.
Sator
and
Sarritor
,
from
Sero
and
Sarrio
,
are
the
Gods
of
Sowing
and
Raking
.
To
the
God
R●bigus
was
celebrated
a
Festival
,
called
Robigalia
;
which
was
usually
observed
upon
the
7.
of
the
Kalends
of
May
,
to
avert
Rubiginem
à
satis
,
the
blasting
of
the
Corn.
Stercutius
,
or
Stercutus
,
or
Sterculius
,
who
is
called
likewise
Sterquilinus
and
Picumnus
,
is
the
Rural
God
,
who
first
invented
the
Art
Stercorandi
of
Dunging
of
the
Ground
.
Proserpina
,
is
the
Goddess
which
presides
over
the
Corn
,
when
it
is
sprouted
pretty
high
above
the
Earth
,
cum
super
terram
proserpserit
.
We
shall
speak
more
of
her
,
when
we
discourse
concerning
the
Infernal
Deities
.
Nodosus
or
Nodutus
,
is
the
God
that
takes
Care
of
the
Nodes
and
the
Joynts
of
the
Stalks
.
Volusia
,
the
Goddess
who
looks
after
the
in●●olucra
folliculorum
,
the
lapping
up
of
the
Cods
;
which
are
,
as
it
were
,
the
Sheaths
of
the
Corn.
Patelina
,
takes
Care
of
the
Ear
of
the
Corn
,
after
it
is
broken
out
of
the
Cod.
The
Goddess
Flora
presides
over
the
Ear
,
when
it
blossoms
;
(
Florescit
.
)
And
Lactura
or
Lactucina
to
Flora
,
presides
over
the
Ear
when
it
begins
to
have
Milk
;
(
Lactescere
.
)
And
Matua
takes
Care
that
the
Ear
comes
to
a
just
maturity
.
Hostilina
from
Hostio
,
aequare
(
an
old
word
:
)
when
the
Ears
of
the
Corn
are
even
.
Aug.
de
Civ
.
jam
laudatus
.
Tutelina
or
Tutulina
;
hath
the
Tutelage
of
the
Corn
,
when
it
is
reaped
.
Pilumnus
,
who
invented
the
Art
of
Baking
the
Corn.
Serv.
Aen.
9.
Mellona
,
who
invented
the
Art
of
making
of
Honey
.
(
Mellificii
.
)
And
Fornax
is
esteemed
a
Goddess
,
because
before
the
Invention
of
grinding
the
Wheat
,
the
Bread-Corn
was
parched
in
a
Furnace
.
Ovid
speaks
of
this
Goddess
in
lib.
6.
Fast.
thus
,
Facta
Dea
est
Fornax
,
laeti
fornare
coloni
Orant
,
ut
vires
temperet
illa
suas
.
A
Goddess
Fornax
is
,
her
th'
Clowns
adore
,
That
they
may've
kindly
batches
by
her
pow'r
.
PART
V.
Of
the
Infernal
Deities
.
CHAP.
I.
A
View
of
Hell
.
P.
O
Wondrous
!
What
a
horrid
and
dismal
spectacle
is
here
!
M.
You
must
imagin
that
we
are
now
in
the
confines
of
Hell
.
Prethee
,
Come
along
with
me
.
I
will
be
the
same
friend
to
you
,
which
the
Sibyl
was
to
Aeneas
in
Virgil.
(
Aen.
6.
)
Nor
shall
you
need
a
golden
bough
to
present
to
Proserpine
.
You
see
here
painted
those
Regions
of
Hell
which
●he
Poet
describes
thus
(
Virg.
Aen.
6.
)
Spelunca
alta
fuit
,
vastoque
immanis
hiatu
,
Scrupea
;
tuta
lacu
nigro
,
nemorumque
tenebris
:
Quam
super
haud
ullae
poterant
impune
volantes
Tendere
iter
pennis
:
talis
sese
halitus
atris
Faucibus
effundeus
supera
ad
convexa
ferebat
:
Inde
locum
Graii
dixerunt
,
nomine
,
Avernum
.
There
was
a
deep
Cave
with
a
wondr'ous
breach
,
Which
a
foul
Lake
,
and
horrid
Groves
immure
,
O're
which
not
swiftest
Fowl
could
fly
secure
,
Such
noisom
Vapours
from
foul
Iaws
exhale
;
From
whence
the
Greeks
the
place
Avernus
call
.
So
that
Avernus
is
the
name
which
the
Greeks
give
to
Hell
,
quasi
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
sine
avibus
:
because
no
Birds
can
fly
over
it
:
for
in
their
flight
they
are
certainly
choaked
with
the
poisonous
stench
of
it
.
P.
What
Monsters
do
I
see
,
Virg.
Aen.
6.
)
Vest
ibulum
ante
ipsum
,
primisque
in
faucibus
Orci
?
M.
Let
the
Poet
answer
your
Question
thus
;
Luctus
,
&
ultrices
posuere
cubilia
Curae
:
Pallentesque
habitant
morbi
,
tristisque
senectus
,
Et
metus
,
&
malesuada
fames
,
&
turpis
egestas
,
Terribiles
visu
formae
,
lethumque
laborque
.
Tum
consanguineus
lethi
sopor
,
and
mala
mentis
Gaudia
,
mortiferumque
adverso
in
limine
Bellum
.
Ferreique
Eumenidum
thalami
,
&
Discordia
demens
Vipereum
crimen
vittis
innexa
cruentis
.
Iust
in
the
Gates
and
horrid
Iaws
of
Hell
.
Sorrow
,
and
Fear
,
and
pale
Diseases
dwell
,
Revenging
Cares
,
and
discontented
Age
,
Invincible
Necessity
,
and
Rage
,
Labor
,
and
Death
,
and
Sleep
,
to
Death
akin
,
Then
all
the
false
delights
of
deadly
sin
,
Terrible
Forms
,
Discord
,
and
bloody
Wars
On
th'
other
side
lay
,
broaching
still
new
Iars
,
The
Furies
there
their
Iron
Couches
found
,
Their
Viperous
Hair
with
bloody
Ribbands
bound
.
CHAP.
II.
Charon
.
The
Rivers
of
Hell
.
Cerberus
.
P.
WHO
is
that
nasty
,
old
,
battered
,
bearded
,
Fellow
?
Or
what
is
his
name
?
M.
He
is
the
Ferry-man
of
Hell
,
his
name
is
Charon
,
quasi
Acharon
,
by
an
Antiphrasis
,
sine
gratia
.
Or
in
the
Greek
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
portitor
,
a
Ferry-man
.
You
see
his
Image
painted
by
the
Pencil
;
but
see
a
more
beautiful
and
elegant
Picture
of
him
drawn
by
the
Pen
of
Virgil.
Aen.
6.
Portitor
has
horrendus
aquas
,
&
flumina
servat
,
Terribilis
,
squalore
Charon
:
cui
plurima
mento
Canities
inculta
jacet
:
stant
lumina
,
flammae
:
Sordidus
ex
humeris
nodo
dependet
amictus
.
Ipse
ratem
conto
subigit
,
velisque
ministrat
,
Et
ferruginca
subvectat
corpora
cymba
,
Iam
senior
,
sed
cruda
Deo
viridisque
senectus
.
The
Ferry-man
of
Hell
,
foul
Charon
,
keeps
Those
horrid
Waters
,
and
Infernal
Deeps
;
His
untrimm'd
Cheeks
are
rough
with
hoary
Hair
,
Elf-lock'd
his
Beard
,
his
fiery
Eyes
do
stare
;
Ti'd
o'er
hir
Shoulders
,
hangs
a
sordid
Coat
;
Whose
Pole
;
and
Sails
,
drive
in
his
crazy
Boat
,
Laden
with
Passengers
;
though
old
,
the
God
Is
youthful
still
,
his
Veins
still
full
of
Blood
.
P.
Why
does
he
tarry
with
his
Boat
here
?
M.
To
take
,
and
carry
over
to
the
other
side
of
the
Lake
,
the
souls
of
the
dead
:
which
you
see
flocking
to
the
Shores
in
Troops
.
Yet
he
takes
not
all
promiscuously
,
who
come
;
but
such
only
whose
Bodies
are
buried
when
they
die
.
For
the
Unburied
.
Centum
errant
annos
,
volitant
haec
littora
circum
;
Tum
demum
admissi
,
stagna
exoptata
revisunt
,
A
hundred
years
they
on
these
Shores
remain
,
At
last
their
long
expected
Passage
gain
.
But
first
they
pay
Charon
his
fare
;
which
is
at
least
an
half
penny
.
Lucian
.
P.
Those
three
(
or
four
Rivers
,
if
my
Eyes
do
not
deceive
me
)
must
be
passed
over
by
the
dead
,
must
they
not
?
M.
Yes
.
The
first
of
them
is
Acheron
,
Plat.
In
Phaedone
.
which
receives
them
when
they
come
first
.
This
Acheron
was
the
Son
of
Terra
or
Ceres
,
born
in
a
Cave
,
and
conceived
without
a
Father
.
And
because
he
could
not
endure
light
he
ran
down
to
Hell
,
and
was
changed
into
a
River
,
whose
waters
are
extreme
bitter
.
The
second
,
Pausan.
in
Att.
is
Styx
,
which
is
a
Lake
rather
than
a
River
,
was
formerly
the
Daughter
of
Oceanus
,
Hesiod
.
in
Th.
and
the
Mother
of
the
Goddess
Victoria
by
Acheron
.
When
Victoria
was
on
Iupiter's
side
in
his
War
against
the
Giants
,
she
obtained
this
prerogative
for
her
Mother
,
that
no
Oath
that
was
sworn
amongst
the
Gods
by
her
name
,
should
ever
be
violated
;
For
if
any
of
the
Gods
broke
an
Oath
sworn
by
Styx
,
they
were
banished
from
the
Nectar
and
the
Table
of
the
Gods
,
a
year
and
nine
days
.
This
is
then
the
Stygian
Lake
,
Dii
cujus
jurare
timent
&
fallere
numen
.
Serv.
in
Aen.
6.
By
which
the
Gods
themselves
dare
n't
falsly
swear
.
The
third
River
,
Cocytus
,
flows
out
of
Styx
,
with
a
lamentable
groaning
noise
;
and
imitates
,
and
irritates
the
exclamation
of
the
Damned
.
Next
comes
Phlegethon
or
Periphlegethon
,
so
called
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
ardeo
:
because
it
swells
with
waves
of
fire
,
and
all
its
streams
are
flames
.
When
the
Souls
of
the
Dead
have
passed
over
these
four
Rivers
,
Hes.
in
Th.
they
are
afterwards
carried
to
the
Palace
of
Pluto
:
where
the
Gate
is
guarded
by
a
Dog
with
three
Heads
,
whose
body
is
covered
in
a
terrible
manner
with
Snakes
,
instead
of
Hair
.
This
Dog
is
the
Porter
of
Hell
,
begotten
of
Echidna
and
the
Giant
Typhon
.
Virgil
gives
this
description
of
him
.
Aen.
6.
Cerbetus
,
haec
ingens
latratu
regna
trifauci
Personat
,
adverso
recubans
immanis
in
antro
.
Stretch'd
in
his
Kennel
,
monstrous
Cerberus
,
round
From
triple
Iaws
makes
all
these
Realms
resound
.
And
Horace
,
thus
,
lib.
3.
Od.
Cessit
immanis
tibi
blandienti
Ianitor
aulae
Cerberus
:
quamvis
furiale
centum
Muniant
angues
caput
ejus
atque
Spiritus
teter
,
saniesque
manet
Ore
trilingui
.
E'en
Cerberus
thy
force
confest
Well
pleas'd
he
lay
and
luli'd
in
rest
,
Tho'
hundred
hissing
Serpents
spread
And
guard
around
his
horrid
head
,
And
Gore
foam'd
round
his
triple
tongue
,
He
gently
listned
to
thy
Song
.
Now
let
us
approach
the
Prince
and
Princess
of
Hell
,
Pluto
and
Proserpine
.
CHAP.
III.
SECT.
I.
PLUTO
.
THIS
is
Pluto
,
the
King
of
Hell
;
begotten
of
Saturn
and
Ops
;
and
the
Brother
of
Iupiter
and
Neptune
.
Diod.
Sic.
4.
Bibl.
He
hath
these
infernal
Dominions
attributed
to
him
,
not
only
because
in
that
division
of
his
Fathers
Kingdom
,
mentioned
before
,
Idem
ap.
Lil.
the
Western
Parts
fell
to
his
Lot
;
but
also
as
some
say
,
because
the
Invention
of
burying
,
and
of
honoring
the
Dead
with
Funeral
Obsequies
proceeded
from
him
.
Eurip.
in
Phoen.
For
the
same
reason
he
is
thought
to
exercise
a
Soveraignty
over
the
Dead
.
Look
upon
him
.
He
sits
on
a
Throne
covered
with
Darkness
:
and
discover
,
if
you
can
his
habit
,
and
the
Ensigns
of
his
Majesty
more
narrowly
.
P.
I
see
him
,
tho
in
the
midst
of
so
much
Darkness
;
Paus.
in
p●
.
Iliac
.
Martian
.
and
can
distinguish
him
easily
.
He
holds
a
Key
in
his
Hand
instead
of
a
Scepter
,
and
is
crowned
with
Ebony
.
M.
Sometimes
I
have
seen
him
crowned
also
with
a
Diadem
;
Lil.
Gyr.
Varr.
ap.
eund.
sometimes
with
the
Flowers
of
Narcissus
(
or
White
Daffadils
)
and
sometimes
with
Cypress
Leaves
:
because
those
Plants
,
greatly
please
him
;
and
especially
the
Narcissus
,
because
he
stole
away
Proserpina
when
she
gathered
that
Flower
,
as
I
shall
shew
presently
.
Very
often
a
Rod
is
put
into
his
Hand
in
the
place
of
a
Scepter
,
Ovid.
5.
Met.
with
which
he
guides
the
Dead
to
Hell
.
Pind.
in
Od.
And
sometimes
he
wears
a
Head-piece
which
makes
him
invisible
.
His
Chariot
and
Horses
are
of
a
black
Colour
,
Hom.
5
Il.
Hygin
.
in
Astr.
Poët
.
and
when
he
carried
away
Proserpine
,
he
rode
in
it
.
But
if
you
would
know
what
those
Keys
signifie
,
which
he
hath
in
his
Hand
,
The
answer
is
plain
,
that
they
signifie
,
that
when
once
the
Dead
are
received
into
his
Kingdom
,
the
Gates
are
locked
against
them
,
and
there
is
no
Regress
thence
into
this
life
again
.
Virg.
Aen.
6.
—
Facilis
descensus
Averni
,
Sed
revocare
gradum
,
superasque
evadere
ad
aura●
Hoc
opus
,
bic
labor
est
.
To
th'
Shades
you
go
a
down
hill
easie
way
,
But
to
return
and
re
enjoy
the
Day
,
That
is
a
Work
,
a
Labour
,
—
P.
Why
is
he
called
Pluto
?
M.
I
will
tell
you
that
,
and
also
the
meaning
of
the
rest
of
his
Names
.
Pluto
,
in
Greek
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
comes
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
●Divitiae
,
Riches
:
and
in
Latin
he
is
called
Dis
;
which
signifies
wealth
.
The
Reason
whereof
is
because
all
our
Wealth
comes
ab
inferis
,
hoc
est
,
ex
intimis
terrae
visceribus
,
from
the
lowest
and
most
inward
Bowels
of
the
Earth
:
And
because
as
Tully
writes
:
all
the
natural
powers
and
faculties
of
the
Earth
are
under
his
direction
,
for
all
things
go
to
the
Earth
and
proceed
from
thence
.
De
Nat.
Deor.
lib.
●
.
His
Name
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
in
Greek
,
Soc.
ap.
Plut.
signifies
,
quasi
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
or
quasi
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
tristis
,
tenebrosus
,
inspectabilis
:
because
he
sits
in
darkness
so
that
he
,
Phurn.
cannot
be
openly
seen
.
Gax
.
ap.
Lil.
Or
you
may
derive
it
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
priv
.
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
videre
.
He
is
likewise
called
Agesilaus
,
Ap.
Lil.
Gyr.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
à
ducendis
ad
inferos
populis
,
from
bringing
of
People
to
Hell
.
Or
,
as
others
read
the
Word
,
Agelastus
:
which
comes
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
non
,
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
rideo
,
because
Pluto
never
laughs
.
Februus
,
Ovid.
in
Fast.
from
the
old
Word
Februo
,
to
purge
by
Sacrifice
:
because
purgations
and
lustrations
,
were
used
at
Funerals
.
Whence
the
Month
of
February
receives
also
its
Appellation
:
at
which
time
especially
the
Sacrifices
called
Februa
,
were
offered
by
the
Romans
to
this
God
.
Orcus
,
Cic.
in
Varr.
6.
l.
Guth
.
l.
1.
c.
4.
de
jur.
man
.
quasi
Urgus
and
Uragus
,
from
urgendo
:
quòd
homines
urgeat
in
interitum
:
he
urges
people
to
their
deaths
.
Some
reject
this
interpretation
,
because
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
is
a
Greek
word
,
and
signifies
,
extremi
agminis
dux
,
the
Commander
that
brings
up
the
rere
;
and
in
this
sense
,
the
name
is
agreeable
to
Pluto
,
who
succeeds
the
last
action
of
our
lives
.
In
Festus
we
find
him
called
Quietatis
:
quòd
morte
quietem
cunctis
afferat
.
Because
by
death
he
brings
rest
to
all
things
.
He
is
called
Summanus
,
quasi
summus
.
Deorum
Manium
,
the
Chief
of
the
Dii
Manes
,
Aug.
4.
de
Civ
.
or
the
Gods
,
the
Ghosts
●f
the
dead
.
The
Thunder
that
happens
in
the
Night
is
attributed
to
him
:
whence
he
is
commonly
styled
also
,
the
infernal
Iupiter
;
the
Stygian
Iupiter
,
the
third
Iupiter
,
as
Neptune
is
,
Iupiter
secundus
,
the
Second
Iupiter
.
P.
What
was
the
Office
and
Power
of
Pluto
?
M.
If
you
do
not
fully
understand
that
from
what
hath
been
said
already
,
the
Fates
will
tell
you
,
who
thus
bespeak
him
;
Claud.
de
Ratp
.
Proserp
.
—
O
,
maxime
noctis
Arbiter
,
umbrarumque
potens
,
cui
nostra
laborant
Stamina
,
qui
finem
cunctis
,
&
semina
praebes
.
Nascendique
vices
alterna
morte
rependis
,
Qui
vitam
,
lethumque
regis
.
Great
Prince
o'
th'
gloomy
regions
of
the
dead
,
For
whom
we
hourly
move
our
Wheel
and
Thread
,
Of
Natures
growth
and
end
thou
hast
the
sway
,
All
Mortals
Birth
with
Death
thou
dost
repay
;
Who
dost
command
'em
both
.
—
CHAP.
IV.
PLUTUS
.
I
joyn
Plutus
to
Pluto
(
altho
Plutus
be
not
an
Infernal
God
)
because
their
Names
and
Offices
were
very
like
and
agreeable
;
where
I
will
take
this
occasion
to
say
something
of
him
.
For
they
are
both
of
them
Gods
of
Riches
;
which
are
the
Root
of
all
Evil
,
and
which
,
Nature
our
common
Parent
,
had
placed
near
Hell
,
and
indeed
there
is
not
a
nearer
way
to
Hell
than
to
hunt
mightily
after
Riches
.
This
Plutus
was
the
Son
of
Iason
or
Iasius
by
Ceres
:
Hes.
in
Th.
He
was
blind
and
lame
,
injudicious
,
and
mighty
timorous
,
and
indeed
these
infirmities
are
justly
ascribed
to
him
;
for
if
he
was
not
blind
and
injudicious
,
he
would
never
pass
by
good
Men
,
and
heap
his
Treasures
on
the
bad
.
He
is
lame
,
for
great
Estates
come
slowly
.
He
is
fearful
and
timorous
;
because
rich
Men
watch
their
Treasures
with
a
great
deal
of
Fear
and
Care
.
CHAP.
V.
SECT.
I.
PROSERPINE
.
M.
SHE
,
who
sits
next
to
Pluto
,
is
the
Queen
of
Hell
,
the
Infernal
Iuno
,
the
Lady
(
as
the
Greeks
commonly
call
her
,
Virg.
6.
Paus.
in
Arcad.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Domina
,
)
and
dearest
Wife
of
Pluto
;
the
Daughter
of
Ceres
and
Iupiter
,
Hesiod
.
in
Th.
she
is
called
both
Proserpine
and
Libera
.
Iupiter
,
her
Father
,
begat
her
when
he
was
disguised
in
the
Shape
of
a
Bull
;
Arnob.
l.
5.
and
after
she
was
born
and
grown
up
,
he
debauched
her
himself
in
the
shape
of
a
Dragon
.
Whence
it
came
to
pass
,
that
in
the
Mysteries
of
the
Sabazia
,
Euseb.
praep.
Ev.
a
Golden
Snake
folded
in
a
Circle
was
produced
,
which
,
when
any
were
initiated
,
were
usually
put
into
their
Bosoms
,
and
received
again
when
it
slid
down
from
them
below
.
P.
But
by
what
Fate
became
Proserpine
the
Wife
of
this
Black
God
?
M.
Thus
:
When
all
the
Goddesses
refused
to
marry
Pluto
because
he
was
so
deformed
.
Vexed
at
this
contempt
and
scorn
,
and
troubled
that
he
was
forced
to
live
a
single
life
always
:
in
a
rage
he
seated
himself
in
his
Chariot
,
and
arose
on
a
sudden
from
a
Den
in
Sicily
;
he
saw
a
company
of
very
beautiful
Virgins
,
Cic.
6.
〈◊〉
Verr.
gathering
Flowers
in
the
Fields
of
Enna
(
a
beautiful
place
,
situated
about
the
middle
of
the
Island
,
and
therefore
called
umbilicus
Siciliae
)
one
of
them
,
Proserpina
,
pleased
him
above
the
rest
,
for
she
surpassed
them
all
in
beauty
.
He
came
raging
with
love
,
and
carried
her
with
him
from
that
place
;
and
on
a
sudden
he
sank
into
the
Earth
near
Syracuse
;
in
the
place
where
he
descended
a
Lake
arose
.
Ibid.
And
Cicero
says
that
the
People
of
Syracuse
keep
yearly
Festivals
,
to
which
great
multitudes
of
both
Sexes
flock
.
O
poor
Lady
!
I
am
troubled
at
her
misfortune
,
her
unhappiness
moves
my
Compassion
.
But
what
followed
?
M.
The
Nymphs
her
Companions
were
grievously
affrighted
,
and
fled
away
to
any
place
where
they
could
expect
safety
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Ceres
,
the
Mother
of
Proserpine
,
comes
;
who
by
chance
was
absent
when
her
Daughter
was
stoln
;
she
seeks
her
Daughter
amongst
her
Acquaintance
,
a
long
time
,
but
in
vain
.
Therefore
in
the
next
place
she
kindles
Torches
,
by
the
Flame
burst
forth
from
the
top
of
the
Mountain
Aetna
,
and
goes
with
them
to
seek
her
Daughter
throughout
the
World
:
neither
did
she
give
over
her
vain
Labour
,
till
the
Nymph
Arethusa
fully
assured
her
that
Proserpine
was
stoln
by
Pluto
,
and
carried
down
into
his
Kingdoms
.
And
then
in
great
anger
she
hastned
and
expostulated
with
Iupiter
,
Serv.
●●
Georg.
concerning
the
Violence
that
was
offered
to
her
Daughter
.
In
short
Iupiter
promised
to
restore
Proserpine
again
,
if
she
had
not
yet
tasted
any
thing
in
Hell
.
Ceres
went
joyfully
down
,
and
Proserpine
full
of
triumph
and
gladness
,
prepar'd
to
return
again
into
this
World
;
when
one
Ascalaphus
Ascalaphus
discovers
,
that
he
saw
Proserpine
,
while
she
walked
in
Pluto's
Orchard
,
pluck
a
Pomegranate
and
eat
some
Grains
of
it
;
whereupon
Proserpine's
Journey
was
immediately
stopp'd
.
Ceres
,
the
Mother
,
amaz'd
at
this
new
mischance
,
and
incens'd
at
the
fatal
Discovery
of
Ascalaphus
,
turned
him
into
an
Owl
,
a
Bird
of
an
ill
Omen
,
and
unlucky
to
all
who
see
it
.
And
at
last
by
the
importunity
of
her
Prayers
to
Iupiter
,
she
extorted
this
Favour
from
him
,
that
he
should
give
leave
to
Proserpine
to
live
half
the
year
,
at
least
,
with
her
in
the
Heavens
;
and
the
other
half
she
might
be
below
in
Hell
with
her
Husband
.
Ovid.
Met.
l.
5.
Et
Dea
regnorum
Numen
commune
duorum
,
Cum
matre
est
totidem
,
totidem
cum
conjuge
menses
.
The
Goddess
now
in
either
Empire
sways
,
Six
Months
with
Ceres
,
six
with
Pluto
stays
.
Proserpine
afterwards
lov'd
this
disagreeable
Husband
so
much
,
that
she
was
jealous
;
and
changed
Mentha
,
Menth●
.
who
was
his
Mistress
,
into
a
Herb
of
her
own
Name
.
(
Mint
.
)
SECT.
II.
An
Explication
of
the
Fable
.
P.
YOU
have
told
a
very
pretty
Story
.
Pray
what
is
the
signification
of
it
?
M.
The
signification
of
it
is
this
.
Ceres
is
the
Earth
,
Var.
ap.
and
her
Daughter
Proserpine
the
Fertility
of
the
Earth
;
Aug.
