THE
WAR
OF
CATALINE
,
BY
Caius
Sallustius
Crispus
.
IT
behoves
all
Men
that
labour
to
excel
all
other
Creatures
,
to
make
it
their
chief
Endeavour
not
to
wast
their
Lives
in
Silence
like
the
Brute
Beasts
,
form'd
by
Nature
prone
to
the
Earth
,
and
only
Slaves
to
their
Bellies
.
But
our
whole
strength
and
vigor
is
sòated
as
well
in
the
Mind
as
in
the
Body
.
We
make
more
use
of
the
command
of
the
Mind
than
of
the
service
of
the
Body
.
The
one
we
share
with
the
Gods
,
the
other
is
common
to
us
with
the
Beasts
.
Whence
it
appears
to
be
a
nobler
way
to
purchase
glory
rather
by
our
Ingenuity
,
than
our
Strength
of
Body
;
and
because
the
life
it self
which
we
enjoy
is
but
of
short
continuance
,
to
render
our
Memories
the
longest
that
we
can
.
For
the
Spendor
of
Form
and
Riches
is
frail
and
transitory
;
but
Vertue
is
accounted
Illustrious
and
Eternal
.
'T
is
true
the
Contest
has
been
long
among
Mortals
which
most
prevail'd
in
War
,
vigor
of
Mind
,
or
strength
of
Body
.
For
first
,
before
we
begin
,
it
behoves
us
to
consult
,
and
after
deliberation
,
nothing
more
requisite
than
speedy
Execution
.
Thus
both
defective
of
themselves
,
the
one
becomes
effectual
by
the
assistance
of
the
other
.
Therefore
at
the
beginning
Kings
(
for
that
was
the
first
Title
of
Soveraign
Dignity
upon
Earth
)
predominant
in
several
places
,
some
made
use
of
their
Parts
and
Ingenuity
,
others
exercis'd
their
Bodies
.
Then
also
was
the
Life
of
Man
without
Ambition
;
while
every
one
was
pleas'd
with
what
himself
enjoy'd
.
But
after
that
in
Asia
Cyrus
,
in
Greece
the
Lacedaemonians
and
Athenians
,
began
to
subdue
Cities
and
Nations
,
that
they
made
Ambition
of
Dominion
the
cause
and
foundation
of
War
;
and
measur'd
the
extent
of
Glory
by
the
spaciousness
of
their
Territories
,
then
Danger
and
Business
taught
the
world
that
War
was
chiefly
manag'd
by
Wit
and
Ingenuity
.
So
that
if
the
Vertue
and
Magnanimity
of
Kings
and
Emperors
were
alike
in
Peace
as
in
War
,
Human
Affairs
would
be
less
subject
to
inconstancy
;
nor
should
we
see
such
Changes
,
such
Revolutions
,
nor
such
Topsy
Turvies
in
the
world
.
For
Empire
is
easily
preserv'd
by
the
Arts
,
by
which
it
was
at
first
acquir'd
.
But
when
Sloth
,
instead
of
Industry
;
when
Ambition
and
Pride
,
instead
of
Equity
and
Moderation
,
invaded
once
the
Breasts
of
Men
,
then
their
Fortune
with
their
Customs
underwent
a
universal
change
.
Thus
is
Empire
always
translated
to
every
one
that
is
most
excellent
from
the
Inferiour
and
less
Brave
.
The
toyls
of
Plowing
,
hazards
of
Navigation
,
and
expence
of
Building
,
all
submit
to
Vertue
,
as
being
obedient
to
her
Instigations
.
But
many
Men
addicted
to
Luxury
and
Sleep
,
Illiterate
and
void
of
Education
,
consume
their
Lives
like
Travellers
upon
the
Road
;
to
whom
,
quite
contrary
to
Nature
,
their
Body
is
a
Pleasure
,
but
their
Soul
a
Burden
.
Now
their
living
and
their
dying
,
I
look
upon
to
be
the
same
,
as
being
both
buried
in
Silence
.
But
he
it
is
,
who
seems
to
me
to
live
and
enjoy
a
Soul
,
who
finding
himself
employment
,
labours
for
the
Fame
of
some
great
Action
,
or
some
noble
Science
.
Though
in
such
a
vast
variety
of
business
,
Nature
chalks
out
distinct
and
various
Roads
for
differing
Undertakers
.
Among
the
rest
't
is
highly
Commendable
to
act
well
for
the
Common-wealth
;
nor
is
it
absurd
to
speak
well
in
its
Honour
;
for
thus
may
Fame
be
purchas'd
both
in
Peace
and
War
;
since
many
are
applauded
that
acted
themselves
,
and
many
that
wrote
the
Atchievements
of
others
.
And
for
my
own
part
,
although
I
never
thought
the
same
Renown
attended
the
Writer
as
the
Accomplisher
of
great
Affairs
,
yet
it
seems
to
be
no
such
easy
task
to
commit
to
writing
Public
and
Memorable
Transactions
.
First
because
that
Deeds
require
Words
to
equal
their
Grandeur
:
for
that
most
People
believe
the
Reprehensions
of
Crimes
and
Miscarriages
,
to
be
the
Reprimands
of
Envy
or
Ill
will
:
where
the
Author
insists
upon
the
Vertue
and
Honour
of
good
Men
,
there
,
whatever
every
one
deems
easily
perform'd
he
patiently
endures
;
but
whatever
is
extraordinary
,
that
he
accounts
as
Fiction
.
For
my
part
from
my
youth
,
my
Inclinations
carry'd
me
to
Public
Affairs
,
where
I
met
with
many
Crosses
and
Obstructions
of
Misfortune
.
For
Modesty
,
Abstinency
and
Vertue
were
over
rul'd
by
Insolence
,
Profuseness
and
Avarice
.
Which
though
my
disposition
abhor'd
,
as
unaccustom'd
to
the
Practices
of
Evil
,
yet
among
so
many
Vices
,
my
weak
and
tender
Age
could
not
resist
the
strong
Corruptions
of
Ambition
.
And
though
averse
to
the
lewd
Customs
of
the
Age
,
yet
the
same
Ambition
tormented
me
as
well
as
others
,
with
thirst
of
Fame
and
envy'd
Greatness
.
Therefore
,
when
after
many
Miseries
and
Dangers
,
my
thoughts
came
once
to
be
at
Rest
,
and
that
I
had
resolv'd
to
spend
the
Remainder
of
my
days
remote
from
Business
,
my
Intentions
were
not
to
consume
a
happy
leasure
in
Sloth
and
Vanity
,
nor
to
waste
my
time
upon
those
meaner
and
more
servile
Employments
of
Husbandry
and
Hunting
;
but
returning
to
the
same
designs
and
purposes
,
from
whence
unruly
Ambition
had
before
withdrawn
me
,
I
determin'd
briefly
to
write
the
several
Transactions
and
Atchievements
of
the
Roman
People
,
as
they
occurr'd
most
worthy
the
Remembrance
of
Posterity
:
So
much
the
rather
,
as
knowing
my self
no
way
engag'd
by
Hope
or
Fear
,
nor
any
way
byass'd
by
prejudice
or
Interest
.
In
pursuance
of
which
Determination
I
shall
endeavour
a
concise
,
and
to
the
utmost
of
my
Ability
,
a
sincere
Relation
of
Cataline's
Conspiracy
.
For
that
same
perpetrated
Act
of
Villany
do
I
esteem
most
Memorable
,
as
well
for
the
novelty
of
the
Crime
as
of
the
Danger
.
Of
the
Manners
and
Inclinations
of
which
Person
it
will
be
expedient
in
the
first
place
,
to
give
a
short
Accompt
before
I
begin
my
Relation
.
L.
CATALINE
,
descended
of
a
Noble
Family
,
was
a
Person
of
Great
Strength
and
Vigour
both
of
Body
and
Mind
;
but
of
an
Evil
and
Vicious
Disposition
.
From
his
early
Adolescency
nothing
was
more
grateful
to
him
than
Civil
War
;
Slaughter
,
Rapine
and
Domestic
Discord
were
the
Pastimes
of
his
Youth
.
He
had
a
Body
enur'd
to
Hunger
,
Cold
,
and
want
of
Sleep
beyond
Belief
.
Daring
beside
,
and
Crafty
,
Inconstant
,
able
to
counterfeit
and
dissemble
what
he
pleas'd
himself
;
greedy
of
other
Mens
Proprieties
,
Prodigal
of
his
own
;
Ardent
in
his
Desires
,
and
Burning
in
his
Lusts
;
sufficiently
Eloquent
,
but
his
stock
of
Prudence
very
small
;
A
vast
Mind
that
always
Thirsted
after
things
Exorbitant
,
Incredible
,
and
two
High
above
his
Reach
.
This
Man
,
after
the
Domination
and
Tyranny
of
L.
Sylla
,
nothing
would
satisfie
but
an
unreasonable
desire
of
invading
the
Common-weal
.
Nor
by
what
means
he
might
obtain
it
,
so
he
might
grasp
a
Kingdom
to
himself
,
did
he
at
all
regard
or
value
.
But
every
day
his
Thoughts
were
more
and
more
turmoyl'd
,
himself
grown
wild
through
his
Domestic
Wants
,
and
the
Guilt
of
his
Crimes
.
Both
which
he
had
accumulated
by
his
Deprav'd
and
Vicious
Life
,
augmented
moreover
by
the
corrupted
Customs
of
the
City
;
which
two
the
worst
Distempers
of
a
Common-wealth
,
and
most
directly
opposite
one
to
another
,
Luxury
and
Avarice
,
infected
at
that
time
.
For
which
reason
,
the
Subject
it self
seems
to
require
,
since
opportunity
has
put
us
in
mind
of
the
Vices
of
the
City
,
to
go
a
little
Back
,
and
take
a
short
view
of
the
Constitutions
of
our
Ancestors
;
after
what
manner
they
govern'd
the
Common-wealth
,
how
they
left
it
,
and
how
being
alter'd
by
Degrees
,
from
most
beautiful
and
famous
,
it
became
deformed
and
flagitious
.
The
City
of
ROME
,
as
I
have
gather'd
from
Tradition
,
at
first
the
Trojans
built
and
then
possess'd
;
who
under
the
Conduct
of
Eneas
,
Fugitives
from
their
native
Country
,
wander'd
up
and
down
without
any
certain
Habitations
;
with
whom
also
join'd
the
original
Off-spring
of
the
Land
;
a
savage
sort
of
People
,
living
at
their
full
swinge
of
Liberty
and
Licence
without
Laws
or
Government
.
These
after
they
were
muster'd
together
within
the
same
Walls
,
of
differing
Race
,
and
different
Language
both
,
and
no
less
different
in
their
Manners
and
Ceremonies
of
living
,
incredible
it
is
to
think
how
easily
they
embody'd
.
But
when
their
Power
,
enlarg'd
with
Number
of
Citizens
,
with
Constitutions
and
Extent
of
Territory
,
began
to
seem
sufficiently
prosperous
and
prevalent
,
as
generally
it
happens
among
Mortals
,
Envy
sprung
from
Opulency
.
The
neighbouring
Princes
and
States
disturb'd
'em
with
Invafions
;
few
of
their
friends
would
stir
to
their
Relief
;
the
rest
dismay'd
with
fear
kept
far
enough
from
danger
.
The
Romans
therefore
sedulous
at
home
and
no
less
diligent
abroad
,
make
hast
,
prepare
,
encourage
one
another
;
march
forth
to
meet
the
Enemy
,
and
with
their
Arms
protect
their
Liberty
,
their
Country
and
their
Aged
Parents
.
Afterwards
,
when
they
had
foyl'd
all
Danger
,
and
repell'd
it
from
their
own
Walls
,
they
lent
their
Succour
to
their
friends
and
Allies
;
and
establish'd
Amity
and
Leagues
among
the
neighbours
more
by
giving
than
receiving
benefits
.
Legitimate
was
their
Form
of
Goverment
;
and
the
Title
of
their
Form
was
Regal
.
Certain
Persons
selected
,
whose
bodies
were
infirm
with
years
,
but
active
Brains
were
vigorous
in
wisdom
,
consulted
for
the
Common
Good
;
who
either
for
their
Age
,
or
the
Resemblance
of
their
Cares
,
were
call'd
Fathers
.
Afterwards
,
when
Regal
Dominion
,
made
choice
of
at
the
beginning
for
the
preservation
of
Liberties
,
and
enlarging
the
Territories
of
the
Common-wealth
,
degenerated
into
Pride
and
Tyranny
,
changing
their
Custom
,
they
set
up
Annual
Governments
,
and
became
subject
to
two
Supream
Commanders
.
For
by
that
means
they
thought
to
prevent
the
Pride
of
Dignity
from
growing
too
exorbitant
.
But
at
that
time
every
one
began
to
advance
himself
more
and
more
,
and
to
shew
the
sharpness
of
his
Wit
upon
all
Occasions
.
For
Kings
are
still
more
jealous
of
the
vertuous
than
the
wicked
;
and
always
that
vertue
which
displays
it self
in
others
is
most
formidable
.
But
the
City
,
so
soon
as
once
it
had
recover'd
its
Liberty
,
incredible
it
is
to
think
how
suddenly
in
grew
into
Renown
;
such
was
the
universal
desire
of
Fame
and
Glory
.
Immediately
the
Youth
of
the
City
were
no
sooner
able
to
endure
the
Hardships
of
War
,
but
in
the
Camp
continual
Labour
taught
'em
the
practice
of
Military
Discipline
;
while
their
delight
was
only
in
their
burnish'd
Armour
,
and
their
Warlike
Steeds
,
contemning
Effeminate
Lewdness
and
Voluptuous
Riot
.
To
such
men
therefore
Labour
was
no
unusual
thing
,
not
any
Cliff
seem'd
steep
and
rugged
,
nor
armed
Enemy
frightful
:
their
vertue
subdu'd
all
things
;
while
the
chiefest
Contests
among
them
were
only
for
Fame
and
Honour
.
Every
one
hasten'd
to
give
his
Enemy
the
first
Blow
;
to
scale
the
Wall
,
and
be
conspicuous
in
the
Action
.
In
such
Atchievements
they
plac'd
their
chiefest
Riches
,
their
greatest
Honour
,
and
most
Illustrious
Nobility
.
Covetous
of
Applause
they
were
,
but
liberal
of
their
Money
;
Vast
Fame
,
but
moderate
Wealth
was
their
desire
.
I
could
call
to
mind
in
what
pitch'd
Fields
the
Roman
People
with
a
small
handful
of
Men
have
over-thrown
most
numerous
Armies
of
their
Enemies
;
what
Cities
Fortifi'd
by
Nature
they
have
wrested
from
the
Defendants
by
bare
fighting
,
but
that
I
fear
so
great
a
Task
would
draw
me
too
far
from
my
design
.
Nevertheless
Fortune
assuredly
prevails
in
every
thing
,
she
Celebrates
or
Ecclipses
all
things
more
according
to
her
own
will
and
pleasure
than
adhering
to
truth
.
The
Actions
of
the
Athenians
were
sufficiently
great
and
magnificent
,
in
my
Opinion
;
however
somewhat
less
than
Fame
reports
'em
.
But
in
regard
that
there
it
was
so
many
Writers
flourish'd
,
matchless
for
their
Ingenuity
,
the
Athenian
Atchievements
are
those
which
are
celebrated
above
all
others
over
all
the
World
.
And
the
Vertue
and
Courage
of
those
that
perform'd
those
great
Actions
are
deem'd
to
be
as
great
as
those
high
soaring
Wits
had
with
their
Eloquence
extoll'd
'em
to
be
.
But
the
People
of
Rome
had
never
that
abundance
,
because
that
the
most
prudent
were
still
most
publickly
engag'd
:
no
man
exercis'd
his
Wit
without
his
Body
;
every
one
chose
rather
to
act
than
speak
;
and
that
his
deeds
of
Merit
should
rather
be
applauded
by
others
,
than
that
he
should
be
the
magnifier
of
other
Men's
Exploits
.
And
therefore
both
in
Peace
and
War
good
Customs
were
religiously
observ'd
.
There
was
most
of
Unity
,
the
least
of
Avarice
.
Right
and
Justice
among
them
prevail'd
by
Nature
more
than
through
the
Terrour
of
the
Law
.
Their
Quarrels
,
their
Discords
and
their
Contentions
were
only
with
their
Enemies
;
Citizen
with
Citizens
contested
only
for
preheminence
in
vertue
:
Magnificent
in
their
Adoration
of
the
Gods
,
thrifty
in
their
Houses
,
and
faithful
to
their
Friends
.
By
these
two
never
failing
means
,
in
War
by
daring
Boldness
,
and
when
at
Peace
by
Justice
,
they
preserv'd
both
themselves
and
the
Common-weal
.
Of
all
which
things
I
have
these
signal
Proofs
to
produce
,
for
that
in
War
,
they
more
severely
punish'd
those
,
who
disobedient
to
command
adventur'd
to
fight
the
Enemy
,
or
latest
left
the
field
when
order'd
to
retreat
,
than
such
as
durst
forsake
their
Colours
,
or
give
ground
to
their
Adversary
.
On
the
other
side
,
in
Peace
they
rather
chose
to
oblige
by
beneficial
Indulgence
,
than
constrain
by
Fear
:
and
having
receiv'd
an
Affront
they
rather
chose
to
pardon
than
to
prosecute
.
Thus
while
the
Common-wealth
enlarg'd
it self
by
Labour
and
Justice
,
Kings
vastly
Potent
were
subdu'd
by
War
,
Barbarous
and
Populous
Nations
were
tam'd
by
Force
:
Carthage
jealous
of
the
Roman
Empire
was
utterly
ruin'd
;
All
Seas
and
Continents
lay
open
;
Fortune
seem'd
to
rage
and
ranverse
all
the
world
.
They
who
had
undergone
all
sorts
of
Labour
,
Dangers
,
Hardships
and
Uncertainties
of
chance
,
Leasure
and
Riches
so
much
desir'd
by
others
,
to
them
were
but
a
Burthen
and
Affliction
.
First
therefore
Thirst
of
Money
,
then
of
Rule
encreas'd
.
They
,
were
the
Materials
of
all
ensuing
mischiefs
:
for
Avarice
subverted
Fidelity
,
Probity
,
and
all
other
vertuous
Practices
:
in
stead
of
these
it
taught
'em
Pride
,
Cruelty
,
to
neglect
the
Gods
,
and
to
put
all
things
to
Sale
.
On
the
other
side
Ambition
enslav'd
her
Captives
to
Treachery
;
to
conceal
one
thing
within
their
breasts
,
and
utter
quite
the
contrary
with
their
Tongues
:
to
estimate
friendship
and
hatred
not
as
they
are
in
themselves
,
but
according
to
the
dictate
of
Interest
:
and
to
carry
rather
an
honest
Countenance
than
an
honest
Intention
.
These
things
at
first
insensibly
grew
up
,
and
sometimes
were
punish'd
.
But
when
the
Contagion
once
began
to
spread
,
the
face
of
the
whole
City
was
alter'd
,
and
that
Government
which
was
the
justest
and
the
best
,
became
not
only
Cruel
but
intolerable
.
But
first
of
all
Ambition
more
than
Avarice
employ'd
the
thoughts
of
Men.
A
Vice
that
approaches
the
nearest
of
the
two
to
Vertue
.
For
that
the
sedulous
and
slothful
are
equally
covetous
of
Glory
,
Honour
,
and
Dominion
.
However
the
one
takes
the
Right
Course
to
obtain
his
lawful
ends
;
the
other
wanting
vertuous
means
,
by
fraud
and
treachery
aspires
to
what
he
never
deserv'd
.
Avarice
,
Toiles
and
Labours
after
Money
;
of
which
no
wise
man
ever
coveted
the
Superfluity
.
That
Vice
,
envenom'd
as
it
were
with
poisonous
mixtures
,
effeminates
the
body
and
the
Masculine
Soul
of
all
Mankind
:
't
is
always
unlimited
and
insatiable
;
neither
does
abundance
or
penury
exhaust
it
.
But
after
L.
Sylla
,
having
by
force
of
Arms
laid
violent
hands
upon
the
Common-weal
,
turn'd
good
beginnings
into
ruinous
events
,
then
there
was
nothing
but
rending
and
tearing
;
one
must
have
a
House
,
another
Lands
;
the
Victours
observ'd
no
bounds
,
no
moderation
,
but
fowl
and
hainous
were
there
Cruelties
to
their
fellow
Citizens
.
To
which
we
may
add
,
that
L.
Sylla
,
contrary
to
the
Custom
of
our
Ancestors
,
oblig'd
the
Army
which
he
had
Commanded
in
Asia
,
thereby
to
render
it
more
affectionate
and
faithful
to
his
Interest
,
by
a
Toleration
of
all
manner
of
Luxury
,
Debauchery
;
and
the
delightful
Quarters
where
they
wallow'd
in
pleasure
and
ease
,
had
soon
softn'd
the
fierce
and
martial
Dispositions
of
the
Souldiery
.
And
then
it
was
that
the
Roman
Army
first
began
to
be
in
Love
,
to
drink
,
to
admire
Pictures
and
emboss'd
Goblets
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
to
commit
public
and
private
Robbery
,
to
Plunder
the
very
Temples
,
and
to
Pollute
all
things
both
sacred
and
Prophane
.
Therefore
those
Souldiers
,
after
they
had
once
obtain'd
the
Victory
,
left
nothing
remaining
for
the
vanquish'd
:
For
Prosperous
success
never
leaves
tyring
out
the
Minds
of
wisest
men
with
her
Importunities
,
least
they
themselves
,
their
Manners
being
corrupted
,
should
moderate
their
Conquests
,
or
know
which
way
to
consult
for
the
best
.
When
Opulency
thus
began
to
be
in
high
Esteem
,
and
that
Renown
,
Dominion
,
Power
attended
upon
Riches
;
Vertue
began
to
grow
Numb
and
Stupid
,
Poverty
to
be
derided
,
and
Innocence
to
be
taken
for
Ill
will
.
Therefore
from
the
Source
of
Riches
,
Luxury
and
Avarice
together
with
immoderate
Pride
first
assail'd
the
Roman
Youth
.
And
then
their
business
was
to
catch
and
snatch
,
consume
,
despise
their
own
and
covet
other
Men's
;
to
cast
off
shame
and
modesty
,
make
no
distinction
of
Divine
or
Human
,
nor
any
reckoning
of
thrift
or
moderation
.
It
might
be
worth
the
while
for
him
that
first
has
view'd
so
many
Houses
and
Palaces
,
rear'd
up
as
big
as
Villages
,
to
visit
the
Temples
,
which
our
Ancestors
,
the
most
Religious
of
Mortals
,
erected
to
the
Gods
.
You
find
'em
much
the
lesser
Fabricks
;
yet
they
adorn'd
their
Temples
with
Piety
,
their
Houses
with
Fame
and
Honour
;
nor
did
they
deprive
the
Vanquish'd
of
any
thing
but
only
the
Liberty
of
doing
wrong
.
But
these
men
,
quite
the
contrary
,
of
Mortals
the
most
slothful
,
most
wickedly
,
and
ingloriously
wrest
from
their
Friends
and
Allies
those
things
which
their
Couragious
and
Victorious
Ancestors
left
their
very
Enemies
,
as
if
doing
wrong
were
the
true
Exercise
of
Dominion
.
For
wherefore
should
I
call
to
mind
those
things
,
which
,
unless
to
such
as
have
beheld
'em
,
are
hardly
Credible
,
that
is
to
say
,
great
Mountains
levell'd
,
and
whole
Sea
's
built
over
by
several
Private
Persons
,
that
in
so
doing
seem'd
to
me
to
make
a
May-game
of
their
Riches
?
since
what
they
might
have
honourably
enjoy'd
,
they
made
such
hast
in
scorn
to
fling
away
.
Nor
is
the
Rage
of
adulterous
Lust
,
of
Brothel-haunting
and
other
Bestialities
less
prevalent
,
while
Men
as
Women
suffer
,
and
Women
make
public
Prostitutions
of
their
Chastity
:
to
satiate
their
Riot
,
they
ransack
Sea
and
Land
:
They
sleep
ere
need
of
Rest
requires
:
Nor
will
they
stay
in
expectation
of
Hunger
or
Thirst
,
of
Cold
or
Weariness
;
but
all
those
things
their
Luxury
prevents
.
And
those
Exorbitances
inflam'd
the
Roman
Youth
,
when
once
their
Patrimonies
fail'd
,
to
seek
for
new
supplies
,
by
Acts
of
Horror
and
Impiety
:
for
when
the
Mind
is
season'd
thoroughly
with
evil
Courses
,
it
never
fails
of
loose
desires
;
and
for
that
reason
so
much
the
more
profusely
raves
after
extravagant
Gain
and
wild
Expence
.
In
so
great
and
so
corrupt
a
City
,
Cataline
,
a
Peice
of
Pomp
most
easily
to
be
obtain'd
,
walk'd
the
Streets
attended
by
whole
Troops
of
Dissolute
Ruffians
and
Debauchees
that
follow'd
his
Heels
,
like
so
many
Guards
of
his
Body
.
For
whoever
he
were
that
void
of
shame
,
an
Adulterer
,
a
Glutton
or
a
Gamester
had
dissipated
his
Paternal
Fortunes
either
with
his
Hand
,
or
kindness
to
his
Belly
,
Venereal
Member
,
or
run
himself
up
to
the
Ears
in
debt
,
to
purchase
the
Pardon
of
his
Villanies
:
all
Parricides
,
Sacrilegious
Persons
,
Convicts
after
Sentence
,
or
such
as
fear'd
the
Judgment
of
the
Law
for
their
Misdeeds
;
moreover
such
whose
Hands
or
Tongues
earn'd
'em
their
Bread
by
Perjuries
or
Shedding
Civil
Blood
;
and
lastly
,
all
whom
Villany
,
Penury
,
or
guilt
of
Conscience
agitated
with
Continual
Terror
,
These
were
Cataline's
Familiars
and
Favourites
.
Or
if
any
Person
blameless
and
free
from
miscarriage
happen'd
to
light
into
his
friendship
,
by
dayly
Practice
and
repeated
Allurements
,
he
soon
was
taught
to
be
alike
and
equal
to
the
Rest
;
for
above
all
he
coveted
the
acquaintance
of
young
men
,
whose
disposition
's
being
soft
and
yielding
,
were
easily
entangl'd
in
the
snares
of
crafty
Temptation
.
For
still
as
he
observ'd
the
Flame
of
their
youthful
Inclinations
,
some
he
dazl'd
with
the
Charms
of
Curtezans
;
while
others
were
won
with
Dogs
and
Horses
.
Nor
did
he
spare
for
Cost
or
to
expose
his
own
Reputation
,
so
he
might
render
'em
obnoxious
and
faithful
to
himself
.
I
know
there
were
some
People
who
shrewdly
suspected
,
that
the
Young
Gentlemen
frequenting
Cataline's
House
,
were
somewhat
too
undecently
lavish
of
their
Chastity
:
But
that
Report
was
raiss'd
and
believ'd
,
rather
upon
other
Grounds
,
then
that
any
Person
could
affirm
it
upon
knowledg
.
Cataline
had
been
Guilty
of
several
Nefarious
Fornications
,
as
having
Debauch'd
a
Lady
of
Noble
Extraction
,
and
a
Vestal
Virgin
,
besides
sundry
other
Crimes
,
of
the
same
Nature
,
which
he
had
Committed
in
Contempt
of
Gods
and
Men.
At
length
,
falling
in
Love
with
Aurelia
Orestilla
,
who
had
never
any
thing
in
the
World
to
Commend
her
in
the
Opinion
of
any
honest
Man
,
besides
her
Form
,
because
she
delay'd
to
marry
him
for
fear
of
her
Son-in-Law
that
was
of
Age
,
't
is
certainly
believ'd
,
that
he
murder'd
the
Young
Man
,
and
extinguish'd
the
Family
to
enjoy
an
Impious
Wedlock
.
Which
Fact
of
his
seems
chiefly
to
me
to
have
been
the
Cause
of
hastning
his
Villanous
Design
.
For
his
Polluted
Soul
abominable
both
to
Gods
and
Men
,
could
take
no
rest
awake
or
asleep
;
in
such
a
manner
did
his
Conscience
perplex
and
terrify
his
restless
and
destracted
Mind
.
Therefore
was
his
Complexion
pale
and
wan
;
his
Eyes
hollow
,
his
Pace
sometimes
swift
,
sometimes
slow
;
in
a
word
,
Madness
and
Fury
display'd
themselves
in
every
Lineament
of
his
Countenance
.
And
for
the
Young
Gentlemen
whom
he
had
thus
debauch'd
,
he
was
not
wanting
so
to
instruct
'em
,
as
to
make
'em
serviceable
to
all
his
pernicious
purposes
.
For
out
of
them
he
cull'd
False
Witnesses
and
Forgers
of
Wills
and
Deeds
.
Them
he
taught
to
despise
their
Credit
,
their
Fortunes
and
all
manner
of
Danger
.
And
when
he
had
thus
ruin'd
their
Honour
,
and
their
Modesty
,
then
he
Commanded
other
greater
Villanies
.
And
if
he
could
not
meet
with
a
present
Opportunity
for
Mischief
,
they
were
to
circumvent
and
massacre
the
Innocent
as
if
they
had
been
guilty
;
meerly
to
keep
their
thoughts
and
hands
in
ure
;
while
their
Tutour
rather
chose
to
exercise
his
Cruelty
gratis
,
then
to
lie
idle
in
drowsy
wickedness
.
Confiding
in
such
Friends
and
Associates
as
these
,
Cataline
began
to
consult
how
he
might
grasp
the
Soveraign
Power
,
and
subdue
the
Common-weal
:
so
much
the
rather
because
he
knew
his
own
Retinue
to
be
so
vastly
every
where
in
debt
,
and
for
that
the
most
of
Sylla's
Souldiers
having
spent
their
ill
got
Plunder
,
and
calling
these
Victorious
daies
to
mind
,
when
they
wallow'd
in
Rapine
and
Massacre
,
both
the
one
and
the
other
thirsted
after
Civil
War
.
In
Italy
there
was
no
Army
.
Pompey
was
waging
War
in
the
remote
parts
of
the
World
;
he
had
great
hopes
,
if
he
stood
for
the
Consulship
,
of
obtaining
it
.
The
Senate
were
careless
and
minded
little
business
;
all
things
were
quiet
and
a
kind
of
Calm
of
Affairs
:
which
were
all
seasonable
Opportunities
for
Cataline
.
Therefore
about
the
first
of
June
,
Lucius
Caesar
,
and
Caius
Figulus
being
Consuls
,
first
he
discourses
'em
in
private
one
by
one
,
encourages
some
,
of
others
he
feels
the
Pulses
,
urges
his
own
Power
,
the
unprovided
Condition
of
the
Common-wealth
,
and
the
vast
rewards
of
a
Successful
Conspiracy
:
and
when
he
had
sufficiently
tented
every
one
in
particular
,
he
summons
'em
all
together
,
whom
he
knew
to
be
most
in
want
and
daringly
bold
.
Upon
this
summons
there
appeared
of
the
Senatorian
Order
Publius
Lentulus
Sura
,
P.
Autronius
,
Cassius
Longinus
,
Caius
Cethegus
,
P.
and
Ser.
Sylla
,
the
Sons
of
Servius
;
Lucius
Vargunteius
,
Q.
Annius
,
M.
Porcius
Lecca
,
Lucius
Bestia
,
Q.
Curius
.
Moreover
of
the
degree
of
Knights
,
M.
Fulvius
Nobilior
,
Lucius
Statilius
,
Mar.
Gabinius
Capito
,
and
Caius
Cornelius
.
Besides
those
there
were
also
many
out
of
the
Roman
Colonies
,
and
Municipal
Towns
,
who
were
of
Noble
Extraction
at
home
.
Nor
were
there
wanting
a
good
number
of
other
Accomplices
,
who
more
privately
and
closely
favour'd
and
abetted
this
design
,
excited
rather
by
the
Hopes
of
Domination
,
than
through
any
want
or
necessity
.
However
,
the
Greatest
part
of
the
Younger
sort
,
especially
the
Nobly
descended
,
wish'd
well
to
Cataline's
Proceedings
:
who
having
sufficient
wherewithal
to
live
in
Pomp
and
Luxury
,
yet
rather
chose
Uncertainties
for
Certainties
,
and
War
instead
of
Peace
.
There
were
also
some
at
the
same
time
who
verily
believ'd
that
M.
Licinius
Crassus
was
not
ignorant
of
the
Design
,
in
regard
that
Pompey
,
whom
he
hated
,
then
Commanding
a
numerous
Army
,
he
minded
not
what
Party
he
supported
in
Opposition
to
his
Power
:
Confident
moreover
,
That
if
the
Conspiracy
prevail'd
,
he
should
easily
be
able
to
make
himself
chief
Head
of
the
Faction
.
Yet
some
few
there
were
,
who
joyn'd
in
a
Conspiracy
against
the
Common-wealth
before
:
of
which
design
it
is
my
purpose
now
,
as
truly
as
I
can
,
to
give
a
plain
and
unbyass'd
account
.
L.
Tullus
,
and
M.
Lepidus
being
Consuls
,
P.
Autronius
,
and
P.
Sylla
being
design'd
Consuls
,
being
accus'd
of
using
indirect
means
to
attain
their
Honour
,
had
undergone
the
Punishment
of
the
Law
.
A
little
after
that
,
Cataline
being
condemn'd
for
Bribery
,
was
forbid
to
stand
for
the
Consulship
;
so
that
he
could
not
give
in
his
Name
within
the
days
appointed
by
the
Law
.
At
the
same
time
there
was
also
Cn.
Piso
,
a
Young
Gentleman
of
Noble
and
Ancient
Extraction
,
most
daringly
Arrogant
,
Needy
and
Factious
,
whose
wants
and
wicked
course
of
Life
,
spurr'd
him
forward
to
disturb
the
Common-wealth
.
With
him
Cataline
and
Autronius
having
consulted
together
upon
the
Fifth
of
December
,
agreed
upon
the
First
of
January
ensuing
to
Assassinate
Lucius
Cotta
,
and
Lucius
Torquatus
,
the
two
Consuls
,
in
the
Capitol
.
Which
done
,
they
themselves
,
after
they
had
seiz'd
upon
the
Fasces
,
or
Ensigns
of
Consular
Dignity
,
were
to
have
sent
Piso
with
an
Army
to
take
Possession
of
both
the
Spanish
Provinces
.
But
this
Plot
having
taken
wind
,
they
deferr'd
the
Execution
of
the
Murder
till
the
Fifth
of
February
following
,
but
contriv'd
in
the
mean
time
the
Massacre
,
not
only
of
the
Consuls
,
but
of
most
of
the
Senators
;
so
that
had
not
Cataline
been
too
hasty
to
give
the
Signal
to
the
rest
of
his
Confedrates
,
since
the
first
Foundations
of
Rome
were
laid
,
never
had
an
Act
of
Villany
so
execrable
been
perpetrated
within
her
Walls
.
But
the
Conspirators
not
meeting
so
early
as
they
ought
to
have
done
,
that
Opportunity
was
lost
.
After
this
,
Piso
was
sent
Treasurer
or
Questor
into
the
hither
Province
of
Spain
,
with
Praetorian
Power
,
Crassus
conniving
at
it
,
because
he
knew
him
to
be
a
bitter
Enemy
of
Pompey's
.
Neither
was
the
Senate
averse
from
decreeing
him
the
province
,
as
being
desirous
to
remove
from
the
City
a
Person
of
his
Vitious
Principles
.
Besides
,
they
thought
that
many
good
men
might
relie
upon
him
;
for
that
Pompey's
greatness
began
already
to
be
formidable
.
But
Piso
,
in
his
Journey
toward
his
Province
,
was
slain
by
certain
Spanish
Horsemen
that
he
carry'd
along
with
him
in
his
Army
.
Some
there
are
who
report
,
the
Barbarians
could
not
brook
his
unjust
,
his
haughty
and
Cruel
Commands
:
though
others
say
,
that
those
Horsemen
,
having
been
long
patroniz'd
by
Pompey
,
and
being
become
his
faithful
Clients
,
had
by
his
connivance
made
that
attempt
upon
Piso
:
for
that
the
Spaniards
had
never
enterpriz'd
so
foul
a
fact
before
;
although
they
had
suffer'd
formerly
many
more
Severities
of
Lordly
Imposition
:
However
it
were
,
we
shall
leave
the
Question
undetermin'd
:
and
so
let
this
suffice
concerning
the
first
Conspiracy
.
Cataline
,
when
he
saw
the
Persons
,
by
me
already
mention'd
,
to
be
Assembl'd
all
together
,
though
he
had
frequently
discours'd
the
Point
with
every
one
apart
,
however
,
deeming
it
more
advantageous
to
his
Design
to
bespeak
and
encourage'em
all
together
,
withdrew
into
the
remotest
part
of
the
House
,
and
there
excluding
all
others
that
were
not
absolutely
concern'd
,
he
made
'em
an
Oration
to
this
Effect
.
Were
I
not
sufficiently
assur'd
of
your
Courage
and
Fidelity
,
in
vain
this
Opportunity
had
happen'd
;
in
vain
had
I
conceiv'd
these
Noble
hopes
of
Absolute
Dominion
;
nor
should
I
go
about
to
grasp
at
uncertainties
upon
the
weak
support
of
Sloth
,
or
fickle
Irresolution
.
But
because
I
have
found
ye
stout
and
faithful
to
me
in
many
and
most
desperate
Attempts
,
therefore
it
is
that
my
undaunted
Bravery
has
begun
the
Greatest
and
Noblest
of
Designs
:
as
also
for
that
I
understand
you
have
no
other
Felicity
or
Miseries
but
what
are
still
the
same
with
mine
;
for
to
have
still
the
same
desires
,
and
the
same
disaffections
,
that
's
the
only
firm
and
perfect
Friendship
.
Now
what
it
is
I
have
been
thus
revolving
in
my
mind
,
you
have
already
severally
heard
.
And
I
must
tell
ye
,
that
this
Resolution
of
mine
is
every
day
still
more
and
more
enflam'd
,
when
I
consider
what
our
future
Condition
of
Life
must
be
,
unless
that
we
our selves
redeem
our
own
endanger'd
Liberty
.
For
when
the
Common-wealth
is
once
reduc'd
under
the
Power
and
Jurisdiction
of
a
few
,
then
shall
Kings
and
Tetrachs
be
their
Slaves
and
Tributary
Vassals
.
People
,
Nations
must
pay
Them
their
Taxes
and
Impositions
:
all
others
,
as
well
the
Brave
,
the
Stout
,
the
Noble
must
be
the
Vulgar
Herd
,
dishonour'd
and
without
the
least
Authority
,
in
subjection
to
Them
,
to
whom
,
did
but
the
Common-wealth
retain
it's
perfect
Health
and
Vigour
,
we
should
be
a
Terrour
:
while
they
engross
to
themselves
all
Favours
,
Honour
,
Dignity
and
Riches
,
or
else
bestow
'em
where
they
please
,
but
leave
us
nothing
but
Dangers
,
Repulses
,
Condemnations
and
Poverty
:
which
how
long
will
ye
at
length
endure
,
most
Couragious
of
Men
?
Is
it
not
far
more
glorious
to
dye
Magnanimously
and
Bravely
,
then
Ignominiously
to
lose
a
miserable
and
contemptible
Life
,
after
ye
have
been
the
sport
and
scorn
of
others
domineering
Pride
?
But
by
the
Faith
of
Gods
and
Men
the
Fault
's
our
own
;
The
Victory
is
in
our
hands
;
Our
years
are
in
their
Prime
;
Our
Courage
undaunted
and
Vigorous
;
They
,
on
the
other
side
,
grown
old
and
feeble
with
Age
and
Wealth
.
We
only
want
but
to
begin
,
the
rest
would
follow
.
For
who
among
the
Race
of
Mortals
,
endu'd
but
with
a
Masculine
Spirit
,
would
ere
endure
,
that
they
should
wallow
in
wealth
,
which
they
profusely
lavish
in
rearing
Palaces
upon
the
Sea
,
and
levelling
Mountains
,
while
we
are
pinch'd
at
home
with
want
of
necessaries
?
That
they
should
have
their
Change
of
Sumptuous
Houses
,
while
we
can
no
where
find
a
Cottage
of
our
own
to
harbour
our
Misery
?
They
purchase
Pictures
,
Statues
,
Sculptures
and
Embossments
of
all
sorts
to
pamper
their
Eyes
;
pull
down
,
build
up
again
,
and
by
all
manner
of
extortions
hale
and
torture
Money
to
themselves
,
unable
still
with
all
their
Luxury
to
subdue
their
Wealth
;
we
Starve
at
home
,
abroad
our
debts
ore-whelm
us
;
miserable
our
Condition
,
and
our
hopes
more
desperate
:
Then
what
remains
for
us
besides
a
wretched
Life
?
Why
sleep
ye
therefore
?
Behold
that
Same
,
that
very
Liberty
which
ye
have
so
often
sigh'd
for
:
Moreover
Plenty
,
Splendour
,
Honour
,
shew
themselves
in
view
:
For
all
those
things
does
Fortune
offer
to
the
Victors
.
Let
the
Enterprize
it self
,
the
Opportunity
,
the
Dangers
,
your
own
Wants
and
the
magnificent
Spoils
of
War
inflame
your
Courage
beyond
my
Oration
.
And
whether
you
make
use
of
me
as
your
Commander
or
a
Private
Souldier
,
my
Valour
nor
my
Person
shall
be
absent
from
ye
.
For
these
are
still
the
things
which
I
intend
to
act
in
Common
Consultation
with
ye
;
unless
perhaps
my
Courage
fail
me
,
and
you
prove
more
prepar'd
to
serve
,
then
to
Command
.
These
things
were
heard
by
People
abounding
in
Misery
,
but
to
whom
not
any
hope
surviv'd
:
and
though
they
look'd
upon
it
as
a
sufficient
recompence
to
be
disturbers
of
Public
Tranquillity
;
nevertheless
the
greatest
Part
desir'd
him
to
declare
the
Conditions
of
the
War
;
what
rewards
the
success
of
their
Arms
might
Challenge
;
how
their
wants
and
how
their
expectations
might
every
way
be
satisfi'd
.
Then
Cataline
promis'd
'em
New
Tables
,
or
the
Cancelling
of
their
Debts
,
the
Proscription
of
the
Wealthy
,
Offices
,
Priesthoods
,
Rapines
,
Plunder
,
and
all
those
Advantages
which
War
and
the
Victors
Fury
render
lawful
.
Moreover
he
assur'd
'em
that
Piso
possess'd
the
Hither
Province
of
Spain
,
that
in
Mauritania
P.
Sitius
Nucerinus
was
lodg'd
with
an
Army
,
Both
privy
to
his
design
.
That
C.
Antonius
stood
for
the
Consulship
,
and
as
he
hop'd
would
happen
to
be
his
Collegue
,
his
Familiar
Friend
,
and
a
Person
under
the
burthen
of
utmost
Indigency
.
That
being
Consul
with
him
he
would
then
begin
to
act
.
Moreover
all
whom
he
thought
Honest
he
loaded
with
Invectives
and
Reproaches
:
then
calling
every
one
of
his
own
Confederates
by
their
Names
,
some
he
applauded
,
others
he
put
in
mind
of
their
Penury
,
several
of
the
danger
of
Punishment
and
the
ignominy
that
attended
'em
;
and
many
of
Sylla's
Victory
,
especially
those
who
had
tasted
the
sweets
of
Pillage
and
Rapine
.
Then
beholding
a
chearful
unanimity
in
their
Countenances
,
after
he
had
admonish'd
'em
to
be
mindful
of
strengthening
his
Party
against
he
stood
for
the
Consulship
,
he
dismiss'd
the
Assembly
.
Some
there
were
,
who
at
that
time
reported
,
that
Cataline
,
after
he
had
concluded
his
Oration
,
when
he
took
the
oath
of
secrecy
from
his
Confederates
,
caus'd
Human
Blood
to
be
mingl'd
with
the
wine
,
and
then
to
be
given
about
to
every
man
his
Cup.
Of
which
,
when
after
the
Repetition
of
the
Curse
,
they
had
all
sipp'd
,
according
to
Custom
at
the
Solemn
Sacrifices
,
then
he
reveal'd
the
depth
of
his
design
,
and
told
'em
the
reason
of
his
urging
such
a
Ceremony
,
which
was
to
engage
'em
to
the
greater
Secrecy
and
Fidelity
one
among
another
,
while
sodder'd
thus
together
,
equal
in
Guilt
,
and
equal
in
their
Fears
.
Yet
some
there
were
who
deem'd
these
Stories
fain'd
,
and
many
things
invented
besides
by
those
,
who
believ'd
,
that
the
Antipathy
conceiv'd
against
Cicero
,
which
brake
out
soon
after
,
might
be
asswag'd
by
improving
the
hainousness
of
their
Crime
,
who
had
suffer'd
punishment
.
However
't
is
my
Opinion
,
That
had
the
Crime
been
so
great
as
was
reported
,
it
could
not
have
escap'd
our
knowledge
.
But
notwithstanding
these
precautions
,
there
was
in
this
Conspiracy
Quintus
Curius
,
a
Person
of
no
mean
Parentage
,
tho'
infamously
branded
with
all
manner
of
Lewdness
and
Villany
,
whom
therefore
the
Censors
had
expell'd
the
Senate
as
a
Public
Nuisance
.
This
Person
was
a
Man
no
less
vain-glorious
than
insolently
bold
:
He
neither
could
contain
the
Secrets
which
he
heard
,
nor
conceal
the
Crimes
which
he
himself
committed
.
Among
the
rest
he
had
been
long
familiar
with
Fulvia
,
a
Woman
however
of
Noble
Descent
,
to
whom
at
length
when
he
became
impertinent
and
troublesom
by
reason
of
his
Indigency
,
that
could
no
longer
present
and
treat
her
as
he
was
wont
;
of
a
sudden
,
as
if
he
had
commanded
all
the
World
,
he
began
to
promise
her
whole
Seas
and
Mountains
;
at
other
times
threatning
her
with
his
drawn
Sword
,
unless
She
comply'd
with
his
desires
;
and
in
short
,
to
behave
himself
after
a
more
Lordly
and
Domineering
manner
then
formerly
.
Fulvia
therefore
,
having
sifted
out
the
cause
of
this
unsual
swaggering
of
her
Paramor
,
ne'er
went
about
to
conceal
a
danger
that
so
nearly
threatn'd
the
Common-wealth
,
but
suppressing
her
Authors
name
,
recounted
to
several
whatever
She
had
heard
concerning
Catiline's
Conspiracy
.
This
Rumor
first
of
all
stirr'd
up
the
Favor
and
good
Will
of
most
Men
,
to
procure
the
Consulship
for
M.
Tullius
Cicero
.
For
before
that
time
the
greatest
part
of
the
Nobility
burn'd
with
disdain
,
and
thought
the
Consulship
defil'd
by
admitting
a
Person
but
newly
known
to
the
World
,
though
otherwise
of
soaring
and
egregious
Parts
,
to
that
degree
of
Honour
.
But
when
Danger
was
so
near
their
doors
,
Malice
and
Pride
were
laid
asleep
.
Therefore
upon
the
day
of
Election
M.
Tullius
and
C.
Antonius
were
declar'd
Consuls
.
Which
was
the
first
thing
that
shook
the
Abetters
of
the
Conspiracy
.
However
,
Cataline's
Fury
was
nothing
abated
;
but
every
day
made
new
Progresses
to
advance
his
Design
;
making
Provision
of
Arms
in
all
Convenient
Places
all
over
Italy
:
and
taking
up
Money
either
upon
his
own
or
the
Credit
of
his
Friends
,
sent
it
away
to
one
Manlius
,
then
dwelling
or
residing
at
[
*
](A60419-e2960-b)
*
Now
Fiesoli
,
two
Miles
from
Florence
.
Faesulae
,
and
afterwards
Captain
General
for
the
War
.
At
the
same
time
he
is
reported
to
have
purchas'd
to
himself
several
Men
of
all
Sorts
and
Conditions
;
nay
,
and
some
Women
too
,
who
first
of
all
had
maintain'd
themselves
at
a
prodigious
Rate
by
the
Prostitution
of
their
Bodies
;
but
afterward
,
decay
of
Youth
and
Beauty
limiting
their
Gains
,
though
not
their
Luxury
,
had
vastly
run
themselves
in
Debt
.
By
their
Assistance
Catiline
thought
to
sollicite
and
inveigle
the
City
Rabble
,
to
set
the
houses
on
fire
,
and
either
to
gain
or
murder
their
Husbands
.
In
this
Number
was
Sempronia
,
who
had
frequently
Committed
several
Facts
of
Masculine
boldness
.
This
Woman
was
for
her
Birth
and
Beauty
,
in
her
Husband
also
and
her
Children
sufficiently
happy
;
well
acquainted
with
the
Greek
and
Latin
Learning
;
Sung
and
Danc'd
with
much
more
exactness
and
elegancy
then
was
necessary
for
a
Woman
professing
Chastity
.
With
many
other
Graces
also
that
heighten
Lasciviousness
was
she
endow'd
;
but
still
she
priz'd
all
other
things
above
her
Modesty
.
Whether
she
were
more
Prodigal
of
her
Money
or
her
Reputation
you
could
not
easily
discern
;
and
such
was
the
heat
of
her
Lust
,
that
she
more
often
courted
Men
,
then
Men
Her
.
False
to
her
Promise
,
to
her
Trust
Forsworn
,
and
Driving
head-long
where-ever
the
Torrent
of
her
Luxury
and
Poverty
carry'd
her
.
Otherwise
a
Woman
of
no
mean
Wit
:
for
she
made
Verses
,
jested
facetiously
,
could
vary
her
Discourse
to
Modest
or
Obscene
according
to
her
Company
:
and
in
a
word
had
all
the
Charms
of
Speech
and
Breeding
.
All
this
Provision
thus
far
made
,
Catiline
nevertheless
put
in
to
be
Consul
the
next
year
,
hoping
if
he
were
elected
,
that
he
should
govern
Antonius
at
his
own
pleasure
.
Nor
was
he
Idle
in
the
mean
while
,
but
laid
all
Ambushments
imaginable
for
Cicero
,
who
on
the
other
side
wanted
neither
craft
nor
subtilty
to
guard
himself
;
for
from
the
beginning
of
his
Consulship
,
making
great
Promises
by
Fulvia's
means
he
had
brought
it
to
that
pass
,
that
Quintus
Curius
had
already
laid
open
to
him
Catiline's
Designs
.
And
besides
that
,
he
had
made
sure
of
his
Collegue
Antony
,
by
confirming
to
him
the
Grant
of
his
Province
,
that
he
should
not
dissent
in
any
thing
from
him
to
the
Prejudice
of
the
Common-wealth
.
He
had
his
Guards
of
Friends
and
Clients
also
alwaies
within
call
.
Therefore
so
soon
as
the
day
of
Election
was
past
,
and
that
Catiline
had
not
only
miss'd
of
the
Consulship
,
but
also
fail'd
in
all
the
Snares
and
Plots
which
he
had
contriv'd
against
Cicero
,
he
resolv'd
upon
a
War
,
and
to
make
tryal
of
all
Extremities
,
since
what
he
had
Clandestinly
attempted
,
had
prov'd
so
difficult
and
unsuccessful
.
Therefore
he
dispatch'd
away
C.
Manlius
to
Fiesoli
,
one
Septimius
Camertes
into
the
[
*
](A60419-e3200-b)
*
Now
called
La
Marca
D'Ancona
.
Country
of
Picenum
,
C.
Julius
into
Apulia
;
and
some
one
way
,
others
another
,
as
he
thought
every
one
might
prove
most
serviceable
to
him
.
In
the
mean
while
himself
at
Rome
had
many
Irons
in
the
Fire
,
to
get
the
Consul
Murdred
;
to
order
the
firing
of
the
City
,
to
seize
and
fill
convenient
Posts
with
Armed
men
;
some
he
commanded
;
others
he
encourag'd
,
to
the
end
they
might
be
always
ready
and
prepar'd
:
Day
and
Night
in
a
continual
Hurry
;
restless
,
waking
,
and
yielding
neither
to
want
of
sleep
,
nor
labour
.
Lastly
,
When
after
many
meditated
Mischiefs
,
nothing
succeeded
,
again
in
a
tempestuous
Night
he
summon'd
the
Ring-leaders
of
the
Conspiracy
by
M.
Porcius
Lecca
.
Who
being
met
,
he
chid
'em
first
for
their
Remissness
,
then
gave
'em
to
understand
,
how
he
had
sent
Manlius
before
to
head
such
Forces
as
he
had
got
together
ready
to
take
Arms
:
Others
to
other
convenient
Places
:
and
that
he
was
prepar'd
to
go
to
the
Army
himself
,
so
soon
as
he
could
but
get
Cicero
murder'd
;
for
that
mainly
obstructed
his
Designs
.
Thereupon
,
when
all
the
rest
were
in
a
kind
of
amazement
and
tottering
in
their
Resolutions
,
C.
Cornelius
,
a
Roman
Knight
,
and
with
him
L.
Vargunteius
,
a
Senator
,
promising
their
Assistance
,
they
agreed
to
go
that
Night
,
with
an
armed
Retinue
,
as
if
it
were
upon
a
Visit
to
Cicero
;
and
ere
he
were
aware
to
Stab
him
unprovided
in
his
own
House
.
Presently
Curius
,
when
he
understood
the
Danger
that
so
nearly
threatn'd
the
Consul
,
by
Fulvia
gave
him
swift
Intelligence
of
the
sudden
Plot
upon
his
Life
.
So
that
the
Assassinates
not
being
permitted
Entrance
into
the
House
,
they
undertook
in
vain
a
Fact
so
Hainous
.
