THAT the Pygmies of the Antients were a sort of Apes , and not of Humane Race , I shall endeavour to prove in the following Essay . And if the Pygmies were only Apes , then in all probability our Ape may be a Pygmies ; a sort of Animal so much resembling Man , that both the Antients and the Moderns have reputed it to be a Puny Race of Mankind , call'd to this day , Homo Sylvestris , The Wild Man ; Orang-Outang , or a Man of the Woods ; by the Africans Quoias Morron ; by others Baris , or Barris , and by the Portugese , the Salvage . But observing that under these Names , they describe different Animals ; for Distinction-sake , and to avoid Equivocation , I shall call the Subject , of which I am about to give the Anatomy , a Pygmie , from its Stature ; which I find to be just the same with the Stature of the Pygmies of the Antients . Tulpius 't is true , and Bontius , and Dapper do call it , Satyrus . And tho' I am of Opinion , that the Satyrs of the Antients were of the Ape , or rather Monkey-kind ; yet for the Reasons alledged in the following Essay , I cannot think our Animal a Satyr . The Baris or Barris , which they describe to be much taller than our Animal , probably may be what we call a Drill . But I must confess , there is so great Confusion in the Description of this sort of Creature , which I find is a very large Family ( there being numerous Species of them ) that in Transcribing the Authors that have wrote about them , 't is almost impossible but to make mistakes ; from the want of their well distinguishing them . I shall endeavour therefore in my Account of this , so to discriminate it , that it may be easily known again , where-ever 't is met with . Not that I think in a single Observation I can be so exact , but that I may be liable to make Errors my self , how careful soever I have been .

I will not urge any thing more here , why I call it a Pygmie : 'T is necessary to give it a Name ; and if what I offer in the ensuing Essay , does not sufficiently Account for the Denomination , I leave it to others to give it one more proper . What I shall most of all aim at in the following Discourse , will be to give as particular an Account as I can , of the formation and structure of all the Parts of this wonderful Animal ; and to make a Comparative Survey of them , with the same Parts in a Humane Body , as likewise in the Ape and Monkey-kind . For tho' I own it to be of the Ape kind , yet , as we shall observe , in the Organization of abundance of its Parts , it more approaches to the Structure of the same in Men : But where it differs from a Man , there it resembles plainly the Common Ape , more than any other Animal .

And tho' I may seem too tedious in discoursing so long upon a single subject , yet I have this to offer , that if we had an accurate and particular History of any one Species of Animal , it might in a great measure serve for the whole kind . Wherein they differ , might easily be taken notice of , and there would be no need of repeating any thing , wherein they all agreed . So formerly dissecting a Young Lion and a Cat at the same time , I wondred to find so very great Resemblance of all the Parts , both in the one and the other ; that the Anatomy of the one might serve for the other , allowing for the Magnitude of the Parts , with very little other alteration : And not only for this , but for several other Animals , that belong to the same Family . I could have wished I had had the like Opportunity , when I was dissecting our Pygmie , of comparing the same Parts with those of an Ape and a Monkey : For want of it , I have referred all along to the Accounts given us of the Anatomy of these Creatures by other Authors ; which , tho' it renders my Discourse more prolix , yet I thought it would not be unacceptable to the Curious . But I shall take care to draw up in a shorter view , wherein our Pygmie more resembled a Man , than an Ape and Monkey , and wherein it differ'd .

Now notwithstanding our Pygmie does so much resemble a Man in many of its Parts , more than any of the Ape-kind , or any other Animal in the World that I know of : Yet by no means do I look upon it as the Product of a mixt Generation ; 't is a Brute-Animal sui generis , and a particular Species of Ape . For when I was dissecting it , some Sea-Captains and Merchants who came to my House to see it , assured me , that they had seen a great many of them in Borneo , Sumatra , and other Parts , tho' this was brought from Angola in Africa ; but was first taken a great deal higher up in the Country , and in Company with it there was a Female of the same kind .

I shall have , hereafter occasion to make my Remarks on several Particulars , relating to it's way of Living , it 's Sagacity , Actions , and the like . I shall now therefore first of all describe its outward shape and figure ; then look within , and observe the Mechanism there . But meeting with a Text in Aristotle , wherein he gives a general Description of the Ape-kind , I think it not amiss to Transcribe it ; and by Commenting upon it , to shew wherein our present Subject agrees with or differs from it ; and what I have besides to Remark , I shall afterwards take notice of , and then proceed to the Anatomy of the Inward Parts .

Aristotle's (1) (1) Aristot . Hist. d● Animal . lib. 2. cap. 13. Ex Edit. Sealige● . 〈◊〉 p. 197 , &c. Text is this , which I shall give with Jul. Caes . Scaliger's Latin Translation : And as you may observe by the Letters of Reference , I have rendred each Paragraph into English , adding my Observations thereon .

