CHAP.
I.
Treating
of
the
Earth
necessary
in
making
of
Molds
for
the
Casting
of
Pieces
of
Ordnance
,
with
the
manner
of
Casting
,
&c.
WE
will
not
dispute
of
the
first
Invention
of
Guns
,
that
is
,
whether
it
came
from
Archimedes
,
as
the
Italians
do
report
,
or
from
an
Englishman
,
or
from
a
Monk
,
for
this
knowledge
matters
not
much
to
the
Art
,
nor
is
it
of
any
profitable
signification
to
the
Artist
;
especially
considering
,
that
Authors
do
not
really
consent
in
this
thing
.
Our
intent
is
therefore
not
to
trouble
the
ingenious
Students
with
vain
uncertain
repetitions
,
but
to
composea
compleat
Piece
of
Gunnery
,
and
therein
to
discourse
from
the
beginning
to
the
end
,
all
that
is
necessary
to
be
known
or
learned
(
after
the
knowledge
of
common
Arithmetick
)
by
one
that
intends
to
be
a
perfect
Pro●icient
in
the
said
Art
.
We
do
suppose
it
therefore
necessary
for
a
Master
Gunner
to
know
first
the
making
of
Molds
and
casting
of
Pieces
.
Therefore
I
shall
first
begin
to
discourse
of
the
property
and
Nature
of
the
Earth
fit
for
casting
,
or
making
Molds
;
for
this
is
of
great
moment
,
considering
that
many
,
or
indeed
most
Earths
are
not
for
this
purpose
;
for
the
Earth
●●t
for
the
casting
of
Pieces
of
Ordnance
must
be
such
as
will
not
be
melted
or
fuse
,
although
it
be
put
into
a
very
great
fire
,
but
must
remain
firm
and
hard
:
and
these
Earths
are
generally
of
a
Reddish
,
or
Iron-like
colour
,
which
is
well
known
to
many
Potters
,
especially
such
as
make
Chymical
Vessels
.
The
Earth
being
obtained
,
it
must
be
sifted
and
cast
up
after
the
usual
manner
,
as
men
do
in
the
making
of
Morter
;
then
let
it
be
moistned
with
an
Alchalated
Water
(
especially
such
as
is
made
of
Niter
)
for
that
purpose
,
and
make
it
like
paste
;
then
,
as
is
usual
,
let
it
be
beaten
up
strongly
with
an
Iron
Bar
;
the
more
't
is
beaten
the
better
it
is
:
in
the
beating
add
one
sixt
part
of
Horse
dung
,
and
a
proportionable
part
of
Flox
or
Hair
,
and
let
it
again
be
well
beaten
and
incorporated
,
alwayes
keeping
a
Moity
of
this
Earth
without
Hair
or
Flox
,
which
is
for
Ground-work
;
and
these
Compositions
or
Earth
thus
incorporated
,
you
must
reserve
for
the
making
your
Molds
for
Pieces
of
Ordnance
,
according
to
the
Rules
prescribed
in
the
next
Chapter
.
CHAP.
II.
Of
making
Molds
,
and
Casting
Pieces
of
Ordnance
,
with
the
●●●ture
of
Metals
,
and
allowance
of
Powder
for
proof
.
AS
a
Master
Builder
when
he
intends
the
Building
a
Ship
,
makes
first
a
Mold
or
Moddel
of
the
same
;
so
the
Master
Gunner
,
or
he
that
takes
in
hand
the
business
of
Casting
Guns
,
must
have
a
form
or
Model
of
his
Piece
intended
made
of
wood
,
or
such
other
matter
he
may
think
most
convenient
,
which
then
being
brought
to
the
Founder
with
an
intent
to
be
Cast
,
must
first
be
smeered
all
over
with
Palm
Oyle
,
or
instead
of
that
,
our
Lard
or
Hogs-grease
,
then
first
cover
it
over
with
the
said
earth
thinly
,
and
let
it
dry
leisurely
,
then
lay
on
more
,
encreasing
it
to
such
a
thickness
,
as
you
may
judge
convenient
for
your
purpose
;
and
it
must
be
so
made
that
it
may
be
taken
into
several
parts
,
so
that
the
pattern
may
be
taken
out
,
and
the
Mold
again
exactly
closed
,
and
the
outside
strengthned
with
Iron
plates
as
long
as
the
Chace
of
the
Piece
is
,
and
hooped
together
with
Iron
hoops
to
knock
on
and
off
.
Then
must
there
be
made
(
with
the
same
earth
upon
a
square
Bar
of
Iron
,
bound
round
with
a
Cord
that
the
clay
may
stick
well
)
a
form
exactly
round
,
of
the
fashion
of
the
concave
of
your
Piece
(
whether
you
intend
it
a
Cylender
or
a
Chamber-board
Piece
)
proportioned
both
in
length
and
diameter
,
and
it
must
be
placed
exact●ly
in
the
middle
of
the
concave
;
and
when
all
is
well
joyned
together
,
be
sure
it
be
well
pollished
and
smoothed
,
that
the
Metal
may
run
the
better
,
and
be
the
clearer
from
flaws
,
holes
,
or
clefts
.
In
the
beginning
of
your
work
take
care
that
your
Mold
be
exactly
proportionable
as
to
heighth
and
substantialness
of
Metal
,
according
to
the
nature
of
the
Piece
you
intend
.
That
is
,
the
Canon
double-fortified
must
be
so
cast
that
the
Diameter
at
Muzzle
be
but
〈◊〉
of
the
Diameter
at
Britch
.
The
lesser
Cannon
at
Britch
to
be
〈◊〉
●o
big
as
the
greater
Cannon
9/16
at
Trunions
,
and
〈◊〉
at
Muzzle
,
whereas
ordinary
fortified
Cannons
have
at
the
Touch-hole
7/8
at
the
Trunions
5/8
and
at
the
Muzzle
〈◊〉
,
all
lesser
Pieces
in
that
kind
have
18/1●
at
the
Touch-hole
〈◊〉
at
Trunions
,
and
〈◊〉
at
Muzzle
;
and
the
ordinary
fortified
Culverins
are
fortified
every
way
like
the
double
fortified
Cannon
,
and
the
lesser
Culverin
like
the
ordinary
fortified
Cannon
in
all
respects
.
Great
care
must
be
taken
in
the
Casting
of
Pieces
of
Ordnance
,
that
they
be
equal
every
way
in
proportion
of
Metals
,
that
is
,
that
the
Cylender
be
in
the
very
middle
of
the
Metal
,
that
it
may
be
truely
bored
,
otherwise
your
Piece
will
fail
the
Artist
that
shall
use
it
,
until
the
error
be
known
.
In
the
next
place
let
the
Trunions
be
exactly
placed
in
a
Diagonal
line
with
the
Axis
of
the
Piece
;
and
they
may
be
placed
in
their
proper
distance
from
the
Muzzle
and
Britch
,
if
you
observe
these
Rules
.
Take
the
length
of
the
bore
of
the
Piece
from
Muzzle
to
Britch
,
divide
that
measure
by
seven
,
and
multiply
that
sum
that
cometh
of
the
Quotient
by
three
,
the
Product
will
shew
you
how
many
inches
the
Trunions
must
stand
from
the
lowest
part
of
the
concavity
of
the
Piece
.
And
farther
note
,
that
the
Trunions
ought
to
be
placed
so
,
as
〈◊〉
of
the
Circumference
of
the
Piece
,
may
be
seen
in
that
place
where
the
Trunions
are
set
.
When
all
additional
Patterns
,
as
Britch
,
&c.
be
made
and
Luted
in
their
proper
place
,
all
things
at
pleasure
being
neatly
added
to
the
pattern
,
let
the
Mold
then
be
fixt
or
placed
so
as
is
most
convenient
for
the
pouring
in
the
Metal
;
so
when
the
Metal
is
cast
,
the
perfect
impression
will
be
made
upon
the
superficial
part
of
the
Piece
,
and
the
Cylender
will
keep
the
bore
proposed
according
to
what
you
have
prescribed
,
the
length
of
the
Piece
and
its
Diameter
of
the
bore
may
be
found
by
the
following
Table
in
the
next
Chapter
.
For
the
Metals
generally
used
for
those
Guns
,
generally
called
brass
Guns
,
they
are
mixtures
,
and
many
times
varied
as
experience
will
give
leave
.
Some
of
the
chiefest
do
approve
of
this
mixture
,
that
is
,
to
every
hundred
Weight
of
Copper
24
pounds
of
Tin
,
and
6
pounds
of
Lattin
.
Others
to
100l
.
of
Copper
,
add
8
l.
of
Tin
,
and
10
l.
of
Lattin
.
Others
to
ever
100l
.
add
20l.
of
Bell-Metal
,
which
is
25l
.
of
Lead
and
Tin
to
every
100l
.
of
of
Copper
.
Some
add
Tin
,
Lead
,
Copper
,
and
Lapis
Calaminaris
together
;
so
every
one
follows
such
wayes
of
Composition
as
doth
most
please
his
own
Experience
.
The
Copper
and
other
better
Metals
being
once
melted
,
the
Tin
and
Lead
is
added
for
the
better
and
quicker
fusion
;
and
the
higher
the
Metal
is
in
fusion
,
the
more
solid
and
compact
your
Metal
will
run
and
settle
.
The
Lattin
doth
incorporate
and
cause
the
Piece
to
be
of
a
good
colour
,
and
the
Tin
doth
strengthen
and
bind
the
other
matters
together
.
Now
a
Piece
of
Ordnance
being
Cast
,
before
it
comes
to
Service
,
it
must
be
put
to
tryal
;
for
which
purpose
there
is
used
for
proof
,
according
to
the
weight
of
the
shot
,
about
two
thirds
,
or
four
fifths
of
that
weight
in
Powder
,
and
for
smaller
Pieces
more
.
CHAP.
III.
The
Names
of
the
principal
Pieces
of
Ordnance
used
in
England
,
their
Weight
,
Length
,
Diameter
of
the
Bore
,
Height
and
Weight
of
the
Shot
,
allowance
of
Powder
.
THe
greatest
in
use
is
the
Cannon
Royal
,
which
is
in
weight
of
Metal
about
8000l
.
in
length
about
12
foot
,
carries
a
Shot
of
7●
inch
.
Diameter
,
and
its
weight
is
58l
.
of
Iron
,
its
bore
is
8
inches
,
requireth
for
her
charge
in
Powder
,
32l
.
8z
.
Demi-Cannon
of
the
greater
size
,
called
by
some
Cannon
of
Seven
,
whose
weight
of
Metal
is
7000l
.
in
length
about
12
foot
,
carrying
a
Shot
of
6●
inch
.
Diameter
,
and
its
weight
of
Iron
is
42l
.
10z
.
the
Diameter
at
bore
is
7
inches
,
requireth
for
her
charge
in
Powder
20l.
Demi-Cannon
great
size
,
it
's
weight
of
Metal
is
6000l
.
in
length
about
12
foot
,
carrying
a
Shot
of
61/4
inch
.
Diameter
,
and
its
weight
in
Iron
is
34l
.
the
Diameter
at
bore
is
6
〈◊〉
inch
▪
requireth
for
her
charge
of
Cannon
Powder
18l
.
Demi-Cannon
ordinary
,
its
weight
of
Metal
is
5600l
.
in
length
11
foot
,
carrying
a
Shot
of
6
〈◊〉
inch
.
Diameter
,
its
weight
in
Iron
is
32l
.
the
Diameter
at
bore
is
6
〈◊〉
inch
.
requireth
for
her
charge
in
Powder
171/2
pounds
.
The
lowest
Demi-Cannon
,
whose
weight
of
Metal
is
5400l
.
being
in
length
sometime
10
and
sometimes
12
foot
,
it
carries
a
Shot
of
6
inches
,
the
weight
of
that
Shot
in
Iron
is
30l
.
the
Diameter
of
the
bore
is
61/4
inch
.
it
requireth
for
charge
in
Powder
14l
.
Culverin
of
the
largest
size
,
weighs
about
4800l
.
being
in
length
10
or
12
▪
foot
,
it
carries
a
Shot
of
5
〈◊〉
inch
.
Diameter
,
the
weight
of
that
Shot
in
Iron
is
20l.
the
Diameter
of
the
bore
is
6
〈◊〉
inch
,
it
requireth
for
charge
in
Powder
12l.
8z
.
Ordinary
whole
Culverin
weighs
about
4500
l.
being
in
length
about
12
foot
,
it
carries
a
Shot
of
5
inches
Diameter
,
the
weight
of
that
Shot
of
Iron
is
about
17
l.
Diameter
at
bore
is
51/4
inch
.
it
requireth
for
charge
in
Powder
11
l.
6
z.
Culverin
of
the
least
size
,
weighs
about
4000
l.
being
in
length
about
12
foot
,
it
carries
a
Shot
of
4
〈◊〉
inch
.
Diameter
,
the
weight
of
that
Shot
of
Iron
is
15
l.
Diameter
,
at
bore
is
5
inch
.
charge
of
Powder
is
10
l.
Demi-Culverin
of
the
greatest
size
weighs
about
3000
l.
being
in
length
10
or
12
foot
,
carries
a
Shot
of
4
〈◊〉
inch
.
Diameter
,
the
weight
of
that
Shot
of
Iron
is
12
l.
11
z.
Diameter
of
the
bore
4
〈◊〉
inch
.
charge
of
Powder
is
8
l.
12
z.
Demi-Culverin
ordinary
,
weighs
about
2700
l.
being
in
length
10
or
12
foot
,
carries
a
Shot
of
41/4
inch
.
Diameter
,
weight
of
that
Shot
of
Iron
is
10
l.
12
z.
Diameter
of
the
bore
41/2
inch
.
charge
of
Powder
is
7
l.
4
z.
Demi-Culverin
lower
than
ordinary
,
weighs
about
2000
l.
being
in
length
9
or
10
foot
,
carries
a
Shot
of
4
inches
Diameter
,
weight
of
that
Shot
9
l.
Diameter
of
the
bore
4
〈◊〉
inch
.
charge
of
Powder
is
6
l.
4
z.
Saker
of
the
oldest
sort
,
of
1800
l.
weight
,
being
in
length
9
or
10
foot
,
carries
a
Shot
of
33/4
inch
.
weight
of
that
Shot
7
l.
5
z.
Diameter
at
the
bore
4
inches
,
charge
of
Powder
5
l.
Saker
ordinary
,
of
1500
l.
weight
,
in
length
about
9
foot
,
carries
a
Shot
of
3
〈◊〉
inch
.
Diameter
,
weight
of
that
Shot
6
l.
0
z.
Diameter
at
the
bore
33/4
inches
,
charge
of
Powder
4
l.
Saker
of
the
lowest
size
,
of
1400
l.
weight
,
in
length
about
8
foot
,
carries
a
Shot
of
31/4
inch
.
weight
of
that
Shot
4
l.
12
z.
Diameter
at
the
bore
3
inches
and
a
half
,
charge
of
Powder
3
l.
6
z.
Minion
of
the
largest
size
,
of
800
or
1000
l.
length
8
foot
,
height
of
the
Shot
3
inches
,
weight
of
the
Shot
3
l.
2
z.
height
of
the
bore
3
inches
,
and
one
quarter
,
the
charge
of
Powder
,
if
of
800
l.
two
pounds
and
a
●alf
,
if
of
1000
l.
three
pounds
and
a
quarter
.
The
ordinary
Minion
of
750
l.
in
length
7
foot
,
height
of
the
Shot
3
〈◊〉
inch
.
weight
of
the
Shot
3
l.
4
z.
height
of
the
bore
3
inches
,
charge
of
Powder
2
〈◊〉
pounds
.
Faucons
of
750
l.
length
7
foot
,
height
of
the
Shot
21/2
inch
.
weight
21/2
pounds
,
height
of
the
bore
23/4
inch
.
charge
in
Powder
21/2
pounds
.
Fauconet
of
400
l.
in
length
6
foot
,
height
of
the
Shot
2
〈◊〉
inch
.
weight
1
l.
5
z.
height
of
the
bore
21/4
inch
.
charge
1
l.
4
z.
of
Powder
.
Rabnet
of
300
l.
length
5
foot
,
height
of
the
Shot
1
〈◊〉
inch
.
weight
8
ounces
of
Iron
,
height
of
the
bore
11/2
inch
.
charge
of
Powder
12
o●nces
.
Base
of
200
l.
length
4
foot
,
height
of
Shot
11/2
inch
,
weight
5
ounces
,
height
of
the
bore
1
〈◊〉
inch
.
charge
of
Powder
8
ounces
.
There
are
other
Pieces
in
use
in
our
Nation
,
which
are
called
Bastard
Pieces
;
of
which
you
shall
have
a
particular
account
in
its
proper
place
.
CHAP.
IV.
The
Names
of
the
Principal
parts
of
a
piece
of
Ordnance
.
IT
is
necessary
for
him
that
intends
to
be
a
Gunner
to
understand
,
after
the
knowledg
of
the
Piece
in
general
,
to
know
and
learn
every
part
and
member
of
a
Piece
of
Ordnance
;
for
well
understanding
the
same
take
these
Instructions
following
.
All
the
outside
of
the
Piece
round
about
is
called
the
superficial
part
of
the
same
,
or
Surface
of
the
Piece
;
the
Inner
part
is
called
the
concave
Cylinder
,
and
Soul
of
the
Piece
.
The
full
length
is
called
the
Chase
of
the
Piece
;
so
much
of
the
Cylinder
or
concave
of
the
Piece
as
contains
the
powder
and
Shot
is
called
the
Chamber
or
charged
Cylinder
,
the
remaining
part
to
the
small
end
of
the
Gun
is
called
the
vacant
Cylinder
.
The
Spindle
standing
out
,
or
Ears
by
which
the
Piece
must
hang
in
the
Carriage
,
is
called
the
Trunions
;
the
space
between
the
Trunions
,
the
gravity
of
the
Center
.
The
Pumel
or
Button
at
her
Coyl
or
Britch-end
is
called
the
Casacabel
or
her
Deck
,
the
little
hole
the
Touch-hole
,
all
the
metal
behind
the
touch-hole
the
Breach
or
Coyl
,
the
greatest
ring
at
her
touch-hole
the
Base
Ring
,
the
next
ring
or
circle
the
reinforced
Ring
,
the
next
the
Trunion
Rings
,
the
next
before
the
Trunions
is
called
the
Cornish
Ring
,
the
foremost
next
the
Muzzle
is
called
the
Muzzle
Ring
,
Lastly
,
all
the
rings
,
Circles
,
Eminencies
,
at
her
Muzzle
,
and
so
those
behind
the
base
Ring
,
are
Frizes
.
Let
the
Piece
with
its
several
names
be
placed
by
this
Chapter
.
Fig.
1.
CHAP.
V.
The
Mounting
of
a
Piece
of
Ordnance
in
its
Carriage
.
THe
Gunners
upon
Land-Service
,
for
the
conveniency
of
mounting
a
piece
of
Ordnance
,
that
is
by
any
means
whatsoever
dismounted
,
have
for
their
principal
Services
,
a
Screw
▪
and
a
Ghynne
,
and
their
appurtenances
(
which
you
will
find
in
their
proper
place
)
by
whose
help
they
are
able
to
mount
a
Piece
,
and
place
him
in
his
Carriage
,
whereby
he
may
be
able
to
perform
the
work
intended
.
Which
to
perform
artifi●ially
,
observe
these
Rules
.
Before
you
endeavour
to
mount
your
Piece
,
above
all
things
have
a
great
and
diligent
care
that
the
Ghynne
be
very
firmly
set
,
so
that
it
may
not
slip
any
way
;
bu●
so
placed
,
that
the
Pully
or
Truckle
coming
down
from
the
head
,
fall
just
between
the
Trunions
,
or
gravity
of
the
Piece
,
whereof
to
be
assured
you
may
let
●all
down
from
the
head
of
the
Ghynne
a
Plummet
with
a
Line
▪
or
for
want
of
a
Plummet
any
stone
made
fa●●
to
a
Line
,
and
so
moving
the
Ghynne
●●til
the
said
Plummet
●all
ju
〈…〉
upon
the
Center
of
Gravity
,
which
is
between
the
Ears
of
the
Piece
,
that
the
met●●
may
fa●l
near
equal
,
or
that
an
easie
hand
may
poize
i●
;
and
this
care
must
be
the
more
,
if
the
Ground
whereon
the
Ghynne
stands
be
sandy
or
loose
Ground
,
or
〈◊〉
Earth
be
b●ggy
soft
,
so
that
the
feet
may
●●il
or
sink
in
or
give
way
▪
according
〈◊〉
the
greatness
of
the
weight
.
For
sometimes
it
may
be
necessary
to
put
planks
or
some
solid
thing
under
the
Ghynne
and
Pins
to
stay
them
;
but
this
as
necessity
shall
require
.
Now
the
Ghynne
firmly
placed
and
setled
,
the
Gunner
must
get
up
by
the
Ladder
,
or
some
Steps
,
to
the
head
or
top
of
it
,
having
the
Rope
in
his
hand
,
shall
put
it
through
the
uppermost
truckle
of
the
head
,
and
let
it
fall
down
to
another
man
again
,
that
he
may
catch
it
,
that
he
may
put
it
through
one
side
of
the
Piece
to
fas●en
it
into
the
Ears
of
the
Piece
,
and
so
having
put
it
through
them
he
may
draw
it
up
,
until
he
can
give
it
him
that
is
above
,
and
then
put
it
through
the
other
hole
of
the
Truckle
,
and
give
it
to
him
that
is
under
him
,
who
must
reach
it
again
to
him
that
is
above
,
and
so
fasten
it
to
the
head
of
the
Ghynne
,
giving
it
some
turns
until
it
come
under
the
uppermost
Truckle
.
This
done
,
he
must
fasten
it
with
great
diligence
to
the
lower
Truckle
,
by
putting
the
Ears
as
through
the
Ring
which
is
under
the
said
Truckle
;
after
this
begin
to
Hoyse
your
Peice
,
and
in
the
Hoysing
put
a
spar
or
some
such
thing
into
the
mouth
of
the
Peice
,
so
that
thereby
it
may
be
governed
,
and
may
not
sway
from
one
side
to
the
other
,
which
would
be
dangerous
;
for
if
it
should
strike
against
the
Rouler
or
any
one
of
the
feet
of
the
Gynne
,
it
may
break
all
,
and
so
spoil
both
the
work
and
the
men
tending
upon
it
.
Therefore
I
say
,
be
sure
that
those
who
stand
by
the
Spar
be
careful
in
guiding
the
Piece
and
keeping
it
steddy
and
right
,
until
the
weight
of
the
Piece
is
well
setled
,
a
diligent
Eye
being
had
all
this
while
,
that
neither
the
feet
of
the
Gynne
,
nor
Rope
give
way
;
and
be
sure
every
part
of
the
Rope
draw
equal
,
and
that
there
be
no
Knicks
,
or
that
they
be
not
tangled
one
amongst
another
;
and
for
that
purpose
,
when
they
begin
to
hoyse
the
Piece
,
blows
must
be
given
upon
the
Tackling
until
it
be
set
tort
,
and
all
bear
equal
.
But
if
you
should
perceive
that
the
Ghynne
or
any
part
give
way
,
presently
let
your
Piece
sink
,
and
underlay
and
settle
well
the
feet
of
the
Ghynne
,
and
that
as
gently
as
may
be
,
to
the
end
the
Cross
beam
or
Rouler
may
not
be
disjoyned
or
broken
.
Then
wind
it
up
carefully
and
very
gently
by
the
help
of
two
men
onely
,
and
in
such
a
manner
,
as
when
one
of
the
Leavers
is
brought
down
,
it
must
be
held
there
fast
until
the
other
has
got
purchase
,
and
then
must
this
other
also
be
brought
down
;
this
must
be
reiterated
so
often
until
it
be
so
high
that
the
Carriage
may
be
placed
under
it
,
so
that
the
Trunions
may
fall
into
the
Sockets
,
or
holes
of
the
Carriage
,
and
then
Guide
the
Piece
by
the
Spar
,
so
that
it
fa●l
easily
in
,
and
so
rest
it self
in
the
Carriage
,
and
then
let
it
be
well
clasped
over
,
and
then
locked
in
and
fastned
with
Forelocks
,
and
so
you
may
draw
away
your
Piece
where
you
please
.