In
the
mean
while
Manlius
Sollicits
the
Rabble
in
Tuscany
,
where
want
and
the
smart
of
former
sufferings
had
prepar'd
the
People
for
Change
;
for
that
under
the
Tyrannical
Usurpation
of
Sylla
,
they
had
lost
their
Lands
and
all
their
Goods
.
Nor
did
he
leave
uninveigl'd
the
very
Thieves
and
Robbers
,
who
were
very
numerous
in
that
Country
;
and
some
that
Sylla
himself
had
planted
there
by
way
of
remuneration
,
who
by
their
Luxury
and
Prodigality
,
had
wasted
what
before
they
had
got
by
Plunder
and
Rapine
.
When
Cicero
had
Intelligence
of
these
Proceedings
,
startl'd
at
the
Apprehension
of
a
double
Mischief
,
and
finding
he
could
no
longer
,
by
his
single
care
and
assiduity
,
Protect
the
City
from
menacing
Contrivances
,
nor
certainly
knew
how
numerous
Manlius's
Forces
were
,
nor
what
his
Councels
drove
at
,
he
reports
the
whole
Matter
to
the
Senate
,
which
had
been
toss'd
already
to
and
fro
in
common
Rumour
and
vulgar
Discourse
.
Thereupon
,
as
usually
was
done
on
all
Important
Occasions
,
the
Senate
decreed
,
That
the
Consuls
should
take
care
,
least
the
Common-wealth
receiv'd
any
Damage
.
Which
Power
,
the
greatest
that
could
be
,
was
granted
by
the
Senate
to
the
Supream
Magistracy
,
according
to
the
Roman
Custom
;
to
raise
Armies
,
carry
on
the
War
,
and
by
all
ways
whatever
to
suppress
and
curb
both
Subjects
and
Allies
:
and
both
at
Home
and
in
the
Field
to
Exercise
both
Soveraign
Empire
and
Judicature
.
Otherwise
,
without
the
Command
of
the
People
,
no
Consul
has
any
Authority
to
act
in
those
Affairs
.
Some
few
days
after
,
L.
Senius
,
read
certain
Letters
in
the
Senate
,
which
he
said
were
brought
him
from
Fiesoli
;
of
which
the
purport
was
,
That
C.
Manlius
had
taken
Arms
with
a
numerous
Multitude
,
about
the
beginning
of
November
.
And
some
there
were
,
as
is
usual
upon
such
occasions
,
that
talk'd
of
great
Prodigies
and
Wonders
:
Others
discours'd
of
frequent
Assemblies
in
several
places
,
of
Arms
carry'd
to
Capua
,
and
that
the
Slaves
would
rise
in
Apulia
.
Thereupon
by
a
Decree
of
the
Senate
,
Q.
Marcius
Rex
was
dispatch'd
away
for
Fiesoli
,
and
Q.
Metellus
,
Sirnamed
Creticus
,
was
sent
into
Apulia
and
the
neighbouring
Parts
.
Both
these
returning
to
the
City
,
were
debarr'd
their
triumphal
Entrance
,
through
the
malice
of
some
few
Detractors
,
whose
Custom
it
was
to
put
all
things
to
Sale
,
whether
honest
or
dishonest
.
But
for
the
Pretors
,
Q.
Pompeius
Rufus
,
Q.
Metellus
Celer
,
the
first
was
sent
to
Capua
,
and
the
latter
into
Picenum
,
or
La
Marca
D'
Ancona
,
with
Power
to
raise
an
Army
according
to
the
Importance
of
the
Occacasion
and
the
Danger
.
Moreover
if
any
one
should
make
any
discovery
of
the
Conspiracy
on
foot
against
the
Common-wealth
,
Rewards
were
promis'd
;
to
a
Servant
his
Liberty
,
and
Two
Thousand
Five
Hundred
Crowns
;
To
a
Freeman
,
a
General
Pardon
and
Five
Thousand
Crowns
.
They
also
farther
decreed
,
That
the
Families
of
the
Gladiators
should
be
separated
and
distributed
into
Capua
and
such
other
Municipal
Towns
,
that
were
most
wealthy
and
populous
;
That
at
Rome
the
Guards
should
be
doubl'd
through
the
whole
City
;
and
,
That
the
inferiour
Magistrates
should
take
charge
of
the
Watches
.
These
things
put
the
whole
City
into
such
a
Consternation
,
that
the
Countenances
of
the
People
were
quite
alter'd
;
instead
of
Jolity
and
Wantonness
,
the
effects
of
long
repose
,
all
Men
were
seiz'd
with
sudden
Sadness
and
Perplexity
:
all
in
a
Hurry
;
all
in
Fear
;
not
knowing
whom
to
trust
,
or
where
to
be
secure
;
neither
at
War
,
nor
in
Peace
,
but
every
one
measuring
his
danger
by
his
fears
.
Nay
the
very
Women
too
,
to
whom
the
Terrors
of
War
,
in
such
a
Potent
Common-wealth
,
were
altogether
unusual
,
bemoan'd
themselves
;
spread
their
suppliant
hands
to
Heaven
;
bewail'd
their
tender
Infants
;
inquir'd
the
News
;
dreaded
all
things
;
and
laying
aside
their
Pride
and
Pleasures
grew
distrustful
of
their
own
and
the
safety
of
their
Country
.
But
Catiline's
cruel
fury
acted
still
with
the
same
Vigor
,
notwithstanding
the
Preparations
of
Military
opposition
,
and
that
he
himself
were
impeach'd
upon
the
Plautian
Statute
by
L.
Paulus
.
But
then
to
shew
how
well
he
could
dissemble
,
or
else
to
justifie
himself
,
as
if
the
Quarrel
had
been
pickt
out
purpose
to
teaze
him
,
he
went
into
the
Senate
.
At
what
time
M.
Tullius
,
the
Consul
,
either
dreading
his
Presence
,
or
incens'd
with
Anger
,
made
a
splendid
Speech
,
highly
to
the
benefit
of
the
Common-wealth
,
which
afterwards
he
publish'd
to
the
World
.
But
so
soon
as
he
sate
down
again
,
Catiline
,
who
was
a
person
well
prepar'd
for
all
manner
of
Dissimulation
,
with
a
dejected
Countenance
and
suppliant
Tone
,
besought
the
Fathers
not
over
rashly
to
credit
vain
Reports
concerning
him
;
that
the
Family
was
such
from
whence
he
was
descended
,
and
such
the
Life
which
he
had
lead
from
his
Youth
,
that
he
had
all
things
great
and
good
to
hope
for
:
Nor
to
believe
that
he
,
a
Person
of
Patrician
Quality
,
whose
own
and
the
services
of
his
Ancestors
had
been
so
beneficial
to
the
Roman
People
,
stood
in
need
of
a
ruin'd
Common-weal
,
especially
when
M.
Tullius
forsooth
preserv'd
it
,
an
Adventitious
Citizen
of
Rome
.
Which
words
being
closely
follow'd
with
other
Reproachful
Invectives
,
all
humm'd
him
down
,
and
call'd
him
Enemy
and
Parricide
.
Then
in
a
Rage
,
Because
,
said
he
,
Thus
circumvented
,
I
am
driven
head-long
by
my
Adversaries
,
I
'll
extinguish
the
Conflagration
of
my
Fortunes
with
Ruine
.
And
so
saying
he
flung
out
of
the
Senate
,
and
made
directly
home
;
there
musing
and
revolving
many
Mischiefs
in
his
Mind
:
for
that
he
saw
his
Plots
upon
the
Consul
had
no
success
;
and
understood
besides
,
that
the
City
was
sufficiently
guarded
from
all
Attempts
of
Fire
.
And
therefore
deeming
it
his
wisest
course
to
augment
his
Army
,
and
before
the
Legions
were
enroll'd
,
to
be
beforehand
with
many
things
that
might
be
useful
to
him
in
the
War
,
with
a
few
Attendants
in
a
Tempestuous
Night
,
he
posted
to
the
Manlian
Camp
.
But
first
he
left
strict
Orders
with
Cethegus
,
Lentulus
and
others
,
whose
daring
Boldness
he
sufficiently
knew
,
to
strenghthen
the
Power
of
the
Faction
by
all
the
ways
they
could
;
to
hasten
the
Destruction
of
the
Consul
,
to
provide
for
Slaughter
,
Conflagration
,
and
all
the
dismal
Executions
of
War
:
and
that
he
himself
in
a
short
time
would
appear
before
the
Walls
of
the
City
.
Now
while
these
things
were
thus
acted
at
Rome
,
C.
Manlius
sent
certain
Commissioners
selected
out
of
his
own
Number
,
to
Q.
Marcius
Rex
,
with
Instructions
to
the
following
Effect
:
We
call
both
Gods
and
Men
to
witness
,
Noble
General
,
That
we
have
taken
up
Arms
,
neither
against
our
Country
,
nor
to
terrify
others
with
the
fears
of
danger
;
but
only
to
protect
our
Bodies
from
Oppression
.
Who
miserable
,
indigent
,
and
over-whelm'd
with
Violence
and
Cruelty
of
Usurers
,
are
most
of
us
devested
of
our
Country
,
but
all
despoil'd
of
our
Reputation
,
and
our
Fortunes
.
Neither
is
it
permitted
any
of
Us
,
according
to
the
Custom
of
our
Fathers
,
to
have
the
benefit
of
the
Law
;
nor
after
the
loss
of
our
Patrimonies
,
to
enjoy
the
freedom
of
our
Bodies
.
Such
was
the
severity
of
the
Bankers
and
the
Pretor
.
Yet
your
Forefathers
in
Compassion
to
the
Roman
People
by
their
Decrees
reliev'd
their
Wants
:
and
lately
,
in
our
Memory
,
by
reason
so
vast
a
a
number
were
every
where
endebted
,
by
the
consent
of
all
good
Men
,
three
parts
of
the
Silver
Credit
were
abated
,
and
only
a
fourth
part
paid
in
Brass
.
Nor
is
it
the
first
time
that
the
Common-People
themselves
,
either
affect
Dominion
;
or
provok'd
to
Arms
by
the
Pride
of
the
Magistrates
,
have
revolted
from
the
Fathers
.
But
neither
do
we
desire
Empire
or
Wealth
,
the
general
Causes
of
all
the
Wars
and
Contests
among
Mortals
:
't
is
only
Liberty
we
see
,
which
no
man
of
Courage
ever
loses
,
but
his
Life
together
with
it
.
We
conjure
both
Thy self
and
the
Senate
,
that
you
will
consult
the
good
of
your
unfortunate
fellow-Citizens
;
that
you
will
restore
us
the
benefit
of
the
Law
,
which
the
Injustice
of
the
Pretor
has
wrested
from
Us
:
and
that
you
will
not
impose
that
dire
Necessity
upon
Us
,
to
seek
which
way
to
perish
,
chiefly
in
revenge
of
our
own
Blood
.
To
this
Q.
Marcius
return'd
for
Answer
,
That
if
they
had
any
thing
to
Petition
the
Senate
,
they
should
lay
down
their
Arms
,
and
repair
in
an
humble
manner
to
Rome
.
That
the
Senate
and
the
Roman
People
were
endu'd
with
that
Meekness
and
Compassion
,
that
never
any
Supplicant
in
vain
implor'd
their
Assistance
.
On
the
other
side
Catiline
,
while
he
was
upon
the
Road
,
sent
Letters
to
all
the
Consular
Personages
,
and
the
chiefest
of
the
Nobility
,
That
being
oppress'd
with
false
Aceusations
,
because
he
could
not
withstand
the
Faction
of
his
Enemies
,
he
had
therefore
submitted
to
Fortune
,
and
was
retiring
,
a
willing
Exile
,
to
Marseilles
:
not
that
he
was
guilty
of
so
great
a
Crime
;
but
for
the
Repose
of
the
Common-weal
;
and
that
no
Sedition
might
arise
from
his
contending
with
the
Public
.
But
Q.
Catulus
read
other
Letters
in
the
Senate
,
quite
different
from
these
;
which
he
affirm'd
to
be
deliver'd
to
him
in
Catiline's
Name
,
and
of
which
the
following
Copy
gives
the
sence
.
L.
Catiline
to
Quint.
Catulus
,
Greeting
.
Thy
singular
Fidelity
,
being
assur'd
of
the
thing
it self
,
so
grateful
to
me
in
these
my
threatning
dangers
;
gives
me
the
Confidence
of
this
Recommendation
.
[
*
](A60419-e3930-b)
*
These
three
Periods
are
acknowledg'd
to
be
very
imperfect
in
the
Original
.
Wherefore
I
have
determin'd
not
to
ground
any
Defence
upon
new
Consultations
;
yet
I
have
decreed
to
propound
satisfaction
,
as
no
way
conscious
of
offending
:
which
in
good
truth
it
is
not
improper
for
thee
to
know
.
At
length
provok'd
with
Slights
and
Contumelies
;
for
that
being
depriv'd
the
fruits
of
all
my
Labour
and
Industry
,
I
could
not
obtain
the
Dignity
I
stood
for
,
according
to
my
innate
disposition
,
I
have
undertaken
the
public
Cause
of
the
Unfortunate
.
Not
but
that
I
could
pay
my
own
Debts
by
the
Sale
of
my
Lands
;
and
for
what
I
stand
engag'd
for
others
,
the
Liberality
of
Orestilla
has
been
such
as
to
take
care
to
discharge
it
out
of
her
own
and
her
Daughters
Revenues
;
but
because
I
saw
unworthy
Persons
advanc'd
to
Honour
,
my self
neglected
and
thrown
by
,
through
jealousie
and
counterfeited
suspicion
.
For
that
reason
I
have
pursu'd
those
Hopes
for
preserving
the
remainder
of
my
Reputation
,
which
,
considering
my
Condition
,
I
deem
to
be
sufficiently
honest
.
While
I
was
about
to
have
written
more
,
Intelligence
was
brought
me
,
That
Force
is
preparing
.
I
recommend
Orestilla
to
thy
Care
,
and
deposite
her
in
Trust
with
thee
,
Conjuring
thee
for
the
sake
of
thy
own
Children
,
to
protect
her
from
all
Injury
.
Farewel
.
But
Catiline
himself
after
he
had
staid
some
few
days
with
C.
Flaminius
in
[
*
](A60419-e3990-b)
*
Now
Campo
Pendente
.
Reatinum
,
to
to
Arm
the
Neighbouring
Parts
,
already
sollicited
and
drawn
to
his
Party
,
he
March'd
directly
to
the
Camp
,
to
joyn
Manlius
with
the
Consular
Fasces
,
and
other
Ensigns
of
Supream
Authority
born
before
him
.
When
these
things
were
known
at
Rome
,
the
Senate
pronounc'd
both
Catiline
and
Manlius
open
Enemies
.
To
all
the
rest
of
the
Multitude
,
those
only
excepted
that
were
convicted
of
Capital
Crimes
,
they
prefix'd
a
certain
day
,
before
which
time
,
if
they
departed
from
their
Arms
,
they
should
incur
no
Penalties
.
Farther
also
they
decreed
,
That
the
Consuls
should
proceed
to
a
Muster
,
that
Antony
should
follow
Catiline
with
his
Army
,
and
that
Cicero
should
stay
to
take
care
of
the
City
.
At
that
time
,
the
vast
Dominion
of
the
Roman
People
seem'd
to
me
beyond
extreamly
miserable
.
To
whom
when
all
the
Conquer'd
World
,
from
the
Rising
to
the
Setting
Sun
,
pay'd
Homage
and
Obedience
;
when
they
wallow'd
at
home
in
Plenty
and
Tranquillity
,
which
Mortals
deem
their
chiefest
Blessings
;
that
among
Them
there
should
be
such
a
Crew
of
fellow-Citizens
,
so
fatally
,
and
with
such
obstinate
Fury
bent
to
ruine
themselves
,
their
Fortunes
and
the
Common-weal
.
For
after
two
Decrees
of
Senate
,
among
so
vast
a
Multitude
,
neither
did
so
much
as
one
,
assur'd
of
great
Rewards
,
make
the
least
Discovery
of
the
Conspiracy
;
nor
any
one
desert
the
Camp
of
their
Rebellious
Leader
,
Catiline
.
Such
was
the
violence
of
the
Distemper
,
which
like
a
Contagion
had
infected
the
Minds
of
all
those
People
.
Neither
did
this
Pestilence
spread
it self
,
to
alienate
the
Affections
of
those
alone
,
who
were
guilty
of
the
Conspiracy
;
but
even
all
the
Commonalty
,
covetous
of
Innovation
,
applauded
Catiline's
Proceedings
.
But
this
they
seem'd
to
do
according
to
their
usual
Custom
.
For
alwaies
in
a
City
,
they
who
labour
under
Penury
,
envy
the
better
Fortune
of
others
;
extol
the
Wicked
;
abominate
the
ancient
Constitutions
,
covet
Novelty
,
and
detesting
their
own
Conditions
,
study
Change
of
all
things
:
they
are
nourish'd
,
void
of
Care
,
by
Tumult
and
Sedition
;
For
that
want
is
easily
supported
and
cherish'd
with
public
dammage
.
But
many
Motives
carry'd
head-long
the
City
Rabble
.
First
of
all
,
who
ever
they
were
that
in
any
corner
of
the
Country
,
surpass'd
in
Impudence
and
Debauchery
;
whoever
had
wasted
their
Patrimonies
by
expensive
Lewdness
;
And
lastly
,
all
whom
Villany
and
Crimes
the
most
Enormous
had
Out-law'd
from
their
Native
homes
;
all
these
together
empty'd
into
Rome
,
as
into
the
Common
Sewer
of
all
Disorder
.
Many
others
remembring
Sylla's
Conquests
,
while
they
beheld
some
rais'd
from
Souldiers
to
the
degree
of
Senators
;
others
so
Wealthy
,
that
they
liv'd
like
Princes
in
the
height
of
Ease
and
Plenty
;
promised
every
one
to
themselves
the
same
Enjoyments
from
successful
Victory
.
Moreover
the
Younger
sort
,
that
wrought
hard
for
a
poor
Living
in
the
Country
,
finding
the
sweets
of
Private
and
Public
Liberality
,
preferr'd
the
City
Ease
before
severe
and
painful
Labour
.
However
both
Them
and
all
the
rest
,
the
Public
Calamity
supported
.
So
that
it
is
the
less
to
be
admir'd
that
Men
so
badly
.
Principl'd
,
so
wrapt
up
in
Expectation
,
should
be
as
little
careful
for
the
Common
good
,
as
for
themselves
.
And
then
again
,
all
those
whose
Parents
upon
Sylla's
Victory
,
were
proscrib'd
,
who
lost
their
Estates
,
and
were
depriv'd
of
their
Right
of
Freedom
,
had
the
same
Interest
in
the
Success
of
the
War
.
To
which
I
may
add
,
that
whoever
sided
with
any
other
Faction
than
that
of
the
Senate
,
rather
desir'd
to
see
the
Common-wealth
disturb'd
,
than
grow
too
Potent
.
And
this
was
a
Mischief
,
that
many
years
after
this
time
return'd
again
to
the
City
.
For
when
the
Tribunitial
Authority
was
restor'd
to
.
Cn.
Pompeius
,
and
M.
Crassus
,
Young
Gentlemen
having
got
the
Supream
Power
into
their
hands
,
whose
Years
and
Courage
were
full
of
mettle
and
fury
,
by
calumniating
the
Senate
,
they
began
to
put
the
Vulgar
into
a
Ferment
;
then
by
Gifts
and
Promises
more
and
more
to
inflame
'em
:
and
so
became
Eminent
and
Powerful
themselves
.
Against
them
the
greatest
part
of
the
Nobility
contended
with
all
their
Might
,
under
colour
of
defending
the
Honour
of
the
Senate
,
to
support
their
own
Greatness
.
For
to
conclude
in
few
words
,
Whoever
in
those
times
disturb'd
the
Public
Peace
,
made
use
of
specious
pretences
;
while
some
made
a
shew
of
Protecting
the
Privileges
of
the
People
,
and
others
pretending
to
advance
the
Authority
of
the
Senate
,
had
all
their
different
Aims
to
promote
their
own
Interest
:
neither
did
they
observe
any
Limits
of
Moderation
in
their
Contests
,
both
exercis'd
cis'd
their
Victories
with
Cruelty
.
But
when
Pompey
was
sent
against
the
Pyrates
,
and
soon
after
against
Mithridates
,
the
Authority
of
the
People
fainted
,
and
the
Power
of
a
few
encreas'd
.
These
few
dispos'd
of
Magistracies
,
Offices
,
Provinces
and
all
things
Else
.
They
,
not
to
be
controul'd
,
and
flourishing
liv'd
free
from
fear
;
yet
terrifying
the
Tribunes
with
their
Sentences
and
Condemnations
,
to
prevent
their
exasperating
the
People
against
their
Proceedings
;
to
which
purpose
they
were
compell'd
to
abate
of
their
former
severities
.
But
so
soon
as
first
the
hopes
of
introducing
Change
in
dubious
Affairs
was
offer'd
,
then
the
old
Contest
set
their
thoughts
and
courages
at
work
:
So
that
had
Catiline
been
Victor
in
the
first
Battle
,
or
that
the
Combat
had
been
equal
,
certainly
a
most
Prodigious
effussion
of
Blood
,
and
Calamity
had
afflicted
the
Common-wealth
:
neither
would
it
have
been
in
the
Power
of
the
Victorious
to
have
made
any
advantage
of
their
Conquest
;
for
that
whoever
had
been
more
prevalent
would
have
wrested
the
Supream
Dominion
and
the
Public
Liberty
from
the
weary
and
enfeebl'd
.
However
there
were
several
without
the
pale
of
the
Conspiracy
,
who
at
the
beginning
went
to
joyn
with
Catiline
.
In
which
number
was
Fulvius
,
the
Senator's
Son
;
who
being
Apprehended
upon
the
Road
,
and
brought
back
,
his
Father
commanded
him
to
be
put
to
death
.
At
the
same
time
Lentulus
also
abiding
at
Rome
in
pursuance
of
Catiline's
Orders
,
made
it
his
business
to
sollicite
all
such
Persons
,
whose
loose
manner
of
Living
,
or
decay'd
Fortunes
rendred
'em
fit
for
State-Innovation
;
not
only
Citizens
,
but
all
sorts
of
Persons
whatever
,
that
might
be
useful
in
the
War
.
To
that
purpose
he
gave
Commission
to
one
P.
Vmbrenus
to
tamper
with
the
Ambassadors
of
the
[
*
](A60419-e4300-b)
*
A
People
which
then
Inhabited
that
part
of
France
,
of
which
the
chief
Cities
are
now
Geneva
,
Chambery
,
Vienne
,
c.
Allobroges
and
if
he
could
,
to
draw
'em
in
to
be
Confederates
in
the
War
.
Believing
,
that
in
regard
they
were
both
publicly
and
privately
vastly
in
Debt
;
besides
that
the
Gauls
were
naturally
a
Warlike
People
,
they
might
be
easily
inveigl'd
to
lay
hold
of
the
Opportunity
.
This
Vmbrenus
having
traded
much
among
the
Gauls
,
was
known
to
most
of
the
Chief
Princes
of
the
Cities
,
and
likewise
knew
Them
.
Therefore
without
delay
,
so
soon
as
he
beheld
the
Embassadors
in
the
Forum
,
or
Place
of
usual
Concourse
,
after
some
few
Questions
concerning
the
Condition
of
the
City
,
and
as
it
were
bewailing
the
Public
Calamity
,
he
began
to
ask
'em
,
what
they
thought
would
be
the
Issue
of
such
destructive
beginnings
.
In
answer
to
which
,
when
he
heard
'em
complain
of
the
Covetousness
of
the
Magistrates
;
accuse
the
Senate
,
as
from
whom
there
was
no
hopes
of
redress
;
and
making
Lamentations
,
that
only
death
could
terminate
their
Miseries
;
But
I
,
said
he
,
will
shew
ye
a
way
,
provided
ye
will
be
but
Men
,
how
ye
may
avoid
all
these
great
and
Terrifying
Misfortunes
.
The
Allobroges
,
their
Expectations
thus
screw'd
up
,
besought
Vmbrenus
to
compassionate
their
Condition
;
assuring
him
,
there
was
nothing
too
desperate
or
difficult
which
they
would
not
most
readily
undertake
,
provided
it
might
conduce
to
discharge
their
City
out
of
Debt
.
Thereupon
he
carry'd
'em
to
D.
Brutus's
House
,
as
being
near
the
Forum
,
and
not
altogether
a
stranger
to
the
Conspiracy
,
because
of
Sempronia
,
for
that
Brutus
him self
was
not
then
in
Town
.
Moreover
he
sent
for
Gabinius
,
to
the
end
that
Credit
might
be
given
to
his
words
.
In
his
hearing
he
says
open
the
whole
Conspiracy
,
names
the
Confederates
,
together
with
several
others
,
who
were
no
way
concern'd
,
to
give
the
Embassadors
the
more
Encouragement
;
and
having
so
done
,
after
they
had
made
him
fair
Promises
,
he
sent
'em
to
their
Lodgings
.
However
the
Allobroges
when
they
came
to
consider
,
were
long
uncertain
and
hesitating
what
Course
to
take
.
On
the
one
side
,
there
was
a
Ponderous
Debt
,
a
prompt
Inclination
to
War
,
and
a
charming
Prospect
of
great
Gain
from
the
hopes
of
Victory
.
On
the
other
side
there
was
greater
Wealth
and
Power
,
the
safer
course
,
and
for
uncertain
hopes
assur'd
[
*
](A60419-e4490-b)
*
No
less
then
200000
Sesterces
,
which
amounts
to
750000
l.
rewards
.
And
long
they
rowl'd
and
tumbl'd
these
Considerations
in
their
Minds
;
but
at
length
the
Fortune
of
the
Common-Wealth
obtain'd
the
Victory
.
Therefore
away
they
go
to
Fabius
Sanga
,
and
to
him
as
Patron
of
their
City
,
discover'd
the
whole
Plot
,
as
far
as
it
had
been
laid
open
to
them
.
Cicero
being
inform'd
of
this
Discovery
by
Sanga
,
gave
order
to
the
Embassadors
to
dissemble
strongly
their
Approbation
of
the
Conspiracy
;
that
they
should
apply
themselves
to
the
rest
,
and
to
do
their
utmost
endeavour
to
assure
themselves
of
their
Names
and
Persons
.
At
the
same
time
there
were
also
some
Commotions
in
the
[
a
](A60419-e4550-b)
a
Lombardy
and
Piemont
.
Hither
and
[
b
](A60419-e4580-b)
b
France
it self
.
Farther-most
Gaule
,
as
likewise
in
[
c
](A60419-e4610-b)
c
La
Marca
d'
Ancona
.
Picenum
among
the
[
d
](A60419-e4630-b)
d
Calabria
.
Bruttii
and
in
[
e
](A60419-e4650-b)
e
Now
Puglia
.
Apulia
;
but
they
prov'd
to
be
only
Tumults
and
no
more
.
For
the
Persons
whom
Catiline
had
sent
thither
,
acted
without
any
consideration
like
so
many
Mad
men
;
and
with
their
Midnight
Assemblies
,
their
disposing
to
and
fro
of
Arms
and
Darts
,
their
Hurrying
and
Bustling
about
,
occasion'd
more
of
Terror
than
Danger
.
So
that
Q.
Metellus
Celer
the
Pretor
,
when
he
understood
by
the
Senates
Decree
,
the
Reason
of
their
Deligence
,
Apprehended
and
Imprison'd
a
great
Number
of
those
Busie
fellows
;
and
the
same
did
also
C.
Murena
in
the
Hither
Gaule
,
being
Lord
Lieutenant
of
that
Province
.
But
at
Rome
,
Lentulus
with
the
rest
of
the
chief
Ring-leaders
of
the
Conspiracy
,
having
as
they
thought
a
sufficient
strength
about
'em
,
resolv'd
,
that
so
soon
as
Catiline
was
advanc'd
as
far
as
Fiesoli
with
his
Army
,
Bestia
the
Tribune
of
the
People
,
in
a
set
Speech
should
inveigh
against
Cicero's
Proceedings
,
and
lay
the
odium
of
a
most
terrible
War
upon
the
best
of
Consuls
;
which
being
the
Signal
,
the
next
Night
the
whole
Body
of
the
Conspirators
was
to
rise
,
and
every
one
to
act
his
Part
:
Though
they
were
reported
to
have
been
thus
order'd
to
their
several
Posts
.
That
Statilius
and
Gabinius
,
with
a
considerable
number
,
should
set
fire
to
twelve
convenient
Places
of
the
City
:
to
the
end
that
in
the
Hurry
of
that
Tumult
,
there
might
be
the
more
easy
access
to
the
Consul
,
and
such
others
as
were
design'd
to
be
murdred
.
That
Cethegus
should
beset
Cicero's
House
,
and
by
main
force
make
way
to
his
Person
.
Others
were
to
attempt
others
;
and
the
Sons
of
the
Families
,
of
whom
the
greatest
part
were
of
the
Nobility
,
were
to
murder
their
Parents
;
and
thus
when
all
the
whole
City
was
in
a
general
Consternation
,
dismay'd
with
Fire
and
Sword
,
the
next
work
was
to
force
their
way
through
the
Guards
,
and
march
directly
to
meet
Catiline
.
In
the
midst
of
these
Preparations
and
Counsels
,
Cethegus
often
complain'd
of
the
sloath
and
slackness
of
the
Confederates
:
that
by
hesitation
and
delay
,
they
lost
great
Opportunities
;
that
in
dangers
of
that
Nature
,
Execution
not
Consultation
was
requir'd
:
and
then
proffer'd
,
if
only
a
few
would
stand
by
him
,
since
others
were
so
faint
and
tender
hearted
,
himself
to
lead
the
way
into
the
Senate
House
:
for
being
naturally
fierce
,
choleric
,
and
prompt
of
hand
,
his
chiefest
Confidence
was
in
Expedition
.
In
the
mean
time
the
Allobroges
according
to
Cicero's
Instructions
,
being
introduc'd
by
Gabinius
,
met
the
rest
of
the
Conspirators
;
at
what
time
they
requir'd
from
Lentulus
,
Cethegus
,
Statilius
and
Cassius
an
Oath
which
they
might
carry
Sign'd
to
their
Magistrates
and
fellow
Citizens
;
for
that
else
they
would
never
be
induced
to
engage
in
such
a
weighty
Enterprize
;
which
they
,
suspecting
nothing
,
readily
gave
.
Cassius
also
promis'd
to
be
with
'em
in
a
short
time
,
but
left
the
City
a
little
before
the
Embassadors
.
But
when
they
went
,
T.
Volturcius
of
Crotona
was
order'd
to
attend
'em
,
and
to
procure
a
mutual
Confirmation
of
the
League
between
the
Allobroges
and
Catiline
,
and
an
Exchange
of
the
Articles
on
both
sides
.
He
also
sent
a
short
Letter
by
Volturcius
to
Catiline
,
to
this
effect
.
Who
I
am
thou
wilt
understand
by
the
Messenger
I
have
sent
thee
.
Be
sure
to
consider
the
vastness
of
the
Danger
wherein
thou
art
;
and
remember
that
thou
art
a
Man
.
Consider
,
what
thy
Affairs
require
;
and
beg
Assistance
from
all
,
even
from
the
Lowest
.
Moreover
he
had
Instructions
to
admonish
him
by
word
of
mouth
,
that
seeing
he
was
adjudg'd
an
Enemy
by
the
Senate
,
for
what
Reason
would
he
refuse
the
worst
of
Slaves
?
that
all
things
were
ready
in
the
City
according
to
his
Orders
;
and
that
he
should
not
delay
to
make
his
Approach
a
little
nearer
.
Having
thus
far
in
this
manner
proceeded
,
upon
the
Night
appointed
when
they
were
to
go
,
Cicero
,
who
was
inform'd
of
every
thing
by
the
Embassadors
,
gave
Orders
to
the
Pretors
,
C.
Pomptinius
,
and
L.
Valerius
Flaccus
,
to
surprize
the
Embassadors
and
their
Train
so
soon
as
they
,
arriv'd
at
the
Mulvian
[
*
](A60419-e5060-b)
*
Now
Ponte
Molle
two
miles
from
Rome
.
Bridge
;
unfolded
to
'em
the
Reason
,
why
they
were
sent
,
and
bid
'em
act
in
other
things
as
they
saw
occasion
.
They
being
Military
men
that
understood
business
,
having
Posted
their
Guards
without
the
least
disturbance
,
as
they
were
commanded
,
beset
the
Bridge
;
so
that
when
the
Embassadors
,
together
with
Volturcius
came
to
the
Place
,
presently
there
was
hideous
bawling
and
tearing
of
Throats
on
both
sides
.
But
the
Gauls
understanding
the
Design
,
yielded
forthwith
to
the
Pretors
.
Volturcius
at
first
encouraging
the
rest
,
defended
himself
a
while
with
his
Sword
from
the
Multitude
;
but
finding
he
was
deserted
by
the
Embassadors
,
after
he
had
with
many
Imprecation's
adjur'd
Pomptinius
,
with
whom
he
was
acquainted
,
to
serve
him
with
his
Interest
,
at
length
fearful
and
distrustful
of
his
Life
,
he
surrendred
himself
to
the
Pretors
,
as
if
they
had
been
Enemies
.
This
being
done
,
an
exact
Relation
of
all
things
was
sent
to
the
Consul
;
who
at
the
same
time
was
no
less
over
anxious
than
over
joy'd
.
He
rejoic'd
,
for
that
the
Conspiracy
being
now
discover'd
,
the
City
was
wrested
from
the
Jaws
of
danger
.
But
his
trouble
was
no
less
extream
,
seeing
so
many
Eminent
Citizen's
the
detected
Authors
of
so
foul
a
Crime
,
what
was
to
be
done
.
Their
Punishment
was
greivous
to
him
,
and
their
Impunity
the
ruin
of
the
Common-weal
.
But
at
length
recovering
his
Resolution
,
he
commanded
Lentulus
,
Cethegus
,
Statilius
,
Gabinius
to
appear
before
him
;
also
Ceparias
of
Tarracina
,
who
it
seems
was
gone
for
Apulia
,
to
raise
the
slaves
;
the
rest
attended
without
delay
.
The
Consul
himself
,
taking
Lentulus
by
the
hand
,
because
he
was
a
Pretor
,
lead
him
into
the
Senate
;
the
rest
he
order'd
to
be
sent
to
the
Temple
of
Concord
under
strong
Guards
.
Thither
he
summons
the
Senate
,
and
before
a
great
Appearance
of
that
Order
,
causes
Volturcius
and
the
Embassadors
to
be
brought
in
;
and
commands
Valerius
Flaccus
to
bring
in
the
little
Pacquet
of
Letters
which
he
had
receiv'd
from
the
Embassadors
.
Volturcius
being
Examin'd
concerning
his
going
out
of
Town
,
and
the
Letters
,
what
was
his
design
,
or
what
the
cause
of
his
Journey
;
at
first
fram'd
several
fictitious
stories
,
and
shifted
off
the
Conspiracy
;
but
being
commanded
to
declare
the
Truth
upon
the
Public
Faith
,
he
unfolded
all
things
as
they
were
transacted
;
that
he
was
some
days
before
drawn
in
by
Gabinius
,
and
Ceparius
;
but
that
he
knew
no
more
than
the
Embassadors
;
only
he
had
heard
from
Gabinius
,
that
P.
Autronius
,
Ser.
Sylla
,
L.
Vargunteius
,
and
many
others
were
involv'd
in
the
same
Confedracy
.
The
Gauls
confess'd
the
same
things
.
But
as
for
Lentulus
,
who
dissembl'd
and
veil'd
the
Truth
,
they
convinc'd
him
not
only
by
Letters
,
but
from
several
brags
that
he
was
wont
to
make
in
Public
,
That
the
Kingdom
of
Rome
was
ascertain'd
to
three
Cornelii
by
the
Prophesies
contain'd
in
the
Sibilline
Books
.
That
Cinna
and
Sylla
had
had
their
Turns
,
and
that
he
was
the
Third
,
whose
Fate
it
should
be
to
rule
the
Roman
People
:
Moreover
that
from
the
Burning
of
the
Capitol
,
the
twentieth
Year
was
now
arriv'd
,
which
the
Soothsayers
from
several
Prodigies
had
foretold
,
should
be
deeply
dy'd
with
Civil
Blood
.
Therefore
the
Letters
being
read
,
after
the
Criminals
had
all
acknowledg'd
the
Seals
to
be
Lentulus's
,
the
Senate
decreed
,
That
Lentulus
,
being
degraded
from
the
Magistracy
,
and
the
rest
,
should
be
confin'd
in
free
Prisons
.
Therefore
Lentulus
was
committed
to
the
Custody
of
P.
Lentulus
Spinther
who
was
[
*
](A60419-e5390-b)
*
The
Ediles
were
Officers
who
had
charge
of
repairing
the
Temples
and
public
Houses
,
and
look`d
after
the
Weights
&
Measures
.
Edile
,
Cethegus
to
the
care
of
Q.
Cornificius
;
Statilius
to
C.
Caesar
;
Gabinius
to
Marcus
Crassus
;
Ceparius
(
for
by
this
time
he
had
been
apprehended
upon
the
Road
and
brought
back
)
to
Cn.
Terentius
the
Senator
.
And
now
the
Conspiracy
being
detected
,
the
Common
People
,
who
before
,
out
of
their
usual
desire
of
Change
,
had
too
much
favour'd
the
War
,
now
vearing
about
,
curs'd
Catiline's
Designs
,
applauded
Cicero
to
the
Skies
,
and
as
if
they
had
been
snatcht
from
the
Jaws
of
Bondage
,
by
their
Gestures
and
their
Countenances
fill'd
the
Streets
with
Joy
and
Exultation
.
For
other
Acts
of
War
would
rather
afford
'em
the
Advantages
of
Plunder
,
than
bring
detriment
to
Them
;
whereas
they
lookt
upon
firing
of
Cities
to
be
cruel
,
excessive
and
chiefly
pernicious
to
themselves
;
since
all
their
Riches
consisted
in
their
Cloths
and
Houshold-stuff
.
The
next
day
after
,
one
L.
Tarquinius
was
brought
before
the
Senate
,
who
was
reported
to
have
been
apprehended
upon
the
Road
,
going
to
Catiline
.
This
Man
promising
to
make
great
Discoveries
of
the
Conspiracy
,
if
he
might
be
assur'd
of
his
Pardon
;
and
being
thereupon
commanded
by
the
Senate
to
declare
his
knowledge
,
inform'd
the
Senate
the
same
things
which
Volturcius
had
done
,
concerning
the
Firing
of
the
City
,
the
Massacre
of
all
the
honest
Party
;
and
the
March
of
the
Enemy
;
and
farther
,
that
he
was
sent
by
M.
Crassus
,
to
give
him
an
Account
of
what
had
happen'd
,
least
he
should
be
deterr'd
to
hear
that
Lentulus
,
Cethegus
,
and
so
many
others
of
the
Conspirators
were
in
Custody
;
and
to
advise
him
so
much
the
rather
to
hasten
his
March
to
the
City
,
as
a
means
to
revive
the
Spirits
of
the
rest
,
and
the
better
to
secure
'em
from
the
danger
they
were
in
.
But
when
Tarquinius
named
Crassus
,
a
Person
Illustrious
by
Extraction
,
vastly
Rich
and
most
eminently
Potent
,
some
deeming
the
thing
incredible
,
others
,
tho'
they
thought
it
true
,
yet
because
at
such
a
Conjuncture
,
the
Power
of
so
great
a
Man
was
rather
to
be
appeas'd
and
qualify'd
,
than
exasperated
,
the
most
part
obnoxious
to
Crassus
,
upon
the
score
of
their
Private
concerns
,
unanimously
cry'd
out
,
That
the
Witness
was
Perjur'd
,
and
demanded
a
Reference
upon
the
whole
Matter
;
therefore
by
Cicero's
Advice
,
it
was
Decreed
in
a
in
full
Senate
,
That
the
Evidence
was
lookt
upon
as
false
,
that
Tarquinius
should
be
laid
in
Irons
:
and
that
he
should
never
be
admitted
more
to
give
his
Testimony
,
unless
he
discover'd
the
Person
who
had
put
him
upon
inventing
such
a
falshood
.
Some
Persons
at
that
time
were
of
opinion
,
that
this
same
Evidence
was
contriv'd
by
P.
Autronius
,
to
the
end
that
Crassus
being
Impeach'd
,
might
be
the
more
ready
to
Protect
the
rest
by
his
Power
,
when
involv'd
in
the
same
danger
.
Others
reported
that
Tarquinius
was
Suborn'd
by
Cicero
,
least
Crassus
,
undertaking
the
Patronage
of
wicked
Miscreants
,
according
to
his
Custom
,
should
joyn
with
Them
to
disturb
the
Public
Peace
.
And
I
have
afterwards
heard
Crassus
himself
declare
,
that
the
Affront
,
though
of
so
high
a
Nature
,
was
put
upon
him
by
Cicero
.
At
the
same
time
neither
Q.
Catulus
,
President
of
the
Senate
,
nor
C.
Piso
could
either
by
Favour
,
Importunity
or
Bribes
prevail
with
Cicero
,
that
C.
Caesar
might
be
falsely
accus'd
either
by
the
Allobroges
,
or
any
other
Evidence
:
For
they
were
both
his
Mortal
Enemies
.
Piso
,
as
being
[
*
](A60419-e5750-b)
*
But
being
defended
by
Cicero
himself
.
Condemn'd
upon
an
Impeachment
of
Bribery
,
under
pretence
that
he
had
unjustly
punish'd
with
death
a
certain
Piemontane
.
Catulus
burning
with
Revenge
,
for
that
upon
his
standing
for
the
Supream
Pontificate
in
his
Hoary
years
,
C.
Caesar
a
young
man
had
carry'd
against
him
.
And
now
they
thought
they
had
an
Opportunity
put
into
their
hands
,
for
that
Caesar
,
partly
through
his
excessive
Liberality
in
Private
,
and
partly
through
the
Profuseness
of
his
Public
Presents
,
had
run
himself
deeply
in
Debt
.
But
when
they
could
not
perswade
the
Consul
to
such
a
dishonourable
Compliance
,
they
themselves
by
running
personally
from
place
to
place
,
and
spreading
false
Reports
of
what
they
had
heard
from
Volturcius
and
the
Allobroges
,
had
heap'd
no
small
Odium
upon
him
,
insomuch
that
some
of
the
Roman
Knights
,
who
guarded
the
Temple
of
Concord
with
their
Partisans
in
their
hands
,
whether
mov'd
thereto
by
the
Greatness
of
the
Danger
,
or
the
Inconstancy
of
their
own
Affections
,
to
make
their
zeal
for
the
Common-wealth
the
more
remarkable
,
threatn'd
him
with
their
naked
Weapons
as
he
came
forth
of
the
Senate
.
While
these
things
were
transacted
in
the
Senate
,
and
that
Rewards
were
decreed
to
the
Embassadors
of
the
Allobroges
and
Volturcius
,
Lentulus's
Enfranchiz'd
slaves
,
and
some
few
of
his
Clients
taking
several
Roads
,
made
it
their
business
to
sollicite
Handicraft
Tradesmen
and
Slaves
,
and
incense
'em
to
his
Rescue
;
while
others
sought
out
every
where
for
the
Ring-leaders
of
the
Rabble
,
who
for
Money
were
wont
to
perplex
the
Common-wealth
.
Cethegus
also
by
Messengers
,
besought
his
Family
and
his
Enfranchiz'd
slaves
,
all
fellows
cull'd
and
exercis'd
in
Insolence
,
to
make
a
Body
,
and
by
force
of
Arms
to
break
in
upon
him
.
The
Consul
therefore
understanding
how
these
Plots
were
laid
,
having
plac'd
his
Guards
as
the
time
and
the
occasion
requir'd
,
after
he
had
summon'd
a
Senate
,
made
a
Motion
what
should
be
done
with
those
Prisoners
that
were
under
Custody
.
For
not
long
before
a
full
Senate
had
adjudg'd
'em
to
have
acted
against
the
Commonwealth
.
Upon
that
Motion
therefore
D.
Junius
Silanus
,
being
first
of
all
desir'd
to
deliver
his
Opinion
,
in
regard
he
was
at
that
time
design'd
Consul
,
had
declar'd
,
That
not
only
they
who
were
in
Prison
,
but
also
L.
Cassius
,
P.
Furius
,
P.
Vmbrenus
,
and
Q.
Annias
,
so
soon
as
they
were
apprehended
,
should
be
put
to
death
.
Though
afterwards
being
mollify'd
by
Caius
Caesar's
Oration
,
he
had
protested
his
Compliance
altogether
with
Tiberius
Nero's
Vote
,
which
Report
he
did
not
think
however
fit
to
have
been
made
till
the
Guards
were
doubled
.
But
Caesar
being
ask'd
his
Opinion
by
the
Consul
,
deliver'd
himself
in
these
words
.
It
behoves
all
Men
whatever
,
Conscript
Fathers
,
who
deliberate
in
dubious
Affairs
,
to
be
void
of
Hatred
,
Friendship
,
Anger
and
Compassion
:
for
where
these
things
obstruct
,
the
Mind
can
never
have
a
perfect
Prospect
of
Truth
:
neither
was
there
ever
any
man
who
at
the
same
time
,
could
indulge
his
private
desires
and
the
public
good
.
When
we
fortify
our
resolution
,
it
grows
vigorous
;
If
Passion
possess
us
,
that
prevails
,
and
Resolution
languishes
I
want
not
plenty
of
Presidents
,
Conscript
Fathers
,
to
shew
what
Kings
,
and
People
upon
the
Motives
of
Anger
or
Pity
,
have
ill
consulted
in
the
main
.
But
I
rather
choose
to
cull
out
what
our
Ancestors
have
done
in
Opposition
to
their
Passions
.
In
the
Macedonian
War
,
which
we
wag'd
with
King
Perseus
,
the
City
of
the
Rhodians
,
mighty
and
magnificent
,
and
grown
up
to
that
height
by
the
Assistance
and
Support
of
the
Roman
People
,
became
treacherous
and
injurious
to
Us.
Yet
when
the
War
was
ended
,
and
that
the
Rhodian
Ingratitude
came
to
be
debated
,
our
Ancestors
,
least
any
might
say
hereafter
they
had
begun
a
War
in
thirst
of
Riches
,
rather
then
sensible
of
suffer'd
wrongs
,
they
dismiss'd
the
Rhodians
home
unpunish'd
.
Also
in
all
the
Punic
Wars
,
when
frequently
the
Carthagenians
,
both
in
Peace
,
and
by
breach
of
Treaties
,
had
perpetrated
many
abominable
Acts
,
never
did
they
,
when
opportunity
offer'd
,
do
the
like
;
they
rather
sought
what
might
become
their
own
Dignity
,
then
what
they
might
justly
retaliate
upon
them
.
This
therefore
,
you
are
to
take
care
of
,
Conscript
Fathers
,
that
the
Impious
Crime
of
Lentulus
and
the
rest
,
do
not
sway
your
Passions
more
prevalently
then
your
honour
;
and
that
you
be
not
more
indulgent
to
your
Anger
,
then
your
Flame
.
For
if
there
might
be
found
a
punishment
to
equalize
their
Misdeeds
,
then
I
approve
your
Counsel
newly
taken
;
but
if
the
vastness
of
their
Crimes
surpasses
all
our
Invention
,
't
is
then
my
Judgment
,
that
we
make
use
of
those
which
are
provided
by
the
Law
.
Most
of
those
Persons
,
who
before
me
,
have
declar'd
their
Opinions
,
have
sedately
and
nobly
compassionated
the
Condition
of
the
Common-wealth
:
they
have
number'd
up
the
Cruelties
of
War
,
and
what
most
usually
befalls
the
vanquish'd
:
Rapes
of
Virgins
,
and
Young
Boys
;
Infants
torn
from
the
Embraces
of
their
Parents
;
Mothers
of
Families
at
the
Lustful
pleasure
of
the
Victors
;
Temples
and
Private
Houses
robb'd
and
and
plunder'd
;
nothing
but
Fire
and
Sword
;
All
placed
lastly
strew'd
with
scatter'd
Arms
and
Carcasses
,
besmear'd
with
Blood
,
and
fill'd
with
Lamentations
.
But
by
the
Immortal
Gods
,
what
did
that
long
Oration
drive
at
?
was
it
to
raise
your
Antipathy
to
the
Conspiracy
?
that
is
to
say
,
who
e're
he
be
,
whom
so
prodigous
,
and
so
terrible
a
Fact
cannot
exasperate
,
that
same
Oration
shall
incense
.
It
cannot
be
so
;
neither
does
any
Man
look
slightly
upon
his
own
Injuries
:
nay
,
many
bear
'em
with
less
Patience
then
they
ought
to
do
.
But
,
Consceipt
Fathers
,
there
is
one
sort
of
Liberty
to
some
allow'd
,
another
sort
to
others
.
They
who
lead
their
Lives
in
Obscurity
,
if
at
any
time
they
commit
an
Error
in
heat
of
Anger
,
few
take
Notice
:
their
Reputation
and
their
Fortunes
are
alike
.
But
they
who
being
arriv'd
to
large
Command
,
live
in
the
soaring
height
of
Greatness
,
are
always
in
view
,
and
their
actions
are
beheld
by
all
men
.
So
that
in
Fortunes
most
conspicuous
,
there
's
the
least
of
Liberty
;
there
's
no
permission
to
Love
or
Hate
,
much
less
to
be
in
Wrath.
What
is
call'd
Anger
among
others
,
in
Government
bears
the
name
of
Pride
and
Cruelty
.
I
must
confess
,
't
is
my
Opinion
,
Conscript
Fathers
,
that
all
the
Tortures
in
the
World
are
far
inferior
to
their
Crimes
.
But
most
Men
still
remember
what
was
last
;
and
in
the
sufferings
of
the
most
Impious
,
forgetting
the
Fact
,
discourse
of
nothing
but
the
punishment
,
if
more
severe
then
ordinary
.
As
for
Decius
Silanus
,
a
Man
most
Brave
and
Stout
,
I
am
certainly
convinc'd
,
that
what
he
has
said
,
he
has
spoken
out
of
his
Affection
to
the
Common-wealth
;
and
that
he
is
byass'd
neither
by
Favour
nor
Enmity
,
in
a
concern
of
this
Importance
;
so
well
I
have
been
acquainted
with
the
Conditions
and
Moderation
of
the
Person
.
But
his
Judgment
in
this
case
seems
to
me
not
cruel
,
no
,
(
for
what
can
be
thought
cruel
when
inflicted
upon
such
Men
)
but
without
president
in
our
Common-wealth
.
For
certainly
,
Silanus
,
either
Fear
or
Injury
orerul'd
thee
,
being
the
design'd
Consul
,
to
decree
an
unusual
sort
of
Punishment
.
To
talk
of
fear
is
altogether
now
superfluous
,
seeing
that
by
the
propitious
diligence
of
our
most
Illustrious
Consul
,
such
numerous
Guards
are
up
in
Arms.
As
to
the
Punishment
,
I
shall
say
no
more
,
then
what
is
obvious
from
the
thing
it self
;
that
in
Sorrow
and
Affliction
,
't
is
death
not
torment
that
surceases
all
our
Miseries
:
that
puts
an
end
to
all
the
sufferings
of
Mortals
:
beyond
that
,
there
is
no
room
for
Care
or
Joy
.
But
wherefore
,
by
the
Immortal
Gods
,
didst
thou
not
add
this
farther
to
thy
Sentence
,
that
first
they
should
be
rigorously
scourg'd
?
Was
it
because
the
[
*
](A60419-e6070-b)
*
By
which
no
Roman
Citizen
could
be
Whipt
.
Porcian
Law
forbids
it
?
However
there
are
other
Laws
that
Privilege
condemn'd
Citizens
from
loss
of
Life
,
commanding
only
Banishment
.
Or
was
it
because
it
is
more
grievous
to
be
Whipt
then
to
be
put
to
Death
?
Pray
,
what
can
be
too
grievous
or
severe
for
men
to
suffer
,
once
Convicted
of
so
great
a
Crime
?
But
if
it
be
the
slighter
punishment
,
why
so
observant
of
the
Law
in
the
Lesser
Infliction
,
when
thou
hast
broken
it
in
the
Greater
?
But
who
dares
question
what
shall
be
Decreed
against
Parricides
of
the
Common-wealth
?
A
time
,
a
day
to
come
;
nay
.
Fortune
her self
,
that
at
her
pleasure
governs
all
the
World
:
Then
,
whatever
happens
will
deservedly
befall
'em
.
But
as
for
you
,
Conscript
Fathers
,
consider
what
ye
decree
against
these
Men.
All
bad
Examples
derive
their
Original
from
bad
beginnings
.
For
when
the
Government
shall
fall
into
the
hands
of
the
Ignorant
and
Unjust
,
that
new
Example
will
be
transferr'd
from
the
worthy
and
fit
,
to
the
unworthy
and
unfit
to
rule
.
The
Lacedaemonians
having
vanquish'd
the
Athenians
impos'd
upon
'em
Thirty
Persons
to
manage
the
Public
Affairs
.
These
,
first
of
all
,
began
to
put
to
death
,
though
uncondemn'd
,
the
worst
of
Men
,
and
only
such
as
had
deserv'd
the
General
hatred
:
at
this
the
People
rejoyc'd
,
and
cry'd
t
was
justly
done
.
But
when
this
Liberty
augmented
and
grew
bold
,
then
Will
and
Pleasure
raigning
,
Good
and
Bad
were
put
to
Death
without
distinction
,
and
the
City
under
Bondage
and
Oppression
,
pay'd
severely
for
their
foolish
joy
.
In
our
remembrance
,
Sylla
then
Victorious
,
caus'd
Damasippus
and
others
that
were
grown
up
to
the
prejudice
of
the
Commonwealth
,
to
beput
to
Death
;
and
,
Who
did
not
applaud
the
Fact
?
Such
as
they
,
they
cry'd
,
Men
Impious
and
Factious
,
that
with
Sedition
did
nothing
but
dicturb
the
Public
Peace
,
deserv'd
a
Public
Execution
.