(a) Arist. Some Animals are of an intermediate Nature , between a Man and Quadrupeds , as Apes , the Cebi , and Cynocephali .

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Theodorus Gaza thus renders this Passage : Sunt quae natura ancipite , partim hominem , partim Quadrupedem imitentur , sicut simiae , &c. Not that an Ape is part a Man , and part a Quadruped ; inter Hominem & non Hominem non datur medium ; The Terms being contradictory , one must be false . The Philosopher's meaning must therefore be , that in the formation of the Parts of the Body , the Ape , the Cebus , and Cynocephalus , are intermediate Species between a Man and other Quadrupeds , having several Parts of the Body formed like Brutes ; others more resembling those of Men. (2) (2) Scaliger ibid. in Com , pag. 201 . Scaliger , a little after , hath this Remark ; Ad eum namque modum summus Opifex Rerum seriem concatenavit a Planta ad Hominem ; ut quasi sine ullo cohaereant intervallo , sie 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cum Plantis Bruta conjungunt ; sic cum homine simia Quadrupedes . Itaque in hominis quoque specie inveniamus Divinos , Humanos , feros . This Climax or Gradation can't but be taken notice of , by any that are curious in observing the Wonders of the Creation ; and the more he observes it , the more venerable Idea's 't will give him of the great Creator ; and it would be the Perfection of Natural History , could it be attained , to enumerate and remark all the different Species , and their Gradual Perfections from one to another . Thus in the Ape and Monkey-kind , Aristotle's Cebus I look upon to be a degree above his Cynocephalus ; and his Pithecus or Ape above his Cebus , and our Pygmie a higher degree above any of them , we yet know , and more resembling a Man : But at the same time I take him to be wholly a Brute , tho' in the formation of the Body , and in the Sensitive or Brutal Soul , it may be , more resembling a Man , than any other Animal ; so that in this Chain of the Creation , as an intermediate Link between an Ape and a Man , I would place our Pygmie .

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , &c. The Philosopher here does not enumerate all the several Species that are contained under the Ape and Monkey-kind ; they are a very numerous and a large Classis of Animals . Scaliger upon the Place mentions several he had observed of both kinds ; and all our Zoographers , and most Journals of Travels give a Description of a great many sorts of them . But for want of well distinguishing them , and ranging them into a Methodical Series , their History as yet is very confused and perplext . Mr. Ray (3) (3) Raij Synopsis Animal . pag. 1●8 . places these Animals under this general Title , Animalia Pede unguiculato Multisido , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 'T is call'd Pithecus , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , quia facilè ab homine persuadeatur ; and oftentimes this word is taken as a Genus which includes the whole ; when strictly taken , it signisies an Ape without a Tail , and in Latin is call'd Simia ; that which hath a Tail is call'd Cercopithecus , in English a Monkey . Thus (4) (4) Material . Epig●●● lib. 14. Epigr. 202. Martial . Callidus emissas eludere Simius Hastas , Si mihi Cauda foret , Cercopithecus eram .

(b) Arist The Cebus is an Ape having a Tail .

(5) (5) Hist. de Quadruped . l. 1. p. 857. Conradus Gesner thinks , that this Cebus of Aristotle , which he describes only as having a Tail , must be the Cercopithecus or Common Monkey , since he mentions not the Cebus any where else , and the Cercopithecus no where . (6) (6) Plinij Hist. Nat. lib. 8. cap. 19. cum Interpret . & Notis Jo. Harduini , p. 167. Harduinus , in his Notes on Pliny , advises not to mistake the Cepus in Pliny , for the Cebus in Aristotle . (6) Pliny's words are these ; Pompeij Magni primum Ludi ostenderunt Chama , quem Galli Rusium vocabant , Essigie Lupi , Pardorum maculis . Iidem ex AEthiopia quas vocant 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quarum Pedes posteriores , Pedibus humanis & cruribus , priores manibus suere similes , hoc Animal postea Roma non vidit . And therefore because it was so uncommon as to be seen at Rome but once , it could not be the common Monkey . (7) (7) Geograph . lib. 16. P. 533. Strabo , out of Artemidorus , describes the Cepus thus : 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . That the Cepus hath the Face of a Lion , the rest of the Body like a Panther , and is of the bigness of a Dorcas or Roe-Buck . (8) (8) Diodor , Sicul. Biblioth. Hist . l. 3. p.m. 168. Diodorus Siculus hath much the same Description , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Which Laurentius Rodomanus thus renders . Cepus , i. e. Hortus ( quem vocant ) à totius Corporis decore & staturae venustate nomen accepit , facie Leonem imitatur , & reliquo Pantheram , praeter magnitudinem , qua Dorcadi par est . (9) (9) AElian . de Animal . lib. 17. cap. 8. p. 474. AElian hath given a Description of the same Animal from Pythagoras , from whom , 't is thought , it first received this Name ; and he is more particular . His Account , tho' somewhat long ; I will give in P. Gillius's Translation , because I am apt to think this Animal is still in being . Terrenum quoddam Animal Pythagoras scribit secundùm Mare Rubrum procreari & Cepum , hoc est Hortum appositè idcircò nominari , quòd tanquam Hortus variis coloribus distinguatur . Cùm existit confirmata aetate , pari magnitudine est cum Herythriensibus Canibus . Jam porro ejus Colorum varietatem , sicut ille scribit , animus nobis est explicare . Ejus caput & posticas partes ad caudam usque prorsus valde igneo colore sunt , tum aurei quidam Pili disseminati spectantur , tum album rostrum , inde ad Collum aureae vittae pertinent , Colli inferiores partes ad Pectus , & anteriores Pedes omnino albi , Mammae duae manum implentes caeruleo colore visuntur , venter candidus , Pedes posteriores nigri sunt , Rostri formae Cynocephalo recte comparari potest . The Cepus therefore of Pliny , Strabo , Diodorus Siculus , and AElian , in all probability must be different from the Cebus of Aristotle . Joh. Caius our Country-man sent Gesner a Description of a Mamomet or Marmoset he had observed , which Gesner thinks might be a sort of Cepus ; but the Colours were different , as likewise the Magnitude .