7.
de
Civ
.
or
rather
the
Seed
by
which
it
is
fertile
.
Which
Seed
lies
buried
in
the
Ground
in
the
Winter
,
Euseb.
1.
praep.
Ev.
and
in
the
Summer
it
breaks
forth
and
becomes
Fruit.
Thus
Proserpine
(
the
Emblem
of
this
Seed
)
lives
half
of
the
year
in
Hell
,
and
the
other
half
in
Heaven
.
Others
refer
this
to
the
Moon
which
is
hid
from
us
in
the
Hemisphere
of
the
Countries
beneath
us
,
as
long
as
it
shines
to
●s
in
our
own
.
Some
believe
that
Hecate
is
the
same
with
Proserpine
.
And
if
you
are
willing
to
follow
their
Opinion
,
you
must
call
to
mind
what
I
said
before
,
where
I
treated
of
Diana
.
Let
us
now
turn
our
Eyes
towards
the
Tribunal
of
Pluto
;
where
you
see
in
that
dismal
Picture
,
continual
Trials
,
and
all
Persons
,
as
well
the
Accusers
as
Offenders
,
that
have
been
formerly
wicked
in
their
Lives
,
receive
their
Deaths
impartially
from
the
Three
Fates
;
after
Death
they
receive
their
Condemnation
impartially
from
Three
Iudges
,
and
after
Condemnation
their
Punishment
impartially
from
Three
tormenting
Furies
.
CHAP.
VI.
The
FATES
.
P.
WHere
are
those
Fates
?
Shew
me
Sir
.
M.
Those
three
Old
Ladies
are
the
Fates
:
Catull.
in
Epit.
their
Garments
are
made
of
Ermine
white
as
Snow
,
Thet.
which
is
bordered
with
Purple
.
Hesiod
.
They
were
born
either
of
Nox
and
Erebus
,
or
of
Necessity
,
Plat.
l.
10.
de
rep.
or
the
Sea
,
or
of
that
rude
and
indigested
Mass
,
Lycophr
.
which
the
Antients
called
Chaos
.
In
Latin
their
Name
is
Parcae
,
from
Partus
,
as
Varro
thinks
;
because
they
distribute
good
and
bad
things
to
Persons
at
their
Births
.
Serv.
in
Ae●
.
1.
Or
from
parcendo
,
by
an
Antiphrasis
,
as
others
generally
say
,
because
they
spare
no
body
:
Euseb
6.
praep.
they
are
likewise
called
Fatum
,
Fate
;
and
are
Three
in
number
,
because
they
order
the
past
,
present
and
future
time
.
Fate
says
Tully
,
is
all
that
,
De
fat
.
&
1.
de
Divin
.
quod
à
Deo
constitutum
&
designatum
est
,
ut
eveniat
,
quod
Graeci
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
appellant
:
Boet.
n.
Top.
Which
God
hath
decreed
and
resolved
shall
come
to
pass
;
and
which
the
Grecians
call
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
It
is
,
says
Chrysippus
,
a
perpetual
certain
and
unavoidable
series
and
chain
of
things
:
Sempiterna
quaedam
&
indeclinabilis
rerum
series
&
catena
sese
volvens
&
implicans
per
dexteros
consequentiae
ordines
,
è
quibus
connexa
est
;
Wrapping
up
and
enfolding
up
itself
in
an
order
of
consequences
,
which
compose
the
several
links
,
and
follow
one
another
to
all
eternity
.
Var.
ap.
Lil.
Fatum
is
derived
from
fando
:
because
when
any
one
is
born
these
three
Sisters
pronounce
what
Fate
will
befal
him
;
as
we
saw
above
in
the
Story
of
Meleager
.
P.
What
are
their
Names
and
Offices
?
M.
The
Name
of
one
is
Clotho
,
from
the
Verb
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
to
spin
.
The
Second
is
call'd
Lachesis
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
sortior
.
The
Third
Atropos
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
priv
.
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
verto
;
because
she
is
unalterable
,
unchangeable
.
These
Names
the
Grecians
give
them
;
the
Romans
call
them
Nona
,
Decima
,
and
Morta
.
To
them
is
entrusted
the
management
of
the
fatal
Thread
of
Life
.
C●sen
.
For
Clotho
draws
the
Thread
betwixt
her
Fingers
.
Viod
.
ap.
Gyr.
Lachesis
turns
about
the
Wheel
:
and
Atropos
cuts
the
Thread
spun
,
with
a
pair
of
Scissors
.
That
is
,
Clotho
gives
us
Life
,
and
brings
us
into
the
World
.
Lachesis
determines
the
Fortune
that
shall
befal
us
here
:
and
Atropos
concludes
our
Lives
.
One
,
says
Servius
,
speaks
,
the
other
writes
,
and
the
third
spins
.
(
Aen.
1.
)
CHAP.
VII
.
The
FURIES
.
P.
AND
what
are
those
Monsters
called
,
that
have
the
Faces
of
Women
.
Their
looks
are
full
of
Terror
;
they
hold
lighted
Torches
in
their
hands
:
Snakes
and
Serpents
lash
their
Necks
and
Shoulders
?
M.
They
are
the
Furies
,
Furiae
;
Virg.
3.
who
are
so
called
,
Aen.
8.
4.
6.
12.
quòd
homines
sceleratos
in
furorem
agant
;
because
they
make
Men
mad
with
the
stings
of
Conscience
.
They
are
otherwise
call'd
Dirae
,
Eumenides
and
Canes
;
but
their
proper
Names
are
Alecto
,
Tisiphone
and
Megaera
,
three
Sisters
born
of
Nox
and
Acheron
,
Suid.
&
Orph.
in
hymn
.
and
they
are
esteemed
Virgins
;
because
,
since
they
are
the
Avengers
of
all
Wickedness
,
nothing
can
pervert
them
from
inflicting
the
punishment
that
is
due
to
the
Offender
.
P.
Why
are
there
only
three
Furies
?
M.
Because
there
are
three
predominant
Passions
of
the
Mind
,
Isid.
ap.
Gyr.
Anger
,
Covetousness
and
Lust
,
by
which
Mankind
is
chiefly
hurried
into
all
sorts
of
Wickedness
.
For
Anger
begets
Revenge
.
Covetousness
provokes
us
to
get
immoderate
Wealth
by
right
or
wrong
:
and
Lust
persuades
us
to
pursue
our
Pleasures
at
any
rate
.
Eurip.
in
Herc.
fur
.
Indeed
some
add
a
fourth
Fury
,
called
Lisse
,
Madness
;
but
she
is
easily
reduced
to
the
other
three
.
As
also
Erinnys
,
a
Name
common
to
them
all
.
P.
What
is
the
Office
of
these
Furies
?
M.
They
are
appointed
to
observe
and
punish
the
Crimes
of
ill
Men
;
and
to
torment
the
Consciences
of
secret
Offenders
.
Whence
they
are
commonly
also
entitled
.
Deae
Speculatrices
&
vindices
facinorum
;
The
Goddesses
,
the
Discoverers
and
Revengers
of
evil
Actions
.
They
punish
and
torment
the
Wicked
,
by
frightning
and
following
them
with
burning
Torches
.
You
see
the
Picture
of
them
there
;
now
hear
their
Description
in
Virgil.
Aen.
l
2.
Dicuntur
geminae
pestes
,
cognomine
Dirae
,
Quas
&
Tartaream
,
Nox
intempesta
Megaeram
,
Uno
eodemque
tulit
partu
,
paribusque
revinxit
,
Serpentum
spiris
,
ventosasque
addidit
alas
.
There
are
two
Hags
,
the
Dirae
stil'd
,
brought
forth
By
everlasting
Night
,
at
one
sad
Birth
,
To
Hell's
Megaera
,
who
with
Sergents
join'd
,
Girded
their
wasts
,
and
wings
with
tempest
lin'd
.
P.
What
did
the
Poets
intend
by
these
Furies
?
M.
Only
,
says
Cicero
,
that
they
who
have
done
any
wicked
and
unlawful
thing
are
tormented
and
affrighted
,
not
with
the
Blows
,
and
the
Burning
Torches
of
the
Furies
,
as
it
is
in
the
Fable
,
but
with
the
Stings
of
their
own
evil
Consciences
.
Sua
enim
quemque
fraus
(
says
he
,
Or.
pro
Rosc.
Am.
)
&
suus
terror
maxime
vexat
:
suum
quemque
scelus
exagitat
,
amentiaque
afficit
;
suae
malae
cogitationes
,
conscientiaeque
animi
terrent
.
Hae
sunt
impiis
ass●duae
domesticae
Furiae
,
quae
dies
noctesque
poenas
à
sceleribus
repetunt
.
Every
ones
own
Fraud
,
and
his
own
Terror
vexes
him
most
.
Every
ones
own
Wickedness
torments
and
enrages
him
:
his
own
evil
Thoughts
,
and
the
Lashes
of
his
Conscience
affright
●m
.
These
are
constant
and
domestick
Furies
to
the
wicked
;
that
night
and
day
exact
the
punishment
of
them
that
their
Crimes
deserve
CHAP.
VIII
.
NIGHT
,
DEATH
,
SLEEP
.
P.
YOU
have
made
mention
of
Nox
and
Erebus
.
Are
they
(
I
pray
you
)
of
the
number
of
the
Gods
?
M.
Yes
,
Nox
,
is
of
all
the
Gods
the
most
Antient
;
she
was
the
Brother
of
Erebus
,
and
the
Daughter
of
the
first
Chaos
.
And
of
those
two
Nox
and
Erebus
,
Mors
,
Death
,
Hor.
2.
serm.
was
born
;
who
is
dress'd
usually
with
a
speckled
Garment
and
black
Wings
.
Orph.
in
hymn
.
II.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
But
there
are
no
Temples
,
nor
Sacrifices
,
nor
Priests
consecrated
to
Mors
:
because
she
is
a
Goddess
whom
no
Prayers
can
move
,
Virg.
5.
nor
Sacrifices
pacifie
.
Aen.
Somnus
,
Sleep
,
Ovid.
hath
Wings
too
;
Met.
11.
and
is
thus
saluted
by
Iris
in
the
Name
of
Iuno
,
when
she
came
to
his
Palace
.
Somne
,
quies
rerum
,
placidissime
Somne
Deorum
,
Pax
animi
,
quem
cura
fugit
,
qui
corpora
duris
Fessa
ministeriis
mulces
,
reparasque
labori
.
Thou
rest
o'
th'
World
,
Sleep
,
the
most
peaceful
God
,
Who
driv'st
care
from
the
mind
,
and
dost
unload
The
tir'd
Limbs
of
all
their
weariness
,
And
for
new
Toil
the
Body
dost
refresh
.
Virgil
says
,
that
there
are
in
this
Palace
of
Somnus
two
Gates
,
by
which
Dreams
pass
and
repass
.
Sunt
geminae
Somni
porte
,
Aen.
6.
quarum
altera
fertur
Cornea
,
qua
veris
facilis
datur
exitus
umbris
:
Altera
candenti
perfecta
nitens
Elephanto
:
Sed
falsa
ad
coelum
mittunt
insomnia
manes
.
There
are
two
Gates
of
Sleep
,
one
made
of
Horn
,
Through
which
true
Visions
to
the
Skies
are
born
:
The
other
Ivory
,
polish'd
purely
bright
,
Whence
false
Dreams
sally
to
Ethereal
Light
.
Morpheus
the
Servant
of
Somnus
,
Ovid.
11.
Met.
Virg.
6.
Aen.
who
can
put
on
any
shape
or
figure
,
presents
these
Dreams
to
those
who
sleep
;
and
these
Dreams
are
brought
from
a
great
spreading
Elm
in
Hell
,
under
whose
shade
they
usually
sit
.
CHAP.
IX
.
The
Iudges
of
Hell
,
MINOS
,
AEACUS
,
RHADAMANTHUS
.
NEAR
the
three
Furies
,
Hom.
2.
Odyss.
and
the
three
Fates
,
you
see
the
three
Iudges
of
Hell
,
Minos
,
Rhadamanthus
and
Aeacus
;
who
are
believed
to
be
the
Judges
of
the
Souls
of
the
Dead
;
because
they
exercised
the
Offices
of
Judges
in
Crete
with
the
greatest
Prudence
,
Discretion
and
Justice
.
The
two
first
were
the
Sons
of
Iupiter
by
Europa
;
the
last
was
the
Son
of
Iupiter
by
Aegina
;
and
when
all
the
Subjects
of
Queen
Aegina
were
swept
away
in
a
Plague
,
Ovid.
7.
Met.
besides
himself
,
he
begged
of
his
Father
,
that
he
would
repair
the
Race
of
Mankind
,
(
which
was
almost
extinct
)
and
Iupiter
heard
his
Prayer
.
And
turned
a
great
multitude
of
Ants
which
crept
about
an
hollow
old
Oak
,
into
Men
;
who
afterwards
were
called
Myrmidones
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
an
Ant.
These
Three
had
their
particular
Province
assigned
by
Pluto
in
this
manner
,
Plat.
in
Gorgia
.
that
Rhadamanthus
should
judge
the
Asiaticks
,
and
Aeacus
the
Europeans
;
each
holding
a
Staff
in
his
Hand
.
But
Minos
should
have
a
Golden
Sceptre
,
and
sit
alone
,
and
over-see
the
Judgments
of
Rhadamanthus
and
Aeacus
.
And
if
in
their
Courts
there
arose
a
Case
that
was
ambiguous
and
difficult
,
then
Minos
should
●ake
the
Cognizance
thereof
,
and
decide
it
.
Tully
(
in
Tusc.
lib.
1.
)
adds
to
these
a
fourth
Judge
,
Triptolemus
.
But
we
have
already
discoursed
of
him
in
his
place
.
CHAP.
X.
SECT.
I.
The
most
Famous
of
the
Condemned
in
Hell
.
FRom
the
Iudges
,
let
us
proceed
to
the
Criminals
,
whom
you
see
represented
there
in
horrid
Colours
.
It
will
be
enough
if
we
remark
the
most
celebrated
of
them
,
and
shew
their
Crimes
,
and
the
Punishments
which
accrued
to
them
from
thence
.
SECT.
II.
The
Giants
.
THese
Giants
were
the
Sons
of
Terra
(
the
Earth
)
when
it
was
impregnated
by
the
Blood
of
Coelum
,
which
flowed
from
that
dishonourable
Wound
which
his
Son
Saturn
gave
him
.
Hesiod
in
Theog
.
They
are
all
very
high
in
Stature
,
with
horrible
Dragons
Feet
,
their
Looks
and
their
Bodies
are
altogether
full
of
Terror
.
Their
Impudence
was
so
great
,
Homer
.
that
they
strove
to
depose
Iupiter
from
the
possession
of
Heaven
.
Odyss.
12.
And
when
they
engaged
with
the
Celestial
Gods
,
they
heaped
up
Mountains
upon
Mountains
,
Ovid.
1.
and
from
thence
darted
Trees
,
Met.
set
on
fire
,
against
the
Gods
and
Heaven
.
They
hurled
likewise
prodigious
massy
Stones
,
Duris
Samius
.
and
solid
Rocks
,
some
of
which
falling
upon
the
Earth
again
,
became
Mountains
;
others
fell
into
the
Sea
,
and
became
Islands
.
This
Battel
was
fought
upon
the
Phlegraean
Plains
near
the
Borders
of
Campania
,
Nat.
Com.
l.
6.
which
Country
is
called
Phlegra
from
Phlego
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
uro
,
for
it
abounds
with
subterraneous
Fires
,
and
hot
Baths
,
which
flow
continually
.
The
Giants
were
beaten
,
and
all
cut
off
either
by
the
Thunder
of
Iupiter
,
the
Arrows
of
Apollo
,
or
by
the
Arms
of
the
rest
of
the
Gods
.
And
some
say
,
that
out
of
the
Blood
of
the
slain
,
which
was
spilt
upon
the
Earth
,
Serpents
,
and
such
envenomed
and
pernicious
Animals
were
produced
.
The
most
eminent
of
these
Giants
were
,
Typhaeus
or
Typhon
,
the
Son
of
Iuno
;
Homer
.
hymn
.
in
Apollon.
conceived
by
her
without
a
Father
:
so
vast
was
his
Magnitude
,
that
,
he
touched
the
East
with
one
Hand
,
and
the
West
with
the
other
,
and
the
Heavens
with
the
Crown
of
his
Head
.
A
hundred
Dragons
Heads
grew
from
his
Shoulders
;
his
Body
was
covered
with
Wings
,
and
rugged
Hair
;
his
Eyes
sparkled
with
Fire
,
and
his
Mouth
belch'd
out
Flames
.
Yet
he
was
overcome
,
and
the
Island
Sicily
was
thrown
upon
him
,
the
whole
Island
was
scarcely
big
enough
to
cover
him
.
Ovid.
(
Met.
lib.
5.
)
Nititur
ille
quidem
,
pugnatque
resurgere
saepe
:
Dextra
sed
Ausonio
manus
est
subjecta
Peloro
,
Laeva
,
Pachyne
,
tibi
;
Lilybaeo
curra
premuntur
;
Praegravat
Aetna
caput
.
Ausonian
Pelorus
his
right
hand
Down
weighs
;
Pachyne
on
the
left
doth
stand
;
His
legs
are
under
Lilybaeus
spred
;
And
Aetna's
bases
charge
his
horrid
head
.
Pelorus
,
Pachynus
and
Lilybaeus
,
are
the
three
Promontories
,
which
are
the
the
three
Corners
of
Sicily
;
the
Island
bears
the
shape
of
a
Triangle
,
and
is
from
thence
called
Trinacria
.
Aegaeon
,
was
another
prodigious
and
fierce
Giant
who
had
an
hundred
Hands
,
and
fifty
Heads
,
according
to
Virgil.
(
Aen.
10.
)
Aegaeon
qualis
,
centum
cui
brachia
dicunt
,
Centenasque
manus
,
quinquaginta
oribus
ignem
Pectoribusque
arsisse
:
Iovis
cum
fulmina
con●ra
Tot
paribus
streperet
clypeis
,
tot
stringeret
enses
.
Such
they
the
hundred
handed
Giant
fame
,
Who
belch'd
from
fifty
mouths
devouring
Flame
,
When
arm'd
against
Jove's
Thunder-bolts
,
he
wields
As
many
Swords
,
as
many
ratling
Shields
.
Wherefore
he
was
called
Centumgeminus
;
Hom.
Il.
1.
and
by
the
Graecians
Briareus
.
He
hurled
a
hundred
Rocks
against
Iupiter
at
one
throw
.
Yet
Iupiter
dashed
him
down
and
bound
him
in
a
hundred
Chains
;
and
thrust
him
under
the
Mountain
Aetna
:
Callimach
.
in
lavacr
.
Del.
where
as
often
as
he
moves
his
sides
,
the
Mountain
casts
forth
great
Flames
of
Fire
.
Aloeus
,
Virg.
6.
because
of
his
Age
could
not
in
this
War
take
up
Arms
against
the
Gods
.
Aen.
But
he
sent
Othus
and
Ephialtes
(
which
his
Wife
had
by
Neptune
,
who
from
him
were
called
Aloïdae
)
they
went
in
their
Father
Aloeus's
stead
,
and
assisted
the
Giants
.
But
the
same
Fate
attended
them
,
and
also
suffered
the
punishment
of
their
rashness
in
Hell
.
Tityus
was
the
Son
of
Iupiter
and
Elara
;
Apoll.
1.
born
in
a
subterraneous
Cave
,
in
which
Iupiter
hid
his
Mother
,
fearing
the
Anger
of
Iuno
.
She
brought
forth
a
Child
of
so
prodigious
a
bulk
,
that
the
Earth
was
rent
that
he
might
have
a
passage
out
of
the
Cave
;
and
from
thence
he
was
believed
to
be
the
Son
of
the
Earth
.
Iuno
afterwards
persuaded
this
Giant
to
accuse
Latona
of
Adultery
;
whereupon
Iupiter
struck
him
with
Thunder
down
into
Hell
.
And
there
he
lies
stretched
out
and
covers
nine
Acres
of
Ground
with
his
Body
;
a
Vulture
continually
gnaws
his
Liver
,
which
grows
again
every
Month.
Virgil
describes
him
in
the
same
manner
.
Aen.
6.
Necnon
&
Tityum
Terrae
omniparentis
alumnum
Cernere
erat
;
cui
tota
novem
per
jugera
corpus
Porrigitur
,
rostroque
immanis
vultur
adunco
,
Immortale
jecur
tundens
,
foecundaque
poenis
Viscera
,
rimaturque
epulis
,
habitatque
sub
alto
Pectore
,
nec
fibris
requies
datur
ulla
renatis
.
Th'
All-parent
Earth's
huge
Off-spring
I
beheld
,
Tityus
,
whose
Body
nine
whole
Acres
fill'd
;
Where
a
huge
Vulture
,
with
a
crooked
Bill
,
Li●s
tearing
his
immortal
Liver
still
,
And
,
Dainties
searching
,
dwells
upon
his
Breast
,
Nor
grants
to
his
renewing
Bowels
rest
.
To
these
we
may
add
the
Titans
,
the
Sons
of
Terra
and
Coelum
.
Aeschyl●●●
Prometh
.
The
Chief
of
whom
was
Titanus
Saturn's
elder
Brother
,
who
made
War
against
Iupiter
,
because
Iupiter
usurp'd
that
Kingdom
which
was
due
to
him
by
hereditary
right
.
In
this
War
Titan
and
his
Party
were
beaten
,
and
afterwards
cast
down
into
Hell
.
SECT.
III.
Other
Famous
Offenders
.
PHlegyas
,
King
of
the
Lapithae
in
Thessalia
,
was
the
Father
of
the
Nymph
Coronis
;
and
when
he
heard
that
Apollo
had
debauch'd
his
Daughter
,
he
went
in
anger
,
and
fired
the
Temple
of
Apollo
at
Delphi
.
For
which
the
God
shot
him
through
the
Body
with
an
Arrow
,
and
ordained
him
this
punishment
;
a
great
Stone
hangs
over
his
Head
,
which
he
imagines
every
moment
will
fall
down
and
crush
him
in
pieces
.
Thus
he
sits
perpetually
fearing
what
will
never
come
to
pass
;
which
make
him
frequently
cry
out
,
(
Virg.
Aen.
6.
)
Discite
justitiam
montii
,
&
non
temnere
Divos
.
Learn
Iustice
hence
,
and
don
't
despise
the
Gods
.
Ixion
was
the
Son
of
this
Phlegyas
.
He
killed
his
own
Sister
,
and
obtained
his
Pardon
from
the
Gods
,
who
advanced
him
to
Heaven
;
his
Prosperity
made
him
wanton
,
so
that
he
attempted
to
violate
Iuno
.
It
was
told
to
Iupiter
who
sent
a
Cloud
in
the
shape
of
Iuno
;
which
the
deceived
Lover
embraced
,
and
from
thence
those
Monsters
the
Centaurs
were
born
.
Whereupon
he
was
thrown
down
to
the
Earth
again
;
where
because
he
boasted
every
where
that
he
knew
the
Queen
of
the
Gods
,
he
was
struck
with
Thunder
down
into
Hell
,
and
tied
fast
to
a
Wheel
,
which
turns
about
●ontinually
.
Salmoneus
,
King
of
Elis
;
whose
ambition
was
not
satisfied
with
an
earthly
Crown
,
for
he
desired
Divine
Honours
,
and
that
the
People
might
esteem
him
a
God
;
he
built
a
brazen
Bridge
over
the
City
,
and
drove
his
Chariot
over
it
,
imitating
,
by
this
noise
,
Iupiter's
Thunder
;
he
threw
down
lighted
Torches
,
and
those
who
were
struck
by
them
,
were
taken
and
killed
.
Iupiter
would
not
suffer
so
great
insolence
,
wherefore
he
threw
the
proud
Man
head-long
out
of
his
Stage
into
Hell
,
where
I
saw
him
,
says
he
in
Virgil
Aen.
6.
Vidi
crudeles
dantem
Salmonea
poenas
;
Dum
flammas
Iovis
&
sonitus
imitatur
Olympi
.
I
saw
Salmoneus
as
he
tortur'd
sate
,
Who
Lightning
could
,
and
Thunder
imitate
;
Sisyphus
was
a
famous
Robber
,
killed
by
Theseus
.
He
is
condemned
in
Hell
to
roll
a
great
,
&
non
exsuperabile
saxum
,
and
an
insuperable
stone
,
to
the
top
of
a
high
Hill
;
and
as
oft
as
the
Stone
almost
touches
the
top
of
the
Mountain
,
it
slides
down
again
.
The
Belides
,
Herod
.
in
Argon
.
fifty
Virgins
Sisters
,
so
called
from
their
Grandfather
Belus
,
named
also
Danaïdes
,
from
their
Father
Danaus
,
who
married
them
to
the
fifty
Sons
of
his
Brother
.
The
Oracle
foretold
,
that
Danaus
should
be
slain
by
his
Son-in-Law
,
wherefore
he
commanded
his
Daughters
to
provide
Daggers
,
and
on
their
Wedding
Nights
,
to
kill
all
their
Husbands
.
All
the
Daughters
performed
their
Promises
and
killed
their
Husbands
;
but
Hypermnestra
spared
Lynceus
her
Husband
,
who
afterwards
killed
Danaus
,
and
took
his
Kingdom
.
This
great
Impiety
was
thus
punished
,
they
are
condemned
to
draw
water
out
of
a
deep
Well
,
and
fill
a
Tub
,
that
like
a
Sieve
,
is
full
of
holes
.
The
water
runs
out
of
the
Tub
,
as
fast
as
it
is
put
in
,
so
that
they
are
tormented
with
an
unprofitable
labour
,
without
end
.
Thus
Ovid
says
of
them
.
(
Met.
l.
4.