On
board
Ships
this
Ghynne
is
not
of
use
,
it
being
the
Boatswains
business
to
fix
a
Tackle
that
may
be
able
to
hoist
up
any
Piece
into
its
Carriage
,
the
Slings
one
part
must
come
about
the
Casacabel
,
and
the
other
part
about
a
Billet
,
so
made
that
it
may
fit
in
at
the
Muzzle
,
and
by
strength
of
hands
,
or
by
help
of
a
Windless
,
or
Capstain
,
it
may
be
hoysed
up
so
that
the
Carriage
may
be
brought
under
;
so
that
the
Gun
being
Loared
,
its
Trunions
may
fall
in
to
the
holes
of
the
Carriage
,
which
then
clasp
over
with
its
Iron
Clasps
;
let
them
be
Forelocked
,
and
then
with
Hand-Tackles
be
brought
where
you
please
.
See
the
Figure
of
the
Gynne
,
and
the
Field
,
and
Ship-Pieces
mounted
in
the
Figure
11.
CHAP.
VI.
The
way
to
draw
a
Piece
of
Ordnance
,
with
the
necessary
things
thereunto
belonging
both
for
Land
and
Sea
.
SEeing
we
have
discovered
the
way
of
Casting
a
Piece
,
and
Mounting
it
in
its
Carriage
,
it
follows
in
the
next
place
that
in
this
Chapter
we
treat
of
,
and
shew
the
manner
of
drawing
them
from
place
to
place
,
for
Service
;
where
care
must
be
taken
what
the
way
is
that
you
are
to
pass
,
for
if
the
way
be
foul
,
moorish
,
and
dirty
,
there
is
then
required
as
many
more
Horses
as
in
good
wayes
.
That
is
,
For
a
whole
Cannon
of
8000
l.
you
may
use
15
couple
of
Horses
,
besides
the
Tyllar
.
For
a
Demi-Cannon
of
about
6000
l.
you
may
use
11
couple
of
Horses
,
besides
the
Tyllar
.
For
a
Piece
of
4000
l.
weight
,
you
may
use
8
couple
of
Horses
,
besides
the
Tyllar
.
For
a
Field
Piece
of
about
3000
l.
use
6
couple
of
Horses
,
besides
the
Tyllar
.
For
a
Saker
of
1800
l.
weight
,
you
may
use
4
couple
of
Horses
,
besides
the
Tyllar
.
For
a
Piece
of
1500
l.
weight
,
you
may
use
3
couple
of
Horses
,
besides
the
Tyllar
.
For
a
Faucon
,
two
couple
of
Horses
,
besides
the
Tyllar
.
For
a
small
Drake
of
about
250
l.
one
Horse
will
serve
:
and
by
the
same
Rule
you
may
find
how
many
Horses
will
draw
any
weight
whatsoever
.
Many
times
when
Horses
are
wanting
,
men
are
made
use
of
:
Upon
such
occasions
,
you
must
divide
your
men
into
three
drawing
files
,
according
to
the
greatness
of
the
Piece
;
now
to
the
end
the
Ranks
may
spread
,
and
every
man
may
draw
equally
alike
,
fasten
to
the
end
of
the
Carriage
a
Cross
beam
or
bar
,
to
which
you
must
fasten
the
drawing
Ropes
,
equally
at
such
distance
,
that
one
may
not
impead
the
other
,
and
let
there
be
besure
one
to
steer
the
Piece
when
you
come
to
any
winding
or
turning
.
If
the
drawing
Ropes
be
long
,
't
is
necessary
to
cross
it
with
Ropes
,
or
some
light
peeces
of
wood
like
a
Ladder
,
with
two
or
more
cross
peeces
;
let
them
be
made
fast
for
the
better
and
more
steady
drawing
,
and
to
every
there
must
be
a
Neck-line
fastned
to
the
Ropes
,
and
so
to
cast
over
every
mans
Sholders
,
in
manner
as
is
used
to
draw
our
Western
Barges
:
And
you
must
know
your
proportion
of
men
fit
to
draw
any
Piece
of
Ordnance
,
and
that
must
be
regulated
according
to
the
goodness
or
badness
of
the
way
,
and
so
more
or
less
men
,
allowing
every
man
to
draw
about
50
,
60
,
or
80
pounds
;
for
't
is
supposed
a
man
may
draw
in
ordinary
way
50
or
60
pounds
but
in
very
good
way
more
than
80
pounds
,
however
't
is
good
to
have
men
enough
.
Let
the
Spunge
,
Ladle
,
&c.
be
made
fast
along
the
Piece
to
the
Ring
and
Britch
end
.
Sometimes
by
reason
of
the
unevenness
,
steepness
,
or
other
defects
of
the
way
,
it
sometimes
happens
,
that
you
may
be
forc'd
to
dismount
your
Piece
,
and
remount
it
again
;
there
't
is
necessary
every
Gunner
have
with
him
a
Ghynne
,
a
Wynche
,
and
all
appurtenances
necessary
thereunto
.
As
to
the
Sea
Gunner
on
board
Ship
,
their
occasions
require
no
more
than
the
Wynch
;
and
their
Piece
being
mounted
according
to
the
directions
given
in
the
former
Chapter
,
then
with
one
or
two
Tackles
he
bring
the
Piece
to
the
place
desired
,
where
it
ought
to
be
well
fastned
in
its
place
;
for
which
purpose
there
is
thereunto
required
Tack●es
and
Britchins
;
and
in
case
of
foul
weather
,
or
that
any
of
the
Gee●
or
Tackling
be
suspected
,
or
by
my
much
tumbling
every
thing
hanging
upon
the
Nail
,
for
fear
any
Bolts
should
give
way
or
draw
,
it
i●
usual
to
nail
down
to
the
Deck
with
Spikes
,
one
Coyne
behind
each
Truck
,
or
at
least
the
after
Trucks
,
which
to
great
Pieces
are
commonly
dead
Trucks
;
so
that
each
Piece
may
have
little
or
no
play
.
But
in
case
any
thing
should
give
way
in
foul
weather
,
then
with
all
speed
dismount
the
Piece
as
soon
as
possible
you
can
,
for
fear
of
further
mischief
;
for
which
purpose
put
in
his
way
as
he
runs
from
side
to
side
,
Rugs
,
Pillows
,
Beds
,
&c
,
and
stand
ready
with
Crows
and
Handspikes
,
and
with
Tackles
,
to
hitch
or
ketch
him
close
and
fast
to
any
Ring
by
the
Ship
side
,
or
such
other
place
as
best
presents
.
As
for
the
length
of
the
Tackles
useful
,
it
is
usually
known
thus
;
see
how
long
the
Piece
is
,
and
make
the
Tackles
four
times
as
long
,
and
let
the
Britchin
be
twice
the
length
of
the
Piece
,
and
something
more
.
The
manner
of
drawing
of
Pieces
by
Man
and
Horse
,
you
will
see
in
the
third
Figure
.
CHAP.
VII
.
To
Grove
or
Examine
the
goodness
of
a
Piece
of
Ordnance
,
whether
it
be
Flawed
,
Hony-Combed
,
Crackt
,
Chamber-bor'd
,
&c.
With
the
difference
of
Common
,
Legitimate
,
and
Bastard
Pieces
.
IT
remains
necessary
for
this
Chapter
to
treat
,
or
shew
the
way
to
know
,
whether
a
Piece
be
serviceable
or
no
,
which
is
usually
done
in
the
first
proof
by
Powder
,
which
we
intend
not
to
Write
of
here
,
having
mentioned
it
before
,
and
more
will
be
said
,
when
we
have
shewed
the
composition
of
Powder
.
That
knowledge
of
a
Piece
we
here
intend
,
is
to
examine
a
Piece
,
bought
,
or
to
be
taken
into
Service
,
whether
good
or
serviceable
,
or
out
of
many
Pieces
to
make
choice
of
the
best
,
or
such
as
are
freed
from
holes
,
flaws
,
cracks
,
honycombs
,
&c.
And
first
to
know
if
a
Piece
be
free
from
crack
,
or
have
holes
through
,
take
a
long
stick
,
longer
than
the
Piece
,
made
of
a
Hoop-stick
or
otherwise
,
slit
it
at
one
end
,
so
that
you
may
put
a
short
peece
of
Candle
in
it
,
then
light
the
Candle
,
and
put
it
into
the
Piece
,
and
so
putting
it
along
easily
,
whilst
another
laying
his
Eye
close
to
the
Piece
,
do
go
along
equally
with
the
Candle
,
until
the
whole
Piece
be
viewed
,
and
so
by
help
of
the
Light
within
side
,
the
Eye
without
side
will
perceive
whether
there
be
any
Flaws
,
Cracks
,
&c.
This
may
be
done
by
the
reflection
of
the
Sun
beams
in
at
the
Muzzle
of
a
Piece
,
by
help
of
a
Looking-glass
,
or
pollished
Steel
;
but
many
times
a
Piece
may
be
Flawed
or
Hony-combed
,
and
cannot
be
discerned
through
the
Piece
,
and
then
the
best
way
to
find
them
out
is
thus
;
make
the
usual
search
with
two
or
three
Springs
,
or
in
case
you
have
them
not
,
bend
the
Iron
point
of
a
Half
Pike
,
then
put
it
into
the
Piece
up
to
the
Britch
end
or
bottom
of
the
Cylinder
,
turning
it
round
carefully
and
gradually
,
as
you
pluck
it
out
,
and
if
there
be
any
Honey-combs
,
Cracks
or
Flawes
,
the
end
or
bended
point
of
the
Half
Pike
wil●
stick
or
catch
at
them
.
To
know
whether
the
Piece
be
Chamber-bor'd
,
take
a
priming
Iron
that
is
small
,
or
a
piece
of
Wire
,
bend
it
a
little
at
the
end
,
but
so
that
it
may
go
down
at
the
Touch-hole
,
and
put
it
down
so
far
as
it
will
go
;
Then
at
the
Touch-hole
close
by
the
Metal
of
the
Piece
,
make
a
mark
upon
the
Wire
;
then
gently
pluck
it
up
upon
one
side
of
the
Touch-hole
,
until
the
bended
point
stop
upon
the
Metal
or
upper
side
of
the
Chamber
;
and
then
make
another
mark
upon
the
Wyer
,
just
by
the
Touch-hole
;
then
draw
out
the
Wyer
,
and
the
distance
between
these
two
marks
,
is
the
height
of
the
Chamber
or
bore
of
the
Piece
at
Britch
:
take
the
height
of
the
bore
at
Muzzle
,
and
if
this
height
at
Muzzle
agree
with
that
taken
at
the
Britch
of
the
Piece
,
then
is
the
Piece
full
bored
;
but
if
they
differ
,
so
much
as
the
difference
is
,
sheweth
the
tapering
of
the
Piece
,
and
according
to
this
must
your
former
be
made
for
your
Cartredges
.
There
is
another
way
to
know
whether
a
Piece
be
Chamber-bor'd
,
or
Tapering
by
the
disparting
of
a
Piece
;
which
way
we
shall
shew
in
its
proper
place
,
where
we
treat
of
disparting
a
Piece
of
Ordnance
.
Now
although
we
have
mentioned
in
the
former
Chapters
the
most
usual
Pieces
of
Ordnance
;
yet
,
as
I
have
said
,
there
are
other
Pieces
which
are
longer
,
or
shorter
,
which
are
used
,
and
are
generally
called
by
the
name
of
Bastard
Pieces
,
and
they
are
distinguished
from
the
common
Legitimate
Pieces
thus
;
The
Legitimate
Pieces
have
their
due
length
of
Chance
,
and
are
proportioned
according
to
the
true
height
of
their
bore
.
Bastard
Pieces
are
shorter
Chases
,
such
as
the
proportion
of
their
bore
doth
require
,
and
are
therefore
called
Cuts
of
the
same
nature
of
the
Piece
they
agree
with
in
the
bore
;
as
those
of
Demi-Culverin
bore
,
are
called
Demi-Culverin
Cuts
,
&c.
There
are
also
Pieces
called
Extraordinary
,
which
are
such
whose
Chaces
are
longer
than
is
usually
for
that
bore
.
Now
we
have
well
and
duely
understood
how
,
not
only
to
make
,
but
also
to
examine
and
prove
a
Piece
of
Ordnance
,
in
the
next
place
shall
follow
their
use
,
set
down
in
due
order
:
Wherein
first
't
is
necessary
for
us
to
treat
of
the
nature
of
Gunpowder
,
and
its
various
Compositions
,
with
the
Materials
necessary
thereunto
,
and
afterward
shew
its
use
.
CHAP.
VIII
.
Of
the
Materials
used
in
the
Composition
of
Gunpowder
;
and
first
we
will
treat
of
the
Original
of
Salt-Peter
.
IT
is
believed
by
many
in
these
latter
times
,
that
the
Salt-Peter
now
in
use
,
is
not
the
Niter
of
the
Ancients
,
but
a
new
Invention
used
or
found
out
for
the
Composition
of
Powder
;
And
that
theirs
was
only
a
Niter
generated
by
nature
,
or
that
Salt
that
is
coagulated
of
it self
,
without
any
humane
Artifice
,
in
the
Caverns
of
the
Earth
,
from
whence
they
took
it
which
nevertheless
they
divide
into
four
different
Species
,
to
wit
,
Armenian
,
Affrican
,
Roman
,
and
Egyptian
;
and
this
Egyptian
holds
its
name
by
a
certain
Region
in
Egypt
,
in
which
is
found
great
abundance
.
Serapian
delivers
to
us
,
that
the
places
from
whence
they
drew
their
Niter
were
all
one
and
the
same
,
like
them
where
common
Salt
is
formed
,
in
which
the
water
running
doth
congeal
,
and
condenseth
like
a
vulgar
Stone
,
from
hence
came
it
to
be
called
stonified
Salt
,
or
Sal-Peter
.
The
same
Author
doth
a●●irm
,
that
Niter
was
found
of
divers
colours
,
viz.
White
,
Reddish
,
Livid
,
or
Lead-like
,
and
all
other
colours
it
was
able
to
take
;
he
saith
likewise
that
it
was
found
in
different
forms
;
for
some
was
found
full
of
holes
or
caverns
like
a
Spunge
;
others
on
the
contrary
were
firm
,
close
,
sollid
,
shining
,
and
Diaphanous
as
Glass
,
which
being
let
fall
easily
will
split
in
thin
leaves
,
and
is
fryable
in
beating
;
and
from
its
various
appearances
is
judged
its
manifold
vertues
,
in
one
more
powerful
than
another
,
which
is
known
by
its
operation
.
From
hence
we
see
that
which
is
to
be
found
from
the
testimony
of
the
best
received
Authors
about
the
Mineral
Niter
,
and
in
none
is
any
mention
made
of
Artificial
Salt-Peter
,
or
such
as
we
at
present
make
use
of
generally
,
which
is
called
properly
Salt-Peter
,
Sal
Nitre
,
or
Halinitre
;
yet
is
there
very
little
difference
between
the
Natural
that
useth
to
be
brought
to
us
,
and
the
Artificial
;
for
if
we
compare
the
vertues
and
operations
of
the
one
,
we
shall
find
them
in
our
uses
no
way
d●ffering
,
as
Scaliger
testifies
,
saying
that
the
ancient
Niter
is
not
much
different
from
ours
,
particularly
if
we
consider
its
tenuity
and
sub●il
part
.
There
is
of
the
ancient
Niter
found
upon
the
superficies
of
old
Walls
,
exposed
to
the
humidity
;
but
particularly
in
Cellars
and
deep
Caves
,
and
in
covered
Vaults
;
it
resembles
perfectly
a
certain
Brine
,
or
white
Gelly
,
or
fine
Meal
,
or
in
more
proper
speaking
,
fine
Sugar
,
and
is
many
times
white
as
Snow
;
and
this
thus
had
,
the
vertues
are
to
be
commended
,
which
I
my self
have
taken
the
pains
to
collect
,
in
the
imitation
of
many
others
which
I
have
often
seen
;
which
if
now
it
be
desired
to
prepare
this
Salt
according
to
the
method
of
our
Art
;
It
will
be
congealed
into
small
little
long
Christals
like
Isicles
,
and
it
will
be
like
that
of
the
Ancients
.
But
as
't
is
impossible
to
find
so
great
a
quantity
,
as
the
continual
use
doth
consume
,
and
necessity
doth
excite
to
this
day
for
the
supply
of
all
Wars
,
which
have
been
great
,
and
in
few
years
consumed
many
great
and
vast
places
of
the
Universe
:
We
are
therefore
constrained
to
this
new
subject
,
and
are
forced
even
to
study
and
invent
in
these
latter
ages
a
new
way
to
supply
the
want
of
the
former
,
which
being
made
with
much
labour
and
industry
from
the
bowels
of
the
Earth
,
and
then
purified
and
washed
divers
times
to
separate
it
from
its
more
gross
and
Terrestrial
parts
,
and
taken
from
its
first
crudity
,
that
its
may
shew
its
likeness
of
its
Mother
,
it
is
in
the
end
perfectly
purified
and
brought
to
such
a
height
,
that
it
differs
nothing
to
he
of
the
same
form
and
vertue
of
the
ancient
Salt-Peter
.
Wherefore
if
I
may
be
admitted
to
speak
my
thoughts
upon
it
,
I
shall
say
openly
and
plainly
,
leaving
none
in
doubt
,
the
Ancients
did
indeed
find
natural
growing
Niter
,
which
came
out
of
it self
at
the
tops
of
Rocks
,
filling
the
clefts
and
holes
,
and
there
condensing
into
small
Icicles
,
it
hardnes
and
petrefies
.
This
Niter
is
natural
;
but
since
Art
is
the
Imitator
of
Nature
,
as
't
is
allowed
by
all
,
then
you
may
not
think
it
strange
,
if
we
can
by
a
little
of
her
aid
,
and
by
force
of
industry
,
attain
to
the
perfection
of
her
productions
;
nay
,
(
if
I
may
be
bold
to
say
it
)
such
as
shall
surpass
by
far
,
the
more
perfect
of
her
works
.
Do
we
not
daily
see
an
infinite
of
very
principal
Works
brought
to
light
,
after
a
long
and
painful
travel
,
which
is
not
permitted
nature
to
imitate
,
although
she
did
imploy
at
the
best
all
her
secret
and
full
strength
to
come
to
perfection
.
It
may
from
hence
▪
herefore
be
concluded
that
our
Salt
made
by
the
Art
of
Fire
,
is
such
as
is
every
way
agreeing
with
that
of
the
Ancients
,
not
any
way
differing
one
from
the
other
;
especially
as
to
those
uses
we
intend
here
.
For
if
according
to
our
method
given
in
the
next
Chapter
,
I
dare
affirm
,
in
all
our
uses
it
will
truely
imitate
the
natural
,
but
the
more
,
if
it
be
purified
and
purged
many
times
:
So
that
at
last
it
will
come
to
be
more
excellent
than
the
Ancient
and
natural
Salt-Peter
;
which
is
plainly
seen
in
the
ordinary
way
of
purifying
Common
Salt
or
Sugar
,
which
by
Art
is
so
purged
,
that
it
comes
to
be
far
purer
and
whiter
than
't
was
before
,
in
its
first
natural
dress
.
And
this
we
do
suppose
to
be
a
sufficient
argument
,
or
reason
,
for
us
to
judge
that
our
Artificial
Salt-Peter
is
not
only
as
good
,
but
far
more
excellent
than
the
natural
:
Which
being
thus
allowed
,
we
will
add
only
a
few
words
of
the
properties
of
Niter
,
and
so
pass
to
its
Artificial
preparation
.
And
first
of
the
spetting
quality
and
noise
it
makes
in
the
fire
,
which
Scaliger
would
have
to
be
caused
by
its
terrestrity
that
it
holds
in
it self
,
which
we
cannot
allow
of
,
but
rather
judge
otherwise
;
for
if
the
Earthy
part
were
the
subject
that
made
it
make
such
noise
,
then
the
Earth
it self
might
be
adjudged
to
make
a
far
greater
noise
,
seeing
it
is
also
mixed
with
this
Element
,
and
yet
we
find
it
cracks
not
at
all
,
being
put
in
the
fire
;
therefore
by
consequence
this
reason
is
void
.
Well
then
,
is
it
of
its
rarity
,
which
Aristotle
calls
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
This
cannot
pass
for
a
truth
,
since
daily
experience
doth
let
us
see
that
the
Mushrooms
,
or
Toad-stools
,
and
many
other
things
which
are
of
a
most
rare
thin
nature
,
yet
make
no
noise
when
put
upon
burning
coals
.
Neither
is
the
hardness
that
is
joyned
to
these
more
subtil
parts
,
the
cause
of
the
cracking
;
For
we
see
that
the
Pumice-stone
will
not
spet
nor
crack
,
nor
make
any
noise
in
the
fire
,
although
it
be
of
a
substance
sufficiently
spungy
and
hard
.
There
must
therefore
be
another
thing
that
must
be
the
cause
of
this
spetting
,
and
all
the
noise
that
is
made
by
Nitre
,
when
it
is
embraced
by
the
fire
.
The
Divine
Praeceptor
,
in
the
11
Section
of
his
Questions
saith
,
that
the
Salt
cracks
in
the
fire
,
because
it
contains
in
it
much
moisture
,
which
being
attenuated
by
the
fire
,
and
rarified
in
a
high
degree
,
converts
all
into
Spirits
,
and
an
Airy
nature
;
For
in
it
there
is
contained
more
of
a
Spirit
,
than
watery
matter
,
which
being
brought
to
the
fire
,
the
two
fiery
Spirits
mutually
attract
each
other
,
and
joyning
together
,
do
become
Master
of
the
lesser
part
the
Water
;
for
the
fire
of
the
Niter
being
fortified
and
put
into
action
by
the
common
fire
,
the
Water
is
constrained
from
its
bonds
,
and
can
stay
no
longer
there
,
but
must
of
a
suddain
depart
,
and
in
its
way
,
by
the
violency
of
its
departure
,
overthroweth
all
such
obstacles
as
come
in
its
way
:
And
in
this
action
the
external
air
being
strongly
and
violently
agitated
,
by
their
refraction
,
it
breaks
with
impetuosity
or
great
violence
,
and
from
thence
by
consequence
follows
that
hideous
and
fearful
noise
which
commonly
and
ordinarily
happens
,
in
the
combustion
of
Salt-Peter
,
and
other
Compositions
mixed
with
it
,
whereof
Salt-Peter
is
the
greatest
part
.
CHAP.
IX
.
The
way
of
Preparing
Salt-Peter
from
a
Nitrous
Earth
.
THe
Earth
and
matter
of
Salt-Peter
is
found
commonly
in
great
abundance
,
in
obscure
shadowed
places
,
where
no
Rain
nor
any
fresh
water
doth
penitrate
,
nor
likewise
where
the
Sun
by
his
rayes
can
communicate
his
heat
;
it
is
likewise
drawn
from
Horse
dung
under
Stables
,
and
from
covered
places
where
great
and
small
Cattle
are
shut
up
;
likewise
in
such
places
as
men
use
to
piss
in
,
or
Jaqueses
,
or
the
like
places
;
or
in
places
where
has
been
made
great
Fights
,
or
where
has
been
laid
up
together
many
dead
Bodies
,
and
earth
thrown
upon
them
:
For
from
thence
in
few
years
may
much
Salt-Peter
be
drawn
.
I
shall
declare
three
several
wayes
whereby
to
ground
your
judgment
with
more
certaint●
,
concerning
the
goodness
of
the
place
from
whence
one
would
draw
the
Salt-Peter
,
which
is
most
necessary
to
be
known
by
all
Salt-Peter
men
,
or
such
as
intend
to
mannage
these
Affairs
.
The
first
is
,
that
such
Earth
as
you
suspect
to
hold
Salt-Peter
,
be
put
upon
the
Tongue
,
and
if
it
prick
a
little
sharply
,
it
is
a
most
certain
sign
you
will
not
loose
your
labour
in
taking
it
to
task
;
but
on
the
contrary
if
it
be
not
biting
,
or
a
little
corrosive
,
it
will
not
well
answer
your
money
and
labour
in
preparing
of
it
.
