OF
THE
EDUCATION
OF
A
PRINCE
.
EMBLEM
LI.
THERE
is
nothing
better
or
more
advantageous
to
Mankind
than
prudent
Diffidence
;
't
is
the
Guard
and
Preservation
of
our
Lives
and
Fortunes
,
our
own
Security
obliges
us
to
it
;
without
it
there
would
be
no
Caution
,
without
which
no
Safety
;
that
Prince
governs
best
who
trusts
fewest
,
there
is
but
one
Confidence
safe
,
which
is
not
to
depend
upon
the
Will
of
another
.
For
who
can
secure
himself
of
Man's
heart
,
hid
in
the
privatest
corner
of
the
Breast
,
whose
Secrets
the
Tongue
dissembles
,
the
Eyes
and
all
the
Motions
of
the
Body
contradict
[
](A58845-e155120-b)1
1
Eccles.
13.
31.
.
'T
is
a
Gulf
rowling
with
the
Tempests
of
different
Affections
,
a
Sea
full
of
hidden
Rocks
which
no
Chart
can
discover
.
What
Prudence
must
the
Needle
be
touched
with
for
a
Prince
to
sail
by
,
through
such
dangerous
and
difficult
Seas
[
](A58845-e155130-b)2
2
The
heart
is
deceitful
above
all
things
,
an●
desperately
wicked
:
Who
can
know
it
?
Ierem.
17.
9.
.
How
well
should
he
know
the
Winds
?
when
to
furl
and
loose
the
Sails
of
Confidence
?
In
this
consists
the
chiefest
Art
of
Government
;
't
is
in
this
that
a
Princes
danger
chiefly
consists
,
either
through
want
of
Experience
in
Affairs
,
or
Knowledge
of
his
Subjects
,
none
of
them
appearing
ill
to
him
.
For
in
his
Presence
all
compose
their
Actions
,
and
adjust
their
Looks
:
Their
set
Speeches
sound
nothing
but
Love
,
Zeal
and
Fidelity
,
and
their
Attendance
nothing
but
Respect
and
Obedience
;
Discontent
,
Hatred
and
Ambition
being
hid
in
the
heart
;
which
made
one
say
,
a
Prince
should
trust
no
Body
;
but
both
extreams
are
equally
to
be
avoided
[
](A58845-e155160-b)3
3
Utrumq●
in
viti●
est
,
&
.
omnib●is
credere
,
&
.
nulli
.
Seneca
.
.
To
trust
none
is
the
Suspicion
of
a
Tyrant
,
to
trust
all
the
easiness
of
an
imprudent
Prince
.
Confidence
is
not
less
important
to
a
Prince
than
Distrust
:
The
one
is
worthy
a
sincere
and
Royal
Breast
,
the
other
is
very
necessary
in
the
Art
of
Government
,
as
an
Instrument
by
which
Policy
works
its
Ends.
The
Difficulty
consists
in
knowing
how
rightly
to
use
one
and
t'
other
,
so
that
neither
a
too
credulous
Confidence
expose
you
to
Infidelity
and
Dangers
,
or
a
too
suspicious
Distrust
provoke
Hatred
,
or
make
the
Prince
by
reason
of
this
Diffidence
incapble
o●
treating
with
any
one
:
He
should
not
measure
all
thing●
by
Confidence
,
nor
all
by
Distrust
.
If
a
Prince
will
trus●
none
,
who
can
serve
him
without
evident
Dangers
?
'T
is
a●
great
a
misfortune
to
lose
a
faithful
Minister
upon
vain
and
groundless
Suspicions
,
as
by
a
too
easie
Credulity
to
trus●
those
who
are
not
so
.
Let
a
Prince
confide
,
but
at
the
same
time
suspect
that
he
may
be
cheated
;
this
Suspicion
ought
not
to
retard
the
Course
of
his
Actions
,
but
only
to
be
a
Caution
to
him
:
if
he
was
without
Suspicion
he
would
be
too
careless
.
Suspicion
is
a
cautionary
Security
,
a
due
weighing
of
Matters
;
he
who
doubts
nothing
can
never
know
the
Truth
.
Let
him
give
Credit
as
if
he
believ'd
,
and
distrust
as
if
he
believ'd
not
.
Confidence
and
Diffidence
being
thus
governed
by
Prudence
and
Reason
,
work
Miracles
.
Let
the
Prince
therefore
be
well
advised
in
the
Affairs
which
he
treats
of
,
in
the
Alliances
which
he
ratifies
,
in
the
Peaces
which
he
concludes
,
and
in
all
other
Treaties
in
general
which
concern
the
Government
;
and
when
he
Signs
them
let
his
hand
be
full
of
Eyes
,
(
as
in
the
prefent
Emblem
)
that
he
may
see
what
he
does
.
The
Bawd
in
Plautus
valued
not
the
Promises
of
the
Lover
when
she
said
,
Our
hands
are
full
of
eyes
,
what
they
see
they
believe
;
and
elsewhere
she
calls
the
Day
quick
sighted
,
in
which
she
never
traded
but
for
the
Ready
.
Blind
are
Resolves
made
by
Confidence
:
Pythagoras's
Motto
was
,
Not
to
shake
hands
with
every
Body
.
Credulity
to
all
is
very
dangerous
;
let
a
Prince
therefore
consider
well
before
he
ingages
himself
,
thinking
always
that
his
Friends
as
well
as
his
Enemies
design
to
cheat
him
,
one
more
,
the
other
less
;
one
to
rob
him
of
his
Territories
and
Riches
,
the
other
only
to
reconcile
himself
to
his
Favour
and
Good-will
.
This
Pre-supposition
should
not
be
deriv'd
from
Fraud
,
and
Villainy
giving
him
the
Liberty
to
forfeit
his
Word
and
Promise
,
which
would
utterly
confound
the
publick
Faith
,
and
be
a
great
Blot
in
his
Reputation
;
this
Caution
should
be
nothing
but
a
prudent
Circumspection
and
piece
of
Policy
.
That
Diffidence
the
Daughter
of
Suspicion
is
then
blameable
in
a
Prince
,
when
't
is
frivolous
and
vicious
,
which
immediately
discovers
its
Effects
and
proceeds
to
Execution
,
not
that
Circumspect
and
general
Distrust
,
which
equally
regards
all
,
without
particularizing
upon
any
one
,
until
the
Circumstances
well
examined
shall
dictate
otherwise
,
and
perhaps
you
may
not
sufficiently
confide
in
any
one
,
whom
you
may
nevertheless
have
a
good
Opinion
of
,
for
this
is
not
a
particular
distrusting
of
him
,
but
a
general
Caution
of
Prudence
;
there
are
Forts
in
the
very
middle
of
Kingdoms
,
in
which
there
are
Garrisons
kept
,
as
if
on
the
Enemies
Frontiers
.
This
Caution
is
convenient
,
and
reflects
not
upon
the
Subjects
Fidelity
.
A
Prince
may
confide
in
his
Relations
,
Allies
,
Subjects
and
Ministers
,
yet
this
Confidence
should
not
be
so
remiss
,
as
to
lull
him
asleep
,
and
make
him
careless
of
all
Accidents
,
by
which
Ambition
,
Interest
,
or
Hatred
usually
pervert
Fidelity
;
breaking
the
strongest
Bars
of
the
Law
of
Nature
and
Nations
;
when
a
Prince
had
rather
chuse
to
suffer
,
than
live
in
the
continual
Alarms
of
so
many
Cautions
;
and
rather
let
things
run
on
,
than
remedy
the
Inconveniencies
which
may
happen
.
He
makes
his
Ministers
wicked
and
sometimes
treacherous
,
for
they
imputing
his
Indulgence
to
Incapability
despise
and
slight
him
,
and
each
Reigns
absolutely
in
that
part
of
the
Government
which
is
allotted
him
.
But
when
the
Prince
is
vigilant
,
and
if
he
does
confide
in
any
does
it
not
without
Caution
;
when
he
is
always
so
prepar'd
,
that
Treachery
shall
never
find
him
unprovided
;
when
he
condemns
not
without
hearing
;
and
reprehends
not
but
to
preserve
Fidelity
,
when
't
is
in
danger
,
he
may
wear
his
Crown
in
safety
.
King
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
had
no
reason
to
suspect
the
Fidelity
of
the
great
Captain
[
](A58845-e155220-b)†
†
Gon●alez
Fernandez
of
Cordov●
.
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
;
nevertheless
he
kept
those
people
near
him
who
should
diligently
pry
into
his
Actions
,
that
he
knowing
how
narrowly
he
was
watch'd
,
might
Act
with
the
more
Caution
.
This
was
not
properly
an
Action
of
distrust
but
prudence
.
For
all
this
he
must
take
care
that
this
Suspicion
be
not
groundless
and
frivolous
,
as
was
that
of
the
same
King
Ferdinand
to
the
same
great
Captain
;
for
though
after
the
loss
of
the
Battel
of
Ravenna
,
he
wanted
him
for
the
management
of
Affairs
in
Italy
,
he
would
not
make
use
of
him
when
he
saw
with
what
eagerness
all
the
people
strove
to
serve
and
fight
under
him
;
and
so
endeavoured
by
al●
the
means
he
could
to
assure
himself
of
Duke
Valentine
,
〈◊〉
that
suspecting
an
experimented
Fidelity
,
he
exposed
himself
to
one
suspected
:
So
over
jealous
Spirits
to
avoid
one
Danger
fall
into
a
greater
;
though
sometimes
the
refusal
of
the
Services
of
such
great
Men
,
may
be
rather
a
Princes
Envy
or
Ingratitude
,
than
Jealousie
or
Suspicion
.
It
may
be
also
that
this
wise
Prince
,
thought
it
not
convenient
to
make
use
of
a
Man
whom
he
knew
to
be
discontented
;
a
Prince
must
expect
little
Fidelity
from
a
person
of
whom
he
has
once
shewn
a
Distrust
.
The
more
ingenious
and
generous
a
Spirit
is
,
the
more
it
resents
the
Suspicion
of
its
Fidelity
,
and
so
more
easily
quits
it
,
which
made
Getulius
make
bold
to
write
to
Tiberius
,
That
he
was
Loyal
,
and
unless
suspected
,
would
remain
so
[
](A58845-e155310-b)4
4
Sibi
fidem
integram
,
&
.
si
nullis
infidiis
peteretur
,
mansuram
.
Tac.
6.
ann
.
.
A
Prince
ought
to
learn
by
the
experience
of
his
own
Accidents
as
well
as
others
,
how
far
he
ought
to
confide
in
his
Subjects
.
Amongst
the
Cautions
which
King
Henry
the
II.
left
his
Son
Don
John
,
there
was
this
,
That
he
should
continue
the
Rewards
given
to
those
,
who
had
follow'd
his
party
against
King
Peter
their
natural
Lord
,
but
that
he
should
not
put
so
much
Confidence
in
them
,
as
not
to
have
an
Eye
upon
'em
,
that
in
Offices
and
Places
of
Trust
he
should
make
use
of
those
,
who
adher'd
to
their
Master
King
Peter
like
true
and
faithful
Subjects
,
and
oblige
'em
to
make
amends
for
past
Offences
by
future
Services
;
but
that
he
should
not
put
any
Confidence
in
the
Neuters
,
who
had
shewn
themselves
more
addicted
to
self
Interest
than
the
publick
Good
.
Traytors
are
odious
even
to
those
whom
they
serve
by
their
Treason
[
](A58845-e155370-b)5
5
Quippe
proditores
,
etiam
iis
,
quos
anteponunt
,
invisunt
.
Tac.
1.
ann
.
,
and
the
Loyal
are
esteem'd
by
those
against
whom
they
are
so
;
upon
this
ground
Otho
trusted
Celsus
,
who
had
faithfully
served
Galba
[
](A58845-e155420-b)6
6
Mansitque
Celso
velut
fat
alit●r
etiam
pro
Othone
fides
integr●
&
.
infelix
.
Tac.
1.
Hist.
.
'T
is
not
good
to
raise
a
Minister
all
at
once
to
great
Places
,
for
it
makes
other
envy
him
and
hate
the
Prince
,
they
taking
this
sudden
Promotion
as
an
Argument
of
his
Levity
.
There
is
no
Minister
so
modest
,
as
not
to
be
affronted
,
nor
so
zealous
as
to
continue
in
his
Devoir
,
when
he
sees
another
so
unjustly
preferred
.
For
one
that
's
satisfied
many
are
discontented
;
and
when
the
Ministers
are
disgusted
't
is
impossible
the
Government
should
go
well
:
Such
Elections
are
nothing
else
but
abortive
Births
;
and
Fidelity
takes
deeper
root
,
when
it
sees
that
Offices
and
Imployments
are
the
reward
of
faithful
Services
:
the
Prince
has
in
the
mean
while
time
to
make
Tryal
of
his
Minister
,
first
in
places
of
small
Trust
least
it
should
cost
him
too
dear
,
afterwards
in
places
of
greater
Importance
[
](A58845-e155450-b)7
7
He
that
is
faithful
in
that
which
is
least
,
is
faithful
also
in
much
,
Luk.
16.
10.
,
let
him
examine
before
he
employs
him
in
Affairs
of
Peace
or
War
,
what
is
the
most
likely
to
shake
his
Fidelity
,
what
his
Birth
is
,
what
his
Reputation
and
Fortune
;
this
Circumspection
is
particularly
necessary
in
places
of
Trust
,
which
are
as
't
were
the
Keys
and
Security
of
Governments
.
Augustus
would
not
permit
any
Senator
or
Roman
Knight
to
enter
Egypt
without
his
special
Order
,
because
that
Province
was
the
Grainary
of
the
Empire
,
and
that
he
who
made
himself
Master
of
that
had
the
other
at
Command
:
for
the
same
reason
Tiberius
sharply
reprehended
Germanicus
for
going
into
Alexandria
without
his
leave
[
](A58845-e155530-b)8
8
Acerrimè
increpuit
,
quod
contra
institutum
Augusti
,
non
sponte
Principis
Alexandriam
introisset
.
Tac.
2.
ann
.
,
but
for
the
greater
Security
,
and
the
better
to
keep
the
Minister
in
obedience
,
't
would
be
convenient
to
allow
a
little
more
Authority
to
the
Magistracy
of
the
Province
,
for
there
are
no
Curbs
stronger
than
that
,
nor
more
ready
to
oppose
the
Faults
of
the
Governor
.
Mean
and
abject
Spirits
,
such
as
have
no
Ambition
of
Glory
,
or
thirst
for
Preferments
,
are
fit
for
no
Employ
.
The
chief
Quality
which
God
found
in
Ioshuah
,
to
introduce
him
into
the
management
of
Affairs
,
was
that
he
had
a
great
Spirit
[
](A58845-e155570-b)9
9
Numb.
27.
18.
.
But
yet
the
Courage
should
not
be
so
great
,
as
to
repine
at
his
being
born
a
Subject
,
and
not
be
contented
with
his
Condition
;
for
the
Loyalty
of
such
is
in
great
Danger
,
because
they
aspire
always
to
the
highest
step
,
which
if
they
attain
not
,
't
is
either
for
want
of
Power
,
or
Wit
,
besides
they
soon
flag
in
their
Zeal
for
the
Publick
,
and
Obedience
to
their
Prince
.
Great
Spirits
are
not
less
dangerous
at
least
,
if
they
are
not
docile
and
modest
for
being
very
positive
and
conceited
of
their
own
Opinions
,
they
are
apt
to
slight
Commands
,
and
believe
that
all
should
be
governed
at
their
Pleasure
.
A
person
is
as
troublesome
for
his
good
Qualifications
,
as
for
his
having
none
at
all
;
for
there
is
no
satisfying
him
,
who
presumes
too
much
upon
his
Merit
:
Tiberius
never
desired
great
Vertues
in
Offices
of
Trust
,
and
hated
Vices
too
;
for
from
one
he
feared
Danger
to
himself
,
from
t'
other
Scandal
to
the
Government
[
](A58845-e155600-b)10
10
Neque
enim
imminentes
virtutes
sectabatur
,
&
rursus
vitia
oderat
;
ex
optimis
periculum
sibi
,
à
pessimis
dedecus
publicum
metuebat
.
Tac.
1.
ann
.
.
Nor
are
those
fit
for
Ministers
who
are
rich
and
of
great
Families
,
for
having
no
need
of
the
Prince
,
and
flowing
in
plenty
of
all
things
,
they
won't
expose
themselves
to
Perils
and
Toils
,
nor
can
,
nor
will
they
be
under
Command
[
](A58845-e155630-b)11
11
Qui
in
affluentia
fortunae
,
virium
,
opum
,
&
amicorum
,
ālioruamque
talium
constituti
sunt
,
Reginaeque
ob●dire
norunt
.
Arist.
4.
Pol.
c.
11.
.
Whence
Sosibius
Britannicus
us'd
to
say
,
Princes
can't
endure
Riches
in
the
Commons
[
](A58845-e155660-b)12
12
Auri
vim
,
atque
opes
Principibus
infensas
.
Tac.
11.
ann
.
.
When
a
Prince
shall
have
made
Choice
of
a
Minister
with
all
due
Circumspection
,
let
him
seemingly
put
an
entire
Confidence
in
him
,
but
always
keep
an
Eye
upon
his
Actions
and
Intelligences
,
and
if
they
are
any
ways
suspicious
,
let
him
be
removed
to
another
Post
,
where
he
will
want
opportunity
to
make
a
party
to
execute
his
ill
Designs
;
for
there
is
more
prudence
and
kindness
in
preventing
a
Crime
,
than
in
forgiving
it
when
committed
;
if
Germanicus's
Victory
,
and
the
Soldiers
Applause
pleas'd
Tiberius
on
one
hand
,
on
t'
other
they
made
him
jealous
and
uneasie
[
](A58845-e155710-b)13
13
Nuntiata
ea
Tiberium
laetitia
curaque
affecere
.
Tac.
1.
ann
.
.
And
understanding
the
Commotions
in
the
East
,
he
was
glad
of
a
Pretence
ea
expose
him
to
Dangers
,
by
making
him
Governour
of
those
Provinces
[
](A58845-e155730-b)14
14
Ut
to
specie
Germanicum
suetis
Legionibus
abstraheret
,
nov●sque
Provineiis
impositum
,
dolo
simul
&
casibus
objectaret
.
Tac.
2.
ann
.
.
Now
if
any
Minister
is
to
be
removed
,
it
should
be
done
under
the
pretence
of
Honour
,
and
before
the
Reasons
are
known
,
with
such
prudence
as
mayn't
give
him
Reason
to
mistrust
the
Princes
disgust
:
for
as
fear
of
being
cheated
is
the
way
to
be
cheated
;
so
Suspicion
of
Loyalty
makes
Traytors
;
for
which
Reason
Tiberius
having
a
mind
to
recall
Germanicus
to
Rome
,
did
it
under
a
pretence
of
a
Triumph
which
he
design'd
him
[
](A58845-e155780-b)15
15
Acriùs
modestiam
ejus
aggreditur
,
alterum
Consulatum
offerend●
.
Tac.
2.
ann
.
;
offering
him
other
Preferments
,
of
which
Princes
are
very
liberal
,
when
they
would
free
themselves
from
their
Jealousies
.
If
a
Subject
once
loses
the
Respect
he
owes
his
Prince
,
after
Confidence
will
never
secure
him
.
Sancbo
the
first
King
of
Leon
pardoned
Count
Gonzalo
,
for
having
taken
up
Arms
against
him
,
endeavouring
to
reconcile
him
by
his
Favours
,
but
those
by
which
he
thought
to
have
oblig'd
him
,
only
gave
him
opportunity
to
poyson
him
.
When
Princes
are
concerned
with
one
another
,
there
is
no
Obligation
of
Friendship
or
Affinity
,
a
sufficient
Reason
for
their
trusting
each
other
;
Don
Ferdinand
the
great
King
of
Castile
,
and
his
Brother
Garcias
of
Navarre
were
at
difference
;
he
as
he
lay
sick
at
Nacar
had
a
design
to
seize
his
Brother
who
came
to
pay
him
a
Visit
;
but
his
Design
not
succeeding
,
he
had
a
mind
to
dissemble
his
Intent
by
visiting
his
Brother
,
who
caused
him
to
be
apprehended
[
](A58845-e155900-b)*
*
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
.
Revenge
and
State-Policy
is
of
greater
Force
than
Friendship
,
or
Consanguinity
.
The
same
befel
Don
Garcias
King
of
Galicia
,
for
having
trusted
his
Brother
Alonso
King
of
Castile
:
the
most
irreconcileable
falling
out
,
is
that
between
Relations
and
dearest
Friends
[
](A58845-e155950-b)16
16
Difficiles
fratrum
dissentiones
,
&
qui
valdè
am●nt
,
valdè
edio
habent
.
Arist.
7.
Pol.
c.
6.
,
and
perfect
Hatred
is
the
result
of
perfect
Love
;
from
all
which
we
may
infer
,
how
difficult
a
thing
't
is
for
a
Prince
to
trust
himself
in
the
hands
of
his
Enemies
,
it
cost
the
King
of
Granada
his
Life
for
going
,
though
with
a
Pass
port
to
ask
assistance
from
King
Peter
the
Cruel
.
Lewis
Forza
Duke
of
Milan
,
was
more
cautious
,
refusing
an
Interview
with
the
King
of
France
,
unless
in
the
midst
of
a
River
,
or
upon
a
broken
Bridge
.
A
true
piece
of
Italian
Policy
,
not
to
trust
where
they
have
once
shew'd
a
Jealousie
,
for
which
Reason
the
Italians
were
much
admir'd
at
the
Interview
between
the
great
Captain
and
King
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
,
as
also
at
that
between
the
same
King
,
and
the
King
of
France
his
Enemy
.
In
some
Cases
Confidence
is
more
safe
and
necessary
to
gain
peoples
Affections
than
Distrust
.
Don
Alonso
VI.
having
lost
his
Kingdom
of
Leon
,
liv'd
retir'd
at
the
Court
of
the
King
of
Toledo
,
who
was
a
Moor
,
when
upon
the
Death
of
Don
Sancho
his
States
recalled
him
to
his
Throne
,
with
the
greatest
privacy
imaginable
,
fearing
lest
if
it
should
come
to
be
known
by
the
Moors
,
they
might
retain
him
by
force
;
he
like
a
prudent
and
grateful
Prince
discovered
the
whole
Affair
;
this
Confidence
so
oblig'd
the
Barbarian
King
,
who
before
understood
the
Intrigue
and
design'd
to
seize
him
,
that
he
not
only
let
him
go
free
,
but
also
furnished
him
with
Money
for
his
Voyage
:
See
the
power
of
Gratitude
which
disarms
even
the
most
savage
Spirits
.
[
](A58845-e156120-b)*
*
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
.
Distrusts
between
Princes
can't
be
cur'd
by
Satisfactions
or
Excuses
,
but
by
their
contrary
;
if
time
won't
heal
them
,
diligence
never
will
:
these
are
a
kind
of
wounds
which
the
Probe
and
the
Hand
does
but
more
exulcerate
;
and
a
sort
of
apparent
Jealousies
,
which
are
an
Introduction
to
Infidelity
.
EMBLEM
LII
.
THE
Scorpion
translated
to
the
Skyes
,
and
plac'd
among
the
Constellations
loses
not
its
Malignity
,
which
is
greater
,
by
how
much
more
its
Power
and
venomous
Influences
are
extended
over
things
below
.
Let
Princes
therefore
well
consider
the
Qualifications
of
those
Subjects
,
whom
they
raise
to
places
of
Trust
,
for
there
Vices
always
thrive
;
nay
,
Vertue
it self
is
often
in
danger
,
for
the
Will
being
arm'd
with
Power
,
bids
defiance
to
Reason
,
and
often
gets
the
better
;
if
Vertue
have
not
resolution
enough
without
being
dazl'd
with
the
splendour
of
Riches
and
Prosperity
to
resist
it
.
If
Promotion
makes
the
good
bad
,
't
will
make
the
bad
worse
.
And
if
Vice
notwithstanding
the
Punishments
and
Infamy
that
attend
it
find
so
many
followers
,
what
will
it
do
when
back'd
with
Favour
and
Preferments
.
And
if
Vice
be
the
ready
way
to
Preferment
,
who
will
seek
it
through
the
rugged
Road
of
Vertue
?
That
is
inherent
to
our
Natures
,
but
this
must
be
acquir'd
by
Industry
.
The
first
forces
Rewards
,
the
other
expects
'em
with
Patience
,
and
we
find
the
Appetite
much
better
pleas'd
by
its
own
Violence
than
Merit
;
and
being
impatient
had
rather
depend
upon
its
own
Industry
,
than
attend
the
Pleasure
and
Will
of
another
;
to
reward
the
bad
,
by
promoting
them
to
places
of
Authority
,
is
,
to
check
the
vertuous
and
incourage
the
vicious
.
A
private
Knave
while
he
is
private
can
do
no
great
matter
of
mischief
,
't
is
but
an
inconsiderable
number
of
private
Men
,
on
whom
he
can
exercise
his
Villainy
;
but
promoted
to
places
of
Trust
,
his
Villainy
reaches
all
,
being
himself
Minister
of
Justice
,
and
having
the
whole
Body
of
Government
at
his
disposal
[
](A58845-e156180-b)1
1
Nam
qui
maguam
potestatem
habent
,
etiam
si
ipsi
nullius
pretii
sint
,
multum
nocent
.
Arist.
1.
Pol.
cap.
9.
;
Villains
ought
not
to
be
put
into
places
where
they
have
power
to
exercise
their
Villainy
,
Nature
foreseeing
this
inconvenience
,
has
given
venomous
Animals
neither
feet
nor
wings
,
that
they
may
do
less
mischief
?
He
who
furnished
Villains
with
either
designs
it
should
either
run
or
fly
.
But
Princes
nevertheless
usually
make
use
of
the
bad
rather
than
the
good
,
the
former
seeming
generally
more
cunning
[
](A58845-e156200-b)2
2
For
the
Children
of
this
world
are
in
their
Generation
,
wiser
than
the
Children
of
light
,
Luke
16.
8.
;
but
they
are
mistaken
,
for
Vice
is
not
Wisdom
,
and
he
can
have
no
true
Judgment
who
has
no
Vertue
;
for
which
reason
Don
Alonso
King
of
Arragon
and
Naples
,
commended
the
prudence
of
the
Romaus
,
in
building
the
Temple
of
Honour
within
that
of
Vertue
,
that
to
go
into
that
you
must
necessarily
pass
through
this
,
esteeming
him
not
worthy
of
Honour
,
who
was
not
a
follower
of
Vertue
;
and
that
he
should
not
arrive
to
Offices
and
Preferment
,
who
enter'd
not
at
the
Porch
of
Vertue
:
Without
this
how
can
a
Minister
be
serviceable
to
the
Government
?
Among
a
crowd
of
Vices
what
room
is
there
for
Prudence
,
Justice
,
Clemency
,
Valour
,
and
other
Vertues
absolutely
necessary
for
a
Commander
?
How
will
the
Subject
observe
those
proper
to
him
,
if
he
wants
the
example
of
the
Minister
,
whose
Actions
he
observes
carefully
,
and
imitates
through
Flattery
?
The
people
have
a
respect
for
a
just
Minister
,
and
imagine
that
he
cannot
err
;
on
the
contrary
,
they
never
approve
and
commend
the
Actions
of
one
who
is
not
so
.
Demosthenes
spoke
very
well
one
day
in
the
Spartan
Senate
,
but
because
the
people
look'd
upon
him
as
a
vicious
person
,
they
rejected
his
Counsel
.
Whereupon
it
was
ordered
by
the
Ephori
,
that
a
person
whom
they
had
a
better
Opinion
of
should
propose
the
same
thing
,
that
it
might
be
received
and
executed
:
this
good
Opinion
of
the
people
is
so
necessary
,
that
though
the
Minister
be
a
person
of
Integrity
,
the
Government
is
not
safe
in
his
hands
,
if
the
people
mis-inform'd
think
him
otherwise
.
Henry
the
Vth.
King
of
England
,
for
this
reason
at
his
coming
to
the
Crown
,
removed
from
him
all
those
who
had
been
his
Companions
in
his
younger
days
,
and
turn'd
out
all
Ministers
,
putting
in
their
places
Men
of
worth
,
and
such
as
were
agreeable
to
the
people
;
one
can
impute
the
Success
and
Victories
of
Theodorick
,
to
nothing
but
his
good
Choice
of
Ministers
,
having
no
other
for
his
Councellors
than
Prelates
of
the
strictest
Vertues
.
Ministers
are
as
it
were
the
Picture
of
Majesty
,
which
since
it
can't
appear
every
where
is
represented
by
them
;
who
ought
therefore
to
be
as
like
him
as
possible
in
Life
and
Conversation
,
since
the
Prince
cannot
of
himself
exercise
in
all
places
,
the
Authority
which
he
has
received
by
common
Consent
,
he
ought
to
take
great
Care
how
he
shares
it
amongst
his
Ministers
.
For
he
who
is
not
born
a
Prince
,
when
he
sees
himself
deck'd
with
Majesty
,
will
take
Pride
in
shewing
it
,
by
exercising
his
Authority
and
Passions
[
](A58845-e156320-b)3
3
Regiae
potentiae
Ministri
.
quos
delectat
superbiae
suae
longum
spectaculum
;
minusque
se
judicant
posse
,
nisi
diu
,
multumque
singulis
,
quid
possint
●ftendant
.
Seneca
.
.
And
here
may
the
Question
be
decided
;
which
Nation
is
in
the
better
Condition
,
that
where
the
Prince
is
good
,
and
the
Ministers
bad
,
or
that
where
the
Prince
is
bad
,
and
the
Ministers
good
[
for
that
may
happen
according
to
Tacitus
]
[
](A58845-e156350-b)4
4
Posse
etiam
sub
mal●s
Principibus
magnos
vires
esse
.
Tac.
in
vit.
Agr.
for
necessity
obliging
a
Prince
to
substitute
his
Power
to
several
Ministers
,
if
they
are
bad
they
will
do
more
Damage
to
a
Nation
,
than
the
Prince
be
he
never
so
good
can
advantage
it
;
for
they
will
abuse
his
Goodness
,
and
under
pretence
of
publick
Good
,
will
turn
it
to
their
own
private
interest
and
advantage
.
A
bad
Prince
may
be
reformed
by
many
good
Ministers
,
but
not
many
bad
Ministers
by
a
good
Prince
.
Some
imagine
a
Princes
hands
are
bound
,
and
his
Liberty
infring'd
,
when
he
has
good
Ministers
,
and
that
the
more
vicious
the
Subjects
are
,
the
safer
he
lives
among
'em
;
a
ridiculous
and
senseless
Phancy
,
for
Vertue
is
the
only
thing
that
keeps
Nations
in
obedience
and
quiet
,
and
Nations
are
never
more
quiet
and
firm
than
when
at
home
,
private
people
live
justly
and
innocently
,
and
Justice
and
Clemency
flourish
abroad
;
't
is
easie
to
govern
the
good
.
Without
Vertue
the
Laws
lose
their
force
;
the
love
of
Liberty
reigns
,
and
the
aversion
to
Government
increases
,
whence
proceed
the
change
of
States
,
and
fall
of
Princes
.
'T
is
necessary
then
that
they
have
vertuous
Ministers
,
who
should
advise
them
with
Zeal
and
Affection
,
and
introduce
Vertue
into
the
Nation
by
their
Example
,
and
by
the
integrity
of
their
Lives
.
Tiberius
held
the
extreams
of
both
Vertue
and
Vice
equally
dangerous
to
a
Minister
,
and
chose
one
between
both
,
as
we
said
elsewhere
,
but
this
is
properly
the
fear
of
a
Tyrant
;
if
a
vertuous
Minister
be
good
,
one
more
vertuous
is
better
.
But
't
is
not
sufficient
for
his
Ministers
to
be
endued
with
excellent
Vertues
,
if
those
necessary
Endowments
,
and
Ornaments
of
experience
,
which
the
management
of
Affairs
requires
are
not
eminently
visible
in
him
:
Africk
still
mourns
and
shews
upon
the
sooty
Faces
of
its
Inhabitants
,
the
rashness
of
Phoebus
[
if
we
may
use
the
Philosophy
and
Morality
of
the
Ancients
]
in
lending
his
Chariot
to
his
Son
Phaeton
,
an
unexperienced
Youth
,
and
one
who
did
not
in
the
least
merit
such
Promotion
;
and
this
is
the
Danger
all
Elections
carry
with
'em
which
are
made
at
a
jump
,
and
not
gradually
,
by
which
Experience
teaches
'em
to
know
the
people
,
and
to
rise
by
degrees
.
Tiberius
though
a
Tyrant
never
advanc'd
his
Nephews
without
this
Caution
,
and
particularly
Drusus
,
whom
he
would
not
make
a
Tribune
till
after
eight
years
Experience
[
](A58845-e156460-b)5
5
Neque
nunc
properè
,
s●d
per
octo
annos
capto
experimento
.
Tac.
3.
ann
.
.
Preferment
to
an
unexperienc'd
person
is
Favour
,
but
to
one
of
Experience
a
just
Reward
.
Yet
is
not
Experience
in
all
things
,
as
neither
all
Vertues
requisite
for
every
Office
;
but
only
those
who
regard
each
in
particular
,
for
that
which
is
proper
and
requisite
for
one
is
not
always
for
others
:
Experience
of
the
Sea
is
useless
in
Affairs
at
Land
,
and
it
does
not
follow
,
that
he
who
knows
how
to
manage
a
House
or
ride
a
Horse
,
can
also
marshal
an
Army
[
](A58845-e156480-b)6
6
Nam
unum
opus
ab
uno
optim●
perficitur
,
quod
ut
fiat
,
munus
est
Legumlatoris
providere
,
nec
jubere
,
ut
tibia
canat
quisquam
,
&
idem
Gale●●s
confici●t
.
Arist.
2.
Pol.
cap.
9
.
In
this
Lewis
Forza
Duke
of
Milan
was
mistaken
,
when
he
committed
the
Conduct
of
his
Army
against
the
King
of
France
to
Galeaze
St.
Severin
,
who
was
very
dexterous
in
managing
Horses
,
but
understood
little
of
Affairs
of
War
.
Mottathias
made
a
more
prudent
Choice
when
seeing
himself
near
his
End
,
he
chose
for
General
Iudas
Macchabee
,
a
robust
Man
,
and
well
vers'd
in
Arms
,
and
for
his
Counsellor
his
Brother
Simeon
a
Man
of
Judgment
and
Experience
[
](A58845-e156580-b)7
7
1
Macch.
a
65.
.
In
this
we
have
seen
great
Errors
,
in
changing
the
reins
and
administration
of
Governments
.
These
are
different
in
Kingdoms
and
Common-wealths
.
Some
respect
Justice
,
others
Plenty
,
some
War
,
others
Peace
;
yet
though
they
are
so
different
in
themselves
,
there
is
nevertheless
a
certain
Faculty
or
civil
Vertue
,
which
unites
'em
,
and
makes
them
all
tend
one
way
,
to
the
Preservation
of
the
State
:
each
aiming
at
this
by
means
proportion'd
to
the
Office
he
is
in
.
This
civil
Vertue
is
different
according
to
the
several
Forms
of
Government
,
which
differ
according
to
the
means
,
and
methods
of
governing
,
for
which
reason
a
Man
may
be
a
good
Citizen
,
but
not
a
good
Minister
,
for
't
is
not
sufficient
that
he
be
endu'd
with
several
moral
Vertues
,
unless
he
has
also
civil
ones
,
and
this
natural
Disposition
so
proper
to
Administration
and
Government
.
'T
is
therefore
necessary
for
a
Prince
to
know
the
Nature
and
Inclinations
of
his
Subjects
,
that
he
may
better
know
how
to
employ
'em
,
for
upon
this
good
Choice
all
the
Actions
of
his
Government
depend
.
The
Genius
of
Herman
Cortez
,
was
particularly
proper
for
the
Conquest
of
India
;
that
of
Gonzalez
Fernandez
of
Cordova
for
the
War
of
Noples
;
and
if
they
had
been
exchang'd
,
and
the
first
sent
against
the
French
,
and
the
latter
against
the
Indians
,
doubtless
they
had
not
been
so
successful
.
Nature
has
not
given
Man
a
like
Qualifications
for
all
things
;
but
only
one
excellence
for
one
Office
,
whether
it
be
Frugality
,
or
Prudence
,
and
't
is
certain
,
Instruments
do
most
Service
when
they
are
made
use
of
by
one
,
not
by
many
.
For
this
reason
,
Aristotle
blam'd
the
Carthagians
,
for
that
among
them
one
person
officiated
in
many
places
,
there
being
no
Man
fit
for
all
[
](A58845-e156690-b)8
8
Sic
enim
optimè
instrument
a
profici●nt
,
si
eorum
singula
,
non
inultis
,
sed
uni
deserviant
.
Arist.
lib.
1.
Pol.
cap.
1.
.
Nor
is
it
possible
[
as
the
Emperour
Iustinian
remark'd
]
[
](A58845-e156720-b)9
9
Nec
sit
concessum
cuiquam
duobus
assistere
Magistratibus
,
&
utriusque
Iudicii
curam
peragere
,
nec
facile
cre●endum
duabus
necessariis
rebus
,
unum
suff●cere
.
L.
F.
de
Asses
to
mind
two
,
without
forgetting
one
or
t'
other
.
A
Nation
is
much
better
govern'd
,
when
in
that
as
in
a
Ship
every
Man
knows
his
Birth
;
for
though
perhaps
a
Man
may
be
found
capable
of
all
Affairs
,
it
do's
not
follow
,
that
they
shall
be
all
assign'd
him
.
That
great
Copper
Vessel
for
Sacrifices
called
for
its
largeness
a
Sea
,
and
supported
by
12
Oxen
before
the
Altar
of
the
Temple
of
Solomon
[
](A58845-e156750-b)10
10
●
Chron.
c.
4.
5.
contain'd
3000
measures
,
yet
they
never
put
in
above
2000
[
](A58845-e156760-b)11
11
1
Kings
7.
26.
.
'T
is
by
no
means
convenient
to
accumulate
all
Offices
and
Preferments
upon
one
person
,
to
the
Envy
and
Dissatisfaction
of
all
;
but
whether
for
want
of
Knowledge
of
persons
,
or
for
that
they
won't
take
the
pains
to
look
for
fit
Men
,
it
usually
happens
that
Princes
imploy
one
,
or
at
most
a
very
few
of
those
who
are
about
them
:
In
all
Affairs
,
whence
Promotions
and
Rewards
are
scarce
,
and
so
Emulation
grows
cold
,
and
all
things
move
slowly
.
For
the
same
Reason
't
is
not
good
for
two
persons
to
be
employed
about
the
same
Affair
,
for
that
makes
it
confus'd
like
a
Picture
drawn
by
two
hands
,
the
methods
of
Painters
being
always
different
,
one
is
quick
,
the
t'
other
slow
,
one
loves
Lights
,
the
t'
other
is
more
for
Shades
.
Besides
this
,
't
is
impossible
two
should
agree
in
the
same
Conditions
,
Counsels
and
Methods
,
or
that
they
should
not
disagree
to
the
great
Detriment
of
the
Negotiation
and
Prince
too
.
These
second
Causes
have
each
their
distinct
Office
and
separate
Operations
.
For
my
part
I
think
it
more
adviseable
to
commit
an
Office
to
one
person
less
capable
,
than
to
two
though
more
sufficient
;
since
therefore
the
good
Election
is
a
thing
so
necessary
,
and
its
Success
so
difficult
,
't
is
not
adviseable
for
Princes
to
relie
too
much
upon
their
own
Judgments
.
Pope
Paul
the
III.
and
King
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
first
consulted
the
people
,
suffering
it
as
if
carelesly
to
be
published
before
they
made
their
Choice
;
the
Emperour
Alexander
Severus
,
proposed
his
Choice
to
all
,
that
each
person
as
if
he
were
interested
in
it
,
might
freely
declare
his
thoughts
of
his
Capacity
,
or
Incapacity
[
](A58845-e156810-b)12
12
Ubi
aliquos
voluisset
,
vel
Rectores
Provinciis
dare
,
vel
Praepositos
facere
,
vel
Procurat●res
,
id
est
,
rationales
ordinare
,
nomina
eorum
proponebat
,
&
Lamp
.
in
vit.
Alex.
Sev.
.
Though
the
peoples
Approbation
is
not
always
to
be
depended
on
:
Sometimes
't
is
in
the
right
,
sometimes
't
is
in
the
wrong
[
](A58845-e156830-b)13
13
Haud
semper
errat
famae
,
aliquando
&
eligit
.
Tac.
in
vit.
Agr.
;
't
is
oft
deceived
in
Mens
Natures
and
hidden
Vices
.
Moreover
Industry
,
Self-interest
,
or
Malice
,
and
Emulation
spread
this
Report
among
the
Mob
,
either
in
their
Favour
or
otherwise
.
Nor
is
a
Ministers
behaving
himself
well
in
small
Offices
sufficient
to
recommend
him
to
greater
,
for
Preferment
makes
some
more
vigorous
and
active
,
others
careless
and
lazy
[
](A58845-e156850-b)14
14
Non
ex
rumore
statuendum
multos
in
Provinciis
,
contra
quem
spes
,
aut
metus
de
illis
fuerit
,
egisse
,
excitari
quosdam
ad
meliora
Magnitudine
r●rum
,
hebescore
alios
.
Tac.
3.
ann
.
:
much
safer
was
the
Diligence
of
King
Philip
the
II.
who
carefully
observed
his
Nurseries
,
and
took
particular
notice
what
Plants
were
like
to
bear
,
when
transpanted
into
the
civil
or
Ecclesiastical
Government
,
and
had
private
Informations
of
their
Behaviour
in
their
Youth
,
before
Ambition
could
disguise
their
Vices
,
whether
they
grew
streight
and
upright
,
or
crooked
;
and
had
certain
Characters
of
the
Vertues
and
Vices
of
the
chief
of
his
Subjects
;
whence
he
never
made
an
ill
Choice
,
and
in
his
time
flourished
Persons
truly
valuable
;
especially
in
Ecclesiastical
Preferments
,
for
he
thought
it
better
to
make
Choice
of
such
as
he
knew
would
not
deserve
Punishment
,
than
to
punish
them
afterward
[
](A58845-e156880-b)15
15
Officiis
ac
administrat
●onibus
,
potiùs
non
peccaturos
,
quam
damnare
cum
peccassent
.
Tac.
in
vit.
Agr.
.
Happy
is
that
Kingdom
where
there
is
no
room
for
Ambition
,
Petitions
,
Prayers
,
nor
Attendance
,
and
where
even
concealed
Vertue
has
no
need
of
a
Petition
,
or
Recommendation
to
be
known
to
the
Prince
,
who
of
himself
knows
the
Merits
of
his
Subjects
;
this
was
formerly
spoken
in
Tiberius's
Commendation
[
](A58845-e156910-b)16
16
Quia
sine
Ambitione
,
aut
proximorum
Precibus
,
ignotos
etiam
,
ac
ultro
accitos
M●nificentia
juver
at
.
Tac.
4.
ann
.
.
An
auricular
Commendation
depends
upon
others
,
but
an
ocular
one
not
;
that
may
be
deceived
,
this
rot
;
that
only
informs
the
mind
,
this
both
informs
and
moves
too
;
nay
,
as
't
were
forces
to
Punishment
or
Rewards
.
Some
Countreys
have
chosen
their
Ministers
by
Lots
,
which
in
some
Cases
is
not
improper
,
to
decline
Envy
,
and
avoid
Contention
and
Emulation
,
often
the
grounds
of
Tumults
and
Seditions
.
But
when
a
fit
person
is
to
be
chosen
for
the
Administration
of
Justice
,
or
Command
of
the
Army
,
upon
whom
the
Government
and
publick
Safety
is
to
depend
,
a
matter
of
that
Concern
,
ought
not
to
be
decided
by
the
uncertainty
of
Chance
,
but
to
pass
the
Tryal
of
a
due
Election
For
the
Lot
or
Dye
weigh's
not
Qualifications
,
Desert
,
and
Reputation
,
as
Counsels
do
,
where
all
things
are
examined
by
weight
and
measure
[
](A58845-e156940-b)17
17
Sorte
&
.
urna
mores
non
disecrni
:
suffragia
&
existimationem
senafus
reperta
,
ut
an
eujusque
vitam
,
famamque
penitrarent
.
Tac.
4.
Hist.
,
and
though
all
Counsels
are
usually
guided
by
Interest
,
a
Prince
may
make
a
good
Choice
,
if
he
takes
Care
privately
to
inform
himself
of
the
Parties
Qualifications
and
Vertues
,
as
also
the
ends
which
his
Councellors
propose
in
promoting
them
.
For
when
a
Prince
blindly
approves
all
Proposals
,
these
above-mentioned
Inconveniencies
will
attend
;
but
when
his
Counsellors
see
that
he
examines
them
,
and
that
he
does
not
always
admit
the
Persons
propos'd
,
but
chooses
others
more
sufficient
,
they
will
advise
with
greater
Care
and
Deliberation
.
EMBLEM
LIII
.
THE
Thebans
represented
the
Integrity
of
Ministers
,
especially
those
of
Justice
,
by
a
Statue
without
hands
:
for
when
they
are
shut
they
are
the
Emblem
of
Avarice
,
when
open
its
Instruments
.
This
Garden
represents
the
same
thing
,
by
these
Statues
without
Arms
,
which
are
at
the
corners
of
each
Walk
,
like
those
in
the
Walks
at
Rome
;
nor
are
there
any
better
Guards
than
these
;
for
they
have
eyes
to
watch
the
Flowers
,
but
want
Arms
to
gather
them
;
if
all
Ministers
were
like
these
Statues
,
the
Exchequer
would
be
more
secure
,
and
Nations
better
governed
,
especially
Commonwealths
,
whose
Revenues
are
looked
upon
as
common
,
every
Magistrate
believing
it
no
Crime
to
make
his
fortune
out
of
them
;
one
accuses
t'other
to
excuse
himself
,
and
all
wink
at
one
another
,
and
this
Vice
being
like
Fire
,
which
with
the
same
matter
that
should
quench
it
is
nourished
and
burns
fierce
[
](A58845-e157020-b)1
1
Eccles.
5.
9.
,
so
they
the
more
they
get
,
the
more
they
desire
[
](A58845-e157030-b)2
2
Eccles.
14.
9.
,
and
Avarice
once
glutted
with
the
publick
Treasure
,
then
Attacks
private
persons
,
whence
they
wholly
confound
the
principal
end
of
Society
which
is
common
Perservation
.
Where
Avarice
reigns
,
Peace
and
Quiet
is
banished
;
all
things
are
in
disorder
and
confusion
;
nothing
but
Jars
,
Seditions
and
Civil
Wars
,
the
Forms
of
Government
are
changed
,
and
Empires
run
to
Ruine
,
as
most
have
been
lost
upon
this
account
.
Avarice
drove
the
Phoenicians
out
of
Spain
[
](A58845-e157060-b)*
*
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
▪
that
made
the
Oracle
of
Apollo
foretell
the
downfall
of
the
Common-wealth
of
Sparta
.
God
warn'd
Moses
to
choose
persons
into
places
of
Trust
who
hated
Covetousness
[
](A58845-e157100-b)3
3
Exod.
18.
21.
.
'T
is
impossible
that
State
should
be
govern'd
well
whose
Ministers
are
covetous
;
for
how
can
he
who
Plunders
every
Body
rightly
administer
Justice
?
How
will
he
procure
Plenty
,
whose
whole
Gain
is
starving
others
?
How
can
he
love
the
Kingdom
,
who
thinks
of
nothink
but
robbing
on
't
?
How
can
he
whose
mind
runs
upon
nothing
but
filling
his
Chests
,
mind
Affairs
of
State
?
How
will
he
indeavour
to
merit
Rewards
,
who
is
his
own
Pay-Master
?
Nothing
succeeds
well
when
Self-interest
manages
.
For
Interest
is
preferr'd
before
Duty
or
Honour
.
Nothing
great
or
glorious
is
enterpriz'd
without
a
desire
of
Glory
,
which
a
mean
,
abject
,
covetous
Spirit
has
no
value
for
.
There
is
scarce
any
Crime
but
proceeds
from
Avarice
or
Ambition
[
](A58845-e157110-b)4
4
Pl●raque
eor●m
quae
h●mines
injuste
faciunt
,
per
Ambitionem
&
Ava●i●●am
commit
tuntur
.
Aristo●
.
2.
Pol.
cap.
7.
.
Nothing
makes
Rebels
sooner
than
the
fraud
and
corruption
of
the
Ministers
.
They
are
first
moved
by
their
particular
Damages
,
then
by
the
common
Injustice
,
then
by
Envy
against
those
who
commit
it
,
and
so
by
Hatred
to
the
Prince
that
suffers
it
;
if
he
knows
it
not
,
they
accuse
him
of
Incapacity
;
if
he
tolerates
it
,
they
say
he
's
remiss
and
negligent
;
if
he
permits
it
,
he
's
an
Accomplice
;
if
he
wishes
it
to
the
end
,
that
the
Authors
being
glutted
like
Spunges
,
he
may
take
occasion
to
squeeze
'em
afterwards
,
he
is
a
Tyrant
.
O
unhappy
Prince
and
State
,
wherein
the
Ministers
don't
thrive
but
by
their
Ruine
.
Nor
would
I
have
Ministers
so
nice
,
as
to
〈◊〉
●e●sents
in
general
;
't
is
incivility
to
receive
none
;
many
,
S●●●dness
;
all
,
Covetousness
.
Avarice
in
Princes
is
the
ruin
of
States
[
](A58845-e157140-b)5
5
Prov.
29.
4.
,
for
the
people
can't
bear
to
see
their
Estates
in
danger
,
in
the
hands
of
him
whom
they
choose
to
preserve
'em
;
so
that
seeing
this
pretended
Defender
of
his
Countrey
,
the
first
that
Arms
himself
against
it
,
they
streight
look
out
for
another
:
In
short
,
what
can
a
Subject
hope
for
from
a
covetous
Prince
?
For
this
Vice
even
Children
hate
their
Parents
.
Where
there
is
no
Prospect
of
Interest
,
there
is
no
Love
nor
Obedience
;
that
Government
is
Tyrannick
which
respects
Self-interest
,
more
than
the
publick
Good
.
King
Alphonso
,
the
Wise
,
for
this
Reason
said
:
That
a
King
ought
not
to
covet
abundance
of
Riches
only
to
fill
his
Treasury
,
and
not
do
good
with
them
;
for
't
is
impossible
but
he
who
does
so
,
must
use
indirect
means
to
gain
'em
,
which
is
beneath
the
Dignity
of
a
Prince
[
](A58845-e157170-b)*
*
L.
4.
tit.
3.
p.
2.
;
the
Holy
Writ
compares
a
covetous
Prince
who
unjustly
usurps
his
Subjects
Estates
to
a
roaring
Lyon
,
and
a
hungry
Bear
[
](A58845-e157180-b)6
6
Prov.
28.
15.
,
and
his
Actions
to
a
Spiders
Web
which
perishes
with
it
,
or
to
a
Vineyard-Keeper's
Arbour
,
which
lasts
but
a
little
while
[
](A58845-e157190-b)7
7
Job
27.
18.
;
that
which
is
ill
got
is
soon
spent
How
like
Spiders
are
some
Princes
,
who
spin
their
Web
from
their
own
Bowels
,
griping
and
draining
their
Subjects
to
make
their
own
fortune
from
the
Rock
,
and
weave
Nets
which
soon
break
and
deceive
their
hopes
[
](A58845-e157200-b)8
8
Job
8.
14.
.
There
are
several
Remedies
against
this
Vice
,
the
best
are
those
which
prevent
it
;
for
if
once
Nature
is
tainted
with
it
,
't
is
very
Difficulty
cured
;
't
is
our
last
shift
.
If
Princes
are
naturally
Lovers
of
Money
,
they
should
be
kept
from
seeing
or
feeling
it
,
as
much
as
possible
,
for
Avarice
like
Love
enters
at
the
Eyes
,
and
't
is
more
easie
to
order
a
Payment
than
to
make
it
ones
self
.
The
Ministers
of
the
Treasury
too
should
be
generous
,
and
not
prompt
the
Prince
to
enrich
himself
by
sordid
and
unworthy
Methods
;
to
prevent
also
Avarice
in
the
Ministers
,
Care
should
be
taken
that
Offices
and
Places
be
not
bought
and
sold
,
as
the
Emperour
Commodus
observ'd
,
for
he
who
buys
'em
sells
'em
too
;
this
the
Emperour
Severus
knew
,
as
also
Lewis
XII
.
of
France
,
who
used
this
Remedy
,
but
has
been
since
ill
observ'd
by
his
Successours
.
It
seems
to
be
the
Law
of
Nations
,
that
a
Province
,
the
Command
of
which
is
bought
,
should
be
plunder'd
,
and
that
Judgment
should
be
given
to
the
highest
bidder
at
the
Court
of
Justice
,
which
is
not
to
be
approached
but
by
Golden
steps
[
](A58845-e157260-b)9
9
Provincias
spoliari
,
&
nummarium
tribunal
,
audita
utrinque
licitatione
,
alteri
addici
non
mirum
quando
quae
emerit
vendere
gentium
jus
est
.
Sen.
lib.
1.
c.
9.
de
ben.
.
Castile
to
this
Day
finds
the
misfortune
of
these
Methods
in
the
Governments
of
their
Cities
,
because
they
are
all
sold
,
against
a
Statute
made
by
common
Consent
,
in
the
time
of
Don
John
II.
that
they
should
be
for
Life
,
and
given
to
none
but
whom
the
Kings
should
nominate
.
'T
is
necessary
besides
to
settle
a
competent
Salary
upon
each
Office
,
such
as
the
incumbent
may
live
handsomely
upon
;
this
was
the
Method
of
Don
Alonso
IX
▪
giving
sufficient
Salaries
to
his
Judges
,
and
severely
punishing
those
whom
he
found
guilty
of
Bribery
.
The
same
was
practis'd
by
their
Catholick
Majesties
,
Ferdinand
and
Isabella
,
who
reduced
Lawyers
Fees
to
a
certainty
[
](A58845-e157340-b)*
*
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
.
Magistrates
should
not
be
suffer'd
to
Traffick
or
Merchandize
[
](A58845-e157360-b)10
10
Sed
caput
est
in
omni
Rep.
ut
legibus
,
&
omni
alia
ratione
provisum
sit
,
ne
qu●●
facultas
quaestus
faciendi
Magistratibus
relinqu●tur
.
Arist.
Pol.
5.
c.
●
.
,
for
they
'll
never
give
good
Counsel
,
which
they
see
is
against
their
Gain
.
Besides
the
people
is
better
satisfied
with
the
Honour
and
Preferment
which
are
conferr'd
on
others
,
provided
they
have
the
Gain
and
Profit
,
but
they
are
incens'd
and
apt
to
rebel
when
they
see
themselves
rob'd
of
both
[
](A58845-e157380-b)11
11
Tunc
utrumque
ei
molestum
est
,
quod
nec
honorum
particeps
sit●
&
quod
à
quaestibus
submoveatur
.
Ibid.
.
And
to
this
Cause
the
Feuds
between
the
Nobility
and
Commonalty
of
Genoua
may
be
attributed
.
Offices
ought
not
to
be
given
to
poor
and
needy
Persons
,
for
their
Poverty
exposes
'em
too
much
to
Corruption
and
Bribery
.
In
an
Election
in
the
Roman
Senate
for
a
Governour
of
Spain
,
the
Dispute
lay
between
Sulpicius
Galba
and
Aurelius
Cotta
,
Scipio
being
asked
his
Opinion
reply'd
,
He
lik'd
neither
,
one
for
having
nothing
,
and
t'other
for
that
he
had
never
enough
.
The
Athenians
always
Elected
rich
Magistrates
,
and
Aristotle
gives
this
Reason
for
it
,
that
't
is
impossible
for
a
poor
one
to
govern
justly
or
peaceably
[
](A58845-e157490-b)12
12
Quasi
impossibile
●it
,
qui
egenus
existat
,
eum
benè
Magistratum
gerere
,
aut
quietem
optare
.
Arist.
Pol.
2.
c.
9.
?
'T
is
true
,
in
Spain
we
have
had
several
able
States-men
,
who
came
poor
into
Office
and
went
poor
out
.
Ministers
who
have
a
great
Family
are
very
burthensome
to
their
Provinces
;
for
though
they
are
Men
of
Integrity
themselves
,
yet
their
Retinue
mayn't
be
so
,
the
Roman
Senate
for
this
Reason
would
not
suffer
them
to
carry
their
Wives
into
their
Governments
[
](A58845-e157540-b)13
13
Haud
enim
frustra
placitum
olim
,
ne
foeminae
in
S●cios
aut
gentes
externas
traherentur
.
Tac.
3.
ann
.
;
and
the
Kings
of
Persia
generally
prefer'd
Eunuchs
to
the
greatest
places
of
Trust
[
](A58845-e157570-b)14
14
Hest.
1.
11.
,
because
being
free
from
the
trouble
of
Wives
,
and
Cares
of
providing
▪
for
Children
,
they
might
be
more
careful
of
,
and
less
chargeable
to
the
Publick
.
Those
who
are
too
much
addicted
to
Self-interest
,
and
a
desire
of
raising
their
Fortunes
,
are
very
dangerous
in
publick
Offices
.
For
though
some
do
strive
to
raise
themselves
by
Merit
and
Renown
,
yet
they
generally
think
it
the
surest
way
to
do
it
by
Riches
,
without
waiting
Rewards
and
Gratuities
from
the
Prince
,
who
is
usually
most
sparing
to
him
,
who
deserves
most
.
Lucullus
the
Consul
whom
Want
made
covetous
,
and
Avarice
cruel
,
brought
an
unjust
War
upon
Spain
only
to
enrich
himself
.
Residents
in
Courts
after
Imployments
are
over
,
is
a
very
effectual
Remedy
,
because
of
the
fear
not
only
of
losing
this
ill
gotten
Wealth
,
but
also
of
Punishment
,
in
the
Severity
of
which
there
should
be
no
Favour
,
nor
should
it
be
bought
off
by
resounding
;
as
Sergius
Galba
the
Praetor
did
at
Rome
,
when
he
was
accused
of
Treachery
to
the
Portugueze
.
If
all
the
Chairs
of
Justice
were
cover'd
with
the
Skins
of
corrupt
Judges
,
as
Cambyses
King
of
Persia
order'd
,
and
since
him
Roger
of
Sicily
,
certainly
Justice
and
Integrity
would
be
more
strictly
observed
.
EMBLEM
LIV.
LIBERTY
is
natural
to
Men
;
obedience
forced
;
that
is
Arbitrary
,
this
guided
by
Reason
,
these
are
Contraries
,
and
continually
jarring
against
one
another
;
whence
proceed
Rebellions
and
Treasons
against
the
Prince
,
and
as
no
Government
can
consist
,
unless
some
commanded
and
others
obeyed
[
](A58845-e157730-b)1
1
Naturam
duas
necessarias
res
,
easdem
salutares
human●
generi
comparasse
,
ut
alii
cum
Imperio
essent
,
al●i
ei
subjicerentur
,
nihilque
quod
citra
haec
,
nec
〈◊〉
quidem
queat
spatio
perdurare
.
Dion
.
lib.
14.
;
every
one
would
be
Head
,
and
depend
on
none
but
himself
,
which
being
impossible
,
he
imagines
his
Liberty
consists
in
changing
the
form
of
Government
:
and
this
is
the
greatest
misfortune
that
can
befall
States
,
and
is
often
the
chief
Cause
of
their
Ruine
,
wherefore
't
is
highly
necessary
to
use
such
methods
,
as
that
this
Lust
after
Liberty
,
and
this
humane
Ambition
being
removed
far
from
the
immediate
Administration
,
should
be
kept
under
by
reason
,
and
the
force
of
Government
;
so
that
this
supream
Authority
which
is
the
Princes
Property
should
be
granted
to
none
else
,
for
he
exposes
Loyalty
to
evident
Danger
;
who
grants
any
one
a
Power
too
absolute
.
The
Royal
Crown
put
upon
a
Subjects
Head
,
tho'
but
in
jest
,
will
make
him
proud
and
think
himself
above
what
he
is
.
The
mind
of
a
Subject
should
not
experience
this
Royal
Grandeur
and
Glory
of
reigning
,
for
afterwards
abusing
it
he
usurps
it
,
and
that
it
mayn't
return
to
him
from
whom
he
had
it
,
he
Plots
and
contrives
his
Ruine
;
the
Divine
Writ
in
one
Chapter
gives
us
Examples
of
Kings
put
to
Death
by
the
hands
of
their
Subjects
,
for
having
raised
them
too
high
.
Solomon
for
all
his
Wisdom
fell
into
this
misfortune
and
ran
the
same
Risque
,
for
having
made
Ieroboam
President
of
all
the
Customs
of
the
House
of
Ioseph
[
](A58845-e157780-b)2
2
1
Kin.
11.
28.
,
and
we
read
that
he
had
the
Impudence
to
lift
up
his
hand
against
his
King
[
](A58845-e157790-b)3
3
1
Kin.
11.
26.
.
Let
Princes
then
take
it
for
a
Maxim
of
State
,
not
to
promote
one
too
much
above
others
,
or
if
they
are
oblig'd
to
it
,
let
it
not
be
one
but
several
,
that
they
may
Balance
one
another
and
mutually
keep
each
other
in
their
Devoir
,
by
a
reciprocal
Examination
of
one
anothers
Actions
and
Designs
[
](A58845-e157800-b)4
4
Est
autem
omnis
Monarchiae
cautio
communis
,
neminem
facere
nimis
magnum
,
aut
certè
plusquam
unum
facere
:
ipsi
enim
inter
se
,
quid
quisque
agat
observant
.
Arist.
5.
Pol.
c.
11.
.
The
Emperour
Ferdinand
II.
did
not
sufficiently
observe
this
piece
of
Policy
,
when
he
gave
the
absolute
Command
of
his
Armies
,
and
Provinces
to
the
Duke
of
Fridland
,
whence
sprang
so
many
misfortunes
,
and
amongst
the
rest
the
loss
of
that
great
Man
,
which
was
meerly
the
effect
of
too
much
Power
.
Let
not
Princes
be
deceived
by
the
Example
of
Pharaoh
,
who
committed
all
his
Power
into
the
hands
of
Ioseph
,
who
preserv'd
his
Kingdom
[
](A58845-e157860-b)5
5
Gen.
41.
40.
;
for
Ioseph
was
the
Emblem
of
Christ
,
and
there
are
very
few
Ioseph's
to
be
found
now
adays
.
Each
would
depend
upon
himself
,
and
not
upon
the
Body
;
which
this
present
Emblem
represents
,
by
a
Branch
encircled
with
a
wicker
Basket
filled
with
Earth
,
such
as
Gardiners
use
,
where
it
by
degrees
takes
root
,
and
so
being
cut
off
insensibly
,
becomes
a
Tree
independant
of
the
Stock
,
without
the
least
respect
to
its
Greatness
.
This
Example
shews
the
Danger
in
making
Governments
of
Provinces
perpetual
,
for
Ambition
having
once
taken
root
,
claims
'em
as
its
Property
,
he
who
is
so
accustom'd
to
command
,
will
afterwards
scarce
be
brought
to
obey
.
France
shews
us
many
Examples
of
this
written
in
its
own
Blood
.
Even
God's
Ministers
in
the
Kingdom
of
Heaven
are
liable
to
slip
[
](A58845-e157900-b)6
6
Job
4.
18.
,
the
Perpetuity
of
great
Offices
is
an
Alienation
from
the
Crown
;
the
Scepter
will
be
useless
and
of
no
force
,
and
will
stand
in
awe
of
that
very
Power
it
has
been
so
prodigal
of
:
Liberality
will
want
a
Dowry
,
and
Vertue
a
Reward
.
The
Minister
becomes
a
Tyrant
in
the
Government
which
he
is
sure
of
for
Life
;
that
Prince
whom
he
sees
preserves
his
Authority
,
he
respects
as
his
Master
,
but
him
who
does
not
he
despises
,
and
at
last
rebells
against
him
.
Therefore
Iulius
Caesar
limited
the
Pretorship
to
one
Year
,
and
the
Consulship
to
two
.
And
the
Emperour
Charles
V.
advised
his
Son
Philip
II.
not
to
continue
Ministers
in
Office
too
long
,
especially
in
places
Military
,
to
give
the
greatest
to
persons
of
mean
Fortune
,
and
Embassy's
to
the
rich
,
thereby
to
weaken
'em
.
The
Bravery
of
the
great
Captain
in
Italy
,
made
King
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
suspect
him
,
so
that
he
recall'd
him
,
and
if
he
did
not
then
wholly
mistrust
him
,
at
least
he
would
no
longer
hazard
his
Loyalty
,
by
the
Continuation
of
the
Vice-Royship
of
Naples
.
And
though
that
great
Politician
Tiberius
continued
Ministers
in
Posts
all
their
Life-time
,
but
this
was
upon
such
Tyrannick
Considerations
,
as
ought
not
to
enter
into
the
Thoughts
of
a
prudent
and
just
Prince
[
](A58845-e157990-b)7
7
Id
morum
Tiberii
suit
,
continuare
Imperia
,
ac
plerosque
ad
fine●
vitae
in
eisdem
exercitibus
,
aut
Iurisdictionibus
habere
.
Tac.
5.
ann
.
.
Princes
ought
therefore
to
take
advice
from
Nature
,
the
Mistress
of
true
Politicks
;
who
does
not
allow
its
Celestial
Ministers
of
light
a
perpetual
Authority
,
and
Government
of
the
World
,
but
certain
fixt
Seasons
,
as
we
may
see
in
the
Motion
and
Reigns
of
the
Planets
,
that
they
mayn't
lose
the
right
of
disposing
of
'em
,
and
to
prevent
,
the
usurping
her
Authority
and
Power
;
besides
she
considers
,
that
the
Earth
would
be
ruined
,
if
it
should
always
be
governed
by
the
Melancholy
of
Saturn
,
or
the
heat
and
fury
of
Mars
,
or
the
severity
of
Iupiter
,
or
the
subtilty
of
Mercury
,
or
the
levity
of
Venus
,
or
the
inconstancy
of
the
Moon
.
In
removals
of
this
Nature
great
Care
ought
to
be
taken
,
that
Ministers
should
not
take
it
to
be
a
slur
upon
their
Reputation
,
to
be
removed
from
greater
to
lesser
Places
,
for
since
there
are
not
many
,
that
Minister
would
be
of
no
use
,
who
when
he
has
been
employ'd
in
the
highest
,
would
refuse
to
Officiate
in
lower
Places
;
and
though
Reason
requires
that
Rewards
should
be
equal
to
Deserts
;
yet
in
this
Point
the
Subjects
reason
should
be
guided
by
the
Princes
interest
,
when
his
Service
,
or
the
publick
Advantage
is
in
the
Case
;
[
not
that
he
ought
to
be
put
into
any
inferior
Post
,
out
of
Contempt
or
Disgrace
]
for
so
the
importance
of
the
Negotiation
makes
amends
for
the
meannes●
of
the
Office
.
If
any
Offices
may
be
continued
long
,
they
are
Embassies●
for
their
Business
is
only
to
intercede
,
not
Command
;
not
to
give
Orders
,
but
to
negotiate
;
at
their
Departure
all
Acquaintance
with
their
native
Countrey
dies
,
and
all
Intimacy
with
the
Prince
with
whom
they
negotiate
and
his
Ministers
cease
.
Forts
and
Garrisons
,
which
are
as
it
were
the
Keys
of
the
Kingdom
,
should
be
at
the
immediate
Power
and
Disposal
of
the
Prince
;
King
Sancho
was
ill
advised
,
when
by
reason
of
the
Minority
of
his
Son
Don
Alonso
III.
he
order'd
those
of
the
Nobility
,
who
were
Governours
of
Cities
to
remain
till
his
Son
was
fifteen
years
old
,
which
occasioned
many
grievous
Calamities
to
that
Kingdom
.
As
for
other
Offices
let
'em
be
but
for
a
time
,
for
their
too
long
continuance
makes
the
Ministers
proud
,
and
endangers
their
Loyalty
:
This
Tiberius
knew
though
he
did
not
practise
[
](A58845-e158120-b)8
8
Superbire
homines
etiam
annua
designatione
:
quid
si
honorem
per
quinquennium
agitent
?
Tac.
2.
ann
.
.
Vertue
is
tired
by
Industry
and
Expectation
;
yet
should
not
Offices
be
of
too
short
continuance
,
so
as
the
Minister
can
reap
no
benefit
or
experience
in
'em
,
or
so
as
to
make
him
too
ravenous
like
Hawks
in
Norway
,
because
of
the
shortness
of
the
day
;
but
in
troublesome
and
dangerous
times
,
publick
Offices
and
places
of
Trust
ought
to
be
continu'd
longer
,
least
they
should
upon
removal
be
conferr'd
upon
raw
,
unexperienced
Persons
.
So
Augustus
did
upon
the
defeat
of
Quintilius
Varus
.
But
this
Doctrine
of
Ministers
being
continued
in
Offices
but
for
a
time
,
must
not
be
understood
of
those
supream
Offices
of
the
Princes
Counsel
,
or
of
Justice
.
But
on
the
contrary
,
they
ought
to
be
fixt
and
continued
,
because
of
the
advantage
of
their
Experience
and
Knowledge
of
Affairs
depending
.
These
kinds
of
Offices
are
in
Governments
like
the
Poles
in
the
Heavens
,
about
which
the
lesser
Orbs
move
,
so
that
if
they
should
be
chang'd
or
removed
,
the
whole
Universe
would
be
endanger'd
by
the
disorder
of
its
natural
Motions
.
Solon
knew
this
Inconveniency
in
the
four
hundred
Senatours
,
which
were
yearly
Elected
by
Lot
at
Athens
,
and
therefore
he
established
a
Senate
of
Sixty
worthy
Men
who
were
called
Areopagites
,
and
while
this
continu'd
the
Republick
flourished
.
'T
is
moreover
very
dangerous
to
commit
the
Government
of
Kingdoms
during
the
Minority
,
to
persons
who
have
any
Pretentio●s
thereto
,
though
never
so
unjust
;
so
it
fell
out
in
Arragon
,
by
the
Imprudence
of
those
who
committed
the
Government
to
Sancho
Duke
of
Roussillon
,
until
King
Iames
I.
came
to
age
.
Those
Persons
who
have
no
manner
of
Pretention
to
the
Crown
,
either
by
Birth
,
or
any
other
Cause
,
often
thirst
after
it
;
how
much
more
then
those
,
who
in
Pictures
and
Images
see
their
Ancestours
brows
incircled
with
it
?
This
Age
as
well
as
the
pass'd
gives
us
many
deplorable
Examples
of
Relations
,
who
have
treacherously
usurped
Kingdoms
which
they
were
entrusted
with
.
Those
of
the
Royal
Blood
are
more
prone
to
Tyranny
,
in
that
they
never
want
means
to
accomplish
their
Designs
.
Few
can
be
perswad'd
of
the
Justice
of
that
Law
,
which
prefers
Birth
to
Vertue
;
and
every
one
thinks
he
better
deserves
a
Crown
,
than
another
,
and
if
this
Reason
should
be
of
force
in
any
one
,
he
is
in
danger
from
his
Favourites
,
who
hoping
to
participate
of
his
Grandeur
,
strive
to
procure
it
by
violent
means
,
and
to
raise
Jealousies
amongst
his
Relations
.
If
King
Philip
had
any
Jealousie
of
Don
John
of
Austria
they
flow'd
from
this
Spring
.
A
glorious
Example
of
this
Policy
we
find
in
the
Infant
Ferdinand
refusing
the
Crown
,
which
was
the
Right
of
his
Nephew
Don
John
II.
by
which
generous
Recusance
of
that
Crown
on
Earth
he
merited
many
more
in
Heaven
.
The
generous
Loyalty
which
the
Infants
of
that
Name
have
paid
the
Kings
of
their
Race
,
is
of
an
ancient
Date
.
Nor
do
we
find
less
in
this
present
Infant
towards
the
present
King
,
whose
Respect
and
Obedience
is
more
like
that
of
a
Subject
than
of
a
Brother
.
The
heavenly
Spheres
pay
not
a
more
ready
Obedience
to
the
first
mover
,
than
his
Highness
does
to
his
Majestys
Will
.
O
truly
Noble
Prince
,
whose
glorious
Birth
,
though
the
greatest
in
the
World
,
is
yet
the
least
of
his
Excellencies
,
the
Effect
of
Divine
Providence
,
that
in
a
time
of
such
troublesome
and
tedious
Wars
,
which
strain'd
the
very
Axle-tree
and
Poles
of
the
Government
,
to
raise
us
up
an
Atlas
to
support
it
by
his
Valour
,
Conduct
and
Prudence
.
EMBLEM
LV.
ARISTOTLE
the
better
to
instruct
Alexander
the
Great
,
in
the
Qualities
of
Counsellours
compared
them
to
Eyes
;
which
comparison
Don
Alonso
the
Wise
makes
use
of
in
his
Books
of
Laws
.
Nor
is
this
thought
new
,
for
the
Kings
of
Persia
and
Babylon
call'd
'em
their
Eyes
,
their
Ears
and
their
Hands
,
according
to
the
Offices
in
which
they
officiated
:
The
seven
Spirits
God's
Ministers
sent
all
over
the
Earth
,
were
the
Eyes
of
a
Lamb
without
spot
or
blemish
[
](A58845-e158410-b)1
1
Apoc.
5.
6.
.
A
Prince
who
ought
to
see
and
comprehend
so
many
Affairs
,
should
be
all
Eyes
and
all
Ears
[
](A58845-e158420-b)2
2
Superior
debet
esse
totus
mens
,
&c
totus
oculus
.
S.
Antioc
.
Hom.
5.
,
and
because
he
can't
be
so
,
he
must
make
use
of
the
Eyes
and
Ears
of
other
.
Whence
there
is
no
Prince
,
though
never
so
prudent
and
intelligent
,
but
ha●
occasion
for
Ministers
and
to
make
use
of
them
as
his
Eyes
,
Ears
and
Hands
[
](A58845-e158440-b)3
3
Nam
Principes
ac
Reges
nunc
quoque
multos
sibi
oculos
,
multas
a●res
,
multas
item
manus
atque
pedes
faciunt
.
Arist.
Pol.
5.
c.
12
.
This
is
not
of
small
advantage
to
him
▪
if
he
knows
how
to
make
a
right
use
on
't
,
for
by
thi●
means
he
sees
with
every
Body's
eyes
,
hears
with
their
Ears
▪
and
takes
advise
from
them
all
[
](A58845-e158460-b)4
4
H●●
enim
ratione
,
&
omnium
oculis
cernet
,
&
omnium
auribus
audiet
,
&
omnium
denique
consiliis
in
unum
tendentibus
consultabit
.
Sines
.
ad
Arcad
.
The
Aegyptians
mean●
this
by
the
Eye
which
they
placed
upon
their
Scepter
▪
for
Counsels
are
the
Eyes
by
which
we
inspect
Futurity
[
](A58845-e158490-b)5
5
Consilium
oculus
futurorum
.
Arist.
lib.
6.
de
Regim
.
.
This
Ieremiah
seem'd
to
allude
to
,
when
he
said
,
Virga●
vigilantem
ego
video
[
](A58845-e158530-b)6
6
●erem
:
1
▪
11.
Vid.
Version
.
Vulgar
.
.
For
this
Reason
,
in
this
present
Emblem
you
see
a
Scepter
full
of
Eyes
,
to
give
the
Prince
to
understand
,
that
he
ought
to
inspect
all
Affairs
of
the
Government
by
his
Ministers
;
nor
is
it
to
be
wonder'd
at
,
that
we
place
the
Ministers
in
the
Scepter
,
for
formerly
their
Names
were
engrave
on
the
Crowns
of
the
Emperours
and
Kings
of
Spain
,
nor
without
Reason
,
for
they
shine
brighter
than
the
Diadems
themselves
.
This
Emblem
of
Eyes
sufficiently
shews
the
Qualifications
that
a
Minister
ought
to
be
endued
with
.
For
as
the
Sight
extends
to
all
things
far
and
near
,
so
should
the
active
Spirit
of
the
Counsellour
inspect
all
things
present
,
past
and
future
,
that
he
may
make
a
right
Judgment
of
things
,
and
give
a
true
Opinion
of
all
Affairs
,
which
can't
be
done
without
much
Reading
,
great
Experience
,
and
a
continual
Commerce
with
foreign
Countries
:
For
if
the
Counsellours
ben't
perfectly
versed
in
the
Princes
Nature
,
and
the
Manners
and
Genius
of
the
people
,
they
'll
ruine
both
themselves
and
the
Government
[
](A58845-e158560-b)7
7
Morum
,
animor●mque
Provincie
nisi
s●●gneri
qui
de
ea
consulant
,
perdant
se
,
&
R●mpub
.
Cicero
.
.
And
to
know
this
requires
use
;
for
the
Eyes
don't
know
things
which
they
have
never
seen
;
he
who
has
had
Experience
and
Knowledge
of
things
,
will
readily
find
Expedients
and
Remedies
[
](A58845-e158580-b)8
8
Eccles.
3.
4.
.
There
is
such
a
correspondence
between
the
Eyes
and
Heart
,
that
the
Affections
of
the
one
immediately
strikes
the
other
,
when
this
is
sad
they
weep
,
when
this
glad
they
smile
;
if
the
Counsellour
has
not
a
particular
Esteem
for
his
Prince
,
he
will
take
but
little
care
of
his
Affairs
,
and
is
therefore
very
little
to
be
trusted
,
so
said
King
Alphonso
the
Wise
:
[
](A58845-e158620-b)*
*
L.
5.
tit.
9.
p.
2.
That
Councellours
ought
to
be
the
Princes
true
Friends
,
otherwise
he
would
be
in
great
Danger
,
for
those
who
hate
a
Person
will
never
advise
him
cordially
.
The
Eye
won't
suffer
the
Finger
to
touch
its
inside
,
but
upon
its
approach
immediately
sculks
within
the
Lids
;
how
wise
and
learn'd
soever
the
Minister
is
in
his
Counsels
,
if
he
is
easie
and
free
of
his
Secerts
,
if
he
suffers
his
Finger
to
probe
his
Heart
,
he
'll
be
more
prejudicial
to
the
Princers
Affairs
than
one
who
understands
nothing
,
Counsels
are
worth
nothing
when
revealed
,
and
there
is
more
danger
in
good
Resolves
unseasonably
discover'd
,
than
in
ill
ones
executed
with
Secrecy
;
let
a
Minister
therefore
avoid
Discourse
with
those
who
are
not
entrusted
with
the
same
Secret
.
Let
him
shut
his
Heart
against
those
who
would
dive
into
it
:
for
in
discoursing
of
Affairs
the
Design
is
easily
discovered
,
with
the
Maxims
by
which
the
Prince
governs
.
The
Lips
are
the
windows
of
the
Heart
,
the
opening
of
which
discovers
all
within
.
The
Eyes
are
so
pure
and
free
from
Avarice
;
that
they
won't
admit
the
least
Atom
,
and
if
by
chance
any
thing
,
though
never
so
little
gets
in
,
it
obstructs
their
Sight
,
or
at
least
makes
them
see
things
double
,
and
different
from
what
they
are
;
the
Minister
who
receives
Presents
will
be
blinded
with
the
dust
of
them
,
so
as
not
to
be
able
to
discern
things
rightly
,
but
only
as
Self-interest
shall
represent
'em
.
Though
the
Eyes
are
two
,
yet
they
see
but
one
and
the
same
thing
,
they
both
agree
in
the
truth
of
the
Species
which
they
receive
,
and
in
transmitting
them
to
the
sence
by
the
Optick
Nerves
which
are
united
,
that
they
mayn't
enter
severally
and
deceive
it
.
If
the
Ministers
don't
unanimously
agree
in
advising
for
the
best
,
without
being
divided
in
their
Sentiments
by
love
and
hate
,
or
any
other
reason
▪
the
Prince
will
be
always
in
doubt
or
confusion
,
without
knowing
which
Counsel
is
best
.
And
this
inconvenience
falls
out
when
one
Minister
thinks
he
sees
and
understands
more
than
another
,
or
when
he
has
not
Judgment
enough
to
distinguish
which
is
best
[
](A58845-e158660-b)9
9
Eccles.
8.
20
.
or
when
he
is
byass'd
by
his
own
Passions
or
desire
of
Revenge
.
But
a
Minister
should
be
free
from
all
these
,
so
as
to
have
no
other
Purpose
or
Design
than
the
Service
of
his
Prince
:
Such
a
Minister
[
says
Alphonso
the
Wise
]
is
called
in
Latine
Patricius
,
being
as
it
were
a
Father
to
the
Prince
,
which
Title
is
taken
from
the
resemblance
it
bears
to
the
natural
Father
,
for
every
Father
is
naturally
inclined
to
advise
his
Son
in
all
things
for
his
advantage
and
Honour
;
so
he
who
governs
the
Prince
by
his
Counsels
,
ought
to
love
him
and
advise
him
with
Sincerity
,
preferring
his
Honour
and
Interest
above
all
things
,
not
respecting
the
Love
or
Hatred
,
Interest
or
Prejudice
,
that
may
ensue
,
and
all
this
without
Flattery
,
not
minding
whether
he
be
good
or
bad
;
like
a
Father
in
instructing
his
Child
[
](A58845-e158700-b)†
†
L.
7.
tit.
1.
p.
4.
.
Nature
has
divided
the
Jurisdiction
of
the
Eyes
by
a
Line
interpos'd
,
not
but
that
they
both
agree
in
Operation
,
assisting
one
another
with
a
Zeal
so
mutual
,
that
if
one
turns
to
one
side
,
the
t'other
does
so
too
,
that
they
may
have
a
more
certain
Cognizance
of
things
,
neither
regarding
whether
they
be
within
their
Sphere
or
not
,
the
same
Agreement
is
absolutely
necessary
amongst
Ministers
,
whose
Zeal
should
be
so
universal
,
that
they
should
not
only
regard
those
things
which
their
Office
obliges
'em
to
,
but
also
those
that
belong
to
others
;
there
is
no
Member
,
but
for
the
preservation
of
the
whole
Body
,
sends
its
Blood
and
Spirits
to
the
assistance
of
that
which
is
out
of
order
.
For
a
Minister
to
be
an
idle
Spectator
of
anothers
Calamities
shews
malice
,
envy
and
want
of
respect
to
the
Prince
.
This
proceeds
often
from
a
love
of
Self-interest
and
Glory
;
or
least
he
should
by
assisting
his
Friend
endanger
his
own
Reputation
,
or
else
that
he
may
flourish
more
upon
his
Friends
misfortune
.
Such
Ministers
only
serve
themselves
not
the
Prince
.
Whence
proceed
Divisions
in
the
State
,
Army
and
Revenue
,
by
which
many
good
opportunities
are
lost
,
many
Towns
,
Castles
and
Provinces
ruined
;
Ministers
should
mutually
communicate
their
Designs
and
Actions
,
as
the
Cherubims
did
their
wings
in
the
Temple
of
Solomon
[
](A58845-e158720-b)10
10
2
Chron.
3.
12.
.
As
u●eful
as
Eyes
are
to
the
Body
,
Nature
has
given
it
but
two
,
because
more
would
breed
confusion
and
obstruct
the
Susception
of
things
:
'T
is
the
same
in
Counsellours
,
for
when
there
are
too
many
,
Consultations
are
retarded
,
Secrets
revealed
,
and
Truth
confounded
,
for
their
Votes
are
only
counted
not
duly
weighed
,
and
the
greater
number
carries
it
;
and
thence
proceed
generally
all
misfortunes
in
Common-wealths
.
The
multitude
is
always
blind
and
thoughtless
;
and
the
wisest
Senate
,
if
composed
of
too
many
,
will
have
a
mixture
of
the
Ignorance
of
the
vulgar
.
A
few
Planets
give
more
light
than
many
Stars
,
and
the
multitude
thereof
in
the
Via
Lactea
darken
one
another
by
the
refraction
of
their
own
Light
,
so
that
't
is
darker
there
than
in
any
other
part
of
the
Sky
.
Two
great
a
number
makes
Liberty
sawcy
and
stubborn
,
and
difficult
to
be
reduced
to
the
Princes
Will
[
](A58845-e158750-b)11
11
Populi
Im●erium
juxta
libertatem
:
paucorum
Dominatio
Regi●
l●bidini
proprior
est
.
Tac.
6.
ann
.
.
As
it
often
happens
in
Parliaments
and
general
Assemblies
;
let
therefore
the
Prince
have
just
so
many
Ministers
as
are
sufficient
to
govern
his
State
,
carrying
himself
indifferently
to
them
all
,
not
being
ruled
wholly
by
one
,
for
he
can't
see
so
well
with
one
as
with
all
;
thus
Xenophon
said
when
using
the
same
comparison
,
he
called
the
Ministers
of
the
Kings
of
Persia
their
Eyes
and
Ears
[
](A58845-e158790-b)12
12
Hinc
factum
est
,
ut
vulgò
jactarunt
Per●arum
Regem
multos
h●bere
e●ules
,
auresque
multas
:
quod
si
quis
putet
unum
oculum
expetendum
Regi
,
eum
egregie
falli
certum
est
,
unus
enim
&
pa●ca
videat
,
&
pa●ca
〈◊〉
;
Xenoph.
lib.
4.
Cyri.
;
such
a
Minister
would
usurp
all
the
Dignity
and
Majesty
of
the
Prince
to
himself
,
for
that
the
Prince
is
oblig'd
to
see
with
his
Eyes
[
](A58845-e158810-b)13
13
Et
Majestas
qui
〈◊〉
imperium
habere
apud
Ministrum
sol●t
;
Regi
,
aut
Principi
〈…〉
relinquitur
.
Plutarch
.
Princes
are
generally
so
taken
with
some
one
Minister
,
that
with
him
they
negotiate
all
manner
of
Affairs
,
though
he
be
never
so
great
a
Stranger
to
them
;
hence
proceed
so
many
Errours
in
their
Resolutions
,
for
neither
can
Men
of
Learning
give
proper
advise
in
Military
Affairs
,
nor
Souldiers
in
those
which
relate
to
Peace
;
upon
which
Consideration
the
Emperour
Severus
advised
with
every
one
in
those
matters
which
particularly
belonged
to
them
[
](A58845-e158840-b)14
14
Unde
si
de
jure
tractaretur
,
in
consilium
solos
doctos
adhibebat
,
●●vero
de
re
militari
,
milites
veteres
,
&
senes
ac
bene
meritos
&
locorum
peritos
.
Lamp
.
in
Vit.
Alex.
.
By
all
these
Qualities
of
the
Eyes
the
Body
is
govern'd
,
without
'em
it
can't
move
one
step
securely
;
't
will
be
the
same
in
the
Government
which
wants
good
Ministers
.
Without
these
Eyes
the
Scepter
would
be
blind
,
for
there
is
no
Prince
so
wise
as
to
be
able
to
decide
all
Affairs
himself
:
[
](A58845-e158880-b)†
†
L.
1.
tit.
9.
p.
2.
Since
Royalty
[
says
K.
Alphonsus
]
admits
of
no
Companion
,
nor
has
occasion
for
any
,
't
is
necessary
for
the
Prince
to
have
about
him
Persons
of
Integrity
and
Wisdom
,
who
may
upon
all
Emergencies
advise
and
assist
him
.
But
if
any
Prince
imagines
his
own
Eyes
so
good
as
to
believe
he
can
see
all
things
without
the
assistance
of
others
,
he
is
more
vain
than
prudent
,
and
will
stumble
each
step
of
his
Administration
[
](A58845-e158900-b)15
15
Si
de
sua
uni●●
sententia
omnia
geret
,
superbum
hunc
judicabo
,
magis
quam
prudente●
Livius
.
.
Ioshua
though
he
communicated
with
〈◊〉
▪
received
Instructions
from
him
;
and
particularly
for
the
taking
the
City
Nai
,
he
advised
with
his
old
Captains
about
it
[
](A58845-e158940-b)16
16
Jos.
8.
10.
.
King
Assuerus's
Ministers
never
departed
from
his
side
,
and
he
maturely
advised
with
them
about
all
Affairs
,
a
Custom
which
Kings
always
observed
[
](A58845-e158960-b)17
17
Hest.
1.
13.
.
Only
by
Pride
cometh
Contention
,
but
with
the
well
advised
is
Wisdom
[
](A58845-e158970-b)18
18
Prov.
13.
〈◊〉
Nature
has
qualified
no
Man
sufficiently
to
manage
a
Government
though
never
〈◊〉
little
by
himself
,
it
being
impossible
for
one
to
know
so
much
as
many
[
](A58845-e158980-b)19
19
Nemo
solus
sapit
.
Plaut.
.
And
though
one
quick-sighted
can
see
further
than
many
others
,
for
they
are
not
like
number●
▪
which
are
multiplyed
by
themselves
,
and
make
one
great
Summ
,
it
must
be
understood
of
things
at
a
distance
,
not
of
those
in
a
near
Circumference
,
for
then
many
Eyes
discover
more
than
one
[
](A58845-e159000-b)20
20
Prov.
11.
12.
,
provided
the
number
be
not
so
great
as
to
create
Confusion
;
one
person
has
but
one
Argument
,
for
he
can't
have
many
at
the
same
time
,
and
being
fond
with
that
will
go
no
further
.
In
Counsels
the
Prince
hears
all
,
and
following
the
best
renounces
his
own
Opinion
,
and
perceives
the
Inconveniencies
of
those
,
which
proceed
from
Passion
or
Interest
.
For
this
Reason
Don
John
II.
of
Arragon
writing
to
his
Sons
their
Catholick
Majesties
,
upon
his
Death
bed
,
he
advised
them
to
do
nothing
without
the
Counsel
of
vertuous
and
discreet
Ministers
.
'T
is
necessary
,
that
these
Eyes
of
Ministers
should
preceed
each
step
of
the
Administration
,
and
mark
out
the
way
[
](A58845-e159030-b)21
21
Prov.
4.
25.
.
The
Emperour
Antoninus
Sirnam'd
the
Philosopher
the
wisest
Prince
of
〈◊〉
time
,
had
for
his
Counsellours
Scaev●la
,
Mutlanus
,
Ulpianus
and
Marcellus
,
all
persons
of
exquisite
Merit
,
and
when
their
Counsel
seem'd
better
than
his
own
,
he
with
ease
●quitted
it
and
sided
with
them
;
't
is
fitter
says
he
,
for
me
to
follow
the
advice
of
so
many
worthy
Friends
,
than
for
them
to
follow
mine
.
A
wise
Man
hearkeneth
unto
Counsel
[
](A58845-e159070-b)22
22
Prov.
12.
15.
.
An
ignorant
Prince
who
will
be
advised
,
will
succeed
better
in
his
Affairs
,
than
an
understanding
one
who
depends
too
much
upon
his
own
Opinions
.
Let
not
a
Prince's
Pride
suggest●
to
him
,
that
he
divides
the
Honour
of
the
Success
,
in
taking
the
advise
of
his
Ministers
;
for
't
is
as
commendable
to
submit
himself
to
be
advised
by
others
,
as
to
succeed
in
any
thing
of
his
own
management
.
[
](A58845-e159090-b)*
*
Homer
.
●
Be
advised
,
O
King
,
and
govern'd
in
your
turn
.
This
taking
advice
,
is
a
particular
mark
of
a
Prince's
Authority
;
't
is
the
Inferiours
Duty
to
give
advice
,
and
the
Superiours
to
receive
it
.
There
is
nothing
more
becoming
Royalty
,
nothing
more
necessary
than
Consultation
and
Execution
.
'T
is
an
Action
[
said
King
Alphonsus
XI
.
in
the
Parliament
of
Madrid
]
worthy
the
Royal
Grandeur
,
to
have
always
,
according
to
his
commendable
Custom
,
worthy
Counsellours
about
him
,
and
to
take
advice
of
them
in
all
things
;
for
if
every
private
Man's
Duty
be
to
have
good
Counsellours
,
how
much
more
is
it
incumbent
upon
a
Prince
?
Every
Fool
can
give
advice
,
but
he
must
be
a
Man
of
Prudence
who
resolves
well
[
](A58845-e159140-b)23
23
Prov.
13.
16.
.
And
there
is
no
Diminution
of
the
Honour
of
a
Prince
,
who
knows
how
to
take
advice
and
make
a
good
Choice
:
whatever
shall
be
well
Enacted
by
the
assistance
of
your
Counsels
,
said
the
Emperour
Theodosius
in
one
of
his
Laws
,
will
redound
to
the
Honour
of
the
Empire
and
my
own
Glory
[
](A58845-e159170-b)24
24
Bene
enim
quod
cum
vestro
consilio
fuerit
●●●dinatum
,
id
ad
beatitudinem
nostri
imperii
,
&
ad
nostram
Gloriam
red●●●dare
.
L.
Humanum
,
c.
de
Leg.
.
The
Victories
of
Scipio
Africanus
proceeded
from
the
Counsels
of
Laelius
,
whence
they
said
in
Rome
,
Laelius
wrote
the
Play
,
and
Scipio
Acted
it
.
Yet
did
not
this
obscure
the
Lustre
of
his
Glory
,
nor
was
the
Honour
of
Scipio's
Exploits
attributed
to
Laelius
,
't
is
necessary
that
the
Prince
should
know
how
to
Act
the
Play
himself
,
and
that
the
Minister
should
not
be
both
Poet
and
Actor
too
.
For
though
a
Prince's
Ministers
are
his
Eyes
,
yet
he
should
not
be
so
stark
blind
,
as
not
to
see
at
all
without
them
,
for
this
would
be
to
govern
by
Guess
,
and
he
would
incur
the
contempt
and
disrespect
of
his
Subjects
;
Lucius
Torquatus
being
chosen
Consul
the
third
time
,
desired
to
be
excused
for
the
weakness
of
his
Eyes
,
saying
,
'T
was
a
shame
that
the
Government
,
and
the
Estates
of
the
Citizens
should
be
committed
to
one
,
who
must
be
forced
to
see
with
other
Men
Eyes
[
](A58845-e159280-b)25
25
indignum
esse
,
Rempub
,
&
f●●tunas
civium
ei
committi
qui
alienis
oculis
uti
crederetur
.
Tit.
Li●
▪
lib.
26.
.
King
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
us'd
to
say
,
That
Ambassadours
were
a
Prince's
Eyes
;
but
that
he
would
be
very
unfortunate
who
should
see
with
no
other
:
That
great
Politician
did
not
wholly
rely
upon
his
Ministers
;
see
with
them
indeed
he
did
,
but
as
we
do
with
Spectacles
,
by
applying
'em
to
his
own
Eyes
.
When
the
Ministers
find
that
the
Administration
of
Affairs
is
wholly
in
their
Power
,
they
wil●
wrest
it
to
their
own
private
Ends
,
and
their
Ambition
increasing
they
divide
into
Factions
,
every
one
arrogates
〈◊〉
himself
that
share
of
power
and
authority
,
that
the
Prince
thro'
his
Laziness
and
Insufficiency
has
granted
him
.
All
things
are
in
disorder
and
confusion
;
if
the
Ministers
aim
to
be
any
thing
more
than
Perspectives
,
by
which
the
Prince
discovers
the
Horizon
of
Affairs
,
and
takes
those
Resolutions
and
Counsels
which
he
likes
best
,
Nature
has
given
him
Eyes
,
and
if
God
governs
his
Heart
[
](A58845-e159310-b)26
26
Prov.
21.
1.
,
he
directs
also
his
Sight
,
and
makes
it
more
clear
and
quick
than
his
Ministers
.
King
Philip
II.
retir'd
sometimes
into
himself
,
to
meditate
upon
the
Affairs
of
his
Government
,
and
after
having
fervently
recommended
himself
to
God
;
he
resolv'd
upon
the
first
method
that
offer'd
it self
,
though
against
the
Opinion
of
all
his
Ministers
,
and
this
generally
succeeded
.
Counsellours
can't
always
be
at
the
Princes
Elbow
,
for
the
state
of
Affairs
and
the
urgency
of
Opportunity
requires
sometimes
,
that
their
Resolutions
be
quick
and
ready
[
](A58845-e159330-b)27
27
Non
omnia
consilia
cuncti●
praesentibus
tractari
,
aut
occasionum
velocitas
patitur
.
Tac.
1.
Hist.
.
Orders
are
not
respected
and
obey'd
,
when
it
appears
that
he
gives
them
not
,
but
receives
them
himself
:
'T
is
a
presumptuous
Rashness
to
conclude
all
without
ever
taking
Advice
,
and
a
stupid
Slavery
to
Act
nothing
without
it
.
He
who
Commands
should
have
the
Liberty
of
changing
,
mending
,
and
rejecting
whatever
his
Ministers
propose
to
him
.
'T
is
sometimes
convenient
to
hide
from
'em
certain
Mysteries
,
and
to
deceive
them
,
as
the
same
Philip
,
did
who
differently
reported
to
his
Council
the
Negotiations
of
his
Ambassadours
,
when
he
had
a
mind
to
draw
'em
to
his
own
Resolutions
,
or
thought
it
convenient
to
conceal
certain
Circumstances
from
them
.
A
Council
of
State
should
be
like
a
Colossus
,
that
the
Prince
standing
upon
its
Shoulders
may
see
farther
than
it
.
The
Thebans
did
not
desire
Princes
so
foresighted
,
as
one
may
guess
by
the
manner
of
Painting
them
with
their
E●rs
open
,
and
their
Eyes
shut
,
signifying
that
they
ought
blindly
to
execute
all
the
Resolutions
of
the
Senate
:
but
this
was
not
the
Emblem
of
an
absolute
Prince
,
but
only
of
a
Prince
of
a
Common-wealth
,
whose
Power
is
so
circumscrib'd
that
't
is
sufficient
for
him
to
hear
,
for
the
Power
of
seeing
what
is
to
be
done
,
it
reserved
for
the
Senate
.
This
is
nothing
but
a
dark
shadow
of
Majesty
,
and
an
empty
appearance
of
Authority
.
His
Power
is
nothing
but
a
reflection
of
that
of
the
Senate
,
and
so
he
has
no
need
of
Eyes
,
who
can't
go
where
he
pleases
.
But
though
't
is
convenient
for
a
Prince
to
preserve
this
Liberty
in
Counsels
,
yet
he
ought
not
to
be
so
vain
as
for
fear
of
being
thought
to
want
their
Advice
,
to
reject
whatever
they
pro●●●e
;
for
so
he
would
incur
very
great
Inconveni●ncies
:
As
Pettus
did
according
to
Tacitus
[
](A58845-e159410-b)28
28
Ne
〈◊〉
sententi●
indig●●s
videretur
,
i●
diversa
ac
deterior●
〈◊〉
.
Tac.
11.
ann
.
.
If
't
were
possible
Kings
should
have
Kings
for
their
Counsellours
,
that
〈…〉
Counsels
might
not
deviate
from
〈◊〉
A●thority
and
Honour
of
〈◊〉
;
a
Prince
sometimes
〈…〉
beneath
himself
〈…〉
Instigation
of
an
abject
〈…〉
.
But
since
this
is
impossible
they
〈◊〉
chuse
〈◊〉
●●unsellours
,
as
though
they
are
not
Princes
by
Birth
,
are
so
in
grea●ness
of
Mind
and
Generosity
.
In
Spain
there
are
several
Councils
instituted
,
with
a
great
deal
of
Prudence
;
for
the
Government
of
Kingdoms
and
Provinces
,
and
for
all
the
most
important
Affairs
of
the
Kingdom
▪
yet
ought
not
all
Care
to
be
rejected
,
by
confidently
relying
upon
this
happy
Constitution
,
for
no
Government
is
so
strongly
fenced
,
but
that
its
Foundations
in
time
wear
away
,
or
are
unsens●bly
undermin'd
by
Malice
or
Abuse
.
'T
is
not
sufficient
for
each
distinct
part
to
be
well
govern'd
,
if
they
don't
sometimes
all
unite
,
to
treat
as
well
of
themselves
in
particular
,
as
of
the
whole
Body
in
general
.
For
this
Reason
we
have
in
Convents
or
religious
Orders
,
Provincial
and
general
Chapters
,
and
in
the
Government
of
the
Church
,
Councils
.
For
the
same
Reason
every
ten
years
there
is
held
at
Madrid
a
General
Council
consisting
of
two
Counsellours
,
of
each
particular
Council
,
and
of
two
Deputies
of
each
Province
,
to
consult
for
the
Preservation
not
only
of
each
part
,
but
of
the
whole
Kingdom
.
For
if
these
Kingdoms
were
not
so
renewed
,
they
would
grow
old
and
at
last
die
.
This
Assembly
will
unite
the
parts
of
the
Monarchy
,
and
make
'em
agree
among
themselves
,
to
the
mutual
assistance
of
each
other
.
For
this
Reason
the
Councils
of
Toledo
were
assembled
,
where
not
only
Matters
of
Religion
,
but
also
those
of
State
were
treated
of
.
All
these
Qualities
of
Eyes
ought
also
to
be
found
in
Confessors
to
Princes
,
who
are
their
Counsellours
,
Judges
,
and
spiritual
Physicians
:
these
Offices
require
Men
of
Zeal
and
intire
Affection
for
the
Service
of
God
,
and
their
Prince
;
Persons
who
have
Sence
to
judge
well
,
prudence
to
advise
,
Liberty
to
reprehend
,
and
Courage
to
undeceive
,
by
setting
before
his
Eyes
,
though
at
the
hazard
of
his
Favour
,
the
Disgusts
of
his
Subjects
,
and
the
Danger
of
his
Kingdom
,
without
smearing
over
the
craz'd
and
falling
Wall
with
untempered
Mortar
[
](A58845-e159490-b)29
29
Ezek.
13.
10.
.
Some
Princes
use
Confessors
only
for
Conscience
sake
,
others
make
use
of
them
as
Councellors
of
State
:
I
shall
not
pretend
to
examine
into
the
Reason
of
these
two
Methods
;
I
only
say
,
't
is
thought
convenient
in
Spain
,
to
admit
the
King's
Confessor
into
his
Council
,
as
well
to
give
his
assistance
in
matters
of
Conscience
,
as
also
that
being
as
it
were
a
sharer
in
the
management
of
Affairs
,
he
may
correct
the
Prince
,
if
in
any
thing
he
is
deficient
in
his
Devoir
.
For
some
know
the
Faults
that
they
are
guilty
of
as
Men
,
but
not
those
which
they
commit
as
Princes
,
though
those
are
greater
which
belong
to
their
Office
than
those
which
respect
only
their
person
.
No●
only
the
Confessors
ought
to
assist
in
Council
,
but
also
Bishops
,
or
other
Ecclesiasticks
,
who
by
their
Authority
and
Learning
may
be
very
serviceable
,
and
so
the
two
Arms
,
the
Temporalty
and
Spiritualty
will
more
firmly
unite
,
for
the
Defence
and
Preservation
of
the
Body
of
the
Government
.
The
Gothick
Kings
used
to
advise
about
all
weighty
Affairs
,
with
Prelates
who
were
to
that
purpose
assembled
in
the
Councils
of
Toledo
.
What
we
have
said
about
Confessors
should
be
understood
also
of
Preachers
,
who
are
the
Trumpets
of
Truth
[
](A58845-e159540-b)30
30
Cry
aloud
,
spare
not
,
lift
up
thy
voice
like
a
Trumpet
,
Is●
58.
1.
,
the
Interpreters
between
God
and
Men
[
](A58845-e159560-b)31
31
For
every
High
Priest
taken
from
among
Men
,
is
ordained
for
Men
in
things
appertaining
to
God
,
Heb.
5.
1.
,
in
whose
mouth
God
has
put
his
word
[
](A58845-e159580-b)32
32
Behold
I
have
put
my
words
in
thy
mouth
,
Ierem.
1.
9.
,
the
Prince
ought
to
carry
himself
with
great
Circumspection
towards
them
,
they
being
the
Channels
by
which
wholesome
or
poysonous
Doctrines
are
delivered
to
the
people
;
the
Mobb
wholly
depends
upon
'em
,
they
being
the
most
proper
Instruments
either
to
raise
or
appease
them
,
as
has
been
seen
in
the
Revolts
of
Catal●nia
and
Portugal
.
Their
Zeal
for
declaiming
against
Vice
,
often
gives
'em
occasion
to
reflect
upon
those
in
Authority
,
which
the
people
eagerly
swallow
,
thro'
their
natural
Aversion
to
the
Ministers
;
whence
proceeds
Contempt
of
Authority
,
and
the
Peoples
disgust
,
which
is
the
occasion
of
Seditions
and
Tumults
;
especially
when
the
Princes
faults
are
reflected
on
,
't
is
necessary
therefore
,
that
these
Reprimands
should
be
general
,
without
pointing
at
persons
when
the
Scandal
is
not
publick
,
or
Holy
Admonitions
,
or
other
Circumstances
have
been
ineffectual
.
God
so
modestly
in
the
Apocalypse
reprehended
the
Bishops
,
that
he
seems
almost
to
●latter
them
[
](A58845-e159620-b)33
33
I
know
thy
Works
,
and
Charity
,
and
Service
,
and
Faith
,
and
thy
Patience
,
and
thy
Works
;
and
the
last
to
be
more
than
the
first
.
Notwithstanding
I
have
a
few
things
against
thee
.
Revel.
2.
19.
;
Christ
never
reflected
upon
any
person
from
the
Pulpit
,
his
Reprehensions
were
general
,
and
if
at
any
time
he
descended
to
particulars
't
was
not
as
Preacher
,
but
as
King
.
That
should
by
no
means
be
heard
from
the
Pulpit
,
which
is
dissolute
and
punishable
in
the
Streets
,
in
which
Zeal
is
often
mistaken
,
either
because
't
is
extravagant
,
or
blinded
with
the
Applause
of
the
Giddy
Mobb
,
which
eagerly
crowds
to
hear
the
Prince
or
Magistracy
reflected
upon
.
EMBLEM
LVI
.
THE
Office
of
a
Secretary
depends
upon
the
understanding
,
not
the
Pen
;
if
it
all
lay
in
neatly
cutting
a
Letter
Printers
would
be
the
best
Secretaries
.
His
Duty
is
to
consult
,
propose
and
bring
matters
to
Perfection
,
he
is
the
right
hand
of
the
Princes
Will
,
his
Instrument
of
Government
,
the
Finger
by
which
he
points
out
his
Resolutions
;
and
as
King
Alphonsus
says
,
The
second
Officer
of
the
Houshold
,
at
least
of
those
who
are
of
the
Cabinet
;
for
as
the
Confessor
is
Mediator
between
God
and
the
King
,
so
is
the
Secretary
between
the
King
his
Subjects
[
](A58845-e159700-b)†
†
L.
4.
tit.
9.
p.
2.
.
Discreet
and
prudent
Consultations
in
Councils
will
be
of
small
Effect
,
if
he
who
should
methodize
them
should
fail
in
his
part
;
the
Ministers
give
their
Opinions
,
and
the
Prince
declares
his
Sentiments
by
his
Secretary
,
and
a
word
now
and
then
aptly
apply'd
,
changes
the
Face
of
Affairs
,
as
in
a
Picture
,
a
small
shade
or
a
stroke
of
the
Pencil
,
either
spoils
it
,
or
gives
more
Life
to
it
;
the
Council
forms
the
Idea
of
the
Building
,
the
Secretary
draws
the
Plan
thereof
,
which
if
it
be
irregular
,
the
Super-structure
must
of
necessity
be
so
too
.
The
better
to
represent
this
,
you
see
in
the
present
Emblem
his
Pen
is
a
pair
of
Compasses
,
because
his
Business
is
not
only
to
write
,
but
also
to
measure
the
Resolves
,
and
to
set
out
fit
times
and
opportunities
for
the
Execution
of
'em
,
that
they
may
neither
be
too
soon
nor
too
late
:
this
Office
is
so
united
to
that
of
the
Prince
,
that
if
the
trouble
of
Affairs
would
permit
,
it
should
by
no
means
be
committed
to
another
,
for
if
it
is
not
a
part
of
Majesty
,
't
is
at
least
a
certain
Reflection
of
it
;
this
I
believe
Cicero
meant
,
when
he
advised
the
then
Pro-consul
of
Asia
thus
,
Let
your
Ring
[
which
you
must
construe
Secretary
]
be
not
as
any
other
piece
of
Goods
,
but
as
your
own
self
,
not
a
Minister
of
another's
Will
,
but
a
Witness
of
your
own
;
each
other
Minister
is
the
Kings
Representative
but
in
one
Office
,
but
the
Secretary
in
all
[
](A58845-e159740-b)1
1
Sit
annullus
tuus
,
non
ut
vas
aliquod
,
sed
tanquam
ipse
tu
;
no●
Minister
alien●
voluntatis
,
sed
t●stis
tuae
.
Cicer.
Epist.
1.
ad
Quint.
fratrem
.
.
It
suffices
others
to
know
what
belongs
to
their
particular
Places
,
but
he
must
have
a
perfect
Knowledge
,
a
general
and
particular
Intelligence
of
Practices
,
and
Arts
,
as
well
of
Peace
as
War
.
If
they
erre
't
is
but
in
some
one
particular
;
but
this
reaches
all
in
general
,
yet
so
privately
,
that
the
mis-carriage
is
imputed
to
the
Council
;
as
the
ignorance
of
the
Physician
is
to
the
Malignity
of
the
Distemper
;
some
Affairs
may
be
negotiated
with
bad
Ministers
,
but
not
with
an
ignorant
Secretary
.
He
is
the
Stomach
,
in
which
Affairs
are
digested
,
and
if
they
come
thence
crude
and
ill
concocted
,
the
Life
of
the
Government
will
be
sickly
and
short
;
cast
your
Eyes
back
upon
Pastimes
,
and
you
will
find
that
never
any
Government
has
been
well
manag'd
without
good
Secretaries
.
What
signifies
the
Princes
careful
Resolves
,
if
the
Secretary
knows
not
how
to
apply
them
,
by
judiciously
considering
,
and
prudently
observing
certain
Circumstances
on
which
Affairs
always
depend
.
If
he
wants
Discretion
and
Judgment
,
his
written
Rules
and
Instructions
are
of
small
use
,
for
there
is
scarce
any
Affair
for
which
you
can
find
an
exact
Precedent
.
For
time
and
other
accidents
alter
the
very
Nature
and
Form
of
all
things
.
Apothecaries
have
different
Medicines
prescribed
by
several
Physicians
,
for
several
Diseases
;
but
they
'd
be
notoriously
mistaken
,
if
they
should
ignorantly
apply
them
without
a
due
Knowledge
of
the
Causes
whence
they
proceed
,
as
also
of
the
Constitution
of
the
sick
Person
,
the
time
,
and
other
Circumstances
;
which
Experience
,
Reason
,
and
Speculation
shall
dictate
.
The
same
Affair
should
be
differently
prescrib'd
to
a
Phlegmatick
and
Cholerick
Minister
,
differently
to
a
timorous
and
bold
one
.
The
Secretary
ought
to
instruct
each
how
he
should
behave
himself
.
What
are
Secretaries
Offices
,
but
certain
Schools
for
the
Education
of
able
Statesmen
?
From
what
Practice
and
Experience
teaches
them
,
they
learn
the
true
Art
of
Government
.
There
they
observe
what
Counsels
have
succeeded
,
what
mis-carried
.
From
all
which
appears
the
necessity
of
choosing
such
for
Secretaries
,
as
are
endu'd
with
good
natural
parts
.
Those
great
Ministers
or
Secretaries
of
God
,
which
we
call
Evangelists
,
were
represented
in
the
Apocalypse
,
by
four
wing'd
Animals
,
full
of
Eyes
both
within
and
without
,
signifying
by
their
Wings
,
their
Expedition
and
Execution
,
their
Knowledge
of
all
things
by
their
external
Eyes
,
and
their
Contemplation
by
their
internal
ones
[
](A58845-e159770-b)2
2
Revel.
4.
8.
.
Being
so
busie
that
they
never
rested
night
or
day
[
](A58845-e159780-b)3
3
Ibid.
,
so
intent
upon
their
Duty
,
that
their
wings
were
always
stretch'd
upwards
[
](A58845-e159790-b)4
4
Ezek.
1.
11.
,
so
conformed
and
united
to
the
Holy
Spirit
in
all
things
,
that
they
never
parted
from
it
[
](A58845-e159800-b)5
5
Ezek.
1.
12.
.
To
make
a
good
Choice
of
a
Secretary
,
't
would
be
convenient
for
Princes
to
train
up
such
persons
as
by
their
natural
Qualifications
and
perfect
Knowledge
of
the
Latine
Tongue
seem
fit
for
it
,
under
their
Ambassadours
,
or
chief
Ministers
,
making
Tryal
of
them
in
several
Posts
beyond
Sea
;
and
afterwards
let
them
call
'em
to
the
Secretaries
Office
at
Court
,
where
they
may
serve
,
and
capacitate
themselves
for
Secretaries
of
State
,
High
Treasurer
,
and
the
like
,
upon
whose
Knowledge
and
Experience
,
the
Success
and
good
management
of
Affairs
very
much
depend
.
By
this
means
the
ill
Choice
which
Ministers
of
State
usually
make
of
their
Secretaries
would
be
avoided
,
for
they
employ
only
them
,
who
have
served
'em
formerly
,
and
who
are
usually
most
unfit
for
that
Office
,
being
chosen
commonly
more
from
the
neatness
of
their
Hand-writing
than
their
Understanding
.
Whence
it
falls
out
,
that
a
good
Minister
who
has
a
careless
ignorant
Secretary
,
is
more
prejudicial
to
the
Princes
Affairs
,
than
a
bad
Minister
whose
Secretary
is
discreet
and
careful
;
besides
the
Secretary
being
chosen
by
the
Prince
himself
,
on
whom
he
solely
depends
,
will
make
the
Minister
more
vigilant
and
attentive
in
the
performance
of
his
Office
;
King
Alphonso
well
knowing
of
what
importance
it
was
to
have
a
good
Secretary
,
said
,
That
a
King
ought
to
make
Choice
of
for
that
Charge
,
a
person
well
born
and
well
bred
,
of
good
Sence
,
good
Temper
,
and
good
Manners
;
who
can
read
and
write
Latine
,
as
well
as
his
vulgar
Tongue
[
](A58845-e159840-b)†
†
L.
4.
ti●
9.
p.
2.
.
King
Alphonso
seems
to
thing
it
not
sufficient
that
he
can
read
it
,
but
that
he
must
readily
speak
it
too
;
for
this
is
absolutely
necessary
for
him
,
who
is
to
treat
with
all
Nations
.
Especially
at
present
,
now
the
Spanish
Monarchy
is
extended
over
so
many
foreign
Kingdoms
,
and
Provinces
,
because
o●
the
frequent
Correspondence
in
Latine
.
The
most
essential
thing
in
a
Secretary
is
Secrecy
,
whence
his
Name
is
derived
,
that
he
may
upon
hearing
it
be
put
in
mind
of
his
Duty
.
The
Tongue
and
the
Pen
are
the
most
dangerous
Instruments
of
the
heart
,
by
these
't
is
usually
expos'd
,
either
through
Levity
,
or
Vanity
,
to
be
thought
the
Repositories
of
very
important
Secrets
,
by
discovering
them
,
either
by
discourse
or
writing
,
to
those
from
whom
they
should
conceal
'em
:
So
that
he
is
not
fit
for
the
Charge
of
a
Secretary
,
who
can't
modestly
hear
others
,
rather
than
talk
himself
,
without
changing
the
Air
of
his
Face
at
any
thing
;
for
oft-times
the
Secrets
of
the
heart
are
discovered
thereby
.
EMBLEM
LVII
.
THE
wheels
of
a
Clock
perform
their
Office
with
such
silence
,
that
their
Motions
can
neither
be
heard
nor
perceived
,
and
though
the
whole
Contrivance
depends
upon
them
,
yet
do
they
not
attribute
to
themselves
the
Honour
of
it
,
but
lend
to
the
hand
its
Motion
,
which
alone
distinguishes
and
points
out
the
hours
,
and
is
esteem'd
by
all
,
the
only
Rule
and
Measure
of
time
.
This
mutual
Correspondence
and
Agreement
should
be
between
the
Prince
and
his
Counsellours
;
for
't
is
highly
convenient
to
have
them
:
for
[
as
King
Alphonsus
the
Wise
said
]
Though
Emperours
and
Kings
are
great
persons
,
yet
can
neither
of
them
by
themselves
do
more
than
a
single
Man
;
[
](A58845-e159940-b)‖
‖
L.
12.
ti●
.
1.
p.
2.
and
the
Government
of
a
Nation
requires
many
,
but
them
so
modest
as
not
to
attribute
their
successful
Resolutions
to
their
own
Counsel
,
but
to
the
Princes
;
let
'em
share
the
Trouble
but
not
the
Power
;
let
'em
be
Ministers
not
Companions
;
let
'em
know
that
the
Prince
can
govern
without
them
,
but
not
they
without
him
.
Where
a
Prince
can
shew
his
Authority
and
Greatness
without
the
assistance
of
others
,
let
him
do
it
.
In
Aegypt
where
the
heat
of
the
Sun
is
more
powerful
than
in
other
parts
,
it
breeds
Animals
without
any
assistance
;
if
a
Prince
does
nothing
without
Advice
,
he
's
more
like
a
Client
than
a
Prince
.
The
force
of
Government
is
lost
,
unless
the
Summ
of
Affairs
be
reduced
to
one
[
](A58845-e159960-b)1
1
Neve
Tiberius
vim
Principatus
resolveret
,
●unc●a
ad
senatum
vocando
,
eam
conditionem
esse
●mperan●●
,
ut
non
aliter
ratio
const●t
,
quam
si
uni
reddatur
.
Tac.
1
ann
.
;
Monarchy
is
distinguished
from
other
methods
of
Government
in
that
one
only
Commands
,
and
the
rest
obey
,
and
if
the
Prince
shall
permit
several
to
rule
,
't
will
not
be
a
Monarchy
but
an
Aristocracy
,
there
is
no
Command
where
all
are
Masters
.
The
Holy
Spirit
takes
this
for
a
punishment
of
the
Sins
of
the
people
[
](A58845-e159980-b)2
2
For
the
transgression
of
a
Land
,
many
are
the
Princes
thereof
Prov.
28.
2.
,
and
on
the
contrary
a
Blessing
when
only
one
Commands
[
](A58845-e160000-b)3
3
And
I
will
set
up
one
Sheph●rd
over
them
.
Ez●●
.
34.
●3
.
,
when
the
Ministers
shall
find
a
Prince
so
careless
as
to
let
others
Reign
,
they
usurp
to
themselves
what
Authority
they
can
.
Pride
and
Emulation
grows
among
them
,
every
one
tears
a
slip
from
the
Royal
Robe
,
so
that
at
last
it
remains
a
mere
Ragg
.
The
people
confounded
between
so
many
Masters
,
no
longer
acknowledge
their
true
and
lawful
one
,
and
so
begin
to
despise
and
contemn
the
Government
.
For
they
believe
nothing
can
be
well
done
,
but
what
they
think
the
Prince
does
of
himself
,
whence
they
prepare
a
Remedy
by
force
.
Histories
furnish
us
with
deplorable
Examples
of
this
,
in
the
Deposition
and
Death
of
Garcias
King
of
Galaecia
,
who
would
not
be
so
much
as
the
Index
to
point
out
the
Motion
of
the
Government
;
but
left
all
to
the
management
of
a
particular
Favourite
of
his
,
who
was
afterwards
kill'd
with
him
.
We
find
Sancho
King
of
Portugal
depos'd
,
because
his
Queen
,
and
a
few
other
Scoundrel
Servants
had
the
whole
management
of
Affairs
;
the
same
thing
be●el
King
Henry
IV.
for
being
so
easie
as
to
Sign
all
Dispatches
which
his
Ministers
brought
him
▪
without
ever
reading
or
knowing
the
Contents
of
'em
.
The
Prince
exposes
himself
to
all
manner
of
Inconveniencies
,
who
without
perusal
or
consideration
,
agrees
to
whatever
others
desire
him
:
for
upon
him
as
upon
soft
Wax
every
one
makes
what
impression
he
pleases
;
so
it
was
with
the
Emperour
Claudius
[
](A58845-e160080-b)4
4
Nihil
arduum
videbat●r
in
ani●o
Principis
,
〈◊〉
non
judiciu●
,
non
odium
erat
nisi
indita
&
j●ssa
.
Tac.
12.
ann
.
.
God
plac'd
the
Government
upon
the
Princes
own
Shoulders
,
not
upon
his
Ministers
[
](A58845-e160100-b)5
5
Is●●
.
9.
6
;
as
Samuel
intimated
to
Saul
,
at
the
Entertainment
when
he
anointed
him
King
,
when
he
on
purpose
ordered
the
Cook
to
set
by
for
him
a
shoulder
of
Meat
[
](A58845-e160130-b)6
6
And
the
Cook
to●k
up
the
Shoulder
,
&c.
1
Sam.
9.
24.
.
Yet
would
I
not
have
a
Prince
like
a
Camel
merely
to
bear
Burthens
;
but
his
Shoulders
should
be
full
of
Eyes
,
like
the
Animals
in
Ezekiel's
Vision
,
[
](A58845-e160160-b)7
7
Ezek.
1.
18.
lm
LXX
.
that
they
may
see
and
know
what
they
bear
:
Elisha
call'd
Elias
the
Chariot
and
Horsemen
of
Israel
,
because
he
sustain'd
and
manag'd
the
Government
[
](A58845-e160200-b)†
†
2
Kings
2
12.
.
He
does
not
deserve
the
name
of
Prince
,
who
cannot
of
himself
give
Orders
and
contradict
'em
,
as
is
visible
in
Vitellius
,
who
not
being
capable
of
commanding
nor
punishing
,
was
no
longer
Emperour
,
but
only
the
cause
of
War
[
](A58845-e160220-b)8
8
Ips●
n●q●e
jub●nd●
,
neque
vi●an●i
pot●ns
,
non
jam
Imperator
,
sed
tantum
〈…〉
.