)
Assiduas
repetunt
,
quas
perdunt
Belides
undas
.
They
hourly
fetch
the
Water
that
they
spill
.
Tantalus
is
another
remarkable
Criminal
,
Euseb.
he
was
the
Son
of
Iupiter
by
the
Nymph
Plota
.
Praep.
Eu.
He
invited
all
the
Gods
to
a
Feast
,
to
get
a
plain
and
clear
proof
of
their
Divinity
;
when
they
came
,
he
killed
and
quartered
his
own
Son
Pelops
,
Pelop●
.
and
boiled
him
,
and
set
the
joynt●
before
them
to
eat
.
All
the
Gods
abstained
from
such
horrid
Diet
,
except
Ceres
,
who
eat
one
of
the
Child's
Shoulders
.
Afterwards
the
Gods
sent
Mercury
to
re-cal
him
to
Life
,
and
gave
him
an
Ivory
Shoulder
,
instead
of
the
Shoulder
which
Ceres
had
eaten
.
Pindar
.
in
Olymp.
This
Pelops
was
the
Husband
of
Hippodamia
,
of
whom
Atreus
and
Thyestes
were
born
.
Attreus
Thyestes
.
The
latter
whereof
was
banished
,
because
he
corrupted
his
Brother
Atreus's
Wife
;
and
when
he
was
re-called
from
thence
,
he
eat
up
those
Children
that
he
had
by
her
.
For
Atreus
killed
them
,
and
brought
them
in
Dishes
to
the
Table
,
where
he
and
Thyestes
Dined
together
.
It
is
said
that
the
Sun
was
not
able
to
endure
so
horrible
a
sight
,
but
turned
his
Course
back
again
to
the
East
.
But
as
Tantalus's
Crime
was
greater
so
was
his
Punishment
.
For
he
is
tormented
with
eternal
Hunger
and
Thirst
,
in
the
midst
of
Plenty
both
of
Meat
and
Drink
.
Homer
.
Odyss.
●
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
For
he
stands
in
water
up
to
the
Lips
,
but
cannot
drink
it
;
and
Meat
is
placed
just
by
his
Mouth
,
which
he
cannot
take
hold
on
.
Besides
(
Virg.
Aen.
6.
)
Hunc
super
atra
silex
jamjam
lapsura
,
cadentique
Imminet
assimilis
.
—
A
huge
Stone
Ready
to
drop
hangs
o'er
his
cursed
head
The
former
part
of
his
punishment
is
thus
expressed
by
Ovid.
Quaerit
aquas
in
aquis
,
&
poma
fugacia
captas
Tantalus
;
hoc
illi
garrula
lingua
dedit
.
Half
drown'd
he
thirsts
,
the
dangling
apples
swing
From
's
gaping
chops
.
This
comes
of
pratling
.
For
they
say
he
divulged
the
secrets
of
the
Gods
unto
Men.
Now
this
Fable
of
Tantalus
represents
to
us
the
condition
of
a
Miser
;
who
in
the
midst
of
plenty
suffers
want
;
and
wants
as
much
the
things
which
he
hath
as
those
which
he
has
not
.
As
Horace
rightly
says
,
where
he
ridicules
the
covetous
man
thus
.
(
Serm.
lib.
1.
)
Tantalus
à
labris
sitiens
fugientia
captat
Flumina
.
Quid
rides
?
mutato
nomine
,
de
te
Fabula
narratur
.
Tho'
Tantalus
,
you
've
heard
,
do
stand
chin-deep
In
water
,
yet
he
cannot
get
a
sip
.
At
which
you
smile
:
now
all
on
't
would
be
true
,
Were
the
name
chang'd
,
and
the
tale
told
of
you
.
CHAP.
XI
.
Monsters
of
Hell
.
THere
are
many
strange
Pictures
of
these
infernal
Monsters
,
but
the
most
deformed
are
the
Centaurs
,
who
were
the
antient
Inhabitants
of
Thessalia
;
and
the
first
who
tamed
Horses
,
and
used
them
in
War
.
Their
Neighbours
,
who
first
saw
them
on
Horse-back
,
thought
that
they
had
partly
the
Members
of
a
Man
,
and
partly
the
Limbs
of
an
Horse
.
But
the
Poets
tell
us
another
Story
,
for
they
say
that
Ixion
begot
them
of
a
Cloud
,
which
he
believed
to
be
Iuno
;
from
whence
they
are
called
Nubigenae
in
Virgil
Aen.
6●
and
Bacchus
is
said
to
have
overcome
them
.
Geryon
,
because
he
was
the
King
of
the
three
Islands
which
are
called
Balearides
,
is
feigned
tricorporem
esse
&
tergeminum
,
to
have
three
bodies
.
Or
it
may
be
,
because
there
were
three
Brothers
of
the
same
Name
;
whose
Minds
and
Affections
were
so
united
,
that
they
seemed
to
be
governed
,
and
to
live
by
one
Soul
.
They
add
,
that
Geryon
kept
Oxen
,
which
devoured
the
Strangers
that
came
to
him
;
they
were
guarded
by
a
Dog
with
two
Heads
,
and
a
Dragon
with
seven
.
Hercules
killed
the
Guard
,
and
drove
the
Oxen
afterwards
away
.
The
Harpyes
,
Serv.
Aen.
1.
(
Harpyiae
)
are
so
called
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
rapio
.
They
were
born
of
Oc●anus
and
Terra
,
with
the
Faces
of
Virgins
,
the
Bodies
of
Birds
;
thei●
Hands
were
armed
with
Claws
,
and
their
Habitation
was
in
the
Islands
.
Their
Names
were
Aello
,
Ocypete
and
Celeno
;
which
last
brought
forth
Zephyrus
(
the
West-Wind
)
and
Balius
,
and
Xanthus
,
the
Horses
of
Achilles
.
Virgil
gives
us
a
description
of
these
three
Sisters
(
Aen.
3
)
thus
.
At
subito
horrisico
lapsu
de
montibus
adsunt
Harpyiae
;
&
magno
quatiunt
clangoribus
alas
:
Sivae
D●ae
,
seu
sint
Dirae
,
obscaenaeque
volucres
:
Tristius
haud
illis
monstrum
est
,
nec
saevior
ulla
Pestis
,
&
ira
Deum
,
Stygiis
sese
extulit
undis
.
Virginei
volucrum
vultus
,
foedissima
ventris
Proluvies
,
uncaeque
manus
,
&
pallida
semper
Ora
fame
.
But
from
the
Mountains
,
with
a
speedy
flight
,
On
thundring
Wings
Harpies
themselves
invite
;
Be
they
foul
Birds
,
Furies
,
or
Goddesses
.
No
Monster
like
to
these
,
no
Plague
more
fell
,
Nor
sharper
Vengeance
Heaven
e'er
call'd
from
Hell
.
These
Fowl
have
Virgins
Faces
,
and
hook'd
Claws
,
Still
purging
Bellies
,
always
greedy
Maws
,
With
Hunger
pale
.
To
the
three
Harpyes
,
Vir.
Aen.
6.
add
the
three
Gorgons
,
Medusa
,
Stheno
,
and
Euryale
;
who
were
the
Daughters
of
Phorcus
and
Cete
.
Instead
of
Hair
,
their
Heads
were
covered
with
Vipers
:
which
so
terrified
the
beholder
,
that
they
turned
him
presently
into
a
Stone
.
Perhaps
they
intended
to
represent
by
this
part
of
the
Fable
,
the
extraordinary
Beauty
of
these
Sisters
;
so
that
whosoever
saw
them
were
amazed
,
and
stood
fixed
like
Stones
.
There
were
other
Gorgones
besides
,
born
of
the
same
Parents
:
who
were
called
Lamiae
,
Aesch.
in
.
Prom.
or
Empusae
.
They
had
only
one
Eye
,
and
one
Tooth
,
common
to
them
all
:
They
kept
this
Tooth
and
Eye
at
home
in
a
little
Vessel
,
and
which
soever
of
them
went
abroad
,
she
used
them
.
Dion
.
Hist.
Lib.
They
had
the
Faces
of
Women
,
and
also
the
Necks
and
Breasts
.
But
below
they
were
covered
with
Scales
,
and
they
had
the
Tails
of
Serpents
.
They
used
to
entice
Men
and
then
devour
them
.
Their
Breasts
were
naked
,
and
their
Bosom
was
open
:
they
looked
on
the
ground
out
of
modesty
;
thus
they
tempted
Men
to
discourse
with
them
,
and
when
they
came
near
,
these
Lamiae
used
to
fly
in
their
Faces
,
and
strangle
them
,
and
tear
them
to
pieces
barbarously
.
And
what
more
plainly
expresses
the
devilish
Arts
of
wicked
Women
?
Against
whom
the
Scriptures
caution
us
in
these
words
,
Lamiae
nudaverunt
mammam
(
Lam.
4.
3.
)
The
Lamiae
have
made
naked
their
Breasts
.
Others
only
mention
one
Lamia
,
who
was
a
most
beautiful
Woman
:
Iupiter
debauch'd
her
,
Duris
.
2.
rer.
Libyc
.
and
Iuno
through
jealousie
,
deprived
her
of
the
Children
that
she
bore
;
she
became
distracted
with
grief
,
and
devoured
other
peoples
Children
in
their
Cradles
.
The
Chimaera
,
is
a
Monster
which
vomiteth
forth
fire
.
Hom.
II●
.
He
hath
the
Head
and
Breast
of
a
Lion
,
Hes.
in
Theog
.
the
Belly
of
a
Goat
,
and
the
Tail
of
a
Dragon
.
Prima
Leo
,
postrema
Draco
,
media
inde
Capella
.
And
so
Ovid
himself
describes
him
:
Quoque
Chimaera
jugo
,
mediis
in
partibus
hircum
,
Pectus
&
ora
Leae
,
caudam
Draconis
habebat
.
—
And
on
the
craggy
top
Chimaera
dwells
,
with
Lions
face
and
mane
,
A
Goats
rough
body
and
a
Dragons
train
.
A
Volcano
in
Lycia
occasioned
this
Fable
:
for
in
the
top
of
that
Mountain
were
Lions
,
in
the
middle
(
where
was
Pasture
)
Goats
lived
,
and
the
bottom
of
it
abounded
with
Serpents
.
Bellerophon
made
this
Mountain
habitable
,
and
is
therefore
said
to
have
killed
the
Chimaera
.
Pausan●
in
Corinth
.
The
Monster
Sphinx
was
begotten
of
Typhon
and
Echidna
.
Vid.
Nat.
Com.
She
had
the
Head
and
Face
of
a
young
Woman
,
the
Wings
of
a
Bird
,
and
the
Body
and
Feet
of
a
Dog
.
She
lived
in
the
Mountain
Sphincius
;
assaulted
all
Passengers
,
and
infested
the
Country
about
Thebes
;
insomuch
that
Apollo
was
consulted
concerning
her
;
who
returned
answer
;
that
,
unless
some
body
did
resolve
the
Riddle
of
Sphinx
,
there
would
be
no
end
of
that
great
evil
.
Many
endeavoured
to
explain
it
,
but
were
overcome
and
torn
in
pieces
by
the
Monster
.
Creon
at
that
time
was
King
of
Thebes
;
who
published
an
Edict
throughout
all
Greece
;
in
which
,
if
any
one
could
explain
the
Riddle
of
Sphinx
,
he
promised
,
that
he
would
give
him
to
Wife
his
own
Sister
Iocasta
.
The
Riddle
was
this
;
Quodnam
anima●
mane
quadrupes
,
meridie
bipes
,
vesperi
tripes
esset
?
What
Animal
is
that
,
which
goes
upon
four
Feet
in
the
morning
,
upon
two
at
noon
,
and
upon
three
at
night
?
Oedipus
encouraged
with
the
hopes
of
the
Reward
,
undertook
it
,
and
happily
explain'd
it
;
so
that
the
Sphinx
was
enraged
,
and
cast
her self
headlong
from
a
Rock
and
died
.
He
said
that
that
Animal
was
a
Man
:
who
in
his
Infancy
creeps
upon
his
Hands
and
Feet
,
and
is
quadrupes
:
but
afterwards
,
he
becomes
bipes
,
for
he
is
then
supported
by
nothing
but
by
his
two
feet
.
When
he
is
Old
,
his
Staff
like
a
third
foot
,
supports
him
in
walking
,
so
that
he
is
then
Tripes
.
This
Oedipus
was
the
Son
of
Laius
,
King
of
Thebes
,
Stat.
Theb.
1.
Plutar.
Aelian
.
&
alii
.
who
commanded
a
Soldier
to
destroy
him
in
a
Wood
,
because
the
Oracle
foretold
that
he
would
be
killed
by
his
own
Son
.
But
the
Soldier
being
moved
with
pity
towards
the
Child
,
and
afraid
to
imbrue
his
Hands
in
Royal
Blood
,
wherefore
he
pierced
his
Feet
with
a
Hook
,
and
hanged
him
upon
a
Tree
,
to
be
kill'd
with
Hunger
.
One
of
the
Shepherds
of
Polybus
,
King
of
Corinth
,
found
him
,
and
brought
him
to
the
Queen
,
who
,
because
she
had
no
Children
,
educated
him
as
her
own
Son
.
Oedipus
(
for
that
name
they
gave
him
from
his
swollen
feet
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
tumeo
,
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
pes
,
)
when
he
came
to
Age
,
knew
that
King
Polybus
was
not
his
Father
,
and
resolved
to
find
out
his
Parents
;
consulting
the
Oracle
,
he
was
told
that
he
should
meet
his
Father
in
Phocis
.
In
his
Journey
a
quarrel
arose
amongst
some
Passengers
,
and
he
killed
his
Father
,
whom
he
did
not
know
:
and
then
going
to
Thebes
,
he
overcame
Sphinx
,
and
for
his
reward
,
he
married
Iocasta
,
who
was
his
Mother
,
of
which
he
was
ignorant
:
he
had
by
her
two
Sons
,
Eteocles
and
Polynices
,
and
two
Daughters
,
Antigone
and
Ismena
.
When
afterwards
he
found
by
clear
proof
,
that
he
had
killed
his
Father
,
and
married
his
Mother
,
he
was
seized
with
so
great
madness
,
that
he
pulled
out
his
own
Eyes
;
and
had
killed
himself
,
if
his
Daughter
Antigone
(
who
led
him
about
after
he
was
blind
)
had
not
hindred
him
.
Senec.
Oedip.
Eteocles
and
Polynices
,
Stat.
in
Theb.
the
Sons
of
Oedipus
and
Iocasta
,
succeeded
their
Father
in
the
Government
,
they
reigned
a
Year
apiece
in
their
turns
.
Eteocles
reigned
the
first
Year
,
and
then
refused
to
admit
his
Brother
Polynices
to
the
Throne
.
Whereupon
a
War
arose
,
and
the
two
Brothers
in
a
Duel
killed
each
other
,
Their
Enmity
survived
their
Bodies
;
for
when
their
two
Bodies
were
placed
on
the
same
Pile
to
be
burnt
by
the
same
Fire
,
the
Flames
refused
to
unite
,
but
divided
themselves
into
two
parts
.
CHAP.
XII
.
The
Elysium
.
THere
is
a
place
in
the
Kingdom
below
,
abounding
with
pleasure
,
and
delights
,
which
is
called
the
Elysium
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
solutione
;
because
thither
the
souls
of
the
good
come
,
corporeis
solutae
vinculis
,
after
they
are
loosed
from
the
Chains
of
the
Body
;
when
they
have
been
purged
from
the
light
offences
,
that
they
have
contracted
in
this
World
.
Aeneas
received
this
description
from
one
of
the
Inhabitants
of
this
place
.
Virg.
Aen.
6.
Quisque
suos
patimur
manes
;
exinde
per
amplum
Mittimur
Elysium
,
&
pauci
laeta
arva
tenemus
.
All
suffer
for
themselves
;
few
to
the
vast
And
gladsome
fields
of
fair
Elysium
hast
.
Those
Fields
afterwards
are
describ'd
thus
by
the
same
Poet.
Ibid.
Devenere
locos
laetos
,
&
amoena
vireta
Fortunatorum
nemorum
,
sedesque
beatas
.
Largior
hic
campos
aether
&
lumine
vestit
Purpureo
,
solemque
suum
,
sua
sydera
norunt
.
This
done
,
they
came
to
Seats
of
joy
and
rest
,
Groves
,
happy
Ma●sions
of
the
ever
blest
,
Which
larger
Skies
cloath
with
a
Purple
Grey
,
New
Stars
attending
their
own
God
of
day
.
CHAP.
XIII
.
The
River
Lethe
.
THere
is
a
River
in
Hell
called
Lethe
,
from
the
Greek
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Forgetfulness
.
For
if
any
body
drinks
this
water
he
immediately
forgets
all
things
past
.
So
that
when
the
Souls
of
the
Pious
have
spent
many
Ages
in
the
Elysian
Fields
,
they
drink
the
Water
of
Lethe
,
and
are
believed
to
pass
into
new
Bodies
,
and
return
into
the
World
again
.
And
it
is
necessary
,
that
they
forget
both
the
pleasures
that
they
have
received
in
Elysium
,
and
the
miseries
that
they
did
heretofore
endure
in
this
life
,
that
they
may
willingly
return
into
this
miserable
life
again
.
(
Virg.
Aen.
6.
)
—
Animae
quibus
altera
fato
Corpora
debentur
,
Lethaei
ad
fluminis
undam
Securos
latices
,
&
longa
oblivia
potant
.
—
Souls
that
by
Fate
Are
doom'd
to
take
new
shapes
,
at
Lethe's
Brink
,
Quaff
secure
Draughts
,
and
long
Oblivion
drink
:
These
Souls
went
out
from
Elysium
by
that
Ivory
Gate
,
which
you
see
painted
in
the
lower
part
of
this
Wall
:
And
if
you
please
,
we
will
go
out
thro'
this
Gate
,
and
leave
these
infernal
Regions
,
to
view
more
beautiful
,
tho'
not
less
ridiculous
Images
of
the
other
Gods
.
PART
V.
Of
the
Dii
Minorum
Gentium
;
or
the
Subordinate
Deities
.
CHAP.
I.
The
Penates
.
NOW
Palaeophilus
,
let
us
view
the
fifth
division
of
this
Fabulous
Pantheon
,
in
which
are
contained
the
Dii
Minorum
Gentium
,
or
the
Subordinate
Deities
;
which
are
otherwise
called
Semones
,
Minuti
,
Plebeii
,
and
Patellarii
:
They
are
painted
without
confusion
in
very
good
order
,
and
very
distinctly
;
if
we
consider
how
infinite
the
number
of
them
was
.
It
is
plain
,
that
the
Romans
had
almost
as
many
Gods
as
there
are
things
.
And
indeed
,
how
great
is
the
number
of
Gods
who
preside
over
inconsiderable
things
,
since
there
are
three
Gods
to
keep
one
Door
;
first
,
the
God
Forculus
looks
after
the
Door
,
the
Goddess
Cardua
after
the
Hinges
,
and
Limentinus
after
the
Threshold
.
I
shall
consider
only
those
lightly
,
who
assist
or
any
ways
preserve
Mankind
from
their
Birth
to
their
Death
.
The
Penates
derive
their
name
from
Penus
,
De
Nat.
2.
Provision
:
est
enim
omne
,
quo
vescuntur
homines
,
penus
,
says
Tully
:
for
all
that
,
that
men
eat
is
included
in
the
name
of
Penus
.
Or
perhaps
,
quod
penitus
insident
,
because
they
are
placed
in
the
most
inward
and
secret
parts
of
Heaven
,
where
they
reign
,
says
Varro
;
and
thence
are
called
by
the
Poets
penetrales
,
Ap
Arnob
.
l.
3.
and
the
place
where
their
Images
were
kept
was
called
Penetrale
.
Yet
we
neither
know
their
number
,
nor
the
names
of
them
:
tho'
both
our
Lives
and
our
Understandings
are
owing
to
them
;
for
they
entirely
govern
us
by
their
reason
,
their
heat
,
and
their
spirit
.
The
antient
Hertrusci
called
them
Consentes
and
Complices
:
supposing
that
they
be
Iupiter's
Counsellors
,
and
the
chief
of
the
Gods
.
And
many
reckon
Iupiter
himself
,
together
with
Iuno
and
Minerva
,
among
the
Penates
.
But
I
shall
speak
something
more
clearly
in
this
matter
.
There
were
three
orders
of
the
Dii
Penates
.
Virg.
Aen.
1.
&
5.
1
:
Those
who
governed
Kingdoms
and
Provinces
,
and
were
absolutely
and
solely
called
Penates
.
2.
Those
who
presided
over
Cities
only
,
and
these
were
called
Patrii
Penates
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
the
Gods
of
the
Country
;
of
whom
Aeneas
speaks
in
Virgil
,
Tu
genitor
cape
sacra
manu
,
Macr.
3.
Patriosque
Penates
.
You
Father
of
our
holy
things
take
care
,
Sat.
14.
And
of
our
Country-Godlings
.
Virg.
Aen.
2.
&
4.
These
were
also
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Plut.
4.
Symp.
q.
1.
the
Great
Gods
.
Vir.
Aen.
8.
3.
Those
who
presided
over
particular
Houses
,
Cic.
pro
domo
.
and
were
called
Penates
parvi
:
of
whom
the
Poets
make
frequent
mention
,
and
particularly
Virgil
,
where
he
speaks
of
the
fifty
servant-Maids
,
whose
business
it
was
to
look
after
the
Victuals
,
&
flammis
adolere
Penates
,
(
Aen.
1.
)
And
in
another
place
he
says
,
&
sparsos
fraterna
caede
Penates
.
Again
it
is
observable
,
that
by
the
word
Penates
,
is
oftentimes
signified
the
Houses
themselves
,
in
which
these
Gods
were
worshipped
.
As
when
it
is
said
in
Virgil
(
Aen.
8.
)
Nostris
succede
Penatibus
hospes
;
Pro.
Sext.
Fab.
decl
.
260.
and
when
Tully
says
,
exterminare
aliquem
à
suis
penatibus
Diis
,
or
liberos
pellere
domo
,
ac
prohibere
Penatibus
:
In
which
Sentences
Penates
has
the
same
signification
with
Domus
.
Timaeus
,
Lib●
1.
and
from
him
Dionysius
says
,
that
these
Penates
had
no
proper
Shape
or
Figure
;
but
were
Wooden
or
Brazen
Rods
,
shaped
somewhat
like
Trumpets
.
But
it
is
also
thought
by
others
,
that
they
had
the
shape
of
Young
men
with
Spears
,
which
they
held
apart
from
one
another
.
CHAP.
II.
The
Lares
.
THE
Lares
were
the
issue
of
the
stoln
Embraces
of
Mercury
with
the
Nymph
Lara
:
for
when
by
her
prating
she
had
discovered
some
of
Iupiter's
Amours
:
He
was
enraged
●nd
cut
out
her
Tongue
and
banished
her
to
●he
Stygian
Lake
:
It
was
Mercury's
Office
to
convey
her
thither
,
in
the
Journey
he
ravished
her
.
(
Ovid.
Fast.
l.
2.
)
Fitque
gravis
,
Geminosque
parit
,
qui
compita
servant
:
Et
vigilant
nostra
semper
in
aede
Lares
.
Grows
big
,
and
brings
forth
Twins
,
the
Lares
call'd
,
That
guard
the
ways
,
and
Houshold
Gods
are
held
.
So
they
became
Domestick
Gods
,
and
presided
over
the
Ways
and
the
Streets
,
Mart.
3.
1.
Epigr.
and
were
worshipped
there
.
Arno.
32.
Varr.
de●re
rust
.
&
5.
de
ling.
Lat.
Fest.
ap.
Lil.
The
Games
,
Celebrated
in
their
honour
,
were
called
Compitalitii
,
and
Compitalitia
,
or
Compitalia
:
in
which
the
Effigies
of
Men
and
Women
,
made
of
Wooll
,
were
hung
in
the
Streets
;
and
so
many
Balls
,
made
of
Wooll
,
as
there
are
servants
in
the
Family
;
and
so
many
compleat
Images
,
as
there
were
Children
.
The
meaning
of
which
custom
was
this
;
These
Feasts
were
dedicated
to
the
Lares
,
who
were
esteemed
Infernal
Gods
;
the
People
desiring
hereby
that
these
Gods
would
be
contented
with
these
woollen
Images
,
and
spare
the
persons
represented
by
them
.
When
the
Roman
Youths
laid
aside
their
Childrens
Gowns
(
Bullas
)
they
Consecrated
and
hung
them
up
to
the
Dii
Lares
,
as
says
Persius
.
Bullaque
succinctis
Laribus
donata
pependit
.
These
Lares
were
cloathed
with
the
Skins
of
Dogs
,
according
to
Plutarch
in
Probl.
Nay
,
if
you
will
believe
Plautus
,
themselves
were
fashioned
in
the
shape
of
Dogs
.
Whence
that
Animal
was
sacred
to
them
:
And
the
place
,
which
was
Consecrated
to
them
was
called
Lararium
.
In
their
Sacrifices
,
Tibul.
l.
1.
they
offered
the
first
of
the
Fruits
of
the
year
;
Juven.
Sat.
9.
&
12.
and
supplicated
them
with
Wine
and
Incense
;
Arnob.
5.
ex
Var.
and
adorned
them
with
Chaplets
and
Garlands
.
The
beginning
of
which
Worship
came
from
hence
;
that
antiently
the
dead
,
who
were
buried
at
home
,
were
worshipped
as
Gods
,
and
called
Lares
.
And
besides
we
find
in
Pliny
(
Epist.
l.
10.
)
That
they
sacrificed
with
Wine
and
Incense
,
to
the
Images
of
the
Emperours
,
whilst
they
yet
lived
.
CHAP.
III.
SECT.