But
that
very
thing
was
the
beginning
of
horrid
Calamity
and
Bloodshed
.
For
as
every
one
had
a
fancy
to
this
or
that
Neighbours
House
or
Farm
,
his
Furniture
or
his
Cloaths
,
he
took
care
to
get
him
Listed
in
the
number
of
the
Persons
that
were
to
be
proscrib'd
.
And
thus
,
they
who
rejoyc'd
at
the
death
of
Damasippus
,
soon
after
themselves
were
dragg'd
to
Massacre
.
Nor
was
there
any
end
of
Slaughter
,
till
Sylla
had
gorg'd
his
followers
with
the
wealthy
Spoils
of
the
Innocent
.
Not
that
I
am
jealous
in
the
least
of
M.
Tullius
,
or
fear
the
same
Confusion
in
these
times
.
But
in
a
spacious
Common-wealth
,
there
are
men
of
various
Inclinations
and
Designs
.
At
another
time
,
and
by
another
Consul
,
that
has
an
Army
at
his
heels
,
something
may
be
believ'd
that
may
beget
misunderstanding
.
And
when
the
Consul
once
by
virtue
of
this
President
has
drawn
his
Sword
in
pursuance
of
a
Decree
of
Senate
,
who
shall
then
limit
his
Ambition
,
or
moderate
his
Passion
?
Our
Ancestors
,
Conscript
Fathers
,
never
wanted
either
Counsel
or
Courage
:
nor
was
their
Pride
so
great
,
but
that
they
could
imitate
Foreign
Customs
when
they
found
'em
Advantageous
.
Their
Military
Weapons
and
Darts
they
borrow'd
:
from
the
Samnites
;
and
most
of
their
Ensigns
of
Majesty
from
the
Tuseans
.
Lastly
,
whatever
they
beheld
proper
and
useful
either
among
their
Enemies
or
their
Allies
,
that
they
put
in
Execution
with
an
eager
Industry
,
choosing
rather
to
imitate
then
to
despise
.
Therefore
at
that
time
,
they
only
Scourg'd
offending
Citizens
,
and
those
that
were
condemn'd
for
greater
Crimes
they
put
to
death
.
But
when
the
Common-wealth
encreas'd
in
Power
,
and
Factions
became
Potent
through
multitude
of
Citizens
,
then
the
Porcian
Law
and
other
Statutes
were
ordain'd
which
only
punish'd
Capital
Offenders
with
exile
.
Which
is
the
Reason
,
Conscript
Fathers
,
that
I
take
to
be
of
highest
Importance
,
why
we
should
not
make
any
Innovations
in
our
Counsels
.
For
certainly
their
Wisdom
and
Vertue
was
greater
,
who
rais'd
so
vast
an
Empire
from
such
small
beginnings
,
then
ours
who
hardly
can
preserve
what
they
so
bravely
won
.
Would
we
therefore
have
the
Prisoners
set
at
Liberty
to
encrease
the
number
of
Catiline's
Army
?
No
,
but
this
is
my
Opinion
,
that
their
Estates
be
put
to
Sale
;
their
Persons
kept
in
durance
apart
,
in
the
several
Municipal
Towns
,
which
are
most
responsible
for
their
forth-comming
:
that
after
this
,
the
Senate
be
no
farther
mov'd
,
nor
the
People
tamper'd
with
in
this
Matter
,
and
that
whoever
shall
do
otherwise
,
the
Senate
shall
adjudge
him
to
act
against
the
Common-wealth
and
the
Public
Safety
.
After
Caesar
had
made
an
end
of
speaking
,
some
by
word
of
mouth
,
others
to
various
Opinions
variously
delivered
their
Assents
.
But
M.
Portius
Cato
,
being
ask'd
his
Judgment
,
made
the
following
Oration
.
I
am
quite
of
another
Opinion
,
Conscript
Fathers
,
when
I
consider
our
Affairs
and
our
Dangers
,
and
ponder
in
my
mind
the
Judgements
of
some
Persons
.
They
seem
to
me
to
have
discours'd
concerning
the
punishment
due
to
those
Persons
who
have
rais'd
a
War
against
their
own
Country
,
their
own
Parents
,
their
Religion
and
Liberty
.
But
the
Conjuncture
admonishes
us
to
debate
,
rather
how
to
preserve
our selves
from
their
Attempts
,
then
what
Penalties
to
inflict
upon
'em
.
For
other
Mischiefs
we
may
prosecute
when
acted
;
this
,
we
must
take
care
to
prevent
;
least
after
it
has
done
the
fatal
Execution
,
it
be
too
late
to
consult
Opinions
.
But
by
the
Immortal
Gods
,
I
appeal
to
you
your selves
,
who
always
had
a
greater
value
for
your
Houses
your
Mannors
,
your
Statues
and
your
Pictures
,
then
for
the
Common-wealth
,
if
you
have
a
desire
still
to
hold
fast
those
things
whatever
they
be
,
which
you
embrace
and
hug
with
so
much
Affection
and
Content
;
whether
this
be
a
time
of
leasure
for
your
Pleasures
:
therefore
for
shame
awake
at
length
,
and
save
the
Common-wealth
.
Neither
our
Tributes
,
nor
the
Wrongs
of
our
Allies
,
but
our
Liberty
and
our
Lives
lye
now
at
stake
.
Frequently
,
Conscript
Fathers
,
I
have
deliver'd
my self
in
this
Assembly
:
often
have
I
complain'd
of
the
Luxury
and
Avarice
of
our
fellow
Citizens
;
and
for
that
reason
have
contracted
the
Enmity
of
many
Men.
I
who
never
pardon'd
in
my self
the
least
Error
of
my
own
Thoughts
,
could
not
easily
forgive
the
Misdemeanors
of
Passion
and
Ambition
in
others
.
Of
which
though
you
took
little
Cognizance
,
yet
such
was
then
the
same
Condition
of
the
Common-wealth
,
that
it's
united
Power
could
brook
your
negligence
:
But
now
the
question
is
not
whether
we
shall
be
able
to
support
our selves
by
good
and
laudable
Customs
;
nor
how
large
,
nor
how
magnificent
the
Roman
Empire
is
;
but
whether
these
things
,
whatever
they
be
,
shall
be
ours
,
or
that
our
Enemies
must
be
allow'd
their
share
.
In
this
case
,
shall
any
man
talk
to
me
Mildness
and
Pity
?
Certainly
we
have
long
since
lost
the
true
Significations
of
words
.
Since
the
Prodigal
disposal
of
other
mens
Estates
is
call'd
Liberality
;
and
Boldness
in
evil
Enterprises
goes
by
the
name
of
Fortitude
.
And
between
these
two
Extreams
the
Common-wealth
is
seated
.
Well
then
,
since
their
good
Natures
are
such
,
let
'em
be
Liberal
of
their
Friends
Estates
;
let
'em
be
merciful
to
those
that
rob
the
Public
Treasury
;
let
'em
not
be
prodigal
of
our
Blood
;
and
while
they
are
so
sparing
to
a
few
notorious
Villains
,
go
about
to
ruin
all
honest
Men.
Well
and
Learnedly
has
C.
Caesar
discours'd
of
Life
and
Death
in
this
Assembly
;
deeming
,
as
I
believe
,
those
things
to
be
Fables
,
which
are
taught
us
concerning
Hell
;
that
the
Wicked
are
reserv'd
in
Places
horrid
,
dark
and
frightful
,
at
a
distance
from
the
Just
.
Therefore
it
was
his
Opinion
that
their
Estates
should
be
put
to
sale
,
and
their
Persons
be
sent
to
the
particular
Municipal
Towns
,
least
if
they
should
be
kept
in
Rome
,
they
might
be
rescu'd
by
their
Confederates
in
the
Conspiracy
,
or
by
the
tumultous
Rabble
.
As
if
all
the
profligate
Villains
were
only
at
Rome
,
and
not
dispers'd
over
all
Italy
;
and
as
if
audacious
boldness
were
not
like
to
be
more
prevalent
in
places
where
there
was
less
power
to
oppose
it
.
Wherefore
certainly
this
advice
was
very
frivolous
,
if
he
have
any
fear
of
them
,
as
dangerous
Persons
;
but
in
the
general
Consternation
of
all
Men
,
if
he
alone
be
not
afraid
;
the
more
it
concerns
me
to
look
both
to
my self
and
you
.
Therefore
when
you
shall
make
any
Decree
concerning
P.
Lentulus
and
the
rest
,
assure
your selves
the
same
Decree
will
reach
both
Catiline's
Army
and
all
the
Conspirators
:
the
more
sedulously
and
vigorously
you
act
in
those
Affairs
,
the
more
their
Courage
will
be
daunted
;
but
if
they
find
you
once
remiss
and
timorous
,
there
's
nothing
then
will
stop
their
Fury
.
Never
believe
our
Ancestors
enlarg'd
our
Common-wealth
from
small
to
great
by
force
of
Arms.
For
were
it
so
,
it
would
be
much
more
spendid
now
,
since
we
are
much
more
numerous
in
Allies
and
number
of
People
;
far
better
provided
with
Weapons
and
Horses
:
But
other
things
were
those
that
made
them
Great
;
all
which
we
want
:
Sedulity
at
home
and
just
Command
abroad
:
a
Mind
in
Consultation
free
,
nor
favouring
the
Crime
,
nor
obnoxious
to
Passion
:
Instead
of
these
,
we
flourish
in
Luxury
and
Avarice
;
in
public
want
,
and
private
opulency
:
Wealth
we
applaud
,
but
follow
Sloth
:
between
the
Good
and
Bad
there
's
no
distinction
:
but
Ambition
enjoys
all
the
Rewards
of
Vertue
.
Nor
is
it
a
thing
to
be
admir'd
;
because
you
never
advise
together
for
the
common
Good
,
but
separately
consult
your
own
Interests
:
because
at
home
you
serve
your
Pleasures
,
and
here
enslave
your selves
to
Profit
or
Favour
.
From
whence
it
comes
to
pass
that
Violence
invades
the
empty
Common-wealth
.
The
most
Illustrious
of
our
Fellow-Citizens
have
conspir'd
to
burn
their
Countrey
;
to
revolt
and
war
they
inflame
the
Gauls
,
the
mortal
Enemies
of
the
Roman
Name
;
and
the
General
of
the
Rebels
himself
is
with
his
Army
almost
at
our
doors
.
And
do
ye
now
at
such
a
time
as
this
sit
lingring
and
staggering
what
to
do
with
Enemies
apprehended
within
your
walls
?
My
Opinion
is
,
ye
should
take
pity
of
'em
.
They
are
young
men
that
have
offended
through
Ambition
;
and
therefore
give
'em
their
Liberty
and
their
Weapons
to
boot
;
but
assure
your selves
,
this
Clemency
and
Compassion
of
yours
,
if
they
have
liberty
to
use
their
Armies
,
will
turn
to
all
our
Sorrows
.
'T
is
true
,
Misery
is
a
grievous
thing
,
but
you
are
not
afraid
of
it
.
Yes
,
most
of
all
;
but
through
Sloth
and
want
of
Courage
,
you
sit
staring
one
upon
another
,
expecting
help
from
the
Immortal
Gods
,
who
oft
have
sav'd
this
Commonwealth
in
all
her
greatest
Dangers
.
But
the
Assistance
of
the
Gods
is
not
obtain'd
by
Female
Importunity
and
Supplication
:
Prosperity
attends
on
watchfulness
,
activity
,
and
well
consulting
.
When
we
abandon
our selves
to
Sloth
and
Pusillanimity
,
't
is
in
vain
to
implore
the
Gods
,
who
are
offended
and
angry
.
Among
the
rest
of
our
Progenitors
,
A.
Manlius
Torquatus
,
caus'd
his
own
Son
to
be
put
to
death
,
because
he
had
fought
the
Enemy
contrary
to
his
Command
;
so
severely
was
the
valiant
Youth
chastiz'd
for
his
over-hasty
Courage
.
And
do
you
hesitate
what
to
decree
against
the
most
cruel
of
Parricides
?
Oh!
but
't
is
pity
to
punish
'em
,
considering
their
former
vertuous
Lives
:
However
,
I
'll
give
ye
leave
to
be
merciful
to
Lentulus's
Dignity
,
if
ever
he
were
merciful
to
his
own
Chastity
,
his
own
Honour
;
if
e'er
he
spar'd
the
Gods
or
Men.
Pardon
Cethegus's
his
Youth
,
because
this
is
but
the
second
time
he
has
rebell'd
against
his
Country
.
For
what
do
I
talk
of
Gabinius
,
Statilius
and
Ceparius
,
who
had
they
had
the
least
Grain
or
Sence
of
Vertue
and
Reputation
,
would
never
have
engag'd
in
such
Designs
against
the
Commonwealth
.
Lastly
,
Conscript
Fathers
,
were
there
any
room
for
an
Oversight
,
readily
would
I
brook
that
you
should
be
corrected
by
the
Matter
of
Fact
it self
,
since
you
so
little
regard
my
words
;
but
we
are
every
way
surrounded
.
Catiline
with
his
Army
is
advanc'd
to
the
very
Passages
of
the
Apennine
;
other
Enemies
we
have
within
the
Walls
of
the
City
,
and
even
in
our
Bosoms
;
no
private
Preparations
can
be
made
,
no
secret
Consulations
taken
:
For
which
reason
,
we
must
use
the
greater
diligence
.
Therefore
't
is
my
Opinion
;
since
the
Commonwealth
is
now
upon
the
Brink
of
Danger
through
the
Sacrilegious
Machinations
of
profligate
and
impious
Wretches
,
who
being
detected
by
the
Discoveries
of
Volturcius
,
and
the
Embassadors
of
the
Allobroges
,
have
confess'd
their
joynt
Confederacy
to
murder
,
burn
,
and
utterly
destroy
their
Country
and
their
Fellow-Citizens
,
together
with
other
enormous
Cruelties
and
publick
Havock
by
them
intended
,
That
capital
Punishment
be
inflicted
upon
Them
confessing
,
as
if
they
had
been
actually
convicted
of
the
Crimes
.
So
soon
as
Cato
sate
down
,
all
the
Consular
Personages
,
and
the
greatest
part
of
the
Senate
applaud
his
Opinion
,
and
extol
his
Courage
to
the
Skies
;
while
others
are
upbraided
with
the
Name
of
Cowards
;
but
Cato
is
look'd
upon
by
all
as
great
and
famous
;
and
a
Decree
of
Senate
passes
in
compliance
with
Cato's
Opinion
.
And
here
,
as
being
a
person
who
have
heard
and
read
much
more
of
what
renown'd
Atchievments
the
Roman
People
have
perform'd
both
in
Peace
and
War
,
by
Sea
and
Land
,
by
chance
it
came
into
my
Mind
to
consider
,
what
it
was
that
upheld
the
management
and
accomplishment
of
such
glorious
Actions
.
I
knew
,
That
frequently
with
inconsiderable
Bands
they
had
vanquish'd
numerous
Legions
of
their
Enemies
:
That
with
small
Forces
they
had
wag'd
War
against
potent
Princes
;
moreover
,
That
they
had
many
times
experienc'd
the
Violence
of
Fortune
:
That
for
Eloquence
,
the
Greeks
;
in
Military
Glory
,
the
Gauls
were
superior
to
the
Romans
.
But
after
many
serious
Reflexions
and
Considerations
,
it
was
plain
to
me
at
length
,
That
the
surpassing
Courage
of
a
few
Citizens
had
brought
all
things
to
pass
;
and
thence
it
fell
out
,
That
Poverty
overcame
Opulency
,
and
Multitudes
were
vanquish'd
by
a
few
.
But
when
the
Commonwealth
was
once
corrupted
by
Luxury
and
Sloth
,
then
the
Commonwealth
by
her
own
Vastness
supported
the
Vices
of
her
Commanders
and
Magistrates
;
for
that
,
like
a
Woman
that
has
done
bearing
Children
,
for
several
Intervals
of
Time
,
Rome
could
not
shew
a
famous
Person
:
But
in
my
Memory
there
were
two
Great
Men
of
different
Dispositions
and
Manners
of
Living
,
yet
in
Vertue
both
surmounting
;
M.
Cato
,
and
C.
Caesar
;
whom
therefore
,
since
so
fair
an
Opportunity
offer'd
,
I
could
not
think
it
became
me
to
pass
by
in
silence
,
before
I
had
given
a
true
Character
,
as
far
as
my
Wit
would
reach
,
of
the
Genius
and
Nature
of
Both.
For
Nobility
of
Descent
,
for
Years
and
Eloquence
,
the
difference
of
Equality
was
very
small
between
'em
.
In
Magnanimity
likewise
equal
,
as
also
in
Glory
,
thô
treading
different
Paths
to
purchase
Fame
:
For
Caesar's
Bounty
and
Munificence
made
him
great
;
Cato
,
his
Integrity
of
Life
.
The
first
,
his
Clemency
and
Compassion
render'd
Illustrious
;
the
other
was
admir'd
for
his
Severity
:
Caesar
,
by
giving
,
relieving
,
pardoning
;
Cato
,
by
bestowing
nothing
,
got
Renown
:
In
the
one
,
the
Miserable
found
a
Sanctuary
;
the
other
was
a
Terror
to
the
wicked
:
The
one
for
his
easie
Temper
,
the
other
was
applauded
for
Constancy
of
Resolution
.
Caesar
had
made
it
his
business
to
labour
and
watch
;
intent
upon
the
occasions
of
his
Friends
,
to
neglect
his
own
;
to
deny
nothing
that
was
worthy
giving
;
thirsting
after
great
Command
,
an
Army
and
a
new
War
,
that
so
the
Lustre
of
his
Courage
might
shine
brightly
forth
.
On
the
other
side
,
Cato
study'd
Modesty
,
Temperance
,
Decency
,
but
Austerity
above
all
the
rest
:
He
never
contended
for
Riches
with
the
wealthy
,
nor
with
the
Factious
for
Command
:
but
who
was
most
couragious
with
the
Stout
;
most
modest
with
the
Bashful
;
and
with
the
most
abstemious
,
who
more
temperate
and
continent
?
He
rather
chose
to
be
,
then
seem
to
be
good
;
so
that
the
less
he
courted
Honour
,
the
more
she
follow'd
him
.
Now
then
so
soon
as
once
the
Senate
had
approv'd
the
Opinion
of
Cato
,
the
Consul
,
believing
it
the
safest
way
to
take
the
advantage
of
the
Night
approaching
,
for
fear
of
any
unexpected
Accident
in
the
mean
time
,
commanded
the
[
a
](A60419-e6670-b)
a
Who
were
a
sort
of
High-Sheriffs
,
who
had
the
Charge
of
the
Prisons
,
and
were
to
see
Malefactors
punish'd
.
Capital
Triumvirs
to
make
ready
the
Place
and
Instruments
for
Execution
.
He
,
after
the
Guards
were
set
,
brings
Lentulus
himself
to
the
Prison
,
as
the
Praetors
also
did
the
rest
.
Within
the
Javl
there
is
a
certain
place
call'd
[
b
](A60419-e6720-b)
b
The
Dungeon
,
so
call'd
,
because
it
was
added
to
the
Prison
by
K.
Tullus
.
Tullianum
;
after
a
small
Ascent
to
the
left
hand
about
Twelve
Foot
under
ground
,
being
wall'd
about
on
every
side
,
with
an
Arch
of
Stone
over
head
;
but
nasty
,
dark
,
offensive
to
the
Smell
,
and
frightful
to
the
Sight
.
Into
this
Dungeon
Lentulus
being
let
down
,
the
Lictors
or
Executioners
,
according
to
their
Orders
,
strangl'd
him
with
a
Halter
.
Thus
fell
that
great
Patrician
,
descended
from
the
Illustrious
Family
of
the
Cornelii
,
that
frequently
had
held
the
Consular
Dignity
of
Rome
,
meeting
that
fatal
End
which
the
Course
of
his
Life
,
and
his
Actions
justly
merited
.
In
the
same
manner
also
Cethegus
,
Statilius
,
Gabinius
and
Ceparius
were
executed
at
the
same
time
.
While
these
things
are
thus
transacted
at
Rome
,
Catiline
,
of
all
the
Men
which
he
had
rais'd
himself
,
and
those
that
Manlius
had
muster'd
together
,
made
two
[
a
](A60419-e6870-b)
a
A
Legion
consisted
of
six
Thousand
Men.
Legions
,
and
fill'd
up
his
[
b
](A60419-e6880-b)
b
Every
Cohort
consisted
of
555
Foot
,
and
66
Horse
.
Cohorts
proportionable
to
the
Number
of
his
Men.
Then
as
Voluntiers
or
Friends
came
in
to
him
,
he
made
an
equal
distribution
of
their
Number
;
insomuch
,
that
in
a
short
time
he
compleated
both
his
Legions
,
whereas
before
he
had
but
Two
Thousand
in
all
.
Of
these
,
not
above
a
fourth
part
were
arm'd
with
Souldier
like
Weapons
;
the
rest
supply'd
by
Chance
and
Fortune
,
carry'd
either
Country
Pike-staves
,
Javelins
,
or
Stakes
made
sharp
at
the
end
.
But
when
Antonius
approach'd
with
his
Army
,
Catiline
keeping
the
Mountains
,
bent
his
March
sometimes
towards
the
City
,
sometimes
towards
Gallia
,
carefully
avoyding
Combat
with
his
Enemy
;
for
he
was
in
hopes
of
numerous
Reinforcements
,
so
soon
as
his
Confederates
had
accomplish'd
their
work
at
Rome
.
In
the
mean
time
,
he
refus'd
the
Assistance
of
Slaves
and
Servants
,
of
which
,
a
great
Number
had
resorted
to
him
at
the
beginning
,
confiding
in
the
strength
of
the
Conspiracy
;
and
deeming
it
might
also
disadvantage
his
Interests
,
to
have
intermix'd
the
Complaints
and
Cause
of
Free
Citizens
with
[
*
](A60419-e6930-b)
*
For
if
a
Servant
were
discover'd
in
a
Muster
of
Roman
Freemen
,
he
was
presently
thrown
headlong
from
the
Tarpeian
Rock
.
Slaves
.
But
afterwards
,
when
News
was
brought
to
the
Camp
that
the
Conspiracy
was
discover'd
,
and
that
Lentulus
,
Cethegus
,
and
the
rest
were
executed
,
the
greatest
part
,
whom
hopes
of
Plunder
,
and
desire
of
new
revolutions
had
inveigl'd
to
the
War
,
dropt
from
him
:
with
the
rest
Catiline
swiftly
retires
through
the
rough
and
difficult
Passes
of
the
Hills
,
into
the
Territory
of
the
[
a
](A60419-e6990-b)
a
Now
Pistoia
.
Pistorienses
,
with
a
Design
to
steal
away
privately
under
the
shelter
of
the
Woods
and
Mountains
into
Lumbardy
:
But
Q.
Metellus
Celer
lay
with
three
Legions
in
the
Territory
of
Picenum
,
rightly
conjecturing
Catiline's
Intention
,
considering
the
distress
of
his
Affairs
.
Therefore
having
intelligence
of
his
March
,
by
certain
Fugitives
,
he
presently
raises
his
Camp
,
and
posts
himself
at
the
foot
of
the
Mountains
,
where
Catiline
must
come
down
in
his
March
for
Hither
Gallia
.
Nor
was
Antonius
far
behind
,
as
he
that
follow'd
the
nimble
Fugitives
with
a
numerous
Army
through
more
level
and
less
incumber'd
ways
.
Catiline
therefore
,
when
he
perceiv'd
himself
enclos'd
with
Hills
and
numerous
Enemies
,
that
all
things
had
fail'd
his
Expectations
in
the
City
,
and
that
there
was
no
safety
in
flight
,
nor
hope
of
Succour
,
believing
it
his
wisest
course
in
such
a
condition
,
to
try
the
chance
of
War
,
he
resolv'd
to
hazard
his
Fortune
with
[
b
](A60419-e7110-b)
b
Believing
that
he
being
privy
in
part
to
the
Conspiracy
,
would
have
yielded
him
an
easie
Victory
.
Antonius
:
And
to
that
purpose
,
at
the
Head
of
all
his
Army
he
made
this
Oration
to
his
Souldiers
:
I
am
convinc'd
by
Truth
of
History
and
Experience
,
fellow
Souldiers
,
that
Words
afford
no
addititon
of
Courage
unto
Men
;
or
that
a
Generals
Harangue
renders
a
sloathful
Army
stout
,
no
Cowardly
numbers
Valiant
.
Only
what
Courage
is
by
Nature
or
generous
Practice
inherent
in
the
Soul
of
every
Man
,
so
much
displays
it self
in
Battle
.
The
Person
whom
neither
Glory
nor
Dangers
can
excite
,
in
vain
we
seek
with
Speeches
to
inflame
:
for
Consternation
stops
his
Ears
.
However
I
have
call'd
ye
here
together
,
partly
to
inculcate
some
few
things
into
your
Breasts
,
but
chiefly
to
unfold
the
cause
of
this
my
suddain
Resolution
.
You
understand
too
well
,
fellow
Souldiers
,
how
great
a
Calamity
the
sloath
and
negligence
of
Lentulus
has
brought
upon
himself
and
Us
;
and
how
I
am
debarr'd
from
Marching
into
Gallia
,
in
Expectation
of
considerable
Succours
.
And
now
you
likewise
know
,
as
well
as
my self
,
what
is
the
desperate
condition
of
our
Affairs
at
present
.
Two
Armies
of
the
Enemy
,
one
from
the
City
,
another
from
Gallia
lie
posted
in
our
way
.
To
stay
longer
in
these
Parts
,
had
we
never
so
great
a
Desire
,
scarcity
of
Provision
and
other
Necessaries
will
not
permit
.
And
wheresoever
we
design
our
March
,
we
have
no
other
way
but
what
our
Swords
must
open
.
Wherefore
I
exhort
ye
,
be
resolute
,
and
still
prepar'd
for
vigorous
Encounter
,
and
when
ye
are
ready
to
joyn
Battle
,
that
you
carry
Riches
,
Honour
,
Grandeur
,
your
Liberty
and
your
Country
in
your
hands
.
If
we
vanquish
,
all
these
things
will
be
secure
,
plenty
of
Provision
,
Municipal
Towns
and
Colonies
,
will
be
at
our
Devotion
.
But
if
through
Cowardice
we
turn
our
Backs
,
then
all
the
World
will
be
our
Enemies
;
no
place
nor
friend
will
shelter
them
,
whose
Arms
could
not
protect
'em
.
Moreover
,
Fellow
Souldiers
,
the
same
necessity
binds
not
them
,
that
strictly
obliges
us
.
We
Combate
for
our
Country
,
our
Liberty
and
Lives
,
't
is
only
a
superfluous
kindness
in
them
to
defend
in
fight
the
Usurpation
of
a
few
;
the
reason
wherefore
you
should
be
more
daringly
mindful
of
your
Ancient
Vertue
.
You
had
your
choice
to
spend
your
ignominious
Lives
in
shameful
Exile
;
or
else
to
live
at
Rome
,
your
Patrimonies
and
Fortunes
lost
in
Expectation
of
other
Mens
Estates
.
But
because
these
things
seem'd
base
or
not
to
be
endur'd
,
you
determin'd
to
follow
these
resolutions
.
If
these
your
last
determinations
please
not
,
the
more
need
of
Courage
at
this
time
.
For
no
man
but
the
Victor
,
Exchanges
War
for
Peace
.
And
to
expect
Security
in
Flight
when
we
have
thrown
away
our
Weapons
that
were
the
Protection
of
our
Bodies
,
that
's
a
peice
of
Real
Madness
.
Always
in
Battle
they
are
most
in
Danger
who
are
most
afraid
,
for
daring
Boldness
guards
yee
like
a
Wall
.
When
I
consider
your
Persons
,
Fellow
Souldiers
,
and
put
an
estimate
upon
your
Actions
,
my
hopes
of
Victory
are
exceeding
Great
.
Your
Valour
,
Age
and
Stoutness
,
all
encourage
me
.
Moreover
,
your
Necessities
which
renders
even
Cowards
Valiant
:
nor
will
the
nature
of
these
narrow
passages
permit
the
Enemy
to
surround
us
with
their
numbers
.
However
if
Fortune
frown
upon
your
Valour
,
beware
,
that
unreveng'd
you
do
not
lose
your
Lives
,
or
choose
to
be
taken
,
and
be
massacred
like
Sheep
,
rather
then
fighting
like
Men
,
to
leave
the
Enemy
a
Bloody
and
mournful
Victory
.
Having
thus
spoken
,
after
he
had
made
a
little
Pause
,
he
commanded
the
Trumpets
to
sound
,
and
leads
down
his
Men
in
good
order
into
a
Champion
ground
.
Then
,
sending
away
all
the
Horses
,
to
the
end
,
the
danger
being
equal
,
the
Souldiers
might
be
the
more
encourag'd
,
himself
a
foot
Embattles
his
Army
,
as
his
number
and
the
Nature
of
the
Place
would
permit
.
For
finding
that
the
Plain
lay
between
Mountains
on
the
Right
,
and
rugged
and
steep
Rocks
on
the
Left
,
he
made
a
Front
of
Eight
Cohorts
.
The
rest
he
drew
up
more
close
in
Reserves
.
Out
of
these
he
brings
all
the
choice
Centurions
and
Honorary
Reformades
,
together
with
the
stoutest
of
all
the
Common
Souldiers
well
Arm'd
,
into
his
first
Array
.
To
C.
Manlius
he
gave
the
Right
,
to
a
Commander
of
Fiesoli
the
Left
Wing
.
Himself
with
his
enfranchiz'd
Bondmen
,
and
some
of
Sylla's
old
Souldiers
,
that
had
been
distributed
into
[
*
](A60419-e7260-b)
*
Where
being
suddainly
before
enrich'd
by
Plunder
,
they
had
as
soon
by
Prodigality
consum'd
their
Fortunes
.
Colonies
,
he
posted
himself
next
to
the
Eagle
,
which
as
they
said
,
had
been
the
Standard
which
Marius
made
use
of
in
the
Cimbric
War
.
On
the
other
side
,
C.
Antonius
being
then
sick
of
the
Gout
,
because
he
could
not
be
present
at
the
Battle
,
gave
the
Command
of
his
Army
to
his
Legate
,
M.
Petreius
.
He
plac'd
the
Veterane
Cohorts
,
which
he
had
rais'd
of
a
suddain
,
in
the
Front
;
and
behind
them
,
the
rest
of
his
Men
for
a
Reserve
.
Himself
Riding
about
from
Rank
to
Rank
,
calls
every
one
by
their
Names
,
encourages
,
and
intreats
'em
to
be
but
mindful
,
that
they
fought
against
unarm'd
Robbers
,
for
their
Country
,
their
Liberty
,
their
Altars
and
their
Houshold
Gods
.
This
Man
,
an
old
Souldier
,
who
had
been
for
above
thirty
years
together
,
either
a
[
a
](A60419-e7310-b)
a
A
Tribune
seems
to
be
a
kind
of
Major
of
a
Regiment
.
For
it
was
his
Duty
to
see
the
Souldiers
Exercis'd
,
and
well
Disciplin'd
,
and
to
attend
the
Consul
for
Orders
.
Tribune
,
or
[
b
](A60419-e7320-b)
b
A
Prefect
supply'd
the
Legates
place
in
his
absence
.
Prefect
,
or
[
c
](A60419-e7330-b)
c
The
Legate
was
a
kind
of
Adjutant
General
to
the
Consul
.
Legate
or
Pretor
,
and
all
along
acquitted
himself
with
great
Honour
,
knew
most
of
the
Souldiers
,
was
acquainted
with
their
stoutest
Actions
,
and
by
bringing
'em
fresh
to
their
Memories
,
greatly
inflam'd
their
Courages
.
Now
then
Petreius
having
diligently
observ'd
the
Enemies
Array
,
and
given
out
his
last
Orders
,
by
sound
of
Trumpet
Commands
the
Signal
of
Battle
,
and
the
Cohorts
at
the
same
time
to
move
slowly
forward
.
The
same
did
the
Enemy
;
but
when
they
were
so
near
to
one
another
,
that
the
Lighter
arm'd
might
well
begin
the
fight
with
their
Missive
weapons
,
the
Legionaries
never
stood
to
throw
their
[
d
](A60419-e7360-b)
d
Piles
were
a
sort
of
Darts
like
a
Boar-Spear
,
about
two
Cubits
and
a
half
long
in
the
wood
,
and
a
Cubit
and
a
half
in
the
Iron
head
,
which
was
heavy
and
sharp
,
and
being
thrown
with
Art
,
would
strike
thro'
any
Armour
;
with
this
the
Legionaries
began
the
fight
at
a
distance
and
then
clos'd
.
Piles
as
they
were
to
do
,
but
running
with
a
hideous
shout
on
both
sides
to
the
Combat
,
began
a
close
fight
foot
to
foot
with
their
Swords
.
The
Veteranes
,
mindful
of
their
Pristine
Bravery
,
bore
vigorously
upon
the
Enemy
;
nor
did
their
Opposites
make
a
Timorous
Resistance
,
so
that
the
Combat
was
sharp
on
both
sides
.
All
the
while
Catiline
,
with
the
most
active
and
smartest
of
his
followers
kept
still
in
the
head
of
his
Men
;
succour'd
those
that
were
over-power'd
,
supply'd
the
places
of
the
wounded
with
fresh
Men
;
frequently
charg'd
in
Person
,
and
perform'd
all
the
Duties
of
a
stout
Souldier
,
and
experienc'd
Commander
.
Petreius
therefore
perceiving
that
Catiline
made
a
stouter
Resistance
then
he
expected
,
orders
the
Pretorian
Cohort
to
Advance
and
Charge
the
very
thickest
of
the
Enemy
;
and
then
it
was
that
all
things
went
to
wrack
on
Catiline's
side
,
his
Men
being
every
where
disorder'd
,
and
every
where
put
to
the
Sword
:
which
done
the
Legate
flew
upon
both
the
Enemies
Wings
at
the
same
time
with
the
same
fury
.
Manlius
and
the
Faesulane
fell
among
the
first
.
But
as
for
Catiline
,
when
he
saw
his
Army
routed
,
and
himself
left
naked
with
a
small
Remainder
,
remembring
his
Descent
and
his
Ancient
Dignity
,
he
threw
himself
into
the
thickest
of
his
Enemies
,
and
was
there
slain
with
his
Sword
in
his
hand
.
But
after
the
Battle
was
over
,
then
you
might
see
the
wonderful
Audacity
and
Resolution
that
had
reign'd
in
Catiline's
Army
.
For
generally
the
place
which
every
one
had
stood
on
when
alive
,
the
same
when
dead
he
cover'd
with
his
Body
.
Some
few
indeed
,
whom
the
Pretorian
Cohort
had
routed
in
the
middle
,
lay
more
dispers'd
,
yet
all
had
receiv'd
their
wounds
before
,
and
no
man
turning
his
back
.
Only
Catiline
was
found
at
a
distance
from
his
own
Men
among
the
Carcases
of
his
Enemies
,
with
some
remainder
of
Life
,
retaining
in
his
Countenance
that
Fury
and
Fierceness
of
Mind
which
inspir'd
him
when
alive
:
and
the
last
thing
remarkable
is
this
,
that
of
that
whole
Number
,
neither
in
the
Fight
nor
in
the
Pursuit
was
any
Free-born
Citizen
taken
Prisoner
,
so
equally
merciful
had
they
all
been
to
their
own
and
the
Lives
of
their
Enemies
.
Nor
can
we
say
that
the
Army
of
the
Roman
People
enjoy'd
a
Victory
to
be
rejoyc'd
at
,
or
at
the
expence
of
little
Blood
.
For
not
a
Man
of
forward
Bravery
,
but
either
fell
in
the
Battle
,
or
was
carry'd
off
desperately
wounded
.
So
that
of
many
,
that
either
out
of
Curiosity
or
greedy
of
Plunder
,
going
to
view
the
Field
of
Battle
,
turn'd
up
the
Carcases
of
the
Slain
,
there
were
hardly
any
but
either
knew
their
Friends
,
their
Guests
,
or
their
Kindred
:
and
some
there
were
who
knew
their
Enemies
.
Thus
Joy
and
Sorrow
,
Mourning
and
Gladness
variously
affected
the
Victorious
Army
.
The
End
of
the
Catilinarian
War
.
C.
Crispus
Sallustius's
JUGURTH
OR
,
JUGURTHINE
War
.
1.
FAlsely
does
Human
kind
complain
of
the
Condition
of
Life
,
as
if
it
were
too
frail
and
short
,
and
rather
under
the
Dominion
of
Chance
then
Vertue
.
For
entertaining
contrary
thoughts
,
we
shall
find
that
there
is
nothing
greater
,
nothing
more
excellent
then
Man
himself
,
and
that
he
neither
wants
power
nor
length
of
years
,
but
only
Industry
.
For
the
Captain
and
Commander
of
human
Life
is
the
Soul
,
which
while
it
journeys
with
an
eager
pace
toward
Glory
,
through
the
paths
of
Vertue
,
is
sufficiently
prevalent
,
powerful
and
eminent
,
not
needing
Fortune's
aid
;
which
neither
can
bequeath
or
take
away
from
any
Man
his
Probity
,
his
Industry
,
or
any
other
vertuous
Endowments
.
But
if
enslav'd
to
lewd
desires
,
we
plunge
our selves
in
Luxury
and
Corporeal
Pleasures
;
by
degrees
accustom'd
to
pernicious
sensuality
;
when
we
have
once
mispent
our
Parts
,
our
Strength
,
our
precious
Hours
in
Sloath
and
Oscitancy
,
the
Infirmity
of
Nature
is
then
accus'd
,
for
that
the
Guilty
lay
the
blame
of
their
folly
upon
the
difficulty
of
Business
.
Whereas
if
Men
were
but
as
sedulous
in
laudable
Professions
,
as
they
are
eager
in
the
pursuit
of
things
unprofitable
,
and
many
times
extreamly
hazardous
,
they
would
rather
govern
then
be
govern'd
by
Fortune
;
and
would
advance
themselves
to
that
degree
of
Grandeur
,
that
instead
of
being
Mortal
,
they
would
become
Eternal
in
Glory
.
2.
For
as
all
Mankind
is
compounded
of
Soul
and
Body
,
so
do
also
all
our
Affairs
and
all
our
Studies
follow
,
some
the
nature
of
the
Body
,
others
of
the
Soul
.
Therefore
lovely
Form
,
superfluous
Riches
,
strength
of
Body
,
these
in
a
short
time
all
decay
;
but
the
glorious
Atchievements
of
Wit
and
Parts
,
are
like
the
Soul
,
Immortal
.
Lastly
,
as
there
is
a
beginning
,
so
there
is
an
end
of
all
the
Blessings
of
Body
and
Fortune
;
all
things
rising
set
again
;
and
as
they
grow
,
grow
old
.
But
the
Soul
,
Incorruptible
,
Eternal
,
the
Guide
and
Ruler
over
all
Mankind
,
acts
and
possesses
all
things
,
not
possess'd
it self
.
And
the
deprav'd
humor
of
those
Men
is
so
much
the
more
to
be
admir'd
,
who
abandoning
themselves
to
the
felicity
of
bodily
Pleasures
,
consume
their
days
in
Luxury
and
Idleness
,
and
suffer
the
Wit
of
Man
,
then
which
there
is
nothing
more
sublime
,
nothing
more
boundless
in
human
Nature
,
to
grow
stupid
and
lie
fallow
through
sluggishness
and
want
of
careful
Manuring
.
More
especially
since
the
Gifts
and
Sciences
belonging
to
the
Mind
,
are
so
many
and
so
various
,
by
which
we
may
arrive
to
highest
degree
of
Reputation
.
3.
Yet
in
the
midst
of
this
Diversity
,
neither
Magistracy
,
nor
Empire
,
nor
any
Administration
indeed
of
Public
Affairs
to
me
at
this
present
seem
so
eagerly
to
be
thirsted
after
:
for
Honour
is
not
bestow'd
on
Vertue
:
Neither
are
they
that
by
Fraud
have
obtain'd
Advancement
,
safe
;
or
for
their
eminent
Authority
the
more
honest
.
For
,
for
a
Man
to
rule
his
Country
or
his
Parents
by
force
,
though
he
have
Power
,
and
be
never
so
much
a
Corrector
of
Misdemeanors
,
yet
is
it
troublesom
to
the
Sufferers
;
especially
since
all
Mutations
of
Affairs
portend
Slaughter
,
Exile
and
other
Effects
of
Hostile
Violence
.
Vainly
therefore
to
take
pains
,
and
acquire
nothing
else
by
restless
toil
but
Hatred
of
himself
,
is
Extremity
of
Madness
;
unless
there
be
any
so
possess'd
with
a
slavish
and
pernicious
desire
to
surrender
their
Honour
and
their
Liberty
to
the
Power
of
a
Few
.
4.
But
among
the
Crouds
of
Business
,
which
are
proper
for
the
Exercise
of
the
Wit
,
the
Remembrances
of
great
Transactions
seem
chiefly
beneficial
.
Of
the
Excellency
of
which
Application
,
since
many
have
discours'd
,
I
deem
it
not
fit
to
be
repeated
:
least
some
besides
,
may
think
it
Insolence
in
me
,
by
Praises
to
extol
the
Study
which
my self
affects
.
'T
is
true
,
that
I
believe
there
may
be
some
,
who
,
because
I
have
determin'd
to
live
remote
from
Public
Affairs
,
may
give
the
name
of
Idleness
to
this
same
Toil
of
Mine
so
great
and
profitable
:
though
surely
none
but
such
,
whose
chiefest
Industry
it
is
to
court
the
Mobile
,
and
to
ingratiate
themselves
by
Popular
Banquets
.
Who
if
they
again
consider
,
both
at
what
time
I
obtain'd
the
Magistracy
,
and
who
they
were
that
could
not
gain
that
Honour
,
and
afterwards
what
sort
of
Men
were
brought
into
the
Senate
,
certainly
they
will
be
then
convinc'd
,
that
the
Change
of
my
Judgment
proceeded
rather
from
Desert
then
loytring
Drowsiness
,
and
that
greater
Advantage
will
accrew
to
the
Commonwealth
from
my
Leisure
,
then
the
Business
of
others
.
For
I
have
frequently
heard
,
that
Q.
Maximus
and
P.
Scipio
,
the
most
renowned
Persons
of
our
Commonwealth
,
were
wont
to
say
,
That
when
they
beheld
the
Statues
of
their
Ancestors
,
their
Minds
were
ardently
inflam'd
to
Vertue
;
not
that
the
Wax
or
the
Figure
had
such
an
efficacy
in
its
self
;
but
only
that
the
flame
was
kindl'd
in
the
breasts
of
those
Illustrious
Persons
by
the
remembrance
of
past
Transactions
;
nor
could
be
extinguish'd
,
before
their
Vertue
and
Courage
had
equall'd
the
Fame
and
Glory
of
their
Predecessors
.
Quite
otherwise
,
who
is
there
now
adays
that
does
not
strive
to
outvie
his
Ancestors
in
Riches
and
Expences
,
rather
then
in
Probity
and
Industry
?
Upstarts
also
,
who
formerly
were
wont
by
their
Vertue
to
anticipate
Nobility
,
now
by
Stealth
and
private
Bribery
,
contemning
worthy
means
,
press
forward
to
Commands
and
Honors
.
As
if
Pretorships
and
Consulships
,
and
all
high
Employments
whatever
,
were
Noble
and
Magnificent
in
themselves
,
and
not
to
be
esteem'd
and
valu'd
according
to
the
merit
of
those
Persons
that
enjoy'd
'em
.
But
I
have
been
too
free
,
and
ran
too
high
,
in
detestation
of
the
corrupted
Manners
of
the
Commonwealth
.
I
now
return
to
the
Design
in
hand
.
5.
A
War
I
am
about
to
Write
,
which
the
Roman
People
wag'd
with
Jugurth
King
of
the
[
*
](A60419-e7650-b)
*
Where
now
lie
the
Kingdoms
of
Constantina
and
Bugia
,
both
contain'd
within
the
Kingdom
of
Argier
:
to
which
also
belongs
the
Gulf
of
Estora
,
formerly
Sinus
Numidicus
.
Numidians
.
First
because
it
was
a
great
and
furious
Contest
,
and
Victory
various
on
both
sides
:
and
in
the
next
place
for
that
then
it
was
,
the
first
Opposition
was
made
against
the
Nobility
.
Which
Contention
made
a
Confusion
of
all
things
both
Divine
and
Human
,
and
proceeded
to
that
degree
of
mortal
Rage
,
that
only
War
and
the
Devastation
of
Italy
,
put
an
end
to
their
Intestine
Animosities
.
But
before
I
enter
into
the
beginning
of
this
Story
,
I
must
look
back
a
little
into
Antiquity
,
to
the
end
that
all
things
may
be
more
clearly
display'd
in
orderd
to
the
better
understanding
of
the
rest
.
In
the
second
Punic
War
,
when
Hannibal
,
Captain
of
the
Carthaginians
,
had
broken
the
Strength
of
Italy
,
more
then
ever
any
one
,
since
the
Grandeur
of
the
Roman
Name
,
Massinissa
,
King
of
the
Numidians
,
being
admitted
into
a
League
of
Friendship
by
P.
Scipio
,
Sirnam'd
Africanus
for
his
Valour
,
had
perform'd
many
noble
and
famous
warlike
Exploits
.
In
recompence
of
which
,
the
Carthaginians
being
vanquish'd
,
and
Syphax
taken
Pris'ner
,
whose
Power
was
great
,
and
his
Dominions
in
Africa
spacious
at
that
time
,
the
Roman
People
freely
bestow'd
upon
the
King
what
Cities
and
Countries
they
had
then
subdu'd
by
force
of
their
own
Arms.
For
which
reason
he
continu'd
in
his
Friendship
to
Us
advantageous
and
sincere
,
till
his
Life
and
Sov'raignty
ended
both
together
.
After
that
,
his
Son
Micipsa
obtain'd
the
Kingdom
,
and
reign'd
sole
Monarch
,
Manastabales
and
Gulassa
his
Brothers
being
carry'd
off
by
Sickness
.
To
him
were
born
in
lawful
Wedlock
,
Adherbal
and
Hiempsal
,
with
whom
he
bred
up
Jugurth
,
the
Son
of
his
Brother
Manastabales
,
and
gave
him
Royal
Education
in
his
Palace
,
notwithstanding
that
Massinissa
had
left
him
only
in
a
private
Condition
,
in
regard
his
Mother
was
no
more
then
a
Concubine
.
6.
Who
,
when
he
arriv'd
to
years
of
maturity
,
surpassing
in
strength
,
lovely
to
behold
,
but
far
more
vigorous
in
Parts
and
Wit
,
would
not
be
corrupted
by
Luxury
and
Ease
;
but
according
to
the
Custom
of
that
Nation
,
enur'd
himself
to
Riding
,
Darting
,
and
to
out-run
his
Equals
,
to
out-do
all
,
and
yet
to
be
belov'd
by
all
.
Sometimes
he
spent
his
time
in
Hunting
,
and
was
still
the
formost
,
or
among
the
formost
that
first
wounded
the
Lion
or
any
other
wild
Beasts
:
thus
performing
most
,
but
speaking
least
of
himself
.
With
which
,
altho'
Micipsa
were
well
pleas'd
at
the
beginning
,
as
believing
Jugurth's
Courage
would
be
an
Honour
to
his
Kingdom
;
but
when
he
found
,
in
his
declining
years
,
and
while
his
Children
yet
were
small
,
the
sprightly
Youth
improving
daily
more
and
more
,
then
violently
disturb'd
with
Jealousies
and
Fears
,
he
began
to
revolve
many
things
in
his
Thoughts
.
The
Nature
of
Mortals
,
greedy
of
Dominion
,
and
precipitately
prone
to
gratifie
their
Ambition
,
terrify'd
him
;
besides
the
opportunity
of
his
own
and
his
Childrens
Age
;
enough
to
overturn
the
Loyalty
of
meaner
Courages
:
Add
to
this
the
Affections
of
the
Numidians
kindl'd
toward
Jugurth
;
which
made
him
anxious
whether
to
contrive
the
Death
of
such
a
man
or
no
,
to
remove
all
Occasions
of
Sedition
or
War
.
7.
In
the
midst
of
these
Difficulties
,
when
he
saw
that
a
Man
so
acceptable
to
the
People
,
could
neither
be
destroy'd
by
Force
nor
Treachery
,
in
regard
that
Jugurth
was
.
a
Person
prompt
of
his
hands
,
and
covetous
of
Military
Honour
,
he
resolv'd
to
expose
him
to
danger
,
and
to
try
his
Fortune
that
way
.
Therefore
in
the
Numantine
War
,
Micipsa
designing
to
send
the
Romans
a
numerous
Assistance
both
of
Horse
and
Foot
,
and
hoping
his
destruction
,
either
by
dating
too
far
,
or
through
the
severity
of
his
Enemies
,
he
gave
him
the
Command
of
the
Numidians
,
which
he
sent
into
Spain
.
But
it
fell
out
quite
contrary
to
his
Expectations
:
for
Jugurth
,
a
Person
indefatigable
,
and
of
a
piercing
Wit
,
when
once
he
came
to
understand
the
Disposition
of
Scipio
,
then
General
of
the
Roman
Army
,
and
the
Enemies
manner
of
Fighting
,
by
his
extream
Labour
and
Diligence
,
by
his
modest
Obedience
,
and
frequent
exposing
himself
to
Danger
,
arriv'd
to
such
a
degree
of
Reputation
,
that
he
was
not
only
greatly
belov'd
by
our
People
,
but
equally
formidable
to
the
Numantines
.
And
indeed
,
a
thing
most
extraordinary
,
and
rarely
to
be
met
with
in
one
single
Person
,
he
was
not
only
strenuous
in
Battel
,
but
safe
and
shrewd
in
Counsel
:
Of
which
,
the
one
from
foresight
generally
begets
Fear
;
the
other
from
dating
and
inconsiderate
boldness
,
usually
produces
Rashness
.
The
General
therefore
for
the
most
part
made
use
of
Jugurth
in
the
execution
of
his
most
difficult
Enterprizes
,
took
him
into
the
number
of
his
Friends
;
and
dayly
more
and
more
augmented
his
Respect
and
Favour
toward
him
;
as
being
one
whose
Counsel
and
Courage
seldom
fail'd
.
Besides
all
this
,
he
had
a
large
Soul
,
and
a
Genius
most
industrious
,
by
which
means
he
had
contracted
a
most
familiar
Friendship
with
many
of
the
Romans
.
8.
At
that
time
were
several
Upstarts
and
Noble
Persons
in
our
Army
,
that
preferr'd
Wealth
before
Justice
and
Honesty
,
factious
,
powerful
at
home
,
and
among
our
Allies
more
eminent
for
their
Riches
then
Vertue
;
who
by
ostentatious
Promises
,
did
not
a
little
inflame
the
hopes
of
Jugurth
,
that
so
soon
as
Micipsa
dropt
into
his
Grave
,
himself
should
reign
sole
Monarch
of
Numidia
;
That
he
was
a
Person
accomplish'd
for
Sovereign
Rule
,
and
that
all
things
were
put
to
Sale
at
Rome
.
After
this
,
when
Numantia
was
levell'd
with
the
Ground
,
and
that
Scipio
had
determin'd
to
dismiss
his
Auxiliaries
,
and
return
home
,
he
took
Jugurth
along
with
him
magnificently
rewarded
,
and
laden
with
Encomiums
,
into
the
Pretorian
Pavilion
,
before
the
whole
Assembly
of
the
Chief
Officers
;
and
there
admonish'd
him
in
secret
,
rather
publicly
then
privately
to
continue
his
Friendship
with
the
Roman
People
;
lest
by
ill
bestowing
his
Bounty
,
he
might
happen
to
purchase
with
danger
,
from
a
few
,
that
which
belong'd
to
many
:
That
if
he
took
the
right
Course
,
Glory
and
the
Kingdom
would
drop
of
themselves
into
his
Bosom
;
but
that
if
he
made
too
much
haste
,
his
own
Money
would
throw
him
headlong
into
Ruin
.
9.
After
these
Admonitions
,
he
dismiss'd
him
with
certain
Letters
which
he
was
to
deliver
to
Micipsa
,
to
this
effect
:
Thy
Jugurth's
Courage
has
been
highly
conspicuous
in
the
Numantine
War
,
which
I
am
assur'd
will
be
acceptable
News
for
Thee
to
hear
.
By
Us
he
is
highly
respected
for
his
Merits
;
and
that
he
may
have
the
same
Esteem
from
the
Senate
and
People
of
Rome
,
we
shall
mainly
endeavour
.
I
congratulate
thy
Happiness
for
our
Friendships
sake
;
for
thou
enjoy'st
a
Subject
worthy
of
thy self
,
and
thy
Father
Massinissa
.
The
King
therefore
,
when
he
found
true
by
the
Generals
Letters
what
he
had
heard
before
by
Report
,
smitten
as
well
with
the
Courage
,
as
the
Loveliness
of
the
Person
,
allay'd
his
Anger
,
and
resolv'd
to
try
whether
he
could
vanquish
him
by
Acts
of
Grace
and
Favour
:
To
which
purpose
he
adopted
him
,
and
by
his
last
Will
left
him
Co-heir
of
the
Kingdom
with
his
Sons
;
and
some
few
years
after
,
wasted
with
Age
and
Sickness
,
perceiving
the
Conclusion
of
his
Days
at
hand
,
he
is
said
to
have
us'd
the
following
Admonitions
to
Jugurth
in
the
hearing
of
his
Friends
and
Kindred
,
as
also
of
his
Two
Sons
,
Adherbal
and
Hiempsal
.
10.