The
second
way
to
know
a
good
Nitrous
Earth
is
this
:
make
a
hole
in
the
Earth
with
a
sharp
pointed
thing
,
either
of
Wood
or
Iron
▪
and
in
it
put
a
peece
of
Iron
red
hot
;
after
having
stopt
the
hole
,
let
it
stand
until
it
be
quite
cold
,
then
draw
it
out
,
and
if
you
find
a
little
after
about
this
Iron
some
Citrine
marks
,
inclining
a
little
after
to
a
whiteness
,
you
need
not
doubt
that
earth
;
but
further
assure
your self
't
is
very
good
to
put
to
work
.
The
third
way
is
,
throw
a
little
of
that
Earth
upon
burning
Coals
,
and
if
you
perceive
it
make
any
noise
,
and
that
it
spets
in
the
fire
,
or
that
clear
and
shining
sparks
come
from
it
,
you
may
from
thence
judge
that
that
Earth
holds
a
forcible
matter
of
that
nature
.
After
you
have
found
a
proper
Earth
to
draw
Salt-Peter
from
,
and
that
by
some
of
these
proofs
you
have
testimony
of
its
goodness
and
worth
,
let
be
taken
of
it
a
great
quantity
,
or
as
much
as
you
please
;
let
it
be
carried
to
a
place
appointed
for
this
purpose
,
then
prepare
to
burn
a
good
quantity
of
Wood
,
either
of
Oak
,
Ash
,
Elm
,
Maple
,
or
other
sorts
of
hard
Wood
,
that
you
may
have
Ashes
;
then
take
two
parts
of
these
Ashes
,
one
part
of
quick
Lime
,
mix
them
well
,
and
put
this
mixture
by
it self
;
for
such
uses
as
I
shall
shew
you
anon
.
Take
then
Vessels
of
Wood
,
or
Pipes
,
or
Hogsheads
cut
in
two
parts
,
for
they
must
be
able
to
hold
a
good
quantity
of
Water
,
make
a
hole
at
the
bottom
about
one
or
two
fingers
breadth
,
put
into
the
hole
a
small
wicker
thing
,
or
you
may
whelm
over
it
an
Earthen
Dish
,
after
put
Rushes
all
over
the
bottom
(
not
excepting
the
hole
)
or
in
its
place
clean
straw
;
this
Vessel
being
thus
fitted
,
dispose
of
it
in
this
manner
;
Set
it
so
,
that
under
may
stand
a
lesser
Vessel
of
Wood
to
receive
the
Liquor
that
shall
distil
down
from
the
upper
Vessel
;
after
put
into
the
upper
Vessel
about
the
height
of
a
hand
of
this
Salt-Peter
Earth
,
which
has
been
before
for
some
time
dryed
in
the
Air
;
upon
this
Earth
put
the
height
of
three
or
four
fingers
of
the
mixture
made
of
Ashes
and
quick
Lime
,
and
then
again
of
the
Salt-Peter
Earth
,
after
of
the
Ashes
about
the
same
height
as
before
;
and
continue
this
fashion
,
putting
Earth
upon
Ashes
,
and
Ashes
upon
Earth
,
until
the
Vessel
be
full
within
a
hands
breadth
at
the
top
,
to
hold
the
Water
that
is
put
in
;
this
done
put
upon
it
fresh
Water
as
much
as
shall
be
necessary
,
viz.
so
much
as
must
surmount
the
Earth
two
or
three
fingers
breadth
,
and
look
that
it
pass
through
all
the
Earth
,
and
run
drop
by
drop
through
the
hole
at
bottom
of
the
Vessel
into
the
Tub
standing
under
,
and
you
shall
have
a
Nitrous
Lixivium
,
according
to
the
quantity
of
Water
as
you
poured
into
the
Vessel
;
which
if
you
judge
is
too
little
,
you
must
reiterate
the
infusion
,
and
the
second
time
also
the
water
passing
through
the
Earth
will
carry
with
it
a
substance
;
And
so
the
third
time
.
This
done
,
put
all
the
Lixivium
into
a
●ettle
of
a
sufficient
bigness
,
and
let
it
be
boyled
upon
the
fire
very
easily
,
and
moderately
at
first
;
after
increase
the
fire
to
the
consumption
of
the
Liquor
,
or
a
little
more
,
keeping
continually
skimming
it
all
the
time
it
boyls
.
And
when
't
is
thus
consumed
,
pour
it
into
wooden
Vessels
that
are
broad
,
and
cover
them
over
with
Cloaths
,
and
let
them
stand
until
the
pure
part
Christalize
into
white
Salt
,
and
the
feculent
or
more
terrestial
part
settle
to
the
bottom
.
In
the
mean
time
continue
pouring
in
of
the
Lixivium
again
into
the
Kettle
,
boyling
and
skimming
it
as
before
;
and
this
do
until
all
your
Lixivium
be
boyled
up
and
poured
into
wooden
Vessels
to
Christalize
.
Then
from
the
wooden
Vessels
,
inclining
them
gently
,
pour
all
the
Lixivium
(
leaving
the
settling
at
bottom
by
it self
)
into
your
Copper
as
before
,
and
boyl
it
up
again
with
a
good
fire
until
half
be
consumed
,
or
until
it
begin
to
thicken
,
or
until
by
putting
a
little
upon
a
stone
or
peece
of
board
,
it
do
immediately
congeal
.
Then
take
it
from
the
fire
,
and
when
't
is
a
little
cooled
,
pour
it
as
before
into
wooden
Vessels
or
Boles
,
and
put
into
each
about
a
hand
in
height
;
then
cover
each
Vessel
with
course
cloaths
,
put
it
into
a
cool
place
,
and
two
or
three
dayes
after
you
will
find
your
Salt-Peter
congealed
and
thrust
together
in
small
Christals
,
like
transparent
Ice
,
sticking
to
the
sides
of
the
Vessel
,
and
likewise
upon
some
sticks
for
that
purpose
,
provided
the
rinds
being
taken
off
and
placed
in
the
wooden
Vessels
before
the
pouring
in
of
the
Liquor
;
get
diligently
together
the
Peter
,
as
well
that
which
sticks
to
the
sides
of
the
Vessel
,
as
that
to
the
sticks
,
in
a
Vessel
of
wood
proper
to
receive
it
,
and
cover
it
,
and
keep
it
dry
.
The
remaining
water
you
must
boyl
up
as
before
,
not
forgetting
to
separate
it
from
its
residence
.
Whilst
't
is
boyling
,
it
happens
sometimes
that
the
Liquor
may
rise
and
boyl
over
the
Cauldron
;
to
prevent
that
danger
,
have
in
readiness
other
Lixivium
,
made
of
three
parts
of
Ashes
,
and
one
part
of
quick
Lyme
,
as
we
spoke
before
,
in
which
is
dissolved
Roch
Allum
,
allowing
to
every
hundred
weight
of
Lixivium
,
four
pounds
of
Allum
;
and
when
it
begins
to
rise
,
pour
in
a
little
of
this
from
time
to
time
;
And
by
this
means
you
will
see
that
the
water
that
was
hastning
to
come
over
,
will
fall
down
;
and
that
the
common
Salt
and
more
terrestrial
part
will
settle
to
the
bottom
.
The
Earth
remaining
in
the
Wooden
Tubs
from
whence
the
salt
was
drawn
,
must
be
put
in
some
cover'd
place
made
for
that
purpose
,
where
neither
Sun
,
Rain
,
nor
any
other
water
may
come
;
and
there
it
must
be
spread
all
abroad
about
a
foot
high
:
Then
you
must
have
in
readiness
Horse
dung
or
the
Excrements
of
all
sorts
of
Beasts
,
great
and
small
,
and
put
off
this
upon
the
other
,
about
the
height
of
three
or
four
foot
;
then
take
all
that
was
skum'd
from
the
Lixivium
in
boyling
,
and
the
water
that
is
left
and
will
not
shoot
,
and
the
bottoms
that
are
left
in
the
wooden
Vessel
,
where
the
Salt-Peter
did
shoot
,
and
throw
them
away
,
as
hurtful
and
useless
,
upon
the
Dunghil
;
throw
likewise
every
day
,
or
as
often
as
you
can
,
the
Urine
of
men
,
and
let
it
lye
two
years
,
and
you
shall
have
your
Earth
filled
with
Salt-Peter
as
before
,
with
a
greater
aboundance
:
You
may
likewise
throw
upon
your
Dunghill
,
the
Horns
,
Claws
,
and
Hoofs
of
Beast
,
and
then
from
this
Earth
it
will
be
very
easie
to
draw
good
Salt-Peter
by
the
method
we
have
prescribed
.
CHAP.
X.
To
Clarifie
and
Refine
Salt-Peter
.
TAke
as
much
Salt-Peter
as
you
please
,
and
being
put
in
a
Copper
,
pour
upon
it
so
much
fair
water
as
will
dissolve
it
,
that
is
about
eight
of
Water
,
and
three
of
Salt
;
and
pour
upon
the
same
of
the
former
Lixivium
,
prepared
of
Ashes
,
Quick-lyme
,
and
Roch
Allum
;
boyl
it
upon
the
fire
until
all
the
Salt-Peter
be
dissolved
;
that
being
done
,
have
in
readiness
a
Vessel
of
Wood
sufficiently
big
,
and
so
disposed
,
that
another
may
stand
under
the
same
:
which
must
,
before
it
be
so
set
,
be
peirced
in
the
middle
,
and
the
hole
covered
over
with
an
Earthen
Dish
:
Let
the
uppermost
Tub
be
filled
five
or
six
inches
with
fine
clean
sand
;
then
let
the
Tub
be
covered
over
with
a
course
cloath
,
and
pour
through
the
same
into
your
Sand-Tub
your
dissolved
Salt-Peter
,
and
so
it
will
distil
by
little
and
little
into
the
Vessel
which
stands
under
;
and
so
passing
through
the
Sand
,
it
will
be
discharged
of
all
its
superfluities
,
and
will
leave
the
most
terrestial
part
,
and
such
as
is
useless
,
in
the
Sand
,
which
water
again
put
into
the
Cauldron
,
and
boyl
it
up
as
formerly
,
until
it
may
be
fit
to
congeal
,
and
in
the
end
pour
it
into
wooden
long
flat
Vessels
as
before
,
and
in
two
or
three
dayes
't
will
be
shot
into
Christals
as
formerly
;
which
if
you
would
have
purer
,
you
must
reiterate
this
work
once
more
,
or
you
may
put
upon
this
Peter
,
Lyme-water
,
filter
it
and
boyl
it
up
according
to
Art
,
and
it
will
be
pure
.
Salt-Peter
may
be
purified
thus
;
put
your
Salt-Peter
in
a
Vessel
of
Copper
,
Iron
,
or
Vernish't
Earth
(
I
like
a
Crucible
best
)
which
being
put
to
a
small
fire
,
augment
it
gradually
until
all
the
Salt
be
melted
and
boyl'd
;
then
take
common
Sulphur
finely
pulverised
,
and
throw
it
upon
the
liquified
Salt-Peter
,
which
will
quickly
take
fire
and
burn
,
and
by
the
same
means
consume
all
the
gross
and
viscous
humours
,
with
the
terrestrial
Salt
remaining
useless
amongst
the
Salt-Peter
,
before
the
rectification
;
besides
you
may
reiterate
this
work
by
putting
on
fresh
Sulphur
many
times
,
until
such
time
all
the
strange
humours
be
quite
consumed
;
in
the
end
,
the
Salt-Peter
being
well
melted
and
well
purified
,
pour
it
upon
well
polished
Marble
or
Plates
of
Iron
,
or
Copper
,
or
glazed
Earth
,
and
let
it
cool
,
and
you
will
have
a
Salt-Peter
congealed
,
almost
resembling
in
colour
and
hardness
the
true
Alabaster
.
CHAP.
XI
.
How
Salt-Peter
Meal
is
made
without
any
beating
,
for
the
making
of
Gun-powder
.
SAlt-Peter
well
purified
,
must
be
put
in
a
Kettle
,
upon
a
furnace
over
a
fire
,
then
moderately
increase
the
fire
with
Bellows
to
such
a
degree
of
heat
,
until
it
begin
to
smoak
and
evaporate
,
until
the
Salt
begin
to
lose
its
humidity
,
and
obtain
a
whiteness
,
and
so
keep
continually
stirring
it
with
a
wooden
or
Iron
Ladle
,
for
fear
it
should
return
into
its
pristine
form
,
and
hereby
will
be
taken
away
all
its
fatty
greasiness
that
may
be
commixt
.
This
being
done
,
pour
so
much
water
into
the
Kettle
as
will
cover
the
Salt-Peter
,
and
when
it
shall
be
dissolved
,
and
it
has
obtained
the
consistence
of
a
thick
Liquor
;
then
with
a
wooden
stick
or
Ladle
keep
continually
stirring
it
without
any
intermission
,
until
all
its
humidity
be
evaporated
,
and
all
be
reduced
into
most
dry
white
Meal
.
CHAP.
XII
.
To
make
Salt-Peter
with
the
flower
of
Did
Walls
,
of
Caves
,
Cellars
,
Uaults
,
&c.
GAther
together
a
good
quantity
of
this
Flower
,
which
you
may
find
upon
the
Surface
of
Old
Walls
,
which
are
in
moist
places
under
the
Earth
;
you
may
also
make
provision
with
a
certain
Salt
which
sticks
to
Lyme
,
or
upon
ruinated
Walls
;
which
Peter
,
one
Sardi
a
Roman
took
notice
of
,
was
alwayes
well
practised
at
Bruxells
in
Brabant
,
as
he
confesseth
in
his
fifth
Book
of
Artillery
,
Chap.
49.
First
,
see
how
much
Salt-Peter
matter
you
have
;
then
take
one
fourth
part
so
much
of
quick
Lyme
,
pour
upon
it
warm
water
,
boyl
it
well
,
and
clarifie
it
according
to
custom
,
then
put
your
Salt-Peter
matter
into
a
Tub
with
a
tap
in
it
,
and
a
little
Earthen
Dish
before
the
hole
of
the
tap
within
,
pour
into
this
Tub
the
Lye
,
and
stir
it
well
with
a
stick
until
all
the
Salt
Peter
be
dissolved
in
the
Water
;
then
let
it
distil
leisurely
into
a
Vessel
that
stands
under
the
tap
;
and
at
last
being
all
dissolved
and
run
out
,
put
this
water
into
a
Kettle
,
and
boyl
it
over
the
fire
,
until
so
much
be
consumed
,
that
the
remainder
being
dropped
upon
a
Tyle-stone
or
Board
,
do
congeal
,
and
be
of
hardness
,
but
not
too
hard
;
for
if
it
be
very
hard
,
the
water
is
burnt
;
but
if
too
soft
,
not
enough
.
When
't
is
well
boyled
and
scummed
,
take
it
from
the
fire
,
and
proceed
with
it
as
in
the
tenth
and
eleventh
Chapters
.
CHAP.
XIII
.
How
to
examine
the
goodness
of
Salt-Peter
.
PUt
upon
a
Wooden
Table
,
or
any
clean
and
smooth
Board
,
a
little
Salt-Peter
;
then
give
fire
to
it
with
a
live
coal
,
and
observe
these
Rules
following
,
viz.
If
it
make
the
same
noise
in
burning
as
the
common
Salt
doth
when
it
is
thrown
upon
live
coals
,
it
is
a
sign
it
holds
yet
much
common
Salt
.
If
it
hold
a
thick
and
fat
scum
,
it
is
a
sign
't
is
fatty
and
viscous
.
If
after
the
Salt
be
consumed
,
there
resteth
yet
crass
and
filthy
matter
upon
the
board
,
it
is
an
infallible
sign
that
the
Salt
contains
yet
a
quantity
of
earthy
matter
,
and
so
much
the
more
,
if
you
see
much
dregs
after
the
combustion
of
the
Salt-Peter
is
past
;
and
therefore
the
less
powerful
and
active
.
But
by
contraries
,
if
it
render
a
cleer
long
flame
divided
into
many
streams
,
and
that
the
superficies
of
the
board
remain
neat
without
any
filth
;
or
that
it
be
consumed
so
that
nothing
is
left
,
but
a
white
clean
ash
,
without
making
much
noise
,
or
great
trembling
,
you
may
then
conclude
that
the
Salt-Peter
is
good
,
and
well
cleansed
,
and
in
its
perfect
preparation
.
CHAP.
XIV
.
The
true
way
to
purifie
Salt-Peter
,
and
separating
it
from
all
offending
and
superfluous
matter
;
as
common
Salt
,
Uitriol
,
Allum
,
and
all
fatty
and
viscous
humours
.
TAke
Two
pound
of
Quick-Lyme
,
Two
pound
of
common
Salt
,
One
pound
of
Verdigrease
,
One
pound
of
Roman
Vitriol
,
One
pound
of
Sal-Armoniack
,
beat
them
all
together
;
after
put
them
into
an
Iron
Vessel
,
and
pour
upon
them
a
good
quantity
of
Vinegar
,
or
in
default
of
them
,
good
clear
water
;
and
make
a
Lixivium
,
which
you
shall
let
rarifie
and
clarifie
of
it self
,
standing
the
space
of
three
dayes
;
after
put
your
Salt-Peter
in
a
Kettle
,
and
pour
upon
the
same
as
much
of
this
Lixivium
as
will
well
cover
the
Salt-Peter
;
put
it
upon
a
fire
sufficiently
moderate
at
first
,
increasing
it
until
it
boyl
to
the
consumption
of
half
;
take
it
then
away
from
the
fire
,
and
pour
it
by
gentle
inclination
into
a
wooden
Vessel
,
and
throw
away
all
the
dregs
and
Salt
which
remaineth
in
the
bottom
of
the
Kettle
:
That
done
,
let
the
Salt-Peter
water
cool
,
and
continue
your
preparation
as
we
have
given
before
,
where
we
treated
of
refining
Salt-Peter
.
CHAP.
XV.
How
to
clarifie
common
Sulphur
,
and
to
know
its
goodness
.
WE
experience
often
,
and
without
contradiction
,
that
not
only
Salt-Peter
is
filled
with
terrestrial
qualities
,
but
Brimstone
also
,
which
is
not
only
of
a
fatty
&
certain
oleganious
humour
,
but
likewise
a
noysome
quality
which
is
in
the
compound
,
common
to
one
and
the
other
of
its
matters
;
from
hence
(
if
we
desire
to
be
curious
in
our
work
)
we
judge
it
may
be
necessary
to
purifie
Sulphur
,
and
to
procure
to
it
by
power
of
clarification
,
a
nature
most
sublime
,
subtile
,
fiery
and
volatile
.
The
order
and
method
that
ought
to
be
used
in
this
,
is
thus
;
in
Vessels
of
Iron
or
Copper
,
melt
your
Sulphur
with
a
very
gentle
fire
over
Coals
,
well
lighted
,
and
not
flaming
;
and
when
it
is
melted
with
a
Ladle
,
skim
neatly
off
all
that
riseth
on
the
top
and
swimmeth
upon
the
Sulphur
;
then
not
long
after
,
let
it
be
taken
from
the
fire
,
and
strained
through
a
double
Linnen
Cloath
into
another
Vessel
,
pouring
it
through
at
leisure
;
thus
all
the
Oylie
matter
and
crassy
substance
remains
in
the
Cloath
;
but
under
in
the
Vessel
will
be
a
pure
Sulphur
,
such
as
we
have
before
spoken
of
.
To
know
the
goodness
of
Sulphur
you
must
do
thus
:
Press
it
between
two
Iron
plates
,
that
are
hot
,
and
if
in
the
running
it
appear
yellow
,
without
any
bad
odour
,
and
that
which
remains
be
of
a
reddish
colour
,
one
may
believe
't
is
natural
and
excellent
;
so
likewise
't
is
a
good
sign
,
if
when
't
is
set
on
fire
,
it
do
freely
burn
all
away
,
leaving
little
or
no
resident
matter
.
For
if
Sulphur
be
pure
and
good
,
we
do
find
that
there
is
such
a
sympathy
between
it
and
fire
,
that
the
fire
is
desirous
of
the
Sulphur
for
its
nutriment
,
and
that
reciprocally
the
Sulphur
is
pleased
likewise
to
be
thus
devoured
and
consumed
by
the
Element
of
fire
;
so
that
if
some
fragment
of
it
be
put
about
some
pieces
of
Wood
,
if
this
shall
feel
the
fire
at
some
distance
,
it
seems
as
if
it
did
attract
it
to
it self
,
and
doth
sometimes
unawares
at
a
distance
catch
or
take
fire
,
if
great
care
be
not
taken
.
There
is
a
certain
kind
of
Sulphur
which
will
not
burn
so
freely
as
other
Sulphur
,
nor
send
forth
any
ill
scent
,
but
being
put
upon
the
fire
,
melts
no
otherwise
than
common
Wax
;
and
this
Sulphur
is
found
abundantly
near
Mount
Aetna
,
as
Carniola
of
Libavius
reports
,
in
his
first
Book
of
the
Apocap
.
Hermel
.
but
this
Sulphur
is
commonly
red
,
as
also
is
that
which
is
found
in
the
Heil
des
Heim
(
as
Agricola
mentions
in
his
first
Book
,
Chap.
22.
)
And
upon
the
testimony
of
Iohn
Iohnson
,
Adm.
Nat.
Clas.
4.
Chap.
13.
Sulphur
is
found
likewise
of
divers
other
colours
,
as
pale
,
Yellow
,
Green
,
as
is
many
times
to
be
seen
and
found
sticking
about
Stones
and
Rocks
:
So
,
that
a
man
may
,
without
any
great
difficulty
,
take
it
from
thence
,
and
make
it
into
a
Mass
.
That
which
is
clear
,
perfectly
yellow
,
not
very
hard
,
nor
too
much
shining
,
is
the
very
best
.
Yet
there
is
another
Sulphur
which
looks
greenish
,
and
hath
never
past
the
fire
;
and
this
is
called
Sulphur
Vivum
,
and
by
some
Virgin
Sulphur
,
by
reason
Women
and
Maids
had
a
custom
to
compose
with
it
a
certain
fucus
or
Paint
,
with
which
they
used
to
adorn
their
faces
.
CHAP.
XVI
.
Of
the
third
principal
in
Composition
of
Gunpowder
,
viz.
Coal
,
and
its
Preparation
.
IN
the
Month
of
May
or
Iune
,
when
all
sorts
of
Trees
are
easie
to
peel
,
by
reason
in
that
time
there
comes
out
a
sap
,
and
they
are
fuller
of
humours
than
at
any
other
time
of
the
year
,
Cut
then
a
great
quantity
of
Hazle
or
Ash
,
the
length
of
two
or
three
foot
,
of
the
bigness
of
half
your
fist
,
taking
away
from
them
with
a
Bill
all
that
is
Superfluous
,
then
take
away
the
rind
likewise
;
and
of
these
make
little
bundles
,
and
make
them
very
dry
in
a
warm
Oven
;
then
in
a
place
chosen
for
that
purpose
,
that
is
plain
and
even
,
set
them
upright
one
by
another
,
and
set
them
on
fire
;
and
after
you
see
the
fire
well
lighted
,
and
that
the
fire
hath
reduced
them
all
into
burning
Coals
,
cover
them
closely
and
diligently
with
watered
earth
,
so
that
it
may
have
no
respiration
,
or
that
no
Air
may
pass
in
;
then
,
the
flame
being
thus
stifled
upon
the
Coals
,
they
will
remain
pure
and
whole
,
without
being
charged
with
much
Ashes
;
then
24
hours
after
,
you
may
take
them
away
and
keep
them
for
to
serve
you
in
your
business
,
and
put
them
to
such
uses
as
we
shall
write
of
hereafter
.
But
if
you
have
occasion
for
a
small
quantity
only
,
take
then
of
the
Arms
and
Limbs
of
such
Trees
aforesaid
,
that
is
of
Teil
wood
,
of
Juniper
,
of
Ash
,
&c.
Cut
them
in
small
pieces
,
and
dry
them
well
;
then
shut
them
in
an
Earthen
Vessel
,
and
lute
the
Cover
on
the
top
with
Clay
;
then
place
Coals
round
about
the
Pot
,
and
let
it
be
all
covered
with
Coals
,
leaving
them
so
the
space
of
a
good
hour
,
continuing
the
fire
all
this
while
in
the
same
degree
of
heat
;
at
last
let
it
cool
of
it self
,
and
when
't
is
cold
,
open
the
pot
,
and
take
out
the
Coals
for
your
use
.