I.
The
Genii
.
Their
Name
.
GEnius
is
derived
from
Geno
(
a
word
heretofore
used
for
Gigno
;
)
Aug.
7.
de
Civ
.
for
they
thought
that
this
Genius
or
spirit
of
Nature
could
produce
and
beget
all
things
.
Cic.
2.
deor
.
&
2.
de
invent
.
or
because
it
assisted
in
our
Generation
,
Censor
.
de
die
nat
.
3.
or
because
it
is
generated
with
us●
or
lastly
because
it
protects
and
defends
us
when
we
are
begotten
.
Isidor
.
8.
Etym.
●
.
ult.
Whence
the
marriage
Bed
,
called
Genialis
Lectus
,
was
adorned
to
the
honur
of
this
Genius
;
and
the
day
of
our
Births
,
which
is
usually
spent
in
extraordinary
mirth
,
was
also
called
Genialis
dies
.
And
in
like
manner
those
who
live
merrily
,
and
pass
their
time
in
ease
and
softness
,
according
to
the
inclinations
of
their
minds
are
said
to
favour
their
Genlus
,
and
to
live
a
genial
life
.
These
Genii
were
by
the
Grecians
called
Daemones
,
Plat.
in
Cratylo
.
Isidor
.
8.
Etym.
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
exterreo
,
pavefacio
,
as
Eusebius
thinks
:
or
quasi
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
prudentes
,
scientes
,
periti
,
rerumque
praescii
;
because
they
gave
oracular
answers
to
those
who
consulted
them
.
Ex
Hes.
ap.
Plat.
ibid.
Lid.
de
orac
.
def.
Whence
some
think
,
that
famous
and
very
deserving
Men
become
Daemons
after
their
Deaths
:
who
are
says
Plutarch
,
a
middle
sort
betwixt
Men
and
Gods
.
SECT.
II.
Their
Images
.
THE
Images
,
Stat.
5.
Theb.
of
the
Genii
,
resembled
for
the
most
part
the
form
of
a
Serpent
;
according
to
Persius
and
his
Commentators
,
Sat.
1.
Pinge
duos
angues
,
pueri
,
sacer
est
locus
;
extra
Meiite
.
Paint
here
two
Snakes
,
my
Lads
,
sacred's
the
place
,
Pray
piss
without
.
Sometimes
also
they
were
like
a
Boy
,
V.
Cerd
.
Corn.
in
Aen.
or
a
Girl
,
or
an
old
Man
;
and
crowned
with
the
Leaves
of
the
Plane●Tree
,
which
was
genialis
Arbor
,
a
Tree
sacred
to
the
Genii
.
SECT.
III.
Sacrifices
.
TO
the
Genii
were
sacrificed
Wine
and
Flowers
;
especially
upon
every
ones
birth-day
,
whence
says
Persius
(
Sat.
6.
)
Funde
merum
Genio
.
To
our
good
Genius
the
brisk
liquor
fill
.
And
Horace
(
2.
Epist.
1.
)
Floribus
&
vino
genium
memorem
brevis
horae
.
Mindful
how
soon
our
flitting
breath
is
gone
,
Our
Genius
we
with
Wine
and
Flowers
atone
.
To
those
,
Plut.
in
Aul.
Calph.
Ecl.
5.
Hor.
3.
Carm.
they
added
Incense
and
parched
bread
Corn
strewed
with
Salt
.
Sometimes
also
a
Swine
was
sacrificed
:
tho
Censorinus
writes
,
that
it
was
not
usual
to
Sacrifice
to
the
Genii
with
the
blood
and
slaughter
of
any
thing
,
since
we
ought
not
to
take
life
from
other
Creatures
on
that
day
in
which
we
received
it
.
SECT.
IV.
Offices
.
THE
Genii
were
appointed
the
continual
Guardians
,
Polit.
Miscell
.
c.
89.
Overseers
,
and
safe
Keepers
of
the
Men
(
as
the
Women's
Guardians
and
Protectors
were
Iuno's
)
from
their
Cradles
,
to
their
Graves
.
Arrian
.
in
Epict.
They
likewise
carried
the
Prayers
of
Men
to
the
Gods
,
and
interceded
for
them
.
Whence
some
call
them
Proestites
,
2.
De
nupt.
says
Martianus
,
quòd
praesunt
gerundis
omnibus
,
because
they
are
set
over
the
management
of
all
things
.
To
every
Person
were
assigned
two
Genii
,
Plut.
de
II.
&
o●ir
.
a
Bonus
Genius
,
and
a
Malus
Genius
:
Horace
calls
them
Album
and
Nigrum
Genium
,
(
2.
Ep.
2.
)
a
white
and
a
black
one
.
And
History
tells
us
,
that
there
did
appear
to
Cassius
a
black
and
evil
Genius
,
in
the
figure
of
a
Man
of
a
vast
Stature
:
they
asked
him
who
he
was
;
and
he
answered
,
se
esse
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
that
he
was
his
evil
Genius
(
Val.
Max.
lib.
1.
)
These
two
Genii
are
understood
,
says
Servius
,
in
those
words
of
the
Poet
:
Quisque
suos
patimur
Manes
.
(
Virg.
Aen.
6.
)
For
the
Good
Genius
which
is
given
to
us
at
our
births
,
impels
us
to
Virtue
,
and
the
evil
Genius
on
the
contrary
provokes
us
to
Vice
.
Nor
were
these
Genii
assigned
to
Men
only
;
for
several
Countries
had
their
Genius
,
who
therefore
was
called
Numen
loci
,
Id.
Aen.
7.
Prud.
in
Symn
.
the
Deity
of
the
place
.
Nay
Genii
were
allotted
to
all
Houses
,
and
Doors
,
and
Stables
,
and
Hearths
.
And
because
the
Hearths
were
usually
covered
with
Slates
(
laterculis
,
)
therefore
the
God
of
the
Hearths
was
called
Lateranus
.
Lib.
Syn.
1.
But
of
these
,
enough
.
Let
us
now
proceed
to
the
other
inferior
Deities
.
CHAP.
IV.
The
Nuptial
Gods
and
Goddesses
.
FIve
Deities
were
so
absolutely
necessary
to
all
Marriages
that
none
could
lawfully
be
solemnized
without
them
.
They
were
,
Iupiter
perfectus
seu
adultus
,
Iuno
perfecta
seu
adulta
,
Venus
,
Suada
,
and
Diana
.
Besides
which
were
worshipped
at
all
Marriages
several
Inferiour
Gods
and
Goddesses
(
minores
&
quasi
Plebii
Dii
.
)
Iugatinus
,
Ang.
de
Civ.
4.
cii
.
who
joyned
the
Man
and
the
Woman
together
in
jugo
Matrimonii
,
the
Yoak
of
Matrimony
.
Domiducus
,
Id.
ibid.
&
l.
9.
c.
9.
who
guided
the
Bride
into
the
Bridegrooms
House
,
(
domi
duceret
.
)
Domitius
,
who
should
keep
the
Bride
there
,
(
domi
teneret
.
)
Manturna
,
whose
Office
was
to
see
that
the
Wife
continued
with
her
Husband
.
Then
the
Goddess
Virginensis
,
and
also
the
Goddess
Cinxia
Iuno
,
was
invoked
when
the
Virgins
Girdle
was
unloosed
.
Priapus
or
Mutinus
,
Aug.
●●
in
whose
filthy
Lap
the
Bride
was
commanded
to
sit
,
according
to
a
very
religious
and
modest
custom
,
forsooth
!
Pertunda
,
or
Partunda
,
was
also
worshipped
;
concerning
her
St.
Augustin
thus
advises
us
,
parcatur
humanae
verecundiae
.
Spare
the
modesty
of
humane
Nature
.
Viriplaca
,
reconciles
Husbands
to
their
Wives
.
Val.
Max.
l.
2.
c.
●
.
A
Temple
at
Rome
was
Dedicated
to
her
;
whither
the
married
Couple
usually
repaired
when
any
quarrel
arose
between
them
;
and
speaking
to
one
another
there
,
the
things
which
were
fit
,
they
laid
aside
all
their
anger
,
and
returned
home
together
friendly
.
The
Goddess
Matuta
,
Ovid.
Met.
3.
according
to
the
opinion
of
some
,
was
the
Daughter
of
Cadmus
,
whom
the
Greeks
call
Leucothea
or
Ino.
Plut.
in
Camillo
.
&
quaest.
Rom.
1.
The
Maid
Servants
were
not
suffered
to
come
with
in
her
Temple
:
but
the
married
Women
admitted
one
of
them
,
and
afterwards
buffeted
her
.
Of
this
Goddess
no
Mother
desired
blessings
to
her
own
,
but
to
her
Sisters
Children
:
and
therefore
while
they
were
present
at
her
Sacrifices
,
they
carried
not
their
own
,
but
their
Sisters
Children
in
their
Arms.
The
Goddess
Mena
presided
over
the
Womens
monthly
Courses
;
Aug.
l.
7.
and
was
the
same
with
the
Moon
.
As
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
in
Greek
is
Luna
.
And
Februa
was
employed
in
the
same
affair
,
she
was
so
called
from
Februo
,
to
purge
.
CHAP.
V.
The
Gods
presiding
over
Women
with
Child
.
THree
Gods
assisted
big-bellied
Women
,
when
their
assistance
was
asked
.
Pilumnus
from
Pilum
,
a
Roling-Pin
which
we
use
in
making
of
Bread
.
Intercidona
,
the
Goddess
,
ab
intercisione
securis
,
the
cutting
of
the
Hatchet
in
felling
of
Wood.
Deverra
,
from
the
Brooms
quibus
verritur
;
with
which
things
are
brush'd
clean
.
And
by
the
means
of
these
three
Duties
,
the
Dii
Sylvani
(
the
wild
Gods
of
the
Woods
)
who
were
pernicious
to
breeding
Women
,
were
driven
away
.
For
as
neither
the
Trees
,
says
S.
Austin
,
are
cut
down
without
an
Ax
,
nor
Bread
made
without
a
Roller
,
nor
things
preserved
clean
without
a
Brush
;
so
since
those
Instruments
are
thought
signs
of
good
Housewifery
,
it
was
supposed
,
that
these
wild
uncleanly
Gods
would
never
dare
to
enter
into
the
Chamber
of
a
breeding
Woman
.
S.
August
.
de
Civit.
Dei
.
lib.
7.
CHAP.
VI.
The
Gods
and
Goddesses
presiding
over
Women
in
Labour
.
THese
Goddesses
assisted
Women
in
Travel
,
and
promoted
the
happy
Birth
of
the
Child
.
Iuno
Lucina
;
whose
Image
thus
formed
.
One
hand
was
empty
,
Nat.
Co.
and
ready
as
it
were
to
receive
the
newborn
Babe
,
the
other
hand
held
a
lighted
Torch
,
by
which
was
signified
,
that
light
of
life
,
which
all
who
are
born
enjoy
.
Diana
.
Catull.
carm.
ad
Dian.
12.
de
Nat.
1.
(
tho
some
make
no
difference
between
her
and
Lucina
)
Tymaeus
speaks
very
handsomely
,
when
he
relates
that
Diana's
Temple
was
burnt
the
same
night
in
which
Alexander
was
born
;
says
he
,
it
is
no
wonder
that
she
was
absent
from
her
House
,
when
her
assistance
was
necessary
at
the
Labour
of
Olympias
,
Alexander's
Mother
.
She
is
called
Solvizona
,
Theocr.
Phyll
.
17.
for
when
Women
lay
in
the
first
time
they
loosed
their
Zona
or
Girdle
and
dedicated
it
to
Diana
.
Egeria
is
so
called
à
partu
egerendo
,
from
casting
forth
the
Birth
.
Prosa
or
Prorsa
,
Gell.
l.
&
c
.
19.
Plut.
or
Parima
(
who
was
called
also
Postverta
and
Anteverta
)
looked
after
the
Birth
of
the
Child
;
Ro.
q.
25
Aelian
.
Val.
hist.
it
was
in
her
power
to
make
the
Birth
easie
and
regular
,
or
difficult
and
preposterous
.
Managaneta
,
presided
also
over
the
Infant
,
both
before
and
after
its
Birth
.
Lastly
,
the
Goddess
Latona
of
whom
we
have
spoken
in
her
place
.
It
was
thought
that
she
very
much
loved
a
Dunghil
Cock
:
because
a
Cock
was
present
when
she
brought
forth
Diana
and
Apollo
,
some
imagine
,
that
the
presence
of
a
Cock
renders
the
Womens
Labours
easie
.
Auson
.
Idyll
.
11.
Nixii
Dii
,
so
called
ab
enitendo
from
striving
.
Quòd
niteretur
tum
mater
,
tum
foetus
,
both
the
Mother
and
the
Child
struggle
at
that
time
.
The
Mother
struggles
thro'
pain
,
and
the
Child
,
that
he
may
come
into
the
World
.
CHAP.
VII
.
The
Deities
presiding
over
Infants
at
the
time
of
their
Birth
,
and
after
.
THese
Deities
presided
over
Children
in
the
time
of
their
Birth
and
afterwards
.
Aug.
4.
de
Civ
.
c.
11.
Ianus
,
who
should
open
Ianuam
vitae
,
the
Door
of
Life
,
to
them
.
Opis
,
who
opem
ferret
,
should
assist
them
when
they
come
into
the
World
.
Nascio
or
Natio
,
Aug.
4.
c.
8.
a
Goddess
so
call'd
from
the
Latin
Word
Nasci
to
be
born
.
Cunia
,
quae
cunis
praeest
,
who
attends
the
Cradle
,
and
watches
the
Infants
while
they
lie
and
sleep
.
Carmenta
,
who
sings
their
Destinies
.
Vagitanus
or
Vaticanus
,
who
takes
care
of
them
,
when
they
cry
.
Levana
,
Varr.
2.
de
vita
Pop.
Rom.
à
levando
,
from
lifting
them
up
from
the
Ground
,
For
when
a
Child
was
born
,
the
Midwife
constantly
laid
the
Child
on
the
ground
,
and
the
Father
,
or
somebody
appointed
by
him
,
lifted
it
from
the
ground
,
and
from
thence
,
tollere
liberos
,
signifies
to
educate
Children
.
Rumina
,
Aug.
4.
cap.
8.
who
milks
the
Breast
for
the
Child
.
Ruma
is
an
old
word
signifying
a
Breast
.
Potina
,
quae
potionem
praeberet
,
who
should
give
it
Drink
.
Educa
or
Edusa
,
Aug.
ib.
who
should
give
it
meat
.
Ossilago
,
who
should
fasten
the
Bones
,
and
harden
the
Body
.
Carna
or
Carnea
,
Macrob.
1.
Sat.
c.
2.
who
should
keep
the
inward
parts
safe
.
To
this
Goddess
they
sacrificed
upon
the
Kalends
of
Iune
with
Bacon
,
and
Cake
made
of
Beans
.
Whence
those
Kalends
were
called
Fabariae
.
The
Goddess
Nundina
was
so
called
from
nono
die
,
Fest.
v.
Lustrici
.
the
ninth
day
of
the
Child's
Age
:
which
was
Dies
lustricus
,
the
Day
of
the
Purification
:
in
which
the
Name
was
given
it
,
if
it
was
a
Boy
:
if
it
was
a
Girl
,
this
Ceremony
was
performed
on
the
eighth
day
.
Statilinus
or
Statanus
,
who
should
teach
the
Children
to
stand
and
walk
;
and
preserve
them
falling
.
Fabulinus
,
who
look'd
after
them
when
they
began
to
speak
;
à
fando
.
Paventia
,
quae
illis
pavorem
averteret
,
the
Goddess
,
who
should
preserve
them
from
Frights
.
CHAP.
VIII
.
The
Gods
and
Goddesses
presiding
over
adult
Persons
.
OUR
several
actions
are
supposed
to
be
under
the
protection
of
divers
Gods
.
Aug.
4.
c.
11.
Iuventus
or
Iuventas
,
protects
us
in
the
beginning
of
our
vouth
,
when
we
have
thrown
off
the
Childs
Coat
.
Agenoria
,
Aug.
4.
de
Civ
.
c.
16.
excites
to
Action
.
Strenua
,
encourages
us
to
behave
our selves
strenuously
and
bravely
in
all
occasions
.
Var.
4.
de
L.
1.
Stimula
,
who
eggs
us
on
to
do
extraordinary
actions
.
Horta
,
Plut.
Qu.
Rom.
1●
is
the
Goddess
,
who
exhorts
us
to
undertake
noble
Enterprizes
.
Her
Temple
at
Rome
stood
always
open
:
and
some
call
her
,
Hora.
Quies
had
her
Temple
without
the
City
,
Aug.
4.
cap.
16.
and
was
supposed
to
be
the
Donor
of
Peace
and
Quietness
.
Murcia
renders
Men
to
be
lazy
,
idle
,
and
dull
,
Id.
ibid.
(
Murcides
.
)
Adeona
and
Abeona
by
whose
protection
we
have
power
to
go
out
and
come
in
.
Vibilia
,
who
brings
wanderers
into
the
way
again
.
Vacuna
,
Id.
c.
2.
protects
the
idle
and
lazy
.
Fessonia
,
quae
fessos
recrearet
,
who
should
recreate
and
refresh
the
weary
.
The
Goddess
Meditrina
hath
her
Name
from
medendo
,
Varr.
&
Fest.
and
her
Sacrifices
were
called
Meditrinalia
,
in
which
they
drank
both
new
and
old
Wine
instead
of
Physick
.
The
Goddess
Vitula
is
so
called
from
vitulando
,
exulting
:
for
she
is
the
Goddess
of
Mirth
,
which
mitigates
the
Inconveniences
of
Life
.
The
Goddess
Volupia
,
from
pleasure
(
voluptas
)
for
from
her
we
receive
it
.
Orbona
was
worshipped
,
that
she
should
not
leave
Parents
orbos
liberis
,
destitute
of
Children
.
Pellonia
was
thought
to
have
great
power
in
pellendis
hostibus
,
driving
away
the
Enemy
,
Numeria
,
who
should
teach
us
(
numerare
)
to
cast
Account
.
Camoena
,
who
should
incline
us
to
Sing
.
Sentia
,
from
Sententia
,
Fest.
Jul.
Modest.
from
whom
we
learn
our
Opinions
.
Angerona
,
who
should
remove
,
angores
animi
;
the
anguishes
of
the
Mind
.
Or
from
Angina
the
Squinancy
.
For
when
the
Cattle
of
the
Romans
was
almost
wholly
destroyed
by
this
Disease
;
they
offered
Vows
to
her
,
and
she
removed
the
Plague
.
Haeres
Martia
,
Fest.
id
.
ibid.
she
was
one
of
the
Companions
of
Mars
,
and
was
worshipped
by
those
who
obtained
any
Inheritance
.
Stata
or
Statua
Mater
,
was
worshipped
in
the
Forum
;
that
it
should
not
be
burnt
,
or
suffer
damage
from
the
frequent
Fires
which
happened
there
in
the
Night
.
The
Goddess
Laverna
was
the
protector
of
Thieves
,
who
from
her
were
named
Laverniones
:
they
worshipped
her
,
that
their
Designs
and
Intrigues
might
be
successful
:
Her
Image
was
a
Head
without
a
Body
.
Scaliger
in
Fest.
The
God
Averruncus
was
thought
(
averruncare
)
to
repell
and
prevent
Misfortunes
.
Consus
,
suggested
good
Counsel
in
the
management
of
Affairs
.
Catius
made
Men
circumspect
,
(
catos
)
acute
and
wise
.
Volumnus
and
Volumna
,
à
Volendo
,
because
thro'
their
means
Men
were
willing
to
have
good
things
.
Honorius
;
the
God
,
from
whom
they
begged
Honour
.
Aius
Locutius
;
Aug.
2.
c.
21.
A
certain
common
Soldier
said
that
in
the
night
he
heard
a
voice
say
:
the
Gauls
are
coming
;
Ap.
Val.
Max.
no
body
minded
what
he
said
because
he
was
a
poor
Fellow
:
After
the
Gallick
War
Camillus
advised
the
Romans
to
expiate
their
offence
in
neglecting
this
nocturnal
Voice
,
which
forewarned
them
of
the
Gallick
War
and
the
ensuing
destruction
:
whereupon
a
Temple
was
dedicated
in
Via
nova
to
Aius
Locutius
.
Amongst
the
Ethiopians
.
or
the
Assyrians
and
Persians
,
Poena
and
Beneficium
(
Punishment
and
Favour
)
were
reckoned
in
the
number
of
the
Gods
.
For
the
former
was
esteemed
the
Distributer
of
Evil
;
the
other
,
the
Dispenser
of
Good
Things
.
CHAP.
IX
.
The
Gods
assigned
to
the
several
Parts
of
human
Bodies
.
TO
every
part
of
Man's
Body
was
assigned
and
ascribed
a
particular
God
.
Serv.
in
Georg.
The
Head
was
sacred
to
Iupiter
,
Firm●c
.
&
Mail.
ap.
the
Breast
to
Neptune
,
the
Waste
to
Mars
,
Gyr.
synt
.
1.
the
Forehead
to
Genius
,
the
Eye-brows
to
Iuno
,
the
Eyes
to
Cupid
,
the
Ears
to
Memoria
,
the
Right
Hand
to
Fides
,
the
Back
and
the
Hinder
Parts
to
Pluto
,
the
Reins
to
Venus
,
the
Feet
to
Mercury
,
the
Knees
to
Misericordia
,
the
Ankles
and
Soles
of
the
Feet
to
Thetis
,
and
the
Fingers
to
Minerva
.
The
Astrologers
assign
the
parts
of
the
Body
to
the
Celestial
Constellations
in
another
manner
,
thus
.
The
Head
they
assign
to
Aries
.
The
Shoulders
to
Gemini
,
the
Heart
to
Cancer
,
th●
Breast
to
Leo
,
the
Belly
to
Virgo
,
the
Reins
to
Libra
,
the
Secrets
to
Scorpio
,
the
Thighs
to
Sagittarius
,
the
Knees
to
Capricorn
,
the
Legs
to
Aquarius
,
and
the
Feet
to
Pisces
.
CHAP.
X.
The
Funeral
Gods
.
THE
Chief
of
the
Funeral
Deities
is
Libitina
,
so
called
from
Libitus
or
Libido
:
same
say
that
she
was
Venus
,
others
that
she
was
Proserpine
,
in
her
Temple
all
things
necessary
for
Funerals
,
were
sold
or
let
.
Libitina
sometimes
signifies
the
Grave
:
and
Libitinarii
those
Men
who
were
employed
in
burying
the
dead
.
Porta
Libitina
at
Rome
,
was
that
Gate
thro'
which
dead
Bodies
were
carried
to
be
burned
.
PART
VI.
Of
the
Dii
Indigetes
and
Adscriptitii
,
or
the
Semidei
(
Demi-Gods
)
and
Hero's
.
THIS
now
is
the
last
Division
of
the
Fabulous
Pantheon
,
in
which
you
see
exactly
described
the
Images
of
the
Dii
Indigetes
,
or
Semidei
,
and
the
Heroes
.
I
told
you
at
first
who
the
Dii
Adscriptitii
and
Indigetes
were
,
and
from
whence
they
were
so
called
.
The
Semidei
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
were
those
who
had
Human
Bodies
,
but
Sacred
Minds
and
Celestial
Souls
:
they
were
born
into
this
World
for
the
good
and
safety
of
Mankind
.
Labeo
,
L.
10.
c.
21.
in
S.
Austin
distinguishes
them
from
the
Heroes
.
He
thinks
that
Heros
was
one
of
Iuno's
Sons
,
and
that
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Iuno
,
the
Name
Heros
is
derived
.
Others
derive
this
Name
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Interp.
Hom.
ap.
Gyr.
synt
.
1.
the
Earth
;
because
Mankind
is
born
from
thence
.
Or
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Love
,
of
which
Heroes
are
the
Offspring
:
indeed
as
Hierocles
observes
,
Plat.
in
Cratyl
.
Heroes
are
full
of
Love
.
Others
think
that
they
have
their
Name
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
dicere
;
because
Heroes
are
eloquent
,
and
are
very
powerful
and
skilful
in
Rhetorick
.
Or
lastly
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
virtus
,
for
they
are
endow'd
with
many
.
Now
let
us
speak
particularly
concerning
some
of
these
Heroes
,
of
whom
the
famousest
was
Hercules
.
CHAP.
I.
SECT.
I.
HERCULES
.
His
Birth
.
THere
were
many
Hercules's
,
but
(
as
Tully
says
,
de
Nat.
Deor.
lib.
3.
)
the
famous
Actions
of
them
all
are
ascrib'd
to
him
who
was
the
Son
of
Iupiter
,
by
Alcmena
,
the
Wife
of
Amphitryo
King
of
Thebes
.
When
Amphitryo
was
absent
,
Vid.
Nat.
Com.
Lil.
Gyr.
Iupiter
put
on
his
Shape
and
Dress
,
and
came
to
Alcmena
;
who
thinking
that
her
Husband
was
return'd
,
entertain'd
the
Deceitful
God
both
at
Table
and
at
Bed
:
and
had
by
him
a
Son
,
endued
with
〈◊〉
much
Strength
and
Vigor
,
whose
Limbs
were
so
excessive
large
,
that
Iupiter
joined
three
nights
together
,
and
spent
them
all
in
generating
him
.
Before
this
Alcmena
conceiv'd
a
Son
by
Amphitryo
:
he
and
Hercules
were
Twins
,
he
was
called
Iphiclus
;
Iphicles
he
was
wonderful
swift
in
Running
.
(
Orph.
in
hymn
.
)
Nam
super
extremas
segetum
currebat
aristas
,
Nec
siccos
fructus
laedebat
pondere
plantae
.