When
thou
wert
young
helpless
,
Jugurth
,
after
thou
hadst
lost
thy
Father
,
without
Hopes
or
Maintenance
,
I
took
thee
into
my
Kingdom
,
believing
thou
wouldst
prove
equally
grateful
both
to
me
and
to
my
Children
,
should
I
have
any
,
for
favors
heap'd
upon
thee
:
Nor
was
I
deceiv'd
in
my
good
Opinion
:
For
,
to
omit
thy
other
many
great
and
famous
Explots
,
lately
returning
from
Numantia
,
thou
hast
honour'd
both
Me
and
my
Kingdom
with
Martial
Reputation
;
and
by
thy
Prowess
hast
made
the
Romans
,
Friends
before
,
most
friendly
to
Us.
In
Spain
the
Name
and
Lustre
of
our
Family
is
again
renew'd
;
and
which
is
the
hardest
Task
for
Mortals
to
perform
,
thou
hast
vanquish'd
Envy
with
Renown
.
Now
then
,
because
that
Nature
puts
an
end
to
my
Life
,
by
this
Right
Hand
,
by
the
Truth
of
the
Kingdom
,
I
beseech
and
conjure
thee
,
That
these
Young
Men
,
by
Birth
thy
nearest
Kindred
,
and
Brothers
through
my
Favour
,
may
be
always
the
dear
Objects
of
thy
real
Affection
;
and
that
thou
wilt
not
forsake
the
Friendship
of
thy
own
Flesh
and
Blood
,
for
the
Alliances
of
Strangers
.
Neither
Armies
nor
Treasures
are
Guards
sufficient
to
defend
a
Kingdom
,
but
Friends
;
which
thou
canst
neither
compel
by
Force
,
nor
purchase
with
Gold
:
They
are
only
to
be
gain'd
by
Duty
and
Fidelity
.
But
where
should
Friendship
then
be
most
sincere
,
if
not
between
Brother
and
Brother
?
Or
where
shall
he
find
a
Friend
among
Strangers
,
that
is
an
Enemy
to
his
own
Relations
?
I
leave
yet
a
Kingdom
strong
and
durable
,
while
vertuous
and
unanimous
;
but
weak
,
and
of
short
continuance
,
if
wicked
and
perverse
.
For
by
Concord
small
Beginnings
thrive
;
through
Discord
the
most
Sinewey
Establishments
shrink
to
nothing
.
Till
then
these
Striplings
are
grown
up
,
Thee
,
Jugurth
,
it
behoves
,
their
Senior
both
in
Years
and
Prudence
,
to
take
care
,
that
nothing
may
disturb
this
happy
Union
.
For
in
all
Contentions
,
the
more
powerful
though
he
recieve
the
Injury
,
yet
because
his
Force
is
greater
,
seems
to
do
it
.
And
as
for
your
parts
,
Adherbal
and
Hiempsal
,
respect
and
reverence
so
great
a
Man
as
this
;
imitate
his
Courage
;
and
let
it
not
be
said
,
That
I
adopted
better
Children
then
I
first
begat
.
11.
To
all
this
,
Jugurth
,
altho'
he
knew
,
That
what
the
King
had
utter'd
,
was
all
but
craftily
dissembled
,
and
that
he
had
other
Designs
in
his
Head
,
nevertheless
observing
the
Season
,
he
answer'd
as
if
nothing
but
Submission
and
Duty
had
inspir'd
him
.
Within
a
few
days
after
Micipsa
dies
.
Whom
,
when
they
had
magnificently
Interr'd
with
all
the
Royal
Pomp
befitting
his
Dignity
,
the
three
lesser
Princes
met
together
,
to
consult
among
themselves
concerning
their
Affairs
.
At
that
time
,
Hiempsal
,
naturally
fierce
,
and
contemning
Jugurth's
mean
Descent
by
the
Mothers
side
,
plac'd
himself
upon
Adherbal's
Right
Hand
,
to
prevent
Jugurth's
sitting
in
the
middle
,
which
is
accounted
the
chiefest
Place
of
Honour
among
the
Numidians
.
Nor
would
he
give
way
to
Age
,
till
tir'd
with
his
Brother's
Importunity
,
he
was
forc'd
to
change
his
Seat
.
There
,
after
they
had
discours'd
many
things
concerning
the
Government
of
the
Kingdom
,
Jugurth
,
among
other
passages
,
throws
in
a
word
by
the
By
,
That
it
was
but
reasonable
that
all
the
Decrees
and
Acts
for
the
five
Years
last
past
,
should
be
made
void
;
in
regard
that
during
all
that
time
,
Micipsa
being
wasted
with
Age
,
had
not
had
the
right
Use
of
his
Understanding
.
To
which
Hiempsal
made
Answer
,
That
the
Proposal
pleas'd
him
well
;
for
that
it
was
but
three
years
ago
,
since
he
had
obtain'd
his
share
of
the
Kingdom
by
Adoption
.
Which
Expression
descended
deeper
into
Jugurth's
Breast
then
they
that
heard
it
were
aware
of
:
Therefore
from
that
time
,
turmoyl'd
with
Indignation
and
Fear
,
he
toyls
,
provides
,
and
in
perpetual
agitation
of
Thought
,
sets
all
his
Trains
and
Engines
at
work
by
Treachery
to
ruine
Hiempsal
:
Which
in
regard
they
had
but
slow
Success
,
and
yet
his
cruel
Mind
could
no
way
be
appeas'd
,
he
resolv'd
to
accomplish
his
Design
whatever
it
cost
him
.
12.
At
the
first
Meeting
of
the
three
Princes
already
mention'd
,
in
regard
they
could
not
agree
,
it
was
adjudg'd
requisite
,
That
the
Treasures
should
be
divided
,
and
that
the
Limits
of
their
Territories
should
be
setled
.
For
the
Execution
of
which
Decrees
,
a
Time
was
prefixt
,
but
first
of
all
for
the
distribution
of
the
Money
.
Now
it
happen'd
that
Hiempsal
had
hir'd
a
House
in
a
Town
call'd
Thirmida
,
which
belong'd
to
Jugurth's
chief
Gentleman-Vsher
,
but
a
Person
greatly
caress'd
&
belov'd
by
himself
.
This
Officer
,
so
opportunely
in
his
Service
,
Jugurth
loads
with
rich
Presents
;
and
constrains
him
to
go
,
under
pretence
of
viewing
his
House
,
and
get
false
Keys
made
to
all
the
Doors
(
for
the
true
ones
were
in
Hiempsal's
possession
)
and
to
let
him
know
when
all
things
were
ready
;
for
that
then
he
would
come
with
a
sufficient
Strength
.
The
Numidian
fulfill'd
his
Commands
,
and
as
he
was
instructed
,
in
the
Night-time
let
in
Jugurth's
Souldiers
;
who
were
no
sooner
rusht
into
the
House
,
but
several
ran
to
seek
out
the
young
Prince
;
some
kill'd
those
that
were
asleep
;
others
slew
all
they
met
;
all
the
private
Corners
were
ransack'd
,
Doors
broke
open
,
nothing
but
Noise
and
Tumult
every
where
;
at
length
Hiempsal
is
found
in
a
Cottage
belonging
to
a
young
Woman
his
Servant
,
whither
at
first
in
fear
,
and
ignorant
of
the
Countrey
,
he
had
fled
for
shelter
.
The
Numidians
,
as
they
were
commanded
,
carry'd
his
Head
to
Jugurth
.
13.
But
the
Report
of
such
a
Bloody
Fact
was
soon
spred
over
all
Africa
,
so
that
all
that
were
under
the
Dominion
of
Micipsa
,
were
in
a
dreadful
consternation
.
The
Numidians
divide
themselves
into
two
Parties
:
More
adher'd
to
Adherbal
,
but
to
the
other
the
more
strenuous
in
War
:
Therefore
Jugurth
arms
all
the
Forces
he
could
raise
,
and
adds
to
his
Territories
several
Cities
,
some
by
Force
,
others
by
willing
Surrender
,
and
prepares
to
make
himself
Master
of
all
Numidia
.
Adherbal
,
although
he
had
sent
Embassadors
to
Rome
,
to
inform
the
Senate
of
the
Murther
of
his
Brother
,
yet
confiding
in
the
Number
of
his
Souldiers
,
resolves
upon
a
decision
of
the
Quarrel
by
the
Sword
.
But
when
the
Business
came
to
Battel
,
constrain'd
to
quit
the
Field
,
he
fled
into
the
Roman
Province
,
and
thence
made
haste
to
Rome
.
Then
Jugurth
,
having
accomplish'd
his
Designs
,
and
now
Lord
of
all
Numidia
,
revolving
more
at
leisure
,
in
his
Mind
,
the
Fact
he
had
committed
,
began
to
dread
the
Roman
People
,
nor
had
he
any
hopes
of
appeasing
their
displeasure
,
but
in
the
Avarice
of
the
Nobility
,
and
his
own
Money
.
Therefore
within
a
few
days
he
sent
his
Embassadors
to
Rome
,
loaden
with
Gold
and
Silver
,
with
his
Instructions
,
first
to
cram
the
Purses
of
his
old
Friends
,
then
to
purchase
new
;
and
lastly
,
by
scattering
their
Bribes
,
to
make
:
sure
of
all
they
could
,
for
fear
of
haesitation
.
Upon
this
,
when
the
Embassadors
came
to
Rome
,
and
had
dispers'd
their
Presents
according
to
their
Master's
Instructions
,
among
the
King's
Friends
,
and
others
that
bore
the
greatest
Sway
in
the
Senate
,
there
was
such
a
Change
ensu'd
,
so
that
whereas
no
man
before
had
more
incurr'd
their
displeasure
then
Jugurth
,
no
man
was
more
in
their
favour
.
14.
Thereupon
,
when
the
Embassadors
thought
their
Game
sure
,
a
Senate
was
appointed
to
hear
both
Sides
;
and
then
it
was
that
Adherbal
,
as
we
have
heard
,
thus
deliver'd
himself
:
Conscript
Fathers
,
Micipsa
my
Father
,
upon
his
Death-bed
,
gave
me
in
charge
,
that
I
should
look
upon
the
Kingdom
of
Numidia
,
so
far
as
concern'd
the
Administration
only
to
be
mine
,
but
that
the
Right
of
Jurisdiction
and
Dominion
was
vested
in
your selves
:
and
that
I
should
make
it
my
business
both
in
Peace
and
War
,
to
be
as
serviceable
as
possible
I
could
be
to
the
Roman
People
.
That
I
should
value
and
respect
you
as
my
Parents
and
nearest
Kindred
and
Relations
:
which
if
I
did
,
I
should
find
in
your
Friendship
,
Armies
,
Riches
and
the
safety
of
my
Kingdom
.
These
Instructions
of
my
Father
,
while
I
was
meditating
carefully
to
put
in
Practice
,
Jugurth
,
a
Man
of
all
men
upon
the
Face
of
the
Earth
,
most
Impious
,
contemning
your
Authority
,
me
Massinissa's
Grandchild
,
and
consequently
by
Lineal
Descent
an
Allie
and
friend
of
the
Roman
People
,
has
expell'd
his
Kingdom
and
depriv'd
of
all
his
Fortunes
:
I
must
confess
,
Conscript
Fathers
,
since
Fate
had
destin'd
me
to
these
Calamities
,
I
could
have
wish'd
that
rather
for
the
sake
of
my
own
,
then
the
services
of
my
Ancestors
,
I
might
have
implor'd
your
Aid
;
and
that
the
People
of
Rome
might
have
ow'd
me
those
favours
which
I
had
no
need
of
,
that
then
,
if
occasion
requir'd
,
I
might
have
reap'd
the
advantage
of
my
Debts
.
But
in
regard
Integrity
is
not
secure
of
it self
,
neither
was
it
in
my
power
to
foresee
what
sort
of
person
Jugurth
would
prove
,
I
fled
to
you
for
Succour
,
to
whom
,
which
is
my
worst
misfortune
,
I
am
constrain'd
to
be
a
burthen
,
before
I
could
be
useful
.
Other
Princes
either
vanquish'd
in
War
,
have
been
admitted
into
your
Protection
,
or
in
the
tottering
condition
of
their
Affairs
,
have
sought
your
Alliance
.
Our
Family
engag'd
in
Amity
with
the
Roman
People
,
in
the
time
of
the
Carthaginian
War
,
at
such
a
Conjuncture
,
when
their
Fidelity
rather
then
their
Fortune
was
to
be
desir'd
.
Whose
Off-spring
,
Conscript
Fathers
,
my
own
self
,
t●●
Grand-child
of
Massinissa
,
permit
not
to
implore
your
Aid
in
vain
.
Had
I
no
other
reason
for
my
Suit
,
but
only
my
Misfortune
,
that
deserves
Commiseration
;
lately
a
Potent
Prince
,
no
less
Illustrious
in
Birth
and
Fame
;
now
disfigur'd
with
Calamity
,
reduc'd
to
Poverty
and
begging
Aid
of
others
,
yet
it
became
the
Majesty
of
the
Roman
People
to
prohibet
Injury
;
and
not
to
suffer
any
Man
whatever
to
enlarge
his
Kingdom
by
Sacrilegious
Acts.
But
I
,
alas
,
am
here
expell'd
those
very
Confines
,
which
the
Roman
People
bestow'd
upon
my
Ancestors
,
from
whence
my
Father
and
Grand-father
assisting
your
Victorious
Arms
,
ejected
Syphax
and
the
Carthaginians
.
Your
Favours
,
Conscript
Fathers
,
are
wrested
out
of
my
hands
;
and
you
are
contemn'd
in
the
wrongs
I
suffer
.
Wretch
that
I
am
!
Are
thy
kindnesses
come
to
this
,
Father
Micipsa
,
that
he
whom
thou
mad'st
equal
with
thy
Children
,
and
sharer
of
thy
Kingdom
,
that
he
should
be
the
first
to
extinguish
thy
Race
and
Lineage
?
Shall
our
Family
never
be
at
quiet
?
Always
must
Boodshed
,
Exile
and
Slaughter
be
our
Portion
?
While
the
Carthaginians
flourish'd
,
there
was
some
reason
for
our
suffering
;
the
Enemy
close
by
our
sides
;
you
our
Allies
far
distant
:
all
our
dependance
was
upon
our
Swords
.
But
when
that
Pest
was
exterminated
out
of
Africa
,
we
enjoy'd
a
gay
Tranquility
:
for
then
we
had
no
Enemy
,
unless
whom
you
commanded
so
to
be
.
But
now
upon
a
suddain
,
Jugurth
,
advancing
himself
,
through
unsufferable
audaciousness
,
and
vaunting
in
Villany
and
Pride
,
having
murder'd
my
Brother
and
his
nearest
Kinsman
,
has
first
siez'd
the
Kingdom
as
the
booty
of
his
Impiety
;
then
when
he
could
not
ruin
Me
by
the
same
Treachery
,
yet
expecting
nothing
less
then
Violence
and
War
,
within
your
own
Empire
,
he
has
stript
me
as
you
see
of
House
and
Home
and
Native
Country
,
and
sent
me
hither
an
exil'd
Beggar
,
overwhelm'd
with
misery
,
and
any
where
more
secure
then
in
my
own
Kingdom
.
I
was
of
the
same
opinion
,
Conscript
Fathers
,
with
my
aged
Parent
,
when
I
heard
him
oft
repeating
,
that
they
who
inviolably
embrac'd
your
Friendship
,
underwent
indeed
much
hardship
,
but
of
all
Men
upon
Earth
were
most
secure
.
What
was
in
our
Families
Power
to
do
,
they
did
;
still
your
Auxiliaries
in
your
Wars
:
and
it
is
in
your
Power
that
we
may
be
as
well
secure
in
Peace
as
others
under
your
Protection
.
My
Father
left
two
Brothers
of
us
,
and
Jugurth
the
third
he
thought
would
have
been
rivetted
to
us
by
his
continual
kindnesses
.
The
one
of
these
is
Butcher'd
,
the
others
Impious
Clutches
my self
could
hardly
escape
.
What
shall
I
do
?
Or
whither
,
unhappy
as
I
am
,
shall
I
repair
?
All
my
expectancies
of
support
from
Consanguinity
are
lost
.
My
Father
,
by
necessity
of
Fate
,
has
surrender'd
himself
to
Nature
:
My
Brother
,
He
whom
it
least
became
,
has
impiously
robb'd
of
Life
.
The
rest
of
my
near
Kindred
,
Relations
and
Friends
,
one
sort
of
ruin
some
,
another
others
have
destroy'd
;
taken
by
Jugurth
,
part
nail'd
upon
the
Cross
;
and
part
expos'd
to
the
Fury
of
Wild
Beasts
;
the
small
remainder
clos'd
up
in
Darkness
with
mourning
and
lamentation
,
lead
a
Life
far
worse
than
Death
.
Were
all
things
,
which
either
I
have
lost
,
or
which
instead
of
proving
necessary
have
fallen
out
averse
and
contrary
,
had
been
still
unhazzarded
and
safe
;
yet
if
any
thing
had
happen'd
unforeseen
,
I
should
however
have
address'd
my
Supplications
,
Conscript
Fathers
,
to
your selves
,
to
whom
,
considering
the
Grandeur
of
your
spacious
Empire
,
belongs
the
care
of
all
justice
and
Oppression
.
But
now
an
Exile
from
my
Country
,
from
my
House
and
Home
,
by
all
deserted
,
and
indigent
of
necessary
subsistance
,
to
whom
shall
I
make
Application
or
whose
Aid
invoke
?
Nations
or
Princes
,
who
all
,
because
in
League
with
you
,
detest
our
Family
?
Is
there
any
Place
left
for
my
approach
,
where
there
are
not
more
then
many
Hostile
Monuments
of
my
Ancestors
?
Can
any
Person
take
Compassion
upon
Us
,
who
at
any
time
was
once
your
Enemy
?
Massinissa
,
Conscript
Fathers
,
gave
us
those
Instructions
,
that
we
should
pay
fidelity
to
none
,
but
to
the
People
of
Rome
:
that
we
should
accept
of
no
new
Alliances
or
Leagues
,
there
being
superfluity
of
safety
in
your
Friendship
:
and
that
if
the
Fortune
of
this
Empire
should
happen
to
change
,
that
we
should
fall
together
with
it
.
By
your
Courage
,
and
through
the
favour
of
the
Gods
,
you
are
mighty
and
opulent
;
all
things
prosperous
,
all
things
obedient
to
your
Commands
:
whereby
you
have
the
Power
to
take
Cognizance
of
injur'd
Allies
.
Only
this
I
fear
,
least
some
there
may
be
,
whom
Jugurth's
private
Correspondence
,
closely
carry'd
,
hurries
topsy
turvy
;
who
as
I
am
well
inform'd
,
with
all
their
Might
endeavour
,
solicit
,
and
weary
with
their
Importunities
particular
Persons
,
that
nothing
be
decreed
against
the
Person
absent
,
ere
the
Cause
be
heard
:
that
I
counterfeit
words
,
and
dissemble
Flight
,
when
I
might
stay
in
my
Kingdom
if
I
pleas'd
.
But
I
wish
to
Heaven
I
might
see
the
Traitor
,
whose
Villany
has
plung'd
me
into
these
Calamities
,
dissembling
here
the
same
Things
;
and
at
length
that
either
You
or
the
Immortal
Gods
would
be
mindful
of
Human
Affairs
;
to
the
end
that
He
,
who
is
now
become
Haughty
and
Illustrious
by
his
perpetrated
Crimes
,
tormented
then
with
all
imaginable
tortures
,
might
receive
the
dismal
reward
of
his
Impiety
toward
the
Parent
of
us
both
,
in
the
murther
of
my
Brother
,
and
rendring
me
thus
miserable
.
And
now
Brother
,
to
my
Soul
most
dear
,
although
thy
life
was
robb'd
untimely
from
Thee
,
and
by
him
whom
it
behov'd
most
charily
to
have
preserv'd
it
,
yet
I
am
apt
to
think
,
thy
Fate
affords
us
an
occasion
rather
of
Joy
then
Lamentation
.
For
together
with
thy
Life
,
't
is
but
a
Kingdom
thou
hast
lost
;
thou
hast
escap'd
the
terrors
of
Flight
,
Exilement
,
Indigency
,
and
all
those
miseries
that
weigh
down
my
Soul
:
While
unfortunate
as
I
am
,
thrown
head-long
from
my
Native
Kingdom
into
so
many
disasters
,
I
am
only
a
Spectacle
of
Human
uncertainties
;
Uncertain
what
to
do
,
whether
to
prosecute
thy
wrongs
,
my self
a
suppliant
for
Succour
;
or
whether
to
take
farther
care
of
my
Kingdom
,
whose
Power
of
Life
and
Death
depends
upon
the
Charity
of
Strangers
.
I
wish
to
Heaven
that
Death
might
be
the
vertuous
end
of
all
my
Grandeur
;
least
I
should
seem
contented
,
were
it
but
only
to
live
,
if
tir'd
with
my
Misfortunes
,
I
should
sink
under
the
burthen
of
the
Oppression
.
Now
therefore
,
Conscript
Fathers
,
impatient
of
Life
,
yet
not
permitted
to
die
without
disgrace
,
for
your
own
,
for
the
sake
of
your
Children
and
your
Parents
,
by
the
Majesty
and
Grandeur
of
the
Roman
People
,
vouchsafe
your
Succour
to
Me
unfortunate
;
stop
the
Career
of
Injustice
,
and
suffer
not
the
Kingdom
of
Numidia
,
which
is
your
own
,
to
consume
and
pine
away
,
while
harrass'd
by
Impiety
and
the
Effusion
of
our
Blood
.
15.
When
the
King
had
made
an
end
of
speaking
,
Jugurth's
Embassadors
,
relying
more
upon
the
profuseness
of
their
Presents
,
then
the
justice
of
their
Cause
,
answer'd
in
few
words
,
That
Hiempsal
was
by
the
Numidians
put
to
death
for
his
Cruelty
;
that
Adherbal
,
having
begun
a
War
without
any
provocation
,
when
he
saw
himself
vanquish'd
came
to
complain
,
because
he
could
not
do
the
wrong
he
intended
:
and
therefore
Jugurth
besought
the
Senate
,
that
they
would
not
think
him
any
other
Person
,
then
what
he
was
known
to
be
at
Numantia
;
nor
prefer
the
Stories
of
an
Enemy
,
before
his
own
apparent
Deeds
.
Which
said
,
they
both
withdrew
.
Immediately
the
Senate
took
the
business
into
Consideration
.
At
what
time
the
favourers
of
the
Embassadors
and
several
others
corrupted
by
Dependency
,
made
slight
of
Adherbal's
Complaint
,
highly
applauded
Jugurth's
Vertue
;
spar'd
neither
for
Affection
or
Words
,
but
labour'd
with
all
their
Might
imaginable
,
for
the
Villany
and
Treachery
of
a
Stranger
,
as
if
it
had
been
for
their
own
Honor.
On
the
other
side
some
few
there
were
,
to
whom
Justice
and
Equity
were
of
more
value
then
Riches
,
who
were
of
opinion
that
Adherbal
was
to
be
supported
,
and
that
the
Death
of
Hiempsal
was
to
be
severely
reveng'd
.
But
among
all
the
rest
chiefly
Emilius
Scaurus
,
Nobly
descended
,
indefatigable
,
factious
,
ambitious
of
Power
,
Honour
and
Wealth
,
but
one
that
cunningly
knew
how
to
conceal
his
Vices
.
For
he
,
perceiving
the
notorious
and
scandalous
Bribery
of
the
King
,
fearing
,
as
oft
it
happens
in
such
cases
,
least
a
Pollution
so
licentious
should
bring
an
Odium
upon
him
,
checkt
his
inordinate
Desires
,
and
kept
his
Avarice
within
bounds
.
16.
However
in
the
Senate
that
Party
carry'd
it
,
which
preferr'd
Reward
and
Favour
before
Truth
.
A
Decree
was
therefore
made
,
That
Ten
Commissioners
should
divide
Micipsa's
Kingdom
between
Adherbal
and
Jugurth
;
In
which
Commission
L.
Opimius
was
the
Chief
:
a
Person
of
great
Eminency
and
then
Potent
in
the
Senate
;
for
that
being
Consul
,
after
C.
Gracchus
and
M.
Fulvius
were
slain
,
he
had
prosecuted
more
severely
the
Victory
of
the
Nobility
,
and
gratify'd
their
Indignation
with
a
great
slaughter
of
the
Plebeians
.
This
Person
,
though
at
Rome
he
had
not
found
him
favourable
to
his
Interests
,
Jugurth
receiv'd
with
all
the
caresles
imaginable
;
at
length
profuse
in
Gifts
and
Promises
,
he
so
brought
it
to
pass
,
that
Reputation
,
Fidelity
,
Justice
laid
aside
,
he
preferr'd
the
Kings
profit
above
all
things
.
With
the
same
Baits
the
Numidian
tempted
the
rest
of
the
Commissioners
and
the
greatest
part
swallow'd
the
Silver
Hook
;
only
some
few
valu'd
their
Credit
above
Gold
.
In
the
Partition
,
that
Part
of
Numidia
which
Borders
upon
Mauritania
,
far
the
better
Country
both
for
the
Richness
of
the
Land
,
and
Number
of
Inhabitants
,
was
assign'd
to
Jugurth
.
The
other
more
beautiful
for
Prospect
,
then
beneficial
,
as
being
full
of
Havens
,
and
replenish'd
with
fair
and
sumptuous
Buildings
,
fell
to
Adherbal's
share
.
17.
Here
the
Occasion
requires
,
That
we
should
give
a
brief
Description
of
the
Situation
of
Africa
,
together
with
a
slight
Account
of
those
Nations
,
with
which
we
were
either
at
War
,
or
joyn'd
in
Alliance
:
Though
as
to
those
Places
and
Nations
,
which
by
reason
of
the
Heat
,
the
Rudeness
of
the
Country
,
and
Vastness
of
the
Desarts
,
are
less
frequented
,
I
find
but
little
Discovery
made
;
the
rest
I
shall
dispatch
in
as
few
words
as
may
be
.
In
the
Division
of
the
Terrestrial
Globe
,
most
Geographers
have
allow'd
a
Third
Share
to
Africa
,
though
some
few
there
are
who
acknowledge
no
more
then
Two
Parts
,
Asia
and
Europe
;
affirming
that
Africa
belongs
to
Europe
.
It
is
bounded
to
the
West
by
the
Streights
,
between
our
Sea
and
the
Ocean
;
to
the
East
,
by
a
steep
Descent
,
which
place
the
Inhabitants
call
:
[
*
](A60419-e9600-b)
*
Now
Porto
d'
Alber
,
formerly
a
City
,
now
a
small
Village
upon
the
Coast
of
Barca
,
in
the
Dominion
of
the
Turks
.
Catabathmos
.
The
Sea
adjoyning
Tempestuous
,
and
ill
furnish'd
with
Havens
;
the
Soyl
fruitful
in
Corn
,
and
abounding
in
Pasturage
,
but
naked
of
Wood
;
the
People
healthy
,
patient
of
Labour
,
and
generally
long-liv'd
,
unless
cut
off
by
War
,
or
destroy'd
by
wild
Beasts
,
as
being
seldom
injur'd
by
Diseases
:
only
they
are
pester'd
with
several
sorts
of
venomous
Creatures
.
And
now
what
Race
of
Mortals
first
inhabited
Africa
,
who
succeeded
them
,
and
how
they
came
to
be
intermix'd
one
among
another
,
although
it
vary
from
that
Report
,
which
generally
prevails
among
most
Men
,
nevertheless
according
to
what
was
translated
for
our
Use
out
of
the
Punic
Books
,
which
were
said
to
be
King
Hiempsal's
,
and
as
the
People
of
that
Country
believe
it
to
be
,
I
shall
concisely
declare
.
18.
The
People
that
first
seated
themselves
in
Africa
,
were
the
Getulians
and
Libyans
,
rude
and
barbarous
,
whose
Food
was
the
Flesh
of
wild
Beasts
,
or
the
Grass
upon
the
Ground
,
like
so
many
Herds
of
Cattel
.
They
were
neither
govern'd
by
Customs
,
Laws
,
nor
under
any
Command
;
roving
and
wandring
,
where
Night
constrain'd
,
there
they
took
up
their
present
Quarters
.
But
after
that
Hercules
dy'd
in
Spain
,
as
the
Africans
believe
,
his
Army
,
compos'd
of
several
Nations
,
having
lost
their
Leader
,
while
many
sought
to
lay
the
Foundations
of
particular
Dominion
,
shatter'd
into
several
Parties
.
Of
that
Number
,
the
Medes
,
Persians
and
Armenians
,
crossing
over
into
Africa
,
took
possession
of
those
places
that
lie
upon
our
Sea
:
But
the
Persians
nearer
to
the
main
Ocean
;
who
made
use
of
the
Keels
of
their
Ships
,
the
Bottoms
turn'd
upward
,
for
Cottages
;
for
that
there
was
no
Timber
in
the
Country
,
nor
had
they
any
conveniency
of
buying
or
exchanging
out
of
Spain
,
by
reason
that
the
wideness
of
the
Sea
and
ignorance
of
the
Language
prevented
Commerce
.
These
,
by
degrees
,
by
intermarriages
intermix'd
the
Getulians
among
themselves
:
and
because
that
in
search
of
convenient
Habitations
,
they
sometimes
try'd
one
Country
,
then
another
,
they
call'd
themselves
Numidians
.
And
as
yet
,
the
Buildings
of
the
wild
Numidians
were
oblong
,
and
bow'd
on
both
sides
,
like
the
Keels
of
Ships
.
With
the
Libyans
,
the
Medes
and
Armenians
joyn'd
;
for
these
liv'd
nearer
the
African
Sea
.
The
Getulians
more
under
the
Sun
,
not
far
from
the
scorching
Heats
;
and
these
built
themselves
Towns
betimes
.
For
being
separated
only
by
a
narrow
Streight
from
Spain
,
they
had
settl'd
a
Trade
one
among
another
.
Their
Name
also
the
Libyans
by
degrees
chang'd
,
calling
them
instead
of
Medes
,
Maurs
,
according
to
the
Pronunciation
of
their
Barbarous
Idiom
.
As
for
the
Persians
,
they
grew
potent
in
a
short
time
;
and
afterwards
retaining
the
Name
of
Numidians
,
by
reason
of
their
Multitude
,
they
left
their
Parents
,
and
took
possession
of
those
Places
which
being
next
to
Carthage
,
are
call'd
Numidia
.
Then
both
together
,
confiding
in
each
others
Strength
,
they
compell'd
their
Neighbors
,
either
by
Force
,
or
through
Fear
,
to
submit
to
their
Jurisdiction
;
thereby
gaining
both
a
Name
and
Reputation
to
themselves
;
but
They
the
greater
,
that
advanc'd
as
far
as
our
Sea
;
for
that
the
Libyans
are
not
so
warlike
as
the
Getulians
.
Lastly
,
The
lower
part
of
Africa
was
for
the
most
part
possessed
by
the
Numidians
;
while
all
the
rest
being
vanquish'd
and
subdu'd
,
acknowledg'd
only
the
Name
and
Government
of
the
Victors
.
19.
Afterwards
,
the
Phoenicians
,
partly
being
too
numerous
at
home
,
partly
through
desire
of
Dominion
,
having
prevail'd
with
the
People
,
and
others
no
less
covetous
of
Novelty
,
to
follow
'em
,
built
[
a
](A60419-e10010-b)
a
Now
by
the
French
call'd
Bone
;
by
Arabs
Bened
el
Vgueb
,
in
the
Kingdom
of
Argier
.
Hippo
,
[
b
](A60419-e10070-b)
b
Now
Mahometta
,
in
the
Kingdom
of
Tunis
.
Adrumetum
,
[
c
](A60419-e10110-b)
c
Now
Lebeda
,
in
the
Kingdom
of
Tripoli
.
Leptis
,
and
other
Cities
upon
the
Sea-Coast
:
Which
being
afterwards
much
enlarg'd
,
some
serv'd
for
Srength
,
and
some
for
Ornament
.
For
as
for
Carthage
,
I
think
it
proper
rather
to
say
nothing
at
all
,
then
to
be
too
concise
,
Time
calling
us
another
way
.
Therefore
from
Catabathmos
,
which
Place
divides
Egypt
from
Africa
,
observing
the
Tide
of
the
Sea
,
the
first
City
is
[
a
](A60419-e10190-b)
a
Now
Caicoan
in
the
Kingdom
of
Barca
.
Cyrene
,
a
Colony
of
the
Island
of
Thera
,
now
Gozi
in
the
Aegaean
Sea
;
then
the
two
[
b
](A60419-e10260-b)
b
The
one
now
call'd
Le
Secche
di
Barbarie
,
and
the
other
Golfo
di
Capes
.
Syrtes
;
between
which
Leptis
,
and
then
the
[
c
](A60419-e10310-b)
c
Now
Porto
di
Sobia
;
or
Nain
;
so
call'd
from
two
Carthaginian
Brothers
,
that
suffer'
themselves
to
be
there
buried
alive
for
the
Good
or
their
Country
.
Altars
of
the
Phileni
.
Which
was
the
Limits
of
the
Carthaginian
Empire
next
to
Carthage
.
All
the
other
Countries
as
far
as
Mauritania
,
the
Numidians
possess
;
and
next
to
Spain
,
are
the
Moors
,
Beyond
Numidia
the
Getulians
inhabit
,
some
in
Cottages
,
others
more
barbarously
roving
from
place
to
place
:
Beyond
them
lie
the
Ethiopians
.
and
then
the
Desarts
all
parch'd
up
by
the
scalding
heat
of
the
Sun
.
Therefore
in
the
Jugurthine
War
,
the
Romans
by
their
Magistrates
govern'd
most
of
the
Punic
Towns
,
and
the
Territoties
of
the
Carthaginians
,
which
they
had
latest
won
.
The
greatest
Part
of
the
Getulians
and
the
Numidians
,
as
far
as
the
River
[
*
](A60419-e10510-b)
*
Now
Molochath
.
Mulucha
,
were
under
the
Dominion
of
Jugurth
.
Over
all
the
Moor's
King
Bocchus
reign'd
,
to
whom
the
Romans
were
little
known
,
unless
it
were
by
Name
;
neither
was
he
known
to
Us
,
by
any
Occasion
either
of
War
or
Alliance
.
20.
After
the
Commissioners
had
divided
the
Kingdom
,
they
return'd
home
.
At
what
time
,
when
Jugurth
saw
that
he
had
obtain'd
the
full
Reward
of
his
Treachery
,
contrary
to
the
Fears
of
his
Heart
,
believing
it
certain
,
as
he
had
learnt
by
his
Friends
at
Numantia
,
that
all
things
were
vendible
at
Rome
;
as
also
encourag'd
by
the
Promises
of
those
whom
,
but
a
little
before
he
had
glutted
with
his
Presents
,
he
bends
his
Thoughts
upon
Adherbal's
Kingdom
.
He
himself
stirring
,
and
warlike
;
the
Person
he
design'd
upon
,
peaceful
,
and
effeminate
,
of
a
mild
Temper
,
and
cut
out
for
an
Object
of
Injustice
;
rather
fearful
,
then
to
be
fear'd
.
Unexpectedly
therefore
Jugurth
enters
his
Territories
with
a
great
Army
,
sweeps
the
Country
both
of
People
and
Cattel
,
burns
the
Houses
,
and
in
an
Hostile
manner
approaches
most
of
the
Cities
with
his
Cavalry
.
Then
with
all
his
Booty
he
marches
back
into
his
own
Kingdom
,
believing
that
Adherbal
thus
incens'd
,
would
revenge
the
Injury
done
him
;
which
would
be
a
fair
Pretence
for
a
War
.
On
the
other
side
,
Adherbal
,
because
he
knew
himself
to
be
no
way
equal
to
his
Adversary
;
and
for
that
he
trusted
rather
to
the
Friendship
of
the
Romans
,
then
in
his
own
Numidians
,
sent
his
Embassadors
to
Jugurth
,
to
complain
of
the
Injuries
he
had
done
him
;
who
,
though
they
return'd
with
only
contumelious
Usage
,
yet
he
determin'd
to
suffer
all
Indignities
,
rather
then
begin
a
War
,
wherein
he
had
had
such
ill
Success
before
.
However
,
Jugurth's
Ambition
abated
never
the
more
for
that
,
as
one
that
had
already
devour'd
his
Brother's
Kingdom
in
his
Heart
.
And
therefore
not
now
;
as
before
,
by
way
of
Inroad
,
but
with
a
great
Army
he
began
the
War
,
and
openly
to
lay
claim
to
the
whole
Empire
of
Numidia
:
wherever
he
came
,
he
laid
waste
City
and
Country
,
drave
all
before
him
,
encourag'd
his
own
,
and
struck
terror
into
his
Enemy
.
21.
Adherbal
,
when
he
found
it
was
come
to
that
height
,
that
he
must
either
abandon
his
Kingdom
,
or
maintain
his
Right
by
Force
of
Arms
,
constrain'd
by
Necessity
,
raises
an
Army
,
and
marches
to
meet
Jugurth
.
Thus
both
Armies
met
by
the
Sea-side
,
not
far
from
the
City
of
[
*
](A60419-e10750-b)
*
Now
Constantina
.
Cirta
;
but
in
regard
it
was
then
toward
the
Evening
,
they
did
not
fight
that
day
;
but
when
the
Night
was
far
spent
,
and
that
Day-light
began
to
glimmer
,
Jugurth's
Souldiers
,
the
Signal
given
,
fall
pell-mell
into
the
Enemies
Camp
,
where
they
kill
,
rout
,
and
put
to
flight
the
scarce
awake
Numidians
,
ere
they
could
put
themselves
into
a
posture
of
Defence
:
Adherbal
,
with
some
few
Horsemen
gains
the
City
of
Cirta
;
and
had
it
not
been
for
the
great
number
of
Italians
that
kept
off
the
pursuing
Enemy
from
the
Walls
,
in
one
day
between
two
Kings
a
War
had
been
begun
and
endeed
.
Jugurth
therefore
surrounds
the
Town
,
and
prepares
with
his
[
*
](A60419-e10840-b)
*
Vines
were
Hurdles
,
eight
Foot
high
,
seven
broad
,
and
sixteen
in
length
,
cover'd
over
with
raw
Hidess
under
which
the
Souldiers
made
their
Approachs
to
the
Walls
of
a
City
Vines
,
Towers
and
Engins
of
all
sorts
,
to
storm
the
Walls
.
Making
the
more
haste
to
anticipate
the
Embassadors
,
which
,
as
he
heard
,
Adherbal
had
sent
to
Rome
before
the
Fight
.
However
,
so
soon
as
the
Senate
had
intelligence
of
the
War
,
three
young
Men
were
sent
into
Africa
,
with
Instructions
to
attend
both
the
Kings
,
and
to
let
'em
know
that
it
was
the
Pleasure
and
Decree
of
the
Senate
and
People
of
Rome
,
that
both
should
lay
down
their
Arms
;
and
for
any
Controversies
that
were
between
'em
,
That
they
should
suffer
the
Law
,
not
War
to
determin
'em
.
22.
The
Commissioners
arrive
in
Africa
,
which
they
made
the
more
haste
to
do
,
in
regard
that
while
they
were
preparing
for
their
Journey
,
News
was
brought
to
Rome
of
the
Battel
fought
,
and
the
Siege
of
Cirta
;
though
the
Truth
were
very
much
minc'd
,
and
favourably
reported
.
To
whom
,
when
Jugurth
had
heard
their
Message
,
he
made
Answer
,
That
there
was
nothing
more
awful
nor
more
sacred
to
him
,
then
the
Authority
of
the
Senate
:
That
from
his
Youth
he
had
so
endeavour'd
to
regulate
his
Behaviour
,
that
he
might
gain
the
Applause
of
all
good
Men
:
That
his
Courage
,
not
his
evil
Deeds
had
render'd
him
grateful
to
Scipio
,
the
greatest
Person
in
the
World
:
That
for
the
same
reason
,
and
not
for
want
of
Children
,
he
was
adopted
into
the
Kingdom
by
Micipsa
:
but
that
the
more
he
had
well
and
strenuously
behav'd
himself
,
the
less
could
he
frame
his
Mind
to
brook
Affronts
:
That
Adherhal
had
Treacherously
laid
Wait
for
his
Life
,
which
when
he
understood
,
he
only
oppos'd
him
with
open
Force
:
That
the
People
of
Rome
would
neither
Act
justly
nor
as
became
good
Men
,
to
forbid
him
the
Right
of
all
Nations
:
Lastly
,
That
he
would
in
a
short
time
by
his
Embassadors
give
the
Senate
an
Account
of
all
his
Proceedings
.
22.
Jugurth
when
he
thought
the
Commissioners
were
departed
out
of
Africa
,
and
found
that
by
reason
of
the
natural
strength
of
the
place
,
he
could
not
take
Cirta
by
Storm
,
surrounds
it
with
Trenches
and
Breast-works
rear'd
up
several
Towers
,
which
he
stuft
with
Armed
Men
:
left
no
thing
unattempted
Day
and
Night
,
either
by
Force
or
Stratagem
;
at
the
same
time
alluring
and
terrifying
the
Defendants
with
Rewards
and
Objects
dreadful
to
the
sight
;
inflaming
the
Valour
of
the
Assailants
by
continual
encouragements
;
and
sedulously
performing
all
things
requisite
upon
such
an
occasion
.
Adherbal
therefore
,
finding
all
his
Fortunes
reduc'd
to
the
last
Extremity
,
the
Enemy
pressing
furiously
on
,
no
expectation
of
Relief
,
nor
hope
of
spinning
out
the
War
for
want
of
Necessaries
,
among
the
rest
that
fled
with
him
to
Cirta
,
he
made
choice
of
two
brisk
Men
of
undaunted
fidelity
,
and
partly
by
large
Promises
,
partly
by
raising
up
their
pity
of
his
low
Condition
,
prevail'd
with
'em
to
break
through
the
Enemies
Guards
in
the
Night
time
,
to
the
next
Shoar
,
and
thence
with
all
imaginable
speed
to
make
for
Rome
.
The
Numidians
in
a
few
days
accomplish
his
desires
,
and
Adherbal's
Letters
were
read
in
the
Senate
to
this
effect
.
Not
any
fault
of
Mine
,
but
Jugurth's
violence
,
Conscript
Fathers
,
constrains
me
so
often
to
implore
your
Aid
:
whose
Ardent
Thirst
to
drink
my
Blood
is
so
extream
,
that
he
regards
neither
your selves
nor
the
Immortal
Gods
:
nothing
will
gratify
his
impatience
but
my
destruction
.
Therefore
now
five
Months
together
have
I
,
the
Friend
and
Allie
of
the
Roman
People
been
closely
Besieg'd
;
not
will
my
Father
Micipsa's
Kindnesses
,
nor
your
Decrees
afford
me
any
Succour
.
My
misfortune
disswades
me
to
write
any
more
of
Jugurth
;
before
this
time
also
,
having
had
experience
,
how
little
Fidelity
is
reserv'd
for
the
Miserable
.
However
I
am
satisfy'd
,
that
his
desires
are
far
beyond
what
I
at
present
am
;
nor
does
he
hope
Your
friendship
and
my
Kingdom
both
together
:
and
which
he
deems
of
most
importance
,
there
's
no
Man
but
may
easily
discern
.
For
First
he
murder'd
Hiempsal
my
Brother
,
then
chac'd
me
from
my
Native
Kingdom
.
What
were
our
private
Injuries
,
was
no
concern
indeed
of
Yours
:
but
now
with
Armed
Force
he
usurps
your
Kingdom
;
and
Me
,
whom
you
appointed
Governour
of
Numidia
,
he
closely
keeps
penn'd
up
in
Misery
.
How
much
he
regarded
the
Commissioners
Message
,
my
dangers
fully
evince
.
What
remains
,
but
only
your
own
Power
to
remove
him
.
I
must
confess
,
I
could
heartily
wish
,
that
what
I
have
written
and
all
my
former
Complaints
in
the
Senate
,
had
rather
,
then
,
been
feign'd
and
idle
Stories
,
then
that
now
my
misfortune
,
should
verify
my
words
.
But
seeing
I
was
only
born
to
be
the
Sport
of
Jugurth's
wicked
Insolence
,
I
deprecate
neither
Calamity
nor
Death
,
but
only
the
Tyranny
of
my
Enemy
,
and
the
Torture
of
my
Body
.
Provide
as
you
please
your selves
for
the
good
of
the
Kingdom
of
Numidia
,
which
is
your
own
;
But
by
the
Majesty
of
the
Empire
,
by
the
Fidelity
of
you
Friendship
,
wrest
me
out
of
Impious
hands
,
if
yet
there
be
remaining
among
ye
,
any
remembrance
of
my
Grandfather
Massinissa
.
24.
This
being
read
,
some
were
of
opinion
that
an
Army
should
be
forthwith
sent
into
Africa
,
and
that
Adherbal
should
be
speedily
reliev'd
;
and
that
in
the
mean
time
,
they
should
consider
what
was
to
be
done
with
Jugurth
,
for
disobeying
the
Commissioners
.
But
Jugurth's
Party
labour'd
might
and
main
,
against
the
passing
such
a
Decree
.
Thus
the
Public
good
,
as
it
happens
in
most
Affairs
,
was
overcome
by
Private
Favour
.
Nevertheless
they
sent
into
Africa
some
of
the
Senior
Nobility
,
who
had
been
advanc'd
to
the
highest
Honours
.
Among
the
rest
was
the
above
mentioned
Scaurus
,
a
Consular
Person
,
and
then
President
of
the
Senate
.
They
,
because
the
the
Senate
were
in
a
heat
,
and
besides
being
earnestly
importun'd
by
the
Numidians
,
took
Shipping
in
three
days
and
soon
after
Landed
at
[
*
](A60419-e11260-b)
*
Now
Biserta
in
the
Kingdom
of
Tunis
.
Vtica
,
whence
they
sent
Letters
to
Jugurth
,
that
he
should
repair
forth
with
to
the
Province
;
for
that
they
were
sent
to
him
by
the
Senate
.
He
,
when
he
heard
that
Men
of
that
Note
,
whose
Authority
was
great
in
the
Senate
,
were
arriv'd
contrary
to
his
Expectation
,
at
first
distracted
between
Fear
and
Ambition
,
was
virously
turmoyl'd
.
He
dreaded
the
Anger
of
the
Senate
,
should
he
disobey
the
Embassadors
;
on
the
other
side
his
Mind
blinded
by
Ambition
,
hurry'd
him
to
compleat
the
Outrage
he
had
begun
.
However
the
worst
Result
obtain'd
the
Victory
in
his
covetous
Inclinations
.
To
that
purpose
,
surrounding
the
whole
City
with
his
Army
,
he
endeavours
by
main
force
to
break
into
the
City
;
chiefly
hoping
that
while
the
Besieged
were
divided
to
defend
many
Posts
at
once
,
some
lucky
Chance
would
give
him
either
by
force
or
Stratagem
a
Victorious
opportunity
.
Which
not
succeeding
to
his
mind
,
and
finding
he
could
not
effect
what
he
intended
,
which
was
to
get
Adherbal
into
his
Clutches
,
before
he
met
the
Embassadors
,
least
by
longer
delay
he
should
incense
Scaurus
,
with
a
small
Retinue
He
hasten'd
into
the
Province
.
But
notwithstanding
he
was
sharply
reprov'd
,
severely
rebuk'd
,
and
smartly
threaten'd
in
the
Name
of
the
Senate
,
unless
he
rais'd
his
Siege
;
nevertheless
,
after
much
Altercation
to
no
purpose
,
the
Embassadors
departed
without
effecting
any
thing
.
26.
The
News
of
which
arriving
at
Cirta
,
the
Italians
,
whose
Courage
had
defended
the
Walls
,
not
doubting
but
that
after
a
Surrender
,
in
Consideration
of
the
Roman
Grandeur
,
they
should
be
secure
and
safe
,
perswaded
Adherbal
to
surrender
himself
and
the
Town
to
Jugurth
,
upon
Quarter
for
his
Life
:
and
that
for
other
things
the
Senate
would
take
care
.
Upon
which
,
though
he
knew
nothing
more
false
then
Jugurth's
word
,
nevertheless
because
he
knew
himself
in
the
hands
of
those
,
who
if
he
refus'd
had
power
to
constrain
him
,
he
submitted
to
the
pleasure
of
the
Italians
,
and
yielded
up
the
Town
.
Presently
Jugurth
,
in
the
first
place
tortures
Adherbal
to
death
;
then
he
slew
all
the
Numidian
Youth
and
Merchants
promiscuously
,
as
they
fell
in
the
Souldiers
way
.
27.
Which
after
it
was
known
at
Rome
,
and
that
the
matter
came
to
be
debated
in
the
Senate
,
the
Kings
Stipendiaries
interposing
,
partly
by
favour
,
partly
by
unnecessary
wrangling
,
qualify'd
the
hainousness
of
the
Fact
.
So
that
unless
C.
Memmius
,
Tribune
of
the
People
Elect
,
a
Person
vehement
,
and
a
great
stickler
against
the
Power
of
the
Nobility
,
had
not
inform'd
the
Roman
People
,
what
contrivances
were
a
brewing
,
that
Jugurth's
Villany
might
be
pardon'd
,
all
the
Heat
and
Passion
of
the
Senate
had
vanish'd
into
nothing
,
through
delay
of
Consultation
.
But
the
Senate
,
Conscious
of
their
miscarriage
,
were
afraid
of
the
People
,
and
therefore
according
to
the
Sempronian
Law
,
Provinces
are
decreed
the
succeeding
Consuls
:
the
Consuls
Elect
were
P.
Scipio
Nasica
,
and
L.
Bestia
Calpurnius
.
Numidia
fell
to
Calpurnius
,
and
Italy
to
Scipio
.
Thereupon
an
Army
is
rais'd
to
be
Transported
into
Africa
;
Money
,
Provision
and
Ammunition
decreed
for
the
support
of
the
War
.
28.
Of
which
when
Jugurth
had
intelligence
,
contrary
to
his
Expectation
,
as
one
who
was
fully
perswaded
that
all
things
were
to
be
bought
at
Rome
,
he
sends
Embassadors
to
the
Senate
,
his
own
Son
,
and
two
of
his
familiar
Friends
,
with
the
same
Instructions
as
he
gave
to
those
which
he
sent
after
the
Murder
of
Hiempsal
,
that
they
should
not
spare
to
tempt
all
Persons
whatsoever
with
their
Money
.
Upon
their
approach
near
Rome
,
Bestia
mov'd
the
Senate
whether
it
were
their
Pleasure
that
Jugurth's
Embassadors
should
be
admitted
within
the
Walls
of
the
City
:
who
thereupon
made
a
Decree
,
that
unless
they
came
to
surrender
the
Kingdom
and
the
King's
Person
,
they
should
depart
Italy
within
ten
days
:
which
Decree
the
Consul
order'd
to
be
carry'd
to
the
Numidians
;
so
that
they
were
forc'd
to
return
without
performing
any
thing
.
In
the
mean
time
,
Calpurnius
having
got
his
Army
in
readiness
,
chooses
for
his
Legates
,
Persons
noble
and
factious
,
whose
Authority
might
guard
him
,
should
he
happen
to
commit
any
miscarriage
;
in
which
number
was
Scaurus
,
whose
Qualities
and
Conditions
we
have
already
describ'd
.
For
indeed
the
Consul
was
endu'd
with
many
excellent
Qualities
both
of
Body
and
Mind
,
though
pester'd
all
,
and
incumbr'd
with
Avarice
.
Patient
of
Labour
,
a
sharp
and
penetrating
Wit
,
sufficiently
provident
,
a
good
Souldier
,
resolute
in
danger
,
and
most
wary
of
Stratagem
.
The
Legions
were
Shipp'd
from
[
*
](A60419-e11670-b)
*
Now
Reggio
.
Rhegium
for
Sicily
,
and
thence
for
Africa
.
And
then
it
was
that
Calpurnius
having
made
Provision
of
Victuals
,
smartly
enter'd
Numidia
,
takes
a
great
number
of
Prisoners
,
and
several
Cities
by
main
force
.
29.
But
when
Jugurth
by
his
Embassadors
began
to
dazle
him
with
Money
,
and
then
to
lay
before
him
the
difficulty
of
the
War
which
he
had
undertaken
,
his
Mind
,
sick
with
Avarice
,
easily
suffer'd
an
Alteration
.
However
he
did
nothing
without
Scaurus
,
whom
he
made
his
bosom
Companion
and
sharer
of
his
Counsels
.
Who
though
at
first
he
fiercely
oppos'd
the
Kings
Interest
,
when
most
of
his
Faction
were
corrupted
;
yet
at
length
the
vastness
of
the
sum
was
such
,
that
it
drew
him
from
Honour
and
Justice
to
vile
Depravity
.
All
this
while
Jugurth
had
only
purchas'd
a
Cessation
of
War
,
believing
in
the
mean
time
that
he
should
make
a
better
progress
either
by
Price
or
Favour
.
But
when
he
understood
that
Scaurus
was
come
in
for
a
share
,
encourag'd
then
with
all
the
hopes
imaginable
of
recovering
Peace
,
he
determin'd
to
treat
in
Person
upon
the
particular
Conditions
.
To
that
purpose
as
it
were
for
a
security
,
Sextius
the
Questor
is
sent
by
the
Consul
to
Vacca
,
a
Town
belonging
to
Jugurth
,
upon
pretence
of
receiving
an
Imposition
of
Corn
,
which
the
Consul
had
openly
commanded
the
Commissioners
to
get
ready
provided
;
the
Truce
being
continu'd
under
a
daily
expectation
of
surrender
.
The
King
therefore
,
as
he
had
resolv'd
,
arrives
in
the
Camp
,
where
after
he
had
made
a
short
Speech
in
the
Council
of
War
,
in
excuse
of
the
Crime
that
was
laid
to
his
charge
,
and
formally
petitioned
that
he
might
be
admitted
to
surrender
,
the
rest
he
transacted
in
private
with
Bestia
and
Scaurus
.