(c) Arist. The Cynocephali have the same shape with Monkeys , but they are bigger , and Stronger , and they have a Face liker a Dogs's , and are of a fiercer Nature , and they have Teeth liker a Dog 's , and stronger .

I shall have occasion to Discourse of these Cynocephali in the ensuing Essay . For tho' the Philosopher makes them only a sort of Ape or Monkey , yet there have been those , that would impose them on the World for a Race of Men ; and by (10) (10) AElian . Hist. de Anim. lib. 10. cap. 26. in Edit . P. Gillij . in aliis cap. 25. AElian they are call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ; tho' (11) (11) Galen . 〈◊〉 ministr. Anat. l. 1. cap. 2. Galen tells us , they are much less like a Man , than an Ape is : For they can scarce stand upright , much less walk or run so . (12) (12) Philostorgij Hist. Ecclesiast . lib. 3. cap. 11. p. 41 . Philostorgius mentions the Aegopithecus , the Arctopithecus , the Leontopithecus , as well as the Cynocephalus , and then adds , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . That there is the Goat-Ape , the Bear-Ape , the Lion-Ape , the Dog-Ape ; and that the Ape-kind have a resemblance to a great many other Animals ; so large and numerous is this Classis of Animals , that perhaps there is none that is more ; and that are so different from one another . The sierceness of the Cynocephali is taken notice of by all ; our Pygmie was quite of another temper , the most gentle and loving Creature that could be . Those that he knew a Ship-board he would come and embrace with the greatest tenderness , opening their Bosoms , and clasping his Hands about them ; and as I was informed , tho' there were Monkeys aboard , yet 't was observed he would never associate with them , and as if nothing a-kin to them , would always avoid their Company . The Teeth of the Cynocephali are like a Dog's ; those of our Pygmie exactly resembled a Man's , as I shall shew in the Osteology .

(d) Arist. Apes are hairy on their Backs , as they are Quadrupeds , and on their Bellies , as they are like Men : For in a Man and a Beast this hairiness is quite contrary , as was said before . So that Apes are very hairy in both Places , their Hair being strong or course , and thick , set .

The Place that Aristotle refers to , is this . (13) (13) Arist. Hist. de Animal . lib. 2. c. 5. p. 160. Edit. Scalig. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . i. e. That in Brutes the Back or upper Parts are more hairy , the Belly or under Parts either smooth or less hairy : In a Man is observed the contrary . But in our Pygmie we observed it different ; for here all behind from the Head downwards , 't was very hairy , and the Hair so thick , that it covered the Skin almost from being seen . But in all the Parts before , the Hair was much thinner , and the Skin every where appeared , and in some places 't was almost bare . Nature therefore has cloathed it with Hair , as a Brute , to defend it from the Injuries of the Weather ; and when it goes on all four , as a Quadruped , it seems all hairy : When it goes erect , as a Biped , it appears before less hairy , and more like a Man . After our Pygmie was taken , and a little used to wear Cloaths , it was fond enough of them ; and what it could not put on himself , it would bring in his Hands to some of the Company to help him to put on . It would lie in a Bed , place his Head on the Pillow , and pull the Cloaths over him , as a Man would do ; but was so careless , and so very a Brute , as to do all Nature's Occasions there . It was very full of Lice when it came under my Hands , which it may be it got on Ship-board , for they were exactly like those on Humane Bodies . (14) (14) Franc. Redi Experimenta circa generat . Insector . Seignior Redi observes in most Animals a particular sort of Louse , and gives the Figures of a great many .