T●c
1.
H●st
.
;
wherefore
a
P●ince
should
not
only
perform
the
part
of
the
hand
in
the
Clock
of
the
Government
,
but
that
also
of
the
Pe●dulum
,
which
regulates
the
Motions
of
the
Wheels
:
In
short
,
upon
that
depends
the
whole
Art
of
Government
?
Not
that
I
would
have
a
Prince
perform
the
Office
of
a
Judge
,
Counsellour
or
President
,
for
his
Dignity
is
far
above
it
[
](A58845-e160250-b)9
9
Non
Aedilis
,
aut
Praetoris
,
aut
Consulis
Partes
sustineo
,
majus
aliquod
,
&
excelsius
à
Principe
postulatur
.
Tac.
3.
Hist.
,
if
he
apply'd
himself
so
to
all
Business
,
he
would
want
time
for
Affairs
of
greater
moment
.
He
ought
,
says
King
Alphonso
,
to
have
Understanding
,
Loyal
,
and
Trusty
Persons
to
assist
him
,
and
serve
him
faithfully
in
all
things
,
as
well
to
advise
him
as
to
administer
Justice
to
his
People
;
for
he
can't
of
himself
duely
weigh
and
examine
all
things
,
so
that
he
has
need
of
some
in
whom
he
can
confide
.
He
should
use
them
as
the
Instruments
of
Government
,
and
let
them
operate
;
yet
so
as
he
may
inspect
what
they
do
,
with
a
superiour
Direction
,
more
or
less
immediate
or
assistant
,
as
the
importance
of
Affairs
requires
.
Those
things
which
properly
belong
to
the
Ministers
,
let
the
Ministers
perform
.
Those
which
are
peculiar
to
the
Princes
Office
,
let
him
only
manage
.
For
which
Reason
Tiberius
check'd
the
Senate
for
leaving
the
whole
Burthen
of
Affairs
to
him
[
](A58845-e160300-b)10
10
Et
proximi
Senatus
die
,
Tiberius
castigatis
per
literas
oblique
Patribus
,
quod
cunct●
curarum
ad
Principem
rejicerent
.
Tac.
3.
ann
.
,
the
weighty
thoughts
of
Princes
,
ought
not
to
be
disturb'd
by
●rivolous
Consultations
,
when
without
any
offence
to
their
Majesty
,
they
may
be
decided
by
the
Ministers
.
Wherefore
Sanguinius
advised
the
Roman
Senate
,
not
to
trouble
the
Emperour
with
such
Matters
,
as
without
molesting
him
were
in
their
Power
to
remedy
[
](A58845-e160340-b)11
11
Sanguinius
Maximus
è
Consularibus
oravit
Senatum
ne
curas
Imperatoris
conquisitis
insuper
acerbitatibus
augerent
,
sufficere
ipsum
statuendis
remediis
.
Tac.
6.
ann
.
.
But
if
a
Prince
relying
upon
the
Prudence
and
Integrity
of
a
Minister
,
shall
intrust
him
with
the
management
of
any
Affair
,
let
him
leave
it
wholly
to
him
.
After
God
had
made
Adam
Lord
of
the
whole
Earth
,
he
brings
all
the
Animals
which
he
had
created
,
that
he
might
give
'em
names
[
](A58845-e160370-b)12
12
Gen.
2.
19.
,
God
would
not
so
much
as
reserve
that
to
himself
.
For
the
like
Reason
a
Prince
ought
to
leave
ordinary
Cares
and
Troubles
to
others
:
for
the
Head
intermeddles
not
with
the
business
of
the
Hands
and
Feet
,
nor
does
the
Pilot
intermeddle
with
the
common
Sailers
Duty
,
but
sitting
in
the
Stern
does
more
with
the
gentle
Motion
of
his
hand
,
in
guiding
the
Boat
,
than
all
the
other
with
their
Toil
and
Labour
.
But
if
a
Prince
either
by
reason
of
his
Minority
or
old
Age
,
or
any
other
natural
defect
,
be
incapable
of
attending
the
direction
of
Affairs
,
let
him
choose
an
Assistant
.
For
't
is
much
better
to
govern
well
by
another
,
than
ill
by
himself
.
The
first
years
of
Nero's
Reign
were
happy
,
because
he
took
Advice
from
good
Councellours
;
but
when
he
took
the
management
of
all
into
his
own
hands
he
ruin'd
himself
.
King
Philip
II.
finding
that
Age
and
Infirmities
had
render'd
him
unfit
to
govern
,
chose
certain
trusty
and
experienced
Ministers
for
his
Assistants
.
Yet
even
when
necessity
urges
,
a
Prince
ought
not
wholly
to
omit
the
Care
of
Affairs
,
be
his
Ministers
never
so
prudent
and
faithful
,
for
the
Body
politick
resembles
the
natural
,
in
which
if
the
Heat
be
deficient
,
no
Remedy
,
no
Art
,
nor
Industry
can
preserve
its
Life
.
The
Prince
is
the
Soul
of
the
Government
wherefore
to
keep
that
alive
,
't
is
necessary
that
this
should
assist
the
Members
and
Organs
;
if
he
can't
absolutely
do
this
,
let
him
seem
to
see
and
hear
all
things
,
with
such
Assiduity
,
that
they
may
be
attributed
to
his
Disposal
and
Judgment
;
the
Princes
Presence
though
it
has
no
other
Effect
,
at
least
influences
the
Ministers
,
and
makes
'em
more
careful
and
Assiduous
.
To
know
only
that
all
Orders
come
through
his
hands
,
gives
them
Authority
,
though
he
never
alter
nor
see
'em
;
what
will
it
do
then
if
he
shall
particularly
examine
,
and
being
privately
instructed
,
shall
correct
and
reprehend
his
Ministers
faults
?
If
he
do
this
but
once
,
they
will
be
ever
after
fearful
and
cautious
,
they
will
imagine
that
he
actually
sees
,
or
inspects
all
things
.
Let
them
treat
in
Councils
not
only
of
Affairs
of
State
,
but
also
of
what
worthy
Persons
,
they
should
promote
to
Offices
and
Preferments
;
but
let
his
hand
confirm
their
Resolutions
,
let
it
be
that
which
bestows
all
Rewards
and
Gratuities
,
not
suffering
as
in
a
Sun-Dial
his
shadow
,
I
mean
his
Ministers
and
Favourites
▪
to
point
'em
out
,
and
publish
them
,
and
●o
cause
them
to
be
ascrib'd
to
them
;
for
by
this
he
woul●
lose
his
Esteem
,
Affairs
their
Authority
,
Rewards
their
Acceptance
;
and
the
Prince
is
slighted
by
those
whom
he
〈◊〉
most
oblig'd
;
for
which
Reason
Tiberius
when
he
saw
the
Senate
inclin'd
to
reward
M.
Hortalus
,
vigorously
oppos●
it
[
](A58845-e160430-b)13
13
Inclinatio
Senatus
incitamentum
Tiberio
fuit
,
quo
promptiùs
〈◊〉
saretur
.
Tac.
2.
ann
.
.
And
sharply
check'd
Iunius
Gallio
,
for
proposing
Gratuities
to
the
Praetorian
Souldiers
,
giving
him
to
understand
that
it
was
only
the
Emperours
Prerogative
[
](A58845-e160470-b)14
14
Violentèr
increpuit
,
velut
coram
rogit●●
quid
illi
cum
militibus
,
quos
,
neque
dicta
Imperatoris
,
neque
pr●mia
,
〈◊〉
ab
imperatore
accipere
par
●sset
.
Tac.
6.
ann
.
;
so
〈◊〉
Prince
is
not
respected
because
he
is
a
Prince
,
but
becaus●
as
such
he
Commands
,
Rewards
,
and
Punishes
.
If
any
piece
of
Severity
is
to
be
committed
,
or
any
rigorous
Punishment
to
be
inflicted
,
let
it
be
done
by
the
hands
of
hi●
Ministers
,
but
let
the
Prince
conceal
his
own
as
much
〈◊〉
possible
.
Let
the
Peoples
Indignation
,
and
the
Odium
〈◊〉
Severity
,
and
Punishment
fall
upon
them
,
not
him
[
](A58845-e160500-b)15
15
Et
honores
ipse
〈◊〉
se
tribuere
,
p●nas
autem
per
ali●s
Magistratus
,
&
judices
irrog●●
Arist.
lib.
5
Pol.
c.
11.
▪
The
Ancients
said
of
Iupiter
,
that
of
himself
he
darte●
forth
none
but
benign
Rays
,
without
hurting
any
one
,
bu●
only
to
shew
his
Power
,
but
that
malign
ones
were
by
th●
Council
of
the
Gods
;
let
the
Ministers
be
thought
sever●
and
cruel
,
the
Prince
tender
and
merciful
;
't
is
their
〈◊〉
to
accuse
and
condemn
,
his
to
forgive
and
pardon
.
Em●nuel
King
of
Portugal
thank'd
a
certain
person
,
who
fou●●
an
Argument
to
sa●e
a
Criminal
.
Also
Iohn
III.
King
〈◊〉
Portugal
being
present
at
the
Tryal
of
a
Criminal
,
whe●●
the
Judges
were
equally
divided
,
and
his
Opinion
ask'd
〈◊〉
decide
the
matter
spoke
to
this
Effect
,
You
,
says
he
,
〈◊〉
having
condemn'd
this
Man
have
done
Justice
,
and
could
wish
you
had
been
all
of
the
same
Opinion
;
〈◊〉
I
am
for
acquitting
him
,
least
any
should
say
,
that
〈◊〉
Kings
Vote
alone
took
away
a
Subjects
Life
.
The
Princ●
is
made
for
the
Subjects
preservation
,
and
he
ought
to
〈◊〉
no
one
to
Death
,
but
for
the
sake
of
that
.
The
hand
of
a
Clock
has
no
effect
upon
the
Wheels
,
but
permits
them
to
do
their
Duty
,
and
only
denotes
their
Motion
,
so
the
Emperour
Charles
V.
was
of
Opinion
,
a
Prince
ought
to
behave
himself
towards
his
Council
,
to
let
them
alone
in
their
Debates
without
intermeddling
with
'em
;
this
Precept
he
left
to
his
Son
Philip
the
II.
A
Princes
Presence
obstructs
their
Freedom
,
and
gives
opportunity
for
Flattery
,
and
though
in
Matters
of
greater
moment
,
the
Prince's
Presence
seems
very
convenient
,
in
that
he
can't
be
so
throughly
inform'd
by
reading
,
as
by
hearing
their
Debates
,
for
by
this
he
will
learn
much
,
and
begin
to
love
Business
,
and
be
instructed
in
the
Qualifications
,
and
Designs
of
his
Councellours
,
a
Prince
ought
to
be
extremely
cautious
in
declaring
his
Opinion
,
least
either
Flattery
,
Respect
,
or
Fear
should
make
it
received
.
For
this
Reason
Piso
,
when
Marcellus
was
accus'd
for
taking
down
the
Head
of
Augustus's
Statue
,
and
putting
his
own
up
;
being
ask'd
his
Opinion
by
Tiberius
,
What
's
your
Sentiment
,
Sir
,
said
he
,
if
you
speak
first
I
know
what
to
follow
,
but
if
last
I
am
afraid
least
I
should
imprudently
think
otherwise
[
](A58845-e160660-b)16
16
Quo
lo●o
cens●bis
Caesa●
?
Si
pri●us
,
habeo
quod
sequor
:
si
post
omnes
,
vereor
nè
imprudens
dissentiam
.
Tac
1.
ann
.
For
the
same
Reason
't
was
a
prudent
Order
of
the
same
Emperour
,
that
his
Son
Drusus
should
not
Vote
first
in
the
Senate
,
least
others
should
think
themselves
oblig'd
to
follow
his
Opinion
[
](A58845-e160690-b)17
17
Exemit
etian●
Drusum
Consule●
designatum
dicendae
primo
loco
sententiae
,
quod
alii
ci●ile
reb●ntur
,
nè
〈…〉
fieret
.
Tac.
3.
ann
.
.
This
is
a
thing
of
ill
Consequence
;
is
it
less
inconvenient
not
to
declare
his
mind
at
all
,
for
so
that
Counsel
which
seems
best
may
with
more
Secrecy
be
executed
.
Henry
King
of
Portugal
proposed
matters
with
so
much
Discretion
in
his
Council
,
that
it
could
not
be
discover'd
,
either
by
his
Words
or
Looks
,
which
way
he
inclined
;
whence
came
the
Custom
of
Presidents
and
Vice-Roys
,
not
giving
their
Votes
in
Council
,
which
is
an
anci●nt
Practice
,
and
was
used
by
the
Etolians
.
But
in
a
matter
in
which
the
Prince
desires
rather
their
Approbation
than
Advice
,
he
may
open
his
mind
and
declare
his
Opinion
,
for
he
will
find
they
will
generally
●ide
with
him
either
through
a
desire
to
please
,
or
because
we
naturally
incline
to
follow
our
Superior
.
In
Affairs
of
War
,
especially
when
the
Prince
is
involv'●
therein
,
his
Presence
in
Council
is
of
more
importance
,
〈◊〉
well
for
the
above-mentioned
Reasons
,
as
that
he
thereby
animates
them
,
and
that
their
prudent
Resolves
may
be
pu●
in
speedy
Execution
,
and
least
while
they
are
brought
to
him
the
opportunity
be
slipt
.
He
must
know
that
some
Minis●ers
desire
to
be
thought
vigorous
and
active
,
rathe●
than
discreet
,
and
so
in
the
Princes
Presence
o●t●n
are
the
Authors
of
rash
Counsel
,
not
that
they
would
be
th●
persons
that
should
execute
them
,
nay
they
have
a
particular
aversion
to
all
Danger
,
as
it
was
with
those
who
advis'd
Vitellius
to
take
up
Arms
[
](A58845-e160770-b)18
18
Sed
quod
in
cjusmodi
rebus
accidit
,
consili●m
ab
omnibus
dat●●
est
,
periculum
pauci
sensere
.
.
'T
is
a
common
Question
among
Politicians
,
whether
〈◊〉
no
a
Prince
himself
should
not
assist
in
the
Courts
of
Justice
;
't
is
a
too
weighty
Employ
,
and
would
take
up
〈◊〉
much
of
that
time
which
is
necessary
for
Affairs
of
State
and
the
Administration
of
the
Government
.
Though
Tib●rius
after
he
had
assisted
in
the
Senate
,
went
to
the
Court●
of
Judicature
[
](A58845-e160800-b)19
19
Nec
patrum
cognitionibus
satiatus
,
Iudiciis
adsidebat
in
co●nu
tribunalis
.
Tac.
1.
ann
.
.
King
Ferdinand
the
Holy
was
ofte●
present
in
those
Courts
,
where
he
heard
and
defended
the
Poor
,
and
protected
the
weak
from
the
strong
.
K.
Alphon●●
the
Wise
ordain'd
,
that
the
King
himself
should
undertake
the
Causes
of
Widows
and
Orphans
,
For
tho'
,
says
he
,
he
is
oblig'd
in
general
to
defend
his
Subjects
,
yet
ought
he
particularly
to
assist
them
,
because
they
are
more
helpless
than
others
[
](A58845-e160850-b)*
*
L.
20.
tit.
23.
p.
3.
.
Solomon's
great
Judgment
in
the
Decision
of
Causes
got
him
the
general
Esteem
of
all
[
](A58845-e160870-b)20
20
And
all
Israel
h●ard
of
the
Judgment
which
the
King
had
judged
,
and
they
feared
the
King
:
for
they
saw
that
the
Wisdom
of
God
was
in
him
to
do
●udgment
,
1
Kin.
3.
28
;
the
Israelites
desired
a
King
,
who
as
in
other
Nations
might
be
Judge
over
them
[
](A58845-e160900-b)21
21
Now
make
us
a
King
to
judge
us
like
all
the
Nations
,
1
Sam.
8.
5.
;
the
Presence
of
the
King
makes
Judges
just
,
and
his
Power
only
can
defend
the
poor
[
](A58845-e160920-b)22
22
A
King
that
sitteth
in
the
Throne
of
Judgment
,
sca●●ereth
away
all
evil
with
his
Eyes
,
Prov.
20.
8.
;
the
chief
Reason
why
God
chose
David
King
was
,
because
he
who
had
freed
his
Flocks
from
the
jaws
of
the
Lion
[
](A58845-e160950-b)23
23
Psalm
9.
14.
,
best
knew
how
to
protect
the
Impotent
from
the
powerful
[
](A58845-e160960-b)24
24
1
Sam.
17.
31.
:
so
grateful
and
acceptable
is
this
Care
to
God
,
that
for
that
only
he
promises
to
blot
out
all
the
rest
of
his
Sins
,
and
make
them
as
white
as
Snow
[
](A58845-e160970-b)25
25
Isa.
1.
17.
.
Wherefore
I
can't
deny
that
this
is
the
main
part
of
a
Prince's
Duty
,
yet
I
think
he
fulfils
it
,
if
he
chooses
Persons
of
Integrity
for
his
Ministers
of
Justice
,
and
takes
Care
that
they
justly
and
uprightly
perform
their
Offices
.
'T
will
suffice
sometimes
in
the
most
important
Cases
,
I
mean
such
as
may
be
oppress'd
by
Power
,
to
be
present
at
their
giving
their
Opinions
,
so
as
to
make
the
Judges
always
in
fear
,
least
he
should
be
in
some
corner
of
the
Court
and
hear
all
that
is
said
and
done
.
For
which
Reason
all
the
Judges
live
in
the
Royal
Palace
at
Madrid
;
and
in
the
Courts
where
they
sit
,
there
are
windows
,
from
whence
his
Majesty
uses
to
hear
all
that
passes
.
The
same
is
usual
in
the
Turks
Divan
,
where
when
the
Bassa's
meet
to
treat
about
Affairs
,
he
hears
them
when
he
pleases
,
from
a
window
cover'd
with
Sarcenet
.
And
this
Harmony
of
the
Clock
,
and
the
mutual
Agreement
between
the
Wheels
,
and
the
Hand
which
points
the
hours
is
evidentl●
visible
in
the
Government
of
the
Kingdom
of
Spain
,
which
is
so
well
constituted
,
that
those
Kingdoms
and
Provinces
which
Nature
has
dis-joyn'd
,
she
unites
by
the
prudence
of
her
Government
Each
has
its
particular
Court
at
Madrid
,
C●stile
,
Arragon
,
P●rtugal
,
Italy
,
the
Netherlands
and
the
Indies
,
to
which
there
is
but
one
President
,
they
take
Cognizance
of
all
Affairs
,
whether
of
Justice
or
Rewards
belonging
to
any
of
these
Kingdoms
or
Provinces
.
And
their
Debates
are
brought
to
the
King
who
orders
what
he
thinks
fit
,
so
that
the
Councils
are
as
't
were
the
Wheels
,
and
his
Majesty
the
Index
;
or
they
the
Optick
Nerves
,
by
which
visible
Species
are
transmitted
to
the
Prince
,
and
the
King
the
common
Sense
which
discerns
and
Judges
them
.
The
Affairs
of
the
Kingdom
being
so
dispos'd
and
presented
to
his
Majesty
,
all
's
manag'd
with
that
ease
and
prudence
,
that
for
above
a
hundred
years
since
it
began
to
flourish
;
there
has
happened
no
considerable
mis-carriage
,
which
is
almost
incredible
,
in
such
a
dis-united
Body
.
The
Roman
Empire
was
more
succinct
,
and
yet
it
almost
continually
felt
Convulsions
and
Disorders
,
an
undeniable
Proof
that
ours
is
better
founded
than
their's
,
and
govern'd
by
Men
of
greater
Judgment
,
Prudence
and
Integrity
.
Since
then
the
Summ
of
all
Affairs
should
be
reduc'd
to
the
Prince
,
he
should
not
only
be
a
Father
to
the
Republick
in
Love
,
but
Economy
too
,
nor
should
he
think
it
sufficient
to
have
Counsellours
,
and
Ministers
to
manage
his
Affairs
,
but
he
should
also
keep
by
him
a
certain
private
Memoir
of
them
,
by
which
he
should
be
guided
in
all
things
;
as
Merchants
keep
their
Accounts
in
a
particular
Book
for
that
purpose
,
such
a
Book
as
this
the
Emperour
August●s
kept
.
In
which
he
took
an
account
of
the
Revenue
,
of
the
number
of
the
Citizens
and
Auxiliaries
in
his
Service
,
also
o●
the
Fleets
,
Kingdoms
,
Provinces
,
Tributes
,
Taxes
,
and
Gratuities
,
all
which
he
wrote
with
his
own
hand
[
](A58845-e161090-b)26
26
Opes
publicae
continebantur
,
quantum
civium
,
sociorumque
in
●●mis
,
quot
Classes
,
Regna
,
Provinciae
,
Tributa
&
Necessitates
,
ac
Largiti●nes
,
quae
cuncta
sua
manu
perscripserat
Augustus
.
Tac.
1.
ann
.
;
the
Memory
is
the
Treasury
of
Experience
,
but
is
very
short
and
weak
without
the
assistance
of
the
Pen
to
strengthen
and
perpetuate
it
upon
Paper
.
He
'll
find
a
great
advantage
,
who
for
Memory's
sake
takes
an
account
of
all
Actions
good
or
ill
,
in
his
Book
;
which
Diligence
if
your
Royal
Highness
when
setled
upon
the
Throne
shall
neglect
,
and
think
it
beneath
your
Grandeur
to
stoop
to
,
and
that
your
Presence
is
sufficient
without
this
troublesome
Assiduity
,
leaving
that
to
your
Ministers
,
I
dare
aver●
from
the
excellent
Constitution
,
and
order
of
this
Government
,
both
in
its
Courts
and
Counsels
,
your
Highness
might
finish
your
Course
without
any
considerable
Danger
;
but
you
would
be
no
more
than
the
hand
to
the
Clock
,
wholly
govern'd
by
the
Wh●els
,
nor
would
there
appear
any
thing
conspicuous
or
glorious
in
your
whole
Reign
;
as
there
will
,
if
[
which
God
grant
]
your
Highness
imitating
Augustus
,
shall
make
your
Remarks
upon
each
Kingdom
distinctly
,
with
an
Addition
of
all
Garrison'd
Towns
,
also
of
all
persons
famous
for
War
or
Peace
,
with
their
Qualifications
,
Characters
,
Services
and
the
like
;
particularly
inserting
all
A●fairs
of
great
Concern
,
what
has
been
their
Issue
,
in
what
they
succeeded
,
in
what
fail'd
,
and
several
other
Observations
,
which
are
instructive
in
the
Art
of
Government
.
Hence
proceeds
the
Harmony
in
the
Order
of
the
Jesuits
,
which
all
so
much
admire
,
for
every
three
years
the
General
has
a
particular
Account
of
all
things
that
have
pass'd
,
together
with
a
private
List
of
those
of
the
Order
;
who
because
they
may
in
time
alter
their
Nature
and
Manners
these
Catalogues
are
renewed
every
Year
;
besides
,
he
has
particular
Informations
every
Year
of
what
ever
in
necessary
for
him
to
know
.
By
which
they
always
succeed
in
their
Elections
,
by
suiting
the
Capacity
of
the
Person
to
the
Office
,
not
the
Office
to
the
Person
.
And
if
Princes
had
such
Characters
of
things
and
persons
,
they
would
not
be
so
often
deceived
in
their
Resolves
and
Counsels
;
they
would
be
better
instructed
in
the
Art
of
Government
,
and
need
not
depend
wholly
upon
their
Ministers
;
and
these
would
serve
the
Prince
with
more
Care
and
Circumspection
,
when
they
knew
that
he
understood
and
took
notice
of
all
things
;
and
so
these
gross
Faults
which
we
see
at
present
,
I
mean
,
in
not
timely
providing
Necessaries
for
Peace
and
War
,
would
never
be
committed
;
in
a
word
,
the
fear
of
this
Catalogue
would
make
Vertue
flourish
,
and
Vice
perish
;
nor
would
these
short
Memoirs
breed
any
confusion
,
especially
if
some
were
made
by
the
Princes
own
hands
,
and
others
by
his
chief
Ministers
,
who
are
persons
of
Understanding
,
and
whom
he
can
trust
to
do
it
sincerely
and
carefully
;
wherefore
if
as
Cicero
says
,
this
Knowledge
is
necessary
for
a
Senatour
[
](A58845-e161130-b)27
27
Est
senatori
necessarium
nosse
Rempub.
quàm
latè
p●tet
,
quid
habeat
Militum
,
quid
valeat
aerarium
,
quo●
socios
Resp.
habeat
,
quos
amicos
,
quos
●ipendiarios
,
qua
quisque
sit
lege
,
conditione
,
foedere
,
&c.
Cicero
.
,
who
is
but
a
small
Member
of
the
Government
,
how
much
more
is
it
for
a
Prince
on
whom
depends
the
universal
welfare
of
his
State
?
And
if
Philip
King
of
Macedon
,
caus'd
the
Articles
of
the
Roman
League
to
be
read
over
to
him
twice
every
day
,
why
should
a
Prince
disdain
to
read
in
one
Book
,
an
Epitome
of
the
whole
Body
of
his
Empire
,
viewing
in
that
as
in
a
Map
,
all
the
parts
of
which
it
consists
?
EMBLEM
LVIII
.
HONOUR
is
one
of
the
chiefest
Instruments
in
the
Art
of
Government
;
if
it
were
not
the
Off-spring
of
Glory
,
I
should
think
it
a
politick
Invention
;
it
is
the
Prop
of
Empires
;
without
it
none
could
stand
long
;
a
Prince
without
it
wants
a
Guard
for
his
Vertues
,
the
Spur
of
Renown
,
and
Bond
,
which
makes
him
to
be
loved
and
respected
;
a
Thirst
for
Riches
is
Tyrannick
,
but
for
Honour
Royal
[
](A58845-e161220-b)1
1
Velle
pecuniis
excellere
Tyrannicum
,
H●noribus
vero
magis
Regium
.
Arist.
Po●
.
lib.
5.
;
nor
is
Honour
less
requisite
in
the
Subject
than
the
Prince
;
for
without
that
the
Laws
would
not
be
able
to
keep
the
people
in
their
Devoir
,
it
being
certain
,
that
they
are
more
restrain'd
by
the
fear
of
Infamy
than
punishment
.
The
Economy
of
Government
would
soon
be
ruined
,
were
not
Obedience
,
Loyalty
,
Integrity
and
such
like
Vertues
in
esteem
.
Ambition
for
Honour
preserves
the
Authority
of
the
Laws
,
to
attain
it
we
inure
our selves
to
Labour
and
Vertue
.
That
Government
is
in
as
much
danger
where
all
would
be
Slaves
,
as
that
in
which
a●l
would
be
Masters
.
A
Nation
too
abject
and
base
,
is
a
prey
to
every
Invader
,
and
soon
forgets
its
Duty
to
its
lawful
Prince
;
but
that
which
is
of
a
more
lofty
Spirit
,
and
which
sets
a
value
upon
Honour
,
slights
all
Toils
and
Perils
;
nay
,
even
despises
its
own
Ruine
,
to
remain
firm
in
its
Obedience
and
Loyalty
;
what
Wars
,
Calamities
and
Devastations
by
Fire
and
Sword
,
has
not
the
Dutchy
of
Burgundy
felt
for
preserving
their
Faith
and
Allegiance
to
his
Catholick
Majesty
,
neither
the
Tyranny
and
Barbarity
of
their
Enemies
,
nor
the
infection
of
the
Elements
,
though
all
seem'd
to
conspire
against
them
,
could
shake
their
Constancy
.
They
might
indeed
take
from
those
Loyal
Subjects
,
their
Estates
,
their
Countrey
,
and
their
Lives
,
but
not
their
sincere
Faith
,
and
generous
Loyalty
to
their
lawful
Prince
.
The
usual
Remedies
against
intestine
Disorders
,
is
to
make
the
People
strangers
to
Honour
and
Reputation
,
which
piece
of
Policy
is
us'd
in
China
,
which
is
in
no
danger
but
from
its
own
Subjects
:
but
in
other
Kingdoms
which
are
exposed
to
Invasions
,
Glory
and
Renown
is
absolutely
necessary
for
the
Subjects
,
that
they
may
have
Courage
to
repulse
an
Enemy
;
●or
where
there
is
no
Honour
,
there
is
no
Valour
.
That
Prince
is
not
truly
Great
,
who
does
not
command
great
Spirits
,
nor
can
he
ever
without
such
make
himself
formidable
,
or
enlarge
his
Territories
.
The
Subject's
Honour
obliges
them
to
procure
the
Prince's
,
for
upon
his
Grandeur
depends
their's
.
The
very
shadow
and
empty
appearance
of
Honour
,
makes
'em
assiduous
in
Labours
,
and
valiant
in
Dangers
.
What
Treasures
could
make
sufficient
Compensation
for
the
Estates
,
and
Blood
which
Subjects
squander
away
for
the
Prince's
Will
and
Fancy
;
were
it
not
for
this
publick
Coin
of
Honour
,
wherewith
every
one
pays
himself
in
his
own
Opinion
?
'T
is
the
best
Price
of
worthy
and
brave
Exploits
,
the
cheapest
Reward
that
Princes
could
have
found
,
so
that
if
not
for
their
own
Grandeur
,
they
ought
at
least
for
their
Conveniency
and
Interest
,
maintain
it
among
their
Subjects
;
by
either
taking
no
notice
of
,
or
lightly
punishing
the
Faults
which
they
commit
to
defend
it
,
and
on
the
contrary
,
by
encouraging
with
Rewards
and
publick
Acknowledgments
,
such
Actions
as
are
generous
and
honourable
.
But
they
should
beware
of
giving
the
least
Incouragement
to
that
vain
fantastical
Honour
so
much
in
Vogue
,
which
depends
upon
peoples
Fancies
,
not
true
Vertue
,
thence
proceed
Disputes
among
the
Ministers
about
Precedence
,
to
the
prejudice
of
the
Publick
,
and
the
Prince's
Service
:
Hence
Duels
,
Affronts
,
and
Murthers
;
and
from
these
come
Tumults
and
Seditions
.
This
makes
Obedience
stagger
,
and
defiles
it
with
the
Prince's
blood
;
for
if
once
the
Subject
shall
be
perswaded
in
his
own
Opinion
,
or
by
the
common
Cry
,
that
he
is
a
Tyrant
and
not
fit
to
live
,
he
soon
contrives
his
Death
,
to
obtain
the
Honour
of
Assertor
of
his
Countrey
's
Liberty
[
](A58845-e161270-b)2
2
Itaque
Monarchas
,
non
ut
sibi
vendicent
Monarchiam
,
invadunt
,
s●d
ut
famam
&
gloriam
adipiscantur
.
Arist.
Pol.
5.
cap.
10.
.
It
should
therefore
be
the
Princes
Care
to
abolish
this
Superstition
of
false
Honour
,
and
to
promote
the
Worship
of
the
true
.
Let
not
a
Prince
disdain
to
honour
Merit
,
either
in
Subjects
or
Strangers
,
for
this
does
not
derogate
from
the
Prince's
Honour
,
no
more
than
the
light
of
a
Torch
is
diminished
by
the
lighting
of
another
by
it
;
for
which
Reason
Ennius
compares
the
Charity
of
a
person
,
who
instructs
a
wandring
Traveller
in
his
way
,
to
a
Flame
.
He
who
t'
a
wandring
Man
his
way
has
shewn
,
Lights
t'others
Torch
and
never
hurts
his
own
[
](A58845-e161340-b)*
*
Ennius
.
From
whence
proceeds
Cicero's
Advice
,
that
whatever
kindness
can
be
done
another
without
Detriment
to
ones
self
,
let
it
be
done
even
to
a
Stranger
[
](A58845-e161370-b)3
3
Ut
quicquid
sine
detrimento
accommodari
possit
id
tribuatur
velignoto
.
Cicero
.
.
From
both
these
Sentences
the
present
Emblem
is
taken
;
a
lighted
Candle
in
a
Candlestick
,
the
Emblem
of
Divinity
,
and
supream
Authority
,
at
which
two
others
are
lighted
,
to
signifie
that
a
Prince
may
bestow
Honour
upon
those
who
deserve
it
without
Detriment
to
his
own
.
His
Honour
,
is
borrowed
,
not
his
own
,
who
is
afraid
of
wanting
it
,
when
he
confers
it
on
others
.
Springs
continually
flow
,
and
are
never
empty
.
The
Fund
of
Honour
in
Princes
is
inexhaustible
,
be
they
never
so
profuse
:
All
respect
them
as
the
only
Magazines
of
Honours
,
from
whence
every
one
expects
his
share
;
so
the
Earth
with
its
Vapours
refreshes
the
Air
,
which
returns
them
in
Dew
upon
the
Earth
again
.
And
this
mutual
Correspondence
between
the
Prince
and
his
Subjects
,
King
Alphonso
the
Wise
knew
,
when
he
said
,
that
these
in
Honouring
him
,
honour'd
themselves
,
because
from
him
they
expect
Honour
and
Preferment
;
where
this
mutual
Honour
is
,
there
Affairs
flourish
in
Peace
and
War
,
and
the
Government
is
established
.
Nor
does
a
Prince
shew
his
Majesty
more
in
any
thing
,
than
in
the
Honours
he
confers
.
All
natural
Bodies
the
more
noble
they
are
,
are
the
more
generous
and
free
of
their
Vertues
and
Gifts
.
To
give
Riches
is
humane
,
but
the
distribution
of
Honour
belongs
to
God
or
his
Vicegerents
.
In
these
Maxims
I
would
perfectly
instruct
your
Highness
,
especially
in
that
of
honouring
the
Nobility
,
who
are
the
main
support
of
Monarchy
.
Let
your
Highness
hearken
to
your
glorious
Predecessor
,
King
Alphonso
the
Wise
,
who
in
laying
down
Maxims
for
his
Successors
,
speaks
to
this
Effect
:
Furthermore
he
ought
to
respect
and
honour
the
Nobility
for
their
Riches
,
and
for
that
they
are
an
Honour
to
his
State
;
and
he
should
respect
and
honour
the
Gentry
,
as
being
his
Guard
and
the
Bulwark
of
his
Kingdom
.
Without
Rewards
Services
flag
,
but
rewarded
they
flourish
,
and
make
the
Kingdom
glorious
Under
an
ungrateful
King
never
any
great
Action
was
a●chieved
,
nor
any
glorious
Example
transmitted
to
Posterity
.
Those
three
brave
Souldiers
,
who
broke
through
the
Enemies
Squadrons
and
fetch'd
water
from
the
Cistern
,
scarce
did
any
thing
else
remarkable
,
because
David
did
not
gratifie
them
.
A
Prince
by
once
rewarding
the
Merits
of
a
Family
,
binds
them
to
his
Service
for
ever
.
The
Nobility
is
as
much
urg'd
to
Glory
,
by
the
noble
Exploits
of
their
Ancestors
,
and
by
Honours
with
which
they
were
rewarded
,
as
by
those
which
they
themselves
expect
;
't
was
upon
this
Account
that
your
Royal
Highnesses
Predecessors
bestowed
eternal
marks
of
Honour
upon
the
Services
of
some
great
Families
of
Spain
.
So
King
Iohn
II.
rewarded
those
of
the
Counts
Ribadeo
,
by
permitting
them
to
eat
at
the
King's
Table
upon
Tw●lfth-day
,
and
to
have
the
same
Coat
which
his
Majesty
wore
that
day
;
his
Catholick
Majesty
granted
the
same
Honour
to
the
Marquess
of
Cadiz
.
And
order'd
,
that
they
should
have
the
Coat
which
he
wore
upon
the
Feast
of
the
Blessed
Virgin
:
to
the
Marquesses
of
Moya
,
he
gave
the
Cup
which
the
Kings
should
drink
out
of
upon
St.
Lucia's
Day
;
to
the
Earls
of
Roca
,
of
the
Family
of
Vera
,
and
to
all
of
that
House
a
Grant
for
each
,
to
exempt
thirty
persons
from
all
Taxes
;
the
same
King
Ferdinand
,
when
he
met
the
King
of
France
at
Savona
,
invited
the
great
Captain
Gonsalvo
to
Table
with
him
,
at
whose
house
also
he
staid
at
his
Entry
into
Naples
;
and
what
wonder
since
he
ow'd
him
his
Kingdom
and
all
Spain
,
its
Glory
and
Success
[
](A58845-e161620-b)†
†
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
?
Of
him
might
well
be
said
,
what
Tacitus
says
of
another
brave
and
valiant
General
.
In
his
Body
was
all
the
beauty
of
the
Cherus●i
;
and
whatever
was
done
with
Success
was
the
result
of
his
Counsel
[
](A58845-e161650-b)4
4
Illo
in
corpore
decus
owne
Cheruscorum
,
illius
consilia
gesta
,
quae
prosper●
ce●id●rint
testa●atur
.
Tac.
2.
ann
.
.
The
Valour
and
Conduct
of
one
Minister
is
often
the
Foundation
and
Rise
of
a
Kingdom
That
which
is
founded
in
America
is
owing
to
Herman
Cortez
,
and
the
Pizarrs
.
The
single
Valour
and
Industry
of
the
Marquess
of
Aytona
,
kept
the
Netherlands
from
revolting
upon
the
Death
of
the
Infanta
Isabella
,
and
some
of
our
present
Ministers
have
been
the
chief
Instruments
in
preserving
the
Empire
in
the
House
of
Austria
,
and
of
the
Tranquility
which
Italy
has
so
long
enjoyed
,
whose
great
Rewards
have
been
a
spark
to
kindle
a
glorious
Emulation
in
others
.
By
recompencing
one
Service
you
purchase
many
more
;
't
is
a
noble
Usury
which
enriches
Princes
,
and
enlarges
and
secures
their
Estates
;
the
Ottoman
Empire
flourishes
,
because
it
encourages
and
prefers
Valour
in
whomsoever
it
is
conspicuous
.
The
Fabrick
of
the
Spanish
Monarchy
arrived
at
this
Perfection
,
because
King
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
,
and
after
him
Charles
V.
and
Philip
II.
knew
how
to
hew
out
,
and
proportion
the
Stones
to
its
bigness
.
Princes
complain
of
this
Age
of
being
barren
,
and
not
productive
of
such
great
Spirits
,
not
considering
that
the
Reason
is
that
they
don't
look
for
them
,
or
if
they
do
find
them
,
that
they
don't
give
them
sufficient
Encouragement
,
but
only
promote
those
who
are
about
them
,
which
depends
more
upon
Chance
than
Choice
.
Nature
always
produces
some
great
Genius's
,
but
Princes
don't
always
make
use
of
them
.
How
many
excellent
Genius's
and
great
Spirits
are
born
and
die
in
Obscurity
,
who
if
they
had
been
imployed
and
exercis'd
in
Business
,
had
been
the
Admiration
of
Mankind
:
Ossat
had
died
Chaplain
of
St.
Lewis
in
Rome
,
without
the
Glory
of
having
done
so
many
signal
Services
to
France
,
had
not
Henry
IV.
of
France
observing
his
great
Abilities
procur'd
him
a
Cardinals
Hat
.
If
a
Prince
suffers
a
great
Soul
to
herd
with
the
common
Rout
,
he
will
live
and
die
like
one
of
them
,
without
performing
any
thing
remarkable
or
glorious
.
Christ
went
up
to
the
Mountain
Tabur
with
three
of
his
Disciples
only
,
leaving
the
rest
with
the
multitude
,
upon
which
their
Faith
immediately
cool'd
[
](A58845-e161870-b)5
5
Nam
quod
Domino
in
monte
demorante
,
&
ipsis
cum
turba
resid●
tibus
quid●m
tepor
eorum
fidem
retardaverat
.
Hilar.
cap.
7.
Sup.
Matth
,
so
that
they
could
not
cure
a
posses●
person
[
](A58845-e161890-b)6
6
And
I
brought
him
to
thy
Disciples
and
they
could
not
cu●
him
,
Matth.
17.
15.
.
Great
Spirits
do
not
flourish
nor
Blossom
,
unless
they
are
water'd
by
the
Dew
of
Favour
.
That
Prince
therefore
,
who
shall
sow
Honours
shall
reap
able
Statesmen
.
But
he
ought
to
sow
them
in
Season
,
and
to
have
them
always
ready
upon
all
Occasions
;
for
then
they
are
rarely
t●
be
found
.
In
this
Princes
are
usually
careless
while
they
li●●
in
Peace
and
Quiet
,
thinking
they
shall
never
have
need
o●
them
.
Nor
should
a
Prince
honour
and
prefer
only
his
Nobility
and
Ministers
,
but
also
all
others
of
his
Subjects
,
whose
Actions
shall
be
meritorious
.
As
King
Alphonso
prudently
advises
in
his
Laws
,
where
he
says
,
that
a
Prince
ought
to
honour
Vertue
wheresoever
he
finds
it
,
though
it
be
in
the
very
meanest
of
his
Subjects
.
A
Prince
ought
to
be
very
cautious
in
the
Distribution
of
Honours
,
considering
the
time
and
weighing
the
Qualifications
of
the
persons
,
that
they
may
be
exactly
adapted
to
their
Merit
.
For
that
distinguishes
Dignities
,
as
the
intrinsick
worth
of
a
Diamond
makes
it
more
valuable
;
if
Honours
were
all
equal
,
they
would
be
less
valued
;
't
is
a
kind
of
Tyranny
not
to
reward
Desert
,
and
nothing
more
incenses
the
People
than
it
;
a
whole
Government
is
disordered
by
the
unequal
Distribution
of
Preferments
,
Rewards
above
Desert
are
a
Scandal
to
the
receiver
,
and
an
Affront
to
those
who
deserve
better
.
One
is
gratified
;
many
offended
.
To
gratifie
all
alike
is
●o
reward
none
.
Vertue
thrives
not
by
equality
,
nor
will
Valour
ever
attempt
any
considerable
Action
,
without
the
hopes
of
some
particular
Reward
.
A
Statue
erected
for
one
,
affects
many
with
a
glorious
Desire
of
obtaining
the
same
Honour
.
In
a
word
,
Honour
suited
to
a
persons
Merit
,
is
a
Spur
to
him
,
an
Encouragement
to
others
,
and
a
means
to
preserve
Obedience
in
the
people
.
But
though
nothing
more
firmly
settles
,
or
more
gloriously
adorns
a
Prince's
Throne
than
Distribution
of
Honours
,
yet
ought
he
diligently
to
take
Care
,
not
to
Grant
away
those
which
are
proper
to
his
own
Dignity
,
and
distinguish
him
from
others
:
For
they
are
not
like
Flames
which
passing
to
another
Subject
,
still
remains
entire
in
its
own
;
but
all
such
which
he
shall
confer
on
others
,
will
no
more
shine
in
him
,
so
that
Majesty
will
be
obscur'd
,
nor
will
any
make
their
Applications
to
him
,
but
to
them
to
whom
he
has
granted
such
Honours
;
Tiberius
would
not
permit
even
his
Mother
Livia
to
receive
those
particular
Honours
which
the
Senate
design'd
because
he
thought
't
would
diminish
his
Authority
[
](A58845-e161970-b)7
7
Caeterum
anxius
invidia
,
&
mulieb●e
fastigium
in
diminutionem
sui
●ccipiens
,
ne
lictorem
qui●●em
ei
decern●
〈◊〉
Tac.
1.
ann
.
.
Even
Ceremonies
which
were
introduced
either
by
Chance
or
Flattery
,
and
are
now
peculiar
to
the
Prince
,
he
ought
not
to
make
common
to
others
.
For
though
they
are
vain
and
empty
,
they
mark
out
the
Borders
of
Majesty
to
Respect
and
Veneration
.
Tiberius
was
disgusted
,
that
the
same
publick
Prayers
were
made
for
Nero
and
Drusus
which
were
made
for
him
,
tho'
they
were
his
Sons
and
Successours
in
the
Empire
[
](A58845-e162020-b)8
8
Tum
verò
aequari
adolescentes
senectae
suae
,
uis
hoentèr
indoluit
.
Tac.
4.
ann
.
;
the
Honour
of
Princes
vanishes
,
when
made
common
by
promiscuous
Flattery
[
](A58845-e162040-b)9
9
Vanescit
Augusti
honor
,
si
promis●
noribus
vulg●tur
.
Tac.
4.
ann
.
;
sometimes
though
,
as
when
Ministers
do
personate
the
Prince
in
his
absence
,
the
same
Honours
and
Ceremonies
are
to
be
paid
them
,
as
are
due
to
the
Prince
if
present
;
as
we
fee
in
Vice-Roys
and
Courts
of
Supream
Authority
,
which
like
Stars
shine
in
the
Suns
absence
;
but
not
in
his
Presence
,
for
then
those
marks
of
Honour
are
paid
to
the
Royal
Dignity
represented
in
the
Ministers
,
who
are
as
it
were
the
Pictures
of
Majesty
,
and
the
reflection
of
Supream
Authority
.
EMBLEM
LIX
.
NATURE
,
the
provident
Disposer
of
all
things
,
has
divided
Countries
from
one
another
,
and
hedg'd
'em
in
sometimes
with
Mountains
like
●ast
Walls
,
sometimes
entrenched
'em
about
with
deep
Rivers
,
and
sometimes
with
the
Ocean
it self
,
that
she
●ight
put
a
stop
to
the
Designs
of
humane
Ambition
;
for
●he
same
Reason
she
has
constituted
different
Climates
,
Na●ures
,
Languages
,
and
Customs
,
that
in
this
great
Diversity
of
Nations
,
each
might
live
amicably
,
and
in
Unity
among
themselves
,
not
easily
giving
way
to
the
Power
and
Tyran●y
of
Invaders
.
Yet
are
not
all
these
bars
and
fences
of
Nature
,
able
to
check
this
insatiable
Desire
of
Rule
;
for
Ambition
is
so
great
and
so
deeply
rooted
in
Man's
heart
,
●hat
it
thinks
the
five
Zones
too
narrow
for
it
.
Alexander
,
●hey
say
wept
,
that
he
had
no
more
Worlds
to
Conquer
.
All
the
Blessings
of
Life
,
nay
Life
it self
,
for
all
our
natural
Inclinations
to
preserve
it
,
are
all
slighted
for
a
moments
Reign
.
Humaya
going
to
invade
the
Kingdom
o●
Cordova
,
some
of
his
Friends
di●swaded
him
from
it
,
urging
the
danger
of
the
Attempt
:
Call
me
King
to
day
,
say●
he
,
and
to
morrow
kill
me
;
there
is
no
Passion
in
Ma●
more
blind
and
dangerous
than
this
.
This
has
cost
many
their
Lives
,
as
well
as
Estates
,
which
they
would
have
there
by
enlarged
.
A
certain
Prince
of
Tartary
usually
drank
ou●
of
a
Cup
on
which
was
engraven
the
Head
of
a
Prince
o●
Muscovy
,
who
in
invading
his
Kingdom
lost
his
own
,
wit●
his
Life
;
about
the
edge
of
which
was
this
Inscription
:
This
Prince
by
coveting
mine
,
lost
his
own
.
Almost
the
same
thing
befell
King
Sancho
,
who
woul●
have
rob'd
his
Brothers
of
the
Kingdoms
,
which
their
Father
King
Ferdinand
had
divided
between
'em
.
Ambitio●
is
in
danger
,
when
it
but
puts
its
Arm
out
of
its
Territories
like
the
Snail
which
runs
a
Risque
whenever
it
peeps
out
o●
its
shell
[
](A58845-e162200-b)1
1
Test●dinem
,
ubi
collecta
in
suum
tegmen
est
,
tutam
ad
omnes
〈◊〉
esse
,
ubi
exerit
partes
aliquas
,
quodcunque
nudavit
obnoxium
at
que
i●
mum
habere
Cic
.
And
though
Tyridates
said
,
That
't
is
for
private
Men
to
maintain
their
own
,
but
for
Kings
to
invad●
others
[
](A58845-e162230-b)2
2
Et
sua
retinere
privatae
domus
,
alienis
ce●●●
Regiam
laudem
esse
.
Tac.
15.
ann
.
;
yet
this
is
only
then
;
when
reason
and
pruden●●
advise
it
,
and
when
Power
has
no
other
Tribunal
than
that
o●
Arms
;
for
whoever
unjustly
robs
another
of
his
Kingdom
gives
others
opportunity
and
right
to
do
the
same
to
him
first
let
a
Prince
consider
the
Danger
of
his
own
,
before
〈◊〉
thinks
of
invading
another's
Kingdom
[
](A58845-e162250-b)3
3
Suam
quisque
fortunam
in
〈◊〉
●●lio
habeat
,
cum
de
●lieno
deliberat
.
Curtius
.
:
for
which
Re●son
the
Emperour
Rodolphus
I.
us'd
to
say
,
'T
was
bett●●
to
govern
well
than
to
enlarge
a
Kingdom
;
if
King
●phonso
the
Wise
had
took
this
Advice
,
he
had
never
pursu●
his
Pretentions
to
the
Empire
,
to
the
so
evident
peril
his
own
Kingdom
;
so
that
the
comparison
of
Alphonso
Ki●●
of
Naples
was
very
applicable
to
him
:
That
such
ambit●ous
Princes
were
like
Gamesters
,
who
cheated
by
a
vain
hope
of
winning
,
lose
even
what
they
had
.
To
defend
●his
State
is
a
Prince's
Duty
,
but
to
invade
another's
is
●erely
Arbitrary
.
Ambition
hurries
Men
to
new
and
dangerous
Attempts
[
](A58845-e162320-b)4
4
Quibus
nova
&
ancipitia
praecolere
avida
,
&
plerumque
fallax
〈◊〉
est
.
Tac.
14.
ann
.
;
and
the
more
it
has
the
more
it
co●ets
.
It
encreases
with
Empire
[
](A58845-e162340-b)5
5
Vetus
,
&
jampridem
insita
Mortalibus
〈◊〉
cupido
,
cum
imperii
Magnitudine
adolevit
erupitque
.
Tac.
2
▪
〈◊〉
.
Opportunities
,
and
the
easiness
of
the
means
charm
Princes
Eyes
and
Hearts
,
and
hinder
them
from
understanding
,
that
they
ought
not
to
covet
all
that
they
can
obtain
;
a
generous
mind
should
be
regulated
by
Reason
and
Prudence
;
he
is
not
safest
who
●ossesses
most
,
but
he
who
possesses
most
lawfully
.
Too
great
an
extent
of
Power
,
creates
Emulation
and
Envy
,
and
●ncreases
Danger
.
For
they
arm
and
unite
against
the
●trongest
,
as
the
Kings
of
Spain
did
against
Alphonso
III.
whose
Greatness
and
Prosperity
they
suspected
.
For
which
Reason
't
is
more
desirable
to
have
Power
well
grounded
and
●stablish'd
,
than
to
exercise
it
;
for
there
is
as
much
Danger
●n
maintaining
as
in
procuring
it
.
Were
there
no
foreign
Enemies
,
affluence
of
Plenty
would
sufficiently
enervate
it
;
●s
the
Grandeur
of
old
Rome
found
[
](A58845-e162390-b)6
6
Et
quae
ab
exiguis
profecta
initiis
●o
●reverit
,
ut
j●m
Magni●●ine
laboraret
sua
.
Liv.
lib.
1.
,
which
Augustus
●oreseeing
,
proposed
to
Remedy
it
by
prescribing
Bounds
to
●
[
](A58845-e162420-b)7
7
Addideratque
consilium
coercendi
in●●
terminos
imperii
.
Tac.
1
ann
.
,
which
the
Emperour
Adrian
afterwards
effected
.
Let
a
Prince
bridle
his
Felicity
and
he
will
Reign
well
[
](A58845-e162450-b)8
8
I●pone
felicitati
tu●
fraena
,
faci●●
reges
.
Curti●
,
.
T
is
no
difficult
matter
for
Injustice
and
Tyranny
,
if
arm'd
with
Power
,
to
raise
and
extend
Kingdoms
;
the
Difficulty
●
in
the
preservation
thereof
,
it
being
a
harder
matter
to
Govern
well
than
to
Conquer
[
](A58845-e162470-b)9
9
Fa●ilius
est
qu●dam
vincere
quam
tenere
.
Curt.
.
For
in
Arms
usually
Fortune
takes
place
,
but
Govern●ent
depends
on
Prudence
[
](A58845-e162500-b)10
10
Fortunam
〈…〉
invenies
quam
retineas
Publ.
.
Success
enters
the
gate
●ithout
being
called
,
by
Merit
or
Industry
,
but
't
is
Pru●ence
only
that
keeps
her
there
.
Alphonso
the
Wise
gave
this
Reason
,
why
't
was
less
difficult
to
get
,
than
to
ma●●tain
when
got
;
Because
the
preservation
depends
upo●
Judgment
;
but
the
Acquisition
upon
Chance
.
Ho●
Fortune
with
both
hands
,
or
she
'll
slip
from
you
[
](A58845-e162540-b)11
11
Fortunam
tuam
pressis
manibus
tene
,
lubrica
.
Curtius
:
A
Hedge-hog
[
from
whence
I
took
this
Emblem
]
is
fou●
with
ease
,
but
to
hold
it
requires
Prudence
;
that
is
,
yo●
must
apply
your
hand
so
as
gradually
to
smooth
down
〈◊〉
thorny
Bristles
,
which
when
erected
resemble
a
Squadr●
of
Pikes
.
Claud.
Arm'd
with
her self
she
does
securely
go
,
Her self
,
the
Quiver
,
Arrow
,
and
the
Bow
.
Scarce
were
the
Arms
of
Spain
retir'd
from
the
Netherland●
in
the
time
of
Don
John
of
Austria
,
when
those
of
the
R●bels
enter'd
.
'T
was
an
easie
matter
for
the
King
of
Fr●●
against
the
Laws
of
God
and
Man
to
seize
upon
the
Dutch●
of
Lorrain
,
but
to
maintain
it
now
,
he
finds
it
expensive
a●
dangerous
;
so
he
is
oblig'd
always
to
keep
an
arm'd
ha●
upon
it
,
and
the
Causes
which
occur
in
the
Acquisition
do●
always
in
the
Preservation
.
But
if
't
is
once
setled
,
time
will
help
to
fix
it
;
whence
happens
,
that
sometimes
one
person
may
easily
maintain
Government
which
was
not
rais'd
,
but
by
the
great
To●
and
Perils
of
many
.
Wherefore
since
't
is
a
Prince's
chief
Duty
to
preserve
〈◊〉
States
,
I
will
here
subjoyn
the
means
which
it
may
be
do●
by
,
whether
they
descend
by
Succession
,
or
are
acquir'd●
Conquest
or
Election
.
I
first
premise
the
general
Caus●
which
usually
concur
in
attaining
and
maintaining
the
and
those
are
God
;
that
is
,
when
he
assists
us
with
Religi●
and
Justice
;
Opportunity
,
when
a
concurrence
of
Causes
pen
the
way
to
Grandeur
;
and
Prudence
,
either
in
maki●●
these
Opportunities
,
or
in
using
them
when
offer'd
.
The
are
other
Instruments
common
to
the
Art
of
Governme●●
as
Valour
,
the
Prince's
Assiduity
and
Prudence
,
the
Peop●●
Esteem
,
Respect
and
Love
for
him
;
the
Reputation
of
●
Crown
,
the
force
of
Arms
,
Unity
in
Religion
,
a
due
Administration
of
Justice
,
the
Authority
of
the
Laws
,
the
Distribution
of
Rewards
;
the
Severity
of
Punishments
;
the
Integrity
of
the
Magistracy
;
the
good
Election
of
Ministers
;
the
Preservation
of
Privileges
and
Customs
;
the
Education
of
Youth
;
the
Modesty
of
the
Nobility
;
the
Purity
of
the
Coin
;
the
Encrease
of
Trade
and
Arts
;
the
Peoples
Obedience
;
Concord
,
Plenty
,
and
publick
Riches
.
By
these
means
all
States
are
maintain'd
,
and
though
the
Government
of
each
requires
great
Care
and
Attention
,
yet
do
those
which
descend
lineally
from
Father
to
Son
require
●east
;
for
Sovereign
Power
and
Obedience
being
become
habitual
,
and
as
it
were
natural
to
the
Subjects
,
they
forget
that
it
was
of
their
own
Institution
,
not
an
original
Pro●riety
.
No
one
dares
deny
him
Respect
and
Veneration
,
whom
he
has
own'd
for
his
Lord
from
his
Birth
;
all
are
●w'd
by
fear
of
Punishment
from
the
Successour
,
for
Crimes
which
they
shall
commit
in
the
present
Reign
:
The
Sub●ects
easily
bear
and
wink
at
his
Failures
.
The
very
Tide
of
Affairs
,
which
long
Custom
and
Experience
has
con●in'd
to
a
Channel
,
secures
him
,
though
he
be
incapacitated
for
Government
,
provided
he
be
of
an
easie
docile
Nature
,
●nd
one
that
will
Act
for
the
best
in
all
things
,
and
can
●ake
Choice
of
good
Ministers
,
or
should
happen
on
them
●y
Chance
.
But
those
States
which
descend
by
an
indirect
Line
,
or
●y
Marriage
;
a
Prince
ought
to
manage
with
particular
Care
and
Circumspection
,
especially
at
the
beginning
of
is
Reign
;
in
this
those
Princes
run
great
Risques
,
who
thro'
●o
much
Zeal
,
or
too
fond
a
Desire
of
Glory
,
reverse
the
●ctions
and
Institutions
of
their
Predecessours
,
introducing
●ovelties
of
their
own
,
without
that
due
Moderation
and
●rudence
which
is
necessary
even
in
changing
'em
into
bet●er
;
for
Plato's
Opinion
that
all
change
is
dangerous
except
●om
bad
,
must
not
be
understood
of
Governments
,
which
〈◊〉
great
Risques
unless
remedied
by
degrees
,
according
to
〈◊〉
Order
of
Nature
,
which
does
not
leap
from
one
ex●eam
to
the
other
;
but
interposes
the
Temperature
of
the
●ring
and
Autumn
,
between
the
Extremities
of
the
Winters
cold
,
and
Summers
heat
:
A
sudden
and
violent
chang●
is
troublesome
and
doubtful
;
that
which
is
slow
and
gr●dual
is
always
more
easie
[
](A58845-e162750-b)12
12
Anceps
&
operosa
nimis
est
mutatio
,
quae
subitò
&
cum
qu●●
violentiâ
suscipitur
;
facilior
autem
quae
sensim
&
paulatim
de
.
li●●
fit
.
Arist.
6.
Pol.
.
'T
is
dangerous
in
sailing
to
shift
the
Sails
upon
a
contrary
mind
,
because
they
mu●
on
a
sudden
be
changed
from
one
side
of
the
Ship
to
th●
other
.
Wherefore
't
is
requisite
for
a
Prince
at
the
begi●ning
of
his
Reign
,
to
observe
the
methods
of
the
last
,
〈◊〉
king
Care
to
reform
it
by
Degrees
with
that
easiness
a●
moderation
,
that
the
People
shall
find
themselves
on
t'othe●
side
without
knowing
how
they
got
over
.
Tiberius
du●
not
at
the
beginning
of
his
Reign
abolish
the
publick
Sport●
introduc'd
by
Augustus
[
](A58845-e162790-b)13
13
Sed
populum
per
tot
annos
mollitèr
habi●
nondum
audebat
ad
duriora
vertere
.
Tac.
1.
ann
.
.
Galba
reigned
but
a
f●●
Months
,
because
immediately
upon
coming
to
the
Thron●
he
began
to
punish
past
Crimes
,
to
moderate
extravaga●
Donatives
,
and
to
curb
the
Licentiousness
and
Insole●
which
the
People
had
been
so
us'd
to
in
Nero's
time
[
](A58845-e162830-b)14
14
〈◊〉
veterem
disciplinam
,
atque
ita
quatuordecim
annis
à
Nerone
〈◊〉
,
ut
haud
minus
vitia
Principis
amarent
,
quam
olim
virtutes
〈◊〉
rabantur
.
Tac.
Hist.
1.
that
they
as
much
loved
their
Princes
Vices
,
as
former
they
esteem'd
their
Vertues
.
The
same
befel
the
Empero●
Pertin●x
,
for
designing
to
reform
the
Militia
,
enerva●●
under
the
Luxurious
Reign
of
Commodus
.
Lewis
XI
▪
Ki●●
of
France
fell
into
the
same
Errour
,
for
that
he
began
〈◊〉
Reign
with
the
severe
Punishment
of
some
of
his
princip●
Nobility
.
The
Excellence
of
a
new
Government
ought
〈◊〉
be
Benignity
;
since
too
much
Rigour
and
Severity
is
〈◊〉
Vice
of
an
old
one
.
What
dare
not
old
Kings
do
?
The
softest
Chai●
,
Of
Kingdoms
is
in
a
new
Princes
Reign
.
To
settle
a
Government
is
a
work
of
time
,
for
't
is
troublesome
to
reform
,
as
to
new
model
one
[
](A58845-e162920-b)15
15
Non
minus
negotii
est
Remp.
〈◊〉
quam
ab
initi●●onstituere
.
Arist.
4.
Pol.
cap.
1.
;
for
〈◊〉
reason
David
excus'd
himself
from
punishing
Ioab
for
the
Murther
of
Abner
,
as
being
weak
and
newly
anointed
King
[
](A58845-e162970-b)16
16
2
S●m.
3.
39.
;
that
is
,
he
fear'd
by
too
much
Severity
,
he
should
make
his
new
gotten
Government
odious
.
Rehoboam
had
never
ruined
himself
had
he
considered
this
,
when
by
the
Counsel
of
the
young
Men
,
he
answer'd
the
People
of
Israel
,
who
desir'd
he
would
treat
'em
with
less
Severity
than
his
Father
had
done
;
My
Father
made
your
Yoke
heavy
,
and
I
will
add
to
your
Yoke
;
my
Father
also
chastised
you
with
Whips
,
but
I
will
chastise
you
with
Scorpions
[
](A58845-e163010-b)17
17
1
Kings
12.
14.
.
There
is
nothing
more
serviceable
to
a
Prince
at
his
entrance
upon
the
Government
,
than
to
signalize
himself
by
some
glorious
Exploits
,
for
Reputation
once
got
is
not
immediately
lost
;
for
which
Reason
Domitius
Corbulo
,
when
he
was
sent
into
Armenia
took
particular
Care
to
raise
his
Reputation
[
](A58845-e163040-b)18
18
Ubi
famae
inserviret
,
〈◊〉
in
novis
c●ptis
validissima
est
.
Tac.
13.
ann
.
.
The
same
Agricola
did
in
his
Government
of
Britain
,
knowing
that
the
Reputation
of
his
first
Actions
would
byass
all
the
rest
[
](A58845-e163080-b)19
19
Non
ignarus
instandum
fa●●ae
,
&
prout
prima
●essissent
,
fore
universa
.
Tac.
in
vit.
Agr.
The
comparison
which
the
People
make
between
the
past
and
present
Administration
is
always
of
ill
consequence
,
when
they
don't
find
in
this
the
same
Felicity
they
did
in
t'other
,
or
don
't
perceive
the
same
Parts
and
Qualifications
in
the
present
Prince
,
as
in
his
Predecessor
;
let
him
therfore
take
Care
as
much
can
be
,
that
there
be
no
difference
;
but
that
the
same
hand
may
seem
to
hold
the
Reins
.
But
if
the
Prince
,
either
cannot
,
or
knows
not
how
to
adjust
his
Actions
to
the
Peoples
humour
as
his
Predecessour
did
,
let
him
more
particularly
avoid
occasion
,
which
may
breed
Comparisons
.
Which
was
the
reason
that
Tiberius
was
never
present
at
publick
Shews
,
fearing
that
his
rough
melancholy
Temper
,
compar'd
to
the
complaisant
Gaiety
of
Augustus
,
would
be
offensive
to
the
People
[
](A58845-e163130-b)20
20
Cur
abstinuerit
Spectaculo
ipse
,
variè
trahebant
;
ali●
taedio
caetus
,
●●id●m
tristitia
ingenii
,
&
met●
comparationis
,
quia
Augustu●
comi●er
●●●fuisset
.
Tac.
1.
ann
.
.
Wherefore
as
soon
as
a
Prince
comes
to
the
Helm
of
Affairs
he
should
diligently
enquire
,
what
things
were
distasteful
in
the
past
Reign
,
that
he
may
avoid
them
;
this
was
Nero's
Maxim
at
his
Accession
to
the
Throne
,
prescribing
it
as
a
Plan
of
his
future
Government
,
sedulously
declining
those
things
which
had
lately
bred
Disgust
[
](A58845-e163160-b)21
21
Tum
formam
futuri
Principatus
pr●scripsit
,
ca
maximè
declin●●
,
querum
recens
flagrabat
invidia
.
Tac.
13.
ann
.
.
Let
a
Prince
also
adjust
his
Actions
to
the
Customs
of
the
Countrey
,
and
methods
of
his
Predecessor
,
for
even
the
Vertues
of
the
Successour
which
are
new
,
and
such
a●
the
Predecessour
and
the
Nation
in
general
were
unacquainted
with
,
the
People
look
upon
as
Vices
and
loath
'em
.
The
Parthians
demanded
Vono
for
their
King
,
a
Person
endu'd
with
the
Gentile
Accomplishments
of
Rome
(
where
he
had
been
as
Hostage
)
but
those
Vertues
lost
him
the
Affections
of
his
People
,
who
regarded
them
as
nothing
but
new
Vices
[
](A58845-e163220-b)22
22
Sed
prompti
adius
,
obvia
comitas
,
ignotae
Parthis
Vertutes
,
nova
vitia
.
Tac.
2.
ann
.
;
they
were
disgusted
,
that
he
did
not
give
his
mind
to
Horses
and
Hunting
,
as
his
Predecessors
did
;
and
on
the
contrary
they
all
loved
Nero
,
because
he
accommodated
himself
to
their
Customs
[
](A58845-e163250-b)23
23
Quod
hic
prima
ab
infantia
instituta
.
&
cultum
Armeniorum
〈◊〉
latus
,
venatu
,
epulis
,
&
quae
alia
barbari
celebrant
proceres
,
plebem●●
juxta
devinxerat
.
Tac.
2.
ann
.
.
And
if
this
difference
of
Manners
in
the
Princes
Person
produces
these
Effects
,
how
much
greater
will
the
Alteration
of
the
Customs
and
Ways
of
the
People
create
?
But
if
Correction
be
necessary
,
it
must
be
apply'd
with
such
Moderation
,
as
may
neither
make
the
Prince
seem
severe
nor
remiss
,
but
when
the
negligence
of
the
Predecessour
was
very
great
,
and
the
People
require
a
Remedy
,
then
the
Activity
and
Diligence
of
the
Successour
is
very
opportune
;
as
was
visible
in
the
first
Years
of
your
Royal
Highnesses
renown'd
Father
'T
is
a
generous
piece
of
Justice
,
for
a
Prince
to
begin
his
Reign
with
pardoning
all
offences
against
himself
,
and
punishing
those
committed
against
others
;
nothing
gai●●
People's
esteem
and
respect
more
than
this
[
](A58845-e163280-b)24
24
Novum
Imperium
inchoanti●●
utilis
clementia
.
Tac.
4.
Hist.
.
As
the
Emperours
Vesp●si●
and
Titus
found
,
as
also
Charles
VII
.
King
of
France
.
Upon
this
Consideration
Witiza
remitted
the
Banishment
of
those
whom
his
Father
had
condemned
,
and
caused
their
Tryals
to
be
burnt
,
by
this
great
means
the
better
to
secure
the
Crown
upon
his
Head
.
Though
these
Acts
are
highly
requisite
,
yet
the
main
Point
is
the
gaining
the
Love
and
Obedience
of
the
Subjects
;
which
two
Kings
of
Arragon
were
absolute
Masters
of
[
](A58845-e163370-b)†
†
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
:
One
was
King
Alphonso
I
who
going
to
take
Possession
of
the
Kingdom
of
Castile
for
his
Wife
Terraca
,
behaved
himself
with
great
Complaisance
and
Affability
to
all
;
he
heard
Causes
,
and
administer'd
Justi●e
himself
;
he
protected
Widows
and
Orphans
,
reliev'd
the
Poor
,
honour'd
and
reward'd
the
Nobility
according
to
their
Desert
,
prefer'd
Vertue
,
and
made
the
Kingdom
plentiful
and
populous
,
which
acquir'd
him
the
Affections
of
all
.
The
other
was
Alphonso
V.
King
of
Naples
,
who
made
himself
extreamly
beloved
by
the
People
,
by
his
care
and
prudence
in
Affairs
,
by
a
due
Disposal
of
Rewards
and
Punishments
,
by
Liberality
,
Complaisance
and
Easiness
of
Access
,
by
his
Love
for
the
publick
Well-fare
,
and
by
so
exact
a
Conformation
to
the
Manners
and
Customs
of
the
Kingdom
,
that
he
seem'd
a
natural
,
not
a
foreign
Prince
.
Those
Kings
who
have
their
Residence
among
their
Subjects
,
may
gain
their
hearts
more
easily
,
than
those
who
reside
in
distant
Provinces
,
for
if
their
Loyalty
does
not
grow
quite
cold
,
't
is
at
most
but
Luke-warm
,
and
nothing
but
the
Excellence
of
the
Constitution
can
preserve
its
heat
;
that
is
by
providing
able
Ministers
,
and
by
severely
punishing
their
Faults
,
especially
those
which
they
commit
against
Justice
,
and
the
Reputation
and
Estates
of
others
,
all
the
Comfort
absent
Subjects
have
is
that
if
the
Prince
be
good
,
they
shall
feel
the
Effect
of
it
as
well
as
if
present
,
but
if
otherwise
,
they
should
be
least
under
the
Lash
of
his
Tyranny
[
](A58845-e163430-b)25
25
Laudatorum
Principum
usu●
ex
aequo
,
quamvis
prout
agentibus
,
s●vi
proximis
ingr●nt
.
Tac.
4.
Hist.
.
But
because
such
Kingdoms
love
Novelty
and
Change
and
require
the
Presence
of
the
Prince
himself
to
govern
them
;
the
Confidence
which
he
puts
in
them
,
should
be
arm'd
and
senced
from
all
Accidents
,
using
the
same
means
which
we
prescrib'd
for
the
preservation
of
a
Conquer'd
Kingdom
?
Elective
Kingdoms
which
are
obtain'd
by
Favour
are
also
maintain'd
by
the
same
,
though
this
very
rarely
continues
long
.
And
though
all
new
Empires
begin
with
Applause
,
yet
in
this
't
is
but
short
and
soon
over
;
amidst
the
very
Acclamations
,
when
Saul
was
anointed
King
,
the
People
began
to
distrust
and
slight
him
,
though
he
was
chosen
by
God
himself
[
](A58845-e163460-b)26
26
1
Sam.
10.
27.
.
But
there
are
Ways
by
which
the
person
Elected
,
may
preserve
the
Peoples
good
Opinion
of
him
,
that
is
to
say
,
by
maintaining
those
Vertues
and
Qualifications
,
which
made
him
at
first
thought
worthy
of
the
Crown
;
for
Men
usually
change
their
Manners
with
their
Fortunes
.
Tiberius
had
a
very
good
Character
and
Reputation
,
while
he
was
a
private
Person
and
liv'd
under
Augustus
[
](A58845-e163490-b)27
27
Egregium
vita
,
famaque
quoad
privatus
,
vel
in
imperiis
sub
Augusto
fuit
.
Tac.
6.
ann
.
;
as
also
had
Galba
;
let
him
be
Courteous
and
obliging
to
all
[
](A58845-e163520-b)28
28
Major
privato
visus
,
dum
privatus
fuit
.
Tac.
1.
Hist.
.
Grateful
and
Liberal
to
those
who
Elected
him
;
civil
to
those
who
gave
their
Votes
against
him
;
let
him
be
a
zealous
Lover
of
his
Countrey
.
And
a
vigorous
Assertor
of
its
Laws
and
Privileges
;
let
his
Council
be
compos'd
of
the
Natives
of
the
Countrey
,
imploying
them
alone
in
Offices
and
places
of
Trust
,
not
admitting
Foreigners
and
Relations
;
let
him
maintain
his
Family
with
modesty
;
let
him
temper
Majesty
with
Consideration
,
and
Justice
with
Clemency
;
let
him
so
govern
as
if
his
Kingdom
came
by
Descent
,
which
he
should
transmit
to
his
Posterity
,
not
as
if
it
were
Elective
,
fleecing
it
of
what
he
can
during
his
Reign
;
according
to
the
Poet.
A
short
Reign
never
spares
the
People
[
](A58845-e163550-b)29
29
Non
parcit
populis
Regnum
breve
.
Statius
.
:
For
't
is
very
difficult
to
be
moderate
in
Grandeur
which
must
die
with
us
[
](A58845-e163570-b)30
30
Difficilius
est
temperare
felicitati
,
qua
te
non
putes
di●
us●rum
.
Tac.
2.
ann
.
.
The
Prince
ought
moreover
to
be
peaceable
,
not
an
Invader
of
others
:
for
Elective
Kingdoms
fear
such
a
Master
,
whose
mind
is
bent
upon
Conquering
others
;
but
they
love
him
who
is
only
careful
in
preserving
his
own
,
as
we
see
in
Poland
,
for
't
is
evident
that
all
Kingdoms
were
at
first
Elective
,
and
that
't
was
only
Ambition
of
enlarging
them
by
invading
their
Neighbours
,
by
which
so
many
have
lost
that
Liberty
,
which
they
would
have
taken
from
others
.
Nor
is
it
possible
,
that
among
so
many
Casualties
and
Dangers
of
Election
,
this
Enlargement
of
States
should
be
lasting
,
for
those
very
Arms
which
make
those
additional
Conquests
,
will
reduce
them
to
Hereditary
Kingdoms
;
which
was
[
](A58845-e163610-b)31
31
Si
immensum
Imperii
corpus
starè
,
ac
librari
sine
rectore
posset
,
dignus
eram
à
quo
Respub
.
inciperet
.
Tac.
1.
Hist.
Galba's
excuse
for
not
converting
the
Empire
into
a
Commonwealth
.
Elective
Monarchies
love
Liberty
,
and
so
ought
not
to
be
governed
without
it
,
and
since
Election
is
the
Scale
in
which
they
weight
it
,
the
Prince
should
always
stand
on
that
side
,
for
if
he
gives
the
least
Suspicion
that
he
intends
to
make
the
Crown
Hereditary
,
he
will
certainly
lose
it
.
In
States
acquir'd
by
Conquest
,
there
is
more
difficulty
in
attaining
than
preserving
them
,
for
they
are
like
wild
Colts
,
in
which
the
main
Trouble
is
backing
them
,
for
afterwards
they
willingly
take
the
Bitt
,
and
submit
to
the
burthen
.
Fear
and
Flattery
open
the
way
to
Dominion
;
the
first
Asc●nt
of
which
is
steep
and
difficult
[
](A58845-e163650-b)32
32
Prima
dominandi
spes
in
arduo
;
ubi
sis
ingressus
,
adsunt
studia
&
Ministri
.
Tac.
4.
ann.
,
but
once
setled
you
want
neither
Partizans
nor
Ministers
;
yet
since
these
Services
are
generally
forced
and
counterfeit
,
they
easily
revolt
when
they
have
opportunity
,
and
are
therefore
to
be
entertain'd
and
cherish'd
with
great
Care
,
especially
at
first
,
since
from
the
first
Actions
we
easily
Judge
of
the
future
Government
;
as
Vitellius
experienced
,
who
grew
hateful
and
odious
to
all
,
for
the
Death
of
Dolabella
[
](A58845-e163700-b)33
33
Magna
cum
invidia
novi
Principatus
,
cuju●●oc
primum
specimen
nosce●atur
.
Tac.
2.
Hist.
.
And
though
Piso
said
,
that
a
Kingdom
acquir'd
by
ill
Practices
could
never
be
maintain'd
by
good
ones
[
](A58845-e163730-b)34
34
Nemo
enim
unquam
imperium
flagitio
quaesitum
,
bonis
artibus
exercuit
.
Tac.
1.
Hist.
,
yet
King
Sancho
did
this
way
establish
his
doubtful
Title
to
the
Kingdom
,
which
he
got
by
Conquest
.
Princes
are
soon
ruin'd
by
striving
to
preserve
that
by
Force
which
they
got
so
.
This
pernicious
piece
of
Policy
has
been
the
ruin
of
all
Tyrants
,
and
if
any
one
has
preserved
himself
;
't
is
because
he
chang'd
his
Tyranny
into
Benevolence
,
and
his
Cruelty
into
Clemency
:
Vice
cannot
subsist
long
unless
Vertue
be
its
substitute
;
Ambition
unjust
in
acquiring
at
first
,
must
change
into
Zeal
for
the
publick
Good
to
maintain
it self
.
Subjects
love
their
Prince
for
the
publick
,
and
their
private
Interests
,
and
when
they
succeed
in
both
,
their
Fear
soon
changes
into
Reverence
,
and
their
Hatred
into
Respect
:
but
Care
must
be
taken
that
this
Reformation
of
Vices
,
which
are
now
publickly
known
,
be
not
so
sudden
nor
affected
,
as
to
proceed
from
Design
not
Nature
,
whose
Operations
are
slow
and
methodical
,
so
Otho
thought
;
that
a
sudden
Modesty
,
or
affected
Gravity
could
not
preserve
the
Empire
which
he
had
attain'd
by
Villany
[
](A58845-e163770-b)35
35
Simul
reputans
non
posse
Principatum
scelere
quaesitum
,
subita
modestia
&
prisca
gravitate
retineri
.
Tac.
1.
Hist.
.
The
People
are
more
apprehensive
of
such
Changes
than
of
Vices
themselves
;
for
they
suspect
greater
mischief
at
the
Bottom
.
Feign'd
Vertue
is
worse
than
Vice
;
for
this
is
executed
under
the
shape
of
the
other
.
Augustus
was
an
admirable
Pattern
of
Prudence
and
Valour
,
in
raising
and
supporting
his
Empire
,
which
all
Princes
ought
to
Copy
.
At
nineteen
years
of
Age
he
shew'd
himself
worthy
of
the
Empire
,
by
sustaining
the
Civil
[
](A58845-e163810-b)36
36
Nono
decimo
Caesar
Octavianus
civilia
bella
sustinuit
.
Tac.
13.
ann
.
Wars
.
From
which
time
he
began
to
raise
his
Fortunes
.
Empires
are
not
obtain'd
by
deserving
,
but
by
having
merited
them
.
One
Victory
proclaim'd
him
Emperour
[
](A58845-e163830-b)37
37
Mansisse
,
C●s●re
Augusto
victore
,
Imperium
.
Tac.
1.
Hist.
,
because
he
knew
how
to
make
use
of
Opportunity
and
Prudence
;
of
Opportunity
in
triumphing
over
Anthony
and
Lepidus
[
](A58845-e163870-b)38
38
Lepidi
atque
Antonii
arma
in
Augustum
cessere
.
Tac.
1.
ann
.
,
of
Prudence
in
not
entering
by
open
Force
,
every
one
was
weary
of
Civil
Wars
[
](A58845-e163890-b)39
39
Cuncta
discordiis
civilibus
fess●
.
Ibid.
,
the
Empire
was
naked
and
defenceless
[
](A58845-e163910-b)40
40
Nulla
jam
public●
arma
.
Ibid.
,
all
the
most
Couragious
being
taken
off
,
by
the
Wars
or
Proscriptions
[
](A58845-e163930-b)41
41
Nullo
adversante
cum
ferocissimi
per
acies
out
proscriptione
cecidissent
.
Ibid.
.
The
Provinces
were
disgusted
at
the
Government
of
the
Senate
,
and
shew'd
their
Inclination
to
change
it
[
](A58845-e163950-b)42
42
Neque
Provincia
illum
rerum
statum
abnueb●nt
,
suspecto
Senatus
populique
Imperio
,
●ob
certamina
,
potentiam
&
avaritiam
magistratuum
.
Ibid.
;
Dissentions
and
civil
Discords
,
oblig'd
'em
to
apply
the
usual
Remedy
of
turning
Aristocracy
into
Monarchy
[
](A58845-e163970-b)43
43
Non
alitèr
discordantis
patriae
remedium
suisse
quam
ut
ab
uno
regeretur
.
Ibid.
.
All
these
Concurrents
manag'd
by
Prudence
,
facilitated
his
Access
to
the
Empire
;
which
by
the
same
Conduct
he
maintain'd
,
he
oblig'd
the
Mobb
,
by
defending
them
by
the
Authority
of
a
Tribune
[
](A58845-e163990-b)44
44
Ad
tuendam
plebem
tribunitio
jure
contentam
.
Ibid.
;
and
to
avoid
giving
Disgust
,
he
neither
took
upon
him
the
name
of
a
King
,
nor
Dictator
,
but
only
that
of
Prince
[
](A58845-e164010-b)45
45
Non
Regno
tamen
neque
Dictatura
,
sed
Principis
nomine
constitutam
Remp.
Ibid.
.
He
continued
the
Titles
of
the
Magistrates
,
he
engag'd
the
Souldiery
by
Gratuities
;
the
People
by
Plenty
,
and
all
in
general
by
the
sweets
of
Peace
,
by
Affability
,
Civility
and
Clemency
[
](A58845-e164030-b)46
46
eadem
Magistratibus
vocabula
,
militem
donis
populum
annona
,
cunctos
dulcedine
●tii
pellexit
.
Ibid.
.
He
was
courteous
even
to
his
Rivals
,
Anthony
and
Lepidus
[
](A58845-e164070-b)47
47
Multa
Antonio
&
multa
Lepido
concessit
.
Ibid.
,
and
reward●d
those
with
Honours
and
Riches
,
who
had
been
zealous
in
his
Service
[
](A58845-e164090-b)48
48
Quanto
quis
servitio
promptior
,
opibus
&
honoribus
extollebatur
.
Ibid.
.
He
very
rarely
was
severe
,
and
then
not
through
Passion
,
but
to
procure
the
publick
Quiet
[
](A58845-e164110-b)49
49
Pauca
admodum
vi
tractata
,
quo
caeteris
quies
esset
.
Ibid.
.
He
captivat'd
the
minds
of
all
,
by
a
ready
and
copious
Eloquence
,
very
becoming
his
Dignity
[
](A58845-e164130-b)50
50
Augusto
prompta
ac
profluens
,
quae
decerat
Principem
,
eloqu●ntia
fuit
Tac.
15.
ann
.
;
he
us'd
Justice
among
his
Subjects
,
and
Modesty
to
his
Allies
[
](A58845-e164150-b)51
51
Ius
apud
cives
,
modestiam
apud
socios
Ibid.
3.
ann
.
;
he
shew'd
his
Integrity
,
in
punishing
the
Debauching
of
his
Daughter
and
Neice
[
](A58845-e164170-b)52
52
Oh
impudicitiam
filiae
&
neptis
,
quas●urbe
d●puli●
,
Tac.
3.
ann
.
.
He
took
Care
to
preserve
noble
Families
,
as
is
visible
in
his
Bounty
to
Marcus
Hortalus
[
](A58845-e164200-b)53
53
In
lect●s
à
Divo
Augusto
liberalitate
decies
sestertium
duc●re
u●orem
,
●è
clarissima
familia
extingueretur
.
.
He
severely
punish'd
the
Authors
of
Libels
upon
any
of
the
Nobility
[
](A58845-e164210-b)54
54
Primus
Augustus
cognitionem
,
●e
famosis
libellis
,
specie
legis
ejus
tractavit
&c.
Tac.
1.
ann
.
,
and
slighted
,
those
upon
himself
and
Government
[
](A58845-e164230-b)55
55
Sed
ipse
Divus
Iulius
,
ipse
Divus
Augustus
&
tulêre
ea
,
&
reliquêre
Tac.
4.
ann
.
.
He
very
much
adorn'd
and
beautified
the
City
of
Rome
[
](A58845-e164260-b)56
56
Urbem
ipsam
magnifico
ornatu
.
Tac.
1.
ann
.
.
He
fix'd
the
Bounds
of
the
Empire
,
keeping
a
Book
of
his
Revenues
and
Expences
[
](A58845-e164280-b)57
57
M●ri
oceano
,
aut
a●nibus
longi●quis
septum
imperium
.
Tac.
1.
ann
.
He
erected
a
Military
Treasury
,
and
so
dispos'd
his
Forces
,
that
his
Armies
,
Fleets
and
Provinces
might
as
it
were
take
hands
[
](A58845-e164300-b)58
58
Regiones
,
Provincias
,
Classes
,
cuncta
inter
so
co●●exa
.
Ibid.
:
These
good
Qualities
made
the
Romans
chose
the
present
Government
which
was
secure
and
safe
,
rather
than
run
the
Risque
and
uncertainty
of
the
Past
[
](A58845-e164330-b)59
59
Novis
ex
rebus
aucti
tuta
&
pr●●●ntia
quam
vet●ra
&
periculosa
mallent
.
Ibid.
;
Hence
they
first
became
fond
with
Tyranny
.
I
don't
relate
all
these
Arts
with
a
Design
to
instruct
Tyranny
,
but
that
Tyrants
may
be
these
ways
reform
,
by
joyning
these
to
the
Fear
,
which
Force
and
Oppression
have
created
.
For
that
which
is
gain'd
by
the
Sword
must
be
preserved
by
it
.
For
which
Reason
in
such
States
,
't
is
requisite
to
erect
Castles
and
Forts
,
but
so
contriv'd
as
they
mayn't
seem
a
curb
to
the
Peoples
Liberty
,
but
a
Protection
against
foreign
Invasions
,
Garrisons
appointed
for
their
Safety
not
to
keep
'em
in
awe
,
for
this
always
makes
'em
desperate
.
The
Spaniards
were
so
offended
,
that
the
Emperour
Constans
should
commit
the
Guard
of
the
Pyrenaean
Hills
to
Foreigners
,
that
they
invited
(
though
to
their
great
Detriment
)
the
Vandals
,
Alans
,
Swedes
,
and
other
Nations
into
Spain
.
Confidence
makes
Subjects
Loyal
,
which
made
the
Scipio's
give
the
Celtiberi●ns
leave
to
march
under
the
same
Colours
,
and
lodge
in
the
same
Tents
with
the
Romans
.
Also
Augustus's
Life
Guard
were
Spaniards
of
the
Colaguritan
Legion
.
Let
a
Prince
endeavour
gradually
to
transplant
into
his
conquer'd
Provinces
,
the
Customs
,
Genius
and
Language
of
the
conquering
Nation
,
as
they
did
in
Spain
,
in
those
Colonies
which
were
founded
in
the
time
of
Augustus
,
this
they
are
easily
brought
to
,
being
inclin'd
to
imitate
their
Conquerours
,
flattering
them
by
accommodating
themselves
,
to
their
Manners
and
Genius
,
and
esteeming
their
Privileges
,
and
Honours
more
than
their
own
.
For
which
Reason
the
Romans
gave
their
Friends
and
Confederates
the
Title
of
Citizens
,
thereby
to
preserve
their
Fidelity
.
The
Emperour
Vespasian
to
oblige
the
Spaniards
granted
them
all
the
Privileges
of
Italy
.
Acquir'd
Provinces
if
they
are
used
like
Strangers
,
never
forget
their
Enmity
;
this
was
the
Reason
,
why
the
Emperour
Claudius
gave
the
Dignity
of
Roman
Citizens
to
Galli●
Comata
,
saying
,
that
the
Laced
aemonians
and
Athenians
were
ruin'd
by
nothing
,
but
by
using
their
conquer'd
Nations
as
Foreigners
,
but
that
their
Founder
Romulus
acted
with
more
Prudence
,
who
in
the
same
day
saw
his
Enemies
,
his
Fellow-Citizens
[
](A58845-e164580-b)60
60
Quid
aliud
exitio
Lacedaemoniis
&
Atheniensibus
fuit
,
quamquam
armis
pollerent
,
nisi
quod
victos
pro
alienigenis
arcebant
?
Et
conditor
noster
R●mulus
tantum
s●pientia
valuit
,
ut
plerosque
populos
,
eodem
die
hostes
,
deind●
cives
habuit
.
Tac.
2.
ann
.
.
By
these
and
such
like
means
,
foreign
Government
becomes
natural
,
after
continuance
of
time
has
fix'd
and
setled
it
,
and
blotted
out
the
Memory
of
former
Liberty
.
Spain
in
its
Restauration
slighted
this
Policy
.
Esteeming
more
the
Preservation
of
its
Nobility
,
than
to
debase
it
with
the
Blood
of
Africk
,
and
so
would
not
share
any
of
its
Privileges
,
and
Honours
with
this
conquer'd
People
,
whence
though
united
in
one
Body
,
they
kept
their
own
Customs
,
and
Language
,
together
with
such
an
indelible
Hatred
,
and
Treachery
that
they
were
forced
,
that
they
might
free
themselves
from
them
,
to
drive
'em
quite
out
,
and
to
deprive
themselves
of
so
many
Subjects
,
so
useful
in
Agriculture
;
which
made
all
the
world
wonder
at
their
Policy
,
in
preferring
the
Splendour
of
their
Nobility
,
to
their
advantage
and
interest
,
and
their
Religion
to
humane
Prudence
.
In
changing
one
form
of
Government
into
another
,
such
Skill
should
be
us'd
that
the
People
mayn't
perceive
the
change
,
and
regret
the
loss
of
the
former
.
It
was
at
the
Expulsion
of
Kings
at
Rome
,
where
all
things
,
as
well
Sacred
and
Profane
were
manag'd
with
that
Prudence
,
that
the
People
did
not
perceive
the
want
of
those
Kings
,
who
had
before
the
Care
and
management
of
both
,
and
afterwards
when
the
Commonwealth
was
turn'd
into
an
Empire
,
the
Magistrates
retain'd
the
same
Titles
[
](A58845-e164640-b)61
61
Eadem
Magistratuum
vocabula
.
Tac.
1.
ann
.
,
and
the
same
order
of
the
Senate
remain'd
,
with
a
shew
of
their
ancient
Liberty
[
](A58845-e164660-b)62
62
Sed
Tiborius
vim
Principatus
,
sibi
firmans
,
imaginem
antiquitatis
senatui
praebebat
.
Tac.
3.
ann
.
,
and
't
was
this
established
the
Empire
.
The
Dukes
of
Tuscany
did
the
same
in
the
Dukedom
of
Florence
.
The
Emperour
Augustus
was
a
great
Master
of
this
Policy
:
Disposing
things
by
Degrees
,
executing
some
out
of
hand
,
and
remitting
others
to
another
opportunity
,
fearing
he
should
not
succeed
in
endeavouring
to
do
all
together
[
](A58845-e164710-b)63
63
Non
omnia
statim
,
uti
decretum
erat
,
executus
est
,
veritus
,
nè
parum
succederet
si
simul
homines
transferre
&
invertere
vellet
,
sed
qu●dam
extempore
disposuit
,
quaedam
rejicit
in
tempus
.
Dion
.
.
But
Samuel
was
more
worthy
of
admiration
,
in
changing
as
he
did
the
Government
and
Policy
of
the
people
of
God
,
without
giving
any
one
occasion
of
Complaint
[
](A58845-e164740-b)64
64
Eccles.
46.
16.
.
The
very
shadows
of
Liberty
should
be
so
dissipated
,
that
they
should
insensibly
disappear
as
Dominion
takes
Root
;
this
Agricola
judg'd
the
best
way
to
manage
Britain
[
](A58845-e164770-b)65
65
Idque
adversus
Britanniam
pro●iturum
,
si
Romana
ubique
arma
,
&
velut
è
conspectu
libertas
tolleretur
.
Tac.
in
vit.
Agric.
.
There
is
no
Force
more
mild
and
effectual
in
maintaining
and
preserving
acquir'd
Provinces
than
Liberality
.
Men
have
worshipped
and
attributed
Divinity
,
even
to
things
Inanimate
,
which
they
have
received
any
benefit
from
;
they
are
easily
gain'd
by
Interest
;
nor
do
they
much
care
what
hand
holds
the
Scepter
,
whether
Foreign
or
Natural
,
provided
it
be
Liberal
;
they
who
suffer
themselves
to
be
oblig'd
by
Benefits
received
,
and
afterwards
prove
false
,
can
never
do
the
Prince
any
great
damage
by
their
Designs
against
him
,
for
no
Body
will
take
the
part
of
an
ungrateful
Person
.
For
this
Reason
Scipio
upon
the
taking
of
Carthage
,
order'd
all
their
Goods
to
be
restor'd
to
the
Inhabitants
;
and
Sertorius
gain'd
the
Affections
of
the
Spaniards
by
moderating
their
Taxes
,
and
constituting
a
Senate
in
Spain
like
that
at
Rome
,
and
King
Ervigius
the
better
to
secure
his
Throne
,
lessen'd
the
Imposts
which
were
laid
upon
his
Subjects
,
and
forgave
all
that
was
due
to
his
Treasury
.
The
Romans
in
their
conquer'd
Provinces
lessen'd
their
Taxes
,
to
make
their
Dominion
seem
the
more
easie
[
](A58845-e164880-b)66
66
Quaedam
ex
Regiis
tributis
diminuta
,
qu●
mitius
Rom.
Imperi●●
speraretur
.
Tac.
2.
ann
.
;
for
Subjects
can
better
brook
Slavery
it self
,
than
Avarice
in
their
Commanders
,
as
the
Romans
found
in
the
Rebellion
of
the
Frisians
[
](A58845-e164920-b)67
67
Pa●em
exu●re
,
nostrae
magis
avaritiae
,
quam
obsequii
impatientes
.
Tac.
4.
ann
.
.
A
Prince
ought
therefore
to
be
very
cautious
of
oppressing
his
new
acquir'd
Provinces
with
Taxes
,
but
especially
of
introducing
those
which
are
us'd
in
other
parts
;
for
such
an
Introduction
is
odious
:
The
Cappadocians
revolted
,
because
Archelaus
would
have
introduced
Taxes
among
them
,
after
the
Roman
Fashion
[
](A58845-e164970-b)68
68
Quid
〈◊〉
,
in
modum
deferre
Census
,
pati
tributa
adigebatur
.
Tac.
4.
ann
.
.
Modesty
is
also
necessary
to
the
preservation
of
acquir'd
Kingdoms
;
the
Senators
were
more
disgusted
at
Caesar's
not
rising
up
when
they
entred
the
Senate
,
than
at
the
loss
of
their
Liberty
.
Which
Tiberius
observing
,
carried
himself
reservedly
and
modestly
toward
them
[
](A58845-e165020-b)69
69
Verba
fuere
pauca
,
&
s●●su
permodesto
.
Tac.
1.
ann
.
;
the
People
take
more
notice
of
Accidents
than
the
substance
of
Things
,
and
sometimes
for
frivolous
empty
Punctilio's
of
Honour
Princes
lose
their
Esteem
,
and
become
odious
to
'em
.
Sejanus
thought
't
was
better
to
slight
the
empty
shadows
of
Grandeur
,
and
to
augment
real
Prower
[
](A58845-e165050-b)70
70
Et
minus
sibi
invidiam
,
adempta
salutantium
turb●
,
sublatisque
inanibus●
,
vera
potentia
aug●ri
.
Tac.
4.
ann
.
.
The
Romans
valu'd
not
vain
Ceremonies
,
but
were
intent
upon
the
increase
and
preservation
of
their
Empire
[
](A58845-e165080-b)71
71
Apud
qu●s
vis
imperii
valet
,
inania
transmit●untur
.
Tac.
15.
ann
.
:
For
which
Reason
Tiberius
like
a
prudent
Politician
,
was
a
vigorous
contemner
of
Honour
[
](A58845-e165110-b)72
72
Validus
alioqui
spernendis
Honoribus
.
Tac.
4.
ann
▪
.
Nor
would
he
ever
permit
the
farther
Spain
to
erect
Temples
to
him
,
nor
admit
of
the
Title
of
Father
of
his
Countrey
[
](A58845-e165140-b)73
73
Nomen
Patris
Patriae
Tiberi●●
à
popul●
saepius
ingestum
,
repudi●
vit.
Tac.
1.
ann
.
,
well
knowing
the
Danger
of
inordinate
Ambition
,
when
expos'd
to
the
View
of
every
one
[
](A58845-e165160-b)74
74
C●ncta
mortalium
incerta
,
quantoque
plus
ad●●tus
sere●
,
tant●
se
magis
in
lubrico
dictitans
.
Tac.
1.
ann
.
.
For
the
same
Reason
of
State
the
Dukes
of
Florence
,
demean
themselves
with
great
Civility
to
their
Subjects
not
permitting
them
to
stop
,
to
pay
their
Respects
when
they
pass
by
,
as
is
usual
at
Rome
.
After
that
Castile
had
refus'd
Obedience
to
Kings
,
they
banish'd
those
high
sounding
Titles
,
calling
their
Governours
only
Judges
,
that
they
might
be
the
better
received
by
the
People
.
By
the
same
Prudence
and
Moderation
;
Don
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
refus'd
the
name
of
King
[
after
the
Death
of
the
Queen
]
and
would
be
call'd
only
Governour
of
Castile
.
Some
States
in
Italy
which
aspire
to
Royal
Dignity
,
will
I
believe
at
last
(
pray
God
I
may
be
mistaken
)
find
the
ill
Consequences
of
their
having
left
their
former
Modesty
,
for
Italy
will
not
be
able
to
support
itself
,
when
she
shall
see
so
many
Crown'd
Heads
within
her
Territories
.
'T
is
less
inconvenient
to
extend
the
limits
of
any
State
,
than
to
alter
the
Form
of
its
interiour
Greatness
;
either
through
the
jealousie
of
the
Nobility
,
or
the
Contempt
of
the
Commons
,
for
about
those
they
are
both
mighty
Captious
;
from
the
inequality
of
Communities
proceeded
common
Government
;
in
which
not
to
admit
Sovereignty
is
the
means
to
preserve
their
Freedom
;
but
if
the
Seeds
of
Royalty
are
once
sown
,
they
will
produce
the
Desire
of
Monarchy
,
which
puts
an
end
to
their
Liberty
In
a
word
,
't
is
Peace
alone
(
as
we
shall
shew
elsewhere
)
that
preserves
a●quir'd
Kingdoms
;
provided
that
Peace
be
cautious
and
arm'd
.
For
so
it
gives
opportunity
to
Possession
,
to
settle
its
Government
,
and
justifie
its
Title
,
without
the
trouble
of
War
which
confounds
all
Right
,
and
gives
opportunit●
to
turbulent
uneasie
Spirits
,
and
robs
the
Commander
o●
his
Authority
.
Wherefore
a
Prince
ought
not
only
to
endeavour
to
procure
Peace
,
to
his
new
Kingdoms
,
but
also
to
the
neighbouring
Provinces
;
for
the
same
sparks
of
Fire
easily
catch
,
and
the
fury
of
Arms
soon
embroils
those
that
are
near
them
.
This
was
the
Reason
that
King
Philip
III.
took
up
Arms
against
Emanuel
▪
Duke
of
Savoy
,
when
he
would
have
taken
Monferrat
from
the
Duke
of
Mantua
,
his
Majesty
endeavouring
to
decide
those
Pretentions
by
Justice
,
not
Force
,
nor
would
he
suffer
the
Ambition
of
one
person
to
disturb
the
Quiet
of
all
Italy
.
The
same
Danger
is
at
present
to
be
fear'd
,
unless
these
Animosities
which
have
put
so
many
Princes
in
Arms
,
be
accommodated
;
for
the
Sword
once
drawn
,
either
revenge
thinks
of
satisfaction
for
Affronts
received
,
or
Justice
of
recovering
her
Right
,
or
Ambition
of
extending
its
Dominions
,
or
Mars
himself
of
trying
his
Strength
.
I
conclude
this
Discourse
with
four
Verses
of
Tasso
,
in
which
he
very
judiciously
,
and
concisely
comprehends
the
true
Grounds
,
upon
which
any
new
Kingdom
should
be
established
.
EMBLEM
LX.
AN
Arrow
sent
from
a
Bow
,
either
mounts
or
falls
,
without
suspending
in
the
Air
;
like
time
present
,
which
is
so
imperceptible
,
that
it
no
sooner
is
,
but
is
past
:
Or
like
Angles
in
a
Circle
,
where
the
acut●
becomes
obtuse
,
without
ever
forming
a
right
Angle
.
The
first
point
of
the
Arrows
consistence
is
the
first
of
its
Declination
;
the
higher
it
mounts
,
the
nearer
't
is
to
its
fall
.
All
things
when
they
arrive
at
their
highest
Pitch
,
mu●●
necessarily
decline
:
Hippocrates
observ'd
this
in
human●
Bodies
,
that
when
they
are
past
thriving
,
they
immediately
begin
to
decay
[
](A58845-e165380-b)1
1
Nec
enim
in
melius
verti
,
nec
diu
sistere
valent
,
reliquum
est
,
●t
〈◊〉
deterius
dilabantur
.
Hippoc.
.
Nothing
in
Nature
is
Permanent
;
the
Heavens
themselves
never
rest
,
no
more
do
their
Effect●
which
they
imprint
on
things
below
;
for
which
Reason
Socrates
attributed
all
changes
of
Government
to
them
[
](A58845-e165410-b)2
2
Qui
causam
esse
tradit
,
quod
nihil
perpetuò
maneat
▪
sed
omnia
motu
qu●dam
orbicular
:
mutentur
.
Arist.
5.
Pol.
.
Monarchies
differ
not
from
Animals
and
Vegetables
,
they
are
born
,
live
and
die
like
them
,
nor
have
they
any
time
of
Consistence
,
so
that
their
falls
are
natural
[
](A58845-e165430-b)3
3
Naturales
esse
convers●●●es
Rerumpub
.
Cic.
lib.
2.
de
nar.
Deor.
.
In
not
increasing
they
decrease
.
There
is
no
interval
in
the
fall
of
the
highest
Fortune
;
when
it
once
begins
to
fall
't
is
impossible
to
stop
it
;
't
is
more
difficult
for
the
Majesty
of
Princes
to
fall
from
the
highest
Pitch
to
the
middlemost
,
than
from
thence
to
the
lowest
Degree
[
](A58845-e165450-b)4
4
Regum
majestatem
dissi●ilius
à
summo
fastigio
ad
medium
detra●i
,
quam
a
mediis
ad
ima
prae●ipitari
.
Livius
.
.
But
all
Kingdoms
don't
rise
and
fall
by
the
same
Degrees
;
when
they
are
got
up
to
the
highest
Point
,
they
fall
with
more
speed
than
they
rose
[
](A58845-e165470-b)5
5
Fati
maligna
,
perpetuaque
in
ommbus
rebus
Lex
est
,
●t
ad
summum
perducta
,
rursus
ad
infimum
velocius
quidem
quam
ascen●erunt
,
relabantur
.
Seneca
.
.
Alexander
was
twelve
years
in
raising
his
Kingdom
,
which
decay'd
in
a
very
small
time
,
being
rent
and
divided
at
first
into
four
,
and
afterwards
into
more
Principalities
.
The
Causes
of
the
Rise
and
Fall
of
States
are
many
;
those
who
attribute
them
to
Motion
,
or
the
power
of
the
Stars
,
or
the
number
of
Plato
,
or
Climacterick
years
,
deny
Providence
the
care
of
Sublunary
things
.
He
who
has
design'd
to
make
the
World
,
will
not
disdain
to
govern
it
:
Nay
to
create
,
and
not
take
care
of
the
World
,
would
be
disapproving
his
own
work
.
If
God
vouchsafed
himself
to
paint
the
Peacocks
Tail
,
and
the
Butterflies
Wings
,
shall
we
think
he
will
commit
to
Chance
the
management
of
Empires
and
Monarchies
,
upon
which
depend
the
Happiness
or
Ruin
of
Mankind
,
for
whom
all
things
were
created
?
'T
would
be
impious
to
believe
it
,
and
to
attribute
the
Success
of
things
to
our
own
Counsels
,
the
highest
Arrogance
.
By
him
Kings
Reign
,
and
with
his
own
Hands
he
disposes
of
Scepters
,
and
though
in
their
Preservation
he
give
their
free
Course
to
those
natural
Inclinations
,
which
were
either
born
with
us
,
or
imprinted
in
us
by
some
other
influence
,
without
giving
any
check
or
restraint
to
Free-Will
;
yet
does
God
himself
order
and
dispose
them
〈◊〉
that
no
Government
was
ever
ruin'd
,
without
the
interv●ning
of
some
humane
Folly
and
Bindness
[
](A58845-e165510-b)6
6
Ego
ita
comperi
omma
Regna
Civit●tes
▪
Nationesque
usque
eo
prosp●●
imperium
habu●sse
,
dum
apud
eos
vera
consilia
valuerunt
;
ubicunque
Gr●●
Timor
Voluptas
●a
corrupt●re
,
post
paulo
imm●nut●
opes
,
deinde
〈◊〉
in
perium
,
postremè
servitus
imposita
est
.
Sallust
.
.
I
cannot
for●bear
thinking
that
Empires
would
be
pepetual
,
if
Prince●
would
accommodate
their
Will
to
their
Pow●●
,
their
Power
to
their
Reason
,
and
their
Reason
to
Accidents
.
Since
then
Prudence
and
humane
Counsel
have
their
〈◊〉
in
the
falls
of
Empires
,
we
may
easily
find
the
Causes
ther●
of
;
which
are
either
general
or
particular
;
general
which
comprehend
all
Kingdoms
,
whether
acquir'd
by
Successio●
Election
or
Conquest
,
and
are
many
,
but
may
be
redu●●
to
four
Principal
ones
,
from
whence
proceed
the
rest
;
〈◊〉
in
the
Horizon
of
the
World
,
from
the
four
Cardi●●
Winds
proceed
many
collateral
ones
.
These
Causes
are
R●●ligion
,
Honour
,
Life
and
Estate
;
for
the
Conservation
〈◊〉
which
Civil
Society
was
first
instituted
,
and
the
People
●●●came
subject
to
the
Government
of
one
,
a
few
,
or
many
and
whenever
they
find
themselves
oppres'd
in
any
one
〈◊〉
these
four
,
they
rebel
and
change
the
Form
of
the
Govern●ment
.
We
will
therefore
touch
upon
these
,
with
as
mu●●
brevity
as
the
Subject
will
admit
.
Though
Religion
,
as
we
said
before
,
be
the
strong●
Bond
of
Governments
,
yet
is
it
that
which
disunites
th●●
most
,
and
reduces
them
into
many
Forms
,
when
it
is
〈◊〉
universal
,
for
those
who
are
of
different
Opinions
〈◊〉
God
,
never
live
in
Unity
among
themselves
.
If
they
●●●gree
and
quarrel
about
trivial
Customs
and
Manners
,
〈◊〉
much
more
will
they
about
their
Affection
and
Loya●
due
to
the
Creator
of
all
things
,
and
furious
Zeal
of
●●●derstanding
things
of
such
importance
.
Liberty
of
C●●●science
is
the
ruin
of
any
State
.
Those
who
disagree
matters
of
Religion
,
are
to
one
another
(
as
the
Holy
S●●rit
says
)
Pricks
in
their
Eyes
,
and
Thorns
in
their
Sides
[
](A58845-e165550-b)7
7
Numb.
33.
5.
The
Duty
of
Subjects
,
and
the
greater
Ties
of
Friendship
,
and
Relation
are
loos'd
,
and
broken
upon
account
of
Religion
.
King
Witeric
was
put
to
Death
by
his
own
Subjects
,
for
endeavouring
to
introduce
Arianism
,
the
same
befel
Witiza
for
altering
the
Rites
and
Ceremonies
of
Divine
Worship
.
Galicia
rebelled
against
King
Froilus
for
the
abuse
of
the
Marriage
of
the
Clergy
:
As
soon
as
Dive
sity
of
Religions
was
introduced
among
the
Dutch
,
they
rebell'd
against
their
lawful
King
and
Master
.
So
Honour
,
as
it
is
the
Defence
and
Preservation
of
States
,
and
the
chief
Spur
to
Loyalty
,
so
it
also
disturbs
them
to
clear
it self
from
Affronts
,
Contempt
and
Injuries
,
the
People
preferring
Honour
before
Life
and
Fortune
[
](A58845-e165610-b)8
8
Honor
quoque
quant●●
valeat
,
&
quomodo
sit
causa
seditionis
〈◊〉
est
Arist.
5.
Pol.
c.
3.
.
Count
Iulian
invited
the
Moors
into
Spain
,
because
he
suspected
that
King
Roderick
had
violated
the
Honour
of
his
Daughter
Cava
;
the
Nobles
of
Castile
took
up
Arms
against
Alphonsus
III.
for
that
he
would
infringe
their
Privileges
,
and
oblige
'em
to
pay
Taxes
;
as
did
the
Subjects
of
Ramires
III.
King
of
Leon
,
for
his
severe
and
servile
usage
of
them
.
For
Affronts
received
by
the
People
always
provoke
to
Revenge
upon
the
Prince
[
](A58845-e165720-b)9
9
Et
multae
conspirationes
,
&
invasio●s
in
Monarchas
propter
pudendas
contumelias
,
in
corpus
illatas
fact●
sunt
.
Arist.
5.
Pol.
l.
10.
;
and
Contempt
creates
Seditions
[
](A58845-e165740-b)10
10
Prop●er
contemp●um
etiam
seditiones
conspirat●●●qu●
f●●n●
A●●st
.
5.
Pol.
c.
3.
.
And
this
either
,
when
the
Prince
contemns
the
People
,
or
the
People
the
Prince
,
which
is
when
they
don't
find
him
fitly
qualified
,
thinking
it
base
to
obey
one
who
knows
not
to
Command
,
and
make
himself
respected
,
and
takes
no
Care
of
the
Government
.
So
the
People
of
Arragon
served
their
King
Iohn
I.
the
same
thing
befel
Iohn
II.
of
●astile
for
his
insufficiency
,
Henry
IV.
for
his
Vices
,
and
Alphonso
V.
of
Portugal
,
for
suffering
himself
to
be
govern'd
by
others
Nor
do
Subjects
take
it
as
●
less
Injury
and
Contempt
,
for
the
Prince
to
make
Foreigners
his
chief
Ministers
,
and
to
dispose
of
all
Dignities
and
Preferment
among
them
:
for
(
as
King
Henry
said
)
That
is
declaring
plainly
,
that
his
own
native
Subjects
are
insufficient
and
unworthy
[
](A58845-e165850-b)*
*
L.
14.
tit.
3.
lib.
2.
recop
.
.
This
was
the
cause
of
the
Commotions
of
Castile
,
in
the
time
of
the
Emperour
Charles
V.
The
same
thing
happens
upon
an
unequal
Distribution
of
Honours
,
for
that
Men
of
great
Spirits
can't
brook
[
](A58845-e165880-b)11
11
Non
multitudo
qu●dem
gravit●
fert
inaequalitatem
patrimoniorum
,
praestantes
autem
honorum
inaequalitatem
.
Arist.
lib.
2.
Po●
.
c.
5.
;
and
take
it
as
an
Affront
,
that
Men
of
le●●
Desert
are
preferr'd
before
them
[
](A58845-e165900-b)12
12
Nam
homines
tum
quod
ipsi
inhonorati
fiunt
inovent
seditiones
,
tum
quod
alios
videant
in
honore
.
Arist.
5.
Pol.
3.
.
The
greatest
Disease
of
a
Government
is
Incontinence
and
Lust
in
the
Governours
;
hence
proceed
Seditions
and
Revolutions
of
States
,
for
that
violates
the
Honour
of
many
,
and
is
severely
punished
by
God
.
One
such
Action
buried
Spain
in
ashes
for
many
Ages
;
the
same
call'd
down
great
Plagues
upon
Egypt
[
](A58845-e165950-b)13
13
Gen.
12.
17.
.
And
David
suffered
great
Troubles
,
both
in
his
own
Person
,
and
in
his
Posterity
[
](A58845-e165970-b)14
14
2
Sam.
12.
10.
,
who
were
continually
persecuted
and
destroy'd
by
the
Sword
.
There
is
danger
in
those
States
,
where
many
are
excluded
from
Offices
;
for
they
are
all
so
many
Enemies
[
](A58845-e165990-b)15
15
Cum
enim
multitudo
in●pum
est
in
civitate
,
eademque
ab
honoribus
exclusa
,
necesse
est
eam
civitatem
plenam
hostium
Reipub
Arist.
lib.
3.
Pol.
c.
7.
▪
no
Man
is
so
stupid
as
not
to
desire
Honour
▪
and
take
it
ill
to
be
deprived
of
it
[
](A58845-e166010-b)16
16
Honori
incumbit
,
tam
ignarus
quam
bonus
.
Arist.
2.
Pol.
5.
.
Those
States
also
are
subject
to
the
same
Inconveniency
,
in
which
the
Magistracy
is
divided
among
a
set
number
of
the
Nobility
,
all
the
rest
being
excluded
.
The
third
Cause
of
the
Revolutions
and
Troubles
of
States
is
the
desire
of
preserving
Life
,
that
is
,
when
the
Subjects
think
the
Prince
so
Lazy
,
and
Cowardly
as
that
he
can't
preserve
and
defend
them
;
or
else
when
they
hate
him
for
his
Severity
,
as
they
did
King
Alphonso
III.
or
for
his
Cruelty
,
as
they
did
King
Peter
;
or
for
his
Injustice
and
Tyranny
,
which
endangers
all
their
Lives
,
as
they
did
King
Ordonius
,
for
the
ill
usage
and
Murther
of
the
Counts
of
Castile
,
whence
proceeded
the
Change
of
his
State
[
](A58845-e166080-b)*
*
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
.
The
last
is
,
Estates
,
that
is
when
a
Prince
idlely
squanders
away
his
Subjects
Fortunes
;
which
occasion'd
Garcias
King
of
Galicia
,
to
lose
both
Kingdom
and
Life
too
;
or
when
he
extravagantly
spends
his
Revenues
,
which
was
Ramon's
Pretence
for
killing
●
his
Brother-in-Law
,
Sancho
King
of
Navarre
;
or
when
he
is
very
covetous
,
as
was
King
Alphonso
;
or
when
through
his
ill
management
,
the
State
suffers
by
Scarcity
,
or
when
the
Price
of
things
rises
,
or
Trade
fails
,
which
render'd
the
same
Alphonso
so
odious
;
or
when
the
Coin
is
bad
,
as
't
was
in
the
time
of
Peter
II.
King
o●
Arragon
,
and
in
many
other
Kings
Reigns
;
or
when
Places
of
Profit
,
or
Riches
are
unequally
despos'd
of
.
For
Envy
and
Necessity
take
up
Arms
against
the
Rich
and
so
raise
Commotions
[
](A58845-e166190-b)17
17
Insuper
seditiones
oriuntur
,
non
solum
ob
patrimoniorum
,
verum
etiam
ob
honorum
inaequalitatem
.
Arist.
lib.
2.
Pol.
5.
.
This
also
happens
from
the
Male-administration
of
Justice
,
from
the
quartering
of
Souldiers
,
and
from
other
Burthens
,
which
oppress
the
Subjects
Estates
and
Goods
.
Besides
these
general
Causes
,
there
are
others
particular
to
the
three
Distinctions
which
I
made
of
Kingdoms
,
in
the
last
Emblem
,
which
may
be
inferr'd
from
what
I
propos'd
for
their
Preservation
;
for
the
Knowledge
of
preserving
a
State
,
implys
the
Knowledge
of
what
will
ruin
it
,
and
so
on
the
contrary
[
](A58845-e166220-b)18
18
Sed
illud
primum
omnium
dubitar●
non
potest
,
quin
cognitis
iis
quae
Reipub
interitum
important
,
ea
quoque
quae
salutem
afferunt
,
intelligantur
.
Arist.
lib.
5.
pol.
cap.
8.
;
for
all
this
I
cannot
but
enlarge
a
little
,
though
I
run
a
Risque
of
repeating
what
has
been
already
said
.
Hereditary
States
are
usually
ruined
,
for
want
of
Care
and
Diligence
in
the
Successour
,
especially
when
they
are
considerable
;
for
then
their
Greatness
makes
him
secure
and
negligent
,
careless
of
all
Danger
,
and
dubious
in
his
Councels
.
In
Execution
timorous
,
least
he
should
disturb
the
Quiet
he
injoys
;
he
takes
no
Care
to
prevent
misfortunes
,
but
thinks
it
sufficient
if
he
can
remedy
them
;
not
considering
that
this
latter
is
more
chargeable
and
less
effectual
[
](A58845-e166250-b)19
19
〈…〉
diora
sunt
remedia
quam
mala
.
Tac.
in
vit.
Agr.
.
He
thinks
Bravery
too
dangerous
;
and
in
procuring
Peace
by
certain
idle
and
uncertain
means
,
he
brings
a
War
upon
himself
,
and
so
ruins
himself
by
the
very
means
he
us'd
for
his
Preservation
.
This
is
the
misfortune
of
Monarchies
,
that
in
taking
Repose
they
find
ruin
,
endeavouring
to
stop
they
fall
,
and
ceasing
to
labour
they
grow
feeble
.
Ezekiel
aptly
represents
all
this
in
his
Vision
of
the
four
wing'd
Animals
,
which
are
the
Emblems
of
Princes
and
Monarchies
:
Which
when
they
went
I
heard
the
noise
of
their
Wings
,
like
the
noise
of
great
Waters
,
as
the
Voice
of
the
Almighty
,
the
Voice
Speech
as
the
noise
of
an
Host
[
](A58845-e166290-b)20
20
Ezek.
1.
24.
;
when
they
stood
they
let
down
their
Wings
.
But
't
is
not
necessary
to
a
Prince's
Preservation
to
be
always
making
new
Conquests
,
for
this
would
be
endless
,
and
run
into
Tyranny
and
Injustice
;
a
State
may
easily
maint●in
it self
within
the
Circumference
of
its
own
Circle
,
provided
it
preserves
its
Activity
and
Vigour
,
and
those
Arts
by
which
it
at
first
acquir'd
its
Gra●deur
;
running
water
preserve
their
Purity
,
but
once
standing
they
taint
;
yet
is
it
not
necessary
,
that
they
should
be
always
running
;
it
suffices
that
they
keep
a
Motion
within
themselves
,
like
Lakes
mov'd
only
by
the
Winds
;
so
Monarchies
in
which
Discipline
flourishes
,
and
which
are
fenced
against
all
Accidents
,
are
of
long
continuance
,
though
they
make
no
Excursions
;
for
without
War
Arts
Military
may
be
exercised
;
so
Cassius
in
time
of
Peace
caus'd
all
the
old
Military
Discipline
to
be
observed
[
](A58845-e166310-b)21
21
Attamen
quantum
sine
bello
dabatur
,
revocare
priscum
morem
,
exercitare
Legiones
cura
provisus
agere
,
p●rinde
acsi
hostis
ingrueret
.
Tac.
12.
ann
.
.
A
Prince
for
want
of
Exercise
of
his
Arms
,
should
not
grow
wholly
enervate
by
the
Sloth
and
Laziness
of
Peace
;
but
should
then
enterpize
some
glorious
Action
,
that
may
preserve
his
Reputation
.
Augustus
during
the
Repose
of
his
Empire
,
suffer'd
not
his
fiery
Soul
to
be
extinguish'd
by
the
ashes
of
Idleness
,
for
when
he
wanted
what
to
do
as
Man
,
he
employ'd
himself
as
God
,
studying
the
Motion
of
the
Spheres
,
correcting
the
Months
,
and
prescribing
Laws
to
time
.
To
this
end
Philip
II.
Erected
that
admirable
Fabrick
of
the
Escurial
;
in
which
he
aim'd
to
outdo
Nature
her self
in
Art
,
and
to
shew
the
whole
World
the
greatness
of
his
Soul
,
and
of
his
Piety
.
But
Hereditary
Kingdoms
are
also
in
Danger
,
when
the
Successour
forgetting
the
Laws
and
Institutions
of
his
Ance●●ors
,
thinks
that
the
Subjects
Duty
,
and
Subjection
is
from
Nature
,
and
not
remembring
that
his
Grandeur
is
deriv'd
from
them
,
he
looks
upon
'em
as
Slaves
,
and
is
more
bent
upon
his
own
Interest
,
than
the
publick
Good
,
his
Administration
being
turn'd
into
Tyranny
[
](A58845-e166360-b)22
22
Aliae
●yrannides
ex
Regibus
,
qui
moribus
institutisque
majorum
violatis
,
imperia
magis
concupierunt
.
Arist.
Pol.
5.
cap.
10.
.
Whence
the
People
conceive
a
disrespect
to
the
Prince
,
and
an
Odium
and
abhorrence
of
his
Person
and
Action
,
by
which
the
reciprocal
Union
between
the
King
and
People
is
broken
[
](A58845-e166390-b)23
23
Nam
si
〈◊〉
volentibus
imperet
,
protinus
desinit
●sse
Reg●um
.
Arist.
5.
Pol.
cap.
10.
;
since
one
obeys
,
and
t'other
commands
by
the
mutual
Benefit
they
receive
,
one
in
the
Splendour
and
Grandeur
of
his
Government
,
t'other
in
the
Happiness
of
being
well
govern'd
;
without
this
reciprocal
Bond
,
Heredi●ary
Kingdoms
would
go
to
ruin
,
or
at
least
suffer
a
Change
;
for
the
Prince
seeing
himsel●
despised
and
slighted
by
all
,
is
in
perpetual
Fear
,
from
which
fear
proceeds
Cruelty
,
and
from
that
Tyranny
;
which
the
Nobles
not
being
able
to
bear
,
conspire
against
him
,
and
by
the
assistance
of
the
People
dethrone
him
:
Whence
it
comes
that
the
People
looking
upon
them
as
the
Restorers
of
their
Liberty
,
offer
them
the
Government
,
and
thus
Aristocracy
is
introduc'd
;
but
even
this
soon
falls
into
the
Inconveniences
of
Monarchy
;
for
as
their
Children
succeed
,
the
Magistracy
and
Government
becomes
Hereditary
,
and
they
abuse
them
,
and
convert
them
to
their
own
Interest
,
whence
the
People
finding
themselves
oppress'd
by
them
,
wrest
their
Power
from
'em
,
and
will
set
up
for
Governours
themselves
,
as
if
their
Liberty
was
greater
in
a
Democracy
,
in
which
it
being
impossible
to
preserve
Equality
,
Insolence
,
and
Injustice
rule
,
from
whence
proceed
Seditions
and
Tumults
,
and
thence
Confusion
,
which
obliges
'em
to
choose
some
one
Person
to
command
'em
,
and
so
the
Government
becomes
once
again
Monarchical
.
