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Henry
Stubbe
Everard . Reidan . Annal. Belgic . lib. 17. A. D. 1600. Decretum Ord. General . advers. Groninganos . Quod ad pactiones & foedus toties ruptum provocarent , absurdum nec audiendum , neque vitio Patribus vertendum esse quod securitati rerum suarum consulere velint .
Henry
Hills
John
Starkey
THe
Reason
why
this
is
called
the
of
the
of
the
against
the
in
particular
An
account
of
the
the
powers
of
the
A
Relation
of
the
in
subverting
the
Title-Page
.
B.
C.
D.
not
opposite
to
them
each
page
Could
not
well
discharge
concerning
the
publishing
of
the
of
Mr.
at
the
the
Copy
which
I
had
was
so
mentioned
and
demanded
,
that
I
would
not
injure
by
exhibiting
and
I
have
not
been
able
by
any
industry
to
supply
But
I
think
I
have
sufficiently
by
bringing
to
light
the
of
the
and
the
In
which
if
it
appear
that
was
not
so
as
the
world
apprehended
to
be
,
nor
so
as
some
of
his
would
now
insinuate
,
who
is
to
be
blamed
?
It
hath
been
observed
that
do
always
fix
upon
some
whereby
to
endear
to
the
people
.
Those
who
ruled
in
the
and
pretended
did
pursue
those
courses
,
and
esteemed
nothing
more
(
great
considerations
with
than
to
assert
the
and
to
They
did
rightly
apprehend
that
the
and
the
thereof
was
It
is
true
that
furnisheth
the
Land
with
but
it
is
likewise
certain
,
that
the
can
never
be
managed
without
a
wherein
whosoever
is
He
becomes
immediately
and
of
cannot
be
discontinued
without
so
great
prejudice
,
that
I
cannot
reckon
upon
as
a
of
our
what
have
but
the
and
Fishing
of
which
may
be
reckoned
upon
and
both
of
yield
us
not
a
number
of
to
what
the
have
;
nor
will
prove
good
or
half
man
our
should
we
(
as
we
cannot
)
even
disfurnish
our
It
remains
then
that
either
retrive
the
(
which
is
the
grand
in
the
and
whereby
far
exceed
or
abandon
our selves
to
and
perhaps
This
that
most
prudently
foresaw
,
and
therefore
readily
embraced
that
occasion
of
a
war
which
the
did
present
with
:
and
you
will
was
,
that
except
they
were
united
to
by
a
by
very
so
as
that
they
might
never
be
with
the
I
thought
the
could
not
be
better
(
if
have
any
such
in
which
is
but
a
ten●…t
)
then
by
shewing
that
the
of
the
are
the
same
with
those
of
the
and
those
the
most
that
can
be
put
in
execution
.
I
call
Because
it
is
extracted
out
of
the
printed
,
or
Manuscript
,
which
did
pen
in
I
do
value
upon
the
of
the
I
have
followed
the
most
and
the
I
could
attain
to
;
and
particularly
I
must
say
of
that
his
credit
is
equal
to
that
of
Mr.
he
negotiated
for
the
here
at
and
transcribed
out
of
the
The
other
which
I
cite
,
are
generally
the
be
they
were
all
added
by
even
in
that
eminent
which
is
here
added
at
the
the
which
I
was
forced
to
alter
much
,
that
it
might
be
as
it
is
.
I
had
another
motive
to
publish
to
M.
Schoockius
pelles
ovillas
the
world
as
an
which
may
induce
to
prize
it
:
for
the
have
proclaimed
to
be
the
the
world
did
ever
produce
They
say
the
A.
D.
Assist
me
but
with
the
name
of
this
doth
not
:
and
consider
with
to
what
degree
of
you
are
to
bring
an
may
abate
I
think
reduced
them
to
a
I
think
the
with
them
as
they
deserved
,
and
in
proposed
nothing
but
what
was
to
be
domanded
from
But
the
did
subject
and
those
that
professed
such
during
the
after
the
Mingle
then
with
those
of
and
the
as
well
as
those
of
the
beat
them
a
may
at
length
confess
I
need
not
to
excite
by
any
then
what
Sr.
and
others
of
continue
to
give
and
an
whatsoever
his
be
,
needs
no
arguments
to
excite
are
offered
.
These
are
the
which
the
did
heretofore
contend
with
,
the
there
is
the
same
therein
that
was
formerly
,
the
is
only
varied
to
a
under
which
they
possess
their
former
It
behoves
them
to
convince
the
by
new
and
to
satisfie
but
deserve
the
they
now
enjoy
I
had
forgot
to
tell
the
one
thing
,
which
is
,
that
the
Memorials
and
do
differ
in
not
only
in
the
but
otherwise
so
that
if
any
person
should
endeavour
to
invalidate
upon
such
I
confess
and
desire
any
man
,
who
can
,
to
amend
which
are
not
much
material
to
the
was
written
long
before
the
and
the
death
of
the
two
brothers
and
whatsoever
doth
reflect
upon
the
of
the
it
is
to
be
applyed
unto
the
which
hath
always
in
the
of
the
partly
by
partly
by
the
of
the
Province
of
For
the
better
understanding
of
it
is
requisite
that
I
deduce
the
History
of
from
its
whereby
it
will
appear
that
the
have
just
cause
to
detest
the
thereof
,
and
the
good
reason
to
impute
under
which
at
present
suffer
,
and
upon
the
whereof
the
of
the
did
so
murther
those
was
born
at
in
the
Province
of
but
such
in
the
of
his
that
,
having
spent
several
years
at
at
his
return
the
Province
of
entertained
an
high
respect
for
was
much
resorted
unto
,
being
one
of
the
at
the
when
the
Count
had
seized
the
and
that
the
rest
of
began
generally
to
embrace
the
party
of
the
Pr.
of
he
was
one
of
the
three
who
in
the
year
first
acknowledged
the
to
be
the
He
had
no
was
of
that
contested
with
and
the
Protestant
party
in
the
for
an
equal
toleration
of
the
&c.
But
he
was
so
fierce
an
to
the
that
the
formed
particular
designs
against
who
by
his
disturbed
the
and
animated
the
unto
those
whereby
their
were
destroyed
.
Having
signalized
this
demeanour
,
he
was
chosen
for
the
City
of
A.
D.
The
which
office
executed
with
so
much
for
the
of
his
and
of
particularly
;
he
so
caressed
the
so
fervently
did
he
perswade
to
seize
upon
all
that
the
in
each
should
preserve
their
over
the
(
by
them
at
pleasure
,
and
confining
as
the
pleased
)
that
gained
the
of
a
most
worthy
always
shewed
to
be
implacable
against
the
and
he
pretended
a
to
the
House
of
he
was
zealous
for
the
contracting
that
At
which
time
the
had
not
cast
off
to
the
King
of
the
Prince
of
was
Governour
or
by
vertue
of
a
from
the
and
for
all
things
were
to
be
done
by
the
Notwithstanding
that
by
And
notwithstanding
another
particularly
contracted
betwixt
for
their
acting
and
by
faction
designing
to
erect
themselves
into
a
did
take
a
sware
amongst
themselves
,
that
they
would
never
acknowledge
the
king
of
for
their
or
make
use
of
whereby
through
an
the
rest
were
involved
in
a
was
made
,
and
they
absolved
one
another
from
the
without
the
consent
of
the
and
a
good
while
before
that
the
could
perswade
to
consent
It
was
decreed
by
whereas
the
did
not
before
ab
Aitzma's
that
the
king
of
had
forfeited
his
right
and
Dominion
over
those
countries
,
and
all
princely
authority
ceasing
thereby
was
consolidated
into
the
and
the
devolved
to
the
Hereupon
the
Pr.
of
from
a
became
subordinate
and
derived
I
shall
not
mention
what
the
did
in
opposition
to
the
Archduke
and
the
Duke
of
whereby
they
enervated
always
acting
from
the
rest
of
the
It
is
an
case
,
that
the
Province
of
(
being
swayed
by
the
faction
of
were
averse
from
the
with
the
Realm
of
and
had
seriously
inclined
to
accept
he
would
have
found
on
the
part
of
as
would
have
frustrated
which
the
had
assented
unto
in
the
Neither
was
better
inclined
unto
in
reference
to
any
thereunto
:
It
was
never
the
intention
of
to
return
under
and
whatever
(
as
one
of
the
it
was
only
to
engage
the
and
to
involve
in
a
war
with
and
thence
to
derive
all
the
imaginable
,
without
ever
submitting
unto
or
to
the
Crown
of
In
that
Treaty
with
Q.
Elizabeth
in
(
with
the
rest
)
told
the
that
the
E.
Grimston's
thereby
to
draw
from
And
whereas
it
was
coven●…nted
betwixt
the
and
the
that
the
Earl
of
should
continue
such
in
should
find
did
solicite
the
and
also
would
choose
Grave
before
the
arrival
of
the
thereby
to
disappoint
of
that
at
which
aimed
,
and
unto
which
by
a
custome
received
in
might
well
pretend
did
also
further
contrive
that
Grave
should
be
dignified
with
the
did
not
he
not
being
the
of
the
during
the
imprisonment
of
his
elder
brother
,
Both
these
actions
the
(
being
already
did
think
fit
to
dissemble
,
though
the
did
not
conceal
but
construed
as
a
and
the
other
as
a
of
Grave
to
the
said
Leo
ab
Arzma's
was
purely
a
he
had
not
any
Commission
from
the
had
thereby
the
disposal
and
managing
of
the
affairs
of
by
land
in
and
particularly
the
besetting
or
garrisoning
of
all
of
those
by
the
advice
of
the
thereof
,
or
their
and
also
the
removing
or
trans-placing
,
the
encreasing
,
diminishing
or
altering
of
the
of
the
was
to
be
done
by
the
of
his
aforesaid
Excellency
of
with
the
advice
of
the
afore
named
,
or
their
To
allay
the
of
the
Earl
of
upon
his
arrival
at
the
(
contrary
to
the
mind
of
the
by
a
publick
instrument
and
to
be
not
simply
of
the
or
over
the
only
,
without
the
Provinces
,
(
so
as
the
successive
Princes
of
had
their
Commissions
of
limited
and
circumscribed
)
but
over
all
the
thère
being
yielded
up
unto
him
(
to
make
use
of
the
words
of
Authorization
,
given
by
the
unto
the
Ibid.
p.
Hist.
Belg.
l.
A.
D.
The
collation
of
(
which
all
the
Historians
acknowledge
)
was
the
of
the
as
Pensioner
of
was
instrumental
in
the
promoting
it
;
but
no
sooner
did
the
begin
to
put
in
exeoution
without
applying
unto
the
and
the
of
each
Province
and
City
,
but
the
confederates
of
begin
to
repine
,
clamour
,
and
contrive
how
to
invalidate
the
of
the
and
to
elude
that
which
they
had
so
unto
.
In
the
same
year
,
is
put
into
the
place
of
whereupon
he
was
no
sooner
entred
,
but
informs
the
people
and
Provincials
of
that
all
their
were
inverted
,
their
infringed
,
the
in
danger
to
be
altered
,
the
violated
by
the
excluding
from
the
had
done
ill
to
confer
on
the
and
to
permit
the
in
the
to
be
acquainted
with
all
the
Having
possessed
herewith
,
designs
were
formed
against
the
Earl
of
scattered
abroad
fomented
betwixt
Pr.
and
the
the
Count
is
exasperated
and
spreads
in
the
a
devi
ce
is
found
out
for
the
introducing
an
with
an
over
the
taken
unto
the
are
either
and
it
is
that
the
are
the
of
the
which
is
so
transferred
that
it
still
remains
in
the
that
the
is
not
fixed
in
the
persons
of
assembled
and
but
in
the
who
might
of
the
of
the
as
they
saw
cause
.
A
declaration
was
sent
unto
the
by
the
being
penned
by
and
of
the
was
at
first
laugh'd
at
and
exploded
in
a
manner
,
and
the
of
the
but
in
time
and
his
associates
made
the
so
uneasie
unto
the
departed
and
resigned
it
up
:
and
because
the
were
extreamly
devoted
to
the
and
asserted
and
the
of
the
taken
unto
to
distract
and
divide
introduceth
amongst
afterwards
denominated
from
whence
arose
such
were
forced
to
divert
to
those
of
and
and
to
demand
a
for
the
composing
of
by
his
artifices
and
eludes
the
calling
thereof
,
and
thereby
necessitates
the
to
seek
by
a
greater
compliance
with
the
having
relinquished
assume
all
power
to
themselves
;
the
Office
of
is
extinguished
;
they
make
Pr.
whose
power
extended
only
to
the
in
the
he
not
having
any
command
over
the
of
the
Provinces
within
their
respective
jurisdictions
:
but
these
notwithstanding
the
appointed
over
the
were
themselves
over
the
Souldiers
lying
in
the
Neither
could
the
transplace
any
or
enquarter
in
without
the
of
the
of
the
The
prerogative
of
the
See
the
Apology
of
Office
consists
chiefly
in
this
Paulus
Merula
is
esteemed
the
highest
whereunto
any
man
can
arrive
in
that
as
the
great
assertour
of
their
and
the
It
is
not
to
be
wondred
if
a
man
of
being
thus
dignified
,
do
sway
the
as
he
please
,
the
whole
interest
of
being
at
his
devotion
and
his
faction
have
endeared
themselves
always
to
by
raising
in
the
heads
of
the
as
if
the
Princes
of
had
designed
to
make
themselves
there
,
and
have
peretually
(
except
when
made
use
of
the
house
of
in
opposition
to
the
Earl
of
laboured
by
all
manner
of
practices
to
depress
and
lessen
so
that
,
upon
every
occasion
the
of
the
were
more
and
more
limited
,
and
the
power
of
was
abated
by
in
the
according
as
the
province
of
could
influence
the
thereof
.
Every
doth
separately
choose
its
and
the
power
doth
vary
much
in
the
notable
revolutions
p.
part
of
his
power
is
to
out
of
a
proposed
unto
doth
with
the
or
,
in
his
absence
the
alone
doth
it
.
Another
part
of
is
,
that
in
case
the
Provinces
or
Towns
could
not
agree
amongst
themselves
about
matters
of
the
difference
was
to
be
referred
and
submitted
to
the
of
the
said
Provinces
,
who
were
to
reconcile
the
differences
betwixt
the
parties
,
or
determine
the
same
,
as
they
should
judge
it
fitting
in
equity
:
there
being
no
from
,
or
But
notwithstanding
so
refractory
were
that
people
always
,
so
tender
of
their
so
jealous
of
their
that
the
durst
not
make
use
of
to
pronounce
any
or
make
between
the
principal
members
of
such
a
considerable
body
,
but
endeavoured
for
the
most
part
to
compose
the
differences
by
way
of
Twice
we
find
the
to
have
acted
in
the
suppressing
of
&c.
in
and
in
the
visitation
of
and
attempt
upon
But
so
that
they
have
never
laid
aside
the
for
those
proceedings
,
nor
ever
ceased
to
contrive
the
ruine
of
the
house
of
Notwithstanding
that
their
did
therein
nothing
but
what
the
and
resolutions
of
the
impowered
them
to
do
,
and
what
was
absolutely
necessary
for
the
preservation
of
the
in
peace
were
imprisoned
in
house
,
near
and
so
was
together
with
the
other
This
faction
hath
always
been
enemies
unto
and
although
did
prefer
the
protection
of
the
before
that
of
it
was
rather
out
of
and
with
a
design
upon
to
impose
upon
and
cozen
the
The
which
he
did
boasts
in
his
as
of
so
many
services
rendered
unto
his
He
was
perpetually
averse
from
and
hated
for
his
opposition
to
In
the
several
betwixt
that
and
the
about
the
it
was
,
and
that
first
disputed
the
and
from
that
did
issue
the
entituled
unto
Not
one
of
betwixt
the
did
ever
take
effect
,
and
all
the
dammages
which
the
have
sustained
in
the
all
the
mischief
which
hath
befaln
hath
ever
been
occasioned
,
or
fomented
by
It
is
not
to
be
wondred
that
they
have
continued
,
for
in
(
if
I
may
call
it
so
,
for
it
never
deserved
any
more
than
doth
)
The
have
no
power
to
elect
but
the
(
which
are
for
life
,
and
consist
of
do
choose
supply
their
own
accordingly
as
any
one
happeneth
to
decease
:
and
the
concluded
by
their
whence
it
is
manifest
that
the
was
no
nor
were
the
people
as
the
and
those
did
pretend
.
This
party
being
thus
did
perpetuate
nor
was
there
ever
any
of
their
who
did
not
sensibly
understand
who
were
This
party
of
did
always
profess
to
vindicate
the
and
by
alledging
and
insisting
thereon
,
as
also
by
new
expositions
of
nice
distinctions
,
(
which
●…bid
more
of
and
urging
oftentimes
the
contrary
to
the
of
the
Authors
,
did
imbroyl
and
dissolve
the
Those
that
shall
hereafter
write
when
they
come
to
treat
about
they
merit
in
a
will
find
occasion
to
amplifie
from
the
consideration
of
the
The
Province
of
being
the
and
contributing
unto
the
publick
,
as
also
abounding
more
in
was
the
most
easily
wrought
upon
:
and
did
so
contrive
affairs
,
that
ruled
in
did
rule
all
the
rest
of
the
Although
the
was
so
formed
that
in
matters
of
the
had
no
place
,
but
every
was
particularly
to
yet
did
to
admit
of
the
and
afterwards
when
was
resolved
to
ruine
the
Authority
of
Pr.
(
which
was
not
except
when
the
was
in
the
field
)
that
he
might
fortifie
the
he
revived
He
told
the
were
the
and
that
the
had
but
a
being
fixed
in
He
sowed
discontents
and
jealousies
be
wixt
the
and
also
betwixt
and
the
and
either
actively
advanced
unto
a
Sway
over
the
rest
or
indirectly
by
their
Though
the
death
of
did
put
some
stop
to
the
designs
of
that
party
,
yet
did
the
continue
,
and
in
the
Spirit
of
s●…ed
to
be
risen
again
.
The
under
Pr.
would
willingly
have
brought
the
unto
some
certainty
,
and
adjusted
the
power
of
the
s●…
as
that
it
might
have
in
it
:
But
the
province
of
were
so
animated
by
that
the
design
succeeded
not
,
and
upon
the
death
of
this
faction
proceeded
to
introduce
which
hath
at
last
occasioned
the
of
the
It
was
a
transmitted
unto
from
the
first
Pr.
that
this
could
not
subsist
without
Nota●…le
revolutions
p.
who
was
to
reconcile
all
emergent
differences
betwixt
the
and
the
continuance
of
was
a
branch
of
the
Nor
was
the
said
ever
cancelled
or
altered
by
the
joynt
approbation
of
the
did
abolish
and
did
partly
by
partly
by
the
other
Provinces
extinguish
it
in
all
places
,
except
and
to
decide
a
new
expedient
of
was
found
out
;
who
being
men
no
way
elevated
above
the
could
not
answer
the
general
aim
,
and
intent
,
but
the
would
reside
in
the
disposal
of
the
was
principally
fixed
in
the
not
in
the
that
the
said
Province
might
rule
all
affairs
in
the
It
being
managed
by
and
not
votes
,
and
the
being
always
In
fine
the
was
so
infringed
that
were
in
a
manner
subject
unto
and
the
were
every
where
depressed
and
despised
by
the
of
that
Province
.
One
might
justly
apply
to
what
was
said
of
the
By
little
and
little
the
Roman
allyes
became
their
Bondmen
.
As
for
did
seemingly
yield
unto
greater
regards
and
deference
,
but
withall
complotted
how
to
weaken
that
so
by
an
alteration
of
the
that
they
might
in
effect
be
reduced
under
The
Prince
of
and
Marquess
of
the
besides
the
power
of
placing
the
Magistrate
in
only
being
exempt
)
so
that
seemed
to
have
the
full
of
that
Province
.
To
depress
this
power
of
the
Pr.
of
there
was
dissention
raised
betwixt
the
and
the
and
also
with
some
others
were
sent
into
where
they
revived
the
telling
them
that
and
the
Government
committed
unto
the
hands
of
a
and
those
Whereupon
the
began
to
seek
a
demand
that
several
be
deposed
,
attempt
to
some
,
and
cause
the
Burgomaster
of
&c.
to
be
banished
:
and
after
that
the
people
were
thus
animated
,
and
the
there
changed
,
or
intimidated
and
the
rest
acquaint
the
Towns
of
with
their
that
the
was
by
the
revolt
,
from
devolved
to
the
in
general
,
that
the
Pr.
of
power
over
was
an
(
though
it
were
expresly
contained
in
the
when
the
Prince
bought
the
Towns
)
and
that
they
ought
to
dispose
of
their
in
the
A
long
to
this
purpose
,
with
a
multitude
of
in
point
of
was
exhibited
by
them
,
and
readily
believed
by
the
people
against
and
notwithstanding
any
made
by
the
of
the
infant
whereby
that
lost
much
of
the
influence
it
had
in
the
Councils
of
the
and
became
subordinate
to
the
faction
of
ruling
every
where
.
To
secure
themselves
for
the
future
against
the
Pr.
of
this
faction
privately
contracts
with
to
assist
against
the
will
support
them
against
the
house
of
and
by
the
credit
of
they
proceed
first
to
seclude
the
from
ever
being
elected
by
their
suffrage
;
and
afterwards
draw
all
the
to
swear
a
against
it
:
In
vindication
of
their
actings
they
publish
a
wherein
the
whole
succession
of
from
the
first
to
the
last
are
defamed
,
as
if
they
had
all
designed
to
themselves
the
they
upbraid
them
with
the
had
gained
by
the
wars
;
and
avowed
that
the
said
was
obliged
unto
for
the
to
advance
themselves
which
the
had
given
thereunto
:
they
reckon
up
each
minute
which
they
had
publickly
given
them
,
and
declare
to
be
their
power
,
and
not
the
for
discontinuing
it
Out
of
the
any
one
may
collect
and
upon
what
all
the
is
to
be
charged
:
nor
will
it
be
difficult
for
any
to
calculate
the
original
and
source
of
the
there
.
The
want
of
a
left
all
difficult
to
be
reconciled
:
for
together
with
the
which
the
generality
had
for
the
Princes
of
was
the
cement
of
the
was
pretendedly
owned
by
but
yet
openly
violated
,
or
by
invalidated
:
so
that
whereas
the
were
to
sharein
the
publick
management
of
affairs
,
as
they
were
and
not
according
to
the
which
they
contributed
;
now
the
rest
were
despised
and
imposed
upon
by
with
the
House
of
sunk
under
the
and
the
under
the
all
which
was
done
without
reducing
the
unto
any
all
things
were
acted
not
by
a
to
be
substituted
unto
the
but
by
the
Artifices
of
the
and
the
violent
resolutions
of
the
provincials
of
who
seemed
to
design
unto
as
it
were
above
the
rest
.
As
to
the
the
authority
of
the
became
insignificant
and
precarious
,
the
thereof
being
not
obligatory
(
in
especially
)
any
further
than
the
and
each
pleased
.
Each
Province
was
and
each
in
a
manner
;
no
Souldiers
could
march
into
any
or
be
enquartered
in
any
but
by
particular
consent
:
and
in
each
kept
the
keys
of
the
Gates
,
and
gave
the
were
excluded
all
commands
by
the
of
that
insolent
son
of
a
whose
deportment
made
him
no
less
insupportable
at
home
,
then
he
was
amongst
The
testimonies
that
may
be
produced
for
his
are
not
more
than
those
of
Wise
men
are
cautious
how
they
attempt
alterations
in
Government
,
and
rather
acquiesce
in
(
especially
if
then
seek
to
remedy
them
by
which
he
raised
against
the
Pr.
of
were
not
greater
than
those
he
created
in
the
and
it
was
evident
that
the
would
fall
into
an
by
the
breach
of
the
and
omission
of
a
nor
could
it
support
it self
against
any
that
should
invade
it
gave
him
no
nor
could
all
his
convince
the
provincials
that
did
not
abuse
and
impose
upon
did
upon
all
the
of
the
may
hope
for
a
shall
rule
in
their
Councils
,
and
the
the
reduced
into
some
form
;
but
certain
it
is
that
most
of
be
which
have
befaln
during
this
last
have
had
their
original
from
this
faction
of
and
in
the
ruine
of
the
our
nation
is
freed
from
two
Enemies
,
who
would
have
left
no
means
(
how
barbarous
and
soever
)
unessaied
for
the
destruction
of
the
As
to
the
manner
of
we
may
observe
how
instable
the
are
in
their
and
how
brutal
in
their
as
also
how
just
God
is
in
overthrowing
them
by
a
who
had
by
the
undermined
the
Pr.
of
have
not
much
cause
to
complain
at
what
befell
for
the
was
revived
in
the
by
reason
of
the
of
affairs
,
the
of
the
did
sentence
and
they
were
put
to
by
those
whom
had
always
declared
to
be
so
possessed
of
the
that
the
was
unto
and
they
might
upon
any
occasion
according
to
the
and
as
they
have
done
heretofore
under
the
house
of
these
Kingdomes
His
Majesty
present
War
United
Provinces
Divine
Providence
Sole
Principles
Their
Councils
de
jure
natural
Their
Glory
such
Wars
discurs
.
polit.
l.
any
Neighbour
excessive
Power
one
single
Subject
Id.
ibid.
l.
cause
of
War
this
same
Score
Anno
Dem.
ingrateful
Netherlanders
WE
,
WE
this
present
War
outward
appearances
King
,
City
different
and
irreconcilable
Interests
two
Houses
of
Parliament
besetting
supplies
his
Majesty
Our
indiscretion
helpless
King
distracted
Government
Rob
our
Merchants
,
undermine
our
Trade
,
alienate
our
Mariners
,
every
way
to
impoverish
and
infeeble
our
Nation
:
these
degrees
his
most
Christian
Majesty
these
Kingdoms
our
destruction
their
own
Strength
Potent
Monarch
by
Sea
.
Exchequer
was
low
,
Our
Fleet
unprepared
,
Our
Parliament
dissatisfied
,
Our
Church
divided
,
Our
Countrey
discontented
,
Our
Seamen
alienated
from
the
Service
of
his
Majesty
in
the
Navy
Royal
Our
good
and
faithful
Allies
Insult
over
us
HERE
AT
HOME
,
most
Christian
King
Fifty
Thousand
of
his
Souldiers
English
Territories
struck
their
Flags
,
and
lowred
their
Top-sails
two
Guns
Yacht
of
his
Majesties
the
same
at
Sea
to
the
manner
what
had
been
Royal
Progenitors
of
his
Majesty
Antient
Kings
of
England
his
Majesty
Twelvth●…
Article
Defensive
League
United
Provinces
if
the
Dutch
Fleet
Pirats
)
should
at
any
time
meet
the
the
Admiral
of
the
was
to
strike
his
Leo
ab
Aitzma
H●…st
.
tract
.
pa●…is
Belgi●…
.
pag.
in
●…to
Flag
,
and
lowre
his
Top-sail
at
his
first
approach
unto
t●…e
Fl●…et
,
and
to
Salute
the
Admiral
of
with
Guns
,
who
was
to
return
the
said
Salute
by
Guns
also
,
as
was
usual
when
the
Fleaets
did
meet
Crown
of
France
Searcher
of
Hearts
this
day
constant
course
no
Leagues
United
Provinces
all
Princes
firm
Amity
said
Princes
desert
them
their
Enemies
beneficial
Articles
most
Christian
their
Treachery
same
Men
States
General
Province
of
Holland
his
Forces
that
Kingdom
change
Sides
Cautionary
Towns
their
Armes
much
more
possible
this
Haughty
and
Generous
Prince
Sacred
MAJESTY
of
all
Princes
Cosened
the
Crown
of
France
most
hopeful
that
Kingdom
its
Allies
any
default
much
more
probable
these
regards
late
Insolence
His
most
Christian
Majesty
their
Navy
Dutch
Negotiations
His
Majesty
Great
Brittain
refusal
of
the
Flag
that
Act
notorious
Breach
THEY
FEARED
HIM
His
Mayesty
these
Hollanders
act
out
of
no
sense
of
Honour
,
Honesty
,
THEY
HOPE
AND
FEAR
If
his
Mayesty
would
be
informed
of
the
Action
,
and
the
Sentiments
of
his
Superiours
,
their
Assembly
was
at
the
and
thither
he
might
send
to
be
acquainted
therewith
.