CHAP.
XVII
.
The
wayes
of
Compounding
or
Making
Gunpowder
.
THe
wayes
of
Compounding
of
Gun-Powder
have
been
so
commonly
known
,
that
not
only
such
as
are
conversant
in
fireworks
do
understand
the
same
,
but
others
also
;
so
that
it
is
made
a
particular
Trade
:
nay
,
that
which
is
more
strange
,
the
Countrey
people
in
Polonia
have
learned
to
prepare
it
with
their
own
hands
,
without
the
use
of
any
Artificial
Engine
,
or
Chymical
Vessel
.
For
I
have
seen
many
of
the
People
of
Podolie
,
and
Vkrains
,
which
we
call
now
the
Cossaques
,
who
prepare
their
Powder
quite
contrary
to
the
common
way
,
or
that
which
is
used
by
Fire-Masters
.
For
they
put
Sulphur
,
Salt-Peter
,
Charcoal
,
all
together
in
an
Earthen
Pot
,
a
certain
proportion
of
each
;
(
which
proportion
one
to
the
other
they
have
learned
by
experimental
practice
)
upon
which
they
pour
fair
fresh
water
,
which
they
boyl
upon
the
fire
until
all
the
water
is
evaporated
,
and
the
matter
become
thick
;
then
they
take
it
from
the
fire
,
and
dry
it
in
the
Sun
,
or
in
some
warm
place
,
as
a
Stove
,
or
the
like
;
then
they
pass
it
through
a
Hair
Sieve
,
and
reduce
it
into
small
Grains
.
There
are
others
that
take
these
Materials
,
and
grind
them
upon
a
smooth
flat
Stone
,
or
a
smooth
Earthen
Dish
,
and
then
having
moistned
it
,
by
their
Skill
they
bring
it
into
Grains
;
which
powder
brought
to
this
degree
of
perfection
,
they
serve
their
occasions
with
as
much
utillity
and
profit
,
as
if
it
had
been
made
by
the
hand
of
one
of
the
most
knowing
or
skilful
Powder-makers
in
the
world
.
It
is
in
my
judgment
,
labour
lost
to
speak
more
of
these
superficial
wayes
;
but
come
to
the
order
and
method
which
is
necessary
and
usually
observed
in
the
preparing
of
Gun-Powder
:
It
shall
likewise
suffice
me
to
propose
in
this
Chapter
some
Compositions
most
excellent
and
best
approved
;
which
are
these
,
Compositions
for
Cannon
Powder
.
|
Compositions
for
Musquet-Powder
.
|
Compositions
for
Pistol-powder
.
|
The
first
.
-
Salt-Peter
100
l.
-
Sulphur
25
-
Coals
25
|
The
first
.
-
Salt-Peter
100
l.
-
Sulphur
18
-
Coals
20
|
The
first
.
-
Salt-Peter
100
l.
-
Sulphur
12
-
Coals
15
|
The
Second
.
-
Salt-Peter
100
l.
-
Sulphur
20
-
Coals
24
|
The
Second
.
-
Salt-Peter
100
l.
-
Sulphur
15
-
Coals
18
|
The
Second
.
-
Salt-Peter
100
l.
-
Sulphur
10
-
Coals
8
|
You
must
first
finely
powder
these
compositions
or
mixtures
,
for
Cannon
or
Musquet
Powder
,
and
after
moissen
them
with
fair
fresh
water
or
Vinegar
,
or
with
Aquavitae
;
but
if
you
will
have
your
Pistol
Powder
stronger
and
more
violent
,
you
ought
to
stir
it
up
several
times
whilst
t
is
in
the
Morter
,
with
this
following
liquor
;
that
is
,
a
water
distilled
from
Rinds
of
Oranges
,
Citrons
,
or
Lemons
,
by
an
Alymbeck
,
or
any
other
Chymical
Vessel
;
then
let
all
be
beaten
and
well
brayed
24.
hours
,
and
then
in
the
end
reduce
it
into
very
fine
small
grains
.
A
Liquor
for
this
purpose
may
likewise
be
made
of
twenty
parts
of
Aquavitae
,
and
12
parts
of
distilled
Vinegar
made
of
Whitewine
,
and
four
parts
of
Spirit
of
Salt-Peter
,
and
two
parts
of
water
of
Sal-armoniac
,
and
one
part
of
Camphire
dissolved
in
Brandy-wine
,
or
reduced
into
Powder
with
powdered
Sulphur
,
or
reduced
with
Oyl
of
sweet
Almonds
.
To
Corn
Powder
well
,
you
must
prepare
a
Sieve
with
a
bottom
of
thick
Parchment
,
made
full
of
round
holes
;
then
moisten
the
Powder
that
must
be
corned
with
its
water
,
and
make
it
up
in
Balls
as
big
as
Eggs
;
which
put
into
the
Sieve
,
and
with
it
put
a
wooden
Bowls
,
and
when
you
have
so
done
,
sift
the
Powder
so
,
as
the
Bowl
rouling
about
the
Sieve
,
may
break
the
Clods
of
Powder
,
and
make
it
pass
through
those
little
holes
into
Corns
.
It
is
observed
by
Fire-Masters
and
Gunners
,
that
Powder
when
it
is
Corned
,
is
of
much
greater
force
and
power
,
than
in
Meal
;
from
hence
't
is
concluded
,
that
powder
when
't
is
put
into
a
Piece
of
Ordnance
,
ought
not
to
be
pressed
or
beaten
home
too
hard
in
the
Piece
;
for
thereby
it
will
loose
its
form
of
grains
,
and
thereby
looseth
a
great
part
of
its
strength
that
it
had
,
and
is
therefore
not
able
to
throw
out
the
Bullet
with
so
great
a
violence
,
as
if
the
Powder
had
been
gently
thrust
home
to
the
Britchend
.
CHAP.
XVIII
.
Of
the
several
Colours
which
are
to
be
given
to
Powder
.
KNow
first
that
all
the
blackness
which
you
see
in
Gun-powder
comes
from
the
Coal
;
not
that
this
colour
is
absolutely
necessary
to
be
conjoyned
to
its
nature
,
or
that
it
is
absolutely
necessary
to
be
given
to
it
,
for
its
meliorating
or
making
it
more
vigorous
;
this
is
not
so
;
but
by
contraryes
you
may
be
permitted
to
give
unto
it
any
such
colours
as
you
shall
think
fit
,
without
prejudice
or
hinderance
of
the
Powder
and
vertue
of
it
.
For
if
instead
of
Coal
you
take
rotten
dryed
wood
,
or
Sawdust
well
dryed
,
or
white
paper
moistned
and
dryed
in
a
Stove
and
powdered
,
or
indeed
any
other
thing
of
a
combustible
nature
,
or
that
is
well
disposed
to
take
fire
(
such
as
you
read
hereunder
)
and
to
this
you
may
add
a
colour
according
to
your
fancie
and
pleasure
;
and
you
will
infallibly
have
a
Powder
that
will
make
the
same
Effect
as
the
black
powder
.
And
for
this
purpose
I
shall
lay
down
in
this
Chapter
certain
mictions
,
with
which
I
served
my self
many
times
,
and
therefore
known
to
be
experimental
truths
.
White
Powder
.
Take
Salt-Peter
six
pounds
,
Sulphur
one
pound
,
of
Sawdust
of
the
Elder
Tree
well
dryed
and
powdered
one
pound
,
these
mixed
according
to
the
directions
in
the
former
Chapter
,
there
will
be
made
a
Powder
of
a
white
colour
.
Or
thus
,
Take
Salt-Peter
ten
pounds
,
of
Sulphur
one
pound
,
of
the
woody
part
when
the
Hemp
is
taken
away
,
one
pound
,
&c.
Or
thus
.
Salt-Peter
six
pounds
,
Sulphur
one
pound
,
of
Tartar
calcin'd
until
it
be
brought
to
a
whiteness
,
and
the
Salt
extracted
for
use
,
one
Ounce
.
Red
Powder
.
Take
of
Salt-Peter
twelve
Parts
,
of
Sulphur
two
parts
,
of
Amber
one
part
,
of
Red
Sanders
two
parts
,
&c.
Or
,
Take
Salt-Peter
eight
pounds
,
of
Sulphur
one
pound
,
of
dryed
powdered
Paper
boyled
up
in
a
Water
,
wherein
is
Cinaber
or
Brazil
Wood
,
and
then
again
dryed
,
one
pound
.
Yellow
Powder
.
Take
Salt-Peter
eight
pounds
,
Sulphur
one
pound
,
Wild
or
Bastard
Saffron
boyled
in
Aqua
Vitae
,
after
dryed
and
powdered
,
two
pounds
,
&c.
Green
Powder
.
Salt-Peter
ten
pounds
,
of
Sulphur
one
pound
,
dryed
Wood
or
Saw-dust
boyled
in
Aqua
Vitae
with
some
Verditer
,
then
dryed
and
powdered
,
of
this
two
pounds
.
Blew
Powder
.
Salt-Peter
eight
pounds
,
of
Sulphur
one
pound
,
of
the
Saw-dust
of
the
Teil
Wood
boyled
in
Brandy
Wine
with
Indigo
,
and
after
dryed
and
powdered
,
one
pound
.
CHAP.
XIX
.
Still
Powder
,
or
Powder
without
Noise
.
THere
are
several
that
do
Write
many
strange
things
concerning
this
Still
Powder
,
or
Powder
,
without
noise
,
or
as
some
do
give
it
the
name
,
Deaf
Powder
,
whereof
they
have
treated
prolixly
;
the
which
I
think
not
convenient
to
do
,
by
reason
I
am
loath
to
tire
the
Reader
with
any
such
Discourse
,
as
tends
not
much
to
Edification
:
I
shall
therefore
put
down
certain
mixtures
,
which
I
have
known
to
be
more
excellent
and
best
approved
.
First
way
.
Take
Common
Powder
two
pounds
,
Venus
Borax
one
pound
;
these
being
well
powdered
,
mingled
and
incorporated
together
,
must
be
made
up
into
Corn
Powder
.
Second
way
,
Take
common
Powder
two
pounds
,
Venus
Borax
one
pound
,
of
Lapis
Calaminaris
half
a
pound
,
of
Sal-armoniack
half
a
pound
;
powder
and
mix
them
well
,
and
make
them
up
into
Grains
.
Third
way
,
Take
common
Powder
six
pounds
,
of
Live
Moles
burnt
in
an
Earthen
Pot
,
of
Venus
Borax
half
a
pound
,
mix
them
as
before
,
&c.
Fourth
way
,
Take
Salt-Peter
six
pounds
,
Sulphur
eight
pounds
and
a
half
,
powder
of
the
Second
Bark
of
Elder
Tree
half
a
pound
,
common
decripitated
Salt
two
pounds
;
make
Corn
Powder
of
these
according
to
the
precedent
order
,
or
accustomed
method
.
To
these
known
things
,
I
shall
add
here
a
thing
whereof
you
may
make
experience
if
you
please
;
it
being
only
taken
from
the
Books
of
Authors
,
without
any
tryal
made
by
me
;
which
you
may
also
find
written
in
the
natural
Magick
of
John
Baptist●
Porta
,
which
is
in
our
English
Tongue
,
where
he
saith
,
that
if
you
add
burnt
Paper
in
the
Composition
of
Gun-Powder
,
or
the
double
quantity
of
Hay
seed
well
beaten
;
these
will
take
away
a
great
part
of
the
strength
,
and
will
hinder
it
from
making
so
great
flame
and
noise
.
Some
do
say
that
the
Gall
of
a
Pike
doth
the
same
effect
,
if
it
be
mixed
and
mingled
with
the
same
;
but
we
shall
leave
the
belief
of
these
things
to
the
faith
of
such
Authors
as
have
experimented
the
same
.
There
are
some
wise
and
knowing
men
in
this
Art
,
attribute
the
cause
of
this
noise
,
or
as
some
do
express
it
,
this
horrible
noise
,
produced
by
a
Cannon
after
the
firing
,
not
to
the
Powder
,
but
to
the
beating
and
contusion
of
the
Air
which
is
inraged
,
or
in
a
passion
,
by
being
so
furiously
endeavoured
to
be
stifled
or
choaked
by
a
strange
and
extraordinary
movement
,
of
which
we
have
spoken
more
at
large
in
the
former
Chapter
,
where
we
treated
of
Salt-Peter
.
Yet
in
favour
of
the
Sons
of
Art
,
we
shall
never
theless
give
you
the
opinion
of
Scaliger
,
taken
out
of
his
his
fifteenth
Book
,
in
his
Exer.
Exoter
.
against
Cardan
of
Sub●il
.
Exer.
25.
Lo●ge
p●jus
illud
cum
sonitus
causam
a
bellicis
machinis
editi
,
attribuis
Sal
Petrae
;
nan●
t●nuissimu●n
in
pulverem
comminu●um
cavernulas
amisit
.
CHAP.
XX.
The
Proof
or
Tryal
of
Gun-powder
.
IT
is
accustomary
for
men
skilled
in
these
Arts
,
to
try
Powder
three
several
wayes
;
that
is
,
by
sight
,
by
touch
,
and
by
fire
:
And
first
,
for
the
tryal
by
sight
;
it
is
thus
,
If
the
Powder
be
too
black
,
it
is
a
manifest
sign
of
too
much
humidity
,
or
too
much
coal
;
now
if
it
contain
too
much
,
as
you
suppose
,
rub
it
upon
white
Paper
;
if
it
black
the
Paper
more
than
other
good
Powder
use
to
do
,
it
is
a
sign
there
is
more
coal
in
it
than
ought
:
for
such
Gun-Powder
as
is
of
a
fair
azure
colour
,
or
a
little
obscure
,
somthing
bordering
upon
red
,
is
the
best
sign
,
and
the
most
assured
testimony
of
good
Powder
.
Secondly
,
Gun-Powder
its
goodness
is
known
by
the
touch
,
in
this
manner
,
crush
some
Corns
under
your
fingers
ends
,
and
if
they
easily
break
and
return
to
Meal
without
resisting
the
touch
,
or
without
feeling
hard
,
you
may
assure
your self
from
thence
,
that
your
Powder
hath
in
it
too
much
Coal
.
If
by
pressing
it
a
little
hard
under
your
fingers
upon
a
smooth
hard
board
,
or
upon
a
stone
,
you
feel
amongst
it
small
grains
harder
or
more
sollid
than
the
rest
,
which
do
in
a
manner
prick
the
ends
of
the
fingers
,
and
do
not
yield
to
the
finger
but
very
difficultly
,
or
hardly
,
you
may
infer
from
hence
that
the
Sulphur
is
not
well
incorporated
with
the
Salt-Peter
,
and
by
consequence
the
Powder
is
not
well
and
duely
prepared
.
You
may
draw
infallible
proofs
or
conjectures
of
the
goodness
of
Powder
by
its
burning
,
if
after
you
have
made
little
heaps
of
Powder
upon
a
clean
and
even
Table
,
distant
one
from
another
about
a
hands
breadth
,
you
then
put
fire
to
one
of
them
only
;
and
if
it
take
fire
alone
,
and
burn
all
away
without
lighting
the
others
,
and
make
a
small
thundring
noise
,
or
make
a
white
clear
smoak
,
and
that
it
rise
with
a
quickness
,
suddainly
,
almost
imperceptible
,
and
if
it
rise
in
the
Air
like
a
circle
of
smoak
,
or
like
a
small
Crown
;
this
is
an
infallible
sign
the
Powder
is
good
,
and
perfectly
well
prepared
.
If
after
the
burning
of
the
Powder
there
remain
some
black
marks
upon
the
Table
,
this
then
signifies
that
the
Powder
contains
too
much
Coal
,
which
has
not
been
enough
burnt
.
If
the
board
looks
greasie
,
then
the
Sulphur
and
Salt-Peter
is
not
enough
cleansed
,
and
by
consequence
it
retains
much
of
their
terrestrial
matter
and
oyly
natures
which
were
naturally
conjoyned
to
their
matters
.
If
you
find
small
grains
,
white
and
Citrine
,
it
is
a
testimony
that
the
Salt-Peter
is
not
enough
cleansed
,
and
by
consequence
it
retains
much
of
its
terrestrial
matter
,
and
of
common
Salt
,
and
besides
,
the
Sulphur
hath
not
been
well
powdered
,
nor
sufficiently
incorporated
with
the
two
other
matters
of
its
Composition
.
If
two
or
three
Corns
of
Gun-Powder
be
laid
upon
a
Paper
,
distant
about
a
fingers
bredth
one
from
the
other
,
and
you
put
fire
to
them
,
if
the
fire
be
good
and
strong
,
they
will
fire
at
once
,
and
there
will
remain
no
grossness
of
Brimstone
,
or
of
Salt-Peter
,
nor
any
thing
but
a
white
smoaky
colour
in
the
place
where
they
were
burnt
,
nor
will
the
Paper
be
touched
.
If
small
black
knots
,
which
will
burn
downward
in
the
place
where
proof
is
made
,
remain
after
firing
,
they
do
shew
that
the
Gun-powder
hath
no●
enough
of
Peter
,
and
that
it
is
of
little
force
or
strength
.
Good
Gun-Powder
will
not
burn
your
hand
,
if
it
be
set
on
fire
there
.
Gun-Powder
that
is
very
sharp
or
eager
in
tast
,
is
not
well
purified
,
and
will
turn
moist
.
Amongst
many
sorts
of
Powder
,
to
know
the
best
,
make
a
little
heap
of
every
sort
at
a
distance
one
from
another
;
observing
well
when
you
fire
each
heap
,
which
of
them
doth
soonest
take
fire
,
for
that
which
soonest
takes
fire
,
smoaks
least
and
clearest
,
and
riseth
quickly
up
close
and
round
,
and
leaves
little
or
no
sign
behind
it
,
is
the
best
Powder
.
There
are
Instruments
likewise
invented
for
the
tryal
or
proof
of
Powder
,
which
the
most
part
of
Fire-Masters
and
Gunners
are
accus●omed
to
use
,
which
are
described
at
large
by
other
Authors
;
therefore
we
shall
not
here
repeat
the
same
;
considering
likewise
,
that
we
have
found
by
experience
a
great
fallacy
in
the
same
,
for
that
one
and
the
same
Powder
,
in
the
same
measure
and
quantities
,
hath
raised
the
cover
to
different
degrees
of
height
.
CHAP.
XXI
.
To
forti●●
weak
Powder
,
and
amend
that
which
is
spoiled
,
and
bring
it
to
its
full
strength
again
▪
and
to
preserve
good
Powder
from
decaying
.
WE
call
such
Gun-Powder
weak
,
which
hath
much
degenerated
from
its
fir●t
strength
,
and
the
force
which
it
did
acquire
in
its
first
preparation
;
as
such
as
hath
dak●n
wind
,
we●
,
or
air
;
for
these
do
diminish
the
quantity
of
Salt-Peter
,
and
actually
separate
the
Sulphur
and
Coal
.
There
are
two
different
wayes
that
these
accidents
do
happen
;
that
is
,
by
being
many
years
made
,
or
lying
in
a
mo●st
place
long
;
for
in
time
the
Salt-Peter
alter●
and
separates
it self
,
being
naturally
subject
to
alter
,
and
return
into
its
first
matter
;
for
Salt-Peter
in
its
beginning
or
original
being
engendered
of
water
,
or
of
a
certain
Saline
bu●●our
,
no
otherwise
than
other
Salts
are
produced
of
their
own
proper
Brines
,
doth
at
last
,
or
in
a
long
time
,
separate
it self
from
the
Coal
and
Sulphur
〈…〉
and
so
return
to
a
Brine
water
again
,
as
it
was
in
the
original
,
and
so
abando●●
〈◊〉
two
matters
that
adhered
to
it
▪
the
Sulphur
and
Coals
loosing
nothing
of
their
weight
,
seeing
that
no
humidity
that
is
attracted
,
can
●e
able
to
dissolve
them
▪
b●●
ra●her
by
the
contrary
,
the
Coal
doth
attract
greed●ly
,
and
becomes
more
ponderous
.
If
for
the
reasons
afore
said
you
desire
to
repair
and
restore
the
strength
of
Gun-Powder
that
begins
to
alter
,
or
that
hath
quite
lost
its
force
,
its
defects
may
be
amended
three
several
wayes
,
&c.
viz.
The
first
is
thus
,
make
a
Lye
of
two
parts
of
Aquavitae
,
and
one
part
of
clarified
Salt-Peter
made
into
fine
Powder
,
of
good
Vinegar
made
of
good
Wine
half
a
part
,
of
Oyl
of
Sulphur
one
eighth
part
,
and
as
much
Camphire
dissolved
in
Brandy
;
these
put
together
,
do
make
a
Lixivium
,
which
must
be
strained
through
a
large
Strainer
,
and
then
with
it
you
may
amend
your
powder
that
is
decayed
,
by
moistning
it
with
the
same
,
very
often
,
and
drying
it
by
the
Sun
in
Wooden
Vessels
,
and
then
putting
it
up
in
a
dry
place
,
free
from
any
humidity
or
air
,
and
then
it
will
not
in
a
long
time
again
be
damnified
.
The
second
way
to
repair
Powder
is
thus
,
examine
how
much
your
Powder
weighed
when
it
was
first
put
into
the
Cask
or
Barrel
,
then
see
how
much
it
doth
now
weigh
after
't
is
damnified
(
it
being
first
dryed
if
it
chance
to
be
wet
)
then
see
the
difference
between
these
two
weights
,
and
add
so
much
Salt-Peter
to
your
decayed
powder
,
mix
it
well
,
and
make
it
up
into
Corns
again
,
and
preserve
it
as
before
.
The
third
way
to
restore
the
strength
of
Gun-Powder
,
is
such
as
is
most
plain
and
commonly
used
amongst
the
Powder-men
;
they
put
upon
a
Sale-cloath
or
smooth
place
or
board
,
a
portion
of
damnified
Powder
,
to
which
they
add
an
equal
weight
of
that
which
is
new
made
,
and
then
with
their
hand
or
wooden
Shovel
they
mingle
it
well
together
;
then
they
dry
it
in
the
Sun
,
and
put
it
up
into
a
Barrel
again
,
and
keep
it
in
a
dry
and
proper
place
.
Yet
there
is
another
way
may
be
allowed
,
but
this
is
almost
the
same
with
making
new
Powder
,
and
it
is
thus
;
Take
what
quantity
of
decayed
Powder
you
please
,
put
it
into
Earthen
or
Wooden
Vessels
,
pour
upon
the
same
three
times
so
much
hot
water
,
stir
it
well
about
,
and
when
it
begins
to
be
cold
,
or
hath
stood
one
hour
or
two
,
strain
the
water
away
,
and
to
the
feces
put
more
water
,
stirring
it
well
about
,
then
let
it
stand
and
settle
as
before
,
and
strain
it
from
the
feces
,
this
do
a
third
time
,
and
you
will
have
drawn
out
all
the
Salt-Peter
;
put
these
waters
in
a
clean
Kettle
,
and
boyl
it
away
until
so
much
be
consumed
,
as
that
a
drop
dropped
upon
a
Stone
or
Iron
do
congeal
,
then
pour
it
into
some
wooden
Vessel
that
it
may
congeal
into
Salt-Peter
;
and
that
water
as
remains
,
you
must
boyl
up
again
as
before
;
and
if
need
be
,
you
must
in
the
boyling
skum
what
riseth
on
the
top
of
the
water
.
Having
by
this
Art
obtained
the
Salt-Peter
out
of
the
decayed
Gun-Powder
,
you
may
according
to
the
proportions
given
in
the
Composition
of
Powder
,
mix
it
with
its
remaining
Sulphur
and
Coal
,
or
fresh
Sulphur
and
Coal
,
which
is
better
;
and
after
't
is
well
mixed
,
Corn
it
according
to
the
given
Rules
;
then
let
it
be
well
d●yed
,
and
put
up
into
dry
Powder
Barrels
,
and
let
it
be
conse●ved
in
a
dry
place
from
Air
or
any
Moisture
.