He
over
standing
Corn
wou'd
run
,
and
ne'er
In
his
swift
motion
bruise
the
tender
Ear.
When
Iuno
knew
Iupiters
Adultery
,
she
began
to
hate
Hercules
so
violently
,
that
she
endeavoured
with
might
and
main
to
ruine
him
.
First
she
obtain'd
an
Edict
from
Iupiter
,
by
which
she
endeavoured
the
ruin
of
Hercules
:
for
the
Wife
of
Sthenelus
,
King
of
Mycene
,
was
big
with
Euristheus
,
at
that
time
when
Alcmena
was
big
with
Hercules
.
Iupiter
ordain'd
,
that
whichsoever
of
the
two
Children
was
born
first
,
he
should
be
superior
to
the
other
:
Iuno
accelerated
Euristheus's
Birth
,
so
that
he
was
born
after
seven
Months
,
and
came
into
the
World
before
Hercules
.
Again
,
she
sent
two
Vipers
to
destroy
him
when
he
lay
crying
in
his
Cradle
:
but
it
was
in
vain
;
for
the
valiant
Infant
grip'd
them
in
his
hands
till
they
dy'd
:
as
the
Poet
says
:
Tene
ferunt
geminos
pressisse
tenaciter
angues
,
Cum
tener
in
cunis
jam
Iove
dignus
erat
?
You
kild
two
Serpents
with
your
Infant
●and
,
Which
then
deserv'd
Jove's
Scepter
to
command
.
At
length
by
the
Mediation
of
Pallas
,
Eumolp
.
l.
de
myster.
Iuno
was
reconciled
to
the
Noble
Youth
,
and
let
him
suck
her
Breasts
:
but
he
suck'd
with
such
violence
,
that
he
hurt
her
Breast
;
wherefore
she
put
him
away
,
and
some
of
her
Milk
was
split
;
but
it
was
not
lost
,
for
it
fell
upon
the
Sky
,
and
made
the
Milky
Way
;
which
is
in
Greek
call'd
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
Some
of
it
pass'd
through
the
Clouds
and
fell
on
the
Earth
,
and
where
it
fell
Lilies
sprang
up
;
from
whence
some
call
those
Flowers
Iunoniae
Rosae
(
the
Roses
of
Iuno
.
)
Lil.
Gyr.
SECT.
II.
Names
of
Hercules
.
HE
had
two
proper
Names
,
Hercules
and
Alcides
:
but
his
Surnames
are
innumerable
.
His
Parents
called
him
Alcides
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
robur
;
because
he
greatly
excell'd
all
Mankind
in
Strength
.
He
was
afterward
called
Hercules
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Iuno
,
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
gloria
;
because
the
hatred
and
unkindness
of
Iuno
towards
him
,
was
the
great
means
of
the
encrease
of
his
Glory
:
for
when
she
exposed
him
to
the
greatest
Dangers
,
she
made
his
Glory
and
Honour
most
illustrious
,
and
by
enjoining
him
so
many
Labours
,
she
only
exercised
his
Patience
and
Courage
.
The
Surnames
I
chuse
rather
to
omit
,
because
it
is
plain
that
he
derived
them
,
either
from
the
places
where
his
mighty
Feats
were
done
;
or
from
the
Actions
that
he
performed
with
Applause
and
Honor.
I
will
carefully
and
distinctly
recount
them
;
they
are
called
Hercules
Labors
,
so
great
was
the
Pains
and
so
infinite
the
Toil
of
them
.
SECT.
III.
The
Labours
of
Hercules
.
HErcules
was
subjected
to
Euristheus
,
by
the
Edict
of
Iupiter
and
Unkindness
of
Iuno
.
But
besides
,
the
Oracle
of
Apollo
at
Delphos
,
advised
and
persuadeed
him
to
submit
himself
,
and
obey
Eurystheus's
Commands
;
and
especially
to
undergo
willingly
the
Twelve
Labours
,
which
his
Master
should
lay
upon
him
.
Hercules
obey'd
the
Fates
,
and
served
Euristheus
twelve
Years
:
and
perform'd
the
most
dangerous
and
difficult
Commands
with
an
answerable
Courage
and
Success
.
Some
say
that
Hercules
served
him
voluntarily
,
and
perform'd
these
difficult
Tasks
,
to
shew
how
great
love
he
bore
Euristheus
.
Tho
Hercules
perform'd
an
infinite
number
of
memorable
Actions
,
Twelve
are
especially
celebrated
.
And
those
Twelve
are
comprised
in
as
many
Latin
Verses
,
Quint.
Smyrn●
translated
out
of
the
Greek
.
Prima
Cleonei
tolerata
aerumna
Leonis
,
Proxima
Lernaeum
,
ferro
&
face
contudit
Hydram
.
Mox
Erymantheum
vis
tertia
perculit
Aprum
.
AEripedis
quartò
tulit
aurea
cornua
cervi
.
Stymph●lidas
pepulis
volucres
discrimine
quinto
.
Threiciam
sexto
spoliavit
Amazon●
Baltheo
.
Septima
in
Augeae
stabulis
impensa
laboris
.
Octava
expulso
numeratur
adorea
Tauro
.
In
Diomedeis
victor
jam
nona
quadrigis
.
Geryone
extincto
decimam
dat
Iberia
palmam
.
Undecimum
Mala
Hesperidum
distracta
triumphum
.
Cerberus
extremi
suprema
est
meta
laboris
.
The
Cleonean
Lion
first
he
kills
,
With
fire
and
sword
then
Lerna's
pest
he
quells
;
Of
the
wild
Boar
he
clears
th'
Er'manthean
fields
.
The
brass
foot
Stag
with
golden
Antlers
yields
:
He
Stymphal
clears
of
man
devouring
Birds
,
And
next
the
bouncing
Amazon
ungirds
:
The
Stables
of
King
Augeas
he
cleans
,
The
Cretan
Bull
he
vanquishes
and
chains
:
Diomedes
Horses
him
their
Conq'ror
own
,
Then
he
brings
low
three
headed
Geryon
:
Hesperian
Apples
next
his
Name
advance●
,
And
his
last
Labour
Cerberus
enchains
.
The
particular
account
of
these
Twelve
is
this
●
-
I.
He
tore
in
pieces
,
with
his
Nails
,
the
Lion
in
the
Wood
of
Nemaea
;
Eurip.
in
Herc.
in
s
.
Leo.
which
some
say
,
fell
from
the
Circle
of
the
Moon
,
and
was
invulnerable
by
any
Weapon
.
This
Place
was
also
named
Cleone
,
from
whence
the
Lion
was
called
Cleoneus
.
This
was
the
first
Labor
of
Hercules
.
He
skinn'd
this
Lion
,
and
with
the
Skin
he
made
him
a
Shield
and
Breast-Plate
.
-
II.
There
was
a
Hydra
,
Hydra
.
a
Serpent
in
the
Lake
Lerna
,
in
the
Fields
of
Argos
;
that
had
seven
Heads
,
some
say
nine
,
others
fifty
.
When
any
of
these
Heads
were
cut
off
,
another
presently
sprang
up
in
the
place
of
it
;
unless
the
Blood
which
issued
from
the
Wound
,
was
stopt
by
Fire
.
Iolaus
,
Jolaus
.
the
Son
of
Iphicles
procured
for
him
lighted
Brands
from
the
Neighbouring
Woods
:
wherefore
when
Iolaus
was
grown
to
a
decrepid
Age
,
Hercules
by
his
Prayers
restor'd
to
him
his
Youth
again
.
Ovid.
Met.
l.
9.
-
III.
He
bound
the
wild
Boar
,
Aper
.
whose
fierceness
and
bigness
was
equally
admirable
,
in
the
Mountain
Erymanthus
of
Arcadia
,
and
brought
it
to
Euristheus
.
-
IV.
He
was
order'd
to
bring
to
Mycenae
an
Hind
,
Cerv●●
whose
Feet
were
Brass
and
Horns
Gold
.
No
body
dar'd
to
wound
her
,
because
she
was
Consecrated
to
Diana
;
nor
could
any
body
out-run
her
:
yet
Hercules
hunted
her
a
year
on
foot
,
and
catch'd
her
and
brought
her
away
on
his
shoulders
.
-
V.
He
partly
kild
,
and
partly
drove
away
the
Birds
call'd
Stymphalides
Stymphalides
.
from
the
Lake
Stymphalus
,
which
used
to
feed
upon
Man's
Flesh.
-
VI.
He
defeated
the
Army
of
the
Amazons
,
Amazones
and
took
from
Hippolyta
,
their
Queen
,
the
finest
Belt
in
the
World
.
-
VII
.
He
in
one
day
cleansed
the
Stable
of
Augeas
,
Augias
.
by
turning
the
course
of
a
River
into
it
.
This
Stable
had
never
been
cleaned
,
altho
three
thousand
Oxen
stabled
in
it
thirty
years
.
Whence
the
Proverb
Augeae
stabulum
,
that
is
,
a
thing
of
the
greatest
labour
and
difficulty
.
-
VIII
.
He
tamed
a
great
Bull
,
Taurus
.
that
did
innumerable
Mischiefs
to
the
Island
,
and
brought
him
bound
to
Euristheus
.
-
IX
.
He
overcame
Diomedes
,
Diomedes
.
the
most
cruel
Tyrant
of
Thrace
;
who
fed
his
Horses
with
the
flesh
of
his
Guests
.
Hercules
bound
him
,
and
threw
him
to
be
eaten
by
those
Horses
,
to
which
the
Tyrant
exposed
others
.
-
X.
He
overcame
in
War
Geryon
,
Geryon
.
King
of
Spain
,
who
had
three
Bodies
:
we
saw
him
before
in
Hell
.
He
took
likewise
his
bay
Oxen
who
eat
Mens
Flesh
,
and
brought
them
into
Italy
;
when
he
had
kild
the
Dragon
with
seven
Heads
,
and
the
Dog
with
two
,
who
guarded
them
.
-
XI
.
He
kill'd
the
Dragon
who
watch'd
,
Aurea
mala
.
and
then
carried
away
the
Golden
Apples
in
the
Gardens
of
the
Hesperides
;
from
whence
perhaps
he
is
call'd
Melius
:
(
for
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
melon
,
signifies
an
Apple
)
and
Apples
were
offered
up
in
his
Sacrifices
.
When
in
Boeotia
no
Bull
(
or
Sheep
)
could
be
procur'd
,
when
the
time
of
Sacrifice
came
,
they
took
an
Apple
and
stuck
into
it
four
Straws
,
which
represented
four
Legs
,
and
two
others
instead
of
Horns
,
and
again
another
for
a
Tail
,
and
offer'd
Hercules
this
Apple
instead
of
a
Victim
.
-
XII
.
Lastly
,
he
was
commanded
by
Euristheus
to
go
down
into
Hell
,
and
bring
away
from
thence
the
Dog
Cerberus
.
Cerberua
.
This
he
perform'd
without
delay
,
and
bound
the
three-headed
Monster
in
a
triple
Chain
,
and
brought
him
up
to
the
Earth
by
force
:
the
Dog
,
who
strove
and
resisted
in
vain
.
When
Cerberus
saw
the
light
,
he
vomited
,
from
whence
sprang
the
poisonous
Herb
Aconitum
(
Wolfs-bane
)
These
are
the
twelve
Labours
of
Hercules
.
P.
Pray
,
Sir
,
let
me
a
little
interrupt
you
now
,
since
I
have
been
silent
so
long
.
Pray
satisfie
these
two
Scruples
.
First
,
why
could
not
Iuno
his
Enemy
hinder
his
Birth
.
Secondly
,
I
know
that
many
mention
more
than
twelve
Labours
of
Hercules
.
M.
What
you
call
an
interruption
,
Palaeophilus
,
is
both
seasonable
and
acceptable
to
me
;
because
it
recals
a
thing
into
my
memory
that
I
had
forgot
,
and
gives
me
an
occasion
of
mentioning
something
which
ought
not
to
be
omitted
.
Know
therefore
,
that
Iuno
design'd
to
kill
him
in
his
Mothers
Womb
,
or
else
destroy
him
immediately
after
his
Birth
;
and
to
perform
it
laid
her
Plot
:
but
Alcmena's
Woman
Galanthis
prevented
it
;
for
she
cheated
Iuno
,
and
told
her
that
Alcmena
had
brought
forth
a
Son
.
Iuno
believed
her
,
and
thinking
that
her
Contrivances
were
ineffectual
,
she
desisted
;
and
then
Alcmena
brought
forth
Hercules
without
trouble
.
But
the
Deceit
of
Galanthis
was
punished
,
for
she
was
turned
into
a
Weasel
(
in
Greek
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
)
and
because
Galanthis
offended
by
her
Mouth
therefore
the
Weasel
brings
forth
her
Young
at
her
Mouth
,
with
great
pain
and
anguish
.
As
for
the
Labours
of
Hercules
,
I
must
confess
that
they
were
more
than
twelve
(
tho
those
especially
are
called
Hercules's
Labours
)
if
you
please
we
will
continue
our
account
of
him
thus
.
-
XIII
.
The
enormous
Giant
Antaeus
,
Antae●s
.
who
was
above
sixty
four
Cubits
high
.
He
was
barbarous
to
all
Strangers
;
for
he
forced
them
to
wrestle
with
him
and
then
choaked
them
.
Hercules
threw
this
Giant
down
thrice
,
and
perceived
that
he
recovered
new
strength
as
oft
as
he
touched
the
ground
;
wherefore
he
lifted
him
in
his
Arms
from
the
ground
,
and
pinched
and
squeezed
him
till
he
burst
and
died
.
-
XIV
.
Busiris
Busiris
.
the
Tyrant
used
to
sacrifice
all
the
Strangers
which
he
caught
to
his
Father
Neptune
,
till
Hercules
sacrificed
both
him
and
his
Son
upon
the
same
Altars
.
-
XV.
He
killed
the
Giants
Albion
and
Bergion
,
Albion
&
Bergion
.
who
intended
to
stop
his
Journey
.
And
when
in
the
fight
his
Arrows
were
consumed
,
Cato
in
Orig.
so
that
he
wanted
Arms
,
he
prayed
to
Iupiter
,
Mela
l.
26.
Geogr.
and
obtained
from
him
a
shower
of
Stones
,
with
which
he
defeated
and
put
to
flight
his
Adversaries
.
This
they
say
happened
in
that
part
of
France
,
which
was
antiently
called
Gallia
Narbonensis
,
which
place
is
still
called
Campus
Lapideus
,
the
Stony
Plain
.
Mela.
-
XVI
.
When
Atlas
was
weary
and
sunk
under
his
burden
,
Coelum
.
Hercules
took
the
Heavens
upon
his
own
Shoulders
.
-
XVII
.
He
overcame
the
Robber
Cacus
Cacus
.
(
who
spit
Fire
,
)
and
strangled
him
.
-
XVIII
.
He
shot
the
Eagle
with
an
Arrow
,
Aquila
.
that
devoured
the
Liver
of
Prometheus
,
while
he
lay
chained
to
the
Rock
.
-
XIX
.
He
slew
Theodamas
,
Theodamas
.
the
Father
of
Hylas
,
because
he
denied
to
give
him
Victuals
:
but
he
took
Hylas
with
him
,
and
was
very
kind
to
him
.
-
XX.
He
delivered
Hesione
,
Hesione
.
the
Daughter
of
Laomedon
King
of
Troy
,
Ovid.
Met.
11.
from
the
Whale
,
to
which
Sea-Monster
she
was
exposed
,
in
this
manner
:
Andraetas
Tenedi
,
in
Navig
.
Propont
.
He
raised
on
a
sudden
a
Bank
,
in
the
place
where
Hesione
was
to
be
devoured
by
the
Whale
;
and
stood
himself
armed
before
it
:
And
when
the
Whale
came
gaping
and
seeking
his
prey
,
Hercules
leapt
into
his
Mouth
,
and
sliding
down
into
his
Belly
,
he
spent
three
days
in
tearing
the
Monsters
Belly
;
but
at
length
he
burst
through
safe
,
and
lost
his
Hair
.
Laomedon
after
this
,
broke
his
word
,
and
refused
to
give
Hercules
the
reward
which
he
had
promised
;
wherefore
he
took
by
force
and
pillaged
the
City
Troy
;
giving
to
Telamon
,
who
first
mounted
the
Walls
,
the
Lady
Hesione
as
a
part
of
the
Booty
.
-
XXI
.
He
overcame
Achelous
,
Achelous
.
the
Son
of
Oceanus
and
Terra
in
a
Duel
,
(
they
fought
for
Deianira
,
who
was
betrothed
to
them
both
)
altho
Achelous
first
turned
himself
into
a
Serpent
,
and
afterwards
into
a
Bull.
For
Hercules
plucked
one
of
the
Bulls
Horns
off
,
which
obliged
him
to
yield
.
He
purchased
his
Horn
again
,
giving
Hercules
Amalthaea's
Horn.
This
is
the
meaning
of
the
Story
.
Achelous
is
a
River
of
Greece
,
whose
course
turns
and
winds
like
a
Serpent
;
its
Stream
is
so
rapid
,
that
it
makes
Furrows
wheresoe'er
it
flows
,
and
the
noise
of
its
waters
resembles
the
roaring
of
a
Bull
,
(
and
indeed
it
is
a
common
thing
among
the
Poets
,
to
compare
a
rapid
River
to
a
Bull
)
This
River
divided
itself
into
two
Streams
,
but
Hercules
with
Banks
forced
it
into
one
Channel
,
that
is
,
he
broke
off
one
of
the
Horns
or
Streams
:
The
Lands
being
thus
drained
became
mighty
fertile
;
so
that
Hercules
is
said
to
have
received
the
Horn
of
Plenty
.
Deianira
was
the
Daughter
of
Oeneus
King
of
AEtolia
:
Deianira
.
Hercules
carried
h●r
to
be
Married
,
and
they
came
to
a
River
which
stopped
their
Journey
:
but
the
Centaur
Nessus
Nessus
.
freely
proffered
to
carry
Deianira
over
upon
his
Back
.
Centaurus
.
In
the
mean
time
Hercules
swam
over
the
River
.
When
she
came
on
the
farther
side
of
the
River
,
Nessus
endeavoured
to
ravish
her
:
which
Hercules
observing
while
he
swam
,
and
being
enraged
at
the
impudence
of
the
Monster
,
shot
him
with
an
Arrow
,
and
killed
him
:
when
Nessus
was
dying
he
gave
Deianira
his
bloody
Coat
,
and
told
her
,
that
if
any
Husband
wore
that
Coat
,
he
would
never
follow
unlawful
Amours
.
The
credulous
Lady
accepted
the
Present
,
and
not
long
after
experimented
the
virtue
of
it
,
far
otherwise
than
she
expected
.
For
the
unconquerable
Hercules
,
who
had
hitherto
surmounted
so
many
and
so
great
Labours
,
was
at
length
broken
by
the
Charms
and
overcome
by
the
Pleasures
of
Omphale
,
Omphale
.
the
Queen
of
Lydia
:
He
served
her
,
and
changed
the
Club
which
he
always
carried
with
him
,
into
a
Distaff
,
and
his
Arrows
into
a
Spindle
.
He
fell
also
in
love
with
Iole
,
the
Daughter
of
Eurytus
King
of
Oechalia
,
to
that
degree
,
that
he
was
miserably
ruined
.
These
things
made
his
Wife
Deianira
mighty
uneasie
,
so
that
she
desiring
to
turn
him
from
the
love
of
his
Mistresses
,
sent
him
Nessus's
Coat
,
which
he
put
on
when
he
went
to
Sacrifice
:
but
it
drove
him
into
such
a
Distraction
,
that
he
burnt
himself
upon
the
Pile
that
he
had
raised
,
and
after
his
death
was
accounted
among
the
number
of
the
Gods
.
CHAP.
II.
JASON
.
JASON
the
Son
of
AEson
King
of
Thessalia
,
and
Alcimede
was
an
Infant
when
his
Father
died
,
so
that
his
Uncle
Pelias
administred
the
Government
;
when
he
came
to
Age
,
he
demanded
possession
of
the
Crown
,
as
being
next
Heir
:
But
Pelias
advised
and
incouraged
him
to
go
to
Colchis
,
under
a
pretence
of
gaining
the
Golden
Fleece
from
thence
,
but
in
reality
,
to
kill
him
with
the
labour
and
danger
of
the
Journey
.
P.
What
Golden
Fleece
was
that
?
M.
It
was
the
Hide
of
a
Ram
,
a
white
or
purple
Colour
.
This
Ram
was
given
to
Phryxus
,
Phryxus
.
the
Son
of
Athamas
and
Nephele
,
by
his
Mother
:
Phryxus
and
his
Sister
Helle
Helle.
fearing
the
design
of
their
Step-Mother
Ino
,
got
upon
the
back
of
this
Ram
,
intending
to
save
themselves
by
flight
.
But
while
they
were
swimming
over
the
narrowest
part
of
Pontus
,
an
Arm
of
the
Sea
,
Helle
was
so
affrighted
at
the
tossing
of
the
Waves
,
that
she
fell
down
;
from
whence
that
Sea
hath
been
called
the
Hellespont
,
ever
since
from
her
Name
.
Phryxus
was
carried
over
safe
,
and
betook
himself
to
AEta
,
AEta
.
the
King
of
Colchis
,
a
Country
of
Asia
,
near
the
Pontus
;
where
he
was
kindly
received
,
and
sacrificed
the
Ram
to
Iupiter
,
or
to
Mars
;
who
afterwards
placed
it
among
the
Constellations
.
Only
his
Hide
or
Fleece
,
Vellus●
was
hung
up
in
a
Grove
that
was
Sacred
to
Mars
;
Aureum
.
it
was
called
the
Golden
Fleece
because
it
was
of
a
Golden
Colour
.
It
was
guarded
by
Bulls
,
who
breathed
forth
Fire
from
their
Nostrils
,
and
a
vast
and
watchful
Dragon
,
since
it
was
a
Sacred
and
Divine
Pledge
,
and
a
Relique
of
the
greatest
Importance
.
P.
Did
Iason
carry
away
that
Fleece
?
M.
Yes
.
He
went
on
board
a
Ship
called
Argus
,
for
it
was
built
by
a
Work-man
of
that
Name
.
And
being
inflamed
with
the
desire
of
honour
,
he
chuses
forty
nine
Noble
Companions
,
Argonautae
.
who
from
the
Ship
were
called
the
Argonautae
(
the
most
eminent
of
them
were
Hercules
,
Orpheus
,
Castor
and
Pollux
)
in
his
Voyage
he
visited
Hypsiphile
the
Queen
of
Lemnos
;
who
entertained
him
so
kindly
,
that
she
had
Twins
by
him
.
Then
when
he
had
made
a
long
Voyage
,
and
had
underwent
many
Dangers
,
he
arrived
at
Colchis
,
and
demands
the
Golden
Fleece
of
King
AEta
,
who
consented
to
his
Request
,
upon
condition
that
he
first
tamed
the
Bulls
that
guarded
it
;
whose
Feet
were
of
Brass
,
and
breathed
Fire
.
Again
,
if
he
killed
the
Dragon
,
and
sowed
his
Teeth
in
the
Ground
,
and
destroyed
the
Soldiers
which
would
spring
from
the
Ground
,
where
these
Teeth
were
sowed
,
then
he
might
carry
away
the
Fleece
.
Iason
was
forced
to
undertake
these
Conditions
,
and
was
delivered
from
manifest
Destruction
,
by
the
Advice
and
assistance
of
Medea
,
Medea
.
the
Kings
Daughter
,
who
was
in
love
with
him
.
For
by
observing
her
directions
,
he
overcome
the
Bulls
,
laid
the
Dragon
asleep
,
carried
away
the
Fleece
,
and
fled
by
night
,
carrying
Medea
with
him
,
and
married
her
.
P.
What
did
King
AEta
do
then
?
M.
He
pursued
them
.
Absyrtus
.
But
Medea
to
stop
his
pursuit
,
tore
her
Brother
Absyrtus
(
whom
she
took
with
her
for
that
purpose
)
into
pieces
,
and
scattered
them
upon
the
road
;
when
her
Father
saw
the
torn
Members
of
his
Son
,
he
desisted
from
his
pursuit
to
gather
them
.
So
Iason
and
the
Argonautae
returned
unto
their
own
Country
:
AEson
.
Where
Medea
,
who
was
very
skilful
in
Sorcery
,
restored
old
de●repid
AEson
,
Iason
's
Father
,
to
Youth
again
,
by
her
Charms
.
(
But
some
relate
that
AEson
died
before
their
return
.
)
The
Daughters
of
Pelias
were
affected
so
by
this
miraculous
Cure
,
that
(
desiring
that
their
Father
might
receive
the
like
benefit
)
they
were
easily
induced
,
thro'
mistaken
duty
and
unskilful
kindness
,
to
tear
their
Father
in
pieces
,
entertaining
a
fond
and
foolish
hope
,
that
he
like
AEson
would
become
Young
again
.
Iason
after
this
,
hated
Medea
,
and
divorcing
himself
from
her
,
he
married
Creusa
,
the
Daughter
of
Creon
,
King
of
Corinth
.
Whereupon
Medea
,
to
revenge
his
perfidiousness
,
murdered
the
two
Children
that
she
had
by
him
,
in
his
own
sight
;
and
in
the
next
place
inclosing
Fire
in
a
little
Box
,
she
sent
it
to
Creusa
;
who
opened
the
Box
,
and
by
the
fire
which
burst
out
of
it
,
was
burnt
,
together
with
the
whole
Court
.
And
when
she
had
done
this
,
the
admirable
Sorceress
flew
by
the
Art
of
Magick
to
Athens
.
Some
write
,
that
she
was
reconciled
afterward
to
Iason
again
.
But
what
hath
been
said
,
is
enough
for
this
Hero
.