His
Majesty
United
Provinces
inviolate
Amity
ingrateful
People
their
future
Intendments
precipitate
this
Message
His
Crown
His
fear
High
and
Mighties
those
Thoughts
the
Affront
those
,
HOLLANDERS
;
HE
King
of
Great
Britain
His
Majesty
Principal
Secretary
of
State
When
His
Majesty
did
intend
to
dispatch
His
Envoy
to
the
about
the
Action
of
His
Majesty
His
Majesty
had
very
great
reason
to
take
it
ill
,
that
,
since
He
had
gratified
the
so
much
in
the
Treaty
of
and
that
of
and
also
in
the
Triple
Alliance
,
League
of
Guaranty
,
and
defensive
Articles
;
They
should
deny
unto
HIM
above
all
others
,
the
RIGHT
OF
THE
FLAG
,
that
antient
and
undoubted
Regality
of
the
Crown
of
That
he
could
not
comprehend
their
meanings
;
since
if
they
had
any
respect
for
His
Majesty
,
or
valued
his
Friendship
,
they
should
voluntarily
have
done
him
right
in
a
case
so
NOTORIOUS
and
Well-known
unto
them
.
That
the
causless
Breach
of
one
Article
,
in
this
Conjunction
of
Affairs
,
rendred
the
Alliance
with
the
NULL
,
and
their
FRIENDSHIP
for
ever
suspected
.
Yet
so
willing
was
His
Majesty
to
continue
the
mutual
Amity
,
that
an
Envoy
should
ere
long
be
dispatched
.
English
Spirit
King
of
Great
Britain
States
General
accommodating
the
Affair
new
Treaty
Van
Ghent
had
done
nothing
but
what
became
him
;
nor
did
the
Articles
oblige
THEIR
FLEETS
to
strike
the
Flag
unto
ANY
SINGLE
MAN
OF
WAR
of
the
Navy
Royal
of
England
.
his
Majesty
Dominion
of
the
Seas
Ridiculous
:
THIS
general
Laughter
much
Contempt
their
Embassadours
Forein
Princes
these
Passages
extraordinary
Prudence
their
Import
an
end
Defensive
Articles
these
Kingdoms
League
of
Guaranty
Christian
Majesty
He
Invaded
the
King
of
on
purpose
to
revenge
his
entring
into
the
TRIPLE
ALLIANCE
for
the
defence
of
Flanders
.
his
Majesty
secret
Applications
De
Wits
suddain
Councils
that
Winter
succeeding
Spring
Universal
Empire
of
the
Seas
Traffick
,
HOW
,
AND
WHETHER
THEY
SHOULD
TRADE
:
Id.
ibid.
c.
States
General
West
Indies
,
Russia
Baltick
Sea
such
Intentions
Capital
Ships
proper
Seas
forein
Ships
our
Ships
plain
Consequents
said
Design
great
preparations
Capital
Ships
all
their
Neighbours
refufal
of
the
Flag
That
his
Majesty
should
relinquish
his
usurped
Dominion
of
the
British
Seas
.
moderate
Ambition
New
Treaty
in
this
Juncture
his
Majesty
his
Majesty
tolerable
Treaty
make
War
no
o●…her
aims
sirm
Defensive
League
Rising
Power
Offensive
League
his
most
Christian
Majesty
his
Majesty
his
Majesty
real
Treaty
G.
Downing
Elevated
Spirit
That
they
would
demand
of
us
to
Relinquish
the
Dominion
of
the
Seas
?
what
Debates
giving
up
of
such
a
Royalty
?
What
anger
and
discontents
would
it
have
excited
in
the
Breasts
of
all
his
Subjects
,
to
see
so
much
of
Pusillanimity
in
the
King
and
Court
,
and
to
find
themselves
,
their
Families
,
and
Estates
exposed
as
a
Prey
to
any
Invader
,
who
might
sail
our
Seas
,
and
possess
our
Ports
and
Territories
,
without
giving
any
warning
;
and
Fish
upon
our
Seas
,
without
our
License
?
His
Majesty
Love
of
all
His
Subjects
suspitious
Amity
their
Amity
suspicious
any
Articles
their
Interest
Nerves
of
War
long
Wars
long
wrestlings
strength
of
the
sinewes
tedious
a
War
King
of
England
same
condition
Masters
of
the
Sea
their
more
numerous
Fleets
his
Majesty
unseasonable
breach
Isle
of
Wight
defensive
Articles
annual
expense
forty
Ships
,
six
thousand
Foot
four
hundred
Horse
three
Years
after
the
War
is
ended
.
like
Articles
precedert
Evils
futile
apprehensions
present
humour
Privy
Council
His
Cabinet
profound
Polititians
States
General
He
could
have
concluded
it
with
expedition
:
these
men
their
King
these
perfidious
States
Latine
Memorial
De
Wit
wise
Man
such
a
Paper
to
strike
the
Flag
,
and
lower
the
top
Sails
of
their
Fleets
to
single
Ships
of
Ours
,
as
long
as
we
shall
adhere
to
the
defensive
Articles
:
that
we
shall
retain
the
Soveraignty
of
the
British
Seas
,
provided
it
be
not
construed
any
way
so
as
to
impede
them
in
the
free
use
thereof
.
ancient
right
of
the
Flag
breach
of
the
League
Our
Soveraignty
of
the
Seas
His
Majesty
Dominion
of
the
Seas
Dominion
of
Jerusalem
FREE
USE
OF
THE
SEAS
Navigation
of
Merchants
what
Fleets
our
Ports
King's
Chambers
Fishing
without
License
what
Vessels
all
these
Cases
grand
Question
Freedom
of
the
Seas
one
grant
free
use
of
the
Seas
Dutch
Casuists
all
that
would
make
for
their
profit
.
H●…se
towns
open
Sea
Venetian
Soveraignty
J.
C.
de
rebusp
Si
quis
in
mare
l.
injuriarum
sect
.
ult.
de
in
uriis
.
de
re.
divis
de
peculio
legat
.
c.
accessorium
de
reg.
jur
.
in
l.
quod
in
litt
.
de
acquir
.
rer.
Dom.
l.
in
lit
.
ff.
nequid
in
loc.
pub
.
Potent
Enemy
Venetian
Advocates
de
Domin
.
maris
sect.
littora
D.
de
quid
in
loc.
public
.
paying
of
Customes
open
War
his
Customs
urge
many
and
disputes
against
all
de
jure
commerc
.
l.
higher
Customes
Q.
Mary
Q.
Elizabeth
enhansment
of
Customes
Freedome
of
the
Navigation
import
Goods
that
were
not
of
their
growth
,
excluded
traffique
with
our
Plantations
they
then
said
de
jure
commerce
Freedom
of
Commerce
about
it
immemorially
observed
uncertain
,
dilatory
insidious
Treaty
twice
in
one
Year
Defensive
Alliance
ungrateful
,
insolent
perfidious
Hollanders
United
Provinces
our
assistance
Glory
of
the
success
all
the
World
Dutch
exploits
Their
Authors
Faederatum
Belgium
Georg.
Hornius
States
General
their
Republick
Crowned
Heads
their
Arrogance
most
Kings
Our
traffique
reverenced
abroad
remote
States
Reputation
of
our
King
,
as
to
strength
,
and
conduct
,
greater
,
or
less
immoderate
growth
in
strength
their
natures
new
accessionals
of
Power
many
Warrs
just
Rights
and
Honours
great
Arrogance
great
Power
their
States
General
High
and
Mighty
Dutch
Embassadours
Q.
Elizabeth
her
Majesty
Ambition
,
Avarice
,
Gruelty
durable
Peace
same
Inclinations
that
Queen
this
Age
present
Juncture
her
past
Deportment
Never
to
Relinquish
any
thing
of
Honour
:
A
Prince
despised
,
and
contumeliously
used
,
is
already
half-ruined
:
If
he
endure
it
long
,
he
is
totally
lost
at
Home
and
Abroad
.
her
Majesty
Annal.
Belgic
.
l.
Never
to
abandon
the
Dominion
of
the
Sea
;
but
to
maintain
constantly
such
a
Fleet
of
Ships
as
may
secure
it
,
and
strike
an
Awe
into
the
Neighbouring
States
:
To
propagate
Trade
by
all
possible
means
into
all
Parts
,
as
the
principal
means
of
encreasing
the
Riches
of
private
Men
,
the
Revenues
of
the
Prince
,
and
the
Renown
and
Puissance
of
the
Realm
.
To
improve
the
Fishery
by
all
manner
of
Contrivances
,
as
observation
of
Lent
,
and
Fasting-days
,
encouraging
and
protecting
the
Fisher-men
;
whence
will
arise
,
besides
the
effects
for
a
gainful
Trade
,
a
constant
Seminary
of
Mariners
,
inured
to
the
Sea
,
acquainted
with
the
Coast
,
and
skill'd
in
Navigation
.
Never
to
suffer
any
Nation
to
grow
more
Powerful
at
Sea
,
or
greater
Traders
then
our
selves
;
but
by
sundry
Artifices
,
or
open
War
to
d●…stress
them
,
and
draw
the
Trade
to
Reformed
Religion
United
Provinces
in
a
War
begun
betwixt
two
mighty
States
,
it
is
dangerous
for
a
Th●…rd
,
and
Neighbour
to
Consul
Quintus
ad
Achaeos
Scipio
Ammirat
Didac
.
Saavedra
them
both
,
not
to
be
a
Party
being
called
into
the
Action
:
For
he
is
in
peril
of
becoming
a
Prey
to
the
incensed
Victor
:
Neutral
Prince
our
condition
Whether
we
ought
to
adhere
to
the
United
Provinces
,
or
to
France
?
United
Provinces
true
Policy
to
oppose
the
excessive
growth
and
strength
of
another
State
,
that
it
arrive
not
at
that
heighth
of
Puissance
,
as
to
be
able
to
reduce
the
rest
under
obeisance
many
considerations
Potent
Empire
his
own
Ruine
weak
Prince
this
puissant
Empire
in
time
paramount
Greatness
His
Majesty
of
Great
Britain
his
Restauration
most
necessary
and
urgent
Affairs
French
Monarchy
from
what
it
was
greatness
of
France
Haughty
,
Martial
,
and
Wise
a
King
,
so
able
Council
,
so
plentiful
a
Treasury
,
so
Vast
,
Well-commanded
,
and
Well-disciplined
Armies
.
one
State
his
most
Christian
Majesty
great
Leagues
uncertain
Strengths
the
Wise
succeeding
well
this
Age
at
present
King
of
Great
Britain
imaginary
Evils
more
safe
Royal
Word
King
of
France
Universal
Monarchy
thousand
Casualties
his
most
Christian
Majesty
Inclinations
,
Wisdom
States
General
same
Principles
same
Projects
French
Merchants
that
Fishing
States
General
the
Principal
Revennues
and
happiness
of
their
Herring
fishing
perpetua
illâ
magnâque
piseatine
,
navigationéque
Lud.
Guicciardin
these
Realms
onely
competitour
in
Naval
strength
maritine
Force
French
amity
considerations
superiouri
our
Friendship
impor
tance
great
Respect
crazy
States
they
are
in
Health
Forces
for
defence
Government
,
Wisdome
two
Principal
Parts
Material
Objections
His
Majesty
most
Christian
King
regard
to
be
had
unto
Protestancy
in
general
,
Roman
Catholick
Prince
Protestant
State
more
real
their
Churches
Evangelical
Liberty
un
Christian
●…is
Majesty
of
Great
Britain
direct
intention
those
Countreys
final
Issue
most
frequent
such
Councils
Casuistical
Divines
When
most
grievous
evils
Antichristian
Mass
leading
of
those
into
temptation
destruction
for
whom
Christ
died
)
do
constantly
,
or
most
commonly
ensue
upon
any
action
of
ours
which
is
indeed
in
it self
indifferent
,
the
action
is
thereby
rendered
so
unlawful
,
as
if
we
had
all
those
evils
:
But
the
Case
is
otherwise
where
those
evills
do
seldome
,
and
as
it
were
thorough
un-foreseen
chance
fall
out
upon
any
of
Ours
these
Scruples
some
moment
unknown
hand
Measures
of
our
Love
to
others
are
to
be
taken
from
the
affection
we
bear
to
our selves
:
We
are
to
love
our
Neighbours
as
our selves
,
Charity
begins
at
home
His
Majesty
his
Realms
His
Subjects
His
Majesty
that
support
his
Majesty
which
considerations
prejudicate
Persons
His
Majesty
evil
consequences
those
onely
suffered
by
the
consequences
thereof
which
were
guilty
of
its
occasion
:
hereditary
Princes
just
Wars
successive
Monarchies
the
united
Provinces
generality
of
the
People
His
Majesty
their
confidence
John
de
Wit
his
Partisans
His
Majesty
He
could
not
avoid
his
unsatiable
avarice
Naval
Provision
prevailing
Party
thus
animated
Loevesteine
Faction
ill
success
last
Year
averse
from
the
War
His
Majesty
His
Treaties
no
injustice
His
Divines
this
Opinion
E.
Reidanus
Protestant
Princes
(
by
League
Law
of
nature
Lives
,
Liberties
Domestick
Forces
Law
of
Grace
holy
Writ
his
Posterity
now
thou
shalt
see
what
thy
Servant
will
do
.
a
Peace
with
all
men
all
Infidels
Son
of
God
love
them
as
our selves
that
Title
of
advantage
unto
us
Jesus
Christ
their
Forces
the
same
Religion
general
practice
their
assistance
their
Enemies
same
Religion
Q.
Elizabeth
one
Party
every
Party
Potent
,
Ambitious
Injurious
Adversaries
Reformed
Religion
secure
themselves
his
Majesty
Popish
Religion
United
Provinces
by
accident
his
Wishes
those
events
our
own
Actions
our
Allies
another
Religion
interpretative
Will
evil
contingencies
our
Wills
particular
intendments
just
Causes
United
Provinces
Great
Britain
his
most
Christian
Majesty
States
General
those
things
this
point
their
Religion
Protestant
Religion
Dutch
Governours
two
Nations
Reformed
Religion
first
Scruple
in
a
manner
general
good
of
the
Protestants
Triple
Alliance
Defensive
Articles
His
Power
against
their
Wills
Rights
of
England
natural
Subjects
general
benefit
of
Protestancy
this
War
honourable
Peace
reformed
Religion
like
events
reformed
Religion
disposition
of
affairs
It
is
good
for
us
that
we
were
afflicted
:
better
Christians
better
Neighbours
His
Majesty
His
Majesty
Embassadour
of
that
Crown
repeated
Declarations
His
Majesty
this
League
Triple
Alliance
so
penned
as
to
that
point
his
Majesty
great
secrecy
extraordinary
Conduct
great
an
affair
His
privacies
their
tedious
debates
English
Laws
sole
Arbitrator
and
Judge
of
War
,
and
Peace
:
His
Majesty
His
care
His
Prudence
former
Princes
purer
then
our's
His
Majesties
Declaration
to
all
His
loving
Subjects
His
Majesty
this
point
beautifull
Damsels
His
Deity
Optick
Tables
little
Figures
life
,
charm
several
Decrees
Christian
Emperours
purest
times
their
memories
all
the
Church
Her
Sons
His
Majesty
with
advantage
thirteen
hundred
years
true
Original
His
great
Devotion
unto
,
and
tenderness
for
the
preservation
of
the
Church
of
England
.
Our
Church
their
Devotion
Cells
,
Hermitages
with
poverty
without
molestation
Divine
Providence
Primitive
Streights
,
(
want
this
Church
first
condition
humane
Policy
puissant
,
populous
progress
:
Inimicus
homo
fecit
haec
.
His
Royal
Example
Acts
of
Parliament
twelve
Years
Church
of
England
in
their
proper
Sphears
removing
of
Scandals
Peace
of
the
Church
pious
intendments
ordinary
Wisdom
inveterate
Ulcers
running
Sores
whole
Body
violent
,
Remedies
this
Nation
common
security
Naval
strength
which
we
already
have
new
Atlantis
their
Domions
their
Territories
British
Seas
United
Provinces
John
Olden
Barnevelt
John
de
Wit
long
sufferance
they
doubted
not
open
force
Clandestine
machinations
our
ruine
their
protection
their
Fleets
domestick
Commotions
our
State
alienation
of
Church-lands
no
Rents
from
them
his
Majesties
Declaration
States
General
just
cause
domestick
Peace
His
Service
their
Friends
joynt
Trade
fitting
Instruments
native
Country
civil
War
.
John
de
Wit
these
ends
generous
War
lasting
Peace
these
Realms
final
subjection
universal
Trade
tedious
,
expensive
de
Wits
His
Majesty
Roy●…l
Highness
total
alteration
dear
Brethren
His
Majesty
confound
His
Counsils
this
War
common
Enemies
both
Nations
John
de
Wit
vulgar
jealousie
to
introduce
amongst
us
a
change
of
Religion
,
and
an
Arbitrary
Government
,
by
this
War
with
Holland
.
absolute
Phanaticks
great
Minister
States
of
Holland
hereditary
Monarch●…
inured
to
Monarchy
,
divided
in
interests
,
discriminated
by
degrees
of
honour
,
debauched
in
its
manners
,
irreconcileable
in
its
factions
,
present
Monarchy
general
treachery
own
Partisans
diligent
enquiries
whose
;
hands
Conduct
of
affairs
His
Majesty
Prudence
,
Generosity
Phanatick
Party
this
account
new
Governments
two
such
potent
Neighbours
some
of
these
Realms
facile
advantages
such
considerations
honour
of
old
England
English
Soul
generous
Phanaticks
His
Majesty
Lovesteine
faction
their
Friends
His
Majesty
their
native
Country
supposed
Faction
his
Majesty
their
Persons
Saturnine
Constitutions
petulant
Wits
those
Men
inveterate
Animosity
his
Reign
rest-less
Spirit
Youth
,
unexperiencedness
,
intemporate
inconsiderate
Zeal
,
Ambition
precipitous
Counsils
publick
good
,
Liberty
His
Service
penal
Laws
insolent
deportment
their
Enemies
ordinary
discretion
Christian
Charity
utter
Oblivion
Crown
Lands
this
juncture
ready
assistance
John
de
Wit
bitter
Contumelies
His
Majesty
many
others
His
Crown
restless
malice
His
Enemies
His
care
possible
Provision
desperate
complotments
Declaration
March
to
all
His
loving
Subjects
all
sorts
of
Non-conformists
penal
Laws
Church
of
England
His
Majesty
common
Father
of
His
People
Son
of
the
Church
Primitive
Policy
de
vita
Constant.
l.
c.
de
Concord
.
Sacer.
&
Imp.
l.
Bishop
over
those
that
are
without
,
Orthodox
Bishops
over
those
that
are
within
.
three
hundred
years
Christian
Religion
Golden
—
Constantine
four
hundred
years
Provided
,
that
neither
this
Act
,
nor
any
thing
therin
contained
,
shall
extend
to
invalidate
or
avoid
His
Majesties
Supremacy
in
Ecclesiastical
affairs
;
but
that
His
Majesty
,
and
his
Heirs
and
Successors
may
from
time
to
time
,
and
at
all
times
hereafter
,
exercise
and
enjoy
all
Powers
and
Authorities
in
Ecclesiastical
affairs
as
fully
and
as
amply
as
himself
,
or
any
of
his
Predecessours
have
or
might
have
done
the
same
,
any
thing
in
this
Act
notwithstanding
.
Ecclesiastical
Constitutions
Royal
Predecessours
Diademate
Imperiali
Id.
ibid.
ex
Polydor
Virgil.
hist.
l.
His
Reign
this
Realm
Roman
Empire
Imperial
Crown
Successors
of
the
Anno
Dom.
Apostle
amongst
Kings
one
equal
unto
the
Apostles
Hen.
Valesii
Christian
Church
His
Age
these
Kingdomes
those
dayes
aforesaid
Elogy
their
proceedings
Orthodox
Christianity
Universal
Church
their
deportment
Do
desire
,
O
God
,
that
all
should
live
in
Peace
and
de
vita
free
from
dissensions
,
out
of
a
regard
unto
the
common
good
of
Mankinde
:
Notwithstanding
,
let
those
that
are
deluded
enjoy
the
benefits
of
peace
and
quiet
equally
of
Men
under
a
is
an
effectual
course
for
the
reclaiming
of
them
unto
the
right
way
.
Only
let
well-meaning
Persons
believe
,
that
they
alone
live
holily
and
purely
,
who
are
regulated
by
the
holy
Lawes
;
and
they
who
with
draw
from
their
assemblies
,
We
are
possessed
of
the
truth
,
which
thou
hast
revealed
unto
Us
:
and
we
wish
them
in
the
same
condition
;
that
they
might
participate
in
the
satisfaction
which
would
arise
from
the
general
Unanimity
of
the
Empire
.
Thanks
be
rendred
unto
thee
,
most
great
God
,
and
Ruler
of
all
things
;
for
But
whosoever
will
not
be
cured
of
his
Errors
,
let
him
blame
none
but
Himself
:
For
the
way
to
recover
him
is
publick
and
obvious
unto
him
:
But
let
every
one
have
a
care
left
they
injure
that
Religion
,
which
doth
manifest
it self
to
be
blameless
and
unspotted
;
wherefore
let
us
all
make
use
of
the
benefits
tendered
unto
us
,
keeping
our
Consciences
free
from
what
is
contrary
thereunto
.
But
whosoever
understands
any
thing
,
let
him
,
if
possible
,
communicate
it
to
his
Neighbour
:
If
it
be
not
possible
to
prevail
,
then
I
have
insisted
hereon
more
largely
then
seemed
to
my
purpose
,
because
I
would
not
conceal
or
dissemble
the
truth
;
especially
seeing
that
some
,
as
I
hear
,
do
give
out
Reports
,
I
should
indeed
have
given
that
advice
to
the
publick
,
but
that
so
many
are
too
obstinately
prepossessed
and
fixed
in
their
errors
,
to
the
retarding
of
the
general
Reformation
.
false
,
vain
Sacrifices
of
the
Temples
His
Reign
their
Religion
publick
Sacrifices
Pontifex
Maximus
Toleration
of
all
Religions
true
Christianity
He
might
advance
that
Faith
.
sundry
Decrees
large
Toleration
those
without
Christian
Church
this
Clause
That
this
indulgence
did
extend
unto
all
sorts
of
Sectaries
,
Jews
,
Samaritans
,
Marcionists
,
Montanists
,
Novatians
,
Sabellians
,
and
universally
to
men
of
all
Religions
.
is
lost
this
ensuing
this
account
former
Decree
true
Church
same
predicament
WHereas
we
had
long
ago
observed
that
ought
not
to
be
denied
to
any
man
,
but
that
every
one
Hist.
Eccles.
l.
should
have
the
liberty
to
pursue
and
manage
the
affairs
thereof
,
according
to
his
proper
Judgement
and
choice
:
We
did
thereupon
decree
that
all
persons
,
as
well
should
retain
and
adhere
unto
the
But
for
as
much
as
divers
This
part
of
the
is
obscure
in
the
by
reason
that
the
whereto
it
relates
is
lost
:
but
I
followed
which
the
learned
doth
put
upon
it
Persons
have
been
offended
at
that
by
reason
that
in
it
the
were
promiscuously
named
〈◊〉
if
it
were
indifferent
unto
us
,
which
of
them
our
Subjects
embraced
,
to
the
great
detriment
of
After
that
we
Emperours
[
after
the
overthrow
of
and
the
composure
of
all
things
at
were
happily
arrived
at
we
did
consult
diligently
about
all
such
matters
,
as
might
conduce
to
the
publick
welfare
:
and
amongst
many
things
which
seemed
of
we
concluded
that
there
was
nothing
of
greater
concernment
unto
the
Empire
,
then
the
establishing
of
the
that
is
,
that
we
should
give
unto
the
in
general
;
and
the
Freedome
of
their
accordingly
as
their
leads
them
;
to
the
end
that
whatever
there
is
of
a
or
Coelestial
being
,
it
may
be
propitious
unto
us
,
and
our
Subjects
.
Wherefore
we
upon
sound
and
right
Reasons
,
do
enact
that
none
be
hindred
from
the
embracing
of
but
that
every
man
be
permitted
to
follow
that
Religion
which
he
thinks
most
fitting
for
himself
:
so
God
may
be
induced
to
continue
his
usual
mercies
unto
Us.
It
seemed
the
more
necessary
that
we
should
issue
out
this
to
the
end
that
leaving
out
the
mention
of
the
variety
of
and
without
any
thereupon
,
(
as
it
happened
in
the
concerning
the
nothing
may
be
deduced
which
seems
repugnant
to
our
clemency
:
as
also
that
henceforth
all
which
purpose
to
embrace
the
Christian
Religion
may
freely
and
resolutely
,
and
without
any
let
,
or
molestation
,
do
it
.
The
which
we
thought
fitting
to
signifie
unto
Your
prudence
,
that
you
might
understand
our
pleasure
concerning
the
Liberty
to
be
indulged
unto
the
To
whom
as
we
have
granted
a
plenary
and
absolute
.
Toleration
,
so
you
are
to
take
notice
that
the
like
is
yielded
unto
in
order
to
their
It
being
a
notorious
truth
,
that
this
doth
highly
conduce
to
the
common
tranquillity
of
the
Empire
at
this
time
:
And
we
are
thus
reserved
in
our
expressions
,
to
the
end
that
no
may
think
it self
hereby
.
We
hist.
in
Eccles.
l.
add
further
,
in
favour
of
the
Christians
,
that
all
their
which
have
been
confiscated
,
and
either
sold
,
or
given
to
any
else
,
or
yet
undisposed
of
,
shall
be
gratis
restored
unto
them
:
And
all
such
Lands
as
the
several
(
or
Churches
did
formerly
possess
,
and
have
been
escheated
,
these
shall
likewise
be
restored
unto
them
.
And
We
ordain
that
this
constitution
of
ours
shall
be
affixed
and
promulgated
publickly
,
that
none
may
be
ignorant
thereof
.
Given
at
in
the
third
Consulship
of
A.
A.
A.
general
welfare
sundry
Sects
of
Christians
mutual
Division
several
interests
unsettled
Empire
Apologet
.
c.