Some
do
mend
their
Powder
in
this
nature
,
they
moisten
it
with
Vinegar
or
fair
water
,
beat
it
fine
,
and
sift
it
and
dry
it
,
and
to
every
pound
of
Powder
they
put
one
Ounce
of
Mealed
Salt-Peter
;
then
moisten
and
mix
them
well
,
so
that
neither
may
be
discerned
one
from
the
other
,
but
that
they
be
perfectly
incorporated
,
which
you
may
know
by
cutting
the
Mass
with
a
Knife
,
or
breaking
it
:
When
it
is
well
compounded
,
let
it
be
Corned
in
manner
as
we
have
before
prescribed
.
If
your
Composition
of
Powder
be
made
up
with
Aqua
vitae
,
and
so
made
up
into
great
Balls
,
and
well
dryed
in
a
Stove
,
or
in
the
Sun
,
and
put
into
glazed
earthen
Pots
,
and
close
covered
,
you
may
keep
it
as
long
as
you
please
,
for
age
will
not
decay
it
.
There
ought
alwayes
a
care
to
be
taken
by
Gunners
or
Fire-Masters
,
or
such
as
have
the
charge
of
Gun-powder
,
to
chuse
if
they
can
such
places
as
are
dry
,
and
stand
upon
the
best
ground
,
free
from
dampness
of
the
Air
or
any
water
possibly
coming
near
.
Every
Gunner
,
&c.
ought
to
take
care
that
his
Barrel
be
turned
upside
down
,
or
any
Carthredge
ready
filled
;
for
if
the
Powder
attract
air
,
the
Peter
with
the
moisture
it
hath
attracted
,
will
in
time
seperate
from
the
other
matters
,
and
sink
to
the
bottom
;
so
that
the
Powder
in
the
upper
part
will
loose
its
strength
,
which
is
prevented
by
turning
and
shaking
them
every
fourteen
dayes
,
and
airing
them
at
the
Sun
at
convenient
times
.
And
as
't
is
necessary
a
Gunner
should
have
Carthredges
filled
for
present
Service
,
those
ought
also
to
be
turned
out
and
filled
again
every
fourteen
dayes
more
or
less
,
as
the
Gunner
in
his
judgment
shall
allow
of
.
CHAP.
XXII
.
Of
the
property
and
particular
office
of
every
Material
in
the
Composition
of
Gun-powder
.
WE
ought
infallibly
to
believe
that
Gun-Powder
was
not
found
out
casually
,
or
by
fortune
;
but
invented
by
a
true
knowledge
,
and
by
reasonable
speculation
in
Natural
Philosophy
;
considering
that
to
this
day
no
man
hath
opposed
(
notwithstanding
many
persons
have
made
it
their
endeavour
)
or
could
find
any
other
Materials
like
unto
these
,
or
of
such
a
nature
,
which
being
well
united
and
incorporated
together
,
they
are
able
to
produce
a
fire
so
vigorous
,
fearful
,
powerful
,
and
above
all
,
so
inextinguishable
that
the
whole
Universal
matter
is
consumed
in
a
moment
;
which
is
the
more
to
be
believed
,
since
we
make
not
much
difficulty
,
particularly
in
this
our
Age
wherein
we
live
,
to
add
many
things
to
the
invention
of
others
,
and
that
(
as
the
Physitians
say
)
all
that
had
a
beginning
doth
pass
from
imperfection
to
perfection
.
We
desire
therefore
it
may
be
permitted
(
since
the
Inventors
have
left
us
nothing
in
Writing
)
to
propose
here
some
Observations
of
Speculative
truths
,
drawn
from
Experiment
,
which
have
been
made
about
the
strength
,
nature
,
effects
,
and
Office
of
all
the
matters
comprehended
in
the
Composition
of
Gun-Powder
,
as
well
of
the
particulars
,
as
all
made
up
into
one
body
.
For
I
believe
,
that
having
insinuated
into
a
perfect
knowledge
of
the
properties
,
and
the
affections
,
as
well
specificated
as
general
,
of
all
its
Ingredients
,
no
body
more
will
fall
into
those
Errors
which
are
too
often
committed
in
the
Art
of
Pyrotechny
.
We
must
therefore
know
,
that
Gun-powder
was
not
without
reason
composed
of
these
three
materials
,
to
wit
,
Salt-Pete●
,
Sulphur
,
and
Coal
,
but
to
the
end
that
one
might
remedy
or
supply
the
defaults
of
the
others
.
And
this
is
it
which
is
easie
to
be
comprehended
in
the
effect
of
Sulphur
;
for
this
is
naturally
the
very
aliment
of
the
fire
,
seeing
it
joyns
with
it
so
willingly
and
freely
,
and
having
once
taken
fire
,
is
most
difficult
to
put
out
,
being
no
otherwise
rightly
than
a
flaming
fire
,
or
,
to
express
it
better
,
a
pure
flame
;
and
therefore
hath
an
aptitude
to
enflame
the
Salt-Peter
,
by
its
activity
,
more
than
any
other
kind
of
fire
.
But
as
the
Salt-Peter
lighted
doth
go
promptly
into
certain
windy
exhalations
,
it
hath
thereby
such
a
strength
in
it
,
that
it
would
by
its
ventosity
put
out
the
flame
which
the
Sulphur
hath
conceived
,
and
by
consequence
deny
it self
of
that
which
the
Sulphur
communicateth
to
it
;
hereby
you
may
see
,
if
one
had
made
a
simple
composition
of
these
two
things
only
,
that
is
,
of
Sulphur
and
Salt-Peter
compounded
well
together
,
if
fire
were
then
applyed
,
they
would
in
truth
be
suddenly
enflamed
,
but
they
would
soon
after
go
out
,
that
is
,
the
fire
will
not
continue
to
the
Conflagration
and
Consumption
of
the
whole
matter
,
the
reason
whereof
we
have
given
a
little
before
.
It
was
therefore
by
good
reason
adjudged
,
that
Coal
well
dryed
and
powdered
,
being
adjoyned
to
these
two
materials
in
a
certain
proportion
,
was
an
excellent
remedy
for
the
supplying
of
this
defect
,
seeing
that
Coal
is
of
such
a
property
and
of
such
a
nature
,
that
if
it
be
held
to
the
fire
,
it
will
soon
light
and
be
reduced
to
a
fire
without
any
flame
;
And
from
hence
it
comes
to
pass
,
that
the
more
it
is
agitated
by
the
Air
,
or
by
wind
,
the
more
the
fire
augments
,
and
will
not
go
out
,
but
conserve
it self
until
the
matter
that
nourisheth
it
is
totally
consumed
;
a
little
ashes
only
excepted
.
From
hence
it
was
concluded
that
a
Composition
made
of
these
three
Ingredients
,
such
as
is
our
Gunpowder
,
will
conceive
fire
,
and
will
be
conserved
,
enflamed
and
consumed
unto
the
last
Atome
.
For
it
is
most
certain
,
that
if
we
approach
fire
with
it
,
the
Sulphur
which
the
fire
extreamly
loves
is
soon
taken
with
it
,
and
holdeth
the
same
and
introduceth
it
,
not
only
into
the
Salt-Peter
,
but
the
coal
also
at
the
same
moment
,
without
producing
any
flame
.
Now
this
fire
(
as
we
have
said
before
)
cannot
be
suffocated
by
wind
,
but
on
the
contrary
is
enflamed
the
more
,
and
takes
new
strength
by
the
agitation
of
the
Air.
And
as
this
Sulphur
is
a
great
neighbour
of
the
fire
either
with
or
without
flame
,
so
it
cannot
hinder
it
from
taking
fire
;
and
't
is
the
flame
of
the
B●imstone
imbraces
the
Salt-Peter
,
and
the
Coal
continues
it
.
And
by
consequence
these
three
materials
joyned
together
,
and
well
incorporated
,
and
then
lighted
,
produceth
a
fire
,
until
all
its
aliment
and
substance
be
universally
consumed
and
annihilated
:
Yet
there
must
care
be
taken
that
none
of
these
substances
have
any
accidental
defaults
,
either
in
humidity
or
disproportion
,
either
more
or
less
.
We
will
conclude
then
all
that
we
have
said
,
that
the
true
office
of
Sulphur
in
the
Powder
is
to
conceive
the
flame
or
receive
the
fire
,
and
having
received
it
,
to
communicate
it
to
the
other
matters
;
and
that
the
Coal
hath
a
particular
care
to
retain
and
consume
it
▪
and
to
hinder
the
fire
(
after
it
is
once
introduced
by
the
Sulphur
)
from
suffocating
or
going
out
by
any
windy
Exhalation
and
great
violence
caused
by
the
Salt-Peter
;
and
lastly
,
that
the
most
notable
and
particular
office
of
the
Salt-Peter
is
to
produce
and
cause
a
most
vehement
and
powerful
ventosity
or
windy
Exhalation
.
And
in
this
which
I
have
said
,
lieth
all
the
truth
of
the
strength
,
power
and
expulsive
motion
and
activity
of
the
Gun-powder
;
and
by
consequence
Salt-Peter
alone
is
the
first
and
principal
cause
of
all
the
admirable
and
astonishing
Effects
produced
by
Gunpowder
;
and
conseqnently
,
the
two
other
materials
are
alliated
with
the
Salt-Peter
for
no
other
end
than
to
make
it
break
forth
into
fire
and
wind
.
For
proof
of
this
,
if
any
one
will
make
a
Composition
of
Sulphur
and
Coal
only
,
and
with
it
charge
a
Piece
of
Ordnance
,
he
will
find
that
this
will
not
move
or
thrust
out
a
Shot
of
Iron
or
any
other
metal
;
the
reason
of
this
weakness
is
easie
to
be
understood
by
our
foregoing
discourse
,
because
the
violent
expulsion
depends
absolutely
in
the
Salt-Peter
,
and
in
this
only
expulsive
faculty
,
and
not
in
any
of
the
other
matters
.
Yea
I
believe
that
one
may
prepare
Gunpowder
●ithout
Brimstone
or
Coal
,
rather
than
without
Salt-Peter
;
or
that
a
man
may
without
much
difficulty
prepare
other
matters
,
that
the
one
may
do
the
office
of
Sulphur
in
kindling
the
matter
,
and
the
other
that
of
Coal
in
Conserving
it
and
keeping
it
without
flame
.
But
any
other
thing
that
hath
such
hidden
natural
properties
to
cause
such
a
ventous
Exhalation
,
so
violent
and
capable
to
produce
such
prodigious
Effects
,
as
Salt-Peter
,
may
not
be
produced
.
CHAP.
XXIII
.
Now
to
prepare
●ommon
Match
and
Extraordinary
Match
,
that
is
such
as
will
render
no
Smoak
nor
bad
scent
.
FIrst
there
must
be
made
Cords
of
coarse
hemp
,
or
rather
of
Tow
,
about
the
bigness
of
half
your
thumb
,
or
a
good
finger
in
Diameter
;
then
take
the
ashes
of
Oak
,
Ash
,
Elm
,
or
Maple
,
three
parts
,
of
quick
Lyme
one
part
,
and
make
thereof
a
Lye
after
the
usual
manner
;
which
being
done
,
add
to
it
of
the
Liquor
drawn
from
Horse
dung
neatly
strained
and
leasurely
exprimed
through
a
strainer
,
or
linnen
Cloath
,
two
parts
,
of
Salt-Peter
one
part
,
and
being
all
well
mix'd
,
put
into
a
Copper
your
Match
Cords
,
and
pour
upon
them
your
Lixivium
,
and
make
a
small
fire
under
the
same
,
augmenting
it
gradually
,
until
it
be
great
,
which
you
must
keep
boyling
two
or
three
dayes
continually
;
not
boyling
it
dry
,
as
some
of
our
Writers
prescribe
,
but
supplying
it
continually
with
fresh
Lixivium
,
for
fear
both
Match
and
Kettle
burn
for
want
of
Liquor
;
in
the
end
having
taken
out
the
fire
,
take
the
Cords
out
of
the
Liquor
,
and
wring
them
hard
in
your
hands
,
rubbing
off
the
moisture
from
them
with
a
peece
of
Cloath
,
that
comes
forth
in
the
wringing
;
then
hang
them
in
the
Air
or
Sun
upon
long
Poles
to
dry
,
and
when
they
are
well
dryed
,
make
them
up
in
bundles
,
and
carry
them
into
a
commodious
place
to
keep
for
use
.
But
to
make
Match
that
will
never
have
bad
scent
nor
smoak
,
you
must
get
a
certain
quantity
of
red
Sand
,
or
Gravel
well
washed
,
and
purged
from
all
its
filth
;
put
it
into
an
Earthen
pot
that
is
not
varnished
,
then
put
into
the
pot
upon
the
Sand
,
your
common
Match
,
or
any
other
made
of
Cotton
,
or
the
like
matter
,
and
coyle
it
in
such
manner
,
that
there
be
half
a
fingers
breadth
of
interval
between
every
coyl
of
the
Match
,
to
the
end
they
may
not
touch
each
other
,
but
that
the
Match
in
its
turning
or
Coyles
have
its
sides
equally
distant
one
from
the
other
;
then
throw
again
upon
that
a
good
quantity
of
Sand
▪
and
coyl
in
the
Cord
again
as
before
:
Continue
thus
your
work
until
your
pot
be
full
,
then
cover
the
pot
with
a
cover
of
the
same
earth
,
and
close
well
the
joynts
with
Lute
made
of
fat
Earth
that
no
Air
may
enter
;
This
being
well
and
surely
done
,
put
lighted
coals
round
about
the
pot
,
and
let
it
stand
in
this
posture
some
time
,
then
take
it
away
and
let
it
stand
until
it
be
quite
cold
before
you
open
it
;
When
't
is
perfectly
cold
,
take
off
the
Cover
,
pour
out
the
Sand
,
and
draw
out
the
match
,
for
't
is
prepared
,
and
will
burn
as
we
have
said
.
CHAP.
XXIV
.
Of
the
Square
and
Cube
Roots
.
WE
have
already
in
the
Second
Chapter
of
this
Book
shewn
the
way
of
molding
and
casting
peices
of
Ordnance
;
if
well
understood
,
you
cannot
be
ignorant
in
the
way
of
Casting
Shot
.
Therefore
to
avoyd
any
thing
that
might
be
tedious
or
unnecessary
to
the
Students
of
this
art
,
we
will
come
to
the
most
necessary
things
concerning
Shot
,
that
is
,
such
as
every
Gunner
ought
to
know
.
But
because
most
of
the
propositions
depend
upon
the
knowledg
of
the
Square
and
Cube
Roots
,
which
many
(
though
otherwise
knowing
in
most
common
Arithmetick
)
do
not
understand
,
I
thought
it
good
therefore
to
shew
the
Extraction
of
the
Square
and
Cube
Roots
after
a
very
easie
way
;
with
the
necessary
propositions
in
Gunnery
,
thereunto
belonging
.
A
Table
of
Squares
and
Cubes
.
1.
|
2.
|
3.
|
4.
|
5.
|
6.
|
7.
|
8.
|
9
|
Roots
.
|
1.
|
4.
|
9.
|
16.
|
25.
|
36.
|
49.
|
64.
|
81
|
Squares
.
|
1.
|
8.
|
27.
|
64.
|
125.
|
216.
|
343.
|
512.
|
729
|
Cubes
.
|
The
Extraction
of
the
Square
Root
.
Set
down
any
number
of
figures
as
you
shall
think
good
,
as
,
2735716
,
then
begin
at
your
first
right
hand
figure
that
is
at
6
,
and
make
a
prick
under
it
,
and
so
along
every
other
figure
as
you
may
see
here
already
done
;
and
seeing
the
first
prick
to
the
left
hand
falls
to
be
under
2
,
therefore
seek
in
the
Table
above
in
the
ranck
of
Squares
for
this
number
2
,
or
the
nearest
number
less
,
which
here
we
find
to
be
1
,
and
over
it
we
find
the
Root
to
be
1
,
which
must
be
placed
in
the
quotient
,
and
likewise
under
the
first
prick
to
the
left
hand
,
then
having
1
for
a
Divisor
,
and
1
for
the
quotient
,
say
but
the
common
Rule
of
Division
,
1
times
1
is
one
,
1
from
2
and
there
remains
1
;
which
sent
over
the
2
,
then
double
the
quotient
and
it
makes
2
,
which
place
between
the
two
first
pricks
to
the
left
hand
that
is
under
7
;
then
say
how
many
times
2
in
17
,
(
here
you
must
be
very
cautious
not
to
take
too
many
)
which
here
may
be
six
times
,
place
the
6
in
the
quotient
as
before
,
and
under
the
second
prick
that
is
under
3
,
and
divide
as
before
,
then
double
the
quotient
which
is
now
16
and
it
makes
32
,
place
the
2
between
the
second
and
third
prick
,
viz.
under
5
,
and
the
3
before
it
under
the
6
,
so
the
32
will
stand
under
the
175
which
is
above
;
then
say
how
many
times
3
in
17
,
which
you
will
find
to
be
5
,
place
it
in
the
quotient
and
under
the
third
prick
,
and
divide
as
before
,
always
setting
the
Remainder
over
the
head
of
its
proper
figures
;
then
double
the
quotient
again
,
which
is
now
165
and
it
makes
330
,
place
the
o●
between
the
two
pricks
as
before
,
and
place
the
figures
before
it
to
the
left
hand
,
as
you
see
above
,
and
the
first
figure
to
the
left
will
be
3
which
stands
under
13
;
then
say
how
many
times
3
in
13
,
which
will
be
4
,
which
place
in
the
quotient
,
and
under
the
fourth
or
last
prick
,
and
divide
as
before
;
so
you
will
fin●
no
Remainder
,
which
assures
the
number
given
to
be
a
square
number
.
The
proof
of
these
is
known
by
multiplying
the
square
Root
found
in
it self
(
taking
in
the
remains
if
any
be
)
and
it
must
produce
that
given
number
,
otherwise
it
is
false
.
Note
how
many
pricks
you
have
,
and
so
many
numbers
must
the
quotient
consist
of
.
If
the
number
given
be
not
a
true
Square
,
then
a
fraction
will
remain
,
which
fraction
you
may
find
out
the
value
thereof
to
a
tenth
,
hundredth
,
or
a
thousandth
part
;
&c.
Doing
thus
set
next
to
the
right
hand
after
the
Sum
proposed
,
two
,
four
,
or
six
cyphers
,
or
more
(
for
the
more
cyphe
〈…〉
you
put
,
the
less
is
your
Error
)
and
every
two
cyphers
will
produce
a
fractional
figure
more
than
the
Integers
belonging
to
the
proper
quotient
,
which
are
tenths
,
hundredths
,
or
thousand
parts
of
a
Unite
,
according
to
the
number
of
cyphers
added
;
that
is
,
if
you
add
two
cyphers
,
then
you
find
the
tenths
of
a
Unite
&c.
But
the
Square
Root
being
not
of
so
much
use
in
Gunnery
,
as
the
Cube
Root
,
we
shall
proceed
no
farther
to
Exemplifie
the
same
,
supposing
it
to
be
done
already
in
the
Tre●tise
of
Military
Discipline
.
The
Extraction
of
the
Cube
Root
.
Begin
at
your
right
hand
,
(
as
you
did
in
Extracting
the
Square
Root
)
and
set
pricks
under
every
fourth
figure
,
that
is
,
leave
two
figures
unprickt
,
or
between
the
pricks
,
and
so
proceed
to
the
left
,
until
you
have
done
as
here
you
see
,
7
5
6
7
8
7
3
2
(
the
number
of
pricks
shew
the
number
of
figures
that
will
be
in
the
quotient
.
Then
see
by
the
Table
before
in
this
Chapter
the
nearest
Cube
to
the
numbers
standing
over
the
first
prick
to
the
right
hand
,
which
is
75
,
I
search
in
the
Table
of
Cubes
and
find
the
nearest
number
to
it
in
the
Table
of
Cubes
to
be
64
,
and
its
Root
4
,
which
must
be
set
down
in
the
quotient
,
and
likewise
its
Cube
64
▪
under
the
prick
;
and
if
that
number
doth
not
amount
to
so
much
as
the
number
standing
over
the
prick
,
then
substract
it
from
the
same
,
and
set
the
Remainder
over
head
.
Then
triple
the
qu●tient
,
and
that
triple
you
must
set
under
the
next
number
to
the
right
hand
,
before
that
prick
where
you
did
last
end
.
Multiply
that
tripled
number
by
the
quotient
,
and
set
it
d●●●
under
the
first
triple
,
and
that
number
let
be
your
Divisor
.
Then
(
as
in
common
Division
)
must
you
look
how
many
times
the
Divisor
in
the
figures
is
standing
over
them
,
and
place
that
in
the
quotient
.
This
done
,
Multiply
your
quotient
by
your
Divisor
,
and
set
it
under
your
Divisor
,
with
a
Line
between
.
Then
multiply
the
last
figure
in
the
quotient
by
it self
,
and
then
in
the
triple
,
and
set
that
figure
under
the
former
,
one
figure
more
to
the
right
hand
.
Lastly
,
Multiply
the
last
figure
cubically
,
and
set
that
Sum
also
one
figure
to
the
Right
hand
;
then
add
all
these
three
multiplications
together
,
and
substract
it
out
of
figures
standing
over
the
first
and
second
prick
,
and
the
Remainder
set
over
them
.
This
done
,
again
triple
the
quotient
,
and
proceed
exactly
as
before
&c.
If
your
number
be
not
an
exact
Cube
,
but
some
numbers
remain
whereof
you
desire
to
find
the
exact
fraction
,
that
is
as
near
as
possible
may
be
,
viz.
to
a
tenth
,
hundredth
,
or
a
thousandth
part
&c.
To
find
the
tenths
add
three
cyphers
,
the
hundreds
6
cyphers
,
the
thousands
nine
cyphers
,
at
the
Right
hand
of
your
figures
,
according
to
the
directions
given
in
finding
the
fractional
of
a
square
.
But
these
Rules
being
somthing
tedious
to
many
men
,
we
will
for
their
encouragement
and
ease
add
a
Table
of
Squares
and
Cubes
whereby
any
man
may
find
,
by
inspection
only
,
the
Square
and
Cube
of
any
number
of
Inches
,
and
parts
of
an
Inch
,
to
a
tenth
part
,
provided
your
number
exceed
not
100
inches
,
which
will
be
found
very
necessary
,
and
save
much
labour
,
as
will
appear
by
the
following
Examples
.
But
first
we
will
present
you
with
the
Table
it self
.
A
Table
of
Squares
and
Cubes
,
very
useful
for
the
speedy
Extracting
of
Square
and
Cube
Roots
,
for
the
Resolution
of
Questions
in
Military
Affairs
:
Whether
for
the
Ordering
of
Battalions
,
or
Gunnery
,
&c.