And
then
the
next
day
,
the
opinions
of
the
Council
being
demanded
in
a
huddle
and
over-rul'd
by
the
Consul
,
his
Surrender
was
admitted
.
However
according
to
the
Imposition
of
the
Council
,
Thirty
Elephants
,
Cattle
,
a
great
number
of
Horses
,
and
no
inconsiderable
sum
of
Money
were
deliver'd
to
the
[
*
](A60419-e11850-b)
*
Or
Treasurer
at
War
.
Questor
.
After
which
Calpurnius
departs
for
Rome
to
be
present
at
the
Election
of
new
Magistrates
,
while
all
was
quiet
both
in
Numidia
and
our
Army
.
30.
But
after
Fame
had
spread
abroad
the
Proceedings
in
Africa
,
and
how
things
had
been
manag'd
,
at
Rome
there
was
nothing
discours'd
of
in
all
Places
and
Meetings
,
but
the
strange
management
of
the
Consul
;
among
the
Commonalty
terrible
disgust
;
The
Fathers
troubl'd
,
and
at
a
kind
of
Loss
;
nor
did
they
know
well
what
to
do
,
whether
they
should
approve
so
scandalous
a
Misdemeanor
or
disanul
the
Consuls
Decrees
.
But
such
was
the
Power
of
Scaurus
,
who
was
reported
to
be
both
Bestia's
Confederate
and
Adviser
of
the
Act
,
that
it
stopp'd
'em
very
much
in
the
course
of
Honesty
and
Justice
.
Yet
C.
Memmius
whose
freedom
of
Speech
,
and
inveteracy
against
the
Nobility
we
have
already
mention'd
,
while
the
Senate
sat
wavering
and
hesitating
,
encourag'd
the
People
by
Popular
Harangues
to
Revenge
;
exhorts
'em
not
to
desert
the
Commonwealth
nor
their
own
Liberty
;
laid
open
many
haughty
and
cruel
Acts
of
the
Nobility
,
and
sedulously
kindl'd
up
the
Indignation
of
the
People
by
all
manner
of
ways
.
Which
gives
me
an
opportunity
since
the
Eloquence
of
Memmius
was
at
that
time
in
such
high
esteem
,
and
so
powerfully
perswasive
upon
all
occasions
,
to
recite
one
among
so
many
of
his
Orations
;
more
especially
what
he
discours'd
in
a
particular
Assembly
,
presently
after
the
return
of
Bestia
in
these
words
;
31.
Many
things
dislwade
me
,
Gentlemen
,
why
our
Affection
to
the
Commonwealth
should
not
be
so
highly
preferr'd
above
all
other
things
.
The
Power
of
Faction
;
your
patient
Sufferance
;
no
Justice
;
but
more
especially
,
for
that
there
is
more
Danger
then
Honour
attends
upon
Innocency
.
For
it
grieves
me
to
utter
what
I
am
about
to
speak
,
That
for
these
fifteen
years
,
during
which
time
you
have
been
the
Laughter
and
Contempt
of
the
prevailing
Power
of
a
few
,
how
shamefully
,
how
unreveng'd
your
Champions
have
perish'd
,
as
if
your
Courage
were
infected
with
Sloth
and
Oscitancy
;
who
neither
at
this
time
rowse
up
in
opposition
of
your
criminal
Enemies
;
and
are
also
now
afraid
of
those
,
to
whom
ye
ought
to
be
a
Terror
.
But
yet
in
this
unhappy
Condition
of
Affairs
,
my
Zeal
constrains
me
to
oppose
the
Predominancy
of
Faction
.
I
shall
certainly
make
tryal
of
that
Liberty
,
which
my
Parents
left
me
as
part
of
my
Inheritance
,
but
whether
in
vain
,
or
to
the
purpose
,
that
's
only
in
your
Power
.
Neither
do
I
perswade
ye
,
as
frequently
your
Ancestors
have
done
,
to
arm
your selves
against
these
Violences
.
There
is
no
need
of
Force
or
Tumult
;
for
you
'll
find
they
will
run
headlong
after
their
usual
manner
.
Tiberius
Gracchus
being
slain
,
whom
they
accus'd
of
designing
Regal
Sovereignty
,
grievous
were
the
Bloody
Executions
of
the
Roman
People
.
After
the
Murder
of
C.
Gracchus
and
M.
Fulvius
,
many
of
your
Quality
and
Degree
were
slaughter'd
in
Prison
.
Neither
did
the
Law
,
but
their
Ambition
put
a
stop
to
both
those
cruel
Havocks
.
Yet
certainly
the
Reparation
of
the
Government
should
rather
have
consisted
in
restoring
the
Commonalty
their
Privileges
.
Whatever
cannot
be
sufficiently
punish'd
,
without
shedding
the
Blood
of
Fellow-Citizens
,
let
it
be
done
by
Law
.
Of
late
years
you
tacitly
murmut'd
to
see
the
public
Chequer
robb'd
;
to
see
Kings
and
Free
People
pay
their
Tribute
to
a
few
of
the
Nobility
;
Supreme
Dignity
at
their
Command
,
and
Riches
most
exorbitant
in
their
possession
;
yet
took
little
notice
of
their
exercising
these
unequal
Usurpations
with
impunity
.
And
thus
at
length
the
Laws
,
your
Dignity
,
all
things
Divine
and
Human
were
deliver'd
up
into
the
hands
of
Enemies
;
yet
neither
are
they
that
acted
those
Enormities
asham'd
or
penitent
;
but
trample
over
your
Faces
magnificently
,
boasting
their
chief
Pontificates
,
their
Consulships
,
and
many
their
Triumphs
;
as
if
they
lookt
upon
those
things
as
Honours
,
and
not
Rapines
rather
.
Servants
bought
with
Money
,
brook
not
the
unjust
Commands
of
their
Lords
and
Masters
:
And
will
you
,
Gentlemen
,
born
to
Empire
,
patiently
endure
Servitude
?
But
who
are
They
,
who
have
thus
got
Possession
of
the
Commonwealth
?
The
most
abominable
among
Men
;
their
Hands
besmear'd
with
Blood
;
insatiably
covetous
,
most
injurious
,
and
the
Same
most
lofty
.
By
whom
Fidelity
,
Honour
,
Piety
;
lastly
,
All
things
honest
and
dishonest
are
put
to
Sale
.
Some
of
'em
have
plac'd
their
chiefest
Safety
in
murdering
the
Tribunes
of
the
People
,
others
in
inflicting
unjust
Punishments
;
but
the
greatest
part
in
committing
bloody
Violence
upon
your selves
.
Thus
,
by
how
much
every
one
acted
most
facinorously
,
so
much
the
more
secure
he
thought
himself
.
They
transferr'd
their
Dread
from
their
own
Crimes
upon
your
Remissness
.
And
all
these
the
same
Desires
,
the
same
Hatred
,
and
the
same
Fears
combin'd
together
.
But
this
same
Friendship
among
good
Men
,
is
Faction
among
the
wicked
.
But
had
you
the
same
care
of
your
Liberty
,
as
they
are
vehemently
inflam'd
with
Love
of
Dominion
,
upon
my
word
,
neither
the
Commonwealth
would
be
laid
waste
,
as
now
it
is
,
and
the
most
worthy
,
not
the
most
audacious
would
reap
the
benefit
of
your
Favours
.
Your
Ancestors
,
to
obtain
their
Right
,
and
to
establish
their
Dignity
,
twice
in
a
divided
Body
from
the
Nobility
,
fortify'd
themselves
upon
the
Aventine
Mountain
:
and
will
not
you
with
all
your
might
endeavour
the
Recovery
of
that
Liberty
which
you
receiv'd
from
them
?
and
so
much
the
more
eagerly
,
by
how
much
the
greater
Ignominy
it
is
to
lose
what
once
you
have
atchiev'd
,
then
never
to
have
won
it
?
It
may
be
ask'd
me
,
What
is
my
Opinion
then
?
That
they
be
severely
punish'd
who
have
betray'd
the
Commonwealth
to
the
Enemy
;
not
by
strength
of
Arms
,
nor
force
,
which
had
been
more
unworthy
for
you
to
have
done
,
then
dishonourable
for
them
to
suffer
,
but
by
the
Examinations
Confession
of
Jugurth
himself
:
for
if
he
have
surrender'd
himself
,
certainly
he
will
be
obedient
to
your
Commands
:
but
if
he
contemn
your
Orders
,
then
you
your selves
may
judge
,
what
that
same
Peace
or
Surrender
is
,
from
whence
Jugurth
obtains
the
Impunity
of
his
Crimes
;
whence
some
few
Powerful
Noblemen
heap
such
Treasures
to
themselves
,
;
whence
so
much
Loss
and
Shame
befals
the
Common-wealth
.
But
perhaps
you
have
not
had
enough
of
their
Lordly
Domineering
;
and
those
then
these
Times
please
your
humor
better
,
when
Kingdoms
,
Provinces
,
Laws
,
Privileges
,
Judgments
,
War
and
Peace
,
all
things
Divine
and
Human
were
in
the
power
of
a
few
;
but
You
,
that
is
to
say
,
the
People
of
Rome
,
to
your
Enemies
invincible
,
and
Lords
of
sundry
Nations
,
thought
it
a
sufficient
happiness
to
breath
.
For
who
among
ye
durst
refuse
to
be
a
Slave
?
But
for
my
part
,
though
I
do
think
it
the
most
hainous
thing
in
the
world
for
a
man
to
have
an
Outrage
done
him
,
and
yet
the
Malefactor
go
unpunish'd
;
yet
could
I
willingly
endure
,
that
you
should
pardon
the
most
abhorr'd
of
Men
,
provided
they
were
Citizens
,
did
I
not
think
your
Clemency
might
prove
pernicious
.
For
They
,
whatever
vexation
and
interruptions
they
may
meet
with
,
will
never
lay
to
heart
their
doing
mischief
,
unless
they
be
depriv'd
of
the
power
of
acting
,
but
your
Fears
will
be
eternal
,
when
you
find
that
either
you
must
be
Slaves
,
or
vindicate
your
Liberty
by
force
of
Arms.
For
what
hope
is
there
either
of
Fidelity
or
Concord
?
They
resolve
to
domineer
,
and
you
desire
your
Freedom
;
they
to
do
Injustice
,
you
to
prohibit
'em
:
Lastly
,
They
use
your
Allies
as
Enemies
,
and
your
Adversaries
as
Friends
.
Can
there
be
Peace
and
Friendship
in
Minds
so
diametrically
opposite
?
Wherefore
I
desire
and
exhort
ye
not
to
suffer
an
outragious
piece
of
Violence
to
go
unpunish'd
.
The
public
Treasury
is
not
robb'd
;
nor
Money
violently
extorted
from
your
Friends
,
which
though
offences
of
a
high
Nature
,
yet
now
adays
are
lookt
upon
as
meerly
Trifles
.
No
—
the
Authority
of
the
Senate
is
betray'd
to
a
most
bitter
Enemy
;
the
Common-wealth
is
set
to
sale
both
at
home
and
abroad
,
which
unless
they
be
narrowly
examin'd
,
unless
the
Guilty
be
brought
to
condign
Punishment
,
what
remains
,
but
that
we
must
live
in
Servitude
to
those
that
have
committed
these
notorious
Crimes
?
For
to
act
without
fear
of
punishment
,
that
's
to
be
a
King
.
Not
that
it
is
my
meaning
you
should
be
glad
to
see
your
Fellow-Citizens
were
all
involv'd
in
equal
Crimes
;
but
that
you
should
distinguish
,
and
be
careful
how
ye
pardon
the
wicked
,
lest
thereby
you
occasion
the
destruction
of
the
Good
.
Besides
that
it
is
much
more
beneficial
to
the
Commonwealth
,
to
forget
a
kindness
then
an
injury
:
For
good
men
only
grow
more
careless
if
neglected
;
but
bad
men
more
audacious
.
To
which
we
may
add
,
That
if
Offenders
were
but
duly
punish'd
,
you
would
not
stand
so
frequently
in
need
of
Tribunitial
Aid
.
32.
By
these
,
and
such
like
Reasons
often
urg'd
,
Memmius
perswades
the
People
of
Rome
,
That
Cassius
who
was
then
Pretor
,
might
be
sent
to
Jugurth
;
and
that
he
should
bring
him
to
Rome
upon
the
Public
Faith
,
to
the
end
that
by
the
Confession
of
the
King
,
the
Misdemeanors
of
Scaurus
,
and
the
rest
,
who
absconded
upon
the
score
of
taking
Bribes
,
might
be
made
manifest
.
While
these
things
were
thus
transacted
at
Rome
,
they
who
were
left
by
Bestia
,
to
command
the
Army
in
Numidia
,
following
the
Example
of
their
General
,
committed
many
and
most
facinorous
Enormities
.
Some
there
were
,
who
corrupted
with
Gold
,
deliver'd
back
the
Elephants
to
Jugurth
;
others
sold
the
Fugitives
;
others
robb'd
and
spoyl'd
the
Provinces
that
were
at
Peace
:
Such
a
violent
rage
of
Avarice
had
canker'd
their
very
Minds
,
like
a
general
Contagion
.
But
Cassius
the
Pretor
,
the
Choice
being
reported
by
C.
Memmius
,
to
the
Terror
of
the
Nobility
,
goes
to
Jugurth
,
and
perswades
him
,
fearful
,
and
guiltily
mistrustful
as
he
was
,
in
regard
he
had
surrender'd
himself
to
the
Roman
People
,
to
make
trial
rather
of
their
Clemency
,
then
their
Force
;
and
privately
gave
him
his
own
Word
,
which
he
thought
to
be
equal
to
the
Public
Faith
.
Such
was
the
high
Reputation
of
Crassus
at
that
time
.
33.
Upon
that
,
Jugurth
contrary
to
the
Grandeur
and
Majesty
of
a
Prince
,
comes
to
Rome
in
pitiful
and
sordid
Habit
:
And
though
he
were
endu'd
with
a
vast
Courage
and
Confidence
above
measure
,
being
confirm'd
by
all
whose
Power
or
Impiety
had
encourag'd
him
to
act
what
he
had
done
,
however
he
made
sure
of
M.
Bebius
Tribune
of
the
People
,
to
the
end
that
by
his
Impudence
he
might
be
safe
from
all
dangers
of
Popular
violence
.
But
Memmius
,
summoning
an
Assembly
of
the
People
together
,
though
the
Commonalty
were
hainously
incens'd
against
the
King
,
and
some
commanded
him
to
be
laid
in
Irons
;
and
others
,
unless
he
reveal'd
his
Confederates
,
threaten'd
him
with
Capital
Punishment
,
according
to
the
Custom
of
their
Ancestors
;
yet
consulting
more
their
Honour
,
then
to
gratify
their
Fury
,
he
made
it
his
business
to
qualify
their
Heats
,
to
appease
their
Indignation
;
and
lastly
to
convince
'em
that
the
Public
Faith
was
to
be
observ'd
.
Then
silence
following
and
Jugurth
being
produc'd
,
Memmius
made
a
Speech
,
wherein
he
rips
up
all
his
Misdemeanors
both
at
Rome
,
and
in
Numidia
,
lays
open
his
Crimes
committed
against
his
Father
and
his
Brothers
;
telling
him
withal
,
That
altho
the
People
of
Rome
,
were
well
inform'd
already
who
were
his
Agents
and
Assistants
,
yet
they
were
desirous
of
farther
proof
,
and
discovery
from
himself
;
that
if
he
confess'd
the
Truth
,
he
had
great
Encouragement
to
rely
upon
the
Clemency
and
Faith
of
the
Roman
People
;
but
that
if
he
would
not
be
ingenuous
,
he
would
do
his
Confederates
no
kindness
,
but
would
certainly
ruin
himself
and
all
his
Hopes
.
34.
When
Memmius
had
made
an
end
,
and
that
Jugurth
was
commanded
to
answer
,
C.
Bebius
the
Tribune
,
whom
Jugurth
had
largely
Brib'd
,
as
we
told
ye
before
,
commands
the
King
to
hold
his
Tongue
;
and
although
the
Multitude
who
were
present
at
the
Assembly
,
being
highly
incens'd
,
threaten'd
the
Tribune
not
only
with
their
Looks
and
hideous
Clamors
,
but
with
all
those
other
acts
of
Violence
that
Anger
makes
use
of
;
yet
nothing
could
deter
his
Impudence
,
so
that
the
People
brake
up
their
Assembly
contemn'd
and
scorn'd
:
on
the
other
side
,
Jugurth
,
Bestia
and
the
rest
,
whom
that
same
Examination
strangely
disorder'd
,
resum'd
fresh
hopes
,
much
more
enliven'd
then
they
were
before
.
35.
There
was
at
that
time
at
Rome
a
certain
Numidian
,
by
name
Massiva
,
the
Son
of
Gulussa
,
and
Grand-child
to
Massinissa
,
who
because
he
was
an
Enemy
to
Jugurth
,
when
the
three
Kings
were
at
variance
,
upon
the
Surrender
of
Cirta
,
and
murder
of
Adherbal
,
fled
out
of
Africa
.
This
Man
was
perswaded
by
Sp.
Albinus
,
who
was
Consul
the
next
year
after
Bestia
,
with
Quintus
Minucius
Rufus
,
in
regard
he
was
Descended
in
a
direct
Line
from
Massinissa
,
to
lay
claim
in
the
Senate
to
the
Kingdom
of
Numidia
,
while
Jugurth's
fears
and
the
abomination
of
his
Crimes
lay
heavy
upon
him
.
The
Consul
,
thirsting
after
War
,
was
clearly
for
creating
any
disturbance
rather
then
lie
idle
.
More
especially
because
Numidia
was
fall'n
to
his
Lot
,
as
Macedonia
to
that
of
Minucius
.
So
that
when
Massiva
began
to
bestir
himself
,
and
Jugurth
found
he
was
not
safe
enough
in
the
Protection
of
his
Friends
,
for
that
in
some
their
Guilt
of
Conscience
;
in
others
their
lost
Reputation
and
Apprehensions
of
Mind
had
extinguish'd
the
heat
of
their
Solicitations
,
he
orders
Bomilcar
,
his
near
Kinsman
,
and
his
intimate
and
trusty
Agent
,
with
a
round
sum
of
Money
,
the
main
Instrument
with
which
he
had
brought
to
pass
all
his
mischievous
Designs
,
to
procure
certain
Russians
to
watch
Massiva
,
and
hurry
him
out
of
the
City
,
with
all
the
privacy
they
could
;
or
if
that
Plot
fail'd
,
to
murder
him
out-right
.
Bomilcar
swiftly
puts
in
Execution
the
Kings
commands
,
and
by
fellows
that
understood
their
Trade
,
observes
his
walks
,
his
goings
out
,
and
commings
in
,
his
haunts
,
and
seasons
of
being
abroad
;
and
then
,
when
every
thing
was
fix'd
,
he
lies
perdue
.
At
what
time
,
one
of
those
that
were
hir'd
for
the
Murder
,
somewhat
over
hastily
setting
upon
Massiva
,
struck
off
his
Head
:
so
that
being
apprehended
,
at
the
perswasions
of
many
,
and
chiefly
of
Albinus
the
Consul
himself
,
he
makes
a
Confession
;
upon
which
Bomilcar
,
who
accompany'd
Jugurth
to
Rome
,
upon
the
Public
Faith
,
is
adjudg'd
Guilty
,
rather
by
the
Law
of
Nature
then
of
Nations
,
by
which
he
seem'd
to
be
exempted
from
Punishment
.
But
as
for
Jugurth
,
though
no
man
were
so
well
acquainted
with
the
Fact
as
himself
;
yet
would
he
never
give
over
labouring
against
the
certainty
of
Truth
,
until
he
found
that
the
Abhorrency
of
the
Fact
had
got
the
upper
hand
of
Favour
and
his
Gold
.
Therefore
though
upon
the
former
Information
,
he
had
given
in
Fifty
of
his
friends
as
Sureties
for
Bomilcar
's
forth-coming
,
however
being
more
mindful
to
secure
his
Kingdom
,
then
careful
to
discharge
his
Bail
with
honour
,
he
privately
sent
away
Bomilcar
into
Numidia
,
afraid
least
Popular
fears
might
shake
the
Loyalty
of
the
rest
,
if
once
they
heard
that
he
were
put
to
death
:
and
he
himself
within
a
few
days
after
follow'd
,
being
commanded
by
the
Senate
to
depart
Italy
.
Of
whom
it
is
reported
that
as
he
was
upon
the
Road
still
in
view
of
the
Walls
,
he
frequently
turn'd
his
head
not
saying
a
word
,
till
at
length
,
casting
a
wistful
look
upon
the
City
,
he
brake
forth
into
this
Exclamation
;
Adieu
fair
City
to
be
sold
,
and
ripe
for
ruin
,
could
it
find
a
Chapman
.
36.
In
the
mean
time
Albinus
,
the
War
being
thus
renew'd
,
sends
away
Provisions
,
Money
and
other
necessaries
for
the
Souldiers
,
into
Africa
,
and
swiftly
also
follows
in
Person
,
that
before
the
Election
of
new
Magistrates
which
grew
on
apace
,
he
might
conclude
the
War
,
either
by
force
of
Arms
,
upon
Composition
,
or
by
any
other
means
.
On
the
other
side
,
Jugurth
spun
out
the
time
,
to
the
utmost
of
his
power
,
pretending
sometimes
one
,
sometimes
another
Excuse
for
his
delay
,
promis'd
Surrender
,
and
then
dissembl'd
his
fears
;
sometimes
he
retires
,
and
by
and
by
,
for
fear
of
discouraging
his
own
Men
,
he
makes
a
stand
:
thus
lingring
out
the
War
,
and
sometimes
with
proposals
of
Peace
he
eluded
and
baffl'd
the
Consul
.
And
some
there
were
who
thought
Albinus
was
not
unacquainted
with
the
Kings
designs
,
for
considering
the
Hast
he
made
at
first
,
they
could
not
believe
but
that
the
War
was
rather
prolong'd
through
the
Remissness
of
the
Consul
,
then
Policy
of
the
Enemy
.
But
the
season
being
spent
in
vain
;
and
the
day
of
Elections
at
hand
,
Albinus
,
leaving
his
Brother
Aulus
Propretor
in
the
Camp
,
departed
for
Rome
.
37.
At
that
time
was
Rome
most
terribly
harrass'd
by
the
Mutinies
and
Contentions
of
the
Tribunes
,
P.
Lucullus
,
and
L.
Annius
,
Tribunes
of
the
People
,
who
notwithstanding
the
Opposition
of
their
Collegues
,
obstinatly
endeavour'd
to
continue
in
the
Magistracy
.
Which
contention
Prorogu'd
the
Elections
for
a
whole
Year
.
Upon
which
delay
,
Aulus
,
who
was
left
Propretor
in
the
Camp
(
as
we
have
already
declar'd
,
)
building
fair
hopes
,
either
of
putting
an
end
to
the
War
,
or
by
the
terror
of
his
Army
to
extort
some
considerable
sum
of
Money
from
the
King
,
in
the
Month
of
January
,
draws
his
Army
out
of
their
Winter
Quarters
into
the
Field
;
and
with
long
Marches
in
a
sharp
Season
,
presents
himself
before
the
Walls
of
Suthul
,
where
the
Kings
Treasure
lay
.
Which
although
,
in
regard
of
the
hardness
of
the
weather
,
and
the
Situation
of
the
place
,
it
could
neither
be
taken
nor
besieg'd
;
for
that
a
Boggy
Plain
,
by
reason
of
the
Winter
showers
,
now
become
a
spacious
Marish
,
surrounded
the
Walls
,
that
were
built
upon
the
Point
of
a
Craggy
Rock
;
yet
either
in
a
Bravado
,
to
terrify
the
King
;
or
blinded
with
eager
hopes
of
gaining
the
Treasures
of
the
Town
,
set
up
his
Vines
,
open'd
his
Trenches
,
and
in
a
word
,
omitted
nothing
that
might
further
his
design
.
38.
On
the
other
side
Jugurth
,
perceiving
the
vanity
of
the
Legate
,
&
his
want
of
Military
experience
,
craftily
to
heighten
his
Madness
,
sent
Messengers
to
him
,
with
offers
of
submission
,
while
he
himself
as
it
were
to
avoid
his
fury
,
leads
his
Army
through
the
Woods
and
Places
of
most
difficult
access
.
Lastly
upon
hopes
of
Agreement
he
had
so
charm'd
Aulus
,
as
to
make
him
raise
his
Siege
and
follow
him
still
feigning
flight
,
into
Countries
with
which
he
was
not
in
the
least
acquainted
;
that
so
his
oversights
might
be
less
subject
to
disclosure
.
In
the
mean
time
he
employ'd
most
active
and
cunning
Gamesters
,
Day
and
Night
to
sound
the
Army
;
and
to
Bribe
the
Centurions
,
and
Captains
of
Horse
,
either
to
revolt
,
or
upon
Signal
given
to
desert
their
Stations
;
which
when
he
had
accomplish'd
according
to
his
desire
,
of
a
suddain
in
a
Tempestuous
night
,
he
surrounds
Aulus's
Camp
with
a
vast
multitude
of
Numidians
.
The
Roman
Souldiers
,
amaz'd
at
such
an
unusual
Alarum
,
some
stood
to
their
Arms
;
some
ran
to
hide
themselves
;
others
heartned
up
the
Timerous
;
some
stood
quivering
;
while
the
Enemy
thunder'd
in
upon
'em
on
all
sides
.
The
Sky
all
over-cast
with
Clouds
and
darkness
;
the
danger
doubtful
;
nor
could
the
most
daring
well
resolve
which
was
the
safest
course
,
whether
to
fight
or
fly
.
In
this
hurry
,
among
those
whom
the
Kings
Gold
had
poyson'd
,
the
Ligurian
Cohort
,
with
two
Troops
of
Thracians
,
and
some
few
Common
Souldiers
revolted
to
the
King
;
and
the
[
*
](A60419-e13040-b)
*
He
was
the
chief
of
all
the
Centurions
of
the
Legion
,
and
had
the
guard
of
the
Eagle
:
as
being
the
Captain
of
the
Triarij
,
one
of
whose
weapons
was
a
dart
,
in
Latine
call'd
Pilum
.
Primipile
Centurion
of
the
third
Legion
gave
admittance
to
the
Enemy
at
that
Quarter
,
which
he
had
undertaken
to
defend
:
and
there
all
the
Numidians
pour'd
in
like
a
Torrent
.
Shameful
was
the
flight
of
our
men
,
of
which
the
greatest
part
possessed
themselves
of
the
next
Hill
,
leaving
their
Arms
behind
'em
.
Night
,
and
the
eagerness
after
Plunder
prevented
the
Enemy
from
making
that
advantage
of
their
Victory
they
might
have
done
.
The
next
day
Jugurth
entring
into
a
personal
Parley
with
Aulus
,
told
him
,
that
tho'
he
had
him
safe
with
all
his
Army
Surrounded
with
Famin
and
the
Sword
,
yet
considering
the
Inconstancy
of
humane
Affairs
,
he
was
content
upon
condition
of
a
League
and
Peace
by
him
Confirm'd
,
and
that
they
should
depart
Numidia
within
ten
days
to
save
their
Lives
,
first
passing
under
the
[
*
](A60419-e13120-b)
*
The
Yoke
was
two
Spears
fixed
in
the
Ground
,
and
a
third
fastened
overthwart
from
one
to
the
other
,
like
a
Gallows
,
under
which
the
Soldiers
were
to
go
one
after
another
,
and
was
the
greatest
Ignominy
that
a
vanquish'd
Enemy
could
undergo
.
Yoke
.
Which
Conditions
tho'
greivous
and
highly
dishonourable
,
yet
because
the
Souldiers
totter'd
under
the
Fears
of
Death
,
were
accepted
,
and
a
peace
concluded
amply
to
the
King's
desire
.
39.
But
when
this
Fatal
News
arriv'd
at
Rome
,
Fear
and
Mourning
invaded
all
the
City
;
part
bewail'd
the
Honour
of
the
Empire
;
others
not
accustom'd
to
the
various
Events
of
War
,
trembled
for
the
mistrusted
loss
of
their
Liberty
.
But
all
were
offended
at
Aulus
,
especially
they
who
had
been
often
Famous
in
the
Wars
,
for
that
he
,
having
stifl
his
Arms
in
his
hands
,
had
sought
to
save
his
Life
,
rather
with
dishonour
,
then
by
Dint
of
Sword
.
Therefore
Albinus
fearing
least
the
Miscarriage
of
his
Brother
might
procure
him
Hatred
,
and
Danger
in
the
next
Place
,
consulted
the
Senate
concerning
the
Validity
of
the
League
.
In
the
mean
time
new
Recruites
were
listed
to
reinforce
the
Army
;
and
aid
was
sent
for
from
their
Associates
and
the
Latines
;
and
this
with
all
the
Expedition
imaginable
.
Moreover
the
Senate
,
as
it
was
but
reasonable
,
pass
a
Decree
,
that
no
League
could
be
valid
but
by
their
Command
and
the
Consent
of
the
People
.
The
Consul
,
tho'
forbid
by
the
Tribunes
to
transport
his
new
Levies
,
in
a
few
days
,
arrives
in
Africa
.
For
all
the
shatter'd
Army
having
quitted
Numidia
,
by
agreement
winter'd
in
the
Province
.
When
he
came
thither
,
tho
he
burn'd
with
an
eager
desire
,
to
prosecute
Jugurth
,
and
revenge
his
Brother's
Disgrace
,
yet
understanding
that
the
Souldiers
,
besides
the
discouragement
of
their
Flight
,
were
debauch'd
by
dissolute
Licentiousness
,
arising
from
superfluous
Plenty
,
and
want
of
good
Government
,
he
determined
to
lie
still
that
Year
.
40.
In
the
mean
while
,
at
Rome
,
C.
Mamilius
Limitanus
,
Tribune
of
the
People
,
publishes
an
Edict
of
the
Commons
,
for
calling
to
a
strict
account
all
those
Persons
who
had
countenanc'd
Jugurth
to
contemn
the
Decrees
of
the
Senate
;
also
such
as
in
their
Embassies
or
Generalships
had
been
corrupted
by
his
Bribes
;
such
as
had
deliver'd
back
either
Elephants
or
Fugitives
;
and
lastly
all
that
had
capitulated
with
the
Enemy
,
either
of
War
or
Peace
,
without
Warrant
.
Against
this
Edict
,
some
conscious
to
themselves
,
others
mistrusting
danger
from
the
Odium
they
had
drawn
upon
themselves
,
because
they
durst
not
openly
make
opposition
,
they
pretended
to
be
well
pleas'd
,
both
with
this
,
and
all
other
Edicts
of
that
Nature
.
But
underhand
by
their
Friends
,
especially
the
Latins
and
Italians
,
they
endeavour'd
to
give
it
all
the
obstruction
they
could
.
On
the
other
side
,
the
Commons
,
it
is
incredible
to
think
how
earnest
and
intent
they
were
,
with
what
noise
and
clamour
they
Commanded
,
decreed
and
urg'd
the
Execution
of
their
Edict
;
more
out
of
an
Antipathy
against
the
Nobility
,
against
whom
those
Mischiefs
were
contriv'd
,
then
out
of
any
true
Zeal
for
the
publick
good
.
So
violent
was
the
Rage
of
both
Parties
.
Therefore
while
the
rest
were
struck
with
fear
and
dread
,
M.
Sc●urus
,
who
was
Bestia's
Confederate
,
as
we
have
already
related
,
between
the
Insultings
of
the
People
,
and
the
Frights
of
the
Nobility
,
the
whole
City
at
the
same
time
being
under
a
strange
Consternation
,
finding
there
were
three
Commissioners
intended
to
be
ordain'd
for
Execution
of
the
Inquisition
,
so
ordered
it
that
he
got
himself
to
be
one
of
the
Number
.
Besides
,
the
Inquisition
was
urged
with
that
violence
and
exasperated
malice
accompany'd
with
clamour
and
rude
Licentiousness
,
that
whatsoever
severities
the
Senate
had
exercis'd
in
former
times
upon
the
People
,
they
were
now
in
their
prosperity
,
no
less
insolent
in
their
revenge
.
41.
This
custom
of
Bandying
Parties
among
the
People
,
of
Senate-Factions
,
and
all
other
wicked
and
corrupt
Practices
deriv'd
its
Original
in
Rome
,
from
Idle
,
ness
and
Superfluity
of
those
things
which
Mortals
deem
their
chiefest
Felicities
.
For
before
the
destruction
of
Carthage
,
the
People
and
Senate
of
Rome
manag'd
the
Public
Affairs
with
Unity
and
Moderation
:
no
contentions
for
Honour
and
Superiority
among
Fellow-Citizens
:
Hostile
Fears
retain'd
the
City
within
the
bounds
of
Just
and
Honest
.
But
when
those
Fears
were
once
remov'd
,
immediately
Wantonness
and
Pride
,
the
bad
Effects
of
Prosperity
,
took
place
.
So
that
what
they
wish'd
for
in
their
mean
Condition
,
after
once
they
came
to
enjoy
Tranquility
and
Ease
,
was
a
Burden
and
Disturbance
of
their
Quiet
.
For
then
the
Nobility
began
to
turn
their
Superiority
into
domineering
Pride
,
the
People
their
Liberty
into
Petulancy
:
Usurpation
,
Rapine
,
tearing
this
way
,
rending
that
way
,
and
every
one
for
himself
,
was
then
the
public
Mode
.
So
that
the
whole
being
rent
into
two
Factions
,
that
which
lay
in
the
middle
was
sure
to
be
torn
in
pieces
.
But
the
united
Faction
of
the
Nobility
was
most
prevalent
,
the
Strength
of
the
Commons
disjoynted
,
and
scatter'd
into
Multitude
,
could
do
little
:
And
thus
the
Commonwealth
,
as
well
in
times
of
Peace
,
as
War
,
was
manag'd
at
the
Pleasure
of
a
Few
.
The
Public
Chequer
,
the
Provinces
,
all
Offices
,
Honours
and
Triumphs
were
at
their
disposal
;
the
People
were
kept
under
by
Poverty
and
Military
Duties
.
The
Generals
with
a
few
shar'd
all
the
Spoils
and
Booty
taken
in
War
.
All
this
while
the
Parents
and
Children
of
the
Souldiers
,
as
every
one
lay
nearest
Neighbour
to
the
Potent
Nobleman
,
were
thrust
out
from
their
Habitations
.
Thus
Avarice
in
League
with
Power
,
invaded
,
polluted
,
and
made
prize
of
all
things
,
regarding
neither
Measure
nor
Moderation
,
trampling
Morality
,
spurning
Sanctity
under
their
feet
,
till
it
threw
it self
headlong
into
Ruine
.
For
so
soon
as
there
were
found
among
the
Nobility
some
that
preferr'd
true
Honour
before
usurp'd
Dominion
,
then
the
City
began
to
be
all
in
Combustion
,
and
Civil
War
,
like
a
Confusion
of
Heaven
and
Earth
,
began
to
break
forth
.
42.
Thus
,
after
Tib.
and
C.
Gracchus
,
whose
Ancestors
,
both
in
the
Punic
and
in
other
Wars
,
had
much
advanc'd
the
Honour
of
the
Common-wealth
,
began
to
vindicate
the
Liberty
,
and
disclose
the
wicked
Miscarriages
of
a
few
;
the
Nobility
,
guilty
,
and
struck
with
Terror
of
Punishment
,
sometimes
by
the
assistance
of
their
Allies
and
the
Italians
,
sometimes
of
the
Roman
Knights
,
whom
Hopes
of
being
admitted
into
equal
Society
,
had
drawn
off
from
the
Commons
,
oppos'd
the
Proceedings
of
the
Gracchi
;
and
first
they
slew
Tiberius
;
then
in
a
few
years
after
,
Caius
,
together
with
M.
Fulvius
Flaccus
,
treading
the
same
steps
;
the
one
a
Tribune
of
the
People
;
the
other
a
Triumvir
for
the
Transportation
of
Colonies
.
Tho'
,
to
speak
Truth
,
the
Gracchi
were
too
immoderate
and
vehement
in
the
pursuit
of
Victory
.
Since
it
is
the
wiser
way
to
yield
in
a
good
Cause
,
then
illegally
to
revenge
an
Injury
.
Therefore
the
Nobility
,
prosecuting
that
Victory
,
as
they
pleas'd
themselves
,
what
by
the
Sword
,
and
what
by
Exilement
,
destroy'd
a
great
number
of
People
:
procuring
for
the
future
more
of
Terror
,
the
Power
to
themselves
.
A
sort
of
rigorous
Policy
that
many
times
becomes
the
Ruine
of
great
Cities
,
while
the
Citizens
strive
to
vanquish
one
another
,
they
care
not
how
,
and
prosecute
their
Revenge
to
the
utmost
extremity
upon
the
Vanquish'd
.
But
should
I
go
about
to
discourse
particularly
of
the
Heats
and
Animosities
of
the
Factions
,
and
all
the
Encroachments
of
bad
Customs
into
the
City
,
Time
would
sooner
fail
me
then
Matter
;
And
therefore
I
return
to
the
Business
in
hand
.
43.
After
the
Peace
agreed
by
Aulus
,
and
the
ignominious
Flight
of
our
Army
,
Metellus
and
Silanus
being
design'd
Consuls
,
shar'd
the
Provinces
among
themselves
;
by
which
means
Numidia
fell
to
Metellus
,
a
man
altogether
for
Action
,
and
though
an
Enemy
to
Popular
Factions
,
yet
of
an
untainted
and
unviolable
Reputation
,
and
so
acknowledg'd
by
both
Parties
.
At
his
first
entrance
into
his
Office
,
after
he
had
setl'd
all
Affairs
wherein
his
Colleague
and
he
were
equally
concern'd
,
he
wholly
bent
his
Mind
upon
the
War
which
he
was
to
undertake
.
To
that
purpose
,
not
daring
to
confide
in
the
Old
Army
,
he
listed
New
Souldiers
,
sends
for
Auxiliaries
from
all
parts
,
makes
provision
of
Armor
,
Weapons
,
and
all
other
Instruments
of
War
;
stores
himself
with
all
manner
of
Provisions
,
and
all
things
requisite
in
a
dubious
Contest
,
often
subject
to
the
want
of
fresh
Supplies
.
Toward
all
which
great
and
vigorous
Preparations
,
the
Allies
,
the
Italians
,
and
Foreign
Princes
,
nay
the
whole
City
it self
largely
contributed
,
even
to
emulation
,
both
Forces
and
Money
.
So
that
all
things
being
now
in
a
readiness
,
to
his
own
content
,
he
puts
to
Sea
for
Numidia
,
filling
the
City
full
of
fair
Hopes
,
knowing
him
to
be
a
Person
of
great
Vertue
,
and
more
especially
bearing
a
Mind
impregnable
to
the
Assaults
of
Gold
:
Which
they
lookt
upon
then
as
a
great
Matter
,
considering
,
how
before
that
time
,
through
the
Covetousness
of
our
Governors
in
Numidia
,
our
Forces
had
been
foyl'd
and
weaken'd
,
and
the
Strength
of
the
Enemy
augmented
.
44.
When
he
arriv'd
in
Africa
,
the
Army
was
resign'd
to
his
Command
by
Spuricus
Albinus
the
Pro-Consul
;
debauch'd
and
out
of
heart
,
neither
daring
to
look
Danger
in
the
Face
,
nor
endure
Labour
;
prompter
of
their
Tongues
then
Hands
;
preying
upon
their
Friends
,
but
a
Prey
to
the
Enemy
;
under
no
Command
or
Discipline
.
So
that
the
new
General
was
more
troubl'd
to
reform
their
corrupted
Manners
,
then
any
way
encourag'd
to
expect
Assistance
or
Service
from
their
licentious
Numbers
.
Metellus
therefore
determines
,
though
the
proroguing
the
former
Summer-Elections
,
had
shorten'd
his
Time
,
and
that
he
knew
the
Eyes
of
his
Fellow-Citizens
were
all
upon
him
,
not
to
meddle
with
the
War
,
till
he
had
first
enur'd
his
Souldiers
to
Labour
and
Hardship
,
according
to
the
Discipline
of
their
Ancestors
.
For
Albinus
being
terrify'd
with
his
Brother's
Disaster
,
and
the
Overthrow
of
the
Army
,
after
he
had
resolv'd
not
to
stir
out
of
the
Province
,
during
so
much
of
the
Summer-Season
as
he
commanded
the
Army
,
kept
his
Souldiers
in
standing
Camps
,
and
never
dislodg'd
,
but
when
Stench
or
Want
of
Forage
compell'd
him
to
remove
.
And
then
also
,
neither
were
the
Watches
observ'd
,
and
Sentinels
plac'd
according
to
the
Custom
of
Military
Discipline
.
But
every
one
at
random
left
his
Colours
,
and
wander'd
where
he
pleas'd
;
the
Sutlers
and
Camp-Boys
intermix'd
with
the
Souldiers
,
roam'd
about
the
Country
day
and
night
,
laying
waste
the
Fields
,
pillaging
the
Villages
,
driving
off
great
Booties
of
Pris'ners
and
Cattel
,
which
they
exchang'd
with
the
Merchants
for
Wine
and
other
Commodities
.
Moreover
,
their
public
Allowances
of
Corn
they
sold
,
and
bought
their
Bread
every
day
as
they
us'd
it
.
Lastly
,
whatever
Scandals
of
Sloth
and
Luxury
could
ever
be
utter'd
or
devis'd
,
were
all
to
be
really
found
in
this
our
Army
,
and
more
if
possible
.
45.
In
the
midst
of
these
Difficulties
I
find
Metellus
to
be
a
Person
no
less
prudent
and
politic
,
then
expert
in
Affairs
of
War
;
such
was
his
Temperance
and
Moderation
,
between
an
eager
desire
of
Reformation
and
Severity
.
For
by
his
first
Edict
,
he
prohibits
all
the
Incentives
and
Pandarisms
to
Idleness
;
That
no
man
within
the
Camp
should
sell
any
Bread
or
Flesh
ready
drest
;
That
no
Sutlers
or
Camp-Boys
should
follow
the
Army
;
and
That
no
Common
Souldier
should
presume
to
keep
either
in
the
Camp
or
upon
a
March
,
any
Slave
,
or
Beast
of
Carriage
:
what
else
remain'd
,
he
limitted
according
to
the
Rules
of
Discretion
.
Moreover
,
he
often
dislodg'd
his
Camp
,
marching
sometimes
one
way
,
sometimes
another
,
and
(
as
if
the
Enemy
had
been
at
hand
)
still
fortify'd
himself
with
Trenches
and
Breast-works
.
He
frequently
reliev'd
the
Watches
,
and
often
went
the
Rounds
himself
with
the
Legates
.
And
when
he
was
upon
a
March
,
sometimes
he
would
be
in
the
Front
,
sometimes
in
the
Rear
,
and
often
in
the
middle
,
to
prevent
the
stragling
of
the
Souldiers
from
their
Colours
:
and
when
they
march'd
in
a
full
Body
,
they
were
order'd
to
carry
their
Provision
,
as
well
as
their
Arms
:
and
by
prohibiting
,
rather
then
by
punishing
Miscarriages
,
he
reduc'd
the
Army
to
perfect
Discipline
.
46.
In
the
mean
while
Jugurth
,
when
he
heard
by
his
Spies
,
the
Courses
which
Metellus
took
,
as
also
being
ascertain'd
from
Rome
of
his
Integrity
,
he
began
to
mistrust
the
Issue
of
his
Affairs
,
and
then
at
length
began
to
think
of
making
a
real
Composition
.
To
which
purpose
he
sent
his
Agents
to
the
Consul
,
with
Offers
of
Surrender
,
and
full
Commission
to
desire
only
his
own
and
his
Childrens
Lives
,
but
refer
all
other
things
to
the
good
will
and
pleasure
of
the
Roman
People
.
But
Metellus
was
not
ignorant
by
former
experience
,
that
the
Numidians
were
a
perfidious
Nation
,
inconstant
in
their
Humor
,
and
always
inclin'd
to
Novelty
.
And
therefore
discoursing
the
Agents
every
one
apart
by
themselves
,
and
sounding
'em
by
degrees
,
when
he
found
'em
sincerely
pliable
,
he
perswades
'em
with
large
Promises
to
deliver
up
Jugurth
into
his
hands
alive
,
if
possible
,
or
slain
,
if
otherwise
it
could
not
be
accomplish'd
;
but
what
farther
Message
they
had
to
carry
to
the
King
,
he
openly
informs
'em
at
a
Public
Audience
.
After
this
,
he
enters
Numidia
with
a
well
resolv'd
and
powerful
Army
;
where
contrary
to
the
count'nance
of
War
,
the
Houses
were
full
of
People
,
and
the
Fields
of
Cattel
and
Husbandmen
.
Then
out
of
the
several
Towns
and
Villages
the
King's
Officers
came
forth
to
meet
and
congratulate
the
Consul
,
professing
themselves
ready
to
furnish
him
with
Corn
and
Carriages
for
his
Provision
,
and
in
a
word
,
to
do
whatever
he
commanded
.
But
notwithstanding
these
fair
shews
,
Metellus
was
never
a
jot
the
less
circumspect
,
marching
in
the
same
order
and
wariness
,
as
if
the
Enemy
had
been
at
hand
,
sent
his
Scouts
and
Forlorns
every
way
round
about
;
believing
all
pretences
of
Surrender
to
be
only
Wiles
and
Stratagems
to
draw
him
into
Mischief
.
And
therefore
he
march'd
himself
at
the
Head
of
his
Army
with
some
of
the
nimblest
Cohorts
,
and
a
select
Band
of
Archers
and
Slingers
.
The
Reer
C.
Marius
,
his
Legate
,
brought
up
with
his
Horse
:
and
upon
each
Wing
he
had
divided
the
Auxiliary
Horse
at
the
Command
of
the
Tribunes
of
the
Legions
,
and
Captains
of
the
Cohorts
;
to
the
end
that
the
light
Armed
Foot
and
the
Horse
being
thus
intermixt
,
they
might
be
able
to
withstand
the
Enemies
Cavalry
,
which
way
soever
they
make
an
Impression
.
For
Jugurth
was
so
politic
,
so
well
acquainted
with
the
Situation
of
the
Country
,
and
the
Art
of
War
,
that
whether
he
were
more
dangerous
absent
or
present
,
treating
Peace
,
or
actually
in
War
,
was
hard
to
be
resolv'd
.
47.
There
stood
not
far
from
the
Road
which
Metellus
took
in
his
march
,
a
Town
belonging
to
the
Numidians
,
which
was
call'd
[
*
](A60419-e13860-b)
*
Whatever
it
were
,
there
is
now
no
footsteps
of
it
remaining
.
Vacca
,
the
most
famous
for
Trade
of
any
in
the
Kingdom
;
and
greatly
frequented
by
the
Italian
Merchants
.
Here
the
Consul
,
as
well
for
a
Trial
whether
they
would
obey
or
no
,
as
also
considering
the
Advantages
of
the
Situation
,
places
a
Garrison
.
Moreover
he
commanded
the
Inhabitants
to
furnish
him
with
a
Quantity
of
Corn
and
other
Necessaries
useful
in
War
;
believing
,
as
it
was
most
rational
to
think
,
That
the
great
Concourse
of
Merchants
,
and
plenty
of
Provision
would
be
a
great
Assistance
to
his
Army
:
besides
that
the
Place
lay
convenient
for
a
Magazine
of
necessary
Preparations
for
the
future
.
In
the
midst
of
these
Transactions
Jugurth
sends
again
submissive
Messengers
,
and
much
more
earnestly
then
before
sues
for
Peace
,
with
Offers
to
Metellus
,
to
surrender
all
things
to
his
Mercy
but
his
own
and
the
Lives
of
his
Children
;
whom
the
Consul
,
as
he
did
the
former
,
sent
back
again
with
Temptations
to
betray
their
Master
;
but
as
to
the
Peace
which
the
King
desir'd
,
he
neither
gave
any
positive
Grant
or
Refusal
;
delaying
on
purpose
,
in
expectation
of
the
Agents
Promises
.
48.
But
Jugurth
,
when
he
compar'd
the
Words
and
Deeds
of
Metellus
together
,
and
found
himself
match'd
at
his
own
Weapons
of
Delay
and
Dissimulation
,
while
Peace
was
dissembl'd
in
Words
,
but
actually
a
sharp
and
vigorous
War
in
the
Bowels
of
his
Kingdom
;
one
of
his
chiefest
Cities
in
the
Enemies
Hands
,
the
Country
discover'd
,
and
the
People
staggering
in
their
Allegiance
,
constrain'd
by
the
Necessity
of
his
Affairs
,
he
resolves
to
fight
it
out
.
And
therefore
by
his
Spies
having
throughly
discover'd
and
observ'd
the
March
of
the
Enemy
,
conceiving
great
hopes
of
Victory
from
the
Opportunity
of
the
Place
,
he
raises
all
the
Force
he
could
make
of
all
sorts
of
People
,
and
so
by
private
ways
,
and
shorter
Cuts
,
he
gets
before
Metellus's
Army
.
There
was
in
that
part
of
Numidia
,
which
upon
the
Division
of
the
Kingdom
,
fell
to
Adherbal's
share
,
a
River
rising
Southward
,
which
was
call'd
Muthul
,
from
whence
,
at
the
distance
of
about
a
Thousand
and
Twenty
Paces
,
a
great
Mountain
shew'd
it self
,
wild
by
Nature
,
and
altogether
untill'd
and
uninhabited
:
from
the
middle
of
which
,
there
grew
as
it
were
another
Hill
to
a
very
great
height
,
cover'd
over
with
wild
Olives
,
Mirtles
,
and
such
other
sorts
of
Trees
as
delight
in
barren
and
sandy
Grounds
.
All
the
surrounding
Plain
for
want
of
Water
,
lay
desart
;
only
those
parts
that
border'd
upon
the
Stream
,
which
were
thick
set
with
Bushes
and
Hedges
,
full
of
Cattel
and
Husbandmen
.
Upon
this
Hill
,
which
ran
cross
the
High-way
,
as
we
have
said
,
it
was
,
that
Jugurth
drew
up
the
Vanguard
of
his
Army
thinly
Marshall'd
,
giving
Bomilcar
the
Charge
of
his
Elephants
,
and
some
part
of
his
Forces
,
with
full
Instructions
what
to
do
.
He
himself
with
his
Cavalry
,
and
some
selected
Battalions
of
Foot
,
plants
himself
nearer
the
Mountain
;
then
riding
from
Troop
to
Troop
,
and
Rank
to
Rank
,
he
exhorts
,
encourages
,
and
conjures
them
not
to
forget
their
pristine
Valour
and
victorious
Conquests
,
but
bravely
to
defend
themselves
and
his
Kingdom
from
the
Avarice
of
the
Romans
:
That
they
were
to
deal
with
only
such
as
they
had
forc'd
to
pass
the
Yoke
already
:
That
their
Captain
only
,
not
their
Courage
was
chang'd
:
That
his
Care
and
Foresight
had
prevail'd
against
all
Accidents
,
as
became
an
expert
Leader
:
That
he
had
taken
the
upper
Ground
,
and
intermix'd
'em
so
,
Veteranes
with
the
raw
and
undisciplin'd
,
to
the
end
that
they
might
not
be
afraid
to
grapple
a
few
in
number
with
many
,
or
less
expert
,
with
their
Superiors
in
War
:
therefore
that
they
should
be
all
in
a
readiness
,
and
forward
to
assail
the
Romans
upon
the
Signal
given
:
That
this
was
the
Day
which
would
either
prove
the
end
of
all
their
Toyls
by
glorious
Conquest
,
or
the
beginning
of
unavoydable
Calamities
.
Then
culling
out
by
Name
every
particular
Person
,
that
for
their
Martial
Deeds
he
had
either
enrich'd
with
Gold
,
or
advanc'd
to
Military
Honours
,
he
admonishes
'em
to
be
mindful
of
his
Favours
,
and
bids
'em
encourage
others
with
the
same
Expectancies
.
Lastly
,
as
if
he
understood
the
particular
Genius
of
those
he
spoke
to
,
some
he
promises
,
others
he
threatens
,
but
emboldens
and
encourages
all
by
all
the
ways
imaginable
.
All
this
while
Metellus
,
ignorant
of
the
Enemies
Approach
,
is
discover'd
marching
with
his
Army
down
the
Hill
.
Who
suddenly
descrying
an
unusual
sight
,
began
to
consider
;
for
the
Numidians
kept
themselves
and
their
Horses
snug
within
the
Trees
and
Bushes
,
which
nevertheless
were
not
so
high
as
to
shelter
'em
sufficiently
from
being
seen
;
and
yet
the
nature
of
the
Place
was
such
,
that
they
could
not
fully
be
discover'd
,
besides
that
they
had
cunningly
hid
all
their
Military
Ensigns
.
But
in
a
short
time
the
Truth
being
fully
found
out
,
and
the
General
made
a
steady
halt
,
Then
hastning
to
embattel
his
Army
,
he
chang'd
the
Order
of
his
March
,
and
in
the
right
Wing
which
was
next
the
Enemy
,
he
places
three
Bodies
of
Reserves
.
Between
the
small
Divisions
he
disperses
the
Slingers
and
Darters
,
and
plants
all
his
Cavalry
upon
the
Wings
.
Then
after
some
few
Exhortations
to
the
Souldiers
,
for
shortness
of
time
would
not
permit
him
to
use
many
words
,
he
brings
his
Army
thus
Embatell'd
into
the
Plain
,
only
that
the
first
Ranks
chang'd
their
ground
in
Marching
.
49.
But
when
he
perceiv'd
that
the
Numidians
lay
still
,
and
would
not
come
down
from
the
Hill
,
fearing
lest
his
Men
should
be
distress'd
for
want
of
Water
,
he
sent
Rutilius
before
with
some
of
the
nimblest
Cohorts
and
part
of
the
Horse
,
to
the
River
to
secure
a
place
for
his
Camp
,
believing
that
the
Enemy
would
then
powr
down
upon
him
,
and
by
Charging
him
in
Flank
,
endeavour
to
prevent
him
;
and
because
they
durst
not
rely
upon
their
own
Courage
,
would
seek
to
tire
out
his
Men
with
heat
and
drought
.