Let
us
proceed
to
another
.
CHAP.
III.
THESEUS
.
P.
WHO
were
the
Parents
of
Theseus
?
M.
AEthra
was
his
Mother
,
AEgeus
.
and
AEgeus
King
of
Athens
his
Father
.
Minos
.
Minos
King
of
Crete
,
made
War
against
AEgeus
,
because
the
Athenians
had
dishonourably
and
barbarously
killed
his
Son
,
who
carried
the
Prize
in
the
Games
from
them
all
.
When
he
had
vanquished
the
Athenians
,
he
imposed
this
severe
condition
upon
them
,
that
every
Year
they
should
send
seven
of
the
most
Noble
Youths
of
their
Country
into
Crete
to
be
devoured
by
the
Monster
,
the
Minotaur
.
The
Youths
were
sent
into
Crete
by
Lot
every
Year
:
the
fourth
Year
the
Lot
fell
upon
Theseus
,
which
mightily
grieved
and
troubled
his
Father
AEgeus
.
Theseus
went
on
board
a
Ship
whose
Sails
and
Tackle
were
black
,
and
received
this
Command
of
his
Father
;
If
by
the
propitious
Providence
of
Heaven
,
he
escaped
the
dangers
,
and
did
return
unto
his
own
Country
again
,
that
then
he
should
change
his
black
Sails
into
white
ones
,
that
his
Father
being
assured
of
his
safety
by
that
signal
,
might
be
sensible
of
his
happiness
as
soon
as
might
be
.
P.
And
what
was
the
event
of
the
Voyage
?
M.
The
event
was
fortunate
to
Theseus
;
but
very
unfortunate
to
his
Father
AEgeus
.
For
when
Theseus
came
to
Crete
,
he
was
shut
up
in
the
Labyrinth
,
but
he
slew
the
Minotaur
and
escaped
out
of
that
inextricable
Prison
by
the
help
of
Ariadne
.
After
this
he
set
Sail
for
Athens
in
the
same
mournful
Ship
,
in
which
he
came
to
Crete
;
but
forgot
to
change
his
Sails
according
to
the
instruction
which
his
Father
had
given
him
.
So
that
when
his
Father
beheld
from
a
Watch
Tower
the
Ship
returning
with
black
Sails
,
he
imagined
that
his
Son
was
dead
,
and
cast
himself
headlong
into
the
Sea
,
which
was
afterwards
called
AEgaeum
Mare
,
the
AEgaean
Sea
,
from
his
Name
and
Destiny
.
P.
Who
was
that
Ariadne
?
Ariadne
.
M.
She
was
the
Daughter
of
Minos
,
King
of
Crete
.
She
was
violently
in
love
with
Theseus
,
Prop.
l.
3.
and
delivered
him
out
of
the
Labyrinth
by
the
means
of
a
Thread
.
Eleg.
17.
She
followed
him
in
his
return
to
the
Island
Naxus
,
and
there
Theseus
perfidiously
and
ingratefully
left
her
.
But
Bacebus
pitied
her
miserable
condition
and
married
her
;
and
gave
her
a
Crown
,
that
was
illuminated
with
seven
Stars
,
which
he
had
before
received
from
Venus
.
This
Crown
was
called
Gnossia
Corona
,
and
Ariadne
her self
was
surnamed
Gnossis
,
from
the
City
of
that
name
in
Crete
:
and
after
the
death
of
Ariadne
,
the
same
was
carried
among
the
Stars
and
made
a
Constellation
in
the
Heavens
.
It
was
thought
,
that
Diana
caused
the
death
of
Ariadne
,
because
she
preserved
not
her
Virginity
.
P.
What
great
Actions
did
Theseus
perform
?
M.
His
Actions
are
so
famous
,
that
they
accounted
him
one
of
the
Hercules's
.
For
1.
He
killed
the
Minotaur
.
2.
He
overcame
the
Centaurs
.
3.
He
vanquished
the
Thebanes
.
4.
He
defeated
the
Amazons
.
5.
He
went
down
into
Hell
,
and
returned
back
into
the
World
again
.
P.
Why
did
he
go
down
into
Hell
?
M.
He
and
Pirithous
his
intimate
Friend
,
agreed
never
to
marry
any
Women
except
Iupiter's
Daughters
.
Theseus
married
Helena
the
Daughter
of
Iupiter
and
Leda
:
And
none
of
Iupiter's
Daughters
remained
on
Earth
for
Pirithous
,
wherefore
they
both
descended
into
Hell
to
steal
Proserpine
away
from
her
Husband
Pluto
.
As
soon
as
they
entred
Hell
,
Pirithous
was
unfortunately
torn
in
pieces
by
the
Dog
Cerberus
.
But
Theseus
came
alive
into
the
Palace
of
Pluto
;
who
fettered
him
and
kept
him
,
till
Hercules
was
sent
into
Hell
by
Eurystheus
to
rescue
him
.
This
Pirithous
was
Ixion's
Son
by
his
Wife
.
P.
And
who
were
those
Amazons
,
Amazones
.
that
you
mentioned
just
now
?
M.
They
were
Women
animated
with
the
Souls
and
Bravery
of
Men.
A
military
Race
,
inhabiting
that
part
of
Scythia
,
which
is
washed
by
the
River
Tanais
.
Their
name
is
derived
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
not
,
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
mamma
,
a
Breast
,
because
they
cut
off
one
of
their
Breasts
:
or
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
simul
,
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
vivere
,
because
they
lived
together
without
Men.
They
were
a
Nation
of
Women
;
who
,
that
the
Country
might
have
Inhabitants
,
and
not
be
depopulated
,
when
the
present
race
of
Women
died
,
admitted
the
Embraces
of
the
Neighbouring
Men
,
and
had
Children
by
them
;
they
killed
the
Boys
at
their
birth
,
but
brought
up
the
Girls
:
They
cut
off
their
right
Breasts
,
that
they
might
more
conveniently
use
their
Hands
in
shooting
their
Arrows
and
brandishing
their
Weapons
against
the
Enemy
.
These
Female
Warriours
by
their
frequent
excursions
,
became
possessors
of
a
great
part
of
Asia
,
when
Hercules
accompanied
with
Theseus
,
made
War
upon
them
,
and
defeated
them
;
and
taking
Hippolyte
their
Queen
Prisoner
,
gave
her
to
Wife
to
Theseus
.
Theseus
had
by
Hippolyte
,
Hippolytus
.
his
Son
Hippolytus
;
who
was
very
beautiful
,
and
mightily
addicted
to
Hunting
,
and
a
remarkable
lover
of
Chastity
.
For
when
Phaedra
his
Stepmother
(
the
Daughter
of
King
Minos
,
Phaedra
.
whom
Theseus
had
preferred
to
her
Sister
Ariadne
)
solicited
him
to
commit
wickedness
when
he
was
grown
a
Man
;
Ovid.
in
Epist.
he
refused
to
comply
:
Phaedr
.
which
repulse
provoked
her
so
much
,
that
when
her
Husband
returned
,
she
accused
him
wrongfully
,
as
if
he
had
offered
to
ravish
her
.
Theseus
gives
Ear
to
the
wicked
Woman
,
and
believes
her
untruth
against
his
Son
Hippolytus
:
who
perceiving
it
,
fled
away
in
his
Chariot
:
In
his
flight
he
met
several
monstrous
Sea-Calfs
,
which
frighted
his
Horses
,
so
that
they
threw
him
out
of
the
Seat
,
his
Feet
were
entangled
in
the
Harness
,
and
he
was
dragged
through
the
Thickets
of
a
Wood
,
and
torn
to
pieces
miserably
.
AEsculapius
afterwards
at
the
request
of
Diana
,
restored
him
to
life
again
.
But
he
however
left
Greece
and
came
into
Italy
:
where
changing
his
name
,
he
called
himself
Virbius
,
quod
vir
bis
fuisset
,
because
he
had
been
a
Man
twice
.
Phaedra
was
gnawn
with
the
stings
of
her
Conscience
,
and
hanged
her self
.
And
not
long
after
Theseus
being
banished
from
his
Country
,
ended
an
illustrious
life
,
with
an
obscure
death
.
CHAP.
IV.
CASTOR
and
POLLUX
.
P.
WHO
are
those
two
handsom
,
beautiful
young
Men
that
ride
upon
white
Horses
?
M.
They
are
two
Twin-brothers
,
the
Sons
of
Iupiter
and
Leda
:
Pindar
.
in
Pyth.
their
Names
Castor
and
Pollux
.
P.
What
Leda
was
that
?
M.
The
Wife
of
Tyndarus
King
of
Laconia
;
Leda
.
whom
Iupiter
lov'd
,
and
could
not
succeed
in
his
Amour
,
till
he
changed
himself
into
a
Swan
;
which
Swan
was
afterwards
made
a
Constellation
.
M●nil
.
1.
In
this
form
he
gained
the
mutual
love
of
Leda
,
Astron.
by
the
sweetness
of
his
singing
;
and
flying
into
her
Bosom
,
as
it
were
,
that
he
might
secure
himself
from
the
violence
of
an
Eagle
which
pursued
him
:
He
enjoyed
her
,
tho'
she
was
then
big
with
Child
by
her
Husband
.
Leda
brought
forth
two
Eggs
;
which
were
hatched
,
and
produced
the
two
Twin-Brothers
,
which
you
see
.
P.
You
mean
,
that
one
came
out
of
one
Egg
,
and
the
other
out
of
the
other
Egg.
M.
Out
of
the
Egg
,
which
Leda
had
conceived
by
Iupiter
,
came
Castor
and
Pollux
:
who
sprang
from
Divine
Seed
,
and
were
therefore
immortal
.
But
out
of
the
other
,
which
she
conceived
by
Tyndarus
,
Horat.
her
Husband
,
Sat.
1.
came
Helena
and
Clytemnestra
,
who
were
mortal
,
because
they
were
begotten
by
a
mortal
Father
.
Yet
Castor
and
Pollux
are
frequently
called
Tyndaridae
by
the
Poets
;
as
Helena
is
also
called
Tyndaris
,
from
that
King
Tyndarus
.
P.
What
memorable
Actions
did
Castor
and
Pollux
do
?
M.
They
both
accompanied
Iason
when
he
failed
to
Colchis
;
and
when
they
returned
from
thence
,
recovered
their
Sister
Helena
from
Theseus
(
who
had
stol'n
her
)
by
overcoming
the
Athenians
that
fought
for
him
;
to
whom
their
Clemency
and
Humanity
was
so
great
,
after
the
defeat
,
that
the
Athenians
called
them
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
the
Sons
of
Iupiter
;
from
whence
white
Lambs
were
offered
upon
their
Altars
.
Homer
.
in
hymn
.
But
although
they
were
both
born
at
the
same
birth
;
and
,
as
some
think
,
out
of
the
same
Egg
,
yet
their
Dispositions
were
different
:
For
says
Horace
.
(
Serm.
2.
1.
)
Castor
gaudet
equis
:
Ovo
prognatus
eodem
Pugnis
:
quot
capitum
vivunt
,
totidem
studiorum
Millia
.
Pollux
on
foot
,
on
Horseback
Castor
fights
As
many
men
,
so
many
their
delights
.
P.
What
end
had
they
?
M.
Castor
being
(
as
some
say
)
a
mortal
Person
,
was
killed
by
Lynceus
:
Whereupon
his
Brother
Pollux
prayed
Iupiter
,
to
restore
him
to
Life
again
,
and
confer
an
Immortality
upon
him
.
But
this
could
not
be
granted
.
However
he
obtained
leave
to
divide
his
Immortality
betwixt
himself
and
his
Brother
Castor
.
And
thence
it
came
to
pass
,
that
they
lived
afterwards
by
turns
every
other
day
,
or
,
as
others
say
,
every
other
fortnight
;
according
to
that
of
the
Poet.
Vir.
Aen.
6.
Sic
fratrem
Pollux
alterna
morte
redemit
.
Itque
reditque
viam
.
Thus
Pollux
fetch'd
his
Brother
from
the
dead
,
And
the
same
dolorous
way
to
'
and
fro
did
tread
.
After
the
death
of
Castor
,
a
kind
of
a
Pyrrhice
,
or
a
Dance
in
Armour
,
was
instituted
to
his
honour
;
which
was
performed
by
young
Men
Armed
;
Plin.
l.
7
c.
5.
7.
ap.
and
called
Castoreum
Tripudium
,
Nat.
Com.
Castor's
dance
.
At
length
they
both
were
translated
into
the
Heavens
,
and
made
a
Constellation
,
which
is
still
called
Gemini
:
And
when
one
of
them
rises
,
Horat.
1.
the
other
sets
.
Carm.
Sailors
esteem
these
Stars
lucky
and
prosperous
to
them
;
because
when
the
Argonauts
were
driven
by
a
violent
Tempest
,
two
lambent
Flames
setled
upon
the
Heads
of
Castor
and
Pollux
,
and
a
Calm
immediately
ensued
;
and
from
thence
a
Vertue
more
than
humane
was
thought
to
be
lodged
in
these
Youths
.
Whensoever
these
Fires
appeared
afterwards
,
they
were
called
Castor
and
Pollux
:
If
but
one
Fire
appeared
,
they
called
it
Helena
,
and
it
was
esteemed
fatal
and
destructive
to
Mariners
.
There
was
a
famous
Temple
dedicated
to
Castor
and
Pollux
in
the
Forum
at
Rome
;
for
it
was
believed
,
that
in
the
dangerous
Battle
of
the
Romans
with
the
Latins
they
assisted
the
Romans
,
riding
upon
white
Horses
.
From
hence
comes
that
Adverb
of
Swearing
,
which
Women
only
use
,
AEcastor
;
whereas
the
Men
Swore
only
by
Hercules
,
after
these
manners
,
quasi
per
aedem
Castoris
,
Rom.
l.
6.
by
the
Temple
of
Castor
,
Passim
.
ap.
Te.
Hercule
,
Cic.
Hercle
,
P●aut
.
&c.
Hercules
,
Mehercules
,
and
Mehercule
;
but
the
Oath
AEdepol
,
per
aedem
Poll●cis
,
by
the
Temple
of
Pollux
,
was
used
by
both
Men
and
Women
.
P.
But
what
became
of
Clytemnestra
?
M.
Clytemnestra
was
married
to
Agamemnon
;
Clytemnest
●
.
whom
,
after
his
return
from
the
Siege
of
Tr●y
,
she
killed
,
by
the
help
of
AEgisthus
(
with
whom
in
the
interim
she
had
lived
in
Adultery
.
)
She
attempted
also
to
kill
his
Son
Orestes
,
Ores●es
Soph.
in
Elect.
Eurip
.
●●n
Orest.
which
she
had
done
,
if
his
Sister
Electra
had
not
delivered
him
at
the
very
point
of
destruction
;
sending
him
privately
to
Strophius
,
King
of
Ph●cis
;
where
after
he
had
lived
twelve
years
,
he
returned
to
his
own
Country
,
and
slew
Clytemnestra
and
AEgisthus
both
.
He
killed
also
Pyrrhus
in
the
Temple
of
Apollo
;
because
he
had
taken
to
himself
Hermione
,
the
Daughter
of
Menclaus
,
who
was
first
betrothed
to
Orestes
.
wherefore
the
Furies
tormented
him
;
n●ither
could
he
obtain
deliverance
from
them
,
till
he
had
exp●ated
his
wickedness
at
the
Altar
of
Diana
Taurica
;
whither
he
was
conducted
by
●y●ades
,
his
Friend
,
perpetual
Companion
and
Partner
in
all
his
dangers
:
Whose
Friendships
was
so
close
and
sacred
,
that
either
of
them
would
die
for
the
other
.
P.
Who
was
that
Diana
Taurica
?
Cic.
de
amic
.
M.
The
Goddess
Diana
,
that
was
worshipped
in
Taurica
Chersonesus
or
Cherronesus
,
a
Peninsula
so
called
from
the
Tauri
,
Eurip.
in
Iphig
.
in
Taur
.
an
antient
People
of
Scythia
Europaea
.
This
Goddess
was
worshipped
with
humane
Victims
,
the
lives
and
the
blood
of
Men
were
sacrificed
to
her
:
when
Orestes
came
thither
Iphigenia
his
Sister
the
Daughter
of
Agamemnon
was
Priestess
to
Diana
Taurica
;
she
was
made
Priestess
upon
the
following
occasion
.
Agamemnon
King
of
the
Argivi
,
Agamemnon
.
who
was
by
the
common
consent
of
the
Grecians
appointed
General
in
their
expedition
against
Troy
,
Iphigenia
.
and
who
,
as
I
said
before
,
after
the
War
was
ended
and
Troy
taken
,
was
killed
when
he
returned
home
by
his
own
Wife
Clytemnestra
;
this
Agamemnon
killed
a
Deer
by
chance
in
the
Country
of
Aulis
,
which
belonged
to
Diana
;
the
Goddess
was
angry
and
caused
such
a
calm
,
that
for
want
of
Wind
,
the
Grecian
Ships
,
bound
for
Troy
,
were
fixed
and
unmovable
:
Hereupon
they
consulted
the
Soothsayers
,
who
answered
that
they
must
satisfie
the
Winds
and
Diana
with
some
of
the
blood
of
Agamemnon
.
Wherefore
Vlysses
was
forthwith
sent
to
bring
away
Iphigenia
,
the
Daughter
of
Agamemnon
,
from
her
Mother
,
by
a
trick
,
under
pretence
of
marrying
her
to
Achilles
.
And
whilst
the
young
Lady
stood
at
the
Altar
to
be
sacrificed
,
the
Goddess
pitied
her
,
and
substituted
a
Hind
in
her
stead
,
and
sent
her
into
the
Taurica
Chersonesus
:
where
by
the
order
of
King
Thyas
,
she
was
set
over
those
Sacrifices
of
the
Goddess
,
which
were
solemnized
with
human
Blood
.
And
when
Orestes
was
brought
hither
by
the
Inhabitants
to
be
sacrificed
,
he
was
known
and
preserved
by
his
Sister
.
After
which
Thyas
was
killed
,
and
the
Image
of
Diana
carried
away
,
which
lay
hid
amongst
a
Bundle
of
Sticks
:
from
whence
she
was
called
Fascelis
,
from
Fascis
,
a
Bundle
.
CHAP.
V.
PERSEUS
.
PErseus
was
the
Son
of
Iupiter
by
Danae
,
Danae
.
the
Daughter
of
Acrisius
,
Paus.
in
Corinth
.
who
was
shut
up
by
her
Father
in
a
very
strong
Tower
,
where
no
Man
could
come
to
her
;
because
her
Father
had
been
told
by
an
Oracle
,
that
he
should
be
killed
by
his
own
Grandchild
.
But
nothing
is
impregnable
to
Love
:
For
Iupiter
by
changing
himself
into
a
Shower
of
Gold
,
descended
through
the
Tyles
into
the
Ladies
Bosom
,
(
and
who
would
refuse
to
open
it
to
a
Shower
of
that
Value
?
)
and
when
he
had
enjoyed
her
,
he
left
her
with
a
full
purse
and
a
big
belly
.
Lib.
3.
Horace
tells
the
Story
ingeniously
thus
.
Carm.
Carm.
l.
3.
16.
Inclusam
Danaen
turris
ahenea
,
Robustaeque
fores
,
&
vigilum
canum
Tristes
excubiae
munierant
satis
,
Nocturnis
ab
adulteris
.
Si
non
Acrisium
,
virginis
abditae
Custodem
pavidum
,
Iupiter
&
Venus
Risissent
:
fore
enim
tutum
iter
&
patens
,
Converso
in
pretium
Deo
.
A
brazen
Tower
,
vast
Doors
,
and
wakeful
Curs
One
would
have
thought
enough
to
be
To
have
secur'd
from
sly
Adulterers
The
fair
imprison'd
Maiden
Danae
.
But
th'
Project
Jove
and
Venus
smile
to
see
,
And
laugh
the
jealous
Dad
to
scorn
:
What
can
resist
a
lustful
Deity
,
That
for
a
bout
to
Gold
will
turn
?
As
soon
as
Acrisius
had
heard
,
that
his
Daughter
had
brought
a
Son
,
he
ordered
that
she
and
the
infant
should
be
shut
up
in
a
Chest
,
and
thrown
into
the
Sea
:
where
a
Fisherman
found
them
,
and
took
them
out
,
and
presented
them
to
King
Pilumnus
:
who
married
Danae
,
and
brought
up
her
Son
whom
he
called
Perseus
.
Perseus
,
when
he
was
grown
a
Man
,
received
from
Mercury
a
Sithe
of
Adamant
,
and
wings
which
he
fixed
to
his
feet
,
Pluto
gave
him
a
Helmet
,
and
Minerva
a
Shield
of
Brass
,
that
was
so
bright
,
that
it
reflected
the
Images
of
things
,
like
a
Looking-glass
.
First
he
delivered
Andromeda
,
Andromeda
.
the
Daughter
of
Cepheus
,
King
of
AEthiopia
,
when
she
was
bound
by
the
Nymphs
to
a
Rock
to
be
devoured
by
a
Sea-monster
,
because
her
Mother
proudly
preferred
her
Beauty
to
theirs
;
and
when
he
had
delivered
her
,
he
took
her
to
Wife
.
After
which
both
the
Mother
,
Cassiope
Cassiope
.
or
Cassiopeia
and
the
Daughter
,
and
the
Son-in-law
were
placed
amongst
the
Celestial
Constellations
.
Propert.
l.
2.
His
next
Expedition
was
against
the
Gorgons
,
Hygin
.
de
sign
.
coel
.
l.
2.
of
whom
we
have
spoken
before
:
he
encountred
with
Medusa
,
Medusa
.
their
Princess
,
Snakes
supplied
the
place
of
hair
on
her
head
,
he
saw
the
Image
of
her
head
by
the
brightness
of
his
shield
,
and
by
the
favourable
assistance
of
Pallas
he
struck
it
off
;
and
afterwards
fixed
it
upon
his
shield
,
and
by
shewing
it
,
he
afterwards
turned
many
Persons
into
Stone
.
Atlas
was
turned
by
the
sight
of
it
,
into
the
Mountain
in
Mauritania
of
that
name
;
because
he
rudely
refused
to
entertain
Perseus
.
When
Medusa's
Head
was
cut
off
,
the
Horse
Pegasus
Pegasus
.
sprang
from
the
Blood
which
was
shed
on
the
ground
;
he
is
so
called
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
a
fountain
,
because
he
was
born
near
the
fountains
of
the
Sea
.
This
Horse
had
Wings
:
and
flying
over
the
Mountain
Helicon
,
he
struck
it
with
his
Hoof
,
and
opened
a
Fountain
,
which
they
called
in
Greek
,
Hippocrene
,
and
in
Latin
Caballinus
,
that
is
,
the
Horses
Fountain
.
But
afterwards
while
he
drank
at
the
Fountain
Pyrene
in
Corinth
,
when
Bellerophon
prepared
for
his
expedition
against
the
Chimaera
,
he
was
by
him
taken
and
kept
.
Bellerophon
or
Bellerophontes
was
first
called
Hipponomus
,
Bellerophon
.
ab
equis
fraeno
regendis
;
because
he
first
taught
the
Art
of
governing
Horses
with
a
Bridle
.
But
when
he
had
killed
Bellerus
,
a
King
of
Corinth
,
he
was
afterwards
called
Bellerophontes
.
This
Bellerophon
,
the
Son
of
Glaucus
,
King
of
Ephyra
,
was
equally
beautiful
and
virtuous
,
he
resisted
all
the
temptations
whereby
Sthenoboea
,
the
Wife
of
Praetus
,
enticed
him
to
commit
adultery
;
his
denyal
provoked
her
so
,
that
in
revenge
she
accused
the
innocent
Stranger
to
her
Husband
.
Praetus
however
,
would
not
violate
the
Laws
of
Hospitality
with
the
Blood
of
Bellerophon
:
but
sent
him
into
Lycia
,
to
his
Father-in-law
Iobates
,
with
Letters
,
which
desired
him
to
punish
Bellerophon
as
his
crime
deserved
.
Iobates
read
the
Letters
,
and
sent
him
to
fight
against
the
Solymi
,
that
he
might
be
killed
in
the
battle
:
But
he
easily
vanquished
them
,
and
in
many
other
Dangers
to
which
he
was
exposed
,
he
always
came
off
Conqueror
.
At
last
he
was
sent
to
kill
the
Chimaera
;
which
he
honourably
undertook
and
performed
,
when
he
had
procured
the
Horse
Pegasus
,
by
the
Help
of
Neptune
.
Homer
.
Wherefore
Iobates
admired
the
Bravery
of
the
Youth
,
Iliad.
6.
and
gave
him
one
of
his
Daughters
to
Wife
,
allotting
him
also
a
part
of
his
Kingdom
.
Sthenobaea
killed
her self
,
when
she
heard
this
.
This
happy
success
so
transported
Bellerophon
,
that
he
endeavoured
to
flie
upon
Pegasus
to
Heaven
:
for
which
Iupiter
striking
him
with
madness
,
he
fell
from
the
Horse
,
into
a
Field
,
called
Alcius
campus
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
erro
,
fugio
:
because
in
that
place
Bellerophon
wandred
up
and
down
,
blind
,
to
the
end
of
his
life
.
But
Pegasus
was
reposed
amongst
the
Stars
.
Some
say
that
this
was
the
occasion
of
the
Fable
of
the
Chimaera
.
There
was
a
famous
Pyrat
,
who
used
to
sail
in
a
Ship
in
whose
Prow
was
painted
a
Lyon
,
in
the
Stern
a
Dragon
,
and
in
the
body
of
the
Ship
a
Goat
was
described
:
and
this
Pyrate
was
killed
by
Bellerophon
in
a
Long-Boat
,
that
was
called
Pegasus
.