R
|
Aq
|
Ac
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
4
|
8
|
3
|
9
|
27
|
4
|
16
|
64
|
5
|
25
|
125
|
6
|
36
|
216
|
7
|
49
|
343
|
8
|
64
|
512
|
9
|
81
|
729
|
10
|
100
|
1000
|
11
|
121
|
1331
|
12
|
144
|
1728
|
13
|
169
|
2197
|
14
|
196
|
2744
|
15
|
225
|
3375
|
16
|
256
|
4096
|
17
|
289
|
4913
|
18
|
324
|
5832
|
19
|
361
|
6859
|
20
|
400
|
8000
|
21
|
441
|
9261
|
22
|
484
|
10648
|
23
|
529
|
12167
|
24
|
576
|
13824
|
25
|
625
|
15625
|
26
|
676
|
17576
|
27
|
729
|
19683
|
28
|
784
|
21952
|
29
|
841
|
24389
|
30
|
900
|
27000
|
31
|
961
|
29791
|
32
|
1024
|
32768
|
33
|
1089
|
35937
|
34
|
1156
|
39304
|
35
|
1225
|
42875
|
36
|
1296
|
46656
|
37
|
1369
|
50653
|
38
|
1444
|
54872
|
39
|
1521
|
59319
|
40
|
1600
|
64000
|
41
|
1681
|
68921
|
42
|
1764
|
74088
|
43
|
1849
|
79507
|
44
|
1936
|
85184
|
45
|
2025
|
91125
|
46
|
2116
|
97336
|
47
|
2●09
|
103823
|
48
|
2304
|
110592
|
49
|
2401
|
117649
|
50
|
2500
|
125000
|
51
|
2601
|
132651
|
52
|
2704
|
140608
|
53
|
2809
|
148877
|
54
|
2916
|
157464
|
55
|
3025
|
166375
|
56
|
3136
|
175616
|
57
|
3249
|
185193
|
58
|
3364
|
195112
|
59
|
3481
|
205379
|
60
|
3600
|
216000
|
61
|
3721
|
226981
|
62
|
3844
|
238328
|
63
|
3969
|
250047
|
64
|
4096
|
262144
|
65
|
4225
|
274625
|
66
|
4356
|
287496
|
67
|
4489
|
300763
|
68
|
4624
|
314432
|
69
|
4761
|
328509
|
70
|
4900
|
343000
|
71
|
5041
|
357911
|
72
|
5184
|
373248
|
73
|
5329
|
389017
|
74
|
5476
|
405224
|
75
|
5625
|
421875
|
76
|
5776
|
438976
|
77
|
5929
|
456533
|
78
|
6084
|
474552
|
79
|
6241
|
493039
|
80
|
6400
|
512000
|
81
|
6561
|
531441
|
82
|
6724
|
551368
|
83
|
6889
|
571787
|
84
|
7056
|
592704
|
85
|
7225
|
614125
|
86
|
7396
|
636056
|
87
|
7569
|
658503
|
88
|
7744
|
681472
|
89
|
7921
|
704969
|
90
|
8100
|
729000
|
91
|
8281
|
753571
|
92
|
8464
|
778688
|
93
|
8649
|
804357
|
94
|
8836
|
830584
|
95
|
9025
|
857375
|
96
|
9216
|
884736
|
97
|
9409
|
912673
|
98
|
9604
|
941192
|
99
|
9801
|
979299
|
100
|
10000
|
1000000
|
101
|
10201
|
1030301
|
102
|
10404
|
1061208
|
103
|
10609
|
1092729
|
104
|
10816
|
1124864
|
105
|
11025
|
1157625
|
106
|
11236
|
1191016
|
107
|
11449
|
1225043
|
108
|
11664
|
1259712
|
109
|
11881
|
1295029
|
110
|
12100
|
1331000
|
111
|
12321
|
1367631
|
112
|
12544
|
1404928
|
113
|
12769
|
1442897
|
114
|
12996
|
1481544
|
115
|
13225
|
1520875
|
116
|
13456
|
1560896
|
117
|
13689
|
1601613
|
118
|
13924
|
1643032
|
119
|
14161
|
1685159
|
120
|
14400
|
1728000
|
121
|
14641
|
1771561
|
122
|
14884
|
18158●●
|
123
|
15129
|
1860867
|
124
|
15376
|
1906624
|
125
|
15625
|
1953125
|
126
|
15876
|
2000376
|
127
|
16129
|
2048383
|
128
|
16384
|
2097152
|
129
|
16641
|
2146689
|
130
|
16900
|
2197000
|
131
|
17161
|
2248291
|
132
|
17424
|
2299968
|
133
|
17689
|
2352637
|
134
|
17956
|
2406104
|
135
|
18225
|
2460375
|
136
|
18496
|
2515456
|
137
|
18769
|
2571353
|
138
|
19044
|
2628027
|
139
|
19321
|
2685619
|
140
|
19600
|
2744000
|
141
|
19881
|
2803221
|
142
|
20164
|
2863288
|
143
|
20449
|
2924207
|
144
|
20736
|
2985984
|
145
|
21025
|
3048625
|
146
|
21316
|
3112136
|
147
|
21609
|
3176523
|
148
|
21904
|
3241792
|
149
|
22201
|
3307949
|
150
|
22500
|
3375000
|
151
|
22801
|
3442951
|
152
|
23104
|
3511808
|
153
|
23409
|
3581577
|
154
|
23716
|
3652264
|
155
|
24025
|
3723875
|
156
|
24336
|
3796416
|
157
|
24649
|
3869893
|
158
|
24964
|
3944312
|
159
|
25281
|
4019679
|
160
|
25600
|
4096000
|
161
|
25921
|
4173281
|
162
|
26244
|
4251528
|
163
|
26569
|
4330747
|
164
|
26896
|
4410944
|
165
|
27225
|
4492125
|
166
|
27556
|
4574296
|
167
|
27889
|
4657463
|
168
|
28224
|
4741632
|
169
|
28561
|
4826809
|
170
|
28900
|
4913000
|
171
|
29241
|
5000211
|
172
|
29584
|
5088448
|
173
|
29929
|
5177717
|
174
|
30276
|
5268024
|
175
|
30625
|
5350375
|
176
|
30976
|
5451776
|
177
|
31329
|
5545233
|
178
|
31684
|
5639752
|
179
|
32041
|
5735339
|
180
|
32400
|
5832000
|
181
|
32561
|
5929741
|
182
|
33124
|
6028568
|
183
|
33489
|
6128487
|
184
|
33856
|
6229504
|
185
|
34225
|
6331625
|
186
|
34596
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|
781229961
|
922
|
850084
|
783777448
|
923
|
851929
|
786330467
|
924
|
853776
|
788889024
|
925
|
855625
|
791453125
|
926
|
857476
|
794022776
|
927
|
859329
|
796597983
|
928
|
861184
|
799178752
|
929
|
863041
|
801765089
|
930
|
864900
|
804357000
|
931
|
866761
|
806954491
|
932
|
868624
|
809557568
|
933
|
870489
|
812166237
|
934
|
872356
|
814780504
|
935
|
874225
|
817400375
|
936
|
876096
|
820025856
|
937
|
877969
|
822656953
|
938
|
879844
|
825293672
|
939
|
881721
|
827936019
|
940
|
883600
|
830584000
|
941
|
885481
|
833237621
|
942
|
887364
|
835896888
|
943
|
889249
|
838561807
|
944
|
891136
|
841232384
|
945
|
893025
|
843908625
|
946
|
894916
|
846590536
|
947
|
896809
|
849271123
|
948
|
898704
|
851971392
|
949
|
900601
|
854670349
|
950
|
902500
|
857375000
|
951
|
904401
|
860085351
|
952
|
906304
|
862801408
|
953
|
908209
|
865523177
|
954
|
910116
|
868250664
|
955
|
912025
|
870983875
|
956
|
913936
|
873722816
|
957
|
915849
|
876467493
|
958
|
917764
|
879217012
|
959
|
919681
|
881974079
|
960
|
921600
|
884736000
|
961
|
923521
|
887503681
|
962
|
925444
|
890277128
|
963
|
927369
|
893056347
|
964
|
929296
|
895841344
|
965
|
931225
|
898632125
|
966
|
933156
|
901428696
|
967
|
935089
|
904231063
|
968
|
937024
|
907039232
|
969
|
938961
|
909853209
|
970
|
940900
|
912673000
|
971
|
942841
|
915498611
|
972
|
944784
|
918330048
|
973
|
946729
|
991167317
|
974
|
948676
|
924010424
|
975
|
950625
|
926859375
|
976
|
952576
|
929714176
|
977
|
954529
|
932574833
|
978
|
956484
|
935441352
|
979
|
958441
|
938313739
|
980
|
960400
|
941192000
|
981
|
962361
|
944076141
|
982
|
964324
|
946966108
|
983
|
966289
|
949862087
|
984
|
968256
|
952763904
|
985
|
970225
|
955671625
|
986
|
972196
|
958585256
|
987
|
974169
|
961504803
|
988
|
976144
|
964430272
|
989
|
978121
|
967361669
|
990
|
980100
|
970299000
|
991
|
982081
|
973242271
|
992
|
984064
|
976191488
|
993
|
986049
|
979146657
|
994
|
988036
|
982107784
|
995
|
990025
|
985074875
|
996
|
992016
|
988047936
|
997
|
994009
|
991026973
|
998
|
996004
|
994011992
|
999
|
998001
|
997002999
|
1000
|
1000000
|
1000000000
|
CHAP.
XXV
.
The
Use
of
these
Tables
in
Gunnery
.
QUEST.
I.
By
knowing
the
Diameter
and
Weight
of
any
one
Shot
,
to
find
the
Weight
of
another
Shot
,
being
both
of
one
and
the
same
Metal
.
THe
Shot
whose
weight
we
know
not
,
we
must
have
in
Diameter
likewise
,
which
is
found
thus
,
Gird
the
Shot
with
a
Line
,
then
divide
that
into
twenty
two
equal
parts
,
and
seven
of
those
is
the
Diameter
or
the
height
of
the
Shot
.
woodcut of calipers measuring a piece of shot
If
an
Iron
Shot
of
4
Inches
Diameter
weigh
9
l.
what
shall
a
Shot
weigh
whose
Diameter
is
twice
as
much
,
that
is
,
8
Inches
.
Cube
each
Diameter
,
then
multiply
the
Cube
of
the
Shot
whose
weight
is
required
by
the
Diameter
of
the
given
Shot
,
and
that
Sum
divided
by
the
Cube
of
the
known
Diameter
,
the
quotient
is
the
Diameter
of
the
Shot
required
.
Example
.
This
question
may
also
be
performed
by
the
former
Table
of
Cubes
,
if
you
search
in
the
Collum
of
Roots
until
you
find
your
Diameters
in
a
right
Line
with
the
same
under
the
word
Cube
,
you
will
find
the
Cube
answerable
to
the
number
given
,
thus
;
you
will
find
the
Cube
of
4
to
be
64
,
and
of
8
to
be
512
,
and
this
512
multiplyed
by
the
weight
of
the
known
Bullet
,
viz.
9
l.
it
makes
4608
,
which
divided
by
64
,
gives
the
weight
of
the
Bullet
to
be
72
l.
which
was
to
be
known
.
QUEST.
II.
Knowing
the
Diameter
and
weight
of
one
Shot
,
to
find
the
Diameter
of
a
Shot
that
weigheth
twice
as
much
.
Suppose
the
known
Shot
was
4
Inches
Diameter
,
and
weigh
9
pound
,
and
it
were
required
to
find
the
Diameter
of
a
Shot
,
whose
weight
is
twice
as
much
,
that
is
18
,
find
the
Cube-Root
of
each
Shots
weight
,
then
multiply
the
Diameter
of
the
Shot
whose
weight
is
known
,
by
the
Cube
of
the
Diameter
of
the
Shot
whose
weight
is
required
;
and
that
Sum
divided
by
the
Cube
of
the
Diameter
of
the
known
Shot
and
the
quotient
is
the
Diameter
required
.
Example
.
By
the
former
Rule
,
or
by
the
Table
,
the
Cube
of
the
pounds
will
be
found
to
be
2
,
08
,
and
the
Cube
of
18
will
be
2
,
62
,
now
multiply
this
last
number
by
4
,
and
it
makes
9
,
48
,
which
divided
by
2
,
08
will
give
in
the
quotient
5
,
03
for
the
Diameter
required
.
This
question
may
very
easily
be
wrought
by
the
Line
of
numbers
,
thus
;
divide
the
distance
between
9
and
18
into
three
equal
parts
,
and
that
extent
will
reach
from
4
Inches
to
5
,
03
Inches
,
the
Diameter
required
.
QUEST.
III.
How
the
former
question
may
be
Resolved
Geometrically
.
Make
a
Square
of
the
Diameter
of
the
lesser
Bullet
,
then
draw
a
Line
from
Corner
to
Corner
,
and
this
Line
thus
drawn
shall
be
the
Diameter
of
a
Shot
twice
the
weight
of
the
other
;
which
if
you
divide
into
two
equal
parts
,
setting
one
foot
of
your
compasses
in
the
middle
,
you
may
draw
a
Circle
,
and
that
circumference
will
represent
unto
you
a
Bullet
twice
the
weight
of
the
lesser
Diameter
.
This
work
may
be
proved
Arithmetically
thus
;
the
Diameter
of
the
lesser
Bullet
is
4
Inches
,
the
Square
thereof
16
,
which
being
doubled
is
32
;
and
the
square
Root
of
this
32
is
5
,
65
,
and
so
much
is
the
Diameter
of
the
greater
Bullet
,
which
weighed
18
l.
There
ariseth
here
a
difference
between
this
way
and
the
former
,
but
this
way
is
the
most
true
;
not
but
that
both
Rules
are
true
in
themselves
,
but
the
former
depending
upon
finding
the
Cube
Roots
,
which
cannot
be
found
much
more
exacter
than
what
I
have
done
,
and
so
working
by
them
,
and
they
not
being
exact
,
causes
the
difference
in
the
work
.
QUEST.
IV.
How
to
find
the
Diameter
for
the
Weight
of
any
Shot
assigned
.
Suppose
a
Shot
of
27
l.
be
6
Inches
Diameter
,
how
many
Inches
Diameter
is
a
Shot
of
64
l.
Find
the
Cube
of
64
in
the
Table
,
and
it
will
be
found
to
be
4
;
which
multiply
by
6
,
and
it
makes
24
;
which
divided
by
3
,
the
Cube
of
27
,
and
it
gives
8
Inches
for
the
Diameter
of
the
Shot
or
Bullet
which
was
required
.
QUEST.
V.
How
this
Question
may
Geometrically
be
resolved
.
Mr.
Gunter
in
his
first
Book
,
Section
4.
hath
shewed
how
to
make
a
Line
of
Solids
on
his
Sector
;
but
this
Rule
shews
us
the
proportion
of
the
Diameters
in
Weight
,
having
a
Shot
of
one
pound
,
two
pounds
,
three
pounds
weight
of
Metal
,
or
stone
,
&c.
For
if
the
given
Shot
be
one
pound
,
divide
the
diameter
of
that
Shot
into
4
equal
parts
,
and
5
such
parts
will
make
a
Diameter
of
a
Shot
of
the
said
Metal
,
as
is
proposed
,
that
shall
weigh
just
twice
as
much
.
And
divide
the
Diameter
of
a
Shot
that
weighs
just
two
pounds
into
seven
equal
parts
,
and
eight
such
parts
will
make
the
Diameter
of
a
Shot
of
3
pounds
weight
.
And
Divide
the
Diameter
of
a
Shot
of
3
pounds
,
into
10
equal
parts
,
and
11
of
such
parts
will
give
a
Shot
of
4
pounds
weight
.
And
divide
a
Shot
of
4
pounds
weight
into
13
parts
,
and
14
such
parts
will
make
a
Shot
of
5
pounds
in
weight
.
And
divide
the
Diameter
of
a
Shot
of
5
pounds
weight
,
into
16
equal
parts
,
and
17
such
parts
will
make
a
Diameter
of
a
shot
that
will
weigh
6
pounds
.
And
so
dividing
the
Diameter
of
a
shot
6
pounds
weight
into
19
equal
parts
,
and
20
such
parts
will
make
a
Diameter
of
a
shot
that
will
weigh
7
pounds
.
Thus
dividing
each
next
Diameter
into
three
equal
parts
more
than
the
next
less
Diameter
was
divided
into
,
and
with
one
part
added
to
the
Diameter
of
a
shot
it
will
weigh
just
one
pound
more
,
and
so
may
proceed
infinitely
.
A
second
way
to
Perform
this
work
.
Find
exactly
the
Diameter
of
a
shot
whose
weight
is
just
one
pound
,
then
describe
a
Circle
whose
Diameter
shall
be
equal
thereunto
,
and
divide
it
into
four
equal
parts
,
as
a
b
c
d
,
and
draw
the
two
Diameters
a
c
and
d
b
crossing
the
Center
,
and
then
take
the
distance
d
c
in
your
Compasses
,
and
lay
it
off
from
e
to
2
,
and
this
will
be
a
shot
of
two
pounds
weight
.
Then
take
the
distance
d
2
,
in
your
Compasses
,
and
set
it
off
from
e
to
3
,
so
will
that
distance
be
the
Diameter
of
a
shot
of
three
pounds
weight
;
and
so
you
may
proceed
in
the
same
manner
at
your
pleasure
;
as
you
may
see
by
the
projection
.
nested circles inscribed by angles
QUEST.
VI.
If
a
Shot
of
three
Inches
and
a
half
weigh
sir
pounds
,
what
will
a
Shot
of
seven
inches
and
three
quarters
weigh
.
You
may
for
3½
put
3
,
50.
and
for
7¾
put
7
,
75.
then
you
may
Cube
them
the
common
way
;
then
multiply
the
second
by
the
third
number
,
and
divide
by
the
first
,
the
Quotient
gives
the
content
.
You
may
more
easily
work
it
by
the
Table
of
Cubes
aforegoing
;
that
is
,
against
the
Root
3
,
50.
you
will
find
its
Cube
to
be
42
,
875
;
and
against
the
Root
7
,
75.
you
will
find
its
Cube
to
be
46
,
548.
and
this
multiplyed
by
6
,
and
divided
by
42
,
875
,
will
leave
65
,
14.
that
is
65
pounds
and
〈◊〉
parts
of
a
pound
.
In
this
nature
may
any
Fractions
be
wrought
,
even
as
easie
as
whole
Numbers
,
especially
if
you
reckon
your
Fractions
the
Decimal
way
,
or
bring
them
into
Decimal
Fractions
by
Reduction
.
QUEST.
VII
.
The
Proportions
between
Bullets
of
Iron
and
Bullets
of
Lead
or
Stone
,
that
is
,
by
knowing
the
Weight
of
an
Iron
Shot
,
to
find
the
Weight
of
a
Shot
of
the
same
Diameter
made
of
Lead
or
Stone
.
The
Proportion
between
Lead
and
Iron
is
as
3
to
2
,
so
that
a
Shot
of
two
pound
of
Iron
is
the
same
Diameter
as
a
Shot
of
3
pounds
of
Lead
.
Example
.
If
a
Shot
of
Iron
of
3½
Inches
Diameter
weigh
6
pounds
,
what
will
a
Shot
of
Lead
of
the
same
Diameter
?
For
3½
Inches
put
3
,
5
,
and
say
,
if
2
give
3
,
5
,
what
will
3
give
?
This
52½
pounds
is
the
weight
of
a
Shot
of
Lead
of
3
Inches
and
a
half
Diameter
.
The
proportion
between
Iron
and
Stone
is
as
3
to
8
,
so
that
a
Shot
of
12
pound
of
stone
is
as
big
,
or
the
same
in
Diameter
,
as
the
like
Shot
of
Iron
that
weighs
32
pounds
;
but
some
say
the
proportion
between
Marble
and
Iron
is
as
15
to
34.
A
Bullet
of
Lead
to
the
like
of
Marble
is
in
proportion
as
4
to
1.
The
proportion
between
Lead
and
Brass
is
as
24
is
to
19.
The
proportion
between
Iron
and
Lead
,
as
some
say
,
is
as
19
to
28.
The
proportion
between
Iron
and
Brass
is
as
16
to
18.
By
these
Rules
we
may
Calculate
a
Table
very
easily
,
to
know
if
an
Iron
Shot
be
wanting
,
and
a
Shot
of
any
of
the
other
metals
to
be
had
,
what
height
and
weight
either
Shot
of
Lead
Brass
or
Stone
ought
to
be
,
to
fit
any
piece
of
Ordnance
;
and
by
the
same
method
we
have
here
Calculated
a
Table
,
which
doth
shew
the
weight
of
any
Shot
of
Iron
,
Lead
or
Stone
;
from
2
Inches
to
9
Inches
.
This
is
worthy
to
be
observed
,
that
you
ought
not
to
have
so
much
Powder
to
Load
a
Piece
that
must
discharge
a
Marble
Shot
,
as
an
Iron
Shot
;
but
the
proportion
must
be
abated
as
the
proportions
between
Stone
and
Iron
doth
allow
of
.
A
Table
of
the
Diameter
and
Weight
of
all
such
Shot
as
are
generally
used
in
England
,
from
one
to
eight
Inches
Diameter
,
with
the
length
of
every
Piece
fitting
to
carry
such
a
Shot
.
The
Names
of
the
Pieces
of
Ordnance
.
|
Diameter
of
the
Bore
.
|
Length
of
the
Gun
.
|
Weight
of
the
Gun
in
pounds
.
|
Breadth
of
the
Ladle
.
|
Length
of
the
Ladle
.
|
Weight
of
the
Powder
.
|
Diameter
of
the
Shot
.
|
The
weight
of
the
Shot
.
|
He
shoots
point
blank
.
|
The
Inches
.
|
The
Parts
.
|
The
Feet
.
|
The
Inches
.
|
The
Pounds
.
|
The
Inches
.
|
The
Parts
.
|
The
Inches
.
|
The
Parts
.
|
The
Pounds
.
|
The
Ounces
.
|
The
Inches
.
|
The
Parts
.
|
The
Pounds
.
|
The
Ounces
.
|
The
Paces
.
|
A
Base
.
|
1
|
2/8
|
4
|
6/8
|
200
|
2
|
0/8
|
4
|
0/8
|
0
|
8
|
1
|
1/8
|
0
|
5
|
60
|
A
Rabanet
.
|
1
|
4/8
|
5
|
6/8
|
300
|
2
|
4/8
|
4
|
1/8
|
0
|
12
|
1
|
3/8
|
0
|
8
|
70
|
Fauconets
.
|
2
|
2/8
|
6
|
0/8
|
400
|
4
|
0/8
|
7
|
4/8
|
1
|
4
|
2
|
2/8
|
1
|
5
|
90
|
Faucons
.
|
2
|
6/8
|
7
|
0/8
|
750
|
4
|
4/8
|
8
|
2/8
|
2
|
4
|
2
|
5/8
|
2
|
8
|
130
|
Ordinary
Minion
.
|
3
|
0/8
|
7
|
0/8
|
750
800
|
5
|
0/8
|
8
|
4/8
|
2
|
8
|
2
|
7/8
|
3
|
4
|
120
|
Minion
of
the
largest
size
.
|
3
|
2/8
|
8
|
0/8
|
1000
|
5
|
0/8
|
9
|
0/8
|
3
|
4
|
3
|
0/8
|
3
|
12
|
125
|
Saker
the
lowest
sort
.
|
3
|
4/8
|
8
|
0/8
|
1400
|
6
|
4/8
|
9
|
6/8
|
3
|
6
|
3
|
2/8
|
4
|
12
|
150
|
Ordinary
Sakers
.
|
3
|
6/8
|
7
9
|
0/8
|
1500
|
6
|
6/8
|
10
|
4/8
|
4
|
0
|
3
|
4/8
|
6
|
0
|
160
|
Sakers
of
the
oldest
sort
.
|
4
|
0/8
|
10
|
0/8
|
1800
|
7
|
2/8
|
11
|
0/8
|
5
|
0
|
3
|
6/8
|
7
|
5
|
163
|
Lowest
Demiculvering
.
|
4
|
2/8
|
10
|
0/8
|
2000
|
8
|
0/8
|
12
|
0/8
|
6
|
4
|
4
|
0/8
|
9
|
0
|
174
|
Ordinary
Demiculvering
.
|
4
|
4/8
|
10
11
|
0/8
|
2700
|
8
|
0/8
|
12
|
6/8
|
7
|
4
|
4
|
2/8
|
10
|
11
|
175
|
Elder
sort
of
Demiculvering
.
|
4
|
6/8
|
12
13
|
0/8
|
3000
|
8
|
4/8
|
13
|
4/8
|
8
|
8
|
4
|
4/8
|
12
|
11
|
178
|
Culverings
of
the
best
size
.
|
5
|
0/8
|
10
11
|
0/8
|
4000
|
9
|
0/8
|
14
|
2/8
|
10
|
0
|
4
|
6/8
|
15
|
0
|
180
|
Ordinary
Culvering
.
|
5
|
2/8
|
12
13
|
|
4500
|
9
|
4/8
|
16
|
0/8
|
11
|
6
|
5
|
0/8
|
17
|
5
|
181
|
Culvering
of
the
largest
size
.
|
5
|
4/8
|
12
1●
|
0/8
|
4800
|
10
|
0/8
|
16
|
0/8
|
11
|
8
|
5
|
2/8
|
20
|
0
|
183
|
Lowest
Demicanon
.
|
6
|
2/8
|
11
|
0/8
|
5400
|
11
|
4/8
|
20
|
0/8
|
14
|
0
|
6
|
0/8
|
30
|
0
|
156
|
Ordinary
Demicanon
.
|
6
|
4/8
|
12
|
0/8
|
5600
|
12
|
0/8
|
22
|
0/8
|
17
|
8
|
6
|
●/●/8
|
32
|
0
|
162
|
Demicanon
of
great
size
.
|
6
|
6/8
|
12
|
0/8
|
6000
|
12
|
0/8
|
22
|
6/8
|
18
|
0
|
6
|
5/8
|
36
|
0
|
180
|
Canon
Royal
,
or
of
|
8
|
0/8
|
12
|
|
8000
|
14
|
6/8
|
24
|
0/8
|
32
|
8
|
7
|
4/8
|
58
|
0
|
185
|
QUEST.