This
Circle
usually
States
run
,
in
which
they
very
often
wholly
lose
their
Liberty
,
when
some
Potent
Neighbour
makes
use
of
the
opportunity
of
their
Commotions
,
to
conquer
and
enslave
them
.
Elective
Kingdoms
,
or
at
least
the
Peoples
Affections
for
the
Prince
are
lost
;
when
the
Actions
of
the
Elected
Prince
correspond
not
to
the
Opinion
which
had
been
once
conceived
of
him
;
for
many
appear
capable
of
Government
,
before
they
come
to
it
,
as
Galba
did
[
](A58845-e166430-b)24
24
Omnium
consensu
c●pax
imperii
,
●isi
imperasset
.
Tac.
1.
Hist.
;
those
who
voted
not
for
the
Election
are
in
continual
Danger
and
Fear
,
which
makes
them
desire
and
contrive
a
Change
.
Those
who
assisted
him
with
their
Votes
,
promise
themselves
such
a
share
of
his
Favour
,
that
finding
themselves
disappointed
in
their
Hopes
,
they
fall
into
disgust
and
complaint
;
it
being
impossible
for
the
Prince
to
satisfie
all
.
Or
whether
it
be
that
humane
Gratitude
is
tir'd
with
the
coutinual
sight
of
its
Benefactors
,
and
looks
upon
them
as
so
many
Creditors
.
Subjects
us'd
to
frequent
Elections
are
always
fond
of
them
,
and
still
fanc●
the
new
Prince
will
be
better
;
those
who
have
the
Privilege
of
voting
take
it
to
heart
,
that
their
Power
in
which
their
Honour
consists
should
lie
so
long
dormant
and
useless
.
The
Prince
Elected
on
t'other
hand
,
proud
of
his
Power
endeavours
to
extend
it
,
and
so
break
the
Oaths
and
Covenants
of
his
Election
,
and
despising
the
Natives
of
the
Countrey
,
if
he
be
a
Foreigner
,
admits
only
his
own
Countreymen
into
Offices
,
and
endeavours
only
the
Preferment
of
his
own
Family
,
by
which
he
incurs
the
hatred
of
his
Subjects
and
his
own
ruin
:
For
few
Nations
can
endure
the
Command
of
Strangers
.
Ieremiah
told
this
as
sad
Tidings
to
Ierusalem
[
](A58845-e166470-b)25
25
Jerem.
1.
16.
.
Kingdoms
acquir'd
by
Conquest
are
also
soon
lost
,
for
Luxury
enervates
the
Strength
and
Vigour
of
the
mind
;
Felicity
disturbs
Counsels
,
and
misleads
Princes
from
those
ways
by
which
they
attain'd
their
Grandeur
;
they
obtain'd
it
by
Valour
,
Clemency
and
Reputation
,
and
they
lose
it
by
Laziness
,
Severity
and
Contempt
.
Which
changing
the
Government
,
changes
also
the
Affection
and
Obedience
of
the
Subject
[
](A58845-e166490-b)26
26
Illud
clarum
te●tatumque
exemplis
est
,
quod
homines
felicitatem
assequantur
be●ignitate
in
alios
,
&
bona
de
se
opinione
,
iidem
cum
adepti
,
qu●e
voluerant
,
ad
injurias
&
impotenti●n
in
imperiis
dilabuntur
,
fit
meritissimo
,
ut
una
cum
imperantium
mutatione
,
●psi
sub●iti
se
&
affectus
mutent
Polyb.
;
the
Reason
why
the
Carthagenians
were
expell'd
Spain
was
,
that
they
did
not
know
that
States
should
be
maintain'd
by
the
same
Arts
they
were
acquir'd
by
;
which
usually
the
Conquerours
of
Provinces
are
more
observant
,
than
their
Successours
,
for
they
imploy
all
their
Courage
and
Wit
,
in
attaining
and
preserving
them
,
but
Succession
makes
these
negligent
and
careless
.
Whence
't
is
an
Observation
,
that
those
who
acquire
Kingdoms
usually
keep
'em
,
and
those
who
receive
them
lose
them
[
](A58845-e166530-b)27
27
Qui
occuparunt
imperia
,
eo●um
plerique
eadem
retinu●runt
,
qui
vero
tradita
ab
aliis
accepere
,
hi
statim
fer●
omnes
amiserunt
.
Arist.
5.
Pol.
9.
.
The
Holy
Spirit
says
,
that
Kingdoms
pass
from
one
Nation
to
another
,
because
of
Injustice
,
Injuries
and
Deceit
[
](A58845-e166550-b)28
28
Eccles.
1.
8.
.
I
conclude
the
present
Discourse
with
two
Cautions
,
first
that
the
Preservation
of
States
does
not
always
depend
on
their
being
far
from
the
Causes
of
their
Ruin
,
but
sometimes
on
their
being
near
them
[
](A58845-e166570-b)29
29
Conservantur
etiam
Respub
.
non
solum
,
qui●
procu●
sunt
ab
iis
,
●uae
interitum
aff●runt
,
sed
etiam
,
quia
prope
sunt
,
nam
Timor
intentiore
cur●
R●i●ab
,
consul●re
c●gis
.
Arist.
5.
pol.
cap.
8.
▪
for
Fear
creates
Care
and
Diligence
;
the
other
is
,
that
〈◊〉
in
the
Person
of
the
Prince
,
or
in
the
Body
of
the
State
,
the
least
ill
should
be
taken
most
Care
of
,
for
they
increase
insensibly
,
without
being
perceived
till
they
are
past
Remedy
[
](A58845-e166590-b)30
30
Ibid.
.
A
small
Worm
destroys
the
tallest
Cedar
;
the
little
Remora
stops
the
Course
of
a
Ship
under
sail
;
frivolous
Losses
caus'd
the
Ruin
of
the
Roman
Empire
.
A
slight
disorder
of
Body
is
often
more
dangerous
than
a
real
Sickness
,
for
that
is
not
minded
,
this
diligently
taken
Care
of
:
We
immediately
apply
Medicines
to
a
Fever
,
but
never
heed
a
Cold
,
from
which
the
greatest
Distempers
proceed
.
EMBLEM
LXI
.
AN
Harp
Forms
a
compleat
Aristocracy
,
compos'd
of
Monarchy
and
Democracy
;
understanding
Presides
,
several
Fingers
govern
,
and
many
Strings
obey
,
not
with
a
particular
,
but
general
and
common
Harmony
,
so
that
the
Disproportion
between
the
great
and
little
ones
don't
spoil
the
Tune
.
One
may
justly
compare
to
a
a
Harp
every
Republick
,
in
which
long
Practice
and
Experience
,
have
appointed
who
shall
command
,
and
who
obey
;
in
which
they
have
establish'd
Laws
,
elected
Magistrates
,
distinguished
Offices
,
prescribed
set
Rules
and
Methods
of
Government
,
and
instituted
in
each
part
of
the
Republick
,
such
Customs
and
Laws
as
are
most
conformable
and
consentaneous
to
its
Nature
.
This
makes
the
first
Institutions
durable
,
and
not
easie
to
be
chang'd
.
This
Harp
of
Kingdoms
and
Commonwealths
being
thus
fitted
up
,
and
all
the
Strings
tun'd
and
dispos'd
in
Order
,
though
any
one
should
●ansie
he
could
better
tune
any
one
of
them
,
he
ought
to
have
a
better
opinion
of
the
Prudence
and
Judgment
of
his
Ancestors
,
whom
long
Practice
,
and
dear
bought
Experience
had
instructed
:
for
some
Ways
and
Methods
of
Government
,
though
they
have
some
Inconveniences
are
yet
better
born
with
than
alter'd
.
A
prudent
Prince
tunes
the
strings
in
the
same
Order
they
stand
in
,
not
changing
them
without
time
or
other
accidents
have
so
discompos'd
them
,
that
they
can't
perform
the
Office
they
were
first
design'd
for
,
wherefore
a
Prince
should
perfectly
understand
this
Harp
of
his
Empire
,
and
the
Grace
and
Majesty
that
attends
it
,
and
be
throughly
vers'd
in
the
Nature
,
Qualities
,
and
Genius's
of
the
Nobility
and
Commons
,
which
are
its
main
Strings
.
For
as
King
Alphonso
says
in
one
of
his
Laws
:
A
King
's
greatest
Care
should
be
to
know
Men
,
for
since
tis
them
he
has
to
do
with
,
an
exact
Knowledge
of
them
is
absolutely
necessary
[
](A58845-e166680-b)*
*
L.
13.
tit.
5.
p.
2.
.
In
this
consists
the
principal
Art
of
Government
.
To
know
his
Subjects
is
a
King
's
best
Art
[
](A58845-e166700-b)†
†
Ma●●
.
.
Those
who
have
most
apply'd
themselves
to
this
Study
have
govern'd
with
most
Success
.
Many
take
this
Harp
in
their
hand
,
but
few
can
finger
it
with
Judgment
,
few
understand
its
Nature
,
and
can
touch
it
agreeably
.
Let
therefore
a
Prince
know
,
that
a
Kingdom
is
nothing
but
an
Union
of
many
Cities
and
People
;
and
a
joynt
Consent
to
the
Command
of
some
one
,
and
the
Obedience
of
the
rest
,
which
Consent
,
Ambition
and
Force
introduc'd
.
Concord
at
first
rais'd
,
and
Concord
preserves
it
.
Justice
and
Clemency
keep
it
alive
;
't
is
the
Care
of
others
Safety
;
its
Sp●rit
consists
in
Unity
of
Religion
;
its
Increase
,
Preservation
or
Ruin
depends
upon
the
Parts
of
which
it
is
compos'd
.
It
admits
of
no
Companion
;
is
expos'd
to
all
Dangers
.
In
it
more
than
any
thing
▪
Fortune
shews
her
Inconstancy
.
'T
is
liable
to
Envy
and
Emulation
;
't
is
in
more
danger
in
Prosperity
than
Adversity
;
for
then
it
lives
in
Security
,
which
creates
Pride
,
from
whence
proceeds
its
Ruin
;
when
young
't
is
weak
,
and
when
old
decrepid
;
't
is
as
much
in
danger
in
continual
Peace
as
in
War
.
It
falls
of
its
self
,
when
not
exercis'd
by
foreign
Arms
,
and
when
it
once
begins
to
fall
it
cannot
stop
it self
;
there
is
no
Interval
between
its
highest
Elevation
,
and
its
Ruin
.
Emulation
sometimes
raises
it
,
and
sometimes
oppresses
it
.
If
it
be
small
it
can't
defend
it self
,
if
great
it
can't
govern
it self
,
it
is
better
govern'd
by
Art
than
Force
;
't
is
fond
of
Novelties
though
they
are
its
bane
,
Vertue
is
its
Health
,
and
Vice
its
Sickness
.
Labour
raises
it
,
and
Idleness
is
its
Ruin
;
't
is
fortified
by
Forts
and
Alliances
,
and
establish'd
by
Laws
,
the
Magistracy
is
its
Heart
,
Counsel
its
Eyes
,
Arms
its
Hands
,
and
Riches
its
Feet
.
This
Harp
is
attended
with
a
certain
Majesty
,
which
is
a
Harmony
springing
from
the
strings
of
the
People
,
and
approv'd
by
Heaven
[
](A58845-e166730-b)1
1
1
Kings
2.
24.
.
An
Emblem
of
Power
,
and
Splendour
of
supream
Jurisdiction
;
a
certain
Force
which
draws
Authority
and
Obedience
to
it
;
the
Safeguard
and
Preservation
of
the
Government
.
Opinion
and
Fame
give
it
Life
;
Love
,
Security
;
Fear
,
Authority
;
Ostentation
,
Greatness
;
Ceremony
,
Reverence
;
Severity
,
Respect
;
Pomp
,
Esteem
;
in
Retirement
the
more
venerable
;
't
is
in
danger
of
Contempt
and
Hate
.
It
neither
bears
Equality
nor
Division
,
for
it
consists
in
Admiration
and
Unity
;
't
is
constant
in
either
Fortune
;
Respect
strengthens
it
;
Arms
and
the
Laws
maintain
it
;
it
lasts
not
in
Pride
,
nor
falls
in
Humility
▪
It
lives
by
Prudence
and
Beneficence
,
and
dies
by
Force
and
Vice
.
The
strings
of
a
Harp
are
the
People
,
which
are
naturally
monstrous
,
different
from
themselves
,
inconstant
and
various
;
govern'd
by
outward
appearances
,
without
searching
to
the
bottom
of
things
;
they
take
Counsel
of
Report
,
so
void
of
means
and
reason
,
that
they
cannot
distinguish
Truth
from
Falshood
,
always
prone
to
mischief
.
The
same
minute
of
two
contrary
Affections
,
by
which
they
are
always
guided
not
by
Reason
;
by
Violence
not
Prudence
,
by
the
shadow
not
the
reality
.
Only
to
be
tam'd
by
Punishment
.
Their
Flatteries
are
an
aukward
medly
of
Truth
and
Falsity
;
they
know
no
Medium
;
they
love
or
hate
to
Excess
;
are
extreamly
Complaisant
,
or
extreamly
Insolent
;
either
fear
or
frighten
;
and
when
they
fear
,
are
most
contemptible
.
Small
Dangers
at
hand
terrifie
them
strangely
,
but
great
ones
at
a
distance
,
they
are
unconcern'd
at
.
If
a
Servant
slavish
,
if
a
Master
haughty
;
know
not
what
Liberty
is
themselves
,
and
will
not
suffer
it
in
others
.
Bold
and
courageous
in
Words
,
but
cowardly
and
base
in
Action
.
They
rise
upon
the
least
occasion
,
and
are
soon
compos'd
.
Do
not
lead
,
but
follow
;
bear
themselves
the
same
to
all
;
are
sooner
forc'd
than
perswaded
.
In
Success
arrogant
and
impious
,
in
Adversity
timorous
and
superstitious
;
as
prone
to
Cruelty
as
Mercy
.
Equally
blind
in
their
Favours
as
their
Persecutions
;
they
abuse
Clemency
by
Licenciousness
,
and
rebel
against
strict
Discipline
;
if
they
once
shall
attack
the
Rich
,
neither
Reason
nor
Shame
will
reclaim
them
.
They
raise
and
are
fond
of
Stories
,
and
by
their
own
Credulity
enlarge
them
;
they
follow
the
Advice
of
the
many
,
not
the
wise
few
▪
they
attribute
ill
Success
to
the
Malice
of
the
Magistracy
,
and
common
Calamities
to
the
Prince's
f●ult
.
Nothing
makes
them
more
supple
and
obedient
than
Plenty
of
Provisions
,
for
upon
that
their
Care
and
Thoughts
are
fixt
.
Interest
and
Dishonour
soon
put
them
in
Commotion
.
Loaden
they
fall
,
lighten'd
they
kick
back
;
they
love
hot
and
rash
Spirits
,
and
an
ambitious
and
turbulent
way
of
Government
;
they
are
never
content
with
the
present
State
of
Affairs
,
but
are
always
greedy
of
Change
.
A
servile
Imitator
of
the
Vertues
and
Vices
of
those
in
Authority
.
They
Envy
the
Rich
and
Wealthy
,
and
plot
against
them
;
are
mighty
fond
of
Plays
and
Shews
,
nor
is
there
any
other
way
,
than
that
to
gain
their
Favour
.
Superstitious
in
Religion
,
paying
more
respect
to
the
Priests
than
their
Principles
.
These
are
the
chief
Qualities
and
Affections
of
the
Mob
.
But
a
Prince
may
be
satisfied
that
there
is
no
Community
,
or
Councel
,
though
never
so
great
and
grave
,
and
of
Select
Persons
,
in
which
there
is
not
something
of
the
vulgar
,
and
which
does
not
in
many
things
resemble
the
Popularity
?
The
Court
makes
another
part
of
the
strings
of
this
Harp
;
which
if
a
Prince
can't
touch
with
great
Prudence
and
Dexterity
,
the
whole
Harmony
of
Government
is
spoil'd
;
wherefore
that
he
many
know
to
tune
them
well
,
't
is
necessary
he
should
know
their
Nature
.
The
Court
is
presumptuous
and
inconstant
,
changing
its
Colour
,
Camelion
like
,
each
moment
according
as
the
Wind
of
Prosperity
or
Adversity
blows
;
though
it
all
speaks
one
Language
,
yet
all
don
't
alike
understand
it
;
it
Worships
and
Adores
●he
rising
Prince
,
but
slights
him
when
declining
towards
his
West
;
it
censures
and
carps
at
his
Actions
,
and
yet
imitates
them
;
it
hawks
after
his
Favour
,
with
the
Nets
of
Flattery
;
ever
bent
upon
Ambition
and
Self-interest
;
it
lives
by
Lyes
and
hates
Truth
.
Easily
swallow●
Vice
,
but
Vertue
not
without
Difficulty
;
loves
Change
and
Novelty
;
fears
every
thing
,
and
distrusts
all
.
Haughty
and
arrogant
in
Authority
,
servile
and
cringing
in
Obedience
.
Envys
even
it self
as
well
as
others
;
wonderful
cunning
and
dissembling
,
in
concealing
its
Designs
;
it
veils
its
Hatred
with
Smile
and
Ceremony
.
Praises
,
and
commends
in
publick
,
and
defames
privately
.
Is
its
own
Enemy
,
fantastical
in
its
Appearance
,
and
unperforming
in
its
Promises
.
This
Instrument
of
Government
being
known
,
and
the
Qualities
and
Sound
of
each
string
,
the
Prince
ought
to
touch
'em
with
that
Dexterity
,
that
they
may
all
sound
Harmoniously
without
jarring
;
in
which
he
ought
to
keep
time
and
measure
,
and
not
favour
one
String
more
than
another
,
in
those
which
are
to
make
the
Consort
,
and
wholly
forget
others
;
for
in
this
Instrument
of
the
Government
all
have
their
proper
Functions
,
tho'
they
are
unequal
and
easily
jarr
,
which
Discord
is
very
dangerous
,
when
he
shall
grant
too
great
Authority
to
the
Magistracy
;
or
too
much
Favour
the
Commons
,
and
slight
the
Nobility
;
or
Administer
to
some
,
and
not
to
others
;
or
confound
Offices
Military
with
Civil
,
or
does
not
well
know
to
sustain
his
Majesty
by
Authority
;
his
Kingdom
by
Love
;
the
Court
by
Gravity
;
the
Nobility
by
Honour
,
the
People
by
Plenty
Justice
by
Equality
;
the
Laws
by
Fear
;
Arms
by
Rewards
;
Power
by
Frugality
;
War
by
Riches
,
and
Peace
by
Reputation
;
every
one
of
these
Instruments
are
different
,
both
in
their
Nature
,
and
the
Disposition
of
the
Strings
,
which
are
the
Subjects
;
and
so
should
be
manag'd
and
play'd
upon
by
different
ways
,
and
a
different
hand
;
one
Kingdom
is
like
a
Harp
,
which
not
only
requires
the
softness
of
the
Fingers
ends
,
but
also
the
hardness
of
the
Nails
too
.
Another
is
more
like
an
Organ
,
which
requires
both
Hands
to
express
the
Harmony
of
the
Pipes
.
The
third
is
so
delicate
,
like
a
Guitarre
,
that
it
won't
bear
the
Fingers
,
but
must
be
touch'd
with
a
fine
Quill
,
to
make
it
exert
its
Harmony
.
A
Prince
ought
therefore
to
be
well
vers'd
in
the
Knowledge
of
these
Instruments
,
and
their
Strings
,
to
keep
'em
always
in
Tune
,
and
to
take
Care
not
to
strain
too
hard
upon
the
Notes
of
Severity
or
Avarice
(
as
St.
Chrysostom
observ'd
in
God
himself
)
[
](A58845-e166800-b)2
2
Neque
nervum
intendit
,
neque
remittit
ultra
modum
,
nè
harmi●●iae
consensum
laedat
.
Chrysost.
for
even
the
best
String
when
too
much
strain'd
,
if
it
does
not
break
,
at
least
spoils
the
Sweetness
of
the
Consort
.
EMBLEM
LXII
.
THE
ingenuous
and
industrious
Bee
cautiously
conceals
the
Art
by
which
it
makes
its
Combs
.
They
are
all
busie
,
and
none
can
find
out
their
Oeconomy
and
method
of
Government
.
And
if
any
one
more
curious
than
ordinary
shall
endeavour
to
inspect
it
,
by
means
of
a
Glass
Hive
,
they
soon
plaister
it
over
with
Wax
,
that
they
may
have
no
Spyes
,
nor
Witnesses
of
their
Domestick
Transactions
.
O
prudent
Commonwealth
,
Mistress
of
the
World
!
Thou
hadst
long
since
extended
thy
Empire
over
all
Animals
,
had
Nature
furnish'd
thee
with
Strength
equal
to
thy
Prudence
.
Let
all
others
come
to
thee
to
learn
the
importance
of
Silence
and
Secrecy
,
in
the
management
of
Affairs
;
and
the
Danger
of
discovering
the
Artifice
and
Maxims
of
Government
,
Negotiations
and
Treaties
,
Counsels
and
Resolutions
,
the
Ails
and
inward
Infirmities
of
States
;
if
Drusus
the
Tribune
had
duly
consider'd
this
Prudence
of
Bees
,
when
a
Builder
promised
him
to
make
the
Windows
of
his
house
,
so
that
no
Body
should
look
in
,
he
had
not
given
him
this
Answer
:
Rather
,
says
he
,
so
contrive
my
House
if
you
can
,
that
all
may
see
what
I
do
[
](A58845-e166880-b)1
1
Tu
vero
,
inquit
,
siquid
in
te
artis
est
,
it
a
compone
do●num
meam
,
ut
quicquid
again
,
ab
omnibus
perspici
possit
.
Vell.
Pat
lib.
2.
;
this
was
a
piece
of
Pride
of
an
open
ingenuous
Spirit
,
or
the
confidence
of
a
private
Person
,
not
of
a
publick
Minister
,
or
a
Prince
,
in
whose
▪
Court
there
should
be
some
Retirements
,
where
they
may
unseen
treat
and
deliberate
of
Affairs
.
Counsel
is
like
a
Mystery
,
to
be
communicated
but
to
few
[
](A58845-e166900-b)2
2
Judith
.
2.
2.
.
Ancient
Rome
erected
Altars
to
the
God
(
whom
they
called
Consus
)
who
presided
over
Counsels
,
but
they
were
Subterraneous
ones
,
to
intimate
,
that
Counsels
ought
to
be
private
;
by
the
benefit
of
which
Secrecy
it
grew
to
that
Greatness
,
and
maintain'd
it self
so
long
;
For
Silence
is
the
best
and
strongest
Bond
of
Government
[
](A58845-e166940-b)3
3
Taciturnitas
optimum
atque
tutissimum
rerum
administrandarum
Vinculum
Val.
Max.
l.
2.
c.
2.
.
Their
Senate
was
so
close
and
trusty
,
that
never
any
of
their
Debates
were
publish'd
;
there
was
not
one
for
many
Ages
who
discover'd
'em
.
They
had
all
Ears
to
hear
,
but
none
Tongues
to
divulge
.
I
question
whether
the
same
may
be
said
of
present
Governments
.
That
which
was
yesterday
debat'd
in
Council
,
is
to
day
the
Subject
of
Womens
Chat
;
who
with
ease
(
notwithstanding
the
Prophet
Micah
,
[
](A58845-e166970-b)4
4
Micah
.
7.
5.
coaks
them
out
of
their
Husbands
,
and
so
tell
'em
again
to
others
;
as
it
was
in
that
Secret
,
which
M●ximus
told
his
Wife
Marti●
[
](A58845-e167000-b)5
5
Quod
Maximum
uxori
Martlae
aperuisse
,
illam
Liviae
.
Tac.
1.
ann
.
,
and
she
to
Livia
.
By
these
Channels
,
those
Secrets
soon
come
to
the
Ears
of
foreign
Ambassadours
,
whose
inquisitiveness
nothing
scapes
.
They
are
publick
Spies
,
and
Plummets
that
always
search
the
bottom
;
prudent
are
those
Governments
,
which
allow
them
not
continual
Residence
.
They
are
more
prejudicial
,
than
beneficial
to
the
publick
Peace
,
and
they
oft'ner
breed
Disturbances
than
promote
Tranquility
.
They
are
ever
making
Glass
Hives
,
that
they
may
treacherously
inspect
the
Deliberations
of
Councils
.
Let
a
Prince
therefore
attentively
indeavour
to
stop
all
those
Crevises
,
through
which
inquisitive
Curiosity
may
pry
into
his
Concerns
.
For
if
any
Enemy
penetrates
them
,
he
easily
prevents
and
frustrates
them
.
As
Germanicus
did
,
who
understood
all
the
Designs
of
his
Enemies
[
](A58845-e167040-b)6
6
Nihil
ex
iis
Caesari
incognitum
;
consilia
,
locos
,
prompta
multa
noverat
,
astusque
hostium
in
perniciem
ipsis
vertebat
.
Tac.
2.
ann
.
.
This
was
the
Reason
of
the
Advice
which
Sallust
gave
Livia
,
that
the
Secrets
of
the
Family
,
nor
the
Counsels
of
Friends
,
nor
the
Ministery
of
the
Militia
,
should
by
no
means
be
divulg'd
[
](A58845-e167080-b)7
7
Ni
arcana
domus
,
ne
consilia
amicorum
,
ne
ministeri●
militum
vulgarentur
.
Tac.
1.
ann
.
.
Sampson
in
discovering
wherein
his
Strength
lay
to
Dali●h
[
](A58845-e167120-b)8
8
Jud.
16.
●
,
gave
his
Enemies
opportunity
of
robbing
him
of
it
[
](A58845-e167130-b)9
9
Ibid.
.
Private
Designs
strike
a
Fear
upon
all
,
and
create
a
Veneration
for
the
Prince
;
and
though
at
first
they
are
not
well
grounded
,
yet
may
a
prudent
Judgment
afterwards
find
means
to
make
them
Successful
.
The
Respect
and
Esteem
which
we
have
for
Princes
and
Common-wealths
,
would
all
be
lost
,
if
their
private
Consultations
were
made
publick
.
They
are
carv'd
Gyants
,
which
seem
tall
and
vast
to
the
Eye
,
and
which
frighten
more
than
hurt
,
but
if
that
Fear
shall
approach
nearer
,
't
will
find
them
govern'd
and
fram'd
by
Men
of
no
higher
Statu●e
than
themselves
.
States
which
are
close
in
their
Counsels
,
and
Actions
are
respected
,
but
otherwise
despis'd
by
all
[
](A58845-e167140-b)10
10
Prov.
20.
5.
.
How
smooth
and
pleasant
does
a
deep
River
glide
along
;
and
how
rough
and
uncouth
that
,
which
discovers
the
Pebbles
and
Weeds
at
the
bottom
!
None
dare
wade
that
,
but
this
every
one
skips
over
.
Those
things
which
Opinion
magnifies
,
the
Eye
shews
less
.
Reverence
proceeds
from
distance
[
](A58845-e167150-b)11
11
Major
è
longinquis
reverentia
.
Tac.
1.
ann
.
.
For
this
Reason
,
God
when
he
conferr'd
with
Moses
upon
Mount
Sinai
,
about
the
Laws
and
Government
of
his
People
,
he
veil'd
its
Top
not
only
with
Fire
,
but
also
with
a
thick
Cloud
[
](A58845-e167190-b)12
12
Exod.
19.
6.
,
least
any
one
should
treacherously
observe
them
;
he
also
Commanded
upon
pain
of
Death
,
that
none
should
approach
the
very
Foot
of
the
Mountain
[
](A58845-e167200-b)13
13
Exod
19.
12.
.
If
God
himself
,
is
so
cautious
in
his
Commands
and
Consultations
,
what
then
should
Man
be
,
whose
wisest
Counsels
are
Ignorance
?
When
their
Resolutions
are
publish'd
in
due
time
,
they
seem
elaborate
and
compos'd
with
profound
Judgment
;
they
shew
the
Majesty
and
Prudence
of
the
Prince
,
and
we
believe
there
are
Reasons
and
Considerations
which
we
can't
comprehend
;
nay
we
many
times
imagine
some
,
that
the
Ministers
never
so
much
as
thought
of
.
But
if
we
were
to
hear
the
Debates
,
Grounds
,
and
Reasons
of
their
Resolves
,
we
should
perhaps
deservedly
ridicule
them
.
As
upon
the
Stage
the
Actors
appear
,
Gay
and
Splendid
,
and
move
the
Respect
of
all
;
but
behind
the
Scenes
is
despicable
Misery
and
Confusion
.
'T
is
yet
more
dangerous
to
entrust
the
Mysteries
of
Government
to
Foreigners
,
these
King
Henry
II.
ever
suspected
[
](A58845-e167220-b)*
*
L.
4.
tit.
3.
lib.
1.
Re●op
.
.
And
though
perhaps
many
would
be
true
,
yet
the
safest
way
is
,
not
to
admit
any
of
'em
to
the
management
of
Affairs
,
especially
those
of
the
Treasury
;
chiefly
when
they
are
not
Subjects
,
or
of
equal
Capacity
.
Least
they
should
dive
into
the
Maxims
of
the
Government
[
](A58845-e167230-b)14
14
N●
ali●ni
Regni
,
quod
non
convenit
,
scrutentur
arcana
.
L.
M●rcato●es
C
de
Commer
.
;
't
is
our
unhappy
Temper
to
slight
and
contemn
our
own
,
and
admire
all
foreign
Commodities
.
We
think
there
is
no
Courage
,
Knowledge
,
or
Prudence
but
is
imported
,
not
regarding
the
Advice
of
the
Holy
Spirit
:
Admit
not
a
Stranger
within
thy
Door
,
for
he
will
raise
a
Whirlwind
against
thee
,
and
at
last
turn
thee
out
of
thy
own
Dwelling
.
If
a
Prince
would
have
his
Counsels
kept
secret
and
close
,
let
him
himself
set
a
good
Example
of
Prudence
and
Taciturnity
.
Let
him
imitate
Q.
M●tellus
,
who
we
are
told
us'd
to
say
,
That
if
his
Shirt
knew
his
Thoughts
,
he
would
order
it
to
be
burnt
.
Let
him
diligently
endeavour
to
conceal
his
Mind
;
for
he
who
is
Master
of
his
Thoughts
,
has
already
the
main
Instrument
of
Government
.
This
Tiberius
knew
,
who
even
in
Matters
which
he
had
no
Design
to
conceal
,
either
naturally
,
or
through
use
,
always
spoke
intricately
and
obscurely
;
but
then
most
of
all
,
when
't
was
discours'd
of
his
succeeding
Augustus
[
](A58845-e167290-b)15
15
Tib●rioque
etiam
in
rebus
,
quas
non
occuleret
,
seu
natura
,
sive
adsuetudine
suspensa
semper
,
obscur●
semper
:
tunc
vero
nitenti
ut
sensus
suos
abderet
Tac.
1.
ann
.
.
Secrets
are
not
to
be
communicated
to
all
Ministers
,
though
they
are
never
so
faithful
;
but
only
to
those
to
whom
they
some
way
belong
,
or
those
from
whom
they
can't
be
conceal'd
without
greater
Damage
.
Christ
when
he
desir'd
to
have
one
of
his
Miracles
private
,
made
only
three
of
his
Apostles
privy
to
it
,
thinking
it
not
safe
to
intrust
it
to
them
all
[
](A58845-e167310-b)16
16
Luk.
8.
51.
.
The
keeping
of
a
Secret
requires
great
Care
;
for
though
we
can
be
Silence
,
yet
it
is
not
in
our
Power
to
Command
the
interiour
Passions
[
](A58845-e167320-b)17
17
Si
tam
in
nostra
potestate
esset
oblivisci
quam
tacere
.
Tac.
in
vit.
Agric.
,
or
to
suppress
that
quick
Motion
of
the
Blood
,
which
betrays
the
Secrets
of
the
heart
,
by
the
Face
and
Eyes
[
](A58845-e167340-b)18
18
Psal.
54.
16.
.
The
Mind
being
like
the
finest
Paper
,
which
discovers
on
the
other
side
what
is
written
within
;
so
Britannicus's
Death
appear'd
in
Agrippina's
Face
,
though
she
did
what
she
could
to
stifle
it
[
](A58845-e167370-b)19
19
At
Agrippinae
is
Pavor
,
ea
consternatio
mentis
▪
quamvis
vultu
premeretur
emi●uit
.
Tac.
13.
ann
.
.
Augustus
and
Tiberius
knew
this
,
and
because
they
doubted
they
could
not
enough
dissemble
their
Joy
for
Germanicus
his
Death
,
durst
not
appear
in
publick
[
](A58845-e167420-b)20
20
Anne
omnium
oculis
vultum
eorum
scrutantibus
salli
inteliigerentur
.
Tac.
3.
ann
.
.
The
Tongue
is
not
the
only
blabb
of
the
Secrets
of
the
Heart
;
Man
has
many
as
great
Tell-tales
as
that
about
him
;
as
Love
,
which
being
a
Fire
gives
light
to
,
and
discovers
the
darkest
Designs
:
Anger
which
froths
and
boils
over
;
fear
of
Punishment
;
violence
of
Sorrow
;
Self-interest
,
Honour
or
Infamy
;
Vain-glory
of
our
own
Thoughts
,
which
prompts
us
to
disclose
them
before
they
are
put
into
Execution
.
In
short
,
the
weakness
of
the
Mind
,
either
from
Wine
,
or
any
other
Accident
.
No
caution
can
deceive
these
natural
Spies
.
Nay
,
the
more
Care
is
taken
to
blind
them
,
the
sooner
they
discover
the
Secret
.
As
it
befel
Sevinus
in
a
Conspiracy
,
which
he
was
concern'd
in
,
who
discover'd
his
Care
and
Concern
through
all
his
pretended
Joy
[
](A58845-e167450-b)21
21
Atque
ipse
moestus
&
magnae
cogitationis
manisestus
erat
,
quamvis
laetitiam
vagis
sermonibus
simularet
.
Tac.
1●
.
ann
.
,
and
though
long
use
may
in
time
correct
Nature
,
and
make
it
more
retentive
,
as
Octavia
,
who
though
very
young
could
hide
her
Grief
and
other
Affections
[
](A58845-e167480-b)22
22
Octavia
quoque
quamvis
rudibus
annis
omnes
affectus
abscondere
didicerat
.
Tac.
13.
ann
.
;
and
Nero
who
beside
his
natural
Propensity
▪
had
almost
an
acquir'd
Faculty
of
disguising
his
Hate
with
false
Flatteries
[
](A58845-e167510-b)23
23
Factus
Natura
,
&
consuetudine
exercitu●
,
vel●re
odium
fallacibus
blanditiis
.
Tac.
14.
ann
.
;
yet
Art
can't
be
so
vigilant
and
attentive
,
as
not
sometimes
to
forget
it self
,
and
give
Nature
its
free
Course
,
especially
when
urg'd
and
provok'd
by
designing
Malice
;
which
is
done
many
ways
,
which
I
will
here
describe
,
that
the
Prince
may
beware
of
them
,
and
not
suffer
any
one
to
fathom
his
private
Sentiments
.
Malice
then
sometimes
touches
the
peccant
Humour
,
that
it
may
exert
and
declare
it self
[
](A58845-e167540-b)24
24
Eccles.
22.
24.
.
So
Sejanus
Egg'd
on
Agrippina's
Relations
to
incense
her
haughty
Spirit
,
that
she
might
be
urg'd
to
discover
her
desire
of
Reigning
,
and
so
give
Tiberius
occasion
to
suspect
her
[
](A58845-e167580-b)25
25
Agrippinae
quoque
proximi
inliciebantur
pravis
sermonibus
tumidos
Spiritus
perstimulare
.
Tac.
4.
ann
.
.
Injuries
and
Affronts
also
do
the
same
,
being
the
Keys
of
the
Heart
.
As
close
and
reserv'd
as
Tiberius
was
in
his
Thoughts
,
he
could
not
contain
himself
when
Agrippina
affronted
him
[
](A58845-e167630-b)26
26
Audita
haec
raram
occulti
pectoris
vocem
elicuit
correptamque
Graeco
versu
admonuit
,
ideo
laedi
quia
non
regnaret
.
Tac.
4.
ann
.
.
He
who
concealing
his
real
Sentiments
pretends
contrary
ones
,
will
soon
discover
peoples
thoughts
of
them
;
with
which
Artifice
the
Emperour
Tiberius
us'd
to
fathom
the
Thoughts
of
the
Senate
,
making
a
shew
as
if
he
would
not
accept
of
the
Empire
[
](A58845-e167670-b)27
27
Postea
cognitum
est
ad
introspiciendas
etiam
procerum
v●luntates
,
inductam
dubita●ionem
.
Tac.
1.
ann
.
.
There
is
yet
another
piece
of
Cunning
,
which
insinuates
〈…〉
or
discommending
that
,
〈…〉
bottom
of
,
〈…〉
be
of
the
Party
to
gain
Credit
,
and
induce
the
other
to
disclose
his
Sentiments
.
This
way
Latiaris
by
commending
Germanicus
,
pitying
Agrippina's
misfortune
,
and
accusing
Sejanus
,
so
ingratiated
himself
with
Sabinus
,
that
he
discover'd
to
him
his
Aversion
to
Sejanus
[
](A58845-e167760-b)28
28
Tac.
4.
ann.
.
Many
Questions
ask'd
at
a
time
,
are
like
so
many
Bullets
discharged
at
once
,
which
no
Caution
can
avoid
,
and
which
disarm
the
most
retentive
Breast
;
as
were
those
of
Tiberius
,
to
Piso's
Son
[
](A58845-e167800-b)29
29
Crebris
interrogationibus
exquirit
,
qualem
Piso
diem
supre●●●
Noctemque
exegisset
,
atque
illo
pleraque
sapientèr
,
quaedam
inconsultius
resp●●dente
.
Tac.
3.
ann
.
;
the
Mind
is
also
confounded
by
sudden
and
unexpected
Questions
;
as
Tiberius
on●●
found
,
by
those
of
Asinius
Gallus
[
](A58845-e167840-b)30
30
Perculsus
improvisa
interrogatione
paululum
reticuit
.
Tac.
1.
ann
.
,
when
though
he
had
taken
time
to
answer
,
yet
he
could
not
hide
his
Concern
so
,
but
that
Afinius
took
notice
of
it
[
](A58845-e167870-b)31
31
Etenim
Vultu
offensionem
conjectaverat
.
Ibid.
.
The
Authority
of
the
Prince
,
and
the
Veneration
due
to
Majesty
,
are
means
to
discover
Truth
,
and
sometimes
more
than
Truth
;
as
Tiberius
found
,
as
often
as
he
examin'd
the
Criminals
himself
[
](A58845-e167910-b)32
32
Non
temperante
Tiberio
quin
premeret
voce
;
Vultu
,
●ò
quod
ipse
●reberrimè
interrogabat
:
neque
▪
refellere
aut
eludere
dabatur
;
ac
saepe
etiam
confitendum
erat
nè
frustra
quesivisset
.
Tac.
3.
ann
.
.
By
Discourse
and
Talk
,
which
some
can
promote
with
great
Dexterity
,
the
Mind
is
discover'd
;
as
by
joyning
the
several
pieces
of
a
torn
Letter
,
you
may
read
the
Sence
of
it
,
and
by
this
method
the
Conspirators
against
Nero
,
knew
that
Fenius
Rufus
was
of
their
Party
[
](A58845-e167960-b)33
33
Crebr●
ipsius
sermne
fact●
fides
.
Tac.
15.
ann
.
.
From
all
which
a
Prince
may
inferr
,
how
difficult
a
matter
't
is
to
keep
a
Secret
,
and
if
it
is
safe
within
our
own
Breasts
,
it
is
much
less
so
,
when
committed
to
others
;
wherefore
it
should
without
absolute
necessity
be
entrusted
to
none
;
't
is
like
a
Mine
,
which
if
it
has
too
many
Vents
the
force
of
the
Powder
is
lost
,
and
it
proves
ineffectual
,
but
if
there
is
a
necessity
of
a
Prince's
communicating
his
Secrets
to
his
Ministers
,
and
he
seeing
'em
divulg'd
would
know
by
whom
,
let
him
feign
several
important
Secrets
,
and
commit
one
to
each
,
and
by
that
which
he
hears
of
first
,
he
will
find
who
was
Tardy
before
.
Let
not
these
Cautions
seem
frivolous
for
from
very
small
Causes
,
great
Commotions
often
proceed
[
](A58845-e167990-b)34
34
Tac.
4.
ann.
.
The
most
Potent
Empires
are
in
danger
of
being
sapp'd
by
the
Sea
,
if
its
Curiosity
could
find
but
the
least
Chink
to
enter
at
When
this
Worm
has
once
found
the
Root
of
the
Secret
,
it
soon
brings
the
tallest
Tree
to
the
ground
.
EMBLEM
LXIII
.
IN
all
Affairs
the
Beginnings
and
Ends
ought
mutually
to
correspond
;
the
Form
should
be
perfect
,
and
not
easily
to
be
chang'd
.
The
Potter
does
not
give
his
Wheel
so
much
Liberty
,
nor
use
his
hand
so
carelesly
,
as
to
form
a
different
Pot
from
what
he
began
.
Let
any
undertaking
be
uniform
and
agreeable
to
its
self
.
[
](A58845-e168060-b)*
*
Ld.
Roscom
.
Hor.
Art
Poet.
When
you
begin
with
so
much
Pomp
and
Shew
,
Why
is
the
End
so
little
and
so
low
?
Be
what
you
will
,
so
you
be
still
the
same
.
There
is
nothing
more
pernicious
than
this
,
inequality
of
Actions
and
Government
,
when
the
Beginnings
don't
answer
the
Ends.
He
makes
himself
ridiculous
to
all
,
who
begins
his
Reign
with
Care
and
Diligence
,
and
afterwards
grows
negligent
and
careless
.
It
had
been
better
always
to
have
kept
the
same
Pace
though
dull
and
slow
,
the
Commendation
which
the
beginning
of
his
Reign
merited
accuses
the
end
.
Galba
lost
his
Reputation
,
for
that
,
at
the
beginning
of
his
Empire
he
promis'd
to
reform
the
Militia
,
and
afterwards
admitted
Persons
wholly
desertless
[
](A58845-e168110-b)1
1
Nec
enim
ad
hanc
forman
caetera
erant
.
Tac.
1.
ann
.
.
Many
Princes
seem
very
good
,
and
are
very
bad
.
Many
Talk
and
Discourse
prudently
,
and
Act
without
Discretion
.
Others
promise
much
,
and
perform
little
;
some
are
very
valiant
in
Peace
,
and
mere
Cowards
in
War
;
others
undertake
every
thing
and
do
nothing
.
This
Disagreement
is
much
below
the
Majesty
of
a
Prince
,
in
whom
a
firm
Constancy
should
appear
in
all
his
Words
and
Actions
.
The
People
can
never
be
firm
in
their
Obedience
to
a
Prince
,
who
staggers
thus
himself
.
Wherefore
he
should
attentively
consider
,
before
he
concludes
any
thing
,
whether
in
the
Executions
of
his
Counsels
,
the
middle
will
be
answerable
to
the
Beginning
and
End
;
as
Godfrey
advises
.
Let
him
who
does
at
great
Begin●●●g●●m
,
[
](A58845-e168160-b)*
*
Tass.
cant
.
1.
Make
the
Thread
even
;
and
both
Ends
the
same
.
The
Web
of
Government
,
tho'
never
so
finely
wrought
,
cannot
be
good
and
strong
unless
it
be
even
.
Nor
is
it
sufficient
to
know
,
how
to
enter
upon
an
Affair
,
but
't
is
expedient
too
,
to
know
how
to
end
it
.
By
the
Head
and
Stern
of
a
Ship
,
the
Ancients
represented
perfect
Counsel
,
duly
weigh'd
from
the
beginning
to
the
end
[
](A58845-e168190-b)2
2
Mihi
prora
&
puppis
,
ut
Gr●ecorum
proverbium
est
,
fuit
à
me
tui
dimittendi
ut
rationes
meas
explicares
;
Prora
itaque
&
Pupp●
summam
consilii
nostri
significamus
;
propterea
quod
à
prora
&
puppi
,
tanquam
à
capite
,
&
calce
pendeat
totan●vis
.
Cicero
.
.
Whence
I
took
the
Figure
of
this
present
Emblem
,
representing
prudent
Counsel
,
careful
of
its
Beginning
and
End
;
by
a
Ship
moored
between
two
Anchors
,
one
a
Head
,
and
the
other
a
Stern
,
to
preserve
it
from
the
violence
of
Tempests
;
only
one
at
the
Bow
would
be
of
small
effect
,
if
the
Wind
blowing
hard
a
Stern
,
should
drive
her
upon
the
Rocks
.
There
are
three
things
requisite
in
Resolutions
,
Prudence
to
deliberate
,
Diligence
to
dispose
,
and
Constancy
to
proceed
.
All
the
heat
and
toil
about
the
beginning
of
Affairs
would
be
insignificant
,
if
(
as
it
usually
is
)
we
are
careless
about
the
end
[
](A58845-e168220-b)3
3
Acribus
ut
ferme
tali●
initiis
,
incuri●so
fine
.
Tac.
1.
ann
.
;
't
is
at
each
end
that
Prudence
ought
to
cast
Anchor
.
But
since
Prudence
only
regards
things
present
and
past
,
not
future
,
upon
which
all
Affairs
depend
;
't
is
necessary
by
Discourse
and
Reason
,
to
conjecture
and
foresee
what
such
and
such
means
should
produce
;
to
make
use
of
Deliberation
and
Counsel
;
which
are
as
the
Wise
Alphonso
says
,
The
best
Foresight
a
Man
can
have
in
dubious
Matters
.
And
in
those
there
's
three
things
to
be
consider'd
,
the
Probability
,
Justice
,
and
Profit
of
the
thing
propos'd
;
and
also
the
Capacity
and
Experience
of
the
Minister
,
who
gives
the
Counsels
;
whether
he
be
moved
by
Interest
or
private
Ends
;
whether
he
offers
himself
to
the
Danger
,
what
are
the
Difficulties
of
the
Enterprize
,
and
upon
whom
the
Blame
and
Honour
of
the
event
will
fall
[
](A58845-e168260-b)4
4
Omnes
qui
Magnarum
rerum
consilia
suscipiunt
,
astimare
debent
,
an
quod
inchoatur
Reip.
utile
,
ipsis
glorios●m
.
aut
pr●mptum
effectu
,
aut
certè
non
●rduum
sit
,
simul
ipse
qui
●uadet
considerandus
est
adjiciatne
consilio
periculum
suum
:
Et
si
fortuna
coeptis
fuerit
cu●
s●mmum
decus
acquiratur
.
Tac.
2.
Hist.
.
These
Cautions
premis'd
,
and
the
Matter
stated
,
such
means
ought
to
be
applys'd
,
as
are
conformable
to
the
above
mentioned
Qualities
;
for
nothing
will
be
just
and
beneficial
,
which
shall
be
attain'd
by
indirect
or
extravagant
means
:
In
this
also
should
be
consider'd
,
four
Distinctions
of
time
,
which
occur
in
all
Affairs
,
but
especially
in
Diseases
of
States
,
as
well
as
those
of
humane
Bodies
,
and
these
are
the
Beginning
,
the
Growth
,
or
Progress
,
the
Consistence
,
and
Declension
;
by
which
,
and
a
timely
Application
of
proper
means
,
the
desir'd
End
is
easily
obtain'd
;
as
on
the
contrary
,
by
transposing
these
Methods
,
't
is
retarded
;
〈◊〉
the
Course
of
a
Ship
would
be
,
if
the
Rudder
were
chang'd
to
the
Head
;
the
Art
consists
in
selecting
means
proper
to
the
Ends
design'd
,
using
sometimes
these
,
and
sometimes
tho●●
those
being
not
less
useful
and
assistant
which
are
omitted
than
those
which
are
apply'd
;
as
in
a
Consort
of
Voices
,
where
some
cease
while
others
Sing
,
and
yet
all
equally
make
the
Harmony
.
Affairs
will
not
move
of
themselves
,
tho
their
good
Disposition
,
and
Justice
,
or
common
Interest
seem
to
drive
'em
,
and
if
not
guided
by
Judgment
,
they
certainly
miscarry
[
](A58845-e168280-b)5
5
Nam
saepe
honest●s
rerum
causas
,
ni
judicium
adhibeas
,
pernic●●●
exitus
c●nsequuntur
.
Tac.
1.
Hist
;
few
Princes
would
Err
,
if
they
govern'd
with
Assiduity
and
Circumspection
;
but
either
they
tire
,
or
else
despise
these
Arts
,
and
will
obstinately
accomplish
their
Designs
by
their
own
methods
.
This
is
the
way
of
stubborn
Ignorance
,
but
Prudence
uses
other
means
.
What
Force
can't
subdue
,
is
easily
obtained
by
Dexterity
,
adapted
to
time
and
circumstance
.
So
Caecinus
,
when
he
could
neither
by
Prayers
,
nor
by
Threats
stop
the
Flight
of
the
German
Legions
possess'd
by
a
vain
Fear
,
he
at
last
threw
himself
in
the
Gate
way
,
and
by
the
Horror
,
they
conceiv'd
of
trampling
over
their
Generals
Body
,
stopt
them
[
](A58845-e168320-b)6
6
Projectus
in
limine
portae
,
miseratione
demum
,
quia
per
corpus
Legati
eundum
erat
,
clausit
viam
.
Tac.
2.
an
.
.
The
same
thing
Pompey
did
in
another
Case
;
one
single
word
spoken
to
Purpose
has
gained
the
Victory
.
Ferdinando
Gonsalez
Count
of
Castile
,
having
drawn
up
his
Army
against
the
Moors
,
a
certain
Person
putting
Spurs
to
his
Horse
,
rode
out
of
his
Rank
towards
the
Enemy
,
and
immediately
the
Earth
open'd
and
swallow'd
him
,
the
whole
Army
was
in
a
Consternation
at
it
,
but
the
Count
turning
to
'em
:
Courage
Gentlemen
,
says
he
,
If
the
Earth
can't
bear
us
,
much
less
will
our
Enemies
,
and
instantly
joyning
Battle
he
gain'd
the
Victory
.
That
which
happen'd
at
the
Battle
of
Cirniola
is
not
less
remarkable
;
an
Italian
thinking
the
Spaniards
were
routed
,
set
Fire
to
two
Waggons
of
Powder
,
the
great
Captain
Gonsalvo
readily
and
cheerfully
animated
them
with
these
words
:
Courage
my
Friends
,
these
are
the
Bone-Fires
for
our
Victory
;
which
the
Event
prov'd
[
](A58845-e168440-b)*
*
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
;
so
much
it
imports
a
Minister
to
have
a
quick
ready
Wit
,
and
address
to
make
use
of
Opportunities
,
and
by
proper
means
to
turn
Misfortunes
to
his
Advantage
.
If
after
the
Election
of
good
Ministers
,
and
the
Application
of
proper
means
,
Events
don't
answer
the
Prince's
Desire
,
let
him
not
be
discouraged
,
but
rather
shew
his
Constancy
;
for
Resolutions
should
not
be
measur'd
by
Chance
,
but
Prudence
.
Casualties
which
can't
be
foreseen
,
or
prevented
,
accuse
not
the
Action
;
and
to
blame
a
Man
for
doing
his
endeavour
is
Impudence
.
This
usually
befalls
Princes
,
who
either
want
Judgment
or
Courage
;
who
being
oppress'd
by
ill
Success
,
and
as
it
were
beside
themselves
,
give
themselves
up
to
Melancholy
,
and
lose
that
time
in
vain
Reflections
upon
what
has
happen'd
,
which
should
be
imploy'd
in
remedying
it
,
quarrelling
with
themselves
,
that
they
did
not
take
another
method
[
](A58845-e168460-b)7
7
Eccles.
22.
24.
;
and
laying
all
the
Fault
upon
him
who
was
the
Author
of
this
,
not
considering
whether
't
was
grounded
upon
Reason
or
no.
Whence
't
is
that
Ministers
are
afraid
of
declaring
their
Opinions
,
and
let
slip
many
Opportunities
,
without
advertising
the
Prince
thereof
,
for
fear
of
exposing
their
Favour
and
Reputation
to
the
uncertainty
of
Casualties
.
These
Inconveniences
a
Prince
ought
most
industriously
to
avoid
,
by
persisting
constant
in
Adversity
,
and
excusing
their
Ministers
,
when
they
are
not
notoriously
to
blame
,
that
they
may
more
readily
and
couragiously
assist
him
in
overcoming
them
.
And
tho'
there
are
palpable
Errours
in
some
Resolves
and
Executions
,
yet
he
ought
to
bear
it
calmly
;
for
what
is
once
done
,
as
we
say
,
can't
be
undone
▪
we
ought
to
reflect
upon
past
Actions
,
for
Instruction
not
Affliction
;
it
requires
as
much
Courage
,
to
pass
by
Faults
,
as
to
encounter
Dangers
;
there
is
no
Empire
free
from
'em
.
He
who
is
too
timorous
cannot
resolve
,
and
oftentimes
Irresolution
is
worse
than
Errour
it self
.
Business
requires
a
quick
and
ready
Genius
;
if
each
particular
should
take
up
his
whole
time
,
many
must
of
necessity
be
neglected
,
to
the
utmost
Detriment
of
the
Parties
concern'd
,
and
of
the
Government
in
general
.
EMBLEM
LXIV
.
THE
Ancients
in
War
made
use
of
certain
Chariots
arm'd
with
Scythes
,
which
mov'd
and
executed
at
the
same
time
;
the
Wheels
and
Scythes
being
both
govern'd
by
the
same
Motion
;
those
were
no
sooner
whirl'd
about
,
but
these
did
Execution
,
with
equal
Speed
and
Effect
,
and
are
therefore
in
the
present
Figure
,
the
Emblem
of
speedy
Execution
;
as
those
fiery
Wheels
in
the
Throne
of
God
,
signified
the
Activity
of
his
Power
,
and
the
Quickness
of
his
Operation
[
](A58845-e168510-b)1
1
Dan.
7.
9.
.
Let
Prudence
(
as
we
said
before
)
chuse
a
fit
time
for
Consultation
,
but
let
its
Resolves
,
and
Executions
have
such
a
mutual
Correspondence
,
as
they
may
both
seem
to
move
together
,
without
any
interpos'd
Delay
.
For
Consultation
and
Execution
should
joyn
hands
,
that
they
may
assist
each
other
in
the
Production
of
the
desir'd
Effects
[
](A58845-e168520-b)2
2
Priusquam
incipias
,
censulito
,
&
ubi
cons●lueris
mature
facto
opus
●st
:
ita
utrumque
per
se
indigens
alter
al●●●ius
auxilio
viget
.
Sallust
.
.
The
Emperour
Charles
V.
us'd
to
say
,
That
delay
was
the
Soul
of
Counsel
,
and
speed
that
of
Execution
,
and
that
both
joyn'd
together
were
the
Quintessence
of
a
Princes
Prudence
.
King
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
had
not
been
so
successful
in
his
undertakings
,
had
he
not
maturely
weigh'd
,
and
speedily
executed
his
Resolutions
.
Were
a
Prince
indued
with
both
these
Vertues
,
he
would
never
want
Success
,
which
is
ever
the
Daughter
of
opportunity
,
which
once
past
is
not
to
be
recall'd
.
One
minute
brings
us
great
Advantage
,
or
great
Detriment
,
wherefore
Demosthenes
blam'd
the
Athenians
,
for
spending
too
much
time
in
Preparations
,
saying
that
Opportunities
would
not
wait
their
Delays
.
If
the
Counsel
be
advantageous
,
that
time
which
is
spent
in
Delay
deducts
from
its
Advantage
.
There
is
no
room
for
Delay
in
Counsels
which
are
not
valuable
,
but
in
their
Effects
[
](A58845-e168580-b)3
3
Nullus
cun●●ationi
〈◊〉
est
in
eo
co●●●lie
,
quod
non
p●test
laudari
,
nisi
peractum
,
Tac.
1.
Hist
.
Counsel
is
an
Embryo
,
and
unless
Execution
which
is
the
Soul
thereof
gives
it
Life
,
it
dies
.
'T
is
the
Product
of
the
Understanding
,
and
an
Act
of
practick
Prudence
,
which
if
it
exert
not
it self
but
remains
in
Contemplation
,
't
is
nothing
but
a
vain
Imagination
and
Fancy
.
Resolution
,
says
Aristotle
,
should
be
executed
with
haste
,
but
deliberated
with
leisure
.
Iames
I.
King
of
England
,
advised
his
Son
to
be
prudent
and
cautious
in
his
Deliberations
,
firm
and
constant
,
in
his
Resolutions
,
and
prompt
and
resolute
in
his
Executions
;
for
that
,
for
this
last
Nature
had
supplyed
the
Hands
and
Feet
with
so
many
Joynts
and
such
ready
Motion
.
Delay
is
base
and
mean
▪
but
speed
great
and
Royal.
[
](A58845-e168640-b)4
4
Barbaris
〈…〉
;
statim
exequi
regium
videtur
▪
Tac.
6
ann
.
.
This
Vice
of
Delay
is
very
frequent
in
great
Kingdoms
,
and
proceeds
from
their
too
great
Confidence
of
their
Power
,
as
was
visible
in
the
Emperour
Otho
[
](A58845-e168670-b)5
5
Quo
plus
virium
ac
roboris
,
è
fiducia
tarditas
inerat
,
Tac.
2.
Hist
.
As
also
from
the
unweildiness
of
the
Wheels
,
upon
which
its
Grandeur
is
carry'd
,
and
least
the
Prince
should
run
the
Risque
of
losing
what
he
already
has
,
he
lives
content
within
the
Bounds
of
his
own
Empire
.
That
which
is
really
Laziness
and
Sloth
is
call'd
Wisdom
,
as
was
that
of
the
Emperour
Galba
[
](A58845-e168700-b)6
6
Et
motus
temporum
obtinuit
,
ut
quod
segnities
erat
,
sapienti●
voca●etur
.
Tac.
1.
Hist
.
Empires
in
their
Infancy
acquire
Strength
and
Vigour
by
dispatch
,
whilst
the
Blood
boyls
,
and
the
Spirits
of
Glory
and
Ambition
are
active
.
The
Roman
State
throve
by
Action
and
Bravery
,
not
by
those
Dilatory
Counsels
which
Cowards
call
Cautions
[
](A58845-e168730-b)7
7
Agendo
,
audendoque
res
Romana
crevit
,
〈◊〉
hic
signibus
consiliis
,
quae
timidi
●●uta
voc●nt
.
Tit.
Liv.
.
But
after
they
are
at
their
full
growth
,
their
very
Majesty
and
Authority
supports
'em
long
,
though
that
Vigour
and
heat
of
Glory
,
and
Ambition
be
extinguish'd
,
as
the
Sea
keeps
its
Motion
for
a
considerable
time
after
the
Wind
ceases
.
When
therefore
Empires
are
in
this
Vigour
,
I
don't
so
much
disapprove
of
these
tedious
Deliberations
.
For
so
they
gain
more
time
to
enjoy
quietly
what
they
have
gotten
:
too
speedy
Resolutions
being
often
attended
with
Danger
.
In
this
Sence
that
of
Tacitus
is
to
be
understood
,
that
Power
is
better
preserv'd
by
cautious
than
rash
Counsels
[
](A58845-e168760-b)8
8
Potenti●●
cautis
,
quam
acrioribus
consiliis
tutius
haberi
.
Tac.
11.
ann
.
.
But
when
this
Age
decays
,
and
the
Esteem
and
Authority
of
the
Empire
begins
to
Flag
,
other
methods
ought
to
be
us'd
,
Counsels
should
be
speedy
,
and
other
means
apply'd
to
recover
its
former
Vigour
,
before
decrepid
old
Age
comes
on
,
and
renders
it
irrecoverable
;
this
difference
of
Ages
is
not
considerable
in
small
States
,
but
they
should
always
be
ready
to
spread
their
Sails
to
every
favourable
Wind
,
which
sits
sometimes
this
way
,
sometimes
that
.
As
in
the
Circumference
of
the
Horizon
,
the
Winds
rule
alternatively
upon
the
Earth
;
the
Goths
and
other
Nothern
Nations
,
had
formerly
very
favourable
Winds
,
of
which
they
made
so
good
use
,
loosing
all
their
Sails
,
that
they
penetrated
even
to
Hercules's
Pillars
,
the
then
utmost
limits
of
the
World
;
but
this
Wind
ceasing
another
succeeded
more
favourable
to
other
Empires
.
Constancy
in
executing
Resolutions
,
whether
they
are
the
Prince's
own
,
or
given
him
by
others
,
is
always
of
great
Importance
.
For
want
of
this
Paetus
could
not
triumph
over
the
Parthians
[
](A58845-e168830-b)9
9
Eludi
Parthus
tractu
belli
poterat
,
si
Paeto
aut
in
suis
,
●ut
in
〈◊〉
consiliis
constantia
fuisset
.
Tac.
15.
ann
.
.
All
eager
and
fiery
Spirits
quickly
resolve
,
and
soon
repent
,
they
are
hot
at
the
beginning
,
but
cold
in
the
end
of
Affairs
;
they
aim
at
all
,
but
bring
nothing
to
Perfection
;
they
are
like
the
Animal
call'd
Calipes
,
which
mo●es
with
great
haste
,
but
advances
not
a
Foot
in
an
hour
.
The
management
of
all
Affairs
requires
Conduct
and
Valour
,
one
to
form
and
t'other
to
execute
them
;
to
a
resolv'd
and
brave
Spirit
nothing
is
difficult
;
but
he
who
is
scrupulous
,
and
timorous
,
meets
with
a
world
of
Difficulty
,
and
loses
many
lucky
Opportunities
.
Great
Men
are
long
in
their
Deliberations
,
and
jealous
of
what
may
happen
,
but
once
resolv'd
they
Act
with
Vigour
and
Confidence
[
](A58845-e168860-b)10
10
Vir
ea
ratione
fiet
〈◊〉
:
si
in
deliberando
quidem
cunctetur
,
&
praetim●●t
quicquid
potest
〈◊〉
,
in
agendo
autem
●●nfidat
.
Herod
.
,
without
which
the
Courage
sails
,
and
not
applying
convenient
means
,
wholly
desists
from
the
Enterprize
.
There
are
few
Affairs
which
cannot
he
accomplished
by
Wit
,
or
which
time
,
and
Opportunity
cannot
facilitate
;
wherefore
't
is
not
proper
wholly
to
confound
them
,
but
to
preserve
'em
entire
.
Chrystal
once
broken
can't
be
rejoyn'd
,
and
so
Affairs
;
be
the
Tempest
never
so
great
,
●tis
safer
to
keep
some
Sail
abroad
,
than
to
fu●l
all
.
Most
Affairs
die
by
being
despair'd
of
.
'
Ti●
also
highly
conducive
,
that
he
who
is
to
execute
Orders
,
should
first
approve
them
,
otherwise
he
will
not
●hink
'em
necessary
,
or
else
find
Difficulties
in
them
,
and
so
●ot
apply
himself
to
them
as
he
ought
,
not
caring
whether
they
succeed
or
no.
That
Minister
is
most
proper
to
exe●ute
who
first
gave
the
Counsel
.
For
his
Honour
and
Re●utation
〈◊〉
concern'd
in
its
Success
.
EMBLEM
LXV
.
A
Stone
cast
in
a
Pond
creates
such
a
continual
Series
of
Waves
,
that
they
at
last
become
innumerable
,
and
wholly
disturb
that
transparent
Element
,
and
calm
Looking-Glass
;
from
which
the
Species
of
things
which
were
before
distinctly
represented
,
appear
now
in
Disorder
and
Confusion
.
'T
is
the
same
with
the
Mind
,
in
which
from
one
Errour
proceeds
many
,
so
that
the
Judgment
being
confounded
and
blinded
,
and
the
Waves
of
Passion
raised
,
the
Understanding
can't
perceive
the
truth
of
things
represented
,
but
striving
to
remedy
the
first
Errour
falls
into
another
,
and
thence
into
a
third
,
which
at
length
become
infinite
,
and
the
further
they
are
from
the
first
the
greater
they
are
,
like
Waves
that
are
most
distant
from
the
Stone
that
caus'd
'em
.
The
Reason
of
this
is
,
That
the
Beginning
is
said
to
be
half
of
the
whole
,
so
that
a
small
Errour
in
the
Beginning
correspond
to
the
other
Parts
[
](A58845-e168950-b)1
1
In
principio
enim
peccatur
;
principium
autem
dicitur
dimidium
t●tius
,
itaque
parvum
in
Principio
erratum
correspondens
est
ad
alias
partes
.
Arist.
pol.
lib.
2.
cap.
4.
.
Wherefore
great
Care
of
the
first
Errour
should
be
taken
,
for
from
thence
all
others
proceed
[
](A58845-e168970-b)2
2
Cum
fieri
non
possit
,
ut
si
in
primo
,
atque
principio
peccatum
fu●rit
,
non
ad
extremum
malum
aliquod
evadat
.
Arist.
pol.
5.
cap.
2.
.
This
is
visible
in
M●smissa
,
who
being
checked
by
Scipio
for
marrying
Sophonisba
,
thought
to
remedy
that
Fault
by
a
far
greater
,
in
poisoning
her
.
King
Witiza
by
his
Vices
obscured
the
Glory
of
the
Beginning
of
his
Reign
,
and
that
the
number
of
the
Mistresses
he
kept
might
not
seem
scandalous
,
he
allow'd
all
his
Subjects
the
same
Liberty
;
nay
,
and
made
a
Law
for
impowering
the
Clergy
to
marry
;
and
at
last
finding
his
Errours
contradictory
to
Religion
,
he
deny'd
the
Pope's
Authority
,
and
thence
incurr'd
the
Odium
of
the
whole
Kingdom
,
wherefore
to
prevent
their
rebelling
he
demolish'd
the
Fortifications
of
most
Cities
and
Castles
,
and
so
laid
all
Spain
open
to
the
Incursions
of
the
Moors
[
](A58845-e169060-b)*
*
Marian.
Hist.
Hisp.
lib.
6.
cap.
19.
,
and
all
these
Faults
proceeding
,
as
you
see
,
at
last
occasion'd
his
Death
.
The
same
Series
of
Crimes
is
visible
in
Duke
Valentine
:
He
endeavoured
to
build
his
own
Fortune
upon
the
Ruin
of
others
,
to
which
End
he
omitted
no
sort
of
Tyranny
,
one
piece
of
Cruelty
being
follow'd
by
a
greater
[
](A58845-e169080-b)3
3
Ferox
scelerum
,
&
quia
prima
provenerant
,
volutare
secum
,
quonam
modo
Germa●i
liberos
perverteret
.
Tac.
4.
ann
.
,
which
at
last
cost
him
his
State
and
Life
too
,
proving
himself
an
unfortunate
Scholar
,
and
Machiavel
,
a
pernicious
Master
.
The
Faults
of
Princes
are
Difficulty
corrected
;
for
that
they
usually
affect
many
;
or
sometimes
because
of
Obstinacy
or
Ignorance
.
Great
Spirits
which
are
often
more
ingenuous
and
tractable
than
others
,
easily
acknowledge
their
Errours
,
and
being
convinced
of
them
,
study
to
amend
them
,
pulling
down
the
ill
built
Edifice
Stone
by
Stone
,
to
rebuild
it
with
more
firm
and
durable
Materials
.
The
Motto
of
the
Emperour
Philip
III.
was
,
Be
not
asham'd
to
alter
that
which
was
ill
began
.
He
who
returns
by
the
same
way
he
went
,
will
find
his
mistake
,
and
soon
recover
the
right
Road
;
Repentance
would
be
afterward
insignificant
.
To
own
you
,
have
at
last
your
Errour
found
[
](A58845-e169160-b)*
*
Claud.
,
Is
of
small
use
,
when
once
the
Ship
's
aground
.
Policy
is
a
certain
Chain
,
in
which
if
one
Link
be
broken
,
the
whole
is
useless
,
unless
soon
solder'd
:
A
Prince
who
knows
the
Danger
of
his
Resolutions
,
yet
still
persists
in
them
,
is
a
greater
Lover
of
his
own
Opinion
,
than
his
Countrey
;
esteeming
an
empty
shadow
of
Glory
more
than
Truth
;
and
while
he
would
be
thought
constant
,
he
is
stubborn
and
perverse
,
't
is
the
general
Vice
of
Sovereign
Power
,
to
think
it
beneath
'em
to
retire
when
they
have
once
advanced
.
—
He
thinks
it
Brave
[
](A58845-e169210-b)†
†
Seneca
.
Who
grasps
the
Scepter
in
his
Royal
Hand
Not
to
retreat
—
Though
the
Emperour
Charles
V.
was
better
advised
,
who
having
Sign'd
a
Grant
,
which
he
was
afterwards
informed
was
illegal
and
disallowable
,
order'd
it
to
〈◊〉
brought
him
,
and
immediately
tore
it
:
I
had
rather
,
say●
he
,
tear
my
writing
than
my
Soul
.
To
know
ones
●●rours
,
and
still
to
persist
in
them
is
tyrannick
Obstinacy
;
but
to
defend
them●upon
pretence
of
Honour
,
is
to
resolve
to
Sin
on
,
and
to
incourage
Ignorance
and
Folly
,
't
is
gilding
Iron
with
Gold
,
which
soon
wears
of
,
and
the
Iron
appea●●
in
its
rusty
Hue.
An
Errour
corrected
makes
us
more
ca●tious
for
the
future
,
and
to
commit
Faults
sometimes
is
a
means
to
prevent
greater
.
So
small
is
our
Capacity
,
that
we
are
to
be
instructed
by
our
very
Faults
,
and
are
taught
by
them
how
to
Act
discreetly
.
'T
is
certain
,
that
the
be●
Laws
and
Examples
proceed
from
others
Crimes
[
](A58845-e169270-b)4
4
Usu
probatum
est
P.
C.
leges
egregias
,
●●●pta
honesta
,
apud
bonos
ex
delictis
aliorum
gigni
,
Tac.
15.
ann
.
.
The
most
prudent
State
committed
many
miscarriages
,
before
it
arriv'd
to
Perfection
.
God
alone
could
compleat
the
Fabrick
of
this
World
without
Errour
,
and
yet
even
he
did
afterwards
in
a
manner
repent
him
,
that
he
had
made
Man
[
](A58845-e169290-b)5
5
Gen.
6.
6.
.
We
are
sometimes
more
indebted
to
our
miscarriages
,
than
to
our
Success
;
for
those
instruct
us
,
but
these
are
only
the
Seeds
of
Pride
and
Vanity
.
The
Patriarchs
Instruct
not
on●y
the
Wise
,
but
the
Sinful
[
](A58845-e169300-b)6
6
Instruunt
Patriarch●
,
non
solum
docentes
,
sed
etiam
errantes
.
A●b
lib.
〈◊〉
de
A●●
.
C.
6.
,
't
is
the
Shades
give
light
to
a
Picture
,
to
them
we
owe
the
Excellency
of
that
Art
.
Errour
does
not
always
proceed
from
Imprudence
,
time
and
other
accidents
are
often
the
occasion
of
it
.
For
that
which
was
at
first
convenient
,
is
afterwards
prejudicial
.
The
greatest
Prudence
can't
give
Counsel
,
which
will
be
proper
at
all
times
;
which
makes
it
necessary
to
alter
Resolutions
,
and
repeal
Laws
and
Statutes
,
especially
when
there
is
an
apparent
Advantage
[
](A58845-e169330-b)7
7
Non
d●bet
reprehensibile
judicari
,
si
secundam
varietatem
temporum
,
Statu●a
qundoque
varientur
humana
,
p●s●●t●m
cam
urg●ns
N●●●ssitas
,
vel
evidens
utilitas
id
exposuit
.
Cap.
non
deber
de
Cons.
&
A●●
.
;
or
Danger
,
or
when
the
Prince
finds
himself
mis-inform'd
of
Matters
,
upon
which
such
Resolutions
were
grounded
.
This
was
the
Reason
King
Ah●suerus
gave
for
recalling
the
Sentence
,
which
he
had
pronounced
against
the
People
of
God
,
upon
the
unjust
Accusation
of
Haman
[
](A58845-e169380-b)8
8
Hest.
16.
9.
.
In
these
and
the
like
Cases
,
't
is
not
levity
of
Mind
,
but
Prudence
to
alter
Counsels
and
Resolutions
,
nor
can
it
be
called
Inconstancy
,
but
a
firm
Zeal
to
be
guided
by
Reason
in
all
things
,
as
the
Weather-Cock
is
by
the
Wind
;
and
the
Needle
by
the
North
Pole
.
The
Physician
varies
his
Medicines
according
to
the
Accidents
,
having
Respect
to
nothing
,
but
the
recovery
of
his
Patient
.
The
different
Diseases
which
States
labour
under
,
require
different
methods
of
Cure
.
Let
a
Prince
then
think
it
a
Credit
to
review
,
and
correct
his
Decrees
,
and
his
Errours
too
,
without
being
asham'd
of
'em
to
commit
'em
might
be
Inadvertency
;
but
to
amend
is
Prudence
;
Obstinacy
is
ever
a
certain
Sign
of
Folly
.
Yet
't
will
be
Prudence
to
make
this
Alteration
with
such
Address
and
Dexterity
,
that
the
People
may
not
perceive
it
:
for
they
ignorant
and
foolish
as
they
are
,
call
Mistake
want
of
Prudence
,
and
Amendment
,
Levity
.
But
tho'
I
advise
a
Prince
to
correct
his
Errours
,
yet
I
would
not
be
understood
of
all
in
general
;
for
some
are
so
small
and
insignificant
,
that
the
Danger
of
being
censur'd
for
Levity
in
the
amendment
of
them
is
more
than
the
Damage
they
can
do
by
continuing
.
So
that
where
they
will
by
Degrees
cease
of
themselves
,
without
drawing
on
greater
,
't
will
be
better
to
let
'em
remain
.
There
are
some
of
that
Nature
,
that
't
is
better
to
follow
'em
,
nay
,
and
vigorously
to
persist
in
them
,
there
being
perhaps
more
danger
in
retracting
;
and
these
frequently
happen
in
War
;
there
are
some
Affairs
,
in
which
that
you
may
succeed
,
't
is
requisite
to
use
indirect
means
,
tho'
you
incur
some
small
Inconveniencies
,
as
the
way
to
straiten
a
crooked
Stick
is
to
bend
it
the
contrary
way
;
in
these
Cases
small
Errours
are
not
to
be
valu'd
,
nor
their
Causes
,
nor
Means
,
provided
they
be
not
wholly
opposite
to
Honour
and
Justice
,
and
when
the
Advantage
to
be
reap'd
from
'em
is
considerable
:
For
so
they
are
allowable
,
and
ought
rather
to
be
call'd
Disposition
to
Success
than
Errours
.
Others
are
so
interwoven
in
great
Attempts
,
that
like
Roses
there
is
no
approaching
them
without
pricking
ones
hand
.
And
this
in
those
Counsels
which
concern
the
general
Good
of
a
Nation
,
which
are
always
prejudicial
to
some
private
Persons
.
The
Bodies
of
States
are
compos'd
of
different
and
opposite
Parts
,
as
to
their
Qualities
and
Humours
,
and
a
Remedy
which
is
apply'd
to
the
whole
Body
,
is
usually
disagreeable
to
some
Part
:
A
Prince
therefore
has
need
of
great
Prudence
,
to
weigh
and
compare
Advantages
with
Damages
,
and
of
a
great
Courage
to
execute
without
hazarding
the
loss
of
those
for
fear
of
these
.
EMBLEM
LXVI
.
RENOVATION
perpetuates
the
most
fading
things
in
Nature
;
each
individual
Eternizes
it self
in
another
,
and
by
that
means
preserves
its
Species
.
'T
is
for
this
the
Husbandman
carefully
preserves
young
Plants
to
substitute
in
the
room
of
those
Trees
which
die
.
He
does
not
leave
this
to
Chance
,
because
perhaps
they
will
either
not
spring
at
all
,
or
not
such
as
he
desires
,
or
else
not
in
proper
places
,
nor
will
they
of
themselves
grow
strait
and
handsome
,
without
his
Care
in
setting
them
while
they
are
young
;
for
when
once
grown
up
no
Force
can
straiten
them
.
The
same
Care
ought
to
be
taken
in
the
Education
of
Youth
'
,
especially
in
those
Countreys
,
where
the
Constitution
of
the
Climate
is
apt
to
produce
great
and
noble
Spirits
,
which
are
like
fertile
Fields
soon
over-run
with
Wood
and
Brambles
,
unless
their
Fertility
be
corrected
by
the
Art
and
Industry
of
the
Husbandman
.
The
greater
the
Spirit
is
,
the
more
dangerous
it
is
to
the
State
,
unless
timely
moderated
by
Education
.
A
high
aspiring
Spirit
cannot
contain
it self
;
it
shakes
off
the
Curb
of
the
Laws
,
and
is
eager
for
Liberty
,
and
should
therefore
be
restrain'd
by
Art
and
Instruction
,
and
afterwards
by
being
busied
in
some
honourable
Exercise
,
but
when
a
little
more
advanc'd
in
years
,
the
Cure
for
its
Levity
is
,
to
employ
it
in
Affairs
of
State
;
I
take
this
to
be
the
Reason
,
why
some
States
admitted
young
Persons
into
their
Senates
.
But
the
best
way
is
,
that
which
Gardiners
use
,
to
transplant
their
young
Trees
into
another
Ground
,
that
the
superfluous
Roots
may
be
prun'd
,
and
the
Tree
grow
strait
and
tall
.
Youth
seldom
thrives
well
in
its
own
Countrey
.
For
their
Friends
and
Relations
by
too
much
Indulgence
make
them
Extravagant
.
In
other
Countries
't
is
otherwise
,
for
their
Necessity
obliges
them
to
regulate
their
Actions
,
and
to
endeavour
to
gain
People's
Esteem
.
At
home
we
generally
expect
a
little
more
Liberty
,
and
are
apt
to
promise
our selves
Pardon
;
but
abroad
when
we
are
not
known
,
we
are
afraid
of
the
Rigour
of
the
Laws
,
besides
Travel
polishes
our
Behaviour
,
and
corrects
the
Roughness
of
our
Nature
,
and
that
foolish
Vanity
,
which
attends
our
home-bred
Gentlemen
.
There
Languages
,
and
Men
are
learn't
,
and
their
Manners
and
Customs
observed
,
the
Knowledge
of
which
qualifies
a
Man
for
Affairs
,
as
well
of
Peace
as
War
.
'T
was
Travel
made
Plato
,
Lycurgus
,
Solon
,
and
Pythagoras
,
such
prudent
Lawgivers
and
Philosophers
.
At
home
Men
are
born
and
die
with
the
same
Fortune
,
but
abroad
they
raise
it
.
No
Planet
is
exalted
in
its
own
House
,
but
in
anothers
,
though
not
without
Detriment
and
Inconveniency
to
it self
.
Travel
is
the
great
Mistress
of
Prudence
,
if
made
for
Information
,
as
well
as
Direction
.
In
this
the
Northern
People
are
very
much
to
be
commended
,
who
with
great
Curiosity
and
Attention
travel
the
World
over
to
learn
Languages
,
Arts
and
Sciences
.
The
Spaniards
who
have
greater
Conveniency
for
travelling
than
any
other
Nation
,
because
of
the
great
Extent
of
their
Kingdom
,
have
the
least
inclination
to
it
,
lazily
spending
all
their
time
at
home
,
unless
sometimes
they
are
call'd
out
by
War
;
when
nevertheless
't
is
absolutely
necessary
for
Princes
,
who
have
often
occasion
to
bring
their
Armies
into
several
Countries
,
to
have
a
perfect
Knowledge
of
them
.
The
two
chief
Reasons
which
detain
our
Spanish
Nobility
at
home
,
are
first
,
because
Spain
being
almost
wholly
surrounded
by
the
Sea
,
't
is
more
inconvenient
Sailing
,
than
Travelling
by
Land
;
the
other
is
a
vain
Conceit
,
that
they
can't
appear
abroad
without
great
Pomp
,
and
expensive
Equipage
,
in
which
Strangers
,
though
Persons
of
the
best
Quality
are
more
modest
.
Nor
is
it
sufficient
only
to
transplant
Youth
,
but
Nurseries
should
be
also
rais'd
,
of
which
vacant
Offices
may
be
supply'd
,
to
avoid
the
necessity
of
employing
fresh
Persons
,
who
must
buy
their
Experience
at
the
hazard
of
the
State
.
This
is
represented
in
the
present
Device
by
a
bundle
of
Rods
,
the
Emblem
of
Magistracy
;
for
these
being
planted
produce
more
of
the
same
;
and
because
in
each
of
the
three
Forms
,
that
's
to
say
Monarchy
,
Aristocracy
,
and
Democracy
,
the
methods
of
Government
are
different
,
so
should
also
the
methods
of
Education
of
Youth
,
according
to
the
different
Institutions
and
Customs
of
each
State
;
and
according
to
those
things
,
in
which
they
have
most
occasion
for
able
Men.
The
Persians
,
Aegyptians
,
Chaldaeans
,
and
Romans
were
particularly
careful
about
this
;
but
principally
about
the
Education
of
Youth
for
the
Magistracy
,
the
Welfare
or
Ruine
of
States
,
depending
upon
the
Capacity
,
or
insufficiency
of
the
Magistrates
,
who
are
as
it
were
their
Soul
,
and
according
to
the
Affections
of
it
the
whole
Body
is
govern'd
.
There
were
several
Colleges
erected
in
Spain
for
this
Purpose
,
which
were
so
many
Seminaries
of
able
Men
for
the
Administration
of
the
Government
;
these
though
their
Institutions
might
seem
vain
and
frivolous
,
yet
were
they
of
great
Use
upon
this
account
,
that
they
first
taught
those
to
obey
,
who
were
afterwards
to
command
.
I
have
elsewhere
said
,
that
the
Knowledge
of
Sciences
was
a
necessary
Qualification
for
a
Prince
,
and
will
now
examine
whether
it
be
proper
for
Subjects
,
or
whether
the
young
Commonalty
should
be
instructed
therein
.
Nature
has
plac'd
in
the
Head
,
as
having
the
Command
over
the
whole
Body
,
the
Understanding
to
apprehend
Sciences
,
and
the
Memory
to
retain
them
.
But
to
the
Hands
and
other
parts
she
has
given
only
a
Disposition
to
Obedience
.
Men
at
first
enter'd
into
Society
,
for
the
mutual
Assistance
of
each
other
,
not
for
Contemplation
;
more
for
the
conveniency
of
Action
,
than
the
Subtilty
of
nice
Speculation
:
The
Happiness
of
Governments
proceeds
not
from
the
Vivacity
of
the
Wit
,
but
the
Activity
of
the
Hands
.
The
leisure
of
Studies
is
imploy'd
in
Vices
,
and
Eternizes
all
those
upon
Paper
,
which
the
wickedness
of
the
Times
shall
invent
;
plotting
against
the
Government
,
and
raising
Seditions
among
the
People
.
The
Spartans
thought
it
sufficient
to
learn
Obedience
,
Patience
,
and
Conquest
[
](A58845-e169560-b)1
1
Literas
ad
usum
saltem
discebant
,
reliqua
omnis
disciplina
erat
,
ut
pulchrè
parerent
,
ut
labores
perferrent
,
ut
in
pugna
vincerent
.
Plutar.
.
Too
subtil
and
learn'd
Subjects
are
always
fond
of
Novelty
,
continually
reflecting
upon
the
Government
,
and
disputing
the
Princes
Orders
,
and
raising
Commotions
among
the
People
;
Obedience
should
be
prompt
not
ingenious
,
sincere
not
cunning
[
](A58845-e169580-b)2
2
Patres
valere
decet
consilio
,
populo
supervacanea
calliditas
est
.
Sallust
.
.
Ignorance
is
the
principal
Foundation
of
the
Turkish
Empire
.
And
the
readiest
way
to
Ruin
it
is
to
sow
Literature
among
the
People
.
The
Happiness
and
Tranquility
of
the
Swisse
proceeds
from
the
same
Cause
,
for
frivolous
Sophistry
is
forbid
among
them
,
yet
are
they
govern'd
with
as
much
Policy
and
Prudence
,
as
any
Nation
whatever
.
Study
enervates
the
Body
,
and
deba●es
the
Mind
,
giving
it
too
quick
an
apprehension
of
Danger
.
Most
Men
are
charm'd
by
the
Pleasure
,
Honour
,
or
Profit
of
Learning
,
so
that
few
would
apply
themselves
to
Arms
,
or
Military
Exercise
for
the
defence
of
the
State
,
whose
Interest
is
in
having
its
People
Valiant
,
rather
rather
than
Learned
.
The
Genteel
Politeness
of
Learning
,
makes
the
Mind
wholly
averse
to
all
laborious
Exercises
.
Study
makes
Men
melancholy
,
and
Lovers
of
a
retired
and
single
Life
;
which
is
wholly
opposite
to
the
Design
of
Government
,
which
is
to
multiply
,
and
raise
Men
fit
and
capable
of
publick
Imployments
,
and
such
as
are
able
to
Act
offensively
,
or
defensively
with
an
Enemy
.
The
Neatherlands
shew
us
,
that
it
is
not
Learning
and
Ingenuity
,
but
Arts
,
Industry
and
Trade
,
that
makes
a
Nation
flourish
.
The
Germans
and
other
Nations
consider'd
these
Inconveniencies
,
and
therefore
founded
their
Nobility
upon
Arms
,
not
regarding
the
Honour
and
Reputation
of
Learning
;
whence
almost
all
the
Nobility
apply'd
themselves
to
War
,
and
Arts
Military
.
Though
Literature
conduces
much
to
the
Knowledge
of
the
true
Religion
,
yet
't
is
evident
,
that
from
thence
arise
different
Opinions
,
which
create
as
many
Sects
,
whence
proceed
the
Confusion
and
Ruin
of
Empires
,
so
that
the
true
Religion
being
now
found
,
a
sincere
and
credulous
Ignorance
would
be
much
safer
,
than
a
presumptuous
and
conceited
Knowledge
,
which
is
expos'd
to
so
many
Errours
.
These
and
some
other
Reasons
which
might
be
alledg'd
,
seem
to
advise
an
utter
Extirpation
of
Learning
,
according
to
the
Rules
of
Policy
,
which
regard
more
the
Authority
of
the
Prince
,
than
the
advantage
of
the
Subject
;
but
these
are
Maxims
of
a
Tyrant
,
not
a
good
and
just
Prince
,
who
should
have
no
other
Object
than
the
Honour
and
Welfare
of
his
People
;
to
whom
Learning
is
absolutely
necessary
to
confute
the
Errours
of
Sectaries
,
which
always
flourish
where
Ignorance
Reigns
,
and
also
to
administer
Justice
,
and
to
preserve
and
improve
Arts
Military
,
as
well
as
Civil
.
For
Scholars
are
as
useful
in
defending
Cities
as
Souldiers
;
as
Syracuse
formerly
found
in
the
Person
of
Archimedes
:
And
Dole
in
its
learn'd
Senate
,
by
whose
prudent
Counsel
,
ingenious
Machines
,
and
vigorous
and
resolute
Defence
,
it
resisted
the
whole
Power
of
France
;
changing
their
Libraries
into
Magazines
,
their
Gowns
into
Coats
of
Mail
,
and
their
Pens
into
Swords
,
which
dip'd
in
French
Blood
,
recorded
their
Names
and
Actions
to
Eternity
.
'T
is
only
too
great
a
number
of
Universities
and
Students
,
which
is
prejudicial
to
the
Publick
,
as
Spain
found
,
whence
't
is
highly
necessary
,
that
the
greatest
number
should
apply
themselves
to
Arts
of
Navigation
and
War
,
not
to
Law
or
Speculative
Sciences
:
For
which
Reason
there
should
be
greater
Incouragement
given
to
those
than
the
other
,
that
Men
may
be
the
more
inclined
to
follow
them
;
for
want
of
such
Incouragement
in
Spain
,
there
are
so
many
apply
themselves
to
Learning
,
that
there
wants
Souldiers
to
defend
the
Kingdom
.
This
ought
to
be
remedied
by
the
Care
and
Prudence
of
the
Prince
,
who
should
so
judiciously
dispose
the
Education
of
Youth
,
that
the
number
of
Scholars
,
Souldiers
and
Tradesmen
might
be
proportioned
to
his
State
.
The
same
Proportion
should
be
observ'd
in
those
who
would
lead
a
religious
Monastick
Life
,
of
whom
too
great
a
number
is
very
prejudicial
,
both
to
the
Prince
and
State
.
Though
Religion
and
Piety
ought
not
to
be
measur'd
by
the
Rule
of
Policy
,
and
in
the
Church
Militant
,
Spiritual
Arms
are
of
more
use
than
Temporal
,
he
who
was
the
first
Founder
of
that
State
,
will
maintain
and
preserve
it
without
Detriment
to
the
Publick
;
nevertheless
since
human
Prudence
ought
to
believe
,
not
expect
Miracles
,
I
leave
it
to
him
whose
Duty
't
is
,
to
consider
,
whether
if
the
number
of
Ecclesiasticks
,
and
religious
Orders
should
exceed
the
Laity
which
should
support
'em
,
it
would
not
be
of
great
Detriment
even
to
the
Church
it self
The
Council
of
Lateran
in
the
time
of
Innocent
III.
provided
a
Remedy
for
this
Inconveniency
,
by
prohibiting
the
Introduction
of
new
Religions
[
](A58845-e169740-b)3
3
Ne
nimia
Religionum
diversitas
grav●m
in
Ecclesia
Dei
confusionem
i●ducat
firmiter
prohibemus
,
nequis
de
c●ter●
novam
Religionem
inven●at
,
&c.
Conc.
Later
.
.
The
Royal
Counsel
of
Castile
,
also
perswaded
his
Majesty
to
request
of
the
Pope
,
that
there
might
be
none
admitted
into
any
Convent
under
the
Age
of
sixteen
years
,
and
not
be
ordain'd
under
twenty
;
but
pretended
Piety
and
nice
Scruples
of
Conscience
,
easily
pass
over
these
Inconveniencies
.
But
this
Proportion
in
those
who
are
design'd
for
Business
or
Speculation
,
will
be
of
small
use
,
unless
the
Prince
also
take
Care
of
the
Nurseries
of
the
Commonalty
,
which
should
produce
a
sufficient
number
of
well
qualified
Citizens
to
succeed
in
the
room
of
those
whom
Death
daily
takes
off
.
The
Ancients
were
always
very
careful
of
Propagation
,
that
each
Individual
might
be
succeeded
by
another
.
Of
the
necessity
of
this
,
the
Romans
in
particular
were
so
well
satisfied
,
that
they
not
only
proposed
Rewards
for
Procreation
,
but
also
looked
upon
a
single
Life
as
infamous
.
Germanicus
the
better
to
oblige
the
People
to
revenge
his
Death
among
the
rest
of
the
Services
,
he
had
done
the
Government
,
he
urg'd
,
that
he
had
six
Children
by
his
Wise
[
](A58845-e169790-b)4
4
Ostendite
populo
Romano
Divi
Augusti
neptem
,
eandemque
conjuge●●
meam
,
numerate
sex
liberos
.
Tac
2.
ann
.
.
Tiberius
also
told
it
,
as
a
good
Omen
to
the
Senate
that
Drusus's
Wife
,
was
brought
to
Bed
of
Twins
[
](A58845-e169840-b)5
5
Nulli
ante
Romanoru●●
ejusdem
fastigii
viro
g●●inam
stirpem
editam
.
Tac.
2.
ann
.
.
The
Strength
of
Kingdoms
consists
in
the
number
of
Subjects
;
and
he
is
the
greatest
Prince
whose
State
is
most
populous
,
not
he
whose
Territories
are
largest
:
For
they
of
themselves
can
neither
defend
nor
offend
;
but
by
means
of
their
Inhabitants●
,
on
whom
all
their
Glory
depends
.
The
Emperour
Adrian
us'd
to
say
,
That
he
had
rather
his
Empire
should
ab●und
with
Men
than
Riches
;
and
with
a
great
deal
of
Reason
,
for
Riches
without
Subjects
do
only
invite
Wars
,
without
being
able
to
defend
themselves
,
as
on
the
contrary
,
Subjects
without
Riches
,
want
neither
Power
to
acquire
,
or
maintain
them
[
](A58845-e169880-b)6
6
Cum
ampliari
imperium
●ominum
add●●●iion●
potiùs
,
quam
pecuniarum
copi●
malim
.
,
in
the
multitude
of
People
is
the
King's
Honour
:
but
in
the
want
of
People
,
is
the
Destruction
of
the
Prince
[
](A58845-e169890-b)7
7
Prov.
14.
28.
.
The
Wise
Alphonso
would
have
a
Prince
take
particular
care
to
People
his
State
,
and
that
not
only
with
Commonalty
,
but
also
with
Nobility
;
in
which
he
judg'd
with
great
Prudence
,
for
one
without
the
other
is
like
a
Body
without
a
Soul
,
the
Commonalty
being
insignificant
without
the
Nobility
,
which
are
their
Life
,
and
by
whose
Example
they
learn
to
covet
Glory
,
and
despise
Danger
.
It
ought
therefore
to
be
a
Prince's
chief
Care
,
to
preserve
and
maintain
them
.
As
Augustus
did
,
who
not
only
caus'd
Hortalus
to
marry
,
but
also
allowed
wherewithall
to
his
Quality
,
that
that
Noble
Family
might
not
be
extinct
[
](A58845-e169930-b)8
8
Ne
clarissima
familia
extingueretur
.
Tac.
2.
ann
.
.
The
Germans
are
very
circumspect
in
this
Point
,
for
which
Reason
they
anciently
gave
no
Portion
with
their
Women
[
](A58845-e169960-b)9
9
Dotem
no●
uxor
marito
,
sed
uxori
maritus
affert
.
Tac.
de
Mor.
Germ.
,
and
even
now
give
very
small
ones
,
that
their
Vertue
and
Nobility
might
be
their
only
Dowry
,
and
that
their
Lovers
might
respect
the
Endowments
of
their
Minds
and
Bodies
,
more
than
their
Fortunes
,
that
Marriages
might
be
sooner
concluded
,
without
losing
so
much
time
in
Fortune-Hunting
;
for
which
Reason
Lycurgus
wholly
prohibited
the
giving
Dowries
to
Women
;
and
the
Emperour
Charles
V.
regulated
them
;
't
is
said
also
,
that
Aristotle
reprehended
the
La●edaemonians
,
for
giving
such
large
Fortunes
to
their
Daughters
[
](A58845-e170020-b)10
10
Statuit
virgines
sine
dote
nubere
:
jussit
uxores
eligerentur
,
non
pecunia
.
Trog
.
lib.
3.
.
King
Alphonso
also
advises
,
that
a
Prince
unless
upon
extraordinary
occasions
should
not
People
his
State
with
Foreigners
,
and
truly
with
a
great
deal
of
Reason
,
for
different
Manners
and
Religions
are
the
worst
Domestick
Enemies
.
This
made
the
Spaniards
drive
the
Iews
and
Moors
out
of
Spain
.
Foreigners
introduce
with
them
their
Vices
,
and
Errours
,
and
are
ready
upon
every
occasion
to
rise
against
the
Natives
[
](A58845-e170090-b)11
11
Quare
qui
inquilinos
&
advenas
antehac
in
Civitatem
receperunt
,
●i
magna
ex
parte
seditionibus
jactati
sunt
.
Arist.
●
.
5.
pol.
c.
3
▪
.
But
this
Inconveniency
would
not
be
much
to
be
fear'd
,
if
only
Labourers
and
Husbandmen
were
admitted
,
nay
,
this
is
sometimes
of
great
Advantage
.
So
the
Grand
Signior
Selim
sent
a
vast
number
of
Labourers
from
Cairo
to
Constantinople
.
The
Poles
having
Elected
Henry
Duke
of
Anjou
King
,
among
other
Articles
't
was
agreed
,
That
he
should
bring
with
him
several
Families
of
Artificers
.
Nebuchadnezzar
upon
the
taking
of
Ierusalem
,
carried
away
all
the
Men
of
might
even
seven
thousand
,
and
Crafts
Men
,
and
Smiths
a
thousand
,
and
all
that
were
strong
,
and
kept
for
War
,
even
them
the
King
of
Babylon
brought
Captive
to
Babylon
[
](A58845-e170220-b)12
12
2
Kings
24.
16.
.
But
because
this
method
may
be
too
troublesome
and
chargeable
,
and
also
because
such
a
Supply
may
be
insufficient
,
I
will
here
set
down
the
usual
Causes
of
want
of
People
in
Nations
.
And
these
are
either
internal
or
external
;
External
are
Wars
and
Plantations
;
War
is
a
sort
of
Monster
which
feeds
on
humane
Blood
;
and
since
't
is
the
Interest
of
each
State
to
maintain
it
abroad
as
the
Romans
did
,
it
must
necessarily
be
done
at
the
Expence
of
the
Lives
and
Estates
of
the
Subjects
[
](A58845-e170240-b)13
13
Fuit
proprium
Pop.
Rom.
longe
à
dom●
bellare
,
&
propugnaculum
imperii
sociorum
fortunas
,
●on
sua
tecta
defendere
.
Cic.
pro
leg
.
Man
.
.
Neither
can
Plantations
be
long
ma●ntain'd
,
without
great
Suppl●es
of
Men
,
as
we
have
found
in
Spain
;
for
which
Reason
the
Romans
during
the
War
with
Hannibal
,
and
for
some
years
after
,
took
little
Care
of
planting
new
Colonies
[
](A58845-e170290-b)14
14
Dei●d●
neque
dum
Annibal
in
Italia
moraretur
,
nec
proximis
post
excessum
ejus
annis
vacavit
Romanis
Colonias
●●ndere
,
cum
esset
in
bello
conquirendus
potius
miles
,
&
post
bellum
vires
ref●ve●dae
,
potius
quam
spergendae
,
Vell.
lib
1.
;
they
having
more
reason
to
recruit
than
weaken
their
Forces
.
Velleius
Paterculus
esteem'd
the
planting
Colonies
out
of
Italy
as
very
pernicious
,
because
being
so
far
distant
from
the
Heart
of
the
Empire
,
they
could
●ot
assist
it
upon
occasion
[
](A58845-e170330-b)15
15
In
legibus
Gracch●
inter
perniciosissima
num●raverim
,
quod
extra
Italiam
Coloni●s
posuit
,
Vell.
lib.
●
.
.
The
other
Causes
are
Internal
.
The
principal
of
which
are
Taxes
,
want
of
Husbandry
and
Trade
,
and
too
great
a
number
of
Holy
Days
,
the
Inconveniencies
,
and
Remedies
of
which
I
have
set
down
elsewhere
.
The
Court
is
also
a
great
Cause
of
the
want
of
People
,
for
as
a
hot
Liver
draws
all
the
natural
Heat
to
it self
,
leaving
other
parts
of
the
Body
spiritless
and
faint
,
so
the
Pomp
,
Ease
,
Delight
,
Profit
,
and
hopes
of
Reward
at
Court
,
allure
the
Minds
of
most
,
especially
of
the
Artificers
and
Tradesmen
,
who
think
it
a
more
pleasant
and
easie
Life
to
serve
some
Person
of
Quality
;
than
to
toil
at
their
own
Trade
;
the
Nobility
also
,
invited
by
the
Prince's
Presence
,
or
the
Charms
of
the
Court
,
leave
their
Estates
in
the
Countrey
for
a
Court
Life
;
whence
not
being
able
to
look
after
them
,
but
spending
their
Revenu●s
upon
extravagant
and
unnecessary
Expences
,
their
Estates
become
poo●
and
uninhabited
,
whereas
they
would
have
been
rich
and
populous
,
had
their
Lord
resided
there
.
The
Emperor
Iusti●●n
prudently
reflected
upon
these
Inconveniencies
,
and
appointed
an
Officer
on
purpose
to
prevent
them
[
](A58845-e170370-b)16
16
Invenim●●
enim
quia
populatim
Provinci●
suis
habitatoribus
spolr●●●●
:
Magno
vero
haec
nostra
civitas
populos●
est
,
turbis
diversor●●●
h●minum
,
&
maxima
Agricolarum
suas
civitates
&
culturas
relinquentiam
,
Auth
de
Quaest.
.
King
Iohn
II.
also
order'd
,
that
all
the
Nobility
at
his
Court
should
at
certain
times
,
visit
their
own
Estates
,
as
also
the
Emperor
Trojan
did
before
him
.
Birth-right
also
,
especially
in
Spain
is
very
prejudicial
to
Propagation
;
for
the
eldest
Brother
Claims
the
whole
Estate
(
which
King
Theodorick
thought
very
unjust
)
[
](A58845-e170440-b)17
17
Iniquum
est
enim
ut
de
una
substantia
,
qu●bus
competit
.
aequa
successio
.
alii
abundantèr
affuant
,
alii
paupert
ati●
r●comm●d●●●gemiscunt
Cass.
lib.
1.
Epist
7.
,
so
that
the
youngest
not
having
wherewithal
to
maintain
a
Family
,
instead
of
marrying
,
either
shut
themselves
into
Convents
,
or
turn
Soldiers
.
For
this
Reason
Plato
call'd
Riches
and
Poverty
,
the
ancient
Plagues
of
Commonwealths
,
knowing
that
almost
all
their
misfortunes
proceeded
from
an
unequal
Distribution
of
Riches
.
If
the
Citizens
had
all
an
equal
Dividend
,
State
would
undoubtedly
flourish
more
.
But
though
the
advantage
redounding
from
hence
wou●d
be
great
,
the
Preservation
of
the
Nobility
by
means
of
Fie●●
would
not
be
less
,
for
by
that
means
they
would
be
in
a
Capacity
to
serve
the
Prince
and
State
;
so
that
those
may
be
allowed
to
the
ancient
Nobility
,
not
to
the
modern
,
by
making
a
Law
,
that
all
Relations
to
the
fourth
Degree
,
should
be
joynt
Heirs
,
if
not
of
the
whole
,
yet
of
the
greatest
part
of
the
Estate
[
](A58845-e170470-b)18
18
Commodum
est
etiam
,
〈…〉
donati●●e
sed
jure
cognitionis
tradantur
,
Arist
l.
5.
pol.
8
;
thus
the
Inconveniencies
of
Legacies
and
Gifts
would
be
prevented
,
which
are
more
the
Effects
of
Vanity
,
than
a
design
to
serve
the
Publick
,
as
also
of
that
religious
Prodigality
,
which
observing
neither
Bounds
,
nor
Proximity
of
Blood
,
gives
all
to
the
Church
,
not
leaving
so
much
as
Subsistence
to
Brethren
,
or
any
other
Relations
,
whence
Families
become
Extinct
,
the
Royal
Revenues
are
exhausted
,
the
People
impoverish'd
,
and
unable
to
pay
Taxes
,
the
Power
of
those
who
are
exempted
is
increased
,
and
the
Authority
of
the
Prince
diminished
.
This
Moses
considering
[
](A58845-e170500-b)19
19
Exod.
36.
5●
.
forbid
by
Edict
,
any
one
from
offering
any
more
towards
the
Work
of
the
Sanctuary
[
](A58845-e170510-b)20
20
Exod.
36.
6.
,
though
God
himself
was
the
Author
of
those
Offerings
,
and
th●y
were
offer'd
through
pure
Devotion
▪
[
](A58845-e170520-b)21
21
Exod.
35.
29.
;
the
Republick
of
●e●ice
have
made
very
prudent
Provisions
against
this
.
'T
is
necessary
also
,
that
a
fit
time
should
be
observed
in
Marriages
:
for
if
too
late
the
Succession
is
endanger'd
,
and
the
Government
would
be
too
much
expos'd
to
the
Incontinency
of
Youth
:
And
if
soon
the
Children
being
almost
of
the
same
Age
with
their
Fathers
,
would
soon
forget
their
Duty
,
and
grudge
'em
the
time
they
live
.
EMBLEM
LXVII
.
THE
Policy
of
our
Times
presupposes
Malice
and
Fraud
in
all
things
,
and
therefore
arms
it self
with
greater
,
without
any
regard
to
Religion
,
Justice
or
Honour
.
It
thinks
nothing
disallowable
that
is
advantageous
;
but
as
these
Practices
are
now
common
,
they
must
need
justle
and
confound
one
another
,
to
the
Detriment
of
the
publick
Tranquility
,
and
without
obtaining
their
propos'd
Ends.
But
let
a
Prince
cautiously
avoid
such
Doctrine
,
and
learn
rather
of
Nature
the
Mistress
of
true
Policy
,
without
Malice
,
Fraud
,
or
any
ill
Practice
,
there
being
none
so
certain
,
firm
and
solid
,
as
that
which
she
observes
in
the
Government
,
of
Vegetables
and
Animals
,
more
especially
that
which
she
dictates
to
every
Man
by
his
Reason
.
Particularly
to
Shepherds
and
Husbandmen
,
for
the
Preservation
of
their
Flocks
,
and
improvement
of
their
Ground
:
Hence
may
be
't
is
,
that
those
Kings
who
have
been
chosen
from
the
Crook
or
the
Plow
,
have
made
the
best
Governours
.
Though
the
Shepherd
(
whose
Office
is
almost
the
same
of
a
Prince's
)
[
](A58845-e170590-b)1
1
Jerem.
23.
enjoys
the
Benefit
of
the
Wool
and
the
Milk
of
his
Flock
,
yet
't
is
with
such
moderation
,
that
he
neither
draws
Blood
from
their
Duggs
,
nor
shears
their
Skin
so
close
as
to
leave
'em
wholly
expos'd
to
the
Inconveniences
of
cold
and
heat
.
So
a
Prince
,
says
King
Alphonso
)
ought
more
to
value
the
common
Good
of
his
People
,
than
his
own
particular
Interest
,
for
the
common
Good
and
Riches
of
his
Subjects
,
are
as
it
were
his
own
[
](A58845-e170620-b)*
*
L.
19.
ti●
.
2.
p.
3.
.
The
Husbandman
cuts
not
down
the
Body
of
the
Tree
,
for
his
Domestick
occasions
,
but
only
Lops
the
Branches
,
and
not
all
of
them
neither
,
but
leaves
enough
to
sprout
out
and
serve
his
Occasions
the
next
Year
;
but
the
Farmer
is
not
so
careful
,
who
is
for
making
the
best
of
his
Farm
while
his
Lease
continues
,
not
caring
how
much
he
impoverishes
his
Ground
for
his
Landlord
[
](A58845-e170630-b)2
2
Alitèr
utimur
propriis
.
alitèr
commodatis
Quint.
de
Orat.
.
This
is
the
difference
between
a
lawful
Prince
and
a
Tyrant
,
in
respect
of
Taxes
and
Impositions
.
This
having
an
unjust
Title
,
and
fearing
soon
to
be
dethron'd
,
makes
the
best
use
of
his
time
,
stocking
up
all
by
the
Roots
,
fleaing
instead
of
shearing
his
Flock
,
instead
of
feeding
them
he
gluts
himself
,
[
](A58845-e170650-b)3
3
Ezek.
34.
2.
and
instead
of
defending
them
,
leaves
them
a
naked
Prey
to
every
Wolf
[
](A58845-e170660-b)4
4
John
10.
12.
.
But
a
just
and
lawful
Prince
in
imposing
Taxes
,
considers
the
Justice
of
the
Cause
,
the
Quantity
,
Quality
,
and
Occasion
,
and
also
Proportions
them
to
his
Subjects
Estates
and
Persons
,
treating
his
Kingdom
not
as
a
Body
which
is
to
die
with
him
,
but
to
remain
to
his
Posterity
;
knowing
that
though
Princes
are
Mortal
,
States
are
Eternal
,
[
](A58845-e170670-b)5
5
Principes
mortales
,
Rempub.
aeternam
esse
,
Tac.
3.
ann
.
and
since
he
expects
a
new
Crop
from
his
Kingdom
every
Year
,
he
preserves
it
carefully
,
as
his
best
Treasury
,
which
he
may
make
use
of
upon
urgent
Occasions
:
for
as
King
Alphonso
said
in
one
of
his
Laws
,
borrowing
his
Thought
from
a
Precept
of
Aristotle
to
Alexander
the
Great
:
The
best
and
most
lasting
Treasure
of
a
King
,
is
his
People
,
when
they
are
well
defended
;
according
to
a
saying
of
the
Emperor
Iustinian
,
that
the
Kingdom
was
always
rich
,
and
the
Exchequer
full
when
the
Subjects
were
wealthy
,
and
the
Land
plentiful
[
](A58845-e170740-b)*
*
Lib.
15.
tit.
5.
p.
2.
.
When
therefore
a
Prince
raises
Taxes
with
this
Moderation
,
the
Subjects
ought
chearfully
to
pay
them
,
nor
can
they
without
a
sort
of
Rebellion
refuse
them
;
for
Sovereignty
has
no
other
Portion
,
nor
publick
necessity
any
other
Assistance
;
there
is
no
Peace
without
Soldiers
,
no
Soldier
without
Pay
,
no
Pay
without
Taxes
[
](A58845-e170760-b)6
6
Neque
quies
gentium
sine
armis
neque
arma
sine
stipendiis
,
neque
stipendia
sine
tributis
haberi
queunt
,
Tac.
4.
Hist.
.
For
this
Reason
when
Nero
would
have
remitted
the
Taxes
,
the
Roman
Senate
oppos'd
him
,
saying
,
that
without
them
the
Empire
would
be
ruin'd
[
](A58845-e170800-b)7
7
Diss●lution●m
Imperii
docendo
,
si
fructus
quibus
Resp.
sustinetur
〈◊〉
,
Tac.
13.
ann
.
.
Taxes
are
the
Prince
of
Peace
:
but
if
they
are
too
heavy
,
and
the
People
not
well
satisfied
of
their
necessity
,
they
soon
rebel
against
their
Prince
.
'T
was
for
no
other
Reason
that
King
Alphonso
Sirnamed
the
Great
,
grew
so
odious
to
the
People
,
that
after
many
Troubles
and
Vexations
he
was
oblig'd
to
quit
his
Crown
;
for
the
same
also
Garcios
King
of
Galicia
lost
both
his
Kingdom
and
Life
too
[
](A58845-e170850-b)†
†
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
lib.
9.
cap.
8.
.
K.
Henry
III.
consider'd
this
Danger
,
when
being
advised
by
some
,
to
raise
new
Taxes
to
defray
the
Expence
of
War
,
he
answer'd
,
I
fear
the
Discontent
of
my
People
more
than
my
Enemies
.
Money
collected
from
unjust
Taxes
,
is
mingled
with
the
Subjects
Blood
,
as
was
seen
to
drop
from
that
piece
which
St.
Francis
of
Padua
broke
in
the
Presence
of
Ferdinand
King
of
Naples
,
and
this
ever
crys
for
Vengeance
against
the
Prince
.
Great
Taxes
therefore
ought
not
to
be
rais'd
till
the
People
be
well
convinced
of
the
Necessity
o●
them
;
for
when
they
are
satisfied
of
that
,
and
of
the
Justice
of
the
Cause
,
they
patiently
bear
the
heaviest
Impositions
,
as
we
see
in
those
which
were
rais'd
by
K.
Ferdinand
IVth
,
and
in
the
Grant
which
the
Parliament
,
of
Toledo
made
of
a
Million
,
in
the
times
of
Henry
III.
permitting
him
also
to
raise
more
of
his
own
accord
,
to
carry
on
the
Wars
against
the
Moors
.
For
though
't
is
not
for
private
Persons
to
examine
into
the
Justice
of
Taxes
,
though
they
cannot
often
apprehend
the
Causes
of
Expences
,
nor
can
they
be
communicated
to
them
without
evident
Danger
[
](A58845-e170970-b)8
8
Tibi
summum
rerum
judicium
dii
dedere
:
nobis
obs●quii
gl●●ia
relict●
est
,
Tac.
6.
ann
.
,
yet
are
there
some
general
Reasons
which
they
may
without
Damage
be
inform'd
of
,
and
though
Natural
and
Divine
Reason
do
allow
the
Power
of
levying
Impositions
to
the
Prince
,
without
the
Subjects
Consent
,
when
they
are
just
and
necessary
(
as
King
Alphonso
us'd
to
say
)
yet
will
a
prudent
Prince
so
manage
the
matter
,
and
dispose
the
Minds
of
his
Subjects
,
that
it
may
seem
to
be
done
with
their
Approbation
;
Taxes
are
(
according
to
the
Scripture
)
the
Bridle
of
the
People
[
](A58845-e171000-b)9
9
2
Sam.
8.
1.
Vide.
;
they
keep
them
in
Obedience
,
and
uphold
the
Prince's
Authority
.
Those
who
are
free
from
all
Taxes
are
ungovernable
;
yet
this
Bridle
should
be
so
easie
,
as
not
to
gall
them
too
much
;
as
King
Flavius
Herwegi●s
prudently
consider'd
in
the
Thirteenth
Council
of
Toledo
,
saying
,
That
that
Government
was
best
which
neither
oppress'd
the
People
with
too
great
Taxes
,
nor
made
them
remiss
and
negligent
by
too
little
[
](A58845-e171030-b)*
*
Ut
nec
incauta
exactio
populos
gravet
,
nec
indiscreta
r●missio
statum
gentis
fociat
deperire
,
Concil.
Tol
xiii
.
.
The
Command
which
Princes
have
over
the
Lives
of
their
Subjects
,
is
executed
without
Danger
,
it
being
done
by
Law
,
which
punishes
some
as
Examples
to
the
rest
;
but
not
so
that
Command
which
they
have
over
their
Goods
and
Estates
,
for
that
comprehend●
all
in
general
,
and
People
are
more
sensible
in
what
concerns
their
Estates
than
their
Bodies
;
especially
when
they
are
got
by
Sweat
and
Blood
,
and
are
to
be
imployed
to
supply
the
Prince's
Luxury
.
In
which
that
remarkable
Action
of
K.
David
ought
to
be
consider'd
,
when
he
refus'd
to
drink
the
water
which
his
three
Soldiers
brought
him
from
amidst
the
Enemies
Camp
,
least
he
should
seem
to
drink
the
Blood
of
those
Men
[
](A58845-e171070-b)10
10
2
Sam.
23.
17.
.
'T
is
no
good
Policy
to
impoverish
the
People
by
Taxes
the
better
to
keep
them
in
Obedience
,
for
though
Poverty
,
whether
Original
or
Accidental
,
debases
our
Spirits
,
which
always
rise
and
fall
with
our
Condition
;
yet
does
Oppression
provoke
our
Minds
,
and
urge
us
to
Rebellion
[
](A58845-e171080-b)11
11
Ferocissimo
quoque
adsumpto
,
aut
quibus
ob
egestatem
,
ac
metum
ex
Flagitiis
maxima
peccandi
necessitudo
,
Tac.
3.
ann
.
All
the
Israelites
that
were
in
Distress
,
and
every
one
that
was
in
Debt
,
and
every
one
that
was
discontented
joyn'd
David
against
Saul
[
](A58845-e171130-b)12
12
1
Sam.
22.
2.
.
The
People
are
always
most
obedient
when
they
are
richest
.
The
plenty
of
Egypt
made
the
People
of
God
,
though
very
severely
us'd
,
forget
their
Liberty
;
but
afterwards
when
they
came
to
want
in
the
Wilderness
,
they
complain'd
heavily
of
their
Slavery
and
Bondage
.
When
a
Kingdom
is
given
upon
Condition
,
that
no
Taxes
shall
be
levy'd
without
its
Consent
,
or
if
this
be
afterwards
provided
by
some
general
Decree
,
as
was
in
the
Parliament
of
Madrid
,
in
the
time
of
King
Alphonso
XIth
.
or
when
it
has
acquired
this
Privilege
by
long
Prescription
,
as
in
Spain
,
and
France
;
in
such
Cases
the
Prince
must
wait
the
Consent
of
the
Parliament
,
least
he
should
expose
himself
to
the
same
Danger
,
as
Charles
VIIth
.
of
France
did
formerly
,
when
he
went
to
raise
a
certain
Tax
without
communicating
it
to
his
Council
.
'T
is
also
of
great
advantage
to
a
Prince
to
be
so
well
es●eem'd
of
his
People
,
that
from
their
Opinion
of
his
Zeal
for
their
Good
,
they
may
think
whatever
Taxes
he
imposes
upon
them
are
just
and
reasonable
,
and
blindly
agree
to
whatever
he
proposes
,
committing
themselves
wholly
to
his
Prudence
and
Management
,
as
the
Egyptians
did
to
Ioseph's
,
when
he
exacted
the
fifth
part
of
their
Estates
[
](A58845-e171240-b)13
13
Gen.
47.
25.
.
When
the
People
have
once
this
Confidence
in
the
Prince
,
he
ought
diligently
to
take
Care
,
not
to
burthen
them
without
sufficient
Cause
,
and
mature
Deliberation
.
But
if
necessity
does
require
it
,
let
him
at
least
take
Care
that
the
Taxes
be
well
expended
;
for
the
People
take
nothing
more
hainously
,
than
to
see
no
advantage
from
their
Oppressions
,
and
to
see
their
Estates
squander'd
away
to
no
purpose
.
They
are
also
very
uneasie
to
see
Taxes
continued
,
when
the
Occasion
for
which
they
were
rais'd
is
over
.
As
't
was
in
Vespasian's
time
,
when
the
Taxes
rais'd
for
the
necessity
of
War
were
continued
in
time
of
Peace
[
](A58845-e171260-b)14
14
Necissitate
arm●rum
excusorta
,
etiam
in
pace
mau●er●
,
Tac.
2.
ann
.
.
For
afterwards
Subjects
dread
them
,
and
grudge
to
pay
them
though
never
so
small
,
thinking
that
they
will
be
perpetual
.
Queen
Mary
gain'd
the
Hearts
of
her
Subjects
,
and
preserv'd
their
Loyalty
in
the
most
difficult
times
,
by
remitting
the
Excise
which
her
Husband
King
Sancho
IVth
.
had
laid
upon
Provisions
.
'T
is
difficult
to
perswade
People
to
part
with
their
Money
to
maintain
a
foreign
War
,
nor
can
they
easily
apprehend
how
much
it
conduces
to
their
Interest
,
to
keep
War
from
their
own
Doors
,
and
maintain
it
in
foreign
States
,
and
how
much
safer
is
the
Defence
of
a
Shield
than
that
of
a
Helmet
,
that
being
farther
distant
from
the
Head
.
The
Purblind
Mobb
can
seldom
see
so
far
.
They
weigh
rather
the
present
Burthen
,
than
the
future
Benefit
,
not
thinking
all
the
Riches
of
the
Kingdom
will
be
afterwards
too
little
to
make
good
the
Damage
they
have
suffer'd
by
their
obstinate
Negligence
[
](A58845-e171310-b)15
15
Plerumque
accidit
,
ut
quae
provinciae
pecuniae
parcendo
,
●mota
pericula
contemnunt
incumbentibus
demum
malis
,
desperat●
s●pe
remedio
graviora
sentiant
detrim●nta
,
Paul
.
Jov.
.
It
requires
therefore
,
all
the
Prudence
and
Dexterity
of
a
Prince
to
make
them
know
their
Interest
.
In
raising
Taxes
,
Care
ought
always
to
be
taken
not
to
oppress
the
Nobility
:
for
Exemption
from
Taxes
being
the
chief
Distinction
between
them
and
the
Commons
,
they
can't
brook
to
see
themselves
degraded
,
and
their
Privileges
violated
,
which
were
acquir'd
by
the
Valour
and
Vertue
of
their
Ancestors
.
This
was
the
Reason
why
the
Nobility
of
Castile
took
up
Arms
against
Henry
III.
who
tax'd
'em
at
fi●e
Marvedees
of
Gold
apiece
,
towards
the
Charge
of
the
War
.
Neither
should
Taxes
be
laid
upon
such
things
as
are
absolutely
necessary
for
Life
;
but
rather
upon
Toys
,
Curiosities
,
Pride
and
Vanity
:
for
so
besides
correcting
Luxury
,
they
would
fall
in
the
greatest
measure
upon
the
Rich
,
and
would
be
Encouragement
to
Husbandmen
and
Tradesmen
,
which
part
of
the
Government
ought
most
to
be
cherished
and
supported
;
so
the
Romans
laid
great
Taxes
upon
the
Spices
,
Pearls
and
Jewels
,
which
were
imported
from
Arabia
;
as
Alexander
Severus
did
upon
those
Offices
which
tended
more
to
Debauchery
,
than
Use
and
Necessity
,
't
is
the
readiest
way
to
Reformation
,
to
inhance
the
Price
of
Vanity
.
There
are
no
Taxes
paid
more
easily
than
those
which
are
laid
upon
Commodities
imported
;
for
the
greatest
part
of
them
is
paid
by
Foreigners
;
wherefore
in
England
the
Royal
Revenue
is
very
prudently
raised
from
these
kind
of
Taxes
,
the
Kingdom
it self
being
Exempt
.
The
greatest
Inconveniency
in
raising
Taxes
and
Excise
is
,
in
the
Collectors
and
Receivers
,
who
are
often
more
burthensome
than
the
Taxes
themselves
;
for
there
is
nothing
that
the
Subjects
take
more
grievously
,
than
the
violence
and
importunity
of
these
sort
of
Men
in
collecting
their
Money
.