From
the
Letters
which
Bellerophon
carried
to
Iobates
comes
the
Proverb
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Bellerophontis
literae
,
when
any
one
carries
Letters
,
which
he
imagines
are
wrote
in
his
Favour
,
when
they
are
sent
to
procure
his
Ruin
.
And
such
Letters
are
generally
called
Literae
Vriae
,
the
Letters
of
Vriah
.
CHAP.
VI.
AESCULAPIUS
.
M.
WHY
are
you
so
silent
Palaeophilus
?
What
employs
your
thoughts
so
long
?
P.
I
am
viewing
that
bearded
old
Man
,
Lucian
in
JoveTrag
.
that
leans
upon
his
joynted
Cane
,
and
is
adorned
with
a
Crown
of
Laurel
,
and
encompassed
about
with
Dogs
.
Pray
,
Sir
,
tell
me
his
Name
,
who
he
is
,
and
what
are
his
Excellencies
.
M.
It
is
AEsculapius
,
the
God
of
the
Physicians
and
Physick
,
Cic
2.
de
leg
.
Cornel
.
Cels.
and
the
Son
of
Apollo
by
the
Nymph
Coronis
.
He
improved
the
Art
of
Physick
,
which
was
before
little
understood
,
and
for
that
reason
they
accounted
him
a
God
.
Hom.
in
hymn
.
2.
Apollo
shot
the
Nymph
his
Mother
when
she
was
with
Child
of
him
,
because
she
admitted
the
Embraces
of
another
young
Man
,
after
he
had
enjoy'd
her
.
But
he
repented
after
he
had
killed
her
,
and
opened
her
Body
,
and
took
out
the
Child
alive
,
Ovid.
1.
and
delivered
him
to
be
Educated
by
a
Physician
,
Met.
Chiron
;
who
taught
him
his
own
Art
;
the
Youth
made
so
great
progress
in
it
,
that
,
because
he
restored
Health
to
the
Sick
,
and
Safety
to
those
whose
Condition
was
desperate
,
he
was
thought
to
have
a
Power
of
recalling
the
dead
to
life
again
.
Virg.
7.
Aen.
Whence
Pluto
,
the
King
of
Hell
,
complained
to
Iupiter
very
much
,
that
his
Revenue
was
diminished
,
and
his
Subjects
taken
from
him
by
the
means
of
AEsculapius
;
and
at
length
by
his
perswasion
Iupiter
killed
him
with
a
stroke
of
his
Thunder
.
He
wears
a
Crown
of
Lawrel
,
Ex
Fest.
because
that
Tree
is
Powerful
in
Curing
many
Diseases
:
by
the
Knots
in
his
Staff
,
is
signified
the
difficulty
of
the
Study
of
Physick
He
hath
Dogs
painted
about
him
,
and
Dogs
in
his
Temple
,
because
many
believed
that
he
was
born
of
uncertain
Parents
,
and
exposed
,
and
afterwards
nourished
by
a
Bitch
.
Lact.
de
fals.
rel.
Others
say
,
Paus.
in
Corinth
.
that
a
Goat
,
which
was
pursued
by
a
Dog
,
gave
suck
to
the
forsaken
Infant
:
and
that
the
Shepherds
saw
a
lambent
Flame
playing
about
his
Head
,
which
was
the
Prognostication
of
his
future
Divinity
.
So
that
the
Cyrenians
used
to
offer
a
Goat
to
him
in
their
Sacrifices
;
either
because
he
was
nourished
by
a
Goat
,
as
was
said
;
or
because
a
Goat
is
always
in
a
Fever
;
and
therefore
a
Goats
Constitution
is
very
contrary
to
Health
.
Didym
.
l.
3.
ap.
Nat.
Plato
says
,
that
they
used
to
Sacrifice
Dunghil-cocks
to
him
,
which
is
the
most
vigilant
of
all
Birds
;
for
of
the
Virtues
,
1●
Phaedone
.
principally
wakefulness
is
necessary
to
a
Physician
.
P.
Where
was
he
particularly
worshipt
?
M.
At
Epidaurus
first
,
where
he
was
born
:
afterwards
at
Rome
,
Liv.
l.
45.
&
l.
10.
because
when
he
was
sent
for
thither
,
Flor.
epit
.
l.
11.
he
delivered
the
City
from
a
dreadful
Pestilence
.
Suet.
in
Claud.
c.
25.
For
which
reason
a
Temple
was
dedicated
to
him
in
an
Island
in
the
Mouth
of
the
Tiber
;
where
he
was
Worshipped
under
the
Form
of
a
great
Serpent
;
for
when
the
Romans
came
to
Epidaurus
to
transport
the
God
from
thence
,
a
great
Serpent
entred
into
their
Ship
;
they
believed
it
was
Aesculapius
,
and
brought
it
to
Rome
with
them
.
Others
tell
the
Story
thus
.
When
the
Romans
were
received
by
the
People
of
Epidaurus
with
all
kindness
,
and
were
carried
into
the
Temple
of
Aesculapius
,
the
Serpent
,
under
whose
Image
they
Worshipped
that
God
,
went
voluntarily
into
the
Ship
of
the
Romans
.
I
can
tell
you
nothing
of
the
Children
of
Aesculapius
,
except
their
Names
.
He
had
two
Sons
called
Machaon
and
Podalirius
,
Machaon
.
both
famous
Physicians
,
Podalirius
.
who
followed
Agamemnon
,
the
General
of
the
Grecians
to
the
Trojan
War
,
and
were
very
serviceable
amongst
the
Soldiers
.
Hygiaea
.
And
two
Daughters
Hygeia
,
Jaso
.
or
Sanitas
,
Orph.
in
hymn
.
(
tho'
some
think
this
was
not
his
Daughter
,
but
his
Wife
;
)
and
Iaso
,
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
sanare
.
P.
Is
there
nothing
remarkable
concerning
?
his
Master
Chiron
?
M.
Since
you
ask
,
Chiron
.
I
will
tell
you
,
that
he
was
a
Centaur
,
and
the
Son
of
Saturn
and
Phillyra
;
for
when
Saturn
embraced
that
Nymph
,
he
suddenly
changed
himself
into
a
Horse
,
because
his
Wife
Ops
came
in
.
Phillyra
was
with
Child
by
him
,
Virg.
3.
and
brought
forth
a
Creature
,
Georg.
in
its
upper
parts
like
a
Man
,
Phyllyra
.
in
his
lower
parts
like
a
Horse
,
and
called
it
Chiron
:
who
,
when
he
grew
up
,
betook
himself
into
the
Woods
;
and
there
learning
the
Virtues
of
Herbs
,
he
became
a
most
excellent
Physician
:
For
his
Skill
in
Physick
,
and
for
his
other
Virtues
,
which
were
many
;
he
was
appointed
Tutor
to
Achilles
,
And
taught
Aesculapius
Physick
.
At
last
when
he
was
looking
upon
Hercules's
Arrows
,
one
of
them
dipped
in
the
poysonous
blood
of
the
Lernaean
Hydra
fell
upon
his
Foot
;
and
gave
him
a
wound
that
was
incurable
,
and
pains
that
were
intolerable
:
insomuch
that
he
desired
to
die
,
but
could
not
:
because
he
was
born
of
two
immortal
Parents
.
Therefore
at
length
the
Gods
translated
him
into
the
Firmament
,
where
he
now
remains
the
Sign
of
Sagittarius
in
the
Zodiac
.
CHAP.
VII
.
PROMETHEUS
.
PRometheus
the
Son
of
Iapetus
,
Vid.
Clau.
4.
Paneg.
de
cons.
Hon.
and
the
Father
of
Deucalion
,
was
the
first
,
(
as
we
find
in
History
)
that
formed
a
Man
,
out
of
Clay
:
which
he
did
with
such
Art
and
Skill
,
that
Minerva
was
amazed
;
and
profered
to
procure
any
thing
from
Heaven
,
which
would
any
ways
compleat
his
Works
.
Prometheus
answered
,
that
he
did
not
know
what
in
Heaven
would
be
useful
to
him
,
since
he
had
never
seen
Heaven
.
Therefore
Minerva
carried
him
up
to
Heaven
,
and
shewed
him
all
that
there
was
to
be
seen
.
He
observed
that
the
heat
of
the
Sun
would
be
very
useful
in
animating
the
Men
which
he
had
formed
,
wherefore
he
lighted
the
Stick
by
the
Wheel
of
the
Sun's
Chariot
,
and
carried
it
lighted
with
him
to
the
Earth
.
This
Theft
displeased
Iupiter
so
much
,
that
he
sent
Pandora
into
the
World
to
Prometheus
with
a
Box
which
was
filled
with
all
sorts
of
Evils
.
But
Prometheus
fearing
and
suspecting
the
Matter
,
refused
to
accept
it
:
but
his
brother
Epimetheus
was
not
cautious
:
For
he
took
it
,
and
opened
it
,
and
all
the
Evils
that
were
in
it
,
flew
abroad
amongst
Mankind
.
When
he
perceived
what
he
had
done
,
he
immediately
shut
the
Box
again
,
and
by
good
fortune
hindred
Hope
from
flying
away
,
which
stuck
to
the
bottom
of
the
Box.
You
may
remember
how
sweetly
Horace
speaks
of
this
Theft
of
Prometheus
.
(
Carm.
l.
1.
)
Audax
Iapeti
genus
,
Ignem
fraude
malâ
gentibus
intulit
.
Post
ignem
aethereâ
domo
Subductum
,
macies
&
nova
febrium
,
Terris
incubuit
cohors
.
First
Heav'nly
Fire
by
Japhet's
daring
Son
By
stealth
from
the
bright
Axis
was
brought
down
.
Hence
unknown
Fevers
and
new
Plagues
took
Rise
,
With
which
the
Gods
the
frighted
Earth
chastise
.
Iupiter
punished
Prometheus
,
Hesiod
.
in
Theog
.
in
this
manner
.
He
commanded
Mercury
to
bind
him
to
the
Mountain
Caucasus
.
And
then
he
sent
an
Eagle
to
him
there
,
which
continually
gnawed
his
Liver
.
Menander
Poet.
Yet
some
say
,
that
he
was
not
punished
because
he
stole
Fire
from
Heaven
,
but
because
he
had
made
a
Woman
,
which
is
the
most
pernicious
Creature
in
the
World
.
In
Theriacis
.
To
this
,
Nicander
adds
another
Fable
,
when
Mankind
had
received
the
Fire
of
Prometheus
,
they
ungratefully
discovered
this
Theft
to
Iupiter
,
who
gave
them
the
Gift
of
perpetual
Youth
;
they
put
this
Gift
upon
an
Asses
back
,
that
it
might
be
brought
to
the
Earth
.
The
Ass
in
his
Journey
was
a
dry
,
and
came
to
a
Spring
to
drink
,
but
a
Water-serpent
would
not
suffer
him
,
unless
the
Ass
would
give
him
the
Burden
which
he
carried
,
the
Ass
gave
it
him
;
and
hence
it
came
to
pass
,
that
when
the
Serpent
is
old
,
he
casts
his
Skin
,
and
seems
to
grow
young
again
.
Prometheus
had
been
serviceable
to
Iupiter
(
for
he
discovered
to
Iupiter
his
Father
Saturn's
Conspiracy
,
and
prevented
the
Marriage
of
Iupiter
and
Thetis
,
which
he
foresaw
would
be
Fatal
)
wherefore
,
Iupiter
suffered
Hercules
to
shoot
the
Eagle
,
and
set
Frometheus
at
Liberty
.
This
perhaps
is
the
meaning
of
this
Fable
;
Prometheus
(
whose
Name
is
derived
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Paus.
in
pr.
Eliac
.
providentia
)
was
a
very
prudent
Person
:
And
because
he
reduced
the
Men
,
that
were
before
rude
and
savage
,
to
the
Precepts
of
Humanity
,
he
was
feigned
from
thence
to
have
made
Men
out
of
the
dirt
:
And
because
he
was
diligent
in
observing
the
motions
of
the
Stars
from
the
Mountain
Caucasus
,
therefore
they
said
that
he
was
chained
there
.
To
which
they
added
,
that
he
stole
Fire
from
the
Gods
,
because
he
invented
the
way
of
striking
Fire
out
of
the
Flint
;
or
was
the
first
that
discovered
the
Nature
of
Lightning
.
Aud
lastly
,
because
he
applyed
his
Mind
to
this
Study
with
great
Care
and
Solicitude
,
therefore
they
imagined
an
Eagle
preying
upon
his
Liver
continually
.
P.
You
said
just
now
that
he
was
the
Son
of
Deucalion
;
Apoll.
l.
3.
do
you
mean
him
who
repaired
the
Race
of
Mankind
,
Deucalion
.
which
was
almost
extinct
?
M.
Yes
,
I
mean
the
same
Deucalion
.
When
he
Reigned
in
Thessaly
,
there
was
so
great
a
Deluge
,
that
the
whole
Earth
was
overflown
by
it
,
Pyr●ha
.
and
all
Mankind
entirely
destroyed
,
excepting
only
Deucalion
and
Pyrrha
his
Wife
;
these
two
were
carried
in
a
Ship
upon
the
Mountain
Parnassus
;
and
when
the
Waters
were
abated
,
they
consulted
the
Oracle
of
Themis
,
to
know
by
what
means
Mankind
should
again
be
restored
.
The
Oracle
answered
,
that
Mankind
would
be
restored
,
if
they
cast
the
Bones
of
their
Magna
Mater
behnid
them
.
By
Magna
Mater
,
the
Oracle
meant
the
Earth
;
and
by
her
Bones
the
Stones
.
Wherefore
casting
the
Stones
behind
their
Backs
,
a
prodigious
Miracle
ensued
,
for
those
that
were
thrown
by
Deucalion
became
Men
;
and
those
that
were
thrown
by
Pyrrha
,
became
Women
.
(
Ovid.
Met.
l.
1.
Saxa
Missa
viri
manibus
faciem
traxere
virorum
;
Et
de
foemineis
reparata
est
foemina
jactu
,
Inde
genus
durum
sumus
,
Et
documentam
,
damus
quâsimus
origine
nati
.
—
And
of
the
stones
.
Those
thrown
by
man
,
the
form
of
men
indue
:
And
those
were
women
,
which
the
women
threw
.
Hence
we
,
a
hardy
Race
,
inur'd
to
pain
:
Our
Actions
,
our
Original
explain
.
The
occasion
of
this
Fable
was
this
;
Deucalion
and
his
Wife
were
very
pious
,
and
by
the
example
of
their
Lives
,
and
the
urbanity
of
their
Conversations
,
they
softned
the
Men
,
who
before
were
fierce
and
hard
like
Stones
,
into
such
softness
and
mildness
,
that
they
observed
the
Rules
of
civil
Society
,
and
good
Behaviour
.
CHAP.
VIII
.
ATLAS
.
P.
WHO
is
he
,
that
sustains
the
Heavens
upon
his
Shoulders
?
M.
It
is
Atlas
,
King
of
Mauritania
,
the
Son
of
Iapetus
,
and
Brother
of
Prometho●s
;
who
was
forewarned
by
an
Oracle
,
that
he
should
be
almost
ruined
by
one
of
the
Sons
of
Iupiter
,
resolved
to
give
entertainment
to
no
Stranger
at
all
.
At
last
Perseus
,
(
who
was
begotten
by
Iupiter
)
travelled
by
chance
thro'
Atlas's
Dominions
;
and
designed
,
in
civility
,
to
visit
him
.
But
the
King
excluded
him
the
Court
;
which
Inhumanity
provoked
him
so
much
,
that
putting
his
Shield
,
which
he
carried
with
him
,
before
the
Eyes
of
Atlas
,
and
shewing
him
the
Head
of
Medusa
,
he
turned
him
into
the
Mountain
of
his
own
Name
;
which
is
of
so
great
heigth
,
Herod
.
in
Melp
.
that
it
is
believed
to
touch
the
Heavens
.
Virgil
hath
these
Verses
concerning
it
.
(
Aen.
4.
)
Iamque
volans
apicem
,
&
later
a
ardua
cernit
Atlantis
duri
,
coelum
qui
vertice
fulcit
;
Atlantis
,
cinctum
assiduè
,
cui
nubibus
atris
Piniferum
caput
,
&
vento
pulsatur
&
imbri
,
Nix
humeros
infusa
tegit
;
cum
flumina
mento
Praecipitant
senis
,
&
glacie
riget
horrida
barba
.
And
now
the
craggy
tops
and
lofty
side
Of
Atlas
,
which
supported
Heaven
,
he
spy'd
.
A
Shash
of
sable
Clouds
the
Temples
binds
Of
Pine-Crown'd
Atlas
,
beat
with
rain
and
winds
;
Snow
cloaths
his
shoulders
,
his
rough
Beard
is
froze
,
And
from
the
old
Man's
Chin
a
River
flows
.
Thus
Atlas
is
feigned
to
bear
the
Heavens
upon
his
Shoulders
;
and
all
his
Daughters
be
Stars
,
only
because
he
was
a
famous
Astrologer
,
and
the
first
who
disputed
about
the
Spheres
.
P.
Who
were
his
Daughters
?
What
are
their
Names
?
M.
Seven
of
them
are
called
Hyades
,
which
he
had
by
his
Wife
Aethra
;
he
had
seven
other
Daughters
called
Pieiades
,
by
his
Wife
Pleione
;
and
their
Names
were
Ambrosia
,
Endora
,
Ovid.
5.
Fast.
Pasithoe
,
Coronis
,
Ara.
in
Astron.
Plexauris
,
Pytho
,
and
Tyche
.
Electra
,
Halcyone
,
Celaeno
,
Maia
,
Asterope
,
Taygete
,
and
Merope
.
P.
Whence
came
the
Name
,
Hyades
?
M.
From
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Hyades
.
to
rain
:
Navita
quas
Hyades
Graius
ab
imbre
vocat
.
From
Rain
so
call'd
by
the
Greek
Mariner
.
So
says
Ovid
(
Fast
5.
)
because
when
they
rise
and
set
,
Gell.
l.
13.
c.
9.
they
cause
great
Rains
.
In
Latin
,
they
are
called
Suculae
:
In
Greek
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
sues
,
Swine
.
Because
the
continual
Rain
that
they
cause
,
Eurip.
in
Jove
.
makes
the
Roads
so
muddy
that
they
seem
to
delight
in
dirt
,
like
Swine
.
Others
derive
their
Name
from
Hyas
,
their
Brother
;
who
was
devoured
by
a
Lion
;
his
Sisters
were
so
immoderately
Afflicted
and
Grieved
at
his
Death
,
that
Iupiter
,
in
compassion
,
changed
them
into
seven
Stars
,
which
appear
in
the
Head
of
Taurus
.
Hesio●
.
in
Theog
.
And
they
are
justly
called
Hyades
,
because
showers
of
Tears
flow
from
their
Eyes
to
this
day
.
P.
And
why
were
the
Pleiades
so
calld
?
Pleiades
.
M.
From
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
to
sail
:
For
when
these
Stars
rise
,
they
portend
good
Weather
for
Navigations
.
The
Romans
called
them
V●rgiliae
,
because
they
rise
in
verno
tempore
,
the
Spring
.
Or
perhaps
they
be
called
Pleiades
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
plures
,
because
they
never
appear
single
,
but
all
together
;
except
Merope
,
who
is
scarce
ever
seen
;
for
she
is
ashamed
that
she
married
to
S●syphus
,
a
mortal
Man
,
when
all
the
rest
of
the
Sisters
married
to
Gods
.
Others
call
this
obscure
Star
Electra
because
she
held
her
Hands
before
her
Eyes
,
and
would
not
look
upon
the
Destruction
of
Troy
.
Ovid.
4.
Fast.
As
the
Hyades
were
placed
among
the
Stars
,
because
they
bewailed
immoderately
the
Death
of
their
Brother
Hyas
,
so
the
Pleiades
were
translated
into
Heaven
,
because
they
uncessantly
lamented
the
hard
Fate
of
their
Father
Atlas
,
who
was
converted
into
a
Mountain
.
And
now
let
us
speak
a
little
about
their
Uncle
Hesperus
.
Hesperus
Hesperus
.
was
the
Brother
of
Atlas
;
and
because
he
lived
some
time
in
Italy
,
the
Country
was
called
anciently
Hesperia
from
him
.
He
frequently
went
up
to
the
top
of
Mount
Atlas
,
to
view
the
Stars
:
At
last
he
went
up
and
never
came
down
again
;
wherefore
the
People
imagined
that
he
was
taken
into
Heaven
,
and
therefore
worsh●pped
him
;
and
not
,
after
a
certain
time
that
he
went
last
up
,
appearing
any
more
,
the
common
People
ascribed
the
Honours
of
a
God
to
him
;
and
called
a
very
bright
Star
from
his
Name
,
Hesperus
,
Hesper
,
He●perugo
,
Vesper
,
and
Vesperugo
,
when
it
sets
after
the
Sun
;
but
when
it
rises
before
the
Sun
,
it
is
called
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
or
Lucifer
;
that
is
,
the
Morning
and
the
Evening
Star
.
Further
,
Hesperides
.
this
Hesperus
had
three
Daughters
,
Aegle
,
Arethusa
,
and
Hesperethusa
;
who
in
general
were
called
the
Hesperides
.
And
it
is
said
,
their
Gardens
were
enriched
with
Trees
of
Gold
,
and
guarded
by
a
watchful
Dragon
,
which
Hercules
killed
,
and
carried
away
the
Golden
Apples
.
Hence
the
Phrase
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Hesperidum
mala
largiri
,
to
give
a
great
and
splendid
Gift
.
CHAP.
IX
.
ORPHEUS
and
AMPHION
.
YOU
see
these
are
drawn
in
the
same
Frame
,
and
almost
in
the
same
Colours
;
because
they
both
excelled
in
the
same
Art
,
the
Harp
,
with
the
Musick
whereof
they
moved
not
only
Men
,
but
Beasts
,
and
the
very
Stones
themselves
.
Orpheus
,
the
Son
of
Apollo
,
by
Calliope
the
Muse
,
with
the
Harp
that
he
received
from
his
Father
,
did
play
and
sing
so
sweetly
,
that
he
tamed
wild
Beasts
,
stayed
the
course
of
Rivers
,
and
made
whole
Woods
follow
him
.
He
descended
with
the
same
Harp
into
H●ll
,
Apoll.
l.
1.
Argo
.
to
recover
,
from
Pluto
and
Proserpine
,
his
Wife
Eurydice
,
Eurydice
.
who
had
been
killed
by
a
Serpent
,
when
she
fled
from
the
violence
of
Aristaeus
.
And
here
he
so
charmed
both
the
King
and
Queen
with
the
sweetness
of
his
Musick
,
that
they
permitted
his
Wife
to
return
to
life
again
,
upon
this
condition
,
that
he
should
not
look
upon
her
,
till
they
were
both
arrived
upon
the
Earth
:
But
so
impatient
and
eager
was
the
Love
of
O●pheus
,
that
he
could
not
perform
the
condition
,
wherefore
she
was
taken
back
into
Hell
again
.
Hereupon
Orpheus
resolved
for
the
future
to
live
a
Widower
;
and
with
his
example
alienated
the
minds
of
many
others
from
the
Love
of
Women
;
this
so
provoked
the
Maenades
and
Bacchae
that
they
tore
him
in
pieces
;
though
others
give
us
another
Reason
of
his
death
:
which
is
this
;
the
Women
,
by
the
instigation
of
Venus
,
were
so
inflamed
with
the
Love
of
him
,
that
striving
to
run
into
his
Embraces
,
and
quarrelling
with
one
another
which
should
have
him
,
they
tore
him
in
pieces
.
His
Bones
were
afterwards
gathered
by
the
Muses
,
and
reposed
in
a
Sepulchre
,
not
without
Tears
.
And
his
Harp
was
made
the
Constellation
Lyra.
Amphion
was
the
Son
of
Iupiter
by
Antiope
.
He
received
his
Harp
or
Lute
,
from
Mercury
:
and
with
the
sound
thereof
moved
the
Stones
so
regularly
,
Paus.
in
Boeti●
.
that
they
composed
the
Walls
of
the
City
Thebes
.
So
Horace
says
,
De
Art.
Poet.
Dictus
&
Amphion
Thebanae
conditor
urbis
.
Saxa
movere
sono
testudinis
,
&
prece
blandâ
Ducere
quo
vellet
.
Amphion
too
,
as
Story
goes
,
could
call
Obedient
Stones
to
make
the
Theban
Wall
;
He
led
'em
as
he
pleas'd
,
the
Rocks
obey'd
.
And
danc'd
in
order
to
the
Tunes
he
play'd
.
The
Occasion
of
which
Fable
was
this
:
Orpheus
and
Amphion
were
both
Men
so
eloquent
that
they
persuaded
those
,
who
lived
a
wild
and
savage
Life
before
,
to
embrace
the
Rules
and
Manners
of
Civil
Society
.
Arion
is
a
proper
Companion
for
these
two
Musicians
;
and
I
admire
that
his
Image
is
not
here
in
this
place
.
For
he
was
a
Lyrick
Poet
of
Methymna
in
the
Island
of
Lesbos
;
he
gained
immense
Riches
by
his
Art
;
when
he
was
travelling
from
Lesbos
into
Italy
,
Herod
.
in
Clio.
his
Companions
assaulted
him
to
rob
him
of
his
Wealth
;
he
intreated
the
Seamen
to
suffer
him
to
play
on
his
Harp
before
they
cast
him
into
the
Sea
:
He
play'd
sweetly
,
and
then
threw
himself
into
the
Sea
,
where
a
Dolphin
,
drawn
thither
by
the
sweetness
of
his
Musick
,
received
him
on
his
back
,
and
carried
him
to
Tenedos
.
Ov.
Fast.
2.