VIII
.
How
to
make
a
Shot
of
Lead
and
Stone
together
(
the
Stone
being
first
put
into
the
middle
of
the
Mold
,
in
which
the
Lead
must
be
afterwards
Cast
round
about
the
Stone
)
to
be
of
the
like
Diameter
and
Weight
as
an
Iron
Shot
is
of
.
It
is
found
by
Experience
that
if
you
take
five
parts
Lead
,
and
one
part
of
Stone
,
it
will
come
very
near
the
matter
.
By
these
Rules
have
we
Calculated
this
Table
.
It
is
found
by
experience
,
that
if
you
take
5
parts
Lead
,
and
one
part
Stone
,
it
will
come
very
near
the
matter
,
wanting
not
above
3
Ounces
,
which
is
nothing
,
respecting
the
difference
you
shall
find
in
Pibble
Stones
.
Here
you
have
a
Table
how
much
Lead
,
and
how
much
Stone
must
be
together
,
to
make
the
equal
of
Iron
Shot
,
from
1
inch
,
and
to
every
half
in
the
first
and
second
Column
to
8
Inch.
Diameter
;
the
third
Column
is
how
much
Lead
,
the
fourth
how
much
Stone
,
the
fifth
how
much
weight
both
together
.
Inches
.
|
Quart.
|
Lead
.
|
Stone
.
|
Both
together
.
|
Poun
.
|
Ou.
|
Poun
.
|
Ou.
|
Poun
.
|
Oun.
|
1
|
|
0
|
1
2/3
|
0
|
0
1/3
|
0
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
6
¼
|
0
|
1
¾
|
0
|
8
|
2
|
|
0
|
14
|
0
|
4
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
0
|
12
|
0
|
8
|
2
|
4
|
3
|
|
3
|
2
|
0
|
10
|
3
|
12
|
3
|
2
|
5
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
5
|
0
|
4
|
|
7
|
7
|
1
|
8
|
8
|
15
|
4
|
2
|
10
|
8
|
2
|
2
|
12
|
10
|
5
|
|
14
|
7
|
2
|
14
|
17
|
5
|
5
|
2
|
19
|
4
|
3
|
12
|
23
|
0
|
6
|
|
25
|
0
|
5
|
0
|
30
|
0
|
6
|
2
|
32
|
0
|
6
|
0
|
38
|
0
|
7
|
|
40
|
0
|
8
|
0
|
48
|
0
|
7
|
2
|
48
|
0
|
10
|
0
|
58
|
0
|
8
|
|
59
|
0
|
12
|
0
|
71
|
0
|
Its
use
is
thus
;
knowing
the
Diameter
of
the
intended
Shot
,
enter
the
Table
in
the
first
and
second
Columns
,
and
against
them
,
in
the
third
and
fourth
Columns
,
you
have
the
Weight
of
Lead
and
Stone
,
that
will
make
a
Shot
of
the
same
Diameter
with
a
Shot
of
Iron
,
whose
weight
is
in
the
fifth
Column
.
Example
.
An
Iron
Shot
of
2
inches
Diameter
,
will
weigh
1
pound
,
2
ounces
;
If
I
enter
this
Table
with
2
inches
,
in
the
first
Column
against
it
,
I
shall
find
that
I
must
have
14
ounces
of
Lead
,
and
4
ounces
of
Stone
,
and
this
will
make
a
Shot
of
2
inches
Diameter
equal
to
the
weight
of
the
Shot
of
Iron
.
QUEST.
IX
.
To
find
the
sollid
Content
,
and
thereby
the
weight
of
any
Iron
Shot
.
By
the
former
Table
or
otherwise
,
find
the
Cube
of
the
Diameter
,
which
if
you
multiply
by
11
,
and
divide
by
21
,
gives
the
sollid
Content
of
that
Bullet
in
inches
and
parts
.
Now
to
know
how
many
pounds
weight
any
such
body
doth
contain
,
multiply
the
sollid
Content
by
4
,
and
divide
that
Sum
by
16
,
it
will
shew
how
many
pounds
of
Iron
that
Bullet
weigheth
,
for
an
inch
square
of
cast
Iron
weigheth
4
ounces
.
CHAP.
XXVI
.
Questions
about
Pieces
of
Ordnance
.
BEfore
we
come
to
work
what
we
intend
concerning
a
Piece
of
Ordnance
,
it
is
necessary
to
understand
these
Propositions
following
.
PROP.
I.
●aving
the
Diameter
of
a
Circle
,
to
find
the
superficial
Content
.
Multiply
the
square
of
the
Diameter
of
any
Circle
by
785
398
,
and
the
product
that
shall
come
of
that
Multiplication
is
the
Superficial
Content
.
PROP.
II.
Having
the
Diameter
of
any
Circle
,
to
find
the
Circumference
thereof
.
The
common
way
of
proportions
is
,
as
7
to
22
,
so
is
the
Diameter
to
the
Circumference
;
but
more
exactly
it
is
done
,
if
you
multiply
the
Diameter
by
3
,
14
,
16
,
or
it
may
be
done
thus
,
as
113
is
to
355
,
so
is
the
Diameter
to
the
Circumference
.
PROP.
III.
Having
the
Circumference
of
a
Circle
,
to
find
the
Superficial
Content
.
Multiply
the
Square
of
the
Circumference
by
079
,
578
will
give
the
Superficial
Content
,
or
Multiply
the
Diameter
by
half
the
Circumference
,
and
that
Sum
is
the
Superficial
Content
.
PROP.
IV.
Having
the
Circumference
of
any
Circle
,
to
find
the
Diameter
.
Multiply
the
Circumference
by
318
308
,
gives
the
Diameter
of
that
Circle
.
PROP.
V.
To
measure
the
Frustrum
of
a
Cone
or
Pyramid
,
knowing
both
the
Diameters
and
length
of
the
said
Frustrum
.
Multiply
the
Diameters
one
by
the
other
,
and
add
to
them
both
their
Squares
,
and
that
Sum
divided
by
785
39
,
the
one
third
part
of
the
Remainder
is
the
Content
of
the
Cone
.
PROP.
VI.
By
knowing
the
weight
of
any
one
Piece
of
Ordnance
,
to
find
the
weight
of
any
other
Piece
of
Ordinance
.
If
a
Saker
of
4
inches
Diameter
weigh
1400l
.
how
much
will
a
Cannon
of
8
inches
Diameter
weigh
,
supposing
they
be
equally
fortified
,
(
otherwise
this
Rule
will
not
hold
true
)
Cube
each
Diameter
,
or
seek
in
the
foregoing
Table
,
and
you
will
find
the
Cube
of
4
to
be
64
,
and
of
8
to
be
512
,
then
say
as
64
is
to
1400l
.
so
is
512
to
12919
pounds
,
and
this
is
the
weight
of
a
Cannon
that
is
able
to
carry
a
proportionable
Charge
.
PROP.
VII
.
To
find
the
sollid
Content
of
the
Concavity
,
Cylinder
,
or
Soul
of
a
Piece
of
Ordinance
.
By
the
Rules
given
in
the
first
of
these
Propositions
,
find
the
Superficial
Content
or
Ayrea
of
the
end
of
the
Cylinder
,
which
multiplyed
by
the
length
,
will
give
the
sollid
Content
.
PROP.
VIII
.
To
find
the
sollid
Content
of
the
Soul
or
Concave
of
a
Piece
of
Ordnance
,
if
it
be
Tapering
,
or
the
Section
of
a
Cone
.
The
working
of
this
Proposition
is
the
same
as
in
the
fifth
Proposition
,
or
you
may
for
brevities
sake
,
add
both
the
Diameters
together
,
and
the
half
of
that
may
be
accounted
the
mean
Diameter
,
by
which
you
may
find
the
Superficial
Content
by
the
first
Proposition
,
which
multiplyed
by
the
length
,
gives
the
sollid
Content
.
PROP.
IX
.
How
by
knowing
the
weight
of
any
one
Piece
of
Ordnance
,
to
find
the
weight
of
any
other
,
being
of
the
same
shape
.
With
your
Crallapars
take
the
greatest
thickness
of
the
Piece
whose
weight
you
know
,
and
likewise
of
the
Piece
whose
weight
you
know
not
;
then
by
the
former
Table
find
the
Cube
of
each
Diameter
,
then
say
,
as
the
Cube
of
the
Diameter
of
the
Piece
whose
weight
is
known
,
is
to
the
weight
of
the
same
Piece
,
so
is
the
Cube
of
the
Diameter
of
the
Piece
whose
weight
is
unknown
,
to
its
weight
sought
.
But
if
the
Pieces
be
not
of
one
and
the
same
Metal
,
after
you
have
found
the
weight
,
supposing
it
to
be
the
same
Metal
,
then
you
must
by
the
Rules
given
in
the
24
Chapter
,
proportion
the
weight
according
to
the
Metal
the
Piece
is
of
,
whose
weight
you
know
not
,
and
if
the
Piece
whose
weight
you
know
,
do
differ
in
proportion
,
as
if
one
be
of
Iron
,
the
other
of
Brass
,
the
proportion
is
as
16
to
18
,
&c.
PROP.
X.
By
knowing
the
weight
of
any
one
Piece
of
Ordnance
,
to
find
the
weight
of
any
other
Piece
of
Ordnance
,
although
differing
in
shape
or
form
,
knowing
the
Diameters
at
Britch
,
Muzzles
,
and
length
of
the
Pieces
.
By
the
Rules
given
in
the
ninth
Proposition
,
find
the
sollid
Content
of
the
Piece
whose
weight
you
know
,
supposing
it
to
be
a
sollid
body
without
a
Chamber
.
Then
take
the
sollid
Content
of
the
Concave
part
,
by
Rules
given
in
the
seventh
Proposition
,
if
it
be
a
Cylinder
;
or
by
the
ninth
Proposition
,
if
it
be
Tapering
.
This
latter
Content
that
is
of
the
Concave
being
deducted
from
the
former
Content
of
the
whole
Piece
,
gives
the
sollid
Content
of
the
whole
Metal
in
the
Piece
.
Observe
the
same
Rule
in
finding
the
sollid
Content
of
the
Piece
whose
weight
is
unknown
;
Cube
both
the
sollid
Contents
,
and
say
,
as
the
Cube
of
the
sollid
Content
of
the
Piece
whose
weight
is
known
,
is
to
his
weight
;
so
the
Cube
of
the
sollid
Content
of
the
Piece
whose
weight
is
unknown
,
is
to
his
weight
;
but
if
they
be
not
of
one
and
the
same
Metal
,
we
must
work
by
proportions
,
according
to
the
Rules
given
in
the
24th
.
Chapter
.
By
these
Rules
,
when
Weights
and
Scales
have
been
wanting
,
have
I
found
out
the
weight
of
several
Pieces
of
Ordnance
;
and
if
exact
account
be
taken
with
good
judgment
and
consideration
had
,
of
the
difference
of
the
Trunions
and
Britch
end
,
especially
if
there
be
any
great
difference
in
the
Pieces
,
you
cannot
erre
much
;
for
the
Rule
being
demonstratively
true
,
the
operation
truly
done
,
cannot
erre
.
PROP.
XI
.
To
find
the
weight
of
any
Piece
of
Ordnance
,
where
we
have
no
other
Piece
of
Ordnance
,
whose
weight
is
known
.
Find
the
sollid
Content
of
the
Metal
according
to
the
Rules
given
in
the
tenth
Proposition
;
then
multiply
that
by
4
,
and
dividing
that
Sum
by
16
,
will
give
the
weight
of
the
Piece
,
supposing
it
to
be
Iron
;
for
it
is
generally
allowed
that
one
inch
square
of
Iron
will
weigh
just
four
ounces
.
If
the
Piece
whose
weight
you
seek
be
not
of
Iron
,
but
of
some
other
Metal
;
then
work
by
the
Rules
given
in
the
24th
Chapter
,
for
the
difference
of
the
weight
of
Metals
.
CHAP.
XXVI
.
To
know
the
Allowance
or
Proportion
of
Powder
proper
for
any
Piece
of
Ordnance
.
THe
general
way
is
to
allow
for
such
Brass
Pieces
as
are
above
4000
l.
five
ounces
and
a
half
of
powder
to
a
hundred
weight
of
Metal
.
But
for
Culverin
of
Brass
fortified
of
above
4000
l.
about
3
ounces
and
a
half
compleat
;
yet
there
is
used
also
generally
for
the
proof
of
Shot
three
fourths
or
four
fifths
of
the
weight
of
the
Iron
Shot
,
but
for
the
Service
not
above
half
the
weight
of
the
said
Shot
.
For
Culverin
,
the
whole
weight
of
their
Shot
for
proof
and
for
action
,
is
two
thirds
of
its
weight
.
The
Saker
and
Faulcon
four
fifths
,
the
weight
of
their
Shot
;
and
for
lesser
Pieces
the
whole
weight
,
and
one
third
more
for
proof
;
but
for
action
just
its
weight
:
but
when
they
grow
hot
,
a
part
must
be
abated
according
to
discretion
.
You
must
note
,
if
you
know
how
much
Powder
will
Load
a
Brass
Piece
,
three
quarters
so
much
will
Load
an
Iron
Piece
of
Ordnance
.
SECT.
I.
If
Weights
and
Scales
be
wanting
,
and
Ladles
and
the
Cartredge
not
marked
,
yet
to
judg
a
reasonable
Charge
for
any
Piece
of
Ordnance
.
The
Allowance
that
may
be
made
for
Cannon
is
two
thirds
,
the
Diameter
of
the
Cylinder
for
Culverin
three
Diameters
,
for
the
Saker
three
and
a
half
Diameters
,
and
for
lesser
Pieces
four
Diameters
of
the
Cylinder
,
which
length
will
also
serve
for
the
Cartredge
.
SECT.
II.
By
the
weight
of
Powder
for
any
one
Piece
,
to
find
the
weight
of
Powder
proper
to
any
other
Piece
of
Ordnance
.
To
perform
this
work
you
must
find
by
the
foregoing
Table
the
Cube
of
the
Diameter
of
the
bore
of
the
Piece
,
whose
allowance
of
Powder
you
know
;
also
the
Cube
of
the
Diameter
of
the
bore
of
the
Piece
,
whose
allowance
of
Powder
you
desire
to
know
:
Then
say
,
as
the
Cube
of
the
known
Piece
is
the
quantity
of
Powder
known
,
so
is
the
Cube
of
the
Diameter
of
the
unknown
Piece
to
the
quantity
of
Powder
proper
to
the
unknown
Piece
.
SECT.
III.
Practical
Experiments
concerning
the
Allowance
of
Powder
necessary
to
any
Piece
in
time
of
Service
.
It
is
always
necessary
to
take
care
in
time
of
Service
of
over-loading
a
Piece
,
which
Error
many
run
into
,
only
minding
the
bore
of
a
Piece
,
and
not
minding
whether
the
Metal
will
bear
it
,
and
so
endanger
themselves
and
other
standers
by
.
To
avoid
such
errors
observe
these
experienced
Rules
.
To
a
Demy-Cannon
fortified
of
Brass
about
4400
,
or
a
little
more
,
there
is
allowed
by
the
Tower
5
ounces
and
a
half
of
Powder
to
every
hundred
weight
of
Metal
;
yet
in
time
of
Service
Gunners
do
allow
but
3
ounces
¾
to
every
hundred
weight
of
Metal
,
which
doth
amount
to
10
l.
¼
.
Demy-Cannon
Drake
of
Iron
about
3800
l.
is
allowed
by
the
Tower
3
ounces
and
a
half
of
Powder
to
every
hundred
weight
of
Metal
,
which
will
be
durable
in
time
of
Service
;
but
there
are
Drakes
of
4400
l.
which
must
be
allowed
more
,
according
to
the
proportion
of
their
weight
.
Culverin
fortified
Brass
of
4600
l.
is
allowed
by
the
Tower
3
ounces
and
a
half
of
powder
compleat
to
every
hundred
weight
of
Metal
,
which
may
be
burnt
in
time
of
Service
with
very
little
abatement
.
Culverin
Drakes
of
4000
l.
or
thereabouts
of
Iron
,
for
these
Pieces
may
be
allowed
in
time
of
Service
3
ounces
to
every
hundred
weight
of
metal
,
but
proportionably
must
be
allowed
for
Pieces
of
greater
or
lesser
weight
.
The
12
Pounders
fortified
of
Brass
of
3200
l.
for
Guns
of
this
weight
and
nature
is
usually
allowed
3
ounces
and
a
half
for
every
hundred
weight
of
Metal
.
Demy-Culverin
Brass
of
3300
l.
there
is
allowed
by
the
Tower
for
Pieces
of
Ordnance
of
this
nature
3
ounces
and
a
half
and
somthing
more
,
to
every
hundred
weight
of
Metal
,
the
which
is
approved
a
very
sufficient
Allowance
.
Demy-Culverin
Drakes
of
2900
l.
is
allowed
by
most
two
ounces
three
quarters
to
each
hundred
weight
of
metal
,
which
will
be
durable
in
time
of
Service
.
Saker
fortified
Brass
of
2000
l.
is
allowed
3
ounces
and
somthing
more
for
every
hundred
weight
of
Metal
,
but
there
may
be
a
small
abatement
in
time
of
Service
.
CHAP.
XXVII
.
To
know
whether
a
Piece
of
Ordnante
be
truly
bored
or
no.
YOu
must
provide
a
Pike-staff
,
about
a
foot
longer
than
the
bore
of
the
Piece
,
and
at
the
end
thereof
fasten
a
Rammer
head
,
that
will
just
fill
all
the
bore
to
the
touch
hole
;
and
at
the
other
end
of
the
staff
,
you
must
bore
a
hole
big
enough
to
put
through
a
Rod
of
Iron
,
which
must
hand
from
the
same
;
and
at
the
other
end
of
the
Rod
must
be
made
a
weight
about
the
bigness
of
a
Saker
Shot
,
this
is
done
to
make
the
Pike-staff
and
Rammer
head
to
lie
with
the
same
side
upward
when
they
are
taken
out
of
the
Piece
,
as
they
did
when
they
were
within
the
Piece
;
then
you
must
put
your
Instrument
thus
prepared
into
the
Piece
,
letting
the
Iron
Ball
(
that
is
at
the
end
of
the
Rod
,
which
is
put
through
the
hole
bored
a
cross
the
Pike-staff
)
hand
perpendicular
;
then
take
your
priming
Iron
,
or
some
other
bodkin
,
and
put
it
down
the
touch
hole
to
the
Rammer
head
,
making
a
mark
therewith
;
this
done
,
draw
out
your
Instrument
,
and
lay
the
same
on
a
long
Table
,
with
the
Iron
Ball
hanging
off
the
end
perpendicular
,
as
it
did
when
the
Instrument
was
in
the
Piece
;
then
observe
,
whether
the
mark
you
made
upon
the
Rammer
head
when
it
was
in
the
Piece
,
be
just
upon
the
uppermost
part
of
the
same
,
if
it
be
,
the
bore
of
the
Piece
lies
neither
to
the
right
hand
nor
to
the
left
;
but
if
you
find
it
any
thing
to
the
right
or
left
hand
,
so
much
lyeth
the
bore
either
to
the
right
or
left
,
and
the
Piece
in
Shooting
must
be
ordered
and
charged
accordingly
.
But
if
you
would
know
whether
the
bore
lie
more
upwards
or
downwards
,
then
bend
a
Wire
at
the
very
end
,
so
that
it
being
put
in
at
the
very
touch
hole
,
may
ketch
at
the
metal
when
it
is
drawn
out
,
then
put
the
Wire
down
the
touch
hole
till
it
touch
the
bottom
of
the
metal
in
the
Chamber
,
then
holding
it
in
that
place
,
make
a
mark
upon
the
wire
just
even
with
the
touch
hole
,
after
draw
up
the
wire
until
it
ketch
at
the
metal
on
the
top
of
the
Chamber
,
and
holding
it
there
,
make
a
mark
as
before
;
the
difference
between
the
two
marks
is
the
just
wideness
of
the
Chamber
,
and
the
distance
between
the
first
mark
and
the
end
of
the
Wire
(
having
half
the
Diameter
of
the
Chamber
of
the
Piece
substracted
from
it
)
will
leave
half
the
Diameter
of
the
Piece
,
if
the
Piece
be
true
bored
;
but
if
the
Piece's
number
be
more
than
half
the
Diameter
of
the
Piece
,
the
bore
lieth
too
far
from
the
touch
hole
,
and
the
upper
part
of
the
metal
is
thickest
,
but
if
lesser
,
the
lower
part
of
the
metal
is
thickest
or
hath
most
metal
.
CHAP.
XXVIII
.
Of
the
necessary
Instruments
for
a
Gunner
,
with
several
other
necessary
things
.
A
Master
Gunner
intending
upon
service
,
ought
most
chiefly
to
be
prepared
with
these
Instruments
,
as
Calabers
,
Compasses
,
height
board
,
Sight
Rule
,
Gunners
Scale
,
and
a
Gunners
quadrant
;
to
divide
as
well
into
12
as
90
equal
parts
,
with
a
Geometrical
Square
,
to
make
Montures
,
Levels
,
heights
,
Breadths
,
Distances
,
and
Profundities
,
(
of
which
you
shall
read
more
in
the
Second
Part
;
)
also
with
a
little
brass
Level
,
Scales
,
Weights
,
Priming-Irons
,
Moulds
to
make
Cross-bar
Shot
for
Musquets
,
a
Book
of
Accompts
,
and
an
Iron
wire
or
Spring
,
and
a
Transome
to
dispart
a
Piece
of
Ordnance
;
that
the
Transome
may
go
up
and
down
according
to
the
Diameter
and
thickness
of
the
Piece
,
let
the
Transom
be
long
enough
to
reach
the
base
Ring
,
from
the
touch
hole
.
In
the
next
place
he
ought
to
be
very
expert
in
the
knowledg
of
cutting
out
,
making
up
,
and
finishing
all
sorts
of
Ladles
,
Spunges
,
Rammers
,
Cartredges
,
&c.
For
which
purpose
you
may
have
Recourse
to
the
foregoing
Table
.
And
because
it
may
somtimes
happen
by
reason
of
the
steepness
,
badness
and
unevenness
of
the
way
,
you
may
be
driven
to
dismount
and
remount
your
Piece
,
e're
you
get
up
to
the
top
of
a
Hill
;
therefore
you
must
carry
with
you
a
Gynn
and
a
Wynch
,
with
all
the
appurtenances
thereunto
belonging
;
as
wind
Ropes
,
an
Iron
Goats-foot
,
with
a
Crow
,
Pins
,
Truckles
,
Pullies
to
help
you
at
a
dead
lift
.
CHAP.
XXIX
.
The
making
of
Rammers
,
Spunges
,
Ladles
,
and
Cartredges
,
Formers
,
Carriages
,
Wheels
,
Trucks
&c.
with
the
Height
of
Shot
fit
for
any
Piece
.
FOr
the
better
expedition
of
this
work
we
have
in
the
former
Table
shewed
the
length
and
breadth
of
each
Ladle
,
always
remembring
that
you
cut
each
Ladle
somewhat
longer
,
that
is
,
allowing
so
much
more
as
must
be
fastned
to
the
staff
,
or
so
much
as
the
staff
goes
within
the
Plate
.
The
Buttons
or
heads
of
the
Ladles
must
be
near
the
height
of
the
shot
.
For
Spunges
,
the
bottoms
and
heads
must
be
of
soft
wood
,
as
Birch
and
Willow
,
and
to
be
one
Diameter
and
three
quarters
in
length
,
and
three
quarters
or
very
little
less
of
the
height
covered
with
Sheeps
skin
,
and
nayled
with
Copper
nayles
,
so
that
together
they
may
fill
the
hollow
of
the
Piece
;
Let
the
bottoms
and
heads
of
the
Rammers
be
made
of
good
hard
wood
,
and
the
height
,
one
Diameter
of
the
Shot
,
and
the
length
one
third
of
the
Diameter
of
the
Shot
.