&
in
libro
ad
de
justitia
c.
vulgar
Principles
ancient
Church
His
proceedings
Reasons
of
State
this
publick
Toleration
constant
policy
Roman
Empire
nocturnal
meetings
Sacrificing
to
the
Gods
.
Cod.
Theodos.
l.
grand
motive
all
Religions
private
complotments
in
Cod.
esto
:
dei●…de
lege
Gabinia
promulgatum
,
Jac.
Gothofr
.
in
com
.
ad
.
leg
.
Tabular
.
Tab.
&
sine
testibus
consuli
vetuit
Id.
Cod.
private
Cenventicles
secret
Meetings
any
Religion
their
Assemblies
old
Religion
de
interdicta
Christianorum
cum
Gentilibus
communione
.
Idem
in
Cod.
Theodos.
l.
former
lustre
Temples
,
Revenues
,
Pontifical
Offices
,
Theodosian
Code
Patriarchs
,
Primats
,
Presbyters
Rulers
of
Synagogues
civil
charges
their
Function
all
Sects
liberty
of
Profession
E●…lens
.
de
Eccles.
Alexandr
.
orig.
c.
in
proaemi●…
An●…
in
can
.
Co●…
.
Nicen.
general
Council
Eastern
Church
Primitive
Emperours
separate
Churches
Laws
of
the
Empire
Jac.
Gothofredi
Christian
Clergy
civil
Offices
,
Constantine
Catholick
Clergy
that
burthen
attendance
upon
lustral
Sacrifices
Security
of
the
Pagan
Temples
such
employments
qualifie
themselves
mind
their
Churches
avoid
many
evident
Scandals
Christian
Churches
Jac.
Gothofredi
publick
endowments
Imperial
Laws
those
Laws
Catholick
Churches
Catholick
Churches
rich
enough
this
priviviledge
His
care
Catholick
Bishops
sound
doctrine
exemplary
life
Jac.
Gotho●…redus
His
Officers
peculiar
Elogies
imperial
Decrees
Nicene
Council
special
regulation
distinct
Creed
general
Law
those
priviledges
A.
D.
Jac.
Gothofredi
Catholick
Law
precedent
Decrees
Communicate
with
easie
terms
their
Discipline
their
Communion
hopes
of
Mercy
enormous
Crimes
Plebi
in
Evangelio
persistenti
.
Hen.
Valesius
G.
Beveregius
such
as
continued
in
the
obedience
of
the
Gospel
.
strict
in
their
Conversation
,
Oxthodox
,
Zealous
in
their
Religion
mixt
Congregations
relaxed
Discipline
they
Rebaptized
such
as
came
unto
their
Churches
from
the
Communion
of
the
Catholicks
.
this
Sect
General
Council
from
them
Laymen
Presbyters
this
Decree
their
Church
their
Separation
their
Schism
perpetual
Sanctity
October
,
Constantine
this
Law
Jac.
Gothofredus
Churches
,
Oratories
those
Places
for
Publick
Worship
ready
Money
Legal
Titles
de
vita
Valentinians
,
Marcionists
Hist.
Eccles.
l.
Nicene
Council
that
Council
Hist.
Eccles.
l.
his
Separation
disliked
them
publick
Churches
their
condition
was
not
so
bad
as
that
of
the
other
Hereticks
,
and
that
the
Law
of
was
not
executed
against
them
peaceable
Spirits
unblameable
Lives
Christian
Faith
Imperial
Constitution
Penal
Law
Fanatical
,
Factious
suspended
all
severe
proceedings
his
followers
General
Declaration
for
Liberty
of
Conscience
.
Clandestine
Conventicles
publick
Revenues
hisspecial
favour
Nicene
Creed
National
Church
of
Christendom
known
wickedness
Valentinians
,
Cataphryges
open
Toleration
Penal
Laws
Profligate
Hereticks
all
those
Penal
Laws
Orthodox
Churches
any
way
Orthodox
Church
Hen.
Valesius
delivered
up
their
Bibles
Seventy
Bishops
His
condemnation
great
Schism
Caecilia
us
Roman
Clergy
this
Arrest
their
Communion
the
Case
those
Parts
civil
Peace
Domitius
Celsus
Imperial
Officers
those
Seditions
Orthodox
Clergy
affronted
,
injured
prevailing
Donatists
Catholick
Bishops
our
Faith
requires
holy
Peace
Brotherly
love
in
the
name
of
God
Auno
Dom.
Id.
ibid.
c.
imperial
Mandates
penal
Laws
penal
Laws
Plot
of
Ground
publick
charge
Id.
ibid.
c.
indirect
means
Donatists
Bishops
their
Bishops
from
exile
Id.
ibid.
c.
plenary
toleration
immediate
punishment
Anno
Dom.
Id.
ibid.
c.
that
juncture
Outrages
,
Murthers
horrid
tumults
furious
Sect.
how
long
what
manner
endowments
of
their
Churches
Orthodox
in
Doctrine
exemplary
Offenders
less
intelligent
Reader
Athanasius
in
Apolog.
ad
Imper
it
Primitive
Ages
their
power
Meletians
.
Socrat.
Petrus
de
Marca
Vales.
Euseb.
sinal
approbation
Bishop
Elect
endowed
Clergy
said
Emperour
canonically
Nominated
Episcopal
See
.
G.
Beveregius
Constantium
Socrates
his
Chair
his
Wedded
his
See
more
Rich
Illustrious
Bishoprick
popular
Zeal
their
Suffrages
another
way
Annual
Revenue
poor
Widows
Distressed
persons
Presbyters
,
Deacons
Hen.
Valosii
Sub-Deacons
,
Acolythi
,
Exorcists
,
Readers
,
Door
keepers
:
ordinary
Bishoprick
three
Thousand
frequent
Tumults
of
his
Drolling
Songs
Zeal
,
Indignation
several
Quarrels
de
vita
Meletian
Bishops
their
Followers
Nicene
Council
Hen.
Valesius
his
Banishment
Nicene
Council
Jac.
Gotho
his
Exile
he
,
Theognis
civil
crimes
the
cause
future
Broils
this
contest
Imprisonment
,
Banishment
this
Emperour
his
Reign
Catholick
Bishops
Whether
the
Emperour
had
any
power
to
Judge
in
Ecclesiastical
Affairs
?
Whether
it
were
lawful
to
Persecute
any
in
cases
of
Religion
,
with
Imprisoning
,
or
Banishment
?
ad
solitar.
vitam
agentes
et
in
Apolog.
pristine
Glory
Liberty
of
Conscience
civil
Employments
publick
Allowances
Exiled
Bishops
proper
Seas
their
Churches
his
Decease
Potent
Factions
Orthodox
,
Arians
,
Gentiles
Paganism
,
Hrresie
the
Empire
dissert.
in
had
been
brought
unto
a
most
happy
Posture
,
as
to
Church
and
State
,
if
it
had
pleased
to
God
to
grant
him
a
longer
Life
.
Nicene
Faith
Sacrifice
to
Idols
Two
,
Three
,
Four
other
Congregation
Macedonians
,
Eunomians
same
Sentiments
Christian
Prudence
,
Charity
exemplary
Piety
Western
Empire
fierce
Persecution
obstinate
Sect
Orthodox
Christians
.
Julian
Lands
,
Churches
specious
Zeal
their
Sufferings
that
Province
true
Churches
their
Sacrifices
City
Pontificate
.
Valentinian
Universal
Liberty
of
Conscience
Hist.
Eccles.
l.
Aug.
Porphyrogennet
.
in
excerptis
ex
Nicene
Faith
Altar
of
Victory
entry
into
the
Senate
Christian
Senators
did
indeed
prohibit
Nocturnal
Epist.
l.
none
else
this
Indulgence
this
following
his
Proceedings
The
Emppp.
A
A
A.
Unto
the
Senate
.
I
do
judge
that
is
not
to
be
ranked
amongst
those
which
are
Prohibited
.
Nor
do
I
esteem
either
tolerated
by
my
Ancestors
,
to
be
a
Those
Laws
which
I
enacted
in
the
beginning
of
my
Empire
,
do
attest
this
to
be
my
sense
nor
do
wo
regr●…hend
but
allow
the
use
thereof
.
Given
at
Gratian
A.
Probus
Coss.
Anno
Dom.
Ammianus
Marcellinus
His
Reign
was
famous
for
the
moderation
used
therein
,
the
Emperour
carrying
himself
with
an
even
hand
amidst
that
diversity
of
Religions
:
Neither
did
he
molest
any
one
,
nor
commanded
that
he
should
believe
and
worship
thus
or
thus
;
neither
did
he
by
any
menacing
Edicts
,
Magicians
.
Cod.
incline
or
●…ffright
his
Subjects
to
embrace
the
Religion
of
their
Prince
:
But
he
left
the
several
Parties
untouched
,
as
he
found
them
.
liberty
of
Conscience
Orthodox
Churches
Fines
,
Imprisonment
hist.
mis●…ll
.
l.
in
Cod.
&
lib.
other
Sects
numerous
Sect
his
designs
Divisions
,
Discontents
Christian
Emperours
left
every
man
to
adhere
unto
what
Religion
he
pleased
,
without
any
menaces
or
penalties
in
Orat.
ad
unto
the
contrary
Ecclesiastical
Immunities
Orthodox
Clergy
hist.
Eccles.
l.
his
persecution
imperial
Diadem
true
God
.
Anno
Dom.
in
Chronologia
Cod.
Jovian
,
Valentinian
one
Law
Altar
of
Victory
publick
Revennues
cheif
commands
,
Military
shut
up
Jac.
Gothofredus
Pagan
Preists
better
condition
Pagan
Ceremonies
publick
Sacrifices
Heretical
Christians
severe
Laws
their
Assemblies
first
Law
We
did
heretofore
(
in
the
behalf
of
the
Catholick
Religion
,
that
the
might
cease
)
ordain
,
that
Whither
the
of
the
or
the
of
those
Persons
shall
hinder
the
execution
thereof
,
the
same
shall
be
inflicted
on
those
that
give
the
occasion
.
Given
at
on
the
tenth
of
the
Calends
of
being
Coss.
A.
D.
penal
Law
same
year
whole
Empire
Arian
Goths
reason
of
State
hist.
Eccles.
l.
hist:
Eccles.
l.
in
excerptisex
i●…
vote
in
Cod.
new
Subjects
Forreign
correspondencies
other
motives
disliking
the
Proceedings
of
his
Uncle
in
banishing
such
as
were
not
of
his
judgement
in
point
of
Religion
)
recal
from
banishment
all
those
that
were
exiled
for
Religion
:
and
gave
them
free
leave
to
profess
what
Religion
they
pleased
,
and
to
assemble
publickly
in
their
seperate
Churches
:
Manichees
,
Photinians
Orthodox
Bishops
their
Seas
same
Town
Orthodox
Bishop
Arian
,
Apollinarist
Arian
Bishops
great
Churches
union
of
Congregations
this
Indulgence
Thracia
,
Scythia
,
Mysia
Western
Empire
France
,
Spain
Italy
,
Illyricum
in
chronolog.
Cod.
A.
D.
principal
Churches
Catholick
Bishops
their
Religion
obscure
Conventicles
.
Theodosius
same
Doctrine
Council
of
Nice
Arian
Churches
Goths
,
Huns
for
him
most
remote
parts
Gratianus
,
Valentinianus
Theodosius
A.
A.
A.
We
will
and
require
that
all
those
People
who
are
Subject
unto
the
Government
of
our
Clemency
should
profess
and
live
in
that
Religion
,
which
the
shews
to
have
been
at
first
taught
the
by
the
Apostle
St.
and
which
it
is
evident
that
Pope
doth
adhere
unto
,
and
which
is
owned
by
Bishop
of
a
person
of
That
,
according
to
the
Apostolical
discipline
,
and
Evangelical
Doctrine
,
we
may
all
beleive
the
together
with
the
of
the
They
that
follow
this
we
commanded
to
assume
constantly
the
name
of
but
those
others
extravagant
and
mad
Fellows
let
them
be
accounted
Let
not
their
be
termed
and
let
them
expect
due
punishment
in
the
first
place
,
and
in
the
second
place
according
as
divine
Providence
shall
direct
our
Counsels
.
Given
at
A.
A.
Coss.
Anno
Dom.
since
He
would
not
leave
His
Hist.
Eccles.
l.
dissertat
.
in
Factiousness
,
to
leave
His
Church
,
their
Assemblies
by
parties
Mortifi'd
life
popular
Sanctity
publick
Churches
any
City
&
tit.
Ecclesiastical
Canons
exemplary
life
,
sound
doctrine
pious
government
such
men
true
Faith
expedite
way
Emperours
favour
,
honour
several
Sects
Catholick
Church
several
rigorous
decrees
to
Ordain
any
new
Bishops
,
to
hold
any
Assemblies
in
City
or
Countrey
:
Depriving
them
of
the
Franchises
of
Citizens
,
and
of
the
liberty
to
make
any
Wills
or
Testaments
Out
lawing
not
put
in
execution
this
Assertion
to
separate
from
the
Cathelicks
to
condemne
their
Churches
as
d●…filed
and
impure
to
re-baptise
such
as
revolt
thence
to
Novatianisme
,
penal
Laws
these
men
their
rigour
all
this
time
they
should
securely
retain
their
Oratories
,
and
that
their
Churches
should
enjoy
the
same
Priviledges
which
those
of
the
Catholicks
did
.
within
Constantinople
His
Sect
private
Meetings
their
Meetings
severe
Lawes
Tho.
Rivius
Roman
Empire
large
Revenues
Having
never
been
molested
by
any
Emperour
from
their
first
Original
untill
the
dayes
of
Justinian
.
Honorius
.
Theodosius
such
Hereticks
as
should
either
give
or
take
Orders
,
Ten
pounds
of
Gold
in
Cod.
in
force
enforce
it
this
subject
succeeding
Emperours
,
Arcadius
,
Valentinian
their
Churches
Jac.
Gothofredi
death
)
Arcadius
Whether
it
be
greater
wisdome
to
attempt
the
suppression
of
numerous
,
rich
,
and
obstinate
Hereticks
Manichees
,
Basilidians
universally
infamous
Humane
Society
)
by
rigorous
Edicts
?
Or
,
to
indulge
them
for
a
time
,
and
by
more
gentle
meanes
to
contrive
and
pursue
their
conversion
?
Our
Homily
those
Emperours
Ecclesiastical
Writers
weak
intellectuals
little
efficacy
of
the
Church
of
England
Sixth
Century
Emperour
Justinian
hist.
arc.
p.
dissert.
in
Ecclesiastical
History
Fifth
Century
untill
that
time
many
Churches
Bishop
of
being
raised
●…nto
a
did
shut
up
,
about
the
same
time
,
the
Churches
of
the
and
seized
on
the
and
afterwards
confiscated
all
the
Estate
of
their
Bishop
Secular
Magistracy
Roman
Bishops
separate
Assemblies
Consent
in
matters
of
Faith
within
the
City
of
his
own
Religion
terrifie
them
Imperial
Authority
lived
in
his
dayes
true
Priests
of
God
He
was
the
most
Meek
of
all
men
upon
earth
He
was
the
most
milde
and
obliging
Prince
this
reason
purest
times
How
to
settle
and
advance
Orthodox
Church
potent
Sects
their
projects
all
of
them
Declaration
of
His
Majesty
Primitive
Emperours
own
judgments
Orthodox
Church
insinuate
unto
their
subjects
conform
their
Opinions
several
priviledges
emoluments
of
Revenue
and
Legacies
His
most
Sacred
Majesty
Church
of
England
Basis
,
Rule
Orthodox
Conformable
Clergy
Ancient
Politicks
modern
prudence
His
Majesty
Church
of
England
Primitive
Christians
better
settled
greater
by
far
Nicene
Fathers
Spiritual
Lords
their
influence
upon
the
subordinate
Clergy
)
four
first
Centuries
in
Cod.
Patriarchs
,
Primates
,
Archisynagogi
,
&c.
in
Titles
Id.
Ibid.
of
old
Orthodox
Church
Primitive
Ages
those
circumstances
Church
of
England
much
better
conditions
exactly
Conformable
Constantine
,
Theodosius
,
&c.
exact
Subscription
Ni●…ene
Council
Hilary
,
&c.
Three
hundred
and
eighteen
Bishops
at
Nice
:
Sirmium
,
Ariminum
,
&c.
Comprehensional
Creeds
sundry
judgments
Union
of
the
Church
Orthodox
Church
their
Chief
Prelates
great
a
Schisme
needless
words
this
precedent
special
form
of
Concord
wise
Princes
other
way
bad
success
His
Majesty
Primitive
Emperors
same
priviledges
their
Schisme
His
publick
favours
,
&c.
true
Sons
of
the
Church
of
England
.
Novatians
,
Basilidians
Antient
prudence
publick
Church
loathsome
company
their
preciseness
His
Majesty
Penal
Laws
Church
of
England
P.
AErodius
ignominious
denomination
Spiritual
Fathers
Secular
Laws
Ancient
Proceedings
They
are
not
Hereticks
though
such
when
it
hath
made
a
large
progress
.
irreparable
damage
rigorous
usage
obstinate
Donatists
Syria
,
AEgypt
He
had
rather
have
no
Subjects
at
Alex.
Patricius
Atmacan
all
,
than
those
He
had
to
be
Hereticks
.
Conform
to
the
Church
of
England
,
Fourth
Century
this
Subject
some
Sects
Valentinians
,
Gnostics
,
Basilidians
,
Priscillianists
,
&c.
publick
view
Moral
certainty
Schismatical
Assemblies
That
His
Majesty
doth
allow
the
Place
,
and
Teacher
.
their
Bishops
His
privity
great
troubles
seeming
piety
(
Cassiodor
.
varior
.
l.
H.
Grotius
in
Prolegom
,
ad
Hist.
Gotthorum
.
wise
Goth
,
Theodoric
Catholick
Bishops
approving
of
such
Bishops
onely
their
private
ends
such
courses
their
Bishopricks
this
Declaration
way
of
meeting
four
besides
the
family
might
convene
;
under
any
Teacher
:
Blasphemies
,
Gross
Errors
,
un-moral
,
pernicious
principles
privily
that
way
illiteterate
,
ignorant
,
wicked
Teachers
Ranters
,
&c.
Ancient
Prudence
Church
of
England
Tender
Consciences
Civil
affairs
giving
offence
Our
Saviour
S.
Paul
harsh
Language
Jewish
High
Priest
Gods
of
the
Gentiles
Levitical
Law
Not
to
blaspheme
the
Gods
first
Christians
rail
against
the
false
Deities
of
the
Pagans
,
true
God
.
Glory
of
Martyrdom
Priest
at
his
Sacrifice
demolish
their
Altars
Constantine
,
Constans
hist.
Eccles.
l.
unlawful
Assembleis
those
Meetings
such
Hymns
Antient
Emperors
His
Royal
Declaration
,
viz.
None
shall
preach
what
derogates
from
the
Doctrine
,
Discipline
,
or
Government
of
the
present
Church
,
Their
Teachers
Their
Flocks
that
are
within
judge
those
that
are
without
their
supposed
Truths
Contrary
tenets
Religion
that
is
National
walk
warily
that
account
suspicion
thereof
open
actions
tendency
that
way
jealous
of
small
matters
Common
welfare
of
the
Kingdom
this
case
Actions
un-moral
Tender
Conscience
All
the
Nonconformists
their
Indulgent
Soveraign
worthy
of
that
Liberty
whereunto
they
are
called
.
Sons
of
the
Church
of
England
,
this
juncture
of
affairs
own
principles
against
Contentions
perfect
Summe
gather
their
Doctrines
out
of
the
Fathers
:
their
deportment
those
Oracles
our
peace
our
Church
pious
precedents
condemned
Hereticks
S.
Hilary
Ecclesiastical
Policy
Secular
power
present
Incendiaries
bitter
in
my
expressions
so
uncharitable
in
my
Censures
Charity
which
thinks
no
evil
How
taunts
to
eat
with
such
railing
Tongue
good
name
his
riches
good
name
Him
from
whom
he
stealeth
all
the
Town
the
Whole
Countrey
railing
tongue
St.
Paul
Christian
Woman
Christian
servant
Christian
maen
their
obstinacy
Peevish
Humour
a
man
may
erre
with
an
upright
intention
,
pious
designs
Church
of
England
right
Worship
of
God
erroneous
opinions
rendring
evil
for
evil
cursing
them
that
do
not
curse
us
convert
Men
English
Spirits
contumelious
language
love
us
Hypocrites
ungovernable
S.
Martin
a
Belief
of
the
indifferency
,
or
rather
Imposture
of
all
Religion
,
is
now
made
the
most
effectual
(
not
to
say
the
most
fashionable
)
Argument
for
Liberty
of
Conscience
,
of
State
in
fashion
is
onely
cried
up
by
oppressed
parties
.
Toleration
is
inconsistent
with
Government
't
is
better
to
abrogate
penal
Laws
,
then
to
suspend
them
ruine
the
Church
been
setled
numerous
,
potent
inveterate
Sects
destructive
to
Government
Constantine
,
Valentinian
their
affairs
;
whilst
Honorius
,
Justinian
rigorous
Counsils
fair
Empires
modern
Sectaries
subtle
,
perfidious
violent
transports
Late
war
complication
of
causes
this
generation
broken
and
dissolved
Government
designing
Men
horrid
consequences
peccant
humors
they
ballance
diseased
bodies
Spleen
,
Gout
cold
stomach
Ben.
Johnson
Liberty
of
Conscience
absolutely
to
destroy
the
patient
,
then
to
permit
him
to
live
under
such
intolerable
distempers
Schisme
,
Heresie
Civil
dissentious
Proselites
for
inhabitation
Circumcised
Jewes
Alexandrian
Iewes
Babylonish
Captives
precise
Iewes
English
Sectaries
Macedonian
Hereticks
Ecclesiastick
Historians
penal
Lawes
Monsieur
La
Noue
&
in
commentat
.
de
jure
belli
,
p.
Civil
Law
to
Worship
God
in
their
way
,
Liberty
of
Conscience
Ammianus
Marcellinus
formal
Law
to
make
use
of
their
utmost
Liberty
,
Act
of
Parliament
He
wills
and
intends
the
growth
of
Heresie
,
who
fortisies
it
by
a
Law
:
who
commands
that
the
Appellation
be
not
esteemed
infamous
:
Who
in
preferments
and
employments
of
State
,
makes
no
difference
betwixt
the
Heretical
,
and
Orthodox
.
But
He
connives
onely
at
them
,
who
either
delaies
,
or
gently
inflicts
his
punishments
:
Who
forbids
that
they
be
inquired
after
:
Who
prohibits
all
proceedings
by
Law
against
them
:
Or
who
,
to
prevent
greater
evils
,
doth
so
indulge
them
,
as
to
express
the
particular
reason
thereof
.
when
Lawes
are
indulged
;
there
is
still
a
great
influence
upon
the
mad
multitude
,
by
the
example
of
the
Prince
,
and
the
unblamable
life
,
sound
doctrine
,
and
great
learning
of
the
Orthodox
Clergy
.
bare
Heresie
imaginary
piety
gentle
pcrswasion
Church
of
England
lover
of
the
peace
and
welfare
of
his
Native
Countrey
.
Gods
on
earth
their
Essence
Church
of
England
minutely
inquire
All
the
Power
which
was
owned
to
be
in
the
Pope
at
the
Lateran
Councill
,
were
vested
in
K.
The
Kings
of
this
Realme
shall
be
taken
,
accepted
and
reputed
the
onely
Supreame
Head
on
Earth
of
the
Church
of
England
,
called
and
shall
have
and
enjoy
annexed
and
united
unto
the
as
well
the
title
and
stile
thereof
,
as
all
Honours
,
Dignities
,
Preheminences
,
Jurisdictions
,
Priviledges
,
Authorities
,
Immunities
,
Profits
and
Commodities
to
the
said
Dignity
of
Supream
Head
of
the
same
Church
belonging
and
appertaining
.
the
King
is
the
and
undoubted
supream
Headof
the
Church
of
England
and
Ireland
to
whom
by
all
Authority
and
power
is
to
hear
and
determine
all
manner
of
causes
Ecclesiastical
.
wise
man
Act
for
coming
to
Church
Popish
Service
pecuniary
mulct
thirteen
years
Bulls
,
Agnus
Dei's
and
hallowed
grains
,
or
to
reconcile
any
man
unto
the
Church
of
Rome
:
in
full
six
years
that
Law
.
Primitive
Times
Reason
of
State
Father
,
Bishop
English
Lawyer
English
Soveraignty
of
the
Brittish
Seas
,
refusing
the
Flag
,
and
denying
our
Rights
on
the
Sea
,
English
man
Law
,
Policy
Parliament
,
Nov.
King
of
Great
Britain
Whether
the
Sea
be
a
part
of
the
King's
dominions
?
Fate
of
the
Land
depends
wholly
upon
the
Dominion
of
the
Sea
?
France
Regiment
of
the
Sea
Seignory
of
the
Seas
Naval
force
France
,
Spain
,
Holland
ancient
strength
of
Shipping
our
Neighbors
France
,
Spain
Dominion
of
the
Seas
meer
Right
their
Wits
spill
blood
what
Law
matter
of
wit
make
others
strike
saile
to
us
Chaplet
of
Flowers
Diadem
of
Gold
enclose
the
Sea
other
Nations
too
insolent
we
may
provoke
God
,
and
dishonour
our selves
our
friends
our
enemies
fatal
periods
Northern
Regions
Reason
,
Prudence
their
passions
whither
the
Sea
be
a
part
of
the
King's
Dominions
?
our
Laws
,
and
Parliaments
to
be
so
that
Robe
our
Right
How
it
was
purchased
Vulgar
Titles
Common
Law
Civil
Law
Just
Title
Common
Law
Pandects
of
the
Law
of
Nations
.
c.
continual
Possession
Common
Law
This
He
John
Boroughs
Sea
is
free
The
High-wayes
are
common
and
free
,
their
sole
proper
service
every
one
See
the
Plea
of
for
the
over
the
at
the
end
of
the
English
Archbishop
of
in
●…is
supplement
of
the
History
of
the
Liberty
of
the
Sea
That
unto
Maritime
Cities
the
Sea
is
the
Territory
,
because
from
thence
They
take
their
sustenance
and
defence
equal
parts
their
greatness
are
able
greatest
City
Twelve
Cantons
firm
land
next
waters
mighty
Neighbours
for
this
cause
there
were
due
to
Princes
Customs
and
Contributions
.
well-governing
,
regulating
Sandy
parts
New
World
.
publick
power
unconstant
Element
fluid
Elements
one
part
his
power
to
rule
over
a
Sea
site
where
they
are
placed
Brittish
Seas
same
Sea
Tiber
,
Po
,
Rhine
,
Thames
subject
to
Princes
Whether
the
Sea
should
be
left
without
any
Protection
,
so
that
any
one
might
do
therein
well
or
ill
,
robbing
,
spoiling
,
and
making
it
un-navigable
?
Divine
Disposition
own
Treasures
contribute
to
it
such
as
are
under
government
and
protection
,
are
thereby
bound
to
pay
customs
and
contributions
.
Adriatick
Sea
their
Laws
the
Land
.