'T
is
an
Observation
that
only
Sicily
endur'd
them
with
Patience
:
God
himself
complains
of
them
by
the
Prophet
Isaiah
,
that
they
oppress'd
his
People
[
](A58845-e171440-b)16
16
Isa.
3
12.
Vid.
.
In
Egypt
some
Prophet
was
always
President
of
the
Customs
,
for
they
thought
it
not
safe
to
trust
'em
to
any
but
God's
immediate
Servant
;
but
now
they
are
committed
to
Pedlars
and
Broakers
,
who
wreck
a
Ship
in
Port
,
which
had
escaped
the
Fury
of
the
Wind
and
Sea
[
](A58845-e171460-b)17
17
Portus
nostros
navis
veniens
non
paveseat
,
ut
certum
nautis
possit
esse
naufragium
,
si
manus
non
incurrere●t
exigentium
:
quos
frequenter
plus
affligunt
damna
,
quam
solent
naufragia
,
Cassiod
.
lib.
4.
Ep.
19.
,
like
Robbers
plundering
Travellers
of
their
Goods
and
Money
.
What
wonder
therefore
that
Trade
decays
,
and
that
Riches
and
Merchandice
are
not
imported
,
if
they
are
expos'd
to
such
as
these
,
who
plunder
'em
by
Authority
,
what
Wonder
,
I
say
,
That
the
People
complain
of
Taxes
,
if
for
one
Shilling
that
comes
to
the
King
,
ten
goes
to
the
Collectors
and
Receivers
for
this
Reason
,
when
in
the
Parliament
of
Guadal●jara
,
the
Kingdom
of
Castile
offer'd
to
raise
150000
Ducats
,
it
was
upon
Condition
,
that
they
themselves
should
keep
Books
of
the
Receipts
and
Disbursements
of
it
,
that
they
might
know
what
was
imployed
to
the
publick
Interest
,
and
how
it
was
expended
,
without
trusting
it
to
the
Management
of
those
who
had
the
Government
of
the
Kingdom
during
the
Kings
Minority
.
For
the
same
Reason
,
the
People
of
France
propos'd
to
King
Henry
II.
that
if
he
would
discharge
his
Collectors
,
they
would
themselves
pay
in
their
Assessments
,
where-ever
he
should
Order
;
which
the
King
had
agreed
to
,
had
not
some
of
his
Ministers
disswaded
him
.
The
Kingdoms
of
Castile
have
often
offer'd
the
same
thing
,
nay
,
and
also
to
pay
off
the
Crown
Debts
;
but
't
was
judg'd
that
it
would
be
a
Diminution
to
the
Royal
Authority
,
to
be
instructed
and
tutor'd
by
the
Kingdom
,
and
besides
,
that
such
a
Power
could
not
be
without
Danger
.
But
I
believe
the
true
Reason
was
,
that
the
Court
was
unwilling
to
lose
so
many
beneficial
Offices
,
and
such
ready
means
of
getting
Money
.
A
Prince's
Credit
consists
not
in
the
Administration
,
but
in
the
Possession
of
Riches
.
The
Roman
State
was
not
less
careful
of
their
Authority
than
any
other
,
yet
by
Reason
of
the
Trouble
and
Charge
of
Collecting
,
it
order'd
each
Province
to
Collect
and
pay
in
their
own
Taxes
;
taking
Care
to
keep
the
Officers
in
their
Duty
,
that
they
might
not
oppress
the
People
through
Avarice
and
Extortion
;
in
this
Tiberius
took
particular
Care
[
](A58845-e171550-b)18
18
Ne
Provinciae
nobis
oneribus
turbarentur
,
utque
vetera
sin●
a
varitia
,
●ut
crudelitate
Magistratuum
tolerarent
,
Tac.
lib.
4.
ann
.
.
Modesty
in
the
Collecting
of
one
Tax
,
obliges
the
People
more
readily
to
grant
others
.
EMBLEM
LXVIII
.
THE
Ingenious
Greeks
included
in
certain
pretty
Fables
,
as
the
Aegyptians
in
Hieroglyphicks
,
not
only
all
Natural
Philosophy
,
but
also
Moral
and
Politick
;
either
to
hide
them
from
the
Vulgar
,
or
else
that
they
might
be
the
better
imprinted
in
their
Minds
,
by
these
pleasant
and
delightful
Fictions
.
So
,
to
represent
the
Power
of
Navigation
,
and
the
Riches
thereby
acquir'd
,
they
feign'd
,
that
the
Ship
Argo
(
which
was
the
first
that
durst
venture
upon
the
main
Ocean
)
obtained
the
famous
Fleece
,
which
instead
of
Wool
,
yielded
Gold
;
for
which
glorious
Exploit
it
was
consecrated
to
Pallas
,
the
Goddess
of
War
,
and
placed
amongst
the
Constellations
,
as
a
Reward
of
such
dangerous
Voyages
:
shewing
the
World
,
that
by
the
Help
of
Oars
and
Sails
,
they
might
make
Way
through
Mountains
of
Waves
;
and
by
the
Assistance
of
the
Wind
,
carry
Arms
and
Merchandise
all
the
World
over
.
This
Morality
,
and
the
Preferment
of
that
Ship
to
the
Skies
,
occasion'd
me
to
draw
two
in
this
present
Emblem
;
as
the
Poles
of
the
Globe
Terrestrial
,
to
shew
that
Navigation
is
the
Support
of
the
World
,
by
Commerce
and
Arms
:
These
Poles
are
Movable
,
but
in
their
Motion
consists
the
Stability
of
Empires
:
There
's
scarce
any
Monarchy
which
has
not
receiv'd
its
Rise
and
Preservation
from
thence
.
If
the
Grandeur
of
Spain
were
not
supported
by
both
those
Poles
,
the
Mediterranean
and
Ocean
,
it
would
soon
fall
:
For
't
is
evident
,
that
Provinces
so
distant
from
one
another
,
would
be
in
imminent
Danger
,
were
it
not
,
as
't
were
,
united
by
Oars
and
Sails
,
and
timely
supplied
with
Recruits
for
its
Support
and
Defence
:
So
that
Ships
and
Gallies
seem
to
be
nothing
but
a
kind
of
Sea-Bridge
.
For
this
Reason
,
the
Emperor
Charles
V.
and
Ferdinand
Duke
d'
Alva
,
advis'd
King
Philip
II.
to
maintain
a
great
Fleet
at
Sea
.
King
Sisebutus
well
knew
the
Advantage
of
it
,
being
the
first
that
kept
a
Fleet
upon
the
Spanish
Seas
.
Themistocles
gave
the
same
Adice
to
his
State
;
and
the
Romans
made
use
of
it
afterwards
to
conquer
the
World
.
This
Element
begirts
and
conquers
the
Earth
:
In
it
Strength
and
Speed
are
united
;
and
whoever
can
make
use
of
them
with
Valour
,
has
the
World
at
command
.
Arms
at
Land
attack
and
terrifie
only
one
Nation
,
but
at
Sea
they
Alarm
the
whole
World
.
There
is
no
Circumspection
,
or
Power
sufficient
by
Land
,
to
defend
the
Sea
Coasts
.
'T
is
the
Sea
which
has
civiliz'd
all
Nations
,
which
had
been
rude
and
barbarous
,
without
the
Use
of
Navigation
and
Commerce
,
which
has
taught
'em
to
know
one
another's
Languages
and
Customs
:
This
Antiquity
meant
,
when
they
feign'd
that
the
Rudder
of
the
Ship
Argo
spoke
;
intimating
,
that
by
the
Help
of
that
,
foreign
Languages
were
learn'd
.
'T
is
Navigation
that
supplies
each
Nation
with
the
Goods
and
Riches
of
others
,
all
Nations
mutually
furnishing
each
other
with
what
they
want
;
which
Advantage
promotes
that
mutual
Love
and
Correspondence
between
Men
,
which
is
necessary
for
their
reciprocal
Assistance
.
This
Marine
Power
is
more
necessary
for
some
Kingdoms
than
others
,
according
to
their
several
Situation
and
Disposition
.
The
Asiatick
Monarchies
have
more
Occasion
for
a
Land
than
Sea
Force
.
Venice
and
Genoa
,
of
which
one
lies
upon
the
Sea
,
the
other
near
it
,
being
utterly
unapt
for
Husbandry
and
Agriculture
,
apply
themselves
wholly
to
Navigation
:
And
as
long
as
they
maintain'd
their
Power
at
Sea
,
they
were
the
Terrour
and
Glory
of
the
World
.
So
Spain
,
which
is
in
a
manner
surrounded
with
the
Ocean
,
must
establish
its
Power
at
Sea
,
if
it
would
aspire
to
Universal
Monarchy
.
The
Situation
of
its
Ports
is
very
commodious
,
not
only
for
the
Support
of
such
Force
,
but
also
for
hindring
the
Navigation
of
other
Nations
,
who
,
by
our
Trade
,
get
Riches
and
Strength
to
make
War
upon
us
afterwards
.
For
which
Reason
,
't
will
be
convenient
to
provide
sufficient
Security
for
Commerce
and
Traffick
,
they
being
the
principal
Causes
;
't
is
they
turn
all
the
Ports
into
Magazines
and
Stores
,
furnishing
the
Kingdom
with
all
things
necessary
,
making
it
flourish
,
and
grow
Populous
.
These
and
other
Conveniences
the
Prophet
Ezekiel
intimated
,
in
the
Allegory
of
the
Ships
which
belong'd
to
Sidon
(
a
City
situate
at
the
Entry
of
the
[
](A58845-e171860-b)1
1
Ezek.
27.
3.
Sea
,
)
which
was
full
of
Merchants
and
Mariners
[
](A58845-e171880-b)2
2
Ibid.
.
They
of
Persia
,
and
of
Lud
,
and
of
Phut
,
were
in
its
Armies
,
Men
of
War
:
they
hang'd
the
Shield
and
Helmet
in
it
,
they
set
forth
its
comeliness
[
](A58845-e171900-b)3
3
Ibid.
ver.
10.
.
Tarshish
was
its
Merchant
,
by
reason
of
the
multitude
of
all
kind
of
Riches
;
with
Silver
,
Iron
,
Tin
,
and
Lead
,
they
traded
in
its
Fairs
[
](A58845-e171920-b)4
4
Ibid.
ver.
12.
.
In
a
word
,
There
was
nothing
in
any
Nation
,
which
was
not
sold
in
its
Fairs
;
so
that
it
might
be
truly
called
glorious
in
the
midst
of
the
Seas
[
](A58845-e171940-b)5
5
Ibid.
ver.
25.
.
We
find
also
its
Prince
exalted
,
and
lifted
up
by
its
Traffick
[
](A58845-e171960-b)6
6
Ezek.
28.
5.
.
The
Republicks
of
Si●●
Nineveh
,
Babylon
,
Rome
,
and
Carthage
,
flourish'd
bo●●
in
War
and
Peace
,
as
long
as
they
maintain'd
the●●
Trade
and
Commerce
.
When
Venice
and
Genoa
fail'd
●
Traffick
and
Navigation
,
their
Grandeur
and
Glory
soon
faded
.
Holland
,
situate
upon
a
barren
Sand
,
〈◊〉
capable
of
being
manur'd
by
either
Spade
or
Plow
supports
very
numerous
Armies
by
their
Trade
an●
Commerce
;
and
maintains
such
populous
Cities
,
as
the
most
fertile
Plains
would
not
be
able
to
supply
.
Fr●
●●
has
neither
Mines
of
Silver
nor
Gold
,
yet
does
it
enri●●
it self
by
its
Trade
in
several
kind
of
Toys
and
Guga●
in
Iron
,
Lead
and
Tin
:
Whereas
we
,
through
Laziness
,
neglect
these
Riches
,
which
the
Conveniency
〈◊〉
the
Sea
offers
us
.
We
,
with
great
Toil
and
Danger
bring
Home
the
Treasures
of
both
the
Indies
,
as
Diamond●
Pearls
,
Spice
,
&c.
without
proceeding
any
further
;
where●as
other
Nations
reap
the
Benefit
of
this
our
Labour
,
b●
transporting
them
into
all
the
Countries
of
Europe
,
Asia
and
Africa
.
We
support
the
Genouese
with
Gold
〈◊〉
Silver
to
trade
with
,
and
afterwards
pay
'em
extravaga●
Prices
for
their
Commodities
,
so
paying
Interest
for
o●
own
Money
.
We
furnish
other
Nations
with
Silk●
Wool
,
Steel
,
Iron
,
and
many
other
Commodities
which
,
after
they
are
wrought
,
are
brought
to
us
again
and
we
buy
them
at
a
prodigious
Rate
,
by
reason
of
th●
Carriage
and
Workmanship
:
So
that
we
pay
very
de●
for
the
Ingenuity
and
Industry
of
other
Nations
.
Th●●
bring
us
trifling
,
insignificant
Ware
,
and
carry
hen●●
our
substantial
Gold
and
Silver
.
Whence
it
is
,
(
●
King
Henry
II.
said
)
That
Foreigners
,
nay
,
sometimes
〈◊〉
very
Enemies
,
grow
Rich
and
Powerful
,
while
our
own
〈◊〉
are
Impoverish'd
and
Beggar'd
.
This
the
Emperor
Tiber●●
formerly
complain'd
of
,
when
he
saw
the
Extravagan●
of
the
Roman
Ladies
in
Pearls
and
Jewels
[
](A58845-e172120-b)7
7
Quid
?
lapidum
causa
pecuniae
nostra
●
hostiles
gentes
transferuntur
.
Tac.
3.
Annal.
.
Yo●
R.
H.
would
gain
Immortal
Honour
,
in
Encouragi●
and
Promoting
Trade
and
Navigation
,
both
in
the
Citizens
and
Nobility
;
for
the
Products
of
the
Earth
are
not
more
Natural
than
those
of
Traffick
and
Commerce
.
The
Kings
of
Tyre
did
not
disdain
to
Trade
;
and
the
Fleets
which
Solomon
sent
to
Tarshish
,
carry'd
not
only
Necessaries
,
but
also
Merchandize
and
Effects
to
Trade
with
,
that
he
might
exceed
all
the
Kings
of
the
Earth
for
Wisdom
and
Riches
[
](A58845-e172170-b)8
8
1
King
.
10.
22.
.
We
read
,
that
Pompey
put
out
his
Money
to
Use.
The
Nobility
also
of
Rome
and
Carthage
thought
it
not
beneath
'em
to
Traffick
.
Rome
Instituted
a
College
of
Merchants
;
whence
,
I
believe
,
the
Dutch
took
the
Institution
of
their
Companies
.
How
much
more
commodiously
might
Spain
Establish
them
,
by
securing
them
with
Men
of
War
;
which
would
make
it
not
only
Rich
,
but
Formidable
.
These
Conveniencies
the
Kings
of
Portugal
considering
,
setled
their
Commerce
in
the
East
,
by
Force
of
Arms
;
maintaining
their
Arms
by
their
Trade
;
and
by
the
help
of
both
,
founded
a
new
and
large
Empire
[
](A58845-e172250-b)9
9
Psalm
71.
8.
;
Establishing
Religion
,
before
unknown
to
those
remote
Countries
:
As
it
was
also
to
the
Western
Part
of
the
World
,
till
introduc'd
by
the
Valour
and
Prowess
of
the
Castilians
,
who
instructed
that
Heathen
Country
in
what
before
they
never
so
much
as
heard
of
[
](A58845-e172270-b)10
10
Isai.
49.
12
;
so
that
receiving
from
them
the
True
Religion
of
the
Gospel
,
and
the
Mysterious
Bread
of
the
Encharist
,
brought
them
so
far
[
](A58845-e172280-b)11
11
Prov.
31.
14.
,
that
they
cried
out
for
Joy
,
with
the
Prophet
Isaiah
,
Who
hath
begotten
me
these
;
seeing
I
have
lost
my
Children
,
and
am
desolate
,
a
Captive
,
and
removing
to
and
fro
?
and
who
hath
brought
〈◊〉
these
?
Behold
,
I
was
left
alone
,
these
,
where
had
they
●een
[
](A58845-e172300-b)12
12
Isai.
49.
21.
?
'T
would
be
also
conducive
,
that
if
,
as
the
Romans
formerly
establish'd
Garrisons
at
Constantinople
,
Rhodes
,
●pon
the
Rhine
,
and
at
Cadiz
,
as
in
the
four
principal
Angles
of
the
Empire
;
so
now
the
Spaniards
should
erect
Military
Orders
in
several
Places
in
the
Mediterranean
and
Ocean
,
who
might
Cruise
about
the
Seas
,
and
clear
them
of
Pyrates
,
and
secure
our
Trade
with
other
Nations
.
These
Badges
of
Honour
and
Nobility
,
are
sufficient
Rewards
for
Vertue
and
Valour
;
and
the
Presidency
of
these
Orders
are
rich
enough
to
give
a
Beginning
to
so
Glorious
and
Royal
an
Undertaking
.
But
if
their
Revenues
should
not
suffice
,
nor
the
Crown
be
willing
to
be
depriv'd
of
so
many
Noble
Posts
,
the
Administration
of
which
is
invested
in
it
by
the
Apostolick
See
,
some
Ecclesiastical
Rents
might
be
apply'd
to
that
use
.
This
was
the
Advice
of
King
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
,
who
would
have
Constituted
the
Knights
of
St.
Iames
at
Oran
;
and
the
Orders
of
Alcantara
,
and
Calatrava
,
at
Bugia
and
Tripoli
;
having
obtained
leave
of
the
Pope
,
to
convert
the
Revenues
of
the
Conven●●
del
Villar
de
Venas
,
St.
Martin
,
in
the
Diocese
of
Saint
Iames
,
and
that
of
Oviedo
,
to
that
use
.
But
by
reason
of
the
War
,
which
soon
after
broke
out
in
Italy
,
this
Design
was
not
accomplish'd
,
or
perhaps
because
God
reserv'd
the
Glory
of
this
Institution
for
some
other
King
.
Nor
is
the
State-Objection
,
against
Intrusting
such
Potent
Offices
to
the
Nobility
,
of
force
.
Military
Orders
were
,
't
is
true
,
the
Occasion
of
so
many
Rebellions
in
Castile
:
yet
now
,
when
the
Power
of
our
King
is
enlarg'd
by
the
addition
of
so
many
Crowns
,
tha●
Inconveniency
is
not
to
be
fear'd
;
especially
if
these
Orders
were
setled
out
of
Spain
,
and
the
Presidency
of
them
Ingrafted
,
as
it
were
,
in
the
Crown
.
EMBLEM
LXIX
.
DIvine
Providence
would
not
suffer
this
Monarchy
of
the
World
to
be
one
moment
without
Gold
and
Iron
;
one
to
preserve
,
and
the
other
to
defend
it
:
For
if
it
did
not
create
them
at
the
same
time
with
the
World
;
yet
did
the
Sun
,
the
Second
Governor
of
all
things
,
immediately
after
its
Creation
,
operate
in
Purifying
and
Refining
the
Mineral
Matter
,
and
locking
it
up
in
Mountains
,
as
in
publick
Treasuries
;
where
also
Mars
,
after
the
Matter
was
harden'd
and
re●in'd
into
Iron
and
Steel
,
erected
his
Armory
.
Arms
are
the
Hands
of
Governments
;
and
Riches
their
Blood
and
Spirit
:
And
if
these
don't
supply
the
Hands
with
Strength
,
and
they
again
preserve
and
defend
them
,
the
whole
Body
will
soon
fall
,
and
be
expos'd
to
Ruine
and
Violence
.
Pliny
tells
of
a
sort
of
Ants
,
in
India
,
which
instead
of
Grains
of
Corn
,
heap
up
Grains
of
Gold
.
Nature
has
not
granted
those
laborious
Animals
the
Use
of
this
Metal
;
yet
it
would
have
them
,
like
Masters
,
inform
every
Government
of
the
Importance
of
laying
up
Treasure
.
And
though
it
be
the
Opinion
of
some
Statesmen
,
That
hoarding
up
Riches
,
serves
for
nothing
but
to
invite
Enemies
,
as
Hezekiah
found
,
when
he
had
shewn
his
Treasure
to
the
Embassadors
of
Assyria
[
](A58845-e172620-b)1
1
2
King
.
20.
13.
;
and
as
the
Egyptians
knew
,
who
,
for
this
Reason
,
employ'd
all
their
Royal
Revenues
in
Building
;
yet
are
their
Reasons
invalid
,
and
these
two
Examples
of
no
force
:
For
't
was
not
Hezekiah's
shewing
his
Riches
,
that
brought
the
War
upon
him
;
but
his
Vanity
and
Pride
,
in
putting
his
Trust
in
them
,
more
than
in
God
:
'T
was
this
that
made
Isaiah
prophesie
,
That
he
should
lose
all
that
he
had
[
](A58845-e172660-b)2
2
Ibid.
ver.
17.
.
Nor
did
the
Egyptians
employ
their
Treasure
in
Building
,
through
fear
of
losing
it
,
but
through
Vain-glory
,
and
a
design
to
amuse
the
Peoples
Minds
,
as
we
shall
observe
in
its
proper
place
.
If
a
Prince
amasses
Treasure
,
through
Avarice
,
not
making
use
of
it
,
when
Occasion
requires
,
to
defend
his
Country
,
and
offend
his
Enemy
,
and
,
to
save
Charges
,
leaves
his
State
unprovided
of
Arms
and
Men
,
he
will
soon
invite
his
Enemies
to
forge
Keys
to
open
his
Chests
,
and
plunder
him
of
his
Riches
.
But
if
he
applies
those
Treasures
to
the
Use
and
Service
of
his
State
,
he
will
at
once
strike
an
Awe
and
Respect
into
his
Enemies
.
For
Riches
are
the
Nerves
of
War
[
](A58845-e172680-b)3
3
Sed
nihil
aqu●
fatigabat
,
quam
pecuniarum
conquisitio
;
eos
esse
belli
civilis
nervos
dictitans
,
Tac.
2.
Hist.
:
'T
is
they
procure
Friends
and
Allies
.
In
a
word
,
A
Full
Exchequer
does
more
Execution
than
Artillery
,
Fleets
,
or
Armies
.
When
thus
apply'd
,
hoarding
Riches
,
and
Moderation
of
Expences
,
are
not
Avarice
,
but
Prudence
;
as
was
that
of
King
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
,
who
,
while
living
,
was
call'd
Miserable
and
Covetous
;
but
after
his
Death
,
was
clear'd
of
that
Aspersion
,
he
leaving
behind
him
but
a
very
inconsiderable
Summ
;
whatever
he
hoarded
,
he
used
to
expend
upon
the
Fabrick
of
the
Kingdom
,
placing
his
Glory
not
in
spending
,
but
in
having
what
to
spend
.
It
must
be
observ'd
,
That
Treasures
are
sometimes
collected
with
a
true
and
Heroick
Design
,
to
execute
some
Great
and
Glorious
Action
:
yet
does
this
,
by
degrees
,
dwindle
into
Avarice
,
and
the
Ruine
of
States
happens
before
the
Treasury
is
open'd
for
their
Relief
.
Man's
Mind
is
easily
taken
with
the
Love
of
Riches
,
and
is
wholly
possess'd
with
a
desire
of
obtaining
them
.
Nor
is
it
sufficient
,
that
these
Treasures
be
divided
among
the
whole
Body
of
the
State
,
as
Chlorus
in
Eutropius
desired
[
](A58845-e172740-b)4
4
Melius
publicas
opes
à
privatis
haberi
,
quam
intra
unum
claustrum
asservari
.
Eutrop.
:
For
Riches
secure
the
Prince
,
but
endanger
the
People
.
Cerealis
told
the
People
of
Treves
,
That
their
Riches
were
the
chief
Cause
of
their
Wars
[
](A58845-e172780-b)5
5
Penes
quos
Aurum
,
&
opes
praecipuae
bellorum
causae
.
Tacit.
6.
Hist.
.
When
the
Publick
is
Poor
,
and
private
Persons
Rich
,
Misfortunes
arrive
,
before
they
can
be
prevented
.
Counsels
are
prejudiced
;
for
the
People
avoid
those
Resolutions
,
which
seek
to
redress
the
Publick
Grievances
,
at
the
Expence
of
particular
Persons
,
so
that
they
can
very
difficultly
be
induced
to
make
War
.
Aristole
,
for
this
Reason
,
blam'd
the
Constitution
of
the
Common-wealth
of
Sparta
,
it
having
no
Publick
Treasury
[
](A58845-e172820-b)6
6
Male
e●iam
circa
pecunias
publicas
constitutum
est
apud
ill●s
,
quia
neque
in
publi●o
habent
quicquam
,
&
magna
bella
gerere
coacti
,
pecunias
agre
con●erunt
.
Arist.
l.
2.
c.
6.
Pol.
.
And
if
the
People
are
more
intent
upon
their
own
private
,
than
the
Publick
Interest
,
with
how
much
Regret
will
they
be
induced
to
remedy
the
Grievances
of
the
Publick
,
at
their
own
particular
Expence
[
](A58845-e172840-b)7
7
Privato
usui
bonum
publicum
postponitur
.
Tac.
6.
Annal.
?
The
Republick
of
Genoa
feels
this
Inconveniency
.
And
Plato
ascribes
the
Ruine
of
that
of
Rome
to
no
other
Cause
,
in
an
Oration
which
Sallust
says
he
made
in
the
Senate
,
against
the
Accomplices
of
Cataline's
Conspiracy
;
having
(
as
St.
Augustine
explains
it
[
](A58845-e172920-b)*
*
St.
August
.
lib.
5.
de
Civ
.
Dei
,
cap.
12.
)
stray'd
from
their
first
Institution
,
in
which
private
Persons
were
Poor
,
but
the
Publick
Rich.
Of
which
Horace
complains
[
](A58845-e172950-b)†
†
Lib.
2.
Ode
15.
:
Non
it
a
Romuli
Praescriptum
,
&
intonsi
Catonis
Auspiciis
,
&c.
Great
Princes
,
relying
too
much
upon
their
own
Power
,
lay
aside
all
Care
of
laying
up
Treasure
,
or
of
preserving
what
they
already
have
;
not
considering
,
that
if
the
Necessity
of
their
Affairs
should
require
Money
,
they
must
be
oblig'd
to
oppress
their
Subjects
with
Taxes
,
to
the
great
hazard
of
their
Fidelity
;
and
the
greater
the
Kingdom
is
,
there
will
be
need
of
greater
Expence
and
Charge
.
Princes
are
Briareus's
,
who
,
what
they
receive
with
fifty
Hands
,
spend
with
a
hundred
;
nor
is
any
Kingdom
rich
enough
to
supply
the
Extravagance
of
one
.
Clouds
,
in
one
Hour
,
spend
all
the
Vapours
which
they
have
been
many
Days
in
collecting
.
Those
Riches
which
Nature
had
for
many
Ages
hoarded
up
in
the
close
Treasury
of
the
Earth
,
were
not
sufficient
for
the
extravagant
Prodigality
of
some
of
the
Roman
Emperors
.
And
this
Extravagance
is
usual
to
Successors
who
find
the
Treasury
filled
to
their
Hands
:
For
they
spend
that
carelesly
and
lavishly
,
which
they
never
knew
the
trouble
of
acquiring
;
they
soon
pull
down
the
Banks
of
the
Treasury
,
and
drown
their
State
in
Pleasure
and
Luxury
.
In
less
than
three
Years
time
,
Caligula
squander'd
away
Sixty
Six
Millions
of
Gold
,
though
then
One
Crown
was
as
much
as
Two
now
.
Power
is
self-will'd
and
foolish
,
and
should
therefore
be
corrected
by
Prudence
;
for
without
that
,
Empires
would
soon
fall
to
Ruine
:
that
of
Rome
seem'd
to
decline
,
from
the
Time
that
the
Emperors
began
to
squander
away
its
Treasures
.
The
World
is
wholly
ruled
by
Arms
and
Riches
.
Which
is
represented
in
the
present
Emblem
,
by
a
Sword
and
Golden
Bough
,
which
a
Hand
holds
over
a
Globe
;
to
intimate
,
that
by
both
these
the
World
is
govern'd
:
alluding
to
Virgil's
Story
of
Aeneas
,
who
,
by
the
help
of
both
these
,
conquer'd
even
Hell
it self
,
and
subdued
its
Monsters
and
Furies
.
The
Sword
wounds
most
,
whose
edge
is
Gold
;
and
Valour
without
Conduct
,
and
Magazines
without
Treasuries
,
are
insignificant
.
A
Prince
ought
therefore
to
consider
,
before
he
declares
War
,
whether
he
is
sufficiently
furnish'd
with
these
Means
to
prosecute
it
:
For
which
Reason
,
't
will
be
convenient
,
that
the
President
of
the
Treasury
should
be
one
of
the
Council
,
that
he
may
give
an
Account
of
the
State
of
the
Revenue
,
and
what
Grounds
they
have
to
proceed
upon
.
Power
ought
to
be
cautious
and
circumspect
,
and
diligently
consider
of
what
it
undertakes
.
Prudence
does
the
same
in
the
Mind
,
as
the
Eyes
do
in
the
Head
;
without
that
,
Kingdoms
and
States
would
be
blind
:
And
Polyphemus
,
who
having
once
lost
his
Eye
by
the
Cunning
of
Vlysses
,
in
vain
threw
Stones
about
,
and
storm'd
for
Revenge
:
so
will
they
vainly
squander
and
throw
away
their
Treasure
and
Riches
.
What
prodigious
Summs
have
we
seen
spent
in
our
Times
,
upon
some
vain
Fear
,
in
countermining
Enemies
Designs
,
in
raising
Armies
,
and
making
War
,
which
might
have
been
avoided
by
a
Friendly
Composition
,
or
by
Dissimulation
?
How
much
in
Subsidies
and
Taxes
ill
apply'd
,
and
in
other
Necessary
Expences
,
by
which
Princes
,
thinking
to
make
themselves
Powerful
,
have
found
the
contrary
:
The
Ostentations
and
Menaces
of
Gold
extravagantly
and
unseasonably
squander'd
away
,
render
themselves
ineffectual
,
and
the
second
are
less
than
the
first
,
for
one
weakens
the
other
.
Strength
lost
,
is
soon
recruited
;
but
Riches
once
spent
,
are
hard
to
be
recover'd
.
They
ought
not
to
be
us'd
but
upon
absolute
Necessity
.
Aeneas
did
not
first
shew
the
Golden
Bough
,
but
offer'd
to
force
his
Passage
with
his
Sword
.
The
Chief
unsheath'd
his
shinning
Steel
,
prepar'd
,
Though
seiz'd
with
sudden
Fear
,
to
force
the
Guard
.
But
when
he
found
that
neither
Force
nor
Fair
Means
could
oblige
Charon
to
waft
him
over
,
the
Golden
Bough
was
produc'd
,
which
had
been
hitherto
conceal'd
[
](A58845-e173210-b)8
8
Prov.
21.
14.
:
At
the
sight
of
which
,
the
angry
God
was
pacified
.
[
](A58845-e173240-b)*
*
Dryden
'
s
Virgil.
If
neither
Piety
,
nor
Heaven's
Command
,
Can
gain
his
Passage
to
the
Stygian
Strand
,
This
fatal
Present
shall
prevail
,
at
least
,
(
Then
shew'd
the
Golden
Bough
,
conceal'd
within
her
Vest.
)
No
more
was
needful
;
for
the
Gloomy
God
Stood
mute
with
Awe
,
to
see
the
Golden
Rod
,
&c.
Let
Princes
therefore
take
Care
to
keep
those
Eyes
of
Prudence
upon
their
Scepters
,
clear
,
and
quick-sighted
,
not
disdaining
Oeconomy
,
which
is
the
Safety
and
Preservation
thereof
;
Princes
being
,
as
't
were
,
the
Fathers
of
their
People
.
The
Great
Augustus
condescended
,
as
we
have
said
before
,
for
the
Good
of
the
Publick
,
to
take
the
Accompts
of
the
Empire
with
his
own
Hand
.
Spain
had
had
long
since
the
Universal
Empire
of
the
World
,
if
it
had
been
less
Extravagant
in
War
,
and
more
Regular
and
Methodical
in
Peace
;
but
through
a
certain
Negligence
,
the
usual
Effect
of
Grandeur
,
it
has
suffer'd
those
Riches
which
should
have
render'd
it
Invincible
,
to
be
made
use
of
by
other
Nations
.
We
purchase
them
of
the
simple
Indians
,
for
Toys
and
Baubles
;
and
afterwards
,
we
our selves
,
as
silly
as
they
,
permit
other
Nations
to
Export
them
,
leaving
us
Brass
,
Lead
,
or
some
such
worthless
Commodities
,
in
their
stead
.
'T
was
the
Kingdom
of
Castile
,
which
,
by
its
Valour
and
Prowess
,
erected
our
Monarchy
;
yet
others
triumph
,
and
that
suffers
,
not
knowing
how
to
make
good
Use
of
the
vast
Treasures
which
are
brought
to
them
.
So
Divine
Providence
,
in
a
manner
,
levels
and
equals
States
;
giving
to
the
Great
Ones
Strength
,
without
Industry
;
and
to
the
Little
,
Industry
to
acquire
Strength
.
But
lest
I
should
seem
only
to
discover
Wounds
,
and
not
heal
them
,
I
will
prescribe
some
Remedies
;
not
drawn
from
the
Quintessence
and
Nicety
of
Speculation
,
which
are
approv'd
at
first
,
when
new
,
but
afterwards
rejected
by
Experience
;
but
such
as
Natural
Reason
shall
suggest
,
and
such
as
Ignorance
slights
as
vulgar
.
The
chief
Wealth
and
Riches
of
Nations
,
are
the
Fruits
of
the
Earth
;
no
Mines
in
the
World
being
richer
than
Agriculture
.
This
the
Aegyptians
knew
,
who
made
the
lower
End
of
their
Scepters
like
a
Plow-share
;
to
intimate
,
that
its
Power
and
Grandeur
was
founded
upon
that
:
The
fertile
Sides
of
Vesuvi●s
,
are
richer
than
Potosus
with
all
its
Gold
.
'T
is
not
by
Chance
,
that
Nature
has
so
liberally
imparted
the
Fruits
of
the
Earth
to
All
,
and
hid
Gold
and
Silver
in
the
very
Bowels
of
the
Earth
:
It
made
those
common
,
and
expos'd
them
upon
the
Superficies
of
the
Earth
,
on
purpose
for
Man's
Nourishment
[
](A58845-e173430-b)9
9
Maxima
pars
hominum
è
terra
vivit
&
fructibus
.
Aristor
.
Polit.
lib.
1.
c.
5.
;
and
hid
these
in
the
Bowels
thereof
,
that
they
might
not
easily
be
dug
out
,
and
refined
,
knowing
they
would
prove
the
Bane
and
Ruine
of
Mankind
.
Spain
was
,
in
former
times
,
so
rich
,
almost
only
from
the
Fruits
of
the
Earth
,
that
Lewis
King
of
France
,
coming
to
Toledo
,
in
the
time
of
King
Alphonso
the
Emperor
,
was
surpriz'd
at
the
Splendour
and
Magnificence
of
that
Court
,
affirming
,
That
he
had
not
seen
the
like
in
all
that
Part
of
Asia
or
Europe
,
which
he
had
travell'd
through
,
in
his
Voyage
to
the
Holy
Land
.
Such
was
then
●he
Grandeur
of
one
King
of
Castile
,
though
distracted
with
Civil
Wars
,
and
the
greatest
part
of
his
Kingdom
possess'd
by
the
Moors
.
There
are
some
Authors
affirm
,
That
there
was
in
this
Kingdom
,
in
the
time
of
the
Holy
War
against
the
Heathens
,
a
Rendezvouz
of
a
Hundred
Thousand
Foot
,
Ten
Thousand
Horse
,
and
Sixty
Thousand
Waggons
;
and
that
King
Alphonso
III.
daily
paid
both
the
Soldiers
,
Captains
,
and
Generals
,
according
to
their
Office
and
Quality
.
These
vast
Expences
and
Provisions
,
which
at
present
seem
incredible
,
the
single
Kingdom
of
Castile
could
afford
;
nay
,
and
at
the
same
time
maintain'd
a
greater
Number
of
Enemies
,
without
the
Assistance
of
Foreign
Riches
;
until
a
certain
Biscayner
,
roving
upon
the
Sea
,
by
fortune
,
got
a
sight
of
this
New
World
,
either
unknown
to
,
or
forgotten
by
the
Ancients
,
and
preserv'd
for
the
Honour
of
Columbus
,
who
,
after
the
Death
of
this
Spaniard
,
diligently
considering
the
Observations
that
he
,
the
first
Discoverer
had
made
,
undertook
to
demonstrate
the
Discovery
of
the
Provinces
which
Nature
seem'd
designedly
to
separate
from
us
by
Mountainous
Waves
.
He
communicated
this
his
Project
to
several
Princes
,
hoping
,
by
their
Assistance
,
to
facilitate
his
great
and
difficult
Enterprize
:
But
all
slighted
it
,
as
vain
and
notionary
.
Which
if
they
had
done
through
Prudence
and
Caution
,
and
not
Distrust
and
Misbelief
,
they
had
merited
the
same
Praise
which
Carthage
gain'd
of
old
;
which
,
when
some
Sailors
were
boasting
in
the
Senate
,
of
the
Discovery
of
a
wonderful
Rich
and
Delicious
Island
,
(
supposed
to
be
Hispaniola
)
caus'd
'em
immediately
to
be
put
to
Death
,
thinking
the
Discovery
of
such
an
Island
would
be
of
more
Detriment
than
Advantage
to
the
Commonwealth
.
Columbus
,
at
last
,
applies
himself
to
Their
Catholick
Majesties
,
Ferdinand
and
Isabella
;
whose
Generous
Spirits
,
capable
of
many
Worlds
,
could
not
be
content
with
one
alone
.
So
that
having
received
necessary
Assistance
,
he
put
to
Sea
;
and
after
a
tedious
and
hazardous
Voyage
,
in
which
he
encounter'd
as
great
Danger
from
the
Diffidence
of
his
Companions
,
as
from
the
Sea
it self
,
he
at
last
return'd
to
Spain
,
laden
with
Gold
and
Silver
.
The
People
flock'd
to
the
Shore
of
Guadalquivir
,
to
admire
these
precious
Products
of
the
Earth
,
brought
to
light
by
the
Indians
,
and
thither
by
the
Valour
and
Industry
of
their
Countrymen
.
But
this
great
Plenty
of
them
soon
perverted
all
Things
;
the
Husbandman
soon
leaves
Plough
,
gets
into
his
Embroider'd
Silks
,
and
begins
to
be
more
curious
of
his
Tawny
,
Sun-burnt
Hands
;
the
Merchant
steps
from
his
Counter
into
his
Sedan
,
and
lolls
it
lazily
about
the
Streets
;
Workmen
disdain
their
Tools
,
and
all
,
forsooth
,
must
now
turn
Gentlemen
.
No
Money
is
current
now
but
Silver
and
Gold
;
and
our
Coin
being
wholly
unmix'd
and
pure
,
is
coveted
and
desired
by
all
Nations
.
Gold
and
Silver
now
growing
common
,
all
Things
raise
their
Price
.
In
fine
,
It
befel
our
Kings
,
as
it
did
the
Emperor
Nero
,
whom
a
certain
African
put
a
Trick
upon
,
telling
him
,
in
his
Grounds
he
had
found
a
vast
Treasure
,
which
he
believ'd
Queen
Dido
had
buried
there
,
either
lest
too
much
Riches
should
enervate
the
Minds
of
her
Subjects
,
or
lest
they
should
invite
others
to
Invade
her
Kingdom
.
Which
the
Emperor
giving
credit
to
,
and
thinking
himself
already
sure
of
the
Treasure
,
squander'd
away
the
Old
Stock
,
upon
the
Hope
of
these
New-found
Riches
:
The
Expectation
of
Riches
being
the
cause
of
the
Publick
Want
[
](A58845-e173720-b)10
10
Et
divitiarum
expectatio
inter
causas
paupertatis
publicae
erat
.
Tac.
16.
Annal.
.
Cheated
by
the
same
Hopes
,
we
were
persuaded
that
we
had
no
more
need
of
fix'd
and
standing
Treasuries
,
but
think
our
Ships
sufficient
,
not
considering
that
all
our
Power
depends
upon
the
Uncertainty
of
the
Winds
and
Seas
;
as
Tiberius
said
the
Lives
of
the
Romans
did
,
because
their
Provisions
were
all
brought
them
from
Foreign
Provinces
[
](A58845-e173760-b)11
11
At
hercule
nemo
refert
,
quod
Italia
extern●e
opis
indiget
;
quòd
vita
populi
Romani
per
incerta
maris
&
tempestatum
quotidie
vivitur
.
Tac.
3.
Annal.
.
Which
Hazard
Aleto
consider'd
,
when
dissuading
Godfredo
from
going
to
the
Holy
Wars
,
he
said
,
[
](A58845-e173810-b)*
*
Tasso
.
Shall
then
your
Life
upon
the
Winds
depend
?
And
as
Mens
Hopes
are
generally
above
their
Estates
[
](A58845-e173830-b)12
12
S●epe
enim
de
facultatibus
suis
amplius
quam
in
his
est
,
sperant
homines
.
Justin.
Instit.
quibus
ex
causis
man
.
§
in
fraudem
.
,
State
and
Pomp
encreases
;
the
Salaries
,
Wages
,
and
other
Charges
of
the
Crown
are
enlarged
,
out
of
Confidence
and
Expectations
of
these
Foreign
Riches
;
which
being
afterwards
ill
and
negligently
managed
,
were
not
sufficient
to
defray
such
Expences
:
and
this
made
way
for
Debts
,
and
those
for
Usury
and
Interest
.
Necessity
daily
encreas'd
,
and
occasion'd
new
Expences
:
But
nothing
was
so
prejudicial
to
the
Publick
,
as
the
Alteration
of
the
Coin
;
which
,
though
not
consider'd
,
should
be
preserv'd
in
as
much
Purity
as
Religion
it self
;
the
Kings
,
Alphonso
the
Wise
,
Alphonso
XI
.
and
Henry
II.
who
did
offer
to
alter
it
,
endanger'd
both
themselves
and
Kingdoms
;
and
their
Misfortunes
ought
to
have
been
a
Warning
to
us
.
But
when
Ills
are
fatal
,
neither
Experience
,
nor
Example
,
can
move
us
.
King
Philip
II.
deaf
to
all
these
Cautions
,
doubled
the
Value
of
Copper
Coin
,
which
was
before
convenient
for
common
Use
,
and
answerable
to
bigger
Money
.
Foreigners
coming
to
understand
the
Value
that
the
Royal
Stamp
gave
to
this
paultry
Metal
,
began
to
Traffick
with
nothing
else
,
bringing
us
in
vast
quantities
of
Copper
ready
Coin'd
,
in
Exchange
for
our
Gold
,
Silver
,
and
other
Merchandise
:
Which
did
us
more
Damage
,
than
if
all
the
Monsters
and
venomous
Serpents
of
Africa
had
been
brought
among
us
:
And
the
Spaniards
,
who
us'd
to
ridicule
the
Rhodians
for
their
Copper
Money
,
became
themselves
the
Jest
and
Laughing-stock
of
the
whole
World
.
Trade
was
ruin'd
by
this
troublesome
,
scoundrel
Metal
,
all
things
grew
dearer
,
and
,
by
degrees
,
scarcer
,
as
in
the
time
of
Alphonso
the
Wise.
Buying
and
Selling
ceas'd
,
and
at
the
same
time
the
Revenues
of
the
Crown
were
diminish'd
,
so
that
new
Impositions
and
Taxes
were
unavoidable
;
whence
,
for
want
of
Commerce
,
the
Wealth
of
Castile
was
spent
,
and
the
same
Inconveniencies
renew'd
,
proceeding
one
from
another
in
a
pernicious
Circle
;
which
will
at
last
prove
our
Ruine
,
unless
a
Remedy
be
timely
apply'd
,
by
reducing
that
king
of
Money
to
its
former
and
intrinsick
Value
.
Who
would
not
think
that
this
World
must
be
subdu'd
by
the
Riches
and
Wealth
of
the
other
?
And
yet
we
see
there
were
greater
Exploits
perform'd
formerly
by
pure
Valour
,
than
since
,
by
all
these
Riches
;
as
Tacitus
observ'd
,
in
the
time
of
Vitellius
[
](A58845-e173950-b)13
13
Vires
luxu
corrumpebantur
,
contra
veterem
disciplinam
,
&
instituta
majorum
,
apud
quos
virtute
,
quam
pecunia
res
Rom.
melius
stetit
.
Tac.
2.
Hist.
.
Foreign
Nations
did
soon
after
find
the
same
Damage
,
from
the
Discovery
of
the
Indies
,
from
their
too
great
Dependance
upon
their
Riches
;
all
things
grew
dearer
with
them
;
as
with
us
,
their
Expences
surmounted
their
Revenues
:
In
a
word
,
they
suffer'd
all
the
same
Inconveniencies
with
us
;
which
were
so
much
greater
to
them
,
as
being
farther
Distance
from
those
Provinces
;
and
the
Remedy
of
Gold
and
Silver
which
is
brought
us
from
the
Indies
,
and
which
they
must
receive
from
us
,
being
more
uncertain
.
These
are
the
Inconveniencies
which
the
Discovery
of
the
Indies
caused
:
In
knowing
the
Causes
of
which
,
we
know
also
their
Remedies
.
The
First
,
is
,
Not
to
neglect
Agriculture
,
upon
Hopes
of
those
Riches
:
Those
which
we
receive
from
the
Earth
,
being
more
natural
,
sure
,
and
common
to
all
:
Wherefore
Husbandmen
should
be
encourag'd
and
exempted
from
the
Oppressions
of
War
,
and
all
other
Incumbrances
.
The
Second
,
is
,
That
since
all
things
are
restored
by
the
contrary
Means
to
which
they
were
ruin'd
,
and
the
Expences
are
greater
than
the
Hopes
and
Expectation
of
those
Metals
;
the
Prince
should
,
like
a
prudent
Governor
,
provide
,
as
the
Senators
of
Rome
advis'd
Nero
[
](A58845-e174040-b)14
14
Vt
ratio
quaestuum
,
&
necessitas
erogationum
inter
se
congruerent
.
Tac.
13.
Annal.
,
That
the
Publick
Revenues
should
rather
Exceed
,
than
fall
short
of
the
Expences
;
That
he
should
moderate
those
that
were
superfluous
and
unnecessary
:
imitating
the
Emperors
Antoninus
Pius
,
and
Alexander
Severus
,
the
last
of
which
us'd
to
say
,
That
't
was
the
Part
of
a
Tyrant
,
to
support
them
with
the
Intrails
of
his
State
.
Such
a
Reform
would
only
Disgust
some
few
,
not
the
whole
Nation
.
And
if
Abuse
or
Imprudence
has
rais'd
the
Salaries
of
Offices
,
and
Charges
in
Peace
and
War
;
and
if
they
are
only
introduc'd
by
Vanity
,
under
the
title
of
Grandeur
;
Why
should
they
not
be
corrected
and
reform'd
by
Prudence
?
And
as
the
greater
the
Kingdoms
are
,
those
Abuses
will
be
greater
;
so
also
will
be
the
Effects
of
this
Remedy
.
Frugality
is
the
best
Revenue
.
Gold
once
spent
,
returns
not
.
By
damming
up
the
Streams
,
the
Fountain-Head
rises
.
And
the
way
to
keep
Silver
,
is
to
fix
the
Mercury
of
it
;
that
being
the
True
and
Approv'd
Philosopher's
Stone
.
Wherefore
,
I
am
satisfy'd
,
that
if
a
Prince
be
inform'd
by
his
Ministers
,
of
all
superfluous
Expences
by
Sea
and
Land
,
and
would
resolve
to
moderate
them
;
he
would
soon
find
himself
enabled
to
pay
his
Debts
,
lessen
his
Taxes
,
and
fill
his
Treasury
.
As
King
Henry
III.
who
finding
the
Crown
much
in
Debt
,
consulted
with
his
Parliament
,
how
to
remedy
it
:
And
they
could
not
find
a
better
Expedient
,
than
what
we
have
here
propos'd
;
that
is
,
To
Reduce
Salaries
and
Pensions
,
and
Regulate
Superfluous
Expences
.
The
Treasurers
also
,
and
other
Officers
in
the
Treasury
and
Exchequer
,
should
be
reduc'd
to
a
less
number
,
as
also
the
Collectors
of
Taxes
,
who
all
,
like
the
thirsty
Sands
of
Africk
,
soak
and
drink
up
all
the
Streams
of
the
Revenue
,
which
pass
by
them
.
The
Great
Emperor
of
the
Turks
,
though
he
has
immense
Revenues
,
has
but
two
Treasurers
,
one
in
Asia
,
and
'tother
in
Europe
.
Henry
IV.
of
France
(
not
less
a
Statesman
than
a
Soldier
)
was
satisfy'd
of
the
Inconveniency
of
this
,
and
therefore
reduc'd
the
Ministers
of
his
Revenue
to
a
less
,
yet
sufficient
number
.
The
Third
Remedy
,
is
,
That
since
Princes
are
,
by
Importunity
,
often
forced
to
grant
those
Things
which
are
not
in
their
Power
;
all
such
Grants
,
Privileges
,
Immunities
and
Rewards
,
as
are
prejudicial
to
the
Crown
,
should
be
revok'd
;
especially
when
the
same
Causes
concurr
,
as
mov'd
Their
Catholick
Majesties
to
repeal
those
of
King
Henry
IV.
For
,
said
they
,
in
another
Law
,
A
Princes
Liberality
should
not
be
so
great
as
to
ruine
him
▪
and
the
Immunities
granted
to
Subjects
,
should
be
such
as
may
not
prejudice
the
Crown
.
But
if
a
Prince
,
through
Negligence
or
Necessity
,
has
not
consider'd
this
;
it
must
be
remedy'd
afterwards
.
As
was
after
the
Abdication
of
Ramirez
King
of
Arragon
;
at
which
time
,
all
Grants
that
had
weakned
the
Crown
,
were
made
void
.
King
Henry
the
Liberal
,
and
Queen
Isabella
,
did
the
same
thing
:
And
King
Iohn
II.
repeal'd
the
Privileges
and
Immunities
which
himself
and
his
Predecessors
had
granted
.
'T
is
with
Princes
,
as
't
was
with
the
Idols
of
Babylon
;
from
whose
Crowns
,
according
to
Ieremiah
,
the
People
took
the
Gold
and
Silver
,
and
apply'd
it
to
their
own
Use
[
](A58845-e174270-b)15
15
Baruch
6.
9.
.
King
Henry
III.
perceiving
the
same
Abuse
,
Imprison'd
several
of
his
Nobility
,
and
made
'em
refund
what
they
had
purloin'd
from
the
Crown
;
by
which
,
and
a
just
Administration
of
his
Revenues
,
he
amass'd
a
prodigious
Treasure
in
the
Castle
of
Madrid
.
The
Last
Remedy
,
(
which
should
have
been
the
First
)
is
,
That
a
Prince
should
first
regulate
the
Expences
of
his
own
Family
,
if
he
would
reform
those
of
his
People
:
For
their
Reformation
,
as
King
Theodatus
said
[
](A58845-e174320-b)16
16
A
domesticis
volumus
inchoare
disciplinam
,
ut
reliquos
pudea●
errare
,
quando
nostris
cognoscimur
excedendi
licentiam
non
praebere
.
Cas.
lib.
10.
ep.
5.
,
must
be
begun
by
the
Prince
,
that
it
may
be
effectual
.
St.
Lewis
,
King
of
France
,
advised
his
Son
Philip
to
take
care
that
his
Expences
were
moderate
and
reasonable
[
](A58845-e174370-b)17
17
Da
operam
ut
impensae
t●ae
moderat●
sint
,
&
rationi
consentaneae
.
Bell.
in
Vit.
S.
Lud.
'T
is
a
Misfortune
,
that
Princes
think
it
becomes
their
Grandeur
to
be
Careless
,
and
keep
no
Accompts
;
and
take
Extravagance
to
be
Liberality
,
not
considering
how
contemptible
they
are
when
poor
;
and
that
true
Greatness
does
not
consist
in
Shews
,
and
gaudy
Ostentation
,
but
in
Castles
,
strong
Garrisons
,
and
Armies
.
The
Emperor
Charles
V.
in
the
Parliament
of
Valladolid
,
moderated
the
Expences
of
his
Houshold
.
The
true
Greatness
of
Princes
,
consists
in
being
liberal
to
others
,
and
moderate
and
sparing
to
themselves
.
For
which
Reason
,
Sisenand
,
King
of
Spain
and
France
,
(
so
stiled
by
the
Fourth
Council
of
Toledo
)
us'd
to
say
,
That
Kings
should
be
Mais
Escasos
que
Gastadores
;
that
is
,
Rather
Rich
than
Lavish
.
I
well
know
the
Difficulty
of
these
Remedies
;
but
,
as
Petrarch
said
,
in
the
like
case
,
I
do
my
Duty
:
And
though
all
that
is
requisite
,
cannot
be
executed
;
it
ought
to
be
represented
,
to
accomplish
the
Design
of
this
Book
[
](A58845-e174480-b)18
18
Multa
scribo
non
tam
ut
saeculo
meo
prosim
,
cujus
jam
despera●●
miseria
est
,
quàm
ut
meipsum
conceptis
exonerem
,
&
animum
script●●
soler
.
Petrarch
.
.
I
dare
hardly
say
any
thing
about
the
Remedies
of
Money
,
it
being
the
Apple
of
the
Eye
of
the
State
,
which
you
cannot
touch
,
without
hurting
;
so
that
't
is
better
to
let
it
alone
,
than
to
alter
the
ancient
Method
:
The
acutest
Judgment
cannot
foresee
all
the
Inconveniencies
which
attend
every
Alteration
thereof
,
until
they
are
discover'd
by
Experience
:
For
it
being
,
as
it
were
,
the
Rule
and
Measure
of
Contracts
,
every
one
feels
the
least
Variation
of
it
;
Commerce
is
disturb'd
,
and
the
whole
State
disorder'd
.
Wherefore
,
after
King
Peter
II.
had
Abdicated
the
Throne
,
it
was
prudently
Enacted
by
the
Kingdom
of
Arragon
,
That
all
their
Kings
thenceforward
,
should
take
an
Oath
,
not
to
alter
any
thing
about
the
Coin
.
This
is
the
Duty
of
a
Prince
,
as
Pope
Innocent
III.
wrote
to
the
same
King
Peter
,
when
his
Subjects
began
to
rebell
against
him
.
Of
which
this
seems
to
be
the
Reason
;
That
the
Prince
is
subject
to
the
Law
of
Nations
,
and
as
Publick
Trustee
,
ought
to
take
care
that
there
be
no
Alteration
in
the
Nature
of
the
Coin
,
which
consists
in
Matter
,
Form
,
and
Quantity
;
nor
can
any
Kingdom
be
constituted
,
where
that
is
not
pure
.
But
not
to
be
wholly
silent
in
a
Matter
so
Important
to
Government
,
I
'll
mention
Two
things
.
First
,
That
Money
is
then
Just
and
Convenient
,
when
the
Coin
or
Stamp
adds
nothing
to
the
Intrinsick
Value
of
it
,
and
when
the
Gold
and
Silver
have
the
common
Alloy
of
other
Nations
;
for
this
will
prevent
its
being
Exported
.
The
other
,
is
,
That
it
should
be
of
the
same
Weight
and
Value
with
that
of
other
Nations
,
permitting
also
the
Currency
of
Foreign
Coin
:
Nor
will
it
at
all
derogate
from
the
Prince's
Authority
,
since
the
Coin
serves
only
to
shew
the
Weight
and
Value
of
it
.
And
this
seems
most
commodious
,
i●
those
Kingdoms
which
hold
Correspondence
and
Trade
with
many
Nations
.
EMBLEM
LXX
.
EMPIRE
admits
of
no
Companion
,
nor
can
Majesty
be
divided
:
For
it
is
impossible
that
each
should
Command
and
Obey
at
the
same
time
;
especially
since
Power
and
Accidents
cannot
be
so
nicely
shar'd
between
them
both
,
nor
Ambition
so
equally
balanced
,
but
that
one
will
desire
to
be
above
the
other
,
or
that
Envy
and
Emulation
will
disturb
their
Agreement
.
[
](A58845-e174610-b)*
*
Lucan
.
Rivals
in
Empire
still
mistrustful
are
;
Nor
can
Authority
a
Part'ner
bear
.
It
seems
next
to
an
Impossibility
,
that
the
Orders
and
Commands
of
two
Governors
should
not
thwart
one
another
.
Moses
and
Aaron
were
Brothers
;
and
yet
when
God
made
them
Part'ners
,
he
thought
it
necessary
to
be
in
the
Mouth
of
one
,
and
in
the
Mouth
of
the
other
,
and
to
teach
them
what
to
do
,
lest
any
Dissention
should
arise
between
them
[
](A58845-e174650-b)1
1
Exod.
4.
15.
.
A
Republick
has
but
one
Body
,
and
should
therefore
be
guided
but
by
one
Soul
[
](A58845-e174660-b)2
2
Vnum
esse
Reip.
Corpus
atque
unius
animo
regendum
.
Tac.
3.
Annal.
.
A
King
will
hardly
entertain
even
a
depos'd
Prince
within
his
Kingdom
.
This
was
the
King
of
Portugal's
Excuse
,
for
not
admitting
King
Peter
,
when
depos'd
by
his
Brother
Henry
.
Nothing
but
Matrimony
,
which
unites
Bodies
and
Souls
,
and
the
singular
Prudence
of
King
Ferdinand
and
Queen
Isabella
,
could
have
prevented
the
Inconveniencies
of
their
Joint-Reign
in
the
Kingdom
of
Castile
.
For
Power
and
Concord
are
very
rarely
found
together
[
](A58845-e174740-b)3
3
Quanquam
arduum
sit
,
eodem
loci
potenti●●●
&
concordiam
esse
.
Tac.
4.
Annal.
.
And
though
there
was
some
Consent
and
Union
in
the
Joint-Empire
of
Dioclesian
and
Maximinian
,
yet
was
not
that
without
its
Troubles
and
Inconveniencies
;
for
which
Reason
,
the
Roman
Consuls
used
to
Command
by
Turns
.
But
if
there
be
occasion
for
more
Princes
than
One
,
't
is
better
to
have
Three
;
for
the
Authority
of
One
,
will
check
the
Ambition
of
the
other
Two
.
There
can
be
no
Faction
,
where
there
is
no
Equality
;
which
was
the
Reason
why
the
Triumvirates
of
Caesar
,
Crassus
,
and
Pompey
,
and
of
Anthony
,
Lepidus
and
Augustus
,
continued
for
sometime
.
The
Kingdom
was
well
govern'd
,
during
the
Minority
of
King
Henry
III.
by
his
Three
Guardians
[
](A58845-e174850-b)*
*
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
l.
15.
c.
12.
.
Upon
which
Consideration
,
King
Alphonso
the
Wise
propos'd
,
That
during
the
Nonage
of
Kings
,
the
Administration
of
Affairs
should
be
committed
to
One
,
Three
,
Five
,
or
Seven
.
Which
not
being
observ'd
in
the
Minority
of
Alphonso
XI
.
the
Kingdom
of
Castile
felt
great
Commotions
,
from
the
Government
of
the
two
Infants
,
Iohn
and
Peter
,
which
at
last
oblig'd
the
Royal
Council
to
take
upon
'em
the
Administration
.
Though
Empires
are
always
violent
,
and
of
short
continuance
,
which
are
divided
,
and
depend
not
upon
one
;
as
it
happen'd
to
Alexander's
,
which
,
vast
as
it
was
,
ended
with
his
Life
;
for
that
after
him
,
't
was
divided
among
many
.
That
which
the
Moors
had
founded
in
Spain
,
had
lasted
longer
,
had
it
not
been
divided
into
many
Kingdoms
.
This
is
represented
in
this
present
Emblem
,
by
a
Crown'd
Tree
,
which
signifies
a
Kingdom
:
To
intimate
,
that
if
two
Hands
,
tho'
of
the
same
Body
,
should
pull
this
Tree
two
different
ways
,
they
would
rend
,
burst
,
and
ruine
the
Crown
.
For
Humane
Ambition
sometimes
forgets
the
Bonds
of
Nature
.
When
States
are
divided
among
Brothers
,
the
Crown
can
never
remain
entire
,
and
in
Union
;
for
every
one
is
for
himself
,
and
grasps
at
the
whole
Sceptre
as
his
Father
held
it
.
So
it
befell
King
Sancho
the
Elder
.
Divine
Providence
united
all
the
Kingdoms
of
Spain
to
his
Empire
,
that
by
their
Joint-Force
they
might
expell
the
Moors
,
and
free
themselves
from
their
Tyrannick
Slavery
:
But
he
,
through
Fatherly
Affection
,
rather
than
prudent
Policy
,
divided
his
Kingdoms
among
his
Children
,
thinking
that
so
they
would
be
stronger
,
and
more
ready
to
unite
against
the
Common
Enemy
[
](A58845-e175010-b)*
*
Mat.
Hist.
Hisp.
l.
9.
c.
1.
.
But
instead
of
that
,
each
of
the
Brothers
set
up
for
King
himself
.
So
that
the
Crown
being
thus
rent
in
pieces
,
lost
its
Strength
and
Splendour
.
And
as
Domestick
Feuds
and
Grudges
are
more
inveterate
than
other
,
they
soon
grew
to
Civil
Wars
,
each
endeavouring
to
depose
his
Brother
,
to
the
utmost
Detriment
of
the
Publick
.
This
Example
might
,
one
would
have
thought
,
have
been
a
Warning
to
all
Princes
,
for
the
future
;
yet
we
find
King
Ferdinand
the
Great
,
the
Emperor
Alphonso
,
and
Iames
I.
King
of
Arragon
,
guilty
of
the
same
fault
,
dividing
the
Command
of
their
Kingdoms
among
their
Children
[
](A58845-e175070-b)†
†
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
l.
9.
c.
8.
.
I
know
not
whether
this
be
the
Effect
of
Self-Conceit
,
or
Humane
Nature
,
ever
greedy
of
Novelty
,
and
fond
of
old
rejected
Opinions
,
thinking
that
best
,
which
was
done
by
their
Ancestors
;
if
't
is
not
that
we
seek
for
Examples
to
excuse
our
own
Resolutions
.
Iames
II.
King
of
Arragon
,
was
more
prudent
upon
this
score
,
when
he
firmly
Enacted
,
That
the
Kingdoms
of
Arragon
and
Valence
,
and
the
Province
of
Catalonia
,
should
never
be
separated
[
](A58845-e175140-b)*
*
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
l.
15.
c.
19.
.
Nor
can
these
Errors
be
excused
,
either
by
the
Law
of
the
Twelve
Tables
,
or
the
Common
Law
,
which
shares
the
Father's
Estate
equally
among
the
Children
;
or
by
Natural
Reason
,
which
seems
to
urge
,
that
as
the
Children
receiv'd
their
being
in
common
from
their
Father
,
they
should
also
be
Sharers
of
his
Estate
.
For
a
King
is
a
Publick
Person
,
and
ought
to
act
as
King
,
and
not
as
a
Father
;
and
ought
rather
to
attend
the
Good
of
his
Subjects
,
than
his
Children
.
Besides
,
a
Kingdom
is
a
kind
of
Publick
Chattel
,
and
so
belongs
to
no
one
in
particular
;
it
not
being
in
the
King's
Power
to
dispose
of
that
,
as
of
his
own
private
Goods
:
For
the
Subjects
,
in
submitting
themselves
to
One
,
have
requir'd
a
Right
to
be
preserv'd
,
defended
and
maintain'd
by
him
;
which
is
inconsistent
with
the
Division
of
the
Empire
:
And
since
this
Right
is
Common
and
Universal
,
it
ought
surely
to
be
preferr'd
to
private
Love
,
and
Paternal
Affection
,
or
to
Desire
of
making
Peace
among
his
Children
,
by
the
Ruine
of
the
Publick
.
Besides
,
instead
of
making
them
agree
,
it
arms
'em
with
Power
to
quarrel
with
one
another
about
the
Dividends
,
which
cannot
be
made
so
equal
as
to
satisfie
all
.
Brothers
would
live
much
more
quietly
,
if
their
Maintenance
should
depend
upon
him
who
Commands
in
Chief
;
for
so
each
would
receive
a
Revenue
sufficient
to
support
the
Grandeur
of
his
Birth
.
Thus
Iehosaphat
did
[
](A58845-e175170-b)4
4
2
Chron.
21.
3.
.
There
being
no
Occasion
for
that
barbarous
Custom
of
the
Turks
,
or
that
Impious
Policy
of
some
,
who
think
no
Government
firm
and
secure
,
unless
its
Foundation
be
mix'd
with
the
Blood
of
all
such
who
have
but
the
least
Pretensions
to
it
;
as
if
that
,
like
Cement
or
Mortar
,
fasten'd
the
Stones
of
the
Building
.
For
the
said
Reason
,
almost
all
Nations
preferr
Succession
to
Election
;
well
knowing
that
an
Interregnum
is
liable
to
Dissentions
and
Civil
Wars
,
and
that
't
is
safer
to
accept
a
Prince
,
than
to
seek
one
[
](A58845-e175220-b)5
5
Minori
discrimine
sumi
principem
quàm
quaeri
.
Tac.
1.
Hist.
.
Wherefore
,
since
Succession
is
best
,
't
is
most
agreeable
to
follow
the
Course
of
Nature
,
preferring
him
whom
she
first
sent
into
the
World
;
so
that
neither
Minority
,
nor
any
other
Natural
Defect
,
is
a
sufficient
Objection
to
this
Right
,
especially
when
there
are
greater
Inconveniencies
attend
the
admittance
of
another
,
of
which
the
Scriptures
afford
us
very
many
Examples
.
There
is
the
same
Reason
and
Right
for
the
Succession
of
Women
to
the
Crown
,
in
default
of
Heirs
Male
;
for
otherwise
the
Crown
would
be
subject
to
Divisions
,
by
Collateral
Pretensions
.
And
though
the
Salique
Law
,
under
the
Pretence
of
the
Frailty
and
Imbecility
of
that
Sex
,
(
if
it
mayn't
rather
be
call'd
the
Envy
and
Ambition
of
Men
)
does
,
contrary
to
the
many
glorious
Examples
of
the
Valour
and
Conduct
of
the
Female
Sex
,
urge
many
Inconveniencies
,
which
may
seem
to
exclude
them
from
the
Administration
;
yet
is
there
none
so
weighty
as
to
balance
the
Advantage
of
preventing
an
Interregnum
.
Nay
,
there
are
strong
Reasons
why
they
ought
to
be
admitted
,
it
preventing
Pretensions
and
Civil
Wars
about
the
Succession
:
And
besides
,
matching
the
Heiress
to
some
Great
Prince
,
there
acceeds
a
considerable
Addition
to
the
Crown
;
as
it
happen'd
to
the
Kingdom
of
Castile
and
the
House
of
Austria
.
If
the
above-mention'd
Inconveniencies
are
ever
of
weight
,
't
is
in
small
Principalities
;
where
the
Heiress
marrying
with
other
Princes
,
the
Family
may
become
extinct
,
and
one
State
be
confounded
with
the
other
.
EMBLEM
LXXI
.
WHAT
does
not
Labour
overcome
?
It
subdues
Iron
,
softens
Brass
,
draws
out
Gold
into
the
finest
Wire
,
and
cuts
the
hardest
Diamonds
.
A
soft
Rope
does
,
by
continual
Motion
,
wear
the
Marble
Edge
of
the
Well
.
By
this
Consideration
,
St.
Isidore
,
when
he
apply'd
himself
to
Study
,
overcame
the
Dulness
of
his
Genius
.
What
Fort
was
ever
so
strong
,
as
that
Assiduity
could
not
conquer
it
?
The
continued
Force
of
that
Engine
,
which
the
Ancients
call'd
a
Ram
,
would
make
a
Breach
in
the
thickest
and
strongest
Walls
.
And
we
see
now
a-days
,
that
Castles
,
though
defended
by
Artillery
Walls
,
Ramparts
and
Ditches
,
are
at
last
forced
to
yield
to
the
Spade
and
Mattock
.
No
Difficulty
retards
or
checks
a
Constant
Spirit
.
The
Temple
of
Glory
is
not
situated
in
a
delightful
Valley
,
nor
in
a
delicious
Plain
,
but
upon
a
rugged
Mountain's
Top
,
not
to
be
arriv'd
at
,
but
by
rough
,
uncouth
Paths
,
over-run
with
Thorns
and
Brambles
.
The
Temples
of
Minerva
,
Mars
,
and
Hercules
,
(
Deities
glorious
for
their
Vertue
)
were
not
built
of
Corinthian
or
Carv'd
Work
,
finely
imbellish'd
with
curious
Engravings
,
as
were
those
of
Flora
and
Venus
;
but
after
the
Dorick
Fashion
,
rough
and
unpolish'd
:
Nor
did
the
Cornices
and
Chapiters
of
the
Pillars
shew
any
thing
,
but
that
they
were
built
by
Labour
and
Industry
,
not
by
Luxury
and
Ease
.
'T
was
not
the
Ship
Argos's
lying
at
Anchor
in
Port
,
that
preferr'd
it
to
the
Skies
;
but
it
s
daring
the
Wind
and
Sea
,
and
resolutely
exposing
it self
to
all
Dangers
and
Difficulties
.
Never
did
any
Prince
Enlarge
his
Territories
by
Effeminacy
,
Luxury
and
Ease
.
Labour
,
Traffick
and
Industry
are
necessary
to
all
,
but
to
none
more
than
to
a
Prince
;
for
others
are
born
only
for
themselves
,
but
a
Prince
for
All.
A
Kingdom
is
not
an
Office
of
Repose
and
Rest.
Certain
Courtiers
once
were
discoursing
before
Alphonso
,
King
of
Arragon
and
Naples
,
against
the
necessity
of
a
Prince
taking
Pains
;
Do
you
think
then
,
says
he
,
that
Nature
gave
Princes
Hands
to
do
nothing
.
That
wise
Prince
had
,
doubtless
,
considered
the
admirable
Composure
of
them
,
their
Joins
,
their
Readiness
to
open
,
and
their
Strength
to
hold
,
and
also
their
mutual
Aptness
to
do
whatever
the
Mind
proposes
,
being
,
as
it
were
,
the
Instruments
of
all
Arts
:
Whence
he
concluded
,
that
this
exquisite
Structure
was
not
accidental
,
or
merely
for
no
Use
,
but
for
Pains
and
Toil
,
Labour
and
Industry
.
The
Prince
whose
Hands
are
careless
and
unclinched
,
will
soon
drop
his
Sceptre
,
and
give
his
Courtiers
opportunity
of
catching
at
it
.
As
it
befell
King
Iohn
II.
who
so
wholly
gave
himself
up
to
the
Diversions
of
Poetry
and
Musick
,
that
he
could
not
endure
the
Weight
of
Affairs
,
and
either
carelesly
transacted
them
himself
,
or
left
'em
totally
to
the
Management
of
his
Ministers
;
rather
chusing
this
sottish
Ease
,
than
the
glorious
Labour
of
Government
;
not
at
all
regarding
the
Examples
of
his
Heroick
Predecessors
.
So
we
often
find
,
that
the
Vertue
and
ardent
Courage
of
Ancestors
is
wholly
extinguish'd
in
their
Posterity
,
by
the
Luxury
and
Voluptuousness
of
Empire
,
and
so
the
Race
of
great
Princes
becomes
degenerate
;
as
we
see
in
Horses
,
when
they
are
remov'd
from
a
dry
and
lean
Pasture
,
into
one
too
fat
and
fertile
.
This
Consideration
mov'd
Frederick
King
of
Naples
,
upon
his
Death-bed
,
to
write
to
his
Son
the
Duke
of
Calabria
,
to
inure
his
Body
to
Military
Exercise
,
and
not
suffer
himself
to
be
debauch'd
by
Pleasures
,
nor
vanquish'd
by
Difficulties
and
Dangers
[
](A58845-e175530-b)*
*
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
l.
28.
11.
.
Labour
and
Employment
is
,
as
it
were
,
the
Anchor
of
the
Mind
:
without
which
,
it
would
be
toss'd
about
with
the
Waves
of
Passion
,
and
dash'd
to
pieces
upon
the
Rocks
of
Vice
.
God
enjoyn'd
Labour
to
Man
,
as
a
Punishment
;
yet
so
,
as
it
might
be
at
the
same
time
the
Means
of
his
Quiet
and
Prosperity
[
](A58845-e175540-b)1
1
Gen.
3.
19.
.
Those
Foundations
and
noble
Superstructures
of
the
Monarchies
of
the
Medes
,
Assyrians
,
Greeks
and
Romans
,
were
not
founded
by
Sloth
and
Laziness
,
but
by
Toil
and
Labour
.
It
was
that
which
so
long
supported
their
Grandeur
;
't
is
this
which
still
preserves
Oeconomies
in
Kingdoms
:
For
since
it
partly
depends
upon
the
mutual
Assistance
of
Peoples
Labours
,
when
they
flag
,
all
those
Conveniencies
at
the
same
time
cease
;
which
oblig'd
Men
to
Society
and
Order
of
Government
.
Divine
Wisdom
proposes
the
Example
of
the
Ant
,
to
instruct
Men
in
their
Duty
;
for
that
,
with
great
Care
and
Prudence
,
lays
up
a
Store
in
the
Summer
,
to
supply
its
Necessity
in
Winter
[
](A58845-e175570-b)2
2
Prov.
6.
6.
.
Let
Princes
learn
from
this
little
,
prudent
Animal
,
timely
to
provide
their
Cities
,
Forts
and
Garrisons
with
Necessaries
;
and
to
make
Preparations
in
the
Winter
,
to
meet
the
Enemy
in
the
Spring
.
Nor
is
the
Commonwealth
of
Bees
less
assiduous
than
these
;
you
shall
never
find
them
idle
,
but
continually
employ'd
both
within
and
without
their
little
Cells
;
the
Diligence
of
each
,
causes
the
Prosperity
of
all
.
And
if
the
Labour
of
these
little
Animals
can
enrich
the
whole
World
with
Honey
and
Wax
;
What
would
a
Kingdom
do
,
in
which
all
the
People
should
be
equally
Industrious
?
For
this
Reason
,
in
China
,
tho'
it
be
so
Populous
,
that
it
reckons
Seventy
Millions
of
Inhabitants
;
they
all
live
in
the
greatest
Affluence
and
Plenty
,
there
being
none
among
them
but
exercises
some
Trade
.
The
Scarcity
of
things
in
Spain
,
proceeds
from
the
want
of
this
,
not
from
the
Infertility
of
the
Soil
;
for
in
the
Countries
of
Muroia
and
Carthagena
,
Wheat
returns
a
hundred
Corns
for
one
,
and
might
thereby
sustain
a
War
for
many
Ages
:
But
this
Misfortune
arrives
from
the
neglect
of
Husbandry
,
Trades
,
Business
,
and
Commerce
;
the
People
,
even
the
meanest
of
them
,
being
so
excessive
proud
,
that
they
can't
be
content
with
what
Lot
Nature
has
given
them
,
but
aspire
to
something
greater
,
loathing
those
Employments
which
are
not
agreeable
to
their
affected
Grandeur
.
The
Reason
of
which
,
seems
to
be
,
that
the
Bounds
between
the
Nobility
and
the
Commonalty
are
not
so
well
distinguish'd
with
us
,
as
in
Germany
.
But
as
Noble
and
Well-employ'd
Labour
is
Advantageous
,
that
which
is
Nice
and
Superfluous
is
Prejudicial
.
For
Mens
Minds
are
not
less
effeminated
by
soft
and
easie
Employments
,
than
by
Idleness
.
Wherefore
the
Prince
ought
to
take
particular
care
to
employ
his
Subjects
in
such
Arts
as
tend
to
the
Defence
and
Preservation
of
the
State
,
not
to
Luxury
and
Debauchery
.
How
many
Hands
are
vainly
wearied
in
adorning
one
Finger
,
and
how
few
in
the
Necessities
of
the
Body
?
How
many
are
employed
in
making
Conveniencies
for
Pleasure
and
Recreation
,
and
how
few
in
making
necessary
Works
for
the
Defence
of
Cities
?
How
many
in
Gardening
,
and
forming
curious
Figures
in
Box
or
Myrtle
;
and
how
few
in
Agriculture
?
Whence
we
see
Kingdoms
abound
so
much
in
superfluous
Trifles
,
and
want
those
things
which
are
most
necessary
.
Since
therefore
Labour
is
so
conducive
to
the
Preservation
of
a
State
,
the
Prince
ought
to
take
care
that
it
be
continual
,
and
not
be
hindred
by
too
great
a
number
of
Holy-Days
,
such
as
the
People
,
through
a
kind
of
Pious
Levity
,
dedicate
to
Divine
Worship
:
For
Experience
shews
us
,
that
such
are
more
employ'd
in
profane
Games
and
Sports
,
than
Religious
Exercise
.
But
if
Labourers
would
spend
those
Days
,
as
we
read
St.
Isidore
of
Madrid
did
,
't
were
to
be
hop'd
that
the
Time
would
not
be
lost
,
and
that
Angels
would
descend
and
hold
the
Plough
:
But
Experience
has
taught
us
the
contrary
.
One
Holy-day
in
which
all
Arts
and
Trade
ceases
,
is
more
considerable
than
any
Tax
;
and
,
as
St.
Chrysostom
says
,
Saints
take
no
delight
in
being
worshipp'd
,
at
the
Expence
of
the
Poor
[
](A58845-e175690-b)3
3
Non
gaudent
Martyres
,
quando
exillis
pecuniis
honorantur
,
in
quibus
pauperes
plorant
.
St.
Chrysoft
sup.
Matth.
.
So
that
Holy-Days
and
Working-Days
should
be
so
divided
,
as
that
those
might
not
hinder
the
other
[
](A58845-e175710-b)4
4
Oportere
dividi
sacros
&
negotiosos
dies
,
quibus
divi●a
colerentur
,
&
humana
non
impedirent
.
Tac.
13.
Annal.
.
And
it
was
argued
in
the
Council
of
Mentz
,
in
the
time
of
Pope
Leo
III.
whether
't
was
not
better
either
to
reduce
them
to
a
less
Number
,
or
else
to
transferr
some
of
them
to
the
next
Sundays
.
Though
generally
the
End
of
all
Actions
is
Rest
,
yet
't
is
otherwise
in
those
which
belong
to
Government
:
For
't
is
not
sufficient
for
Princes
and
States
to
labour
,
but
their
Labour
must
also
be
continual
.
One
Hour's
Negligence
in
a
Garrison
,
frustrates
the
Care
and
Vigilance
of
many
Months
.
The
Roman
Empire
,
which
had
been
supported
by
the
Labour
and
Valour
of
Six
Ages
,
was
ruin'd
by
the
Negligence
of
a
few
Months
.
Spain
would
scarce
repair
the
Loss
in
Eight
Year
,
which
it
sustain'd
in
Eight
Months
.
There
should
be
no
Interposition
of
Idleness
between
the
Acquisition
and
Preservation
of
Empires
.
The
Husbandman
has
no
sooner
got
his
Harvest
into
the
Barn
,
but
he
immediately
goes
to
Plough
again
;
his
Labours
never
end
,
but
continually
renew
.
If
he
should
rely
upon
his
Grainery
,
and
leave
his
Lands
untill'd
;
he
would
soon
find
one
empty
,
and
the
other
over-run
with
Weeds
and
Bryers
.
But
there
is
this
difference
between
the
Husbandman
and
the
Prince
;
That
he
has
his
Set-times
of
Sowing
and
Reaping
,
but
the
Prince
has
not
:
For
in
Government
,
all
Months
are
Septembers
to
Sow
,
and
Augusts
to
Reap
in
.
Let
not
a
Prince
believe
that
the
Pains
and
Labours
of
his
Ancestors
excuse
him
,
for
this
Motion
must
be
continual
:
And
as
declining
things
surely
fall
,
unless
supported
by
some
new
Force
;
so
do
Empires
,
unless
sustain'd
by
the
Strength
of
the
Successor
.
This
is
the
Cause
(
as
we
have
observ'd
)
of
the
Ruines
of
all
Kingdoms
.
When
any
Monarchy
shall
be
once
instituted
and
founded
,
it
should
ne'er
be
idle
,
but
should
imitate
Heaven
,
whose
Orbs
continue
their
Motion
from
their
first
Creation
;
and
if
they
should
once
stop
,
the
Generation
and
Production
of
all
Things
would
cease
.
The
Exercise
of
States
should
be
always
continual
and
vigorous
,
and
not
be
corrupted
by
Idleness
or
Intermission
;
as
we
see
the
Sea
,
if
not
agitated
by
the
Winds
,
is
kept
in
Motion
by
its
Tides
.
Citizens
who
carelesly
give
themselves
up
to
Pleasure
and
Luxury
,
without
ever
moving
their
Hands
to
Work
or
Labour
,
are
their
own
greatest
Enemies
.
Such
Idleness
plots
against
the
Laws
and
Government
,
and
is
nourish'd
by
Vice
,
from
whence
proceeds
all
the
Internal
and
External
Misfortunes
of
States
.
That
Repose
only
is
commendable
and
beneficial
which
is
the
Gift
of
Peace
,
and
which
is
employ'd
in
Trade
,
and
Employments
and
Exercises
Military
and
Civil
,
by
which
all
enjoy
a
serene
,
peaceable
and
secure
Tranquility
.
EMBLEM
LXXII
.
THE
Steel
would
lost
its
Spring
,
and
the
String
its
Force
,
if
a
Bow
were
always
bent
.
Labour
is
necessary
and
beneficial
,
but
cannot
continue
without
some
intermission
.
The
Yoke
does
not
always
hang
upon
the
Oxe's
Neck
.
The
Force
and
Vigour
of
Things
consists
in
Vicissitude
.
From
Motion
comes
Rest
,
and
from
thence
Motion
again
[
](A58845-e175860-b)1
1
Nostram
omnem
vitam
,
in
remissionem
atque
studium
esse
divis●●
▪
Plat.
de
lib.
Educat
.
.
Nothing
,
(
says
the
wise
Alphonso
)
can
continue
long
,
which
takes
no
Respite
.
Even
Land
must
be
Fallowed
,
that
it
may
afterwards
brings
better
Crops
.
Vertue
is
refresh'd
and
strengthned
by
Rest
[
](A58845-e175900-b)2
2
Otium
enim
tum
ad
virtutes
generandas
,
〈…〉
civilia
munera
obeunda
requiru●●tur
.
Arist.
Pol.
l.
7.
c.
9.
,
like
the
Stream
of
a
Fountain
(
the
Figure
of
the
present
Emblem
)
when
stopp'd
by
the
Hand
.
A
seasonable
Rest
,
Refreshment
gives
;
And
weary
Valour
,
after
Ease
,
revives
.
For
this
Reason
,
Day
and
Night
have
divided
the
Hours
into
Labour
and
Rest.
While
half
the
World
wakes
,
th'
other
sleeps
.
And
the
Ancients
feign'd
,
that
even
Iove
himself
sometimes
eas'd
himself
,
by
laying
the
Burthen
of
the
World
upon
the
Shoulders
of
Atlas
.
The
most
Robust
Constitutions
are
not
able
continually
to
bear
the
Fatigues
of
Government
.
Continual
Toil
weakens
the
Body
,
and
besots
the
Mind
;
so
does
also
too
much
Ease
[
](A58845-e175990-b)3
3
Nascitur
ex
assiduitate
laborum
animorum
hebetatio
quaedam
,
&
l●nguor
.
Senec.
de
Tranquil
.
Anim.
.
It
should
be
therefore
only
as
a
Watering
to
Plants
,
which
refreshes
,
not
drowns
them
:
or
like
Sleep
,
which
,
if
moderate
,
corroborates
;
if
excessive
,
rather
enervates
the
Body
.
There
are
no
Diversions
better
than
those
which
at
the
same
time
recreate
and
instruct
the
Mind
,
as
does
the
Conversation
of
ingenious
and
learned
Persons
.
Such
the
Emperor
Adrian
always
entertain'd
at
his
Table
;
which
,
for
that
reason
,
Philostratus
call'd
,
A
Rendezvouz
of
the
Learned
.
The
same
,
Pliny
commends
in
Trajan
;
and
Lampridius
in
Alexander
Severus
[
](A58845-e176080-b)4
4
Cum
inter
suos
convivaretur
,
〈◊〉
Vlpianum
,
aut
doctos
homines
adhibebat
,
ut
habere
fabulas
literatas
,
〈◊〉
se
recreari
dicebat
&
pasci
.
Lamp
.
in
Vit.
Alex.
Sev.
.
Alphonso
,
King
of
Naples
,
always
retir'd
with
them
,
after
Dinner
,
into
another
Apartment
,
that
he
might
(
as
he
us'd
to
say
)
feed
his
Mind
,
as
he
had
done
his
Body
.
Tiberius
never
travell'd
from
Rome
without
Nerva
and
Atticus
,
Men
of
excellent
Learning
,
to
direct
him
[
](A58845-e176160-b)5
5
Co●ceius
Nerva
,
cui
legum
peritia
:
eques
Romanus
,
praeter
Sejanum
,
&
illustribus
Curtius
Atticus
;
●aeteri
liberalibus
artibus
praediti
fer●●
Graeci
,
quorum
sermonibus
levaretur
.
Tac.
4.
Annal.
.
Francis
,
the
First
King
of
France
,
learn'd
so
much
from
his
constant
and
continual
Conversation
with
such
learned
Men
,
that
though
he
had
never
apply'd
himself
to
Literature
,
he
would
discourse
very
pertinently
upon
any
Subject
.
But
this
commendable
Custom
is
out
of
date
;
and
instead
of
it
,
Princes
keep
Buffoons
,
Jesters
,
and
Ridiculous
Fellows
,
for
their
Entertainment
at
Table
.
The
Errors
and
Shame
of
Nature
are
become
now
their
Diversions
.
They
love
to
hear
themselves
prais'd
,
though
undeservedly
:
And
though
Reason
and
Modesty
would
reject
those
Praises
,
as
coming
from
some
Fool
;
yet
Self-conceit
easily
receives
them
;
and
the
Ears
being
by
degrees
us'd
to
them
,
soon
give
way
to
Flatterers
and
Pick-thanks
.
Their
Jests
impose
upon
the
Will
,
being
generally
obscene
,
sometimes
vicious
.
And
if
such
Buffoonry
can
divert
the
Mind
,
how
much
more
will
the
neat
and
witty
Discourses
of
the
Learned
,
who
not
being
too
grave
and
rigid
(
as
they
are
sometimes
)
can
be
facetious
and
witty
upon
occasion
?
If
there
be
any
Diversion
in
looking
upon
some
mishapen
,
ridiculous
Monster
;
What
Satisfaction
will
it
be
,
to
hear
of
the
prodigious
Works
of
Nature
,
and
to
discourse
of
her
Wonders
and
Secrets
?
Athenaeus
mentions
of
Anacharsus
,
that
some
of
these
Buffoons
being
once
brought
to
Table
,
to
promote
Mirth
,
he
remain'd
grave
and
serious
,
but
laught
heartily
at
the
sight
of
an
Ape
,
saying
,
That
th●●
Animal
was
naturally
ridiculous
,
but
Man
only
by
Art
,
and
base
Affectation
[
](A58845-e176230-b)6
6
Accitis
in
convivium
peritis
ad
risum
commovendum
hominibus
,
〈◊〉
omnium
non
risisse
,
post
autem
inducta
simia
in
risum
solutum
,
dixisse
,
Natura
id
Animal
ridiculum
,
hominem
autem
arte
,
&
studio
eoque
pa●●●
honesto
.
Athen.
l.
4.
This
Composure
was
great
,
and
becoming
the
Dignity
of
a
Prince
.
These
Fools
are
a
kind
of
Publick
Spies
in
Courts
,
Corruptors
of
Manners
,
and
very
often
Plotters
against
the
Prince
and
State
:
For
which
Reason
,
the
Emperors
Augustus
,
and
Alexander
Severus
,
would
never
entertain
them
.
If
they
are
good
for
any
thing
,
't
is
for
the
Truth
they
tell
the
Great
Ones
by
way
of
Jest.
Some
Princes
,
through
the
Glory
and
Ambition
of
Affairs
,
think
themselves
sufficiently
eas'd
,
in
resting
from
Matters
of
Importance
,
and
employing
themselves
in
those
of
less
moment
;
as
the
Hair
of
a
Mad
Dog
cures
his
Bite
.
But
because
then
all
Minds
are
not
diverted
by
this
means
,
and
that
there
is
no
Affair
,
though
never
so
little
,
but
requires
Attention
enough
to
tire
the
Mind
;
't
is
necessary
to
be
sometimes
wholly
unemploy'd
,
and
to
quit
,
for
a
time
,
the
Trouble
and
Toil
of
Government
[
](A58845-e176280-b)7
7
Satis
Onerum
Principibus
,
satis
etiam
potentiae
.
Tac.
3.
Annal.
.
Business
ought
to
be
so
mix'd
with
Diversion
and
Pastime
,
as
that
the
Mind
may
neither
be
oppress'd
by
the
first
,
nor
enervated
by
the
latter
:
It
being
like
a
Mill
,
which
having
nothing
to
grind
,
wears
out
it self
.
Pope
Innocent
VIII
.
sometimes
laid
by
the
Helm
of
the
Church
,
and
diverted
himself
in
his
Garden
,
in
planting
Trees
.
In
these
Truces
of
Repose
,
Age
,
Time
,
and
the
Quality
of
the
Diversion
,
ought
also
to
be
consider'd
:
So
that
Gaiety
mayn't
be
offensive
to
Reserv'dness
,
Ingenuity
to
Gravity
,
nor
Recreation
to
Majesty
.
For
some
Pastimes
not
only
debase
the
Mind
,
but
also
diminish
the
Prince's
Authority
.
So
Artaxerxes
was
infamous
for
Spinning
;
Viantes
,
a
King
of
Lydia
,
for
fishing
for
Frogs
;
Augustus
,
for
playing
at
Even
or
Odd
with
the
Boys
;
Domitian
,
for
killing
Flyes
with
a
Bodkin
;
Solyman
,
for
making
Pins
;
and
Selim
,
for
Embroidering
with
the
Women
.
While
the
Prince
is
young
,
there
are
no
Diversions
more
proper
than
such
as
confirm
the
Mind
and
Body
;
such
as
Fencing
,
Horse-races
,
Tennis
,
and
Hunting
;
and
also
those
Noble
Arts
of
Musick
and
Painting
,
which
we
elsewhere
commended
in
a
Prince's
Education
;
which
are
very
requisite
to
refresh
the
Spirits
,
when
exhausted
by
Assiduity
of
Affairs
,
provided
they
be
us'd
with
Moderation
:
So
as
not
to
waste
that
Time
therein
,
which
should
be
employ'd
in
Matters
of
State
.
King
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
diverted
himself
so
profitably
,
that
even
amidst
his
Recreations
he
forgot
not
his
Affairs
;
but
while
a
Hawking
,
he
gave
ear
to
the
Journals
and
Dispatches
which
his
Secretary
read
to
him
,
and
at
the
same
time
observ'd
the
Game
.
Emanuel
,
King
of
Portugal
,
never
deny'd
Audience
amidst
his
Diversions
.
A
Prince
should
divert
himself
upon
Affairs
,
as
the
Dolphin
does
upon
the
Waves
,
though
never
so
deep
,
not
seeking
the
quiet
Retreat
of
some
River
.
His
Repose
should
not
be
Idleness
,
but
Refreshment
.
'T
will
be
convenient
sometimes
to
entertain
the
People
with
Publick
Diversions
,
that
they
may
breath
a
little
,
and
return
more
vigorously
to
their
Work
,
upon
which
their
Thoughts
are
employ'd
:
For
if
they
are
always
sad
and
melancholy
,
they
turn
them
against
the
Prince
and
Magistracy
;
whereas
if
they
are
allow'd
some
Refreshment
and
Recreation
,
they
submit
their
Necks
to
any
Burthen
;
and
losing
their
Heat
and
Restiness
,
live
in
Obedience
.
For
this
reason
,
Croesus
told
Cyrus
,
That
he
must
learn
his
Lydians
to
Sing
,
Dance
,
and
Revel
,
if
he
would
keep
them
in
Obedience
[
](A58845-e176460-b)8
8
Impera
,
ut
liberos
cit●aram
pulsare
,
psallere
,
cauponari
doceant
,
&
〈◊〉
comperies
,
O
Rex
,
viros
in
mulieres
degenerasse
,
nihilque
metuendum
,
〈◊〉
rebelles
●
te
unquam
desciscant
.
Herod
.
lib.
40
.
These
Diversions
keep
the
People
as
firm
in
their
Obedience
,
as
did
that
Method
of
Pharaoh
,
in
employing
the
People
of
Israel
in
making
Bricks
.
For
the
same
reason
,
Agricola
granted
the
Britains
many
of
these
Diversions
;
and
they
looked
upon
that
as
a
Favour
,
which
was
part
of
their
Slavery
[
](A58845-e176520-b)9
9
Idque
apud
〈◊〉
ritos
humanitas
vocabatur
,
cum
pars
servitutis
esset
.
Tac.
in
Vit.
Agr.
.
This
the
Embassadors
of
the
Tencteri
knew
,
when
being
sent
to
Cologn
,
they
propos'd
the
●estitution
of
their
Ancient
Native
Customs
,
and
the
Abolition
of
those
Pleasures
which
the
Romans
had
introduced
,
by
which
they
subdu'd
more
than
by
Force
of
Arms
[
](A58845-e176570-b)10
10
Instituta
cultumque
patrium
resumite
,
abruptis
voluptatibus
qui●●
Romani
plus
adversus
subjectos
,
quam
armis
valent
.
Tac.
4.
Hist.
.
States
being
more
observant
of
this
Policy
,
than
Princes
,
permit
every
one
to
live
according
to
his
Pleasure
,
conniving
at
Vices
,
that
the
People
may
less
apprehend
the
Tyranny
of
the
Magistracy
,
and
be
more
in
love
with
that
way
of
Government
,
taking
this
Licence
for
Liberty
;
they
being
ever
more
prone
to
a
Dissolute
,
than
a
Regular
way
of
living
[
](A58845-e176600-b)11
11
Item
vivere
ut
quisque
velit
permissio
,
quoniam
sic
magna
erit
tali
Reip.
faventium
multitudo
,
●●am
vulgo
dissoluta
gratior
est
quam
temperata
vita
.
Arist.
6.
Pol.
4.
.
But
this
Policy
is
none
of
the
safest
:
For
when
People
have
once
laid
aside
Respect
for
Vertue
and
the
Laws
,
they
begin
to
despise
the
Authority
of
the
Magistracy
;
nay
,
almost
all
Mischiefs
in
States
proceed
from
Libertinism
;
it
being
sufficient
to
keep
the
People
in
Peace
and
Tranquility
,
and
to
allow
them
some
honest
and
agreeable
Recreations
.
To
live
conformable
to
Government
,
is
not
Slavery
,
but
Liberty
.
But
since
in
all
things
the
Publick
Good
ought
to
be
the
only
aim
,
't
is
conducive
to
convert
all
these
Diversions
into
such
Pastimes
as
exercise
the
Strength
,
prohibiting
all
such
as
depend
upon
Luck
,
as
pernicious
both
to
the
Government
and
Subject
:
To
these
,
because
they
give
themselves
so
much
to
them
,
that
they
neglect
their
Business
;
to
that
,
because
by
such
Games
the
People
squander
away
their
Livelyhood
,
and
so
,
through
Want
,
are
necessitated
to
Plunder
and
Rebel
.
EMBLEM
LXXIII
.
THE
Diseases
of
States
are
hidden
:
Nor
can
any
one
judge
of
them
by
their
present
Disposition
;
for
when
they
seem
in
full
Health
and
Vigour
,
they
are
taken
ill
of
a
sudden
,
the
Distemper
breaking
out
when
least
thought
of
;
like
the
Vapours
of
the
Earth
,
which
are
not
visible
till
gathered
into
Clouds
.
Wherefore
a
Prince
ought
carefully
to
remedy
the
first
Symptoms
;
nor
are
they
to
be
slighted
,
as
seeming
frivolous
and
distant
:
as
neither
the
first
Rumors
of
Ills
,
though
to
appearance
never
so
unreasonable
.
Who
can
penetrate
the
unsetled
Designs
of
the
frantick
Mobb
?
Upon
the
least
Occasion
,
the
least
Shadow
of
Slavery
,
or
Male-Administration
,
it
rises
,
and
takes
Arms
against
the
Prince
.
Seditions
arise
from
small
Causes
,
and
afterwards
proceed
to
greater
[
](A58845-e176670-b)1
1
Ex
parvis
orta
seditione
de
rebus
magnis
dissidetur
.
Arist.
l.
5.
Pol.
cap.
4
.
If
they
are
neglected
at
first
,
they
will
be
at
last
incurable
;
they
spring
like
Rivers
from
small
Fountains
,
and
afterwards
flow
into
large
Streams
.
Their
Beginnings
always
create
too
much
Fear
,
or
too
much
Confidence
[
](A58845-e176690-b)2
2
Primis
eventibus
metum
ac
fiduciam
gigni
.
Tac.
l.
12.
Annal.
.
These
Considerations
kept
Tiberius
in
suspence
,
when
he
had
notice
that
a
certain
Slave
pretended
to
be
Agrippa
,
and
began
to
raise
Commotions
in
the
Empire
:
For
he
was
in
doubt
whether
he
should
punish
him
out
of
hand
,
or
let
Time
discover
the
Cheat
;
sometimes
considering
that
nothing
should
be
slighted
,
then
again
,
that
he
ought
not
to
be
frighted
at
every
thing
,
being
dubious
between
Shame
and
Fear
,
but
at
last
he
resolved
upon
a
Remedy
[
](A58845-e176730-b)3
3
Vi
ne
militum
servum
suum
coërceret
,
an
inanem
credulitatem
tempore
ipso
vanescere
sinere●
,
modò
nihil
spernendum
,
modò
omnia
metuend●
,
ambiguus
pudoris
a●
metus
reputabat
.
Tac.
2.
Annal.
.
Certain
it
is
,
that
sometimes
the
Torrent
of
the
Mutinous
Mobb
is
so
rapid
,
that
unless
Care
be
taken
,
it
leaves
its
own
Channel
dry
,
or
falls
into
Civil
Wars
,
the
Consequences
of
which
are
always
terrible
,
but
are
,
if
taken
in
time
,
moderated
by
Accidents
and
Chance
,
and
wholly
quash'd
by
Care
and
Prudence
[
](A58845-e176760-b)4
4
Initia
bellorum
civilium
fortunae
permittenda
,
victoriam
consiliis
&
ratione
perfici
.
Tac.
●
Hist.
.
Experience
shews
many
ways
to
appease
the
Commotions
and
Seditions
of
Kingdoms
;
sometimes
Chance
offers
them
,
and
sometimes
the
Inclination
of
the
Seditious
.
As
it
happened
to
Drusus
,
who
seeing
the
Legions
repent
of
their
having
Mutiny'd
,
because
of
an
Eclipse
of
the
Moon
,
which
happened
at
that
time
,
and
which
they
took
for
an
ill
Omen
,
made
use
of
that
Inclination
to
appease
'em
[
](A58845-e176790-b)5
5
Vtendum
inclinatione
e●
Caesar
,
&
quae
casus
obtulerat
,
in
sapientiam
vertenda
ratus
.
Tac.
1.
Annal.
.
The
same
also
Herman
Cortez
did
,
upon
another
Occasion
.
Nor
are
these
Means
to
be
slighted
as
frivolous
;
for
the
Mobb
is
often
quieted
with
the
same
Ease
it
is
rais'd
:
Neither
of
which
Motions
are
guided
by
Reason
.
A
blind
Hurry
puts
them
in
motion
,
and
an
empty
Shadow
stops
'em
.
All
the
Art
lies
in
knowing
how
to
humour
their
Rage
;
while
that
works
,
they
are
uncontrollable
;
they
always
either
fear
,
or
are
fear'd
[
](A58845-e176830-b)6
6
Nihil
in
vulgo
modicum
:
terrere
ni
paveant
,
ubi
pertimuerint
impunè
contemni
.
Tac.
1.
Annal.
.
If
any
one
should
endeavour
,
by
a
set
,
premeditated
Speech
,
to
appease
and
quiet
them
,
he
would
lose
his
Time
and
Pains
.
A
sharp
Sentence
,
or
severe
Check
,
has
more
Force
than
all
the
Rhetorick
in
the
World
.
Iulius
Caesar
with
one
Word
quash'd
a
Mutiny
among
the
Soldiers
;
[
](A58845-e176880-b)*
*
Lucan
.
—
Begone
,
ye
Roman
Drones
,
And
leave
our
Ensigns
to
be
born
by
Men.
But
the
most
effectual
Means
to
pacifie
a
Sedition
,
is
Division
;
by
drawing
the
Heads
thereof
into
divers
Factions
and
Parties
.
This
Way
we
use
with
Bees
,
whene'er
that
Wing'd
People
begin
to
Mutiny
,
(
for
even
that
Republick
has
its
Intestine
Broils
)
and
leaving
their
waxen
Houses
,
begin
to
gather
in
the
Air
,
by
throwing
a
little
Dust
among
them
,
they
are
soon
separated
:
[
](A58845-e176930-b)†
†
Virg.
in
Georg.
Throw
but
a
little
Sand
,
they
settle
straight
.
Whence
the
Figure
and
Motto
of
this
present
Emblem
is
taken
.
But
though
this
Division
be
always
good
,
't
is
more
Prudence
thereby
to
prevent
Ills
e're
they
happen
,
than
to
remedy
them
afterwards
.
King
Ferdinand
IV.
understanding
the
Commotions
of
some
of
the
Nobility
of
Galicia
,
sent
for
them
;
and
giving
them
Commissions
,
sent
them
to
the
Wars
.
The
Romans
us'd
to
send
all
turbulent
and
seditious
Men
to
their
Colonies
or
Armies
.
Publius
Aemilius
transported
the
chief
Authors
of
Seditions
to
Italy
;
as
also
Charles
V.
did
the
Nobles
of
Saxony
.
Rutilius
and
Germanicus
,
instead
of
Punishing
some
Mutineers
,
made
'em
Freemen
.
Drusus
appeas'd
the
Mutinous
Legions
,
by
separating
them
from
one
another
[
](A58845-e177040-b)7
7
Tyronem
à
ve●erano
,
Legionem
à
Legione
dissociant
.
Ta●
.
1.
Annal.
.
Loyalty
,
and
Military
Vertue
,
are
maintain'd
by
Division
,
because
it
hinders
Forces
and
Vices
from
joyning
.
For
this
Reason
,
the
Armies
were
separated
,
in
the
time
of
Galba
[
](A58845-e177070-b)8
8
Longis
spatiis
discreti
exercitus
,
quod
saluberrimum
est
ad
●ontinendam
●ilitarem
fidem
,
ne
vitiis
nec
viribus
mis●ebantur
.
Tac.
1.
Hist.
'T
is
for
this
Reason
,
that
many
think
it
requisite
to
prohibit
all
Cabals
and
Meetings
of
the
People
:
For
the
same
Cause
,
Grand
Cairo
was
divided
into
several
Districts
or
Parishes
,
by
very
high
Walls
,
that
the
People
might
not
so
easily
associate
.
Nor
is
it
any
thing
else
that
has
so
long
preserv'd
Venice
in
quiet
,
than
that
all
its
Streets
are
divided
by
the
Sea
.
Separation
makes
People
dubious
and
unresolv'd
,
not
knowing
which
Part
is
safest
;
but
without
that
,
they
would
all
unanimously
side
with
the
Strongest
[
](A58845-e177120-b)9
9
Quod
in
seditionibus
accidit
,
unde
plures
●rant
,
omnes
fuere
.
Tac.
1.
Hist.
.
This
made
Pisander
sow
Discord
among
the
Athenians
,
that
he
might
divide
and
separate
them
.
In
Military
Seditions
,
't
will
be
sometimes
conducive
to
set
them
together
by
the
Ears
[
](A58845-e177170-b)10
10
Dux
ad
solvendam
militum
conspirationem
alterum
in
alterum
concitat
.
S.
Chrysost.
:
for
one
Mutiny
is
generally
remedied
by
another
.
The
Roman
Senate
was
advis'd
,
upon
a
certain
Popular
Insurrection
,
to
appease
the
Mobb
by
the
Mobb
[
](A58845-e177220-b)11
11
Remedium
tumultus
fuit
alius
tumultus
.
Tac.
2.
Hist.
,
weakning
their
Force
by
Division
.
And
doubtless
this
is
the
meaning
of
that
Law
of
Solon
,
which
Condemn'd
a
Citizen
,
who
,
in
a
Sedition
,
did
not
adhere
to
some
one
Party
.
But
this
is
rather
to
enflame
,
than
quench
and
divide
it
;
since
,
at
this
rate
,
there
would
remain
none
who
might
be
Mediators
to
compose
it
.
There
is
also
another
effectual
Remedy
,
which
is
the
Presence
of
the
Prince
,
bravely
and
resolutely
confronting
the
Fury
of
the
People
:
For
as
the
Sea
,
which
foams
and
dashes
against
Rocks
and
Hills
,
runs
smooth
upon
the
even
Sand
;
so
is
the
Mobb
hush'd
and
quieted
by
the
serene
Presence
of
its
Prince
.
Augustus
,
with
his
Looks
,
frighted
the
Actian
Legions
into
Obedience
[
](A58845-e177290-b)12
12
Divus
Augustus
vultu
&
aspectu
Actiacas
Legione●
exterruit
.
Tac.
1.
Annal.
.
In
the
Disorders
of
the
German
Legions
,
when
the
Soldiers
look'd
upon
the
Multitude
,
they
shouted
;
but
when
again
they
cast
their
Eyes
upon
Caesar
,
they
seemed
to
tremble
[
](A58845-e177330-b)13
13
Illi
quoties
oculos
ad
multitudinem
retulerant
vocibus
trucul●●●●●repere
,
rursum
viso
caesare
trepidare
.
Tac.
1.
Annal.
.
Sedition
is
soon
quash'd
by
Authority
and
Presence
.
As
the
Blood
hasts
to
the
Assistance
of
the
Part
wounded
,
so
ought
the
Prince
to
assist
with
his
Presence
at
the
Disorders
of
his
State
.
Majesty
easily
reduces
Subjects
to
their
Obedience
;
for
in
that
Nature
has
plac'd
a
certain
Occult
Force
,
which
often
produces
wonderful
Effects
.
Certain
Conspirators
had
enter'd
the
very
Palace
of
Peter
IV.
King
of
Arragon
,
with
a
Design
upon
his
Life
;
and
he
readily
going
to
meet
them
,
quite
dash'd
their
Resolutions
.
The
Rebellion
in
the
Belgick
Provinces
had
never
gone
so
far
,
had
Philip
II.
been
himself
upon
the
Spot
.
But
this
Remedy
ought
well
to
be
weigh'd
and
consider'd
of
,
whether
or
no
absolute
Necessity
requires
it
:
for
't
is
the
last
;
and
if
that
fails
,
there
is
no
other
.
For
this
Reason
,
Tiberius
sent
Drusus
and
Germanicus
to
compose
the
Mutinous
Legions
in
Hungary
[
](A58845-e177430-b)14
14
Res●st●●●●esque
Germanico
&
Druso
,
posse
à
se
mitigari
,
vel
infringi
:
quod
aliud
s●●sidium
si
Imperatorem
sprevissent
?
Tac.
1.
Annal.
.
The
Prince's
Presence
is
also
dangerous
,
if
he
be
hated
,
or
a
Tyrant
;
for
then
the
Subjects
are
willing
and
eager
to
shake
off
the
Yoke
of
Obedience
.
But
if
any
Kingdom
be
divided
into
Factions
,
by
the
private
Grudges
of
Families
one
to
another
,
't
is
Prudence
to
prohibit
their
Names
from
being
mention'd
.
Thus
did
King
Francis
of
Navarr
,
forbidding
any
one
,
upon
severe
Penalties
,
to
be
call'd
Agramont
or
Biamont
,
which
were
two
Families
in
that
Kingdom
at
continual
Enmity
.
But
if
the
Peoples
Dissatisfaction
and
Sedition
proceed
from
the
Male-Administration
of
some
Minister
,
there
is
no
Dust
more
effectual
to
appease
them
,
than
the
Punishment
of
that
Person
.
If
they
impute
to
the
Minister
that
which
is
really
the
Prince's
fault
,
and
so
rise
against
him
,
their
Errour
must
have
its
free
course
;
since
neither
Force
nor
Reason
can
stop
it
,
without
greater
Detriment
to
the
Publick
.
Innocence
,
't
is
true
,
will
thereby
suffer
,
but
not
through
the
Prince's
fault
.
In
all
such
great
Accidents
there
is
no
Remedy
without
Injustice
,
which
is
compensated
by
the
Publick
Good
[
](A58845-e177510-b)15
15
Habet
aliquid
ex
iniquo
omne
magnum
exemplum
,
quod
contra
〈◊〉
utilitate
publica
rependitur
.
Tac.
14.
Annal.
.
Sedition
is
a
Poison
which
strikes
at
the
Heart
;
and
't
is
therefore
necessary
sometimes
to
lop
off
a
Limb
,
to
save
the
Body
;
and
to
give
way
to
the
Torrent
of
Fury
,
though
disagreeable
to
Reason
and
Justice
.
Thus
did
Queen
Isabella
,
in
a
Rising
of
the
People
of
Sevill
:
For
when
they
insisted
upon
her
turning
Andrew
Cabrera
,
Governor
of
the
Palace
,
out
of
his
Office
,
and
were
running
on
to
further
Demands
,
she
cut
'em
off
short
;
Gentlemen
,
says
she
,
what
you
demand
,
I
had
before
resolv'd
on
;
Go
,
remove
not
only
the
Governor
,
but
also
all
my
other
Domesticks
.
By
which
Answer
,
she
seem'd
to
command
that
which
she
was
forc'd
to
,
and
the
Mutineers
took
it
as
her
Favour
and
Kindness
;
and
having
satisfy'd
their
Rage
,
by
tumbling
down
those
headlong
,
whom
they
found
upon
the
Towers
,
they
were
quiet
;
and
afterwards
she
,
upon
Examining
the
Accusations
which
they
laid
to
the
Governor's
Charge
,
finding
them
unjust
and
groundless
,
restor'd
him
to
his
Office
.
When
the
Mutineers
think
that
the
Punishment
of
the
Heads
of
the
Sedition
will
be
sufficient
,
they
spare
none
,
hoping
by
that
means
to
expiate
their
Crime
;
as
the
German
Legions
did
[
](A58845-e177590-b)16
16
Gaudebat
cae●●●●s
miles
,
tanquam
semet
absolvere●
.
Tac.
1.
Annal.
;
though
Patience
and
Connivance
did
encrease
their
Insolence
[
](A58845-e177610-b)17
17
Nihil
●●●ci
Patientia
,
nisi
ut
graviora
,
tanquam
ex
facil
tolerantibus
imperen●●●
.
Tac.
in
Vit.
Agr.
;
and
the
more
you
grant
them
,
the
more
they
crave
,
as
did
the
Soldiers
which
Flaccus
sent
to
Rome
[
](A58845-e177650-b)18
18
Et
Flaccus
multa
concedendo
,
nihil
aliud
〈◊〉
,
qu●m
ut
acrius
exposc●rent
,
quae
sci●bant
negaturum
.
Tac.
4.
Annal.
:
Yet
this
chiefly
happens
,
when
the
Person
so
Granting
is
but
of
small
Authority
among
them
,
as
was
Flaccus
,
whom
the
whole
Army
despised
[
](A58845-e177680-b)19
19
Superior
exercitus
Legatum
Hordenium
Flaccum
spernebat
.
Tac.
1.
Hist.
.
But
in
the
fore-mention'd
Case
of
Germanicus
,
the
Demands
of
the
Mutineers
ought
to
be
comply'd
with
,
though
violent
and
unreasonable
,
that
their
Fury
might
have
been
qualified
,
or
that
he
might
have
had
some
honourable
Pretence
,
to
wave
their
Punishment
.
He
knew
the
Injustice
and
Inconvenience
of
a
general
Punishment
,
and
that
it
would
of
necessity
involve
the
Innocent
:
But
though
it
could
not
wholly
be
avoided
,
it
seemed
not
to
be
done
by
his
Command
,
but
was
rather
to
be
imputed
to
Chance
,
and
the
Fury
of
the
Seditious
[
](A58845-e177710-b)20
20
Nec
Caesar
ar●ebat
,
quando
nihil
ipsius
jussu
,
penes
●osd●●
saevitia
facti
&
invidia
●rat
.
Tac
1.
Annal.
.
The
fault
of
the
Minister
ought
to
be
excused
,
as
a
piece
of
Policy
,
when
by
Popular
Constraint
he
becomes
Head
of
the
Sedition
;
that
he
may
afterwards
,
when
their
Fury
begins
to
abate
,
with
more
ease
reduce
them
to
Obedience
.
So
Spurinna
gave
way
to
the
Soldiers
Rage
,
and
pretended
to
Countenance
them
,
that
he
might
preserve
his
Authority
among
them
,
when
they
began
to
repent
[
](A58845-e177750-b)21
21
Fit
temeritatis
alienae
comes
Spurinna
,
primo
coactus
,
mox
velle
simulans
,
quo
plus
aucto●itat●●
inesse●
consiliis
,
si
seditio
mitescere●
.
Tac.
2.
Hist.
.
Sometimes
the
People
,
upon
pretence
of
Preservation
of
their
Liberties
and
Privileges
,
encroach
upon
the
Royal
Prerogative
:
A
piece
of
Arrogance
that
ought
by
no
means
to
be
connived
at
,
lest
they
should
thence
become
more
saucy
.
In
this
Case
,
the
Punishment
of
the
Delinquents
should
be
speedy
,
and
the
Heads
of
the
Promoters
stuck
up
,
as
a
Terrour
to
the
rest
,
when
they
least
think
on
't
.
For
there
is
nothing
quells
their
Insolence
more
,
than
the
Punishment
of
their
Leaders
[
](A58845-e177780-b)22
22
Neque
〈◊〉
glis●entis
discordiae
remedium
,
quàm
si
unus
alt●●ve
maximè
prompti
subverterent●r
.
Tac.
4.
Annal.
;
it
being
an
approved
Truth
,
That
the
Body
of
the
Mobb
dare
attempt
nothing
without
them
[
](A58845-e177810-b)23
23
Nihil
ausuram
plebem
principibus
amot●●
.
Tac.
1.
Annal.
.
Ramirus
,
King
of
Arragon
,
being
embroil'd
in
the
Insurrections
of
his
People
,
ask'd
Advice
of
the
Abbot
of
Tomer
:
Who
gave
him
no
Answer
,
but
with
his
Switch
,
imitating
Periander
[
](A58845-e177880-b)24
24
Nam
Periander
caduceatori
,
per
quem
Thrasybulus
consilium
ejus
exquirebat
,
nihil
respondisse
fertur
,
sed
s●icis
eminentibus
sublatis
segetem
ad●quasse
.
Arist.
Pol.
3.
c.
9.
,
lopt
off
the
Heads
of
the
Tallest
Flowers
in
his
Garden
,
(
where
he
was
then
walking
)
and
by
that
shew'd
him
what
he
was
to
do
.
Upon
which
he
Beheading
the
chief
Authors
of
the
Rebellion
,
and
restor'd
Peace
to
his
Kingdom
.
The
same
was
the
Advice
of
Don
Lopez
Barrientos
,
to
King
Henry
IV.
Yet
will
it
be
convenient
to
use
this
Method
with
such
Moderation
,
as
that
the
Execution
may
fall
but
on
few
:
But
those
who
cannot
be
punish'd
,
must
be
conniv'd
it
,
or
so
dealt
with
,
as
that
their
Affections
may
be
gain'd
;
as
we
read
Otho
did
,
when
his
Army
Mutiny'd
[
](A58845-e177930-b)25
25
E●
oratio
ad
perstringendos
mulcendosque
militum
animos
,
severitatis
modus
(
neque
enim
in
plures
quàm
in
duos
animadverti
jusserat
)
gratè
accepta
,
compositique
ad
praesens
,
qui
coerceri
non
poterant
.
Tac.
1.
Hist.
.
Severity
with
Moderation
,
appeases
all
Commotions
:
For
when
the
Bad
begin
to
fear
,
the
Good
will
obey
;
as
Vocula
found
,
who
,
in
a
general
Mutiny
of
the
Legions
,
punish'd
but
one
Man
[
](A58845-e177960-b)26
26
Et
dum
mali
pavent
,
optimu●●●isque
jussis
paruere
.
Tac.
4.
Hist.
.
The
Method
also
of
the
Punishment
ought
to
be
so
mild
,
as
not
to
give
the
People
occasion
to
resent
it
as
a
National
Grievance
,
for
that
would
make
them
more
Resolute
.
Slavery
,
Wounds
,
and
all
the
Miseries
of
War
,
were
not
so
grievous
to
the
Germans
,
as
that
Trophy
which
Germanicus
erected
out
of
the
Spoils
of
the
Rebellious
Provinces
[
](A58845-e178010-b)27
27
Haud
peri●de
Germanos
vul●era
,
luctus
,
excidia
,
quàm
ea
species
dolore
&
ira
adfecit
.
Tacit.
2.
Annal.
.
Ferdinand
Duke
d'Alba
did
not
forget
this
Precept
,
when
he
erected
a
Statue
of
the
Rebels
Heads
:
Nor
had
he
omitted
it
,
though
he
had
read
or
heard
,
that
Vitellius
would
not
put
to
Death
Iulius
Civilis
,
a
Man
of
great
Authority
among
the
Dutch
,
lest
he
should
thereby
alienate
the
Minds
of
that
Warlike
People
[
](A58845-e178080-b)28
28
Iulius
igitur
Civilis
periculo
exemptus
praepotens
inter
Bata●●s
,
ne
supplicio
ejus
ferox
gens
alienaretur
.
Tac.
1.
Hist.
;
for
he
thought
a
severe
Animadversion
more
proper
:
which
nevertheless
created
no
Disturbance
;
though
there
were
not
wanting
those
who
urg'd
it
as
an
Aggravation
,
to
make
that
People
revolt
.
There
is
another
sort
of
Disobedience
,
which
proceeds
from
a
too
zealous
and
inconsiderate
Fidelity
;
in
which
case
the
Subjects
are
to
be
brought
to
their
Duty
,
by
benign
and
mild
Means
.
Such
as
Iohn
II.
King
of
Arragon
,
us'd
,
in
an
Insurrection
at
Barcelona
,
upon
the
Death
of
his
Son
,
Prince
Charles
:
For
he
wrote
to
that
City
,
That
unless
compell'd
by
Necessity
,
he
would
never
use
violent
Methods
;
but
that
if
they
would
return
to
their
Obedience
,
he
would
use
them
as
his
own
Children
.
This
Mildness
,
and
his
Promise
of
a
General
Pardon
,
reduced
them
all
to
their
Devoir
.
A
Prince
ought
always
to
discover
an
Inclination
to
Clemency
;
for
without
Hopes
of
that
,
Criminals
grow
desperate
.
For
which
Reason
,
Valentinus
,
after
he
had
mov'd
the
People
of
Treves
to
a
Rebellion
,
order'd
the
Roman
Embassadors
to
be
kill'd
,
that
he
might
,
by
the
Peoples
Despair
,
strengthen
his
Crime
[
](A58845-e178180-b)29
29
Quo
minor
spes
veniae
,
cresceret
vinculum
sceleris
,
Tac.
4.
Hist.
.
Sedition
turns
to
Obstinacy
,
where
there
is
no
Hopes
of
Pardon
;
and
the
Seditious
had
rather
die
Rebels
,
than
Malefactors
.
Upon
this
account
,
those
who
follow'd
the
Faction
of
Vitellius
,
were
Pardon'd
[
](A58845-e178210-b)30
30
Tac.
4.
Hist.
.
This
Generosity
is
particularly
necessary
in
Insurrections
of
the
Mobb
.
This
King
Ferdinand
the
Holy
us'd
in
the
Commotions
of
Castile
;
and
Iohn
I.
in
the
Convention
of
the
States
of
Guadalajara
,
pardoning
all
those
who
sided
with
the
Portuguese
.
But
if
a
Prince
has
lost
his
Reputation
,
and
is
in
contempt
with
his
Subjects
;
then
,
I
confess
,
Clemency
will
be
of
small
use
:
nay
,
those
very
Remedies
which
should
cure
these
Wounds
,
do
more
exulcerate
,
and
render
them
incurable
.
For
his
Authority
once
lost
,
he
can
neither
maintain
the
Severity
of
Punishment
,
nor
terrifie
the
Offenders
by
Example
:
so
that
he
must
give
way
to
his
Misfortunes
,
and
as
prudently
as
he
can
,
circumvent
them
by
Policy
and
Stratagem
.
Thus
Vocula
did
,
when
he
saw
he
was
unable
to
punish
the
Mutinous
Legions
[
](A58845-e178290-b)31
31
Sed
vires
ad
coercendum
deerant
,
in
frequentibus
infidisque
Legionibus
,
&c.
Tac.
4.
Hist.
.
For
the
same
Reasons
,
King
Iohn
II.
releas'd
those
Noblemen
whom
he
had
in
Prison
.
Nor
are
those
Favours
and
Benefits
more
effectual
in
appeasing
Seditions
,
which
proceed
from
a
Prince
who
has
lost
his
Reputation
:
For
the
Receiver
either
imputes
them
to
Cowardice
,
or
persists
in
Rebellion
to
preserve
them
[
](A58845-e178330-b)32
32
Nihil
spei
,
nisi
per
discordias
habeant
.
Tac.
11.
Annal.