After
Him
,
the
Consul
follow'd
,
slowly
descending
the
Hill
,
as
the
nature
of
the
Place
would
give
leave
.
Marius
brought
up
the
Rear
;
himself
march'd
with
the
Cavalry
upon
the
Left
Wing
.
On
the
other
side
Jugurth
,
when
he
found
that
the
Rear
of
Metellus's
Army
was
just
past
by
the
Front
of
his
own
Men
,
places
a
Guard
of
two
thousand
Foot
upon
the
Mountain
,
from
whence
Metellus
had
descended
,
to
prevent
the
Enemy
from
regaining
it
,
and
fortifying
themseves
in
that
place
,
should
they
be
put
to
a
retreat
;
then
giving
the
Signal
,
he
flew
upon
the
Romans
.
The
Numidians
soon
made
havock
in
the
Rear
,
while
others
Charge
in
the
Flank
,
some
upon
the
right
,
others
upon
the
left
side
:
they
press
on
,
and
lay
about
'em
,
every
where
endeavouring
to
break
the
Ranks
of
the
Romans
;
among
whom
,
they
who
with
greatest
resolution
labour'd
to
come
to
a
close
Fight
,
were
disappointed
by
the
uncertain
Assaults
of
the
Enemy
,
who
fought
and
wounded
at
a
distance
those
that
could
reach
to
revenge
themselves
.
For
the
Horsemen
had
been
instructed
before
by
Jugurth
,
that
when
they
were
pursu'd
by
any
of
the
Roman
Troops
,
that
they
should
not
retreat
in
a
Body
,
but
scatter
several
ways
;
by
that
means
,
if
they
could
not
deter
the
Enemy
from
pursuit
,
they
were
in
a
Condition
,
being
Superior
in
number
,
to
Charge
'em
when
dissipated
on
all
sides
,
Rear
,
Front
and
Flanks
:
and
then
a
gain
,
if
the
Hill
were
more
advantageous
to
secure
their
Flight
then
the
Plain
Fields
,
that
then
they
should
retire
thither
,
where
their
Horses
accustom'd
to
scoure
through
the
Bushes
,
could
not
be
follow'd
by
our
Men
,
easily
incumber'd
among
the
Shrubs
and
Thickets
.
50.
All
this
while
the
Event
of
things
lookt
but
with
an
ill
Aspect
;
uncertain
,
various
,
bloody
and
miserable
;
dispers'd
from
their
own
,
some
fled
,
others
pursu'd
;
neither
Ensigns
nor
Orders
observ'd
;
where-ever
danger
attacque'd
any
Man
,
there
he
made
resistance
,
Arms
,
Weapons
,
Horses
,
Men
,
Enemies
and
Friends
lay
all
intermingl'd
together
;
nothing
was
acted
by
Counsel
or
Command
,
but
Fortune
govern'd
.
And
now
the
day
began
to
be
far
spent
,
and
then
the
Issue
was
also
uncertain
;
But
at
length
,
both
sides
being
spent
with
toyl
and
heat
,
Metellus
observing
the
Numidians
fury
to
abate
,
rallies
his
Men
together
by
degrees
,
reduces
'em
into
Order
,
and
places
four
Legionary
Cohorts
against
the
Enemies
foot
:
To
those
Cohorts
,
of
which
the
greatest
part
,
weary
and
tir'd
,
had
possess'd
the
upper
Grounds
,
Metellus
gave
good
words
,
and
desir'd
'em
not
to
desert
their
fellow
Souldiers
nor
suffer
an
Enemy
half
vanquish'd
to
wrest
the
Victory
out
of
their
hands
;
that
they
had
neither
Camp
nor
Fortification
to
retreat
to
,
but
all
their
hopes
was
in
their
Swords
.
Neither
was
Jugurth
idle
,
he
rode
about
,
exhorted
;
entreated
,
renew'd
the
fight
,
and
in
person
with
the
select
Guards
of
his
Body
,
try'd
all
places
,
reliev'd
his
own
,
press'd
furiously
upon
those
that
waver'd
;
and
against
those
he
could
not
move
,
he
fought
at
a
distance
.
Thus
these
two
famous
Generals
bestirr'd
themselves
,
in
Courage
and
Experience
,
in
their
Forces
not
so
equally
match'd
.
For
Metellus
had
the
more
valiant
Souldiers
,
tho
the
Ground
was
disadvantageous
;
Jugurth
had
all
Advantages
of
his
side
but
only
Souldiers
.
At
length
the
Romans
understanding
they
had
no
place
of
Refuge
,
and
finding
that
the
Enemy
would
not
hazzard
a
close
Fight
,
besides
that
it
was
now
toward
Evening
,
by
the
Generals
Command
they
briskly
charge
up
Hill
;
and
then
it
was
that
the
Numidians
having
lost
their
footing
,
were
soon
routed
and
out
to
flight
,
few
were
slain
,
in
regard
that
the
swiftness
of
their
Heels
,
and
the
Country
unknown
to
the
Roman
,
protected
their
Lives
.
51.
In
the
mean
time
Bomilcar
,
to
whom
Jugurth
had
given
the
Command
of
his
Elephants
,
and
part
of
his
Infantry
,
as
we
have
said
already
,
when
Rutilius
was
March'd
past
him
,
brings
his
own
Men
into
the
Champaign
ground
by
degrees
;
and
whilst
the
Legate
hastned
to
the
River
,
whither
he
was
sent
before
,
orders
his
Army
with
great
silence
,
as
it
behov'd
him
,
not
neglecting
however
by
his
Spies
to
observe
the
Motions
of
the
Enemy
in
every
place
.
So
soon
as
he
understood
that
Rutilius
was
Encamp'd
in
a
careless
posture
;
and
found
that
Jugurth
was
engag'd
by
the
hideous
Noises
that
reach'd
his
Ears
from
the
Battle
,
fearing
least
the
Legate
when
he
understood
the
cause
,
would
hasten
to
the
Assistance
of
his
own
Party
,
he
extends
the
Front
of
his
Army
,
which
before
,
upon
distrust
of
their
Courage
he
had
drawn
up
thick
and
close
,
and
to
stop
the
March
of
the
Enemy
,
Marches
directly
toward
Rutilius's
Camp
.
The
Romans
of
a
suddain
perceive
a
prodigious
Cloud
of
Dust
;
for
the
fields
being
thick
set
with
low
Trees
hindr'd
a
clear
Prospect
:
and
believes
at
first
that
it
was
rais'd
by
the
Wind
;
but
afterwards
when
they
saw
it
continue
,
and
approach
nearer
and
nearer
to
themselves
,
then
readily
conjecturing
what
the
matter
was
,
they
betake
themselves
to
their
Arms
,
and
range
themselves
before
the
Camp
according
to
command
.
When
the
Enemy
drew
near
,
both
sides
joyn
Battle
,
with
a
hideous
clamour
and
noise
:
The
Numidians
stood
fast
,
so
long
as
they
thought
there
was
any
hope
in
their
Elephants
,
but
when
they
saw
them
entangl'd
among
the
Boughs
,
and
by
that
means
overthrown
and
surrounded
by
the
Romans
,
they
betook
themselves
to
their
Heels
,
and
throwing
away
their
Arms
,
by
the
benefit
of
the
Hill
and
the
Night
,
which
was
then
at
hand
,
escap'd
with
little
Execution
.
Four
Elephants
were
taken
,
the
rest
to
the
number
of
forty
kill'd
.
But
the
Romans
,
though
tir'd
with
their
March
,
with
raising
the
Fortifications
of
their
Camp
,
and
the
heat
of
the
Battle
;
yet
because
Metellus
staid
longer
then
was
expected
,
they
March
forward
Embattl'd
,
as
they
were
,
and
with
an
extraordinary
Resolution
to
meet
him
.
For
the
Craft
of
the
Numidians
will
admit
of
nothing
negligent
or
remiss
.
At
first
,
through
the
darkness
of
the
Night
,
when
they
came
within
hearing
one
of
another
,
being
taken
for
Enemies
,
there
was
nothing
but
fear
and
hurry
one
among
another
.
And
through
imprudence
,
a
fatal
Accident
had
like
to
have
happen'd
,
had
not
the
Forelorns
on
both
sides
rectify'd
the
mistake
.
But
then
their
fears
were
chang'd
of
a
suddain
into
joy
.
The
Souldiers
merrily
call
to
one
another
,
relate
and
hearken
to
one
anothers
Exploits
;
and
every
one
extols
his
own
Valour
to
the
Skies
.
For
such
is
the
Condition
of
human
Affairs
,
that
after
Victory
Cowards
have
leave
to
boast
,
but
ill
success
casts
a
reproach
on
the
most
Valiant
.
52.
Metellus
stay'd
four
days
in
the
same
Camp
;
orders
the
wounded
to
be
carefully
look'd
after
;
those
that
had
well
deserv'd
in
the
Battle
,
he
well
Rewards
according
to
the
Military
Custom
,
applauds
'em
all
in
general
,
and
gives
'em
thanks
in
a
Public
Assembly
.
As
to
what
was
behind
,
which
would
now
prove
easy
,
he
exhorted
'em
to
behave
themselves
with
equal
Courage
;
that
they
had
already
fought
sufficiently
for
Victory
,
their
other
Toyls
woul'd
only
be
for
Booty
.
In
the
mean
time
he
sends
the
Fugitives
and
other
proper
Spies
to
bring
him
News
where
Jugurth
was
,
what
he
was
doing
,
what
force
he
had
about
him
,
and
how
he
brook'd
his
loss
.
But
Jugurth
had
retir'd
himself
among
the
Woods
and
Places
strongly
fortify'd
by
Nature
;
there
he
levy'd
an
Army
more
numerous
that
he
had
before
;
but
such
as
had
neither
Mettle
nor
Strength
.
Which
happen'd
so
,
for
this
reason
,
because
unless
it
were
the
Royal
Cavalry
,
not
one
of
all
the
Numidians
accompani'd
the
King
in
his
Flight
,
but
every
one
took
his
own
Course
,
as
his
Fancy
lead
him
;
neither
is
it
accounted
any
shame
for
a
Souldier
so
to
do
,
as
being
the
Custom
of
the
Country
.
Metellus
therefore
,
when
he
found
that
the
Kings
Courage
was
not
yet
cool'd
;
but
that
the
War
would
be
renew'd
,
which
could
not
then
be
manag'd
but
as
Jugurth
pleas'd
himself
:
Moreover
that
he
fought
upon
unequal
terms
with
an
Enemy
,
to
whom
it
was
less
prejudice
to
be
vanquish'd
,
then
to
overcome
his
Men
,
he
determin'd
to
fight
no
more
pitch'd
Battles
,
but
to
carry
on
the
War
after
another
manner
.
Therefore
he
Marches
into
the
Richest
Parts
of
Numidia
,
harrasses
and
lays
wast
all
the
Country
,
takes
and
burns
several
Castles
and
Towns
either
slightly
fortify'd
,
or
else
without
any
Garrisons
;
puts
all
the
Young
men
to
the
Sword
,
all
other
things
he
gives
free
Booty
,
to
the
Souldiers
.
These
severe
Proceedings
cause
several
to
send
Pledges
to
the
Romans
;
Corn
and
all
other
necessary
Provisions
,
are
plentifully
supply'd
,
and
where
ever
need
requir'd
,
there
he
plac'd
a
Garrison
.
Which
manner
of
Warlike
management
terrify'd
the
King
much
more
then
the
ill
success
of
a
Battle
.
For
that
be
,
whose
hopes
of
safety
were
all
in
flight
,
was
now
constrain'd
to
follow
:
And
he
that
could
not
defend
the
Territories
that
were
left
him
,
was
now
forc'd
to
wage
War
in
the
Conquests
of
another
.
But
in
this
distress
and
exigency
of
choice
,
he
took
that
course
which
seem'd
to
him
to
be
the
wisest
.
He
orders
the
Body
of
his
Army
still
to
lie
in
the
same
place
:
He
himself
with
a
select
number
of
Horse
follows
Metellus
:
and
in
regard
his
Nocturnal
Marches
,
and
unfrequented
ways
were
not
subject
to
quick
Discovery
,
he
frequently
met
with
the
Roman
Forragers
and
Straglers
;
of
which
the
greatest
part
were
slain
or
taken
;
nor
did
one
escape
unwounded
:
which
done
,
before
Assistance
could
be
sent
from
the
Camp
,
the
Numidians
were
vanish'd
to
the
next
Hills
.
55.
In
the
mean
time
there
was
extraordinary
rejoycing
at
Rome
,
upon
the
News
of
Metellus's
success
;
that
he
had
govern'd
both
himself
and
the
Army
according
to
the
Custom
and
Discipline
of
their
Ancestors
;
that
in
a
disadvantageous
ground
he
had
obtain'd
the
Victory
by
his
Valour
;
that
he
was
Master
of
the
Enemies
Country
,
and
had
constrain'd
Jugurth
,
vain-gloriously
puff'd
up
and
grown
insolent
through
the
Cowardice
of
Aulus
,
to
hide
his
head
in
Deserts
,
and
to
place
all
his
hopes
of
safety
in
Flight
.
Therefore
the
Senate
order'd
Supplications
to
the
Immortal
Gods
for
the
success
of
their
Arms
:
The
City
trembling
before
,
and
solicitously
dreading
the
Event
of
the
War
,
were
all
in
Festivals
and
Jollity
;
and
Metellus's
Fame
spread
far
and
near
.
For
this
reason
he
labour'd
more
vigorously
after
Victory
:
He
leaves
no
stone
unturn'd
;
yet
provident
all
the
while
how
he
fell
into
the
Ambuscado's
of
the
Enemy
;
mindful
that
after
Glory
Envy
follows
.
Therefore
the
greater
his
Reputation
was
,
so
much
the
more
Careful
and
Vigilant
also
was
he
;
neither
after
the
last
Attempts
of
Jugurth
,
would
he
suffer
the
Army
to
forrage
at
random
:
and
therefore
when
he
wanted
either
Corn
or
Fodder
,
he
sent
several
Cohorts
,
and
all
the
Cavalry
to
guard
the
Forragers
.
He
himself
led
one
part
of
the
Army
,
and
Marius
the
other
:
the
Country
was
laid
wast
,
rather
by
Fire
then
driving
of
Booty
;
they
Encamp'd
in
two
several
Places
,
not
far
distant
one
from
the
other
.
When
there
was
occasion
for
reinforcement
they
joyn'd
both
together
:
and
when
they
design'd
to
clear
and
ravage
the
Country
,
and
spread
the
Terror
of
their
Arms
,
then
they
acted
asunder
.
At
the
same
time
Jugurth
follow'd
close
at
their
Heels
,
but
still
keeping
the
Mountains
.
Where
ever
he
could
perceive
the
Enemy
bent
their
March
,
there
he
destroy'd
all
the
Forrage
and
poyson'd
the
Wells
and
Fountains
,
of
which
there
was
great
scarcity
.
Sometimes
he
would
shew
himself
to
Metellus
,
sometimes
to
Marius
;
by
and
by
fall
upon
the
Rear
;
neither
engage
in
Battle
,
nor
suffer
'em
to
be
at
rest
;
only
to
obstruct
the
Enemies
designs
.
56.
Therefore
the
Roman
General
,
when
he
saw
himself
tir'd
out
by
a
crafty
Adversary
,
that
would
not
be
drawn
to
a
fair
Encounter
,
he
determin'd
to
Besiege
a
great
City
called
[
*
](A60419-e14680-b)
*
Now
Zamora
a
120.
miles
from
Carthage
,
and
a
100.
from
Mahometia
.
Zama
,
in
that
Quarter
of
the
Country
,
the
Key
and
Bulwark
of
the
Kingdom
,
believing
as
it
was
but
rational
,
that
Jugurth
would
come
to
relieve
the
Place
,
and
so
give
him
the
Opportunity
of
a
Battle
:
But
he
being
inform'd
by
the
Fugitives
of
Metellus's
designs
,
with
long
Marches
gets
before
him
;
encourages
the
Townsmen
to
defend
their
Walls
,
and
leaves
'em
all
his
Fugitives
to
re-inforce
their
Garrison
;
which
were
a
sort
of
People
the
stoutest
and
most
resolute
of
all
the
Kings
Forces
;
as
being
under
a
constraint
of
being
faithful
:
and
having
thus
settl'd
his
Affairs
,
away
he
slips
into
the
most
private
lurking
holes
he
could
meet
with
.
Soon
after
he
understood
that
Marius
was
upon
his
March
,
being
commanded
with
some
few
Cohorts
to
Convoy
a
considerable
quantity
of
Corn
from
[
*
](A60419-e14760-b)
*
Formerly
a
Colony
of
the
Assyrians
from
Succoth
Benoth
,
or
rather
of
the
Phoenicians
;
call'd
also
Sicca
Venerea
,
by
reason
of
a
Temple
therein
Dedicated
to
Venus
:
but
now
utterly
demolish'd
,
without
any
footsteps
remaining
.
Tho'
some
will
have
it
to
be
the
Town
now
call'd
Antoangues
.
Sicca
.
Which
was
the
first
Town
that
revolted
from
the
King
after
his
Defeat
.
Thither
Jugurth
hastens
in
the
Night
time
,
with
some
select
Troops
of
Horse
,
and
Engag'd
the
Romans
as
they
were
just
Marching
out
at
the
Gate
;
and
at
the
same
time
cry'd
out
to
the
Inhabitants
to
fall
upon
the
Cohorts
in
the
Rear
;
withall
encouraging
'em
,
for
that
Fortune
had
put
into
their
hands
a
noble
Opportunity
;
which
if
they
laid
hold
on
,
he
should
for
the
future
enjoy
his
Kingdom
,
and
they
their
Liberty
in
Peace
and
Tranquillity
.
So
that
had
not
Marius
fall'n
on
with
all
the
fury
imaginable
,
made
his
way
out
of
the
Town
,
and
broke
through
the
Enemy
at
the
same
time
,
either
all
or
most
of
the
Inhabitants
,
had
chang'd
their
Fidelity
:
so
mutable
and
inconstant
is
the
Numidian
Faith
.
But
Jugurth's
Souldiers
being
a
while
supported
by
the
presence
of
their
Prince
,
when
they
felt
the
smart
strokes
of
the
Enemy
,
who
prest
in
hard
on
the
thickest
and
most
forward
,
with
the
loss
of
some
few
,
betook
themselves
to
speedy
flight
;
and
Marius
comes
safe
to
Zama
.
57.
This
Town
was
seated
in
a
Plain
,
rather
fortify'd
by
Industry
then
Nature
,
provided
with
all
Necessaries
,
and
stor'd
with
Men
and
Ammunition
.
Metellus
therefore
having
prepar'd
all
things
in
readiness
so
far
as
the
Time
and
Place
would
permit
,
surrounds
the
Walls
with
his
whole
Army
,
and
gives
Orders
to
the
Legates
what
Posts
to
take
.
Then
upon
the
Signal
given
,
a
hideous
Clamour
fills
the
Skies
on
every
side
:
but
all
their
noise
nothing
terrifies
the
Numidians
;
they
stand
resolute
and
fix'd
without
any
Tumult
;
&
so
the
Assault
begins
.
The
Romans
plaid
their
parts
as
they
thought
best
themselves
;
some
fought
with
Slings
and
Darts
at
a
distance
,
others
make
close
Approaches
,
some
to
undermine
,
and
some
resolv'd
to
set
their
Ladders
to
the
Walls
,
and
make
a
speedier
trial
of
their
Swords
.
On
the
other
side
,
the
Numidians
powr
down
Stones
,
pointed
Stakes
and
Darts
upon
those
that
were
nearest
,
together
with
flaming
Fire-brands
all
besmear'd
with
Pitch
and
Tar.
Nor
could
their
Fears
protect
those
that
kept
farthest
off
:
For
the
Darts
continually
discharg'd
from
the
Engines
,
or
else
flung
out
of
Hand
,
both
reach'd
and
wounded
the
greatest
part
:
Both
the
Timorous
and
the
Valiant
underwent
the
same
danger
,
though
not
with
equal
Reputation
.
58.
While
both
Sides
vigorously
thus
dispute
for
Zama
,
Jugurth
of
a
sudden
,
and
when
least
expected
,
falls
upon
the
Roman
Camp
,
and
forcing
the
Turn-pike
,
breaks
in
upon
our
Men.
Who
being
amaz'd
with
sudden
Fright
,
shift
every
one
for
themselves
according
to
custom
;
some
fly
,
some
betake
themselves
to
their
Arms
;
and
a
great
many
are
either
wounded
or
slain
.
Of
all
the
Number
,
not
above
Forty
,
remembring
they
were
Romans
,
embody'd
together
,
betake
themselves
to
a
Rising
Ground
,
and
made
it
good
,
notwithstanding
the
Force
of
the
Assailants
;
the
Darts
thrown
at
'em
they
return'd
again
,
which
from
a
few
lighting
upon
many
crowded
together
,
did
never
fall
in
vain
:
if
the
Numidians
durst
approach
'em
,
then
they
shew'd
their
Courage
,
with
a
strange
Fury
routing
,
killing
,
putting
all
to
flight
.
At
the
same
time
Metellus
in
the
heat
of
the
Assault
,
hearing
a
great
Noise
and
Tumult
behind
him
,
turn'd
about
his
Horse
,
and
perceiving
a
Rout
,
and
that
they
that
fled
,
made
toward
him
,
he
readily
conjectur'd
what
the
Matter
was
.
Thereupon
he
sends
away
all
his
Cavalry
forthwith
to
the
Camp
,
and
after
them
Marius
with
the
Cohorts
of
the
Allies
,
conjuring
him
with
Tears
in
his
Eyes
,
by
the
Friendship
that
was
between
'em
,
and
by
the
Honour
of
the
Commonwealth
,
not
to
suffer
any
Disgrace
to
stain
the
Victories
of
his
Army
,
nor
to
leave
the
Enemy
ere
he
had
had
his
full
Revenge
.
Marius
vigorously
perform'd
his
Command
.
So
that
Jugurth
being
incumber'd
with
the
Fortifications
of
the
Camp
,
while
some
threw
themselves
headlong
over
the
Rampire
,
others
crowding
through
the
narrow
passages
to
get
out
,
hinder'd
one
another
,
with
the
loss
of
many
of
his
Men
,
retir'd
to
his
Fastnesses
.
Metellus
also
at
the
same
time
,
not
able
to
prevail
,
in
regard
that
Night
drew
on
,
retreated
with
his
Army
to
the
Camp
.
59.
The
next
day
before
he
return'd
to
the
Assault
,
he
drew
up
all
his
Cavalry
before
the
Camp
on
that
side
where
he
expected
a
second
Attempt
from
Jugurth
,
and
commanded
'em
there
to
keep
a
strict
Watch.
The
Turn-pikes
and
Places
next
adjoyning
,
he
commits
to
the
Guard
of
the
Tribunes
;
and
then
surrounding
the
Town
,
as
he
did
the
day
before
,
gives
a
second
general
Assault
.
Presently
Jugurth
makes
a
second
Attempt
likewise
upon
our
formost
Men
;
who
being
somewhat
terrify'd
at
first
,
are
soon
disorder'd
;
but
the
Reserves
fly
speedily
to
their
Relief
.
Nor
could
the
Numidians
have
longer
withstood
their
Force
,
had
not
their
Foot
,
being
intermingl'd
with
the
Cavalry
,
made
a
great
Slaughter
at
the
first
Charge
.
For
being
assisted
by
this
intermixture
,
they
did
not
,
as
it
is
usual
in
other
Charges
of
the
Horse
,
sometimes
press
forward
,
sometimes
give
Ground
;
but
fell
in
pell-mell
,
Horse
Head
to
Horse
Head
,
thereby
incumbring
and
disordering
the
Ranks
,
at
what
time
the
Foot
breaking
in
,
had
almost
routed
the
Enemy
.
60.
At
the
same
time
the
Dispute
was
no
less
desperate
at
Zamara
.
Where
every
Legate
or
Tribune
was
posted
,
there
most
vigorously
they
perform'd
their
Duties
,
no
man
confiding
more
in
another
,
then
in
himself
.
On
the
other
side
,
the
Townsmen
made
a
strenuous
Resistance
,
they
fought
to
wonder
,
and
provided
against
all
Accidents
;
more
eager
to
wound
others
,
then
mindful
of
their
own
Safety
.
Hideous
and
different
were
the
Cries
of
both
Parties
,
Encouragements
,
Shouts
of
Joy
,
and
bitter
Groans
of
Lamentation
;
the
Clattering
of
Weapons
fill'd
the
Skies
;
and
Showers
of
Darts
fell
thick
on
every
side
.
At
length
they
who
defended
the
Walls
,
when
they
perceiv'd
the
Fury
of
the
enemy
a
little
to
slacken
,
stood
still
upon
the
Battlements
to
behold
the
Fight
between
the
Roman
Jugurth's
Cavalry
;
and
as
Jugurth
either
prevail'd
,
or
lost
Ground
,
sometimes
you
should
see
'em
overjoy'd
,
then
again
all
in
consternation
.
And
as
far
as
they
could
be
seen
or
heard
by
their
fellows
,
some
they
besought
,
others
they
encourag'd
,
making
Signs
with
their
Hands
,
and
Motions
of
their
Bodies
,
like
men
avoiding
or
darting
forward
their
missive
Weapons
.
Which
when
Marius
perceiv'd
,
for
he
had
the
Charge
of
that
Quarter
,
on
purpose
he
slacken'd
his
Fury
,
and
dissembl'd
a
Mistrust
of
the
Event
,
suffering
the
Numidians
to
have
an
unmolested
Prospect
of
their
Princes
Bravery
.
But
at
length
,
while
they
were
busily
gazing
upon
their
Fellows
,
Marius
attacks
the
Walls
with
a
more
then
ordinary
violence
.
And
the
Souldiers
by
the
help
of
their
Scaling
Ladders
,
had
almost
gain'd
the
Battlements
,
when
the
Townsmen
embodying
of
a
sudden
,
ply'd
'em
with
Stones
,
Fire-works
,
and
other
Missive
Weapons
.
Our
men
made
stout
resistance
at
first
,
but
after
two
or
three
of
the
Ladders
were
broken
,
they
that
stood
upon
'em
were
miserably
mortify'd
;
the
rest
,
few
safe
,
every
one
,
as
best
they
could
,
shifted
for
themselves
,
and
very
few
escaping
unwounded
,
the
most
part
hurt
and
maim'd
,
quitted
the
Assault
:
at
length
Night
parted
the
bloody
Fray
.
61.
When
Metellus
found
such
ill
Success
of
his
Enterprize
,
and
that
neither
the
Town
could
be
taken
,
nor
Jugurth
drawn
to
fight
,
but
where
he
had
the
advantage
of
Ground
or
Ambuscado's
,
and
that
Summer
was
spent
,
he
rais'd
his
Siege
from
before
Zama
,
and
plac'd
Garrisons
in
those
Cities
which
had
revolted
from
him
,
and
were
either
naturally
or
artificially
fortify'd
;
and
the
rest
of
the
Army
he
quarter'd
in
that
part
of
the
Province
which
borders
upon
Numidia
.
Nor
did
he
spend
that
Time
as
others
were
wont
to
do
,
in
Ease
and
Luxury
,
but
finding
Force
so
little
prevail'd
,
he
therefore
betook
himself
to
Stratagem
:
To
this
purpose
,
with
fair
Words
and
large
Promises
he
attempts
Bomilcar
.
This
was
he
who
accompany'd
Jugurth
to
Rome
,
and
after
he
had
given
Sureties
for
his
forth-coming
,
upon
the
Murder
of
Massiva
,
secretly
made
his
Escape
,
for
fear
of
being
put
to
death
;
and
therefore
by
reason
of
his
intimacy
with
Jugurth
'
,
had
the
fairer
opportunity
to
betray
his
Friend
.
The
first
thing
Metellus
did
,
was
to
bring
him
to
a
private
Meeting
:
in
the
next
place
he
gave
him
his
word
,
That
if
he
would
deliver
Jugurth
into
his
hands
alive
or
dead
,
the
Senate
should
not
only
grant
him
Impunity
,
but
his
own
Demands
.
The
Numidian
is
easily
perswaded
,
being
not
only
naturally
treacherous
,
but
also
misdoubting
,
lest
if
the
Romans
should
make
a
Peace
with
his
Master
,
he
might
be
excepted
out
of
the
Articles
,
and
deliver'd
up
to
condign
punishment
.
62.
He
therefore
,
upon
the
first
Opportunity
he
could
meet
with
,
coming
to
Jugurth
,
and
finding
him
troubl'd
,
and
bewailing
his
Misfortunes
,
with
Tears
in
his
Eyes
beseeches
and
conjures
him
,
that
at
length
he
would
take
pity
of
himself
,
his
Children
,
and
the
miserable
Estate
of
the
Numidian
People
,
so
well
deserving
at
his
hands
:
further
he
put
him
in
mind
,
That
still
in
all
Encounters
they
were
vanquish'd
;
the
Country
was
laid
waste
,
numbers
of
his
Subjects
carry'd
away
Captive
,
or
slain
,
and
the
Treasures
of
the
Kingdom
utterly
impoverish'd
;
That
he
had
sufficiently
try'd
his
Fortune
,
and
the
Courage
of
his
Souldiers
;
and
therefore
that
he
should
take
heed
,
lest
while
he
delay'd
,
the
Numidians
did
not
consult
for
their
own
Safety
.
By
these
and
other
Arguments
of
this
Nature
,
he
mollifies
the
King's
Inclinations
to
a
Surrender
.
Commissioners
are
therefore
sent
to
the
General
,
to
let
him
know
,
That
Jugurth
was
ready
to
obey
his
Commands
,
and
without
any
Composition
to
surrender
both
himself
and
the
Kingdom
to
his
Generosity
:
Metellus
presently
sends
for
all
that
were
of
Senatorian
Degree
,
from
their
Winter
Quarters
,
and
advises
with
them
,
and
such
others
as
he
thought
convenient
.
Thereupon
,
according
to
the
ancient
Custom
,
by
his
Messengers
He
commands
Jugurth
to
send
him
two
hundred
pound
weight
of
Silver
,
all
his
Elephants
,
such
a
number
of
Horses
,
and
such
a
quantity
of
warlike
Ammunition
;
which
being
done
,
he
commands
all
the
Fugitives
to
be
deliver'd
up
in
Chains
.
The
greatest
part
of
them
were
also
sent
accordingly
;
only
some
few
upon
the
first
Report
of
a
Surrender
,
immediately
fled
to
King
Bocchus
into
Mauritania
.
Thus
was
Jugurth
despoyl'd
of
his
Arms
,
the
Flower
of
all
his
Forces
,
and
his
Money
.
But
when
he
was
summon'd
to
appear
before
the
General
,
then
residing
at
Tisidium
,
then
he
began
to
change
his
Mind
,
and
through
Guilt
of
Conscience
to
dread
what
really
he
deserv'd
.
At
length
,
after
he
had
wasted
many
days
in
hesitation
,
sometimes
as
it
were
tir'd
with
his
Misfortunes
,
deeming
all
things
to
be
endur'd
before
the
Calamities
of
War
;
then
again
reflecting
with
himself
,
how
terrible
a
Fall
it
would
be
from
a
Kingdom
into
Slavery
,
at
last
he
makes
choice
of
War
.
At
Rome
,
the
Senate
being
mov'd
concerning
the
Provinces
,
decree
Numidia
to
Metellus
.
63.
At
the
same
time
Marius
being
by
accident
at
Vtica
,
and
there
making
his
Offerings
to
the
Gods
for
his
Success
in
the
last
Expedition
,
the
Soothsayer
told
him
,
That
the
Signs
portended
great
and
wonderful
Events
in
reference
to
himself
,
and
therefore
whatever
he
had
in
his
Mind
,
he
might
boldly
act
,
in
confidence
of
the
Favour
of
the
Gods
;
That
he
might
venture
Fortune
as
often
as
he
pleas'd
,
for
that
he
should
prosper
in
all
his
Undertakings
.
64.
Some
time
before
this
,
a
violent
Ambition
of
the
Consulship
had
harrass'd
his
Thoughts
.
For
the
Atchievement
of
which
,
beside
the
Antiquity
of
his
Family
,
he
stood
fair
in
all
other
respects
Industry
,
Probity
,
Military
Experiennce
,
a
vast
Courage
in
War
,
great
Frugality
,
a
Contemner
of
Pleasure
and
superfluous
Wealth
,
only
impatient
of
Honour
.
He
was
born
and
bred
up
during
all
the
time
of
his
Childhood
at
[
*
](A60419-e15540-b)
*
Now
Arpino
in
the
Terra
di
Lavoro
in
the
Kingdom
of
Naples
.
Arpinum
,
where
he
first
learnt
to
undergo
the
hardships
of
War
,
wherein
he
spent
his
Youth
,
serving
all
along
for
Pay
;
not
in
the
Study
of
Grecian
Eloquence
,
or
City
Courtship
:
and
thus
in
a
short
time
he
attain'd
to
a
perfection
in
vertuous
Exercises
.
And
therefore
when
he
first
stood
for
the
Military
Tribuneship
at
an
Assembly
of
the
Commons
,
most
People
not
knowing
his
Face
,
when
once
they
heard
his
Name
,
he
presently
carry'd
it
by
the
Voyces
of
all
the
Tribes
.
From
that
Office
he
advanc'd
himself
still
higher
and
higher
by
degrees
,
and
in
all
Employments
so
behav'd
himself
,
that
he
was
always
deem'd
worthy
of
a
Nobler
then
that
he
possess'd
at
present
.
But
till
that
time
,
notwithstanding
his
matchless
Bravery
(
for
still
Ambition
hurry'd
him
headlong
)
he
durst
not
stand
for
the
Consulship
.
For
then
the
Commonalty
dispos'd
of
other
Offices
,
but
the
Consulship
the
Nobility
shar'd
successively
among
themselves
.
No
upstart
Person
never
so
famous
,
never
so
celebrated
for
his
great
Atchievments
,
was
thought
worthy
,
but
rather
a
Defilement
of
that
Honour
64.
Marius
therefore
,
when
he
saw
that
the
predictions
of
the
Soothsayer
tended
the
same
way
that
his
Ambition
carry'd
him
,
desir'd
Metellus
to
spare
him
from
the
Army
,
that
he
might
have
liberty
to
stand
for
the
Consulship
;
who
,
though
he
were
a
Person
in
whom
Vertue
,
Honour
,
and
all
other
Qualities
,
noble
and
desirable
,
were
brightly
eminent
,
yet
were
they
accompany'd
with
a
disdainful
Mind
and
lofty
Pride
,
the
common
Failings
of
the
Nobility
.
Mov'd
therefore
at
first
with
the
Novelty
of
Marius's
Demand
,
he
wonder'd
at
his
Design
,
and
as
it
were
in
Friendship
advis'd
him
not
to
act
so
preposterously
,
nor
to
advance
his
Thoughts
above
his
Fortune
:
That
all
things
were
not
proper
to
be
desir'd
by
all
men
;
That
it
became
him
to
be
contented
with
his
present
Preferments
,
which
were
sufficient
.
Lastly
,
That
he
should
consider
well
before
he
made
a
Request
of
so
high
a
Nature
to
the
People
of
Rome
,
that
might
be
lawfully
deny'd
him
.
After
he
had
given
him
these
and
many
more
Admonitions
of
the
same
Nature
,
yet
could
not
divert
Marius
from
his
setl'd
Intentions
,
he
made
him
answer
,
That
so
soon
as
the
Public
Affairs
would
permit
,
he
would
grant
him
his
Desires
.
And
afterwards
when
Marius
urg'd
him
with
greater
importunity
,
it
is
reported
,
That
he
should
advise
him
,
not
to
be
too
hasty
,
adding
withal
,
That
it
would
be
time
enough
for
him
to
stand
for
the
Consulship
with
his
Son
;
who
at
that
time
was
a
private
Souldier
in
his
Fathers
Pavilion
,
about
twenty
years
of
Age.
Which
Taunt
of
Metellus
not
only
vehemently
incens'd
him
to
prosecute
the
Honour
which
he
affected
,
but
also
against
Metellus
himself
.
For
that
reason
he
follow'd
the
Dictates
of
his
Ambition
,
and
his
Wrath
,
the
worst
of
evil
Counsellors
:
All
his
Words
and
Actions
now
tended
to
Popularity
:
The
Souldiers
which
he
commanded
,
he
permitted
to
live
more
loosly
then
before
:
Among
the
Merchants
,
of
which
there
was
a
great
number
at
Vtica
,
he
scatter'd
many
scandalous
and
ostentatious
Reports
concerning
the
War
:
That
if
he
might
have
the
Command
but
of
half
the
Army
,
he
would
in
a
days
time
have
Jugurth
in
Chains
;
and
that
the
War
was
on
purpose
spun
out
by
the
General
,
as
one
that
being
a
Person
vain-glorious
,
and
of
Princely
Pride
,
too
much
affected
Power
and
Command
.
Which
the
Merchants
more
readily
believ'd
to
be
true
,
for
that
by
the
continuance
of
the
War
,
their
Trade
was
very
much
hinder'd
;
and
to
a
Covetous
Mind
all
Procrastination
seems
a
Crime
.
65.
There
was
at
that
time
in
our
Army
a
certain
Numidian
,
by
Name
Gauda
,
the
Son
of
Manastabales
,
the
Grand-child
of
Massinissa
,
whom
Micipsa
by
his
Will
had
left
the
next
Heir
of
the
Kingdom
,
full
of
Diseases
,
and
for
that
reason
somewhat
craz'd
in
his
Sences
:
to
whom
Metellus
,
upon
two
Requests
,
that
according
to
the
Custom
of
Princes
,
he
might
have
his
Chair
set
next
the
General
's
Seat
,
as
also
a
Troop
of
Roman
Horse
for
the
Guard
of
his
Body
,
had
deny'd
him
both
:
The
Honour
,
because
it
represented
that
Majesty
,
which
the
Romans
term'd
Regal
,
and
could
not
endure
to
suffer
always
in
their
sight
:
The
Guard
,
because
it
look'd
disgracefully
for
the
Roman
Horse
to
attend
upon
a
Numidian
.
This
Person
therefore
thus
repuls'd
,
and
vex'd
in
his
Mind
,
Marius
attempts
,
and
emboldens
him
to
take
his
Revenge
upon
the
General
for
the
Affronts
he
had
put
upon
him
,
as
he
should
direct
him
.
He
magnifies
the
Man
distemper'd
in
Mind
through
bodily
Distempers
,
with
flattering
and
glozing
Speeches
,
puts
him
in
mind
of
his
being
a
Prince
,
a
great
Person
,
the
Grand-child
of
Massinissa
:
That
if
Jugurth
should
be
taken
or
slain
,
the
Kingdom
of
Numidia
fell
immediately
to
him
by
right
of
Inheritance
;
which
would
suddenly
come
to
pass
,
if
he
might
once
be
sent
as
Consul
to
manage
the
War
.
By
this
means
he
perswades
the
Numidian
,
the
Roman
Knights
,
the
Souldiers
,
and
Merchants
,
some
by
his
own
Authority
,
others
upon
hopes
of
sudden
Peace
,
to
write
to
their
Friends
at
Rome
,
and
in
their
Letters
sharply
to
inveigh
against
the
dilatory
Proceedings
of
Metellus
,
and
at
the
last
to
desire
Marius
for
their
General
.
And
thus
it
came
to
pass
,
that
by
the
fair
Suffrages
of
many
Men
the
Consulship
was
labour'd
for
in
his
behalf
.
Besides
it
so
happen'd
,
seasonably
for
him
at
that
time
,
that
the
Nobility
being
curb'd
by
the
[
*
](A60419-e15920-b)
*
By
which
it
was
provided
,
that
when
the
Nobility
in
the
management
of
warlike
Affairs
had
any
ill
success
,
that
the
Commonalty
should
have
power
to
elect
new
Men.
Manlian
Law
,
the
Commonalty
had
Power
to
advance
new
Men
:
allthings
fell
out
luckily
for
Marius
.
66.
In
the
mean
time
Jugurth
,
after
he
had
falsify'd
his
promise
of
submission
,
and
renew'd
the
War
,
with
great
Industry
makes
vast
preparations
,
uses
all
expedition
,
Levies
an
Army
;
those
Cities
which
had
revolted
from
him
he
solicites
with
Rewards
,
or
regains
by
Terror
;
fortifies
his
strong
Holds
;
replenishes
his
Stores
with
Ammunition
and
Warlike
Furniture
;
entices
the
Roman
Slaves
to
revolt
,
and
those
that
were
in
Garisons
he
tempts
with
ready
Money
:
Lastly
he
leaves
no
stone
unturn'd
,
nor
suffers
any
Soul
to
rest
in
quiet
;
but
casts
about
every
way
to
procure
disturbance
.
At
Vacca
therefore
,
where
Metellus
,
when
Jugurth
first
began
to
treat
of
Peace
,
had
plac'd
a
Garrison
,
wearied
with
the
Importunities
of
the
King
,
and
never
truly
alienated
in
their
Affections
from
him
,
the
chief
Inhabitants
of
the
Town
conspire
together
among
themselves
,
(
for
the
common
People
according
to
their
usual
Custom
,
especially
the
Numidians
,
naturally
fluctuating
and
inconstant
,
seditious
,
and
despisers
of
Harmonious
Concord
,
were
still
thirsting
after
Novelty
,
and
Adversaries
to
Peace
and
Tranquillity
)
and
having
laid
their
Plot
sure
,
agree
upon
the
third
Day
,
which
happen'd
to
be
one
of
their
most
Solemn
Festivals
,
and
strictly
observ'd
over
all
Africa
,
and
therefore
gave
them
an
opportunity
to
assemble
without
suspicion
,
under
pretence
of
Sport
and
Pastime
.
Thereupon
when
the
time
came
,
they
invited
to
their
Houses
the
Centurions
,
Colonels
and
the
Governor
himself
F.
Turpilius
:
all
those
they
slew
in
the
midst
of
their
Cups
,
except
Turpilius
:
which
done
they
fell
upon
the
Souldiers
,
stragling
up
and
down
without
their
Arms
,
being
then
oblig'd
to
no
duty
,
by
reason
of
the
day
.
The
same
did
all
the
Rabble
,
part
instructed
before
hand
by
their
Superiors
,
others
out
of
their
natural
Affection
to
disorders
;
to
whom
Tumult
and
Novelty
,
though
they
neither
understood
the
Cause
nor
Motives
,
were
things
pleasing
and
delightful
.
The
Roman
Souldiers
surpriz'd
thus
of
a
suddain
,
uncertain
and
doubtful
what
Course
to
take
,
fled
in
a
pannick
fear
to
the
Castle
belonging
to
the
Town
,
where
their
Ensigns
and
Targets
lay
:
but
the
Garrison
of
the
Enemies
,
having
shut
the
Gates
before
,
prevented
their
Flight
,
and
to
add
to
their
Misfortune
,
the
Women
and
Children
flung
down
Stones
and
such
other
Materials
as
the
place
would
afford
,
continually
upon
their
Heads
from
the
tops
of
the
Houses
.
Thus
there
was
no
avoiding
the
uncertain
Mischief
,
neither
was
it
in
the
power
of
the
stoutest
to
make
resistance
against
the
weakest
:
Valiant
and
Cowards
,
strong
and
feeble
fell
all
together
,
and
many
were
slain
.
In
the
heat
of
this
Massacre
,
while
the
Numidians
were
exercising
their
utmost
fury
,
and
all
the
Gates
were
shut
,
Turpilius
made
a
clever
escape
untouch'd
,
whether
it
were
through
the
Civility
of
his
Host
,
or
upon
a
Composition
of
Ransom
,
or
by
accident
,
we
never
could
discover
.
This
is
only
to
be
said
,
that
because
in
such
a
Calamity
,
he
preferr'd
an
ignominious
Life
before
an
unblemish'd
Reputation
,
he
appear'd
to
be
a
wicked
and
detestable
Coward
.
68.
When
this
fatal
Butchery
at
Vacca
reach'd
Metellus's
Ears
,
pensive
for
a
while
,
he
retir'd
from
Company
.
But
when
his
wrath
and
sorrow
once
were
interblended
he
hastens
withall
expedition
to
revenge
the
Outrage
.
To
that
purpose
,
he
draws
forth
the
Legion
that
winter'd
with
him
,
and
as
many
of
the
Numidian
Horse
as
he
could
,
just
about
Sun-set
.
The
next
day
;
about
One
in
the
Morning
,
he
arriv'd
at
a
certain
Valley
surrounded
with
little
Hillocks
:
there
he
rests
his
Souldiers
tir'd
with
a
long
Nights
march
,
and
murmuring
to
go
any
farther
:
but
he
gave
'em
good
words
,
told
'em
that
Vacca
lay
not
above
a
mile
off
;
that
it
was
their
duty
to
endure
patiently
the
remainder
of
their
Toyl
,
until
they
had
fully
reveng'd
the
Deaths
of
their
Fellow-Citizens
,
the
bravest
but
most
unfortunate
of
Men
:
and
then
largely
lays
before
'em
the
Temptations
of
Plunder
.
And
having
thus
inspir'd
'em
with
new
Courage
,
he
places
his
Horse
in
Front
,
and
causes
his
Foot
to
March
in
close
Order
,
and
to
hide
their
Ensign
.
67.
The
Vaccensians
when
they
perceiv'd
an
Army
marching
toward
'em
,
at
first
believing
(
as
indeed
it
was
)
that
Metellus
was
at
hand
,
shut
up
their
Gates
;
but
then
again
,
finding
no
wast
committed
upon
their
Lands
,
and
beholding
the
Numidian
Horse
that
March'd
in
the
Front
,
confidently
assur'd
it
was
Jugurth
himself
,
they
pour'd
forth
with
loud
Acclamations
to
meet
him
.
But
then
,
upon
the
Signal
given
,
Horse
and
Foot
fell
on
pell
mell
;
some
put
the
rabble
to
the
Sword
;
others
flew
to
the
Gates
,
while
others
seiz'd
upon
the
Towers
.
Thus
provok'd
Fury
and
hopes
of
spoil
prevail'd
above
their
instant
Lassitude
.
For
the
Vaccensians
enjoy'd
the
pleasure
of
their
perfidiousness
not
above
two
days
:
while
their
City
,
large
and
oppulent
,
becomes
a
Sacrifice
to
Plunder
or
Revenge
.
As
for
Turpilius
,
who
was
Governor
of
the
Town
,
as
is
before
related
,
he
being
Try'd
by
a
Council
of
War
,
and
having
little
to
say
for
himself
,
was
by
Metellus
Condemn'd
to
be
first
well
Scourg'd
,
and
then
to
have
his
head
strook
off
:
for
he
was
no
more
then
a
[
*
](A60419-e16220-b)
*
That
is
to
say
an
Italian
only
.
Otherwise
he
could
not
have
been
whipt
by
the
Portian
Law
.
Citizen
of
Collatia
.
70.
At
the
same
time
Bomilcar
,
by
whose
perswasions
Jugurth
began
to
incline
to
that
submission
,
which
he
afterwards
through
fear
abondon'd
,
being
suspected
by
the
King
,
and
he
no
less
suspicious
of
him
,
projected
new
disturbances
;
to
seek
the
Kings
destruction
by
Treachery
;
Night
and
Day
to
tire
his
restless
thoughts
;
and
lastly
after
he
had
try'd
all
ways
,
he
draws
into
the
same
Conspiracy
one
Nabdalsa
,
a
Nobleman
,
vastly
rich
,
and
greatly
belov'd
in
his
Country
;
who
frequently
in
the
Kings
absence
was
wont
to
Command
the
Army
,
and
manage
all
Affairs
,
when
Jugurth
was
either
weary
,
or
intent
upon
more
important
business
:
which
got
him
not
only
great
Honour
,
but
infinite
Wealth
.
Thereupon
,
by
an
agreement
among
themselves
,
a
day
is
appointed
for
execution
of
the
Treason
.
But
how
it
was
to
be
done
was
left
to
time
and
opportunity
.
After
this
agreement
Nabdalsa
returns
to
the
Army
which
he
had
under
his
Charge
,
and
lay
near
the
Winter
Quarters
of
the
Romans
,
to
prevent
their
wasting
the
Country
without
opposition
.
But
he
,
being
terrify'd
with
the
Enormity
of
the
Fact
,
and
disswaded
by
his
fears
,
and
not
meeting
again
according
to
appointment
,
Bomilcar
wavering
between
the
eager
desire
he
had
to
expedite
his
Treachery
begun
,
and
the
dread
of
his
Associates
discovery
,
yet
unwilling
to
quit
his
first
design
for
new
Contrivancies
,
by
trusty
Messengers
sends
him
a
Letter
,
wherein
he
upbraids
his
negligence
and
irresolution
;
calls
the
Gods
to
witness
by
whom
he
had
sworn
;
admonishes
him
to
beware
lest
Metellus's
Bribes
did
not
turn
to
his
perdition
;
tells
him
withal
,
that
Jugurth's
destruction
was
at
hand
;
only
the
Question
was
,
whether
he
should
perish
by
theirs
or
the
Courage
of
Metellus
.
71.
When
these
Letters
were
brought
,
Nabdalsa
by
accident
,
being
weari'd
with
hard
exercise
,
was
a
Bed
.
So
that
after
he
had
read
the
Contents
,
at
first
a
thousand
cares
distracted
his
thoughts
,
and
after
that
,
as
is
usual
with
men
disturb'd
in
Mind
,
sleep
seizes
him
.
There
attended
upon
him
at
that
time
,
a
certain
Numidian
,
that
carefully
lookt
after
all
his
business
,
highly
caress'd
by
him
,
and
partaker
of
all
his
Secrets
,
but
the
last
.
Who
hearing
that
a
Letter
was
brought
to
his
Master
,
and
believing
it
some
business
that
concern'd
him
according
to
his
usual
Custom
went
into
the
Chamber
;
and
as
his
Master
soundly
slept
,
he
takes
the
Letter
,
that
lay
carelesly
upon
his
Pillow
,
reads
it
,
and
understanding
the
Treachery
,
hastens
forthwith
to
the
King
.
Nabdalsa
,
waking
soon
after
,
and
first
missing
both
the
Letter
and
his
Servant
,
then
by
his
Guards
understanding
how
things
stood
,
immediately
he
posted
after
the
Discoverer
,
thinking
to
overtake
him
,
but
finding
that
to
be
labour
in
vain
,
away
he
goes
to
Jugurth
,
and
in
hopes
to
make
up
the
breach
,
tells
him
,
That
what
he
intended
to
have
done
,
the
perfidiousness
of
his
Servant
had
prevented
;
and
with
tears
in
his
Eyes
,
by
all
the
friendship
he
had
for
him
,
and
by
all
the
faithful
services
he
had
done
him
,
besought
him
not
to
think
him
Guilty
of
so
foul
a
piece
of
Treason
.
72.
To
which
the
King
,
contrary
to
what
he
had
in
his
heart
,
return'd
a
soft
and
mild
Answer
,
That
Bomilcar
and
several
others
,
whom
he
had
discover'd
to
be
Confederates
in
the
Conspiracy
,
having
suffer'd
according
to
their
deserts
,
he
had
qualify'd
and
subdu'd
his
Indignation
,
that
no
further
trouble
might
arise
from
any
farther
scrutiny
.
But
from
that
time
forward
,
Jugurth
ne'er
enjoy'd
a
quiet
minute
day
or
night
.
All
Persons
,
Places
,
Times
and
Seasons
were
suspected
by
him
.
All
the
night
long
he
sculk'd
from
place
to
place
,
beneath
the
Majesty
of
a
Prince
:
in
the
day
time
starting
out
of
his
slumbers
,
he
would
lay
hold
of
his
Sword
,
and
disturb
all
that
lay
near
him
;
so
like
to
Madness
were
the
fears
that
turmoyl'd
his
thoughts
.
73.
Metellus
therefore
when
he
was
inform'd
by
the
Fugitives
of
Bomilcar
's
death
,
and
the
Discovery
of
the
Conspiracy
,
makes
all
the
speedy
preparations
he
could
,
as
for
a
War
but
newly
begun
.
And
for
Marius
,
dayly
importuning
him
for
his
dismission
,
he
discharg'd
him
,
as
not
deeming
a
Person
that
bore
him
a
Grudge
,
and
otherwise
distastful
to
him
,
would
do
him
any
service
.
At
Rome
also
;
the
Commons
understanding
what
the
Letters
had
dispers'd
abroad
in
reference
to
Metellus
and
Marius
,
entertain'd
with
equal
violence
the
Reports
of
both
.
The
Generals
Nobility
,
which
before
was
an
Honour
to
him
,
was
now
a
disgrace
:
and
the
meanness
of
the
other's
Parentage
procur'd
him
favour
.
However
the
Partialities
of
the
Factions
were
so
moderate
,
as
never
to
question
their
Vertues
or
their
Vices
.
Moreover
,
the
Seditious
Magistrates
exasperated
the
the
Common
People
;
in
all
their
Assemblies
,
they
accuse
Metellus
,
as
worthy
of
Death
,
but
the
Courage
of
Marius
they
magnify
as
far
above
his
desert
.
Lastly
the
Rabble
were
so
incens'd
,
that
all
the
Handicraft
Tradesmen
and
Ploughmen
,
whose
Estates
and
Credit
lay
all
in
their
hands
,
leaving
their
Shops
and
Husbandry
never
omitted
a
public
Meeting
to
cry
up
Marius
,
postponing
the
dayly
supply
of
their
own
Indigences
to
his
Advancement
.
Thus
the
Nobility
being
cow'd
and
dismay'd
,
the
Consulship
,
after
many
tempestuous
contentions
,
is
decreed
to
an
Upstart
.