Venetian
Lawyers
totall
subversion
our
Discourser
her
possessions
that
being
preserved
Dominion
of
the
Sea
Lincoln's
Inne
de
domin
Greece
,
Christendome
East-Indies
.
many
ages
Ministers
of
State
Feminine
Humour
Centuries
of
yeares
Honour
of
the
Flagge
this
Nation
same
folly
de
jure
Mercator
.
l.
de
jure
marit
.
l.
several
Decrees
for
it
that
point
Dominion
of
the
Sea
sundry
times
for
it
this
usage
rigid
Presbyterians
haughty
RUMP
furious
Fifth-Monarchy-men
De
Wit
,
his
abettors
their
Tenents
this
Fanaticisme
Dominion
of
the
Seas
most
wise
potent
Nations
their
puissance
antient
times
glorious
Reign
those
Empires
are
Alberie
.
Gentilis
but
feeble
,
and
lame
,
which
have
not
the
Dominion
of
the
Sea
annexed
unto
that
of
their
Lands
:
Nay
,
that
the
Dominion
of
the
Sea
is
of
such
importance
,
that
whosoever
is
possessed
thereof
,
and
enstated
therein
,
may
dispose
of
the
Soveraignty
at
Land
as
He
pleaseth
.
riches
,
number
Spanish
Monarchy
less
aimes
Universal
Empire
Her
Majesty
great
hazards
Royal
Revenue
John
Dee
Her
Mathematician
Her
favourites
onely
way
for
the
Queen
to
be
secure
of
Her
subjects
at
home
,
and
against
Her
Enemies
abroad
,
was
to
encrease
Her
Fleets
to
such
a
constant
strength
,
that
She
might
instill
terror
into
Her
Neighbours
,
and
veneration
into
those
Princes
which
were
more
remote
from
Her
Majesty
Her
Mariners
Sea
forces
Her
Subjects
Crown
revenue
Forreign
Prince
tamper
with
Her
Subjects
Her
Navy
Her
Subjects
Domestick
Commotions
redoubtable
abroad
His
tranquillity
Navy
Royal
principal
foundation
Asiâ
,
Ponto
,
Armeniâ
,
Paphlagonia
,
Cappadociâ
,
Ciliciâ
,
Syriâ
,
Scythis
,
Judaeis
,
Albanis
,
Iberiâ
,
Insulâ
Cretâ
,
Bastarnis
:
He
had
restored
to
the
Romans
the
Dominion
of
the
Sea
.
Her
Majesty
Her
Navy
Royal.
few
years
Her
Coffers
Queen
of
the
Sea
,
the
North-Starr
,
the
restorer
of
the
Naval
Glory
:
An.
Dom.
this
gift
That
She
had
repaired
the
Fleet
,
and
made
unexpected
preparations
for
Warr
and
Navigation
.
that
Kingdome
Her
Naval
Expeditions
Her
Realmes
at
home
their
original
Dominion
of
the
Sea
Fishing
Trade
great
encrease
of
Inhabitants
,
new
Manufactures
beautiful
Palaces
Plate
,
Jewels
sumptuous
Moveables
Armour
,
Weapons
Ordnance
of
War.
few
injuries
speedy
reparations
POTENT
AT
SEA
famous
President
generous
passions
with
Gallantry
this
war
our
Honour
another
war
same
opportunities
peaceable
condition
brave
Soules
wishes
,
They
our
motions
our
forreign
Plantations
His
Most
Christian
Majesty
potent
King
imagine
now
build
ships
care
,
vigilance
indefatigable
industry
important
point
Six
thousand
pounds
greatest
sum
our
Prince
Kings
wants
Sheep
Cloaths
,
Goods
,
Debts
,
worst
of
Councillors
at
this
time
imaginary
evils
in
course
of
nature
weak
foundations
excessively
cautious
O
most
couragious
English
universal
Empire
greater
stock
Sparta
,
Athens
,
Venice
,
,
your
predecessors
Dominion
over
the
Seas
Macedonians
,
Goths
,
Saracens
better
condition
they
began
former
times
Moral
Gallantry
effeminate
Virtuosity
potent
Fleet
Goodness
of
God
our
King
greatest
efforts
of
Valour
difficult
part
one
years
provision
His
Royal
Highness
dreadful
battails
Their
States
least
charge
best
security
Turks
.
In
somma
un'
armata
potente
allegerisce
le
spese
,
&
assicura
d'ogni
periculo
casa
sua
,
&
porta
gran
speranza
d'acquisto
in
casa
d'●…
,
&
congiunge
le
Provincie
lontane
,
&
le
loro
forze
,
quasi
come
un
ponte
,
&
l'historie
antiche
,
&
moderne
demostrano
la
prova
.
Men
of
War
If
we
duly
assert
our
Dominion
of
the
Sea
,
a
constant
and
potent
Fleet
will
be
no
charge
to
the
Nation
;
whereas
to
maintain
onely
,
will
in
time
undo
us
.
their
Money
in
good
Navy
these
Councils
other
projects
advancement
of
Trade
improvement
of
Lands
true
Treasury
during
this
last
Century
these
Advises
Italy
,
Venice
this
disparity
Publick
Honour
Naval
Strength
his
Welfare
Publick
Revenues
every
Neighbour
some
times
regard
to
the
State
private
persons
all
Governments
Rome
,
Athens
more
general
concernments
lost
themselves
at
present
for
the
future
both
these
cases
great
sum
smaller
accompts
great
evil
first
view
very
great
prejudice
no
long
continuance
everlasting
misery
those
Counsils
future
Strength
our
Superiors
better
of
them
more
meanly
of
our selves
Men
in
Authority
Florentine
Republick
bringing
Delinquents
to
Tryal
Minister
of
State
all
people
their
Counsils
Civil
prudence
pass
by
their
power
gentle
punishments
publick
affairs
their
Governors
new
terrors
personal
hazards
their
Counsils
giddy
multitude
wise
Men
stifle
them
general
welfare
domestick
concernes
their
Countrey
their
returns
publick
business
and
concernments
read
those
Nicene
Council
this
conduct
their
Authority
our
Parliaments
late-united
Provinces
this
Age
their
Superiours
to
revile
and
persecute
them
with
unjust
calumnies
,
idle
suggestions
,
and
frivolous
surmises
,
puissant
Enemy
suspicious
Neighbour
secure
courses
some
resentments
gracious
Act
our
Indemnity
utter
Oblivion
of
our
defaults
Heroical
Example
,
Authority
,
Prudence
Sacred
Majesty
mutual
affinity
,
relations
common
Interest
same
Prince
same
Realms
Civil
consideration
no
other
former
quarrels
forreign
consequences
God
knows
when
popular
brains
phansie
to
themselves
really
comprehend
specious
pretences
si●…ister
and
wicked
designs
publick
detriment
that
nature
Act
of
●…race
Declaration
for
suspending
the
penal
Laws
All
Non-conformists
to
do
so
supposed
Truth
His
Majesty
Alberic
.
Gentilis
by
such
toleration
of
us
much
accessional
strength
numerous
parties
great
Politicians
supream
Authority
general
peace
same
God
same
Soveraign
several
forms
of
worship
less
Authority
do
not
believe
prudential
documents
Constantine
,
Valentinian
,
Theodosius
Royal
clemency
penal
Laws
those
motives
greater
indulgence
not
so
learned
Christ
native
Country
De
Witte
their
Cause
religious
extravagancies
English
rights
His
Majesty
They
profess
the
same
Protestant
Religion
,
which
the
adhere
unto
Civil
rights
Effusion
of
Christian
blood
put
to
death
in
●…ain
our
Fleet
Downs
,
A.
D.
Adrian
Pauw
Declaration
of
War
of
Protestancy
Reformed
and
Orthodox
Religion
Council
of
State
with
such
expressions
Right
of
the
Flag
this
Nation
no
trivial
Ceremony
important
a
matter
small
acknowledgments
their
Lands
Brittish
Seas
like
Prodigals
all
Advantages
our
Posterity
Right
to
do
it
All
Princes
Authent'ck
records
Dominion
of
the
Brittish
Seas
Our
Soveraignty
over
those
Seas
the
Flag
deprive
us
the
other
deny
it
displeasure
at
it
Adrian
Pauw
Council
of
State
had
ordained
them
to
continue
those
civilities
and
testimonies
of
affection
which
were
usual
upon
any
rancounter
with
the
English
Men
of
War
.
His
Majesty
averse
from
this
quarrel
Crowned
Heads
His
Majesty
that
War
our
valour
Royal
Highness
for
wonder
single
Ships
in
Fleets
four
Embassadors
,
Novemb.
pretended
Common-wealth
Solemn
declaration
acknowledgment
of
the
English
Soveraignty
over
the
Brittish
Seas
,
their
Embassadours
Robert
Reynolds
their
pitty
Hugh
Peters
several
Commissioners
States
General
publick
deed
The
Dominion
and
Soveraignty
of
the
Brittish
Seas
did
belong
unto
the
Common-wealth
of
England
Thus
much
several
Commissions
their
Admiralties
upon
this
account
,
avowedly
their
Topsail
.
We
usual
evasions
second
dispute
Crowned
Heads
Royal
Ancestours
this
case
own
accord
Adrian
Paaw
The
States
General
had
no
intention
Council
of
State
to
lessen
the
Honour
and
Dignity
of
the
Parliament
of
the
Common-wealth
of
England
;
but
that
They
had
given
command
heretofore
,
and
also
since
the
late
unhappy
Accident
,
New
Order
,
That
upon
meetings
and
salutings
of
the
Fleets
or
Ships
of
War
,
concerning
the
striking
down
of
the
Flag
,
and
what
belong
to
it
,
there
should
be
the
same
Honour
done
to
the
Parliament
of
the
Common-wealth
of
as
was
formerly
done
during
the
other
Government
.
those
Honours
not
due
they
are
due
immemorial
custome
Parlamentary
pretensions
those
Honours
what
had
been
done
during
the
Monarchy
of
England
.
striking
of
the
Flag
Soveraignty
of
the
Sea
against
the
visiting
of
their
Ships
repugnant
to
practise
of
their
Country
subject
to
a
thousand
disorders
and
disputes
,
injuries
to
their
State
the
searching
of
their
Ships
was
no
new
thing
;
but
an
undoubted
right
which
naturally
followed
from
the
Soveraignty
of
the
Sea
,
the
which
did
appertain
to
It
was
likewise
an
efflux
of
the
same
dominion
,
for
the
to
prescribe
unto
them
,
with
what
number
of
Ships
of
War
they
should
pass
the
British
Seas
:
ancient
dominion
of
the
Sea
Their
people
were
of
such
Generosity
that
they
would
never
endure
such
Terms
:
that
we
were
English-men
,
and
had
not
lost
our
Courage
.
Council
of
State
Dominion
of
the
Sea
that
demand
,
beseeching
they
would
mitigate
the
other
Articles
:
pretended
Parliament
Council
of
State
it
might
be
limited
within
the
which
commonly
are
called
the
and
by
a
special
Order
it
may
be
regulated
with
a
distinction
of
places
and
shores
in
such
a
manner
,
the
same
honour
and
dignity
of
striking
the
Flag
and
lowering
the
Topsail
,
be
observed
for
the
future
,
as
in
ti●…e
past
under
the
it
hath
been
observed
For
the
inserting
of
those
words
,
the
He
did
adhere
thereto
Diminution
of
his
Glory
respects
payed
to
his
Highness
former
Kings
the
words
(
In
such
a
manner
as
it
hath
been
observed
in
times
past
under
any
former
Government
)
derogate
nothing
from
the
State
or
Nation
〈◊〉
but
are
necessary
for
to
justifie
it
to
their
Superiors
and
People
,
supposing
it
to
be
no
Novelty
.
Thirteenth
Article
Tenth
Article
White-hall
Sept.
Nineteenth
Article
domestick
Enemies
Soveraignty
of
the
Seas
Brittish
Seas
Four
Seas
Brittish
Sea
Seventh
Article
North
Sea
Brittish
Seas
twelve
dayes
Brittish
Seas
in
the
Seas
of
great
Brittain
,
and
Ireland
,
and
the
Isles
within
the
same
,
Brittish
Seas
Coun●…il
of
State
Dominion
of
the
Sea
Soveraigns
of
the
Brittish
Seas
Seas
,
Rivers
not
exceeding
such
a
number
as
shall
be
agreed
upon
in
this
Treaty
,
States
General
with
a
great
number
of
Ships
of
War
,
such
a
Fleet
suited
to
his
sense
intentions
of
his
Majesty
true
,
legal
ordinary
Maps
Brittish
Sea
Brittish
Seas
common
vogue
Seventh
Article
Brittish
Sea
North
Sea
Philippus
Decius
prevent
disputes
occasion
any
prejudice
the
inferter
his
reason
least
appearance
Dominion
of
the
Brittish
Seas
Freedom
to
fish
Letters
of
Safe-conduct
draught
of
Articles
St.
Johns
Council
of
State
.
English
Soveraignty
of
those
Seas
Liberty
of
Fishing
United
Provinces
Great
Britain
Isles
adjacent
formerly
permitted
to
fish
States
General
one
hundred
thousand
pounds
constant
Wafters
by
the
taking
of
such
a
Lease
for
the
Fishing
,
the
States
General
should
be
put
out
of
an
Immemorial
possession
without
Cause
or
Reason
:
Having
alwayes
enjoyed
the
freedom
of
Fishing
.
As
they
were
ready
to
prove
by
an
ample
deduction
of
Arguments
and
Evidences
.
And
instead
of
this
Article
,
They
thought
it
reasonable
to
urge
the
Fourteenth
Article
of
the
Treaty
called
They
wondred
with
what
confidence
the
could
pretend
to
an
Immemorial
possession
of
the
Fishery
,
seeing
that
the
time
was
not
yet
Immemorial
,
since
They
first
were
owned
to
be
If
,
according
to
the
Civil
Law
,
we
allow
an
years
as
a
just
prescription
,
yet
was
it
not
so
long
since
their
Ancestours
first
possessed
themselves
of
the
Brill
,
the
time
wherein
they
fished
as
Subjects
of
the
House
of
Dukes
.
)
did
not
establish
an
Immemoridlpossession
,
or
prescription
in
favour
of
the
That
,
since
the
Fishery
was
held
by
the
Subjects
of
and
they
exempted
from
the
paying
for
Licenses
and
Convoyes
onely
by
vertue
of
a
Treaty
;
Nothing
was
more
manifest
than
the
Immemorial
Right
of
the
whereby
before
that
Treaty
they
did
exact
mony
for
Licenses
and
Convoyes
:
what
was
held
by
League
did
expire
with
the
said
League
:
this
League
of
Intercourse
was
expired
upon
the
subsequent
Wars
betwixt
and
the
Crown
of
and
had
never
been
confirmed
again
since
that
time
:
could
not
claim
any
Liberty
by
vertue
of
that
League
now
because
the
Alterations
of
the
Government
in
the
and
other
accidents
have
deprived
the
of
those
great
benefits
which
accrued
to
them
by
that
Treaty
,
in
consideration
whereof
it
was
assented
unto
by
them
;
and
consequently
,
It
was
lawful
and
just
for
them
to
resume
their
Right
of
the
Fishery
:
and
that
the
Effect
should
cease
with
its
final
Cause
:
because
that
the
United
Provinces
are
not
to
be
deemed
the
since
their
Union
into
a
Republick
,
and
alienation
from
the
other
Provinces
and
Dominion
of
the
Dukes
of
that
they
were
before
:
They
are
not
the
persons
with
whom
the
made
any
such
Contract
,
or
ever
renewed
it
.
Hanse
Towns
manufacture
of
Cloth
no
need
,
no
reason
Hanse
Towns
Joan.
Marquard
first
and
ancient
confederation
English
rights
Civil
Law
those
Seas
Burgundian
League
notorious
usurpation
any
possession
Thil.
Decius
de
reg.
juri
.
r●…g
.
past
Fisking
his
right
English
rights
Council
of
State
several
conferences
their
possession
Immemorally
fished
pickle
Herrings
what
grounds
do
it
said
Treaty
evil
presidents
proper
Rights
beginning
of
the
War
less
potent
less
considerable
United
Provinces
Freedom
of
the
Fishing
seek
leave
Brittish
Seas
illustri●…us
examples
ill
precedent
dispute
them
v●…st
sum
moderate
recognition
their
Language
their
proofs
Immemorial
possession
They
never
fished
without
License
,
except
that
it
was
otherwise
agreed
upon
by
League
.
pickling
Herring
an
Invention
hist.
Dan.
l.
〈◊〉
hist.
Dan.
l
A.
D.
de
rebusp
.
v.
Hanseat
.
part
.
hist.
Dan.
l.
A.
D
some
other
his
Proclamation
great
fervour
his
claim
his
rights
English
Selden
Freedom
of
the
Sea
.
his
actions
that
expedition
Honourable
Person
his
hand
Naval
force
United
Provinces
numerous
Seminary
other
means
Dutch
Fishery
maritime
Towns
forreign
Princes
most
amicable
their
Amity
Soveraigns
of
the
Sea
glory
of
the
Flag
real
prejudice
(
temporary
Naval
force
,
Sea-men
They
would
treat
no
longer
,
but
must
return
to
their
Superiours
.
Decemb.
His
Highness
He
would
condescend
uncovered
in
his
presence
their
Superiours
any
Articles
New
Government
Soveraignty
of
the
Seas
Of
the
Fishery
His
convenience
other
Articles
His
personal
security
their
Territories
Ships
,
Arms
,
Money
His
Enemies
any
occasion
They
receive
into
their
Territories
any
manner
United
Provinces
United
Provinces
general
terms
afaresaid
Dominions
,
Houses
,
Castles
Men
,
Ships
,
Anmunition
,
Counsil
,
forfeiting
all
their
Estates
during
life
.
His
present
Majesty
His
Sister
with
one
morsel
of
bread
these
concessions
other
important
points
any
●…onsent
of
Ours
fierce
War
Right
of
the
Flag
Dominion
of
the
Brittish
Seas
disposal
of
the
Fishery
just
,
honourable
principal
subject
this
War
other
complaints
his
Majesty
Whether
They
be
the
King
of
England's
Subjects
?
any
dispute
Whether
Adrian
Crynsen
had
power
to
make
any
such
Capitulations
with
those
of
Su●…inam
?
Superiour
Commander
that
time
those
parts
States
General
transport
themselves
and
their
Good●…
Civil
Lawyer
Adrian
Crynsen
thus
much
His
transaction
c.
x.
de
jure
belli
.
l.
de
jure
belli
commentat.
Commander
in
chi●…f
all
places
no
higher
moment
upon
the
place
States
General
the
Articles
before
the
surrender
de
,
jure
belli
,
l.
obligari
.
Joan.
à
Felden
in
not
.
ad
de
jure
belli
.
c.
xi
.
East
Indies
our
Trade
Pepper
,
Calicoes
in
time
of
peace
East
Indies
shew
that
wickedness
East
Indies
able
to
reach
Heaven
●…erfidious
State
seize
their
Ships
Acts
of
hostility
ordina●…y
rules
of
War
an
Enemy
Laws
of
Nations
clandestine
piracy
Japan
,
Amboyna
,
Banda
Poleron
,
Polaway
,
Lantore
Law
of
nature
Nations
,
The
Sea
and
Commerce
ought
to
be
free
.
barbar
ties
they
were
so
long
tol●…rated
Dutch
Protestants
Honour
,
Interest
,
Trade
L●…urence
Ryall
Behold
and
see
;
here
is
the
people
of
that
Nation
,
whose
King
you
care
so
much
for
:
Now
you
may
see
how
kindly
we
use
his
Subjects
.
William
Courteen
●…is
Partners
St.
Johns
these
dammages
St.
Iohns
Iohn
Darett
G.
Carew
They
should
drink
●…stick
,
as
well
as
eat
●…stick
open
hostilities
(
which
is
worse
Spain
,
Italy
,
Russia
true
way
to
advance
the
English
trade
,
was
to
reduce
the
Hollanders
to
greater
moderation
:
so
treacherous
a
people
were
not
to
be
treated
as
fa●…
and
generous
Enemies
,
nor
otherwise
to
be
restrained
then
by
Arms.
Treaty
for
a
nearer
Union
contumel●…ous
●…ictures
any
Navy
we
could
put
forth
:
His
Majesty
firm
League
of
Anity
his
Ancestours
the
Dutch
that
pe●…e
their
security
Triple
Alliance
real
friendship
dispute
the
Flag
Dominion
of
the
Sea
that
King
.
strike
sail
Ships
of
this
Crown
whole
Treaty
Faith
and
Honesty
Protestant
Religion
His
Majesty
tender
of
their
Amity
their
High
and
Mighties
previous
resolution
all
hopes
of
Agreement
His
Majesty
our
preparations
power
sufficient
States
General
His
Majesty
actions
of
Hostility
firm
Amity
United
Provinces
indubitable
right
to
its
dominion
those
Seas
our
Ships
these
pernicious
designs
undoubted
Rights
attending
their
opportunities
to
bind
the
performance
paramount
to
such
stipulations
special
Utility
they
are
for
advantage
How
are
they
not
more
destructive
to
Civil
Society
and
the
Law
of
Nations
,
and
true
Religion
,
then
that
vulgarly
ascribed
to
the
Faith
is
not
to
be
kept
with
Hereticks
?
obligation
of
benefits
received
cautionary
Towns
maliciously
,
impudently
E.
Reidanus
assured
peace
id
.
ibid.
the
indignities
they
put
upon
her
Majesty
were
such
;
and
their
Ingratitude
for
the
eminent
favours
conferred
by
her
so
villancus
,
that
She
desert
the
League
,
and
relinquish
their
Amity
.
New
Assembly
States
General
Council
of
State
privy
to
important
affairs
of
State
Council
of
State
.
Disquisit
.
polit.
Hagae
Comit.
cas.
22.
His
due
place
whensoever
any
received
usages
or
leagues
become
inutile
,
or
prejudicial
to
the
State
;
and
yet
,
to
prevent
the
imputation
of
Treachery
,
the
Republick
cannot
but
adhere
to
them
;
some
new
expedient
must
be
found
out
,
whereby
those
customs
or
contracts
may
not
seem
violated
,
and
the
publick
detriment
be
also
avoided
.
fraudulent
beginning
Mighty
States
General
same
Artifices
Reidan
.
Annal.
Belg.
A.
D.
Articles
,
All
matters
of
moment
that
related
to
the
war
,
were
to
be
first
communicated
to
Her
Majesty
,
or
those
that
sate
,
by
her
appointment
,
in
the
Council
of
State
.
Thomas
Bodley
for
Her
It
did
not
become
such
as
observed
no
Covenants
,
for
to
press
them
upon
others
.
Free
States
easie
terms
cautionary
Towns
firm
Treaty
East
Indies
that
fact
His
Crown
a
sincere
Amity
was
mutually
agreed
unto
,
each
being
to
do
what
they
could
for
the
benefit
,
safety
,
and
security
of
the
other
.
A.
D.
never
to
make
any
Truce
or
Peace
,
either
directly
,
or
indirectly
,
without
the
privity
of
that
King
.
Seven
years
any
advertisement
any
Articles
f●…rmer
League
Defensive
.
April
States
General
Provincial
States
but
in
conjunction
with
the
other
,
and
with
mutual
consent
:
He
went
upon
any
such
employment
treacherous
actings
former
Treaties
his
decease
same
Treaties
Neither
party
should
enter
upon
,
nor
conclude
any
Treaty
,
without
the
conjunction
and
consent
of
the
other
Plenipotentiaries
should
inform
the
Spanish
Ministers
,
that
there
id
.
p.
was
a
mutual
confederacy
betwixt
France
and
the
United
Provinces
,
so
that
they
were
obliged
to
treat
conjoynedly
,
and
with
mutual
consent
,
and
so
to
proceed
that
the
Treaties
of
both
were
to
be
dispatched
with
equal
expedi●…ion
.
greater
sum
States
General
France
:
March
separate
Treaty
long
Truce
the
Provinces
They
did
but
conclude
provisional
Articles
,
which
were
to
be
inserted
into
the
Munster-Treaty
of
no
effect
thus
much
of
them
to
pass
the
time
offensive
war
their
Treaties
Provincials
of
Holland
presumed
too
much
upon
old
musty
Leagues
and
Confederacies
,
which
was
one
of
the
greatest
absurdities
in
the
world
.
ceasing
from
all
acts
of
hostility
at
Sea
Leopold
,
June
the
States
their
Subjects
gainful
trade
thus
passed
sundry
circumventions
Union
of
the
Provinces
provisional
Articles
Absolute
Treaty
their
consent
Heer
van
Nederhorst
his
reasons
States
General
it
was
contrary
to
the
Treaty
with
and
contrary
to
his
instructions
and
Oath
,
as
Plenipotentiary
:
his
Superiours
great
thanks
his
Instructions
real
interest
of
his
Countrey
publick
Act
their
Plenipotentiaries
vindicate
them
against
all
the
world
:
general
thanks
several
senses
good
construction
interpret
it
contradictious
French
obligations
to
their
Countrey
observe
strictly
the
League
of
more
important
Command
they
should
do
all
things
that
were
for
the
benefit
of
their
Countrey
,
and
Republick
;
and
eschew
all
such
things
,
as
(
in
their
judgment
)
might
turn
to
its
detriment
and
prejudice
.
this
Peace
De
la
Thuillery
That
the
States
General
were
satisfied
,
They
had
not
failed
in
their
respects
to
His
Master
:
ratifie
the
Peace
States
General
old
confederate
Christian
Majesty
their
Treaty
assiduity
of
service
that
Crown
all
the
Leagues
United
Provinces
best
support
their
Republick
plurality
of
votes
States
General
bone-fires
,
June
Calling
God
and
Men
to
witness
,
that
They
did
never
assent
unto
this
Peace
,
with
the
exclusion
of
and
that
They
were
innocent
as
to
all
those
calamities
,
and
misfortunes
,
which
either
the
wrath
of
Heaven
,
or
Indignation
of
exasperated
Princes
might
create
unto
the
United
Provinces
.
since
He
had
no
manner
of
League
with
them
,
a
Resident
might
serve
the
turn
there
.
same
peace
their
confederates
General
Peace
benefits
of
this
Hanse
Towns
their
peculiar
profit
Le
Brun
Seventeen
Articles
Their
Religion
such
principles
Decret.
de
majest.
&
antiq.
jure
Batav
.
reip.
thousand
Protestants
their
Historians
secret
transactions
that
age
exaction
of
the
Tenth
penny
Roman-catholick
Religion
without
any
offense
A.
D.
ad
ann.
Reformed
Religion
what
Religion
they
please
Roman
Cotholick
Religion
ad
ann.
General
consent
ab
Aitzma's
They
did
not
Protestant
Magistrates
that
King
honest
peaceable
different
Religion
He
depressed
the
Papists
,
and
advanced
Protestants
,
League
at
Utrecht
Atheistical
politicians
id
.
ibid.
flourishing
condition
Gospel
of
Christ
.
those
grounds
all
Sects
twenty
Ships
of
war
Bosch
,
Maestricht
Martin
.
Schoockius
de
marit
.
Imper.
c.