The Hair of our Pygmie or Wild Man was of a Coal-black colour , and strait ; and much more resembling the Hair of Men than the Furr of Brutes : For in the Furr of Brutes , besides the longer Hair , there is usually a finer and shorter Pile intermixt : Here 't was all of a kind ; only about the Pubis the hair was greyish , seemed longer , and somewhat different ; so on the upper Lip and Chin , there were greyish hairs like a Beard : And I was told by the Owners , that once it held the Bason it 's self , to be trimmed . The Face , Hands , and Soles of the Feet were bare and without Hair , and so was most part of the Forehead : But down the sides of the Face 't was very hairy ; the hairs there being about an Inch and half long , and longer than in most Parts of the Body besides . The tendency of the Hair of all the Body was downwards ; but only from the Wrists to the Elbow 't was upwards ; so that at the Elbow the Hair of the Shoulder and the Arm ran contrary to one another . Now in Quadrupeds the Hair in the fore-limbs have usually the same Inclination downwards , and it being here different , it suggested an Argument to me , as if Nature did design it as a Biped . But we will lay no more stress upon it than it will bear : The Hair on the back-side of the Hands did run transverse , inclining to the outside of the Hands ; and those of the hinder sides of the Thighs were transverse likewise .

Man , tho' not so hairy as Brutes , and ( as Aristotle observes ) more hairy before , than behind ; yet if exposed to the hardships of the Weather , like them ; no doubt , but he would become hairy on the Body likewise ; which might possibly be the Case of Nebuchadnezzar . (15) (15) Daniel , Cap. 4. 33. And very Remarkable is that Story of Peter Serrano a Spaniard , who was castaway , and escaped to a Desart Island , which from him afterwards received it's Name , as 't is related by the Inca Garcilasso de la Vega. (16) (16) Royal Commen 〈◊〉 of Pe●● . lib. 1. cap. 3 . For having with the greatest difficulty sustained a miserable Life for three Years , The Hairs of his Body grew in that manner , that he was covered all over with Bristles ; the hair of his Head and Beard reaching to his Waste , that he appeared like some Wild or Savage Creature .

(e) Arist. Their Face hath Many Resemblances to a Man's , for they have Nostrils and Ears alike ; and Teeth like a Man's , both the Fore-teeth and the Grinders .

Pliny (17) (17) Natur. Hist. lib. 11. cap. 44. p.m. 593. seems to have respect to this Text of Aristotle , and what follows , where he tells us , Nam simiarum genera perfectam Hominis imitationem continent , facie , Naribus , Auribus , Palpebris , quas solae Quadrupedum in inferiore habent Genâ . Jam Mammas in Pectore , Brachia & Crura in contrarium similitèr flexa . In manibus , ungues , digitos , longioremque medium . Pedibus paulùm differunt , sunt enim , ut manus , praelongi , sed vestigium Palmae simile faciunt . Pollex quoque his & Articuli , ut homini ; ac praeter Genitale , & hoc in maribus tantùm . Viscera etiam interiora omnia ad exemplar . We will compare both their Accounts , with our Pygmie ; and observe wherein they agree or differ from us .

As for the Iace of our Pygmie , it was liker a Man's , than Ape 's and Monkeys Faces are : For it 's Forehead was larger , and more globous , and the upper and lower Jaw not so long or prominent , and more spread ; and it 's Head more than as big again as either of theirs : But why the Philosopher , after his general Assertion of the likeness of the Face of an Ape to that of a Man's , should first of all instance in the Nose , which is so much different , may seem strange : Since in a Man the Nose is protuberant and rising , jutting out much beyond the whole surface , and herein 't is altogether unlike to that of Brutes , and the Ape-kind too . 'T is not therefore on this account that the Comparison is made , But I rather think , his meaning must be , that an Ape 's Nose is like Man's , in that it is not extended to the length of the Rostrum , or upper Jaw , as in Dogs and other Brutes , but reaches only to the upper Lip . à simis Naribus , or this flatness of the Nose , most do derive the word Simia ; tho' others , as Vossius , would have it , quasi mimia à 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , imitari , from mimicking . But Scaliger will not allow it . Dicitur autem Simia ( saith he ) non ab Imitatione , ut Grammatici imperiti , sed à simitate .

The Nose of our Pygmie was flat like an Ape 's , not protuberant as a Man's ; and on the outside of each Nostril there was a little slit turning upwards , as in Apes . 'T is observed of the Indian Blacks , that their Nose is much flatter than the Europeans ; which may be thought rather Natural to that Nation , than occasioned ( as some would make us believe ) by the Mother's tying the Infant to her Back , and so when at Work bruising and flatting it against her Shoulders ; because 't is so universal in them all .