;
and
sometimes
sets
up
another
King
,
by
whose
Protection
he
may
enjoy
them
:
As
did
those
who
Conspired
against
King
Henry
IV.
for
they
would
never
be
obliged
by
his
Favours
,
though
never
so
great
and
numerous
.
When
a
Prince
resolves
to
quench
the
Fire
of
Sedition
,
't
will
be
conducive
,
that
those
Resolutions
should
be
thought
to
proceed
from
his
own
Vertue
,
not
from
the
Persuasions
of
others
;
for
the
People
are
generally
more
Incens'd
,
when
they
find
the
Prince
does
nothing
but
by
the
Instigation
of
his
Ministers
.
But
when
a
General
Pardon
is
once
granted
,
the
Prince
ought
punctually
to
observe
it
,
wholly
forgetting
all
former
Offences
and
Injuries
;
for
otherwise
he
would
give
occasion
for
fresh
Commotions
:
As
Ferdinand
King
of
Naples
did
,
when
he
offer'd
to
punish
some
Noblemen
whom
he
had
already
pardon'd
,
and
who
had
put
themselves
under
the
Protection
of
King
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
.
But
if
they
are
afterwards
found
Delinquent
,
they
should
be
punish'd
with
the
utmost
Rigour
of
the
Law
,
to
curb
them
,
and
prevent
others
from
abusing
the
Prince's
Authority
.
In
these
,
and
all
other
Remedies
,
there
is
nothing
more
useful
than
Expedition
[
](A58845-e178400-b)33
33
Nihil
in
discordiis
civilibus
festinatione
tuti●s
,
●●i
facto
magìs
,
quam
con●ulto
opus
est
.
Tac.
1.
Hist.
:
For
the
People
grow
Arrogant
and
Saucy
,
when
their
Insolence
meets
wi●h
no
Check
nor
Opposition
.
Time
confirms
them
in
their
Revolt
,
and
makes
those
who
were
Dubious
declare
for
them
,
and
so
endangers
the
most
Loyal
.
Therefore
Artabanus
endeavoured
,
with
utmost
Speed
and
Diligence
,
to
compose
the
Commotions
of
his
Kingdom
[
](A58845-e178430-b)34
34
Pergit
properus
&
pra●veniens
inimico●um
actus
,
amicorum
●●●●ite●tiam
.
Tac.
6.
Annal.
.
As
Seditions
are
suddenly
raised
,
they
ought
suddenly
to
be
remedied
.
There
is
more
need
of
Action
than
of
Consultation
,
before
the
Venom
takes
Root
and
spreads
.
When
the
People
are
once
us'd
to
Murther
,
Rapine
,
and
all
other
Ills
that
Sedition
brings
with
it
,
't
is
very
difficult
to
recall
and
pacifie
them
.
This
King
Henry
well
knew
,
when
,
upon
the
Death
of
his
Brother
,
King
Peter
,
he
immediately
seized
upon
the
chief
Cities
and
Garrisons
of
the
Kingdom
;
and
by
this
Diligence
,
soon
establish'd
its
Tranquility
.
Seditions
therefore
,
and
Civil
Wars
,
being
Distempers
which
consume
the
Life
of
the
State
[
](A58845-e178480-b)35
35
Paul
.
ad
Gal.
5.
15.
,
and
enervate
the
Prince
,
by
the
Losses
which
he
receives
,
and
the
Gratuities
which
he
is
oblig'd
to
give
,
't
is
the
best
way
to
compose
them
upon
any
Terms
.
This
mov'd
King
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
to
agree
with
Alphonso
King
of
Portugal
,
in
his
Pretensions
to
the
Crown
of
Castile
.
For
in
such
Disorders
,
the
Weakest
,
and
most
Oppress'd
,
are
strongest
[
](A58845-e178530-b)36
36
Quippe
i●
turbis
&
discordiis
pessimo
cuique
plurima
vis
.
Tac.
4.
Hist.
.
Princes
are
at
the
Discretion
of
those
who
have
their
Arms
in
their
Hands
,
and
the
Soldiers
have
more
Authority
than
their
Commanders
[
](A58845-e178550-b)37
37
Civilibus
bellis
plus
militibus
quam
ducibus
licere
.
Tac.
2.
Hist.
.
EMBLEM
LXXIV
.
ANIMALS
naturally
endeavour
nothing
but
the
Preservation
of
their
Individuals
;
and
if
at
any
time
they
injure
one
another
,
't
is
generally
from
that
Reason
,
and
a
certain
Natural
Fierceness
,
which
is
not
subject
to
the
Command
of
Reason
.
On
the
contrary
,
Man
,
animated
with
that
Celestial
Flame
,
which
gives
him
the
Command
of
all
Things
,
easily
persuades
himself
,
that
he
is
not
born
only
to
live
,
but
also
to
enjoy
all
those
Things
,
even
beyond
the
Bounds
which
Reason
has
prescribed
him
;
and
his
Imagination
being
cheated
by
the
false
Appearance
of
Good
,
seeks
this
Enjoyment
in
several
Objects
,
and
therein
places
his
Felicity
and
Satisfaction
.
Some
think
it
consists
in
Riches
,
others
in
Dainties
and
Luxury
,
others
in
Dominion
,
and
every
one
in
what
the
Errors
of
his
Appetite
or
Fancy
suggest
;
for
the
Enjoyment
of
which
,
they
apply
those
Means
which
their
rambling
and
unquiet
Minds
prompt
'em
to
,
though
never
so
unjust
[
](A58845-e178620-b)1
1
Vn●
ac
ca
vetus
causa
bellandi
,
profunda
libido
imperii
,
&
d●●●tiarum
.
Sal.
in
Cons.
Catil
.
.
Whence
proceed
Murthers
,
Rapine
,
and
Tyranny
,
which
make
Man
the
most
unjust
of
all
Animals
:
And
since
one
cannot
be
secure
from
another
,
several
kind
of
Arms
were
invented
,
to
repell
Villany
,
and
preserve
Innocence
and
Liberty
,
and
so
War
was
introduced
into
the
World
[
](A58845-e178640-b)2
2
Iam.
4.
1.
.
This
was
the
Original
of
this
Monster
,
unless
it
came
from
Hell
,
after
the
Fall
of
the
Rebellious
Angels
.
War
is
so
hateful
to
God
,
that
he
would
not
permit
David
,
as
Just
as
he
was
,
to
build
the
Temple
,
because
he
had
shed
much
Blood
[
](A58845-e178660-b)3
3
1
Chron.
22.
8.
.
All
good
Princes
dread
it
,
as
knowing
the
various
Events
and
Success
thereof
[
](A58845-e178670-b)4
4
2
Sam.
11.
25.
.
War
disturbs
the
Order
and
Harmony
of
States
;
changes
Religion
,
violates
Justice
,
silences
the
Laws
,
destroys
Friendship
and
Relation
,
makes
Arts
forgot
,
Agriculture
cease
,
ruines
Trade
,
depopulates
Cities
,
and
alters
Governments
.
King
Alphonso
calls
Wars
,
the
Alienation
from
Peace
,
the
Disturber
of
Quiet
,
and
the
Destruction
of
Order
.
A
Civil
War
is
like
a
Burning
Fever
,
which
soon
scorches
up
the
State
:
A
Foreign
War
cuts
its
Veins
,
and
dreins
it
of
its
Riches
,
Strength
and
Vigour
.
War
is
a
Vice
contrary
to
Reason
,
Nature
,
and
the
End
of
Man
;
for
God
created
him
after
his
own
Image
,
and
gave
him
the
Command
of
all
Things
here
below
,
not
to
destroy
them
by
War
,
but
to
preserve
'em
by
Peace
:
He
did
not
create
him
for
War
,
but
Peace
;
not
for
Rage
,
but
Quiet
;
not
to
Ruine
,
but
to
Preserve
:
For
which
Reason
he
sent
him
into
the
World
Naked
,
without
Arms
to
offend
others
,
or
a
thick
Hide
to
defend
himself
;
so
indigent
of
the
Assistance
and
Government
of
others
,
that
even
in
his
most
flourishing
Estate
he
can't
subsist
without
foreign
Aid
.
This
Necessity
oblig'd
him
to
Society
,
and
Civil
Correspondence
;
from
which
,
by
the
Joint-Labour
of
all
,
he
might
be
supply'd
with
necessary
Conveniencies
for
Life
,
and
that
this
Politick
Felicity
might
unite
all
in
the
firmest
Bonds
of
mutual
Friendship
;
and
that
one
Country
,
haughty
with
its
own
Riches
,
might
not
disdain
Communication
with
the
rest
,
he
has
shar'd
his
Blessings
among
all
;
Wheat
he
has
given
to
Sicily
,
Wine
to
Crete
,
Purple
to
Tyre
,
Silk
to
Calabria
,
Aromaticks
to
Arabia
,
Gold
and
Silver
to
Spain
and
the
West-Indies
;
Diamonds
,
Pearls
and
Spices
,
to
the
East-Indies
.
The
Desire
and
Want
of
the
Riches
and
Rarities
creating
Commerce
,
by
which
the
whole
World
became
as
one
common
House
,
and
that
they
might
understand
one
another
in
this
Correspondence
,
and
mutually
express
their
Affections
of
Love
and
Benevolence
,
he
endued
them
with
a
Voice
Articulate
,
smooth
and
pleasant
,
to
explain
their
Conceptions
;
Laughter
,
to
shew
their
Satisfaction
;
Tears
,
to
shew
their
Sorrow
;
Hands
,
to
exert
their
Faith
and
Liberality
;
Knees
,
their
Submission
and
Obedience
:
Which
are
all
Tokens
of
a
Civil
,
Benign
,
and
Pacifick
Animal
.
But
those
Animals
which
Nature
designed
for
War
,
she
created
with
Arms
Offensive
and
Defensive
,
for
that
purpose
;
to
the
Lion
she
has
given
Claws
,
to
the
Eagle
Talons
,
to
the
Elephant
a
Trunk
,
to
the
Bull
Horns
,
to
the
Bear
Fangs
,
to
the
Porcupine
sharp
Quills
;
she
has
made
Adders
and
Vipers
formidable
by
their
Poison
,
for
their
Defence
consists
in
our
Danger
,
and
their
Security
in
our
Fear
.
For
which
Reason
,
she
has
cloathed
almost
all
Beasts
with
a
thick
Skin
,
for
their
Defence
;
the
Crocadile
with
a
Breast-Plate
,
Serpents
with
a
Coat
of
Mail
,
Scorpions
with
Scales
:
She
has
given
all
an
Aspect
terrible
,
and
a
Voice
horrible
and
dreadful
.
Let
therefore
Savage
War
be
for
them
,
not
for
Man
,
in
whom
Reason
is
predominate
over
Rage
.
Nature
has
hid
Iron
,
Steel
,
Gold
and
Silver
,
in
the
Bowels
of
the
Earth
,
lest
Men
should
make
ill
Use
of
them
;
but
Revenge
or
Injustice
has
found
them
even
there
,
some
for
the
Instruments
,
and
some
for
the
Price
of
Murther
[
](A58845-e178780-b)5
5
Video
serrum
ex
iisdem
tenebris
esse
prolatum
,
quibus
A●rum
&
Argentum
,
ne
aut
instrumentum
in
caedes
mutuas
deesset
,
aut
Pretium
.
Senec.
.
Great
Abuse
of
Mankind
,
to
employ
Gold
and
Silver
to
the
Destruction
of
Life
,
which
was
given
for
its
Preservation
!
But
because
many
Men
(
as
we
have
said
)
more
Savage
than
the
very
Beasts
themselves
,
are
more
sway'd
by
Lust
and
Ambition
,
than
Reason
,
and
so
unjustly
covet
to
oppress
and
govern
others
,
War
became
necessary
for
Natural
Defence
;
for
there
being
two
Methods
of
deciding
Matters
,
one
by
Justice
,
the
other
by
Force
,
which
is
common
to
all
Animals
,
when
the
one
can't
be
us'd
,
the
other
must
[
](A58845-e178810-b)6
6
Nam
cum
duo
sint
genera
disceptandi
,
unum
per
disceptationem
,
alter●●
per
vim
,
cumque
illud
proprium
sit
hominis
,
hoc
belluarum
,
confugiendum
e●●
ad
posterius
,
si
●ti
non
licet
superiori
.
Cicero
.
,
provided
the
Cause
and
Intention
be
just
,
and
the
Authority
of
the
Prince
be
lawful
;
in
which
also
nothing
should
be
resolv'd
on
,
without
due
Deliberation
.
So
the
Athenians
us'd
to
consult
their
Orators
and
Philosophers
,
about
the
Legality
of
their
Wars
;
for
't
is
in
our
Power
to
begin
,
but
not
to
end
them
;
he
who
undertakes
them
in
haste
,
will
repent
at
leisure
.
War
(
says
King
Alphonso
)
ought
to
be
well
weigh'd
e're
't
is
begun
,
that
it
may
be
agreeable
to
Reason
and
Iustice
;
for
from
hence
proceed
three
great
Advantages
:
The
first
,
is
,
That
God
favours
those
who
do
so
:
The
second
,
is
,
That
they
themselves
are
more
encourag'd
,
upon
Confidence
of
their
Iustice
:
The
third
,
is
,
That
those
who
know
it
,
if
they
are
Friends
,
join
more
chearfully
;
if
Enemies
,
they
have
the
less
hopes
of
Success
[
](A58845-e178860-b)*
*
L.
2.
tt
.
23.
p.
2.
.
War
ought
not
to
be
undertaken
for
slight
and
frivolous
Matters
,
such
as
were
those
which
mov'd
Xerxes
to
bring
War
upon
the
Greeks
,
and
the
Lumbards
to
make
an
Irruption
into
Italy
.
That
Prince
is
a
Tyrant
,
who
wages
War
for
another
State
;
but
he
Just
and
Commendable
,
who
does
it
for
the
Defence
of
his
own
,
or
the
Recovery
of
unjust
Usurpations
;
in
such
case
especially
where
Justice
cannot
be
obtained
otherwise
,
or
where
it
is
more
securely
decided
by
the
Sword
,
than
the
Book
so
subject
to
Deceit
and
Cavil
[
](A58845-e178910-b)7
7
Castrensis
jurisdictio
secura
,
&
obtusior
,
&
plura
manu
agens
,
calliditatem
fori
non
exerceat
.
Tac.
in
Vit.
Agric.
.
The
Success
of
War
is
a
Just
Judge
,
giving
the
Right
of
Victory
to
him
to
whom
it
belongs
.
King
Philip
II.
was
so
desirous
to
clear
his
Right
to
the
Crown
of
Portugal
,
upon
the
Death
of
King
Sebastian
,
that
after
having
had
the
Opinions
of
many
Divines
and
Lawyers
,
and
his
Army
being
then
upon
the
Frontiers
,
he
stopp'd
,
to
conferr
with
them
further
about
it
.
A
Prince
who
desires
gradually
to
raise
his
Fortune
,
may
do
it
by
War
,
provided
he
has
just
Occasion
.
But
he
who
is
already
in
quiet
Possession
of
a
competent
Greatness
,
ought
diligently
to
consider
how
he
engages
himself
in
War
;
and
to
endeavour
,
as
much
as
possible
,
to
avoid
it
by
honourable
Means
,
without
loss
of
Authority
and
Reputation
;
for
if
he
loses
them
,
the
Refusal
will
rather
kindle
it
.
The
Emperor
Rodolphus
I.
us'd
to
say
,
That
't
was
more
commendable
to
Govern
a
State
well
,
than
to
Enlarge
it
.
'T
is
not
less
Glorious
for
a
Prince
to
preserve
Peace
with
his
Sword
,
than
to
Conquer
in
War
.
Happy
is
that
Kingdom
,
in
which
the
Reputation
of
Arms
maintains
Plenty
,
and
where
Lances
support
the
Vines
and
Olive-Trees
;
where
Ceres
is
protected
by
Bellona's
Head-piece
.
The
greater
the
Courage
is
,
the
more
averse
't
is
to
War
,
as
knowing
to
what
it
must
be
obliged
.
Many
times
,
Cowards
advise
and
promote
it
,
and
the
Brave
act
it
[
](A58845-e179000-b)8
8
Sumi
Bellum
etiam
ab
ignavis
,
tenu●ssimi
cujusque
Periculum
geri
.
Tac.
4.
Annal.
.
If
War
is
commenc'd
for
the
sake
of
Peace
,
what
need
of
that
,
when
we
may
enjoy
this
?
The
Choice
of
it
ought
not
to
proceed
from
the
Will
,
but
from
Force
or
Necessity
[
](A58845-e179020-b)9
9
Pa●em
habere
debet
Voluntas
,
Bell●m
Necessi●●s
.
De
August
.
Epist.
207.
Tom.
2.
.
The
Ancients
feign'd
,
that
Pallas
was
born
out
of
the
Head
of
Iupiter
;
to
intimate
,
that
War
ought
to
proceed
from
Prudence
,
not
from
the
Perverseness
of
the
Mind
.
Sebastian
,
King
of
Portugal
,
who
carried
it
into
Africk
,
more
by
the
impulse
of
his
Courage
than
Counsel
,
with
his
Blood
imprinted
on
those
Sands
the
Truth
of
this
Precept
.
The
Bees
don't
chuse
an
armed
King
,
that
he
mayn't
be
given
to
War
,
and
neglect
the
Government
of
his
own
State
,
for
foreign
Conquests
.
If
Francis
King
of
France
,
and
Gustavus
King
of
Sweden
,
had
duly
consider'd
this
,
the
first
had
not
been
taken
at
Pavia
,
nor
the
last
kill'd
at
Lutzen
.
Ambition
of
Rule
,
is
that
which
begins
the
Ruine
of
many
States
.
This
Hanibal
knew
at
last
,
when
he
told
Scipio
,
That
'
t
would
have
been
better
,
had
the
Gods
given
Men
more
modest
Thoughts
,
that
the
Romans
might
be
content
with
Italy
,
and
the
Carthaginians
with
Africk
.
Great
Princes
ought
to
carry
on
War
with
their
utmost
Power
and
Vigour
,
that
they
may
the
sooner
end
it
,
as
the
Romans
did
;
for
the
Protraction
of
it
is
both
chargeable
and
dangerous
.
The
Enemy
is
also
thereby
disciplin'd
,
and
forewarn'd
,
and
encouraged
.
Power
,
without
Vigour
,
loses
its
Esteem
.
For
these
Reasons
,
two
Wars
ought
not
to
be
commenc'd
at
the
same
time
;
for
the
Forces
being
divided
,
they
can't
be
ended
so
soon
,
nor
is
any
Power
sufficient
to
maintain
'em
long
,
nor
Subjects
capable
to
Command
them
.
The
Romans
ever
endeavoured
,
as
do
the
Turks
at
this
day
,
not
to
be
engaged
in
two
Wars
at
a
time
.
Upon
this
were
grounded
the
Threats
of
Corbulo
to
the
Parthians
;
telling
them
,
That
all
the
Empire
enjoy'd
a
firm
Peace
,
and
that
they
had
only
that
War
[
](A58845-e179280-b)10
10
Tac.
15.
Annal.
.
EMBLEM
LXXV
.
MEDEA
(
to
facilitate
the
Conquest
of
the
Golden
Fleece
)
sowed
Serpents
Teeth
in
Col●hos
,
whence
immediately
sprang
Troops
of
armed
Men
,
who
falling
together
by
the
ears
,
destroyed
one
another
.
So
some
Princes
and
States
,
the
pernicious
Medea's
of
the
World
,
sow
Discord
among
Princes
,
and
reap
Wars
,
and
Confusion
,
the
Fruit
thereof
,
in
their
own
States
[
](A58845-e179370-b)1
1
For
they
have
sown
the
Wind
,
and
reap'd
the
Whirlwind
.
H●sea
8.
7.
.
They
think
to
enjoy
themselves
that
Repose
which
they
molest
in
others
,
and
the
Event
proves
contrary
.
Cosmographers
say
,
about
the
Aequilibrium
of
the
World
,
that
it
is
so
Equidistant
from
the
Center
,
that
the
least
Weight
moves
the
Earth
.
'T
is
the
same
in
War
;
there
is
none
so
distant
,
but
it
changes
the
Center
of
Rest
of
other
Kingdoms
.
War
is
a
raging
Fire
,
which
kindled
in
one
Place
,
runs
on
to
others
,
and
very
often
to
its
own
Home
,
according
as
the
Wind
drives
it
.
The
prudent
Farmer
dreads
the
Storm
he
sees
gathering
upon
the
Mountain's
top
,
though
at
never
so
great
a
distance
:
Much
greater
need
has
he
to
fear
,
who
raises
it
,
by
supplying
it
with
Vapours
.
Those
who
foment
the
Dutch
Power
and
Grandeur
,
may
in
time
repent
it
,
when
subject
to
the
Yoke
of
their
Slavery
;
as
it
befell
those
who
favour'd
the
Rise
of
the
Roman
Grandeur
.
The
Venetians
,
jealous
of
the
Portuguese
,
for
that
by
their
Voyages
they
depriv'd
'em
of
the
Traffick
of
the
Persian
Sea
,
and
the
East-Indies
,
sent
an
Embassador
against
them
to
Cairo
,
and
Engineers
and
Carpenters
to
arm
the
King
of
Cal●cut
against
them
,
persuading
the
Dutch
to
oppose
their
Passage
by
the
Cape
of
Good
Hope
.
But
they
having
comply'd
with
their
Desires
,
and
establish'd
their
own
Factories
and
Commerce
,
quite
disappointed
the
Republick
,
who
had
better
have
left
the
Portuguese
Trade
free
,
since
so
they
might
have
made
use
of
their
Ships
to
Import
the
Eastern
Commodities
;
which
when
they
had
brought
to
their
Ports
,
the
Inhabitants
might
with
more
Industry
and
Profit
disperse
over
Europe
.
Thus
we
see
the
Means
which
humane
Prudence
makes
use
of
for
its
own
Safety
,
turn
to
the
Ruine
of
the
Author
.
The
Dukes
of
Savoy
and
Parma
thought
to
maintain
the
War
in
the
State
of
Milan
;
and
the
one
utterly
ruin'd
his
own
,
and
the
other
made
his
the
Seat
of
War
.
Ill
Advice
impos'd
upon
the
Goodness
of
the
French
King
,
made
him
fearful
of
himself
,
diffident
of
his
Mother
and
Brother
,
and
of
the
whole
Kingdom
,
being
persuaded
,
that
without
War
he
could
not
subsist
,
and
that
his
Preservation
depended
upon
the
Ruine
of
the
House
of
Austria
;
and
for
that
end
,
he
rais'd
(
with
the
Blood
of
the
Nobility
of
that
Kingdom
,
engag'd
in
Civil
Broils
)
Clouds
which
created
a
general
Tempest
against
all
Christendom
;
the
Rhine
,
Moselle
,
Danube
,
and
Elbe
,
being
summoned
to
his
Assistance
.
He
foments
the
Clouds
in
England
,
Holland
and
Denmark
.
He
breaks
the
Ice
of
Sweden
,
that
he
might
pass
the
Baltick
Sea
by
those
Northern
Streights
,
to
the
Ruine
of
Empire
[
](A58845-e179640-b)3
3
Isai.
23.
11.
.
He
thaws
the
Snows
of
the
Switzers
and
Grisons
,
and
scatters
them
through
Germany
and
Italy
.
He
turns
the
River
Po
upon
the
State
of
Milan
,
summoning
the
Tyber
and
Adriatick
to
his
Assistance
[
](A58845-e179730-b)4
4
Ezek.
32.
2.
.
He
raises
the
Fogs
of
Africk
,
Persia
,
Turkey
,
Tartary
and
Moscovia
,
that
they
might
in
Clouds
of
Arrows
and
Lightning
invade
Europe
.
He
forces
through
the
secret
Crannies
of
the
Earth
,
Earthquakes
which
shook
Brazil
and
the
East-Indies
.
He
sends
through
all
Parts
furious
Hurricanes
,
which
made
one
continual
Tempest
;
and
he
disturbed
the
Heavens
with
such
Diligence
and
Art
,
that
it
darted
Fire
,
hail'd
Shot
,
and
rain'd
Blood
upon
the
Earth
[
](A58845-e179790-b)5
5
Ier.
4.
13.
.
He
reaches
from
Pole
to
Pole
with
the
Shot
of
his
Artillery
[
](A58845-e179800-b)6
6
Ier.
8.
16.
,
and
with
his
Dragoons
,
more
swift
(
by
the
Negligence
or
Malice
of
some
)
than
the
Imperial
Eagles
[
](A58845-e179810-b)7
7
4.
13.
.
Their
Neighings
are
heard
in
all
Parts
,
and
Mars
triumphs
in
Blood
and
Dust
[
](A58845-e179830-b)8
8
Ier.
8.
16.
.
The
Author
of
so
many
Wars
,
verifying
what
Isaiah
said
of
Lucifer
,
That
he
disturbs
the
Earth
,
ruines
Kingdoms
,
dispeoples
the
World
,
and
destroys
its
Cities
[
](A58845-e179860-b)9
9
Isai.
14.
16.
.
For
when
God
makes
use
of
one
as
a
Scourge
to
the
rest
,
he
gives
him
his
Power
,
by
which
he
succeeds
in
whatever
he
undertakes
,
while
his
Divine
Anger
continues
[
](A58845-e179870-b)10
10
Isai.
10.
5.
.
He
told
Moses
,
That
he
had
made
him
God
over
Pharaoh
[
](A58845-e179900-b)11
11
Exod.
7.
1.
;
and
so
,
as
God
,
he
wrought
Miracles
,
to
punish
him
and
his
Kingdom
[
](A58845-e179910-b)12
12
Data
est
Moysi
authoritas
,
&
potest●●
,
〈◊〉
vel●t
Deus
Pharaontem
●erreret
,
puniret
.
Hil.
l.
7.
de
Trin.
.
But
I
am
not
so
bold
to
say
,
that
in
Pharaoh's
Person
,
and
his
Kingdom
,
is
represented
that
of
France
,
and
the
Punishment
that
Divine
Sun
of
Justice
threatens
it
,
and
that
we
must
hope
for
other
miraculous
Actions
for
the
Preservation
and
Grandeur
of
the
House
of
Austria
[
](A58845-e179970-b)13
13
2
Mac.
15.
8.
,
That
his
Displeasure
being
appeased
,
will
by
little
and
little
dispell
the
Clouds
which
obscure
its
Pinnacles
,
discovering
thereupon
the
Triumphant
Imperial
Eagle
,
which
having
sharpned
its
Talons
and
its
Beak
,
and
refresh'd
its
Feathers
in
the
Waters
of
its
Trouble
,
shall
join
that
Divine
Lightning
,
which
shall
be
Light
to
it
,
and
Fire
to
France
,
causing
to
fall
upon
them
the
whole
Tempest
which
they
had
raised
against
other
Kingdoms
.
The
Spirit
of
so
many
Tempests
shall
waste
it self
,
their
Counsels
being
rash
and
violent
[
](A58845-e179990-b)14
14
Isai.
19.
3.
.
French
shall
War
with
French
,
Friend
with
Friend
,
Brother
with
Brother
,
City
with
City
,
and
the
Kingdom
with
the
Kingdom
[
](A58845-e180020-b)15
15
Ibid.
,
by
which
it
shall
become
the
Bloody
Scene
of
that
War
which
it
has
so
industriously
procured
other
Nations
[
](A58845-e180030-b)16
16
Ezek.
29.
10.
.
Such
Counsels
are
like
Spiders
Webs
,
drawn
from
their
own
Bowels
;
their
due
Punishment
is
,
to
fall
into
the
same
Nets
which
they
have
spread
for
others
[
](A58845-e180040-b)17
17
Pro●
.
26.
27.
.
Perillus
invented
a
Brazen
Bull
for
the
Exercise
of
his
Tyranny
,
and
was
himself
the
first
that
made
it
Bellow
.
No
Possession
is
secure
,
which
is
founded
upon
the
Destruction
of
others
.
A
certain
French
Embassador
advised
the
League
of
Cambray
against
the
Republick
of
Venice
,
insinuating
,
That
she
should
sow
Dissentions
among
the
Princes
,
and
build
her
own
Fortune
upon
their
Ruine
:
And
several
of
them
uniting
,
disarmed
her
,
and
took
from
her
all
the
Lands
she
possess'd
upon
the
Continent
.
It
may
be
,
that
those
Times
required
such
Artifices
;
or
that
the
Prudent
Noblemen
,
of
which
that
Illustrious
Senate
always
consists
,
knew
those
Inconveniencies
,
but
could
not
prevent
'em
,
either
through
the
furious
Torrent
of
the
Multitude
,
or
through
fear
of
rendring
themselves
suspected
by
Opposition
.
This
is
the
Misfortune
of
Republicks
,
that
Malice
,
Tyranny
,
fomenting
Hatred
,
and
Self-Interest
,
without
respect
to
Justice
,
pass
for
Zeal
and
Love
to
their
Country
,
hindring
Persons
of
Integrity
from
appearing
.
That
the
Prudent
endeavour
to
procure
the
Peace
of
the
State
,
while
giddy
Fellows
,
who
have
no
Prospect
of
the
Time
to
come
,
molest
it
by
their
vain
and
dangerous
Enterprizes
[
](A58845-e180100-b)18
18
Sapientibus
quietis
&
Reip.
curae
:
levissimus
quisque
,
&
futuri
imp●ovidus
spe
vana
tumens
.
Tac.
1.
Hist.
,
and
that
in
their
Resolves
,
their
Votes
are
counted
not
weighed
;
and
that
Communities
are
always
fuller
of
Raw
,
Ignorant
Persons
,
than
of
those
of
Prudence
and
Experience
;
thence
happen
grievous
Inconveniencies
.
And
we
see
at
present
that
Republick
governs
with
great
Applause
by
the
best
Maxims
,
and
that
she
always
promotes
the
universal
Peace
and
good
Correspondence
with
her
neighbouring
Princes
,
not
being
to
be
prevail'd
upon
by
the
continual
Importunities
of
France
to
join
in
the
present
War
;
by
which
she
has
not
only
oblig'd
the
House
of
Austria
,
but
has
been
also
freed
from
this
general
Influence
of
Mars
,
by
which
she
has
gained
more
than
she
could
have
done
by
the
Sword
.
The
Neighbourhood
of
greater
Power
is
not
always
Dangerous
;
it
is
sometimes
like
the
Sea
,
which
Ebbing
,
leaves
whole
Provinces
to
the
Continent
.
There
are
not
few
Princes
and
Republicks
which
owe
their
Preservation
to
this
Monarchy
.
'T
would
be
a
dangerous
Attempt
for
the
lesser
Powers
always
to
join
in
making
War
upon
the
Greater
,
(
as
we
observ'd
elsewhere
.
)
States
gain
more
by
their
good
Correspondence
with
Princes
,
than
by
Force
.
They
are
cunning
Ladies
,
who
easily
captivate
their
Heart
and
Will
,
and
guide
their
Actions
to
their
particular
Ends.
Let
'em
not
therefore
be
disturbed
,
if
Princes
are
sometimes
angry
with
them
;
for
such
Anger
is
like
the
Petty
Quarrels
of
Lovers
,
which
are
the
Renewing
of
Love
:
Let
them
blame
rather
Jealousies
,
and
credulous
Suspicions
,
which
make
them
doubt
the
Fidelity
of
their
best
Friends
;
which
is
the
Vice
of
the
Multitude
,
who
measure
Things
not
by
Reason
,
but
by
their
vain
Suspicions
.
These
Arts
of
Sowing
Discord
,
and
procuring
the
Rise
of
one
by
the
Fall
of
others
,
are
most
in
use
in
Courts
and
Palaces
:
They
proceed
from
Ambition
;
for
Rewards
being
already
divided
,
and
there
being
no
means
to
introduce
new
Forms
,
but
by
the
Corruption
of
others
,
they
procure
it
by
Scandal
and
Violence
.
Sometime
't
is
the
Envy
of
one
Minister
to
another
,
for
some
excellent
Qualifications
,
endeavouring
to
prevent
his
continuance
in
a
Post
where
they
may
be
conspicuous
,
or
else
to
ruine
the
Reputation
he
has
already
acquir'd
,
by
false
Accusations
:
And
when
he
can't
obscure
the
Truth
,
he
Sneers
,
Joaks
at
,
and
Ridicules
it
,
under
pretence
of
a
kind
of
Friendship
;
that
losing
his
Credit
in
Things
of
small
concern
,
he
may
afterwards
gain
it
in
Things
of
greater
moment
.
Such
malicious
,
sly
Tricks
,
are
ever
perni●ious
to
their
Author
,
as
Tacitus
remark'd
in
Hispon
[
](A58845-e180180-b)19
19
Perniciem
aliis
,
ac
postremum
sibi
invenere
.
Tac.
1.
Annal.
,
and
in
those
who
followed
him
.
Notwithstanding
,
Lucinus
Proculus
succeded
well
,
by
accusing
others
[
](A58845-e180210-b)20
20
Vt
cuique
erat
,
criminando
,
quod
facillimum
factu
est
,
prav●s
&
callidus
,
bonos
&
modestos
anteibat
.
Tac.
1.
Hist.
.
This
sometimes
happens
,
when
Goodness
and
Modesty
are
so
reserv'd
as
to
live
privately
,
despising
the
Honours
and
Favour
of
Princes
,
as
it
befalls
those
,
who
,
through
distrust
of
their
own
Abilities
,
are
thought
unfit
for
the
Management
of
Publick
Affairs
;
such
as
these
,
assiduous
Malice
,
such
as
is
intent
upon
gaining
Mens
Opinions
,
easily
robs
of
the
due
Rewards
of
their
Vertue
,
as
Tigillinus
us'd
to
do
[
](A58845-e180240-b)21
21
Praefectur●●
vigilum
,
&
praetorii
,
&
alia
praemia
virtutum
velocius
vitiis
adeptus
.
Tac.
1.
Hist.
But
such
Artifices
fall
with
the
same
speed
they
rise
;
of
which
Tigillinus
is
an
Example
,
who
died
infamously
by
his
own
Hands
[
](A58845-e180270-b)22
22
Inter
stupra
concubinarum
,
&
oscula
,
&
deforme●
mores
,
sectis
novacula
faeucibus
,
infamem
vitam
foedavit
,
etiam
exi●u
se●●
&
inhonesto
.
Tac.
1.
Hist.
.
EMBLEM
LXXVI
.
THE
Sun
darts
the
Rays
of
his
Light
upon
a
Concave-Glass
,
and
thence
proceeds
,
in
Rays
of
Fire
,
the
Figure
of
this
present
Emblem
;
intimating
,
That
in
the
good
or
bad
Intention
of
the
Ministers
consist
Peace
or
War
.
The
Reverberation
of
the
Orders
they
receive
,
is
Fatal
.
If
the
Breast
be
of
clear
and
plain
Crystal
,
the
Orders
flow
thence
as
pure
,
if
not
purer
,
than
they
entred
;
but
if
it
be
Steel
,
they
will
imbroil
the
whole
World
in
Wars
.
To
this
end
,
Princes
,
desirous
of
Peace
,
should
beware
of
making
use
of
Warlike
Ministers
;
for
as
they
found
all
their
Fortune
upon
Arms
,
they
continually
seek
Occasions
to
exercise
them
.
France
had
never
bewail'd
the
Effects
of
so
much
Discord
,
nor
Europe
of
so
many
Wars
,
had
not
the
Preservation
of
that
King's
Favour
consisted
therein
.
We
find
,
in
Holy
Writ
,
that
the
Priests
carried
the
Trumpets
wherewith
they
declared
War
[
](A58845-e180360-b)1
1
And
the
Sons
of
Aaron
the
Priest
shall
blow
with
the
Trumpets
,
and
they
shall
be
for
an
Ordinance
for
ever
to
you
,
throughout
your
Generations
.
Numb.
10.
8.
;
that
the
Modesty
and
Gravity
of
their
Sacred
Office
would
not
use
them
without
great
Occasion
.
The
Breasts
of
Princes
are
Seas
,
which
swell
with
Mountains
of
Waves
,
when
their
Ministers
are
blustering
Boreas's
,
but
are
calm
and
serene
when
they
are
gentle
Zephyrs
;
for
a
generous
and
peaceful
Mind
tempers
the
hot
and
dangerous
Orders
,
and
turns
them
to
good
;
like
the
Sun
,
whose
Rays
,
though
they
pass
by
Angles
,
endeavour
to
free
themselves
from
this
imperfect
Form
,
and
return
Spherical
in
their
Reverberation
.
And
sometimes
it
suffices
not
that
their
Intention
is
good
,
if
they
pass
for
Warriors
;
for
either
none
believe
that
Men
of
their
Courage
would
neglect
an
Occasion
,
and
Fear
arms
against
their
Bravery
,
or
at
least
Malice
takes
it
as
a
Pretence
.
The
Count
of
Fuentes
,
foreseeing
what
would
happen
to
the
Valtoline
,
from
the
Revolt
of
the
Grisons
,
upon
account
of
the
League
with
the
Republick
of
Venice
,
built
a
Fort
at
the
Mouth
of
the
River
Ada
,
for
the
Security
of
the
State
of
Milan
.
The
Duke
of
Feria
,
in
the
same
Country
,
summon'd
the
Catholicks
to
defend
themselves
from
the
Protestants
.
The
Duke
d'
Ossuna
endeavour'd
,
by
a
Fleet
which
he
had
in
the
Adriatick
,
to
divert
the
Arms
of
Venice
upon
Friuli
.
And
to
these
three
Ministers
are
ascrib'd
the
Wars
which
were
afterwards
occasion'd
through
the
Troubles
of
the
Duke
of
Savoy
.
In
those
who
assist
at
Treaties
of
Peace
,
the
Danger
is
yet
greater
,
each
acting
according
to
his
Inclination
and
Passion
,
and
not
according
to
the
good
Intention
of
the
Prince
.
Don
Lopez
de
Haro
being
disgusted
by
King
Sancho
the
Strong
,
reveng'd
himself
in
the
Treaties
of
Peace
between
that
King
,
and
Peter
III.
King
of
Arragon
,
differently
reporting
the
Answers
of
both
;
which
incens'd
them
more
than
before
.
The
greatest
Misfortune
of
Princes
,
is
,
that
they
can't
Personally
assist
at
all
Affairs
,
but
are
oblig'd
to
be
guided
by
others
Reports
,
which
are
like
Streams
which
are
always
tinctur'd
with
the
Quality
of
the
Minerals
through
which
they
pass
,
proceeding
always
infected
with
the
Malice
,
Passion
or
Affection
of
the
Ministers
,
and
answer
their
Conveniencies
and
Designs
;
by
these
they
strive
to
flatter
the
Prince
,
preparing
them
so
,
that
they
may
be
grateful
to
his
Taste
and
Inclination
.
Ministers
,
and
principally
Embassadors
,
eager
to
shew
their
Abilities
,
and
that
they
penetrate
all
things
,
report
to
the
Prince
for
Certainty
,
not
that
which
is
,
but
that
which
they
fansie
may
be
;
they
are
too
prone
to
Suspicions
,
which
they
form
from
the
least
Shadow
,
and
then
give
credit
to
them
,
whence
proceed
great
Equivocations
and
Errors
,
and
is
the
chief
cause
of
Quarrels
and
Wars
among
Princes
;
for
no
Minister
but
has
Power
to
promote
Broils
and
Discord
[
](A58845-e180570-b)2
2
In
turb●s
&
discordi●s
pess●mo
cuique
plurima
vis
.
Tac.
4.
Hist.
.
Let
Princes
therefore
be
cautious
of
giving
Credit
to
the
first
Relations
of
their
Ministers
,
but
compare
them
first
with
those
they
receive
from
others
:
And
to
form
a
more
certain
Judgment
of
what
is
written
to
them
,
let
them
be
perfectly
acquainted
with
their
Humour
and
Genius
,
and
with
their
Method
of
Conceiving
Things
,
whether
they
act
by
private
Interest
and
Passion
;
for
it
happens
sometimes
,
that
the
Minister
is
taken
with
a
Love
for
the
Country
or
Prince
with
whom
he
Treats
.
and
thinks
all
things
Right
and
Just
;
and
sometimes
suffers
himself
to
be
oblig'd
by
their
Favours
and
Civilities
,
and
being
naturally
Grateful
,
is
of
their
Side
,
and
acts
their
Cause
.
Sometimes
is
deluded
by
plain
Appearances
,
and
by
contrary
Reports
,
cunningly
spread
,
and
so
easily
deceives
his
Prince
;
for
there
is
none
more
apt
to
deceive
others
,
than
one
who
has
been
impos'd
upon
before
.
Many
Ministers
are
mov'd
by
slight
Reasons
,
or
by
some
Passion
or
private
Aversion
which
disturbs
their
Judgments
,
and
turn
every
thing
to
ill
.
There
are
some
also
naturally
enclin'd
to
Misconstrue
all
Actions
and
Designs
;
whereas
others
are
so
Frank
and
Generous
,
that
they
think
nothing
ill
design'd
.
Both
the
one
and
the
other
are
dangerous
,
and
these
last
not
less
so
than
the
others
.
Sometimes
the
Minister
,
thinking
it
part
of
his
Duty
to
discover
to
the
Prince
his
Enemies
,
and
that
by
that
means
he
shall
gain
the
Character
of
a
Zealous
and
Understanding
Person
,
becomes
so
nicely
suspicious
,
that
no
one
is
safe
from
his
Tongue
and
Pen
;
and
to
make
his
Surmises
and
Apprehensions
sure
,
gives
occasion
,
by
his
Distrust
,
to
Friends
to
become
Enemies
,
to
the
great
Detriment
of
the
Prince
,
to
whom
it
were
much
better
to
have
a
good
Confidence
in
all
,
or
for
the
Minister
to
apply
Remedies
to
cure
,
not
to
infect
the
Minds
and
Wills
of
the
Subject
.
Ministers
also
,
weary
of
Embassies
,
that
they
may
retire
to
enjoy
the
Conveniencies
and
Ease
of
a
Domestick
Life
,
stick
not
to
promote
a
Rupture
between
the
Princes
they
assist
,
or
at
least
to
suggest
Counsels
not
less
pernicious
.
Princes
are
much
deceived
,
who
think
their
Ministers
act
always
as
Ministers
,
and
not
as
Men.
If
it
were
so
,
they
would
be
much
better
served
,
and
find
less
Inconveniencies
.
But
they
are
Men
,
and
their
Office
does
not
strip
'em
of
their
Inclination
to
Ease
,
and
to
the
Pleasures
of
Love
,
Anger
,
Revenge
,
and
other
Affections
and
Passions
,
which
Zeal
nor
Duty
are
not
always
capable
to
correct
.
But
let
Princes
be
apprized
,
that
those
who
can't
seduce
Good
and
Loyal
Ministers
,
(
for
that
they
fathom
their
Artifices
and
Counsels
,
and
know
what
is
their
Prince's
Interest
,
what
not
)
they
traduce
them
as
Distrustful
,
Passionate
,
Perverse
and
Obstinate
,
and
therefore
endeavour
to
remove
them
from
the
Management
of
Affairs
,
and
to
introduce
others
less
Knowing
,
or
to
treat
immediately
with
the
Prince
himself
,
tendring
him
specious
Propositions
,
which
oblige
him
to
Resolves
more
prejudicial
.
He
must
not
give
the
least
grounds
to
any
one
,
to
think
that
he
can't
change
the
course
of
Affairs
,
or
displace
Ministers
;
for
if
such
Thoughts
take
place
,
the
Prince
will
be
ill
served
:
For
such
Confidence
causes
Disdain
and
Disobedience
in
the
Accuser
,
and
the
Fear
of
it
discourages
the
Minister
.
The
Errors
of
these
are
less
dangerous
than
those
to
admit
the
Accusations
against
them
,
especially
if
they
are
Foreigners
:
And
were
they
true
,
yet
't
is
more
Prudence
to
deferr
the
Remedy
,
till
he
from
whom
they
came
can't
ascribe
it
to
himself
.
EMBLEM
LXXVII
.
THE
farther
those
two
Luminaries
of
Day
and
Night
are
distant
from
each
other
,
the
greater
their
Influence
and
Light
is
Below
:
But
when
they
are
in
Conjunction
,
their
being
Brethren
;
does
not
prevent
the
one
from
obscuring
the
other's
Rays
;
and
such
Eclipse
creates
Shadows
and
Inconveniencies
to
the
Earth
.
Princes
,
by
the
benefit
of
their
Ministers
and
Letters
,
maintain
and
uphold
mutual
Correspondence
with
each
other
:
But
if
they
should
Conferr
Personally
with
one
another
,
their
Interview
would
create
shadows
of
Suspicion
and
Jealousie
,
which
would
put
all
their
States
in
Confusion
,
for
that
they
never
find
in
one
another
what
they
promis'd
to
themselves
,
and
that
neither
measures
himself
by
his
own
Rule
,
but
pretends
always
to
much
more
than
his
Due
.
An
Interview
of
two
Princes
,
is
almost
like
a
Duel
,
in
which
they
fight
with
Ceremonies
,
each
endeavouring
to
conquer
t'other
.
The
Families
of
each
assist
at
the
Engagement
,
like
two
Hostile
Troops
,
each
being
zealous
for
his
Prince's
Triumph
over
the
other
,
in
Personal
Accomplishments
or
Grandeur
;
and
as
in
such
a
number
all
can't
be
Men
of
Prudence
,
some
light
Expression
,
or
slight
Affront
,
causes
Dissatisfaction
in
the
rest
.
So
it
happen'd
in
the
Interview
between
King
Henry
,
and
Lewis
XI
.
of
France
;
in
which
the
Spaniards
exceeding
them
in
Pomp
and
Greatness
,
and
scouting
the
Meanness
and
Slovenliness
of
the
French
,
those
two
Nations
departed
Enemies
,
who
had
till
then
maintain'd
a
good
Correspondence
together
[
](A58845-e180720-b)*
*
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
.
The
Hatred
between
Germanicus
and
Piso
was
private
,
till
they
saw
one
another
[
](A58845-e180750-b)1
1
Discesser●ntque
opertis
Odiis
.
Tac.
2.
An●al
.
.
The
Interview
between
Ferdinand
IV.
of
Castile
,
and
Dionysius
,
his
Father-in-Law
,
King
of
Portugal
,
caused
great
Disorders
;
as
did
that
of
King
Philip
I.
and
King
Ferdinand
.
And
though
the
Meeting
of
Iames
I.
and
King
Alphonso
,
produced
very
good
Effects
,
yet
is
it
the
safest
way
for
Princes
to
manage
their
Affairs
by
Embassadors
.
Sometimes
Favourites
sow
Discord
between
the
Prince
and
those
of
the
Blood-Royal
,
(
as
we
have
before
observ'd
)
of
which
there
are
many
Examples
in
our
Histories
.
Don
Lopez
de
Haro
procured
a
Separation
between
King
Sancho
the
Strong
,
and
the
Queen
his
Consort
.
The
Domesticks
of
Queen
Catharine
,
Mother
to
King
Iohn
II.
incens'd
her
against
the
Infant
,
Don
Ferdinand
.
Don
Alvarez
de
Lara
endeavoured
(
thereby
to
keep
the
Government
in
his
own
Hands
)
to
persuade
King
Henry
I.
that
his
Sister
,
Queen
Berenguela
,
design'd
to
poison
him
.
Those
who
were
interested
in
the
Quarrels
between
the
Infant
Sancho
,
and
King
Alphonso
the
Wise
,
his
Father
,
took
what
care
they
cou'd
,
to
prevent
their
Meeting
and
Agreement
.
The
Grandees
of
Castile
hindred
the
Reconcilement
of
King
Iohn
II.
to
his
Son
Henry
.
Don
Alvarez
de
Luna
,
that
of
King
Iohn
of
Navarre
,
to
his
Son
Prince
Carlos
of
Viana
.
The
Favourites
of
King
Philip
I.
dissuaded
him
from
an
Interview
with
King
Ferdinand
.
Such
Artifices
we
have
seen
us'd
in
France
,
in
these
Times
,
to
the
Detriment
of
that
Kingdom
,
and
of
all
Christendom
.
The
only
Remedy
is
,
to
despise
the
Difficulties
and
Inconveniencies
which
these
Favourites
represent
,
and
to
come
to
an
Interview
,
when
the
secret
Operation
of
the
Blood
has
appeas'd
their
Minds
,
and
discover'd
the
Malice
of
those
who
procur'd
the
Misunderstanding
.
Upon
these
Reasons
,
King
Ferdinand
gave
a
Meeting
at
Segovia
,
to
King
Henry
IV.
his
Brother-in-Law
,
not
fearing
the
Danger
of
exposing
himself
to
the
Resentment
of
an
offended
King
,
who
,
either
through
Natural
Affection
,
or
to
disguise
his
Infamy
,
procur'd
his
Daughter
Ioanna
's
Succession
to
the
Crown
[
](A58845-e181110-b)*
*
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
.
For
though
he
was
sufficiently
pre-advis'd
by
his
Ministers
of
the
Danger
of
the
thing
;
yet
in
the
Scales
of
Prudence
,
this
Consideration
out-weigh'd
,
That
no
Force
nor
Treaty
was
so
effectual
as
Presence
.
EMBLEM
LXXVIII
.
WHAT
we
see
of
the
Mermaid
,
is
Beautiful
;
what
we
hear
,
Melodious
;
that
which
the
Intention
conceals
,
Pernicious
;
and
that
which
is
hidden
under
Water
,
Monstrous
.
Who
could
imagine
so
great
an
Inequality
in
so
fair
an
Appearance
?
Such
Beauty
as
to
charm
the
Mind
,
and
such
Harmony
as
to
intice
Ships
upon
Rocks
?
Antiquity
admir'd
this
Monster
as
an
extraordinary
Prodigy
:
yet
is
nothing
more
frequent
;
Courts
and
Palaces
are
full
of
them
[
](A58845-e181180-b)1
1
Isai.
13.
22.
.
How
often
is
a
fair
,
smooth
Tongue
,
the
Snare
to
entrap
a
Friend
[
](A58845-e181190-b)2
2
Prov.
29.
5.
?
How
often
does
a
Friendly
,
Smiling
Look
,
conceal
a
Heart
full
of
Rancour
and
Malice
?
How
often
are
Tears
forc'd
from
a
Spring
of
Joy
[
](A58845-e181200-b)3
3
Peractis
tritsitia
imitamentis
.
Tac.
13.
Annal.
!
Those
who
shew'd
most
Sorrow
for
the
Death
of
Germanicus
,
were
those
who
rejoyc'd
most
[
](A58845-e181230-b)4
4
Periisse
Germanicum
nulli
jact
antius
moerent
,
quam
qui
maxime
laetantur
.
Tac.
2.
Annal.
.
When
the
Head
of
Pompey
was
brought
to
Caesar
,
he
,
by
his
Tears
,
dissembled
the
Satisfaction
of
the
Sight
:
Caesar
,
at
first
,
his
Gift
would
not
refuse
,
Nor
turn
his
Eyes
away
,
but
fix'dly
views
Till
he
perceiv'd
't
was
true
,
and
plainly
saw
'T
was
safe
to
be
a
pious
Father-in-Law
;
Then
shed
forc'd
Tears
,
and
from
a
joyful
Breast
Drew
Sighs
and
Groans
,
as
thinking
Tears
would
best
Conceal
his
inward
Ioy
—
[
](A58845-e181360-b)*
*
May's
Version
of
Lucan
.
We
see
much
of
the
Syren
in
the
Pretexts
of
some
Princes
:
How
full
of
Religion
and
Concern
for
the
Publick
Good
?
How
Obliging
,
Kind
,
and
Promising
?
And
what
Cheats
do
they
impose
upon
each
other
,
under
these
Feints
and
Appearances
?
They
have
the
Face
of
Angels
,
but
end
in
Serpents
;
and
Embrace
,
only
to
Sting
and
Poison
:
The
Wounds
of
a
Well-meaning
Sincerity
are
more
wholsom
than
the
Kisses
of
such
Lips
[
](A58845-e181410-b)5
5
Prov.
27.
6.
.
The
Words
of
those
are
smooth
and
balmy
,
but
of
these
sharp-pointed
Arrows
[
](A58845-e181420-b)6
6
Psal.
54.
22.
.
How
often
has
Treason
took
Rise
from
Honours
?
Tiberius
,
designing
the
Death
of
Germanicus
,
as
jealous
of
the
Glory
of
his
Victories
,
and
to
extinguish
thereby
the
Race
of
Augustus
,
call'd
him
to
Triumph
,
and
made
him
his
Companion
in
the
Empire
.
By
such
Arts
he
strives
to
disguise
his
Mind
:
He
burns
with
Envy
of
Germanicus
;
and
makes
his
Glory
blaze
more
,
only
the
sooner
to
extinguish
it
:
What
appears
is
Honour
and
Affection
,
what
is
conceal'd
is
Hatred
and
Malice
[
](A58845-e181470-b)7
7
Nec
ideo
sincerae
charitatis
fidem
adsecutus
,
amoliri
juvenem
specie
ho●oris
statuit
,
struxitque
caus●s
,
aut
fortè
oblatas
a●ripuit
.
Tac.
2.
Annal.
The
more
Frank
and
Sincere
a
Man
appears
,
the
more
Fraud
and
Design
he
harbours
.
We
are
not
so
apt
to
be
deceiv'd
by
Muddy
as
by
Clear
Fountains
,
which
hide
their
Poison
,
and
invite
by
their
Clearness
.
For
this
Reason
,
Prudence
should
be
upon
her
Guard
,
to
penetrate
these
Arts
of
Princes
,
suspecting
them
most
when
they
seem
most
fair
and
obliging
,
and
acting
against
their
Custom
and
Nature
;
as
Agrippina
did
,
changing
her
morose
Temper
into
good
Humour
and
Dalliance
,
to
take
Nero
off
from
the
Love
of
his
Slave
[
](A58845-e181510-b)8
8
Tum
Agrippina
ver●is
Artibus
,
per
blandimenta
juvenem
aggredi
,
suum
potiùs
cubiculum
ac
sinum
offerre
contegendis
,
quae
prima
aetas
,
&
summa
fortuna
expeterent
.
Tac.
14.
Annal.
:
Which
Alteration
was
suspected
by
Nero
and
his
Friends
,
who
advis'd
him
to
beware
of
her
Subtilties
[
](A58845-e181540-b)9
9
Quae
muta●i●
nequ●
Ner●nem
fefellit
,
&
proximi
amicorum
metuebant
,
orabantque
caver●
in●idis
mulior
is
semper
●trocis
,
tum
&
falsae
.
Tac.
13.
Annal.
.
We
should
be
more
cautious
against
what
Princes
conceal
,
than
against
what
they
shew
;
more
against
what
they
are
silent
of
,
than
what
they
declare
.
The
Elector
of
Treves
delivers
up
that
City
to
the
French
King
,
to
put
therein
a
Garrison
,
though
he
knew
't
was
Imperial
,
and
under
the
Hereditary
Protection
of
the
King
of
France
,
as
Duke
of
Luxemburgh
,
and
Lord
of
the
Lower
Burgundy
,
and
that
thereby
he
not
only
ran
counter
to
that
Protection
,
but
also
to
the
Constitutions
of
the
Empire
;
for
which
Reason
,
the
Troops
of
Spain
surprize
this
City
from
the
French
,
and
accidentally
detain
the
Person
of
the
Elector
,
and
treat
him
with
all
Respect
due
to
his
Dignity
:
And
the
King
of
France
having
Eighteen
Days
before
concluded
a
League
with
the
Hollanders
against
the
Netherlands
,
makes
use
of
this
Pretext
,
though
happening
afterwards
,
and
enters
with
his
Forces
in
their
behalf
,
under
pretence
of
setting
at
liberty
his
Friend
and
Allie
.
He
who
seeks
Occasions
,
easily
finds
or
makes
'em
.
Malice
is
like
Light
,
which
enters
at
the
least
Chink
;
and
such
is
our
Inclination
to
Liberty
,
and
so
blind
our
Ambition
,
that
there
is
no
Pretence
which
respects
either
of
them
,
but
we
immediately
embrace
it
,
suffering
our selves
to
be
deceived
by
it
,
though
never
so
unlikely
or
unreasonable
.
Italy
does
not
yet
apprehend
the
Designs
of
France
,
to
Lord
it
over
her
,
under
pretence
of
Protection
,
though
she
has
seen
the
Publick
Faith
so
often
violated
,
as
in
the
Treaties
of
Ratisbon
,
Carasco
,
and
Mon●on
;
the
Usurpation
of
Montferrat
,
the
Valtoline
,
and
Pignerol
,
and
a
Garrison
put
into
Monaco
.
By
such
Pretexts
Princes
mask
their
Ambition
,
their
Avarice
and
Designs
,
to
the
expence
of
the
Lives
and
Fortunes
of
their
Subjects
.
Hence
proceed
all
the
Commotions
and
Wars
that
the
World
labours
under
.
As
Interests
alter
,
so
also
do
these
Pretexts
;
for
they
give
Umbrage
to
them
,
and
follow
them
.
The
Republick
of
Venice
enter
into
League
with
the
Grisons
;
the
French
oppose
it
,
lest
it
should
diminish
their
Alliance
with
them
.
Whereupon
the
People
are
divided
into
Factions
,
to
the
prejudice
of
the
Catholicks
,
whom
the
Protestants
endeavour
to
extirpate
.
The
Switzers
hereupon
summon
a
Diet
,
and
can
find
no
better
Remedy
,
than
to
invite
the
Spaniards
into
the
Valley
;
an
Expedient
before
thought
on
by
Pope
Clement
VIII
.
in
the
Instructions
given
to
the
Bishop
of
Veglia
,
when
sent
to
the
Catholick
Cantons
in
Quality
of
Nuncio
.
Which
Method
was
also
approv'd
of
by
Gouffier
,
who
managed
the
Affairs
of
France
,
and
who
persuaded
Count
Alphonso
Casati
,
Embassador
from
Spain
to
the
Switzers
,
to
write
to
the
Duke
of
Feria
,
to
enter
the
Valtoline
with
His
Majesty's
Forces
;
that
thereby
shutting
up
the
Passage
of
Valcamonica
from
the
Venetians
,
they
might
desist
from
their
Pretensions
,
and
that
the
Valley
might
be
clear'd
of
the
Protestants
.
The
Duke
,
moved
by
these
Instances
,
and
by
the
common
Danger
of
this
Sect
,
which
threatned
the
State
of
Milan
,
and
all
Italy
,
and
also
by
the
Complaints
and
Tears
of
the
Catholicks
,
enter'd
the
Valtoline
;
and
immediately
the
French
,
upon
new
Considerations
,
change
their
Minds
,
and
oppose
this
Intent
,
entring
into
League
in
Avignon
with
Venice
and
Savoy
,
under
Pretence
of
the
Liberty
of
Italy
,
though
that
consists
more
in
the
stopping
that
Passage
from
the
Protestants
on
t'other
side
the
Mountains
,
than
in
any
Acquisitions
the
Spaniards
could
make
in
this
Country
;
and
the
Valtoline
being
only
the
Pretence
of
the
League
,
the
Arms
of
the
Allies
serv'd
only
as
a
Diversion
,
and
all
the
Force
and
Design
were
turn'd
to
the
Oppression
of
the
Republick
of
Genoa
.
So
that
Pretences
vary
according
to
the
Alteration
of
Interests
.
Times
by
their
Effects
discover
the
Falsity
of
these
Pretences
;
for
either
they
don't
perform
what
they
promise
,
or
don
't
act
where
they
propos'd
.
The
Republick
of
Venice
had
a
mind
to
seize
Gradisca
,
and
took
for
a
Pretext
the
Incursions
of
the
Vscoques
in
Croatia
:
They
made
a
Feint
to
defend
the
Liberty
of
the
Sea
,
and
made
War
upon
the
Land
.
Many
times
they
make
War
,
upon
pretence
of
Zeal
for
the
Glory
of
God
,
and
rather
hinder
it
;
sometimes
for
Religion
,
and
confound
it
;
sometimes
for
Publick
Peace
,
and
disturb
it
;
sometimes
for
the
Peoples
Liberty
,
and
oppress
'em
;
sometimes
for
Protection
,
and
enslave
them
;
sometimes
to
preserve
their
own
State
,
and
they
invade
others
.
O
Men
,
O
People
,
O
States
,
O
Kingdoms
!
whose
Tranquility
and
Happiness
depends
upon
the
Ambition
and
Capriche
of
a
few
.
When
the
Ends
of
Actions
are
Just
,
but
are
in
danger
of
not
being
so
interpreted
,
or
of
miscarrying
if
they
are
understood
,
we
may
so
dispose
them
,
that
our
Actions
may
appear
different
to
the
Eyes
of
the
World
,
and
be
thought
to
be
guided
by
other
honest
Causes
.
He
who
acts
so
,
cheats
none
,
but
acts
justifiably
,
but
only
amuses
Malice
by
false
Appearances
,
by
which
it
deceives
it self
,
and
prevents
its
opposition
to
the
just
Designs
of
the
Prince
;
for
no
Reason
obliges
him
to
point
at
the
Mark
at
which
he
levels
;
for
it
would
be
impossible
for
him
to
strike
one
,
if
at
the
same
time
he
did
not
seem
to
aim
at
another
.
There
is
not
less
Danger
to
States
,
in
the
feign'd
Zeal
with
which
some
would
seem
to
respect
the
Publick
,
and
regard
only
their
own
particular
Interest
.
They
pretend
to
reform
the
Government
,
to
weaken
its
Authority
:
They
propose
Means
,
and
suggest
Counsels
after
the
Effect
,
to
discover
Errors
already
past
Remedy
:
They
affect
Liberty
,
to
gain
the
Applause
of
the
People
against
the
Magistracy
,
and
confound
the
State
,
by
reducing
it
afterwards
to
Slavery
[
](A58845-e182100-b)10
10
Vt
Imperium
evertant
Libertatem
praeferunt
:
si
impetraverint
ipsam
aggredientur
.
Tac.
16.
Annal.
.
These
Artifices
are
us'd
by
all
Tyrants
of
Republicks
[
](A58845-e182120-b)11
11
Caeterum
libertas
,
&
speciosa
nomina
praetexuntur
,
nec
quisquam
alienum
servitium
&
dominationem
sibi
concupivit
,
ut
non
eadem
ista
vocabula
usurparet
.
Tac.
4.
Hist.
.
What
Feints
did
Tiberius
make
of
restoring
Liberty
to
that
of
Rome
,
when
his
whole
Design
was
to
oppress
it
[
](A58845-e182160-b)12
12
Speciosa
verbis
,
re
inania
au●
subdola
:
quantaque
majore
libertatis
imagine
●egebantur
,
tanto
eruptura
ad
infensius
servitium
.
Tac.
1.
Annal.
.
The
same
Methods
the
Prince
of
O
—
us'd
to
make
the
Netherlands
Revolt
,
which
his
Family
have
made
use
of
since
to
Lord
it
over
the
Vnited
Provinces
.
Time
will
shew
them
,
to
their
Cost
,
the
difference
between
a
Natural
Prince
and
a
Tyrant
;
then
they
will
repent
of
having
preferr'd
Rebellion
with
their
Ruine
,
to
Obedience
with
Security
,
as
Cerialis
advis'd
those
of
Treves
[
](A58845-e182230-b)13
13
Ne
cont●●aciam
cum
pernicie
,
quam
obsequium
cum
securitate
m●litis
.
Tac.
4.
Hist
▪
.
The
People
blindly
fly
to
the
Call
of
Liberty
,
and
don't
know
it
till
they
have
lost
it
,
and
find
themselves
intangled
in
the
Nets
of
Slavery
.
They
suffer
themselves
to
be
moved
by
the
Fears
of
these
false
Crocodiles
,
and
rashly
intrust
them
with
their
Lives
and
Fortunes
.
How
peaceable
would
the
World
be
,
if
Subjects
knew
,
that
whether
the
Government
be
of
All
,
of
Many
,
or
of
One
,
it
would
have
its
Inconveniencies
,
with
some
kind
of
Tyranny
:
For
though
Speculation
may
invent
a
perfect
Form
of
Government
,
as
it
must
be
of
Men
,
not
of
Angels
,
it
may
be
commended
,
but
not
practised
[
](A58845-e182250-b)14
14
Dilecta
ex
his
,
&
constituta
Reipub.
forma
laudari
facilius
quam
evenire
,
vel
si
evenit
,
haud
diuturna
esse
potest
.
Tac.
4.
Annal.
.
So
that
Liberty
consists
not
in
this
or
that
Form
of
Government
,
but
in
the
Preservation
of
that
which
a
long
Use
and
Experience
has
constituted
and
approved
,
in
which
Justice
is
defended
,
and
Publick
Peace
preserv'd
,
supposing
that
some
sort
of
Government
must
be
obey'd
;
for
Liberty
never
suffers
more
than
in
such
Changes
.
We
think
to
find
a
better
,
and
we
fall
into
a
worse
;
as
it
happen'd
to
those
who
survived
Tiberius
and
Caius
[
](A58845-e182290-b)15
15
An
Neronem
extremum
Dominorum
putatis
?
idem
crediderunt
,
qui
Tiberio
,
qui
Caio
superstites
fuerunt
:
cum
interim
instabilior
&
saevior
exortus
est
.
Tac.
4.
Hist.
;
and
when
we
better
our selves
,
it
does
not
countervail
the
Damage
we
sustain
in
the
change
of
one
Form
to
another
.
So
that
't
is
better
to
bear
with
the
present
,
though
unjust
[
](A58845-e182310-b)16
16
Ferenda
Regum
ingenia
,
neque
usui
crebraes
mutationes
.
Tac.
12.
Annal.
;
and
hope
,
that
if
the
Prince
be
bad
,
God
will
be
pleas'd
to
send
another
good
one
[
](A58845-e182330-b)17
17
Vlteriora
mirari
,
praesenti●
sequi
,
bonos
Imperatores
voto
expetere
,
qualescunque
tolerare
.
Tac.
4.
Hist.
.
'T
is
he
bestows
Kingdoms
;
and
't
would
be
accusing
his
Divine
Decrees
,
not
to
obey
those
whom
he
has
constituted
.
Nebuchadnezzar
was
a
wicked
Prince
,
yet
God
threatned
a
severe
Punishment
to
those
who
did
not
obey
him
[
](A58845-e182360-b)18
18
Ier.
27.
6.
.
As
we
are
contented
with
the
Seasons
,
and
bear
patiently
the
Inconveniencies
of
Nature
;
so
also
we
should
the
Defects
of
our
Princes
[
](A58845-e182370-b)19
19
Quomodo
sterilitatem
,
aut
nimios
imbres
,
&
●aetera
Naturae
mala
,
ita
Luxuriam
vel
avaritiam
dominantium
tolerare
.
Tac.
4.
Hist.
.
While
there
are
Men
,
there
will
be
Vices
[
](A58845-e182390-b)20
20
Vi●ia
erunt
,
donec
Homines
.
Ibid.
.
Where
is
there
to
be
found
a
Prince
without
them
?
These
Evils
are
not
continual
.
If
one
Prince
be
bad
,
another
good
one
succeeds
,
and
so
one
makes
amends
for
the
other
[
](A58845-e182410-b)21
21
Sed
neque
haec
continua
;
&
meliorum
interventu
pensantur
.
Ibid.
.
EMBLEM
LXXIX
.
NO
Bird
so
much
resembles
Man
in
the
Articulation
of
the
Voice
,
as
the
Parrot
[
](A58845-e182480-b)*
*
Si
me
non
vide●s
esse
negabis
avem
.
Mar●
.
.
It
s
Vivacity
is
so
great
,
that
some
Philosophers
have
doubted
whether
it
did
not
participate
of
Reason
.
Cardan
says
,
that
it
surpasses
all
Birds
in
Ingenuity
,
and
Quickness
of
Apprehension
;
and
that
it
not
only
learns
to
Speak
,
but
also
to
Meditate
with
a
Desire
of
Glory
[
](A58845-e182510-b)1
1
Inter
aves
Ingenio
,
Sa●●citateque
praestat
,
quod
grandi
sit
c●pite
,
atque
in
India
coelo
sincero
〈◊〉
,
undè
didicit
non
solum
loqui
,
sed
etiam
meditari
,
meditatur
ob
st●dium
Gloriae
.
●ardan
.
.
This
Bird
is
very
Candid
and
Ingenuous
,
the
Quality
of
Great
Spirits
:
yet
is
not
its
Candour
exposed
to
Deceit
,
but
she
knows
how
to
prevent
it
;
and
as
sly
and
crafty
as
the
Serpent
is
,
it
evades
his
Artifices
,
and
to
secure
its
Nest
from
him
,
it
hangs
it
at
the
end
of
the
highest
and
slenderest
Twig
of
a
Tree
,
in
the
manner
here
represented
,
that
when
he
would
pass
by
them
to
devour
its
young
ones
,
he
falls
by
his
own
weight
.
So
Artifice
must
be
frustrated
by
Artifice
,
and
Counsel
by
Counsel
.
In
which
Case
,
King
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
was
an
Exellent
Master
for
Princes
,
as
he
sufficiently
shewed
in
all
his
Designs
,
particularly
in
his
Marriage
with
Germana
de
Foix
,
Niece
to
Lewis
XII
.
of
France
,
to
break
the
Peace
clapt
up
at
Hagenaw
,
between
the
Emperor
,
and
his
Son-in-Law
,
King
Philip
I.
without
his
knowledge
,
and
to
his
prejudice
.
Nor
did
he
use
with
less
Address
the
Opportunity
offer'd
by
the
same
King
of
France
's
desiring
a
League
with
him
,
to
get
liberty
to
Invade
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
,
contriving
the
Matter
so
that
he
might
recover
the
Governments
of
Rousillon
and
Sardinia
:
And
when
he
saw
the
French
King
had
already
made
an
Inroad
into
Italy
with
that
Intent
,
and
withal
how
dangerous
a
Neighbour
he
would
prove
to
the
Kingdom
of
Sicily
,
which
his
Eye
was
upon
,
he
put
a
stop
to
his
Progress
,
broke
the
Treaty
,
and
denounc'd
War
against
him
,
entring
into
an
Alliance
with
the
Republick
of
Venice
,
and
other
Princes
.
And
these
Weapons
are
more
necessary
in
War
than
Peace
;
for
their
Wit
does
more
than
Strength
.
And
certainly
that
Commander
deserves
no
small
Praise
,
who
despising
the
Vain-glory
of
Conquering
his
Enemy
with
the
Sword
,
steals
the
Victory
,
and
triumphs
by
Policy
and
Stratagem
,
whereby
the
Law
of
Nations
is
not
the
least
violated
[
](A58845-e182670-b)2
2
Cum
justè
Bellum
suscipitur
,
ut
aperte
pugnet
quis
,
aut
ex
Insidiis
,
nihil
ad
Iustitiam
interest
.
D.
Aug.
.
For
if
the
War
be
Just
,
the
Methods
thereof
are
so
also
[
](A58845-e182690-b)3
3
Dolus
an
Virtus
quis
in
Hoste
requirat
.
Virg.
:
'Twixt
Force
and
Fraud
,
what
Difference
in
War
?
And
indeed
,
what
Reason
can
be
given
,
why
you
may
not
deceive
him
,
whom
it
is
lawful
even
to
kill
?
It
is
a
piece
of
Magnanimity
to
preferr
the
Publick
Safety
before
a
Triumph
,
and
make
sure
of
Victory
without
exposing
it
to
the
manifest
Fortune
of
War
,
when
there
's
none
,
in
Humane
Judgment
,
can
appear
so
certain
,
but
it
is
subject
to
a
thousand
Chances
.
In
countermining
the
cunning
Designs
and
Intrigues
of
an
Enemy
,
we
must
not
always
regard
what
a
Prudent
Man
would
do
in
the
like
case
,
(
though
to
have
also
some
Fore-thought
of
that
were
adviseable
)
but
a
Judgment
must
be
formed
from
the
Condition
and
Capacity
of
the
Person
to
be
dealt
with
;
for
all
Men
take
not
always
the
most
proper
and
prudent
Methods
.
Ferdinand
Duke
of
Alba
's
entring
Portugal
with
an
Army
,
upon
King
Sebastian
's
Death
,
was
Amazing
;
by
several
blamed
as
a
very
Dangerous
Enterprise
,
in
a
Person
so
eminently
versed
in
the
Art
of
War
.
To
whom
he
reply'd
,
That
he
was
not
ignorant
of
the
Danger
;
but
he
trusted
in
having
to
do
with
a
Nation
,
which
by
a
continued
Enjoyment
of
Peace
,
had
probably
forgot
the
Affairs
of
War
.
Even
when
we
have
to
do
with
Men
eminent
for
Prudence
,
the
Judgment
and
Conjecture
we
pass
upon
their
Actions
,
even
by
the
Rule
of
Reason
and
Prudence
,
is
not
infallibly
certain
;
for
sometimes
they
suffer
themselves
to
be
carry'd
away
by
Passion
,
and
the
wisest
Men
are
now
and
then
guilty
of
the
greatest
Errors
,
Self-conceit
rendring
them
negligent
,
or
too
much
Confidence
in
their
Discretion
,
making
them
presume
,
that
though
they
have
a
little
lost
their
Way
,
they
can
easily
find
it
again
.
Sometimes
in
Things
they
presuppose
,
Time
and
other
Events
deceive
them
.
Wherefore
it
is
the
safest
way
,
ever
to
suspend
one's
Judgment
in
Things
that
depend
upon
another's
Pleasure
,
and
not
to
go
about
to
regulate
them
by
our
own
Private
Discretion
;
for
every
one
has
his
particular
Reasons
unknown
to
others
,
and
consonant
to
his
Nature
,
which
are
the
Spring
of
his
Actions
.
What
to
one
seems
impossible
,
another
thinks
easie
:
And
there
be
some
Genius's
that
fear
not
the
most
hazardous
Enterprises
;
some
that
are
guided
by
Reason
,
others
that
are
utterly
averse
to
it
.
The
most
secret
Artifices
of
Enemies
,
or
those
who
under
colour
of
Friendship
,
aim
wholly
at
their
own
Interest
,
are
such
particularly
whereby
they
make
their
Proposals
with
so
much
Subtilty
,
that
they
seem
to
redound
to
the
Prince's
Advantage
,
when
they
really
tend
to
his
Ruine
;
a
Thing
his
Integrity
is
easily
deluded
in
,
if
he
want
Experience
,
or
smell
not
their
Drift
.
It
requires
therefore
no
small
Prudence
and
Attention
to
turn
such
Counsels
to
the
Destruction
of
the
Authors
thereof
.
Into
what
Precipes
will
that
Government
fall
,
which
is
directed
by
Foreign
Councils
,
contrary
to
the
Advice
of
the
Holy
Ghost
[
](A58845-e182790-b)4
4
Receive
a
stranger
into
thine
house
,
and
he
will
disturb
thee
,
and
turn
thee
out
of
thine
own
.
Eccles.
11.
34.
.
But
although
an
Enemy's
Designs
are
usually
discoverable
by
bare
Reasoning
,
yet
is
it
convenient
to
trace
them
also
by
Spies
,
the
principal
Instruments
of
Government
,
without
which
a
Crown
can
never
be
secure
,
or
admit
of
Encrease
,
nor
a
War
be
carry'd
on
with
Success
[
](A58845-e182810-b)5
5
Ignarus
militiae
,
improvidus
con●ilii
,
quis
ordo
Agminis
,
quae
cura
explorandi
,
quantus
urgendo
,
trahendove
Bello
modus
.
Tac.
Hist.
l.
3.
.
Vitellius
was
condemned
for
being
improvident
in
Council
,
in
Warfare
ignorant
,
how
to
draw
up
an
Army
,
what
belong'd
to
Scouts
,
when
to
prosecute
,
when
protract
a
War
.
And
indeed
,
of
what
ill
Consequence
this
Negligence
is
,
Germany
can
abundantly
testifie
,
which
has
lost
several
advantageous
Opportunities
,
and
its
Soldiers
been
oftentimes
surprized
and
cut
off
in
their
Quarters
,
for
want
of
Intelligence
of
the
Enemies
Designs
and
Marches
[
](A58845-e182850-b)6
6
And
Joshua
sent
out
two
men
to
spy
secretly
.
Ios.
2.
1.
.
Ioshua
made
use
of
Spies
,
though
God
himself
took
care
of
his
Arms
[
](A58845-e182880-b)7
7
And
the
Angel
of
God
which
went
before
the
camp
of
Israel
,
remov'd
and
went
behind
them
;
and
the
pillar
of
the
cloud
went
from
before
their
face
,
and
stood
behind
them
.
Exod.
14.
19.
.
Moses
never
March'd
,
but
an
Angel
carry'd
a
Pillar
of
Fire
before
him
,
to
shew
where
to
encamp
;
yet
by
God's
Command
,
he
sent
out
Men
to
search
the
Promis'd
Land
[
](A58845-e182910-b)8
8
Send
thou
men
,
that
they
may
search
the
Land
of
Canaan
,
which
I
give
unto
the
Children
of
Israel
.
Numb.
13.
2.
.
Embassadors
are
nothing
but
Publick
Spies
;
and
without
prejudice
to
the
Law
of
God
,
or
that
of
Nations
,
may
endeavour
,
by
Bribes
and
Presents
,
to
corrupt
the
Fidelity
of
Ministers
,
who
even
by
Oaths
are
oblig'd
to
it
,
and
to
sift
out
what
ill
Contrivances
are
in
Agitation
against
their
Prince
;
for
these
are
no
way
obliged
to
keep
the
Secret
,
and
the
other
have
on
their
side
the
Natural
Reason
of
Self-preservation
.
EMBLEM
LXXX
.
THE
Stone-cutter
at
Home
first
prepares
and
polishes
the
Marbles
he
designs
for
the
Ornanament
of
a
Building
;
because
afterwards
it
would
be
more
troublesome
,
and
the
Work
imperfect
.
For
this
Reason
,
I
conceive
,
those
of
Solomon's
Temple
were
fashion'd
,
that
it
might
be
erected
without
Noise
,
and
the
Sound
of
Tools
.
Thus
wise
Princes
ought
to
polish
their
Designs
,
and
bring
their
Resolutions
to
Maturity
,
before
they
put
them
in
Execution
;
for
not
to
consider
of
them
but
in
the
Field
,
is
more
like
a
Gladiator
than
a
Prince
.
The
Bull
(
the
Figure
of
this
Emblem
)
before
he
engages
his
Rival
,
practises
by
making
Trial
of
himself
,
and
by
often
running
his
Horns
against
a
Tree
,
by
degrees
learns
the
Art
of
Defending
himself
,
and
Goring
his
Opposer
[
](A58845-e183000-b)1
1
Timet
,
atque
eum
deficere
omnia
videntur
,
qui
in
ipso
negotio
●●●silium
capere
cogitur
.
Jul.
Caes.
.
He
who
is
to
Consult
in
heat
of
Action
,
fears
all
things
,
and
knows
not
what
Measures
to
take
.
But
because
Occasions
happen
not
always
as
we
wish
,
and
sometimes
it
is
not
in
our
Power
to
retard
or
hasten
them
,
it
will
be
the
part
of
Prudence
to
consider
whether
it
is
better
to
execute
our
Resolutions
with
Leisure
or
Expedition
,
for
that
some
Affairs
require
Speed
in
their
Resolutions
,
others
Time
,
and
mature
Consultation
;
and
to
offend
on
either
hand
,
will
be
to
the
prejudice
of
the
Government
.
Consideration
,
when
of
worse
consequence
than
Rashness
,
is
by
all
means
to
be
avoided
.
In
sudden
Emergencies
,
Counsels
are
better
snatch'd
than
taken
.
Whatever
Time
is
spent
in
Deliberation
,
will
either
overcome
the
Danger
,
or
lose
the
Opportunity
.
Fortune's
nimble
,
but
the
generality
of
Men
move
but
slowly
,
and
that
's
the
reason
so
few
overtake
her
.
The
greatest
part
of
our
Deliberations
are
upon
Things
already
past
,
and
the
Counsel
comes
after
the
Event
[
](A58845-e183030-b)2
2
Res
nostrae
feruntur
,
imo
volvuntur
;
ergo
consilium
sub
die
nasci
debet
;
&
hoc
quoque
tardum
est
〈◊〉
,
sub
manu
,
quod
aiunt
nascatur
.
Seneca
.
.
Our
Affairs
run
with
so
much
swiftness
,
that
Counsel
must
be
speedy
to
pursue
them
;
nay
,
even
that
will
be
too
slow
,
it
ought
to
be
in
a
readiness
to
expect
them
.
When
Time
favours
,
it
is
assisted
by
Delay
;
otherwise
Expedition
surmounts
it
,
and
then
Counsellors
of
lively
,
active
Spirits
,
are
chiefly
necessary
.
Other
Affairs
,
which
allow
Time
,
should
be
transacted
with
Maturity
;
for
nothing
is
more
opposite
to
Prudence
,
than
Haste
and
Passion
.
Impetuousness
ever
miscarries
,
and
Examination
and
Attention
are
confounded
by
it
.
Hence
it
is
that
hot
,
rash
Counsels
almost
always
please
at
first
Sight
;
are
difficult
in
the
Execution
;
in
the
Event
grievous
;
and
the
Persons
who
suggest
them
,
though
they
may
appear
at
first
daring
,
yet
when
they
come
to
execute
,
are
at
a
stand
,
being
embroiled
by
their
own
Counsels
:
For
Haste
is
blind
,
and
without
Forecast
[
](A58845-e183050-b)3
3
Omnia
non
properanti
clara
certaque
sunt
,
festinatio
improvida
est
&
〈◊〉
Livy
.
.
Wicked
Counsels
require
Precipitation
,
but
Good
usually
get
Strength
by
Delay
[
](A58845-e183070-b)4
4
Scelera
impetu
,
bona
consilia
morâ
valescere
solent
.
●ac
.
l.
1.
Hist.
.
And
although
the
Common
People
love
to
see
Effects
before
they
do
Causes
,
and
so
always
condemn
slow
Counsels
;
yet
the
Prince
ought
to
be
Proof
against
these
Murmurings
,
which
,
upon
Success
,
will
afterwards
redound
to
his
Glory
[
](A58845-e183090-b)5
5
Festinare
quodvis
negotium
gignit
errores
,
●nde
〈◊〉
detrimenta
exoriri
solent
;
at
in
cunctando
bona
insunt
,
quae
si
non
〈◊〉
talia
videantur
,
in
tempore
bona
quis
esse
reperiat
.
Herod
.
.
Nevertheless
,
Delay
must
not
be
so
great
,
as
to
let
slip
the
Opportunity
of
Execution
;
a
Fault
the
Emperor
Valens
was
guilty
of
,
who
idly
spent
the
Time
of
Action
in
Consultation
[
](A58845-e183120-b)6
6
Ips●
〈◊〉
cunctatione
agendi
tempora
consultando
consumpsit
.
Taci●
.
.
This
is
a
general
Error
in
imprudent
Counsellors
,
who
,
perplex'd
with
the
Weight
of
Affairs
,
can
neither
judge
of
the
Danger
,
nor
come
to
any
Conclusion
;
whence
they
start
at
the
least
Shadow
,
nay
,
and
think
by
these
very
Doubts
to
pass
for
Discreet
.
They
suspend
their
Counsels
,
till
Time
it self
furnish
them
;
and
then
begin
to
Resolve
,
when
the
Opportunity
is
gone
.
Counsels
therefore
should
be
ripened
,
not
hurried
;
for
Maturity
errs
neither
in
Excess
nor
Defect
of
Time
:
as
it
is
admirably
express'd
by
Augustus
,
in
his
Device
of
a
Dolphin
twin'd
round
an
Anchor
,
with
this
Inscription
,
Festina
lente
;
with
which
that
of
Alexander
the
Great
is
not
incompatible
,
Nihil
cunctando
:
the
one
being
understood
of
Affairs
of
Peace
,
the
other
concerning
those
of
War
,
where
Expedition
gives
Success
to
the
greatest
Designs
.
Cerealis
succeeded
well
in
all
Things
,
by
Resolving
and
Executing
with
Expedition
[
](A58845-e183190-b)7
7
Sane
Cerealis
parum
temporis
ad
exequenda
imperia
dabat
,
〈◊〉
consiliis
,
sed
eventu
clarus
.
Tac.
l.
5.
Hist.
.
But
notwithstanding
Speed
does
generally
produce
great
Effects
in
War
;
yet
Care
should
be
taken
,
that
it
be
not
blind
and
inconsiderate
,
beginning
briskly
,
but
in
the
end
languisheth
[
](A58845-e183210-b)8
8
Omnia
inconsulti
imp●●●
caepta
,
initiis
valida
,
spatio
languescunt
.
Tac.
3.
Hist.
.
When
the
Thing
it self
admits
of
Delay
,
and
there
is
room
for
Deliberation
,
this
is
of
more
service
than
Rashness
[
](A58845-e183230-b)9
9
Duces
pr●videndo
,
consultando
,
curctatione
saepius
,
quam
temerita●e
prodesse
.
Idem
Ibid.
:
Though
both
in
the
one
and
the
other
Prudence
should
measure
Time
,
either
lest
through
want
of
it
the
Counsels
be
like
Whelps
,
born
blind
,
or
as
Hedghogs
with
Prickles
and
Difficulties
,
by
being
too
slow
.
When
therefore
Orders
come
first
out
of
the
Prince's
Hand
,
let
them
be
Absolute
,
to
prevent
Confusion
or
Doubt
in
their
Execution
.
For
the
most
prudent
Ministers
can
never
perform
as
they
ought
,
such
as
come
to
them
rough
and
deformed
:
It
is
for
him
that
Commands
to
prescribe
the
Form
,
for
the
Subject
to
Execute
it
.
And
if
each
do
not
keep
to
their
distinct
Duties
,
the
Work
will
remain
defective
.
The
Prince
should
do
the
part
of
a
Master-Workman
,
the
Minister
that
of
an
inferior
Labourer
.
That
Prince
who
leaves
all
to
the
Disposal
of
his
Ministers
,
either
is
ignorant
or
weary
of
his
Office
.
'T
is
an
ill-constituted
Government
,
where
●ower
is
lodg'd
in
many
;
nay
,
it
is
indeed
no
Government
,
which
is
not
under
one
Head
.
If
Ministers
Rule
,
all
Authority
and
the
Order
of
Government
will
perish
.
Then
only
they
may
and
ought
to
suspend
the
Execution
of
Orders
,
when
the
same
appear
evidently
unjust
,
inasmuch
as
they
are
born
for
God
,
before
their
Prince
.
As
also
when
the
Prince's
Commands
are
prejudicial
to
his
Patrimony
or
Reputation
,
or
inconsistent
with
good
Government
,
and
depend
upon
the
knowledge
of
some
particular
Matters
of
Fact
,
or
lastly
,
when
Distance
or
other
Accidents
shall
seem
to
have
made
such
an
Alteration
in
the
state
of
Affairs
,
that
it
may
be
probably
gather'd
,
that
had
the
Prince
known
these
before
,
he
would
not
have
given
those
Orders
;
in
this
Case
,
provided
however
there
be
no
other
considerable
Danger
in
Delaying
,
they
may
be
deferred
and
excepted
against
,
modestly
however
,
and
with
all
the
Respect
due
to
his
Authority
and
Judgment
,
with
this
Hope
at
least
,
that
upon
better
Information
,
he
may
Command
what
is
more
proper
to
be
done
.
Thus
the
Great
Captain
did
,
when
,
contrary
to
the
Orders
of
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
,
he
stay'd
at
Naples
with
his
Army
,
considering
with
what
Impatience
the
Italian
Princes
expected
the
Result
of
the
Interview
between
the
two
Kings
,
Ferdinand
,
and
his
Son-in-Law
,
Philip
I.
and
what
a
desperate
Condition
the
Affairs
of
Naples
would
be
in
,
if
he
abandon'd
them
at
that
Juncture
.
For
all
this
,
if
the
Minister
know
his
Prince
to
be
so
great
a
Lover
of
his
own
Counsels
,
as
rather
to
do
amiss
,
than
admit
of
Instruction
,
he
may
hold
his
Tongue
,
and
Dissemble
;
for
it
were
downright
Folly
for
him
to
expose
himself
to
Danger
,
without
hopes
of
a
Remedy
.
Corbulo
was
already
engaged
in
some
considerable
Enterprize
;
but
the
Emperor
having
Commanded
him
to
desist
,
he
retir'd
:
For
tho'
he
knew
those
Orders
were
unadvisedly
given
,
yet
he
would
not
ruine
himself
by
Disobeying
them
[
](A58845-e183340-b)10
10
Iam
castra
in
hostili
loco
moliebatur
Corbulo
,
acceptis
tamen
à
〈◊〉
Imperatore
literis
,
quibus
se
recipere
jubebatur
,
re
subita
,
quanquam
〈◊〉
simul
offenderentur
,
metus
ex
Imperatore
,
contemptus
ex
Barbaris
,
〈◊〉
brium
apud
socios
;
nihil
aliud
prolocutus
,
quam
●eatos
quos●am
Duces
〈◊〉
,
fignum
recep●ui
dedit
.
Tac.
l.
11.
Annal.
.
No
Orders
require
so
punctual
Observance
in
the
Minister
,
as
those
which
relate
to
Matters
of
State
.
In
this
Case
(
unless
the
above-mention'd
Circumstances
occurr
,
or
there
be
otherwise
any
considerable
evident
Danger
in
the
Execution
)
he
is
implicitly
to
Obey
,
without
giving
any
heed
to
his
private
Opinion
and
Arg●ments
.
For
the
Designs
of
Princes
are
often
too
deeply
rooted
,
to
be
penetrated
by
the
Minister
,
or
rather
they
would
not
have
him
dive
into
them
;
and
therefore
he
should
side
with
the
Prince's
Commands
,
and
presume
upon
his
Prudence
that
so
it
ought
to
be
.
Hence
Dolabella
,
when
Commanded
by
Tiberius
to
bring
the
Ninth
Legion
out
of
Germany
,
readily
Obeyed
,
although
he
wanted
not
Reasons
to
the
contrary
[
](A58845-e183400-b)11
11
Iussa
Principis
magis
,
quam
incerta
belli
metuens
.
Tac.
l.
4.
Annal.
.
If
every
one
had
liberty
to
canvas
and
examine
what
is
enjoined
,
all
things
would
be
confounded
,
and
infinite
Opportunities
lost
.
A
Kingdom
(
as
has
been
said
elsewhere
)
is
like
a
Musical
Instrument
,
whose
Strings
the
Prince
tunes
,
who
runs
them
all
over
with
his
Fingers
;
whereas
the
Minister
touches
only
one
,
and
not
hearing
the
rest
sound
,
cannot
know
whether
it
be
too
high
or
too
low
,
and
would
very
easily
be
mistaken
,
if
he
went
to
set
it
according
to
his
own
Fancy
.
The
Count
de
Fuentes
,
by
the
liberty
of
his
Years
,
Zeal
,
Services
and
Experiences
,
crowned
with
so
many
signal
Trophies
and
Victories
gave
him
,
sometimes
(
while
he
governed
the
State
of
Milan
)
suspended
his
Obedience
to
King
Philip
the
Third's
Orders
,
because
he
●udged
them
improper
,
and
to
proceed
rather
from
the
Self-Interest
or
Ignorance
of
his
Ministers
,
than
his
own
Mind
:
Which
Example
many
afterwards
have
followed
,
to
the
great
prejudice
of
the
Publick
Repose
,
and
Regal
Authority
.
It
would
be
of
very
ill
Consequence
,
for
Ministers
to
be
always
allow'd
to
question
,
whether
what
is
Commanded
,
be
the
Prince's
Will
or
not
;
an
Abuse
which
usually
has
its
first
Rise
from
their
knowing
it
not
to
be
his
own
Hand
that
proportions
and
polishes
the
Stones
designed
for
the
Edifice
of
Government
.
But
suppose
it
be
another's
,
yet
due
Honour
and
submission
ought
to
be
paid
to
the
Commands
,
no
less
than
if
they
came
from
his
own
Will
and
Judgment
,
or
else
there
would
be
nothing
but
Confusion
and
Disorder
.
Zealous
and
Prudent
Obedience
reverences
the
bare
Hand
and
Seal
of
its
Sovereign
.
But
if
Princes
are
too
remote
,
and
there
is
Danger
of
their
Orders
coming
too
late
,
even
after
the
Event
,
or
that
variety
of
Accidents
(
particularly
in
Affairs
of
War
)
may
not
allow
Time
for
Deliberation
,
and
there
be
certain
Intelligence
that
the
Opportunity
will
be
in
the
mean
time
lost
,
it
will
be
Prudence
to
give
full
Power
of
Acting
as
Occasion
shall
require
,
lest
that
happen
which
befell
Vespasian
,
in
the
Civil
War
with
Vitellius
,
when
Distance
of
Place
made
the
Counsels
come
after
the
Events
.
To
avoid
which
Inconveniency
,
Tiberius
,
upon
sending
Drusus
to
Command
the
German
Legions
,
joined
with
him
some
Prudent
and
Experienc'd
Counsellors
,
whom
he
might
Consult
as
Occasion
required
,
but
a
full
Power
to
Act
as
he
saw
Opportunity
.
When
Helvidius
Priscus
was
sent
into
Armenia
,
he
had
a
Commission
to
Act
as
he
saw
Occasion
.
In●fine
,
this
was
the
usual
Practice
of
the
Roman
Senate
,
to
leave
all
to
the
Discretion
and
Conduct
of
their
Commanders
,
and
to
recommend
nothing
in
particular
to
them
,
but
only
all
possible
Care
that
the
Commonwealth
suffer'd
no
Damage
.
An
Example
the
Republicks
of
Venice
and
Florence
are
far
from
imitating
;
who
,
unwilling
to
let
their
Liberty
lie
at
the
Mercy
of
one
Man
,
restrain
the
Power
of
their
Generals
;
being
forewarned
by
the
Example
of
Augustus
,
who
turned
the
Arms
upon
the
Commonwealth
,
which
he
had
taken
up
in
its
Defence
against
Mark
Anthony
.
This
Freedom
of
Power
the
Ministers
who
are
near
the
King's
Person
are
wont
to
limit
,
to
encrease
their
own
,
and
render
it
necessary
for
all
to
pass
through
their
Hands
.
Whence
it
is
that
so
much
Time
is
spent
in
Deliberating
,
and
that
Resolutions
are
taken
too
late
to
be
executed
,
or
at
least
to
have
the
Success
that
might
be
expected
from
them
;
and
consequently
the
Charges
and
Pains
in
Preventing
is
utterly
thrown
away
.
It
happens
also
sometimes
,
that
while
there
passes
so
great
a
Space
of
Time
between
the
Accidents
themselves
,
and
their
being
known
and
examined
,
fresh
Advice
is
brought
of
the
State
of
Affairs
,
with
new
Circumstances
,
which
make
it
necessary
to
alter
the
former
Orders
;
and
after
this
manner
Days
and
Years
slide
away
,
without
any
Effect
either
of
Resolution
or
Action
.
EMBLEM
LXXXI
.
THE
Forces
of
all
Powers
are
limited
,
those
of
Ambition
alone
(
the
common
Vice
of
Humane
Nature
)
infinite
.
This
,
the
more
it
has
,
the
more
it
desires
to
have
,
or
rather
is
a
kind
of
fiery
Appetite
by
the
Heart
exhaled
,
which
draws
Strength
and
Encrease
from
the
very
Matter
it
is
apply'd
to
.
This
Failing
is
greater
in
Princes
than
in
other
Men
;
for
to
the
Desire
of
Getting
is
joined
that
Glory
of
Commanding
,
both
which
neither
submit
to
Reason
nor
Danger
,
and
hate
to
measure
themselves
by
their
Abilities
.
Wherefore
the
Prince
ought
to
weigh
well
what
his
Sword
is
able
to
strike
,
what
his
Shield
to
defend
,
always
remembring
this
,
that
his
Crown
is
a
finite
and
limited
Circle
.
King
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
,
in
all
his
Undertakings
,
never
failed
to
consider
every
Circumstance
of
them
,
their
Cause
,
Disposition
,
Time
,
Means
,
and
End
.
He
who
attempts
nothing
but
what
he
can
effect
,
will
pass
for
Invincible
;
whereas
one
that
aspires
to
a
Thing
impossible
,
or
too
difficult
,
discovers
the
Bounds
of
his
Power
,
and
the
frustrated
Designs
are
,
as
't
were
,
publick
Records
of
his
Weakness
.
There
is
no
Monarchy
so
Potent
,
but
it
is
upheld
more
by
Opinion
than
Reality
,
by
Reputation
than
Strength
.
Desire
of
Glory
and
Sovereignty
hurry
us
on
,
so
that
all
things
seem
easie
,
but
in
the
end
we
meet
with
Difficulties
unobserved
before
.
Almost
all
Wars
might
be
avoided
,
were
their
Means
and
End
throughly
examined
at
first
:
It
is
therefore
incumbent
on
the
Prince
,
before
he
engage
in
them
,
perfectly
to
know
his
Forces
,
as
well
Offensive
as
Defensive
,
the
State
of
his
Malitia
,
and
what
Officers
he
has
to
Command
them
,
the
Substance
of
his
Coffers
,
what
Contributions
he
may
expect
from
his
Subjects
,
and
whether
they
be
like
to
continue
Loyal
in
Adversity
,
also
by
Study
,
Reading
and
Conversation
,
to
instruct
himself
in
the
Disposition
and
Situation
of
Countries
,
in
the
Customs
of
Nations
,
the
Natures
of
his
Enemies
,
their
Wealth
,
Auxiliaries
and
Allies
.
Let
him
measure
every
one's
Sword
,
and
examine
wherein
his
Strength
consists
.
Henry
,
King
of
Castile
,
notwithstanding
his
Sickness
,
never
neglected
this
,
but
sent
several
Embassadors
as
far
as
Asia
,
to
inform
him
of
the
Manners
and
Customs
of
those
Parts
.
The
same
did
Moses
,
before
the
Israelites
entred
the
Promised
Land
[
](A58845-e183690-b)1
1
See
the
land
what
it
is
,
and
the
People
that
dwell
therein
,
whether
they
be
strong
or
weak
,
few
or
many
.
Numb.
13.
18.
.
And
lest
the
Prince
we
frame
by
these
Emblems
should
want
this
Matter
also
,
I
shall
here
,
in
general
,
touch
upon
some
Points
of
it
,
with
what
brevity
the
present
Design
requires
.
Nature
,
willing
to
shew
her
Beauty
and
Power
,
by
the
variety
of
her
Productions
,
has
stampt
a
Difference
not
only
upon
the
Faces
,
but
also
on
the
Minds
of
Men
;
there
being
a
vast
Disagreement
between
the
Tempers
and
Morals
of
Nations
.
To
this
end
,
she
has
variously
disposed
the
Causes
themselves
;
which
either
jointly
all
operate
in
some
Places
,
or
separately
;
in
these
some
,
in
those
others
.
Geographers
have
divided
the
Globe
of
the
Earth
into
divers
Climates
,
each
of
which
is
subject
to
a
particular
Planet
,
as
to
the
principal
Cause
and
Fountain
of
that
Diversity
:
And
because
the
First
Climate
,
which
is
drawn
through
Meroe
,
an
Island
of
the
River
Nile
,
is
subject
to
Saturn
,
they
say
its
Inhabitants
are
Black
,
Barbarous
,
Rough
,
Suspicious
,
Treacherous
,
and
Cannibals
.
That
those
of
the
Second
,
which
is
attributed
to
Iupiter
,
and
passes
through
Siene
,
a
City
of
Egypt
,
are
Religious
,
Grave
,
Honest
and
Prudent
.
Those
of
the
Third
,
which
is
subject
to
Mars
,
and
reaches
through
Alexandria
,
are
Restless
and
Warlike
.
Those
of
the
Fourth
,
which
is
under
the
Sun
,
and
is
stretch'd
through
the
Isle
of
Rhodes
and
the
Midst
of
Greece
,
are
Men
of
Learning
,
Orators
,
Poets
,
and
Ingenious
Artists
.
Those
of
the
Fifth
,
which
passes
through
Rome
,
dividing
Italy
from
Savoy
,
and
is
ascribed
to
Venus
,
are
Effeminate
,
Lovers
of
Musick
and
Luxury
.
Those
of
the
Sixth
,
govern'd
by
Mercury
,
and
passing
through
France
,
are
Fickle
,
Inconstant
,
and
addicted
to
Sciences
.
Lastly
,
Those
of
the
Seventh
,
where
the
Moon
presides
,
and
which
is
extended
through
Germany
,
the
Low-Countries
,
and
England
,
are
Flegmatick
,
Lovers
of
Good-Fellowship
,
Fishing
,
and
Trading
.
Nevertheless
,
this
one
Cause
seems
not
to
be
always
uniform
,
nor
sufficient
:
For
under
the
same
Parallel
or
Climate
,
with
the
same
Elevation
of
the
Pole
,
and
an
equal
Rising
and
Setting
of
the
Stars
,
we
see
opposite
Effects
,
particularly
in
the
Climates
of
the
Lower
Hemisphere
.
In
Aethiopia
,
for
Instance
,
the
Sun's
Beams
scorch
and
blacken
Mens
Bodies
;
but
in
Brasil
,
which
has
the
same
Latitude
,
their
Skins
are
White
,
and
the
Air
Temperate
and
Agreeable
.
The
Ancients
held
the
Torrid
Zone
,
for
its
excessive
Heat
,
to
be
uninhabitable
,
yet
in
Armenia
it
is
very
Temperate
,
and
well
Peopled
.
And
though
those
Eternal
Luminaries
of
Heaven
have
some
energy
,
yet
the
Disposition
of
the
Earth
contributes
more
;
for
we
find
the
Effects
of
their
Rays
to
be
greater
or
varied
,
according
to
the
various
Situation
of
Hills
and
Valleys
,
and
temper'd
even
by
Rivers
and
Lakes
.
This
is
undeniable
,
That
Nature
is
wonderful
in
her
Works
,
and
that
she
sometimes
seems
to
swerve
from
the
ordinary
Laws
of
Causes
,
and
from
Reason
,
as
it
were
on
purpose
to
baffle
Humane
Curiosity
.
Who
can
account
for
what
we
see
happen
in
the
Country
of
Malabar
,
where
Calecut
is
?
Vast
high
Mountains
,
which
touch
the
very
Clouds
,
and
end
in
a
Promontory
call'd
anciently
Corus
,
now
Cape
Comorin
,
divide
this
Country
into
two
Parts
,
and
altho'
both
have
the
same
Elevation
of
the
Pole
,
yet
when
on
this
side
the
Mountains
Winter
begins
,
and
Neptune's
Billows
rage
and
swell
,
on
the
other
side
the
Fields
and
Towns
are
burnt
up
with
the
scorching
Heats
of
Summer
,
and
the
Waters
continually
calm
.
This
Diversity
then
which
is
in
Climates
,
in
the
Situation
of
Places
,
the
Temperature
of
the
Air
,
and
Food
,
variously
distinguishes
Mens
Complexions
,
and
these
again
their
very
Natures
.
For
the
Manners
of
the
Mind
follow
the
Temperament
and
Disposition
of
the
Body
.
The
Northerns
,
by
reason
of
the
Sun's
Remoteness
,
and
the
Coldness
of
their
Countries
,
are
Sanguine
,
Robust
,
and
Valiant
;
whence
they
have
almost
ever
had
Dominion
over
the
Southern
Nations
[
](A58845-e184120-b)2
2
Homines
,
qui
frigida
h●●
,
Europamque
habitant
,
sunt
illi
quidem
〈◊〉
.
Arist.
l.
7.
Pol.
c.
7.
;
the
Assyrians
over
the
Chaldaeans
,
the
Medes
over
the
Assyrians
,
the
Parthians
over
the
Greeks
,
the
Turks
over
the
Arabians
,
the
Goths
over
the
Germans
,
the
Romans
over
the
Africans
,
over
the
French
the
English
,
and
over
these
the
Scotch
.
They
love
Liberty
,
as
those
also
do
who
inhabit
Mountains
,
as
the
Switzers
,
Grisons
,
and
Biscayners
,
their
Temperament
being
not
much
unlike
the
Constitution
of
the
Northerns
.
In
Nations
very
near
the
Sun
,
Excess
of
Heat
quite
dries
up
the
Blood
;
which
makes
the
Inhabitants
Melancholy
,
and
Profound
in
the
Penetration
of
Nature's
Secrets
;
whence
all
other
Northerly
Nations
have
received
the
Mysteries
of
Sciences
from
the
Egyptians
and
Arabians
.
Those
Countries
which
lie
between
the
two
Torrid
Zones
enjoy
a
favourable
Air
,
and
there
Religion
,
Justice
and
Prudence
Flourish
[
](A58845-e184340-b)3
3
Graecorum
autem
genus
,
ut
locorum
medium
tenet
,
sic
ex
utr●q●●
naturâ
praeditum
,
quippe
animo
simul
&
intelligentia
valet
.
Arist.
l.
7.
Pol.
c.
7.
.
But
because
every
Nation
differs
from
others
in
many
Particulars
,
although
they
are
all
situate
under
one
Climate
,
I
shall
here
set
down
what
I
have
by
long
Experience
and
Study
observed
of
each
,
lest
this
necessary
piece
of
Knowledge
should
be
wanting
to
your
Highness
,
who
exercise
Dominion
over
almost
all
.
The
Spaniards
love
Religion
and
Justice
,
are
patient
of
Toil
,
in
Counsel
profound
,
in
Execution
slow
;
of
such
great
Souls
,
that
neither
Good
Fortune
elevates
,
nor
Ill
dejects
them
.
What
is
in
them
a
Natural
Glory
,
and
Greatness
of
Mind
,
is
imputed
to
them
for
Pride
,
and
a
Contempt
of
other
Nations
,
when
notwithstanding
it
is
that
which
is
most
agreeable
to
all
,
and
makes
them
most
esteemed
[
](A58845-e184380-b)4
4
Advenientes
enim
externos
benignè
hospitio
excipiunt
,
adeo
u●
aem●latione
quadam
invicem
pro
illorum
honore
certent
:
Quos
advenae
sequ●ntur
,
hos
laudant
aemicosque
Deorum
putant
.
Diod.
Sicul.
l.
6.
c.
9.
;
that
,
I
say
,
which
above
all
follows
the
guidance
of
Reason
,
and
by
the
Dictates
of
that
checks
its
Passions
and
Appetites
.
The
Africans
are
Subtile
,
Deceitful
,
Superstitious
and
Barbarous
,
and
observe
no
Military
Discipline
.
The
Italians
Cautious
and
Prudent
:
There
's
no
Species
or
Image
of
Vertue
which
they
represent
not
in
their
Words
and
Behaviour
,
to
promote
their
Ends
and
Interest
.
A
Glorious
Nation
,
whose
Temporal
Empire
did
heretofore
,
as
its
Spiritual
one
does
at
this
day
,
Rule
almost
the
whole
World
.
They
are
no
less
able
and
fit
to
Command
,
than
Obey
;
of
Prodigious
Courage
and
Ingenuity
in
Arts
,
as
well
of
Peace
as
War
.
Their
excess
of
Judgment
makes
them
enclinable
to
Suspicion
,
to
the
prejudice
of
themselves
,
and
other
Nations
.
They
are
in
continual
fear
and
jealousie
of
greater
Powers
,
and
make
it
their
endeavour
to
balance
them
.
There
's
not
a
Sword
drawn
,
nor
Pike
trail'd
in
any
part
of
the
Earth
,
but
what
has
been
first
made
and
sharpened
in
the
Forge
of
Italy
.
In
Germany
,
variety
of
Religions
,
Civil
Wars
,
and
the
Soldiers
of
other
Nations
serving
there
,
have
corrupted
their
ancient
Candour
and
Ingenuity
of
Mind
.
And
as
things
of
a
Delicate
Make
receive
most
Damage
by
being
corrupted
;
so
where
Foreign
Malice
has
infected
these
People
,
it
has
render'd
them
more
Mistrustful
and
Depraved
in
their
Morals
.
Some
of
them
have
wholly
thrown
off
Allegiance
to
their
Prince
.
The
Horror
of
so
many
Cruelties
has
render'd
their
Minds
so
Savage
,
that
they
are
neither
touch'd
with
Love
nor
Compassion
towards
their
Neighbours
or
one
another
.
One
cannot
,
without
Tears
,
compare
what
this
Illustrious
Heroick
Nation
has
been
,
with
what
it
is
now
,
ruin'd
no
less
by
the
Vices
,
than
Arms
of
others
.
Although
this
must
be
confess'd
,
that
in
a
great
many
Nature
has
had
more
Force
than
Example
,
several
still
refaining
the
Candour
and
generous
Sincerity
of
their
Ancestors
;
those
ancient
Manners
are
yet
in
our
Time
sufficiently
demonstrated
by
the
Integrity
and
Nobleness
of
these
.
Nevertheless
,
tho'
the
Case
be
thus
in
Germany
,
yet
we
cannot
deny
but
Good
Manners
have
more
In●●●nce
there
,
than
in
other
Places
Good
Laws
[
](A58845-e184480-b)5
5
Plus
ibi
bonos
Mores
valere
,
quam
alibi
bonas
Leges
.
Tac.
de
Mor.
●●●●●norum
.
.
All
Arts
are
in
request
there
;
Nobility
is
most
diligently
preserved
,
in
which
Thing
it
may
boast
above
all
other
Nations
.
Their
Obedience
and
Patience
in
War
is
great
,
their
Hearts
strenuous
and
valiant
.
The
Power
of
the
Empire
perished
,
by
being
too
prodigal
of
it
Grandeur
and
Majesty
among
the
Princes
,
and
suffering
the
Usurpation
of
so
many
Provinces
,
and
the
too
great
Liberty
of
the
Free
Towns
,
the
chief
Rise
of
its
Troubles
,
by
the
Disunion
of
the
Parts
of
so
Puissant
a
Body
.
The
French
are
Civil
,
Affable
,
and
Warlike
:
Their
first
Onsets
,
with
the
same
Speed
they
are
heated
,
cool
again
.
They
neither
know
how
to
keep
within
the
Bounds
of
their
own
,
nor
preserve
themselves
in
another
Land
;
are
Impatient
and
Fickle
;
in
Look
lovely
,
in
Manners
intolerable
;
their
Vivacity
,
and
Freedom
of
Action
,
being
very
disagreeable
to
the
Gravity
of
other
Nations
.
All
Arts
and
Sciences
flourish
among
them
.
The
English
are
Grave
and
Resolute
,
have
a
good
Opinion
of
themselves
;
and
,
when
Occasion
requires
,
undauntedly
expose
their
Lives
to
the
greatest
Dangers
,
though
sometimes
carry'd
on
by
too
bold
and
impetuous
Passion
,
rather
than
premeditated
Choice
.
They
are
excellent
and
Powerful
by
Sea
,
and
good
Soldiers
also
at
Land
,
when
by
long
Use
inured
to
Arms.
The
Irish
are
Hardy
;
despise
Arts
,
and
proudly
boast
of
their
Extraction
.
The
Scots
are
Constant
and
Faithful
to
their
Kings
,
having
continued
the
Crown
in
one
Line
for
Twenty
Ages
down
to
these
Times
.
They
know
no
other
Tribunal
of
their
Anger
and
Revenge
,
but
the
Sword
.
The
Netherlands
are
Industrious
,
Men
of
Candour
and
Sincerity
,
fit
for
Arts
both
of
Peace
and
War
,
in
which
that
Soil
has
always
produced
Eminent
Men.
They
love
Religion
and
Liberty
;
know
not
how
to
cheat
others
,
nor
will
they
suffer
themselves
to
be
cheated
.
Their
kind
Natures
are
like
melted
Metals
,
which
afterwards
consolidated
,
always
retain
the
Impression
of
their
Jealousies
.
Hence
the
Wit
and
Address
of
Count
Maurice
were
able
to
give
them
an
Aversion
to
the
Spaniards
,
●●d
under
a
Pretence
of
Liberty
,
bring
on
them
that
Yoke
of
Slavery
under
which
the
Vnited
Provinces
live
even
at
this
day
[
](A58845-e184630-b)6
6
Had
the
Author
liv'd
longer
,
or
not
wrote
so
soon
,
he
would
have
been
of
another
Opinion
.
.
The
rest
of
the
Northern
Nations
are
Wild
and
Ungovernable
;
know
how
to
Conquer
,
and
maintain
their
Conquests
.
The
Polanders
are
Martial
,
but
better
at
Preserving
than
Acquiring
.
The
Hungarians
Haughty
,
and
resolute
Assertors
of
their
Privileges
.
They
retain
also
many
of
the
Manners
of
those
Nations
which
have
took
up
Arms
for
or
against
them
.
The
Sclavonians
Fierce
.
The
Greeks
Vain
,
Superstitious
,
and
without
Faith
;
forgetful
now
of
what
they
have
been
heretofore
.
The
Asiaticks
are
Slaves
to
their
Sovereigns
,
to
their
Vices
also
,
and
Superstitions
.
That
vast
Empire
was
at
first
raised
and
is
still
supported
more
by
our
Cowardice
than
the
Courage
of
that
People
,
more
for
our
Punishment
than
their
Desert
.
The
Moscovites
and
Tartars
are
naturally
Servile
;
rush
with
heat
into
the
Battel
,
and
as
presently
fly
.
But
these
General
Observations
comprehend
not
without
Exception
every
Individual
:
For
there
are
found
some
Grateful
and
Loyal
Persons
in
the
most
Ungrateful
and
Perfidious
Nation
,
inasmuch
as
Alteration
of
Governments
,
passing
from
one
Nation
to
another
,
Conversation
,
Inter-Marriages
,
War
,
Peace
,
and
those
very
Motions
of
the
Spheres
which
from
the
Poles
and
from
the
Zodiack
of
the
Primum
Mobile
derive
on
Things
here
below
Celestial
Influences
,
change
Customs
and
Manners
,
nay
,
even
Nature
it self
.
For
if
we
consult
Histories
,
we
shall
find
the
Germans
were
noted
for
their
Bravery
;
the
Italians
,
on
the
contrary
,
branded
with
Cowardice
:
a
Difference
not
visible
now
.
Nations
have
been
uppermost
by
turns
;
and
while
Monarchy
lasted
in
them
,
Vertues
,
Arts
and
Arms
flourished
,
which
have
been
afterwards
,
with
the
Empires
Ruine
,
buried
in
its
Ashes
,
and
with
it
revived
again
in
another
Place
.
Nevertheless
,
all
Nations
have
some
peculiar
Inclinations
and
Passions
,
which
insensibly
stick
to
Foreigners
,
if
they
make
any
considerable
Stay
amongst
them
.
The
Customs
then
of
Nations
being
known
,
the
Prince
will
be
able
far
better
to
manage
Affairs
whether
of
Peace
or
War
,
and
know
how
to
rule
Foreign
Countries
,
every
one
of
which
enclines
to
a
particular
Manner
of
Government
[
](A58845-e184830-b)7
7
Natura
enim
quoddam
hominum
genus
proclive
est
ut
imperio
herili
gubernetur
,
aliud
ut
regio
,
aliud
ut
civili
,
&
horum
imperium
cujusque
aliud
est
jus
,
&
alia
commodit●s
.
Arist.
l.
3.
Pol.
c.
12.
,
as
conformable
to
its
Nature
.
They
have
not
all
an
Uniform
Reason
of
State
,
no
more
than
one
Medicine
is
a
Cure
for
all
their
Diseases
.
And
herein
Unexperienc'd
Counsellors
are
generally
out
,
who
think
others
can
be
govern'd
by
the
Maxims
and
Principles
of
their
own
States
.
The
Bit
which
is
easie
to
the
Spaniard
,
is
not
so
to
the
Italian
and
Netherlander
:
And
as
the
ways
of
Dressing
,
Managing
and
Breaking
the
Horses
of
Spain
,
Naples
and
Hungary
are
different
,
though
they
are
all
of
one
Species
;
so
Nations
also
should
be
differently
govern'd
according
to
their
Natures
,
Customs
and
Habits
.
From
this
variety
of
Peoples
Conditions
,
we
may
gather
,
how
careful
the
Prince
ought
to
be
in
sending
Embassadors
,
to
see
that
they
be
not
only
endued
with
all
the
Qualifications
necessary
for
the
Representation
of
his
Person
,
and
Exercise
of
his
Power
;
but
withal
,
that
their
Natures
,
Wit
and
Manners
,
agree
with
those
of
the
Nation
they
are
to
treat
with
:
For
if
this
Conformity
be
wanting
,
they
will
be
fitter
to
kindle
War
,
than
to
make
Peace
;
to
excite
Hatred
,
than
procure
Love
.
Hence
God
himself
was
,
as
it
were
,
in
Suspence
,
and
Dubious
in
the
Choice
of
a
Minister
to
send
to
his
People
,
and
therefore
deliberates
thus
with
himself
;
Whom
shall
I
send
,
and
who
will
go
for
us
[
](A58845-e184920-b)8
8
Isai.
6.
8.
?
Every
Court
requires
a
Minister
suitable
to
its
Nature
.
In
that
of
Rome
,
Men
of
Thought
are
approved
,
who
are
perfectly
versed
in
the
Art
of
Dissimulation
,
so
as
not
to
betray
any
Passion
,
either
in
their
Speech
or
Looks
:
such
as
appear
Sincere
,
and
are
Subtile
and
Prudent
;
who
know
how
to
Oblige
all
Men
,
and
be
Obliged
to
none
;
are
Civil
in
Negotiations
,
Easie
in
Treaties
,
Reserved
in
Counsels
,
Constant
in
Resolutions
,
Friends
to
all
,
Intimate
with
none
.
The
Emperor's
Court
requires
a
Man
who
maintains
his
Authority
without
Pride
,
who
Speaks
with
Sincerity
,
Proposes
with
Modesty
,
Answers
with
Truth
,
and
Expects
with
Patience
;
who
anticipates
not
Accidents
,
but
makes
use
of
them
when
they
happen
;
who
,
in
a
word
,
is
Cautious
in
Promising
,
Exact
in
performing
.
The
French
Court
likes
Men
of
Facetious
,
Pleasant
Humours
,
that
can
mix
Seriousness
with
Gaiety
;
that
neither
despise
,
nor
very
much
regard
Promises
;
who
change
with
the
Times
,
though
more
according
to
the
present
than
future
.
In
England
,
the
Grave
and
Reserved
are
commended
,
such
as
are
slow
both
in
Negotiations
and
Dispatches
.
At
Venice
are
valued
Men
of
Eloquence
,
of
a
Ready
lavention
,
Ingenuous
in
Reasoning
and
Proposing
,
and
Quick-sighted
into
others
Designs
.
At
Genoa
,
Persons
of
Frugality
,
loving
rather
to
compose
than
breed
Dissention
;
who
keep
up
their
Authority
without
State
,
are
Patient
,
and
Time-Servers
.
The
Suissers
require
such
as
can
,
upon
occasion
,
lay
aside
Publick
Grandeur
,
and
be
Familiar
in
Conversation
;
as
have
learn'd
to
ingratiate
themselves
by
Presents
and
Hopes
,
to
have
Patience
,
and
watch
their
Opportunities
;
for
they
have
to
do
with
a
Subtile
and
Jealous
People
,
differing
from
each
other
in
Religion
,
Factions
,
and
Methods
of
Government
,
but
are
unanimous
in
their
Resolutions
and
Decrees
,
and
in
their
Counsels
avoid
Extremes
,
which
each
Canton
afterwards
executes
according
to
its
own
Method
.
Now
,
as
these
Qualities
are
proper
for
every
Court
before-mention'd
;
so
are
Complaisance
,
Civility
,
and
Splendour
,
of
universal
use
in
all
,
if
accompany'd
with
a
good
Mien
and
Carriage
,
with
some
Learning
and
Knowledge
of
Languages
,
particularly
the
Latine
;
for
these
affect
every
body
,
procure
the
Applause
and
Esteem
of
Foreigners
,
and
Credit
to
one's
own
Country
.
As
Nations
differ
in
Manners
,
so
do
they
also
in
Strength
.
That
of
the
Church
,
consists
in
the
Respect
and
Obedience
of
Christian
Believers
;
that
of
the
Empire
,
in
Reputation
of
Grandeur
;
of
Spain
,
in
its
Infantry
;
France
,
in
the
Nobility
;
of
England
,
in
the
Sea
;
of
the
Turks
,
in
their
Number
;
that
of
Poland
,
in
its
Cavalry
;
that
of
the
Venetians
,
in
their
Prudence
;
of
the
Savoyards
,
in
their
Judgment
.
Almost
all
Nations
differ
from
each
other
in
Arms
both
Offensive
and
Defensive
,
which
are
adapted
to
the
Genius
and
Disposition
of
each
Country
;
wherein
it
is
principally
to
be
considered
which
are
the
most
common
and
general
,
and
whether
those
of
our
own
Country
are
inferior
to
others
,
that
the
most
advantageous
may
be
made
use
of
;
for
Excellency
in
one
kind
of
Weapons
,
or
the
Novelty
of
the
late-invented
ones
,
often
give
or
take
away
Empires
.
The
Parthians
enlarged
theirs
by
the
use
of
Darts
:
The
French
and
Northerns
opened
a
way
to
theirs
by
that
of
the
armed
Lance
,
forc'd
on
by
the
Swiftness
of
their
Cavalry
:
The
Art
of
Fencing
,
which
the
Romans
practis'd
in
their
Publick
Sword-Plays
,
(
wherein
Judgment
has
great
effect
)
made
them
Masters
of
the
Universe
:
And
the
Spaniards
have
conquer'd
a
New
World
,
and
establish'd
a
Monarchy
in
Europe
,
by
the
Invention
of
several
sorts
of
Fire-Arms
;
for
these
,
above
all
,
require
Courage
and
Resolution
,
which
are
the
particular
Vertues
of
that
Nation
.
To
this
Element
of
Fire
the
very
Earth
has
opposed
it self
,
(
so
that
now
all
the
Four
Elements
conspire
the
Destruction
of
Mankind
;
)
and
by
introducing
the
Pick-ax
and
Shovel
,
the
Industry
of
the
Dutch
has
made
such
advances
,
as
to
be
able
to
resist
the
Valour
of
Spain
.