Popish
Religion
those
districts
States
General
their
Treaty
Roman-Catholick
Religion
should
be
preserved
entire
,
and
in
the
same
manner
as
it
was
when
that
League
was
made
,
and
that
All
the
Ecclesiasticks
should
enjoy
their
Endowments
,
Estates
,
Immunities
and
Priviledges
.
Mighty
States
General
pure
Protestans
Pope's
Nuncio
twice
at
home
first
Complement
second
message
Free
State
;
whereupon
neither
the
Catholick
King
,
nor
Catholick
Church
,
had
any
pretensions
:
His
temporal
claim
Spiritual
Power
Locusts
,
Infidels
,
and
Divels
:
manu
.
c.
Keys
of
Saint
Peter
no
value
His
porter
this
visit
His
Palace
Roman
Fisher
D.
Avaux
their
Half
Benedictions
,
Excommunications
beginning
it
such
motives
as
these
That
he
was
undressed
,
and
not
in
a
condition
to
see
Them
.
punctilities
of
Honour
their
Instructions
Agents
of
Spain
publick
Ministers
Prince
of
darkness
private
advantage
General
peace
the
Provinces
Reformed
Religion
such
matter
second
man
in
those
dayes
violent
animosities
There
were
many
opinions
indeed
in
Holland
,
yet
but
one
Religion
,
which
was
their
Interest
:
by
the
State
Cause
of
Religion
Council
of
State
extraord●…nary
success
Treaties
of
Allyance
,
how
express
and
solemn
soever
,
could
not
yield
any
security
to
the
English
,
against
the
perfidious
contracts
were
able
to
ensure
them
that
the
Dutch
would
not
attempt
again
to
surprise
their
Fleets
in
the
time
of
peace
,
and
when
they
professed
as
great
kindness
as
they
had
done
in
two
Soveraign
powers
both
nations
All
the
people
trade
,
ports
,
fishing
and
all
other
advantages
whatsoever
,
in
each
others
Countrey
,
without
any
difference
or
distinction
with
prudence
Hugh
Peters
States
General
good
peace
honourable
terms
neutral
place
such
negotiation
first
overtures
their
necessities
peace
,
protestancy
English
Republick
pass'd
Infamy
effectual
submissions
their
Errours
.
March
just
judgment
of
God
,
irritated
by
the
sins
of
the
people
,
communion
of
the
pure
Reformed
Religion
,
at
home
mutual
lustre
abroad
both
sides
prudence
of
nature
Her
aims
this
present
two
Nations
his
grace
and
where
his
honour
shall
require
it
,
in
lieu
of
due
acknowledgment
of
these
his
said
mercies
,
that
which
they
themselves
have
not
been
able
to
bring
to
pass
:
reciprocal
misfortune
Houshold
of
Faith
Gods
glory
his
Church
considering
the
thing
in
true
Christianity
,
who
seemeth
to
be
defeated
impudent
lye
De
wit
pious
zeal
in
no
wise
constrained
by
any
other
consideration
,
Parliament
of
the
Common-wealth
of
England
,
said
States
Glory
of
God
Good
God
His
Name
's
sake
Adrian
Paaw
Council
of
State
They
thought
fit
this
Letter
They
had
to
do
with
Hollanders
,
one
Answer
States
General
private
overtures
States
General
other
Provinces
that
nature
dispatched
,
April
reasonable
and
just
States
of
Holland
States
General
same
purpose
That
there
could
be
no
doubt
of
the
sincere
affection
and
good
will
which
the
English
did
bear
unto
the
United
Provinces
:
so
that
it
might
be
well
imagined
,
that
they
were
really
inclined
to
extinguish
the
fire
of
war
,
stop
the
effusion
of
Christian
blood
,
and
restore
Amity
betwixt
the
Nations
:
That
as
They
had
not
been
wanting
in
the
beginn●…ng
to
prevent
the
ensuing
calamities
,
so
they
were
not
altered
from
their
former
good
Intentions
:
That
they
were
ready
upon
the
grounds
expressed
in
the
Letter
from
the
Pro●…incial
States
of
Holland
and
West-friesland
,
friendly
●…to
compose
other
Provinces
they
ever
writ
such
a
Letter
:
it
was
more
safe
to
fight
then
to
trust
that
Parliament
.
wiser
men
no
Titles
their
Letter
High
and
Mighty
this
Treaty
so
Glorious
Their
Plenipotentiaries
Their
Excellencies
States
General
their
Embassadours
le
Duc
de
Longville
their
Coaches
These
Titles
His
most
Christian
Majesty
Most
Invincible
Most
Mighty
Most
Renowned
of
His
Sieurs
Estats
Seigneurs
Estats
no
breeding
so
usual
gross
Sectaries
Reformed
Religion
God
Almighty
Most
High
Most
Mighty
Most
Fore-seeing
States
General
such
persons
their
weakness
Their
side
From
the
States
General
of
the
United
Provinces
to
the
Parliament
of
the
Common-wealth
of
England
.
a
good
and
sincere
intention
Hugh
Peters
submiss
applications
Council
of
State
they
were
not
able
to
con●…est
with
the
puissance
of
Sovera●…gns
of
the
Brittish
Seas
Act
of
State
their
A●…y
His
Masters
greater
sum
Council
of
State
former
Members
additional
Officers
Dominion
of
Saints
G.
Cromwel
States
General
Thilman
Aquilius
J.
Lambert
J.
Thurloe
new
Government
distracted
Nation
that
the
pretended
Parliament
great
Fleet
Van
Trump
,
De
Wit
,
De
Ru●…ter
Beverning
,
Nieuport
,
Vande
Perre
,
the
Nation
their
ports
Van
Beverning
His
Superiours
speedy
end
these
intendments
cord
ally
Treaty
for
Peace
such
haughiiness
serious
overtures
g●…llant
fight
same
Enemies
Their
eyes
Van
Beverning
His
Countrey
Council
of
State
States
General
of
the
Un●ted
Provinces
,
Lords
of
the
Council
of
the
State
of
England
,
prayeth
most
humbly
and
instantly
favourable
Audience
Council
of
State
streight
Alliance
sincere
,
perpetual
his
Proposition
That
the
Great
,
most
good
,
and
most
mereiful
God
,
would
preside
in
their
Counsils
with
his
Spirit
of
peace
,
Three
Embassadours
common
Audience
thrice-humbly
and
instantly
they
may
have
a
favourable
answer
to
the
Propos●…tion
made
by
the
Lord
beseeching
the
God
of
peace
to
co-operate
.
Council
of
State
Satisfaction
for
all
the
charges
they
had
been
put
unto
protestations
of
sincerity
and
love
,
or
written
compacts
Faith
of
the
Dutch
in
attacquing
their
Fleet.
sincerity
of
affection
integrity
of
their
thoughts
and
hearts
:
for
laying
the
foundations
of
a
godly
peace
,
the
promotion
of
the
Glory
of
God
,
the
advancement
of
the
Reformed
Religion
:
for
an
eternal
,
intimate
and
strict
Union
,
such
as
never
intervened
betwixt
two
Nations
:
the
means
prosecution
of
the
Glory
of
God
,
the
benefit
of
the
Reformed
Religion
,
Impiety
against
Heaven
protract
by
any
Scruple
whatsoever
strict
,
good
,
sincere
mutual
Amity
id
.
p.
Honour
of
God
propagation
of
the
Gospel
Council
of
State
general
expressions
of
kindness
of
the
people
of
God
support
of
the
cause
of
God
in
these
Nations
,
betray
these
requisite
security
intricate
procedure
another
fight
their
Security
,
July
strict
A●…ity
great
sums
honest
grounds
that
nature
General
expressions
Dutch
Embassadours
Council
of
State
To the Lords of the Council of State of the Common-wealth of England .
THe subscribed Deputies of the Lords the States General of the United Provinces , having nearer considered the Proposition expressed in the paper , which from the said Lords of the Council in the Conference Munday last was delivered to them ; find themselves obliged to declare , that the said Lords the States General have alwaies had a singular good affection to the English Nation , and endeavoured not only inviolably to observe the Ancient friendships and correspondencies established by the Treaties of former times ; But further , to make a more firm and streight Union upon grounds of the common Interests of the One and Other Republick , and upon the offers of a mutual and more intrinsick Allyance on the behalf of the Parliament of this Common-wealth , They have presently used all possible means to facilitate the advancement and the conclusion of such a Treaty , and have from time to time continued by all convenient wayes , by sending over their extraordinary Ambassadours , by their Letters , and lastly by the said Deputies to reassume the interrupted Negotiations , and to advance the same to such a perfection , that by a Treaty of a nearer alliance and intrinsick Union , the Glory of God , and the propagation of his Gospel may be advanced , and the liber●…ies of the people assured , to the mutual good and interests of both Nations . And Considering the Lords the States General , have from the first beginning till this present time proceeded in all the said Premisses with an i●…reprehensible candour and integrity , the subscribed D●…puties confess , that the said Proposition , in such terms , was Unexpected : having never seen , or heard in any of the Propositions of former times the least mention of a Coul●…tion , or mixture of the several Soveraignties : Fully perswading themselves that such Imaginations had never been in the thoughts of either . And because the words Of a near Union and Confederacy have alwaies been most proper and significant to express the sincere intentions concerning the mutual Allyance , They marvail at it , that now in the said Propositions of the Lords of the said Council it is expressed , That nothing more was offered by the said Deputies , but a streight and close allyance between the two Nations , by a League of Amity and Confederation , being glad that in the same Paper the Lords of the Council do openly confess , that the very s●… had been propounded by the said Deputies at their first Audience , and that the same Overtures have been made before ever the war began , and confess ingeniously that yet they are not able to find a more convenient expression to the intention of their Lords and Superiours , or to the nature of the business it self ; the intention of the Lords the States General having manifestly been propounded from time to time , and especially in their last Papers dated 22/2 and 23/2 July / August and the nature of the business it self being so conform to this intention , cannot be otherwise managed , or expounded ; unless with the unusual novelty of such a Coalition and Mixture , all be put in hazard to be imbroil'd in all sorts of Confusions and Impossibilities : If the Treaty of Allyan●…e and Confederation of the year 1495. be considered , there will be found a good , sincere , true , entire , perfect and firm Amity , league , confederation , peace , and union by Land , by Sea , and the fresh waters , for ever . And if the Other succeeding Treaties from time to time be examined , the same , or like words , will also be found ; but of Coalition of Nations and Republicks , and of mingling the Soveraignties in such manner as is propounded , not the least mark will appear , nor in any former ages in any Histories , or any Treaty of any Nation . The Amphictiones This is false ; it being usual in the Roman Empire for several C●…ies and Countries to be incorporated by Coalition into the City of Rome , The Soveraignty being thereby mingled , and yet the Municipal customs and Laws in many things , or totally remaining distinguished . in Greece , the Associated Cities in Italy , in the first times of the Romans , who were so straightly and closely confederated , that they had the same friends and enemies , have yet maintain'd every one of them an absolute Soveraignty . The same is , and hath been observed by the Switzers , Grisons , and others in their confederation ; the Princes of the house of Burgundy , having obtain'd by succession and time the Dominion of the seventeen Provinces , have endeavoured to Unite them Under one head , and supream absolute Authority ; the Princes of the house of Austria in the same quality , and being supported by the German Empire , and so many Kingdoms , have not only imployed all sorts of Policy , but all their Arms and Forces to the same effect ; but the States of the said Provinces , have not only opposed themselves with all sorts of reasons , and remonstrances , but at last to maintain their Rights and the Priviledges of their Provinces , have imployed their forces to the utmost hazards of their lives and fortunes , and by God's blessing have had an happy Issue , and , being necessitated to a mutual defense , for the future stand united by the most compleat and firm confederation that could possibly be made , yet with great precautions of their several Soveraignties and Priviledges , which cannot admit any mixture and consequently They cannot because They will not . The Union of Utrecht doth not meri●… the name of a firm Union , the which ●…very Province breaketh when They please , If it had been by entire Coalition , it had been more political and valid : As the Government and Strength of Italy was more regular and compact , when all the Cities were reduced into one Republick , then when the Cities were , with distinction of Soveraignties confederated offensively and defensively together . no Coalition so qualified as is here propounded . And how can it be conceived for us to joyn or unite our selves more strictly to others , then we are amongst our selves ? The same incongruities which offer themselves in the general , would be discovered in the particulars , if all the circumstances of such a Coalition should be represented at large , the marks , the rights , the effects , the execution & practice of Soveraignty considered apart , would include a thousand impossibilities , which are needless to specifie in this Paper ; Assuring themselves that the Lords of the Council of State do easily comprehend them .
And to Answer again to this Proposition , the subscribed Deputies are obliged to say , that having been invited hither to a negotiation honourable and just , They cannot comprehend that the Lords of the Council would now retard a business of so high a consequence , for circumstances which they themselves cannot but judge impossible ; but will rather condescend to reasonable Articles and Conditions by a Treaty tending to a firm and mutual union and confederacy , wherein might be found the reciprocal satisfaction and security so much desired . And if , contrary to their expectations , the Lords of the Council persist still in the same resolutions expressed in their last Paper , the said Deputies will be necessitated to return to their Superiours , to relate and give an account to them of their negotiations here . And to that end , do earnestly desire that as soon as possibly they can , the Lords of the Council will be pleased to afford them the opportunity of taking their leaves : being very sensible , that after more then five weeks expectancy , they shall be forced to return without any effect of their wished and sincere intentions so often reiterated in their several Papers .
Protesting before the Almighty God , that to their Power they have not been wanting to set a just and fitting period to this bloody and Unchristian War : and will be no wayes guilty of the Innocent blood , and sad inconveniencies that will of necessity fall upon both Nations , they having such pregnant Reasons to seek each others mutual good and prosperity .
Council
of
State
Lords
the
States
General
United
Provinces
last
Paper
seriously
weighed
true
Interest
both
Common-wealths
present
differences
this
State
in
justice
obvious
to
them
other
means
peace
secur'd
those
ends
both
sides
this
present
Treaty
Uniting
both
States
into
one
Common-wealth
,
great
advantages
both
States
people
of
the
United
Provinces
Confusions
,
Impossibilities
against
it
they
have
not
found
such
Coalition
and
mixture
of
Soveraignties
in
the
first
times
of
the
Romans
,
or
in
the
Histories
of
former
Ages
;
.
entire
affection
this
State
real
benefits
this
State
no
age
can
procuce
a
Parallel
.
Positive
refusal
this
Tender
Lords
Deputies
no
more
is
meant
by
their
often
repeated
words
of
that
what
is
contai●…'d
in
the
Propositions
offered
by
them
at
their
first
Audience
,
free
trade
all
Strangers
as
to
them
Encouragement
of
Trade
and
Navigation
to
buy
land
these
Propositions
in
effect
this
State
Soveraignty
of
the
Narrow
Seas
in
their
rights
of
Fishing
Uniting
of
the
two
Common-wealths
into
one
,
equal
communication
of
all
priviledges
and
advantages
without
distinction
of
Place
or
Persons
,
Advantage
would
be
to
the
People
of
the
United
Provinces
greatness
of
this
State
multitude
of
●…orts
other
Advantages
unite
in
an
allyance
so
farr
,
as
might
only
give
to
One
side
a
right
to
what
is
peculiar
to
the
Other
.
these
things
vehemently
insisted
extraordinary
Ambassadours
United
Provinces
English
Fleet
prest
in
every
Paper
otherwise
understood
Present
War
was
begun
in
a
great
measure
to
obtain
these
by
force
,
so
doth
it
so
much
the
more
justifie
the
demand
of
this
State
for
satisfaction
,
security
for
the
future
all
other
wayes
no
otherwise
Lords
Deputies
particular
wayes
by
them
moderating
ascertaining
of
the
sum
this
State
that
behalf
their
Letters
States
General
Invitation
honourable
and
just
true
State
States
General
both
States
Protestant
Religion
satisfactory
answer
imbroyled
in
this
bloody
War
to
End
it
their
leaves
this
State
Dutch
Embassadours
future
safety
pretensions
,
promises
United
Provinces
these
sentiments
forreign
Prince
Council
of
State
W.
Nieuport
Allard
Peter
Jongstall
their
Superiours
Van
Beverning
Van
de
Perre
any
persons
Council
of
State
Naval
forces
Van
Trump
those
Deputies
States
General
Council
of
State
United
Provinces
sinister
ends
their
knees
union
of
the
two
Nations
same
estate
dominion
of
the
Sea
Right
of
England
Praisegod
Barebone's
Parliament
Reformed
Churches
out
works
main
fort
their
destruction
Texts
of
Scripture
Nicety
of
the
Flag
dominion
of
the
Seas
in
order
to
the
coming
of
Christ
,
personal
Reign
Seas
should
be
secured
,
and
preserved
as
peaceable
as
the
Land
,
Council
of
State
all
one
with
that
of
the
Saints
,
to
whom
all
power
is
given
:
that
account
Tres-illustres
Seign●…urs
,
most
honourable
Lords
,
Lord
Christ
the
Saints
sound
of
words
equivocation
in
Language
Kingdom
,
Power
d●…stant
cases
tolerate
them
rejection
of
the
Kingdom
of
Christ
to
kiss
the
Son
,
least
he
be
angry
and
they
perish
holy
ones
rod
of
Iron
emp●…y
Titles
masiiff
dogg
barking
curr
these
Men
Enemies
of
Christ
Coalition
with
England
their
Provinces
Fifth
Monarchy
common
people
their
Governours
States
General
new
Instructions
this
juncture
The
Coalition
strict
League
Defensive
forreign
Amities
France
,
Brandenburgh
Reformed
Religion
houshold
of
faith
intimate
League
Reparation
,
Satisfaction
secret
transactions
States
General
private
Instructions
They
were
distracted
into
their
poverty
their
Towns
seize
them
them
dearly
purchase
their
Allyance
man
forth
their
Fleets
last
fight
Van
Trump
their
Forreign
Allianc●…s
prophesied
in
Scripture
Gentiles
should
rage
the
Kings
of
the
earth
Kingdom
of
Christ
this
Antichristian
host
few
dayes
Jessop
,
Octob.
Messeigneurs
les
Estats
generaux
Council
of
State
States
General
United
Provinces
our
part
your
most
honourable
Lordships
express
orders
Lords
Superiours
this
most
honourable
once
again
cord
al
protestations
inviolable
affection
to
this
Common-wealth
Fanatick
English
Christian
considerations
maxims
of
State
particular
reflections
those
English
all
them
truth
of
God
his
holy
Word
●…ommon
interests
both
Common-wealths
Soveraign
powers
same
Lord
of
Lords
Glory
of
his
blessed
Name
Praise-God
barebones
of
his
Truth
lawful
liberty
intrinsick
interests
both
Nations
press
us
sure
union
justice
which
we
owe
to
God
and
the
People
of
both
States
:
further
effusion
of
innocent
blood
of
the
Professours
of
the
same
faith
,
the
Cause
of
God
,
and
his
holy
Gospel
.
most
honourable
Lords
Glory
of
God
love
of
his
Truth
welfare
of
both
States
and
Nations
,
our
forces
all
them
that
shall
St
Iohns
end
of
the
wars
defensive
Allyan●…e
St.
Iohns
Council
of
State
undertake
to
attack
and
disturb
us
by
Sea
or
Land
.
before
God
Judge
of
the
integrity
of
our
intentions
,
you
Ours
your
Generosity
your
Lordships
merciful
God
Midianites
falling
by
their
own
swords
:
Ephraim
did
rise
against
Manasseh
,
Manasseh
against
Ephraim
,
and
both
together
against
Judah
.
If
we
do
bite
and
devour
one
another
,
the
one
shall
consume
the
other
.
Gods
people
one
body
march
as
one
man
nursing
mother
our
goods
united
Provinces
Bulwark
to
this
Common-wealth
against
all
who
shall
presume
to
disturb
the
Constitution
of
your
Government
,
and
the
just
interest
of
both
Nations
your
liberty
our
Government
our
State
both
States
glory
of
God
advancement
of
his
Truth
protection
of
the
Professours
of
the
same
Faith
,
liberty
of
our
States
freedom
of
our
People
lawful
defence
of
their
common
interest
,
〈◊〉
faithful
everlasting
league
s●…ch
expressions
mutual
interests
two
Soveraign
States
Protestant
States
free
exercise
of
the
Orthodox
Reformed
Religion
in
their
Dominions
.
mutual
security
State
,
Prince
straight
and
sure
Union
two
Republicks
agreement
of
such
an
Union
solid
foundation
in
pursuance
first
place
Union
of
all
Protestant
States
advancement
of
the
Truth
and
honour
of
God
,
protection
of
the
professours
of
the
same
Faith
:
States
General
said
Proposition
upon
all
particulars
thereto
belonging
we
most
earnestly
beseech
your
Lordships
,
the
particulars
of
it
this
business
illustrious
Council
Council
of
State
General
overtures
in
writing
three
Articles
Sweden
,
Denmark
(
Nov.
contumeliously
penned
many
subdivisions
the
whole
procedure
present
distractions
Naval
exploits
conjecture
at
United
Provinces
●…paration
to
the
English
of
those
Rights
Christian
blood
unjustly
commence
the
war
all
the
blood
States
General
do
it
highest
affairs
of
State
secretly
States
General
refusing
their
moneys
receive
Laws
Right
of
Conquerours
false
to
themselves
unworthy
of
the
present
mercies
this
war
safe
peace
new
engagements
done
by
them
as
by
our selves
,
both
Nations
establish
our
safety
other
means
necessary
to
our
just
preservation
unjust
war
fallacious
way
of
treating
extreamest
courses
this
Nation
usual
Submissions
your
repute
Liberty
of
Fishing
Soveraigns
of
the
Sea
you
are
proper
Guardians
of
the
Brittish
Seas
:
great
Ships
their
intentions
your
Seas
satisfie
this
war
you
gain
these
points
firm
everlasting
recited
advise
ambitious
projects
sole
manager
of
this
affair
conditions
moderated
great
desires
firm
peace
intimate
Union
United
Provinces
upon
his
breast
God
to
witness
id
.
p.
of
State
Fifth-Monarchy
men
!
both
Nations
commu●…icate
the
felicities
of
England
good
neighbours
United
Provinces
those
debates
late
Parliament
their
very
bosoms
ordinary
one
all
obstacles
,
all
such
scruples
new
quarrels
clearly
adjusted
and
before
any
thing
else
Dutch
Embassadours
this
Harangue
great
sincerity
special
Articles
this
conference
pr●…tract
the
time
those
necessities
distracted
Government
Good
natured
This
unusual
condescension
alteration
for
the
better
unknown
fears
any
way
whole
Treaty
strict
and
intimate
Union
English
Commissioners
Soveraignty
of
the
Sea
unquestionable
Rights
Things
themselves
Cic.
de
off
.
l.
Bodin
.
de
rep.
l.
Scholastick
subtilties
real
,
legal
Rights
such
manner
alwayes
been
understood
old
Rights
New
Treaty
intimate
Union
proper
Rights
perpetual
Friendship
well
bottomed
such
Articles
States
General
integrity
of
their
intentions
last
Papers
Council
of
State
Lord
Deputies
such
tenders
this
Common-wealth
effectual
means
stop
the
further
effusion
of
Christian
blood
both
States
consistency
of
Interests
the
seeds
of
all
future
differences
,
their
forces
other
advantages
both
sides
upon
this
subject
of
this
kind
their
desired
fruit
tender
sense
this
State
present
condition
of
affairs
bloody
war
several
Articles
Lords
Deputies
assented
to
Security
given
said
Articles
conclusion
of
the
Treaty
for
the
same
Catz
,
Schaep
Vande
Perre
States
General
several
wrongs
,
injuries
East
Indies
People
of
the
United
Provinces
further
consideration
with
Justice
Lords
Deputies
them
All
Leo
ab
Aitzma
,
p.
By
the
third
Article
By
the
fourteenth
Article
By
the
fifteenth
Article
any
Man
of
War
Lords
and
Soveraigns
of
the
Brittish
Seas
.
The
Preamble
also
of
the
sixteenth
Article
did
perplex
Them
;
viz.
fourteenth
Article
of
his
Treaty
their
Seas
The
seventeenth
Article
obliged
The
twelfth
Article
did
oblige
England
,
&c.
Dutch
Embassadours
these
Articles
amicable
protestations
rigorous
impositions
Commissioners
,
Nov.
that
day
any
Answer
Thurloe
,
Nov.
the
same
day
Lords
,
Commissioners
God
Almighty
our
Negotiation
all
the
Particulars
Lords
of
the
Council
Treaty
of
Entercourse
some
parts
Extraordinary
Embassadours
in
both
States
General
their
Considerations
put
to
Oblivion
this
Government
their
greatest
advantage
same
points
of
so
many
moneths
first
beginning
other
Articles
gre●ter
Concernment
beyond
our
expectation
Articles
of
less
moment
our
Superiours
greater
importance
no
justice
reason
in
the
proposal
all
his
line
free
Election
States
General
their
persons
Lords
of
this
Council
their
elections
this
Nation
States
General
immemorial
possession
in
good
earnest
extravagant
a
proposal
such
thoughts
special
orders
incredible
a
proposal
Hand
of
God
was
against
them
,
and
they
would
fight
no
more
.
Constitution
of
their
affairs
and
interests
,
without
an
absolute
indignation
such
overtures
his
Excellency
the
Lords
Soveraign
independent
State
(
which
we
beseech
most
instantly
)
two
Common-wealths
last
Propositions
Lords
the
States
General
of
the
United
Provinces
,
their
Superiours
present
transaction
form●…
Memorials
cordial
offers
their
Superiours
good
Christian
love
,
peace
,
straight
firm
Union
two
States
just
and
equitable
Conditions
mutual
readiness
last
Conferences
Lords
of
the
Council
former
Proposal
Common-wealth
of
England
present
differences
prevent
any
others
two
Nations
Common
without
any
distinction
their
Lordships
bare
Union
such
Articles
Lords
of
the
Council
integrity
of
heart
supream
Power
Constitution
of
our
Government
only
unpracticable
alteration
other
Interests
both
Nations
United
Provinces
all
the
places
thereunto
belonging
vice
versâ
United
Provinces
intrinsick
Union
Liberties
,
Franchises
common
interests
both
States
two
States
good
Christian
love
their
last
this
time
Council
of
State
harder
Conditions
our
Ancestours
by
the
most
honourable
Council
our
true
sincere
meaning
it
should
have
been
high
Concernment
Beseeching
most
instantly
Council
of
State
sad
inconveniencies
neighbour
States
unwelcome
war
favourable
Answer
A Paper agreed upon in Council , Novemb. — 1653. and ordered the same day to be delivered to the said Deputies ; which was done accordingly .
IF the Paper signed by the Deputies of the Lords the States General of the United Provinces , and presented to the Council the 20. Inst. had not been delivered by the said Lords Deputies themselves to the hands of our Commissioners , We should have made some doubt whither their Lordships ( trusted in so great affairs , and fully acquainted with all that hath passed in the present Treaty ) had indeed been the Authors thereof : several passages and expressions being contained therein , which are altogether unusual , and no way agreeable to the nature of transactions between States , and rather tend to irritate and disturb , then to moderate and compose the minds and affections ; and for which no ground or cause was given in the 27. Articles delivered unto them the 18/28 Septemb. Instant : now in the Preamble thereunto . And therefore considering the aforesaid Paper , and likewise reflecting upon what hath passed in former Papers , We most ingenuously profess our selves to be yet to seek of the meaning and intention of their Lordships upon the Whole matter of this Treaty .