Ille
sedet
cithar
amque
tenet
,
pretiumque
vehendi
Cantat
,
&
aequoreas
carmine
mulcet
aquas
.
He
on
his
crouching
back
sits
all
at
ease
With
Harp
in
hand
,
by
which
he
calms
the
Seas
,
And
for
his
passage
with
a
Song
he
pays
.
The
Dolphin
for
this
Kindness
was
carried
into
Heaven
,
and
made
a
Constellation
.
CHAP.
X.
ACHILLES
.
AChilles
was
the
Son
of
Peleus
by
Thetis
.
His
Mother
plunged
him
in
the
Stygian
Waters
,
when
he
was
an
Infant
:
which
made
his
whole
Body
ever
after
invulnerable
,
excepting
that
part
of
his
Foot
by
which
he
was
held
,
when
he
was
washed
.
Others
say
,
that
Thetis
hid
him
in
the
Night
under
a
Fire
,
Apol.
4.
Argon
.
after
she
had
anointed
him
in
the
Day
with
Ambrosia
:
whence
at
first
he
was
called
Pyrisous
,
because
he
escaped
safe
from
the
fire
;
and
afterward
Achilles
from
a
non
&
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
labrum
,
quasi
sine
labro
,
for
he
licked
the
Ambrosia
from
his
lip
,
so
that
the
fire
had
power
to
burn
it
off
:
Others
again
report
that
he
was
brought
up
by
Chiron
,
Apol.
l.
3.
Eurip.
in
Iphig
the
Centaur
,
and
fed
instead
of
Milk
with
the
Entrails
of
Lions
and
the
Marrow
of
Boars
and
Bears
;
so
that
by
these
means
he
received
an
immense
Greatness
of
Soul
,
Gell.
l.
2.
c.
11.
and
Strength
of
Body
:
And
from
him
,
those
who
greatly
excelled
in
Strength
were
called
Achilles
;
and
an
Argument
is
called
Achilleum
,
when
no
Objection
can
weaken
or
disprove
it
.
Thetis
his
Mother
,
had
heard
from
an
Oracle
,
that
he
should
be
killed
in
the
Expedition
against
Troy
.
On
the
other
hand
,
Calchas
the
Diviner
had
declared
,
that
Troy
could
not
be
taken
without
him
.
By
the
Cunning
of
Vlysses
he
was
forced
to
go
:
For
when
his
Mother
Thetis
hid
him
in
a
Boarding-School
(
Gynaecaeo
)
in
the
Island
Scyros
(
one
of
the
Cyclades
)
in
the
habit
of
a
Virgin
among
the
Daughters
of
King
Lycomedes
.
Vlysses
discovered
the
trick
,
for
he
went
thither
in
the
disguise
of
a
Merchant
,
and
brought
with
him
several
Goods
to
sell
:
The
Kings
Daughters
,
as
is
the
temper
of
Women
,
began
to
view
and
handle
curiously
the
Bracelets
,
the
Glasses
,
the
Necklaces
,
and
such
like
Womens
Ornaments
.
But
Achilles
on
the
contrary
laid
hold
of
the
Targets
and
fitted
the
Helmets
to
his
Head
,
and
brandished
the
Swords
and
placed
them
to
his
side
:
Thus
Vlysses
plainly
discovered
Achilles
from
the
Virgins
,
and
compelled
him
to
go
to
the
War
,
after
Vulcan
by
Thetis's
entreaty
had
given
him
impenetrable
Armour
.
Achilles
at
Troy
killed
Hector
the
Son
of
Priamus
;
And
was
killed
himself
by
Paris
by
a
trick
of
Polyxen●
.
And
all
the
Nymphs
and
the
Muses
are
said
to
have
lamented
his
death
.
Ly●oph
.
in
Alexand.
Polyxena
was
the
Daughter
of
Priamus
,
King
of
Troy
;
a
Virgin
of
extraordinary
Beauty
.
Achilles
by
chance
saw
her
upon
the
Walls
of
the
City
,
and
fell
in
love
with
her
,
and
desired
to
marry
her
.
Priamus
consented
;
they
met
in
the
Temple
of
Apollo
to
solemnize
the
Marriage
:
where
Paris
,
the
Brother
of
Hector
,
coming
in
privately
,
and
lurking
behind
Apollo
●s
Image
,
shot
Achilles
suddenly
,
with
an
Arrow
,
in
that
part
of
his
Foot
,
in
which
only
he
was
vulnerable
.
After
this
Troy
was
taken
,
and
the
Ghost
of
Achilles
demanded
satisfaction
for
the
Murther
,
and
the
Grecians
appeased
him
with
the
Blood
of
Polyxena
.
CHAP.
XI
.
ULYSSES
.
ULysses
,
Vide
Nat.
Com.
in
Greek
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
from
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
via
,
(
because
his
Mother
in
a
Journey
,
in
the
Island
Ithaca
,
or
as
others
say
,
in
Boeotia
fell
down
,
Homerus
in
Odyss.
and
brought
him
into
the
World
)
was
the
Son
of
Laertes
and
Anticlea
.
His
Wife
was
Penelope
,
a
Lady
highly
famed
for
her
Prudence
and
her
Virtue
:
He
was
unwilling
that
the
Trojan
War
should
part
him
from
his
dear
Wife
;
wherefore
to
avoid
the
Expedition
,
he
pretended
to
be
Mad
:
joyning
different
Beasts
to
the
same
Plough
,
and
sowing
the
Furrows
with
Salt
.
But
this
pretence
was
detected
by
Palamedes
:
who
threw
his
infant
Son
,
into
the
furrow
,
which
Vlysses
was
ploughing
;
to
see
whither
Vlysses
would
suffer
the
Plough-share
to
wound
him
or
no.
When
he
came
to
his
Son
he
turned
the
Plough
another
way
,
least
he
should
hurt
him
:
And
from
hence
they
discovered
that
he
was
not
a
Mad-man
;
and
he
was
compelled
to
go
to
the
War
;
where
he
was
mighty
serviceable
to
the
Grecians
;
for
he
was
almost
the
sole
occasion
of
taking
the
Town
;
since
he
removed
the
fatal
pledges
by
which
it
was
secured
.
For
he
brought
Achilles
(
as
I
said
)
to
the
War
out
of
his
retreat
.
He
obtained
the
Arrows
of
Hercules
from
Philoctetes
,
and
brought
them
also
against
Troy
.
He
brought
away
the
Ashes
of
Laomedon
,
which
were
preserved
upon
the
Gate
Scaea
in
Troy
.
He
stole
the
Palladium
from
the
same
City
.
He
killed
Rhesus
King
of
Thrace
,
and
took
his
Horses
,
before
they
had
tasted
the
Water
of
the
River
Xanthus
.
In
which
things
the
destiny
of
Troy
was
wrapped
up
:
For
if
the
Trojans
had
preserved
them
;
the
Town
would
have
remained
impregnable
.
Afterwards
,
he
contended
with
Ajax
Ajax
.
the
stoutest
of
the
Grecians
except
Achilles
(
the
Son
of
Telamon
and
Hesione
)
before
Judges
,
for
the
Arms
of
Achilles
.
The
Judges
were
persuaded
by
the
Eloquence
of
Vlysses
,
and
gave
Sentence
in
his
favour
,
and
assign'd
the
Arms
to
him
:
This
disappointment
made
Ajax
mad
,
whereupon
he
killed
himself
,
and
his
blood
was
turned
into
the
Violet
.
Vlysses
sailed
Twenty
years
,
for
contrary
winds
and
ill
weather
hindered
him
from
coming
home
.
In
which
time
1.
He
put
out
the
Eye
of
Polyphemus
with
a
firebrand
.
And
sailing
from
thence
to
Aeolia
,
he
obtained
from
Aeolus
all
the
winds
,
which
were
contrary
to
him
,
and
put
them
into
leathern
bags
.
His
Companions
believed
that
the
bags
were
filled
with
mony
,
instead
of
Wind
;
they
intended
to
rob
him
,
wherefore
when
they
came
almost
to
Ithaca
they
untied
the
bags
,
and
the
Wind
gushed
out
,
and
blew
him
back
to
Aeolia
again
.
2.
When
Circe
had
turned
his
Companions
into
Beasts
,
he
first
fortified
himself
against
her
Charms
,
with
the
Antidote
that
Mercury
had
given
him
,
and
then
ran
into
her
Cave
with
his
Sword
drawn
,
and
forced
her
to
restore
to
his
Companions
their
former
Shapes
again
.
After
which
Circe
and
he
were
reconciled
,
and
he
had
by
her
Telegonus
.
3.
He
went
down
into
Hell
to
know
his
future
fortune
from
the
Prophet
Tiresias
.
4.
When
he
sailed
to
the
Islands
of
the
Syrens
,
he
stopped
the
Ears
of
his
Companions
,
and
bound
himself
with
strong
rop●s
to
the
Ships
Mast
;
whereby
he
avoided
the
dangerous
snares
into
which
by
their
charming
voices
they
lead
men
.
And
lastly
,
after
his
Ship
was
broken
and
wrecked
by
the
Waves
,
he
escaped
by
swimming
,
and
came
naked
and
alone
,
to
the
Port
of
Phaeacia
where
Nausicaa
the
Daughter
of
King
Alcinous
,
found
him
hid
amongst
the
young
Trees
,
and
entertained
him
civilly
;
and
when
his
Companions
were
found
,
and
his
Ship
refitted
,
he
was
sent
asleep
into
Ithaca
:
Where
Pallas
awaked
him
,
and
advised
him
to
put
on
the
habit
of
a
Beggar
.
Then
he
went
to
his
Neat-herds
where
he
found
his
Son
Telemachus
;
and
from
thence
he
went
home
in
disguise
.
Where
after
he
had
received
several
affronts
from
the
wooers
of
Penelope
,
by
the
assistance
of
the
two
Neetherds
and
his
Son
,
to
whom
he
discovered
himself
,
he
set
upon
them
and
killed
them
every
one
:
And
then
he
received
his
Penelope
.
Penelope
,
Penelope
.
the
Daughter
of
Icarus
,
was
a
rare
and
perfect
example
of
Chastity
.
For
though
it
was
generally
thought
that
Vlysses
her
Husband
was
dead
,
since
he
had
been
absent
from
her
Twenty
Years
;
nevertheless
,
neither
the
desires
of
her
Parents
,
nor
the
sollicitations
of
her
Lovers
could
prevail
with
her
,
to
marry
another
Man
;
and
violate
those
promises
of
constancy
which
she
gave
to
her
Husband
when
he
departed
.
For
when
many
Noblemen
courted
her
,
and
even
threatned
her
with
ruin
,
unless
she
declared
which
of
them
should
marry
her
:
She
desired
that
the
choice
might
be
deferred
,
'till
she
had
finished
that
needle-work
,
about
which
she
was
then
employed
.
But
undoing
by
night
what
she
worked
by
day
,
she
delayed
them
until
Vlysses
returned
,
and
killed
them
all
.
Cic.
4.
Acad.
Hence
the
Proverb
,
Penelopes
telam
texere
,
Erasm.
in
Adag●
to
Labour
in
vain
,
When
one
hand
destroys
,
what
the
other
does
.
CHAP.
XII
.
ORION
.
P.
WHAT
was
the
Birth
of
Orion
?
M.
Modesty
will
hardly
let
me
tell
you
.
However
I
will
conceal
nothing
from
you
.
They
say
that
he
was
born
from
the
Urine
of
Iupiter
,
Neptune
,
and
Mercury
.
For
when
they
travelled
together
,
they
were
benighted
,
and
forced
to
lodge
in
a
poor
Man's
Cottage
,
whose
Name
was
Hircus
.
He
entertained
them
as
handsomely
,
as
the
Meanness
of
his
Condition
would
suffer
:
Their
Entertainment
pleased
them
so
,
that
they
promised
to
grant
whatever
he
asked
.
He
said
that
he
had
promised
his
Wife
when
she
dyed
,
never
to
marry
again
,
and
yet
that
he
extreamly
desired
to
have
a
Son
.
This
pious
Desire
pleased
the
Gods
,
and
they
consented
to
his
Request
;
and
moistned
the
Hide
of
the
Ox
(
with
which
they
were
entertained
)
with
their
Urine
,
commanding
him
to
bury
it
;
Ten
Months
after
he
digged
it
up
,
and
found
in
it
a
New-born-child
,
which
from
this
occasion
,
he
called
Urion
or
Orion
.
Orion
,
when
young
,
was
a
constant
Companion
to
Diana
.
But
because
his
Love
to
the
Goddess
exceeded
the
bounds
of
Modesty
,
or
because
,
as
some
say
,
he
extolled
the
strength
of
his
own
Body
very
undecently
,
and
boasted
,
that
he
could
conquer
and
take
even
the
wildest
and
fiercest
Beasts
.
This
Arrogance
grievously
displeased
the
Earth
;
wherefore
she
sent
a
Scorpion
which
killed
him
.
He
was
afterwards
carried
to
the
Heavens
,
and
made
a
Constellation
:
which
is
thought
to
predict
foul
Weather
,
when
it
does
not
appear
,
and
fair
when
it
is
visible
:
Whence
Virgil
,
calls
him
,
Nimbosus
Orion
;
and
the
Word
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
in
Greek
,
signifies
turbo
,
concito
,
moveo
.
and
some
think
that
Orion
is
derived
from
thence
.
CHAP.
XIII
.
Osiris
,
Apis
,
and
Serapis
.
THese
are
three
different
Names
of
one
and
the
same
God
:
therefore
they
are
not
to
be
separated
in
our
discourse
.
Osiris
was
the
Son
of
Iupiter
,
by
Niobe
,
the
Daughter
of
Phoroneus
.
He
Reigned
King
of
the
Argives
many
years
.
But
he
was
stirred
up
by
the
desire
of
Glory
,
to
leave
his
Kingdom
to
his
Brother
Aegialus
,
wherefore
he
sailed
into
Egypt
to
seek
a
new
Name
,
and
new
Kingdoms
there
.
The
Egyptians
were
not
so
much
overcome
by
his
Arms
,
as
obliged
to
him
by
his
Courtesies
and
great
Kindnesses
towards
them
.
After
which
he
married
Io
,
the
Daughter
of
Inachus
whom
Iupiter
Io.
〈◊〉
I●is
.
formerly
turned
into
a
Cow
,
as
we
said
above
:
but
when
by
her
Distractions
she
was
driven
into
Egypt
,
her
former
shape
was
again
restored
,
and
she
married
Osiris
,
and
taught
the
Egyptians
Letters
.
Wherefore
both
she
and
Osiris
her
Husband
attained
to
divine
Honours
,
and
were
thought
immortal
by
that
People
.
But
Osiris
shewed
that
he
was
mortal
;
for
he
was
killed
by
his
Brother
Triphon
:
Io
(
afterwards
called
Isis
)
sought
him
a
great
while
,
and
when
she
had
found
him
at
last
in
a
Chest
,
she
laid
him
in
a
Monument
in
an
Island
near
to
Memphis
,
which
Island
is
encompassed
by
that
sad
and
fatal
Lake
,
the
Styx
.
And
because
when
she
sought
him
,
she
had
used
Dogs
;
who
by
their
excellent
virtue
of
smelling
,
Ex
Gyr.
Sy●
.
9.
might
discover
where
he
was
hid
,
thence
the
ancient
Custom
came
;
An●bis
.
Virg.
Aen.
8.
that
Dogs
went
first
in
an
anniversary
Procession
in
honour
of
Isis.
And
the
People
Carefully
and
Religiously
Worshipped
a
God
with
Dogs
Head
,
Ovid.
M●t.
9.
called
Anubis
;
L●can
.
Sed●li
.
Plu●
.
in
Isid.
which
God
the
Poets
commonly
call
,
latratorem
,
semicanem
Deum
,
semihominemque
canem
:
Barker
,
a
God
half
a
Dog
,
a
Dog
half
a
Man
.
He
is
also
called
Hermanubis
:
Serv.
in
Aen.
8.
because
his
Sagacity
is
so
great
that
some
think
him
to
be
the
same
with
Mercury
.
But
let
us
return
to
Osiris
and
Isis.
After
the
Body
of
Osiris
was
interred
,
there
appeared
to
the
Egyptians
a
stately
beautiful
Ox
:
The
Egyptians
thought
that
it
was
Osiris
,
wherefore
they
worshipped
it
and
called
it
Apis
,
which
in
the
Egyptian
Language
signifies
an
Ox.
But
because
his
Body
after
his
death
was
found
shut
up
in
a
Chest
,
which
in
Greek
is
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
loculus
;
he
was
afterwards
from
thence
called
Sorapis
,
and
by
the
change
of
a
Letter
Serapis
;
as
we
shall
see
more
clearly
and
particularly
by
and
by
,
when
I
have
observed
that
Plutarch
says
,
that
Osiris
was
thought
to
be
the
Sun
;
his
Name
comes
from
Os
,
which
in
the
Egyptian
Language
signifies
much
,
and
iris
an
Eye
,
and
his
Image
was
a
Scepter
,
in
the
top
of
which
was
plac'd
an
Eye
.
So
that
Osiris
signifies
the
same
as
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
many
eyed
:
which
agrees
very
well
to
the
Sun
,
who
seems
to
have
so
many
Eyes
,
as
he
hath
Rays
,
by
which
he
sees
,
and
makes
all
things
visible
.
Some
say
that
Isis
is
Pallas
,
others
Terra
,
others
Ceres
,
and
many
the
Moon
;
for
she
〈◊〉
painted
sometimes
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
cornigera
,
with
horns
,
as
the
Moon
is
in
the
increase
:
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
nigris
vestibus
induta
,
in
black
Garments
;
because
the
Moon
shines
in
the
night
.
Serv.
Aen.
8.
In
her
right
Hand
she
held
a
Cymbal
,
in
her
left
a
Bucket
.
Aelian
.
l.
de
anim
.
Her
Head
was
Crowned
with
the
Feathers
of
a
Vultur
;
Herod
.
l.
2.
for
among
the
Egyptians
that
Bird
is
sacred
to
Iuno
.
Plut.
symp
.
5.
c.
10.
And
therefore
they
adorned
the
tops
of
their
Porches
with
the
Feathers
of
a
Vultur
.
The
Priests
of
Isis
,
Rhodig
5.
c.
12.
called
after
her
own
Name
Isiaci
,
abstained
from
the
flesh
of
Swine
and
Sheep
:
H●rod
.
l.
1.
they
used
no
Salt
to
their
Meat
,
Clov
.
4.
least
they
should
violate
their
Chastity
.
Hon.
cons.
They
shaved
their
Heads
:
Ovid.
1.
de
Pont.
El.
1.
they
wore
paper
Shooes
,
and
a
linen
Vest
;
because
Isis
first
taught
the
use
of
Flax
;
Propert.
l.
1.
&
2.
from
whence
she
is
called
Linigera
,
and
also
Inachis
from
Inachus
her
Father
.
By
the
Name
of
Isis
is
usually
understood
Wisdom
,
Sapientia
.
Aud
accordingly
upon
the
Pavement
of
her
Temple
,
there
was
this
Inscription
.
(
Plut.
de
Isid.
)
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
Ego
sum
quicquid
fuit
,
est
,
&
erit
:
nec
meum
peplum
mortalium
quisquam
retexit
.
I
am
every
thing
that
hath
been
,
and
is
,
and
shall
be
:
nor
hath
any
mortal
opened
my
Veil
.
By
the
means
of
this
Isis
,
Iphis
Iphis.
a
young
Lady
of
Crete
,
the
Daughter
of
Lygdus
and
Telethusa
,
was
changed
into
a
Man
,
if
we
may
believe
Ovid
(
in
Met.
l.
9.
)
that
ingenious
contriver
of
Fables
.
For
when
Lygdus
went
a
Journey
,
he
commanded
his
Wife
,
who
was
then
big
with
Child
,
that
if
she
brought
a
Daughter
,
she
should
expose
her
.
Telethusa
brought
indeed
a
Daughter
,
but
was
very
unwilling
to
lose
her
Child
:
Therefore
she
drest
it
in
a
Boys
Habit
,
and
called
it
Iphis
,
which
is
a
common
name
to
Boys
and
Girls
.
The
Father
returned
from
his
Journey
,
and
believed
both
his
Wife
and
his
Daughter
,
who
Personated
a
Son
:
and
as
soon
as
she
was
marriageable
,
her
Father
who
still
thought
that
she
was
a
Man
,
Married
her
to
the
Beautiful
Ianthe
.
They
go
to
the
Temple
to
Celebrate
the
Marriage
.
The
Mother
was
mightily
concerned
,
and
when
they
went
,
she
begged
the
favourable
Assistance
of
Isis
,
who
heard
her
Prayers
,
and
changed
the
Virgin
Iphis
into
a
most
beautiful
young
Man
.
Now
let
us
come
to
Serapis
and
Apis
again
.
Tho'
Serapis
,
of
whose
Name
we
gave
the
Etymology
before
,
was
the
God
of
the
Egyptians
;
yet
he
was
worshipped
at
Greece
,
and
especially
at
Athens
,
and
also
at
Rome
.
Paus.
in
Attic.
Amongst
different
Nations
he
had
different
Names
;
P●bl
.
Victor
.
for
he
was
called
sometimes
Iupiter
Ammon
,
Tacit.
l.
20.
Plut.
de
Osir.
sometimes
Pluto
,
Bacchus
,
Aesculapius
,
and
sometimes
Osiris
.
His
Name
was
reckoned
abominable
by
the
Grecians
;
Porph.
l.
Resp.
for
all
Names
of
seven
Letters
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
are
by
them
esteemed
infamous
.
Some
say
that
Ptolomy
,
Tacit.
l.
20.
the
Son
of
Lagus
,
procured
the
Effigies
of
him
at
Pontus
,
from
the
King
of
Sinope
,
and
dedicated
a
magnificent
Temple
to
him
at
Alexandri●●
Eusebius
(
in
Prap.
Evang.
l.
4.
)
calls
him
the
Prince
of
the
evil
Demons
:
A
Flasket
was
placed
upon
his
Head
;
Macro
.
in
Sat.
and
near
him
lay
a
Creature
with
three
Heads
;
a
Dog
's
,
a
Wolfs
,
and
a
Lyon's
between
them
.
A
Snake
with
his
fold
encompassed
them
,
whose
Head
hung
down
unto
the
God's
right
Hand
,
which
bridled
the
terrible
Monster
.
There
was
besides
,
almost
in
all
the
Temples
,
where
Serapis
and
Isis
were
worshipped
,
an
Image
which
pressed
its
Lip
with
its
Finger
.
Varro
says
that
the
meaning
of
this
was
,
that
no
one
should
dare
to
say
that
these
Gods
had
been
Men
formerly
:
And
the
Laws
inflicted
death
upon
him
who
said
that
Serapis
was
once
a
mortal
Man
.
Apis
,
of
whom
we
spake
something
above
,
was
King
of
the
Argivi
(
says
S.
Augustine
de
Civit
,
Dei
lib.
18.
)
And
being
transported
from
thence
into
Egypt
,
he
became
Serapis
,
or
the
greatest
of
all
the
Gods
of
Egypt
.
After
the
death
of
Serapis
,
the
Ox
,
that
we
mentioned
a
little
before
,
succeeded
to
his
place
.
Pliny
describes
the
form
and
quality
of
this
Ox
thus
:
(
l.
8.
c.
40.
)
An
Ox
(
says
he
)
in
Egypt
is
Worshipped
as
a
God
.
They
call
him
Apis.
He
is
thus
marked
;
there
is
a
white
shining
spot
upon
his
right
side
,
Horns
like
the
Moon
in
its
increase
,
and
a
Node
under
his
Tongue
which
they
call
Cantharus
.
His
Body
says
Herodotus
.
l.
3.
was
all
black
:
In
his
Forehead
he
had
a
white
square
shining
Figure
:
The
Effigies
of
an
Eagle
in
his
Back
:
And
besides
that
Cantharus
in
his
Palace
,
he
had
Hair
of
two
sorts
in
his
Tale.
But
Pliny
goes
on
:
If
he
lives
beyond
an
appointed
period
of
time
,
they
drown
him
in
the
Priest's
Fountain
;
then
the
Priests
shave
their
Heads
,
and
mourn
and
lament
,
and
seek
another
to
substitute
in
his
room
.
When
they
have
found
one
,
he
is
brought
,
by
the
Priests
to
Memphis
.
He
hath
two
Chappels
,
which
they
call
Chambers
,
which
are
the
Oracles
of
the
People
.
In
one
of
which
he
foretells
Good
,
in
the
other
Ill.
He
gives
answers
in
private
,
and
takes
Meat
from
them
that
consult
him
.
He
refused
the
Hand
of
Germanicus
Cesar
,
who
died
not
long
after
.
He
acts
for
the
most
part
in
secret
.
But
when
he
pleases
to
appear
publickly
,
the
Officers
go
before
and
clear
the
way
;
and
a
flock
of
Boys
attend
him
,
singing
Verses
to
his
Honour
.
He
seems
to
understand
things
,
and
to
expect
Worship
.
Once
a
Year
a
Cow
is
shown
to
him
;
who
hath
her
marks
(
tho'
different
from
his
;
)
and
this
Cow
is
always
both
found
and
killed
the
same
day
.
So
far
Pliny
.
To
which
Aelian
adds
,
that
the
Cow
that
conceives
Apis
,
conceives
him
not
by
a
Bull
,
but
by
Lightning
.
Epiph.
ap
Syr.
Cambyses
,
King
of
Assyria
,
gave
no
credit
to
these
Trifles
,
and
struck
Apis
in
the
Thigh
with
his
Sword
,
to
shew
,
by
the
Wound
's
bleeding
,
that
he
was
no
God
.
But
his
Sacrilege
did
not
pass
(
as
they
pretend
)
unpunished
.