The
greatest
Politicians
often
mistake
the
Balance
of
Governments
;
particularly
some
of
the
Italians
,
who
vainly
strive
to
keep
them
always
in
Aequilibrio
;
for
that
Government
is
not
the
most
Dangerous
or
Potent
,
whose
Dominions
are
of
the
Largest
Extent
,
or
Subjects
most
Numerous
,
but
which
knows
best
how
to
use
its
Strength
.
If
you
put
the
Forces
in
a
pair
of
Scales
,
and
one
fall
down
,
the
other
hang
in
the
Air
;
yet
,
upon
adding
to
this
but
one
drachm
of
Prudence
and
Valour
,
or
else
if
the
quantity
of
Ambition
and
Tyranny
exceed
in
that
,
the
former
shall
poise
,
if
not
out-weigh
the
latter
.
They
who
have
raised
their
Fortune
in
this
World
,
and
ruled
it
,
have
all
had
but
slender
Beginnings
.
The
Grandeur
of
the
House
of
Austria
inflamed
the
Envy
of
many
,
and
all
conspired
to
bring
it
down
,
while
not
one
so
much
as
thought
of
Sweden
,
which
had
undoubtedly
enslaved
Germany
,
and
perhaps
Italy
too
,
had
not
the
King's
Death
prevented
it
.
Powers
that
begin
to
grow
,
are
more
to
be
feared
than
those
that
are
already
grown
;
for
in
these
their
Declension
is
Natural
,
as
in
those
their
Encrease
.
The
one
strive
to
preserve
themselves
by
the
Publick
Quiet
,
the
other
to
advance
themselves
by
disturbing
Foreign
Dominions
.
Suppose
one
Power
be
in
it self
stronger
than
another
,
this
has
not
therefore
less
Valour
than
that
,
to
defend
and
protect
it self
.
One
Planet
has
more
Force
and
Vigour
in
its
own
House
,
than
another
in
its
Elevation
.
Nor
are
these
Fears
of
a
Neighbouring
Power
always
well
grounded
;
on
the
other
side
,
they
often
turn
to
its
Advantage
.
Italy
was
under
Apprehensions
of
Slavery
from
the
West
,
when
it
saw
the
Kingdom
of
Sicily
united
to
the
Crown
of
Castile
;
which
were
not
a
little
augmented
when
Naples
was
added
,
and
both
at
once
paid
Obedience
to
Castile
:
But
when
the
Emperor
Charles
V.
annexed
the
State
of
Milan
to
the
Crown
of
Spain
,
it
seemed
absolutely
to
Despair
;
yet
for
all
this
,
the
Princes
lost
not
their
Liberty
;
on
the
contrary
,
have
been
effectually
preserv'd
against
the
Turkish
and
Transalpine
Arms
,
and
enjoy'd
a
whole
Age
of
Peace
.
The
Fort
de
Fuentes
,
built
by
the
Spaniards
,
was
a
great
Eye-sore
to
many
,
who
look'd
on
it
as
a
Bridle
to
Italy
,
yet
Experience
has
shew'd
its
only
Design
was
their
Defence
.
But
all
these
Examples
are
not
sufficient
to
cure
the
Pannick
Fears
of
that
Hypochondria
of
State-Interest
,
as
they
call
it
,
especially
complicated
with
the
ill
Humours
of
Envy
and
Emulation
,
so
as
to
make
it
shake
off
those
Melancholy
Whimsies
.
His
Catholick
Majesty
lays
Siege
to
Casal
,
to
dispossess
the
French
of
it
,
and
put
it
into
the
Hands
of
the
right
Owner
,
to
promote
the
Peace
of
Italy
:
And
what
do
the
Envious
,
but
immediately
enter
into
a
new
League
to
oppose
him
?
As
if
one
City
,
more
or
less
,
were
of
any
moment
to
so
vast
a
Dominion
.
From
this
false
Apprehension
of
future
Evils
and
Dangers
,
which
perhaps
would
never
have
really
come
to
pass
,
proceed
other
present
ones
,
much
greater
,
by
the
Anticipation
of
their
Remedies
.
Let
such
Persons
then
as
are
thus
solicitous
to
poise
the
Balance
of
Governments
,
lay
aside
their
Emulations
;
for
it
cannot
be
effected
without
prejudice
to
the
Publick
Repose
.
Who
can
so
keep
the
Globe
of
the
World
in
this
Equinox
of
Power
,
that
some
shall
not
come
nearer
the
Solstices
of
Grandeur
than
others
;
Nations
would
be
in
perpetual
War
;
nothing
giving
more
Disturbance
to
them
,
than
to
be
once
possess'd
with
such
empty
Chimera's
which
never
have
an
end
,
especially
since
the
Union
of
inferiour
Powers
against
a
Greater
cannot
be
of
long
continuance
:
And
should
they
pull
this
down
,
who
will
they
find
to
share
the
Grandeur
among
them
,
so
that
each
shall
be
satisfy'd
,
and
not
every
one
desire
the
Whole
?
Who
shall
keep
them
so
even
,
that
one
shall
not
encrease
faster
than
another
?
Since
Man's
Body
is
preserved
by
the
inequality
of
its
Members
,
why
should
not
States
,
as
well
by
the
Greatness
of
one
and
Mediocrity
of
another
Commonwealth
?
It
is
the
securer
Policy
to
follow
the
most
Powerful
,
and
conform
to
their
Fortune
,
than
to
oppose
them
.
Opposition
awaken●
Power
,
and
gives
a
Pretence
to
Tyranny
.
The
Orb●
of
Heaven
suffer
themselves
to
be
whirled
by
the
Violence
of
the
Prim●m
Mobile
,
which
they
cannot
resist
;
and
in
following
the
Motion
of
that
,
perform
their
own
Course
.
Ferdinand
de
Medicis
,
Duke
of
Tuscany
,
learn'd
at
Rome
the
Art
of
Molesting
Superior
Powers
,
and
practised
it
against
Spain
by
certain
new
Devices
,
in
France
,
England
,
and
Holland
;
but
he
afterwards
found
the
Danger
of
it
,
and
left
it
as
a
Lesson
to
his
Successors
never
to
use
them
;
which
they
observe
to
this
day
,
to
the
great
Benefit
of
the
Publick
Tranquility
.
EMBLEM
LXXXII
.
SOme
adorned
their
Helmets
with
Swans
and
Peacocks
,
by
the
Generosity
of
these
Creatures
to
animate
their
Minds
,
and
inflame
them
with
a
Desire
of
Glory
;
others
with
a
Bear
's
or
Lion's
Head
,
letting
the
Skin
hang
down
their
Shoulders
,
to
strike
Terror
into
their
Enemies
.
So
that
of
this
Device
(
the
Design
of
which
is
to
shew
what
a
Price
the
Prince
ought
to
set
upon
Arms
)
I
have
chosen
for
the
Crest
a
Porcupine
,
whose
Quills
,
no
less
agreeable
for
their
Roughness
,
than
the
Ostrich's
Feathers
are
for
their
Smoothness
,
at
once
Defend
and
Assault
.
There
's
no
Garb
more
graceful
than
Armour
adorned
with
Arms.
The
Splendour
of
Purple
,
however
sparkling
with
Gold
,
Pearls
and
Diamonds
,
is
insignificant
;
and
the
Magnificence
of
Palaces
and
Attendance
,
and
the
Pomp
of
Courts
useless
,
except
flaming
Swords
,
and
the
Glittering
of
Arms
,
contribute
to
render
Princes
Illustrious
.
Solomon
,
the
wisest
of
Kings
,
gloried
not
so
much
in
his
costly
Wardrobes
,
as
in
his
rich
Arsenals
,
which
were
stored
with
Shields
and
Targets
of
an
inestimable
Value
[
](A58845-e185630-b)1
1
And
King
Solomon
made
two
hundred
targets
of
beaten
gold
,
six
hundred
sheckl●s
of
beaten
gold
went
to
each
target
:
And
he
made
three
hundred
shields
of
beaten
gold
,
and
three
hundred
sheckles
went
to
one
shield
.
2
Chron.
9.
15
,
16.
.
The
Spaniards
of
old
prized
a
War-Horse
more
than
their
Blood
[
](A58845-e185660-b)2
2
Hispanis
militares
E●●
sanguine
ipsorum
cariores
erant
.
Trog
:
now
that
Esteem
is
sunk
,
by
the
Convenience
of
Coaches
and
Chariots
,
the
Use
of
which
was
prohibited
among
the
Romans
to
all
but
Senators
,
and
Ladies
of
Quality
[
](A58845-e185690-b)3
3
Quibus
quidem
vehiculi●
〈…〉
&
spectatae
probitatis
,
aliàs
uti
non
licuit
.
Alex.
ab
Alexan●
l.
8.
c.
18.
.
To
remedy
which
Abuses
,
and
once
more
introduce
the
Custom
of
Riding
,
the
Emperor
Charles
V.
spoke
thus
in
the
Assembly
of
the
States
of
Madrid
,
in
the
Year
1534
:
The
Natives
of
these
Kingdoms
(
said
he
)
have
ever
been
esteemed
and
honoured
both
at
Home
and
Abroad
,
for
their
Skill
in
Chivalry
;
and
it
is
by
this
alone
they
have
obtained
so
many
glorious
Victories
over
their
Enemies
,
as
well
Christians
as
Infidels
,
conquered
so
many
Kingdoms
and
Dominions
as
at
this
day
depend
on
our
Crown
.
The
Scripture
says
,
in
the
Praise
of
Men
of
Courage
,
that
their
Shields
are
of
Fire
[
](A58845-e185760-b)4
4
And
the
shield
of
his
mighty
men
is
made
red
Na●um
2.
3.
;
intimating
how
careful
they
are
to
keep
them
bright
and
well
polish'd
:
and
in
another
place
observes
,
that
their
Rays
reflected
on
neighbouring
Mountains
were
like
Lamps
of
Fire
[
](A58845-e185790-b)5
5
Now
when
the
sun
shined
upon
the
shields
of
gold
and
brass
,
the
mountains
glistered
therewith
,
and
shined
like
lamps
of
fire
.
Macchab.
6.
39.
.
David
said
,
a
Sword
added
Grace
even
to
the
Majesty
of
God
[
](A58845-e185820-b)6
6
Psal.
44.
4.
.
Hannibal's
Habit
was
mean
and
modest
,
but
in
Equipage
he
surpass'd
all
others
[
](A58845-e185850-b)7
7
Vestibus
nihil
inter
aequales
●●ellens
,
arma
a●que
equi
inspiciebantur
.
.
The
Emperor
Charles
V.
took
more
delight
in
Military
Pomp
,
than
in
Robes
embroider'd
with
Gold
.
Ottocarus
,
King
of
Bohemia
,
being
overcome
by
the
Emperor
Rodolphus
,
came
with
great
Splendour
to
swear
Homage
to
him
,
and
,
as
he
was
exhorted
by
his
Attendance
,
to
deck
himself
as
became
his
Majesty
:
he
replied
;
Arm
,
and
March
in
Rank
and
File
,
and
shew
these
men
,
that
you
place
your
Bravery
and
Gallantry
,
not
in
Fine
Cloaths
,
but
in
your
Arms
,
for
they
best
become
both
me
and
you
.
That
Majesty
begets
Princes
most
Authority
,
which
proceeds
from
Power
.
The
People
chuse
them
for
their
Defence
;
which
was
intimated
by
the
Navarrois
,
when
,
in
their
Coronations
,
they
seated
the
Kings
on
a
Shield
:
This
was
their
Throne
,
and
Heaven
their
Canopy
.
The
Prince
should
be
a
Buckler
to
his
Subjects
,
armed
against
all
Assaults
,
and
exposed
to
Dangers
and
Injuries
.
He
will
never
appear
more
beautiful
either
to
them
or
Foreigners
,
than
when
in
Armour
.
The
first
Ornaments
and
Marks
of
Honour
the
ancient
Germans
gave
their
Youth
,
was
a
Sword
and
Buckler
:
Till
then
they
were
part
of
their
Family
,
but
afterwards
became
Members
of
their
Government
[
](A58845-e185930-b)8
8
Scuto
Frameaque
juvenes
●●abant
.
Haec
apud
illos
toga
,
hic
primus
Iuventae
honos
,
ante
hoc
Domus
〈◊〉
videbantur
,
mox
Reipublicae
.
Tac.
de
Mor.
Germ.
.
The
Prince
never
looks
like
himself
,
but
when
in
Arms.
There
's
no
Equipage
more
splendid
than
a
Troop
of
Curiassiers
;
no
Train
more
pleasing
to
the
Eye
than
that
of
Squadrons
,
whose
Sight
is
then
most
agreeable
,
when
they
are
Martially
equipt
with
all
things
necessary
for
an
Attack
,
and
want
Nothing
either
for
their
Defence
or
Subsistence
.
An
Army
requires
no
other
Ornament
but
what
is
necessary
for
them
.
Splendid
Furniture
is
but
Luggage
and
Cumber
[
](A58845-e185950-b)9
9
Supellex
pretiosa
nihil
aliud
quam
onus
&
impedimentum
.
Curt.
l.
5.
.
That
makes
the
best
Appearance
in
War
,
which
conduces
most
to
the
principal
End
of
Victory
.
Hence
Scipio
the
African
,
upon
going
into
Spain
,
commanded
each
of
his
Men
to
carry
on
his
Shoulders
Thirty
Days
Provision
,
and
Seven
Stakes
for
Intrenchments
.
Such
was
then
the
Equipage
of
that
Warlike
Nation
,
so
inured
to
Hardships
,
that
they
took
the
City
to
be
built
for
the
Roman
Senate
and
People
,
the
Temples
for
the
Gods
,
but
thought
their
Glory
was
in
the
Fields
,
under
Tents
and
Pavilions
[
](A58845-e186010-b)10
10
Vrbem
Senatui
,
&
Populo
Romano
,
Templa
Diis
reddita
,
propri●
esse
Militiae
decus
in
Armis
.
Tac.
l.
3.
Hist.
.
By
such
Discipline
they
were
able
to
rule
the
World
.
Delights
,
Costly
Cloaths
,
and
Riches
,
are
for
Courtiers
;
in
Soldiers
they
do
but
excite
the
Enemy's
Avarice
.
Hence
Hannibal
had
just
cause
to
smile
,
when
Antiochus
,
shewing
him
his
Army
,
rather
beautiful
in
Apparel
,
than
strong
in
Arms
,
demanded
whether
this
would
be
enough
for
the
Romans
:
Yes
,
(
answer'd
he
,
with
an
African
Subtilty
)
certainly
enough
,
be
they
never
so
Covetous
.
Let
not
the
empty
Show
and
Glittering
of
Gold
and
Silver
terrifie
you
,
which
neither
Defend
nor
Wound
,
said
Galgacus
to
the
Britains
,
to
take
away
the
fear
of
the
Romans
[
](A58845-e186110-b)11
11
Ne
terreat
va●●
aspectus
,
&
auri
fulgor
atque
argenti
,
quod
neque
regit
neque
vulner●●
.
Tac.
in
Vit.
Agric.
.
And
Solyman
,
going
to
relieve
Ierusalem
,
to
encourage
his
Men
,
tells
them
:
Their
Glorious
Equipage
you
view
from
hence
,
Shall
be
our
Plunder
,
'stead
of
their
Defence
.
[
](A58845-e186180-b)*
*
Tass.
Can.
9.
And
tho'
Iulius
Caesar
was
for
having
his
Soldiers
Rich
,
because
he
thought
fear
of
losing
their
Estates
would
make
such
Men
more
Resolute
;
yet
large
Spoils
expose
Victory
to
sale
[
](A58845-e186210-b)12
12
Quod
tenaciores
eorum
i●
pretio
essent
metu
damni
.
Sueton.
,
and
Arms
adorned
with
nothing
but
their
own
Strength
buy
it
:
For
the
Soldier
is
generally
more
solicitous
to
preserve
what
he
has
,
than
even
to
get
the
Victory
.
He
that
goes
to
fight
,
with
a
Spirit
of
Covetousness
,
is
desirous
to
conquer
his
Enemy
,
only
that
he
may
afterwards
rifle
him
.
Interest
and
Glory
are
powerful
Incentives
to
Man's
Breast
.
How
would
Hannibal
have
laugh'd
to
have
seen
the
Soldiers
of
these
times
so
fine
and
spruce
,
and
with
such
sumptuous
Equipages
,
that
there
are
scarce
Horses
and
Carriages
enough
for
them
.
How
could
he
have
pass'd
the
Pyrenaean
Hills
,
or
open'd
a
Way
over
the
Snowy
Alps
,
with
such
a
number
of
Chariots
?
They
now
(
particularly
in
Germany
)
look
not
like
Armies
,
but
large
Colonies
of
Nations
,
removing
from
one
Place
to
another
,
with
their
whole
Families
,
and
all
their
Houshold
Goods
,
as
if
they
were
Instruments
of
War
[
](A58845-e186270-b)13
13
Quidam
luxuriosos
apparatus
conviviorum
,
&
irritamenta
libidinum
,
〈◊〉
instrumenta
belli
mercarentur
.
Tac.
l.
1.
Hist.
.
The
like
Remissness
in
Discipline
Tacitus
observ'd
to
be
in
Otho's
Army
.
There
is
no
Prince
rich
enough
,
no
Province
plentiful
enough
to
supply
them
with
Provision
.
They
are
equally
injurious
to
Friends
and
Enemies
.
The
same
slackness
was
introduc'd
by
Duke
Fridland
,
to
raise
a
great
number
of
Soldiers
,
suffering
them
to
Forage
whole
Countries
,
with
a
Design
,
as
some
thought
,
to
oppress
and
weaken
them
,
so
that
they
should
never
after
be
able
to
make
head
against
his
Forces
,
or
else
by
this
Licentiousness
to
enervate
the
Army
it self
,
following
herein
the
Practice
of
Caecinna
[
](A58845-e186330-b)14
14
Cui
perfidiam
〈◊〉
,
infringere
exercitûs
virtutem
inter
artes
erat
.
Tac.
l.
2.
Hist.
.
This
Abuse
threatens
great
Inconveniencies
,
unless
a
timely
Remedy
be
applied
,
and
that
one
which
shall
not
appear
desperate
.
For
tho'
it
costs
no
less
Pains
to
correct
undisciplin'd
Soldiers
,
than
resist
Enemies
,
as
Corbulo
●ound
in
Syria
[
](A58845-e186380-b)15
15
Sed
Corbuloni
plus
molis
adversus
ignaviam
militum
,
quàm
contra
per●●iam
hostium
erat
.
Tac.
l.
13.
Annal.
;
yet
this
must
be
understood
,
when
the
Enemy
gives
not
Time
,
or
at
least
when
it
is
improper
to
make
so
sudden
a
leap
from
one
extreme
to
the
other
.
But
if
Time
allow
,
nothing
hinders
but
an
Army
may
be
reduced
to
Order
and
Discipline
,
by
Exercise
,
Severity
,
and
Example
;
without
which
three
,
it
is
impossible
it
should
be
reformed
,
at
least
long
continue
so
,
as
Vitellius
experimentally
found
true
[
](A58845-e186410-b)16
16
Degenerabat
à
labore
ac
virtute
miles
,
assuetudine
voluptatum
&
conviviorum
.
Tac.
l.
2.
Hist.
.
Corbulo
was
sensible
of
the
same
,
when
he
was
sent
into
Germany
,
and
therefore
reduced
those
slothful
,
disorderly
Legions
to
their
ancient
Discipline
.
The
same
he
did
afterwards
with
his
Army
in
Syria
[
](A58845-e186460-b)17
17
Legiones
operum
&
laboris
ignar●●
,
popul●tionibus
laetantes
,
veterem
ad
morem
reduxit
.
Tac.
l.
11.
Annal.
,
where
he
found
Soldiers
so
ignorant
in
the
Affairs
of
War
,
that
there
were
many
,
even
Veterans
,
who
had
never
kept
Guard
,
or
stood
Centinel
,
who
were
utter
Strangers
to
Trenches
and
Fortifications
,
unarmed
,
but
rich
and
magnificent
,
as
having
served
all
their
time
in
good
Garrisons
[
](A58845-e186480-b)18
18
Veterani
qui
non
stationem
non
vigilias
inissent
,
vallum
,
fossamque
quasi
nova
&
mira
viserent
,
sine
galeis
,
sine
loricis
,
nitidi
,
&
quaestuo●●
,
militi●
per
oppida
expietâ
.
Tac.
l.
13.
Annal.
;
and
cashiering
such
as
were
unserviceable
,
kept
the
rest
encamped
all
the
Winter
,
to
inure
them
to
Cold
,
himself
in
a
thin
Habit
,
and
his
Head
uncovered
,
always
attending
them
,
whether
on
a
March
or
in
their
Works
,
commending
the
Valiant
,
comforting
the
Weak
,
and
giving
Example
to
all
[
](A58845-e186500-b)19
19
●pse
cultu
levi
,
capite
intecto
,
in
agmine
,
in
laboribus
frequens
adesse
;
laudem
strenu●●
,
solatium
invalidis
,
exemplum
omnibus
o●tendere
.
Ibid.
;
and
when
he
perceiv'd
the
Inclemency
of
the
Weather
made
many
leave
their
Colours
,
he
remedy'd
that
by
Severity
,
not
pardoning
(
as
was
usual
in
other
Armies
)
the
first
and
second
Transgression
of
that
nature
,
but
whoever
Deserted
was
immediately
put
to
Death
.
And
that
was
found
to
be
of
more
use
than
Clemency
;
for
fewer
deserted
his
Camp
,
than
did
those
where
it
was
pardoned
[
](A58845-e186520-b)20
20
Remediu●
severitate
quae●i●um
est
.
Nec
enim
ut
in
aliis
exercitibus
,
primum
alterumqu●
venia
prosequebatur
,
sed
qui
signa
reliq●erat
,
s●atim
capite
poenas
luebat
.
Idque
usu
salubre
,
&
misericordia
melius
apparuit
.
Quippe
pauciores
castr●
deseru●re
,
quam
ea
in
quibus
ignoscebatur
.
Ibid.
.
The
Soldier
could
never
be
brought
to
undergo
those
great
Fatigues
,
and
expose
himself
to
the
present
Hazards
of
War
,
without
some
other
Severity
,
or
some
Reward
to
equal
those
two
.
Princes
,
by
Honours
and
Recompences
,
make
good
Generals
;
and
these
good
Soldiers
,
by
Example
,
Rigour
,
and
Liberality
.
Godfrey
well
knew
Courage
to
be
encreased
by
Glory
,
and
Hopes
of
Advantage
,
when
,
upon
the
point
of
giving
Battel
,
He
clears
the
Doubts
,
and
elevates
the
Hopes
Of
those
whose
Bravery
deserves
Reward
.
—
Some
he
with
Wealth
,
with
Honour
some
excites
,
And
diff'ring
Genius's
as
each
delights
.
[
](A58845-e186620-b)*
*
Tass.
Can.
20.
I
dare
affirm
,
no
Soldiers
can
be
good
,
unless
their
Commanders
be
something
enclin'd
to
Prodigality
and
Severity
.
And
't
is
probably
on
this
account
the
Germans
call
a
Regiment
,
and
all
that
belongs
to
it
,
the
Colonel's
Staff
,
(
den
Regiment
oder
Colonelstah
,
)
for
with
that
Soldiers
are
to
be
ruled
.
Moses
kept
his
in
such
strict
Discipline
,
that
suing
once
for
Passage
through
the
King
of
Edom's
Country
,
he
withal
engaged
,
that
none
of
them
should
drink
of
the
Water
of
his
Wells
,
or
pass
through
any
one's
Fields
or
Vineyards
[
](A58845-e186670-b)21
21
We
will
not
pass
through
the
fields
nor
through
the
vineyards
,
neither
will
we
drink
of
the
water
of
the
wells
.
Numb.
20.
19.
.
Antiquity
has
left
us
an
illustrious
Example
of
the
Re-establishment
of
decayed
Military
Discipline
in
the
Person
of
Metellus
,
when
he
was
in
Africa
,
where
he
found
the
Roman
Army
so
corrupted
,
that
the
Soldiers
would
not
stir
out
of
their
Quarters
,
deserted
their
Colours
,
and
dispersing
themselves
over
the
Province
,
Ravag'd
and
Plunder'd
where-ever
they
came
,
being
guilty
of
all
the
Extravagancies
that
Avarice
and
Luxury
are
capable
of
inspiring
.
Yet
all
these
he
insensibly
remedied
,
by
Exercising
them
in
Military
Arts.
He
first
order'd
,
that
no
Bread
,
or
any
other
Meat
dress'd
,
should
be
sold
in
the
Camp
;
forbad
the
Sutlers
to
follow
the
Army
;
suffer'd
not
any
Common
Soldier
,
upon
a
March
,
to
have
a
Servant
or
Mule
.
And
thus
correcting
the
other
Abuses
,
he
restor'd
them
to
their
former
Courage
and
Strength
.
The
effect
of
which
Care
was
so
great
,
as
of
it self
to
terrifie
Iugurtha
,
and
oblig'd
him
,
by
Embassadors
,
to
beg
his
Life
,
and
the
Lives
of
his
Children
of
him
,
and
to
promise
the
Delivery
of
all
besides
to
the
Romans
.
Arms
are
Vital
Spirits
,
which
cherish
and
give
motion
to
the
Body
of
a
Government
;
the
Surety
of
Publick
Tranquility
,
wherein
the
Preservation
and
Encrease
of
the
same
consists
,
provided
they
be
well
ordered
,
and
admit
of
Discipline
.
This
the
Emperor
Alexander
Severus
well
knew
,
when
he
said
,
Ancient
Discipline
was
the
Support
of
the
Commonwealth
,
the
Fall
of
which
would
be
the
Ruine
of
the
Roman
Name
and
Empire
[
](A58845-e186820-b)22
22
Disciplinam
majorum
Rempublicam
tenet
,
quae
si
dilabatur
,
&
nomen
Romanum
,
&
Imperium
amissum
iri
.
Alex.
Sever.
apud
Lamprid.
.
Since
then
it
is
of
so
great
Importance
to
have
good
Soldiers
,
it
is
the
Duty
of
Princes
to
conferr
Favours
and
Honours
upon
them
.
Saul
loved
a
brave
Soldier
so
well
,
that
he
would
not
suffer
him
out
of
his
sight
.
Reward
and
Honour
find
,
and
Exercise
makes
them
:
For
Nature
produces
few
Valiant
Men
;
but
Industry
,
with
good
Instruction
,
brings
up
many
[
](A58845-e186860-b)23
23
Paucos
viros
fortes
natura
procreat
,
bona
institutione
plures
reddit
industria
.
Veget.
.
This
ought
to
be
the
care
of
the
Captains
,
Colonels
,
and
Generals
,
as
it
was
of
Sopher
the
Chief
of
the
Host
,
who
exercised
his
Fresh-water
Soldiers
[
](A58845-e186890-b)24
24
And
the
principal
scribe
of
the
army
,
who
mustered
the
people
of
the
land
,
&c.
2
King
.
25.
9.
.
And
thus
the
Holy
Scriptures
call
Commanders
,
Masters
of
Soldiers
[
](A58845-e186920-b)25
25
Gen.
37.
36.
,
it
being
their
business
to
teach
and
instruct
them
;
such
were
Potiphar
and
Nebuzaradan
[
](A58845-e186960-b)26
26
Ierem.
39.
9.
.
But
because
this
,
through
the
excessive
Indulgence
and
Carelesness
of
Officers
,
and
upon
account
of
other
Impediments
in
War
,
is
not
easily
reduc'd
to
Practice
,
the
Evil
of
it
ought
rather
to
be
timely
prevented
;
a
Thing
which
Princes
and
Commonwealths
are
strangely
negligent
in
.
Upon
the
Study
of
Literature
are
founded
Colleges
;
for
Religion
,
Convents
and
Monasteries
.
The
Church
Militant
has
its
Nurseries
for
the
Edification
of
Spiritual
Soldiers
to
defend
it
;
for
Temporal
ones
there
is
none
.
The
Turk
alone
regards
this
,
who
,
to
that
end
,
gathers
Children
of
all
Nations
into
certain
Seraglio's
,
and
sees
them
brought
up
in
the
Exercise
of
Arms
;
whence
afterwards
is
formed
the
Body
of
his
Janizaries
,
who
knowing
no
other
Father
or
Lord
but
the
Grand
Signior
,
are
the
chiefest
Strength
and
Defence
of
his
Empire
.
Christian
Princes
ought
to
do
the
same
in
all
great
Cities
,
by
taking
Orphans
,
Foundlings
,
and
all
other
of
that
nature
,
into
Seminaries
for
that
purpose
,
there
to
be
instructed
in
Military
Exercises
,
taught
to
forge
Arms
,
twist
Ropes
,
make
Gun-powder
,
and
all
other
Ammunition
,
to
prepare
them
for
War-Service
.
There
might
also
be
some
educated
in
Sea-Port
Towns
,
where
they
might
have
an
early
insight
into
Navigation
,
and
see
the
manner
of
Building
Ships
,
of
making
Sails
and
Cables
,
which
would
be
a
means
to
cleanse
the
Commonwealth
from
those
Dregs
of
Vagabonds
,
and
furnish
it
with
Persons
that
would
be
useful
in
Military
Arts
,
which
might
be
kept
out
of
what
they
daily
earn
;
or
,
if
that
would
not
suffice
,
a
Law
might
be
made
to
assign
such
Seminaries
the
Third
of
all
Pious
Gifts
or
Legacies
:
For
assuredly
they
deserve
no
less
who
defend
the
Altars
,
than
those
that
offer
Incense
at
them
.
It
would
be
also
a
very
good
way
,
for
the
Subsistence
of
an
Army
,
to
endow
the
Treasury
of
War
with
certain
stated
Revenues
,
to
be
employed
to
no
other
uses
:
As
Augustus
did
,
who
setled
the
Tenth
of
all
Hereditaments
and
Legacies
,
and
the
Hundredth
part
of
all
Commodities
sold
upon
it
.
Which
Tax
Tiberius
would
not
afterwards
take
off
,
even
though
the
Senate
requested
it
,
because
it
was
the
Support
of
the
Military
Treasury
[
](A58845-e187030-b)27
27
Centesimam
rerum
venalium
post
bella
civilia
institutam
,
deprecante
populo
,
edixit
Tiberius
militare
●rarium
eo
subsidio
niti
.
Tacit.
●
.
1.
Annal.
.
Thus
Peter
Count
de
Lemos
endowed
that
of
N●ples
;
but
Envy
afterwards
overthrew
all
that
his
Zeal
and
Prudence
had
establish'd
.
Neither
should
this
Care
be
taken
for
Soldiers
only
,
but
also
in
Erecting
Fortresses
,
and
Garrisoning
them
;
forasmuch
as
that
Charge
may
prevent
many
greater
.
The
Weakness
of
a
Place
invites
an
Enemy
,
whereas
scarce
any
one
Attacks
a
State
he
thinks
able
to
Defend
it self
.
If
all
that
is
lavishly
squander'd
away
in
Gaming
,
Shows
,
and
Building
,
were
expended
upon
this
,
Princes
would
live
abundantly
more
Secure
,
and
the
whole
World
enjoy
more
Peace
and
Tranquility
.
The
Emperors
,
Dioclesian
and
Maximilian
,
took
it
as
a
signal
piece
of
Service
of
a
certain
Governor
of
a
Province
,
who
laid
out
a
Summ
of
Money
design'd
for
the
Structure
of
an
Amphitheater
,
upon
the
Repair
of
a
Citadel
[
](A58845-e187110-b)28
28
Ita
enim
&
tutelae
civitatis
instructae
murorum
praesidio
providebitur
,
&
instaurandi
agonis
voluptas
,
confirmatis
his
,
qua
ad
securitatis
cautionem
spectant
,
in
secuti
temporis
circuitus
circuitione
repraesentabit
.
L.
Unica
C.
de
Expen
.
Publ.
l.
11.
.
EMBLEM
LXXXIII
.
THE
very
Ground
whereon
Fortresses
are
built
is
their
greatest
Enemy
.
It
is
upon
the
Surface
of
that
with
the
Shovel
and
Pick-Axe
(
Weapons
of
this
Age
)
Trenches
and
Approaches
are
made
to
begin
a
Storm
.
'T
is
within
the
Bowels
of
the
same
,
that
Mines
are
secretly
sprung
under
the
Foundations
of
the
Walls
and
Bulwarks
,
which
taking
Fire
,
blow
them
all
up
.
That
Castle
only
is
Impregnable
,
which
,
situated
in
the
midst
of
Waters
,
is
on
all
sides
surrounded
with
the
Fury
of
Foaming
Billows
;
which
,
although
they
beat
against
it
,
yet
do
at
the
same
time
also
defend
it
,
by
not
admitting
of
a
Naval
Siege
;
and
all
the
Danger
would
be
in
a
Calm
,
if
it
should
continue
long
.
Thus
Governments
,
while
engaged
in
War
,
are
generally
safe
[
](A58845-e187170-b)1
1
Civitates
magna
ex
parte
bellum
gerentes
conservantur
,
caedem
I●per●o
potitae
corrumpuntur
.
Aristot.
l.
7.
Polit.
c.
14.
:
Then
are
they
industriously
Vigilant
,
providently
forewarn'd
;
Glory
animates
;
Exercise
redoubles
their
Courage
;
Emulation
prompts
to
great
Enterprizes
;
and
Common
Danger
unites
Mens
Affections
,
and
purges
off
the
State
's
ill
Humours
.
Fear
of
an
Enemy
,
keeps
a
People
Regular
,
and
under
Laws
[
](A58845-e187190-b)2
2
Metus
hostilis
in
bonis
artibus
civitatem
retinebat
.
Salust
.
.
The
Romans
were
never
more
Valiant
,
nor
their
Subjects
more
Quiet
and
Obedient
to
the
Magistrates
,
than
when
Pyrrhus
first
,
and
after
him
Hannibal
,
came
up
to
the
very
Gates
of
their
City
.
A
great
Monarchy
is
in
more
Danger
upon
the
account
of
its
Power
,
than
others
are
from
their
Weakness
;
for
that
,
through
too
much
confidence
in
its
Strength
,
neglects
to
provide
against
future
Casualties
[
](A58845-e187240-b)3
3
Whose
arrows
are
sharp
,
and
all
their
bows
bent
:
their
horses
hoofs
shall
be
counted
like
●lints
.
Isai.
5.
28.
:
whereas
,
on
the
contrary
,
Fear
puts
this
always
upon
its
Guard
.
If
Military
Discipline
cease
,
and
be
not
kept
in
continual
Exercise
,
Sloth
effeminates
Minds
,
weakens
and
throws
down
Walls
,
rusts
Swords
,
and
gnaws
the
Straps
of
Shields
;
Debaucheries
,
by
degrees
,
encrease
with
it
,
and
Ambition
reigns
;
whence
arise
Dissentions
,
and
from
them
Civil
Wars
:
so
that
there
is
not
one
Intestine
Malady
or
Infirmity
ingender'd
by
Laziness
,
but
the
whole
State
suffers
by
it
.
Nothing
grows
or
is
preserved
without
Motion
.
Q.
Metellus
,
upon
the
News
of
the
Loss
of
Carthage
,
said
openly
in
the
Senate
,
That
he
now
apprehended
that
of
Rome
would
follow
,
when
he
saw
that
Rival
Republick
destroyed
.
Pub.
Nasica
,
hearing
one
say
,
This
Success
put
Affairs
in
a
better
Posture
;
answer'd
,
Nay
,
rather
,
they
are
now
in
greater
Danger
.
This
wise
Man
well
knew
those
Hostile
Forces
were
like
Surges
,
which
indeed
shook
the
City
,
but
withal
added
Strength
and
Courage
to
it
;
and
therefore
exhorts
them
to
beware
of
their
Ruine
,
as
knowing
weak
Minds
to
have
no
greater
Enemy
than
Security
,
and
〈◊〉
Fear
was
a
necessary
Tutor
to
this
Pupil
People
[
](A58845-e187330-b)4
4
Timens
infirmis
animis
hostem
securitatem
,
&
tanquam
pupilli●
〈◊〉
idoneum
tutorem
necessarium
videns
e●se
terrorem
.
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
.
●●inthila
,
King
of
the
Goths
,
was
great
in
Spain
,
and
●●quired
Renown
by
his
Atchievements
,
while
he
was
engag'd
in
War
:
when
that
ceas'd
,
he
abandon'd
him●elf
to
Luxury
,
and
was
ruin'd
.
King
Alphonsus
VI.
re●lecting
upon
the
Losses
he
had
receiv'd
from
the
Moors
,
●●k'd
the
reason
of
it
;
and
was
answer'd
,
It
was
the
Sloth
and
Looseness
of
his
Men
:
upon
which
he
immediately
forbad
Bathing
,
and
all
other
Wantonnesses
that
impair
Strength
.
The
Oscitancy
and
Drowsiness
of
the
two
Kings
,
Roderick
and
Vitiza
,
made
almost
all
Spain
fall
a
Prey
to
the
Africans
,
till
the
times
of
Pelagius
and
his
Successors
,
when
Warfare
beginning
to
flourish
again
,
Valour
,
and
the
Glory
of
Arms
,
encreased
by
constant
Emulation
,
and
not
only
deliver'd
Spain
from
that
heavy
Yoke
,
but
render'd
it
Head
of
a
Puissant
Monarchy
.
The
Emulation
between
the
Military
Orders
of
Castile
produced
abundance
of
Great
Men
,
who
●trove
more
to
surpass
each
other
in
Military
Glory
,
than
to
conquer
an
Enemy
.
The
House
of
Austria
had
never
ascended
to
this
Pitch
of
Grandeur
,
had
it
always
been
given
up
to
Idleness
.
The
same
means
Envy
takes
to
pull
it
down
by
,
strengthen
and
render
it
more
glorious
:
For
they
who
live
in
Peace
,
like
Iron
not
used
,
lose
their
Brightness
,
and
become
rusty
[
](A58845-e187480-b)5
5
Nam
pacem
agentes
,
tanquam
ferrum
,
splendorem
amittunt
.
Arist.
l.
7.
Polit.
c.
14.
.
Lesser
Powers
may
indeed
be
preserv'd
without
Arms
,
but
not
great
ones
:
For
it
is
not
so
difficult
to
keep
Fortune
equal
in
them
,
as
in
these
;
out
of
which
,
if
Arms
be
●ot
sent
abroad
,
War
is
kindled
at
Home
:
As
it
befell
the
Roman
Monarchy
;
with
whose
Grandeur
,
Ambition
,
that
old
inbred
Vice
,
encreased
and
broke
out
.
For
when
Affairs
were
in
a
low
Condition
,
it
was
easie
to
keep
an
Equality
:
but
after
the
Conquest
of
the
World
,
when
their
Rival
Cities
and
Kings
were
destroyed
,
and
they
at
leisure
to
share
their
Riches
,
then
it
was
that
the
Senators
and
Common
People
first
began
to
fall
out
[
](A58845-e187510-b)6
6
Vetus
〈◊〉
jam
pridem
in●ita
mortalibus
potentiae
cupido
,
cum
〈◊〉
per●i
magnitudine
adolevit
,
erupitque
.
Nam
rebus
modicis
,
aequalitas
fa●●●
habeb●tur
,
sed
ubi
subacto
orbe
,
&
aemulis
Vrbibus
Regibusque
excisi●
s●
cu●as
opes
concupiscere
vacuum
fuit
,
prima
inter
Patres
Plebemque
〈◊〉
mina
exarsere
.
Arist.
l.
7.
Pol.
c.
14.
.
The
Emulation
of
Valour
which
is
exercised
against
Enemies
,
when
there
is
any
,
is
usually
inflamed
between
Country-men
,
when
there
is
none
.
This
the
Germans
had
Experience
of
,
when
,
upon
the
Romans
leaving
them
,
and
their
being
exempt
from
Foreign
Fear
,
out
of
Emulation
,
turn'd
their
Arms
upon
one
another
[
](A58845-e187550-b)7
7
Decessu
Romanorum
,
〈◊〉
vacui
externo
metu
gentis
assuetudine
,
&
tum
aemulatione
gloriae
arma
in
se
verterant
.
Tac.
l.
2.
Hist
.
The
Peace
of
the
Roman
Empire
was
very
bloody
,
it
being
the
Source
of
all
their
Civil
Wars
[
](A58845-e187580-b)8
8
Pacem
sine
dubio
post
haec
verum
cruent●●
.
Tac.
l.
1.
Annal.
.
Long
Peace
was
agreeable
to
the
Cherusci
,
but
of
no
advantage
[
](A58845-e187610-b)9
9
Cherusci
nimiam
ac
marcentem
diu
pacem
illacessui
nutrierunt
,
idque
ju●undius
quam
tutius
fuit
.
Tac.
de
Mor.
Roman
.
.
The
Wars
of
the
Low-Countries
put
an
end
to
the
Intestine
Commotions
in
Spain
.
That
Theater
of
War
,
or
rather
that
School
of
Mars
,
where
so
many
Military
Arts
have
been
taught
and
exercised
,
has
been
very
much
to
the
Advantage
of
this
Monarchy
:
Though
,
't
is
true
,
this
Military
Exercise
and
Discipline
has
been
common
to
its
Enemies
and
Rivals
,
almost
all
the
Princes
of
Europe
having
learn'd
the
Use
of
Arms
there
,
although
it
is
a
prodigious
Charge
to
make
War
in
Countries
so
disturb'd
and
remote
,
with
so
much
Bloodshed
and
Extortion
,
so
much
Advantage
on
the
Enemies
side
,
and
so
little
on
ours
,
that
it
may
reasonably
be
question'd
whether
it
were
better
to
conquer
or
be
conquered
;
or
if
it
would
not
be
more
expedient
to
apply
some
Remedy
,
whereby
to
quench
,
or
at
least
damp
,
for
a
time
,
that
ardent
Thirst
after
Blood
and
Riches
;
to
the
end
,
that
what
is
thrown
away
there
,
might
be
laid
out
upon
a
a
Fleet
,
for
the
Establishment
of
the
Empire
of
the
Ocean
and
Mediterranean
,
and
the
carrying
on
a
War
in
Africa
,
the
successful
Progress
of
which
,
by
reason
of
the
nearness
of
Spain
and
Italy
,
would
the
more
unite
this
Monarchy
.
However
,
Love
of
those
so
Ancient
and
Loyal
Subjects
,
join'd
with
a
Desire
to
see
them
redeemed
from
that
vile
Slavery
,
they
are
,
under
the
Notion
of
Liberty
,
miserably
oppress'd
with
,
and
to
reduce
them
to
the
true
Worship
of
God
,
have
more
Influence
on
us
,
than
State-Interest
.
Now
as
the
Encouragement
of
Valour
and
Military
Glory
in
a
Monarchy
,
is
the
Security
thereof
;
so
is
it
not
without
Danger
,
when
the
Supreme
Power
is
lodg'd
in
many
,
as
in
Commonwealths
;
their
greatest
Hazard
being
in
their
own
Arms
,
while
they
intrust
the
Power
of
the
Army
to
one
;
that
very
Hand
which
they
first
arm'd
usually
laying
the
Yoke
on
them
;
those
Forces
themselves
gave
,
oppressing
their
Liberty
.
Thus
it
was
with
the
Roman
Republick
,
and
from
thence
Tyranny
pass'd
to
almost
all
other
Nations
.
However
requisite
therefore
it
be
to
keep
Armies
always
ready
,
and
in
Exercise
;
yet
the
Arts
of
Peace
are
still
more
secure
,
especially
if
the
People
be
corrupted
,
and
separated
in
distant
Places
:
For
the
Fierceness
of
War
does
but
render
them
more
Insolent
;
and
it
is
better
to
keep
them
in
view
of
Danger
,
than
secure
from
it
,
if
you
expect
they
should
unite
for
their
Conservation
.
The
Liberty
of
the
Republick
of
Genoua
was
not
less
safe
,
when
its
Mountains
were
not
regularly
fortified
,
than
now
that
through
singular
Industry
and
Labour
they
are
made
as
Impregnable
Walls
to
the
State
.
For
too
much
Security
breeds
ill
Humours
,
divides
the
People
into
Factions
,
begets
Presumptuous
Spirits
,
and
despises
External
Means
.
In
a
word
,
In
Commonwealths
harrass'd
with
Intestine
Broils
,
Wars
are
more
dangerous
than
useful
;
and
consequently
then
only
will
be
of
advantage
to
Genoua
,
when
that
prudent
Senate
shall
act
as
if
they
had
never
built
them
.
EMBLEM
LXXXIV
.
IT
has
been
the
Opinion
of
some
,
That
Nature
was
rather
a
Step-Mother
to
Man
,
than
his
own
;
and
that
she
had
shewed
her self
more
liberal
to
other
Creatures
,
in
giving
them
a
clearer
Instinct
and
Notice
of
the
Means
necessary
for
their
Defence
and
Conservation
.
But
these
Persons
did
not
sufficiently
consider
their
own
Excellency
,
their
Power
and
Dominion
over
Sublunary
Things
;
Nature
having
bestowed
on
them
a
swift
Understanding
,
in
a
Moment
penetrating
both
the
Earth
and
Heavens
:
a
Memory
,
wherein
,
without
the
least
confusion
or
disorder
,
are
reposited
the
Idea's
of
Things
so
various
:
a
Reason
,
which
Distinguisheth
,
Collects
,
and
Concludes
:
a
Judgment
,
that
Comprehends
,
Weighs
,
and
Determines
;
Gifts
whereby
Man
is
intitled
to
the
Sovereignty
of
all
Created
Beings
,
and
a
Liberty
to
dispose
of
them
according
to
his
Pleasure
,
having
Hands
framed
with
such
Skill
and
Wisdom
,
that
they
are
Tools
fit
for
all
Arts
;
so
that
although
he
comes
into
the
World
naked
and
without
Arms
,
yet
he
forges
them
according
to
his
Fancy
,
either
to
defend
himself
,
or
assault
others
.
The
Earth
,
to
that
end
,
furnishes
him
with
Iron
and
Steel
;
the
Water
(
as
you
see
in
this
Device
)
turns
the
Mill
that
strikes
them
:
Thus
all
the
Elements
obey
his
Will
.
With
any
slight
Plank
(
Boat
)
he
tames
the
Sea's
Pride
,
and
gathers
the
Winds
into
a
small
piece
of
Canvas
,
to
make
them
serve
him
for
Wings
to
fly
from
one
Place
to
another
;
confines
all
the
Fire's
Violence
within
Brazen
Pipes
,
call'd
Guns
,
and
thence
shoots
Thunderbolts
no
less
terrible
than
those
of
Iupiter
himself
.
By
Wit
and
Art
he
facilitates
many
Things
impossible
to
Nature
:
By
these
he
improves
Nature
[
](A58845-e187790-b)1
1
Multa
quae
natura
impedita
erant
,
c●nsi●io
expediebat
.
Livy
,
Dec.
2.
;
he
tempers
Breast-Plates
,
and
sharpens
Iron
into
Lances
.
It
behoves
the
Prince
to
use
Industry
more
than
Force
,
Wisdom
than
Arms
[
](A58845-e187810-b)2
2
Wisd.
6.
1.
,
the
Pen
rather
than
the
Sword
[
](A58845-e187830-b)3
3
Eccl.
9
18.
.
For
to
attempt
every
thing
with
one's
utmost
Power
,
is
the
Folly
of
the
Gyants
,
who
heaped
Mountains
upon
Mountains
.
It
is
not
the
greatest
Strength
that
always
Triumphs
;
the
little
Remora
stops
the
Course
of
a
Ship
.
That
one
City
,
Numantia
,
fatigu'd
the
whole
Roman
Empire
,
for
fourteen
Years
:
Nor
did
the
Conquest
of
those
vast
Countries
of
Asia
cost
it
so
much
Pains
as
the
Taking
of
Saguntum
[
](A58845-e187890-b)*
*
A
City
of
Spain
,
now
call'd
Morvedre
.
.
Strength
decays
by
degrees
,
and
is
consumed
,
but
Wisdom
and
Ingenuity
endures
for
ever
;
and
except
War
be
managed
by
this
,
Victory
is
never
obtained
by
that
.
A
War
carry'd
on
by
Policy
is
secure
;
that
which
relies
wholly
upon
Strength
,
hazardous
and
uncertain
.
One
Wise
Head
is
worth
Twenty
Hands
.
[
](A58845-e187930-b)†
†
Eurip.
Tiberius
,
writing
to
Germanicus
,
boasts
,
that
in
the
nine
times
he
was
sent
by
Augustus
into
Germany
,
he
had
done
more
by
Stratagem
than
by
Force
[
](A58845-e187990-b)4
4
Se
novies
à
Divo
Augusto
in
Germaniam
missum
,
plu●a
consilio
,
qu●●
vi
perfe●isse
.
Tacit.
l.
6.
Annal.
.
Nor
did
he
use
to
take
any
other
Measures
,
when
Emperor
,
especially
to
maintain
the
remote
Provinces
;
and
would
frequently
say
,
That
Foreign
Affairs
should
be
managed
by
Wisdom
and
Policy
,
and
Armies
kept
as
far
off
as
possible
[
](A58845-e188020-b)5
5
Consiliis
&
astu
,
exter●as
res
●●liend●s
,
arma
procul
habenda
.
.
All
things
are
not
surmounted
by
Strength
and
Expedition
,
but
many
by
Policy
and
Deliberation
[
](A58845-e188030-b)6
6
Non
omnia
viribus
superantur
,
non
velacitate
,
non
celeritate
,
sed
corilio
&
sententia
.
C●cero
.
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
.
The
Low-Countries
were
ruin'd
amidst
their
continual
Victories
;
because
they
confided
in
Strength
,
more
than
Prudence
.
Let
Force
submit
to
Policy
;
for
that
will
conquer
where
the
other
cannot
.
When
the
Moorish
Armies
annoyed
Spain
,
in
the
time
of
King
Roderick
,
the
Governor
of
Murcia
was
defeated
in
a
Battel
,
where
all
the
Nobility
of
this
City
lost
their
Lives
;
and
the
Women
having
Intelligence
of
it
,
placed
themselves
along
the
Walls
,
in
Mens
Habit
,
and
all
in
Armour
.
Upon
which
the
Conquerors
,
thinking
by
this
they
were
still
very
Numerous
,
consented
to
Honourable
Terms
.
Edward
IV.
King
of
England
,
used
to
say
,
That
Charles
the
Wise
,
of
France
,
without
any
Armies
,
by
writing
Letters
only
,
did
him
more
mischief
than
his
Father
or
Grand-father
had
done
with
all
theirs
.
The
Sword
can
exert
its
Force
but
in
a
few
Places
;
good
Management
is
of
Universal
Influence
.
Nor
does
Princes
being
remote
one
from
another
signifie
any
thing
:
For
as
Trees
have
Communication
with
,
and
are
united
to
each
other
by
the
means
of
Roots
,
their
Activity
being
a
very
large
Extent
;
so
they
,
by
their
Embassadors
,
and
secret
Practices
,
may
do
the
same
.
Policy
makes
the
Strength
of
Foreigners
its
own
by
Alliance
,
having
the
Common
Interest
in
view
.
A
Prince
may
do
more
from
a
private
Closet
,
than
in
an
open
Plain
.
King
Philip
II.
never
went
out
of
Madrid
,
yet
kept
the
World
in
Awe
and
Obedience
:
He
made
himself
more
Formidable
by
Prudence
than
by
Power
.
The
Power
that
makes
use
of
Address
,
is
in
a
manner
Infinite
.
Archimedes
often
said
,
If
he
had
a
Place
to
stand
on
,
he
could
,
with
his
Machines
,
move
this
Terraqueous
Globe
.
Any
Potent
Monarchy
might
easily
attain
to
an
Universal
Empire
,
if
to
its
Strength
were
joined
Skill
and
Industry
:
But
lest
this
should
be
,
that
Primum
Mobile
of
Empires
permits
the
Great
Ones
to
want
Prudence
,
and
wholly
trust
to
their
Power
.
More
Affairs
are
transacted
by
Counsel
and
Conduct
,
than
by
Blows
[
](A58845-e188180-b)7
7
Pleraque
in
summa
fortuna
auspiciis
&
consiliis
,
magis
quam
●elis
&
●●nibus
geri
solent
.
Tac.
13
Annal.
.
Power
with
Rashness
is
as
dangerous
as
Rashness
without
Power
.
Abundance
of
Wars
between
Christian
Princes
might
be
avoided
by
Industry
;
but
either
Judgment
is
insensible
of
their
Inconveniencies
,
and
cannot
find
a
way
to
decline
them
Honourably
,
or
it
does
not
regard
them
,
Ambition
blinding
Prudence
;
or
else
Vanity
and
Haughtiness
look
on
it
as
a
piece
of
Bravery
,
voluntarily
to
face
them
;
and
thus
are
tickled
with
a
Counterfeit-Glory
of
War
,
which
,
as
it
is
a
Publick
Action
,
whereon
the
Common
Preservation
of
all
depends
,
ought
not
to
be
measured
by
thin
Shadows
of
Honour
,
but
by
the
Publick
Advantage
and
Utility
;
yet
so
,
that
the
Prince
must
in
the
mean
time
leave
no
Stone
unturn'd
to
shun
War
,
cutting
off
all
Occasions
,
before
they
happen
,
or
if
they
be
already
,
getting
the
Hearts
of
such
as
by
their
Counsel
can
promote
Peace
.
Let
him
find
out
all
endearing
ways
imaginable
to
preserve
Friendship
:
Let
him
embrace
his
Enemy
both
within
and
without
his
Realms
;
and
by
crossing
his
Designs
,
and
entring
into
Leagues
and
Alliances
Defensive
,
terrifie
him
.
And
to
these
Humane
Means
let
him
join
the
Divine
Assistances
of
Prayer
and
Sacrifice
,
and
apply
himself
to
the
Pope
,
as
the
Common
Father
of
Christendom
,
ingenuously
telling
him
his
Intentions
and
Desire
of
the
Publick
Quiet
,
of
the
Injury
received
,
or
the
Reasons
that
induce
him
to
take
up
Arms
,
if
Satisfaction
be
not
made
him
.
Whence
the
Matter
being
also
carry'd
to
the
College
of
Cardinals
,
and
the
Authority
of
the
Apostolick
See
interposed
,
either
the
War
will
be
avoided
,
or
the
Prince
justifie
the
Cause
of
it
at
Rome
,
where
is
the
Tribunal
at
which
all
Princes
Actions
ought
to
be
judged
,
and
their
Controversies
decided
.
Nor
is
this
a
Mean-spiritedness
,
but
rather
a
Christian
Generosity
,
and
Political
Provision
for
the
maintaining
Amity
among
Nations
,
and
the
avoiding
of
Emulations
,
and
the
Confederacy
they
occasion
.
EMBLEM
LXXXV
.
WHen
the
Bear
has
got
a
Bee-Hive
,
he
finds
no
better
way
than
to
plunge
it
under
Water
;
for
any
other
would
rather
hinder
his
Design
of
getting
the
Honey
,
and
escaping
the
Stings
of
the
Bees
.
By
this
Example
,
the
present
Emblem
shews
the
Inconveniencies
of
keeping
a
Mediocrity
in
Counsels
;
experienc'd
in
that
which
Herennius
Pontius
gave
the
Samnites
,
when
they
had
got
the
Romans
in
a
narrow
Pass
,
who
seeing
his
first
Advice
rejected
,
which
was
to
let
them
all
go
,
was
for
putting
them
all
to
the
Sword
:
And
being
ask'd
why
he
thus
went
from
one
Extreme
to
the
other
,
when
the
Middle-way
might
be
taken
,
of
giving
them
their
Liberty
,
after
the
Imposition
of
certain
Laws
,
as
being
Conquer'd
?
He
answer'd
,
That
it
was
necessary
either
to
shew
themselves
generous
to
the
Romans
,
by
so
signal
a
Kindness
to
establish
a
firm
and
inviolable
Peace
with
them
,
or
else
to
give
such
a
Blow
to
their
Forces
,
that
they
should
never
again
be
able
to
make
Head
against
them
;
Any
way
between
these
two
,
said
he
,
will
neither
make
Friends
,
nor
take
away
Enemies
[
](A58845-e188350-b)1
1
Neutralitas
nec
amicos
pa●it
,
nec
inimicos
tollit
.
Polyb.
.
Hence
that
of
Aristodemus
to
the
Aetolians
:
We
must
have
the
Romans
either
our
Allies
or
Enemies
;
there
's
no
Middle-way
[
](A58845-e188400-b)2
2
Romanos
〈◊〉
socios
habere
oportuit
,
aut
hostes
,
media
via
null●
est
.
Aristodem
.
.
In
those
Cases
where
any
one
would
oblige
a
Friend
or
Enemy
,
Moderate
Expressions
of
Kindness
do
nothing
:
For
Gratitude
always
looks
upon
the
Omissions
are
made
,
and
seldom
fails
to
find
a
Reason
not
to
think
it self
Obliged
.
Thus
Francis
I.
King
of
France
,
laid
not
aside
his
Enmity
to
the
Emperor
Charles
V.
notwithstanding
he
set
him
at
liberty
,
because
his
Captivity
was
not
so
generous
as
that
of
Alphonsus
King
of
Portugal
,
who
being
taken
in
a
Battel
by
Ferdinand
King
of
Leon
,
was
treated
by
him
with
all
the
Humanity
imaginable
,
his
Wounds
dress'd
carefully
,
and
himself
set
at
liberty
after
his
Recovery
;
Favours
which
wrought
upon
him
to
lay
his
whole
Kingdom
at
the
Conqueror's
Feet
:
But
Ferdinand
refused
the
Offer
,
satisfied
with
the
Restitution
of
such
Places
as
had
been
lately
taken
in
Galicia
.
The
same
Consideration
had
Philip
,
Duke
of
Milan
,
when
having
taken
Prisoners
the
Kings
of
Arragon
and
Navarr
,
(
the
first
of
which
was
Alphonsus
V.
)
he
call'd
a
Council
,
to
deliberate
what
should
be
done
with
them
;
and
while
some
were
for
having
them
pay
a
Ransom
,
others
for
binding
them
to
certain
Conditions
,
and
lasty
,
others
for
freely
Dismissing
them
without
either
,
he
took
this
last
Advice
,
thereby
to
lay
the
greater
Obligation
upon
them
,
and
so
engage
their
Friendship
.
When
Kingdoms
are
embroil'd
in
Civil
Wars
,
there
's
nothing
more
dangerous
than
standing
Neuter
,
as
Henry
the
Infant
endeavoured
to
do
,
during
the
Troubles
of
Castile
,
occasion'd
by
the
Nonage
of
King
Ferdinand
IV.
by
which
means
he
lost
his
Friends
,
without
obliging
his
Enemies
.
Nor
is
it
less
dangerous
in
the
Punishments
of
the
Multitude
,
to
inflict
them
promiscuously
on
all
;
wherefore
it
seems
most
adviseable
,
either
wholly
to
connive
at
their
Faults
,
or
to
make
a
severe
Example
of
some
one
.
Hence
Germanicus
was
counsell'd
,
in
the
Rebellion
of
the
German
Legions
,
either
to
grant
All
or
None
of
what
the
Soldiers
demanded
[
](A58845-e188630-b)3
3
Periculosa
severitas
,
flagitiosa
l●rgitio
:
seu
nihil
militi
,
seu
omnia
concedereniur
in
ancipiti
Republica
.
Tac.
1.
Annal.
;
and
deservedly
blam'd
for
indulging
them
Part
,
taking
a
Middle-way
[
](A58845-e188650-b)4
4
Satis
superque
missione
,
&
pecunia
&
mollibus
consul●is
peccatum
.
Id.
Ibid.
.
Thus
Drusus
,
in
another
Occasion
of
the
like
nature
,
was
advised
either
to
Dissemble
,
or
Punish
with
Rigour
.
The
prudentest
Counsel
certainly
in
the
World
:
For
the
Common
People
can
never
keep
a
Medium
between
two
Extremes
,
but
always
exceed
in
the
one
or
the
other
[
](A58845-e188690-b)5
5
Al●i
fortioribus
remediis
agendum
,
nihil
in
vulgo
modicum
:
terrere
ni
paveam
,
ubi
pertimuerint
,
impunè
contemni
.
Tac.
1.
Annal.
.
If
the
Matter
require
Expedition
,
it
is
certain
Ruine
not
to
venture
enough
,
or
not
to
use
sufficient
Precaution
;
as
it
happened
to
Valens
,
who
wavering
between
the
Counsels
that
were
given
him
,
could
not
come
to
any
determinate
Resolution
[
](A58845-e188730-b)6
6
Mox
utrumque
consilium
aspernatur
,
quod
inter
ancipitia
deterrimum
est
,
dum
media
se
quitur
,
nec
ausus
est
satis
,
nec
providit
.
Id.
l.
3.
Hist.
.
In
Affairs
of
War
,
Fear
would
sometimes
appear
prudent
;
and
to
that
end
,
suggests
Moderate
Resolutions
;
which
serve
but
to
encourage
the
Enemy
,
and
give
him
Time
to
look
about
him
.
As
King
Iohn
I.
found
,
who
pretending
the
Crown
of
Portugal
was
devolved
on
him
by
the
Death
of
Ferdinand
,
his
Father-in-Law
,
resolved
to
enter
that
Kingdom
alone
,
and
to
have
his
Army
follow
:
whence
the
Portuguese
gained
Time
to
take
up
Arms
in
the
interim
;
which
had
never
been
done
,
had
he
immediately
fell
upon
them
;
but
he
,
to
avoid
War
,
left
his
Right
to
the
Decision
of
Justice
.
Threats
signifie
little
,
if
the
Hand
lifted
up
,
have
no
Weapon
in
it
,
and
do
not
sometimes
punish
Disobedience
in
earnest
.
The
Hastiness
of
the
French
,
makes
them
regard
neither
the
past
nor
present
Time
,
and
through
the
Heat
of
their
Minds
they
are
too
adventurous
,
and
too
precipitous
in
their
Resolutions
:
However
,
this
very
thing
oftentimes
gives
Success
to
them
;
for
by
this
means
they
avoid
Luke-warmness
,
and
dispatch
every
thing
in
a
trice
.
The
Spaniards
,
on
the
other
side
,
are
Dilatory
,
that
they
may
,
by
long
and
much
Consideration
,
proceed
with
more
Caution
;
and
out
of
an
Affectation
of
Prudence
,
use
to
Hesitate
;
nay
,
while
they
take
Time
to
Consult
,
lose
the
Opportunity
of
Execution
.
The
Italians
know
better
how
to
make
their
Advantage
both
of
the
one
and
the
other
,
using
the
Opportunities
as
they
present
themselves
:
Not
like
the
Germans
,
who
are
slow
in
Resolving
,
lazy
in
Executing
,
and
consult
only
the
present
Time
,
without
any
regard
to
the
past
or
future
.
Their
Minds
change
with
Events
,
which
is
the
reason
they
have
so
little
advanced
their
Fortune
;
it
being
otherwise
a
Nation
,
which
,
considering
its
innate
Courage
,
might
extend
its
Dominions
far
and
near
.
To
the
same
Cause
may
be
ascribed
the
long
Continuance
of
the
Civil
Wars
the
Empire
is
harrass'd
with
at
this
day
;
which
undoubtedly
,
by
resolute
Counsel
and
Expedition
,
might
have
been
laid
asleep
long
ago
;
whereas
by
slow
Counsels
,
which
yet
pass'd
for
Prudent
,
we
have
seen
vast
Armies
,
upon
the
Rhine
,
which
might
have
made
way
even
into
France
,
and
forced
it
to
an
Universal
Peace
:
a
thing
has
done
them
more
prejudice
,
than
if
they
had
lost
several
Battels
:
For
there
can
be
no
greater
Overthrow
,
than
for
an
Army
insensibly
to
waste
and
perish
within
it self
.
It
is
this
has
made
Havock
of
their
own
Country
,
and
the
Places
adjacent
,
through
which
War
ought
to
be
carried
,
when
now
its
Seat
is
in
the
very
Heart
of
Germany
.
In
all
other
Affairs
of
Civil
Government
,
Middle-Counsels
may
have
place
;
because
of
the
Danger
of
Extremes
,
and
because
it
is
of
great
Importance
ever
to
take
away
from
which
you
may
afterwards
(
in
case
of
Necessity
)
come
to
any
one
of
the
two
with
the
less
inconvenience
.
Between
these
two
Extremes
,
the
Ancients
placed
Prudence
,
represented
by
the
flight
of
Daedalus
,
who
came
neither
too
near
the
Sun
,
nor
too
near
the
Sea
,
lest
the
excessive
Heat
of
the
one
should
melt
,
or
the
Moisture
of
the
other
wet
his
Wings
.
I●
Countries
whose
Inhabitants
are
not
of
a
Servile
Nature
,
but
of
a
Polite
Genius
,
and
Generous
Spirit
,
the
Reins
of
the
People
ought
to
be
govern'd
with
so
much
Caution
and
Address
,
that
neither
too
much
Indulgence
shall
breed
Arrogance
,
nor
too
much
Rigour
Aversion
.
It
is
equally
dangerous
to
curb
them
with
Bits
and
Barnacles
,
and
turn
them
loose
without
a
Bridle
;
for
they
can
neither
endure
all
Liberty
,
nor
all
Slavery
,
(
as
Galba
told
Piso
of
the
[
](A58845-e188960-b)7
7
Neque
enim
hic
,
aut
in
caeteris
gentibus
,
quae
regnantur
,
certa
Dominorum
Domus
,
&
caeteri
servi
:
sed
im●eraturus
es
hominibus
,
qui
ne●●otam
servitutem
pati
possunt
,
nec
totam
libertatem
.
Tac.
l.
1.
Hist.
Romans
.
)
Always
to
execute
Power
,
is
to
wear
out
the
Chain
of
Servitude
:
'T
is
a
kind
of
Tyranny
,
to
go
about
to
reduce
Subjects
to
the
model
of
an
absolute
Perfect
State
,
in
that
the
Condition
of
Humane
Nature
admits
not
of
it
.
It
is
not
necessary
for
a
Government
to
be
such
as
it
ought
to
be
,
but
as
it
is
capable
of
being
;
for
all
things
that
are
expedient
,
are
not
possible
to
Humane
Infirmity
.
It
is
an
Absurdity
,
to
wish
there
may
be
no
Defect
at
all
in
a
Common-wealth
.
There
will
be
Vices
,
as
long
as
there
be
Men.
Excess
of
Zeal
is
the
Spring
of
many
Mistakes
in
Governors
,
in
not
knowing
how
to
conform
to
Prudence
.
The
same
is
Ambition
,
when
Princes
affect
to
pass
for
Severe
,
and
imagining
their
Reputation
consists
in
Ruling
their
Subjects
so
,
that
they
shall
never
in
the
least
degree
swerve
from
Reason
and
the
Laws
.
'T
is
a
dangerous
Strictness
,
which
consults
not
the
ordinary
Passions
of
the
Vulgar
.
Open
Address
prevails
more
than
Power
;
Example
and
Complacency
,
than
Inhuman
Severity
.
Let
the
Prince
therefore
rather
make
believe
he
finds
his
Subjects
good
,
than
value
himself
upon
making
them
so
:
which
Tacitus
commends
Agricola
for
,
in
his
Government
of
Britain
[
](A58845-e189020-b)8
8
Maluit
videri
invenisse
bonos
quam
fecisse
.
Tacit.
in
Vit.
Agric.
.
Let
him
not
suffer
himself
to
be
deceived
in
the
past
Times
,
so
as
to
wish
he
could
see
those
Good
Manners
he
fancies
were
in
those
Days
:
For
Malice
was
ever
the
same
in
all
Times
;
but
't
is
a
fault
of
our
corrupt
Nature
,
always
to
like
the
Past
better
than
the
Present
[
](A58845-e189040-b)9
9
Laudamus
veteres
,
praesentes
carpimus
annos
.
.
Besides
,
granting
that
Severity
and
Obedience
were
greater
formerly
,
yet
this
Age
will
not
bear
it
,
if
those
Ancient
Manners
are
alter'd
in
it
:
This
Mistake
cost
Galba
both
his
Life
and
Empire
[
](A58845-e189060-b)10
10
Nocuit
antiqu●s
rigor
,
&
nimia
severitas
,
cui
pares
non
sumus
.
Tac.
l.
1.
Hist.
.
EMBLEM
LXXXVI
.
MAN's
Mind
has
not
been
satisfy'd
with
the
Speculation
of
Terrestrial
Things
;
but
impatient
that
the
Knowledge
of
the
Heavens
should
be
deferred
so
long
as
till
after
Death
,
has
broke
the
Prison
of
the
Body
,
and
soar'd
above
the
very
Elements
,
to
find
out
,
by
Reasoning
,
what
it
could
not
by
Touching
,
Sight
,
and
Hearing
:
and
to
this
end
,
hath
form'd
in
Imagination
an
Idea
of
that
most
Beautiful
Fabrick
,
contriving
a
Sphere
with
such
various
Circles
,
Equations
and
Epicycles
,
as
aptly
represent
the
several
Motions
of
the
Planets
and
Constellations
;
and
though
he
be
not
positively
assured
whether
the
thing
be
really
so
,
he
hath
,
however
,
acquired
this
Glory
,
that
he
can
now
conceive
how
this
World
is
,
or
at
least
how
it
might
have
been
created
.
Neither
does
the
Mind
stay
here
;
but
restless
and
venturesom
in
its
Researches
,
has
imagin'd
another
quite
different
Hypothesis
,
and
would
persuade
others
,
that
the
Sun
is
the
Center
of
those
Orbs
which
move
round
it
,
and
have
their
Light
from
it
.
An
Hypothesis
impious
,
and
directly
contrary
to
Natural
Reason
,
which
gives
Rest
to
heavy
Bodies
;
repugnant
to
Holy
Writ
,
which
says
,
the
Earth
stands
for
ever
[
](A58845-e189130-b)1
1
Eccles.
1.
4.
:
lastly
,
inconsistent
with
the
Dignity
of
Man
,
as
if
he
must
be
moved
to
enjoy
the
Sun's
Rays
,
and
not
the
Sun
to
bring
them
him
,
when
yet
this
(
as
all
other
Creatures
)
was
made
,
only
for
his
Service
[
](A58845-e189140-b)2
2
This
Opinion
was
embraced
and
maint●i●ed
by
Copernicus
,
Rheticus
,
Rothmannus
,
Kepler
,
Galilaeus
,
Des
Cartes
,
and
Gassendus
,
by
whom
all
Arguments
to
the
contrary
are
fully
answer'd
.
.
It
is
certain
then
,
that
this
Prince
of
Light
,
who
has
in
Charge
the
Empire
of
all
Things
here
below
,
illuminates
,
and
by
his
Presence
informs
them
,
by
going
,
without
intermission
,
from
one
Tropick
to
the
other
,
with
a
Contrivance
so
wonderful
,
that
all
Parts
of
the
Earth
receive
from
him
,
if
not
an
equal
Heat
,
at
least
,
an
equal
Light
,
whereby
the
Divine
Wisdom
has
prevented
the
Evil
that
would
unavoidably
ensue
,
if
the
Sun
should
never
leave
the
Aequator
;
for
then
its
Rays
would
utterly
burn
up
some
Countries
,
while
others
would
freeze
,
and
be
involved
in
perpetual
Darkness
.
This
Natural
Example
teaches
Princes
how
much
it
advances
the
Publick
Utility
,
for
Them
,
like
that
Swiftest
of
the
Planets
,
continually
to
move
about
their
States
,
to
warm
the
Affection
of
their
Subjects
,
and
give
Life
to
their
Affairs
[
](A58845-e189180-b)3
3
Velocissimi
sideris
more
,
omnia
invisere
,
omnia
au●ire
.
Plin.
Jun.
.
This
is
what
the
Royal
Prophet
would
intimate
,
when
he
says
,
God
has
placed
his
Tabernacle
upon
the
Sun
[
](A58845-e189210-b)4
4
Psal.
19
4.
,
which
never
stands
still
,
but
is
present
on
all
Occasions
.
King
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
,
and
the
Emperor
Charles
V.
kept
not
their
Courts
in
one
certain
Place
;
by
which
means
they
atchieved
many
Notable
Things
which
they
could
not
possibly
have
done
by
Ministers
,
who
,
although
dexterous
and
careful
enough
,
yet
never
perform
what
the
Prince
would
,
were
he
present
in
Person
;
because
they
want
either
Orders
or
Power
.
Our
Saviour
Christ
no
sooner
came
to
the
Sheep-pool
,
but
he
healed
the
Paralytick
[
](A58845-e189260-b)5
5
Rise
,
take
up
thy
bed
and
walk
.
Iohn
5.
8.
,
which
the
Angel
could
not
do
in
Eight
and
thirty
Years
,
whose
Commission
being
only
to
trouble
the
Water
,
he
,
as
a
Minister
,
could
not
go
beyond
it
[
](A58845-e189290-b)6
6
For
an
Angel
went
down
at
a
certain
season
,
and
troubled
the
water
.
Ibid.
4.
.
'T
is
impossible
for
States
to
be
well
govern'd
by
the
bare
Relations
of
others
,
and
therefore
Solomon
advises
Kings
to
give
●ar
to
their
Subjects
themselves
[
](A58845-e189320-b)7
7
Give
ear
,
you
that
rule
the
people
,
&c.
Wisd.
6.
2.
ibid.
ver.
4.
;
for
this
is
a
part
of
their
Office
,
and
to
them
,
not
to
their
Ministers
,
is
given
of
the
Lord
that
Power
and
Vertue
which
accompanies
the
Scepter
only
,
wherein
it
infuses
the
Spirit
of
Wisdom
and
Counsel
,
of
Courage
and
Piety
;
nay
,
I
may
say
,
a
kind
of
Divinity
,
enabling
the
Prince
to
foresee
Things
to
come
,
so
as
that
he
cannot
be
put
upon
either
in
what
he
sees
or
hears
[
](A58845-e189350-b)8
8
And
the
spirit
of
the
Lord
shall
rest
upon
him
,
the
spirit
of
wisdom
and
understanding
,
the
spirit
of
counsel
and
might
,
the
spirit
of
knowledge
,
and
of
the
fear
of
the
Lord
.
Isai.
11.
2.
.
Nevertheless
,
in
Time
of
Peace
,
some
fix'd
Place
of
Residence
seems
by
no
means
inconvenient
;
and
it
will
be
sufficient
,
by
going
a
Progress
round
each
Country
,
to
have
once
visited
his
States
.
Nor
indeed
are
any
Treasuries
capable
of
defraying
the
Expences
frequent
Removals
of
a
Court
will
require
;
nor
can
they
be
made
without
considerable
Detriment
to
the
Subject
,
without
disturbing
the
Order
of
Councils
and
Tribunals
,
and
retarding
the
Proceedings
of
Government
and
Justice
.
King
Philip
II.
throughout
his
whole
Reign
,
scarce
ever
went
a
step
out
of
Madrid
.
But
in
Occasions
of
War
,
it
appears
more
adviseable
for
the
Prince
to
be
himself
present
,
and
to
Head
his
Subjects
:
For
't
is
for
that
Reason
the
Scared
Writings
call
him
Shepherd
and
Captain
[
](A58845-e189420-b)9
9
And
I
will
set
up
shepherds
over
them
,
which
shall
feed
them
,
and
they
shall
fear
no
more
,
&c.
Jer.
23.
4.
.
Thus
God
,
commanding
Samuel
to
anoint
Saul
,
does
not
say
to
be
King
,
but
to
be
Captain
over
Israel
[
](A58845-e189470-b)10
10
And
thou
●●alt
anoint
him
to
be
a
Captain
over
my
people
I●rael
.
1
Sam.
9.
16.
:
intimating
that
this
was
his
principal
Office
;
and
in
effect
,
that
this
was
the
Practice
of
all
Kings
in
former
Ages
.
Upon
this
it
was
that
the
People
grounded
their
Petition
for
a
King
,
that
they
might
have
one
to
go
out
before
them
,
and
fight
their
Battels
[
](A58845-e189490-b)11
11
Rex
enim
Dux
erat
in
Bello
.
Arist.
l.
3.
Pol.
c.
11.
.
Nothing
encourages
Soldiers
more
in
War
,
than
their
Prince's
Presence
[
](A58845-e189510-b)12
12
Nay
,
but
we
will
have
a
King
over
us
;
That
we
also
may
be
like
all
the
●●tions
,
and
that
our
King
may
judge
us
,
and
go
out
before
us
,
and
●●ght
our
battels
,
1
Sam.
8.
19
,
20.
The
Lacedaemonians
thought
theirs
,
even
while
in
their
Cradles
,
had
the
same
Power
,
and
therefore
carry'd
them
,
in
their
Infancy
,
into
the
Field
.
Antigonus
,
the
Son
of
Demetrius
,
took
his
Presence
,
in
a
Sea-fight
,
to
be
equivalent
to
a
great
many
Ships
of
the
Enemy
[
](A58845-e189560-b)13
13
Mevero
,
inquit
,
praesentem
,
〈◊〉
multis
navibus
comparas
.
Plut.
in
Ep●ph
.
.
Alexander
the
Great
animated
his
Men
,
by
representing
to
them
,
that
he
first
exposed
himself
to
Dangers
.
When
the
Prince
,
in
such
a
case
,
is
upon
the
Place
,
great
Exploits
are
often
performed
,
which
no
one
,
in
his
absence
,
would
dare
to
undertake
:
Nor
is
there
need
to
wait
for
Orders
from
Court
,
whence
they
generally
come
too
late
,
after
the
Opportunity
is
gone
,
and
always
full
of
vain
Apprehensions
,
and
impracticable
Circumstances
;
a
Thing
we
have
often
experienc'd
in
Germany
,
not
without
great
Prejudice
of
the
Publick
.
There
's
nothing
kindles
Spirits
so
generously
,
nothing
that
inspires
such
Lofty
Thoughts
in
the
Minds
of
Soldiers
,
as
to
have
the
Prince
,
in
whose
Hand
is
Reward
,
an
Eye-witness
of
their
Bravery
[
](A58845-e189600-b)14
14
Ego
qui
nihil
〈◊〉
unquam
praecepi
,
quin
primus
me
periculis
obtulerim
,
qui
saepe
cive●
〈◊〉
cl●peo
texi
.
Curt.
l
8.
.
This
Argument
Hannibal
made
use
of
,
to
inflame
the
Courage
of
his
Men
;
There
's
none
of
you
,
said
he
,
whom
I
am
not
a
Witness
and
Spectator
of
,
and
cannot
too
,
in
convenient
Time
and
Place
,
requite
,
where
I
observe
Merit
[
](A58845-e189650-b)15
15
Nemo
vestrum
est
,
cujus
non
idem
ego
spectator
&
testis
,
notata
temporibus
locisque
referre
possim
decora
.
Liv.
Dec.
l.
2.
.
To
the
same
effect
,
Godfrey
thus
spoke
to
his
Men
:
Whose
Country
is
not
known
?
Whose
Noble
Blood
,
Whose
Courage
or
whose
Conduct
is
not
understood
?
[
](A58845-e189710-b)*
*
Tass.
Cant.
20.
Upon
this
account
,
it
will
not
be
convenient
for
the
Prince
to
intrust
his
Forces
with
a
General
;
which
is
so
certain
a
Danger
,
that
it
was
looked
upon
as
unsafe
for
Tiberius
to
put
his
into
the
Hands
even
of
his
Son
Germanicus
[
](A58845-e189750-b)16
16
In
cujus
manu
tot
legiones
,
immensa
sociorum
auxilia
,
mirus
apud
populum
favor
,
habere
imperium
quàm
expectare
mallet
.
Tac.
l.
4.
Annal.
.
And
this
takes
place
more
particularly
in
Civil
Insurrections
,
where
(
as
has
been
said
)
the
Princes
appearing
,
easily
dashes
the
Rebels
[
](A58845-e189770-b)17
17
Divus
Iulius
seditionem
exercitus
verbo
uno
compescuit
.
Quirites
●●cando
,
qui
sacramentum
ejus
detrectabant
.
Divus
Augustus
vultu
&
aspect●
Actiacas
legiones
exterruit
.
Tac.
l.
1.
Hist.
.
Notwithstanding
,
every
Motion
of
War
,
or
the
loss
of
any
small
Town
,
should
not
make
the
Prince
come
abroad
,
and
desert
the
Court
;
whence
Government
flows
to
all
the
other
Parts
,
as
Tiberius
well
observed
in
the
Troubles
of
Germany
[
](A58845-e189810-b)18
18
Neque
decorum
pri●cipibus
,
si
una
●lterave
civitas
,
omissa
urbe
,
unde
in
om●ia
regimen
.
Tac.
l.
3.
Annal.
:
He
,
at
another
time
,
hearing
himself
reviled
,
for
not
going
to
quiet
the
Hungarian
and
German
Legions
,
stood
unshaken
at
those
Murmurings
,
and
was
fix'd
not
to
abandon
the
Head
of
the
Monarchy
,
and
expose
that
and
himself
to
the
Chance
of
War
.
By
these
Reasons
were
they
led
,
who
persuaded
David
not
to
go
out
to
fight
against
the
Israelites
who
adhered
to
Absolom
,
saying
,
That
their
being
put
to
flight
,
or
cut
off
,
would
not
be
of
so
bad
consequence
,
as
if
he
should
fly
or
be
killed
in
his
own
Person
,
which
was
worth
Ten
Thousand
of
them
,
and
therefore
that
it
seemed
best
that
he
should
stay
behind
to
guard
the
City
:
Which
accordingly
he
did
[
](A58845-e189880-b)19
19
2
S●m.
18.
3
,
4.
.
So
if
the
War
be
made
to
revenge
an
Injury
or
Affront
,
Vindictam
mandâsse
sat
est
.
[
](A58845-e189900-b)*
*
Claud.
The
same
may
be
said
when
Arms
are
taken
up
for
Defence
only
,
and
there
be
no
evident
Danger
;
for
then
the
Prince
will
get
more
Credit
by
despising
it
,
and
leaving
it
to
a
General
.
So
if
the
War
be
waged
to
make
any
new
Conquests
,
it
will
be
thought
too
eager
Ambition
in
him
to
hazard
his
Person
,
and
be
greater
Prudence
to
try
his
Fortune
by
another
;
as
King
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
did
,
committing
the
Conquest
of
Naples
to
the
Great
Captain
,
and
that
of
the
Indies
to
Herman
Cortez
.
If
a
General
fall
,
it
is
easie
to
find
another
to
succeed
him
;
but
if
the
Prince
be
lost
,
all
is
lost
,
as
it
befell
King
S●bastian
.
The
Absence
of
Princes
from
their
Courts
is
very
dangerous
,
as
Spain
found
to
its
cost
,
in
that
of
the
Emperor
Charles
V.
Nor
should
a
Prince
venture
his
own
State
,
to
conquer
others
[
](A58845-e189990-b)20
20
Ne
nova
molire●ur
,
nisi
●ioribus
firmatis
.
Tac.
Annal.
l.
12.
The
same
Sun
(
whose
Figure
we
use
in
this
Device
)
never
visits
the
Poles
,
because
one
of
them
would
be
endanger'd
in
the
mean
time
:
—
Medium
non
des●rit
unquam
Coeli
Phoebus
iter
,
radiis
tamen
omnia
lustrat
.
[
](A58845-e190050-b)†
†
Claud.
Nature
has
given
the
Kings
of
the
Bees
Wings
,
but
those
very
small
,
lest
they
should
stray
too
far
from
their
Kingdoms
.
Let
the
Prince
go
to
those
Wars
only
whose
Seat
is
within
his
own
Dominions
,
or
that
threaten
him
with
evident
Danger
.
Hence
Mucianus
advised
the
Emperor
Domitian
to
stay
at
Lyons
in
France
,
and
not
stir
till
the
State
of
those
Provinces
,
or
the
Empire
it self
,
were
in
greater
danger
[
](A58845-e190100-b)21
21
Ipse
Lugduni
vim
fortunamque
Principatus
è
proximo
ostenta●●●
,
nec
parvis
periculis
mixtus
,
&
majoribus
non
defuturus
.
Tac.
Hist.
l.
4.
.
Nor
was
it
good
Counsel
which
Titianus
and
Proculus
gave
Otho
,
not
to
be
at
the
Battel
of
Bedriacum
,
upon
the
Issue
of
which
the
whole
Empire
depended
[
](A58845-e190160-b)22
22
Postquam
pugnari
placitum
,
interesse
pugnae
Imperatorem
,
an
se●●●
melius
foret
,
dubitavere
.
Paulino
&
Celso
non
adversantibus
,
ne
Pr●●cipem
objectare
periculis
viderentur
;
iidem
illi
deterioris
consilii
perpul●●●
,
ut
Brixellum
conderet
,
ac
dubiis
praeliorum
exemptus
,
summae
rerum
&
●●perii
seipsum
reservaret
.
Tac.
Hist.
l.
2.
.
The
Arch-Duke
Leopold
shews
much
more
Courage
and
Prudence
,
who
though
he
sees
himself
assaulted
at
Salefeld
,
by
the
Joint-Forces
of
his
Enemies
,
much
superiour
to
his
,
yet
undervalues
his
Personal
Dangers
,
and
always
maintains
a
general
Constancy
,
well
knowing
the
Safety
of
the
Empire
and
House
of
Austria
to
consist
in
this
Event
;
and
so
is
the
foremost
in
the
Perils
and
Fatigues
of
War
.
—
Monstrat
tolerare
labores
,
Non
jubet
—
[
](A58845-e190240-b)*
*
Lucan
.
But
even
in
these
Cases
too
,
it
is
necessary
to
examine
the
Condition
of
the
War
,
whether
the
Prince
,
by
absenting
himself
,
will
not
leave
his
State
in
greater
danger
,
either
from
within
or
abroad
;
if
he
shall
not
hazard
his
Succession
;
whether
he
have
Courage
enough
,
and
be
capable
of
Arms
,
and
have
an
Inclination
to
them
:
For
if
he
want
but
any
one
of
these
Qualities
,
he
will
do
more
by
putting
his
Power
and
Forces
into
another
Hand
;
as
we
see
in
the
Loadstone
,
which
by
touching
the
Iron
,
and
communicating
its
Virtue
to
it
,
lifts
up
a
greater
Weight
than
it
could
do
by
it self
.
But
if
the
Necessity
be
great
,
it
will
suffice
,
if
the
Prince
be
hard
by
,
to
Influence
his
Army
,
staying
in
some
Place
,
whence
he
may
readily
Consult
,
Resolve
,
and
give
Orders
:
This
was
the
Emperor
Leopold's
way
,
who
removed
sometimes
to
Aquileia
,
sometimes
to
Ravenna
or
Milan
,
to
be
near
the
Wars
of
Hungary
and
Germany
EMBLEM
LXXXVII
.
PRudence
is
not
always
fortunate
,
nor
Temerity
always
unhappy
:
—
Quisquis
sapit
celeriter
,
non
tuto
sapit
.
It
is
however
good
for
fiery
Tempers
to
follow
the
first
impetus
of
Nature
,
because
by
delay
they
cool
insensibly
,
and
can
never
determine
themselves
;
nor
has
it
usually
an
ill
End
(
in
War
particularly
)
to
let
themselves
be
l●d
by
that
secret
Force
of
Second
Causes
,
which
if
it
does
not
compell
,
at
least
moves
them
so
,
that
with
it
they
seldom
miscarry
.
Some
Divine
Genius
favours
Daring
Actions
.
Scipio
passes
the
Sea
into
Africa
,
and
freely
trusts
himself
to
the
Punick
Faith
of
Syphax
,
with
apparent
Risque
of
his
Life
,
and
the
Publick
Safety
of
Rome
:
Julius
Caesar
in
a
small
Bark
abandons
himself
to
the
Fury
of
the
Adriatick
;
and
both
succeed
in
their
Ras●ness
.
It
is
impossible
for
all
things
to
be
provided
against
by
Prudence
;
nor
would
any
thing
great
be
attempted
,
if
that
should
stand
to
consult
all
Casualties
and
Hazards
.
Cardinal
Gaspar
Borgia
enter'd
Naples
in
Disguise
,
upon
hearing
of
the
Sedition
between
the
Commons
and
Nobility
:
The
Danger
was
great
;
and
when
some
of
the
Nobility
proposed
several
ways
for
him
to
secure
himself
,
he
answer'd
,
with
a
p●esence
of
Mind
truly
generous
,
It
is
not
now
a
Time
for
Deliberation
,
something
must
be
allow'd
to
Chance
[
](A58845-e190470-b)1
1
Nullum
nunc
in
is●a
occaaione
deliberandi
tempus
est
,
aliquid
〈◊〉
permittendum
.
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
l.
12.
c.
19.
.
If
after
the
Success
of
great
Enterprizes
,
we
should
look
back
upon
all
the
Dangers
that
attended
them
,
we
should
scarce
venture
on
them
again
.
Iames
,
King
of
Arragon
,
was
so
adventurous
,
as
to
sit
down
before
Valencia
with
only
a
Thousand
Foot
,
and
Three
hundred
and
sixty
Horse
:
And
though
this
Undertaking
was
look'd
on
by
all
Men
as
rash
,
nay
,
impossible
,
yet
the
Town
surrender'd
.
Bold
Counsels
are
commonly
judged
by
the
Event
;
if
they
succeed
,
they
are
commended
for
Prudent
[
](A58845-e190520-b)2
2
Fortuna
in
sapient●●●
cessit
.
Tac
▪
de
Mor.
Germ.
,
and
those
Persons
blamed
who
gave
safer
Advice
.
No
Judgment
can
either
in
Precipitation
,
or
when
it
acts
calmly
,
sufficiently
provide
for
it self
,
in
that
Affairs
depend
upon
Contingencies
,
which
are
uncertain
even
to
the
most
wary
Foresight
.
Sometimes
Rashness
comes
before
Occasion
,
and
Moderation
follows
it
;
sometimes
this
slides
swiftly
between
them
,
nor
has
it
any
Hair
behind
to
be
held
by
.
All
things
depend
on
that
Eternal
Providence
,
which
efficaciously
moves
us
to
act
,
when
the
Disposition
of
it
,
and
the
Accomplishing
of
its
Divine
Decrees
so
require
;
and
then
Fool-hardy
Counsels
are
Prudence
,
and
Errors
the
highest
Reason
.
When
Providence
would
pull
down
the
Pride
of
a
Monarchy
,
lest
,
like
the
Tower
of
Babel
,
it
should
attempt
to
reach
Heaven
,
it
confounds
the
Designs
and
Languages
of
its
Ministers
,
that
they
may
disagree
;
so
that
if
one
asks
for
Lime
,
another
either
does
not
understand
what
he
means
,
or
else
offers
him
Sand.
In
the
Untimely
Death
of
those
who
are
invested
with
Supreme
Government
,
its
end
is
not
to
cut
their
Thread
of
Life
,
but
to
throw
down
that
Grandeur
.
The
Holy
Spirit
,
mentioning
David's
Victory
over
Goliah
,
says
not
that
his
Body
,
but
that
his
Boasting
was
beat
down
with
the
Stone
[
](A58845-e190590-b)3
3
When
he
lift
up
his
hand
with
the
stone
in
his
sling
,
and
beat
down
the
boasting
Goliah
Eccles.
47.
4.
.
So
if
,
on
the
other
side
,
it
has
decreed
to
Exalt
a
Monarchy
,
it
creates
in
that
Age
brave
Commanders
,
and
wise
Councellors
,
or
causes
them
to
be
made
choice
of
,
and
gives
them
occasion
of
exerting
their
Valour
,
and
giving
Proof
of
their
Wisdom
,
by
which
two
more
is
done
than
by
the
Arm
and
Sword
[
](A58845-e190610-b)4
4
Pleraque
in
summa
●●●una
,
auspiciis
&
consiliis
potius
quam
telis
ac
manibus
geruntur
.
Tac.
Annal.
l.
3.
.
Bees
then
swarm
into
Helmets
,
and
Weapons
grow
,
as
that
Hunting
Spear
of
Romulus
did
,
upon
Mount
Palatine
,
and
erected
at
a
Wild
Boar.
The
very
missing
of
the
Blow
of
this
Founder
of
the
Roman
Monarchy
was
fortunate
,
being
a
kind
of
Prognostick
of
it
.
Which
shews
,
that
it
is
not
always
Courage
or
Prudence
that
raises
and
supports
Monarchies
,
(
though
they
are
generally
the
Instruments
)
but
that
Superior
Impulse
which
moves
all
Causes
together
,
for
their
Encrease
or
Preservation
;
and
then
even
Chance
,
directed
by
that
Eternal
Mind
,
effects
what
Prudence
could
not
so
much
as
have
imagined
before
.
When
Germany
Revolted
,
and
the
Roman
Affairs
were
extremely
desperate
,
the
Fortune
of
this
Nation
,
as
it
had
often
upon
other
Occasions
,
came
to
its
Assistance
out
of
the
East
[
](A58845-e190690-b)5
5
Affuit
ut
saepe
aliàs
fortuna
populi
Romani
〈◊〉
Oriente
.
Tac.
Hist.
l.
3.
.
If
the
Valour
and
Conduct
of
any
Hero
be
ordained
to
these
ends
,
no
other
Person
,
though
never
so
Brave
,
and
truly
Great
,
can
deprive
him
of
the
Glory
of
obtaining
them
.
Could
there
be
a
finer
Soldier
than
D'Aubigny
?
Yet
he
was
unsuccessful
,
having
to
deal
with
the
Great
Captain
,
who
was
Destined
to
Establish
the
Spanish
Monarchy
in
Italy
:
God
so
disposing
(
as
he
did
in
favour
of
the
[
](A58845-e190750-b)6
6
Struebat
jam
fortuna
,
in
diversa
parte
terrarum
,
initia
causasque
imperio
.
Tac.
Hist.
l.
2.
Roman
Empire
)
its
Beginnings
and
Causes
,
by
the
means
chiefly
of
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
,
who
,
by
his
Prudence
and
Skill
in
Government
,
laid
the
Foundations
of
that
Monarchy
,
and
by
his
Valour
erected
and
enlarg'd
it
;
being
so
careful
and
vigilant
to
encrease
it
,
that
he
neglected
no
Occasion
which
offer'd
it self
;
nay
,
of
himself
,
found
all
that
Humane
Judgment
is
capable
of
:
Lastly
,
so
strenuous
in
the
prosecution
of
them
,
that
he
was
always
the
first
in
Danger
and
Fatigue
;
and
as
Imitation
is
abundantly
more
easie
to
Mankind
than
Obedience
,
he
made
it
his
business
to
Command
more
by
his
Actions
than
Orders
.
But
because
so
great
a
Fabrick
required
Workmen
,
that
Age
(
fertile
in
Great
Persons
)
produced
Columbus
,
Herman
Cortez
,
the
two
Brothers
Francis
and
Ferdinand
Pizarro
,
Antony
de
Liba
,
Fabritius
,
and
Prosper
Colonna
,
Raimond
de
Cardona
,
the
Marquesses
of
Pescara
and
Basto
,
and
many
other
Hero
's
so
illustrious
,
that
a
whole
Age
now
scarce
brings
forth
one
such
.
To
that
end
,
God
then
prolonged
their
Lives
;
whereas
now
,
not
Mars's
Fury
,
but
some
lingring
Fever
,
carries
them
off
before
their
time
.
Within
how
few
Years
has
untimely
Death
depriv'd
us
of
Peter
of
Toledo
,
Lewis
Tajardo
,
Frederick
of
Toledo
,
the
Marquess
Spinola
,
Gonsalez
of
Cordova
,
the
Duke
de
Feria
,
the
Marquess
d'Aytona
,
the
Duke
of
Lerma
,
John
Fajardo
,
the
Marquess
de
Zelada
,
the
Count
de
la
Fere
,
and
the
Marquess
de
Fuentes
,
all
Persons
no
less
considerable
for
the
glorious
Actions
they
did
,
than
those
which
all
the
World
still
expected
from
them
?
How
Profound
and
Inscrutable
is
the
Providence
of
this
Eternal
Deity
!
Who
would
not
from
hence
inferr
the
Decay
of
the
Spanish
Monarchy
?
as
in
the
Emperor
Claudius's
time
,
the
Death
of
so
many
Magistrates
,
as
a
Quaestor
,
Aedile
,
Tribune
,
Praetor
,
and
a
Consul
,
in
a
few
Month's
time
,
was
look'd
on
as
a
Prodigy
portending
some
Evil
[
](A58845-e190990-b)7
7
Numerabatur
inter
osfenta
,
diminutu
:
omnium
magistratuum
numerus
,
Quaestors
,
Aedile
,
Tribu●o
,
ac
Praetore
&
Consule
,
paucos
intra
menses
defunctis
.
Tac.
Annal.
l.
12
,
,
unless
he
consider'd
,
that
these
Instruments
are
taken
away
,
to
let
all
Men
see
,
it
is
by
Divine
Grace
,
rather
than
Humane
Strength
,
is
upheld
that
Power
,
the
Pillar
and
Support
of
Christian
Commonwealths
.
It
is
this
First
Mover
of
the
Universe
that
disposes
these
interchangeable
Alterations
of
Things
,
these
Revolutions
of
Empires
.
One
Age
raises
up
great
Men
in
a
Country
,
improves
Arts
,
and
makes
Arms
flourish
;
and
the
succeeding
immediately
overturns
and
confounds
all
,
without
leaving
so
much
as
the
Traces
of
the
Vertue
and
Valour
which
were
an
Ornament
to
those
of
the
past
.
What
great
,
what
secret
Force
on
Things
,
nay
,
even
on
Minds
,
is
conceal'd
in
those
Second
Causes
of
the
Heavenly
Spheres
?
It
is
not
by
meer
Accident
that
those
Superior
Lights
are
so
different
one
from
another
,
some
having
a
Fix'd
Place
,
others
Wandring
;
and
since
this
Disorder
and
Irregularity
gives
no
additional
Beauty
,
it
is
a
sign
at
least
they
contribute
to
Operations
and
Effects
.
O
vast
Volume
!
in
the
Leaves
of
which
,
God
,
the
Contriver
and
Maker
of
all
Things
(
yet
without
laying
any
Obligation
upon
his
own
Power
,
or
[
](A58845-e191010-b)8
8
Etiam
merito
accidisse
videtur
,
&
casus
in
culpam
transit
.
Velleius
.
Man's
Will
)
has
wrote
their
Changes
and
Vicissitudes
in
Characters
of
Light
,
for
the
Glory
of
his
Eternal
Wisdom
,
which
past
Ages
have
,
the
present
do
,
and
those
to
come
will
for
ever
read
!
Greece
was
heretofore
flourishing
both
in
Arms
and
Arts
;
it
left
Rome
enough
to
learn
,
but
little
to
invent
;
but
now
it
lies
buried
in
the
Depth
of
Ignorance
and
Degeneracy
.
The
Wits
in
Augustus's
time
exceeded
even
Expectation
,
but
under
Nero
they
began
to
flag
,
so
that
all
the
Pains
and
Industry
in
the
World
was
not
sufficient
to
save
the
Arts
and
Sciences
from
Destruction
.
Unhappy
are
those
great
Genius's
who
come
into
the
World
when
Monarchies
are
declining
,
in
that
they
either
are
not
employed
,
or
if
they
be
,
cannot
withstand
the
weight
of
their
Ruine
,
or
perhaps
miserably
fall
with
them
,
without
Honour
or
Renown
;
nay
,
sometimes
their
Fate
seems
deserved
,
and
they
are
blamed
for
what
was
the
effect
of
Chance
[
](A58845-e191070-b)9
9
Cuj●scunque
fortunam
mutare
constituit
,
consilia
corrumpit
.
Velleius
.
.
God
lays
no
Constraint
upon
Free-Will
;
but
yet
either
the
course
of
Causes
draws
it
on
,
or
,
for
want
of
that
Divine
Light
,
it
stumbles
of
it self
,
and
its
Designs
are
overthrown
or
executed
too
late
.
Princes
and
Councellors
are
the
Eyes
of
Kingdoms
;
and
when
God
Almighty
determines
the
overthrow
of
these
,
he
blinds
them
,
that
they
may
neither
see
Dangers
,
nor
know
their
Remedies
[
](A58845-e191090-b)10
10
For
the
Lord
hath
poured
forth
upon
you
the
spirit
of
deep
sleep
,
and
hath
closed
your
eyes
;
the
prophets
,
and
the
rulers
,
and
the
seers
hath
he
covered
.
Isai
29.
10.
.
That
which
they
think
to
succeed
most
by
,
leads
them
most
into
Miscarriages
:
They
see
Accidents
,
but
do
not
prevent
,
but
rather
,
as
much
as
in
them
lies
,
forward
them
.
A
Dangerous
Instance
of
this
Truth
we
have
in
the
Swiss-Cantons
,
ever
so
prudent
and
stout
in
defending
their
Country
and
Liberty
,
but
now
so
negligent
and
supine
,
that
themselves
are
the
Cause
of
the
Ruine
that
threatens
them
.
The
First
Author
of
Monarchies
had
situated
their
Republick
between
the
Outworks
of
the
Alpes
and
the
Rhine
,
and
environ'd
it
with
the
Countries
of
Alsace
,
Lorrain
,
and
Burgundy
,
against
the
Power
of
France
,
and
other
Princes
;
and
when
they
were
farthest
from
the
Fire
of
War
,
in
the
Fruition
of
a
happy
and
desired
Peace
,
they
of
themselves
called
and
encouraged
One
upon
their
own
Borders
,
standing
by
and
seeing
the
Ruine
of
those
Provinces
,
redounding
afterwards
to
their
own
Prejudice
,
they
not
considering
the
Danger
of
a
neighbouring
Power
,
superiour
in
Strength
,
and
whose
Fortune
must
of
necessity
be
raised
out
of
their
Ashes
.
May
I
be
deceived
,
but
I
fear
this
Body
of
the
Switzers
is
already
at
its
full
growth
,
and
that
it
will
begin
to
decay
,
when
those
Spirits
and
Forces
are
spent
which
supported
its
Reputation
and
Grandeur
.
Empires
,
't
is
certain
,
have
their
Periods
:
That
which
has
endured
longest
,
is
nearest
its
Ruine
.
EMBLEM
LXXXVIII
.
WHat
strange
Force
has
the
Loadstone
,
to
produce
such
Wonderful
Effects
?
What
so
Amorous
Correspondence
with
the
Polar
Star
,
that
although
because
of
its
Weight
it
cannot
always
gaze
on
its
Beauty
,
yet
the
Needles
it
touches
should
?
What
Resemblance
can
there
be
betwixt
these
two
?
What
so
great
Virtue
,
that
is
not
lost
at
so
wide
and
remote
Distances
?
And
why
does
it
encline
to
that
Star
or
Point
of
Heaven
,
rather
than
to
any
other
?
Were
not
the
Experience
common
,
Ignorance
would
be
apt
to
impute
it
to
Magick
,
as
it
does
all
other
Extraordinary
Effects
of
Nature
,
when
it
cannot
penetrate
the
Obscurity
of
its
Operations
.
Nor
is
the
Loadstone
less
admirable
in
that
other
Virtue
of
Attracting
and
Lifting
up
Iron
,
against
its
Innate
Gravity
;
nay
,
even
this
,
carried
by
a
kind
of
Natural
Tendency
to
obey
that
Superior
Power
,
closes
with
it
,
and
does
voluntarily
,
what
,
one
would
think
,
could
not
but
be
violent
.
How
much
were
it
to
be
wish'd
that
the
Prince
would
,
by
this
Example
,
learn
to
know
that
concourse
of
Causes
,
which
(
as
hath
been
said
)
sets
up
or
pulls
down
Empires
,
and
how
to
carry
himself
therein
,
so
as
not
to
encrease
their
Force
by
a
too
obstinate
Opposition
,
nor
by
a
too
easie
Yielding
to
facilitate
their
Effects
,
it
being
with
this
Series
and
Connexion
of
Causes
moved
by
the
First
Cause
,
as
with
a
River
[
](A58845-e191230-b)1
1
Fluminum
instabili●
natura
,
simul
ostendere●
omnia
〈◊〉
Tac.
Annal.
l.
6.
,
which
while
it
streams
in
its
ordinary
Current
,
is
easily
parted
into
several
Branches
,
or
,
by
Banks
cast
up
,
turned
this
or
that
way
,
and
suffers
Bridges
to
be
made
over
it
;
but
when
swelled
by
continual
Rains
,
or
melting
Snows
,
admits
of
no
Resistance
;
and
for
any
one
to
contend
with
it
,
does
but
augment
its
Force
,
and
put
it
in
a
condition
to
carry
all
before
it
.
Hence
the
Holy
Spirit
admonishes
us
not
to
strive
against
the
Stream
[
](A58845-e191250-b)2
2
Eccles.
4.
32.
.
Patience
surmounts
that
Violence
,
which
in
a
moment
loses
both
its
Power
and
Being
.
Upon
which
account
it
was
look'd
on
as
an
ill
Omen
to
the
War
of
Vitellius
,
in
the
East
,
that
Euphrates
overflowed
,
and
bubbled
into
a
kind
of
Frothy
Crowns
,
by
those
who
consider'd
how
Transitory
these
were
.
When
therefore
many
Causes
conspiring
together
,
attend
the
Victories
of
a●
Enemy
,
and
open
an
happy
Way
to
his
Military
Expeditions
,
it
will
be
great
Prudence
to
allow
them
Time
to
disperse
sensibly
of
themselves
,
not
that
they
lay
any
necessity
upon
the
Freedom
of
the
Will
,
but
because
this
Freedom
has
power
only
over
the
Motions
of
the
Mind
and
Body
,
not
over
those
External
Things
:
It
may
indeed
give
way
to
Accidents
,
but
cannot
avoid
being
overwhelmed
by
them
.
Constancy
in
Expecting
,
is
infinitely
more
valuable
than
Valour
in
Fighting
.
This
Fabius
Maximus
well
knew
;
and
therefore
let
that
Torrent
of
Hannibal
run
by
,
till
having
by
long
Delays
weakened
,
he
at
length
surmounted
it
,
and
saved
the
Roman
State
.
Successes
get
strength
from
one
another
;
and
by
the
Reputation
Opinion
gives
them
,
suddenly
encrease
to
that
degree
,
that
no
Power
is
able
to
grapple
with
them
.
The
Spanish
Monarchy
render'd
Charles
V.
Fortunate
and
Glorious
;
and
he
,
by
his
Prudence
,
Courage
and
Vigilance
,
made
the
Empire
happy
.
Which
eminent
Qualities
were
followed
by
the
general
Acclamations
and
Applause
of
all
Nations
.
All
Men
joined
with
his
Fortune
;
and
the
French
King
,
Francis
I.
emulous
of
so
great
Splendour
,
striving
to
eclipse
it
,
lost
his
own
Liberty
.
What
Terrors
does
Lightning
strike
us
with
,
when
it
breaks
out
of
the
Clouds
!
Then
first
exerting
its
Force
when
it
meets
with
Resistance
;
without
that
,
vanishing
into
Air.
Such
was
that
Thunderbolt
raised
out
of
the
Exhalations
of
the
North
;
within
a
few
Days
it
triumphed
over
the
Empire
,
and
struck
almost
the
whole
World
with
Terrour
:
And
yet
one
leaden
Bullet
piercing
it
,
made
it
presently
disappear
.
There
is
nothing
so
frail
and
uncertain
as
the
Fame
of
a
Power
that
stands
not
upon
its
own
Bottom
[
](A58845-e191380-b)3
3
Nihil
rerum
mortalium
tam
instabile
ac
fluxum
,
quam
fama
potentiae
non
suî
vi
nixae
.
Tac.
Annal.
l.
13.
.
All
those
Efforts
of
several
Causes
concurring
,
are
very
brittle
,
in
that
they
hinder
each
other
;
and
are
subject
not
only
to
various
Accidents
,
but
to
Time
also
,
which
by
degrees
brings
their
Effects
to
Nothing
.
Many
Wars
,
hot
and
impetuous
at
the
first
,
vanish
by
Delay
[
](A58845-e191400-b)4
4
Multa
bella
impetu
valida
per
t●edia
&
moras
evanuisse
.
Tac.
.
He
who
can
but
a
little
while
bear
up
against
the
Forces
of
Confederate
Enemies
,
certainly
gets
the
better
of
them
at
last
:
For
as
they
are
many
,
they
have
different
Causes
,
different
Interests
and
Designs
;
and
if
they
happen
to
disagree
in
any
one
thing
,
part
and
leave
one
another
.
There
was
never
a
greater
League
than
that
of
Cambray
against
the
Republick
of
Venice
,
yet
the
Resolution
and
Prudence
of
this
Valiant
Senate
soon
broke
it
.
All
things
in
the
World
arrive
to
a
certain
Period
;
after
which
,
they
decline
again
.
Were
that
Critical
Minute
known
,
it
would
be
easie
to
overcome
them
[
](A58845-e191440-b)5
5
Opportunos
magnis
conatibus
transitus
rerum
.
Tacit.
Hist.
l.
1.
.
'T
is
for
want
of
this
Knowledge
,
which
sometimes
consists
in
the
least
Delay
imaginable
,
that
we
sink
under
Accidents
.
Our
Impatience
or
Ignorance
aggravates
them
,
in
that
often
,
not
sensible
of
their
Force
,
we
voluntarily
submit
to
them
,
or
else
perhaps
promote
them
by
the
violence
of
those
very
Means
we
take
to
shun
them
.
God
had
undertaken
the
Grandeur
of
Cosmo
de
Medicis
;
and
they
who
strove
to
put
a
stop
to
it
,
by
Banishing
him
from
the
Republick
of
Venice
,
were
the
Instruments
of
making
him
Master
of
it
.
Nicholas
Vzanus
observ'd
,
with
much
greater
Prudence
,
the
Torrent
of
that
Fortune
;
and
lest
it
should
encrease
by
Opposition
,
thought
it
most
advisable
(
as
long
as
he
lived
)
to
give
him
no
Occasion
of
Displeasure
;
but
with
his
Death
the
Consideration
of
such
discreet
Counsel
fell
.
Nor
is
it
possible
for
the
greater
Force
of
such
like
Cases
to
be
concealed
;
forasmuch
as
all
things
conspire
to
their
Success
,
though
they
appear
,
at
first
sight
,
directly
contrary
to
that
end
.
And
therefore
it
is
then
best
to
Endure
what
you
cannot
Mend
;
and
quietly
to
conform
to
God
,
by
whose
Appointment
all
Things
come
to
pass
[
](A58845-e191490-b)6
6
Optimum
est
pati
quod
emenda●re
non
possis
,
&
Deum
,
quo
Authore
●uncta
eveniunt
,
sine
murmure
●omitari
.
Sen.
Ep.
.
The
Iron
should
not
obey
the
Loadstone
more
readily
,
than
we
the
Divine
Pleasure
.
He
comes
to
less
Harm
who
lets
himself
be
carried
down
by
the
Stream
,
than
he
that
struggles
against
it
.
It
is
a
foolish
Presumption
,
to
think
to
overthrow
the
Decrees
of
the
Almighty
.
The
Predictions
of
the
Statue
with
Feet
of
Clay
,
in
Nebuchadnezzar's
Dream
,
was
never
the
less
certain
,
for
his
making
another
of
Gold
,
and
commanding
it
to
be
worshipped
[
](A58845-e191520-b)7
7
Dan.
3.
1.
.
However
,
this
Resignation
of
our
Will
to
the
Divine
must
not
be
so
Brutish
,
as
that
we
should
believe
all
Things
were
so
Ordain'd
from
Eternity
,
that
nothing
can
be
Improv'd
by
our
Diligence
and
Conduct
;
for
this
would
be
the
very
Weakness
of
Mind
which
had
given
occasion
to
that
Divine
Decree
:
We
are
to
Act
as
if
all
depended
on
our
Will
,
for
God
makes
use
of
our Selves
to
bring
us
to
Happiness
or
Misery
[
](A58845-e191530-b)8
8
Eccles.
10.
5.
.
We
make
a
part
of
the
Creation
,
and
that
no
small
one
;
and
though
Things
were
set
in
order
without
us
,
yet
they
were
not
made
without
us
.
'T
is
true
,
we
cannot
break
that
Web
of
Events
wrought
on
the
Loom
of
Eternity
,
but
we
might
very
well
concurr
to
the
weaving
of
it
.
The
same
that
ranged
the
Causes
foresaw
their
Effects
,
and
permitted
their
Course
,
yet
so
that
it
should
be
still
at
his
Command
.
He
has
saved
from
Danger
whom
he
thought
fit
;
and
left
others
in
it
,
by
abandoning
them
to
their
liberty
:
If
the
first
was
an
Effect
of
his
Mercy
,
or
our
Merit
,
this
is
of
his
Justice
.
Our
Will
involved
in
the
Ruine
of
Accidents
,
falls
with
them
;
and
as
this
most
Wise
Contriver
of
the
Universe
is
the
Supreme
and
Absolute
Arbitrator
,
he
might
break
his
Vessels
as
he
pleased
,
and
make
one
to
Honour
,
another
to
Dishonour
[
](A58845-e191540-b)9
9
Rom.
9.
21.
.
In
the
Eternal
Disposal
of
Empires
,
their
Progresses
,
Revolutions
,
or
Ruines
;
that
Sovereign
Governor
of
the
Orbs
had
always
present
in
his
Mind
our
Valour
and
Vertue
,
our
Negligence
,
Impudence
,
and
Tyranny
:
And
upon
this
Prescience
it
was
,
that
he
disposed
the
Eternal
Order
of
Things
,
in
conformity
to
the
Motion
and
Execution
of
our
Choice
,
without
the
least
Violence
done
to
the
same
.
For
as
he
lays
no
Constraint
upon
our
Free
Will
,
who
discovers
its
Operations
by
Reasoning
;
so
neither
does
the
Supreme
Being
,
who
by
his
Immense
Wisdom
foresaw
them
long
ago
.
He
forced
not
our
Will
in
the
Alterations
of
Empires
;
but
rather
altered
Empires
,
because
our
Wills
freely
and
deliberately
deviated
from
Justice
.
The
Cruelty
exercised
by
King
Peter
was
the
cause
of
his
Brother
Henry's
succeeding
him
;
not
,
on
the
contrary
,
this
the
Occasion
of
that
.
For
the
Mind
has
more
Power
than
any
Fortune
,
turns
its
Affairs
which
way
it
pleases
,
and
is
the
sole
Cause
of
a
Happy
or
Miserable
Life
[
](A58845-e191570-b)10
10
Valentior
enim
omni
fortuna
animus
est
,
in
utramque
partem
res
suas
ducit
.
Sen.
Epist.
98.
.
To
expect
Fortune
from
Chance
,
is
Heartlesness
;
to
think
it
prescribed
and
already
determined
,
Desperation
.
At
this
rate
,
Vertue
would
be
useless
,
and
Vice
excusable
by
Compulsion
.
Let
your
Highness
but
look
upon
your
Glorious
Ancestors
,
who
have
raised
the
Greatness
of
this
Monarchy
,
and
I
am
assured
you
will
see
,
it
was
not
Chance
that
Crowned
them
,
but
Vertue
,
Courage
,
and
Fatigues
,
and
that
it
has
been
supported
by
the
same
Means
,
by
their
Descendants
,
to
whom
an
equal
Glory
is
due
;
he
no
less
contributing
to
the
Fabrick
of
his
Fortune
who
maintains
it
,
than
he
that
at
first
raised
it
.
'T
is
a
thing
equally
difficult
to
get
,
and
easie
to
lose
.
One
Hour's
Imprudence
ruines
what
cost
many
Years
to
acquire
.
By
Labour
and
Vigilance
alone
is
procured
God's
Assistance
,
and
the
Grandeur
of
Princes
is
deriv'd
from
Eternity
[
](A58845-e191590-b)11
11
Non
enim
votis
,
neque
supplici●●
muliebribus
auxilia
Deorum
parantur
;
vigilando
,
agendo
,
prosperè
omni●
cedunt
.
Sallust
.
.
EMBLEM
LXXXIX
.
THE
smallest
things
encrease
by
Concord
;
by
Discord
the
greatest
fall
to
the
ground
.
Those
which
being
divided
,
were
weak
and
impotent
;
when
united
,
resist
any
Force
whatever
[
](A58845-e191650-b)1
1
A
three-fold
cord
is
not
quickly
broken
.
.
What
Arm
can
pull
off
a
Horse's
Main
when
the
Hairs
are
not
parted
,
or
break
a
Bundle
of
Arrows
?
And
yet
either
of
these
,
of
it self
,
is
unable
to
withstand
the
least
Violence
.
By
these
Emblems
,
Sertorius
,
and
Scilurus
the
Scythian
,
express'd
the
Force
of
Concord
,
which
of
many
distinct
Parts
makes
one
united
and
consequently
strong
Body
.
Care
of
the
Publick
Repose
has
raised
the
Walls
of
Cities
so
much
above
the
reach
of
Men
,
that
they
might
not
scale
them
;
but
however
,
many
Soldiers
at
once
closing
their
Shields
,
and
mutually
joining
and
agreeing
to
lift
one
another
up
,
have
got
above
their
Battlements
,
and
stormed
them
.
All
the
Works
of
Nature
are
preserved
by
Amity
and
Concord
;
and
when
this
fails
,
they
decay
and
die
:
The
cause
of
Death
being
no
other
than
a
Discord
of
the
Part
,
whereon
Life
depends
.
The
very
same
happens
in
Commonwealths
;
as
common
Consent
made
them
a
Society
,
so
a
Dissention
between
the
greatest
or
most
powerful
part
dissolves
again
and
dissociates
,
or
else
new
models
them
.
That
City
,
which
by
Concord
was
but
one
,
without
it
becomes
two
,
nay
,
sometimes
three
or
four
,
for
want
of
that
Body
of
Love
whereby
its
Inhabitants
made
one
Body
.
This
Division
engenders
Hatred
,
whence
Revenge
arises
,
and
from
that
a
disrespect
of
Laws
;
without
the
Authority
of
which
,
Justice
loses
its
force
;
and
where
that
fails
,
Arms
are
taken
up
;
and
a
Civil
War
breaking
out
,
the
Order
of
the
State
,
which
wholly
consists
in
Unity
,
is
confounded
[
](A58845-e191690-b)2
2
Wisdom
18.
9.
.
The
Bees
no
sooner
fall
out
,
but
their
Commonwealth
is
destroyed
.
The
Ancients
,
to
represent
Discord
,
painted
a
Woman
tearing
her
Cloaths
.
Et
scissâ
gaudens
vadit
discordia
pallâ
.
[
](A58845-e191730-b)*
*
Virg
Now
if
it
has
the
same
effect
between
Citizens
,
how
will
they
be
able
to
unite
for
their
Common
Defence
and
Interest
?
How
will
they
have
God
on
their
side
,
who
is
Peace
it self
,
and
so
great
a
Lover
of
it
,
that
(
as
Iob
says
)
with
it
he
maintains
his
Heavenly
Monarchy
[
](A58845-e191760-b)3
3
He
maketh
peace
in
high-places
.
.
Plato
used
to
say
,
Nothing
was
so
pernicious
to
Commonwealths
as
Division
.
Concord
is
the
Ornament
of
a
City
,
its
Walls
and
Guard
;
even
Malice
it self
cannot
stand
long
without
it
.
Domestick
Dissentions
are
so
many
Victories
for
the
Enemy
[
](A58845-e191790-b)4
4
Nostris
illi
dissentionibus
,
&
discordiis
clari
,
vitia
●ostium
in
gloria●
exercitus
sui
vertunt
.
Tac.
in
Vit.
Ag●ic
.
;
as
those
of
the
Britains
,
Galgacus
said
,
were
to
the
Romans
[
](A58845-e191830-b)5
5
Conversis
ad
civile
bellum
animis
,
externa
sine
cura
●abentur
.
Tac.
Hist.
l.
1.
.
But
notwithstanding
these
and
other
Reasons
,
some
Politicians
assert
,
That
it
is
necessary
,
for
the
Preservation
of
a
State
,
to
sow
Discords
among
the
People
;
and
to
this
end
,
alledges
,
for
an
Example
,
the
Bees
,
in
whose
Hives
is
always
heard
a
kind
of
Murmurring
and
Dissention
.
But
,
alas
,
this
is
so
far
from
strengthning
,
that
it
rather
overthrows
their
Opinion
;
for
that
Humming
is
not
a
Dissonance
,
as
I
may
say
,
of
Wills
,
but
a
Harmony
of
Voices
,
whereby
these
Creatures
,
as
it
were
,
encourage
and
stir
up
each
other
to
the
Labours
of
making
Honey
,
as
Mariners
do
when
they
Hoise
Sail.
Nor
is
the
Argument
drawn
from
the
contrariety
of
the
four
Humours
in
living
Bodies
,
of
any
force
;
for
't
is
rather
from
this
Conflict
of
theirs
that
proceed
Diseases
,
and
Shortness
of
Life
,
that
which
is
Prdominant
at
last
getting
the
Victory
.
Hence
Vegetables
,
because
without
that
contrariety
,
endure
longer
.
What
differs
from
,
and
is
at
variance
with
it self
,
must
of
necessity
suffer
;
and
what
suffers
,
can
never
be
lasting
.
Who
,
when
a
Republick
is
divided
,
can
keep
the
Flame
of
Dissentions
within
certain
Bounds
?
Who
will
afterwards
quench
it
,
when
All
are
involved
in
them
?
The
more
Powerful
Faction
will
now
oppress
the
Weaker
;
and
that
to
Defend
,
this
to
Revenge
it self
,
make
use
of
Foreign
Forces
,
and
so
enslave
the
Commonwealth
,
or
else
introduce
a
new
Form
of
Government
,
which
will
almost
always
be
Tyrannical
,
as
several
Instances
witness
.