When the Council by their former Papers of the 22. and 25. of July last , propounded the uniting of both States into one , the aforesaid Lords the Depu●…ies were pleased , without coming to the debates of the practicableness thereof , and of the Advantage and Utility accruing thereby to both States , to reject and condemn the same under the General terms of Novelty , Confusions , and Impossibilities ; as appears in their Papers of the 27. of the said moneth of July : offering nothing in the stead thereof , but general professions of their desires to enter into a strict union with this State . And now We having compiled and put together the Articles aforesaid , as the means to establish a just peace , and to effect the desired league and union ( being also at several Conferenees pressed by the said Lords the Deputies to descend unto particulars ) and delivered them to their Lorships : When we expected by free debate with them to have considered and examined from point to point every particular thereof , as they lie in Order ; They were pleased by a Paper , without any debate , under General terms of unjust , extravagant , and unreasonable , to express their dislike of , and declare themselves against them . Whereas if their Lordships had thought it fit to come to a discussion of the Particulars ( the method used in all Treaties of this kind ) as the proposing of them would have appeared to be very suitable , and conform to the professions and protestations of Candor and Ingenuity , made by the Council , or their Commissioners , upon this occasion ; so the Articles themselves having been considered and examined , might have been setled and adjusted according as the justice and reasonableness should appear upon the Arguments produced by both sides ; which to do by Papers would consume too much time , as affairs now stand . And because much mention is made in the Paper of the said Lords the Depu●…ies , of the Protestations made by the Council , and their Commissioners , We find our selves obliged further to say , that Certainly we did never declare our selves by any profession or protestation , from asking and insisting on those things in the Articles , which are the undoubted and unquestionable Right of this Common-wealth ; nor give any ground to the said Lords the Deputies , to expect that we should part with them as a Demonstration of the affection of the State to the United Provinces : Our Commissioners having to the contrary in the two last conferences , mentioned in the beginning of their Paper of the 22. Instant , declared , that since their Lordships had refused the Coalition and mingling of Soveraignties , whereby the two States might not onely be one in name , but in Truth ; that now they were to be considered as distinct in Interests , and as having peculiar Rights and Priviledges belonging to each other , the setling and fixing whereof was to be considered in this Treaty of Union and Confederation : That when the Rights of both sides were agreed upon , they should sooner become friends , and longer continue so .
And we do not yet understand upon what other grounds either side can proceed in this Treaty , as it is now stated ; unless the expectation of the said Lords the Deputies be , that this State should part with whatsoever is peculiar to them both at Sea and Land , without having any thing in Recompence thereof , more then the bare name of a strict Union : according to what seems to be held forth in both their Papers of the 22. and 25. Instant : In the last whereof they say , that distinguishing the Interests which are communicable from those which can admit no mixture or communion ( as the Supream Powers and Government ) all other Interests of both States and Nations might be made common between them , under the Notion of a straight and near union : and what the Consequences of such an Union would be to this State , it is altogether needless to unfold , as it is to shew the inequality thereof : Or if the meaning of their Lordships be otherwise , and their minds be to make this peace upon just and equal grounds , They may have opportunity upon the debate of the Articles , to manifest and explain themselves in particulars ; and at any time during the Treaty , to propound what they conceive just and reasonable to be insisted upon on the behalf of their Superiours , further then is expressed in the said Articles . But the said Lords the Deputies having most unexpectedly by their said Papers refused any Conferences , or debate thereupon , it appears not what is farther to be done therein on our parts , while they continue in this mind ; Having already not in General and Ambiguous Terms , but fully and particularly explained our selves , and endeavoured in all sincerity and uprightness to put the Treaty in that way and method which might best discover the justness and Equity of each others propositions , and the validity of these grounds and reasons they are enforced upon , and thereby the sooner bring this negotiation to an happy Issue .
Notwithstanding the Rhodomon●…ade mentioned in the first Paper , the Deputies considering the necessities of their Country , and the unmov●…able haughtiness of the Council , did afterwards sue for , and enter i●…to several Conferences : though I do not find the particular dayes Leo ab Aitzma p. 844 & 8●…7 850. set down . In all which the Commissioners ( whereof Cromwel was alwayes one ) did insist obstinately upon the acknowledgment of the Domi●…ion of the Seas , and Rights of fishing : in such terms as hath been related before , where we spoke concerning those subjects : The De●…uties did remonstrate that the States General had as great desires to enter into a firm and streight and everlasting League as the Parliament of England could have : but as the English had declared in August l●…t , when they proposed a Coalition , that if the Dutch accepted thereof , all disputes about the Soveraignty of the Seas and Fishing would surcease : So upon the settlement of Peace , Union , and eternal Ami●…y , those scru●… contes●…s ought to receive an end ; especially since neither the United Provinces , nor any other Nation had ever owned What will not these men say , ●…hat da●…e avow this ! such Rights of the English . That it would be repugnant unto the nature and const●…tions of each Countrey to mixe & confound them both in one : but if no more were looked after then a mutual participation of all emoluments , priviledges , rights , and 〈◊〉 , these might be as well made common and mut●…al by a strict League , as by the said Coali●…ien ; betwixt which and the said Union , the difference was but verbal . Hereupon Cromwel replying , said , Because you have been pleased àgain to make mention of the Coalition , and to explain and apply it according to your own sense ; Know that the intentions of the Council were to find out those means which were most valid and really secure , not such as had only the strength which Idle words and Paper could give unto them ; They purposed not only to compose the present war , but to prevent all possible ruptures hereafter : And to effect this great work , Coali●…ion most availeth . For thereby , without any distinction , except of Municipal Laws and Usages in the ordinary administration of Justice , all the Sover●…ignty , Government , and whatever depends thereupon in the two Nations , would become indistinct and joint . But because you did decline this Proposal , and desired a strict Ami●…y and League , with a reserve of the Soveraignty and Emoluments proper to each Republick , t●…e Council was pleased to condescend thereto : And this being now agitated , it behooves us to find out such expedients whereby we may redress the present inconveniencies , and prevent the like for the future . What you now speak concerning an imperfect Coalition , seems to proceed from a defect in your Instructions , otherwise We should not have expected to hear from so Wise and Honourable Ministers as You are such an overture . Then He e●…larged upon the singular affection which the English did bear towards the Dutch ; the sincerity , the candid purposes of the Council , the extraordinary care which the Parliament had for their wellf●…re and prosperity , that They might share therein for ever equally with England : Upon this score purely They had urged the Coalition ; and if the proposal be duly and rightly weighed , it will appear that the English therein have no other scope , nor think to derive thence any other benefit , then a secure peace ; All the Emoluments and Priviledges would redound unto the United Provinces : To evince this , He discoursed of the scituation and riches of England , the conveniency and goodness of the ports , and coasts , the benefits of f●…shing ; the opportunity of trading to the English plantations , of purchasing lands , and putting out their moneys to a greater interest . Concluding that the English , for their parts , had offered unto them what was beneficial , and reasonable , and were satisfied in their own consciences ; and If the Deputies would not demean themselves with greater sincerity and confidence , there was no good s●…cces to be hoped for from this Treaty . The Deputies withdrew aside a little , and after some discourse , resumed their places , Avowing that They had dealt candidly and sincerely , and had proposed what They thought most advantageous and seasonable : That since , They had conferred with Their Superiours , related all passages exactly unto them , and received orders not to treat about any Coalition : But They were ready to confer about a strict and firm Union , and to demonstrate that the same Peace and Security which the English expect by the Coalition , might be established by a strict Union : Adding that it was easie to demonstrate that The Dutch were already possessed in themselves of all those advantages ( or greater ) which the English offerred to communicate unto them by the Coalition . In fi●…e , seeing that the Commissioners seemed to expect that the Dutch should make the first overtures about a firm peace , They declared that if the English would proceed frankly , The Deputies had power to oblige their Superiours , to maintain , defend and promote the Liberty and common good of the present Government and people of England against all , indifferently and without any exception , who should attempt to disturb , impede , or evert it : and this either at Sea , or Land , with all those forces and by all those means which should be agreed upon mutually : That they did not comprehend what greater or more sufficient assurance of peace and Security the English could find in their Coalition ; And therefore it was manifest , that in this great debate the contest was meerly about words . As to the pretended benefits that would accrue to them by the Coalition , They with much modesty answered , that it was true the English had several conveniencies which the Dutch wanted ; but yet God had been pleased to recompense the United Provinces with peculiar advantages : that if their Territory was small , yet all the Rivers of the vast in-land did flow through their Countrey ; that they had so great a multitude of fair and opulent Towns , and other felicities , that They had no cause to repine at the unequal dispensations of Providence : As to the Rights and Priviledges which They were offered in England , the people of Holland stood in no want of them , &c. Cromwel and the Commissioners having withdrawn and advised together awhile , returned to the Deputies ; and Cromwel made a long Speech , which proved to be only a Repitition of what he had said before : He protested that the Coalition was mentioned out of no other design , then that the English might receive Satisfaction , Peace , and Security : that there was not the least comparison to be made betwixt Security to be had by confederacy , and that of an intrinsick Union : that How specious soever the title of Soveraignty might seem to them , yet that was but a trifle , which He valued no more then a feather in his cap ; nor did He care a button for the troubles and cares which inseparably and constantly attend such as are the chief in Government : He knew how much the Dutch valued their Liberty , and how dearly they had purchased it ; yet really the tenders of the English ought to prevail above all regards : They might , without boasting , say , that their Territories were so commodiously scituated , that the inhabitants thereof might sail and traffick without the controll , without the aid of Holland , into any part of the world : But the Dutch could not do so : That they knew well who were the Enemies , and which the Friends of the United Provinces : that They which hated the one ( meaning the House of Austria ) did not affect the others : and therefore it ought to be the aim and intent of both Nations mutually to conjoyn ; and being united , They needed not to fear any thing , but might , in point of Trade , give laws to the whole world . Then He insisted upon the Dominion of the Sea , and the Fishing , as necessary to be accorded unto , before the particular Treaty were entered upon . The Embassadours replyed as before ; And the English still insisted upon those two points , and also costs and damages , with great obstinacy . The Dutch said , they would not adjust the Dominion of the Sea , and Right of fishing , till the other Articles were agreed : those that were now obtruded , being such as could not be imposed on any but Rebels , and such as were utterly vanquished : that since the English did esteem them so Rational and Equitable , ( as they persisted to do ) the Deputies must break off the Treaty , and return within two dayes to acquaint their Superiours with what had passed .
And accordingly They did send Decemb. 7. 1653. unto Secretary MSS. Comment. Thurloe a Paper , in which They besought the most honourable Lords of the Council to gratifie them with a safe conduct for their persons , followers and servants , to transport themselves to Holland : The which was not granted at that time , but — was sent to intreat them to stay a while , so great business not being to be suddenly transacted : The Deputies readily acquiesced ; but withal complained of the English Government , how distracted That was by reason of the frensies of the Fifth-Monarchy Parliament , that , if Cromwel would assume the Government to himself , They would be ready to accord with him upon more moderate terms , and enter into such a defensive Alliance , as should secure him against forreign and domestick Ene●…s . Hereby They gained Oliver to contrive a period for the pretended Parliament , with a resignation of their power into His hands : Decemb. 12. 1653. He was made Protector Dec. 16. and on the twentieth notice was given to the Embassadours thereof by the Master of the Leo ab Aitzma p. 851 , 852. Ceremonies , who told them further , How ready He would be to treat with them , How kind unto them ; but They must withal pay him the same honour and respect which was heretofore exhibited to the Engl●…sh Kings , and in writings and discourses give him the Title of His Highness , which was in use here before that of Majesty ; That They being not in the quality of Embassadours , but Lords Deputies Plenipotentiaries , must be uncovered in His presence . The three Deputies ( one was now dead ) assented to these Conditions , but resolved to avoid all enterviews as much as possible : They sent to His Highness and His Council , Dec. 23. a Paper of alterations and amendments , to be made in the Articles aforesaid : And Dec. 26. Mr. Thurloe brought Them an Answer in writing , wherein the Satisfaction demanded in the third Article was wholly omitted ; but the claims of the East-India Merchants and others were to be compounded . The fifteenth Article was changed MSS. Comment. so , as that neither the Dominion of the Seas was mentioned , nor their Ships to be searched : but They were to strike the Flag , and lower the topsail to any English man of War within the Brittish Seas : with several other concessions : several conferences passed betwixt the Councillours of Cromwel and them , and Papers were transmitted on the 26. and 28. of December . But the Deputies having now engaged Cromwel irreconcileably against the Fifth-Monarchy-men and Republicans , would come to no conclusion : They found a readiness in Oliver to comply in those poin●…s which He had so peremptorily insisted on before : and knew that a defensive Alliance with Holland would be absolutely necessary unto the securing Him in His New Protectorship : Besides They looked upon His condition as uncertain , and therfore thought it imprudence to conclude with Him as yet , until time should manifest the tendency of affairs : They desired a Pasport to depart , Dec. 28. imagining that the noise of their departure re infectd , would much startle the English , and imbolden them against His Highness : But MSS. Comment. Cromwell being aware of their Stratagems , and resolute to persist in his courses , briskly and unexpectedly declares , that If they depart without concluding and signing the Treaty , and mutually engaging to ratifie it in a certain time , His Highness would not be obliged to it , or any part thereof , but account it at an end . Dec. 23. MSS. Comment. Hereat the Deputies were a little surprised , and by a Paper , Dec. 29. 1653. Assure His Highness , that They have alwaies , and do still intend to proceed with all integrity and candour , and that they do not decline to sign the present Treaty , if His Highness be pleased that the Articles be extended in such manner as they had propounded . — That it will be an easie thing for to reduce the Articles now into such order that they may be encouraged to sign before departing from hence , and to agree in a convenient manner touching the ratification thereof . Hereupon there were several conferences , and many things either yielded unto , or silently passed over ( as that of the Fishing , and Soveraignty of the Seas : and the preamble of the sixteenth Article omitted ) to the great contentation of the Dutch : For Cromwell at this time minded nothing but what related to his own Security ; and in order thereunto He would never abandon that Article for the Seclusion of the Prince of Orange from being State-holder , General , and Admiral : He urged that No peace could ever continue firm betwixt the two Nations , whilst that Prince should retain so great a power there : That no Enemy did ever exercise such hostility , nor create so much of prejudice unto the Parliament , as did the late Prince William : Leo ab Aitzma , p. 848. The Deputies had express Orders never to assent thereunto : But Cromwel understanding that the Dutch usually sign two sorts of Articles , the one secret , the other publick : did move that this Seclusion should be put into a secret Article : but neither would the Deputies assent thereunto . Whereupon Cromwell sent for Mr. Beverning in private , ●…d . p 852. ( whom He knew to be a true Hollander ) and with Him He entered into a close and long conference , were in He shewed His readiness to conclude a peace with them upon terms moderate and reasonable , repeating what He had already granted , what He would further assent unto : But that He could never recede from that Article of Secluding the Family of the Prince of Orange : that He could never think the peace would be durable , nor England quiet , whilst that Lineage had such power and authority amongst Them . That it did no less import Them then it did Him ; the attempts of Prince William upon Holland being fresh in their memory , and the ambitious ends of that House being known at Amsterdam . If that the Deputies , as sent by the States General , could not consent to the Article , yet He might sign it , as a private Article , in the name of the States Provincial of Holland : that He would be as well satisfied Quod●…uti ●…agni momenti negotium est , ita necessitatem veluti quandam trahit secum , cùm omnibus manifestum sit , in quantum Hollandia , si in hanc vel illam partem inclinet , conferre possit . Deduct . Ord. Ze'andiae contra Holland , de seclus , Pr. Au●…iaci . with the Ratification of that Province alone , which had so often enforced the others to concur with us dictates , as in the Truce of 1609. Munster peace , and other cases : Nor would He desire that They should undertake for the other Provinces , but for themselves , That they should never assent to such an election , but hinder it as much as they could . What was agreed betwixt them at that time , is a secret as yet to the world : The event shewed it , and the other Provinces suspected it to have been so , that Cromwel and Beverning did then contrive to depress the House of Orange : Certain it is that an expedient was found out that might be equipollent thereto in reference to the peace and safety of Cromwel ; that whosoever was State-holder , General by land , or Leo ab Aitzma Aitzma . 8 , 2. Admiral , should in person swear to the observation of that Treaty . The Depu●…ies after this , departed for Holland , Jan. 6. 1653. and as They were at Sea they formed up a body of 29. Articles , the subject whereof was agreed upon by both sides , though nothing had been finally concluded or signed : This Treaty they shewed first to the States of Holland ; then to the States General , Judge by this authentick narration how little tru●…h there is in the vulgar reports , and common writers , ( as Florus Ang●…us , &c ) that They went to fet●…h money for Cromwel : I do not believe He had one farthing from them . who approved thereof , and of the demeanour of the Deputies as consonant to their Instructions . That They might leave Cromwel in the greater perplexity , and act thereafter like men that listen more to opportunities , then princi les or promises , at their departure ( notwithstanding their protestation of Candour and Sincerity ) They raised some scruples about the Article concerning Denmark , with which they seemed totally dissatisfied : Cromwel sent to Gravesend after them Commissioners to invite them back again , and assure them that the said Article should pass as they desired it : They writ Him a Letter of thanks , promising to return Ipsos tamen non obstante ejusmodi satisfactione , Londi●…um , quo compositis jam & ab utraque parte concessis Articulis subsignarent atque universum Tractatum confirmarent , neutiquam fuisse reversos , sed rect●… itinere se in Hollandiam contulisse , universo Tractationis negotio-infecto , atque in incerto penitùs relicto . Deduct . ord. Holland . in Narrat . facti . Sect. 8. with speed , and to deport themselves with all possible sincerity : But still the Treaty was left suspended , and uncertain ; Though it appears that every point was adjusted , and there wanted no more but to reduce the Articles into a formal Treaty , and that They should sign it for themselves , according as They had promised Decemb. 29. 1653. Cromwel was very much irritated at this procedure of theirs ; and more , when He perceived they delayed their return for several weeks : He expedited his Naval preparations : and as after a storm , though the winds cease , yet the billows do continue their former rage , so did those impressions of hatred against the Dutch remain in the breasts of the English , notwithstanding the rumours of peace : He began now to suspect the frauds of the Dutch , and blamed himself for trusting unto their protestations of candour and sincerity ; and determined to ensure himself of the Province of Holland , by some obligatory Act for the Seclusion of the House of Orange , or else to prosecute the war . The Dutch ( to amuse Him , and comply with the Haughtiness of His Humour ) send over in a splendid and formal Embassy the same Plenipotentiaries ; which did not a little adde to the Honour and Glory of Cromwel at home and abroad ; but at their first arrival , before they came to any Treaty , Secretary Thurloe desires a conference with ibid. Sect. 〈◊〉 , 10 , 11. Them , and informs them that His Highness would insist upon the Article of Seclusion , to be ratified by the Province of Holland : great professions of love and fair dealing passed on both sides , and Thurloe declared that the Protector insisted thereon , out of pure kindness to them , the House of Orange being so potent and popular , that if He were jealous least the Peace would not be durable , they ought to suspect least their Liberty would be the shorter-lived : that , if they really desired an everlasting peace with England , this was the only course to secure it : without this Act of Seclusion nothing was more evident , then that the two Nations would suddenly be imbroil'd in a second bloody war , and in the mean while the English would be in a perpetual diffidence and distrust thereof , the which would allay and abate much of that f●…rm and eternal Amity , which was now proposed : Nieuport and Beverningh protested they had no power to promise any such thing in behalf of the said States , and earnestly sollicited the Conclusion of the Treaty with the security already consented unto : This happened in the end of March , and sundry conferences were had betwixt Thurloe and those two Embassadours , the third is not said to have been present at them : at last Thurloe proposeth from His Highness , the final and speedy conclution of the Treaty upon this condition , that the said Embassadours should promise ( on their own heads ) to procure such an obligatory deed for the ibid Sect. 12 13. Seclusion within some certain time to be transmitted by the said States prov●…ncial : But they declined this overture also ; whereupon Cromwel appoints a private conference with Beverningh and Him , only Thurloe being present : His Highness was very prolixe in discoursing of his great and cordial affect on for the Dutch , as his dear Neighbours and Protestan●…s ; ibid Sect. 14 , 15. 16. of his concern for the Reformed Religion , which would be much endangered should another rupture happen betwixt them : that He did so earnestly desire the mutual welfare of the two Nations , and an indissol●…ble peace , that He had not at all pursued His particular profit and interest in this whole negotiation , as was manifest by the Treaty it self : and He did importune Beverningh to promise in wri●…ing to effect the said Seclusion : as for the time and form of the Seclusion , He would leave it to their contrivance , When and How to do it ; but He would have the thing done : in the mean time the Capitulation should be signed , and ratified . The Holland Deduction saith that B●…verningh promised only that They would write unto the States ibid. Sect. 16 of Holland concerning the Seclusion , how solicitous the Protector was to obtain it , and to procure their Answer ( whatever it should be ) upon that point , the which should be sent over with the Ratification of the peace by the States General . Howsoever these things were , Cromwel was forward in his Naval preparations , and a rumour was scattered as if the Treaty were wholly broken off , the which did much perplex the Embassadours , amd 't was fomented by the Enemies of Cromwel , every opposite interest ( especially the Republicans ) expecting benefit by the ruine of Cromwel , which would be a consequent of the war , if it were prosecuted . All parti●…s were implacable against the Du●…ch , for their complying with Cromwel , and what They had already done would accelerate their destruction , or revive the first 〈◊〉 , if the Republ●…ns came upon the Stage again : They knew that Cro●… by his subtilty could re-ingratiate himself with the Common-wealth-men ; and that they , to re-establi●…h themselves , would connive at the actings of so powerful and necessary a faction : Upon these mo●…ives the Embassadours did importune His Highness for to sign the Treaty , which ( 't is said ) He did without much insisting upon the said Seclusion . The Peace was proclaimed at London , April 5 1654. and mutual Ratifications sealed before the end of the said Moneth . The Hollanders were in hope that the Protectour would desist from the Seclusion , and not hazard a Rupture immediately after a Peace concluded ; but finding Him obstinate therein , and that the Republicans did endeavour to renew the war , They did May 4. 1654. make a Decree , That the Noble and Potent States of Holland and West-f●…sland would never elect His present Highness , or any of his Lineage , to be ibid. Sect. 19. State holder or Admiral of their Province , neither should their Province ever give Their suffrage or consent , that He , or any of his Family , should be Captain General of the forces of the United ibid. Sect. 20. Provinces . This was transmitted unto Beverningh and Nieuport to be kept secret , and not delivered unto the Protection●… , if the thing might possibly be avoided : But Cromwel would not exchange the Ratifications , until They promised to procure that secret Article , the hich those Juglers had then in their hands . Although that Cromwel did not Sect , 21. know that the States of Holland and West-friesland had signed and sealed the said secret Article , yet it was by some artifice di●…covered to the Sect. 22 , 23. States General , and divulged throughout the United Provinces . The other Provinces sent to those of Holland , to know what They had really done , which might give occasion to these reports : It being contrary to the Union of Utrecht , that any of the Provinces should s●…ngly make any Leagues or Treaties with forreign Princes : It being also contrary to the unanimous and express determinations of the States General ; contrary to the Instructions of the Embassadours ; contrary to the p●…iviledges and liberties of the United Provinces , whereby that could not be done to the meanest Subject , which now was said to be decreed against His Highness , and the illustrious House of Orange . T●…e People inveighed bitterly against the Provincials of Holland : The States General were upon recalling the Embassadours to give an account of transactions , and did send to know which of them had that secret Article ; that He should transmit a Copy thereof . The States of Holland and West-friesland were amazed to find the Article become publick before it had been tendered : They delay to give a true relation of affairs , but declare unto all the Provinces , that They neither had done , nor ever would do any thing contrary unto the Union of Utretcht : and , reserving unto themselves the Supream jurisdiction of their own Province , they neither had attempted , nor should attempt any thing that might infringe the Liberties of the other Provinces . That the Lords Nieuport and Beverningh , were natives of the Province of Holland , and therefore could not be obliged to give any account of the secrets of their Countrey unto the States General . The Province of Zeland penned a Rational and smart Manifest against Holland ; The Deputies of Groninghen and Friesland added much bitterness to their Arguments : The Pensionary De Wit was bold , and used menaces in the behalf of Holland : thus all things seemed to run into absolute confusion , and the new firm everlasting Peace and Defensive Alliance contracted with Cromwel , was in a few months endangered , together with the Union it self of those Provinces . Cromwel was aware thereof , and astonished to see how the Dutch Embassadours had deluded Him , notwithstanding all their protestations of extraordinary candour and sincerity ; and demanded the Article , or menaced them with a sudd●…in breach : But they dissembled with Thurloe , as if They had not received any such ibid. Sect. 24. secret Article signed by the Provincials of Holland and West-friesland : They multiplyed a thousand delaies , and pressed the Protectour to omit this Article , the very rumour whereof had produced all this combustion in the United Provinces . The friends of Cromwel were exceedingly perplexed with the fraudulent dealings of the Embassadours , Hollanders : and were consident that such an Article had been decreed and transmitted to them , though They disowned it : The divisions in the United Provinces , and the reservedness of Holland in declining to communicate their privacies to the States General , made it seem an undoubted truth : And all the Enemies of Cromwel rejoyced to find Him thus abused , and cheated in a transaction whereon the grandeur of His H●…ghness was established . Cromwel at a conference with Beverningh and Nieuport , May 22. 1654. fiercely urged the delivery of ibid. Sect. 25. t●…e Article , and forbade them ever to alledge any reasons to Him against it . The Hollanders considering that the odium would be the same , if it were delivered , or not delivered , since it had been resolved upon , and seeing the whole peace , and their support against the exasperated Provinces was in jeopardy by this delay , They did order the Embassadours to deliver it unto Cromwel ; which was done in the beginning of June : and Cromwel dispatched a comminatory Letter unto ibid. Sect. 26 , 27. Leo ab Aitzma , p. 869. the States of Zeland , to let them know that the Peace did entirely depend upon the signing of that secret Article . June 16. 1654.