And
after
that
,
the
question
being
put
to
the
People
by
L.
Manlius
Mantinus
,
whom
they
would
have
to
carry
on
the
War
with
Jugurth
,
in
a
full
Assembly
they
commanded
Marius
.
74.
At
the
same
time
,
Jugurth
,
having
lost
his
friends
,
the
most
of
which
he
had
put
to
death
himself
,
the
rest
,
part
out
of
fear
,
had
made
their
peace
with
the
Romans
,
or
were
fled
to
King
Bocchus
,
knowing
that
a
War
could
not
be
carry'd
on
without
Assistants
,
and
deeming
it
dangerous
to
hazzard
the
fidelity
of
Strangers
,
after
he
had
found
his
old
Acquaintance
so
unfaithful
,
was
variously
toss'd
and
tormented
with
unquiet
thoughts
:
neither
the
Design
,
nor
the
Counsel
,
nor
the
sight
of
any
Person
could
please
him
:
every
day
he
alter'd
his
Commanders
,
and
vary'd
his
Marches
,
sometimes
towards
the
Enemie
,
sometimes
into
the
Deserts
;
Sometimes
he
lookt
upon
flight
as
his
securest
Refuge
;
and
then
again
he
had
some
glimmering
hopes
of
success
:
yet
still
in
doubt
,
which
less
to
trust
,
whither
the
Courage
or
Fidelity
of
his
People
.
And
thus
which
way
soe'er
he
turn'd
himself
,
Adversity
still
frown'd
upon
him
.
At
length
in
the
midst
of
these
uncertainties
and
disastrous
Reflections
,
Metellus
shews
himself
with
his
Army
.
Presently
Jugurth
marshals
his
Numidians
as
the
time
would
give
him
leave
,
and
the
fight
begins
.
Where
the
King
was
present
in
Person
,
there
for
a
while
was
some
resistance
;
all
the
rest
of
his
Army
,
upon
the
very
first
Charge
were
routed
and
put
to
flight
;
leaving
their
Ensigns
,
their
Arms
,
and
a
considerable
number
of
their
fellows
in
the
Possession
of
the
Romans
.
For
in
all
Battles
the
Numidians
were
more
beholding
for
their
safety
to
their
Heels
then
to
their
Swords
.
75.
After
the
loss
of
the
Battle
,
Jugurth
,
now
more
then
ever
despairing
of
success
,
with
the
Fugitives
and
part
of
his
Cavalry
,
betakes
himself
into
the
Desert
;
and
from
thence
to
[
*
](A60419-e16690-b)
*
Now
utterly
unknown
,
and
the
place
of
its
Situation
forgot
.
Thala
,
a
large
and
stately
Town
,
where
most
of
his
Treasure
,
and
all
the
costly
Wardrobe
beonging
to
his
Children
lay
.
Of
which
when
Metellus
had
Intelligence
,
though
between
Thala
and
the
River
adjoyning
to
his
Camp
,
he
knew
there
was
nothing
but
vast
and
sandy
Desarts
for
Fifty
miles
together
,
yet
in
hopes
of
putting
an
end
to
the
War
,
if
he
could
but
make
himself
Master
of
that
Town
,
he
resolves
to
break
through
all
the
difficulties
,
and
to
overcome
Nature
her self
.
To
this
purpose
he
orders
all
the
Beasts
of
Carriage
to
be
laden
with
the
Baggage
,
except
only
flour
for
ten
days
,
which
the
Souldiers
were
to
carry
in
their
Snapsacks
:
he
also
makes
great
Provision
of
Leathern
Bottles
and
Casks
for
his
Water
:
He
picks
up
all
the
Cattle
he
can
find
in
the
Neighbouring
Parts
,
and
them
he
orders
to
be
laden
with
an
infinite
number
of
wooden
Vessels
,
which
they
found
in
the
Numidian
Cottages
.
Moreover
he
orders
the
Borderers
that
had
surrendred
themselves
after
the
flight
of
the
King
what
quantity
of
Water
he
expected
at
their
hands
,
and
appoints
'em
a
day
and
place
where
they
should
be
ready
:
and
then
fills
his
own
Vessels
from
the
River
,
which
we
have
already
mentioned
:
and
thus
furnish'd
with
all
things
necessary
,
he
Marches
directly
for
Thala
.
When
he
came
to
that
place
where
the
Numidians
were
Commanded
to
tarry
for
him
,
after
he
had
pitch'd
his
Tents
and
fortify'd
his
Camp
,
such
violent
showers
of
Rain
are
reported
to
have
fallen
on
a
suddain
from
the
Sky
,
that
there
was
Water
enough
and
to
spare
for
the
whole
Army
.
Provisions
also
were
plentiful
beyond
expectation
;
in
regard
the
Numidians
,
as
is
usual
while
the
awe
of
a
new
Conquest
continues
,
had
been
extreamly
double
diligent
.
Upon
the
Souldiers
,
also
the
Rain
had
wrought
a
Superstitious
effect
,
while
the
seeming
Miracle
gave
new
boldness
to
their
Courage
;
believing
that
now
the
Immortal
Gods
took
care
of
their
Persons
,
and
favour'd
their
Enterprize
;
and
thus
the
next
day
,
they
arriv'd
before
Thala
,
contrary
to
Jugurth's
expectation
.
The
Townsmen
,
who
thought
themselves
secure
by
reason
of
their
inaccessible
Situation
,
amaz'd
to
see
themselves
so
unexpectedly
surpriz'd
,
were
nevertheless
industrious
to
prepare
for
stout
Resistance
,
and
with
the
same
alacrity
did
ours
prepare
for
the
Aslault
.
76.
But
Jugurth
now
believing
there
was
nothing
impossible
to
Metellus
,
as
one
against
whose
Industry
no
Arms
or
Weapons
,
nor
inequality
of
Ground
would
prevail
,
but
had
overcome
even
Nature
her self
,
with
his
Children
,
and
the
greatest
part
of
his
Treasure
deserted
the
Town
,
and
fled
away
in
the
Night
;
nor
did
he
afterwards
tarry
in
any
one
place
above
one
day
or
a
Night
at
most
.
Nevertheless
that
he
might
not
seem
to
abandon
the
Town
,
he
pretended
urgency
of
Affairs
and
new
Designs
,
but
indeed
because
he
was
afraid
of
Treason
,
which
he
thought
to
prevent
by
a
speedy
retiring
himself
:
for
that
such
contrivances
of
Treachery
were
hatch'd
by
leasure
and
opportunity
.
On
the
other
side
Metellus
,
when
he
saw
the
Townsmen
resolv'd
to
defend
themselves
,
and
that
the
Town
was
also
strongly
fortify'd
as
well
by
Nature
as
by
Art
,
he
entrenches
his
Army
round
about
the
Walls
,
and
then
places
his
Vines
,
and
Engines
in
such
places
as
he
thought
most
proper
.
Behind
them
he
also
raises
Bulwarks
,
and
upon
them
Towers
to
desend
the
Souldiers
and
Pioneers
.
On
the
other
side
,
the
Townsmen
labour
might
and
main
to
frustrate
his
Approaches
,
neither
was
any
thing
of
Art
or
Industry
omitted
on
either
side
.
At
length
after
much
toyl
,
and
several
Combats
and
Onsets
,
the
Romans
,
forty
days
after
they
sate
down
before
it
,
became
Masters
of
the
Town
only
,
in
regard
the
Fugitives
had
set
Fire
to
the
Plunder
.
For
they
,
when
they
perceiv'd
the
Walls
began
to
totter
through
the
fury
of
the
Battering
Rams
,
and
that
their
Affairs
were
in
a
desperate
Condition
,
carry'd
all
their
Gold
,
Silver
and
other
precious
moveables
into
the
Kings
House
,
where
after
they
had
stupify'd
their
Sences
with
Wine
and
good
Chear
,
they
set
Fire
to
the
House
,
and
burnt
themselves
and
all
that
was
in
it
,
of
their
own
accords
inflicting
upon
themselves
the
same
punishment
,
which
they
dreaded
at
the
hands
of
their
Enemies
.
77.
But
at
the
same
time
that
Thala
was
taken
,
certain
Messengers
sent
from
Leptis
to
Metellus
,
arriv'd
at
the
Camp
,
beseeching
him
to
send
'em
both
a
Garrison
and
a
Governor
.
That
there
was
one
Hamilcar
among
'em
,
a
Person
of
Noble
Extraction
,
but
Factious
,
who
went
about
to
raise
disturbances
in
the
City
,
and
sollicited
the
People
to
revolt
.
Neither
was
the
Power
of
the
Magistrate
,
nor
the
Authority
of
the
Law
sufficient
to
put
a
stop
to
his
Proceedings
:
and
that
unless
he
made
great
haste
,
the
Safety
of
the
City
,
and
their
Allegiance
to
the
Romans
would
be
in
great
danger
.
For
the
People
of
Leptis
at
the
first
beginning
of
the
Jugurthine
War
,
had
sent
to
Bestia
the
Consul
,
and
afterwards
to
Rome
,
requesting
Amity
and
a
mutual
League
.
Which
after
they
had
obtain'd
,
they
continu'd
just
and
faithful
,
and
whatever
they
were
commanded
by
Bestia
,
Albinus
or
Metellus
to
do
,
they
diligently
and
sedulously
perform'd
;
and
for
that
reason
the
General
readily
condescended
to
their
Desires
:
sending
'em
a
Garrison
of
sour
Ligurian
Cohorts
,
and
C.
Annius
for
their
Governor
.
78.
This
Town
was
built
by
the
Sidonians
,
who
being
forc'd
to
abandon
their
Native
Country
by
reason
of
Civil
Discord
,
came
by
Sea
into
those
Parts
;
seated
between
two
vast
Banks
of
Sand
,
and
derives
its
Name
from
the
Nature
of
the
Place
.
For
upon
the
utmost
Limits
of
Africa
,
two
Bays
extend
themselves
not
far
distant
one
from
another
;
unequal
in
Bigness
,
but
in
Nature
both
alike
.
The
Parts
next
the
Land
are
very
deep
;
the
other
Parts
,
as
the
Wind
lies
,
sometimes
deep
,
sometimes
shallow
;
for
when
the
Sea
runs
high
,
and
the
Wind
blows
hard
,
the
Billows
drive
the
Sand
and
Ouze
,
together
with
the
massy
,
loose
&
rocky
stones
before
'em
:
and
thus
the
whole
Surface
of
the
Bottom
changes
with
the
violence
of
the
Wind
and
Tide
:
and
therefore
are
they
call'd
Syrtes
,
from
drawing
the
Stones
and
Sands
from
one
place
to
another
.
The
Language
of
the
City
is
now
quite
alter'd
by
their
vicinity
to
the
Numidians
.
The
most
of
their
Laws
and
Religious
Ceremonies
are
Sidonian
;
the
more
easily
retain'd
,
because
they
live
remote
from
the
King's
Court.
Besides
that
beween
them
and
the
inhabited
Parts
of
Numidia
,
lie
vast
and
unfrequented
Desarts
.
79.
And
now
since
the
Affairs
of
Leptis
have
drawn
us
into
these
Parts
,
it
will
not
be
amiss
to
rehearse
an
Action
of
two
Carthaginian
Brethren
,
of
which
the
Place
it self
puts
me
in
mind
;
there
being
few
that
more
deserve
the
Remembrance
of
History
.
At
what
time
the
Carthaginians
were
Masters
of
the
greatest
part
of
Africa
,
the
People
of
Cyrene
likewise
were
both
powerful
and
opulent
.
The
Countrey
between
is
sandy
,
and
altogether
level
,
not
so
much
as
a
River
or
Mountain
to
ascertain
the
Limits
of
their
Territories
;
which
was
the
occasion
of
an
outragious
and
lasting
War
between
'em
.
After
many
Armies
defeated
,
many
Sea-Engagements
with
great
Loss
on
both
sides
,
when
they
had
almost
ruin'd
one
another
,
fearing
at
length
,
both
Victors
and
Vanquish'd
,
their
becoming
a
Prey
to
a
Third
Enemy
,
they
make
a
Truce
,
and
then
an
Agreement
,
That
upon
such
a
certain
day
they
would
send
their
Ambassadors
from
home
,
and
wheresoever
those
Ambassadors
met
,
that
Place
should
be
the
certain
Bounds
of
both
their
Dominions
.
To
this
purpose
,
two
Brothers
being
sent
from
Carthage
,
both
call'd
by
the
Name
of
Philaeni
,
they
made
all
the
speed
they
could
;
the
Cyrenians
travell'd
flowly
:
but
whether
it
were
through
negligence
,
or
by
chance
,
I
am
not
able
to
say
.
Yet
in
those
Places
a
contrary
Wind
is
no
less
troublesom
to
a
Traveller
then
at
Sea
.
For
when
Tempestuous
Gusts
blow
hard
,
and
brush
those
level
Sands
,
naked
of
all
manner
of
Coverture
,
the
Dust
&
Pebbles
so
terribly
molest
the
Sight
and
Faces
of
Travellers
,
that
not
daring
to
open
their
Eyes
,
they
are
no
longer
able
to
proceed
in
their
Journey
.
Howere
it
were
,
the
Cyrenians
finding
they
had
loyter'd
behind
,
and
fearing
Capital
Punishment
for
their
Negligence
,
at
their
Return
,
quarell'd
with
the
Carthaginians
,
and
accus'd
'em
of
setting
forward
from
home
beford
their
Time
;
made
a
hideous
Bustle
,
ann
resolv'd
whatere
it
cost
'em
,
not
to
reture
home
Losers
.
Whereupon
,
when
thy
Carthaginians
proffer'd
to
accept
of
ane
Condition
that
was
but
reasonable
,
thr
Greeks
made
this
Proposal
,
That
eithes
the
Carthaginians
should
suffer
themselve
to
be
bury'd
alive
in
that
Place
which
they
claim'd
for
the
Limits
of
their
Empire
,
or
else
upon
the
same
Condition
,
That
they
would
travel
forward
as
far
as
they
thought
fit
.
Whereupon
the
Philaeni
,
accepting
the
Proposal
,
surrender'd
themselves
and
their
Lives
for
the
Good
of
the
Commonwealth
,
and
were
bury'd
alive
without
more
ado
.
In
remembrance
of
which
pious
Act
,
the
Carthaginians
erected
Altars
,
which
they
consecrated
to
the
Memories
of
the
Two
Brethren
,
besides
other
Honours
which
were
decreed
'em
at
home
.
Now
I
return
to
the
Matter
in
hand
.
80.
Jugurth
,
after
the
Loss
of
Thala
,
thought
nothing
sufficiently
secure
against
the
Conduct
of
Metellus
;
and
therefore
crossing
vast
Desarts
,
with
a
small
Retinue
,
at
length
he
comes
to
the
Getulians
,
a
fierce
and
barbarous
sort
of
People
,
and
at
that
time
unacquainted
with
the
Roman
Name
.
Of
these
,
he
musters
together
a
vast
Multitude
,
and
by
degrees
accustoms
'em
to
keep
their
Ranks
,
to
follow
their
Ensigns
,
to
obey
Commands
,
and
several
other
Points
of
Military
Discipline
.
Moreover
,
by
great
Gifts
and
larger
Promises
he
procutes
the
Favour
of
such
as
had
the
Ear
of
King
Bocchus
,
and
by
their
Assistance
addressing
himself
to
the
King
,
he
perswades
him
to
undertake
a
War
against
the
Romans
.
Which
Bocchus
was
the
more
easily
inclin'd
to
do
,
in
regard
that
at
the
beginning
of
the
Jugurthine
War
he
had
sent
his
Ambassadors
to
Rome
,
to
desire
a
League
and
Friendship
with
the
Romans
.
Which
Overture
,
most
advantageous
at
the
beginning
of
that
War
,
some
few
obstructed
,
blinded
with
Covetousness
,
and
according
to
their
usual
Custom
,
putting
all
things
to
Sale
,
both
honest
and
dishonest
.
Besides
,
Jugurth
but
a
little
before
had
marry'd
the
Daughter
of
Bocchus
.
But
that
same
Tye
of
Relation
is
little
valu'd
among
the
Moors
and
Numidians
;
because
they
marry
several
Wives
,
some
Ten
,
and
others
more
,
according
to
their
Estates
,
and
Princes
consequently
a
far
greater
Number
:
So
that
being
thus
distracted
with
variety
,
the
King
advances
none
to
his
Society
particularly
,
but
looks
on
all
as
equally
vile
,
and
equally
inferior
.
81.
Therefore
at
the
Rendezvouz
by
both
appointed
,
both
Armies
meet
;
and
there
both
Princes
giving
and
taking
mutual
Oaths
of
Fidelity
and
Constancy
,
Jugurth
in
a
set
Speech
,
the
more
to
exasperate
Bocchus
,
tells
him
,
That
the
Romans
were
unjust
,
immensely
covetous
,
the
common
Enemies
of
all
Mankind
;
That
they
would
make
the
same
Pretences
serve
for
an
occasion
of
War
with
Bocchus
as
with
him
,
and
other
Nations
,
Ambition
of
Rule
;
as
having
a
perfect
Antipathy
against
Monarchs
.
That
at
present
Himself
;
a
little
before
the
Carthaginians
,
and
King
Perseus
were
the
Objects
of
their
Fury
;
and
that
hereafter
the
Power
and
Opulency
of
any
Prince
would
be
a
sufficient
Provocation
for
the
Romans
to
quarrel
with
him
.
This
said
,
away
they
bend
their
March
for
Cirta
,
for
that
Metellus
there
had
stow'd
his
Booty
,
Captives
and
his
Baggage
.
Thence
Jugurth
consider'd
,
That
either
the
taking
of
the
Place
would
be
worth
his
while
;
or
if
the
Romans
attempted
to
relieve
it
,
he
should
have
the
opportunity
to
fight
'em
.
For
it
was
his
Policy
,
to
make
haste
;
to
engage
Bocchus
beyond
the
Hopes
of
Peace
,
lest
by
delay
his
Mind
might
vary
,
to
accept
of
any
Conditions
rather
then
enter
into
a
War
.
82.
But
the
General
so
soon
as
he
had
Intelligence
that
there
was
a
League
between
the
two
Kings
,
would
not
rashly
,
not
upon
every
slight
occasion
proffer
Battel
,
as
he
was
wont
to
do
after
he
had
overthrown
Jugurth
;
but
having
fortify'd
his
Camp
not
far
from
Cirta
,
there
he
waits
the
coming
of
the
Kings
,
believing
it
his
wiser
course
to
fight
upon
Advantage
,
after
he
had
made
Trial
of
the
Courage
of
the
Moors
,
as
being
an
Enemy
with
which
he
had
never
yet
engag'd
.
In
the
mean
time
he
had
Advice
by
Letters
from
Rome
,
that
the
Province
of
Numidia
was
given
to
Marius
:
for
he
had
heard
before
that
he
was
elected
Consul
.
The
News
of
which
so
strangely
mov'd
him
beyond
all
measure
,
and
put
him
so
beside
himself
,
that
he
could
neither
refrain
from
Tears
,
nor
moderate
his
Tongue
:
a
Man
so
excellent
and
so
accomplish'd
in
all
other
things
,
yet
not
able
to
brook
his
inward
Vexations
.
Which
some
attributed
to
his
Pride
,
others
to
the
Generosity
of
his
Naturet
that
could
not
suffer
an
Affront
:
but
many
to
his
Indignation
,
that
the
Victory
now
as
good
as
won
,
should
be
wrested
out
of
his
Hands
.
But
we
are
satisfy'd
,
that
Marius's
Honour
more
tormented
him
,
then
the
Injury
done
to
himself
,
and
that
he
would
not
have
taken
it
so
impatiently
,
had
the
Province
when
taken
from
him
,
been
bestow'd
upon
any
other
then
Marius
.
83.
Metellus
therefore
sick
of
this
Distemper
,
and
because
he
deem'd
it
a
folly
for
him
to
procure
Triumphs
for
another
at
the
haxard
of
his
own
Life
,
sends
Ambassadors
to
Bocchus
,
to
caution
him
,
how
he
quarrell'd
with
the
People
of
Rome
,
without
any
provocation
:
That
now
he
had
a
fair
Opportunity
to
obtain
the
League
and
Alliance
which
he
had
before
desir'd
,
and
which
would
be
far
more
advantageous
to
him
then
War
;
That
though
he
might
rely
upon
his
great
Power
,
yet
't
was
not
the
safest
way
to
hazard
Certainties
for
Uncertainties
;
That
a
War
was
easily
begun
,
but
not
so
soon
ended
;
That
the
Beginning
and
Conclusion
of
it
were
not
at
the
disposal
of
the
same
Person
,
That
any
Coward
might
begin
a
War
,
but
the
End
of
it
was
at
the
pleasure
of
the
Victor
only
;
and
therefore
that
he
should
consult
his
own
,
and
the
welfare
of
his
Kingdom
,
and
not
adventure
his
flourishing
Prosperity
in
the
same
Bottom
with
Jugurth's
Misfortunes
.
To
which
the
King
in
mild
and
gentle
Terms
return'd
for
Answer
,
That
Peace
was
his
desire
,
only
he
pity'd
the
miserable
Condition
of
Jugurth
;
so
that
if
he
might
be
included
in
the
Articles
,
all
things
would
be
soon
concluded
.
Again
the
General
in
Answer
to
Bocchus's
Demands
,
sends
other
Commissioners
;
some
things
he
approv'd
,
others
he
refus'd
;
and
thus
by
sending
to
and
fro
,
Time
wasted
,
and
the
War
was
spun
out
without
a
Blow
struck
,
to
the
great
satisfaction
of
Metellus
.
84.
But
Marius
,
as
I
said
before
,
being
made
Consul
by
the
vehemency
&
tumultuous
Affection
of
the
Commonalty
,
so
soon
as
the
People
had
commanded
him
to
undertake
the
Province
of
Numidia
,
if
before
he
hated
the
Nobility
,
now
he
began
to
shew
himself
much
more
fierce
and
domineering
;
sometimes
affronting
particular
Persons
,
sometimes
all
in
general
;
boasting
that
he
had
carry'd
the
Consulship
from
Them
,
as
the
Spoyls
of
a
Conquer'd
Enemy
;
casting
forth
many
other
Expressions
,
great
of
himself
,
but
full
of
bitter
Sarcasms
in
derision
of
their
Honour
.
In
the
mean
time
his
chiefest
Care
was
to
make
ample
provisions
of
all
things
needful
for
the
War
,
to
require
a
Re-inforcement
of
the
Legions
;
to
demand
Ayd
of
all
the
Neighbouring
Princes
and
People
in
Alliance
with
the
Romans
;
to
cull
out
of
Latium
all
the
stoutest
persons
he
could
pick
,
most
known
to
himself
in
particular
Services
,
few
by
Report
;
and
by
fair
Words
and
Promises
to
procure
all
the
old
Souldiers
that
had
been
discharg'd
upon
the
score
of
Age
and
long
Service
,
to
resume
their
Arms
,
and
accompany
him
in
the
Expedition
.
Nor
durst
the
Senate
,
though
they
mortally
hated
his
Demeanor
,
contradict
him
in
any
thing
;
but
joyfully
decreed
him
all
Supplies
,
whatever
he
demanded
,
in
hopes
that
the
Commonalty
when
they
came
go
be
press'd
,
would
refuse
to
serve
,
and
so
that
Marius
would
lose
the
Fruits
of
the
War
,
or
the
Affections
of
the
Vulgar
.
But
it
fell
out
quite
otherwise
.
For
such
an
eager
desire
of
going
with
Marius
,
had
possess'd
the
greatest
part
,
while
every
man
believ'd
he
should
return
enrich'd
with
Plunder
;
and
victorious
home
,
that
these
Considerations
and
Expectancies
dragg'd
them
headlong
after
the
Consul
;
besides
that
,
Marius
did
not
a
little
enflame
their
Courages
with
a
set
Speech
.
For
after
all
his
Demands
were
decreed
him
according
to
his
hearts
desire
,
and
he
had
compleated
his
Musters
,
as
well
to
curry
Favour
with
the
Commons
,
as
to
fret
and
gall
the
Nobility
,
he
summon'd
an
Assembly
of
the
People
,
where
he
thus
deliver'd
himself
.
I
am
well
assur'd
,
most
worthy
Romans
,
that
most
men
do
not
observe
the
same
Method
in
procuring
Places
of
highest
Trust
at
your
hands
;
or
manage
'em
after
the
same
manner
when
obtain'd
.
At
first
,
they
are
industrious
,
humble
and
moderate
;
then
waste
their
days
in
Sloth
and
Pride
;
but
I
am
of
vanother
humour
.
For
by
how
much
the
whole
Commonwealth
is
of
greater
value
then
a
Consulship
,
or
Praetorship
,
with
so
much
the
greater
Care
ought
the
one
to
be
govern'd
,
then
the
other
eagerly
su'd
for
.
Nor
am
I
ignorant
how
great
a
burden
I
bear
upon
my
Shoulders
through
your
obliging
favour
.
To
provide
for
War
,
to
be
frugal
of
the
public
Treasury
,
to
compel
those
to
bear
Arms
,
whom
you
are
unwilling
to
offend
,
to
have
an
Eye
upon
all
things
both
at
home
and
abroad
;
and
to
discharge
all
these
duties
among
so
many
envious
,
thwarting
,
and
factious
Spirits
,
is
a
task
,
most
worthy
Romans
,
far
more
difficult
,
then
most
men
are
aware
of
.
Nevertheless
if
others
miscarry
or
commit
any
foul
Misdemeanor
,
the
Antiquity
of
their
Descent
,
the
famous
Exploits
of
their
Ancestors
,
the
Wealth
of
their
Kindred
and
Relations
,
multitude
of
Tenants
and
Followers
,
all
these
things
are
their
Security
and
Protection
,
while
my
Relyance
is
only
upon
my self
:
so
that
of
necessity
I
must
support
my self
by
my
Valour
and
my
Innocency
;
since
all
other
Dependances
of
mine
are
weak
and
inconsiderable
:
And
this
I
likewise
understand
,
most
worthy
Romans
,
that
the
Eyes
of
all
Men
are
fix'd
upon
me
;
that
good
and
just
Men
love
me
;
as
one
whose
Actions
have
tended
to
the
good
of
the
Public
benefit
;
only
the
Nobility
ly
at
lurch
to
procure
my
disgrace
.
For
which
reason
it
behoves
me
the
more
industriously
to
labour
,
that
you
be
not
deceiv'd
,
and
that
They
may
be
disappointed
.
From
my
Childhood
until
now
,
I
have
hitherto
so
liv'd
,
as
to
be
inur'd
to
all
sorts
of
Hardship
and
all
manner
of
dangers
.
What
before
your
favours
bestow'd
,
I
acted
gratis
,
't
is
not
my
design
,
most
worthy
Romans
,
now
to
forego
,
as
having
receiv'd
my
wages
.
'T
is
a
difficult
Thing
for
such
Men
to
tempt
their
passions
in
great
Authority
,
who
only
to
advance
Ambitious
ends
dissembl'd
Honesty
:
but
in
Me
,
that
have
always
lead
my
Life
in
vertuous
Exercises
,
to
do
good
is
now
by
Custom
become
a
second
Nature
.
You
have
commanded
me
to
wage
War
with
Jugurth
,
a
thing
which
the
Nobility
took
most
hainously
.
I
beseech
you
to
consider
with
your selves
,
whether
you
think
it
proper
to
alter
your
Resolutions
,
or
to
send
some
one
cull'd
out
from
this
same
Croud
of
Nobility
,
a
Person
of
ancient
Descent
;
a
Person
whose
Family
is
honour'd
with
many
Statues
,
but
himself
a
Man
of
no
Conduct
or
Experience
;
such
a
one
as
being
ignorant
what
he
has
to
do
in
such
a
weighty
undertaking
,
shall
tremble
,
make
a
bustle
,
and
at
length
chuse
out
some
paltry
Confident
,
to
be
his
Instructor
and
Adviser
.
For
so
it
generally
falls
out
,
that
He
whom
you
have
order'd
to
Command
,
is
to
seek
for
another
to
command
himself
.
Yet
I
could
tell
you
of
some
Men
,
most
worthy
Romans
,
who
after
they
have
been
chosen
Consuls
,
have
then
began
to
study
the
Actions
of
their
Ancestors
,
and
the
Military
Precepts
of
the
Greeks
:
Preposterous
People
.
For
the
knowledge
of
Government
in
time
succeeds
Election
,
but
in
reality
and
practice
ought
to
precede
it
.
Compare
me
now
,
most
worthy
Romans
,
an
Upstart
of
Yesterday
,
with
their
presumptuous
Pride
.
What
they
are
wont
to
hear
and
read
,
part
of
these
things
my self
has
seen
,
and
others
personally
perform'd
:
what
they
have
learnt
from
their
Books
,
the
same
have
I
by
Military
duty
.
They
contemn
my
suddain
Rise
;
and
I
their
Cowardice
.
They
upbraid
me
with
my
Fortune
,
I
them
,
with
their
Enormities
.
Though
I
believe
one
Nature
common
to
us
all
,
Yet
I
esteem
the
stoutest
to
be
still
most
Generous
and
Noble
.
So
that
if
the
Question
could
be
put
to
the
Ancestors
of
Albinus
,
or
Bestia
,
which
they
would
have
rather
chosen
for
their
Off-spring
me
or
them
,
what
think
ye
would
be
their
Answer
,
but
that
they
desir'd
the
best
of
Children
?
Therefore
while
they
debase
Me
,
they
throw
the
same
Contempt
upon
their
Ancestors
;
who
rais'd
their
Original
Nobility
,
like
my self
,
by
their
Vertues
.
They
envy
my
Honour
;
let
'em
also
envy
my
Innocency
,
the
Hardship
and
the
Dangers
I
have
undergone
.
But
Men
corrupted
with
Pride
,
so
lead
their
Lives
,
as
if
they
disdain'd
your
Honours
;
but
sue
for
'em
,
as
Persons
that
had
always
liv'd
uprightly
and
justly
.
Certainly
they
are
mistak'n
,
who
expect
at
the
same
time
to
enjoy
two
such
contrary
satisfactions
,
the
delights
and
pleasures
of
sloathful
Ease
,
and
the
rewards
of
Vertue
.
And
when
they
make
Speeches
either
to
your selves
or
in
the
Senate
,
spend
the
greatest
part
of
their
Time
in
magnifying
their
Ancestors
,
believing
themselves
the
more
famous
for
repeating
their
loud
Atchievements
;
whereas
quite
the
contrary
,
the
more
Illustrious
was
their
Renown
,
the
more
sordid
and
degenerate
are
they
.
For
to
say
truth
,
the
Renown
of
Ancestors
is
a
Light
that
shines
upon
their
Posterity
,
and
suffers
not
their
Evil
deeds
to
be
obscur'd
in
Darkness
.
This
is
a
thing
I
want
,
most
worthy
Romans
;
but
that
which
is
more
noble
,
I
can
speak
of
my
own
Actions
to
my self
.
Now
consider
,
how
unjust
they
are
.
What
they
arrogate
to
themselves
from
the
Vertue
of
others
,
they
will
not
allow
me
for
the
sake
of
my
own
:
because
forsooth
I
have
no
Statues
,
because
my
Nobility
is
but
of
Yesterday
;
which
certainly
is
more
worthy
for
me
to
have
won
,
then
for
them
to
have
corrupted
.
I
am
not
ignorant
,
that
were
they
now
to
answer
me
,
they
have
Eloquence
enough
,
and
would
be
flourishing
with
their
lofty
strains
and
high
flying
Language
.
But
understanding
how
in
all
places
,
for
this
your
favour
conferr'd
upon
me
,
they
wound
and
tear
both
mine
and
your
Reputation
,
I
could
not
refrain
speaking
my
mind
;
least
any
one
should
traduce
my
Modesty
as
an
effect
of
Guilt
.
Though
in
my
Opinion
,
these
Orations
can
do
me
no
prejudice
.
For
if
true
,
they
must
speak
well
of
me
;
if
false
,
my
Life
and
Manners
evince
the
contrary
.
But
because
your
Consultations
and
Decrees
are
accus'd
,
because
you
have
vouchsaf'd
me
the
highest
Honour
,
and
the
most
important
of
all
our
present
Affairs
;
I
beseech
ye
consider
over
and
over
again
,
whether
you
have
any
cause
to
repent
.
'T
is
true
,
I
cannot
,
as
a
security
and
pledge
for
my
worth
,
produce
the
Statues
,
or
Records
of
the
Triumphs
and
Consulships
of
my
Ancestors
:
but
if
need
require
,
I
can
shew
ye
Spears
,
Ensigns
[
*
](A60419-e17950-b)
*
The
reward
of
a
Horseman
,
that
dismounted
his
Adversary
.
Gold
Chains
,
and
other
such
like
Military
guerdons
,
besides
several
Scars
in
my
Body
.
These
are
my
Statues
,
this
is
my
Nobility
,
not
left
,
but
which
I
have
purchas'd
by
Inheritance
,
with
many
hardships
and
dangers
.
My
words
perhaps
are
not
so
Elaborately
studied
:
That
I
value
not
.
Vertue
sufficiently
displays
it self
;
but
words
want
artifice
to
fucus
over
vile
and
shameful
Actions
.
Neither
did
I
ever
learn
Greek
.
For
I
had
no
desire
to
learn
a
Language
that
so
little
contributed
to
reform
the
Vices
of
those
that
had
it
so
readily
at
their
Tongues
end
.
But
I
am
learned
in
those
things
that
are
much
more
beneficial
to
the
Commonwealth
;
I
know
how
to
fight
an
Enemy
,
to
take
Towns
,
to
fear
nothing
but
Infamy
;
to
endure
cold
and
heat
;
to
lie
upon
the
Ground
;
and
at
the
same
time
to
undergo
both
want
and
labour
.
This
Learning
also
I
shall
teach
the
Souldiers
:
neither
shall
I
harrass
them
with
hard
and
continual
Duty
,
and
yet
indulge
my Self
:
neither
will
I
purchase
my
Honour
by
their
Labour
.
This
is
a
profitable
and
civil
Government
.
Whereas
to
live
in
ease
,
and
wallow
in
Effeminacy
thy self
,
and
terrify
thy
Army
with
continual
rigor
,
this
is
to
play
the
Tyrant
not
the
General
.
By
these
Actions
and
such
as
these
,
your
Ancestors
immortalliz'd
both
themselves
and
the
Commonwealth
.
On
which
the
Nobility
relying
,
though
far
different
in
their
Manners
,
despise
Us
,
with
emulation
tracing
their
renowned
steps
;
and
claim
from
you
all
Honours
as
their
due
and
not
by
merit
:
But
their
lofty
Lordships
are
very
much
out
of
the
way
.
Their
Ancestors
left
'em
all
things
that
were
within
their
Power
,
Wealth
,
Statues
,
Pedigrees
and
undying
Memories
,
but
they
did
not
leave
'em
Vertue
,
neither
could
they
.
That
,
is
a
gift
neither
to
be
given
or
receiv'd
.
They
say
I
am
a
Slovenly
fellow
,
and
one
that
wants
Breeding
;
because
I
know
not
how
to
instruct
a
Bill
of
Fare
;
maintain
no
Buffoons
and
Zanies
about
me
,
nor
give
more
Money
for
a
Cook
then
I
do
for
a
Bavly
:
all
which
I
must
confess
,
most
worthy
Romans
.
For
I
have
been
taught
by
my
Father
and
other
venerable
Persons
that
nicity
and
spruceness
belong
to
Women
;
but
that
toyl
and
labour
better
become
Manhood
:
and
that
all
Heroic
and
generous
Spirits
,
ought
to
value
Fame
above
Wealth
,
and
take
a
greater
pride
in
their
Arms
then
in
their
Household
Furniture
.
Therefore
let
'em
always
follow
their
Pleasures
and
Delights
;
let
'em
keep
their
Misses
,
let
'em
Drink
and
Revel
;
as
they
spent
their
Youth
,
so
let
'em
employ
their
old
Age
in
Banquets
and
Riot
,
devoted
to
their
Bellies
;
and
the
most
shameful
part
of
their
Bodies
;
let
'em
leave
Sweat
and
Dust
,
Industry
and
Toyl
to
Us
,
that
prefer
those
hardships
far
before
the
effeminacy
of
Junketting
.
But
that
they
will
not
do
:
For
when
unworthy
Bruits
as
they
are
,
they
have
dishonour'd
themselves
,
with
all
manner
of
Debauchery
,
nothing
will
satisfy
'em
but
the
Rewards
of
the
Brave
and
Vertuous
.
So
that
Luxury
and
Sloth
,
the
worst
of
evils
never
prejudice
their
Adorers
,
which
is
a
great
piece
of
Injustice
,
but
frequently
prove
baneful
to
the
Commonwealth
.
Now
then
having
as
far
as
my
own
Modesty
would
permit
me
,
though
not
in
so
many
words
as
the
heinousness
of
their
abuses
requir'd
,
made
answer
to
the
objections
of
the
Nobility
;
give
me
leave
to
speak
somewhat
concerning
the
State
of
the
Common-wealth
.
In
the
first
place
,
most
worthy
Romans
,
hope
well
of
Numidia
;
You
have
now
remov'd
all
those
things
which
hitherto
protected
Jugurth
,
Avarice
,
ill
Conduct
and
Pride
.
Then
you
have
an
Army
there
that
understands
the
Country
;
but
however
more
Stout
then
Fortunate
.
For
the
greatest
part
of
'em
have
been
very
much
harrass'd
through
the
Covetuousness
and
Rashness
of
their
Captains
.
And
therefore
all
you
that
are
arriv'd
at
Souldiers
Age
,
labour
with
me
,
take
the
Common-wealth
into
your
own
hands
,
and
let
no
Man
be
discourag'd
at
the
Calamity
of
others
,
or
the
foolish
Pride
of
preceeding
Generals
.
I
shall
be
as
well
your
Companion
in
danger
,
as
your
Counsellor
in
all
your
Marches
and
Battels
,
and
take
the
same
care
of
you
as
of
my self
.
Nay
,
by
the
Assistance
of
the
Gods
,
I
make
no
question
,
but
all
things
are
already
ripe
for
us
to
share
,
Victory
,
Booty
,
Honour
:
which
though
they
were
doubtful
or
remotely
distant
from
our
expectations
;
yet
it
behov'd
all
good
Men
to
succour
the
Commonwealth
.
For
never
Sloth
rais'd
any
Man
to
Immortality
:
neither
did
ever
any
Parent
wish
,
that
his
Children
might
live
eternally
,
only
that
they
might
live
a
vertuous
and
honest
Life
.
I
would
say
more
,
most
worthy
Romans
,
were
it
in
the
Power
of
words
to
inspire
the
Timerous
with
Valour
;
for
to
the
strenuous
,
I
think
I
have
already
said
enough
.
86.
This
Oration
thus
Concluded
,
finding
the
People
all
in
fury
and
mad
to
be
at
work
,
with
all
imaginable
speed
he
puts
his
Provision
,
Money
and
other
necessaries
aboard
,
and
with
these
Preparations
sends
away
Aulus
Manlius
before
.
In
the
mean
time
he
falls
to
listing
Souldiers
,
not
according
to
the
antient
Custom
,
out
of
the
several
Ranks
and
Degrees
of
the
People
,
but
only
Volunteers
,
and
such
as
paid
neither
Scot
nor
Lot
to
the
Commonwealth
.
Which
way
of
proceeding
,
some
imputed
to
the
want
of
able
Souldiers
,
others
to
the
Ambition
of
the
Consul
,
because
he
was
cry'd
up
,
and
advanc'd
by
that
sort
of
People
:
for
to
a
Man
that
aspires
to
Power
and
Command
,
the
more
indigent
are
still
the
fittest
Instruments
upon
several
occasions
;
in
regard
they
have
nothing
to
care
for
of
their
own
,
and
therefore
look
upon
all
things
to
be
just
and
honest
,
by
which
there
is
any
thing
to
be
got
.
Marius
therefore
,
putting
to
Sea
,
with
something
a
larger
Number
then
was
Decreed
him
,
landed
in
a
few
days
at
Vtica
.
The
Army
is
deliver'd
over
into
his
hands
by
P.
Rutilius
the
Legate
.
For
Metellus
avoided
the
sight
of
Marius
,
that
he
might
not
see
those
things
which
he
could
not
endure
to
hear
.
87.
But
the
Consul
having
recruited
the
Legions
and
auxiliary
Cohorts
,
marches
into
a
fruitful
Country
,
where
he
might
be
sure
to
find
Booty
enough
.
There
he
gave
all
the
Pillage
to
the
Souldiers
.
This
done
,
he
takes
in
all
the
Castles
and
Towns
that
were
but
slightly
fortify'd
either
by
Art
or
Nature
,
and
least
able
to
make
defence
,
and
has
several
slight
Skirmishes
with
the
Enemy
,
some
in
one
place
,
some
in
another
:
and
all
the
while
he
order'd
the
raw
Souldiers
to
stand
and
look
on
;
to
behold
the
Routed
kill'd
or
taken
;
and
thereby
taught
'em
how
the
most
Valiant
were
still
in
most
Safety
;
That
the
Sword
was
the
only
Protection
of
their
Country
,
their
Liberties
,
their
Wives
and
Children
:
and
how
Honour
,
not
Riches
,
was
the
noblest
Aim
.
Thus
in
a
short
time
both
Raw
and
Veteranes
became
all
one
,
and
the
Courage
of
all
was
equally
alike
.
But
the
Two
Kings
,
when
they
understood
of
Marius's
arrival
,
retir'd
several
ways
into
the
Fastnesses
of
the
Country
.
This
was
Jugurth's
Design
,
in
hopes
that
the
Romans
might
be
surpriz'd
so
soon
as
they
thought
themselves
a
little
more
secure
.
For
that
the
Romans
,
like
most
other
People
,
grew
careless
and
remiss
in
their
Guards
,
when
once
their
Fears
were
over
.
88.
In
the
mean
time
Metellus
arriving
at
Rom●
,
contrary
to
his
Expectations
,
was
joyfully
receiv'd
:
and
so
soon
as
once
their
Passion
was
over
,
equally
belov'd
as
well
by
the
People
as
by
the
Senate
.
But
Marius
indefatigably
and
with
extraordinary
Prudence
minded
both
his
own
Business
,
and
the
Motions
of
the
Enemy
:
he
was
still
considering
what
was
advantageous
,
what
was
prejudicial
to
both
:
he
had
his
Spies
continually
abroad
to
observe
the
Marches
of
the
Kings
;
thereby
to
prevent
their
Designs
and
Ambuscadoes
;
suffering
no
remisness
in
his
own
,
nor
any
security
in
the
Army
of
his
Enemy
.
By
which
means
he
often
met
in
his
Marches
with
the
Getulians
and
Jugurth
ravaging
the
Territories
of
our
Allies
,
whom
he
assoon
defeated
,
and
not
far
from
Cirta
,
forc'd
the
King
himself
to
leave
his
Arms
behind
him
.
Which
being
only
brave
Exploits
,
but
no
way
conducing
to
the
Conclusion
of
the
War
,
he
determin'd
to
besiege
all
such
Towns
as
either
thro'
the
strength
of
the
Garrison
,
or
the
situation
of
the
Place
were
of
importance
to
the
Enemy
,
and
prejudicial
to
the
Romans
.
By
which
means
Jugurth
must
be
despoyled
of
all
his
Garrisons
if
he
lay
still
,
or
else
must
come
to
a
Battel
.
For
Bocchus
had
often
sent
him
word
that
he
was
for
his
part
desirous
of
a
League
and
Friendship
with
the
Romans
;
and
that
he
should
not
need
to
fear
any
thing
of
Hostility
at
his
hands
.
But
whether
he
dissembled
in
this
particular
,
to
the
end
his
unexpected
Onset
might
give
the
greater
Blow
,
or
whether
out
of
natural
instability
of
Mind
,
it
were
his
Custom
to
make
frequent
Exchanges
of
War
and
Peace
,
could
never
be
certainly
known
.
89.
The
Consul
however
,
according
to
his
Determination
,
visits
all
the
Towns
and
strong
Holds
:
some
he
takes
by
force
,
some
through
fear
surrender
;
and
others
upon
the
Offers
of
large
Rewards
set
open
their
Gates
.
At
first
he
dealt
with
those
that
were
less
considerable
,
hoping
that
Jugurth
,
coming
to
the
Rescue
of
his
Subjects
,
would
give
him
the
opportunity
of
a
Battel
.
But
understanding
that
he
was
gone
a
great
way
off
,
and
busily
intent
upon
other
Affairs
,
he
thought
it
time
to
bestir
himself
in
greater
and
more
difficult
Enterprizes
.
On
the
other
side
of
the
Country
,
beyond
several
wide
and
spacious
Desarts
,
lay
a
large
and
strong
Town
by
name
[
*
](A60419-e18290-b)
*
Now
Capi
,
lying
not
far
from
the
Bay
call'd
Golfo
di
Capes
.
Capsa
;
Of
which
the
Libyan
Hercules
is
said
to
have
been
the
Founder
.
The
Inhabitants
enjoy'd
great
Privileges
under
Jugurth
,
free
from
Taxes
,
and
therefore
most
faithful
to
him
:
being
not
only
guarded
by
their
Walls
and
a
strong
Garrison
,
well
furnish'd
with
all
sort
of
warlike
Ammunition
;
but
much
more
by
the
difficult
situation
of
the
Place
.
For
excepting
those
Fields
and
Pastures
that
lay
round
about
the
Town
,
all
the
Country
round
about
lay
barren
,
desart
,
and
unmanur'd
,
wanting
Water
,
and
much
infested
with
Serpents
;
whose
Fury
,
like
that
of
all
other
Creatures
,
is
the
more
exasperated
through
scarcity
of
Food
;
besides
that
,
the
pernicious
Nature
of
those
Serpents
is
by
nothing
more
provoked
then
by
Drought
.
Marius
was
inflam'd
with
an
eager
desire
to
take
this
Town
,
as
well
for
the
Service
of
the
War
,
as
for
the
Difficulty
of
the
Enterprize
:
besides
that
Metellus
,
highly
to
his
Honour
,
had
won
the
City
of
Thala
,
not
much
unlike
this
Place
,
both
for
Strength
and
Situation
;
only
that
not
far
from
the
Walls
of
Thala
there
were
several
Springs
:
They
of
Capsa
had
but
only
one
Well
of
Fountain-Water
;
all
the
Out-parts
supply'd
themselves
as
the
Rain
happen'd
to
fall
.
Which
both
there
,
and
in
all
Africa
,
that
lies
remote
from
the
Sea
,
and
more
uncultivated
,
is
the
more
easily
endur'd
,
for
that
the
Numidians
for
the
most
part
feed
upon
Milk
and
the
Flesh
of
wild
Beasts
,
wanting
neither
Salt
,
nor
any
other
Sawces
to
whet
their
Appetites
.
Their
Diet
only
serv'd
'em
to
prevent
Hunger
and
Thirst
,
not
for
Luxury
,
nor
yet
to
please
their
Palats
.
90.
The
Consul
therefore
having
made
a
full
Enquiry
into
every
thing
,
relying
certainly
upon
the
Favour
of
the
Gods
;
(
for
humane
Wisdom
could
never
provide
against
so
many
Difficulties
;
especially
there
being
but
small
store
of
Corn
in
those
parts
,
in
regard
the
Numidians
delight
more
in
Pasturage
then
Tillage
,
and
what
they
had
upon
the
Ground
,
by
the
King's
Order
was
secur'd
in
their
strong
Holds
;
besides
that
,
the
Fields
were
at
that
season
parch'd
up
,
without
any
Crop
at
all
,
for
it
was
toward
the
latter
end
of
Summer
)
however
he
makes
sufficient
Provision
out
of
that
Plenty
which
he
had
;
ordering
the
Auxiliary
Horse
to
drive
before
'em
all
the
Cattel
,
which
they
had
made
Booty
of
upon
their
last
Incursions
.
A.
Manlius
the
Legate
,
he
commands
to
march
with
the
Light-Armed
Cohorts
to
Laris
,
where
he
had
secur'd
his
Money
for
the
Souldiers
Pay
,
and
his
Provisions
,
giving
out
that
he
would
march
that
way
himself
within
a
few
days
,
and
meet
him
there
.
And
thus
concealing
his
Design
,
he
sets
forward
,
directly
for
the
River
Tana
.
91.
Upon
his
March
,
he
made
an
equal
distribution
of
his
Cattel
among
the
Souldiers
,
so
much
to
the
Foot
,
and
so
much
to
the
Horse
:
of
the
Hides
he
caus'd
Bottles
or
Water-Bags
to
be
made
.
This
he
did
,
no
man
knowing
his
Design
,
to
prevent
the
waste
of
Corn
,
which
was
to
stand
him
afterwards
in
stead
.
Upon
the
sixth
day
,
by
that
time
he
came
to
the
River
,
he
had
an
infinite
number
of
Water-Bags
ready
made
.
There
pitching
his
Tents
,
and
slightly
fortifying
his
Camp
,
he
order'd
his
Souldiers
to
their
Repast
,
and
commands
'em
to
be
ready
to
march
so
soon
as
the
Sun
began
to
set
,
leaving
all
their
Baggage
behind
,
only
loading
themselves
and
their
Beasts
of
Carriage
with
Water
.
Then
at
his
time
appointed
he
sets
forward
,
and
having
march'd
all
Night
,
he
makes
a
Halt
all
the
next
day
.
Thus
he
did
the
second
Night
;
and
the
third
Night
,
long
before
Day-Break
,
he
came
to
a
Place
full
of
Hillocks
,
not
above
two
Miles
distant
from
the
Town
;
where
,
as
privately
as
he
could
,
he
lay
close
with
all
his
Army
.
But
in
the
Morning
,
when
the
Numidians
,
least
dreaming
of
an
Enemy
,
began
to
stir
abroad
about
their
Occasions
,
he
commands
all
the
Cavalry
,
and
the
swiftest
of
his
Foot
to
fly
to
the
Town
,
and
seize
the
Gates
.
Immediately
he
himself
follow'd
,
strictly
commanding
the
Souldiers
to
refrain
from
Pillage
.
Which
when
the
Townsmen
perceiv'd
,
their
dangerous
Condition
,
unspeakable
Consternation
,
Calamity
unlookt
for
,
and
besides
all
this
,
a
great
part
of
the
Inhabitants
without
the
walls
,
in
the
power
of
the
Enemy
,
constrain'd
'em
to
a
speedy
Surrender
.
Nevertheless
the
Town
was
laid
in
Ashes
,
&
the
Numidian
Youth
were
put
to
the
Sword
;
all
others
sold
,
and
the
Booty
divided
among
the
Souldiers
.
Which
severe
Act
of
the
Consul
's
,
against
the
Law
of
Arms
,
neither
his
Avarice
,
nor
his
Cruelty
urg'd
him
to
commit
.
But
because
so
strong
a
Place
that
lay
so
necessary
and
convenient
for
Jugurth
,
was
no
less
difficult
of
Access
to
the
Romans
:
the
People
fickle
and
perfidious
,
neither
to
be
●urb'd
by
Fear
,
nor
kept
in
Obedience
by
mild
Usage
.
92.
Marius
having
thus
perform'd
an
Exploit
so
considerable
without
any
loss
of
his
own
Men
,
as
he
was
great
,
and
in
high
Repute
before
,
so
was
he
now
ten
times
greater
,
and
more
famous
then
ever
.
Not
only
what
he
acted
with
Prudence
and
Foresight
,
but
whatever
prov'd
by
Fortune
successful
,
was
all
ascrib'd
to
his
Vertue
and
Conduct
.
The
Souldiers
under
gentle
Command
,
and
enrich'd
withal
,
extoll'd
him
to
the
Skies
:
the
Numidians
dreaded
him
as
if
more
then
Humane
:
in
a
word
,
both
Allies
and
Enemies
believ'd
,
that
either
he
was
inspir'd
with
a
Divine
Foresight
,
or
else
,
that
he
acted
altogether
by
the
immediate
Assistance
of
the
Gods
.
The
Consul
therefore
upon
this
Success
,
hastens
to
several
other
Towns
;
of
which
,
some
he
takes
after
a
small
Resistance
of
the
Numidians
:
others
he
finds
deserted
by
the
Inhabitants
,
dreading
the
sad
Fate
of
the
Capsensians
,
all
which
he
lays
in
Ashes
:
nothing
but
Slaughter
and
Lamentation
over
the
whole
Country
.
Thus
having
made
himself
Master
of
several
Places
,
and
most
without
the
Loss
of
my
Roman
Blood
,
he
undertakes
another
Enterprize
,
not
so
toilsom
as
that
of
Capsa
,
yet
no
less
difficult
.
Not
far
from
the
River
Mulucha
,
which
separates
the
two
Kingdoms
of
Jugurth
and
Bocchus
,
stands
a
Rocky
Mountain
,
of
a
prodigious
height
,
in
the
midst
of
a
large
Plain
,
upon
the
Top
of
which
,
where
there
was
Space
enough
,
stood
an
indifferent
Castle
;
to
which
there
was
but
one
,
and
that
a
very
narrow
Ascent
.
For
every
way
else
it
was
by
Nature
so
perpendicularly
steep
,
as
if
it
had
been
the
Labour
of
Art
and
Industry
.
Which
Castle
,
because
it
was
one
of
the
Places
where
the
King's
Treasure
lay
,
Marius
resolves
to
win
,
whatever
it
cost
him
.
But
here
his
Fortune
befriended
him
above
his
Conduct
:
For
the
Castle
was
furnisht
with
a
strong
Garrison
,
and
all
manner
of
warlike
Ammunition
and
Provisions
,
a
Fountain
of
Water
,
but
no
way
assailable
by
the
help
either
of
Bulwarks
or
Towers
,
and
as
it
were
,
standing
in
defiance
of
all
sorts
of
Engins
whatever
:
besides
,
the
Passage
to
it
was
narrow
and
steep
on
both
sides
.