It
is
not
the
Prince's
Duty
to
distract
the
Minds
of
his
Subjects
,
but
rather
to
keep
them
loving
and
amicable
;
and
besides
,
't
is
impossible
they
should
conspire
to
love
and
obey
him
,
who
are
divided
amongst
themselves
,
or
consider
not
whence
their
Evil
comes
.
As
often
therefore
as
the
Prince
himself
is
the
cause
of
Discord
,
Divine
Providence
(
as
it
abominably
[
](A58845-e191860-b)6
6
And
a
seventh
doth
my
heart
abhorr
,
he
that
soweth
discord
among
brethren
.
Prov.
6.
14.
detests
it
)
permits
those
very
Means
he
thought
to
preserve
himself
by
,
to
be
the
Instruments
of
his
Ruine
:
For
when
the
Parties
come
to
know
it
,
they
despise
and
abhorr
him
,
as
the
first
Author
and
Promoter
of
their
Differences
.
King
Italus
gained
the
Affection
and
Applause
of
the
Germans
,
by
never
fomenting
Dissentions
,
and
carrying
himself
alike
to
all
.
For
these
then
,
and
such
like
Reasons
,
the
Prince
should
beware
of
letting
Discords
take
root
;
and
rather
strive
to
encourage
the
Union
of
his
State
,
which
will
easily
be
maintained
,
if
he
look
carefully
to
the
Observance
of
the
Laws
,
the
Unity
of
Religion
,
Plenty
of
Corn
and
Provision
,
to
the
equal
Distribution
of
Favours
and
Gratuities
,
to
the
Maintaining
of
Privileges
;
if
he
take
care
that
the
Common
People
be
employed
in
Mechanick
Arts
,
the
Nobility
in
Publick
Government
,
Arms
,
and
Literature
,
to
prohibit
Cabals
,
and
Clandestine
Meetings
,
to
keep
the
Great
Ones
Frugal
and
Modest
,
and
the
Inferiours
Peaceable
,
to
restrain
Privileged
Persons
,
and
those
who
pretend
to
be
exempt
from
Duties
;
in
a
word
,
if
he
see
that
Riches
be
reduced
to
a
Mediocrity
,
and
Poverty
remedied
.
For
from
the
Reformation
and
Regulating
these
,
results
good
Government
;
and
where
that
is
,
there
Peace
and
Concord
ever
flourish
.
There
is
but
one
Case
wherein
it
seems
convenient
and
warrantable
to
kindle
Discords
in
Kingdoms
,
and
that
is
,
when
they
are
already
troubled
with
Seditions
,
and
Intestine
Broils
;
for
then
to
distract
them
into
Factions
,
will
be
a
means
to
weaken
the
Power
of
the
Bad
,
the
only
end
in
that
being
to
render
Peace
to
the
Good
.
And
it
is
a
piece
of
Self-Preservation
,
not
to
let
Disturbers
be
at
quiet
;
inasmuch
as
the
Concord
of
Ill
Men
is
to
the
Prejudice
of
the
Good
;
as
't
is
to
be
wish'd
that
these
may
live
Peaceably
,
so
it
is
that
those
may
be
in
Discord
:
For
Good
Men
always
come
by
the
worst
,
when
Bad
Men
are
united
[
](A58845-e191910-b)7
7
Concordi●
malorum
contraria
est
bonorum
,
&
sicut
optandum
est
,
ut
boni
pacem
habeant
ad
invicem
,
ita
optandum
est
,
ut
mali
sint
discordes
,
Impeditur
enim
iter
bono
um
,
si
unitas
non
dividatur
malorum
.
S.
Isid.
.
The
Discord
we
condemn
as
pernicious
to
Common-wealths
,
is
that
which
arises
from
Hatred
and
Enmity
;
not
that
Contention
which
has
place
between
several
Conditions
and
Members
of
the
same
Commonwealth
,
as
between
the
Lords
and
Commons
,
the
Soldiers
and
Tradesmen
:
For
that
Contrariety
,
or
rather
Emulation
,
by
the
very
diversity
of
Natures
and
Ends
,
keeps
up
a
Distinction
in
the
Degrees
and
Spheres
of
the
State
,
and
supports
it
;
nor
are
there
Seditions
,
but
when
the
States
combine
together
,
and
make
every
private
Person
's
the
Common
Interest
:
just
as
from
the
commixtion
of
the
Elements
,
and
the
meeting
of
Rivers
and
Streams
,
proceed
Storms
and
Inundations
.
It
concerns
the
Prince
therefore
to
employ
all
his
Care
upon
this
Division
;
so
moderating
it
,
that
it
shall
neither
come
on
the
one
hand
to
absolute
Rupture
,
nor
on
the
other
to
unlawful
Combinations
.
The
same
thing
should
be
done
between
Ministers
,
that
some
kind
of
Emulation
and
Diffidence
one
of
another
,
may
make
them
more
attentive
of
their
Duty
;
for
if
once
,
through
a
neglect
of
this
,
they
Dissemble
,
and
conceal
one
another's
Faults
,
or
with
one
consent
join
the
pursuit
of
their
own
Interests
,
there
will
be
an
end
of
the
Prince
and
the
State
,
without
the
possibility
of
a
Remedy
,
in
that
none
can
be
apply'd
but
by
their
Hands
.
But
if
this
Honest
and
Generous
Emulation
should
degenerate
into
Aversion
and
Enmity
,
it
will
create
the
same
Inconveniencies
;
for
they
will
then
be
more
intent
on
contradicting
and
thwarting
one
another
,
more
solicitous
to
overthrow
each
others
Counsels
and
Actions
,
than
to
promote
the
Publick
Good
,
and
their
Prince's
Service
.
Every
one
has
his
Friends
and
Creatures
,
and
the
Common
sort
of
People
are
apt
to
be
●ead
into
Factions
,
whence
generally
arise
Tumults
and
Dissentions
.
For
this
Reason
,
Drusus
and
Germanicus
●oined
themselves
,
lest
the
Flame
of
the
Differences
●indled
in
Tiberius's
Palace
,
should
be
encreased
by
the
●last
of
their
Favour
.
Whence
it
is
apparent
how
●●roneous
the
Judgment
of
Lycurgus
was
,
who
sowed
Dissentions
among
the
Kings
of
Lacedaemon
,
and
ordained
,
that
when
Embassadors
were
to
be
sent
afar
off
,
such
Persons
should
be
made
choice
of
,
as
had
some
grudge
to
each
other
.
We
have
not
a
few
Examples
in
this
Age
of
Publick
Losses
,
occasion'd
by
the
clashing
of
Ministers
joined
in
one
Commission
,
upon
a
Supposition
that
this
very
Emulation
would
incite
them
to
execute
it
carefully
.
The
Prince's
Service
is
One
,
and
cannot
be
perform'd
but
by
Persons
Unanimous
:
Whence
Tacitus
commends
Agricola
,
for
one
who
was
far
from
envying
his
Colleagues
[
](A58845-e192020-b)8
8
Procul
ab
aemulatione
adversus
collegas
.
Tac.
in
Vit.
Agric.
.
And
certainly
it
is
less
dangerous
for
an
Affair
to
be
managed
by
one
Bad
,
than
by
two
Good
Ministers
,
if
they
don't
agree
,
which
rarely
happens
.
The
Nobility
is
the
Prince's
greatest
Security
,
or
greatest
Hazard
,
being
a
Powerful
Body
,
that
draws
most
of
the
People
after
it
.
Spain
and
France
furnish
us
with
many
Bloody
Instances
of
this
Truth
;
that
in
former
Ages
,
this
in
all
.
The
best
Remedies
are
,
by
the
means
of
Emulation
,
to
keep
them
divided
from
the
Commons
and
themselves
,
yet
with
the
Moderation
above-mention'd
.
To
multiply
and
level
the
Titles
and
Dignities
of
the
Nobles
;
to
spend
their
Estates
upon
Publick
Ostentations
,
and
their
Great
Souls
in
the
Toils
and
Dangers
of
War
;
to
divert
their
Thoughts
by
Employments
of
Peace
,
and
humble
their
Exalted
Spirits
by
the
servile
Offices
of
the
Court.
EMBLEM
XC
.
KINGS
,
in
Holy
Scripture
,
are
compared
to
Rivers
;
for
so
the
Prophet
Habakkuk
is
to
be
understood
,
when
he
says
,
God
would
cleave
the
Rivers
of
the
Earth
[
](A58845-e192150-b)1
1
Thou
didst
cleave
the
earth
with
rivers
.
Haba●
.
3.
9.
;
meaning
,
that
God
would
divide
the
Forces
of
those
who
took
up
Arms
against
his
People
:
As
David
actually
found
he
did
,
in
his
Defeat
of
the
Philistines
;
and
therefore
openly
confessed
,
that
the
Lord
had
divided
his
Enemies
before
him
,
as
Waters
are
divided
[
](A58845-e192190-b)2
2
The
Lord
hath
broken
forth
upon
mine
enemies
before
me
,
as
the
breach
of
waters
.
2
Sam.
5.
20.
.
Division
is
the
most
effectual
means
to
pull
down
any
Power
;
the
very
greatest
,
if
divided
,
being
uncapable
of
making
any
further
Resistance
.
How
impetuously
does
a
River
stream
down
the
midst
of
its
Channel
,
breaking
through
its
very
Banks
to
open
it self
new
Passages
;
yet
if
parted
into
several
Rivulets
,
it
loses
its
strength
,
and
becomes
passable
to
all
.
Thus
it
happened
to
the
River
Gyndes
,
where
a
beloved
Horse
of
Cyrus's
having
been
drowned
,
it
so
enraged
him
,
that
he
immediately
commanded
it
to
be
cut
into
an
Hundred
and
sixty
Canals
;
by
which
means
it
lost
both
its
Name
and
Greatness
;
and
that
which
before
would
scarce
bear
Bridges
,
might
afterwards
be
easily
forded
.
This
the
Counsel
had
regard
to
,
which
some
gave
the
Roman
Senate
,
to
weaken
the
River
Tiber
,
by
turning
the
Course
of
the
Lakes
and
Brooks
that
discharged
themselves
into
it
[
](A58845-e192250-b)3
3
Siamnis
Nar
(
id
enim
parabatur
)
in
Rivos
diductus
supernavigasset
.
Tac.
Annal.
l.
1.
,
to
rid
the
City
of
continual
Fear
and
Danger
of
its
Inundations
.
But
the
Senate
refused
to
do
it
,
as
unwilling
to
deprive
the
Tiber
of
its
Glory
[
](A58845-e192280-b)4
4
Quin
ipsum
Tiberim
no●●e
,
prorsus
accolis
fluv●s
●●batum
,
minori
gloria
fluere
.
Ibid.
.
All
these
things
have
given
occasion
to
the
present
●mblem
,
which
(
by
a
River
parted
into
several
Branches
)
shews
of
what
consequence
it
is
to
distract
the
Forces
of
Puissant
Princes
:
For
the
greater
the
Power
is
,
the
more
Forces
and
Expence
its
Defence
requires
;
nor
is
it
hardly
possible
to
find
Officers
and
Soldiers
enough
for
it
,
or
to
prevent
all
Mischances
.
Courage
and
Prudence
are
confounded
,
when
Dangers
threaten
thus
on
all
sides
.
Besides
,
this
is
the
most
secure
and
the
cheapest
Method
that
can
be
taken
;
inasmuch
as
a
Trumpet
on
a
sudden
sounding
an
Alarm
in
several
Parts
of
a
Kingdom
,
has
abundantly
greater
Effects
,
than
a
War
solemnly
denounced
.
It
is
always
the
best
and
securest
way
,
to
divide
Enemies
Forces
,
and
sow
seeds
of
Dissention
within
their
States
[
](A58845-e192340-b)5
5
Prudentis
est
Ducis
inter
bostes
discordi●e
causas
serere
.
Veget.
:
Nothing
so
much
exposing
to
Plots
and
Invasions
,
as
Discord
and
Sedition
[
](A58845-e192360-b)6
6
Discordia
&
Seditio
omnia
facit
opportuniora
insidiantibus
.
Livy
.
.
By
these
Artifices
the
Phoenicians
established
their
Dominion
in
Spain
,
dividing
it
into
various
Factions
.
The
same
did
the
Carthaginians
against
them
.
Therefore
the
Counsel
of
the
Marquess
of
Cadiz
was
not
at
all
imprudent
,
when
having
taken
Boabdili
,
King
of
Grenada
,
he
moved
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
to
set
him
at
liberty
,
that
his
Presence
might
foment
the
Factions
a
foot
between
him
and
his
Father
,
about
the
Crown
,
which
had
distracted
the
Kingdom
into
a
great
many
Parties
.
When
the
Roman
Empire
,
says
Tacitus
,
began
to
decline
,
and
hasten
to
decay
,
nothing
greater
could
be
desired
of
Fortune
,
than
the
Discord
of
its
Enemies
[
](A58845-e192470-b)7
7
Vrgentibus
Imperii
Romani
fatis
,
nihil
jam
praes●are
fortuna
majus
●●tuit
,
quam
hostium
discordiam
.
Tac.
de
Mor.
Germ.
.
No
Money
is
laid
out
to
more
Advantage
,
none
with
less
Bloodshed
or
Danger
,
than
that
which
is
employed
in
encouraging
the
Dissentions
of
an
Enemy's
Kingdom
,
or
in
getting
another
Prince
to
make
War
upon
it
;
for
the
Charges
and
Damage
become
hereby
much
more
inconsiderable
.
But
this
matter
demandeth
extraordinary
Advertency
;
for
sometimes
,
upon
a
mis-grounded
Apprehension
,
Money
is
expended
to
no
purpose
,
and
the
Discovery
of
the
ill
Intention
begets
open
Hostility
:
A
thing
we
have
many
Instances
of
,
in
those
who
without
any
Provocation
,
or
the
least
Prospect
of
Advantage
,
have
countenanced
the
Adversaries
of
the
House
of
Austria
,
to
keep
its
Hands
full
,
by
continual
Wars
,
in
the
mean
time
unprofitably
exhausting
their
Treasuries
,
without
considering
,
that
if
they
should
once
be
attack'd
by
those
of
this
House
,
it
would
be
much
better
to
have
still
by
them
,
for
their
own
Defence
,
what
they
had
laid
out
upon
the
Diversion
of
their
Forces
.
And
this
whole
Doctrine
has
place
,
without
any
scruple
in
Policy
,
in
an
open
War
,
where
the
Reason
of
Self-Preservation
is
more
cogent
,
than
other
Considerations
less
solid
;
and
the
same
Cause
that
makes
the
War
lawful
,
justifies
also
this
Discord
.
But
when
the
case
is
nothing
but
an
invidious
Emulation
of
Grandeur
,
these
Artifices
are
not
warrantable
;
for
he
who
stirs
up
the
Subjects
of
another
Prince
to
Rebellion
,
at
the
same
time
teaches
his
own
to
be
Traitors
.
The
Emulation
should
be
between
the
Persons
,
not
the
Offices
:
Dignity
is
of
the
same
kind
in
all
its
parts
;
that
which
wounds
one
,
wounds
all
.
Passions
and
Hatreds
are
transient
,
but
Bad
Examples
remain
for
ever
.
It
is
the
Interest
and
Concern
of
every
Prince
,
not
to
suffer
the
Dignity
of
another
to
be
injured
by
Contempt
or
Disobedience
,
or
his
Person
by
Treason
.
'T
is
an
Action
unworthy
of
a
Prince
to
conquer
by
Poison
,
not
by
the
Sword
.
It
was
ever
accounted
base
,
among
the
Romans
[
](A58845-e192520-b)8
8
Non
fraude
neque
occultis
,
sed
palam
,
&
armatum
populum
Romanum
bostes
suos
ulcisci
.
Tac.
Hist.
l.
2.
;
and
is
to
this
day
with
the
Spaniards
,
who
have
been
so
far
from
making
use
of
such
secret
Practices
against
their
Enemies
,
that
they
have
often
been
assisting
to
them
.
A
remarkable
Example
of
which
,
our
Catholick
King
left
your
Highness
,
when
he
sent
an
Army
to
aid
the
French
King
against
the
English
,
who
had
possess'd
themselves
of
the
Isle
of
Rhea
,
not
regarding
the
Duke
of
Roan's
Advice
,
which
was
,
to
divide
the
Kingdom
into
several
Governments
.
And
another
time
,
when
His
Majesty
offered
,
by
Monsieur
de
Maximi
,
the
Pope's
Nuncio
,
to
assist
the
same
King
in
Person
to
subdue
the
Hugonots
of
Montauban
,
and
drive
them
out
of
his
Country
.
Which
Signal
and
Heroick
Kindness
had
no
other
Return
but
Ingratitude
;
leaving
a
Lesson
to
Reason
,
not
to
let
it self
be
too
easily
touch'd
with
Compassion
towards
a
Foreign
State
.
From
what
hath
been
said
,
it
is
obvious
to
deduce
how
much
the
Agreement
of
Subjects
Minds
,
and
the
Union
of
States
,
contribute
to
their
Common
Defence
:
If
,
I
say
,
every
particular
Person
did
look
on
the
Danger
of
his
Neighbour
as
his
own
,
be
it
at
never
so
remote
a
distance
,
and
accordingly
endeavour
all
ways
,
both
with
Men
and
Money
,
to
relieve
him
,
that
the
whole
Body
may
be
preserved
.
But
not
a
few
are
deceived
in
this
Point
;
they
who
are
far
off
,
flattering
themselves
with
the
Thoughts
that
the
Danger
will
never
reach
them
,
or
that
they
are
no
way
obliged
to
anticipate
such
Expences
,
and
that
it
is
greater
Prudence
to
keep
their
Forces
entire
till
the
Enemy
come
nigher
.
But
alas
!
then
all
the
Difficulties
being
surmounted
,
and
those
States
taken
,
which
served
them
for
Out-works
the
rest
will
never
be
able
to
hold
out
.
This
was
the
Fate
of
the
Britains
:
of
whom
,
thus
Tacitus
;
Heretofore
they
were
under
Kings
,
now
are
by
petty
Princes
distracted
into
Factions
;
nor
does
any
thing
further
our
Designs
against
the
strongest
Nations
,
than
their
not
consulting
the
Common
Good
.
Seldom
above
two
or
three
Cities
associate
to
repell
the
Common
Danger
:
Thus
while
every
one
fights
single
,
all
are
overcome
[
](A58845-e192650-b)9
9
Olim
Regibus
parebant
,
nunc
per
Principes
factionibus
,
&
studiis
trabantur
;
nec
aliud
adversus
validiss●mas
gentes
pro
nobis
●●ilius
,
quam
quod
in
commune
non
consulunt
.
Rarus
duabus
,
tribusve
civitatibus
,
ad
propulsandum
commune
periculu●
conventus
:
ita
dum
singuli
pu●nant
,
universi
vincuntur
.
Tac.
in
Vi●
.
Agric.
.
The
Kingdoms
of
Spain
,
and
Provinces
of
Italy
,
Burgundy
and
Flanders
are
sensible
of
this
Danger
,
with
a
greater
Prudence
,
a
more
eminent
and
exemplary
Piety
,
Zeal
and
Affection
towards
their
Lawful
Lord
;
in
that
with
a
generous
Emulation
they
voluntarily
offer
His
Majesty
their
Lives
and
Fortunes
,
to
protect
them
from
their
Enemies
,
who
with
joint-Forces
conspire
the
Overthrow
of
the
Catholick
Religion
,
and
that
Monarchy
.
Let
Your
Highness
ingrave
these
Services
on
your
tender
Breast
;
and
let
the
Gratitude
and
Esteem
due
to
Subjects
so
Loyal
,
encrease
with
your
Glorious
Years
:
Then
you
will
judge
which
is
most
excellent
,
To
Rule
the
World
,
or
such
a
Government
.
[
](A58845-e192730-b)*
*
Cam.
Lus.
EMBLEM
XCI
.
FRiendship
seems
to
restrain
a
Government
more
,
and
to
have
been
more
considered
by
Law-Givers
,
than
Iustice
.
For
if
all
Men
were
Friends
,
there
would
be
no
need
of
Justice
;
but
though
all
were
Just
,
yet
would
they
want
the
Protection
of
Friendship
[
](A58845-e192800-b)1
1
Videtur
amicitia
magis
continere
,
&
majore
quam
justitia
in
studio
fuisse
Legislatoribus
.
Nam
si
amicitia
inter
omnes
esset
,
ni●il
esset
,
quod
justitiam
desiderarent
;
at
si
justi
essent
,
tamen
amicitiae
praesidium
requirerent
.
Arist.
Ethic.
l.
1.
.
Friendship
is
the
greatest
good
Mankind
enjoys
;
a
sure
Sword
always
by
one's
side
,
both
in
Peace
and
War
;
a
faithful
Companion
in
both
Fortunes
.
With
this
,
Prosperity
is
crown'd
,
and
Adversity
becomes
more
easie
.
For
it
neither
is
diminished
by
one
,
or
encreased
by
the
other
:
In
one
it
is
guided
by
Modesty
,
in
the
other
by
Constancy
;
in
the
one
and
the
other
always
at
hand
,
as
if
by
both
it
were
like
to
gain
.
Consanguinity
may
be
without
Kindness
and
Affection
,
Friendship
cannot
.
This
comes
from
our
own
Choice
,
that
from
Chance
.
That
may
be
without
the
Bond
of
Communication
and
Mutual
Assistance
,
this
cannot
;
forasmuch
as
there
are
three
things
,
which
,
as
constituent
parts
of
its
Being
unite
it
;
Nature
by
the
means
of
Resemblance
;
the
Will
,
by
that
of
Good
Humour
;
and
Reason
,
by
that
of
Honour
.
Hereunto
,
certainly
,
King
Alphonsus
the
Wise
alludes
,
when
he
accuseth
a
certain
Person
of
Cruelty
and
Injustice
,
for
carrying
away
Prisoner
one
of
two
Persons
who
were
endeared
to
each
other
by
Consanguinity
and
Friendship
[
](A58845-e192830-b)2
2
L.
19.
Tit.
2.
p.
2.
.
The
more
tried
therefore
and
sincere
the
Friendship
has
been
,
so
much
the
less
valuable
will
it
be
,
when
once
violated
.
A
Crystal
crackt
,
is
good
for
nothing
.
The
Diamond
loses
all
its
Worth
,
when
divided
into
Pieces
.
A
Sword
once
broken
,
can
never
be
solder'd
again
.
Whoever
trusts
to
reconciled
Friendship
,
will
find
himself
deceived
;
for
upon
the
first
Blow
of
Adversity
,
or
Prospect
of
Advantage
,
it
will
presently
relapse
again
.
Neither
David's
Mercy
,
in
sparing
Saul's
Life
,
nor
the
Acknowledgments
and
fair
Protestations
of
Saul
,
confirmed
by
Oath
,
were
sufficient
to
make
the
first
think
himself
e'er
the
safer
for
this
Reconcilement
,
or
the
last
to
cease
Plotting
against
him
[
](A58845-e192880-b)3
3
And
Saul
went
home
;
but
David
and
his
men
gat
them
up
unto
the
hold
.
1
Sam.
24.
22.
.
Esau
,
with
Embraces
,
and
Tears
in
his
Eyes
,
tried
to
regain
the
Favour
of
his
Brother
Iacob
;
and
though
there
passed
great
Signs
and
Expressions
of
Friendship
on
both
sides
,
yet
could
they
never
take
away
Iacob's
Distrust
,
who
,
notwithstanding
,
endeavoured
all
he
could
to
be
severed
from
him
,
and
secure
himself
[
](A58845-e192930-b)*
*
Gen.
33.
12.
.
Renewed
Friendship
is
like
a
vessel
of
Metal
,
which
to
day
shines
,
and
to
morrow
is
covered
with
Rust
[
](A58845-e192940-b)4
4
Never
trust
thine
enemy
;
for
like
as
iron
rusteth
,
so
is
his
wickedness
:
though
he
humble
himself
,
and
go
crouching
,
yet
take
good
heed
,
and
beware
of
him
,
Eccl.
12.
10.
.
Nor
are
all
the
good
offices
in
the
World
capable
of
making
it
firm
,
because
the
remembrance
of
Injuries
is
never
quite
erased
out
of
the
Mind
.
Ervigius
,
after
the
Usurpation
of
Wamba's
Crown
,
marry'd
his
Daughter
Cixilon
to
Egica
,
a
very
near
Relation
of
that
King
's
,
and
afterwards
nominated
him
for
his
Successor
;
but
even
this
could
not
keep
Egica
from
giving
some
marks
of
his
Hatred
to
his
Father-in-Law
,
as
soon
as
ever
he
came
to
the
Crown
[
](A58845-e193010-b)*
*
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
.
The
Scars
of
Wounds
made
by
Injuries
on
the
Mind
,
always
remain
in
the
Person
wrong'd
,
and
upon
the
first
motion
bleed
afresh
.
Injuries
are
like
Marshes
,
which
,
though
dried
up
,
are
easily
filled
with
Water
again
.
There
is
a
certain
Shadow
always
betwixt
the
Offender
and
the
Offended
,
which
no
Light
of
Excuse
or
Satisfaction
can
dispell
.
Nor
is
Friendship
secure
on
the
former's
side
,
in
that
he
never
is
persuaded
the
other
has
really
and
from
his
heart
forgiven
the
Injury
,
and
always
looks
on
him
as
an
Enemy
.
Besides
that
,
it
is
natural
to
hate
one
you
have
injured
[
](A58845-e193020-b)5
5
Proprium
humani
ingenii
est
,
odisse
quem
laeser
is
.
Tac.
Vit.
Agric.
.
This
is
what
happens
in
the
Friendship
of
private
Persons
,
but
't
is
not
so
in
those
of
Princes
,
(
if
indeed
there
be
any
true
Friendship
to
be
met
with
between
them
)
for
Self-Interest
makes
them
Friends
or
Enemies
;
and
though
the
Friendship
be
broke
a
thousand
times
,
yet
it
is
presently
renewed
again
by
hopes
of
Advantage
;
and
as
long
as
this
may
be
executed
,
continues
firm
and
constant
.
Wherefore
in
such
Friendships
as
these
,
no
regard
is
to
be
had
to
the
Ties
of
Blood
,
or
Obligations
of
Favours
received
,
for
these
are
things
disowned
by
Ambition
.
Their
Duration
is
to
be
esteem'd
by
Utility
,
in
that
all
Friendships
now-a-days
are
like
those
of
Philip
,
King
of
Macedon
,
who
made
Interest
,
not
Faith
,
the
Measure
of
them
.
In
these
,
Friendships
,
which
are
more
Reason
of
State
,
than
any
Mutual
Harmony
of
Wills
,
Aristotle
and
Cicero
would
never
have
so
sharply
reprimanded
Bias
,
for
saying
,
We
ought
to
love
no
otherwise
,
than
if
we
were
to
hate
again
:
For
a
Prince
would
be
deceived
in
his
Confidence
,
should
he
ground
it
upon
such
Friendship
.
It
is
best
then
for
Princes
to
be
Friends
so
to
day
,
as
to
think
they
may
possibly
fall
out
to
morrow
.
But
although
this
Precaution
is
not
to
be
found
fault
with
,
yet
Interest
and
Self-ends
are
not
to
be
preferred
to
Friendship
,
ever
the
more
,
for
that
't
is
common
for
others
to
do
so
.
Let
Friendship
fail
in
others
,
but
not
the
Prince
we
propose
to
form
by
these
Emblems
,
whom
we
exhort
to
Constancy
in
his
Actions
and
Obligations
.
All
that
has
been
said
hitherto
,
has
respect
to
such
Friendships
as
are
betwixt
neighbouring
Princes
,
between
whom
there
is
some
Emulation
of
Grandeur
;
for
among
others
,
sincere
Amity
,
and
a
reciprocal
Correspondence
,
may
have
place
.
Power
should
not
be
so
over-careful
,
as
to
trust
no
one
.
Like
a
Tyrant
,
he
will
be
ever
in
Fear
,
who
puts
no
Confidence
in
his
Friends
.
Without
these
,
the
Crown
is
Slavery
,
not
Majesty
.
'T
is
an
unjust
Empire
,
that
deprives
Princes
of
Friendships
.
Not
Armies
nor
Treasures
are
the
Defence
of
a
Kingdom
,
but
Friends
[
](A58845-e193140-b)6
6
Non
exercitus
neque
thesauri
,
praesidia
Regni
sunt
,
verum
amici
,
Sallust
.
.
'T
is
not
the
Golden
Scepter
that
protects
a
King
,
but
abundance
of
Friends
;
those
are
the
truest
,
those
the
securest
Scepter
[
](A58845-e193160-b)7
7
Non
aureum
istud
sceptrum
est
,
quod
Regem
custodit
,
sed
copia
amicorum
,
ea
Regibus
sceptrum
tutissimum
,
Xenoph.
.
Nor
is
there
any
greater
Instrument
of
good
Government
,
than
good
Friends
[
](A58845-e193180-b)8
8
Nec
●llum
majus
boni
Imperii
instrumen●um
quam
boni
Amici
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
4.
.
Friendship
between
great
Princes
,
should
be
maintained
rather
by
a
good
Correspondence
,
than
by
Presents
;
for
Interest
is
always
ungrateful
and
insatiable
:
For
the
sake
of
that
,
Friendships
are
pretended
,
never
really
contracted
;
as
Vitellius
found
,
who
thinking
to
preserve
his
Friends
,
by
the
Richness
of
his
Presents
,
not
by
his
Merit
,
deserved
rather
than
had
them
[
](A58845-e193230-b)9
9
Dum
amicitias
magnitudine
munerum
,
non
constantia
morum
continere
putavit
,
meruit
,
magis
quam
habuit
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
2.
.
Friends
are
to
be
kept
by
Iron
,
not
Gold
;
for
Fear
of
Arms
creates
more
of
them
,
than
Desire
of
Money
.
Pecuniary
Subsidies
enervate
the
Giver
;
and
the
greater
they
are
,
the
lesser
time
can
they
be
continued
;
and
as
fast
as
the
Prince's
Coffers
empty
,
his
Reputation
diminishes
.
Princes
are
esteem'd
and
lov'd
for
the
Treasures
they
still
have
,
not
those
they
have
already
squandered
away
;
more
,
I
say
,
for
what
they
can
give
,
than
for
what
they
have
given
:
For
Hope
prevails
much
more
with
Men
than
Gratitude
.
He
who
buys
Peace
,
is
unable
to
uphold
it
with
Arms.
This
is
a
Fault
which
almost
all
Monarchies
fall
into
,
when
arrived
to
some
height
of
Grandeur
,
they
strive
to
maintain
it
by
Money
,
not
Arms
;
and
thus
consuming
their
Treasures
,
and
oppressing
their
Subjects
,
to
raise
Contributions
for
neighbouring
Princes
,
to
keep
the
Circumference
quiet
,
they
weaken
the
Center
.
And
though
that
Greatness
be
supported
for
a
time
,
yet
't
is
at
the
Price
of
a
greater
Downfall
;
for
that
Weakness
being
known
,
and
the
Frontiers
once
lost
,
the
Enemy
,
without
Opposition
,
makes
way
to
their
Heart
.
Thus
it
befell
the
Roman
Empire
,
when
,
after
having
been
at
so
many
useless
Expences
,
and
wasted
their
Strength
,
the
Emperors
went
about
to
gain
the
Parthians
and
Germans
by
Presents
,
which
was
the
first
beginning
of
their
Ruine
.
Hence
Alcibiades
advised
Tisaphernes
not
to
be
so
liberal
of
his
Succors
to
the
Lacedaemonians
,
but
to
remember
,
that
it
was
not
his
own
,
but
another's
Victory
he
promoted
;
and
that
he
was
to
support
the
War
,
so
as
not
to
be
obliged
to
abandon
it
through
Want
[
](A58845-e193310-b)10
10
Ne
tanta
stipendia
classi
Lacedaemoniorum
praeberet
,
sed
nec
auxiliis
nimis
enixe
ju●andos
,
quippe
non
immemorem
esse
debere
,
alienam
esse
victoriam
non
suam
instruere
,
&
eatenus
bellum
sustinendum
,
ne
inopia
deseratur
,
Trog
.
l.
5.
.
This
Counsel
we
may
make
our
Advantage
of
,
by
taking
care
,
what
is
expended
on
Favour
of
Foreign
Princes
,
to
the
great
prejudice
and
weakening
of
Castile
;
which
yet
,
as
being
the
Heart
of
the
whole
Monarchy
,
should
be
furnish'd
with
the
greatest
quantity
of
Blood
,
to
distribute
Vital
Spirits
to
all
the
other
Parts
of
the
Body
;
as
Nature
her self
,
the
best
Mistress
of
Politicks
,
instructs
,
who
fortifies
with
the
strongest
Fences
the
interiour
Parts
,
whereon
Life
depends
.
If
what
Timorousness
and
Solicitude
spends
Abroad
to
keep
the
Monarchy
in
Security
,
Prudence
would
lay
out
at
Home
in
maintaining
Forces
both
by
Sea
and
Land
,
in
Fortifying
and
Garrisoning
Strong
Holds
,
Forts
and
Cities
,
the
remote
Provinces
would
be
abundantly
more
safe
;
and
if
any
one
should
be
lost
,
it
might
easily
be
recovered
by
the
Forces
within
.
Rome
was
able
to
defend
it self
,
and
even
to
retake
all
that
Hannibal
had
gotten
from
them
,
nay
,
even
to
overthrow
Carthage
it self
,
by
keeping
all
its
Wealth
and
Strength
within
the
Bowels
of
the
Commonwealth
.
Not
that
I
say
this
,
with
a
desire
to
persuade
Princes
always
to
refuse
their
Money
to
their
Friends
and
Neighbours
,
but
only
that
they
might
be
very
careful
how
they
lay
it
out
,
and
rather
assist
them
with
Men
than
Money
;
for
this
stays
with
them
that
receiv'd
it
,
whereas
those
return
to
him
who
sent
them
.
And
this
is
to
be
understood
,
when
there
is
no
danger
of
engaging
themselves
in
the
War
,
by
drawing
it
into
their
own
States
,
or
of
getting
their
Friend
greater
Enemies
;
as
also
when
it
is
more
Expensive
,
and
liable
to
more
Inconveniences
to
aid
with
Money
,
than
Arms
:
For
one
of
the
two
ways
State-Interest
absolutely
requires
us
to
defend
a
neighbouring
Prince
,
as
often
as
our
Fortune
is
inseparably
joined
with
his
;
it
being
prudenter
to
carry
on
a
War
in
another's
State
,
than
to
feed
it
in
the
very
Heart
of
our
own
.
Thus
,
of
old
,
it
was
the
peculiar
way
of
the
Romans
to
make
War
far
from
Home
,
and
by
the
Fortresses
of
the
Empire
to
defend
the
Fortunes
of
their
Allies
[
](A58845-e193390-b)11
11
Fuit
proprium
populi
Romani
longè
à
domo
bellare
,
&
pro●ugnaculi●
,
Imperii
sociorum
fortunas
,
non
sua
tecta
defendere
,
Cic.
pro
leg
.
Man
.
,
not
their
own
Houses
.
And
this
we
ought
to
have
learn'd
from
that
Government
,
that
we
might
not
be
forced
to
lament
at
this
day
so
many
Calamities
.
'T
is
this
Policy
,
rather
than
Ambition
,
that
has
moved
the
Swiss-Cantons
to
undertake
the
Protection
of
some
People
;
for
though
they
were
sensible
this
could
not
be
done
without
great
Charges
,
and
the
running
the
Risque
of
their
own
Defence
,
yet
they
thought
it
more
their
Interest
to
keep
the
War
out
of
their
own
Territories
:
The
Confines
of
a
neighbouring
State
are
the
Walls
of
our
own
,
and
as
such
,
to
be
guarded
with
all
the
Care
imaginable
.
EMBLEM
XCII
.
EVen
the
Feathers
of
Birds
are
in
danger
,
when
too
near
those
of
the
Eagle
;
in
that
these
,
by
that
natural
Antipathy
surviving
in
them
,
which
is
between
the
Eagle
and
the
other
Birds
,
corrode
and
destroy
them
[
](A58845-e193460-b)1
1
Plin.
l.
10.
c.
3.
Ael
.
l.
9.
c.
11.
de
Animal
.
.
Thus
Protection
changes
into
Tyranny
.
A
Superiour
Power
observes
no
Laws
,
Ambition
no
Respect
.
What
was
committed
to
its
Trust
,
it
afterwards
detains
as
its
own
,
under
colour
of
Self-Preservation
.
Petty
Princes
think
to
secure
their
States
by
Foreign
Aids
and
utterly
ruine
them
:
They
fall
a
Prey
both
to
Friend
and
Enemy
;
the
former
being
no
less
dangerous
from
Confidence
,
than
the
latter
from
Hatred
.
With
a
Friend
we
live
secure
,
without
the
least
Fear
or
Precaution
;
so
that
he
may
easily
strike
us
,
without
any
Danger
on
his
side
.
Upon
this
Reason
,
I
conceive
,
was
founded
that
Law
,
which
commanded
,
the
Oxe
that
had
gored
any
one
,
to
be
stoned
[
](A58845-e193470-b)2
2
If
an
oxe
gore
a
man
or
a
woman
,
and
they
die
,
the
oxe
shall
be
s●rely
stoned
,
Exod.
21.
28.
,
but
says
nothing
of
the
Bull
;
because
we
trust
the
Oxe
more
,
as
being
a
Domestick
Animal
we
every
day
make
use
of
.
Ambition
creeps
in
,
under
the
pretext
of
Friendship
and
Protection
;
and
that
,
by
their
means
,
is
easily
obtained
,
which
never
could
have
been
by
Force
.
With
what
specious
Names
did
the
Romans
mask
their
Tyranny
,
when
they
received
the
People
of
other
Nations
for
Citizens
,
Friends
,
and
Allies
?
They
admitted
the
Albani
into
their
Common-wealth
,
peopling
it
with
those
who
before
were
Enemies
:
The
Sabines
they
made
Free
of
their
City
;
and
abundance
of
Countries
called
them
to
their
Aid
,
against
their
Enemies
,
as
the
Protectors
of
their
Liberties
and
Privileges
,
and
the
Universal
Arbitrators
of
Justice
.
Thus
they
,
who
of
themselves
could
not
have
〈◊〉
one
Foot
of
Ground
,
by
the
Ignorance
of
others
,
extended
their
Dominions
far
and
near
.
At
first
they
exacted
but
moderate
Tributes
of
those
Nations
;
thus
disguising
their
Treachery
,
under
the
Appearance
of
Morality
.
But
when
that
Imperial
Eagle
had
spread
its
Wings
wider
,
over
the
three
Parts
of
the
World
,
Europe
,
Asia
,
and
Africa
,
she
whet
her
Beak
upon
Ambition
,
and
discovered
the
Claws
of
her
Tyranny
.
The
People
then
found
their
Confidence
was
miserably
deluded
,
and
the
Feathers
of
their
Power
destroyed
,
under
those
of
the
Oppression
of
Taxes
,
and
the
loss
of
their
Liberty
and
Privileges
;
and
now
the
Tyranny
was
grown
powerful
,
could
neither
recover
themselves
again
,
nor
re-establish
their
Forces
:
And
to
the
end
the
Venom
might
turn
into
Nature
,
the
Romans
invented
Colonies
,
and
introduced
the
Latin
Tongue
,
thus
to
efface
the
Distinction
of
Nations
,
and
leave
the
Romans
alone
to
enjoy
the
Empire
of
all
.
This
was
that
Eagle
in
Ezekiel's
Vision
,
with
great
Wings
,
and
many
Feathers
[
](A58845-e193590-b)3
3
And
there
was
also
another
Eagle
,
with
great
wings
,
and
many
feathers
,
&c.
Ezek.
17.
7.
;
or
,
as
the
Septuagint
has
it
,
many
Talons
,
because
such
were
its
Feathers
.
How
often
do
Men
think
they
stand
under
the
one
,
when
they
are
really
under
the
other
?
How
often
do
they
think
themselves
covered
with
the
Lily
,
when
stuck
so
fast
amidst
Thorns
and
Briars
,
that
they
can't
escape
without
tearing
their
Cloaths
.
The
City
of
Pisa
put
their
Rights
and
Pretensions
against
the
Republick
of
Florence
,
under
the
Protection
of
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
,
and
the
King
of
France
;
and
both
agreed
to
deliver
it
to
the
Florentines
,
under
the
pretence
of
the
Repose
of
Italy
.
Lewis
Sforza
employed
the
Assistance
of
the
French
against
his
Nephew
,
Iohn
Galeas
;
and
they
having
divested
him
of
the
Dutchy
of
Milan
,
carried
him
Prisoner
into
France
.
But
what
need
is
there
to
look
so
far
for
Examples
?
Let
the
Duke
of
Mantua
〈◊〉
how
dear
another's
Protection
has
cost
him
?
Let
〈◊〉
Elector
of
Treves
,
and
the
Grisons
,
say
whether
they
have
●●eserved
their
Liberty
,
by
admitting
Foreign
Armies
into
their
States
,
for
their
Defence
and
Protection
:
Let
Germany
tell
us
how
it
finds
it self
,
under
the
Patronage
of
Sweden
;
now
the
noble
Circles
of
its
Provinces
,
heretofore
the
Splendour
and
Support
of
the
Imperial
Diadem
,
are
divided
and
broken
;
now
those
sparkling
Diamonds
,
the
Cities
of
the
Empire
,
its
ancient
Ornament
,
are
sullied
and
unset
,
the
Orders
of
its
States
overthrown
and
confounded
,
the
Harmony
of
its
Politick
Government
destroyed
,
its
ancient
Nobility
stript
and
impoverished
;
that
,
of
all
its
Provinces
which
knew
best
how
to
assert
its
Liberty
,
now
without
the
least
appearance
of
it
,
is
trampled
under
foot
and
laid
waste
by
the
Fire
and
Sword
of
Foreign
Nations
,
and
exposed
to
the
Will
of
a
thousand
Tyrants
,
all
living
Pictures
of
the
King
of
Sweden
;
in
a
word
,
a
Slave
both
to
Friends
and
Enemies
,
and
so
stupified
by
its
Misfortunes
,
that
't
is
render'd
incapable
of
discerning
its
Interest
or
Disadvantage
.
This
is
the
Fate
of
all
People
at
variance
with
themselves
,
of
all
Princes
who
make
use
of
Foreign
Forces
;
especially
if
he
who
sends
,
does
not
also
pay
them
.
Thus
it
happened
to
the
Cities
of
Greece
,
when
Philip
,
King
of
Macedon
,
contriving
to
ensnare
the
Liberty
of
all
,
fomented
their
Contentions
;
and
by
fiding
with
the
Weaker
,
made
both
the
Victors
and
Vanquished
submit
to
one
Yoke
[
](A58845-e193820-b)4
4
Philippus
Rex
Ma●edonum
libertati
●●●ium
insidiatus
,
dum
contentiones
civitatum
alit
,
auxilium
inserioribus
ferendo
,
victos
pariter
,
victoresque
subire
regiam
s●rvitutem
coëgit
.
Justin.
.
Glory
,
at
first
,
prompts
to
the
Defence
;
but
in
the
end
,
Ambition
seizes
all
.
Whoever
employs
his
Forces
for
another
,
expects
some
Amends
for
it
.
The
Country
always
loves
the
Power
that
protects
it
;
the
Subjects
imagining
they
shall
live
more
secure
and
happy
under
his
Government
,
freed
from
the
Fear
and
Danger
of
Wars
,
and
the
severe
Taxes
inferiour
Princes
are
wont
to
impose
,
and
from
those
Grievances
they
generally
suffer
at
their
Hands
.
The
Nobles
too
,
think
it
more
Honourable
to
serve
a
greater
Master
,
who
has
larger
Rewards
to
give
,
and
greater
Preferments
to
confer
upon
them
.
All
these
Considerations
make
way
for
Tyranny
and
Usurpation
.
Auxiliary
Troops
always
obey
him
who
sends
them
,
or
in
whose
Pay
they
are
,
and
treat
those
Countries
they
serve
in
,
as
Foreign
;
so
that
when
the
War
is
ended
with
the
Enemy
,
they
must
begin
with
the
Friend
.
Therefore
I
think
it
better
,
and
less
hazardous
and
expensive
,
for
the
weaker
Prince
to
come
to
a
Composition
,
upon
any
Terms
,
with
the
more
powerful
,
than
even
to
conquer
him
with
Foreign
Arms
:
What
cannot
be
obtained
but
by
them
,
can
much
less
be
preserved
without
them
,
after
they
shall
be
withdrawn
.
This
Danger
of
Auxiliary
Forces
is
yet
more
to
be
feared
,
when
the
Prince
who
sends
them
is
of
a
different
Religion
,
or
has
,
or
at
least
pretends
to
some
Right
to
that
State
;
or
else
,
if
it
be
of
any
considerable
Advantage
for
him
to
be
possessed
of
it
,
for
the
opening
a
Passage
to
his
own
,
or
obstructing
that
of
an
Enemy
.
These
Apprehensions
should
be
measured
by
Necessity
,
the
Condition
and
Manners
of
the
Prince
being
well
examined
;
for
if
he
be
open
and
generous
,
Publick
Faith
and
Reputation
will
have
more
Influence
on
him
,
than
Interest
,
and
Reasons
of
State
;
as
has
been
experienced
in
all
the
Princes
of
the
House
of
Austria
,
(
represented
by
that
powerful
protecting
Cherub
to
which
Ezekiel
[
](A58845-e193870-b)5
5
Thou
art
the
anointed
Cherub
that
governeth
,
Ezek.
28.
14.
compares
the
King
of
Tyre
,
before
he
failed
in
his
Duty
)
of
whose
Friendship
no
one
can
justly
complain
.
Piedmont
,
Savoy
,
Cologne
,
Constance
,
and
Brisac
,
all
Places
defended
by
the
Spanish
Arms
,
and
afterwards
restored
without
so
much
as
a
Garrison
left
in
them
,
are
everlasting
Witnesses
of
this
Truth
.
Nor
can
Genoua
deny
it
;
for
when
oppressed
by
France
and
Savoy
,
it
put
its
Liberty
into
the
Hands
of
the
Spaniards
,
these
People
most
faithfully
preserved
it
,
as
esteeming
more
their
Friendship
,
and
the
Glory
of
Publick
Faith
,
than
Dominion
.
But
if
Necessity
,
at
any
time
,
oblige
the
Prince
to
have
recourse
to
a
Foreigner
,
he
may
avoid
the
Dangers
mentioned
,
by
these
two
or
three
Cautions
:
If
he
take
care
that
the
Foreign
Forces
be
not
greater
than
his
own
;
That
his
own
Officers
Command
them
;
That
they
be
not
put
in
Garrisons
;
That
they
be
mixed
or
divided
,
and
immediately
drawn
out
against
the
Enemy
.
EMBLEM
XCIII
.
OFten
has
the
Tyrrhene
Sea
felt
the
Danger
of
the
Neighbourhood
of
Mount
Vesuvius
:
But
we
learn
not
always
to
profit
by
our
Misfortunes
,
being
,
out
of
a
vain
confidence
,
apt
to
persuade
our selves
,
they
will
never
happen
a
second
time
.
The
World
had
long
since
been
at
the
height
of
Wisdom
,
had
it
known
how
to
improve
by
its
Experiences
:
But
Time
,
we
see
,
effaces
them
,
as
it
did
in
the
Ruines
the
late
Conflagrations
had
left
upon
the
skirts
of
that
Mountain
,
covering
it
with
a
prodigious
quantity
of
Ashes
,
which
,
but
a
few
Years
afterwards
,
the
Plough
cultivated
,
and
reduced
again
to
Soil
.
The
Remembrance
of
the
Losses
sustained
,
was
lost
,
or
rather
,
no
one
would
retain
it
,
when
yet
they
ought
to
have
ever
kept
Humane
Caution
upon
its
Guard
.
The
treacherous
Mountain
conceal'd
under
its
green
Garment
the
Heat
and
Drought
of
its
Entrails
;
and
the
Sea
,
suspecting
no
harm
,
made
an
Alliance
with
it
,
and
embraced
it
with
its
Waters
,
not
regarding
the
contrariety
of
those
two
Natures
.
But
the
treacherous
Mountain
kept
its
Intention
so
close
,
that
not
the
least
Smoke
gave
any
sign
of
what
was
plotting
within
.
Their
Communication
encreased
by
secret
ways
:
Nor
co●ld
the
Sea
imagine
this
pretended
Friend
was
raising
Fortifications
against
it
,
and
preparing
Mines
with
divers
sulphurous
Metals
;
which
being
afterwards
filled
,
and
that
in
our
Age
,
was
set
fire
to
.
There
open'd
,
on
the
top
of
it
,
a
wide
and
deep
Mouth
,
breathing
out
Flames
,
which
at
first
seem'd
to
be
no
more
than
P●●mes
,
as
I
may
say
,
of
Sparks
,
or
Bonfires
,
but
in
a
few
hours
proved
tragical
Prodigies
.
This
heavy
Body
several
times
shook
;
and
amidst
its
dreadful
Thunder
,
vomited
up
the
liquid
Flames
of
those
indigested
Matters
of
melted
Metals
which
boiled
in
its
Stomach
:
like
Torrents
of
Fire
they
streamed
down
it
,
into
the
Plains
adjacent
,
burning
the
Trees
,
and
carrying
the
Houses
along
with
them
,
till
at
length
they
run
into
the
Sea
;
which
,
astonish'd
at
so
sudden
an
Hostility
,
retired
with
its
Waters
to
the
very
Center
,
whether
out
of
Fear
,
or
Policy
,
to
raise
a
greater
Body
of
Waves
to
defend
it self
withal
;
for
now
the
old
League
was
violated
,
it
was
obliged
to
prepare
for
its
Defence
.
The
two
Elements
engaged
not
without
the
trembling
of
Nature
her
●elf
,
afraid
of
seeing
this
beautiful
Fabrick
of
the
Universe
on
Fire
:
The
very
Waves
,
conquered
by
a
superiour
Enemy
,
burned
;
and
the
Fish
,
swimming
in
the
Flames
,
were
drowned
:
For
the
Fire
,
(
as
Solomon
[
](A58845-e194050-b)1
1
For
earthly
things
were
turned
into
watry
;
and
the
things
that
before
swam
in
the
water
,
now
went
upon
the
ground
,
Wisd.
19.
9.
speaks
)
had
power
in
the
Water
,
forgetting
his
own
Vertue
;
and
the
Water
forgot
his
own
quenching
Nature
.
Such
will
be
the
Effects
of
all
the
like
Alliances
of
contrary
Natures
.
Let
not
the
Catholick
Prince
,
who
enters
into
a
Confederacy
with
Infidels
,
expect
less
Evils
.
For
there
being
no
more
inveterate
Animosities
than
those
which
arise
from
the
Difference
of
Religions
,
the
present
Necessity
may
indeed
dissemble
them
,
but
it
is
impossible
that
Time
should
not
discover
them
:
And
how
is
it
to
be
imagined
that
Amity
can
ever
be
maintained
between
them
,
when
the
one
cannot
trust
the
other
?
when
the
Ruine
of
this
,
is
the
Interest
of
that
?
They
who
differ
in
Opinions
,
differ
also
in
Minds
;
and
as
Creatures
of
that
Eternal
Artificer
,
we
cannot
suffer
any
other
Adoration
to
be
paid
him
,
than
what
we
judge
to
be
true
and
Orthodox
.
And
altho'
the
Friendship
of
Infidels
were
never
so
good
,
yet
Divine
Justice
permits
us
not
to
obtain
our
Ends
by
the
means
of
his
Enemies
,
nay
,
usually
chastises
us
by
the
very
Infidel's
Hand
that
Sign'd
the
Treaty
.
The
Emperor
which
Constantine
the
Great
translated
into
the
East
,
was
ruin'd
by
the
Alliance
of
the
Palaeologi
with
the
Turk
;
God
permitting
it
to
remain
to
Posterity
,
for
an
Example
of
his
Correction
,
but
not
any
living
Memorial
of
that
Family
.
But
if
,
by
reason
of
the
Distance
of
Places
,
or
Disposition
of
Things
,
the
Chastisement
cannot
be
inflicted
by
those
very
Infidels
,
God
uses
his
own
Hand
.
What
Calamities
has
not
France
suffered
,
since
Francis
I.
more
through
Emulation
of
Charles
the
Fifth's
Glory
,
than
forced
by
any
Necessity
,
made
a
League
with
the
Turk
,
and
called
him
into
Europe
?
This
Fault
he
acknowledged
in
the
last
moments
of
his
Life
,
expressed
his
utmost
Detestation
of
it
in
Words
;
which
piously
we
ought
to
impute
to
a
Christian
Compunction
,
though
otherwise
they
seemed
to
proceed
from
extreme
Despair
.
God
pursued
his
Chastisement
in
some
of
his
Successors
,
by
taking
them
off
with
violent
and
unhappy
Deaths
.
Now
if
this
Just
Judge
be
thus
severe
on
Princes
who
do
but
ask
the
Aid
of
Infidels
and
Hereticks
,
what
will
he
do
to
those
who
assist
them
against
the
Catholicks
,
and
are
the
reason
of
their
making
such
great
Progresses
?
The
Example
of
Peter
II.
of
Arragon
,
will
tell
us
[
](A58845-e194170-b)2
2
Mar.
Hist.
l.
12.
c.
2.
:
This
King
stuck
with
all
his
Forces
to
the
Faction
of
the
Albigenses
in
France
;
and
though
he
fought
at
the
Head
of
One
hundred
thousand
Men
,
against
the
Catholicks
,
who
were
but
Eight
hundred
Horse
,
and
a
Thousand
Foot
,
lost
at
once
both
his
Life
and
the
Battel
.
Iudas
Machabaeus
no
sooner
joined
with
the
Romans
,
tho'
only
to
defend
himself
against
the
Grecian
Power
,
but
the
two
Angels
,
that
stood
by
his
side
,
left
him
,
and
he
was
slain
.
The
same
Punishment
,
and
for
the
same
Cause
,
suffered
Ionathan
and
Simon
,
his
Brothers
and
Successors
.
Nor
is
the
Excuse
of
Self-Defence
always
sufficient
;
for
all
the
Conditions
and
Circumstances
that
make
such
Confederacies
allowable
,
very
rarely
concurr
,
and
are
of
greater
weight
than
that
universal
Scandal
and
Danger
of
defiling
the
true
Religion
with
Errors
;
the
Communication
of
Hereticks
being
a
Poison
apt
to
infect
,
a
Gangrene
that
soon
spreads
,
where
Minds
are
enclined
to
Novelty
and
Licentiousness
[
](A58845-e194270-b)3
3
And
their
word
will
eat
as
doth
a
canker
,
2
Tim.
2.
17.
.
Policy
distrusting
the
Divine
Assistance
,
and
wholly
relying
upon
Humane
Artifices
,
may
indeed
deceive
it self
,
but
not
God
,
at
whose
Tribunal
meer
Appearances
of
Reason
are
not
received
.
Baasha
,
King
of
Israel
,
built
a
Fortress
in
Ramah
,
the
last
City
of
the
Tribe
of
Benjamin
,
in
the
Kingdom
of
Asa
,
and
so
stopt
its
Avenues
,
that
no
one
could
go
in
or
out
of
it
with
safety
[
](A58845-e194340-b)4
4
In
the
six
and
thirtieth
year
of
the
reign
of
Asa
,
Baasha
king
of
Israel
came
up
against
Judah
,
and
built
Ramah
,
to
the
intent
that
he
might
let
none
go
out
or
come
in
to
Asa
king
of
Judah
,
2
Chron.
16.
1.
.
This
occasion'd
a
War
between
those
two
Kings
;
and
Asa
fearing
the
Alliance
of
Ben-hadad
,
King
of
Syria
,
with
his
Enemy
,
contrived
first
to
break
that
,
and
then
enter'd
himself
into
a
Confederacy
with
Ben-hadad
:
which
when
Baasha
heard
,
he
left
off
building
the
Fortifications
of
Ramah
[
](A58845-e194420-b)5
5
And
it
came
to
pass
,
when
Baasha
heard
it
,
that
he
left
off
building
of
Ramah
,
and
let
his
work
cease
,
2
Chron.
16.
5.
.
Nevertheless
,
though
Asa
made
this
League
out
of
Necessity
,
and
only
for
his
own
Defence
,
whereof
the
good
Effect
soon
appeared
;
yet
God
was
displeased
that
he
put
more
confidence
in
the
King
of
Syria
than
in
him
,
and
sent
Hanani
the
Prophet
to
represent
his
fault
to
him
,
and
threaten
him
with
Wars
,
as
a
Punishment
[
](A58845-e194470-b)6
6
Because
thou
hast
relied
on
the
king
of
Syria
,
and
not
relied
on
the
Lord
thy
God
,
therefore
is
the
host
of
the
king
of
Syria
escaped
out
of
thine
hand
,
&c.
Herein
thou
hast
done
foolishly
;
therefore
from
henceforth
thou
shal●
have
wars
,
2
Chron.
16.
7
,
9.
;
which
accordingly
happened
.
Whence
it
will
be
easie
to
gather
,
how
much
France
has
incurred
the
Divine
Displeasure
,
by
the
Alliances
it
has
now
engaged
it self
in
with
those
of
another
Religion
,
to
oppress
the
House
of
Austria
:
Where
is
no
room
for
the
Pretence
of
Self-Preservation
in
extreme
Necessity
,
since
without
any
Provocation
or
Reason
,
he
has
sided
with
all
its
Adversaries
,
and
made
War
upon
it
,
fomenting
it
out
of
their
States
,
and
enlarging
these
by
the
Usurpation
of
foreign
Provinces
,
and
assisting
the
Hereticks
and
their
Allies
with
Counsel
and
Arms
to
conquer
the
Catholicks
;
no
one
,
in
the
mean
time
,
coming
thence
to
the
Treaty
of
Peace
at
Cologne
,
although
the
Pope
,
the
Emperor
,
and
King
of
Spain
,
had
all
sent
their
Plenipotentiaries
thither
.
Nor
is
it
unlawful
only
to
make
Leagues
with
Hereticks
,
but
even
to
make
use
of
their
Forces
.
The
Holy
Scriptures
give
us
an
illustrious
Instance
of
this
,
in
the
Person
of
King
Amasiah
,
who
having
hired
an
Army
of
the
Sons
of
Israel
,
was
commanded
of
God
to
dismiss
it
,
and
reproved
,
for
not
rather
relying
on
him
[
](A58845-e194570-b)7
7
O
king
,
l●t
not
the
army
of
Israel
go
with
thee
:
for
the
Lord
is
not
with
Israel
,
to
wit
,
with
all
the
children
of
Ephraim
.
But
if
thou
wilt
go
,
do
it
,
be
strong
for
the
battel
:
God
shall
make
thee
fall
before
the
enemy
:
for
God
hath
power
to
help
,
and
to
cast
down
,
2
Chron.
25.
7
,
8.
.
And
because
he
presently
obeyed
,
without
any
regard
to
the
Danger
,
or
to
the
hundred
Talents
he
had
given
them
,
God
gave
him
a
signal
Victory
over
his
Enemies
.
Confederacy
with
those
of
a
different
Religion
is
lawful
,
when
its
End
is
the
Intermission
of
War
,
and
Liberty
of
Commerce
;
such
as
that
was
which
Isaac
made
with
Abimelech
[
](A58845-e194610-b)8
8
We
s●e
certainly
that
the
Lord
is
with
thee
:
and
we
said
,
Let
there
be
now
an
oat●
betwixt
us
,
even
betwixt
us
and
thee
,
and
let
us
make
a
covenant
with
thee
,
That
thou
shalt
do
us
no
hurt
,
Gen
26.
28
,
29.
,
and
as
now
is
between
Spain
and
England
.
When
any
Treaty
is
made
with
Hereticks
,
provided
it
interfere
not
with
Religion
or
Good
Manners
,
and
be
confirmed
by
Oath
,
the
Publick
Faith
is
by
all
means
to
be
kept
with
them
;
for
in
the
Oath
,
God
is
called
to
be
a
Witness
to
the
Agreement
,
and
,
as
it
were
,
a
Surety
for
the
Performance
of
it
,
both
Parties
consenting
to
make
him
Judge
of
it
,
to
punish
the
Perjurer
.
And
certainly
it
were
a
hainous
Sin
,
to
call
him
to
witness
to
a
Lye
.
Nations
have
no
other
Security
of
the
Treaties
they
make
,
than
the
Religion
of
Oaths
;
which
if
they
should
make
use
of
to
deceive
,
there
would
be
an
end
of
Commerce
in
the
World
,
nor
would
it
be
possible
for
firm
Truces
or
Peace
to
be
ever
concluded
.
But
though
there
pass
no
Oath
,
yet
the
Treaties
should
nevertheless
be
observed
:
For
from
the
Truth
,
Fidelity
and
Justice
whereby
they
are
maintained
,
there
arises
in
them
a
mutual
Obligation
,
and
a
Duty
common
to
all
Nations
;
and
as
it
is
not
allowable
to
kill
or
hate
a
Man
of
a
different
Communion
,
so
neither
is
it
to
cheat
,
or
break
a
Promise
to
him
.
Hence
Ioshua
kept
his
Oath
with
the
Gibeonites
[
](A58845-e194680-b)9
9
We
have
sworn
unto
them
by
the
Lord
God
of
Israel
:
now
therefore
we
may
not
touch
them
,
I●sh.
9.
19.
:
A
thing
which
was
so
pleasing
to
God
Almighty
,
that
he
vouchsafed
in
his
savour
to
interrupt
the
Natural
Order
of
the
Orbs
of
Heaven
,
obeying
the
Voice
of
Ioshua
,
and
stopping
the
Sun
in
the
midst
of
its
Course
,
to
give
him
Time
to
prosecute
the
slaughter
of
his
Enemies
,
and
acquit
himself
of
his
Obligation
[
](A58845-e194710-b)10
10
So
the
sun
stood
still
in
the
midst
of
heaven
,
and
hasted
not
to
go
down
about
a
w●ole
day
.
And
there
was
no
day
like
that
,
before
it
,
or
after
it
,
that
the
Lord
hearkened
unto
the
voice
of
man
:
for
the
Lord
sought
for
I●rael
,
Iosh.
10.
13
,
14.
:
As
,
on
the
contrary
,
he
punished
David
with
a
Three
Years
Famine
,
for
Saul's
breaking
this
very
Treaty
Three
hundred
Years
after
[
](A58845-e194750-b)11
11
Then
there
was
a
famine
in
the
days
of
David
,
three
years
,
year
af●er
year
;
and
David
enquired
of
the
Lord
.
And
the
Lord
answered
,
It
is
for
Saul
,
and
for
his
bloody
house
,
because
he
slew
the
Gi●eonites
,
2
Sam.
21.
1.
.
EMBLEM
XCIV
.
THE
Sun
,
when
in
Libra
,
distributes
his
Rays
with
so
much
Justice
,
that
he
makes
the
Days
and
Nights
equal
;
not
,
however
,
without
having
a
more
particular
regard
to
the
Zones
that
are
nearest
and
most
subject
to
his
Empire
,
to
which
he
imparts
a
greater
Force
of
Light
,
always
preferring
those
Climates
and
Pa●allels
that
are
least
remote
;
and
if
any
Country
suffers
the
Intemperatures
of
Heat
under
the
Torrid
Zone
,
the
fault
is
in
its
ill
Situation
,
not
in
the
Sun's
Rays
,
since
they
are
at
the
same
Time
benign
to
other
Parts
of
the
same
Zone
.
Now
what
the
Sun
does
in
the
Equinoctial-Line
,
a
Part
of
Heaven
so
considerable
,
that
if
the
immense
Being
of
God
could
be
confined
to
any
limited
Place
,
it
could
be
no
other
than
that
;
the
same
Effect
,
I
say
,
is
produced
here
below
,
by
that
Pontifical
Triple-Crown
,
which
from
Rome
,
as
a
Fixed
Equinox
,
with
its
Divine
Rays
illuminates
all
the
Parts
of
the
World
:
This
is
the
Sun
of
these
inferior
Orbs
,
in
which
was
substituted
the
Power
of
the
Light
of
that
Eternal
Sun
of
Righteousness
,
that
all
Things
Sacred
might
receive
from
it
their
true
Form
,
so
as
never
to
be
called
in
question
by
the
shadows
of
impious
Opinions
.
There
is
no
Country
so
near
the
Poles
,
but
the
Brightness
of
its
Rays
,
in
spite
of
the
Frosts
and
Mists
of
Ignorance
,
has
reached
it
.
This
Tiara
,
or
Triple-Crown
,
is
the
Touch-stone
on
which
other
Crowns
are
tried
,
and
the
Caracts
of
their
Gold
and
Silver
proved
,
in
that
,
as
in
a
Crucible
,
they
are
separated
from
other
base
Metals
;
and
it
is
by
the
Tau
they
are
stampt
with
,
that
they
are
assured
of
their
real
Value
.
Hence
Ramius
,
King
of
Arragon
,
and
many
others
,
voluntarily
offered
to
become
Feudataries
to
the
Church
,
looking
on
it
as
an
Honour
and
Happiness
for
their
Crowns
to
pay
it
Tribute
.
Those
that
refuse
the
Touch
of
this
Apostolical
Stone
,
are
of
Lead
and
Tin
,
and
so
soon
wear
out
,
and
consume
,
rarely
passing
to
the
Fifth
Generation
,
(
as
we
see
by
frequent
Experience
.
)
It
was
with
the
Respect
and
Obedience
of
Princes
,
that
their
Temporal
Grandeur
and
Dignity
,
foretold
by
the
Prophet
Isaiah
[
](A58845-e194910-b)1
1
Then
thou
shalt
see
and
flow
together
,
and
thine
heart
shall
fear
,
and
be
enlarged
,
because
the
abundance
of
the
sea
shall
be
converted
unto
thee
,
the
forces
of
the
Gentiles
shall
come
unto
thee
,
Isai.
6●
.
5.
,
was
encreased
;
who
afterwards
armed
the
Spiritual
Sword
,
so
as
to
render
it
capable
of
being
the
Balance
of
the
Kingdoms
of
Christendom
.
And
by
the
same
means
the
Popes
still
endeavour
to
support
their
Power
,
procuring
the
Favour
of
Potentates
by
their
Paternal
Affection
.
Their
Empire
over
Minds
is
a
Voluntary
one
,
imposed
by
Reason
,
not
Force
:
and
if
at
any
time
this
latter
has
been
too
immoderate
,
it
has
had
quite
contrary
Effects
;
for
Passion
is
blind
,
and
easily
runs
headlong
.
The
Papacy
even
unarmed
,
is
stronger
than
the
best
appointed
Armies
.
The
Presence
of
Pope
Leo
in
his
Pontifical
Robes
,
struck
such
a
Terrour
into
Attila
,
that
it
made
him
retreat
,
and
lay
aside
his
Thoughts
of
Sacking
of
Rome
;
which
had
he
attempted
by
Arms
,
he
had
never
quelled
the
haughty
Spirit
of
that
Barbarian
.
The
bare
Whistle
of
the
Shepherd
,
or
a
kind
Menace
of
the
Crook
or
Sling
,
do
more
than
the
hardest
Stones
.
It
is
a
Rebellious
Sheep
,
that
must
be
led
by
Rigour
:
For
if
the
Piety
of
the
Faithful
has
given
Force
to
the
Papal
Dignity
,
that
was
rather
for
the
Security
of
its
Grandeur
,
than
done
with
a
design
to
let
them
use
it
,
except
when
the
Maintenance
of
Religion
,
and
the
Universal
Benefit
of
the
Church
so
required
.
When
,
contrary
to
this
one
Consideration
,
the
Mitre
is
turned
into
a
Helmet
,
no
more
Reverence
or
Obedience
is
due
to
it
,
than
if
it
were
merely
Temporal
[
](A58845-e194970-b)*
*
The
Italian
is
●ere
guilty
of
par●ial
Omissions
and
Additions
.
:
And
if
it
will
depend
on
Reasons
of
State
,
it
will
be
looked
upon
only
as
a
Politick
Prince's
Crown
,
not
as
the
Diadem
of
a
Pope
,
whose
Empire
is
supported
by
a
Spiritual
Authority
.
His
Pastoral
Office
is
of
Peace
only
,
not
War
;
his
Crosier
crooked
,
to
guide
,
not
pointed
,
to
wound
.
The
Sovereign
Priest
is
the
Sovereign
Man
,
and
therefore
should
not
,
as
other
Men
,
be
guilty
of
Envy
,
Hatred
or
Partiality
,
which
are
always
Incentives
of
War
[
](A58845-e194990-b)2
2
Summum
Pontificem
etiam
summum
h●minem
esse
,
non
amulationi●
〈◊〉
odio
aut
privatis
affectio●i●us
〈◊〉
,
Tac.
Annal.
li●
.
3.
.
This
even
the
very
Pagans
required
in
their
Chief-Priest
.
The
Splendour
of
his
Vertues
strike
the
Mind
more
than
the
Sword
does
the
Body
,
which
is
much
less
prevalent
in
composing
the
Differences
of
Princes
than
Love
and
Respect
;
for
when
Princes
once
see
that
his
good
Offices
proceed
from
a
true
Paternal
Love
,
free
from
Passions
,
Affections
,
and
Politick
Artifices
,
they
willingly
lay
their
Rights
,
and
Arms
,
at
his
Feet
.
This
several
Popes
have
had
Experience
of
,
who
avoiding
Neutrality
,
have
shewn
themselves
the
Common
Fathers
of
the
whole
World
.
He
who
adheres
to
one
alone
,
denies
himself
to
all
besides
;
and
he
that
is
neither
on
this
Side
nor
that
Side
,
takes
the
Part
of
none
.
Whereas
the
High-Priests
should
be
for
All
,
as
their
Garments
,
in
the
Old
Law
,
gave
us
to
understand
,
whose
exquisite
Make
represented
the
Globe
of
the
Earth
[
](A58845-e195010-b)3
3
For
in
the
long
garment
was
the
whole
world
,
Wisd.
18.
2●
.
.
'T
is
a
piece
of
Cruelty
to
stand
with
Arms
a-cross
at
the
sight
of
other
Mens
Calamities
.
Should
a
Father
stand
still
while
his
Children
quarrel
,
he
would
be
deservedly
blamed
for
whatever
mischief
they
should
do
one
to
another
;
he
ought
,
sometimes
by
Rigour
,
sometimes
by
good
Words
,
to
part
them
,
putting
himself
betwixt
them
,
or
,
if
need
be
,
espousing
one's
Cause
,
the
better
to
reduce
the
other
to
Agreement
.
Thus
if
Princes
refuse
to
hearken
to
the
Fatherly
Admonition
of
His
Holiness
,
if
they
pay
not
the
Respect
due
to
his
Authority
,
and
there
be
no
hopes
of
ever
recovering
them
,
it
seems
best
to
declare
in
favour
of
the
most
just
Side
,
always
having
regard
to
the
Publick
Quiet
,
and
the
Advancement
of
Religion
and
the
Church
,
to
assist
that
,
till
the
other
be
brought
to
its
Duty
:
For
he
that
approves
the
Cause
of
the
one
and
the
other
,
will
be
thought
to
co-operate
with
both
.
[
](A58845-e195030-b)*
*
A
whole
Page
is
here
omitted
in
the
French
.
In
Italy
,
more
than
in
any
other
Part
of
the
World
,
this
Care
of
the
Popes
is
necessary
[
](A58845-e195060-b)4
4
Zurit
.
Hist.
Arragon
.
l.
13.
c.
13.
:
For
if
once
they
so
openly
betray
their
Inclination
to
the
French
,
that
they
may
promise
themselves
their
Aid
and
Favour
,
they
will
soon
bring
their
Arms
thither
.
This
Conside●●tion
prevailed
on
some
Popes
to
shew
themselves
more
addicted
to
Spain
,
the
better
to
keep
France
within
Bounds
;
and
if
at
any
time
,
any
one
,
induced
by
an
appearance
of
Good
,
or
through
Partiality
or
Self-Interest
,
and
a
Forgetfulness
of
this
Caution
,
has
used
Secular
Arms
,
and
called
in
the
Aid
of
Foreigners
,
he
〈◊〉
given
occasion
to
great
Commotions
in
Italy
;
as
Historians
observe
,
in
the
Lives
of
[
](A58845-e195110-b)5
5
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
Vrban
IV.
who
sent
for
Charles
,
Count
of
Anjou
and
Provence
,
to
〈◊〉
Relief
,
against
Mainfroy
,
King
of
both
Sicilies
:
Of
Nicholas
III.
who
being
jealous
of
the
Power
of
King
Charles
,
had
recourse
to
Peter
,
King
of
Arragon
:
Of
Nicholas
IV.
who
enter'd
into
a
League
with
Alphonsus
●f
Arragon
,
against
King
Iames
:
Of
Boniface
VIII
.
who
●ppealed
to
Iames
,
King
of
Arragon
,
and
called
in
the
Assistance
of
Charles
of
Valois
,
Count
of
Anjou
,
against
●rederick
,
King
of
Sicily
:
Of
Eugenius
IV.
who
sided
with
the
Faction
of
Anjou
,
against
Alphonsus
,
King
of
N●ples
:
Of
Clement
V.
who
sought
the
Aid
of
Philip
of
〈◊〉
,
against
the
Viscounts
of
Milan
:
Of
Leo
X.
and
c●●ment
VII
.
who
made
a
League
with
Francis
,
King
of
France
,
against
Charles
V.
to
throw
the
Spaniards
out
of
Italy
.
This
Inconveniency
proceeds
from
the
Weight
of
the
Apostolick
See
,
it
being
so
great
,
that
the
Scale
wherein
't
is
put
must
necessarily
fall
very
much
.
It
is
probable
that
some
Appearance
of
Good
moved
those
●●pes
to
do
thus
;
but
certainly
,
in
some
of
them
,
the
〈◊〉
was
far
from
answering
their
Intention
.
But
as
it
is
the
Duty
of
the
Popes
to
endeavour
to
●●intain
Princes
in
Peace
and
Tranquility
;
so
ought
these
,
out
of
Interest
(
were
there
no
Divine
Obligation
for
it
,
as
there
really
is
)
to
have
continually
their
Eyes
,
like
the
Heliotrope
,
upon
that
Sun
of
the
Pope's
Triple-Crown
,
which
always
shines
,
and
never
sets
,
and
to
be
●●edient
to
,
and
protect
it
.
Hence
Alphonsus
V.
King
of
Arragon
,
upon
his
Death-bed
,
charged
his
Son
Ferdinand
,
King
of
Naples
,
to
esteem
nothing
beyond
the
Authority
of
the
Apostolick
See
,
and
the
Favour
of
the
Popes
;
and
to
take
care
not
to
disgust
them
,
whatever
Reason
he
had
on
his
side
[
](A58845-e195520-b)6
6
Zurit
.
Ann.
de
Arrag
.
.
Impious
or
Imprudent
Princes
think
it
a
piece
of
Bravery
to
carry
themselves
haughtily
towards
the
Popes
:
but
such
an
Humility
is
so
far
from
being
a
Weakness
,
that
't
is
a
Religious
Act
;
't
is
no
Dishonour
,
but
a
Glory
.
The
most
submissive
Deferences
paid
them
by
the
greatest
Princes
,
are
but
a
pious
Magnanimity
,
that
teaches
Subjects
what
Respect
is
to
be
paid
to
all
that
is
Sacred
;
they
beget
not
any
Infamy
,
but
rather
an
Universal
Applause
.
No
one
condemned
the
Emperor
Constanti●●
,
for
taking
a
low
Seat
in
a
Council
of
Bishops
[
](A58845-e195540-b)7
7
Euseb.
in
Vit.
Const.
;
nor
King
Egica
,
for
prostrating
himself
upon
the
Ground
,
in
another
held
at
Toledo
[
](A58845-e195570-b)8
8
〈…〉
Reg.
Goth.
.
No
one
ever
succeeds
in
opposing
the
Popes
;
those
are
Quarrels
that
nev●●
have
a
good
end
?
And
who
can
separate
the
Inter●●●
of
the
Temporal
Prince
from
that
of
the
Head
of
the
Church
?
Injury
and
Authority
are
so
joined
,
that
the
greater
that
is
,
the
more
it
derogates
from
this
.
The
Pontifical
Dignity
,
when
armed
with
both
the
Temporal
and
Spiritual
Sword
,
withstands
the
greatest
Power
.
It
meets
with
an
unshaken
Obedience
in
Foreign
Kingdoms
;
and
if
it
once
goes
to
make
War
upon
them
,
the
People's
Piety
grows
cold
,
and
from
fighting
with
Arms
,
they
come
to
that
of
Books
;
Allegiance
tott●●
▪
and
Religion
being
confounded
,
changes
of
Governm●●●
ensue
,
and
the
overthrow
of
Kingdoms
,
whose
only
Bottom
is
the
Reverence
and
Respect
of
the
Priesthood
[
](A58845-e195580-b)9
9
Honor
〈…〉
Tac.
Hist.
l.
5.
.
which
made
some
Nations
unite
it
to
the
Re●●
Dignity
.
Princes
ought
therefore
to
carry
themsel●●
with
so
much
Prudence
,
as
to
decline
,
as
much
as
〈◊〉
sible
,
giving
any
Occasion
of
Distaste
to
the
Pope●●
which
they
will
do
,
if
they
pay
a
due
Respect
to
〈◊〉
Apostolick
See
,
maintaining
its
Privileges
,
Rights
,
〈◊〉
●munities
inviolable
,
and
asserting
their
own
with
●urage
and
Resolution
,
when
they
interfere
not
with
●●●m
,
without
admitting
any
Innovations
prejudicial
to
●●eir
own
States
,
and
which
tend
not
to
the
Spiritual
●ood
of
their
Subjects
.
When
Charles
V.
went
into
●ely
to
be
Crown'd
,
the
Pope's
Legates
would
oblige
●●●m
to
take
an
Oath
to
preserve
the
Rights
of
the
Church
.
●o
which
he
answer'd
,
That
as
he
would
not
alter
them
,
〈◊〉
neither
would
he
,
on
the
other
side
,
do
any
thing
against
〈◊〉
Constitutions
of
the
Empire
:
Which
he
said
,
upon
the
●●count
of
the
Fiefs
which
the
Church
pre●ded
on
Parma
and
Placentia
.
[
](A58845-e195650-b)*
*
A
Page
and
an
half
is
here
omitted
in
the
Italian
.
King
●dinand
the
Catholick
was
so
exact
in
this
,
●at
one
may
,
in
a
manner
,
say
he
fell
●to
Excess
;
judging
it
not
fit
to
transgress
●●e
Limits
of
Rights
and
Privileges
the
●st
in
the
World
;
because
when
the
Foot
is
once
●●ed
,
it
presently
defends
the
Place
it
stands
on
,
as
a
●●●ssession
;
and
insensibly
goes
farther
,
when
,
by
briskly
●●posing
its
first
steps
,
much
greater
Losses
might
be
●●oided
.
Iohn
,
King
of
Arragon
,
refused
to
ratifie
the
●●ant
of
the
Archbishoprick
of
Saragossa
,
made
by
Pope
●●tus
IV.
to
Cardinal
Ausias
Dezpuch
,
because
he
did
not
●ominate
him
,
as
was
then
the
Custom
;
but
causing
the
●●rdinal's
Goods
and
Revenues
to
be
seized
,
and
mis●ing
his
Relations
,
forced
him
to
quit
the
Pontificate
,
●●ich
he
afterwards
conferred
upon
his
Nephew
Al●●●sus
[
](A58845-e195740-b)10
10
Zur
.
Hist.
Arrag
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
l.
24.
c.
16.
.
Such
another
Dispute
,
a
little
after
,
arose
●●on
the
Subject
of
the
Church
of
Tarrassona
;
which
a
●rtain
Temporal
Judge
having
been
made
Bishop
of
,
〈◊〉
ordered
him
to
leave
it
instantly
,
threatning
,
if
he
●●d
not
,
to
drive
him
,
and
all
that
belong'd
to
him
,
out
〈◊〉
his
Kingdom
.
The
same
did
his
Son
Ferdinand
,
in
〈◊〉
the
Bishoprick
of
Cuenca
,
to
which
Pope
Sixtus
had
●●●ated
Raphaël
Galeot
,
a
Relation
of
his
own
[
](A58845-e195800-b)11
11
Anton.
●eb
.
Hist.
Hisp.
:
For
●●e
King
,
incens'd
that
it
should
be
given
to
a
Foreigner
,
and
without
his
Nomination
,
enjoined
all
the
Spaniards
to
leave
Rome
,
protesting
he
would
call
a
Council
upon
that
and
some
other
Matters
;
and
when
the
Pope
afterwards
sent
his
Nuncio
into
Spain
,
he
bid
him
return
,
complaining
that
His
Holiness
did
not
use
him
as
such
an
obedient
Son
of
the
Church
deserved
,
and
wondred
that
the
Embassador
should
undertake
such
a
Commission
:
But
he
humbly
making
answer
,
That
he
would
renounce
the
Pri●●es
of
an
Embassador
,
and
submit
wholly
to
His
Majesty's
Pleasure
;
by
this
,
and
the
good
Offices
of
the
Cardinal
of
Spain
,
he
was
admitted
,
and
all
the
Differences
adjusted
.
But
unless
,
for
Self-Preservation
,
or
otherwise
,
the
Case
be
extremely
dangerous
,
recourse
should
not
be
had
to
these
Methods
;
and
it
is
befitting
the
Paternal
Affection
of
the
Popes
,
not
to
give
Occasion
to
them
,
behaving
themselves
so
Courteous
always
,
so
as
thereby
to
maintain
a
good
Correspondence
with
Princes
:
For
although
they
have
in
their
Hand
,
as
was
said
,
the
two
Swords
of
Spiritual
and
Temporal
Authority
,
yet
this
ought
to
execute
nothing
but
by
the
Arms
of
Emperors
and
Kings
,
as
Protectors
and
Defenders
of
the
Church
:
Which
makes
it
(
as
Alphonsus
the
Wise
says
[
](A58845-e195860-b)*
*
In
Proem
.
p.
2.
)
of
so
much
concernment
for
those
two
Powers
always
to
agree
,
so
that
each
may
help
the
other
,
when
Occasion
requires
.
I
doubt
not
but
all
those
whom
God
hath
placed
in
this
High
Station
,
have
this
Care
deeply
rooted
in
their
Hearts
;
but
yet
it
is
often-times
perplexed
by
the
Courtiers
of
Rome
,
whose
only
business
is
to
sow
Discords
;
as
also
by
the
Ambition
of
some
Ministers
,
who
think
to
wind
themselves
into
the
Favour
of
the
Popes
,
and
to
procure
the
best
Preferments
by
their
Independency
on
Princes
,
and
by
the
Aversion
they
bear
them
,
always
inventing
Pretences
to
reject
their
Petitions
,
and
taking
all
occasions
of
Affronting
their
Embassadors
;
and
who
,
to
appear
Stout
,
suggest
violent
Counsels
,
under
colour
of
Religion
and
Zeal
:
all
which
ruine
the
good
Understanding
of
the
Popes
and
Temporal
Princes
,
to
the
great
prejudice
of
the
Christian
Commonwealth
,
and
chills
the
Veins
of
Piety
,
for
want
of
Love
,
the
Artery
that
cherishes
them
,
and
maintains
their
warmth
.
EMBLEM
XCV
.
THE
Isthmus
maintains
it self
between
the
Force
and
Power
of
two
contrary
Seas
,
as
their
common
Arbiter
,
not
enclining
more
to
this
than
that
:
Hence
,
what
one
takes
from
it
,
the
other
restores
again
;
and
by
the
conflict
of
both
,
it
is
preserved
entire
;
for
if
the
Waves
of
either
should
once
swell
and
overflow
the
whole
Tract
of
Ground
,
they
would
spoil
its
Jurisdiction
,
and
it
would
be
no
longer
an
Isthmus
.
This
Neutrality
betwixt
two
great
Powers
supported
,
for
a
long
time
,
Peter
Ruiz
d'Azagra
in
his
Government
of
Albarraein
,
situate
on
the
Frontiers
of
Castile
and
Arragon
[
](A58845-e195960-b)1
1
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
l.
11.
c.
16.
;
for
each
of
these
Kings
took
care
not
to
let
it
be
oppress'd
by
the
other
,
and
those
Emulations
kept
the
Freedom
of
that
little
State
untouch'd
.
By
this
the
Dukes
of
Savoy
may
see
how
much
it
is
their
Interest
to
stand
Neuter
between
the
two
Crowns
of
France
and
Spain
,
and
to
keep
in
their
Hands
the
free
Disposal
of
the
Passes
into
●●aly
by
the
Alps
,
as
a
thing
whereon
their
Grandeu●
,
their
Conservation
,
and
the
Necessity
of
their
Friendship
,
entirely
depends
;
it
highly
concerning
each
of
these
Crowns
not
to
let
them
be
subdued
by
the
other
.
Hence
the
Spaniards
have
so
often
marched
to
the
Aid
of
Charles
Emanuel
,
and
recovered
such
Places
as
the
French
had
taken
from
him
.
I
know
only
one
Case
wherein
it
is
better
that
these
Princes
brea●
this
Neutrality
,
and
side
with
one
of
the
two
Crowns
and
that
is
,
when
the
other
attempts
the
Conquest
of
their
Dominions
,
particularly
that
of
France
:
For
if
once
the
French
should
drive
the
Spaniards
out
of
Italy
,
they
would
become
so
powerful
(
considering
they
have
already
e●tended
their
Dominions
from
the
very
utmost
Limits
of
the
Ocean
,
as
far
as
the
Mediterranean
,
through
Cal●●ria
)
that
over
running
the
States
of
Savoy
and
Piedmont
,
they
must
of
necessity
either
unite
them
to
the
Crown
of
France
,
or
but
then
them
with
an
intolerable
Slavery
,
which
the
whole
Body
of
Italy
would
soon
feel
the
Effects
of
,
without
hopes
of
redeeming
their
Liberty
again
;
and
for
Spain
ever
to
retrieve
their
Losses
,
or
balance
their
Forces
,
would
be
extremely
difficult
,
considering
the
vast
distance
between
them
too
.
This
Danger
the
Republick
of
Venice
,
with
a
great
deal
of
Prudence
,
weighed
,
when
seeing
Charles
the
Eighth's
Power
encrease
in
Italy
,
they
struck
up
that
which
was
called
the
Holy
League
.
From
that
time
,
one
may
say
,
Divine
Providence
began
to
contrive
the
Security
and
Preservation
of
the
Apostolick
Chair
,
and
of
Religion
,
and
to
prevent
its
falling
under
the
Tyranny
of
the
Turk
,
or
being
infected
with
the
Heresies
,
then
taking
root
in
Germany
;
advanced
the
Greatness
of
the
House
of
Austria
,
and
establish'd
the
Spanish
Monarchy
in
the
States
of
Naples
,
Sicily
,
and
Milan
,
that
Italy
might
have
a
Catholick
Prince
to
defend
it
on
all
sides
:
And
to
restrain
the
Power
of
Spain
,
and
make
it
content
with
the
Rights
of
Succession
,
Fiefs
,
and
Arms
,
it
raised
it
a
Rival
in
the
Person
of
the
King
of
France
,
to
lay
its
Kings
under
a
necessity
for
their
Preservation
of
gaining
the
Love
and
Good-will
of
their
Subjects
,
and
the
Esteem
of
other
Princes
,
by
maintaining
Justice
among
them
,
with
these
Peace
,
without
giving
the
least
Occasion
to
War
,
which
always
hazards
the
Rights
and
Designs
of
the
most
Powerful
.
This
Advantage
which
Italy
reaps
from
the
Power
of
Spain
,
is
,
by
some
,
unjustly
traduced
as
a
Yoke
of
Slavery
;
when
,
on
the
contrary
,
it
is
the
only
Instrument
of
its
Repose
,
of
its
Liberty
and
Religion
:
The
Mistake
proceeds
from
their
not
well
knowing
the
Importance
of
this
Counterpoise
.
A
Person
,
ignorant
in
Navigation
,
seeing
the
Bottom
of
a
Ship
filled
with
Sand
and
Stones
,
thinks
it
carries
the
Cause
of
its
Wreck
in
this
Weight
:
whereas
they
who
are
acquainted
with
Sea-Affairs
,
know
,
that
without
this
Ballast
,
the
Lightness
of
the
Ship
could
never
subsist
long
against
the
Agitation
of
the
Waves
.
Nicephorus
,
speaking
of
this
Aequilibrium
between
two
Crowns
,
looks
on
it
as
a
Common
Advantage
to
the
Subjects
of
both
Kingdoms
,
when
he
says
,
That
he
could
not
enough
admire
the
inscrutable
Wisdom
of
God
,
who
makes
two
directly
opposite
Means
tend
to
the
same
End
;
as
when
he
would
keep
two
Powers
at
variance
,
without
however
subjecting
the
one
to
the
other
,
he
either
gives
to
both
Commanders
,
whose
Capacity
and
Courage
discover
the
Artifices
,
and
oppose
the
Attempts
of
the
adverse
Party
,
which
makes
for
the
Liberty
of
the
Subjects
of
both
Sides
;
or
else
sets
over
them
Men
so
senseless
and
cowardly
,
that
they
undertake
nothing
considerable
one
against
another
,
but
leave
the
Limits
of
the
Kingdom
as
they
found
them
[
](A58845-e196340-b)2
2
Mirari
〈◊〉
subit
impervestigabile●
Dei
sapientiam
,
qui
plane
●●●traria
uno
fine
conclusit
.
Nam
cum
du●●
ad●ersarias
potestates
inter
se
co●mittere
statuit
,
nee
alteram
alteri
subjicere
,
aut
ingenio
&
virtute
〈◊〉
utrinque
parti
moderatores
praeficit
,
ut
alter
alterius
consilia
&
〈◊〉
vertas
,
&
utrinque
subditorum
libertati
consulatur
,
aut
utrosque
●ebetes
&
imbelles
deligit
,
ut
neuter
alterum
tentare
,
&
s●pta
(
quod
aiunt
)
〈◊〉
aude●●
,
veteresque
regnorum
limites
convellere
.
Niceph.
.
For
the
same
ends
,
Divine
Providence
has
parted
the
Forces
of
the
French
and
Spanish
Kings
,
by
interposing
the
high
Walls
of
the
Alps
,
lest
Propinquity
of
Territories
,
or
Easiness
of
Passage
,
should
be
a
Temptation
to
War
,
and
favour
the
French
most
,
if
that
Nation
should
have
these
Doors
so
often
open
.
It
has
still
,
for
greater
Security
,
given
the
Keys
of
them
to
the
Duke
of
Savoy
,
an
Italian
Prince
,
who
having
his
States
between
those
two
Kingdoms
,
can
lock
or
leave
them
open
,
according
as
the
Publick
Good
requires
.
This
Divine
Disposition
Pope
Clement
VIII
.
was
sensible
of
,
and
with
singular
Prudence
procured
the
State
of
Saluzzes
to
fall
into
the
Duke
of
Savoy
'
s
Hands
.
[
](A58845-e196450-b)*
*
Here
is
a
Page
and
an
half
omitted
in
the
French
.
This
was
a
very
ancient
State-Maxim
;
on
which
Alphonsus
,
King
of
Naples
,
grounded
his
Advice
to
the
Duke
of
Milan
,
not
to
deliver
up
Asti
to
Lewis
the
Dauphin
:
For
(
said
he
)
it
is
not
for
the
good
of
Italy
,
that
the
French
strive
to
get
footing
there
,
but
to
bring
it
under
their
Subjection
,
as
was
attempted
in
the
Genoese
Expedition
.
That
Italian
Prince
penetrated
not
the
force
of
this
Counsel
,
who
advised
the
prefent
French
King
,
by
making
himself
Master
of
Pignerol
,
to
get
firm
footing
on
the
Alps
;
deceived
probably
(
unless
it
were
Malice
)
by
the
appearing
Conveniency
of
having
the
French
ready
against
any
Attacks
of
the
Spaniards
;
not
considering
,
that
by
the
fear
of
a
future
War
,
which
might
perhaps
never
have
really
happen'd
,
a
present
and
most
certain
one
is
kindled
,
upon
the
admission
of
the
French
into
Italy
;
it
being
impossible
for
Peace
to
be
preserved
in
any
one
Province
betwixt
two
Nations
so
opposite
and
disagreeing
:
Nor
were
Italy
like
to
reap
any
other
Benefit
from
it
than
this
,
That
it
would
nourish
a
Serpent
in
its
Bosom
,
whose
poisonous
Sting
would
certainly
afterwards
envenom
it
.
Besides
that
the
French
,
even
when
within
their
own
Limits
,
on
the
other
side
of
the
Alps
,
are
always
near
enough
to
march
into
Italy
,
when
called
,
nor
is
it
necessary
that
they
be
so
near
as
to
have
the
Passage
at
their
Command
.
Besides
,
were
the
French
so
modest
,
so
void
of
Ambition
,
as
to
confine
themselves
there
,
and
not
move
but
when
called
upon
;
yet
who
doubts
but
upon
such
an
Occasion
they
would
widely
transgress
the
Bounds
of
Protection
;
as
Lewis
Sforza
,
Castruchio
Castrocani
,
and
several
others
,
have
actually
experienc'd
,
who
sought
their
Aid
with
no
other
Advantage
,
than
that
the
same
befell
them
(
as
it
does
some
at
this
day
)
which
Tacitus
relates
to
have
happened
to
the
Frecentini
,
who
,
while
they
agreed
among
themselves
,
valued
not
the
Parthians
;
but
upon
their
falling
into
Dissentions
,
while
each
called
in
Aid
against
his
Rival
,
the
Person
invited
by
one
Party
conquered
both
[
](A58845-e196740-b)3
3
Quoties
concordes
agunt
,
spe●nitur
Parth●●
;
ubi
dissensere
,
dum
sibi
quisque
contra
aemulos
subsidium
vocant
,
accitus
in
partem
adversu●
omnes
valescit
.
Tac.
Annal.
l.
6.
.
Now
if
that
Power
might
be
brought
into
Pignerol
,
so
as
to
be
wholly
at
the
Disposal
of
Italy
,
either
to
call
it
in
,
or
send
it
out
of
its
Territories
,
as
Occasion
should
require
,
there
had
then
been
some
Reason
in
the
Policy
,
some
colour
of
Zeal
for
the
Publick
Good
,
in
this
Counsel
:
But
now
,
in
a
time
the
most
improper
in
the
World
,
to
place
it
within
the
very
Gates
of
Italy
,
to
enter
them
upon
every
Motion
of
Ambition
or
Levity
,
and
that
Fear
of
it
might
keep
the
Spaniards
continually
upon
their
Guard
,
and
Occasion
be
given
to
other
Princes
to
take
up
Arms
,
and
a
Storm
of
Wars
be
raised
never
to
be
calmed
,
was
so
far
from
being
good
Counsel
,
that
it
was
the
rankest
Treason
,
being
,
in
plain
terms
,
no
other
than
exposing
it
to
the
Power
of
France
,
and
wresting
that
out
of
the
Italian
Prince's
Hand
,
which
he
had
over
the
Alps
,
for
the
Common
Good
of
All.
In
the
other
Potentates
of
Italy
,
which
are
not
situate
between
those
two
Crowns
,
this
Reason
of
Neutrality
has
not
the
same
force
;
for
when
once
War
is
brought
into
Italy
,
they
cannot
but
fall
a
Prey
to
the
Conqueror
,
without
having
obliged
either
Party
;
as
the
Consul
Quinetius
said
to
the
Aetolians
,
to
persuade
them
to
declare
for
the
Romans
,
in
the
War
against
Antiochus
;
and
as
the
Florentines
found
,
when
refusing
to
join
with
the
King
of
Arragon
,
they
stood
Neuter
;
thereby
losing
the
Favour
of
the
French
King
,
without
appeasing
the
Anger
of
the
Pope
[
](A58845-e196930-b)4
4
Quippe
sine
dignitate
praemium
victoris
eritis
.
Liv.
l.
35.
.
Neutrality
neither
makes
Friends
,
nor
removes
Enemies
[
](A58845-e196960-b)5
5
Neutralitas
neque
a●icos
parit
,
●eque
inimicos
tollit
.
Polyh
.
.
Hence
Alphonsus
,
King
of
Naples
,
said
of
the
Sienois
,
who
thinking
to
save
themselves
by
Neutrality
,
were
ruin'd
,
That
the
same
happened
to
them
,
which
usually
does
to
one
who
lodges
in
the
middle
of
an
House
,
whom
they
below
fill
with
Smoke
,
those
above
pour
Water
down
upon
him
.
What
did
not
the
Thebans
suffer
,
by
being
Neutral
,
when
Xerxes
invaded
Greece
?
While
Lewis
XI
.
of
France
continued
so
,
he
never
had
Peace
with
any
Prince
[
](A58845-e197070-b)6
6
Phil.
de
Comin
.
.
[
](A58845-e197080-b)*
*
This
whole
Paragraph
is
omitted
in
the
French
.
Let
not
the
Prince
be
deceived
,
in
imagining
this
Neutrality
to
be
the
best
means
to
balance
the
Forces
of
Spain
and
France
;
for
certainly
there
ought
to
be
some
Declaration
in
behalf
of
the
former
,
not
that
it
may
enlarge
its
Territories
,
or
make
an
Inrode
into
France
,
but
that
it
may
maintain
what
it
is
already
possessed
of
,
and
the
French
be
kept
within
their
Kingdom
,
and
not
by
any
Neutrality
or
Affection
be
invited
out
.
And
this
is
so
certain
,
that
the
very
Declaration
of
Favour
,
without
any
other
Publick
De●●nstrations
,
poises
these
Scales
,
and
is
a
sufficient
Ar●ment
of
War
.
Italy
can
never
bear
two
Factions
that
●ive
to
raise
their
Fortunes
by
the
Contention
of
both
●owns
within
its
Bowels
.
This
Charles
V.
was
sensible
〈◊〉
when
,
to
restore
Peace
to
Italy
,
he
destroyed
them
,
●●d
new-modelled
the
Republick
of
Florence
,
which
at
●●at
Time
encouraged
them
;
for
one
of
the
two
Balances
〈◊〉
France
or
Spain
,
never
so
little
over-loaded
,
turned
.
〈◊〉
Scale
of
Peace
,
which
consists
in
keeping
them
even
.
●●on
the
knowledge
of
this
Truth
,
all
prudent
Princes
●●d
Commonwealths
have
shewed
themselves
more
ad●●ed
to
Spain
,
to
add
some
Weight
to
it
;
and
that
by
●●ing
a
more
perfect
Aequilibrium
,
they
,
with
their
●●tes
,
might
enjoy
a
happy
Tranquility
;
and
if
at
any
●ne
any
one
has
disordered
it
,
by
espousing
the
contrary
●●ty
,
he
has
been
the
Occasion
of
great
Troubles
,
and
●●moted
the
Ruine
of
Italy
.
Glory
,
that
constant
attendant
of
Ambition
,
prompts
●ne
Italians
to
think
it
would
be
more
advantageous
〈◊〉
them
to
unite
against
both
Crowns
,
and
have
no
●●er
Masters
but
themselves
,
either
by
dividing
them●●ves
into
Republicks
,
or
setting
up
one
Head
.
Thoughts
●re
for
Talk
,
than
Effect
,
considering
the
present
●●ndition
of
Italy
;
for
either
this
Sovereign
must
be
〈◊〉
Pope
,
or
some
other
.
If
the
Pope
,
there
want
not
●●y
many
plausible
Reasons
to
shew
the
impossibility
〈◊〉
maintaining
a
Spiritual
Monarchy
changed
into
a
●mporal
one
under
an
Elective
Prince
(
especially
if
〈◊〉
be
of
a
declining
Age
,
as
generally
all
the
Popes
are
)
●sed
only
in
Arts
of
Peace
,
and
Ecclesiastical
Tran●lity
,
wholly
employed
in
Spiritual
Affairs
,
and
sur●nded
with
Nephews
and
Relations
,
who
,
should
●●●y
not
require
to
secure
to
themselves
the
Succession
〈◊〉
their
States
,
will
be
sure
to
share
them
by
Investitures
.
●●●des
,
it
being
the
Interest
of
Christendom
,
that
the
●●●es
be
the
Common
Fathers
of
all
its
Members
,
and
〈◊〉
have
any
Differences
with
other
Princes
,
they
will
●●●eby
be
engaged
in
perpetual
Quarrels
with
those
two
●●wns
;
which
,
on
account
of
the
Claims
each
lay
to
the
Dutchy
of
Milan
,
and
the
Kingdoms
of
Naples
and
Sicily
,
will
soon
fall
upon
the
Apostolick
See
,
whethe●
joined
by
some
Compact
to
divide
the
Conquests
of
these
States
,
or
separately
,
one
breaking
into
Italy
through
,
the
Milanese
,
the
other
through
Naples
,
with
the
Danger
too
of
one
of
them
calling
in
the
Aid
of
the
Germans
,
or
the
Turk
,
who
would
afterwards
fix
in
Italy
.
But
suppose
any
Person
were
created
King
of
all
Italy
,
yet
still
the
same
Inconveniencies
would
remain
;
nay
,
another
much
greater
would
arise
from
hence
;
that
in
form
a
Monarchy
,
this
King
must
necessarily
make
other
Princes
subject
to
him
,
and
strip
the
Pope
of
his
Empire
:
For
should
he
leave
them
in
the
same
Condition
they
are
at
present
,
(
though
it
were
under
some
acknowledgment
of
Homage
,
or
in
Alliance
)
he
could
never
support
himself
;
besides
that
thus
Italy
would
lose
that
Spiritual
Empire
,
which
renders
it
no
less
Ill●strious
than
heretofore
the
Roman
did
,
and
being
d●prived
of
its
Liberty
,
would
be
brought
to
a
kind
〈◊〉
Tyrannical
Confusion
.
There
is
yet
less
probability
of
Italy
's
continuing
〈◊〉
Peace
,
under
several
Native
Princes
,
for
they
can
neve●
agree
so
uniformly
as
to
unite
against
the
two
Crow●
but
will
rather
ruine
one
another
by
Intestine
Wars
,
●
it
happened
in
former
Ages
;
the
Italian
Nation
being
〈◊〉
so
lofty
a
Genius
,
that
it
scorns
a
Medium
;
either
it
m●●●
absolutely
Govern
or
Obey
.
From
all
which
,
it
appears
,
how
necessary
so●●
Foreign
Power
is
to
Italy
,
which
,
opposed
to
all
othe●
neither
suffers
Wars
between
its
Princes
,
nor
allo●
them
to
make
use
of
Foreign
Arms
;
which
is
the
reas●
that
since
it
was
united
with
the
Crown
of
Spain
,
it
〈◊〉
always
enjoy'd
a
perfect
and
continual
Peace
.
The
Advantage
therefore
that
attends
that
necessity
〈◊〉
joining
it self
to
one
of
the
two
Crowns
,
may
pre●●●
upon
the
Italian
Nation
to
conform
to
the
present
〈◊〉
especially
since
if
there
should
happen
any
Alteration
〈◊〉
Milan
,
Naples
and
Sicily
,
it
could
not
but
give
a
〈◊〉
●●●●rbance
to
other
Governments
:
For
no
New
Forms
〈◊〉
●ntroduced
without
the
corruption
of
others
;
and
〈◊〉
one
of
the
two
Nations
must
be
incorporated
〈◊〉
Italy
,
the
Spanish
has
most
Reason
for
it
,
they
lying
〈◊〉
under
the
same
Climate
,
which
renders
them
more
〈◊〉
in
Firmness
of
Religion
,
Observance
of
Justice
,
●vity
of
Actions
,
Fidelity
to
their
princes
,
Constancy
in
〈◊〉
Promises
and
Publick
Faith
,
in
Moderation
of
Mind
,
〈◊〉
briefly
,
in
all
other
Customs
and
Manners
;
and
●es
,
because
the
King
of
Spain
governs
not
in
Italy
〈◊〉
Stranger
,
but
as
an
Italian
Prince
,
who
aims
at
no●●●g
more
there
,
than
to
maintain
what
he
justly
pos●●●
since
he
can
,
with
much
more
Advantage
to
his
〈◊〉
,
extend
his
Monarchy
over
the
vast
Countries
〈◊〉
Africa
.
This
Maxim
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
left
to
Successors
,
in
generously
refusing
the
Offer
of
the
〈◊〉
of
Emperor
of
Italy
,
saying
,
That
he
desired
nothing
〈◊〉
what
of
Right
belonged
to
him
,
and
that
it
was
not
his
〈◊〉
to
dismember
the
Imperial
Dignity
.
This
Truth
is
●●●ently
attested
by
the
Restitutions
the
King
of
Spain
〈◊〉
made
of
several
Places
,
without
making
use
of
any
〈◊〉
of
Arms
,
or
demanding
Satisfaction
for
Charges
〈◊〉
Damage
,
or
taking
up
Arms
but
upon
necessity
,
〈◊〉
for
his
own
defence
,
or
that
of
another
,
as
the
〈◊〉
of
Mantua
have
experienc'd
;
and
if
he
has
at
〈◊〉
time
made
War
upon
the
Duke
of
Nevers
,
it
was
〈◊〉
as
Malice
would
insinuate
,
to
make
himself
Master
●asal
,
but
to
put
it
in
the
Power
of
the
Emperor
to
justice
to
those
who
laid
Pretensions
to
these
States
.
〈◊〉
the
Duke
of
Nevers
having
implored
,
by
the
Marquess
Mirebaean
,
His
Majesty's
Protection
and
Consent
to
〈◊〉
Marriage
of
his
Son
,
the
Duke
of
Retel
,
with
the
●●●eess
Mary
,
obtained
both
:
But
after
the
Conclusion
of
〈◊〉
Matter
,
Advice
was
brought
to
Madrid
,
That
by
the
●er-hand
Practices
of
Count
d'Estrige
,
the
Wedding
〈◊〉
already
celebrated
,
Vincent
,
Duke
of
Mantua
,
being
●he
point
of
Death
,
without
the
King's
knowledge
,
●●●ctly
against
the
Agreement
between
him
and
the
〈◊〉
;
which
was
the
reason
that
this
Novelty
,
which
appeared
to
some
a
kind
of
Slight
and
Distrust
,
deferred
first
the
execution
of
the
Protection
,
and
gave
afterwards
place
to
fresh
Deliberations
;
wherein
it
was
resolved
,
That
without
any
Notice
taken
of
all
this
,
the
Favour
promised
,
should
remain
in
full
force
,
and
One
be
sent
to
give
the
Married
Couple
Joy
.
But
as
Divine
Providence
had
determined
the
Destruction
of
the
City
and
House
of
Mantua
,
for
the
Vices
of
its
Princes
,
and
their
Violation
of
so
many
Marriages
,
it
directed
all
Events
to
that
end
;
and
accordingly
,
for
this
Reason
,
while
these
Things
passed
in
Spain
,
Cardinal
Richlieu
,
a
sworn
Enemy
to
the
Duke
of
Nevers
,
brought
it
about
,
that
the
Duke
of
Savoy
,
assisted
by
his
Master
,
denounced
War
against
him
,
to
get
what
he
laid
claim
to
in
Montferrat
.
But
the
Duke
smelling
this
to
be
nothing
but
a
Pretence
,
under
which
to
bring
th●
French
Arms
into
Italy
,
and
by
the
Ruine
of
both
Dukes
,
to
encrease
the
Grandeur
of
France
,
discover'd
the
whole
Intrigue
to
Gonsalvo
of
Cordoua
,
Governor
of
Milan
,
promising
to
desert
the
French
,
if
he
would
ass●●●
him
.
Gonsalvo
desired
Time
to
consider
,
and
se●●●
Advice
of
it
into
Spain
;
and
seeing
the
Duke
make
some
difficulty
to
grant
it
,
and
that
if
he
did
not
succo●
him
,
the
Doors
of
the
Alps
would
be
open
to
the
French
,
he
,
of
his
own
head
,
agreed
with
the
Duke
,
hoping
to
make
himself
Master
of
Casal
,
by
the
mea●●●
of
Espadin
,
whereby
(
as
himself
wrote
to
His
Majesty
)
the
Emperor
might
with
much
more
ease
determine
the
Controversies
on
foot
in
Montferrat
and
Mantua
:
a
Reso●lution
which
obliged
His
Majesty
to
suspend
a
second
time●
the
execution
of
the
Protection
promised
,
though
contrary
to
his
Design
of
procuring
the
Peace
of
Italy
▪
nevertheless
,
to
maintain
that
,
and
cut
off
all
Occasi●●
of
Jealousie
,
he
gave
Order
to
Gonsalvo
of
Cordoua
,
That
if
,
as
was
supposed
,
he
was
already
possessed
of
Casa●
▪
he
should
keep
it
in
the
Name
of
the
Emperor
,
the
true
Master
of
it
,
at
the
same
time
dispatching
Letters
to
him
to
that
effect
,
to
convey
,
in
that
case
,
to
His
Imperial
Majesty
.
But
the
Treaty
with
Espadin
not
su●●ding
,
Gonsalvo
,
without
any
Order
from
His
Ma●●●y
,
invested
Casal
;
which
was
the
Occasion
of
the
〈◊〉
of
France
'
s
Journey
to
Susa
,
and
of
Spain's
being
●xpectedly
engaged
in
the
War
,
after
having
pub●ly
protested
that
those
Forces
were
only
Auxi●ies
to
the
Emperor
,
to
the
end
the
Rights
of
the
●●enders
upon
Mon●ferrat
and
Mantua
might
be
●●ded
by
way
of
Justice
;
nor
would
Gonsalvo
accept
●he
Term
offered
him
by
the
Duke
of
Nevers
,
of
●●●ng
Casal
,
lest
any
should
think
His
Majesty
engaged
●ese
Commotions
more
out
of
private
Interest
,
than
〈◊〉
the
fake
of
the
Publick
Quiet
.
This
is
the
very
●th
of
the
Matter
,
which
so
many
have
unjustly
●aim'd
against
,
so
few
really
known
.
●et
the
Prince
therefore
and
Republick
of
Italy
lay
●e
the
empty
Shadows
of
Jealousies
assuring
them●es
that
Spain
aims
at
nothing
more
than
to
keep
up
〈◊〉
Grandeur
amongst
them
,
not
to
encrease
it
;
and
let
〈◊〉
give
place
to
this
true
piece
of
Policy
,
if
they
desire
Peace
of
Italy
:
for
these
imaginary
Emulations
tend
●o
other
end
,
but
to
promote
its
Disquiet
;
there
●g
no
War
but
what
proceeds
either
from
the
Ambi●●●
of
a
powerful
Monarch
,
or
the
Apprehensions
of
●●feriour
Prince
.
EMBLEM
XCVI
.
VIctory
in
just
Wars
,
aims
at
no
other
end
〈◊〉
Peace
:
Hence
that
is
the
most
Glorious
,
wh●●●
is
obtained
with
least
Damage
,
and
more
〈◊〉
Stratagem
than
Force
,
which
was
least
covered
〈◊〉
Dust
and
Blood
;
which
Horace
calls
,
—
Dulcis
sine
pulvere
palma
:
[
](A58845-e198180-b)*
*
Horat.
Lawrels
with
Ease
obtain'd
,
smell
always
sweet
.
The
Romans
,
for
bloody
Victories
,
sacrificed
a
〈◊〉
and
an
Oxe
,
for
those
got
by
Stratagem
.
If
by
Wit●●●
●nderstanding
we
are
like
God
,
but
have
Force
in
com●on
with
Brutes
,
undoubtedly
there
is
more
Glory
in
●●quering
with
the
former
than
the
latter
.
Tiberius
●s
better
pleas'd
in
having
quieted
the
Empire
by
Pru●nce
,
than
if
he
had
done
it
by
the
Sword
[
](A58845-e198240-b)1
1
Laetiore
Tiberio
,
qui●
pacem
sapienti●
firmaverat
,
quim
si
bellu●
〈◊〉
a●ies
consecisses
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
2.
:
And
Agricola
looked
on
it
as
Glorious
to
vanquish
the
Britains
●●●thout
the
loss
of
Roman
Blood
[
](A58845-e198290-b)2
2
Ingens
victoria
dec●●
〈◊〉
a
Romanum
sanguinem
bellants
,
Id.
in
Vit.
Ag●ic
.
.
If
Victory
pro●oses
the
Preservation
and
Encrease
of
the
Common-●ealth
,
it
will
succeed
much
better
by
Policy
or
Nego●tion
,
than
by
Arms.
The
Life
of
one
Citizen
is
of
●ore
account
than
the
Death
of
many
Enemies
.
Whence
●●pio
the
African
used
to
say
,
That
be
had
rather
save
〈◊〉
Citizen
,
than
conquer
a
thousand
Enemies
:
A
Sentence
●hich
afterwards
the
Emperor
Marcus
Antoninus
Pius
●ok
for
his
Device
.
For
to
conquer
an
Enemy
is
the
〈◊〉
Work
of
a
General
;
to
save
a
Citizen
,
that
of
a
●●triot
.
Vitellius
considered
not
this
,
when
having
de●●ded
Otho
,
he
said
,
in
passing
among
the
dead
Bodies
,
●●he
smell
of
dead
Enemies
is
sweet
,
but
that
of
Citizens
yet
●●eter
.
A
barbarous
Saying
,
unworthy
even
of
a
Vulture
.
●
quite
different
Compassion
was
seen
in
Himilcon
,
who
●ving
obtained
considerable
Victories
in
Sicily
,
because
〈◊〉
had
lost
most
of
his
Men
by
Sicknesses
which
seized
〈◊〉
Army
in
their
Camp
,
entered
Carthage
,
not
in
●riumph
,
but
in
Mourning
,
and
the
Habit
of
a
Slave
,
●●d
going
strait
to
his
Quarters
,
killed
himself
,
without
●aking
a
word
to
any
.
Cruel
Victory
seems
to
be
●●re
the
Heat
of
Revenge
,
than
Effect
of
Courage
;
it
has
●●re
of
Fierceness
than
Reason
in
it
.
When
Lewis
XII
.
●ing
of
France
,
received
News
,
that
his
Army
had
●otten
the
better
in
the
Battel
of
Ravenna
,
though
with
〈◊〉
loss
of
all
his
Officers
,
and
the
best
part
of
his
●●diers
;
Would
to
God
(
said
he
,
sighing
)
I
had
lost
the
●ay
,
and
my
brave
Captains
were
now
alive
!
May
such
●ctories
as
these
be
for
my
Enemies
,
wherein
the
Conquered
〈◊〉
Conqueror
,
and
the
Victor
vanquished
.
For
this
Reason
,
the
most
prudent
Commanders
decline
Engagements
and
Attacks
as
much
as
possible
;
and
value
themselves
more
upon
obliging
the
Enemy
to
yield
,
than
upon
subduing
him
by
Force
[
](A58845-e198460-b)3
3
Dare
in
discrimen
legiones
haud
imperatorium
ratus
,
Tac.
Annal.
lib.
2.
.
The
Great
Captain
received
Gajeta
by
Surrender
:
and
some
thinking
he
had
better
,
since
he
was
now
Master
of
the
Field
,
have
stormed
it
,
and
taken
the
Officers
,
with
the
Garrison
,
Prisoners
,
to
prevent
any
mischief
they
might
do
,
if
let
go
;
he
answered
,
It
would
have
cost
more
in
Powder
and
Ball
than
the
Danger
would
have
been
worth
.
It
is
a
generous
Valour
that
brings
the
Enemy
to
a
Surrender
without
Bloodshed
,
and
a
happy
War
that
is
ended
by
Mercy
and
Pardon
[
](A58845-e198510-b)4
4
Bellorum
egregios
●ines
,
quoties
ignoscendo
transigatur
,
Ta●
Annal.
l.
12.
.
Valour
is
for
the
Enemy
,
but
Mercy
for
the
Captive
[
](A58845-e198530-b)5
5
Quanta
pervicacia
in
hostem
tanta
beneficentia
〈◊〉
versus
supplices
utendum
,
Id
▪
ibid.
.
This
Generosity
of
Mind
is
very
rare
now-a-days
,
when
War
is
undertaken
more
to
satisfie
Passion
,
than
to
exert
Valour
,
more
for
Devastation
than
Conquest
.
It
is
called
Peace
,
to
reduce
Cities
into
Ashes
,
and
Countries
into
Desarts
[
](A58845-e198560-b)6
6
Vbi
solitudinem
fa●●●
pacem
appellant
,
Tac.
in
Vit.
Agric.
,
to
lay
waste
and
burn
up
Fields
,
as
we
see
in
Germany
and
Burgundy
.
What
a
barbarous
Cruelty
,
how
inconsistent
with
Humane
Reason
is
it
thus
to
wage
War
with
Nature
her self
,
and
take
from
her
those
Means
wherewith
she
nourishes
and
supports
us
?
The
Holy
Scriptures
forbid
even
the
Trees
that
grow
near
besieged
Cities
to
be
cut
down
,
because
they
are
Wood
,
not
Men
,
and
so
cannot
encrease
the
Enemy's
Number
[
](A58845-e198600-b)7
7
When
thou
shalt
besi●●●
a
city
a
long
time
,
in
making
war
against
it
to
take
it
,
thou
shalt
〈◊〉
destroy
the
trees
thereof
,
by
forcing
an
are
against
them
:
for
〈◊〉
mayest
eat
of
them
,
and
thou
shalt
not
cut
them
down
(
for
the
〈◊〉
of
the
field
is
man's
life
)
to
employ
them
in
the
siege
,
Deut.
20.
19.
.
To
that
degree
does
God
abhorr
Blood
spilt
in
War
,
that
though
he
had
made
his
People
take
up
Arms
against
the
Midianites
yet
he
afterwards
enjoined
,
That
whosoever
had
killed
any
Person
,
or
touched
any
Slain
,
should
purifie
himself
●●ven
Days
out
of
the
Camp
[
](A58845-e198630-b)8
8
And
do
ye
abide
without
the
camp
seven
days
:
whosoever
●●th
killed
any
person
,
and
whosoever
hath
touched
any
slain
,
purifie
●●●h
your selves
and
your
captives
,
on
the
third
day
,
and
on
the
●●●●th
day
,
Numb.
31.
19.
.
Aeneas
thought
it
●
Crime
to
touch
Things
Sacred
before
he
had
washed
●is
Hands
in
some
living
Stream
:
Attrectare
nefas
,
donec
me
flumine
vivo
Abluero
.
[
](A58845-e198670-b)*
*
Virgil.
God
,
as
he
is
equally
the
Author
of
Peace
and
Life
,
hates
those
who
disturb
that
,
or
cut
the
thread
of
this
:
●ven
to
Weapons
,
as
the
Instruments
of
Death
,
he
has
●eclared
his
aversion
;
for
hence
,
I
conceive
,
he
com●anded
his
Altars
to
be
built
of
rough
,
unpolish'd
●tone
,
which
no
Iron
had
touched
;
such
as
that
was
●hich
the
People
of
Israel
raised
,
after
they
had
passed
●●e
River
Iordan
[
](A58845-e198700-b)9
9
And
there
shalt
〈◊〉
build
an
altar
unto
the
Lord
thy
God
,
an
altar
of
stone
:
thou
●●it
not
lift
up
any
iron
tool
upon
them
,
Deut.
27.
5.
;
and
that
of
Ioshua
,
after
his
●ctory
over
the
Men
of
Ai
[
](A58845-e198740-b)10
10
Then
●●ua
built
an
altar
,
&c.
an
altar
of
whole
stones
,
over
which
no
〈◊〉
had
lift
up
an
iron
,
Iosh.
8.
30.
31.
.
The
Reason
of
this
,
〈◊〉
that
Iron
is
the
Matter
of
War
,
whereof
Swords
are
●ade
:
nor
would
he
suffer
the
use
of
it
in
the
purity
and
●aceableness
of
his
Sacrifices
,
as
that
other
Precept
●●●ms
to
intimate
[
](A58845-e198770-b)11
11
If
thou
wilt
make
●an
altar
of
stone
,
thou
shalt
not
build
it
of
hewn
stone
:
for
if
thou
〈◊〉
up
the
tool
upon
it
,
thou
hast
polluted
it
,
Exod.
2●
.
25.
.
But
ambition
of
Glory
seldom
gives
place
to
these
●nsiderations
,
imagining
there
can
be
no
Reputation
●t
,
where
Valour
is
not
exercised
,
and
Blood
spilt
;
●●d
thence
it
is
that
some
care
not
to
make
use
of
●●xiliaries
,
or
admit
of
Companions
in
Victory
.
●ing
Alphonsus
III.
lost
the
Battel
of
Arc
,
only
because
〈◊〉
would
not
stay
for
the
coming
up
of
the
Forces
of
●on
and
Navarr
;
and
Tilly
,
that
of
Leipsick
,
by
not
●aiting
for
the
Imperial
Forces
.
In
which
thing
Ambi●on
is
much
in
the
wrong
;
the
Glory
of
Victories
consisting
not
so
much
in
any
degree
of
Courage
,
as
in
having
known
how
to
make
good
use
of
safe
Counsels
;
forasmuch
as
the
one
depends
on
Chance
,
the
other
on
Prudence
.
He
obtains
the
Victory
soon
enough
,
who
has
with
Judgment
so
provided
that
he
should
not
be
overcome
.
Ambition
burns
;
and
Reason
,
once
disturbed
,
follows
its
Natural
Force
and
Tendency
,
and
destroys
it self
.
States
are
never
more
beholding
to
their
Prince
,
than
when
undervaluing
Trophies
and
Triumphs
,
he
strives
to
maintain
Peace
by
Negotiation
,
and
purchases
Victory
with
Money
;
for
it
is
much
cheaper
buying
for
that
than
Blood
,
and
generally
safer
fighting
with
Golden
than
Iron
Weapons
.
The
variety
of
past
Accidents
is
apt
to
make
Victory
forget
it self
;
Glory
,
to
make
it
vanish
;
Joy
,
to
disorder
;
Spoils
,
to
puff
it
up
;
Acclamations
,
to
make
it
over●confident
;
and
Bloodshed
prompts
it
to
despise
the
Enemy
,
and
sleep
secure
,
when
it
should
be
most
vigilant
,
and
shew
greater
Fortune
in
subduing
it self
,
than
it
met
with
in
conquering
the
Enemy
:
for
this
latter
may
possibly
be
more
an
effect
of
Fortune
than
Courage
;
but
in
the
Triumph
over
our
Affections
and
Passions
,
Chance
has
no
part
.