Thus was that League finished at last , in the management whereof the Dutch had shewed so much of Artifice , and Fraud : As to that secret Article , it is much doubted to this day , Whether it were not Stipulated for at that private conference betwixt Beverningh and Cromwel , Jan. 6. before Their departure into Holland : Whether the delaies in signing , and delivering it , were a finesse complotted betwixt Cromwel and Holland , the better to justifie the actions of that Province unto the other Provinces ; or whether They did not understand each other , but that His Highness was really imposed upon in that manner during that negotiation , Those know best who were Actors therein . The Deduction of Holland is consonant to the precedent Narrative ; But the Deputies of Zeland , Friesl●…nd , Ommeland , and Groninghen did suspect the Truth thereof : and believed there was a more intimate Union between Cromwel and Holland , in opposition to the House of Orange , then ever was made publick . These are uncertaimies ; But this is most certain , that the said Embassadours Nieuport and Beverningh sent by commission of the States General , were to treat as from them , and during that Commission could not receive In Legatione publicâ Foederatorum procerum , officio tenus , quamdiu eo sunguntur , licitum non fuerit ab ullo mandatum , multo minus contrarium , circa tractationes suas recipereaut . iis morem gerere : atque ad●… quia prohibitum erat , contrarium Hollandiae procerum mandatum excusare debuisse . Propos. D. Deputati Groning . &c. Item Deductio ordin . Zeland . Mandates ( especially contrary to their Instructions ) from a particular Province , much less obey them : as the Frieslanders and Zelanders did argue : Besides , They were sworn at the beginning of the Embassy to proceed according to the plain sense of Their Instructions : They never acquainted the States General in the least with that Negotiation , no not in the end of May , when They demanded a copy of the Article , and an account of what they had done about it : Nay , They were so far from doing this , that upon the conclusion of the Treaty upon the fifth of April , They writ to Ingenti studio & spectatâ fide placita procerum peragere ●…olitos fuisse , denique juxta eorundem decreta atque mandata Tractatui finem imposuisse , adeò quidem ut nihil amplius reliquum esset ad consummationem , quàm ut utrinque fieret 〈◊〉 . ibid. the States General that They had then finally concluded all the Articles without any exception , and that punctually according to Their Instructions and Mandates : whereas This whole affair , and this insuperable difficulty was still remaining to be transacted . Such a demeanour hath not been read of but in the Annals of the United Provinces : yet did their Provincial Superiours justifie them for Honest men , and true Natives of Holland : This , and the interposition of Cromwel , saved them from punishment ; and silenced all contests upon that subject .
This mutual defensive Alliance and secret Article did secure the greatness of Cromwel , not only against the Republicans and Sectaries , but Royalisis ; who , together with His Majesty , were excluded from any Aid or Assistance out of those Provinces , and not permitted to reside there . It depressed the House of Orange , and all that party ; It advanced Holland so far above the other Provinces , that They gave Laws to them ever since ; till their Arrogance and perfidiousness made them insupportable to the rest of the Provinces , as well as to their Neighbours , and so expedited their present calamities .
It is remarkable , that notwithstanding that Cromwel and the Dutch had pretended so fervent zeal for the advancement and protection of the Reformed Religion , and Houshold of faith , during Interim in Articulis nihil d●…tum de Religione . Leo ab Aitzma p. 852. the Treaty , yet in the Articles there is not any mention made thereof ; neither were All the Protestants comprehended in the League . It is also observable , that the said League was never well kept on the part of the Hollander , but so violated in the East and West-Indies and elsewhere , that Cromwel determined to fight them again upon the first opportunity and leisure . The Lord Nieuport came over to pacifie Him a little before His death , and attended in Florus Anglicus , part. 2. p. 280. mourning at his Funeral : and was the first Embassadour which condoled His late Highness's death , and congratulated the advancement of Richard , hoping that the same firm League and Peace might be continued between His Highness and those States , which had been between them and his Princely Father : He delivered His message in a publick Audience , and received an Answer conformable to His desires : But yet , whereas by the Eighth Article of that League they were obliged to defend Him against all His Enemies : The Dutch contributed ib. p. 315. nothing to his support , but quietly permitted Him to be deposed , and immediately ( before He had resigned ) courted those at an Audience within the House , which had so injured their good Friend and Ally .
Upon a due regard unto the Considerations and Reasons alledged , We think it our duty humbly to declare , that We are entirely satisfied with the Righteousness of the present War with Holland : and that Common Equity , and the most infallible Reasons of State did oblige His Majesty to vindicate the Dignity of his Crown , and the Honour of His Kingdoms ; as also to assert those ancient and inseparable Regalities which do not only adorn , but chiefly support His Crown : We do thankfully acknowledge the constant endeavours of His Majesty to promote the Trade and welfare of His subjects , and to preserve them from being injured and oppressed by the depredations of the Dutch : And seeing that the Perfidiousness of the Hollanders ( who have no regard to Oaths and Promises , no sense of Religion , Honour , or Moral Honesty ) did render All Leagues with Them infirm and instable : Seeing Their dilatory and treacherous Negotiations did render any Treaty with Them unsafe , in so perillous a juncture as the puissance of the French King and their juglings with that Count , made Us to be in ; We cannot but admire and celebrate those Counsils by which We enjoy an undisturbed peace , and tranquility of our Consciences at home , and are secured by a potent and victorious Navy at Sea . It is the prudent conduct of His Majesty ( next under God ) which hath seasonably prevented that desolation whereunto the Hollanders would have subjected Us , by transporting hither the French Armies : We are not redevable to their care or kindness , for that We are free from a calamitous war and all the miseries which the United Provinces do now sink under : That Our condition is not the same with Theirs , it is a felicity we derive from the wisdom , vigilance , and Generosity of our Prince , who hath indefatigably busied Himself , exposed his only Brother to all the dangers of the Sea , and the perils of those dreadful Fights , and exhausted His proper Treasury to supply the present exigence , and to ensure the Estates of His Subjects . May all his Subjects be sufficiently sensible , How much They owe unto His Care and Goodness : May their acknowledgments equal His merits ; May every one by His Royal Example contribute what He can to the General welfare of the Nation : May no Animosities divide our Minds : No impertinent quarrels , No unnecessary and unseasonable debates retard or distract our Consultations and proceedings : But may all advises , and actions tend to the common utility ; which all Intelligent and Loyal persons must measure by the Riches , Strength , and Honour of their Soveraign : Such ought to be the Prayers , Wishes , and Sentiments of every English Man .
Here followeth a Memorial , read and delivered to the Lord of Hemsted , Adrian Paaw , extraordinary Embassadour from the States General of the United Provinces unto the pretended Parliament of the Common-wealth of England . June — 1652. Wherein the Importance of the Right of the Flag , and of the Dominion of the Brittish Seas , and of the Fishery , together with the Rights of England thereunto , are deduced and demonstrated .
This Memorial was originally very brief in comparison of what it is now : It being not the mode of those Times to alledge any proof by way of Autority : I have found out , consulted , and supplied the ●…eficient Citations , which if they are not those They went upon , are , I am sure , such as the Reader may rely upon . And I have inserted them frequently into the Text , as conceiving it more convincing and agreeable to the phansie of any Reader , If the whole were represented as an entire piece , and He not distracted with the multitude of References by way of Post-script : Who prepared and penned it , I cannot tell , but it was ( as I am told ) supervised by Sir Henry Vane ( and others of the Commissioners ) and any man will find it answerable to that opinion which the world had of His parts and abilities , who was the chief director and manager of that war , and whose constant judgment it was , that the Interests of England and the United Provinces were as irreconcileable as those of Rivals , Trade being to both Nations , what a Mistress is unto Lovers ; that there nev●…et since 〈◊〉 ●…ene any durable peace , except both Nations did un●… Coalition , or the English subjugate the others , and reduce them into a Province , or by strict conditions and contrivances ensure themselves against the growth and future puissance of the Dutch.
About the middle of June , 1652. A conference was held betwixt the Commissioners from the Council of State , and the Lord Adrian Paaw Kt. Lord of Hemsted , Extraordinary Embassadour from the United Provinces . In which the said Embassadour expatiated upon the mutual interest both Nations had to preserve peace and amity ; the great sincere affection which the Dutch continued to bear unto the English ; the rec●…procal bonds of professing the same Reformed Religion , and the dangers that might be fall Pro●…estancy in general , should such important Members thereof ingage in a war : That Christian b●…ood was precious ●…n the sight of God , and ought not rashly , or on a sl●…ght occasion to be shed by Men : that the fight in the Downs was casual , and not designed by His Masters : That The str●…king of the Flag was but a Ceremony of Honour , and matter of complement , about which He hoped the true Professours of the Gospel of peace , meekness , long-suffering , and brotherly love , would not contest unto blood : that howsoever , His Superiours did never pretend , nor should pretend to dispute the Honour and Dignity of this Common-wealth , which they repute the first and most considerable in Europe : That no Del●…beration had been made , No Resolution taken , No Comm●…ssion directly or indirectly given to their Vice-Admiral for to undertake any Dispute against the Fleet and Ships of the said Common-wealth upon the Controversies and Differences of the Sea : And that The Ships of war meeting at Sea , and behaving themselves as before and during the time of the ●…he said Embassadour in a Memorial given into the Council of S●…ate , Iuly 24. 1652. acquainted them that the States General had by a publick Act , declared and decreed thus much . See it in the Declaration P. 3●… . & p. 46. former Government , there should be thereupon no more Dispute hereafter .
Some Reply was then made , but a full Answer was tendered and read unto Him at the next conference , to this effect .
My Lord ,
WE are very glad to understand from you mouth the sincerity with which you profess the true Reformed Religion , and that cordial affection with which you declare your selves to seek Amity and Friendship with this Nation : We would put as good a construction upon the Intents of your Superiours , as the regards of our own safety will permit ; and certainly a prudent and due respect to our own preservation , is not repugnant to the Gospel , or Protestancy ; But we cannot conclude otherwise from the Actions of your States , then that the late attempt in the Downs arose from a formed and premeditated Design , To usurp the known Rights of England in the Seas , to destroy the Fle●…ts that are under God , their Walls and Bulwarks , and thereby expose this Common-wealth to be invaded , or otherwise imposed upon at your pleasure . During an actual Treaty for a nearer Union , offered by your selves , you took a resolution to equip out 150 say 〈◊〉 besides what were already in your service ; and of this your Em●…dours gave notice to the Parliament March 15. 1652. Leo ab Aitzma hist. tract . pacis Belg. pag. 762. Whether this intimation was made to amuse , or terrifie us , your Superiours do best know : but such extraordinary preparations were not requisite at that time to secure the Trade and Navigation of the United Provinces , when they had no Enemy abroad : which upon the Rules and Declarat . pag. 8. Maximes of State , was a just cause of Jealousie unto the English , and They had reason to put themselves into a posture and condition to defend themselves , and their known Rights at Sea . Nevertheless this State proceeded so slowly therein , that until their Fleet was actually assaulted by Trumpe , and thereby the true reason of preparing so great a Fleet made evident , they had not increased their Fleet by one Ship : and , in fact , there were not above 22 Ships of their Fleet at Sea , May 19. 1652 , when they were assaulted by the Dutch Navy : and We were so unprovided whereby to answer those exigencies , that we were constrained to hire about fifty Merchant Ships to strenghthen and reinforce the Fleet. How confidently soever you aver , that Van Trumpe had no instructions to undertake any dispute against the Fleet or Ships of this Common-wealth , upon the controversies and differences at Sea , yet it is notoriously known , and He himself avowed it , that He had no Orders to take down his Flagg . The which Omission w●… cannot reconcile with your so Christian desires to preserve a good correspondence , See Major Bourne's relation : in the Parliaments answer to Three papers , &c. A. D. 1652. See the Depositions in the aforesaid Answer to the Three papers . strict League , and nearer Union with this Common-wealth : It being an indirect way and course to create a quarrel at any time . Others of your Captains have been reproved , and threatned with the loss of their Heads , in case they did strike the Flag unto Us ; and 't is most true , that Van T●…umpe refused to do it ; and seconded his refusal with acts of the highest hostility . From whence we can make no other deduction , then that the words you use of Unity , Peace , League , and a very near Friendship , are different from what you imagine and purpose ; The Dutch in their Declaration of War at that time , do confess He did not strike the Flag and Sail ; but that He was going to Lower hi●… Topsails , which Blake prevented by a suddam ●…acque . Leo ab Aitzma , hist. tract Belg. p. 759. Declurat . p. 7. 8. and that Noble work which you say all honest men wish for , especially all the Churches of the Reformed Christian Religion , is not at all pursued or intended by the States General of the United Provinces . Wherein have you demonstrated the least sincerity in your Negotiations with this Common-wealth ? How unheartily , and dilatorily did you deal with our Embassadours at the Hague in relation to their Errand ? whereby those endeavours for Friendship became fruitless . When your Embassado●…rs came hither , How amicably we●…e they received ? And with what delayes did they protract the Treaty ? When positive demands were pressed , they were evaded in th●…ngs not of the hardest resolution , with Allegations of want of power ; though their Commission shewed no such restraint : yet to obtain further Power , Returns must be made to their Superiours ; and before Answers could be had , the Provincial States must be Assembled : the which gave small grounds of any real intendment of a firm Peace , and Amity .
As to the business of the Flag , How meanly soever you think of it , and however you represent it as too trivial a subject to give beginning to a War , We cannot look thereon but with different considerations . Were it only an Honorary Salute , and Cere●…ony ; yet since it is such an Honour as hath been paid to our Ancest●…urs for above four hundred years , Selden . Mare cl●…us . l. 2. c. 26. since it is of such an advantage to the continuance of the renown of this Nation , and serveth to imprint new reverence in the forreigners that render it , and adds so much to the courage of those our Sea-men that exact it : We should not consent to relinquish it : No Rules of ●…rudence , no Maxims of State would authori●…e the deed . We know how much it imports a State that it be reverenced abroad ; and that Re●…e is the principal support of any Government : it equally influenceth the Subjects ut home , and forreign Allies . No Nation in the world is more tender of their honour then the English ; none more impatiently tolerate the diminution thereof : With what resentments would 〈◊〉 only the more generous and noble , but even the popular and vulgar Seamen detest Us , should this Age remit or loose that Reg●…lity , those acknowledgments , which their Predecessours with so much glory asserted , and the neglect whereof was alwayes punish'd as o●…en Rebellion ? We are confident the Nation would be so provoked at the indignity of such an action , that to avoid an uncertain ruin by the forces of Holland , we should precipitate our selves into evident danger of peri●…hing by the English f●…ry . And we doubt not but you , my Lord , by this time ●…ind in your own reason , an Apology for our being resolute in this point ; you must needs be convinced that We ought not to abandon a Ceremony which is of so high concernment . It is no policy to attempt the change of inveterate customs and usages : In omnitus rebus ve●… ipsa plurinium habet dignitatis : ita ut Massa●…ienses quorum praestantis●…ima creditur fuisse resoublica , laudentur eo nomine qu●…d glad●…o ad puniendos sontes usi sint eodem à condi●…â ur●…e , quò indicarent in minimis quoque relus antiqua consuetudinis momenta servanda . Proxime eni●… ad Deum accedit Antiquitas , AEternitatis quâdam imagine . Grotius de an●…e p. Ba●…av . in praesat . Even errours , and abuses , are upon this account legally tolerated . Let us then so adjust the matter , Let Equity and all those inclinations you express for Us as Neighbours English-men , and partakers of the same Faith , induce you to continue those Honorary respects to the Ships of war of this Nation , which All the Neighbour-States and Princes , and which you your selves , and your Progenitors , have constantly exhibited : Which you may do without detriment or disgrace ; But We cannot for bear to demand without our unspeakable prejudice . Private persons move in another Sphear , and act by other Rules then Soveraign Powers : The regards of Credit with them , may oftentimes yield to those of Utility , or other Motives ; the publick receives little of inju●…y thereby , nor Cateris mortalibus in eo stare consilia , quid sibi conducere putent : Principum dive●…sam esse sortem , quibus pra●… rerum ad famam 〈◊〉 . Tacitus Annal. l. 4. Kingdoms are preserved by reputation ; which is as well their strongest support in peace , as their chiefest safety in time of war . When once they grow despised , they are either subject to forreign invasions , or domestic troubles . Card. Bentivoglio . Relat. of Fla●…ders , concerning the Prince of Conde's flight . is their wisdom questioned for such punctilio's , if they relinquish them for other emoluments , or peace-●…e : But Soveraigns cannot transact so : Their Subjects , The People participate in their Honour , and Indignities ; They have a propriety , a direct Right in the former : Soveraigns cannot alienate or suffer their Honour to be impaired , because it is not really Theirs : it appertains to the Nation universally , and They are all effectually injured by such transactions ; either because the Indignity Si fama tua videtur necessaria ad rectam muneris tui administrationem , non potes condonare . Lessius de Justit , l. 2. c. xi . dub . 24. Sect. 126. doth directly extend unto them , or because the Government and Authority is thereupon weakned and prejudiced , which is the greatest of Civil detriments that can befall a People , though ordinarily they are not aware thereof . As prudence doth thus distinguish betwixt the demeanour of private and publick persons ; So doth Ch●…istianity it self : for albeit that the G●…spel-precepts do oblige particular persons to bear injuries and contumelies with patience , and to surrender even the Coat as well as Cloak ; yet is not this so to be construed , as if even private Christians were to yield up their Civil rights to every insolent , that would encroach upon and usurp them ; or that they were to deprive themselves of those re●…arations which the Law , and Government affords them : Neither is it so to be understood as if the Civil Magistrate in Christendome , might not secure himself of that obedience , and reverence which is due ●…nto his dignity , but bear the sword in vain . Do not therefore go about to teach Us patience , that you may more easily wrong us : Do not insinuate the concerns of the Frotestant Churches , the interest of Religion , the Evangelical rules for peace and brotherly love , that You thereupon may deprive Us of our Rights , destroy our Fleets , ruine our Trade , and either subject Us to Your States , or render Us a facile conquest for any invader .
Hither to We have acquainted you with the value we ought to place upon the Right of the Flag , were it only an Honorary salute : with what prescription we claim it ; and with what injustice you refuse it . We now adde , that The English Nation did never regard it only as a Civility and Respect , but as a Principal Testimony of the unquestionable Right of this Nation to the Dominion and Superiority of the adjacent Seas , acknowledged generally by all the Neighbour-States and Princes , and particularly by You and Your Predecessours , besides Declaration p. 9. many most authentick Records and undeniable proofs , together with a constant practise in confirmation thereof : Yet did a Captain of yours refuse it , affirming that If He did it , He should loose his Head : Your Vice-Admiral denied it to the English Admiral , and menaced such as rendered that submission to our Ships . We do not upbraid you with meer incivility in this procedure ; though the grand●…ur of England , and the obligations which the United Netherlands have to th●…s Nation , might contain you from being rude : It is the absolute and substantial Soveraignty of the Brittish Seas , which on our parts by such a deportment as the striking of the Flag or Topsail to our Ships on those Seas , is required to be acknowledged , and so hath been for many hundred years understood , agreed unto , and acknowledged Seld. mare claus. l. 2. c. 24. Le Mere est del ligeans del Roy , come de son corone d'Angleterre . Fi●…zherbert ●…it . Protection . 46 by the Nations of Europe .
Would you know the extent of this Maritime Dominion ; our English Laws have alwayes reckoned upon the Four Seas ; Such as are ●…rn thereon are not Aliens ; and to be within them , is to be within the Ligieance of the King , and Realm of England . The Records of Parliament in the dayes of King Edward III. and Henry V. proclaim it , that those Kings and their Progenitors Le Roy & ses nobles progenitors de tout temps ont este Seigneurs del mere . Sel'den . ibid. c. 23. had ever been Lords of the Sea : And , God forbid that ever there should be any Parliament in England that should consent to erase those Records , or cast dirt upon them by renouncing the Soveraignty asoresaid . In the Records of the Tower , there is a Libel relating to the times of Edward I. and Philip the fair of France , in which the Procurators of most Nations bordering upon the Sea throughout Europe , as the Geno●…ses , Catalonians , Almains , Zelanders , Hollanders , Frieslanders , Danes and Norwegians , besides others under the dominion of the Roman-German Empire ; All●… these joyntly declare , That The Kings of England , by Right of the said Kingdom , from time to Selden . mare claus. l. 2. c. 27 , 28. Sir Iohn Boroughs , Keeper of the Records of the Tower of London : In a Treatise of the Soveraignty of the Brittish Seas . Printed in 1631. time , whereof there is no memorial to the contrary , have been in peaceable Possession of the Soveraign Lordship of the Sea of England , and of the Isles within the same , with power of making and establishing Laws , Statutes , and Prohibitions of Arms , and of Ships otherwise f●…rnished then Merchant-men use to be , and of taking surety and affording safe-guard in all cases where need shall require , and of ordering all other things necessary for the maintaining of Peace , Right and Equity among all manner of People , as well of other Dominions as their own , passing through the said Seas , and the Soveraign Guard thereof . — Out of this Libel we deduce , that The Kings of England had then been in peaceable possession of the said Dominion of the said Sea of England by immemorial prescription . That the Soveraignty belonged unto them , not because they were Domini utriusq●… ripae , as when they had both England & Normandy , and so were Lords of both Shores : ( For Edw. I. at this time had not Normandy ) but that it is inseparably appendant and annexed unto the Kingdom of England , Our Kings being The right unto the Sea a●…eth 〈◊〉 from the possession of the Shores : the Sea and Land make distinct territories : and as the loss of one Province doth not infer that the Prin●…e must resign up the rest ; so the lo●… o●… t●…e land territory do●…h no●… by ●…ritancy argue the loss of the adjacent Seas . It is no more nece●…y that 〈◊〉 Sea town should command ●…oo mile●… at Sea ; then that each City should command 100 miles byland . Iul. Pacius de dom. maris Adriatici . Superiour Lords of the said Seas , by reason ( as the said Record speaketh ) of the said Kingdom . And since that the Soveraignty of the Sea did appertain to the English Kings , not in any other Right then that of the Kingdom of England , you cannot doubt the Title by which Our present clai●… is deduced . 'T is in right of Britannia that We challenge it : 'T was in that right the Romans held it : This claim justified K. Edward III. and his Rose-nobles : Though there are other reasons , regarding to the Lancastrian line , which yield a colour for the use of the Portcullis in the Royal banners of England ; yet ( as we read ) in reference to his Maritime Dominion K. Henry VIII . did imbellith his Navy Royal therewith : and Q. Elizabeth stamped it upon those Dollars which she designed G Malines Lex Mercatoria part. 1. c. 35. for the East-India trade . A. D. 1600. thereby expressing their power to shut up the Seas with the Navy Royal , as it were with a Portcullis . This Dominion of the Brittish Seas did authenticate the proclamation of K. James in 1609. ordaining your Fishermen to take licenses at London , and Edinborough : This justified the like Proclamation in K. Charles , and warranted the E. of Northumberland in his naval expedition , in 1636.
That Prescription is valid against the claims of Soveraign Pri●…ces ; cannot be denied by any who regards the Holy Scripture , Reason , the Practise , and the Tranquility of the World : That the Dutch challenge the Freedom to fish in the Brittish Seas by Prescription , is certain : But Prescription depends not upon the Corporal , but Civil possession ; and that is retained , if claim be but made so often as to bare the Prescr●… contrary , and it be evident by frequent Medails , or retention , of Arms , or the like , that the Civil possession is not relinquished . Our Kings have constantly claimed the Dominion of the Sea , none else pretending to it , and all acknowledging it to be in them , till the most modern Dutch arose : They never abandoned their Right , and These Medails ( which are all Elias As●…mole Esq could help me unto ) preserve their claim . 1. The Britannia of A●…toninus . 2. Appertains to Edward III. 3. To Henry VI. 4. To Edward IV. 5. To Henry VII . 6. To Henry VIII . 7. To Edward VI. 8. To Q Mary . 9. To Qu. Elizabeth : 11. To K. James . 12. To K. Charles I. I II III IIII V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
In right of this Dominion of the Seas , do we appropriate to Our selves the Brittish Fishery , and exclude all others from the free use thereof , except License be obtained , or the same be conditionated for by Treaty . It is most certain , that were the Sea free for Commerce and Navigation , yet would it not thence follow , that 't were lawful for every one to fish therein : for Divers private grounds , have through them ( by Prescription , grant , or purchase ) some , Iter : some Actum : some , Viam : Yet , no man , that may there lawfully pass , may also lawfully digg , to his gain , or otherwise , In itinere , Actu , o●… Vid , of that sort , without further and due license obtained . So all High-wayes are counted common and publick , to travail on : But for any private man ( though He be a Subject ) in any part thereof to digg for any Quarry of Stone , or Mine for Oare , or Stone-coles , &c. It is not lawful : though He would fill it up again , as well as He found it at first . Concerning this Right to the Fishing , it hath been alwayes acknowledged by Forreigners to appertain to England : and such Flemmings and Hollan●…ers as used to repair to the Herring-fishing on our coasts , did constantly take Licenses , and ask leave to fish at Scarborough-castle , by an immemorial custom . For ( saith our great Antiquary , Mr. Cambden ) the English have ever granted them leave Cambden . Britannia . in the description of Yorkshire , and of Scarborough castle . Hitchcocks New-years gift to Q. Elizabeth . edit . Londin . 1530. Selden mare . claus. l. 2. c. 21. to fish ; reserving alwaies the honour and priviledge to themselves , but , thorough a kind of negligence , resigning the profit to strangers . It is evident , that at such time as the Danes and Norwegians did exercise their Soveralgnty over the North-Sea , they did not permit any Strangers , either Flemmings or English to Rex Norwegia &c. habet insulas aliquas videlicet Istandiam , Feroy , H●…landt , & alias plures ad regnum suum Norwegia pertinentes , ad quas nulli ab antiquo solebant accedere de terris alienis ex quibuscunque causis , sive piscandi sive mercandisandi , sub poenâ vitae & membrorum ; non magis homines regni Norwegiae , quâm aliarum terrarum , praeter specialem licentiam regiae Majestatis , &c. Isacius Pontanu●… discus . Histor. l. 1. c. 21. Selden . mare claus. l. 2. c. 32. fish near Shotland without License previously obtained : as appears by the Danish records , and other Muniments preserved in England : If any did presume to fish without License , they were punished with the loss of life and limbs : and besides this License , they were obliged to repair to Berghen to pay their customs and duties to that King's Exchequer . And this is avowed to have been practised constantly time out of mind , A. D. 1432. And in a Treaty betwixt K. Edward IV. and Christian I. King of Denmark and Norwey , A. D. 1465. It was agreed that no English should so much as sail upon any pretense into those particular Seas Is. Pont●…nns . ibid. Selden . ibid. and Islands without the Permission of the Kings of Norwey , upon penalty of loosing life and goods . Afterwards , by vertue of Leagues , this special license was so dispensed withall , that such English as traded thither were only to take a New license once in seven years : And even this was discontinued A. D. 1521. upon the expulsion of King Christierne , by reason that the Right of the Danish crown was in controversie ; so that the succeeding Kings insisted not thereon : until King Christierne IV. did exact it , and mor●… , id . ibid. c. 21. of the English : Q. Elizabeth offering that her Subjects of Hull and elsewhere , should submit to that . Upon this Quarrel there passed sundry disputes and Embassies betwixt that Queen and Christierne IV. In the same condition were the Hollanders and Flemmings , they being excluded those Seas , though permitted to trade and fish about the Kingdome Zuerius Boxhorn . Apolog pro navigat . Hollandor . of Norwey : Nor did they ever fish in those Seas , but by special License or General indult of the Kings of Norwey : and albeit that the License-money were abated , yet were Thus the Hanse Towns by a perpetual League with Woldemar K. of Denmark , though , they had the Liberty to fish in the Sea near Schoneland ; yet for every last of Herrings brought on shore , they paid 10 d. in the money of Schoneland ; and every vessel la●…en with herrings was to pay 11 s. for its passage thorough the Sound . A. D. ●…370 . Ioan. Angelius de rebusp . hans●…at . part . 3. c. 24. they obliged to pay the Kings customs upon the fish taken by them ; and in order thereunto , to bring all their fish on s●…ore , and there to pack it up , that the King might not be defrauded of his rights : as appears by the Indult given them by King Woldemarus , A. D. 1324. This Dominion of the Sea was never disputed in those dayes , as to the King of Norwey ; and the Rights of Sh●…tland being passed over to the Kings of Scotland , A. D. 1470. ( or rather , 1468. ) by Christian I. upon the marriage of his daughter Margaret with James III. the same powers were vested in the Kingdom of Scotland , which were before inherent in that of Norwey : And the like Laws and Usages established : All Fisher-men being obliged to bring their fish on shore at Parlam . 4. Jacob. R 6. c. 60. Parlam . 6. ejusdem c. 86. Iacob 6. p. 15. c. 237. some of the free Forts , and there to p●…y the Assize-herring ; and other dues : the which Assize-herring ; and other customs upon the Fishery had been continued immemorially in those Seas immediately appertaining to the Realm of Scotland , and not subject to the dominion of Norwey . And a Scotch Lawyer speaking about the fishing in the Eastern Sea of Scotland , writeth thus . I cannot omit to tell you , that in the past Age , after a most bloody quarrel between the Scots and Hollanders , Gul. Welwodus de dominio maris . c. 3. about occasions belonging to the Sea , the matter was composed in this manner , that in time to come the Hollanders should keep at least fourscore miles distant from the Coasts of Scotland . In a Treaty betwixt Mary Q. of Hungary , Regent of Burgundy for Charles V. and the Tutors of Mary Q. of Scotland : and renewed by Iames VI. 15●…4 . The whole Treaty is rela●…ed by Peter Borre l. 30. And if by accident they were driven nearer thorough violence of weather , they paid a certain tribute at the Port of Aberdeen before their return ; where there was a Castle built and fortified for this and other occasions : and this was duly and really paid still by the Hollanders , within the memory of our Fathers , until that by frequent dissensions at home , this Tribute , with very many other Rights and Commodities , came to nothing , partly thorough the negligence of our Governours , and partly thorough the boldness of the Hollanders .