The
Vines
by
which
we
make
our
Approaches
,
were
brought
and
set
up
with
vast
Labour
and
Danger
;
for
no
sooner
were
they
rais'd
to
something
of
perfection
,
but
they
were
presently
destroy'd
with
Fire
and
Stones
.
The
Souldiers
could
neither
stand
to
their
Labour
,
by
reason
of
the
steepness
of
the
Place
;
nor
work
secure
under
the
covertures
;
they
that
were
most
forward
and
couragious
,
were
slain
or
wounded
,
others
were
dismay'd
and
discourag'd
.
93.
Marius
therefore
after
the
Toyl
and
Labour
of
many
days
consum'd
in
vain
,
perplex'd
and
pensive
,
began
to
consider
whether
he
should
draw
off
,
or
wait
a
favourable
opportunity
,
since
his
Fortune
had
been
hitherto
so
prosperous
.
Which
while
he
was
pondering
for
several
days
and
Nights
together
,
chaf'd
and
fuming
in
his
Mind
,
by
chance
a
certain
Ligurian
common
Souldier
in
the
Auxiliary
Cohorts
,
going
out
of
the
Camp
to
fetch
water
,
not
far
from
that
side
of
the
Castle
which
was
opposite
to
that
part
where
the
Assaults
and
Defences
were
made
,
spy'd
several
Periwinkles
creeping
among
the
Rocks
.
Of
which
when
he
had
tasted
one
or
two
,
desirous
to
have
more
,
he
was
got
up
by
degrees
,
ere
he
knew
where
he
was
,
to
the
top
of
the
Rock
;
where
observing
nothing
but
Silence
and
Solitude
,
after
the
custom
of
humane
Curiosity
,
desirous
to
see
what
he
never
had
seen
before
,
he
stands
and
listens
.
By
chance
there
grew
in
the
same
place
a
Holm-Tree
,
which
had
made
its
way
through
the
Stones
,
stooping
forward
at
first
,
then
winding
back
,
and
shooting
up
to
a
considerable
heighth
,
as
it
is
the
Nature
of
all
Vegetables
.
By
the
help
of
whose
Boughs
,
and
the
Stones
jutting
out
from
the
Wall
,
the
Ligurian
clamber'd
so
high
,
that
he
discover'd
the
whole
Platform
of
the
Castle
,
and
perceiv'd
how
the
Defendants
were
all
busily
employ'd
where
the
Assailants
forc'd
'em
to
make
Resistance
.
After
he
had
thus
taken
a
sufficient
view
of
all
things
that
he
thought
requisite
,
he
returns
the
same
way
he
got
up
,
not
in
haste
,
but
leisurely
observing
and
taking
notice
of
every
Particular
conducing
to
his
purpose
.
This
done
,
away
he
comes
to
Marius
,
informs
him
of
the
Accident
,
and
advises
him
to
attempt
the
Castle
on
that
side
;
and
promises
to
lead
the
way
,
and
be
formost
in
the
Danger
.
Immediately
Marius
sends
away
with
the
Ligurian
some
of
those
that
were
then
present
,
to
examin
the
Truth
of
his
Information
;
who
,
according
to
their
several
Fancies
,
upon
their
Return
,
reported
the
Enterprize
,
some
to
be
easie
;
others
,
difficult
.
However
,
the
Consul
began
to
pluck
up
a
good
heart
;
and
liking
the
Design
,
picks
out
of
all
,
his
Trumpets
and
Cornets
,
five
of
the
nimblest
and
most
active
he
could
meet
with
;
and
appoints
'em
for
their
Guard
four
Centurions
with
their
Companies
,
commanding
'em
to
follow
the
Ligurian's
Instructions
:
and
appoints
the
next
day
to
put
the
Enterprize
in
execution
.
And
now
the
time
appointed
being
come
,
and
all
things
fix'd
,
away
they
go
to
the
Place
:
at
what
time
the
Centurions
,
according
to
the
Directions
of
their
Guide
,
chang'd
both
their
Arms
and
their
Apparel
,
and
went
with
their
Heads
and
Feet
bare
;
to
the
end
they
might
the
better
look
about
'em
,
and
clamber
with
more
ease
.
Their
Swords
and
their
Targets
,
which
after
the
Numidian
Fashion
,
were
of
Leather
,
as
well
for
Lightness
,
as
to
prevent
their
ringing
against
the
Stones
,
they
ty'd
at
their
Backs
.
The
Ligurian
also
clambering
formost
,
fasten'd
Ropes
to
the
Stones
and
Stumps
of
Trees
and
Shrubs
that
grew
about
the
Rock
,
for
the
Souldiers
to
ease
themselves
in
climbing
:
others
that
were
not
so
well
vers'd
at
the
sport
,
he
pull'd
up
by
the
Hand
;
and
where
the
Ascent
was
more
steep
then
ordinary
,
he
order'd
'em
to
climb
without
their
Arms
,
and
carry'd
their
Arms
after
'em
.
Those
Places
which
seem'd
most
difficult
and
dangerous
he
chiefly
try'd
;
and
by
often
ascending
and
descending
the
same
way
,
then
by
and
by
giving
room
,
and
stepping
to
another
place
,
he
encourag'd
the
rest
.
At
length
long
and
very
much
tir'd
,
they
got
to
the
Castle
,
as
it
were
abandon'd
on
that
side
;
for
that
all
the
Garrison
,
as
at
other
times
,
were
facing
the
Enemy
.
Marius
,
when
he
understood
what
Progress
the
Ligurian
had
made
,
though
he
had
ply'd
the
Numidians
all
that
day
,
yet
then
encouraging
his
Souldiers
,
appearing
formost
himself
without
the
Approaches
,
&
running
under
the
[
*
](A60419-e18830-b)
*
The
Testudo
was
when
a
Body
of
Souldiers
serri'd
to
their
close
Order
,
&
stooping
with
their
Bodies
,
cover'd
their
Backs
with
their
Shields
,
to
bear
off
the
Stones
and
other
Instruments
of
Mis.
chief
that
were
thrown
upon
'em
:
and
then
mov'd
forward
under
that
shelter
like
a
Tortoise
in
her
Shell
.
Testudo
,
against
the
Wall
,
not
only
shook
the
Foundations
below
,
but
with
his
Slings
,
and
other
Missive
Engines
,
kept
the
Enemy
hard
at
work
above
.
On
the
other
side
,
the
Numidians
having
often
burnt
and
destroy'd
the
Roman
Vines
,
were
grown
so
hardy
,
that
as
if
they
had
no
need
of
Walls
,
they
would
frequently
in
the
day-time
leap
over
the
Battlements
upon
the
Rock
,
and
standing
there
,
defy
the
Romans
,
call
Marius
Coward
in
his
own
hearing
,
and
threaten
the
Souldiers
to
make
'em
Jugurth's
Slaves
,
with
all
the
Bravado's
of
prosperous
Insolence
imaginable
.
At
last
,
while
Assailants
and
Defendants
were
eagerly
exasperated
in
sight
,
the
one
contending
for
Conquest
and
Honour
,
the
other
for
Safety
of
their
Lives
,
on
a
sudden
the
Trumpets
and
Cornets
began
to
sound
behind
their
Backs
;
and
first
the
Women
and
Children
that
came
to
be
Spectators
of
their
Husbands
and
their
Fathers
Manhood
;
then
such
as
were
next
the
Walls
,
and
lastly
,
the
whole
Company
,
as
well
those
that
were
arm'd
,
as
those
that
had
none
,
betook
themselves
to
flight
.
Which
the
Romans
observing
,
charg'd
more
furiously
with
their
Slings
and
Engines
,
some
they
wounded
,
others
they
slew
,
and
made
Steps
of
their
dead
Bodies
out
of
eagerness
to
ascend
the
wall
:
neither
was
there
any
one
that
made
a
stop
for
greediness
of
Spoyl
.
Thus
Fortune
found
a
Salvo
for
the
Rashness
of
Marius
,
and
procur'd
him
Honour
from
the
Errour
of
his
Conduct
.
95.
In
the
heat
of
this
Action
,
L.
Sylla
the
Questor
,
arriv'd
at
the
Camp
,
with
a
great
Body
of
Cavalry
,
which
he
was
left
at
Rome
to
raise
in
Latium
,
and
among
the
Confederate
Allies
.
Now
therefore
since
the
opportunity
puts
us
in
mind
of
so
great
a
Personage
,
it
will
not
be
amiss
,
briefly
to
say
something
of
his
Conditions
and
Education
.
For
we
shall
have
no
occasion
in
any
other
place
to
make
any
farther
mention
of
his
Actions
.
Besides
that
L.
Sisenna
,
who
of
all
others
that
have
written
of
him
,
has
with
greatest
Industry
and
Fidelity
pursu'd
his
History
,
seems
to
have
been
too
sparing
of
his
Commendations
.
Sylla
therefore
,
was
descended
from
a
Noble
Patrician
Family
,
but
gone
to
decay
,
and
near
extinct
,
through
the
Sloth
of
his
Ancestors
.
He
was
equally
skill'd
and
accomplish'd
both
in
the
Greek
and
Latin
Learning
;
of
a
lofty
Courage
,
addicted
to
his
Pleasures
,
but
more
greedy
of
Honour
;
luxurious
at
his
vacant
hours
,
yet
his
Pleasure
never
took
him
off
from
Business
;
only
he
might
have
better
consulted
his
Reputation
in
the
choice
of
a
[
*
](A60419-e19030-b)
*
For
he
marry'd
Valeria
,
one
that
over-wantonly
courted
him
in
the
publick
Theater
.
Wife
.
He
was
eloquent
,
subtil
,
nothing
coy
of
his
Friendship
,
but
easily
familiar
;
but
for
dissimulation
,
and
disguising
his
own
Thoughts
,
the
Depth
of
his
Wit
was
incredible
:
liberal
in
his
Gifts
,
but
especially
of
his
Money
.
Before
the
Civil
War
,
the
most
happy
Person
living
,
his
Fortune
never
surmounted
his
Industry
;
so
that
it
was
a
Question
which
many
could
never
decide
,
Whether
he
were
more
Fortunate
or
Vertuous
.
For
as
for
his
latter
Actions
,
I
am
at
a
loss
whether
to
repeat
'em
with
greater
Grief
,
or
greater
Shame
.
96.
Sylla
therefore
when
he
arriv'd
in
Africa
,
and
came
once
to
be
conversant
in
Marius's
Camp
;
in
a
short
time
prov'd
to
be
one
of
the
most
sedulous
and
expert
of
all
the
Roman
Commanders
.
Moreover
,
he
treated
the
Souldiers
affably
and
kindly
:
liberal
to
many
that
ask'd
him
,
to
others
of
his
own
accord
:
in
those
things
much
more
forward
and
willing
then
to
pay
his
own
Debts
.
He
never
demanded
whatever
he
lent
:
making
it
his
Study
,
rather
that
others
should
be
beholding
to
him
.
His
Custom
was
to
jest
and
be
merry
,
and
sometimes
to
be
serious
with
the
meanest
.
He
lov'd
to
be
present
with
the
Souldiers
in
all
their
Duties
of
working
,
marching
and
watching
:
neither
would
he
all
the
while
,
according
to
the
Custom
of
deprav'd
Ambition
,
speak
ill
either
of
the
Consul
,
or
any
other
Person
.
Neither
in
Direction
or
Execution
of
any
Orders
,
would
he
suffer
any
man
to
be
before
him
,
but
was
generally
the
formost
himself
.
And
these
were
the
Ways
and
Means
by
which
he
endear'd
himself
both
to
Marius
and
won
the
Affections
of
the
Souldiers
.
97.
In
the
mean
time
Jugurth
,
after
he
had
lost
Capsa
,
and
several
other
Towns
,
strongly
fortify'd
and
of
great
importance
to
his
Affairs
,
besides
a
vast
Treasure
,
sent
Messengers
to
Boccbus
,
to
hasten
his
Army
into
Numidia
;
for
that
now
was
the
Time
to
decide
the
Controversie
by
Battel
one
way
or
other
.
But
when
he
perceiv'd
him
to
procrastinate
and
spin
out
the
time
,
then
full
of
doubts
,
he
began
to
consider
the
Advantages
of
Peace
and
War
;
and
as
before
,
renew'd
his
former
Practices
of
Bribing
his
chiefest
Favourites
.
He
also
promises
the
Moor
himself
a
Third
Part
of
Numidia
,
upon
Condition
the
Romans
were
either
chac'd
out
of
Africa
,
or
that
the
War
were
so
concluded
,
that
he
might
enjoy
the
full
extent
of
his
Kingdom
.
With
this
Temptation
Bocchus
allur'd
,
hastens
to
Jugurth
with
a
numerous
Power
of
Men.
Thus
the
two
Armies
being
joyn'd
,
as
Marius
was
Marching
to
his
Winter
Quarters
,
about
what
time
,
scarce
the
tenth
part
of
the
day
remained
behind
,
they
fell
on
furiously
,
believing
the
approaching
Night
,
would
be
to
them
a
Security
were
they
overthrown
;
or
if
the
Victors
,
could
be
no
Impediment
,
because
they
were
well
acquainted
with
the
Country
:
on
the
other
side
assuring
themselves
,
that
whether
Victors
or
vanquish'd
,
the
dark
Night
would
be
equally
troublesome
to
the
Romans
.
So
that
the
Enemy
was
upon
him
ere
the
Consul
had
Intelligence
of
the
approach
of
the
Army
;
and
before
the
Legions
could
be
Embattell'd
,
or
the
Baggage
dispos'd
of
and
secur'd
;
before
he
had
time
to
give
the
Signal
,
or
give
out
his
Orders
,
the
Moors
and
Getulian
Cavalry
had
charg'd
our
Men
,
not
rang'd
in
order
,
nor
drawn
up
in
warlike
maner
,
but
at
a
venture
in
single
Troops
and
scattering
Parties
.
The
Romans
thus
surpriz'd
with
suddain
Fear
,
and
unprovided
,
yet
calling
to
mind
their
wonted
Valour
,
some
betook
themselves
to
their
Arms
,
others
defended
their
fellows
while
they
made
themselves
ready
:
The
Cavalry
mounted
,
and
hastned
to
stop
the
Enemies
Career
;
so
that
the
Fight
lookt
rather
like
a
Rancounter
of
Free-booters
then
a
Battel
;
observing
neither
Ensigns
nor
Ranks
,
Horse
and
Foot
mix'd
one
among
another
;
some
giving
ground
,
others
being
slain
:
many
,
while
stoutly
engag'd
with
their
Adversaries
,
had
the
Enemy
upon
their
Backs
;
neither
Valour
nor
Steel
were
a
sufficient
Protection
;
for
that
the
Enemy
was
more
numerous
,
and
made
their
Attacks
on
every
side
.
For
remedy
whereof
the
Romans
as
well
Veteranes
as
the
raw
Souldiers
being
instructed
by
their
fellows
,
as
Chance
or
Place
gave
them
an
opportunity
,
threw
themselves
into
Oval
Bodies
,
and
so
facing
the
Enemy
every
way
substain'd
their
Fury
with
a
much
more
safe
resistance
.
All
this
while
,
Marius
,
thus
hard
put
to
it
,
was
nothing
at
all
dejected
,
nor
shew'd
the
least
sign
of
fear
more
then
at
any
other
time
;
but
with
his
own
Life-guard
which
he
had
made
choice
of
,
not
for
favour
but
for
their
Bravery
and
Stoutness
,
flew
from
one
place
to
another
,
relieving
those
that
were
over
power'd
,
and
sometimes
charging
the
Thickest
of
the
Enemy
,
instructing
'em
by
acts
of
personal
Examples
;
since
as
a
General
all
Commands
were
vain
in
such
a
terrible
Confusion
.
And
now
by
this
the
day
was
well
nigh
spent
,
and
yet
the
Enemy
abated
nothing
of
their
Fury
,
but
according
to
Jugurth's
instructions
relying
upon
the
darkness
of
the
night
,
rather
press'd
on
more
eagerly
.
When
Marius
taking
resolutions
from
the
necessity
of
his
Affairs
that
he
might
have
a
place
of
Retreate
orders
his
men
to
take
possession
of
two
small
Hills
that
lay
close
adjoyning
one
to
another
.
Upon
the
least
of
these
Hills
,
which
was
not
spacious
enough
to
pitch
his
Camp
,
there
was
a
large
Fountain
of
Water
;
the
other
more
for
his
purpose
,
for
that
being
high
and
steep
,
it
wanted
the
less
fortification
.
Therefore
upon
the
first
he
commanded
Sylla
to
keep
a
strict
Guard
with
the
Cavalry
all
the
Night
;
He
himself
takes
care
to
rally
his
Men
,
and
to
disingage
'em
from
among
the
Enemy
who
were
in
no
less
confusion
then
the
Romans
.
Which
done
he
retreats
in
a
full
Body
to
the
second
Hill
.
The
two
Kings
being
thus
discourag'd
by
the
difficulty
of
the
place
from
making
any
farther
attempts
however
would
not
leave
the
Consul
so
,
but
lay
all
Night
surrounding
both
the
Hills
with
their
extended
Multitude
.
All
the
Night
long
the
Enemy
made
great
and
many
Fires
,
were
merry
and
jocond
,
skipp'd
and
daunc'd
about
and
made
several
strange
noises
with
their
feet
and
throates
,
after
their
Barbarous
Custom
.
The
Kings
themselves
were
pufft
up
,
and
full
of
high
thoughts
,
because
they
had
not
been
constrain'd
to
fly
,
but
like
Victors
lay
Besieging
the
Romans
.
But
all
these
things
were
easily
descernible
by
the
light
of
the
Fires
to
our
Men
from
the
higher
ground
,
and
gave
them
no
small
encouragement
.
99.
Marius
therefore
embolden'd
to
see
the
Enemies
defect
of
Discipline
,
commands
a
most
exact
Silence
in
his
own
Camp
;
not
suffering
the
Trumpets
to
sound
upon
relieving
the
Watches
,
as
they
were
wont
to
do
,
but
as
soon
as
Day
began
to
peep
,
when
the
Enemy
tyr'd
with
their
Jollity
were
gone
to
their
repose
,
and
all
in
a
profound
Sleep
,
of
a
suddain
he
causes
all
the
Tributary
Trumpeters
,
and
all
the
Trumpeters
of
the
several
Cohorts
,
Troops
and
Legions
all
to
sound
together
,
and
the
Souldiers
at
the
same
time
with
loud
shouts
and
Military
clamours
to
rend
the
Air
,
and
pour
out
of
the
Camp
upon
the
Enemy
.
On
the
other
side
,
the
Moors
and
Getulians
,
waken'd
with
the
unusual
and
horrid
noise
,
could
neither
fly
,
nor
stand
to
their
Arms
;
neither
resolve
nor
prevent
.
In
such
a
manner
were
they
stupify'd
and
har'd
with
noise
,
clamour
,
tumult
,
terrour
,
fright
,
amazement
,
want
of
succour
,
and
the
Inundation
of
the
Enemy
:
and
at
length
all
routed
and
put
to
flight
;
most
of
their
Arms
and
Military
Ensigns
taken
,
and
more
slain
in
that
Battel
then
in
all
the
Encounters
before
:
for
being
scarce
awake
,
and
scar'd
out
of
their
Wits
,
they
had
not
sence
enough
to
fly
.
100.
Marius
thus
a
Victor
,
according
to
his
first
determination
,
hasten'd
to
his
Winter
Quarters
,
which
he
resolv'd
to
take
up
in
the
Sea
Towns
,
for
the
conveniency
of
Provision
.
Yet
in
the
heighth
of
his
success
ne'er
the
more
negligent
or
puff'd
up
,
but
as
if
still
the
Enemy
had
been
in
the
field
he
March'd
with
his
Army
divided
into
four
Battalions
.
Upon
the
Right-wing
Sylla
lead
the
Horse
;
the
Left
was
guarded
by
A.
Manlius
with
the
Slingers
and
Darters
,
and
a
Cohort
of
Ligurians
.
In
the
Front
and
Rear
he
plac'd
the
Tribunes
with
certain
Bands
of
light
Armed
foot
.
The
Fugitives
,
as
being
little
valu'd
,
and
exactly
acquainted
with
the
Country
,
were
put
upon
the
Forlorns
to
to
observe
the
Motion
of
the
Enemy
.
The
Consul
,
confin'd
to
no
Place
,
as
if
there
had
been
no
other
Overseers
but
himself
,
had
an
eye
every
where
,
was
present
with
all
,
prais'd
or
reprov'd
according
to
Desert
.
He
rode
about
compleatly
arm'd
,
and
made
it
his
business
to
keep
the
Souldiers
from
stragling
;
no
less
vigilant
,
then
as
if
he
had
been
upon
a
March
,
to
fortify
his
Camp
,
to
set
the
Sentinels
to
order
what
Cohorts
,
what
Auxiliary
Horse
should
be
upon
the
Guard
without
the
Trenches
,
which
to
watch
upon
the
Brest-works
,
within
the
Fortifications
;
and
go
the
Rounds
in
Person
,
not
so
much
mistrusting
disobedience
of
his
Commands
,
but
that
the
Souldiers
might
be
the
more
willing
to
endure
hardship
,
when
they
beheld
the
General
himself
so
painfully
sharing
their
laborious
Toyl
.
And
indeed
Marius
may
be
said
both
then
and
at
other
times
,
during
the
Jugurthin
War
,
to
keep
his
Army
in
awe
rather
by
shame
,
then
severity
of
Punishment
,
which
many
attributed
to
his
Ambition
;
but
others
more
soft
in
their
censures
,
ascrib'd
to
his
being
enur'd
to
Hardship
from
his
Cradle
,
which
made
him
take
pleasure
in
those
things
,
which
others
lookt
upon
as
Tribulations
.
However
it
were
,
this
is
certain
,
He
was
no
less
profitable
and
successful
to
the
Commonwealth
,
then
if
he
had
been
the
severest
Commander
in
the
World
.
101.
Upon
the
fourth
day
,
being
not
far
from
Cirta
,
the
Scouts
came
all
thundering
into
the
Body
of
the
Army
:
which
was
a
certain
sign
the
Enemy
was
at
hand
.
But
because
they
had
been
all
several
ways
,
and
all
brought
the
same
Intelligence
,
the
Consul
uncertain
which
way
to
Embattel
his
Army
,
would
not
change
any
thing
of
his
Order
,
as
being
already
prepar'd
to
attend
the
Enemies
coming
with
a
Front
every
way
.
By
this
means
he
disappointed
Jugurth's
Expectations
;
for
having
divided
his
Forces
into
four
Battalions
,
he
made
full
account
,
that
one
or
other
of
the
Four
,
would
have
an
opportunity
to
fall
upon
the
back
of
the
Enemies
.
In
the
mean
time
Sylla
,
who
was
first
Attacqu'd
,
after
some
few
Exhortations
to
his
Men
,
with
several
single
Troops
,
joyning
Horse
head
to
Horse
head
,
he
and
several
others
,
charge
the
Moors
:
the
rest
keeping
firm
in
their
Places
,
cover
their
Bodies
from
the
Darts
,
that
were
flung
at
a
distance
;
and
if
any
of
the
Enemy
came
within
their
reach
,
he
was
sure
to
pay
for
his
venturing
.
While
the
Horse
were
thus
engag'd
,
Bocchus
with
the
Forces
which
his
Son
Volux
had
brought
to
reinforce
his
Army
,
and
which
were
not
in
the
last
Fight
,
having
stay'd
by
the
way
,
charges
the
Rear
of
the
Romans
.
Then
was
Marius
in
the
Front
,
where
Jugurth
found
him
play
with
a
numerous
Body
;
but
the
Numidian
,
understanding
that
Bocchus
had
charg'd
the
Romans
in
the
Rear
,
privately
with
a
small
Company
conveighs
himself
to
the
Foot
,
and
their
crys
out
in
Latine
,
which
he
had
learnt
to
speak
at
Numantia
,
that
our
Souldiers
fought
to
no
purpose
,
for
that
he
had
slain
Marius
but
a
little
before
with
his
own
hand
,
and
at
the
same
time
brandish'd
his
Sword
all
besmear'd
with
the
blood
of
a
Common
Trooper
,
whom
after
he
had
long
fought
him
hand
to
hand
,
at
length
he
slew
.
Which
when
the
Souldiers
heard
,
they
were
more
astonish'd
at
the
Cruelty
of
the
Fact
,
then
the
Relation
of
the
Messenger
:
at
what
time
the
Enemy
resuming
fresh
Courage
,
press
in
more
eagerly
upon
the
Romans
.
And
indeed
they
were
within
a
very
little
of
betaking
themselves
to
their
Heels
,
when
Sylla
,
returning
from
the
Rout
of
those
which
he
first
encounter'd
,
and
charging
the
Moors
in
Front
,
put
Bocchus
immediately
to
flight
.
As
for
Jugurth
,
while
he
labours
to
support
his
own
Men
,
and
to
keep
the
advantage
of
a
Victory
almost
gain'd
,
being
surrounded
on
every
side
by
the
Horse
and
all
his
followers
slain
,
breaks
through
the
thickest
of
his
Enemies
alone
.
Marius
in
the
mean
time
,
having
put
the
Horse
to
flight
,
hastens
to
the
Relief
of
his
own
Men
,
who
as
he
was
told
were
ready
to
give
ground
.
But
then
the
Enemy
being
utterly
broken
and
routed
on
every
side
,
hideous
was
the
Tragic
Spectacle
that
presented
it self
over
all
the
Field
;
Pursuing
,
flying
,
killing
,
taking
:
many
wounded
,
bleeding
,
striving
and
staggering
along
,
till
fainting
,
down
they
fell
:
the
surface
of
the
Earth
,
as
far
as
you
could
see
,
all
strew'd
with
Weapons
,
Arms
,
and
mangl'd
Carcases
;
and
all
the
spaces
between
fill'd
up
with
clotted
gore
.
102.
Thus
the
Consul
after
two
great
Victories
obtain'd
,
arriv'd
at
Cirta
:
where
about
five
days
after
the
last
Battel
,
he
was
attended
by
Embassadors
from
Bocchus
,
who
in
the
Name
of
the
King
their
Master
,
request
the
General
to
send
him
two
Commissioners
of
his
most
faithful
Friends
,
with
whom
he
had
a
desire
to
treat
of
several
things
that
concern'd
both
his
own
and
the
welfare
of
the
Roman
People
.
Thereupon
the
Consul
presently
orders
L.
Sylla
,
and
A.
Manlius
to
go
along
with
the
Embassadors
.
These
Gentlemen
though
they
were
sent
for
by
the
King
,
and
ought
first
to
have
heard
his
proposals
,
yet
they
were
clearly
for
speaking
first
,
either
to
abate
his
Courage
,
if
they
found
him
incens'd
against
the
Romans
,
or
else
render
him
more
plyable
to
their
Conditions
,
if
they
perceiv'd
him
inclinable
to
Peace
.
Whereupon
Sylla
,
to
whose
Eloquence
,
not
his
years
,
Manlius
gave
the
precedency
,
in
few
words
deliver'd
himself
to
this
effect
.
King
Bocchus
,
more
then
ordinary
has
been
our
joy
,
for
that
the
Gods
have
inspir'd
the
Breast
of
such
a
Man
,
at
length
rather
to
make
choice
of
Peace
then
War
,
nor
any
longer
to
contaminate
thy
Dignity
,
by
intermixing
Interests
,
thy self
the
best
of
Men
with
the
worst
of
Caitiffs
,
Jugurth
:
while
we
at
the
same
time
are
freed
from
a
bitter
necessity
of
prosecuting
as
well
Thee
beguil'd
and
led
astray
,
as
Him
debauch'd
in
Villany
,
Besides
that
from
the
very
Infancy
of
their
State
,
the
Romans
have
always
deem'd
it
much
more
noble
to
covet
Friends
then
Slaves
:
as
thinking
it
more
safe
to
Rule
the
wilingly
submissive
,
then
such
as
they
constrain'd
to
forc'd
Subjection
.
Nor
can
any
Mortal
reap
a
greater
benefit
from
our
Friendship
then
thy self
:
as
being
in
the
first
place
far
remote
:
So
that
the
occasions
of
injury
can
seldom
or
never
happen
,
but
the
opportunities
of
mutual
assistance
will
be
as
equally
balanc'd
as
if
we
were
near
at
hand
:
In
the
next
place
we
have
Subjects
enow
;
but
neither
we
nor
any
Potentate
living
,
can
boast
to
have
more
friends
then
are
needful
.
And
I
wish
to
Heav'n
thou
hadst
follow'd
those
determinations
at
the
beginning
;
for
certainly
by
this
time
thou
hadst
reap'd
far
greater
Advantages
from
the
Roman
People
,
then
hitherto
thou
hast
suffer'd
prejudice
.
But
in
regard
that
Fortune
governs
the
greatest
part
of
human
Affairs
,
and
since
it
has
been
her
Pleasure
,
Thou
shouldst
make
tryal
as
well
of
our
Force
as
of
our
Favour
;
now
,
since
she
affords
the
Opportunity
,
make
hast
to
embrace
it
,
as
thou
hast
begun
,
proceed
.
Thou
hast
many
and
fair
Advantages
,
to
redeem
thy
former
oversights
by
succeding
Kindnesses
.
Lastly
,
let
this
descend
into
thy
Breast
,
that
the
Roman
People
were
never
out-done
in
Gratitude
.
For
what
their
Courage
is
in
War
,
thou
knowest
thy self
.
To
this
Bocchus
briefly
returns
a
fair
and
plausible
Answer
,
in
extenuation
of
his
former
Errors
,
That
he
did
not
take
Arms
with
any
Hostile
design
,
but
only
to
secure
the
Kingdom
:
for
that
he
could
not
brook
,
that
Part
of
Numidia
,
whence
Jugurth
had
been
expell'd
,
being
his
own
by
right
of
War
,
should
be
laid
wast
by
Marius
:
besides
that
having
sent
his
Embassadors
formerly
to
Rome
,
his
friendship
was
rejected
;
but
that
now
laying
aside
all
past
Grudges
,
with
the
good
liking
of
Marius
,
he
would
send
another
Embassy
to
the
Senate
.
But
after
he
had
obtain'd
leave
,
the
Barbarian
alter'd
his
Resolutions
overrul'd
by
the
Importunity
of
his
Friends
,
whom
Jugurth
understanding
of
Manlius
and
Sylla's
being
sent
to
the
King
,
and
mistrusting
their
Errand
,
had
Brib'd
with
great
Presents
.
103.
Marius
in
the
mean
while
,
haing
dispos'd
of
his
Army
into
their
Winter
Quarters
,
with
the
Light
Armed
Cohorts
,
and
part
of
the
Cavalry
takes
a
swift
March
toward
the
Desarts
,
to
besige
the
Royal
Tower
,
where
Jugurth
had
plac'd
all
his
Fugitives
in
Garrison
.
And
then
again
it
was
,
that
Bocchus
,
either
considering
with
himself
what
had
befallen
him
in
the
two
last
Battels
,
or
else
being
better
advis'd
by
his
Friends
and
Favourites
,
whom
Jugurth
had
left
unbrib'd
;
or
else
scorn'd
his
Pensions
,
out
of
the
vast
variety
of
his
Kindred
and
Relations
,
of
which
he
had
a
numerous
Train
,
he
picks
five
,
the
most
Trusty
and
the
most
able
he
could
make
choice
of
.
These
he
sends
his
Embassadors
first
to
Marius
,
and
from
thence
,
if
he
thought
fit
,
orders
likewise
to
go
in
the
same
Quality
to
Rome
:
with
Plenipotentiary
power
upon
any
Terms
to
put
an
end
to
the
War
,
and
in
all
other
Matters
to
act
and
conclude
at
their
Discretion
.
They
make
hast
to
the
Winter
Quarters
of
the
Romans
.
But
being
met
upon
the
Road
by
certain
Getulian
Free-booters
and
rob'd
of
all
their
Equipage
,
frighted
as
they
were
,
and
meanly
habited
,
they
fly
to
Sylla's
Quarters
,
whom
Marius
upon
his
March
into
the
Desarts
,
had
left
Pretor
in
his
room
.
These
Men
did
Sylla
treat
not
as
vain
and
fickle
Enemies
,
but
Genteelly
and
Bountifully
supply'd
their
wants
.
So
that
the
Barbarians
finding
Sylla
so
munificent
and
so
friendly
withal
,
readily
alter'd
their
Opinion
of
the
Roman
Avarice
.
For
in
those
very
days
many
there
were
that
understood
not
the
reason
of
expensive
Liberality
;
only
a
Man
was
accounted
munificent
,
because
his
Bounty
seem'd
his
voluntary
Act
,
and
all
Gifts
were
lookt
upon
as
Retalliations
,
or
in
expectation
of
Kindness
.
Therefore
they
discover
Bocchus's
Instructions
to
Sylla
,
and
withal
beseech
him
to
stand
both
their
Friend
and
their
Adviser
.
They
extol
the
Strength
,
the
Integrity
,
and
Grandeur
of
the
King
their
Master
,
not
omitting
any
thing
that
might
be
advantageous
to
their
Negotiation
,
or
to
gain
the
good
will
of
the
Pretor
.
Nor
did
Sylla
scruple
to
promise
'em
all
Assistance
,
but
gave
'em
full
Instructions
how
to
manage
their
Affairs
,
how
to
behave
themselves
as
well
toward
Marius
,
as
before
the
Lords
of
the
Senate
,
and
thus
recruited
and
directed
,
they
waited
about
forty
days
for
the
Consuls
return
.
104.
At
what
time
Marius
not
succeeding
in
his
Design
,
return'd
for
Cirta
;
where
being
inform'd
of
the
arrival
of
the
Embassadors
,
he
sends
for
them
,
and
Sylla
,
together
with
L.
Bellienus
the
Pretor
from
Vtica
,
as
also
from
all
other
Parts
,
for
all
that
were
of
the
Senatorian
Degree
.
In
their
presence
he
makes
known
the
Commands
of
Bocchus
to
his
Embassadors
,
and
gives
'em
leave
to
repair
to
Rome
;
but
in
the
mean
while
the
Consul
demands
a
Cessation
of
Arms.
These
Proceedings
were
approv'd
by
Sylla
and
the
greatest
Part
:
some
few
were
more
hot
and
furious
in
their
Opinions
,
ignorant
of
Human
Affairs
,
which
being
inconstant
and
subject
to
a
thousand
Accidents
,
often
alter
for
the
worse
.
At
length
the
Mows
having
obtain'd
all
their
desires
,
three
of
'em
set
forward
toward
Rome
with
Octavius
Bufo
,
who
being
Treasurer
at
War
,
had
brought
the
Money
into
Africa
,
which
was
to
pay
the
Army
.
The
other
two
return'd
back
to
the
King
;
and
gave
him
an
account
of
their
Proceedings
;
in
Conclusion
highly
magnifying
Sylla's
great
civillity
and
kindness
.
At
Rome
,
after
the
Embassadors
had
submissively
confess'd
the
Kings
oversights
,
as
being
lead
away
by
the
Insinuations
of
Jugurth
,
and
humbly
desir'd
a
League
and
mutual
Amity
,
the
following
Answer
was
return'd
.
The
Senate
and
People
of
Rome
are
mont
to
be
no
less
mindful
of
Kindnesses
then
Injuries
.
But
as
for
Bocchus
,
because
they
find
him
Penitent
,
they
pardon
his
Offence
.
A
League
and
Friendship
shall
be
granted
him
,
when
he
deserves
it
.
These
things
being
made
known
to
Bocchus
,
by
Letters
he
desires
Marius
to
send
Sylla
to
him
,
that
according
to
his
pleasure
and
good
liking
,
there
might
be
a
final
Conclusion
of
all
differences
.
Thereupon
he
was
dispatch'd
away
with
a
Guard
of
Horse
and
Foot
,
the
Balearic
[
a
](A60419-e20490-b)
a
Which
were
taken
from
the
Islands
of
Majorca
and
Minorca
;
accounted
the
best
Slingers
in
the
World
;
for
that
they
never
miss'd
their
Aim
,
and
slung
their
Darts
with
that
force
,
as
if
they
had
been
sent
out
of
an
Engin.
Slingers
;
together
with
the
Archers
,
and
the
Pelignian
Cohort
,
with
their
[
b
](A60419-e20530-b)
b
Which
were
only
a
Sword
a
Javelin
,
and
a
light
Buckler
.
Light
Arms
,
for
expeditions
sake
:
with
those
slighter
Arms
as
well
defensive
as
offensive
,
no
less
secur'd
,
then
by
Arms
of
greater
Force
,
from
the
Darts
of
the
Enemy
,
which
were
as
slight
and
easily
avoided
.
Upon
the
Road
,
after
they
had
travell'd
five
days
,
of
a
sudden
Volux
shew'd
himself
in
the
open
Field
with
about
a
Thousand
Horse
,
who
riding
scatter'd
and
without
any
Order
,
not
only
seem'd
to
be
more
then
they
were
,
but
begot
a
kind
of
mistrust
of
Hostile
Treachery
both
in
Sylla
and
all
the
rest
.
Thereupon
every
one
began
to
make
ready
,
to
fix
their
Weapons
,
and
put
themselves
into
a
Posture
of
defence
.
Something
of
Fear
,
but
more
of
Hopes
,
as
being
Victors
,
and
to
fight
against
those
whom
they
had
often
vanquish'd
.
But
in
the
midst
of
this
hurry
,
the
Vancurriers
that
scouted
before
,
returning
brought
word
,
that
all
were
friends
.
Then
Volux
coming
up
call'd
to
speak
with
the
Questor
,
and
told
him
,
that
he
was
sent
by
his
Father
Bocchus
to
meet
him
and
attend
him
as
his
Convoy
.
So
that
the
Moors
and
Romans
joyn'd
together
and
March'd
all
the
next
day
without
any
mistrust
one
of
another
.
But
in
the
Evening
so
soon
as
the
Camp
was
pitch'd
,
Volux
with
fear
and
disorder
in
his
Countenance
,
comes
galloping
to
Sylla
and
informs
him
,
that
he
was
ascertain'd
by
his
Spies
,
that
Jugurth
was
at
hand
,
and
therefore
with
great
Importunity
intreats
and
beseeches
him
privately
in
the
dead
of
the
Night
to
consult
his
own
safety
by
speedy
flight
.
But
Sylla
with
an
undaunted
Courage
denies
that
he
fear'd
the
Numidian
whom
he
had
so
often
vanquish'd
;
that
he
was
sufficiently
assur'd
of
the
Valour
of
his
Souldiers
;
and
though
certain
destruction
star'd
him
in
the
face
,
he
would
rather
stand
his
ground
;
then
deserting
those
that
were
committed
to
his
Conduct
,
by
shameful
flight
endeavour
to
spare
a
frail
and
uncertain
Life
,
which
perchance
soon
after
,
sickness
might
deprive
him
of
.
However
he
follows
his
advice
to
dislodg
by
Night
:
and
to
that
purpose
orders
the
Souldiers
to
take
their
Suppers
,
make
a
great
number
of
Fires
,
and
at
the
first
Watch
without
Noise
or
Tumult
to
be
ready
to
March
.
The
next
morning
by
Sun
rise
,
the
Souldiers
being
weari'd
with
travelling
in
the
dark
,
Sylla
pitches
his
Tents
;
at
what
time
the
Moorish
Scouts
bring
Intelligence
,
that
Jugurth
lay
within
two
Miles
before
'em
.
Which
news
being
spread
in
the
Camp
,
our
Men
were
not
a
little
terrify'd
,
believing
themselves
betray'd
by
Volux
,
and
brought
into
an
Ambuscado
.
And
some
there
were
who
cry'd
out
that
such
a
Peice
of
Treachery
ought
not
to
escape
unpunish'd
,
but
that
they
should
revenge
themselves
upon
the
Traytor
with
their
own
hands
.
But
Sylla
,
though
he
thought
the
same
,
however
he
protected
the
Moor
from
any
Injury
:
encourages
his
Men
to
behave
themselves
Valiantly
;
that
it
was
not
the
first
time
a
few
Couragious
and
brave
had
Fought
against
a
Multitude
with
Success
;
that
the
less
they
spar'd
themselves
in
Battel
,
the
more
secure
they
were
;
and
that
it
no
way
became
any
Man
,
who
had
Arms
in
his
hands
to
expect
safety
from
his
unarmed
feet
;
or
in
the
midst
of
certain
danger
to
turn
the
naked
part
of
his
Body
toward
the
Enemy
.
After
that
,
invoking
the
mighty
Jupiter
to
be
a
witness
of
the
Treachery
and
Falshood
of
Bocchus
,
he
commands
Volux
to
depart
the
Camp
,
as
one
that
might
assist
the
Enemy
.
He
on
the
other
side
with
tears
in
his
Eyes
,
beseeches
the
Legate
not
to
have
such
mistrustful
thoughts
of
him
;
that
there
was
nothing
of
deceit
in
Bocchus
,
but
that
all
proceeded
from
the
subtilty
of
Jugurth
,
who
had
by
his
Spics
discover'd
his
March
:
and
therefore
,
in
regard
that
Jugurth
had
no
great
Forces
with
him
,
besides
that
all
his
hopes
and
welfare
depended
upon
his
Father
,
desir'd
him
to
believe
the
Numidian
durst
not
make
any
open
Attempt
,
where
the
Son
of
such
a
Father
was
present
.
For
which
reason
he
thought
it
the
best
way
to
March
boldly
through
the
middle
of
his
Camp
:
and
that
for
his
part
,
he
would
accompany
Sylla
alone
,
either
sending
his
Moors
before
,
or
leaving
'em
behind
in
the
same
Place
.
This
Counsel
,
as
it
happens
in
cases
of
the
like
nature
,
was
approv'd
,
and
so
marching
forthwith
,
because
they
came
of
a
sudden
,
while
Jugurth
was
doubtful
and
hesitating
what
to
do
,
they
pass'd
without
any
opposition
.
After
that
,
within
a
few
days
they
arriv'd
at
their
Journeys
end
.
108.
At
the
same
time
a
certain
Numidian
,
Aspar
by
Name
,
was
very
frequent
and
familiar
with
Bocchus
,
being
sent
before
by
Jugurth
,
cunningly
and
closely
to
pry
into
Bocchus's
secret
Resolutions
.
Besides
him
,
there
was
also
another
,
whose
Name
was
Dabar
,
the
Son
of
Massugrada
,
and
Kinsman
of
Massinissa
by
the
Mother's
side
(
for
his
Father
was
the
Son
of
a
Concubine
)
highly
caress'd
and
favour'd
by
the
Moor
,
for
his
many
excellent
Endowments
,
whom
Bocchus
had
also
upon
many
occasions
before
found
very
faithful
to
the
Romans
.
Him
therefore
he
sends
to
Sylla
,
to
let
him
understand
,
That
the
King
was
ready
to
perform
whatever
the
Roman
People
commanded
:
That
he
himself
should
appoint
the
Day
,
the
Place
and
Time
for
Conference
:
That
he
intended
to
keep
all
his
Consultations
with
him
entire
and
private
:
That
he
had
no
reason
to
be
afraid
of
Jugurth's
Ambassador
:
for
that
he
was
sent
for
on
purpose
,
to
the
end
the
Common
Good
might
be
debated
with
more
freedom
;
there
being
no
other
way
to
prevent
the
Frauds
and
Wiles
of
Jugurth
.
But
in
my
Opinion
Bocchus
kept
the
Treaty
afoot
both
with
Romans
and
Numidians
,
rather
out
of
a
Punic
Piece
of
Treachery
,
then
upon
those
Pretences
which
he
publickly
spred
abroad
:
and
that
he
had
frequently
Combats
in
his
Mind
,
whether
to
deliver
up
Jugurth
to
Us
,
or
Sylla
to
Him
;
while
his
Natural
Inclinations
pleaded
against
Us
,
but
his
Fears
perswaded
for
Us.
However
it
were
,
Sylla
made
Answer
,
that
he
should
say
little
before
Aspar
;
the
rest
privately
,
none
or
very
few
being
present
.
He
likewise
tells
Dabar
what
Answer
he
expected
.
After
this
,
both
meeting
according
to
appointment
,
Sylla
tells
the
King
,
That
he
was
sent
by
the
Consul
,
to
know
whether
he
were
for
Peace
or
War
.
Then
the
King
,
as
it
was
agreed
between
'em
,
desir'd
him
to
return
again
the
Tenth
day
after
,
That
he
could
determine
nothing
at
that
time
,
but
that
then
he
would
give
him
his
Answer
.
Thus
both
departed
to
their
several
Camps
.
But
when
the
Night
was
far
spent
,
Sylla
was
privately
sent
for
by
Bocchus
,
and
faithful
Interpreters
made
choice
of
on
both
sides
.
Or
rather
,
Dabar
,
with
consent
of
both
Parties
,
a
Person
of
clear
Integrity
,
was
sworn
to
interpret
truly
between
'em
:
and
then
the
King
thus
began
.
110.
I
never
thought
it
would
have
come
to
pass
,
that
being
a
King
,
the
Greatest
of
all
within
this
Continent
and
of
all
the
most
Powerful
that
I
know
of
,
should
ever
have
been
reduc'd
to
be
oblig'd
to
a
private
Person
.
And
truly
,
Sylla
,
before
I
knew
Thee
,
I
have
succour'd
many
that
su'd
to
me
,
others
of
my
own
accord
,
never
in
need
of
Relief
my self
.
This
Diminution
of
my
Dignity
which
others
are
wont
to
lament
,
makes
me
rejoyce
.
It
is
my
Happiness
to
stand
in
need
of
thy
Friendship
,
then
which
there
can
be
nothing
dearer
to
my
Soul
.
Of
this
make
Trial
:
Arms
,
Men
,
Money
,
whatever
thou
hast
a
mind
to
,
take
and
use
:
and
as
long
as
thou
liv'st
,
ne'r
think
thy
Friendship
sufficiently
remunerated
:
which
I
shall
always
deem
a
Debt
that
never
can
be
repay'd
:
for
in
my
Opinion
it
is
less
dishonourable
to
a
Prince
to
be
overcome
by
force
of
Arms
,
then
in
Munificence
.
Now
as
to
the
Affairs
of
your
Republic
,
in
the
behalf
of
which
you
here
are
come
to
Treat
,
thus
much
in
short
.
I
never
made
War
upon
the
People
of
Rome
,
nor
ever
consented
to
a
War
.
Only
in
defence
of
the
Confines
of
my
Kingdom
,
the
Arm'd
I
oppos'd
with
Arms.
But
let
that
pass
:
Continue
as
you
please
your selves
,
the
War
with
Jugurth
.
I
will
never
so
much
as
stir
over
the
River
Mulacha
,
the
Bounds
between
me
and
Micipsa
,
neither
will
I
ever
suffer
Jugurth
to
pass
it
.
Moreover
if
there
be
any
thing
farther
that
you
require
of
me
fit
for
me
to
grant
,
or
you
to
ask
,
you
shall
not
return
with
a
Repulse
.
111.
To
this
Sylla
,
as
to
what
concern'd
himself
,
made
Answer
concisely
and
modestly
:
in
reserence
to
the
Peace
,
and
the
Common
Affairs
,
he
discours'd
at
large
.
Lastly
,
He
gave
the
King
to
understand
,
that
the
Senate
and
People
of
Rome
would
not
take
it
for
any
obligation
what
he
had
last
promis'd
,
as
being
much
superior
to
him
both
by
Sea
and
Land
:
That
there
was
something
to
be
done
,
that
might
seem
to
shew
him
more
zealous
of
their
Welfare
then
his
own
Interest
.
Which
he
had
an
Opportunity
to
do
,
as
having
Jugurth
in
his
Power
:
who
,
if
he
were
by
himself
surrender'd
up
to
the
Romans
,
there
could
not
be
a
greater
Obligation
laid
upon
a
grateful
People
:
besides
that
the
League
,
the
Friendship
,
and
that
part
of
Numidia
which
he
now
su'd
for
,
would
then
be
freely
offer'd
him
.
At
first
the
King
made
a
kind
of
slight
Denial
;
pleaded
Kindred
,
Affinity
,
and
the
League
between
'em
:
then
pretended
his
Fears
of
incurring
the
Hatred
of
the
People
,
to
whom
Jugurth
was
dear
,
the
Romans
no
less
odious
,
should
he
falsifie
the
Confidence
repos'd
in
him
.
At
length
orecome
by
Importunity
,
he
submits
,
and
promises
to
do
whatever
Sylla
desir'd
him
.
Then
they
settle
all
things
which
were
thought
necessary
to
make
a
shew
of
including
the
Numidian
within
the
Peace
,
which
he
most
earnestly
desir'd
,
as
being
quite
weary
of
the
War
.
And
so
the
Plot
being
laid
,
they
take
their
Leaves
for
that
time
.
112.
The
next
day
the
King
sends
for
Aspar
,
who
was
Jugurth's
Agent
,
and
tells
him
,
That
Dabar
had
fish'd
out
of
Sylla
,
that
the
War
might
be
compos'd
upon
Conditions
:
and
that
therefore
he
should
do
well
to
know
the
King's
Mind
.
Thereupon
,
he
hastens
with
great
Joy
to
Jugurth's
Camp
.
From
whom
after
he
had
taken
full
Instructions
,
away
he
posts
again
,
and
in
eight
days
returns
to
Bocchus
,
and
assures
him
,
that
Jugurth
was
ready
to
yield
obedience
to
whatever
was
impos'd
upon
him
;
only
that
he
durst
not
confide
in
Marius
:
for
that
formerly
Articles
of
Peace
concluded
with
the
Roman
Generals
had
been
voted
ineffectual
.
And
therefore
if
Bocchus
intended
the
Welfare
of
Both
,
and
desir'd
a
firm
Ratification
of
the
Agreement
,
that
he
should
make
it
his
Business
,
that
they
might
meet
all
three
together
,
under
pretence
of
concluding
the
Peace
,
and
then
that
he
should
deliver
Sylla
into
his
hands
;
for
that
when
he
had
such
a
Person
at
his
disposal
,
the
League
would
of
necessity
be
confirm'd
by
the
Command
of
the
Senate
and
People
of
Rome
;
who
were
not
wont
to
suffer
a
Person
of
his
Dignity
,
(
not
enslav'd
by
his
own
Oversight
,
but
in
the
Service
of
the
Commonwealth
)
to
lie
long
in
the
Power
of
the
Enemy
.
113.
This
the
Moor
,
revolving
dayly
several
Imaginations
in
his
Mind
,
at
length
promis'd
to
do
.
But
whether
Fraud
or
Ingenuity
were
the
Motives
that
occasion'd
his
delay
,
we
never
could
be
fully
satisfy'd
.
For
as
the
Determinations
of
Princes
are
quick
and
hasty
,
so
are
they
no
less
inconstant
,
and
frequently
repugnant
one
to
another
.
Soon
after
,
the
Place
and
Time
being
fix'd
where
they
were
to
meet
all
three
together
for
the
Conclusion
of
the
Peace
,
Bocchus
sometimes
sends
for
Sylla
,
sometimes
for
Jugurth's
Agent
;
entertains
both
with
equal
.
Civility
,
and
promises
to
both
the
same
thing
:
on
the
other
side
,
they
are
both
well
pleas'd
,
and
both
alike
full
of
successful
Expectations
.
But
upon
the
Night
preceding
the
Day
appointed
for
the
Conference
,
the
Moor
,
sending
for
his
Friends
,
and
by
and
by
altering
his
resolutions
,
and
dismissing
'em
again
,
was
a
long
time
in
a
great
Agitation
of
Mind
alone
by
himself
;
by
his
Looks
the
going
and
coming
of
his
Colour
,
by
his
Actions
and
Gestures
shewing
no
less
Disturbance
of
Body
then
of
Mind
;
which
during
the
silence
of
Utterance
,
he
display'd
in
the
alterations
of
his
Countenance
.
However
,
at
length
he
sends
for
Sylla
,
and
by
his
Direction
layes
the
Plot
to
entrap
the
Numidian
.
To
which
purpose
,
when
the
Day
was
come
,
and
that
News
was
brought
him
,
that
Jugurth
was
not
far
off
,
as
it
were
to
honour
his
Confederate
,
accompany'd
with
some
few
Friends
together
with
our
Questor
,
he
rides
up
a
little
Hillock
in
view
of
those
that
lay
in
Ambush
:
Whither
the
Numidian
approaching
with
some
few
,
the
most
of
his
Kindred
unarm'd
,
upon
the
Signal
given
,
he
is
surrounded
by
the
Ambuscado
.
The
rest
were
all
cut
in
pieces
;
Jugurth
in
Chains
is
deliver'd
to
Sylla
,
and
by
him
guarded
to
Marius
.
114.
At
the
same
time
,
two
of
our
Generals
,
Q.
Coepio
and
M.
Manlius
fought
with
bad
Success
against
the
[
*
](A60419-e21580-b)
*
Or
rather
the
Cimbrians
.
Gauls
.
Which
put
all
Italy
into
a
great
Consternation
.
For
not
only
of
ancient
times
,
but
even
in
our
days
,
the
Romans
held
this
for
a
Maxim
,
that
all
other
Enterprizes
lay
prostrate
to
their
Courage
,
but
that
with
the
Gauls
they
contended
for
Safety
,
not
for
Honour
.
But
after
the
Numidian
War
was
at
an
end
,
and
that
the
News
arriv'd
,
how
Jugurth
was
coming
in
Chains
to
Rome
,
Marius
was
again
made
Consul
in
his
absence
,
and
the
Province
of
Gallia
decreed
him
.
About
the
middle
of
January
,
with
great
Honour
he
made
his
Triumphal
[
*
](A60419-e21700-b)
*
After
which
Jugurth
was
thrown
naked
into
a
Dungeon
,
where
in
six
days
he
starved
himself
to
Death
.
Entry
into
the
City
:
and
from
that
time
forward
the
Hopes
and
Welfare
of
the
Commonwealth
were
all
entirely
fix'd
in
Him
.
The
End
of
the
Jugurthine
War
.