The
General
therefore
would
do
well
,
immediately
after
a
Victory
,
to
retire
into
himself
,
and
with
Prudence
and
Constancy
compose
the
Civil
War
of
his
Passions
;
forasmuch
as
without
this
Triumph
,
that
other
will
but
be
more
dangerous
.
Let
him
watch
his
Spoils
and
Trophies
the
more
carefully
,
the
more
of
them
he
has
gotten
;
for
in
Danger
,
Fear
doubles
Guards
and
Sentinels
,
when
he
who
thinks
himself
out
of
it
,
abandons
himself
to
Sleep
.
Ioshua
drew
not
back
his
Hand
,
till
he
had
utterly
destroyed
all
the
Inhabitants
of
A●
.
[
](A58845-e198890-b)12
12
For
〈◊〉
drew
not
his
hand
back
wherewith
he
stret●●●●
out
the
spear
,
until
he
had
utterly
destroyed
all
the
inhabitan●
A●
,
Josh.
8.
26.
.
Between
the
Battel
and
Victory
there
is
no
Security
:
Despair
is
daring
;
and
the
most
contemptible
Animal
,
when
provoked
,
turns
again
.
This
Experience
cost
Archduke
Albert
dear
,
at
Newport
:
And
Abner
told
Ioab
the
danger
of
making
his
Sword
too
bloody
[
](A58845-e198950-b)13
13
Shall
the
sword
devour
for
ever
?
knowest
thou
not
that
it
〈◊〉
be
bitterness
in
the
latter
end
?
2
Sam.
2.
26.
.
Besides
,
Adversity
is
ingenuous
;
and
the
Enemy
it
oppresses
often
lays
hold
on
the
Occasion
,
and
recovers
in
a
moment
whatever
it
had
lost
,
baffling
Fortune
by
her
own
Incon●ancy
:
A
Goddess
,
who
the
more
she
shines
,
the
more
brittle
she
is
,
and
the
sooner
broken
.
A
General
must
not
therefore
be
elated
by
his
Victories
,
nor
think
it
impossible
for
him
to
become
in
his
turn
a
Trophy
to
the
Person
he
●as
conquered
.
He
should
have
ever
before
his
eyes
the
like
Casualty
,
phansying
he
always
sees
plunged
●der
the
Waters
of
Calamities
the
same
Palm
which
●e
has
once
lifted
up
in
Triumph
:
Thus
that
of
this
●●blem
looks
it self
in
the
Water
,
whose
liquid
Mirrour
●●presents
to
it
the
Condition
,
the
Force
of
Winds
,
or
●●jury
of
Time
,
may
reduce
it
to
.
This
prudent
Cau●●usness
made
the
Spouse
compare
the
Eyes
of
her
beloved
to
Rivers
of
Waters
[
](A58845-e199000-b)14
14
His
eyes
〈◊〉
as
the
eyes
of
doves
by
the
rivers
of
waters
,
Cant.
5.
12.
,
because
in
them
the
〈◊〉
dresses
and
prepares
it self
for
Adversities
.
●●sperity
is
Glory's
greatest
Enemy
:
Confidence
ren●ing
Vertue
negligent
,
and
Pride
undervaluing
Danger
.
●cessity
obliges
the
Conquered
to
good
Discipline
;
●ger
and
Revenge
animate
him
,
and
inspire
Cou●ge
[
](A58845-e199020-b)15
15
Aliquando
etiam
victis
ira
virtusque
,
Tac.
in
Vit.
Agric.
:
Whereas
the
Conqueror
,
through
Arro●●●ce
,
and
breach
of
Discipline
,
grows
dull
and
●●●vy
[
](A58845-e199040-b)16
16
Acriore
hodiè
disciplinî
victi
quam
victores
agunt
:
h●s
ira
,
odium
,
〈◊〉
cupiditas
ad
virtutem
acc●ndit
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
2.
.
The
gain
of
a
Battel
is
often-times
the
●ginning
of
Happiness
to
the
Conquered
,
of
Misfortune
〈◊〉
the
Victor
;
the
one
being
blinded
by
his
Fortune
,
〈◊〉
other
casting
about
to
retrieve
his
.
What
Arms
●●rishing
could
not
conquer
,
those
thrown
down
often
〈◊〉
;
and
Spoils
scattered
here
and
there
,
inflaming
the
Avarice
of
the
Victorious
,
make
of
them
an
ea●ie
Victory
.
Thus
it
befell
the
Sarmatae
,
who
being
loaded
with
Plunder
,
were
cut
in
pieces
,
as
if
they
had
been
bound
,
and
immovable
[
](A58845-e199070-b)17
17
Qui
cupidine
praedae
graves
onere
sarcinarum
velut
vi●cti
.
The
Battel
of
Tarro
,
against
Charles
VIII
.
of
France
,
was
lost
,
at
least
dubious
,
●●debanmur
,
Tac.
Hist.
l
2.
only
by
the
Italian
Soldiers
falling
too
soon
upon
the
Baggage
.
Hence
Iudas
Maccabaeus
required
his
Men
not
to
touch
the
Booty
,
until
the
Fight
was
over
[
](A58845-e199140-b)18
18
But
●tand
ye
now
fast
against
your
enemies
,
and
overcome
them
;
then
may
ye
safely
take
the
spoils
,
1
Maccab.
4.
18.
.
Victories
are
to
be
esteemed
more
for
the
Progresses
may
be
expected
from
them
,
than
for
themselves
,
and
therefore
should
be
cultivated
,
that
they
may
bear
the
more
.
To
give
the
Enemy
Time
,
is
to
Arm
him
;
and
to
sit
down
satisfied
with
the
Fruit
already
gathered
,
to
leave
Arms
barren
.
It
is
as
easie
for
a
Fortune
raised
to
fall
,
as
it
is
to
lift
up
again
one
fallen
.
Tiberius
,
considering
this
Uncertainty
of
Things
,
endeavoured
,
with
many
Arguments
,
to
persuade
the
Senate
not
to
be
so
quick
in
executing
the
Honours
decreed
to
Germanicus
,
for
his
Victories
in
Germany
[
](A58845-e199200-b)19
19
Cuncta
mortal
um
incerta
,
quan●●●●
plus
ad●ptus
forat
,
tanto
se
magis
in
lubrico
dictans
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
●
.
.
Although
Victories
should
be
pursued
,
yet
it
ought
not
to
be
with
a
Heat
so
secure
and
careless
as
to
slight
Dangers
.
Let
Expedition
consult
with
Prudence
,
with
regard
to
Time
,
Place
,
and
Occasion
.
Let
the
Prince
use
his
Victories
with
Moderation
,
not
with
a
Bloody
and
Inhumane
Tyranny
,
always
having
before
him
that
Counsel
of
Theodorick
,
King
of
the
Ostrogoths
,
in
a
Letter
to
his
Father-in-Law
,
Clovis
,
about
the
Germa●
Victories
;
In
such
Cases
,
let
him
be
heard
who
has
most
Experience
:
No
Wars
have
been
more
successful
to
me
,
than
those
I
have
ended
with
Moderation
;
for
he
comes
oftenest
off
Conqueror
,
who
best
uses
his
Victory
;
and
Fortune
ever
favours
them
most
,
who
are
least
puft
up
[
](A58845-e199280-b)*
*
Cassiod
.
.
The
French
follow
not
this
prudent
Advice
,
but
rather
have
imposed
a
heavier
Yoke
on
Germany
than
it
ever
yet
bore
,
and
hastened
the
Ruine
of
that
Empire
.
The
Piety
and
Modesty
of
Marcellus
made
a
greater
Shew
,
when
he
wept
to
see
the
Ruine
of
the
beautiful
Buildings
of
Syracuse
,
than
his
Valour
and
Glory
in
having
stormed
it
,
and
made
a
Triumphant
Entry
at
the
Breach
.
Count
Tilly
struck
the
Hearts
of
several
,
more
by
the
Tears
he
shed
for
the
burning
of
Magdeburg
,
than
by
his
Sword
.
And
though
Ioshua
commanded
the
Officers
of
his
Army
to
put
their
Feet
upon
the
Necks
of
the
Kings
taken
in
the
Battel
of
Gibaon
[
](A58845-e199370-b)20
20
Come
near
,
put
your
feet
upon
the
necks
of
these
kings
,
●osh.
10.
24.
;
yet
this
was
not
done
out
of
Pride
or
Vain-glory
,
but
to
animate
his
Soldiers
,
and
to
remove
the
Fear
they
had
conceived
of
the
Giants
of
Canaan
[
](A58845-e199400-b)21
21
Fear
not
,
nor
be
dismayed
;
be
strong
,
and
●f
good
courage
:
for
thus
shall
the
Lord
do
to
all
your
enemies
against
whom
ye
fight
,
Iosh.
10.
25.
.
To
treat
those
one
has
subdued
with
Humanity
,
to
maintain
their
Privileges
and
Nobility
,
and
to
ease
them
of
Taxes
,
is
twice
to
conquer
them
,
once
by
Arms
,
and
afterwards
by
Kindness
,
and
in
the
mean
while
to
prepare
a
Chain
for
other
Nations
;
no
fewer
yielding
to
Generosity
,
than
to
Force
.
Expugnat
nostram
clementia
gentem
,
Mars
gravior
sub
pace
latet
.
[
](A58845-e199460-b)*
*
Claud.
By
these
Artifices
the
Romans
made
themselves
Masters
of
the
whole
World
;
and
if
ever
they
forgot
them
,
their
Victories
were
the
more
difficult
.
Despair
it self
arms
against
a
bloody
Conqueror
.
Vna
salus
victis
nullam
sperare
salutem
.
[
](A58845-e199510-b)†
†
Virg.
The
Wretch's
only
Comfort
is
Despair
.
There
are
some
Men
,
who
,
with
more
Impiety
than
Reason
,
advise
,
for
greater
Security
,
to
extirpate
the
hostile
Nation
,
as
the
Romans
did
in
demolishing
Carthage
,
Numantia
,
and
Corinth
,
or
else
to
oblige
it
to
seek
a
new
Habitation
;
which
is
a
barbarous
and
inhumane
Counsel
:
Others
are
for
extinguishing
the
Nobility
,
building
Forts
,
and
disarming
the
Inhabitants
.
But
this
Tyranny
is
practicable
only
in
servile
Nations
,
not
among
People
of
●
more
generous
Nature
.
Cato
the
Consul
,
to
secure
himself
from
some
People
of
Spain
,
near
the
●iver
●berus
,
took
away
their
Arms
,
but
was
soon
obliged
to
return
them
;
they
being
so
exasperated
to
see
themselves
without
them
,
that
they
killed
one
another
;
they
despised
a
Life
destitute
of
Instruments
to
defend
their
Honour
,
and
acquire
Glory
[
](A58845-e199610-b)22
22
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
.
EMBLEM
XCVII
.
HERCVLES
having
master'd
the
Lion
,
knew
how
to
enjoy
his
Victory
,
in
covering
his
Shoulders
with
its
Skin
,
in
order
the
more
easily
to
tame
other
Monsters
.
Thus
the
Spoils
of
a
Triumph
arm
the
Conqueror
,
and
encrease
his
Power
.
Thus
ought
Princes
to
use
their
Victories
,
augmenting
their
Forces
by
the
Prisoners
,
and
advancing
the
Grandeur
of
their
States
by
the
Places
they
take
.
All
Kingdoms
,
in
their
Original
,
were
small
;
and
if
they
encreased
,
it
was
by
getting
,
and
preserving
.
The
same
Reasons
that
make
the
War
lawful
,
justifie
also
the
detaining
of
what
it
brings
.
To
spoil
,
only
that
you
may
restore
again
,
is
a
foolish
and
extravagant
Levity
.
That
Man
holds
not
himself
at
all
obliged
,
who
to
day
receives
what
was
yesterday
wrested
from
him
with
Bloodshed
.
Princes
,
by
Restitution
,
barter
for
Peace
,
and
buy
its
contrary
:
〈…〉
render
them
Formidable
;
what
they
〈…〉
contemptible
,
this
being
generally
〈…〉
;
and
if
after
,
upon
〈…〉
,
they
go
about
to
recover
it
,
〈…〉
Difficulties
.
His
Majesty
〈…〉
put
the
Valtaline
in
〈…〉
;
and
the
French
〈…〉
the
State
of
Milan
in
〈…〉
and
Arms.
By
holding
〈…〉
is
check'd
,
〈…〉
by
so
many
Pawns
〈…〉
Necessity
.
Time
and
〈…〉
the
〈◊〉
in
what
Cases
it
is
〈…〉
,
to
prevent
greater
〈…〉
,
however
,
must
be
〈…〉
,
whose
blind
appetite
〈…〉
by
those
very
means
it
〈…〉
.
Princes
〈…〉
,
let
several
considerable
Forts
〈…〉
,
in
War
,
they
are
sorry
for
,
but
too
late
.
Present
Necessity
accuses
past
Liberality
.
No
Power
should
be
so
confident
of
it self
,
as
to
think
it
stands
not
in
need
of
every
one
of
them
for
its
Defence
.
The
Eagle
parts
not
with
her
Tallons
;
which
if
she
did
,
she
would
become
the
Je●●
of
other
Birds
:
They
respect
her
not
as
their
Queen
,
for
her
Beauty
,
since
in
that
the
Peacock
much
exceeds
,
but
for
the
Strength
of
her
Pounces
.
The
Grandeur
of
His
Majesty
would
now
be
in
far
more
Veneration
and
Security
,
had
he
still
kept
the
State
of
Siena
,
the
Garrison
of
Placentia
,
and
,
in
general
,
all
those
Places
which
he
has
left
in
other
Hands
.
Even
Restitution
of
a
State
is
not
to
be
made
,
when
it
cannot
be
without
Prejudice
to
another
.
There
is
no
less
Inconveniencies
in
making
War
upon
another
,
than
in
using
Arms
negligently
:
To
take
them
〈◊〉
only
to
offer
Blows
,
is
a
dangerous
way
of
fighting
.
●
Sword
drawn
without
being
dyed
in
Blood
,
returns
●●amed
into
the
Scabbard
;
if
it
wounds
not
our
Enemy
,
●
does
our
Honour
.
Fire
is
the
Instrument
of
War
;
●●oever
holds
it
up
in
his
Hand
,
will
be
burnt
by
it
.
●he
Army
,
if
not
kept
in
the
Enemy's
Country
,
wasts
●s
own
,
nay
,
is
wasted
it self
.
Courage
grows
cold
,
●ithout
Occasions
to
exercise
,
and
Spoils
to
inflame
it
.
●ence
Vocula
quartered
his
Men
in
the
Enemies
Land
[
](A58845-e199760-b)1
1
Vt
praeda
ad
virtutem
incenderentur
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
4.
;
〈◊〉
David
went
out
of
his
own
Realms
to
meet
the
Philistines
[
](A58845-e199800-b)2
2
And
●avid
ca●e
to
Baal-perazim
,
and
David
smote
them
there
,
2
Sam.
●
.
20.
.
The
same
did
Iehoash
,
King
of
Israel
,
●hen
he
heard
that
Amaziah
,
King
of
Iudah
,
was
●●ming
against
him
[
](A58845-e199860-b)3
3
Therefore
Jehoash
king
of
Israel
went
up
,
and
he
and
Amaziah
king
of
Judah
lo●ked
one
another
in
the
face
at
Bethshemeth
,
●●ich
belongeth
to
Judah
:
And
Judah
was
put
to
the
worst
before
Israel
,
2
King
.
14.
11
,
12.
.
Subjects
can
never
long
bear
〈◊〉
War
at
Home
;
for
by
maintaining
,
in
this
manner
,
●oth
Friends
and
Enemies
,
Charges
encrease
,
Means
●il
,
and
Dangers
continue
.
But
if
any
one
thinks
●●reby
to
sooth
up
,
and
the
more
easily
appease
him
he
●●gaged
with
,
it
is
imprudent
Counsel
,
there
being
no
●●ttering
a
declared
Enemy
.
Moderation
in
War
,
is
●ot
imputed
to
Clemency
,
but
to
Weakness
,
and
the
●ost
Powerful
lose
their
Reputation
,
and
are
endanger'd
〈◊〉
it
.
The
King
of
Spain
's
Mildness
to
Charles
of
Savoy
,
●●st
him
dear
.
This
Duke
made
War
against
Ferdinand
Duke
of
Mantua
,
to
assert
his
ancient
Pretensions
upon
Montferrat
;
and
King
Philip
III.
not
thinking
it
fit
that
〈◊〉
Sword
should
decide
this
Suit
,
then
depending
before
the
Emperor
,
and
that
the
Quarrel
of
these
two
●rinces
should
disturb
the
Peace
of
all
Italy
,
made
War
●pon
the
former
,
and
sate
down
before
Asti
,
not
with
●●y
design
to
enter
that
Place
forcibly
,
(
which
might
●●ve
been
easily
done
)
but
by
this
Menace
to
oblige
him
〈◊〉
Peace
,
as
accordingly
he
did
.
This
moderate
way
●f
proceeding
encreased
the
Duke's
Obstinacy
,
and
,
contrary
to
the
Treaty
,
he
again
took
up
Arms
,
kindling
another
War
more
dangerous
than
the
first
.
Upon
which
,
His
Majesty
besieged
Ver●eil
;
which
he
took
,
but
presently
restored
again
:
so
that
the
Duke
,
who
saw
his
Designs
succeed
so
happily
,
struck
up
a
Leag●●
with
the
French
and
Venetians
at
Avigno●
,
and
a
third
time
disturbed
Italy
.
All
which
Wars
might
very
easily
have
been
avoided
,
had
the
Duke
of
Savoy
been
made
to
feel
the
weight
of
the
Spanish
Arms
,
and
suffered
the
loss
of
part
of
his
State
.
Whoever
has
once
opposed
a
greater
Power
,
will
never
become
a
Friend
,
till
he
sees
himself
oppressed
and
robb'd
of
all
,
(
as
Vocula
said
to
the
Mutinous
Legions
,
when
he
encouraged
them
against
some
Provinces
of
France
[
](A58845-e200060-b)4
4
〈…〉
cum
spoli●●i
exutique
〈…〉
fore
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
4.
that
revolted
.
)
Princes
are
not
feared
for
having
the
Weapons
in
their
Hands
,
but
for
knowing
how
to
use
them
.
No
one
assaults
him
who
dares
turn
again
.
Almost
all
Wars
are
grounded
either
upon
the
Oscitancy
or
Cowardice
of
the
Person
against
whom
they
are
waged
.
What
Risque
is
there
in
making
War
against
a
Prince
wholly
devoted
to
Peace
,
since
whatever
the
Success
be
,
that
will
certainly
be
obtained
?
For
this
Reason
,
it
seems
convenient
,
that
the
Maxims
of
the
Spaniards
be
changed
in
Italy
,
which
endeavour
to
inculcate
,
That
the
King
wishes
nothing
so
much
as
Peace
,
and
would
purchase
it
at
any
Rate
.
It
is
fit
,
indeed
,
Princes
should
know
that
His
Majesty
is
always
Sincere
,
and
willing
to
keep
a
good
Understanding
with
them
,
ready
to
employ
all
his
Forces
for
their
Conservation
and
Defence
,
and
that
he
will
spare
no
Care
which
may
contribute
to
the
Quiet
of
those
Provinces
:
but
withal
,
they
should
know
,
That
if
any
one
unjustly
opposes
his
Grandeur
,
and
conspires
to
overthrow
it
,
putting
him
to
the
Damages
and
Expences
of
War
,
he
will
get
Satisfaction
,
by
detaining
what
he
shall
take
from
them
.
What
Court
of
Justice
will
not
allow
Costs
to
the
Party
that
sues
another
without
Reason
?
●●o
will
not
try
his
Sword
upon
the
Body
of
a
potent
〈◊〉
,
if
he
can
do
it
with
safety
?
When
a
Victory
is
obtained
,
the
Spoils
should
be
〈◊〉
among
the
Soldiers
,
and
particular
Honour
shewed
〈◊〉
as
have
eminently
signalized
themselves
in
the
Fight
;
●●at
Valour
seeing
it self
rewarded
,
may
be
encouraged
〈◊〉
greater
Enterprizes
,
and
be
an
Example
to
others
.
〈◊〉
this
end
,
the
Romans
invented
so
many
Crowns
,
●ollars
,
Ovations
,
and
Triumphs
.
Saul
erected
to
him●●lf
a
Triumphant-Arch
,
upon
the
Defeat
of
the
Ama●●●ites
[
](A58845-e200140-b)5
5
Saul
came
to
Ca●mel
,
and
behold
,
●e
set
him
up
a
place
,
1
Sam.
●5
.
12.
.
Nor
are
these
Honours
to
be
done
the
●●rvivors
only
,
but
those
also
who
have
valiantly
lost
●●eir
Lives
in
the
Battel
,
since
they
bought
the
Victory
〈◊〉
so
dear
a
Price
.
Signal
Services
done
the
State
,
can●ot
be
recome●●●ed
but
by
some
Eternal
Remembrance
.
●hus
those
of
〈◊〉
were
requited
with
a
Sepulchre
●hich
lasted
〈◊〉
many
Ages
[
](A58845-e200160-b)6
6
And
set
up
〈◊〉
pillars
upon
it
,
one
against
another
,
for
〈◊〉
father
,
his
〈…〉
:
And
he
set
great
pillars
round
●●out
them
,
and
set
arms
upon
the
pillars
,
for
a
perpetual
memory
,
〈◊〉
carved
ships
beside
the
arms
,
that
they
might
be
seen
of
men
●●●lling
in
the
sea
.
This
sepulchre
,
which
he
made
at
Modin
,
standeth
〈◊〉
unto
this
day
,
1
Maccab.
13.
28
,
29
,
30.
.
The
Soul
,
sensible
of
〈◊〉
own
〈◊〉
,
undervalues
Dangers
,
to
make
the
●emory
of
its
Actions
immortal
too
:
Hence
the
Spaniards
〈◊〉
old
raised
as
many
Obelisks
about
every
Soldier
's
●omb
,
as
he
had
killed
Enemies
[
](A58845-e200190-b)7
7
〈…〉
,
Arist.
l.
7.
Po●
.
c.
2.
.
God
being
the
●●vereign
Disposer
of
Victories
,
to
him
we
ought
to
pay
〈◊〉
Acknowledgments
first
,
to
engage
him
to
grant
us
others
,
not
only
by
way
of
Thanksgiving
and
Sacrifice
,
●ut
by
Spoils
〈◊〉
and
Offerings
;
as
the
Israelites
did
,
●pon
raising
the
Siege
of
Bethulia
,
and
routing
the
Assyrians
[
](A58845-e200230-b)8
8
After
,
when
they
〈…〉
Jerusalem
,
they
worshipped
the
Lord
;
and
as
soon
as
the
〈◊〉
were
purified
,
they
offered
their
burnt●
offerings
,
and
their
〈◊〉
-
offerings
,
and
their
gifts
,
Iudith
1●
.
18.
;
and
Ioshua
,
after
his
Victory
over
the
Men
of
Ai
[
](A58845-e200270-b)9
9
And
thou
shalt
offer
burnt-offerings
thereon
unto
the
Lord
thy
God
,
and
thou
shalt
offer
peace-offerings
,
〈◊〉
27.
6.
.
In
which
particular
the
Spanish
Kings
have
always
been
very
liberal
;
which
Piety
of
theirs
God
has
rewarded
with
the
present
Monarchy
.
EMBLEM
XCVIII
.
WAR
,
in
many
things
,
resembles
Fire
,
not
only
in
its
Nature
,
which
is
to
destroy
,
but
also
for
that
the
same
Matter
wherewith
it
i●
fed
,
when
there
is
too
much
of
it
,
extinguishes
it
.
Arms
support
War
;
but
if
they
are
very
powerful
,
quench
it
,
〈◊〉
change
it
into
Peace
.
Therefore
whoever
would
ob●●in
this
,
must
use
them
;
it
being
impossible
that
any
●eace
should
be
concluded
with
Honour
and
Advantage
,
●Nless
it
be
treated
of
under
the
Shield●
,
and
with
this
●he
Arm
must
be
guarded
,
which
reaches
out
the
Hand
to
receive
the
Olive
of
Peace
.
Clovis
wish'd
for
two
Right-Hands
;
one
arm'd
,
to
oppose
Alaricus
;
the
other
●aked
,
to
present
in
token
of
Peace
to
Theodorick
,
the
Mediator
between
them
.
The
Arms
of
a
Prince
should
be
equally
prepared
for
Peace
and
War
.
Clovis
never
thought
he
could
obtain
that
by
shewing
his
unarmed
Right-Hand
,
without
having
at
the
same
time
another
●pon
its
Guard
.
This
is
that
the
Greeks
meant
,
by
the
Hieroglyphick
of
a
Man
holding
in
one
Hand
a
Pike
,
in
the
▪
other
a
Caduceus
.
Negotiation
,
expressed
by
the
latter
,
can
never
succeed
,
except
the
Menace
of
the
former
attend
it
.
When
the
Athenians
were
annoyed
by
Eumolphus
,
their
General
marched
first
,
with
a
Caduceus
in
his
Hand
,
and
was
follow'd
by
the
flower
of
his
Men
in
Armour
,
hereby
shewing
himself
ready
as
well
for
Peace
as
War
.
When
the
Rhodians
sent
an
Embassy
to
Constantinople
,
there
went
one
by
the
Embassador's
side
carrying
three
Boughs
,
signifying
the
same
Disposition
of
Mind
:
To
which
Virgil
seems
also
to
have
alluded
,
in
this
Verse
of
his
,
Pacem
orare
manu
,
praefigere
puppibus
arma
.
[
](A58845-e200500-b)*
*
Virg.
To
sue
for
Peace
,
yet
prosecute
the
War
.
Even
after
the
Conclusion
of
Peace
,
Care
ought
still
to
be
taken
of
War
;
since
between
the
Conqueror
and
Conquered
no
firm
Faith
is
ever
established
[
](A58845-e200540-b)1
1
Cum
in
victores
victosque
,
munquam
solida
fides
convalesceret
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
2.
.
One
Day
saw
that
of
the
French
several
times
engaged
and
violated
at
Casal
,
and
the
Marquess
de
Saint
Croix
's
Goodness
abused
,
he
who
preferred
the
Quiet
of
Italy
before
the
Glory
of
Victory
,
which
an
advantageous
Post
,
and
〈◊〉
Forces
,
offered
him
as
〈…〉
In
Treaties
of
Peace
,
a
Free
Temper
is
no
less
requisite
than
i●
the
Management
of
a
War
.
He
that
cons●lts
too
much
his
Honour
in
them
,
and
would
conquer
his
Enemy
as
well
with
the
Pen
as
Sword
,
bu●ies
Sparks
under
the
Ashes
,
to
kindle
the
Fire
of
a
greater
War
.
Those
Peaces
which
Pompey
,
and
after
him
,
the
Consul
Mancinus
,
made
with
the
Nu●●●tines
,
had
no
effect
,
because
they
were
not
a
little
derogatory
to
the
Honour
of
the
Roman
Commonwealth
.
The
Capitulation
of
Asti
,
between
Charles
Emanuel
,
Duke
of
Savoy
,
and
the
Marquess
de
Hino●osa
,
was
soon
broken
,
upon
account
of
one
of
the
Articles
about
Di●arming
the
Soldiers
,
not
much
for
His
Majesty's
Reputation
,
which
those
Disturbances
and
Innovations
of
the
Duke
seemed
to
tend
to
.
No
Peace
can
be
secure
,
when
there
is
so
much
inequality
[
](A58845-e200690-b)2
2
Bellum
anceps
,
an
pax
in●onesta
placeret
,
nec
dubitatum
de
bello
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
15.
.
One
of
the
Privernates
being
asked
by
the
Roman
Senate
,
how
his
Countrymen
would
observe
the
Peace
,
if
it
were
allowed
them
;
answered
,
Faithfully
,
and
for
Ever
,
if
you
grant
us
a
good
and
equal
one
;
but
if
you
impose
hard
Conditions
,
you
must
not
expect
we
should
keep
them
long
[
](A58845-e200740-b)3
3
Si
〈◊〉
dederitis
,
&
fidam
,
&
perpetuam
;
si
〈…〉
Tit.
Liv.
l.
8.
.
Never
does
any
one
observe
a
Peace
which
he
knows
is
to
his
Disadvantage
[
](A58845-e200760-b)4
4
Nec
credideris
ullu●
〈…〉
in
ea
conditione
,
cujus
cum
paniteat
,
diutius
,
quam
necesse
sit
,
mansurum
,
Tit.
Liv.
l.
8.
.
Except
it
be
Honourable
,
and
for
the
Conveniency
of
both
Parties
,
it
will
be
but
a
lame
Contract
:
he
that
studies
most
his
own
Interest
in
it
,
makes
it
most
slender
,
and
subjects
it
to
an
easie
Rupture
.
Upon
any
ill
Success
,
one
is
not
immediately
to
have
recourse
to
Peace
,
as
long
as
the
least
room
is
left
for
putting
Affairs
in
a
better
posture
;
otherwise
it
can
never
go
well
with
the
Oppressed
:
Hence
,
after
the
loss
of
the
Battel
of
Toro
,
Alphonsus
,
King
of
Portugal
,
thought
it
not
a
good
Time
to
talk
of
Agreeing
with
●●rdinand
the
Catholick
.
That
is
a
weak
Peace
which
●●rce
and
Menace
extort
;
for
Honour
and
Liberty
never
〈◊〉
to
plot
against
it
.
There
are
usually
no
less
Cheats
and
Contrivances
in
●reaties
of
Peace
than
in
War
:
witness
those
pretended
〈◊〉
of
Rhadamistus
,
to
take
away
Mithridates
's
Life
[
](A58845-e200850-b)*
*
Tac.
Annal.
l.
12.
.
●hey
are
generally
set
on
foot
only
to
discover
the
●ctions
and
Designs
of
the
Enemy
,
to
give
Time
for
●●rtifications
,
Succours
,
and
the
Practices
of
Alliance
;
〈◊〉
waste
the
Enemy's
Forces
,
break
Confederacies
,
and
●ll
asleep
with
the
Hopes
of
Peace
,
Diligence
and
Precaution
.
Sometimes
they
are
clapt
up
,
in
order
to
raise
●ew
Forces
,
frustrate
Counsels
;
and
,
in
a
word
,
to
serve
〈◊〉
a
Truce
,
or
Cessation
of
Arms
,
until
a
better
Oppor●●nity
for
taking
them
up
again
shall
offer
it self
,
or
that
the
Seat
of
the
War
may
be
changed
.
Thus
the
French
Sign'd
the
Peace
of
Mouzon
,
with
no
other
intent
than
to
remove
the
War
into
Germany
,
and
fall
upon
the
Valtoline
that
way
.
So
the
only
end
of
the
Peace
of
Ratisbone
was
to
disarm
the
Emperor
;
for
at
the
same
Time
the
French
agreed
to
it
,
they
were
brewing
a
League
with
the
Crown
of
Sweden
against
him
,
and
there
was
not
above
two
Months
between
the
one
and
the
other
.
Now
in
the
like
Cases
,
War
is
much
better
than
a
suspected
Peace
[
](A58845-e200930-b)5
5
In
pace
suspecta
tutius
bellum
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
4.
;
this
being
indeed
a
Peace
without
Peace
[
](A58845-e200950-b)6
6
Saying
,
Peace
,
peace
,
when
there
is
no
peace
,
Ier.
6.
14.
.
Peaces
should
be
perpetual
,
as
all
those
of
God
have
been
[
](A58845-e200980-b)7
7
And
I
will
establish
my
covenant
between
me
and
thee
,
and
thy
seed
after
thee
,
in
their
generations
,
for
an
everlasting
covenant
;
to
be
a
God
unto
thee
,
and
to
thy
seed
after
thee
,
Gen.
17
7.
.
Hence
the
Holy
Scriptures
call
such
Treaties
,
Covenants
of
Salt
;
by
this
expression
intimating
their
Permanency
[
](A58845-e201010-b)8
8
The
Lord
God
of
Israel
gave
the
kingdom
over
Israel
to
David
for
ever
,
even
to
him
and
to
his
sons
by
a
covenant
of
salt
,
2
Chron.
13.
5.
.
A
Prince
who
is
a
real
Lover
of
Peace
,
and
sincerely
endeavours
the
Settlement
of
it
,
is
not
afraid
to
bind
even
his
Posterity
to
its
Observance
.
A
short
Peace
is
good
for
nothing
but
to
gather
Fuel
to
light
War
withal
.
The
same
Inconveniencies
attend
Trucer
made
for
a
few
Years
;
they
do
but
suspend
Anger
for
a
time
,
and
give
place
for
the
sharpening
of
Swords
,
and
pointing
of
Lances
;
by
their
means
Usurpations
pass
into
Prescription
,
and
Peace
is
afterwards
rendred
more
difficult
,
inasmuch
as
no
one
resigns
willingly
what
he
has
possessed
a
long
time
.
The
Ten
Years
Truce
between
the
Emperor
Charles
V.
and
Francis
I.
gave
not
Peace
to
Europe
,
as
[
](A58845-e201060-b)*
*
In
●ul
.
Indict
.
Conc.
Trident.
Pope
Paul
III.
very
well
observed
.
But
when
the
Peace
is
secure
,
firm
,
and
honourable
,
no
prudenter
Course
can
be
taken
than
to
embrace
it
,
however
Victorious
your
Arms
are
,
or
whatever
considerable
Progresses
may
be
expected
from
them
;
since
the
Casualties
of
War
are
various
and
fortunate
,
often
beget
unhappy
Successes
.
How
frequent
is
it
to
see
him
begging
for
Peace
,
who
was
but
just
before
asked
it
.
A
Certain
Peace
is
better
than
a
Victory
in
Expectation
;
the
one
depends
on
our
own
Pleasure
,
the
other
is
in
God's
Hand
[
](A58845-e201090-b)9
9
Melior
enim
tutiorque
est
certa
pax
,
quam
sperata
victoria
;
illa
in
tua●
,
haec
in
Deorum
manu
est
,
Liv.
Dec.
3.
l.
1.
.
And
though
Sabinus
said
,
That
Peace
was
to
the
Glory
only
of
the
Conqueror
,
but
Profitable
to
the
Conquered
[
](A58845-e201130-b)10
10
Pac●m
,
&
concordiam
victis
uti●ia
,
victorib●
tantum
pulc●ra
esse
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
3.
:
yet
this
Advantage
reaches
the
Victor
too
;
for
by
being
so
,
he
may
have
it
the
more
advantageous
,
and
secure
the
Progresses
already
made
.
There
is
no
better
Time
for
Peace
,
than
when
one
is
uppermost
in
War
.
This
,
among
other
Reasons
,
moved
Hanno
,
when
News
was
brought
to
Carthage
of
the
Victory
of
Cannae
,
to
advise
the
Senate
to
close
with
the
Romans
:
And
it
was
for
nothing
but
the
neglect
of
this
,
that
they
were
forced
in
the
end
to
submit
to
such
Laws
and
Conditions
as
Scipio
thought
fit
to
impose
.
In
the
Heat
of
Arms
,
when
Success
is
yet
dubious
,
to
shew
a
Desire
of
Peace
,
betrays
weakness
,
and
gives
Heart
to
the
Enemy
.
He
that
is
too
passionate
for
it
at
such
a
time
,
never
obtains
it
:
Valour
and
Resolutions
are
much
better
Persuasives
to
it
.
Let
the
Prince
then
love
Peace
,
yet
not
to
that
degree
,
as
to
commit
In●ustice
,
or
suffer
Indignities
,
for
the
sake
of
it
:
Let
●im
not
look
on
that
he
has
made
with
a
Neighbour
superiour
in
Strength
,
to
be
safe
;
for
it
can
never
be
,
where
the
one
is
powerful
,
the
other
weak
[
](A58845-e201200-b)11
11
Quia
inter
innocentes
,
&
validos
●also
qu●escunt
,
Tac.
de
Mor.
●●rm
.
.
Ambition
knows
not
how
to
contain
it self
,
where
●here
is
a
prospect
of
Usurping
any
thing
;
and
specious
Names
,
and
Pretexts
of
Moderation
and
Justice
,
are
never
wanting
to
him
that
seeks
to
enlarge
his
Do●inions
,
and
aspires
to
be
a
Monarch
:
For
one
who
is
so
already
,
aims
at
nothing
more
than
the
Enjoyment
of
his
own
Grandeur
,
without
going
to
intrench
●pon
that
of
another
,
or
designing
any
thing
against
it
[
](A58845-e201220-b)12
12
Vbi
manu
agitur
,
modestia
,
ac
probitas
,
nomina
〈◊〉
sunt
,
Tac.
ibid.
.
EMBLEM
XCIX
.
HE
knows
not
how
to
value
the
Quietness
of
the
Harbour
,
who
has
not
felt
the
Storm
;
nor
is
he
sensible
of
the
sweetness
of
Peace
,
that
has
never
tasted
the
bitterness
of
War
:
Then
first
this
wild
Beast
,
the
sworn
Enemy
of
Life
,
appears
in
its
true
Colours
,
when
it
is
tamed
.
To
that
agrees
Samson
's
Riddle
of
the
dead
Lion
,
in
whose
Mouth
Bees
swarmed
,
and
wrought
their
Honey-Combs
[
](A58845-e201300-b)1
1
And
behold
,
there
was
a
swarm
of
bees
,
and
honey
in
the
carkass
of
the
lion
,
Iudg.
14.
8.
.
For
when
War
is
ended
,
Peace
opens
the
Doors
of
Commerce
,
brings
the
Hand
to
the
Plough
,
re-establishes
the
Exercise
of
Arts
,
the
effect
of
which
is
Plenty
,
as
of
that
Riches
which
freed
from
the
Fears
that
drove
them
away
,
then
begin
to
circulate
.
Peace
then
,
as
Isaiah
the
Prophet
speaks
[
](A58845-e201330-b)2
2
Lord
,
thou
wil●
ordain
Peace
●or
us
:
for
thou
hast
wrought
all
our
works
in
us
▪
Isai.
26.
12.
,
is
the
greatest
Good
that
God
has
bestowed
on
Mankind
,
as
War
the
greatest
Evil.
Hence
the
Egyptians
,
to
describe
Peace
,
represented
Pluto
,
the
God
of
Riches
,
as
a
Boy
crowned
with
Ears
of
Corn
,
Laurel
and
Roses
,
to
signifie
all
the
Happiness
it
brings
along
with
it
.
God
has
given
it
the
Name
of
Beauty
,
in
Isaiah
,
saying
,
his
People
should
take
their
Rest
in
it
,
as
upon
a
Bed
of
Flowers
[
](A58845-e201400-b)3
3
And
my
people
shall
dwell
in
a
peaceable
habitation
,
and
in
sure
dwellings
,
and
in
quiet
resting
places
,
Isai.
32.
18.
Et
sedebit
pop●l●s
〈◊〉
in
pulc●ritudine
pacis
,
Vulg.
.
Even
the
most
insensible
Beings
rejoyce
at
Peace
.
How
chearful
,
how
fertile
do
the
Fields
look
,
which
that
cultivates
?
How
beautiful
the
Cities
adorned
and
enriched
by
its
Calmness
?
On
the
other
side
,
what
Desarts
,
what
ruinous
Countries
are
not
those
where
the
Fury
of
War
has
ranged
?
Scarce
can
one
know
now
the
fair
Cities
and
Castles
of
Germany
,
by
those
disfigured
Carkasses
.
Burgundy
sees
its
Verdant
Perriwig
(
as
I
may
call
it
)
dy'd
in
Blood
;
and
its
Cloaths
,
once
so
gay
and
fine
,
now
ragged
and
scorch'd
up
,
with
amazement
at
so
wonderful
a
Change
.
Nature
has
no
greater
Enemy
than
War
.
He
who
was
the
Author
of
the
whole
Creation
,
was
at
the
same
time
Author
of
Peace
.
Justice
gives
it self
up
to
its
Embraces
[
](A58845-e201440-b)4
4
Righteousness
and
Peace
have
kissed
each
other
,
Psal.
85.
10.
.
Laws
tremble
,
hide
themselves
,
and
are
dumb
at
the
frightful
sight
of
Weapons
.
Hence
Marius
excuses
himself
,
for
having
done
something
against
the
Laws
of
the
Country
,
by
saying
,
he
could
not
hear
them
for
the
Noise
of
Arms.
In
War
,
it
is
equally
unfortunate
to
good
Men
to
kill
and
to
be
kill'd
[
](A58845-e201470-b)5
5
Aequè
apud
bonos
miserum
est
occidere
,
quam
perire
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
1.
.
In
War
,
Fathers
,
by
a
subversion
of
the
Order
of
Mortality
,
bury
their
Children
;
whereas
in
Peace
,
these
bury
them
.
Here
every
one's
Merit
is
considered
,
and
Causes
examined
:
In
War
,
Innocence
and
Malice
run
the
same
Fortune
[
](A58845-e201490-b)6
6
Nam
i●
pace
causas
,
&
merita
spectari
:
ubi
bellum
ingrua●
,
innocentes
a
noxios
juxta
ca●dere
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
1.
.
In
Peace
,
Nobility
is
distinguisht
from
Populacy
:
In
War
,
they
are
confounded
,
the
Weaker
obeying
the
Stronger
.
In
that
,
Religion
is
〈◊〉
;
in
this
,
lost
;
that
maintains
,
this
usurps
Dominions
;
the
one
breaks
the
haughty
Spirits
of
Subjects
,
and
renders
them
Submissive
and
Loyal
[
](A58845-e201530-b)7
7
Sed
longa
pax
ad
〈◊〉
servitium
fregerat
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
2.
,
the
other
makes
them
haughty
and
rebellious
.
This
made
Tiberius
fear
nothing
so
much
as
disturbing
the
Repose
Augustus
had
left
in
the
Empire
[
](A58845-e201570-b)8
8
Ni●il
aque
Tiberium
〈◊〉
habebat
,
quam
ne
composita
turbarentur
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
2.
.
With
Peace
,
Delights
and
Pleasures
encrease
;
and
the
greater
these
are
,
the
weaker
are
Subjects
,
and
more
secure
[
](A58845-e201590-b)9
9
Quantâ
pecuniâ
dites
,
&
voluptatibus
opulentos
,
tanto
magis
imbelles
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
3.
.
In
Peace
,
all
depends
on
the
Prince
himself
;
in
War
,
on
him
that
has
the
Command
of
the
Armies
.
Hence
Tiberius
dissembled
all
Occasions
of
War
,
that
he
might
not
commit
it
to
the
Management
of
another
[
](A58845-e201620-b)10
10
Dissimulante
Tiberio
damna
,
ne
cui
bellum
permitteret
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
4.
.
Pomponius
Laetus
well
knew
all
these
Inconveniencies
,
when
he
said
,
That
while
the
Prince
could
live
in
Peace
,
he
should
by
no
means
kindle
War
.
The
Emperor
Marcianus
used
this
Motto
,
Pax
bello
potior
;
and
certainly
not
without
Reason
,
forasmuch
as
War
can
never
be
convenient
,
unless
carried
on
to
maintain
Peace
.
This
is
the
only
Good
that
Infernal
Monster
brings
with
it
.
That
of
the
Emperor
Aurelius
Caracalla
,
Omnis
in
ferro
salus
,
was
a
Tyrannical
Saying
,
and
fit
for
that
Prince
only
who
cannot
maintain
himself
but
by
Force
.
That
Empire
is
of
a
short
continuance
,
whose
support
is
War
[
](A58845-e201690-b)11
11
Violentia
nemo
imperia
continuit
diu
,
●●derata
durant
,
Seneca
.
.
As
long
as
the
Sword
is
by
the
Side
,
Danger
is
so
too
:
and
though
Victory
be
in
one's
Power
,
yet
Peace
is
rather
to
be
embraced
:
for
there
is
none
so
happy
,
but
the
Damage
that
attends
it
is
greater
.
Peace
is
the
greatest
Treasure
Man
e'er
knew
,
A
Thousand
Triumphs
to
it
seem
but
few
.
[
](A58845-e201740-b)*
*
Sil.
Ital.
No
Victory
can
make
amends
for
the
Expences
of
it
.
So
mischievous
is
War
,
that
even
when
triumphant
,
it
throws
down
Walls
,
as
it
was
the
Custom
among
the
Romans
.
Now
then
we
have
conducted
our
Prince
amidst
Dust
and
Blood
,
and
thus
seated
him
in
the
quiet
,
happy
state
of
Peace
;
our
next
Advice
is
,
That
he
do
his
utmost
to
preserve
it
,
and
enjoy
the
happiness
thereof
,
without
imbittering
it
with
the
Perils
and
Calamities
of
War
.
David
never
took
up
Arms
,
but
when
indispensibly
obliged
.
The
Emperor
Theodosius
did
not
seek
,
but
rather
found
War
.
It
is
a
Glorious
and
Princely
Care
,
that
of
procuring
Peace
.
Now
Caesar
's
Grandeur
,
Caesar
's
Glories
reign
,
His
Conqu'ring
Arm
sheathing
his
Sword
again
.
[
](A58845-e201850-b)*
*
Propert.
Nothing
in
the
World
is
more
an
Enemy
to
Possession
than
War
.
It
is
a
wicked
,
as
well
as
foolish
Doctrine
,
which
teaches
,
that
Seeds
of
Hatred
should
be
nourished
,
that
Matter
for
War
may
be
furnished
,
whenever
it
shall
be
thought
fit
[
](A58845-e201870-b)12
12
Semina
odiorum
jacienda
,
&
omne
scelus
externum
habendum
cum
laetitia
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
12.
.
He
always
lives
in
War
,
who
has
it
always
in
his
Thoughts
.
The
Advice
of
the
Holy
Spirit
is
much
more
wholsom
,
Seek
Peace
,
and
pursue
it
[
](A58845-e201900-b)13
13
Psal.
34.
14.
.
When
a
Peace
is
once
Concluded
,
the
Laws
of
God
and
Man
oblige
to
a
faithful
Observance
of
it
,
even
although
transacted
with
one's
Predecessors
,
without
any
Distinction
between
the
Government
of
One
and
Many
;
both
the
Kingdom
and
Commonwealth
,
for
the
Benefit
,
and
upon
the
Faith
of
which
the
Contract
was
made
,
being
always
the
same
,
and
never
dying
.
Time
,
and
Common
Consent
,
have
Passed
what
was
once
Agreed
upon
into
a
Law
.
Nor
is
Force
or
Necessity
a
sufficient
Excuse
for
making
War
:
For
if
the
Publick
Faith
might
be
violated
for
these
things
,
there
would
be
no
Capitulation
,
no
Treaty
of
Peace
,
but
might
be
broken
,
under
the
same
colour
.
Francis
I.
was
blamed
for
declaring
War
against
Charles
V.
contrary
to
the
Agreement
made
during
his
Imprisonment
,
under
pretence
of
Constraint
.
By
such
Artifices
,
and
Equivocal
Negotiations
,
it
comes
to
pass
,
that
none
at
all
are
firm
;
so
that
to
establish
them
,
it
is
necessary
to
demand
Hostages
,
or
detain
some
considerable
Place
;
things
which
embarrass
a
Peace
,
and
fatigue
the
World
with
perpetual
Wars
.
The
Prince
then
being
free
from
the
Toils
and
Dangers
of
War
,
should
apply
himself
wholly
to
the
Arts
of
Peace
,
(
according
to
Tasso
,
)
Learning
and
Arts
promote
throughout
your
Realm
,
Divert
your
Subjects
Minds
with
Plays
and
Balls
:
With
equal
Iustice
punish
and
reward
;
And
out
of
Danger
,
stand
upon
your
Guard
.
Yet
not
without
reflecting
how
soon
War
may
possibly
disturb
his
Rest.
Let
not
his
Eye
quit
the
Arms
his
Hand
has
laid
down
;
nor
those
old
Medals
influence
him
,
upon
the
Reverse
of
which
Peace
was
described
burning
Shields
with
a
Torch
:
This
was
far
from
being
a
prudent
Emblem
;
for
there
is
nothing
so
necessary
after
War
,
as
the
preserving
of
Arms
,
to
keep
Violence
from
making
any
attempt
against
Peace
.
None
but
God
alone
could
,
when
he
gave
it
to
his
People
,
break
the
Bow
,
(
as
the
Psalmist
expresseth
it
)
cut
the
Spear
in
sunder
,
and
〈◊〉
the
Chariots
in
the
fire
[
](A58845-e202060-b)14
14
Psal.
46.
9.
;
forasmuch
as
he
being
the
Arbiter
of
War
,
needs
not
Arms
to
maintain
Peace
withal
:
But
among
Men
there
can
be
no
Peace
,
where
Ambition
is
not
restrained
by
Fear
or
Force
.
This
gave
Occasion
to
the
Invention
of
Arms
,
which
Defence
found
out
before
Offence
.
The
Plough
marked
out
the
Walls
before
the
Streets
were
disposed
,
and
almost
at
the
same
time
Tents
were
pitched
,
and
Houses
built
.
The
Publick
Repose
would
never
be
secure
,
did
not
Care
armed
guard
its
Sleep
.
A
State
unprovided
with
Arms
,
awakens
the
Enemy
,
and
invites
War
.
Never
had
the
Alps
heard
the
Echo's
of
so
many
Trumpets
,
had
the
Cities
of
the
Milanese
been
better
fortify'd
:
This
State
is
,
as
it
were
,
an
Outwork
to
all
the
Kingdoms
of
the
Spanish
Monarchy
,
and
each
ought
,
for
its
own
Security
,
to
contribute
to
its
Strength
;
which
,
joined
with
the
Power
of
the
Sea
,
would
render
the
Monarchy
firm
and
unshaken
.
Mens
Hearts
,
were
they
of
Adamant
,
could
not
supply
the
Defect
of
Walls
.
King
Witiza
,
by
demolishing
these
,
made
the
Moors
so
bold
as
to
invade
Spain
,
when
those
Banks
were
gone
,
which
,
till
then
,
had
stopt
their
Inundations
[
](A58845-e202130-b)15
15
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
.
Augustus
was
not
guilty
of
this
Negligence
,
in
that
long
Peace
he
enjoyed
;
but
appointed
a
Publick
Treasury
,
as
a
Provision
against
a
War
.
Except
Forces
be
Exercised
in
Time
of
Peace
,
and
the
Mind
disciplin'd
in
the
Arts
of
War
,
it
will
not
easily
be
done
,
when
Danger
of
Invasion
shall
have
put
all
Men
in
a
Consternation
,
and
they
be
more
intent
on
flying
and
saving
what
they
have
,
than
on
their
Defence
.
There
is
no
greater
Stratagem
,
than
to
leave
a
Kingdom
to
its
own
Idleness
.
When
Military
Exercise
fails
,
Valour
does
the
same
.
Nature
produces
in
all
Parts
great
Souls
,
which
either
Occasion
discovers
,
or
want
of
Business
burieth
.
Past
Ages
have
not
furnish'd
braver
Men
in
Greece
and
Rome
,
than
are
at
this
day
born
;
but
they
then
appeared
so
Heroical
,
because
Desire
of
Rule
made
them
use
themselves
to
Arms.
Let
not
a
Prince
be
discouraged
at
the
Sluggishness
of
his
Subjects
;
Discipline
will
fit
them
either
to
preserve
Peace
,
or
to
maintain
War
.
Let
him
keep
them
always
employed
in
the
Exercise
of
Arms
;
for
he
that
desires
Peace
,
must
prevent
War
.
EMBLEM
C.
IT
is
a
short
breathing
between
the
Cradle
and
the
Tomb
;
short
,
I
say
,
yet
〈◊〉
of
occasioning
considerable
Evils
,
if
ill
employed
.
Often
does
a
Commonwealth
lament
whole
Ages
the
Errour
of
one
Moment
.
On
this
Point
turns
the
Fall
or
Rise
of
Empires
.
One
bad
Counsel
,
in
a
Minute
throws
down
what
has
cost
Valour
and
Prudence
many
Years
to
build
[
](A58845-e202210-b)1
1
〈…〉
Ta●
.
Annal.
l.
5.
.
And
therefore
it
is
not
enough
,
in
this
Amphitheater
of
Life
,
to
have
run
well
,
if
the
Course
be
not
equal
to
the
End
.
He
only
receives
the
Crown
,
who
has
lawfully
touch'd
the
last
Goal
of
Death
.
The
Foundation
of
Houses
consists
in
the
first
Stones
;
that
of
Renown
,
in
the
last
;
except
they
be
Glorious
,
it
soon
falls
,
and
is
buried
in
Oblivion
.
The
Cradle
does
not
flourish
until
the
Tomb
has
first
,
and
then
even
the
Briars
of
past
Vices
turn
to
Flowers
;
for
Fame
is
the
last
Spirit
of
our
Actions
,
which
thence
receive
their
Beauty
and
Lustre
,
a
thing
never
seen
in
an
infamous
Old
Age
,
that
rather
effacing
the
Glory
of
Youth
,
(
as
it
happened
to
[
](A58845-e202240-b)2
2
Cesserunt
que
prim●
postremis
,
&
bo●a●
juventae
,
senectus
flagitios●●●●teravit
,
Tac.
Annal.
1.
6.
Vitellius
.
)
The
most
perfect
Stroaks
of
the
Pencil
or
Chizel
are
not
esteemed
,
if
the
whole
Work
remain
imperfect
:
And
if
ever
Fragments
were
regarded
,
it
was
for
being
the
Reliques
of
a
once
perfect
Statue
.
Envy
or
Flattery
,
while
Life
lasts
,
give
different
Forms
to
Actions
;
but
Fame
,
unbyass'd
by
those
Passions
,
pronounces
,
after
Death
,
true
and
just
Sentences
,
which
the
Tribunal
of
Posterity
confirms
[
](A58845-e202270-b)3
3
S●●m
●uique
decus
posteritas
rependit
,
Tac.
Annal.
1.
4.
.
Some
Princes
are
sensible
enough
of
how
great
Consequence
it
is
to
Crown
their
Life
with
Vertues
;
but
they
are
mistaken
,
in
thinking
to
supply
that
,
by
leaving
them
described
in
Epitaphs
,
and
represented
in
Statues
;
not
considering
that
they
blush
to
accompany
him
in
Death
,
whom
they
had
not
accompanied
while
alive
,
and
that
the
Marbles
are
,
as
it
were
,
in
Indignation
to
see
the
Counterfeit-Glory
of
a
Tyrant
inscribed
on
them
,
but
seem
to
soften
to
facilitate
the
engraving
of
that
of
a
Just
Prince
,
hardening
again
afterwards
to
preserve
it
to
Eternity
;
which
even
the
Stones
themselves
sometimes
write
on
their
hardness
.
Letters
of
a
miraculous
Epitaph
were
the
Tears
of
Blood
,
shed
by
those
before
St.
Isidore's
Altar
at
Leon
,
for
the
Death
of
King
Alphonsus
VI.
[
](A58845-e202320-b)*
*
Mar.
Hist.
Hisp.
Nor
came
they
out
of
the
Joints
,
but
from
the
Heart
of
the
Marbles
,
which
seemed
mollified
for
the
Loss
of
so
great
a
King
.
The
Statue
of
a
vitious
Prince
is
a
kind
of
Transcript
of
his
Vices
,
nor
is
there
either
Marble
or
Brass
so
durable
as
not
to
submit
to
Time
:
For
as
the
Natural
Fabrick
is
dissolved
,
so
also
is
the
Artificial
;
and
that
only
is
lasting
which
Vertues
frame
,
those
intrinsick
and
inseparable
Ornaments
of
an
immortal
Soul
[
](A58845-e202330-b)4
4
Vt
vultus
●ominun
,
it
a
simulacr●
v●ltus
imbecilla
a●
mortal●a
〈◊〉
;
for●a
mentis
aeterna
,
quam
tene
▪
e
,
&
exprimere
non
per
alie●●●●●teriam
,
&
artem
,
sed
iuu
ipse
moribus
possi●
,
Tac.
in
Vit.
Agri●
.
.
What
is
engrav'd
on
the
Minds
of
Men
,
being
successively
deriv'd
from
one
to
another
,
endures
as
long
as
the
World
.
No
Statues
are
〈◊〉
perpetual
than
those
carved
by
Vertue
and
good
Offices
〈◊〉
the
Esteem
and
Acknowledgment
of
Men
,
(
as
Mecanus
[
](A58845-e202370-b)5
5
〈◊〉
tibi
neque
aureas
,
nequ●
argemeas
.
●ieri
●●q●am
〈◊〉
,
〈◊〉
a●tem
ali●s
tibi
sta●●as
in
ipsi●
hominu●
animis
nibil
〈…〉
effice
,
Me●aen
.
ad
August
.
told
Augustus●
)
For
this
Reason
,
Tiberius
refused
the
Temples
which
the
Nearer
Spain
would
have
built
in
Honour
of
him
,
saying
,
That
the
Temples
and
Statues
which
he
most
esteemed
,
was
to
perpetuate
his
Memory
in
the
Minds
of
the
Commonwealth
[
](A58845-e202430-b)6
6
Hac
mibi
in
●nimis
vestris
templa
,
bae
pulcherrim●e
effigies
&
ma●surae
,
n●m
que
saxo
〈◊〉
,
si
●●dicium
poster●●um
in
odium
vert●t
,
pro
〈…〉
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
4.
.
The
Ashes
of
Hero's
are
preserved
in
the
Everlasting
Obelisks
of
Universal
Applause
and
Triumph
,
even
after
having
been
spoiled
by
Fire
,
as
it
happened
to
those
of
Trajan
.
The
dead
Body
of
that
Valiant
Prelate
,
Giles
d'
Albornoz
was
carry'd
'
from
Rome
to
Toled●
upon
the
Shoulders
of
Nations
as
well
Friends
as
Enemies
,
and
a
Guard
was
forced
to
be
set
to
defend
that
of
Augustus
[
](A58845-e202500-b)7
7
Auxilio
militari
t●●ndu●
,
〈◊〉
sepultr●
ejus
〈…〉
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
1.
.
But
granting
the
Firmness
of
the
Marble
,
and
Solidity
of
the
Brass
,
should
equal
future
Ages
,
yet
it
is
not
known
afterwards
who
they
were
raised
for
[
](A58845-e202520-b)*
*
The
memory
of
them
is
forgotten
,
Eccle●
.
9.
5.
;
as
it
is
at
this
day
with
the
Pyramids
of
Aegypt
,
where
we
see
that
Names
of
those
worn
out
who
laid
their
Ashes
there
to
immortalize
themselves
[
](A58845-e202550-b)8
8
●●ter
omnes
eos
n●n
cons●at
à
quib●●
factae
s●●t
,
justi●●i●●
casu
●bliteratis
t●●ta
vanit●ti●
au●●orib●s
,
P●●n
.
36.
12.
.
From
what
has
been
said
,
may
be
easily
gathered
how
much
it
concerns
the
Prince
,
in
the
Declension
of
his
Life
,
to
endeavour
that
his
former
Glories
may
receive
new
Life
and
Vigour
from
those
of
his
last
Days
,
and
that
both
,
after
his
Death
,
may
remain
for
ever
in
the
memory
of
Mankind
.
To
which
end
,
we
shall
offer
some
Rules
to
direct
him
how
he
ought
to
govern
himself
,
with
relation
to
his
Person
,
his
Successor
,
and
his
Dominions
.
As
to
his
Person
,
he
is
to
know
,
that
as
he
advanceth
in
Years
,
his
Empire
grows
more
savage
,
and
less
subject
to
Reason
;
for
the
variety
of
Accidents
he
has
met
with
,
instruct
him
in
Malice
;
and
by
indulging
Jealousies
and
Distrusts
,
he
becomes
Cruel
and
Tyrannical
.
A
long
Reign
is
apt
to
beget
Pride
and
Presumption
[
](A58845-e202580-b)9
9
Ve●ustate
imper●●
c●alita
●udacia
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
14.
;
and
the
Experience
of
Want
,
Avarice
:
whence
proceed
many
things
inconsistent
with
the
Decorum
of
Majesty
,
and
from
them
contempt
of
the
Royal
Person
.
Princes
will
still
retain
their
ancient
Customs
and
Gravity
,
forgetting
what
they
did
when
young
,
and
thus
they
render
themselves
odious
.
In
the
Beginnings
of
Government
,
Passion
for
Glory
,
and
Fear
of
Ruine
,
make
them
take
care
to
Act
with
Prudence
and
Caution
:
But
afterwards
Ambition
is
tired
,
and
the
Prince
has
neither
any
Satisfaction
in
good
,
nor
any
Concern
for
ill
Success
[
](A58845-e202600-b)10
10
Ips●●
sa●e
se●em
,
&
prosperis
,
adversisque
satiatum
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
3.
;
but
imagining
Vice
to
be
the
Recompence
of
his
Glory
,
and
Reward
of
his
Toils
,
shamefully
gives
himself
up
to
it
:
Whence
it
is
that
so
few
Princes
grow
better
by
Ruling
,
of
which
the
Holy
Scriptures
give
us
Instances
in
Saul
and
Solomon
.
They
are
,
in
their
Government
,
like
the
Image
in
Nebuchadnezzar's
Dream
,
its
Beginning
's
of
Gold
,
its
End
of
Clay
.
Vespasian
was
the
only
Prnce
remarkable
for
having
passed
from
bad
to
good
[
](A58845-e202670-b)11
11
Solusque
●●●ium
ante
se
princip●●
,
in
meliu●
mutatus
est
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
1.
.
Besides
,
let
the
Prince
strive
never
so
much
to
continue
like
himself
,
it
is
impossible
for
him
to
please
All
,
if
his
Reign
be
long
;
for
the
People
hate
to
be
ruled
so
long
by
the
same
Hand
.
They
love
Novelty
,
and
rejoyce
at
Revolutions
,
though
dangerous
,
as
it
fell
out
in
the
Reign
of
Tiberius
[
](A58845-e202700-b)12
12
Multi
odio
praesentium
cupidine
mutationis
,
suis
quoque
periculis
l●tab●●tur
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
3.
.
If
the
Prince
be
Vertuous
,
he
is
hated
by
the
Bad
;
if
Vitious
,
both
by
the
Good
and
Bad
,
and
then
the
only
talk
is
of
the
Successor
[
](A58845-e202720-b)13
13
Pars
●u●to
maxima
imminen●es
d●●inos
var●is
〈◊〉
differeb●nt
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
1.
,
whom
every
one
makes
his
Court
to
;
a
thing
which
cannot
but
incense
the
Prince
,
and
which
usually
enclines
him
to
hate
his
Subjects
,
and
use
them
ill
.
As
his
Strength
decays
,
his
Care
and
vigilance
,
his
Prudence
also
,
Understanding
and
Memory
proportionably
fail
:
For
the
Sense●
grow
old
no
less
than
the
Body
[
](A58845-e202740-b)14
14
Quippe
ut
●●●pus
,
sic
e●iam
mens
su●●●abet
senium
,
Ari●t
.
l.
2.
Pol.
c.
7.
;
and
as
he
desires
to
reserve
this
small
remainder
of
his
days
to
himself
,
free
from
the
Hurry
and
Fatigue
of
Government
,
he
surrenders
all
to
his
Ministers
,
or
some
Favourite
,
on
whom
the
Weight
of
Affairs
lies
,
and
the
Odium
of
the
People
is
transferred
.
In
which
Case
,
they
who
are
not
in
the
Prince's
Favour
,
and
have
no
share
in
the
Administration
and
Preferments
,
wish
for
,
and
do
their
utmost
to
procure
a
new
Master
.
These
are
the
most
dangerous
Rocks
of
a
declining
Age
,
among
which
the
Prince
cannot
use
too
much
Precaution
against
a
Shipwreck
.
Yet
though
the
Course
be
hazardous
,
he
ought
not
therefore
to
despair
of
passing
securely
,
since
many
Princes
have
maintained
their
Esteem
and
Respect
to
their
last
Gasp.
An
Excellency
which
the
whole
World
admir'd
in
Philip
II.
The
motion
of
a
prudent
Government
continues
uniform
to
the
very
shore
of
Death
;
a
former
Character
and
Reputation
support
it
against
the
Hatreds
and
Inconveniencies
of
Age
,
as
Tiherius
experienc'd
in
himself
[
](A58845-e202790-b)15
15
Reputante
Tiber●o
public●●
sibi
odi●●
,
extre●●●
aetatem
●●gisque
fama
,
q●a●
v●
stare
res
〈◊〉
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
6.
.
Besides
we
pass
over
a
great
many
Slips
in
Old
Age
,
which
would
be
unpardonable
in
Youth
,
(
as
Drusus
[
](A58845-e202820-b)16
16
Sane
gravaretur
aspectum
civium
senex
imperator
,
fessamque
●●atem
,
&
actos
labores
,
praetender●t
:
Druso
quod
nisi
ex
arrogant●a
impedimentum
?
Tac.
Annal.
l.
3.
observed
.
)
The
more
boisterous
the
Storms
are
,
with
the
more
Resolution
the
Prince
had
need
be
armed
to
bear
up
against
them
,
and
the
closer
he
ought
to
keep
to
the
Helm
of
Government
;
lest
by
entrusting
it
in
the
Hands
of
others
,
both
himself
and
the
Commonwealth
should
fall
a
Prey
to
the
Sea
.
While
the
Prince's
Vigour
lasts
,
he
should
live
and
die
in
Action
.
Government
is
like
the
Spheres
,
which
never
stand
still
;
it
admits
no
Poles
but
those
of
the
Prince
.
In
the
Arms
of
the
State
,
not
those
of
Sloth
,
the
Prince
must
find
Refreshment
in
the
Toils
of
his
Old
Age
[
](A58845-e202840-b)17
17
Se
tamen
fortiora
solatia
è
complexu
Reip.
petivisse
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
4.
:
And
if
through
the
Infirmities
of
his
Age
he
wants
Strength
to
bear
them
,
and
has
need
of
other
Shoulders
,
yet
let
him
not
wholly
refuse
the
Assistance
of
his
own
,
were
it
only
for
Shew
,
since
that
is
the
same
thing
in
the
Eyes
of
the
ignorant
Mobb
as
Reality
,
and
(
as
we
observed
elsewhere
)
is
a
Restraint
to
Ministers
,
and
Support
to
Reputation
.
In
this
Case
it
is
safer
to
form
a
Privy-Council
of
Three
,
as
Philip
II.
did
,
than
to
leave
all
to
the
Management
of
One
single
Person
;
because
the
People
look
not
on
them
as
Favourites
,
but
as
Councellors
.
Let
the
Prince
beware
of
Covetousness
,
a
Vice
universally
detested
,
and
peculiar
to
Old
Age
,
which
it
never
forsakes
,
though
it
has
bid
adieu
to
all
others
.
Undoubtedly
Galba
might
have
ingratiated
himself
with
the
People
,
had
he
been
in
the
least
Generous
[
](A58845-e202890-b)18
18
Constat
po●uisse
con●iliari
animos
quantulacu●que
parci
senis
liberalitate
,
Tac.
Hist.
lib.
1.
.
Let
him
conform
to
the
Mode
,
and
present
Customs
,
and
forget
those
more
harsh
and
rigid
ones
of
former
Times
,
a
fault
Old
Men
are
too
apt
to
fall
into
,
whether
it
proceed
from
the
prejudice
of
their
Education
,
from
Vain-glory
,
or
the
difficulty
they
find
in
taking
up
those
new
Customs
;
whence
they
incurr
the
hate
of
all
Men.
They
give
way
to
that
melancholy
Humour
,
which
ariseth
from
the
Coldness
of
their
Age
,
and
exclaim
against
all
Pastimes
and
Divertisements
,
not
remembring
how
much
Time
they
have
formerly
spent
in
them
themselves
.
Let
him
not
discover
any
Jealousy
of
his
Successor
,
as
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
did
,
when
Philip
I.
was
to
succeed
him
in
the
Kingdom
of
Castile
.
That
is
the
time
when
most
adore
the
Rising
Sun
;
and
if
any
one
appears
reserved
in
this
particular
,
it
is
a
Trick
to
make
himself
pass
for
a
Loyal
,
Constant
Man
,
in
the
Opinion
of
the
Successor
,
and
to
gain
his
Esteem
;
as
was
observed
of
several
,
at
the
Death
of
Augustus
[
](A58845-e202970-b)19
19
Patres
,
Eq●es
.
〈◊〉
quis
illustrior
,
●●nto
magis
falsi
a●
〈◊〉
,
●●ltuque
composito
,
ne
laeti
excessu
P●incipis
neu
tristiores
,
pri●ordio
lachrymas
,
gaudi●●
,
quaestus
,
adulationes
misceb●nt
,
Tac.
Annal.
lib●
.
1.
.
Let
him
strive
to
endear
himself
to
All
by
Courtesy
,
Equality
of
Justice
,
by
Clemency
and
Plenty
;
being
assured
,
that
if
he
have
governed
well
,
and
got
the
Love
and
good
Opinion
of
his
Subjects
,
he
will
maintain
them
without
much
difficulty
,
begetting
in
their
Minds
a
fear
of
losing
,
and
a
desire
of
keeping
him
.
All
these
Methods
will
be
yet
of
more
force
,
if
the
Successor
be
such
as
he
may
be
in
a
manner
born
again
,
and
immortalized
by
;
for
although
Adoption
be
only
a
Fiction
of
the
Law
,
yet
the
Person
Adopting
seems
to
renew
his
Youth
in
him
,
(
as
Galba
[
](A58845-e203020-b)20
20
Et
audita
adoptione
defi●am
videri
senex
,
q●iod
nu●●
〈…〉
objicitur
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
1.
said
to
Piso.
)
Succession
ought
not
to
be
the
least
Care
of
Princes
,
it
being
not
so
frivolous
a
thing
as
Solomon
imagined
[
](A58845-e203060-b)21
21
Y●a
,
I
hated
all
my
labour
which
I
had
taken
under
the
sun
:
because
I
should
leave
it
unto
the
man
that
shall
be
after
me
,
Eccles.
2.
18.
.
Sons
are
the
Anchors
and
Props
of
a
State
,
the
Joy
and
Comfort
of
a
Government
and
Court
,
Augustus
well
knew
this
,
when
having
none
,
he
Adapted
his
Nearest
Relations
,
to
be
,
as
it
were
,
Pillars
to
support
the
Empire
[
](A58845-e203090-b)22
22
Quo
pluri●us
munimentis
insis●eret
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
1.
.
Neither
Fleets
nor
Armies
are
greater
Securities
to
a
Prince
,
than
a
numerous
Off-spring
[
](A58845-e203110-b)23
23
Non
legiones
,
non
classer
,
perinde
firma
imperii
munimenta
quàm
numer●●
liberorum
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
4.
.
There
are
no
greater
Friends
than
They
;
no
more
zealous
Opposers
of
Tyranny
,
Domestick
and
Foreign
.
All
bear
a
part
in
the
Happiness
of
Princes
,
their
Children
only
are
Sharers
in
their
Misfortunes
[
](A58845-e203130-b)24
24
Quorum
prosperis
&
alii
fruantur
,
adversa
ad
justissimos
perti●eant
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
4.
.
Friends
change
and
fall
off
with
Adversity
,
but
never
our
own
Blood
,
which
though
transfused
into
another
,
still
corresponds
with
us
by
a
secret
and
Natural
Inclination
[
](A58845-e203150-b)25
25
Nam
a●icos
tempore
,
fortuna
,
cupiainibus
,
aliquando
aut
erroribus
imminui
,
transfer●i
desinere
:
suum
cuique
sanguinem
indis●retum
,
Tac.
Hist.
lib.
4.
.
The
Safety
of
the
Prince
includes
that
of
his
Relations
,
and
his
Faults
reflect
upon
them
;
and
therefore
they
endeavour
to
mend
them
,
being
most
concerned
to
observe
,
and
most
free
and
bold
to
reprove
them
.
Thus
Drusus
made
it
his
business
to
discover
what
was
disliked
at
Rome
in
his
Father
,
that
he
might
correct
it
[
](A58845-e203190-b)26
26
Vtrumque
in
laudem
Drusi
trabebatu●
:
ab
eo
in
urbe
inter
coetus
&
sermones
bominum
obversante
secreta
patris
mitigari
,
Tac.
Annal.
l
3.
.
And
these
Reasons
may
serve
to
excuse
that
Authority
which
some
Popes
have
allowed
their
Nephews
in
the
Management
of
Affairs
.
The
Subject
has
,
in
the
Heir
,
one
to
reward
his
Services
;
and
,
on
the
other
side
,
he
is
afraid
to
offend
the
Father
,
who
leaves
a
Son
to
inherit
his
Power
and
Quarrels
[
](A58845-e203210-b)27
27
He
leaveth
behind
him
an
avenger
against
his
enemies
,
and
one
that
should
shew
favour
unto
his
friends
,
Ecclus.
30.
6.
.
On
this
Marcellus
grounded
his
Advice
to
Priscus
,
not
to
pretend
to
prescribe
to
Vespasian
,
a
Man
grown
old
in
Triumphs
,
and
the
Father
of
many
young
Children
[
](A58845-e203260-b)28
28
Suadere
〈◊〉
Prisco
,
ne
supra
Principem
scanderet
;
ne
Vespasianum
senem
triu●
.
●ha●em
,
juvenum
liberorum
Patrem
prae●eptis
●oër●eret
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
4.
.
The
Hopes
of
the
Rising
Sun
makes
the
cold
and
gloomy
Evenings
of
the
Setting
much
more
tolerable
.
Ambition
is
confounded
,
and
Tyranny
trembles
.
Liberty
dare
not
break
the
Chain
of
Servitude
,
when
she
sees
the
Links
continued
in
a
Long
Train
of
Successors
.
The
Publick
Repose
is
not
disturbed
by
Factions
and
Differences
about
the
Succession
[
](A58845-e203280-b)29
29
Intempera●tia
civitatis
donec
●us
eligatur
●ultos
desti●andi
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
2.
,
every
one
already
knowing
that
a
new
Phoenix
must
arise
out
of
the
Ashes
of
the
old
one
,
and
that
even
now
this
Successor
has
taken
Root
,
and
got
Strength
,
by
making
himself
beloved
and
feared
;
as
an
old
Tree
shoots
out
of
its
Stump
a
young
Sprig
,
which
,
in
time
,
comes
to
grow
in
its
place
[
](A58845-e203300-b)30
30
Ex
●rbore
〈…〉
,
&
trunco
novam
producit
qu●●
anteq●am
antiqua
decidat
,
jam
radices
&
vires
accepit
,
Tol.
de
Rep.
l.
7.
c.
4.
●
.
1.
Nevertheless
,
if
it
lie
in
the
Prince's
Breast
to
appoint
the
Successor
,
he
is
not
to
make
such
use
of
this
Advantage
,
as
to
preferr
the
Interest
of
his
Kindred
to
that
of
the
Publick
.
Moses
,
distrusting
the
Abilities
of
his
own
Sons
,
left
to
God
the
Choice
of
a
new
Captain
of
his
People
[
](A58845-e203340-b)31
31
Let
the
Lord
,
the
God
of
the
spirits
of
all
flesh
,
set
a
man
over
the
congregation
,
Numb.
27.
16.
:
And
Galba
gloried
,
in
having
had
more
Regard
to
the
Publick
Good
,
than
to
his
Family
,
and
having
chosen
a
Person
out
of
the
Commonwealth
to
succeed
him
[
](A58845-e203370-b)32
32
Sed
Augustus
in
d●mo
successorem
quaes●vit
;
ego
in
Republica
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
1.
.
This
is
the
last
and
greatest
Benefit
the
Prince
is
capable
of
doing
his
States
,
(
as
the
same
Galba
told
Piso
[
](A58845-e203410-b)33
33
Nunc
●o
●ecessitatis
jampridem
ventum
est
,
ut
nec
mea
senectus
conferre
plus
populo
Romano
possit
qu●m
bonum
successore●
,
nec
tua
plus
j●venta
quàm
bonum
Principe●
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
1.
,
when
he
Adopted
him
.
)
'T
is
a
Noble
Instance
of
the
Prince's
Generosity
,
to
strive
to
make
his
successor
better
than
himself
.
He
has
but
a
mean
Opinion
of
his
Merit
,
who
seeks
a
Name
only
by
the
Vices
of
him
that
comes
after
,
and
by
the
Comparison
of
one
Reign
with
another
.
Herein
Augustus
himself
was
faulty
,
in
chusing
Tiberius
upon
the
same
motive
[
](A58845-e203450-b)34
34
Ne
Ti●erium
quidem
caritate
aut
Reipublicae
cura
successor●m
●dscitum
:
sed
quoniam
arrogan●iam
saevitiamque
introspexerit
,
compar●tione
deterrima
●ibi
gloriam
quaefi●isse
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
1.
,
without
considering
,
that
the
glorious
or
infamous
Actions
of
a
Successor
are
charged
upon
the
Predecessor
who
was
concerned
in
his
Election
.
This
Care
to
provide
a
good
Heir
is
a
Natural
Duty
in
Parents
,
and
they
ought
to
attend
it
with
utmost
Application
,
since
in
their
Sons
they
in
a
manner
live
for
ever
:
And
indeed
it
were
against
Natural
Reason
to
envy
the
Excellency
of
their
own
Image
,
or
leave
it
unpolish'd
.
And
though
the
Institution
of
a
Great
Person
be
generally
the
Occasion
of
Domestick
Dangers
,
inasmuch
as
Mens
Ambition
is
proportion'd
to
the
Capacity
of
their
Souls
[
](A58845-e203480-b)35
35
Optimos
quippe
mort●lirum
,
altissima
cupere
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
4.
;
and
though
oftentimes
,
by
the
subversion
of
the
Ties
of
Reason
and
Nature
,
Children
grow
weary
of
expecting
the
Crown
so
long
,
and
seeing
the
Time
of
their
Pleasure
and
Glory
waste
,
as
it
was
with
Rhadamistus
,
in
the
long
Reign
of
his
Father
Pharasman
,
King
of
Iberia
[
](A58845-e203530-b)36
36
Is
modi●um
Hyberiae
regnum
senecta
patris
detineri
,
ferocius
crebriusque
jactabat
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
12.
;
although
too
it
was
the
Counsel
of
the
Holy
Spirit
[
](A58845-e203550-b)37
37
Give
him
no
liberty
in
his
youth
,
and
wink
not
at
his
folly
,
Ecclus.
30.
11.
to
Fathers
,
not
to
give
their
Sons
Liberty
in
their
Youth
,
nor
wink
at
their
Follies
:
yet
for
all
this
,
I
say
,
a
Father
ought
to
spare
no
Pains
that
may
contribute
to
the
good
Education
of
his
Son
,
which
is
the
second
Obligation
of
Nature
,
nor
let
fall
his
Hopes
and
Confidence
for
a
few
particular
Cases
.
No
Prince
was
ever
more
jealous
of
his
Children
than
Tiberius
,
yet
he
absented
himself
from
Rome
to
leave
Drusus
in
his
Place
[
](A58845-e203600-b)38
38
Vt
amoto
P●tre
,
Drusus
munia
consulatu●
solus
impleret
,
Tac.
Annal.
lib.
3.
.
But
if
the
Prince
would
prevent
these
Suspicions
by
Politick
Methods
,
let
him
allow
his
Son
a
part
in
the
Administration
of
Affairs
both
Civil
and
Military
,
but
never
in
the
Dispensation
of
his
Favours
;
for
by
the
former
the
Applause
of
the
People
is
not
so
much
got
,
who
are
apt
to
be
taken
with
the
Liberal
and
Obliging
Temper
of
the
Son
,
a
thing
not
very
pleasing
to
the
Fathers
who
sit
on
the
Throne
[
](A58845-e203630-b)39
39
Displicere
regna●ntibus
civilia
filiorum
ingeni●
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
2.
.
In
a
word
,
he
may
be
admitted
into
the
Secrets
of
State
,
not
into
the
Hearts
of
the
Subjects
.
Augustus
,
who
well
understood
this
,
when
he
desired
to
have
Tiberius
made
Tribune
,
commended
him
with
so
much
Artifice
,
that
he
discovered
his
Faults
in
excusing
them
[
](A58845-e203670-b)40
40
Qu●nquam
●onor●●●atione
,
qu●dam
de
habitu
,
●●ltuq●e
&
institutis
ej●s
jecerat
,
qu●
vel●t
excu●ando
exprobraret
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
1.
.
And
it
was
believed
that
Tiberius
,
to
render
Drusus
odious
,
and
make
him
pass
for
one
of
a
cruel
Temper
,
gave
him
leave
to
frequent
the
Sword-Plays
[
](A58845-e203710-b)41
41
Ad
o●te●tand●●
saevitiam
in●vend●sque
p●pull
off●nsio●●●
,
concess●m
f●lio
materiam
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
1.
;
as
he
was
glad
when
any
Contest
arose
between
his
Sons
and
the
Senate
[
](A58845-e203730-b)42
42
L●tabatur
Tiberi●●
quum
inter
filios
&
leges
Sen●tus
dis●ept●ret
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
2.
.
But
these
Artifices
are
more
hurtful
and
treacherous
than
becomes
the
Sincerity
of
a
Father
;
it
is
more
prudent
to
join
with
the
young
Prince
some
Confident
,
in
whose
Power
the
Direction
and
Management
of
Affairs
may
be
:
as
Vespasian
did
,
when
her
gave
the
Praetorship
to
his
Son
Domitian
,
and
assigned
Mutian
for
his
Assistant
[
](A58845-e203780-b)43
43
Caesar
D●mitianus
Pr●●turam
capit
.
Ejus
〈◊〉
epistoli●
edictisque
proponebatur
,
vis
penes
Mutianum
erat
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
4.
.
But
if
the
Son
shall
seem
to
harbour
great
and
enterprising
Thoughts
,
such
as
may
give
just
Apprehension
of
some
ambitious
Design
against
the
Respect
due
to
a
Father
,
out
of
impatience
of
his
long
life
,
the
best
way
will
be
to
employ
him
in
some
Undertaking
that
may
wholly
engage
those
Thoughts
,
and
cool
the
warmth
and
vigour
of
his
Mind
.
It
was
this
made
Pharasman
,
King
of
Iberia
,
put
his
Son
Rhadamistus
upon
the
Conquest
of
Armenia
[
](A58845-e203840-b)44
44
●gitur
Pharasmanes
juvenem
potentiae
promptae
&
studio
pop●darium
accinctum
,
vergentibus
jam
armis
suis
metuens
,
alia●
ad
spem
tra●ere
&
Armeniam
oftentare
,
Tac.
Annal.
1.
12.
.
But
as
this
Caution
of
Honouring
the
Son
,
and
employing
him
in
Places
of
Difficulty
,
is
absolutely
necessary
,
so
also
must
care
be
taken
to
put
the
Command
of
the
Armies
in
the
Hand
of
another
;
for
whoever
is
Master
of
them
,
rules
the
whole
State
.
To
this
end
,
Otho
gave
his
Brother
Titianus
the
Name
and
Reputation
of
the
Supreme
Command
,
yet
left
all
the
Authority
and
real
Power
lodged
in
Proculus
[
](A58845-e203890-b)45
45
●rofecto
Brixellum
Othone
,
honor
imperii
penes
Titianum
fratrem
,
●is
,
ac
potestas
penes
Proculum
Praefectum
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
2.
:
And
Tiberius
,
when
the
Senate
had
decreed
Germanicus
all
the
Provinces
beyond
the
Seas
,
made
Piso
Lieutenant
of
Syria
,
to
be
a
Check
to
his
Hopes
and
Designs
[
](A58845-e203950-b)46
46
Qu●
Syriae
imponeretur
,
ad
spes
Germanici
coercendas
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
2.
.
Indeed
,
the
Constitution
of
States
and
Governments
in
Europe
is
such
,
that
there
is
little
fear
of
those
Dangers
;
yet
if
the
Genius
of
the
Son
should
be
so
violent
and
terrible
,
that
the
Remedies
mentioned
cannot
sufficiently
provide
for
the
Father's
Security
,
let
him
consider
whether
it
be
proper
to
apply
that
which
Philip
II.
used
with
his
only
Son
,
Don
Carlos
,
the
execution
of
which
made
Politicks
admire
its
own
Power
,
struck
Nature
with
Amazement
,
and
the
whole
World
with
Horrour
.
But
if
he
distrust
the
Fidelity
of
his
Subjects
,
because
of
their
Aversion
to
his
Son
,
there
is
usually
no
better
Remedy
than
to
have
him
educated
in
some
other
Court
,
and
under
the
Protection
of
some
greater
Prince
,
(
provided
there
be
no
danger
of
any
Emulation
between
them
)
with
whom
he
may
afterwards
establish
an
Alliance
.
This
Motive
prevailed
with
Phraates
,
King
of
Parthia
,
to
bring
up
Vonones
in
the
Court
of
Augustus
[
](A58845-e204050-b)47
47
Partemque
prolis
,
firmandae
amicitiae
,
miserat
:
●aud
perinde
nostri
me●u
,
quam
fidei
popularium
diffisus
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
2.
:
Though
this
oftentimes
produces
a
contrary
effect
,
the
People
being
apt
to
hate
him
afterwards
as
a
Foreigner
,
who
returns
to
them
with
strange
Manners
,
which
was
the
Case
of
the
same
Vonones
[
](A58845-e204080-b)48
48
Quamvi●
gentis
Arsaci●arum
,
ut
extern●m
aspernaban●ur
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
2.
.
In
the
Disposal
of
his
Dominions
to
his
Children
,
the
Prince
cannot
be
too
cautious
;
inasmuch
as
it
is
sometimes
the
Advancement
,
sometimes
the
Ruiné
of
a
Kingdom
,
especially
in
the
Younger
Sons
,
who
generally
envy
the
Elder
his
Prerogative
,
and
in
the
Daughters
matched
with
his
own
Subjects
;
whence
arise
Jealousies
and
Uneasinesses
,
which
end
in
Civil
Wars
.
Augustus
re●●●●ting
upon
this
,
refused
his
Daughter
to
a
Roman
Knight
,
who
might
occasion
Disturbance
[
](A58845-e204120-b)49
49
Immensumq●●
attolli
pro●ideret
q●em
conjunctione
ta●●
super
alios
〈◊〉
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
4.
,
and
proposed
Proc●dejus
,
and
others
,
who
lived
a
calm
and
retired
Life
,
and
intermedled
not
with
Affairs
of
State
[
](A58845-e204150-b)50
50
Proculejum
,
&
quosda●
in
sermonibus
〈…〉
,
Reip
negotiis
permixto●
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
4.
The
Choice
of
a
Tutor
for
the
Son
who
is
to
succeed
in
his
Non-age
is
another
thing
,
which
demands
all
the
Skill
and
Prudence
the
Father
is
Master
of
,
there
being
nothing
more
exposed
to
Casualties
than
that
;
as
we
see
present
,
and
read
of
past
Examples
of
many
Princes
,
who
,
during
their
Minority
,
have
lost
their
Lives
and
Kingdoms
,
at
least
been
reduced
to
great
Distress
[
](A58845-e204180-b)51
51
Wo
to
thee
,
O
land
,
when
thy
king
is
a
child
,
Eceles.
10.
16.
.
For
if
the
Guardianship
be
left
to
the
Mother
,
though
that
may
be
looked
upon
as
most
secure
,
yet
the
Prudence
and
Experience
requisite
for
such
a
Task
are
rarely
to
be
met
with
in
a
Woman
,
and
most
of
that
Sex
want
Courage
to
awe
Subjects
,
and
gain
Respect
.
But
should
it
fall
to
the
Uncle
,
Ambition
of
Rule
is
wont
to
break
the
strongest
and
most
close
Ties
of
Blood
.
If
it
light
upon
the
Ministers
,
every
one
of
them
is
wholly
devoted
to
his
private
Interest
,
which
occasions
Divisions
among
them
.
Besides
,
Subjects
despise
the
Government
of
their
Equals
,
which
is
the
Rise
of
Troubles
,
and
Civil
Commotions
;
and
therefore
out
of
all
these
Dangers
and
Inconveniencies
the
Prince
must
chuse
the
least
,
considering
the
Nature
of
the
State
,
and
of
the
Persons
most
capable
of
the
Education
of
his
Son
,
and
picking
out
a
Class
of
Subjects
,
whereby
the
Security
of
the
Pupil
may
be
so
provided
for
,
that
they
cannot
possibly
unite
and
conspire
to
ruine
him
.
In
this
Case
it
is
highly
requisite
that
they
be
immediately
brought
into
Business
,
who
are
to
have
,
after
the
Father's
Death
,
the
Tuition
and
Guidance
of
the
Heir
,
and
Administration
of
the
Government
.
Nor
is
it
the
Prince's
only
Duty
to
get
the
Successor
secured
and
instructed
,
but
he
is
also
to
prevent
the
Accidents
of
his
new
Government
,
and
their
ill
Consequence
;
for
when
the
Sails
are
changed
the
Ship
is
endanger'd
;
and
by
the
Introduction
of
New
Forms
,
Nature
suffers
;
because
Things
end
faintly
,
but
begin
with
vigour
:
'T
is
from
this
Vicissitude
of
Things
that
those
Dangers
proceed
which
threaten
upon
the
meeting
of
the
Waves
of
both
Reigns
,
as
it
happens
when
one
rapid
River
runs
violently
into
another
of
an
equal
Current
.
The
Authority
of
the
Successor
is
easily
lost
,
and
Conspiracies
and
Innovations
contriv'd
against
him
[
](A58845-e204210-b)52
52
Quando
ausuros
exposcere
remedia
,
nisi
novum
,
&
nutantem
a●hus
Principem
,
precibus
vel
armis
adirent
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
1.
;
and
therefore
the
Prince
should
endeavour
to
make
the
latter
part
of
his
Reign
so
calm
,
that
the
new
one
may
be
entred
on
without
the
least
hazard
:
and
as
Seamen
,
when
they
enter
the
Port
,
quit
their
Oars
,
and
furl
their
Sails
;
so
ought
he
to
close
his
Government
,
by
laying
aside
all
thoughts
of
Enterprizes
and
Wars
,
by
confirming
ancient
Alliances
,
and
making
new
ones
,
particularly
with
his
Neighbours
,
that
Peace
may
be
setled
in
his
Realms
.
'T
is
no
less
worthy
Praise
,
when
Age
draws
on
,
To
settle
Peace
and
Quietness
at
Home
;
That
no
Intestine
Broil●
subvert
the
State
,
Or
pow'rful
Neighbours
War
without
create
.
[
](A58845-e204280-b)*
*
Tasso
.
Let
him
dissemble
Injuries
,
us
Tiberius
did
with
Getulicus
[
](A58845-e204310-b)53
53
M●lt●que
gratia
man●it
reputante
Tiberi●
publicum
sibi
odium
,
extre●am
●●atem
,
magisque
fama
quam
vi●st●re
res
suas
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
6.
and
Philip
II.
with
Ferdinand
de
Medicis
;
for
at
such
a
time
the
most
prudent
Princes
order
a
Rainbow
to
be
put
over
their
Tombs
,
for
a
Token
of
Peace
to
their
Successors
,
not
a
Lance
fixed
in
the
Earth
,
to
prompt
them
to
revenge
their
Quarrels
,
as
the
Athenians
used
to
do
.
Let
him
govern
his
foreign
Provinces
with
Counsel
and
Address
,
not
Arms
[
](A58845-e204360-b)54
54
Consilis
&
astu
res
externa●
moliri
,
arm●
procul
ba●ere
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
6.
;
and
see
that
the
Governors
he
sets
over
them
be
Eloquent
,
Lovers
of
Peace
,
and
unexperienc'd
in
War
,
lest
they
kindle
it
,
as
it
was
done
in
the
time
of
Galba
[
](A58845-e204390-b)55
55
Hispaniae
praeerat
Cl●vius
Ruf●●
vir
fa●und●s
,
&
pacis
artibus
,
belli
ine●p●●t●●
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
1.
.
Let
him
compose
the
Minds
of
his
Subjects
,
and
reconcile
their
Differences
;
protect
them
from
Inj●ries
,
moderate
their
Taxes
,
and
re●ove
all
Nor●lties
odiovs
to
the
People
.
Let
him
make
choice
of
prudent
Ministers
,
Friends
to
peace
and
the
Publick
Quiet
;
for
by
this
means
his
Subjects
Minds
being
formed
to
Ease
,
and
gentle
Usage
,
will
promise
themselves
the
same
from
the
Successor
,
and
so
not
attempt
any
Innovation
.
EMBLEM
CI.
MAny
great
Men
have
laboured
,
by
Speculation
and
Exper●ence
,
to
form
the
Idea
of
a
Perfect
Prince
.
It
hath
〈…〉
this
Royal
Porcelain
,
this
〈◊〉
Vessel
of
Ear●●
,
no
less
brittle
than
others
,
and
more
subject
to
Casualties
than
any
;
particularly
when
the
Potter
is
of
the
School
of
Matchiavel
,
whence
all
come
out
distorted
,
and
of
short
continuance
,
as
that
was
which
he
laid
down
as
a
Model
of
the
rest
.
The
Design
of
these
Emblems
has
been
to
set
off
that
Purple
,
whose
Scarlet
Dye
soon
turns
to
Ashes
;
they
began
at
the
Cradle
,
and
end
at
the
Tomb.
They
are
the
Parenthesis
of
Man's
Life
,
which
the
least
clause
of
Time
includes
;
nor
is
it
easie
to
determine
which
Hour
is
the
most
happy
,
that
wherein
the
Eyes
are
open
to
the
Day
of
Life
,
or
that
in
which
they
are
closed
to
the
Night
of
Death
[
](A58845-e204490-b)1
1
And
the
day
of
death
,
than
the
day
of
birth
,
Eccles.
7.
1.
,
since
the
one
is
the
beginning
,
the
other
the
end
of
our
Labours
;
and
however
great
the
difference
may
be
betwixt
being
and
not
being
,
yet
the
Material
Part
of
Man
only
feels
that
,
not
the
Form
,
which
is
Immortal
,
and
improved
by
Death
.
The
Dread
we
have
of
the
Grave
is
natural
;
but
had
Reason
more
influence
on
us
than
Desire
of
Living
,
we
should
rejoyce
at
the
fight
of
it
,
as
those
do
,
who
looking
for
Treasures
,
find
urns
,
being
sure
to
meet
with
Riches
there
[
](A58845-e204530-b)2
2
And
dig
for
it
more
than
for
rich
treasure
,
which
rejoyce
exceedingly
,
and
are
glad
when
they
can
find
the
grave
,
Iob
3.
21
,
22.
;
for
it
is
in
the
Grave
that
the
Soul
finds
the
real
Treasure
of
Eternal
Rest.
This
Simon
Maccahaeus
signified
by
that
Hieroglyphick
of
Ships
carved
upon
the
Pillars
he
set
about
the
Maus●laeum
of
his
Father
and
Brothers
[
](A58845-e204580-b)3
3
And
set
great
pillars
round
about
them
,
and
set
arms
upon
the
pillars
,
for
a
perpetual
memory
,
and
carved
ships
be●ides
the
arms
,
1
Ma●cab
.
13.
29.
;
intimating
,
that
the
Ship
of
our
Life
floating
upon
the
Billows
of
the
World
,
is
never
quiet
till
landed
at
the
Shore
of
Death
.
In
effect
,
what
is
Life
but
a
perpetual
Fear
of
Death
?
without
any
thing
to
assure
us
of
its
continuance
.
Many
Signs
portend
the
Approach
of
Death
,
not
one
exactly
marks
out
the
Bounds
of
Life
,
The
most
flourishing
Age
and
strongest
Constitution
are
not
sufficient
Sureties
for
one
Hour
of
Health
.
The
Heart
,
which
performs
the
part
of
a
Balance
in
this
clock
of
the
Body
,
points
indeed
to
the
present●
Hours
,
but
never
to
the
future
.
Nor
ought
this
●ncertainty
to
be
termed
Disdain
,
but
rather
a
Favour
of
Nature
;
for
were
the
precise
Time
determined
for
Death
as
it
is
for
Birth
,
for
the
Dissolution
as
for
the
Formation
of
the
Body
,
Man
would
become
Insolent
to
Reason
;
and
therefore
she
has
not
only
given
him
one
sure
Minute
to
breath
in
,
but
,
on
the
contrary
,
hath
in
all
things
imaginable
laid
before
him
Evidences
of
the
Shortness
of
Life
:
The
Earth
represents
it
to
him
in
the
Youth
of
its
Flowers
,
and
Gray-Hairs
of
its
Harvests
;
the
Water
,
in
the
Rapidness
of
its
Current
;
the
Air
,
in
the
Fires
it
kindles
,
and
extinguishes
again
in
a
moment
;
and
the
Heavens
,
in
the
Prince
of
Light
which
the
same
Day
sees
rise
in
the
golden
Cradle
of
the
East
,
and
set
in
the
dark
Tomb
of
the
West
.
But
if
Death
be
the
last
of
all
Evils
,
that
it
comes
not
too
late
is
to
be
esteem'd
a
Happiness
.
The
shorter
the
Interval
is
between
the
Cradle
and
the
Tomb
,
the
shorter
is
the
Course
of
our
Labours
;
and
therefore
Iob
wished
he
had
been
immediately
carried
from
the
Womb
of
his
Mother
to
that
of
the
Earth
[
](A58845-e204610-b)4
4
Wherefore
then
hast
thou
brought
me
forth
out
of
the
womb
?
O
that
I
had
given
up
the
Ghost
,
and
no
eye
had
seen
me
,
I
should
have
been
as
though
I
had
not
been
,
I
should
have
been
carried
from
the
womb
to
the
grave
,
Iob
10.
18
,
19.
.
We
are
bound
as
soon
as
born
,
and
all
our
Life-time
after
involved
in
Care●
[
](A58845-e204630-b)5
5
I
was
nourished
in
swadling
cloaths
and
with
care●
,
Wisd.
7.
4.
;
nor
have
Kings
,
in
this
,
any
Privilege
above
the
rest
of
Mankind
[
](A58845-e204650-b)*
*
For
there
is
no
king
that
hath
any
o●●er
●eginning
of
birth
,
Wisd.
7.
5.
.
Did
Humane
Felicity
consist
in
long
Life
,
Man
would
undoubtedly
out-live
the
Stag
;
for
it
were
absurd
that
any
Creature
should
be
happier
than
him
,
for
whose
Service
they
were
all
created
[
](A58845-e204670-b)6
6
l●sas
〈…〉
fact●s
na●●ra
fuisse
necesse
est
,
Arist.
Pol.
l.
1.
c.
5.
.
That
Natural
Desire
we
have
of
seeing
Hours
pass
swiftly
away
,
is
an
Argument
that
it
is
not
Time
which
makes
our
Happiness
;
for
then
would
the
Mind
find
its
Rest
in
that
:
whatever
it
desires
out
of
Time
,
it
always
wants
.
In
Princes
,
more
than
in
others
,
as
they
are
exposed
to
greater
Accidents
,
Experience
shews
that
in
a
long
Life
Fortune
is
endanger'd
,
she
being
tired
as
much
with
being
propitions
,
as
with
being
adverse
.
Lewis
XI
.
had
been
a
happy
Prince
,
had
he
ended
his
Days
before
the
Calamities
of
his
last
Years
.
Sovereignty
is
a
kind
of
tempestuous
Sea
,
not
to
be
kept
calm
by
a
long
Course
of
Life
;
he
who
lives
longest
,
suffers
most
Storms
and
Dangers
.
But
if
we
consider
the
End
and
Perfection
of
Nature
,
a
long
Life
is
happy
,
when
,
according
to
the
Testimony
of
Iob
,
it
comes
into
the
Grave
in
its
Maturity
,
as
Corn
into
the
Barn
[
](A58845-e204710-b)7
7
Thou
shalt
come
to
thy
grave
in
a
full
age
,
like
as
a
shock
of
corn
cometh
in
,
in
his
season
,
Iob
5.
26.
secund.
Septuagint
.
,
before
Decrepidness
makes
it
wither
;
for
with
the
Shadow
of
Death
the
Vital
Spirits
congeal
,
and
the
Body
remains
useless
.
The
Trembling
Hand
can
no
longer
steer
the
Helm
of
the
State
,
the
Eye
perceive
the
Clouds
of
Heaven
,
the
Course
of
the
Winds
,
and
the
Rocks
of
the
Sea
,
nor
the
Ear
hear
the
Barkings
of
Scylla
and
Carybdis
.
Amidst
so
many
Miseries
of
Nature
,
Constancy
fails
the
Prince
;
and
being
reduced
,
by
the
Moisture
of
the
Senses
,
to
a
second
Infancy
,
he
believes
every
thing
,
and
suffers
himself
to
be
govern'd
by
Malice
,
which
is
then
most
awake
in
those
about
him
,
who
at
such
a
time
offend
with
equal
Profit
and
Impunity
[
](A58845-e204750-b)8
8
Cum
●pud
infirmum
&
credulum
,
minore
metu
&
majore
prae●io
peccaretur
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
1.
.
Women
get
Possession
of
his
Will
,
as
Livia
did
of
Augustus's
,
when
she
made
him
banish
his
Nephew
Agrippa
[
](A58845-e204800-b)9
9
Nam
senem
Augustum
devi●xerat
,
adeo
,
uti
Nepotem
unicum
Agrippam
Posthumu●
in
insulam
Planasiam
projic●ret
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
1.
,
bringing
him
to
such
a
pass
,
that
he
who
before
knew
how
to
maintain
the
whole
World
in
Peace
,
became
incapable
of
ruling
his
own
Family
[
](A58845-e204820-b)10
10
Nulla
in
praesens
formidine
dum
Augustus
aetate
validus
,
seque
&
domum
,
&
pacem
sustentavit
,
postquam
profecta
jam
senectus
&
agro
corpore
fatigabatur
,
aderatque
finis
,
&
spei
novae
;
pauci
bon●
liber●atis
inc●ssum
disserere
,
Ibid.
.
By
this
means
Majesty
is
made
the
Derision
of
all
Men
,
of
which
Galba
was
an
Instance
[
](A58845-e204850-b)11
11
Ipsa
aetas
Galb●e
,
&
irrisu●
&
fastid●o
erat
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
1.
Other
Nations
despise
him
,
and
are
not
afraid
to
rise
up
against
him
,
as
Arbanus
did
against
Tiberius
[
](A58845-e204890-b)12
12
Senectutem
Tiberii
ut
inermem
despicient
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
6.
.
The
Authority
of
a
decrepid
Prince
is
lost
,
and
his
Orders
〈…〉
,
not
taken
for
his
own
,
as
it
was
〈◊〉
of
those
of
〈◊〉
[
](A58845-e204910-b)13
13
〈◊〉
,
&
Principe
i●●●to
exitium
d●mui
ejus
i●tendi
〈◊〉
,
〈…〉
l.
5.
.
He
is
hated
by
the
〈◊〉
,
who
look
upon
him
as
an
unprofitable
Instrument
,
the
Source
of
all
the
Evils
the
Government
suffers
:
And
as
Love
is
in
a
manner
bred
by
interest
,
and
brought
up
by
Hope
,
all
make
slight
of
him
;
inasmuch
as
he
is
not
●ble
to
give
much
,
who
hath
but
a
little
while
to
live
.
His
Empire
is
accounted
precarious
,
and
short
lived
,
as
that
of
Galba
was
[
](A58845-e204930-b)14
14
Precarium
sibi
imperium
&
brevi
transi●●●●●
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
1.
;
and
the
Ministers
,
like
the
Goss-Hawks
of
Norway
,
that
they
may
get
the
day
,
lay
their
Pounces
upon
the
Publick
Trea●ures
,
selling
Places
and
Favours
,
as
the
Servants
of
the
same
Emperor
did
[
](A58845-e204960-b)15
15
〈◊〉
afferebant
ve●alia
c●nct●
,
prap●●●mses
libe●●
.
〈…〉
,
Tac.
Hist.
l.
1.
.
When
therefore
the
Age
is
come
to
this
pass
,
the
Prince
has
more
need
of
Instructions
to
make
him
sensible
of
his
inability
,
and
resign
the
weight
of
the
Government
to
his
Successor
,
than
of
Precepts
to
continue
it
to
himself
.
Let
not
Ambition
delude
him
,
by
the
Representation
of
his
post
Character
and
Applause
;
for
Men
consider
not
the
Prince
as
he
was
,
but
as
he
now
is
:
Nor
is
it
enough
to
have
once
made
himself
feared
,
if
he
cannot
do
it
now
;
nor
to
have
governed
well
heretofore
,
if
he
neither
is
able
nor
knows
how
to
govern
well
still
.
Dominion
is
like
the
Sea
,
which
immediately
casts
on
Shore
all
unprofitable
Carkasses
.
The
Prince
is
esteemed
for
the
Form
of
the
Soul
with
which
he
Ordains
,
Commands
,
Rewards
and
Punishes
;
so
that
when
Age
comes
to
discompose
that
Form
,
the
Esteem
vanishes
;
a●d
therefore
it
will
be
prudent
to
acknowledge
the
Injuries
and
Contempts
of
Age
in
time
,
and
so
slip
from
them
before
they
arrive
.
If
the
Prince
and
Business
must
part
,
it
is
better
that
he
bid
the
first
adieu
.
'T
is
a
glorious
Action
to
submit
to
own
one's
Frailty
,
and
voluntarily
divest
one's
self
of
Grandeur
,
before
Death
takes
it
away
by
Force
;
lest
it
should
be
said
,
that
he
died
unknown
by
himself
,
who
lived
known
by
all
Men.
He
should
consider
,
that
his
Royal
Scepter
is
like
the
Herb
of
the
same
Name
,
which
in
a
little
time
turns
to
Worms
[
](A58845-e204980-b)16
16
Theophr
.
l.
de
Plant.
:
and
that
if
the
whole
Globe
of
the
Earth
be
no
more
than
a
Point
,
in
comparison
of
the
Heavens
;
What
will
one
Monarchy
,
one
Kingdom
be
?
And
though
this
were
never
so
large
,
yet
he
can
have
no
more
of
it
than
a
Place
to
bury
him
in
[
](A58845-e204990-b)17
17
My
breath
is
corrupt
,
my
days
are
exti●●●
,
the
graves
are
ready
for
me
,
Io●
17.
1.
,
or
,
as
Saladin
said
,
a
Shrowd
,
without
carrying
away
with
him
any
other
Glory
.
The
Prince
is
not
to
live
always
for
the
Commonwealth
;
he
should
reserve
some
Time
to
himself
,
and
endeavour
,
that
at
the
setting
of
his
Life
the
Horizon
of
Death
may
be
cleared
from
the
Vapours
of
Ambition
,
and
the
Clouds
of
Passion
and
Interest
,
as
is
expressed
by
the
Sun
in
this
Emblem
,
taken
from
the
Sepulchre
of
Ioshua
,
upon
which
a
Representation
of
that
Planet
was
raised
,
with
this
difference
only
,
that
there
it
was
put
in
memory
of
its
standing
still
,
at
the
Voice
of
this
Great
Captain
[
](A58845-e205050-b)18
18
And
the
sun
stood
still
,
and
the
moon
stayed
,
Ios●
.
10.
13.
;
here
,
to
signifie
,
that
as
a
Clear
and
Fair
Evening
is
an
infallible
Sign
of
the
Serenity
of
the
next
Morning
,
so
a
Reign
ended
in
Sanctity
and
Happiness
,
portends
,
that
he
who
is
a
to
succeed
will
be
also
happy
,
for
a
Reward
to
the
Vertue
,
and
by
the
irresistible
Efficacy
of
this
last
Example
.
The
Art
of
Living
and
Dying
well
,
that
glorious
Retirement
of
the
Emperor
Charles
Va.
May
teach
,
who
so
far
laid
aside
all
Publick
Cares
,
that
he
never
so
much
as
enquired
after
the
State
of
his
Monarchy
,
but
brought
his
great
Soul
,
otherwise
made
for
brave
Atchievements
,
to
the
dressing
of
a
Garden
,
or
to
divert
the
Hours
(
after
his
Spiritual
Exercise
performed
)
at
some
Ingenious
Art
or
other
.
But
if
there
are
any
Disputes
or
Revolutions
to
be
apprehended
upon
account
of
the
Succession
,
it
will
be
Prudence
in
the
Persons
present
at
the
King's
Death
to
keep
it
secret
,
and
make
that
and
the
Possession
of
the
Successor
publick
at
one
time
.
For
in
such
Cases
the
People
are
like
a
Colt
not
broke
,
which
suffers
not
the
Saddle
,
unless
it
〈…〉
sees
it
.
Th●●
Livi●
concealed
the
〈◊〉
untill
〈◊〉
was
setled
in
his
〈◊〉
[
](A58845-e205090-b)19
19
Sim●l
exce●●i●●e
Augustum
,
&
rer●m
pot●ri
Neronem
●ama
e●dem
●●lit
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
1.
;
as
Agrippin●
did
that
of
Claudius
,
with
so
much
Di●●imulation
,
that
even
after
his
Decease
a
Senate
was
convened
in
his
Name
,
and
Prayers
offered
for
his
Health
,
till
Time
was
gained
to
contrive
Nero's
Succession
[
](A58845-e205140-b)20
20
Dum
res
firmando
Nero●●●
i●p●rio
〈◊〉
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
12.
.
The
Death
of
the
Prince
being
made
known
,
neither
Piety
nor
Prudence
dissuade
from
Tears
,
and
Demonstrations
of
Sorrow
.
The
Holy
Ghost
,
far
from
forbidding
,
recommends
th●em
[
](A58845-e205160-b)21
21
My
son
,
pour
forth
tears
over
the
dead
,
E●clus
.
38.
16.
.
All
the
People
of
Israel
lamented
the
Death
of
Abner
,
and
David
followed
his
Corps
to
the
Grave
[
](A58845-e205210-b)22
22
Mourn
before
Abner
:
and
king
David
himself
followd
the
bier
,
2
S●m.
3.
31.
.
For
though
there
want
not
Christian
Considerations
to
comfort
us
;
and
though
there
hath
been
heretofore
a
Nation
,
which
,
less
enlightned
with
the
Rays
of
Immortality
,
received
those
with
Tears
who
came
into
the
World
,
and
took
leave
of
them
that
went
out
of
it
with
Rejoycings
;
yet
these
Reasons
stand
good
only
on
their
side
who
are
gone
to
a
better
Life
,
but
are
not
for
those
who
are
left
alone
,
and
deprived
of
their
Services
and
Conversation
.
Even
our
Saviour
Christ
going
to
raise
Lazarus
,
wept
over
his
Sepulchre
[
](A58845-e205250-b)23
23
Jesus
wept
,
Io●
.
11.
35.
.
These
last
Expressions
of
Grief
must
not
be
denied
the
Tenderness
and
Resentments
of
Nature
:
They
are
the
Scales
wherein
the
Merit
of
the
deceas'd
Prince
is
weighed
,
and
whereby
may
be
known
what
Value
his
Subjects
had
for
him
;
in
a
word
,
the
Touch-stone
on
which
their
Love
and
Obedience
is
tried
,
which
strengthens
the
Links
of
Subjection
,
and
gives
Heart
to
the
Successor
.
Yet
for
all
this
,
the
People
must
not
be
obliged
to
an
expensive
Mourning
,
for
fear
their
Prince's
Death
should
turn
to
a
burthensom
Tax
.
Not
,
however
,
that
Funeral
Pomp
,
and
magnificent
Tombs
,
adorned
with
Statues
,
and
costly
Imbossed
Works
,
are
to
be
look'd
on
as
a
meer
Vanity
of
Princes
;
they
are
rather
a
generous
piece
of
Piety
,
which
marks
out
the
last
Bounds
of
Humane
Greatness
,
and
shews
,
in
the
Magnificence
wherewith
their
Ashes
are
honoured
,
what
Respect
is
owing
to
Majesty
;
Sepulchres
being
no
other
than
a
kind
of
mute
History
of
the
Royal
Race
[
](A58845-e205280-b)24
24
Quomodo
imaginibus
suis
noscuntur
,
quas
nec
victor
quidem
abolevit
,
●ic
partem
memoriae
apud
scriptores
retinent
,
Tac.
Annal.
l.
4.
.
The
Obsequies
of
David
and
Solomon
were
celebrated
with
extraordinary
Pomp
and
Splendour
.
In
the
Funerals
of
private
Persons
great
Care
is
required
,
because
Superstitions
prejudicial
to
Religion
are
easily
introduced
,
the
Imagination
being
deluded
in
what
is
hoped
or
feared
from
the
Deceased
;
and
for
that
Funeral
Charges
are
things
which
happen
every
day
,
and
concern
many
,
it
is
absolutely
necessary
they
should
be
moderated
,
Sorrow
and
Vain-glory
being
apt
to
raise
them
too
high
.
Plato
set
a
certain
Rate
upon
the
Building
of
Sepulchres
,
as
did
Solon
also
,
and
after
them
the
Romans
.
King
Philip
II.
made
a
Law
to
regulate
the
Abuses
and
Excesses
of
Funerals
and
Monuments
;
saying
,
That
what
was
laid
out
superfluously
upon
them
,
were
better
given
to
pious
Uses
,
and
to
pray
for
the
Souls
of
the
Deceased
.
Thus
far
Your
Highness
has
seen
the
Birth
,
Death
,
and
Burial
of
the
Prince
whom
these
Emblems
form
;
being
,
as
it
were
,
present
at
the
Building
of
this
Politick
Edifice
,
from
the
very
Foundation
,
to
the
last
Stone
.
And
now
,
that
your
Highness
may
with
more
ease
take
a
Review
of
the
whole
Fabrick
,
I
have
thought
convenient
to
subjoin
here
a
kind
of
Platform
thereof
,
or
Looking-Glass
,
wherein
it
may
be
represented
,
as
a
greater
City
is
in
a
lesser
.
This
shall
be
King
Ferdinand
the
Catholick
,
one
of
Your
Royal
Highnesses's
Ancestors
;
in
whose
glorious
Reign
,
all
the
Arts
both
of
Peace
and
War
flourished
,
and
Accidents
both
of
prosperous
and
adverse
Fortune
occurred
.
The
Infancy
of
this
Great
King
was
ripe
and
vigorous
,
his
Youth
employed
in
Military
Exercises
;
and
what
art
and
Industry
could
not
perfect
in
him
,
Experience
supplied
.
His
very
Leisure
was
Employment
;
and
his
Diversions
,
Attention
of
Mind
.
He
was
absolute
Master
of
his
Passions
,
following
more
the
Dictates
of
Policy
,
than
his
own
Natural
inclinations
.
He
own'd
his
Grandeur
to
be
from
God
only
;
and
gloried
in
his
own
Actions
,
not
those
of
his
Ancestors
.
He
look'd
on
Sovereignty
rather
as
a
Charge
than
a
Succession
.
He
qu●e●ed
his
Realms
by
Dil●gence
,
and
Personal
Presence
,
rais'd
his
Monarchy
by
Valour
and
Prudence
,
●stabllsh'd
it
by
Religion
and
Justice
,
supported
it
by
Love
and
Respect
,
embellish'd
it
with
Arts
and
Sciences
,
enrich'd
it
by
Trade
and
Husbandry
,
and
eterniz'd
it
by
Maxims
and
Institutions
truly
Politick
.
He
was
a
King
as
well
of
his
Court
as
Kingdoms
,
and
Master
as
well
as
Home
as
Abroad
.
He
temper'd
his
Liberality
with
Frugality
,
Affab●lity
with
Authority
,
Modesty
with
Gravity
,
and
Clemency
with
Justice
.
By
punishing
some
few
,
he
terrified
many
;
and
by
rewarding
others
,
he
encourag'd
the
Hopes
of
all
.
Personal
Affronts
he
easily
pardon'd
,
but
those
which
struck
at
the
Royal
Dignity
he
never
forgave
.
The
Injuries
done
to
his
Subjects
he
reveng'd
as
his
own
,
behaving
himself
always
as
a
Father
to
them
.
He
valu'd
his
Glory
more
than
his
Dominion
;
but
was
neither
puft
up
by
Prosperity
,
nor
dejected
by
Adversity
:
In
the
one
he
fortify'd
himself
against
the
other
;
and
when
Fortune
frown'd
,
he
us'd
all
his
Industry
to
retrieve
her
Favour
.
He
made
use
of
Time
,
not
Time
of
him
;
and
though
he
submitted
to
Necessity
,
he
made
it
subservient
to
his
own
Advantage
.
His
Conduct
render'd
him
both
belov'd
and
fear'd
of
all
.
He
gave
Audience
with
readiness
;
Hearing
,
that
he
might
know
;
and
asking
Questions
,
for
his
more
certain
Information
.
He
trusted
not
his
Enemies
,
and
was
reserv'd
even
with
his
Friends
.
His
Friendship
was
Conv●niency
;
his
Kindred
,
Reason
of
State
;
his
Confidence
vigilant
;
his
Diffidence
considerate
;
his
Providence
,
Assurance
;
his
Jealousy
,
Circumspection
;
his
Malice
,
a
Defence
;
and
his
Dissimulation
,
a
Refuge
.
He
deceived
none
,
yet
others
were
deceived
by
the
Ambiguity
of
his
Words
and
Treaties
,
which
he
knew
how
to
manage
with
so
much
Artifice
(
when
it
was
necessary
to
baffle
Malice
with
Prudence
)
as
to
be
able
to
extricate
himself
without
violating
the
Publick
Faith
.
Neither
Falshood
dared
attack
his
Majesty
,
nor
Flattery
his
Knowledge
.
He
made
his
Ministers
serviceable
to
him
,
without
making
them
Favourites
;
and
suffer'd
himself
to
be
counsel'd
,
not
govern'd
by
them
.
What
he
could
do
himself
,
he
committed
not
to
others
.
He
took
Time
for
Consultation
,
but
was
very
Expeditious
in
Execution
.
In
his
Resolutions
the
Effects
were
seen
sooner
than
the
Causes
.
He
conceal'd
his
Designs
from
his
Embassadors
,
when
he
desir'd
,
that
being
deceiv'd
themselves
,
they
should
more
effectually
persuade
others
the
contrary
.
He
knew
how
to
rule
with
his
Queen
,
and
obey
his
Son-in-Law
.
He
imposed
Taxes
through
Necessity
,
not
out
of
Avarice
and
Luxury
;
and
what
he
then
took
from
the
Church
,
he
afterwards
restor'd
,
respecting
the
Ecclesiastical
Jurisdiction
,
and
maintaining
the
Regal
.
He
kept
no
fixed
Court
,
but
,
like
the
Sun
,
mov'd
continually
about
the
Orbs
of
his
Realms
.
He
manag'd
Peace
with
Moderation
and
Integrity
,
and
prosecuted
War
with
Force
and
Stratagem
,
neither
desiring
the
one
,
nor
refusing
the
other
.
Whatsoever
his
Foot
was
fixed
on
,
his
Arm
and
Conduct
join'd
in
the
Defecne
thereof
,
encreasing
his
Strength
by
the
Spoils
of
his
Enemies
.
He
did
as
much
by
his
Negotiations
,
as
by
his
Arms
,
never
committing
to
the
Sword
,
what
he
could
conquer
by
Address
.
he
plac'd
the
Ostentation
of
his
Grandeur
and
Pomp
in
the
Bravery
of
his
Battalions
.
He
was
always
present
,
in
time
of
War
,
within
his
Kingdoms
.
The
same
Orders
which
he
gave
,
he
observ'd
himself
;
and
made
Leagues
so
as
to
remain
Arbiter
,
not
subject
.
He
was
neither
exalted
when
Conqueror
;
nor
when
beaten
,
dispirited
.
He
Sign'd
Treaties
of
Peace
under
the
Shield
.
In
a
word
,
He
liv'd
to
all
the
World
,
and
dy'd
to
himself
;
yet
always
remaining
,
in
the
memory
of
.
Men
,
as
an
absolute
Pattern
for
Princes
,
and
Immortalizing
himself
in
the
Desire
of
his
Subjects
.
THis
naked
Skull
of
Death
,
the
dismal
Sc●●e
,
Which
now
the
simple
Spider
measures
o're
WIth
its
slight
Web
;
which
baffled
heretofore
The
nicest
Subteilties
of
Humane
Brain
,
Once
wore
a
〈◊〉
,
and
triumphant
stood
,
As
Monarch
of
the
〈◊〉
of
Peace
and
War
:
His
Smiles
gave
Life
;
his
Anger
dire
Despair
;
And
all
the
World
depended
on
its
Nod.
What
oncee
gave
proudly
Laws
to
War
and
Peace
,
Spiders
and
Ear-wigs
do
now
possess
.
Why
then
this
Pride
,
O
Princes
,
since
the
Grave
Makes
no
Distinction
'twixt
the
Base
and
Brave
,
Betwixt
the
mighty
Prince
and
wretched
Slave
?
On
the
Author
and
his
Book
,
in
Allusion
to
the
EMBLEM
.
WHither
so
fast
,
vain
Man
?
'fore
out
of
breath
,
Stop
,
and
behold
this
lively
Scene
of
Death
.
The
Head
thou
seest
was
Great
Saavedra's
once
,
A
greater
Name
no
Rhetorick
can
pronounce
.
Here
Piety
with
Policy
were
join'd
.
Here
Honour
,
Sence
and
Learning
were
combin'd
False
Machiavilian
Notions
to
convince
,
And
form
at
oncea
Wise
and
Vertuous
Prince
.
Where
now
,
alas
!
Worms
having
eat
it
bare
,
The
Death-watch
Spiders
spread
their
curious
Hair
,
And
with
their
Bowels
nobly
re-interr
,
Scepters
and
Crowns
here
tumbled
down
you
see
;
A
trifling
Lose
to
one
so
Great
as
He
:
But
since
this
Work
remains
,
the
World
may
cry
,
Death
,
where
's
thy
Sting
?
Grave
,
where
's
thy
Victory
?
FINIS
.