I have not opportunity to procure on the suddain , any exact intelligence from Scotland , concerning the transactions there relating to Scotland : but that inquisitive person Gerard Malines informs me that after this Agreement betwixt that Crown and the Dutch , that the latter should not fish within eighty miles of the Coast , least the Scholes of Herrings should be interrupted : King James before his coming into England , did let the fishing of Scotland to the Hollanders for fifteen years . If this happened to be done at such time as The Dutch sent their Embassadours to the Christning of Prince Henry , A. D. 1594. We may compute the time as expired in 1609. at what time King James issued out his Proclamation , enjoyning all to take Licenses . It is certain , that they did then very much caress that King , that they presented the Prince with above 400 ounces of fine G●…ld , and a Deed sealed , whereby the Royal Infant was to receive 5000 Florins annually out of Camp-ver●… : So saies Meteran . and Reidanus A. D. 1594. And They did renew the Perpetual Treaty of 1551. betwixt Mary of Hungary , Regent of Burgundy for Charles V. But it is meerly a Defensive alliance , & obligeth them to fish 80 miles from the Shores , as appears in P. Borre lib. 30. It is certain the King could not any way alienate the Royalty of the Assize-herring , by the Laws of Scotland ; what the King might connive at , or dispense with ( as to Licenses , or nearer approach to the Coasts ) in regard of the s●…id sum ( pretended to be paid to the Prince ) 't is more easie to conjecture , then determine . It were to be wished that s●…me Scottish An●…iquary would inform Us of the Rights and Usages of Scotland concerning their fishing . I am told there is a Record in Scotland , whereby the Hollanders do covenant to pay K. Malcol●…e a Rose-noble ●…or every last of Herrings caught , on those Shores .
As for the Irish Seas it is likewise evident , that Licenses were there issued out unto each fishing Vessel ; and there is a Statute of the Parliament in that Kingdom under Edward IV. ( in the fifth year of his reign ) enjoyning all Fishers of other Lands to repair to the Lieutenant , Statut. Hibernic . 5. Edw. 4. c. 6. Deputy , or Justice of that Realm for such Licenses to be obtained . Moreover , K. Philip the second , K. of Spain ( and Duke of Burgundy ) in the first year of Q. Mary , obtained license for his subjects in general Sir ●…ohn Boroughs of the Soveraignty of the Seas . & Gerard. Malins Lex mer●…at . 〈◊〉 . 35. to fish upon the North-coast of Ireland , for the term of 21 years , paying yearly for the same 1000 pou●…ds : which was accordingly brought into the Exchequer of I●…land ; and received of Sir Hen. F●…ton ; being then Treasurer there ; as his Son Sir Ed. F●…ton hath often testified .
O●…t of all that hath been said . It is evident that this effect of the Dominion of the four Seas , which relates to the disposing of the fishery , by giving Licenses to fish , & exacting other dues , & enacting of Laws about it , doth appertain to the English , as now united with Scotland and Ireland : And it will appear further by the Acts of Indulgence , whereby the Kings of England have at sundry times permitted other Nations arbitrarily to fish in their Seas . It is manifest , that none ever fished therein ( but by usurpation ) without special License ; or general Indult : It is also manifest , that there never was any Act of State by which the Seas were permitted to be promiscuously fished in by all forreigners whatsoever : But to particular Nations and Corporations there have been several Indults of that nature . As , to the Subjects of France ; Henry IV. issued out Rot Franc. 5. Hen. 4. Sept. 29. Selden . mare claus. l. 2. c 21 Sir Iohn Boroughs of the Soveraignty of the Sea . his Letters unto all his Admira●…s , that they should not molest the French in their fishing for Herrings , or other fis●… , throughout that part of the Sea , which is bounded on this side by the Ports of Scarborough and Sou●…hhampton , and on the other side by the Coast of Flanders , and the mouth of the River Seine . This was granted to the K. of France upon a truce betwixt the two Crowns : and the ●…ine was limited for the said fishing , betwixt Autumn and the first of January . Moreover , it appears Rot. Franc. 33 Hen. 6. Membrum . 9. & 14. by Records , that Henry VI. gave leave particularly to the French , and very many other Forreigners , for one whole year only ( somtimes Selden . mare claus. l. 2. c. 21. for six moneths ) &c. to go and fish throughout the whole Sea at all times , and as often , &c. But this Leave was granted under the name So in the Intercursus magnus , it is said that the Fi●…hermen of both parties shall fish without License , or impediment . Tha●… is , reddendo singul●… singulis , the Dutch without License , the English without impediment or molestation : 〈◊〉 on the English did not use to fish upon the Flemmish coast ; but both upon the English . even of a Pasport , or Safe-conduct ; yea , and a size or proportion was prescribed to their Fishing-boats , that they should not exceed avove ●…0 tuns . It is true indeed , there was a kind of consideration or condition added in these , and other grants to be mentioned , That such as were Subjects of the King of England , might in fishing , enjoy the same security with Forreigners . Which was for this cause on●…y put into the Licenses , that if the forreigners did disturb and molestthem , they should loose the benefit of the Licens . Also upon a truce betwixt Edw. IV. and Francis Duke of Breta●…gne , it was Articled , that The Fisher-men of Bretaigne might peaceably , and without Safe-conduct , attend upon their Sir Io●… Borought Rot. Eran. 8●… . 4. occupation by Sea . And the King of France himself , in the reign of K. James , and K. Charles , continued ( as his Predecessours did ) to request leave for a few vessels to fish upon the English coasts near Rye , and This is averted by Secretary Naunton in al e●…ter to Sir Dudley Carleton , Dec. 2. , 1618. printed with the English Selden as also by Sir Iohn Borough●… , Gerard. Malines Lex Mercator . part. 1 , c. 35. Rot patent . 23. Ed. 1. Membr . 5. Seld. mare claus. l. 2. c. 21. that only for provision of his houshold , being tied to observe the Orders and Laws of the English fishery ; for breach whereof divers of his subjects have been taken and imprisoned in Dover-castle , and elsewhere . The Company of the old Hanse-towns in the first year of Q. Mary , had also liberty to fish within the said Seas , upon certain conditions , as appeareth in the Chappel of the Rolls of Chancery . As to the Flemmings and Netherlanders ; there was a Letter written by Edward the first , and Proclamation made , that the Hollanders , Zelanders , and Frieslanders , being in amity with England , might securely fish about Yarmouth . Upon the same day , in favour of the Earl of Holland , and his subjects , He set forth three Men of war toward the farther coast of the Sea , for the safe-guard ( as He saith in another Letter ) of those vessels belonging to your & our own Country , that are in these days employed about the Herring-fishing , &c. and to guard your Coasts id . ibid. near the Sea . Here He grants a Protection to fish : and in both the Letters , He limits it within the space of two moneths . He alone also protected the Fishermen upon the German Coasts ( which by reason of its nearness , He calls here your coast near the Sea , in his Letter to the E. of Holland ) as well as upon the English . There is likewise a Record , that Henry VI. did by a Treaty betwixt Him and the Dutchess of Burgundy , Sir Iohn Boroughs of the Soveraignty of the Sea . grant unto the subjects of Brabant and Flanders , the liberty to fish in his Seas , without impeachment or disturbance . So in a truce to endure for thirty years betwixt the K. of England and his Heirs on the What this Duke was I know not●… but Sir Iohn Boroughs do●…h justifie the Re●…ord . one party , and the D. of Burgundy and his Heirs on the other party , one Article is , That the Fisher-men may sail and fish , without being obliged to ask leave , or to take License , or Safe-conduct . The aforesaid Article was afterwards inserted into that famous League of Commerce , called Intercursus Magm●…s , and Intercursus Haereditarius , made betwixt K. Henry VII . and Philip Archduke of Austria , Duke of Burgundy , A. D. 1495. wherein They contract for them and their Heirs , That Intercursus magnus c. 14. edit. per Zuer . Boxhorn . cum Apologiâ pro navigat . Holland . Everard . Reidanus Annal. Belg. l. 1●… . ad An 1598 In the year 1596. when a League was made betwixt the Queen , France , and the Dutch : the Q. refused to admit the Dutch as a third party , but rather to be comp●…ed under her ; as their Protectress : But the K. of France would treat with , and comprehend them as a Free people . id . ibid. l. 12. A. D. 1596. the Fishermen of both their Dominions , of what condition soever they be , may sail any whether , and fish peaceably , without any impediment , license , or safe-conduct . The same intercourse was ratified again by Henry VIII . when He made a peace with Charles V. And by virtue of that League did the Dutch enjoy the priviledge of fishing in the Brittish Seas , without any License or acknowledgment of K. Edward VI. Q. Mary , and Q. Elizabeth : The last Queen did never treat with you as a Republick , nor ever intended that you should be such : but She protected you as Subjects to the House of Burgundy ; whom She desired to preserve free from the usurpations and tyranny of the Spaniards . After that England and Scotland were united in the person of K. James , the condition of that League of Intercourse was much altered : For the League being made by a K. of England only , did not include the K. of Scotland , nor entitle the Dutch to fish in those Seas without license , much less exempt them there from paying the Assize-herring , and other cusioms which were an unalienable part of the Regalities of that Crown : Moreover you were then in 1609. acknowledged by the Heirs of the House of Burgundy ( viz. the K. of Spain , the Arch-dukes Albert and Card. Bentivogli●… History of Flanders , part. 3. l. 8. Isabella ) to be Free States upon which they had no pretensions at all : And if the House of Burgundy had no pretensions upon the United Provinces , It is manifest that the United Provinces could not pretend to any thing by virtue of a League made purely with the Duke of Burgundy , his Heirs and Successors , their Dominions and Territories , their Vassals and Subjects , This is expressed in the first Article of that League . that either then were , or afterwards should happen to be so : For They are not Vassals and Subjects to This same argument would exclude them from the League of 1551. made with Mary Q. of Hungary in behalf of Charles V. had the●…e been any thing of the fishing therein : which yet is never averred by the Dutch in any Writing or Memorial . the Successours of the Duke of Burgundy , who was the Contractour at that League : They are no more included therein then the K. of Denmark , or Sweden : Nor can They pretend that though They be no longer Subjects to the House of Burgundy , yet They are in deed the people included in the League : for when a Government is changed from a Republick to a Monarchy , or from a Nam ut subtiliter non sit ista Reip. mutatio : tanta est alteratio tamen , ut nec nomen maneat , nec eadem dici Respublica possit . Alberic . Gentilis de jure belli Commentat . 3 p. 206. Florentino duci ambienti ex jure veteru Reipublicae Florentinae praecedentiam supra Ferratiensem ducem ju●…isconsulti maximi abjudicârunt litem , quòd Status Dueis non esset idem ac Reipublicae . Novus status est , si de populari mutetur in Monarchicum [ & vice versâ ] & tum nec subrogatum tenet jus ejus in cujus venit locum : quum sit diversae naturae . — Nomina quae speciem significant , si mutentur , speciem mutant . Si nomen Regni mutetur in duca●… nomen , extinguitur Regnum . Albericus Gentilis in disput. 2. de Unione Regnotum Britanniae . Monarchy to a Dukedom , or Republick , it is not legally the same , but the former becomes extinct , as to Leagues , Priviledges and Preheminences : and this hath been adjudged a thousand times by the best Civilians , and the common practise of Princes . You must not therefore insist upon any Right of fishing by that League ; nor can you reckon the time past wherein you have enjoyed the fishing without license , into an immemorial occupancy and prescription against the English Title : For unto a Legitimate prescription , It is requisit that the persons claiming thereby , should be possessed immemorially of the thing claimed ; But you were never possessed of the Brittish fishery : A tenant , How long soever He hold the Land , doth not prescribe against His Landlord ; and He with whom any thing is deposited , lent , or entrusted in another's behalf , cannot challenge it by this title , though after two hundred years . That which is held by virtue of compact or League , or upon sufferance , without renunciation of right , can never become the possessours by Confirm . jure Civili . Nam L. M●…le agitur . C. de praescriptione 30 annorum , sic dicitur . Malè agitur cum dominis praediorum , si tanta precariò possidentibus praerogativa defertur , ut ●…as post 40 annorum spatia qualibet ratione decursa inquietare non liceat . Vide L. Lessium de justitia . l. 2. c. 6. dub . 2. Lud. Molina de justitiâ , ●…act. 2. disp. 62. Prescription . The League did not give away the English Dominion of the Seas , but gave unto the Subjects of the House of Burgundy a freedom to fish therein without L●…se . The general Civil Right did still continue in the English ; and at the same time that you fished without License , the English rights were asserted by enforcing others to take license , and pay the Assize-herring : And if your fishing without license could prescribe for any body , the House of Burgundy must reap the benefit thereof , and not the Free States of the United Netherlands .
We conclude , that it is not only the undoubted Right of England to dispose of and direct the Fishery , but to appoint Wafters , or Men of War to secure the Fishers , and to exclude all other Ships from that employment : and withal , to take a ratable proportion of every fisher-bark towards their costs and expenses in securing the fishing . Thus K. Edward IV. invested three persons with the Naval power , whom the Records call Custodes , Conductores , & Waftores ; Guardians , Conductors , and Wafters , Selden . mare claus. l. 2. c. 21. whose office it was to guard the Fisher-men upon the coast of Norfolk and Suffolk . To the end therefore that the expenses of the Guard might be defraied by the Fisher-men , and all others whatsoever excluded from medling with this kind of Guard or Protection , He appointed four Men , by name Sir John Hemingham Kt. William Hopton , Edmund Yve , and John Wansfleet Esq as well ( say the Records themselves ) to over-see those Guardians , Conductors , and Wafters , as to give notice to all Fisher-men of what countrey soever , who shall desire to fish in the parts aforesaid , under the protection of the said N. N. that those id ibid. Sir Iohn Boroughs of the Soveraignty of the Sea , doth rec●…e the Rocord at large . Fisher-men , and every of them do contribute to all and all manner of Costs , Charges , and Expenses belonging to the same Guardians and Conductors in the time of fishing , according to a certain proportion : They are also to arrest , apprehend and commit to goal any else that shall presume to act as Wafters and Conductors . And there are Letters Patents of the same tenour issued out by Richard III. and Henry VII . with this additional clause , that no fishermen were to be exempted from the said payments , though they had Letters of publick security and protection from other Princes .
Hitherto we have given you a plain and perspicuous account of the Fishery , what Interest and Right the English have thereunto : And , If we do demand any thing for special Licenses , or one in General , to be renewed annually , or after term of years , It is no more then you your selves perform and comply willingly with in the Seas of Denmark : That King receiving at his Ward-house in the Sound for a License one Dollar ; Sir Iohn Boroughs of the Soveraignty of the Sea . Gerard. Malines Lex mercatoria . part. 1 c. 35. and for the Seal , or Rose ; a Noble of every Ship : and for every last of Herrings ( being 12 barrels ) one Doller . In Russia many leagues from the main , the Fishermen do pay great taxes to the Emperour , and in most places , none but the Natives are permitted to fish ; but where the Hollanders are permitted to fish , there they pay Ioan. Loccenius de jure maritimo . l. 2. c 〈◊〉 . Sect 2. every tenth fish to the Emperour . The King of Sweden amongst the Begalities of that Crown , hath that of the Tenth fish caught in his Seas , or if not that , then a General composition for the fishery : He hath also s●…veral Recessus Holm●… de an. 1643. art. ult. districts , channels , or veins Royal in his Seas , which are appropriated to his particular use : Nor is there any fisting permitted in the open Sea there , but by the leave and direction of the Governour of the neighbouring Por●… . Neither are these the Absque venia Magistratús pr●…ectique port●… Regis directione piscatio in pub●…ico non est permissa , jure po●…s Suedico Ca●…oli octavi , Art . 14. & 25. c. 29. Sect. 1. de aedif . LL. prov . Su●… . ●…ante Locenio , ibid. Sect. 3. only Princes which either exact money for Licenses , or totally exclude others from fishing on their Seas ; In Portugal the same is practised in the Kingdom of the Algarbes ; and the Natives pay a certain tribute for their liberty to fish . In Spain the Duke of Medina Sidonia doth rent out the maritime jurisdiction which he Joan. Botero . l b. 1. Europ . p. 5. Joan. Palatius de dominio matis . l. 1. c. 13. hath in reference to fishing , for eighty thousand Duckets of yearly revenue : and the D. of Arcos raiseth by the Sir . Iohn Boroughs of the Soveraignty of the Sea . same course the annual rent of twenty thousand Duckets . And you your selves do impose taxes on the Fish , taken by your own Fishermen upon our Seas : In so much that above 30 years since , there was paid to the State for Custom of Herring , and other Salt-fish above 300000 l. in one year : besides the Tenth fish and Cask , paid for Waftage ; which cometh to at least as much more . Whereas there ought to be no other Wafters tolerated in the Brittish Seas , but what are of English appointment ; nor any receive Convoy-money but by their Authority .
Could you claim any thing by vertue of the Intercursus magnus , yet you have notoriously violated those Articles , and forfeited those Priviledges , Qui suo privilegio a●…titur . illud amuttit . Jo. Marquerdus de jure commerc . l. 4. c. 3 by molesting our Fisher-men . You have with your Busses and Dogger-boats , come nearer and nearer to the Brittish coasts year by year , then you did in former times , without leaving any bounds for the English and Scotch , to fish upon their own coasts ; and you have affronted and seized upon several for enterfering with your Fleets of See Secretary N●…nton's Letter to Sir Dudley Carlton . Ian. 21. 1618. at the end of the English Selden . Busses ; your Wafters terrifie them , and you frequently let some of your greater vessels drive thorough their nets , thereby to endamage the poor men , and to deterr them from fishing near you . Thus you anticipate and intercept the great Scoles of white fish , and the Scotch and English have no advantages , but upon the broken Scoles ; and they are so broken , and so far scattered away from our Coasts , that sew are sound worth Wel●…ood's maritime Laws , Tit. 27. the taking : So that the English and Scotch now buy of you their own Herrings : against which there were Laws enacted by K. Henry VIII . An. regn. 33. which continued in force until the first of Q. Mary ; and Sir Iohn Boroughs of the Soveraignty of the Sea . then expired by the artifices of the Spanish and Netherland interest concurring in the person of K. Philip. To conclude , Be your Priviledge to fish in our Seas what you will , and How valid soever , They Fe●…us in c. novit . de judic . n. 8. vers. 2. & aliis passibus ex Are●…no & secundùm Innocentium 〈◊〉 , Quod si privilegium concessum non subdi●… , ex post . facto eno●…er laedat concedentem , praeter ejus intentionem , resolvatur tale privilegium ipso jure , & possit revocati , allegans textum . in c. suggestum . de decimis . quib . ad . l. Sejo . 10. Sect. penult. ff de a●…nu . leg . & l. fistulas . 78. Sect. frumenta . 3 de contrah . empt . Faciliùs revocatur privilegium juris dictionum . & Rega●…m , si enormiter postmocum laedit . Io. Marquardus de jure commerc . l. 4. c. 3 Sect. 58. do undoubtedly cease upon this account , that they do intolerably prejudice and endamage the English , the donors thereof : and although they had been granted you upon valuable considerations , yet upon this principle They would cease . Thus Q. Elizabeth did abrogate the priviledges of the Hanse-Towns in England , when by their excessive trade and great immunities in this nation it appeared , that the Crown had suffered prejudice thereby to the sum of a million and an half : and that they did depress the English merchants , & hinder their commerce , to the great decrease of shipping and Sea-men amongst Us. Hereby our fishing is discontinued , our Shipping and Marriners decreased , our maritime towns depopulated , our General Trade ( and consequently our homerents ) diminished , and the whole Nation weakned and impoverished : whilst you employ at least 6800 ships and busses in the fishing , and thereby perpetuate a large Seminary of 20000 Mariners , who are hereby not only enabled to brook the Seas , and to know the use of the tackle and Compass ; but are like wise instructed in the principles of Navigation and Pilotage : you do also thereby supply all Europe with fish , and engross all that Trade which of right appertains to the English ; and Sir Iohn Boroughs . the greatest part being sold for ready money , you commonly export the finest gold and silver , and coming home , recoyn it of a baser alloy under your own stamp : whereby your Treasury is advanced , and others impoverished . At the first , your fishing was not so great as it is now , nor the dammage so sensible and evident as it is at this present : The way of Zuerius B●…horn . Apolog. pro navigat . Hollander . Io. Isac . Pontanus discuss . Histor. l. 1. c. 14. pickling Herrings was discovered only in 1416. by Gulielmus Buckeldius , a Flemming ; yet even in the dayes of Henry VIII . the Parliament complained of the decay of the English fishery and fisher-men , and made an Act 33 Henrici , to this purpose : Because the English Fisher-men , dwelling on the Sea-coasts , did leave off their Trade of fishing in our Seas , and went half-seas over , and thereupon the Seas did buy fish of Picards , Flemmings , Normans , and Zelanders , by reason whereof many incommodities did grow to the Realm , viz. The decay of the wealth and prosperity , as well of the Cinque-ports , and Members of the same , as of other Coast-towns by the Sea-side , which were builded and inhabited by great multitudes of people , by reason of using and exercising the craft and fear of fishing . Secondly , the decay of a great number of Boats and Ships . And thirdly , the decay of many good Marriners , both able in body by their diligence , labour , and continual exercise of fishing , and expert by reason thereof in the knowledge of the Sea-coasts , as well within this Realm , as in other parts beyond the Seas . It was therefore enacted , that no manner of persons , English , Denizens , or Strangers , at that time , or any time after dwelling in England , should buy any fish of Strangers , &c. The considerations insisted upon in this Act ; are much more prevalent with Us now , then they could be at that time , when the evil effects of your so great fishing did but begin to diffuse themselves ; The towns which were then lessened in their greatness , are now reduced to such a condition , that they scarcely find a place in our Mapps : The fishing is abandoned quite , and the Men and Boats are no where to be found : It was observed in England , that by your fishing at Yarmouth-coast for Herrings for 36 years only , Dr. Iohn Dei's Brittish Monarchy , pag. 23. the coasts of Norfolk and Suffolk decaied in their Ships to the number of 140 sail , and they from 60 to 100 tun , and upwards ; besides Crayers , and lesser vessels : and hence it arose , that in 1572. the English were not able to trade to Island , as they used to do , to the great detriment and loss of the English Nation . We are now brought to this estate , that we cannot carry on our forreign Trade , or manage our Naval Force without retriving the Fishery : and you must excuse Us , if we regard our own welfare before your emoluments : No tenderness to our Neighbours ought to induce Us to prefer their Interest before that of England ; No policy allows Us to permit you to grow so potent at Sea , and so rich in Trade , especially by our detriment : seeing that this will be the fatal consequence thereof , that you will in a short time devour our Trade , and reduce Us ( your former Protectours and Fatrons ) to a precarious dependance upon the Power and Mercy of Hollanders . Somewhat might be said for you , were your fish the product of your own Seas , and your Trade the result of your Industry : But the vast commerce you have ( not to tell you of the Fraud , and outrages upon the English merchants ) is principally supported by un-licensed en●…ment upon Our Territories . The Law of Nations obligeth you to be just to every one , and not to enrich or otherwise strengthen your selves by endamaging others : According to the vulgar saying of Pomponius , Neminem W. Wel●…ood of Maritime Laws . debere cum al●…rius damno locupletari : and that of Tryphonimus ; Ex aliend j●…cturd lucrum haurire non op●…riet . We do not desire you to fish upon our Seas : But if you will reap any profit out of them , common reason obligeth you to a reciprocal acknowledgment of the kindness : and it is but just that you submit to the Taxes and Conditions to be imposed , in case you desire to draw unto your selves the emoluments . The common maxims of State do authenticate our proceedings , if we totally interdict you them ; and it is an Argument of our respects to you , that we offer you to fish therein , upon such terms , that the profits which accrue to the States-General out of the said Fishery be transferred upon Us , to whom They duly appertain : For the Soveraignty of those Seas doth belong unto England by immemorial prescription , continual usage , and possession , the acknowledgment of all our Neighbour States , and the Municipal Laws of the Land . Because the injuries which the English Merchants sustained as Amboyna , have been the subject of much con●…tion betwixt our Nation and that of the United Provinces , and because the irregular proceedings , barbarous torments , and Death practised and inflicted upon the English factory there , were things resented by K. James , remonstrated against by K. Charles I. justified by the Dutch , and revenged by the pretended Parliament in the war 1652. Yet so as that They ●…ld not cons●… to any peace , except they which still survived , and were acting and assisting thereat . should be prosecuted by due course of Justice : I have thought fit to adde the Relation of what those Innocent persius suffered , What the Dutch did to the Actors of that bloody Tragedy , and what Cromwel connived at in his dear friends the Province of Holland .
same
dungeon
(
already
tormented
Hollander
,
other
English
Factory
neighbou●…ing
Castles
sorrowful
Assembly
ordinary
way
their
deaths
their
blood
their
Dominions
humane
race
insolent
,
ingrateful
,
unchristian
,
Netherlanders
.
their
Goods
Actors
of
that
bloody
Tragedy
Harman
van
Speult
Dutch
Remonstrance
States
General
chief
Commander
Moluccos
,
Banda
well
countenanced
his
Arms
Naval
strength
Amboyna
,
Banda
Common
wealth
ample
satisfaction
East
India
Company
Saint
Iohns
States
provincial
for
his
credit
the
procedure
this
Nation
his
Conscience
his
Ambition