To
make
Ladles
for
Chamber
bor'd
Pieces
,
open
your
Compasses
to
the
just
Diameter
of
the
Chamber
within
one
eighth
part
of
an
Inch
,
Divide
that
measure
in
two
equal
parts
,
then
set
the
measure
to
one
of
them
,
and
by
that
distance
upon
a
flat
or
paper
draw
a
Circle
,
the
Diameter
of
that
Circle
is
one
fourth
part
shorter
than
the
Diameter
of
the
Chamber
;
Take
three
fifths
of
that
Circle
for
the
breadth
of
the
Plate
of
the
Ladle
.
But
for
Cannon
,
the
length
ought
to
be
twice
and
two
third
parts
,
to
hold
at
twice
the
just
Diameter
of
the
Powder
.
As
for
Example
,
The
Diameter
of
a
Circle
drawn
for
a
Cannon
whose
Chamber
bore
is
7
Inches
,
containeth
six
and
three
quarters
,
the
circumference
whereof
is
21
Inches
6/7
,
and
three
fourth
parts
thereof
is
12
¾
,
and
so
much
ought
the
Ladle
to
be
in
breadth
,
and
in
length
18
⅔
parts
.
By
this
Rule
you
may
make
a
Ladle
for
any
Taper'd
Piece
.
Take
notice
for
a
general
observation
,
that
a
Ladle
9
balls
in
length
,
and
two
balls
in
breadth
,
will
near
contain
the
just
weight
in
Powder
,
that
the
Iron
Shot
for
any
piece
weigheth
.
Lastly
,
for
Cartredges
,
they
are
generally
made
of
paper
Royal
or
Canvas
.
Take
the
height
of
the
bore
of
your
piece
without
the
vent
of
the
Shot
,
and
cut
the
cloath
or
paper
of
3
such
heights
,
for
the
Cannon
in
length
3
Diameters
,
for
the
Culverin
4
Diameters
,
for
the
Saker
and
Faulcon
&c.
half
of
the
height
of
their
proper
bores
,
and
leaving
in
the
midst
at
the
top
or
bottome
one
other
such
height
,
to
make
a
bottom
for
the
Cartredge
,
cutting
each
side
somthing
larger
for
Sewing
,
glewing
,
or
pasting
them
together
;
you
must
have
a
great
care
to
augment
the
goodness
of
your
powder
,
and
likewise
the
heating
of
your
Piece
,
and
so
augment
or
diminish
the
quantity
of
Powder
.
Let
your
Former
be
made
to
your
Ordnance
to
the
height
of
your
Shot
,
and
a
convenient
length
longer
than
the
Cartredge
ought
to
be
,
and
tallow
it
over
first
that
the
paper
may
slip
off
,
and
then
put
your
paper
on
your
Former
.
If
you
make
your
Cartredge
of
Canvas
,
half
a
Diameter
more
is
allowed
for
seams
,
but
if
you
make
it
of
paper
,
half
or
three
quarters
of
an
Inch
over-plus
for
pasting
will
serve
,
being
lapt
once
about
the
Former
;
having
the
bottom
fitted
upon
the
end
of
the
Former
,
which
must
be
hard
and
close
pasted
by
the
lower
side
of
the
Cartredge
,
then
let
the
lower
end
of
the
Cartredge
be
pasted
down
hard
round
about
the
bottom
,
and
let
them
be
well
dryed
before
you
fill
them
,
and
mark
them
how
high
they
must
be
filled
.
And
if
you
have
no
Scales
nor
weights
by
you
for
Cannons
,
put
two
Diameters
and
a
half
for
the
height
the
powder
must
come
,
for
Culverin
3
Diameters
,
for
Saker
3
and
a
half
Diameters
,
for
lesser
Pieces
four
Diameters
of
the
Cylinder
.
For
Carriages
of
Pieces
of
Ordnance
for
Land
service
the
Rules
are
given
thus
one
and
a
half
the
length
of
the
Cylender
is
the
length
of
the
Carriage
,
and
in
depth
four
Diameters
of
the
bore
of
the
Piece
at
the
fore
end
,
in
the
middle
three
and
a
half
,
and
at
the
end
next
the
ground
two
and
a
half
,
let
the
thickness
be
the
Diameter
of
the
Shot
,
the
wheels
should
be
one
half
of
the
length
of
the
Piece
in
height
,
but
for
Saker
and
Minion
you
must
exceed
the
former
proportion
by
one
twelfth
part
,
the
Faulcon
and
Faulconet
by
the
sixth
part
.
The
Naves
,
the
Cheeks
called
Limbres
,
and
wheels
,
are
usually
made
of
Elm
,
but
the
Transoms
,
Axeltreces
,
Fore-Carriage
and
Cross
beams
,
are
made
of
Oaken
Timber
.
For
drawing
of
Guns
by
men
in
case
horses
be
wanting
,
there
is
usually
allowed
to
every
sixty
,
eighty
,
or
a
hundred
weight
of
metal
to
one
man
,
according
to
the
nature
of
the
ground
whereon
they
are
to
be
drawn
.
As
for
Sea
Carriages
,
they
are
so
well
known
to
every
Carriage-maker
that
they
need
not
to
be
spoken
of
.
As
for
fitting
Shot
to
each
Piece
,
it
is
the
opinion
of
most
Gunners
,
that
every
Piece
of
Ordnance
ought
to
have
its
Shot
within
one
quarter
of
an
Inch
of
the
Diameter
of
the
bore
;
others
do
say
,
that
the
one
and
twentieth
part
of
the
Diameter
of
the
Piece's
Cylender
is
more
proper
and
correspondent
for
all
sorts
of
Pieces
whatsoever
;
Every
man
may
make
choice
of
that
which
by
experience
he
finds
best
.
CHAP.
XXX
.
How
a
Gunner
ought
to
charge
a
Piece
of
Ordnance
.
HAving
shewed
the
compleat
making
of
Pieces
of
Ordnance
,
and
the
preparing
of
powder
and
Shot
,
with
the
due
allowance
of
powder
fit
for
every
Gun
,
with
all
the
Instruments
and
Materials
necessarily
belonging
to
a
Piece
,
as
to
its
Rigging
and
Loading
;
It
remains
now
,
that
we
go
Artist
like
to
work
to
charge
a
Piece
,
and
order
all
things
for
the
best
conveniency
,
and
that
the
less
danger
may
follow
when
you
come
to
Action
or
Service
;
and
for
that
purpose
having
planted
your
Piece
upon
the
plat-form
,
have
in
readiness
powder
,
Bullets
,
Linstocks
,
Scowrers
,
Rammers
,
and
the
rest
of
your
things
.
Stick
up
your
Linstock
to
Leeward
of
you
;
then
to
work
with
your
Piece
.
First
,
cleer
your
Piece
within
with
the
Scowrer
,
and
see
that
the
touch
hole
be
clear
,
and
not
stopped
,
and
so
clear
,
that
no
dirt
or
filth
be
in
the
same
;
Then
let
him
that
is
by
to
assist
,
(
for
a
Piece
cannot
be
mannaged
by
less
than
two
)
bring
the
Budg-barrel
with
the
powder
just
before
the
mouth
of
your
Piece
,
put
then
your
Ladle
into
the
same
and
fill
it
,
and
if
it
be
over-full
,
give
it
a
little
jog
,
that
the
overplus
may
fall
down
again
into
the
barrel
;
after
this
,
put
it
gently
in
at
the
mouth
of
the
Piece
,
even
until
the
end
of
the
Ladle
be
thrust
up
to
the
Britch
end
of
the
Piece
;
then
must
you
turn
the
Ladle
gently
and
softly
,
and
let
it
lie
within
the
Chamber
of
the
piece
,
drawing
out
your
Ladle
almost
to
the
Muzzle
of
the
Piece
,
put
it
back
again
to
take
up
the
loose
corns
,
which
were
spilt
by
the
way
,
and
to
bring
them
up
to
the
Charge
of
powder
;
this
done
,
the
Gunner
must
draw
out
his
Ladle
,
and
take
out
of
the
Budg-barrel
a
second
Ladle
full
,
(
by
our
former
Rules
given
he
must
know
the
quantity
of
powder
that
his
Piece
will
require
)
and
so
putting
it
in
the
Piece
up
to
the
former
Ladle-full
,
then
you
may
draw
it
out
,
and
do
as
you
did
before
,
that
no
loose
corns
may
lie
in
the
bottom
of
the
Piece
;
and
in
drawing
out
his
Ladle
,
he
must
have
a
care
that
he
let
not
fall
any
powder
upon
the
ground
;
for
it
is
a
thing
uncomly
in
a
Gunner
,
to
trample
powder
under
feet
.
Then
take
a
wisp
of
Straw
,
Hay
,
or
any
other
thing
,
and
put
it
hard
in
at
the
mouth
of
the
Piece
,
then
turn
your
Ladle
end
for
end
to
come
to
the
Rammer
,
thrust
it
into
the
Piece
after
the
wisp
,
and
drive
it
up
with
it
,
and
it
will
carry
all
the
loose
corns
which
possibly
may
be
scattered
in
the
Mold
of
the
Piece
;
having
driven
the
wad
up
to
the
powder
,
give
it
two
or
three
gentle
shoves
to
make
it
lie
close
only
,
but
drive
it
not
too
hard
least
you
break
your
powder
too
much
,
which
would
hinder
its
force
;
The
wisp
or
wad
being
close
to
the
powder
,
draw
out
the
Rammer
and
put
in
the
Bullet
,
which
rowle
gently
in
the
Piece
up
to
the
wad
that
was
before
put
in
to
keep
up
the
powder
;
the
Shot
being
in
,
put
in
a
second
wad
after
the
Bullet
,
and
thrust
it
also
home
to
the
Bullet
.
Always
remembring
whilst
the
powder
is
putting
in
and
wadding
up
,
one
be
ready
at
the
touch
hole
and
keep
it
stopt
with
his
thumb
,
that
no
powder
fly
out
at
the
touch
hole
,
but
that
it
be
likewise
filled
with
powder
,
which
may
be
supplyed
out
of
his
powder-horn
.
The
Gunner
that
Loads
a
Piece
is
to
be
very
careful
,
and
indeavour
always
not
to
stand
before
the
muzzle
of
his
Piece
whilst
he
is
loading
the
Piece
,
but
on
one
side
of
the
same
,
least
a
danger
or
mischief
might
happen
to
him
.
And
thus
the
Piece
having
its
due
Charge
of
Powder
and
Bullet
,
he
must
cover
the
touch-hole
with
an
Apron
made
of
Lead
,
or
for
want
of
that
,
with
dryed
Sheep-skin
;
then
let
him
level
his
piece
and
set
away
the
Budg-barrel
of
powder
with
the
rest
of
his
things
,
in
some
hollow
place
under
the
ground
covered
over
safe
;
he
must
then
attend
the
Gentleman
of
the
Ordnance
,
or
other
chief
Commander
,
their
Order
or
Command
,
before
he
give
fire
.
Touching
the
Charges
of
Pieces
,
I
have
given
full
instructions
necessary
thereunto
,
with
the
weight
of
powder
and
Shot
for
any
piece
.
But
to
say
something
here
touching
the
quantity
of
powder
,
proper
for
a
Load
;
we
do
find
some
difference
amongst
Authors
;
Some
whereof
do
maintain
,
that
there
ought
to
be
allowed
to
every
Piece
for
its
Charge
so
much
powder
as
half
the
weight
of
the
Bullet
;
others
are
of
the
opinion
,
that
the
more
powder
is
put
into
a
Piece
,
the
swifter
and
farther
the
Bullet
will
flye
,
urging
many
reasons
to
prove
it
.
But
experience
,
the
Mistress
of
this
Art
instructeth
us
better
,
for
if
a
Piece
be
loaden
with
two
thirds
of
the
weight
of
her
Shot
in
powder
,
it
sends
the
Bullet
or
Shot
going
more
swiftly
,
and
will
carry
it
farther
,
which
hath
been
very
many
and
often
times
tryed
,
so
that
at
this
time
,
't
is
without
contradiction
.
Again
,
others
do
maintain
,
that
if
one
should
forcibly
Ramme
the
Bullet
,
then
the
powder
might
take
fire
before
it
cast
forth
the
Bullet
,
and
then
would
cause
the
Bullet
to
flye
farther
than
otherwise
it
would
do
;
but
you
must
consider
in
so
doing
,
you
either
endanger
the
breaking
of
the
piece
,
or
else
the
making
it
crooked
and
unserviceable
;
because
your
ordinary
Pieces
will
not
bear
so
great
a
Charge
of
powder
.
This
hath
been
tryed
by
the
Sea
side
before
his
Excellency
Prince
Maurice
,
of
famous
memory
,
where
first
one
and
the
same
Piece
was
Loaden
with
ten
pound
of
fine
powder
,
to
see
how
far
She
would
carry
the
Bullet
;
the
place
being
marked
where
the
Bullet
rested
.
The
Piece
was
loaden
again
with
nine
pounds
of
powder
which
shot
as
far
as
when
the
Piece
was
Loaden
with
ten
pounds
of
powder
.
But
last
of
all
,
this
piece
of
Ordnance
being
Loaden
or
Charged
with
7
pounds
of
the
same
powder
,
it
carried
her
Bullet
further
than
the
two
former
Shots
;
whence
one
may
observe
that
a
piece
of
Ordnance
may
be
over-Charged
,
and
therefore
a
good
Gunner
ought
to
have
a
singular
care
to
give
unto
his
Piece
her
due
measure
and
Charge
.
CHAP.
XXXI
.
Of
the
Office
and
Duty
of
a
Gunner
,
with
all
his
Properties
,
Endowments
and
qualifications
.
HE
that
intends
to
be
a
Master
Gunner
,
and
would
not
abuse
himself
nor
others
of
the
same
profession
,
must
be
qualified
according
to
our
Instructions
following
,
viz.
He
ought
to
be
well
skilled
in
Arithmetick
,
and
to
understand
the
Extraction
of
the
Square
and
Cube
Roots
,
and
to
have
knowledge
in
Geometry
,
according
to
our
Instructions
in
the
second
part
,
whereby
he
may
be
able
to
take
heights
,
depths
,
breadths
and
lengths
,
and
to
draw
the
plot
of
any
piece
of
ground
,
to
make
Mines
and
Countermines
,
Rampars
,
Baskets
of
earth
,
and
such
like
things
used
in
time
of
war
,
as
well
offensive
as
defensive
.
He
ought
most
chiefly
upon
Land-Service
to
be
well
skilled
in
the
making
Platformers
,
with
Defences
,
Troniers
,
Gabbions
,
Loops
,
Parapets
of
Earth
,
and
Paggots
of
23
or
24
foot
high
;
two
foot
high
of
Earth
,
bed
upon
bed
,
unto
eleven
foot
high
,
and
after
three
foot
Terra
plene
,
to
raise
the
Tronniers
and
Loops
,
so
that
for
the
Cannon
it
be
three
foot
wide
in
the
Barbe
,
and
within
twelve
foot
wide
,
without
the
lower
part
thereof
to
descend
Scarp-wise
,
the
better
to
discover
the
Enemies
avenues
and
offend
them
more
freely
,
for
avoiding
the
blast
and
Smoak
and
ruine
it
would
else
make
:
for
Culverin
two
foot
and
a
half
within
,
and
nine
foot
without
will
serve
;
and
for
less
Pieces
the
less
measure
.
If
the
Battery
be
to
be
made
with
Gabbions
,
they
being
filled
with
Earth
without
Stones
,
moistned
and
Rammed
7
foot
in
Diameter
,
three
Ranks
between
two
Pieces
,
if
the
place
will
permit
,
or
two
at
least
;
and
three
Rows
also
one
before
the
other
,
setting
one
between
two
,
so
that
if
one
Rank
will
have
three
,
the
second
will
have
two
,
and
the
third
one
;
but
it
will
be
hard
to
make
a
safe
Battery
with
Gabbions
,
Cannon
or
Culverin
proof
.
Concerning
Plat-forms
.
Let
the
platform
for
a
Cannon
have
thirty
foot
for
reverse
,
and
27
foot
for
a
Demy-Cannon
,
and
he
ought
to
see
that
his
plat-forms
be
even
,
or
rising
one
foot
for
20
foot
backward
the
better
to
stay
the
Reverse
,
and
facilitate
the
bringing
the
piece
when
Loaden
to
the
Loop
.
The
platform
ought
to
be
made
clean
,
that
no
stones
or
other
things
lye
in
the
way
for
the
wheels
to
run
upon
,
whereby
may
be
hindered
the
true
intent
of
his
Shot
.
He
must
before
any
service
is
,
examine
his
Piece
of
its
goodness
or
defect
;
according
to
our
former
Instructions
given
in
this
behalf
,
he
must
also
be
furnished
with
all
necessary
things
for
his
Artillery
,
the
particulars
thereof
we
have
mentioned
in
the
29
Chap.
but
because
it
takes
not
up
much
paper
we
will
repeat
them
here
again
,
viz.
Wheels
,
Trucks
,
Axeltrees
,
Ladles
,
Rammers
,
Spunges
,
Worms
,
Tampions
,
height-board
,
Auger-bit
,
fitness
and
roundness
of
the
Shot
,
Chane-Shot
,
Cross-bar
Shot
&c.
Canvas
or
strong
paper
for
Cartredges
,
Calabers
,
Compasses
,
Sight
Rule
,
Gunners
Scale
,
Quadrant
,
Scales
,
Weights
,
priming-Irons
,
and
Aprons
to
cover
the
Touch
hole
.
Before
he
come
upon
Service
,
he
ought
to
examine
and
prove
the
goodness
of
his
Powder
and
Match
,
and
examine
it
according
to
the
Rules
given
where
we
treat
of
the
Examination
of
the
goodness
of
Powder
.
A
Gunner
ought
to
be
most
careful
to
see
that
the
Powder
be
placed
safely
from
danger
of
his
own
,
as
also
the
Enemies
Ordnance
,
and
to
be
furnished
with
artificial
Torches
,
Dark
Lanthorns
,
with
all
sorts
of
Fire-works
,
of
which
you
shall
have
a
particular
account
in
the
Treatise
of
Fire-works
at
the
end
of
this
Book
.
He
must
have
by
him
his
Gyn
and
Winch
,
Hand-Spikes
,
Crowes
,
to
mount
and
dismount
Guns
at
pleasure
as
occasion
may
serve
,
also
Coynes
,
Budge-Barrels
,
Powder
Baskets
to
carry
Shot
to
your
Piece
,
to
keep
his
Linstocks
well
armed
with
good
Match
.
He
must
alwayes
have
by
him
a
Ruler
,
Scale
,
Compasses
,
to
measure
the
Diameters
or
Bore
of
every
Piece
,
and
likewise
the
length
of
the
Cylinder
within
,
the
better
to
fit
her
with
due
Shot
and
Proportion
of
Powder
.
He
must
learn
by
such
Instructions
as
we
have
already
given
,
the
Names
,
Length
,
Weight
,
and
Fortification
of
every
Piece
about
the
Chamber
,
and
to
tell
readily
how
much
Powder
is
a
due
Charge
for
every
Piece
,
and
what
Shot
is
necessary
.
How
many
Persons
must
attend
in
time
of
Service
,
how
many
Horses
or
Oxen
will
draw
a
Piece
of
Ordnance
,
and
in
case
they
be
wanting
,
how
many
men
will
serve
.
How
many
pound
weight
of
Shot
one
man
may
drive
before
him
in
a
Wheel-barrow
from
place
to
place
.
A
Gunner
ought
chiefly
to
Charge
and
Discharge
a
Piece
of
Ordnance
Artist
like
;
and
when
he
opens
,
or
orders
to
be
opened
the
head
of
a
Powder
Barrel
,
let
no
Iron
Tool
be
used
thereunto
for
fear
of
taking
or
striking
fire
;
for
that
purpose
therefore
it
is
usual
to
have
wooden
Mallets
,
which
will
prevent
such
dangers
.
Every
Gunner
before
he
beginneth
to
make
a
Shot
,
ought
to
consider
that
a
wad
of
Hay
,
or
of
untwisted
Ropes
,
will
make
the
Shot
shoot
wide
of
the
Mark.
He
ought
to
consider
whether
the
Trunions
be
placed
in
their
due
place
in
the
Carriage
,
whether
the
Carriage
have
its
due
length
,
whether
one
wheel
be
not
higher
than
the
other
,
or
whether
one
wheel
doth
not
reverse
quicker
or
sooner
than
the
other
,
for
these
will
cause
the
Piece
to
erre
,
and
to
shoot
wide
of
the
Mark.
Every
Gunner
ought
to
consider
,
that
if
his
Piece
lye
point
blank
or
under
Metal
,
then
he
ought
to
put
in
a
sufficient
wad
after
the
Shot
,
to
keep
it
close
to
the
Powder
;
for
if
it
should
not
be
close
,
great
danger
might
follow
;
for
if
the
Shot
should
lodge
any
distance
from
the
Powder
,
then
in
the
firing
of
that
Piece
it
would
break
off
in
that
very
vacant
place
between
the
Shot
and
the
Powder
,
and
so
do
dammage
to
himself
or
standers
by
.
If
your
Piece
be
mounted
,
you
then
use
no
wad
at
all
after
the
Shot
.
Every
Gunner
ought
to
have
standing
by
him
some
Tubs
of
water
to
wet
his
Spunges
in
,
whereby
to
cool
his
Piece
in
time
of
Service
,
as
also
to
be
ready
upon
occasion
to
put
out
any
Fire
that
might
happen
in
time
of
Service
.
Every
Gunner
ought
to
try
whether
his
Piece
is
truely
bored
or
not
;
if
it
be
not
,
he
is
to
take
it
into
consideration
,
and
to
order
his
proportion
of
Charge
,
according
to
the
thinnest
part
of
the
Metal
,
to
prevent
all
danger
.
A
Gunner
ought
to
take
his
Observation
of
the
Mark
or
place
he
intends
to
direct
his
Shot
to
,
just
over
the
middle
of
the
bore
within
the
Piece
,
for
by
this
means
he
may
be
able
,
by
his
Skill
,
to
make
a
true
Shot
in
a
bad
Piece
.
A
Gunner
,
that
he
may
the
better
direct
his
Shot
to
the
place
desired
,
ought
to
consider
the
difference
of
the
Metal
of
the
Piece
at
Britch
and
Muzzle
,
and
thereby
truely
how
to
dispart
a
Piece
,
be
it
either
true
bored
or
not
.
Of
disparting
a
Piece
,
I
shall
shew
how
it
may
be
done
several
wayes
in
the
following
or
second
part
of
this
Gunnery
;
where
we
come
to
the
practical
part
of
the
Art
in
handling
a
Piece
of
Ordnance
upon
all
occasions
.
THE
Compleat
Gunner
.
THE
SECOND
PART
.
CHAP.
I.
The
Description
and
use
of
the
Geometrical
Quadrant
,
for
the
taking
Heights
,
Distances
,
Depths
,
&c.
FIrst
,
you
must
make
a
common
simple
large
Quadrant
thus
with
your
Ruler
,
draw
the
Line
A
B
,
and
with
the
Distance
A
B
in
your
Compasses
upon
the
Center
A
describe
the
Arch
B
D
,
then
with
the
Distance
A
B
,
setting
one
foot
of
your
Compasses
in
B
,
set
it
off
upon
the
Arch
B
D
,
and
it
will
reach
to
L
,
divide
the
Arch
B
L
into
two
equal
,
parts
and
that
will
be
at
E
;
The
distance
O
L
,
being
set
upwards
from
L
,
will
reach
to
D
;
so
then
drawing
the
Line
A
D
,
will
make
the
Quadrant
A
B
D
,
and
the
Arch
B
O
L
D
will
be
divided
into
three
equal
parts
;
now
every
one
of
those
parts
must
again
be
divided
into
three
equal
parts
,
and
every
one
of
them
into
10
equal
parts
,
so
will
your
Quadrant
be
divided
into
90
equal
parts
,
called
Degrees
.
plumb line, quadrant, and compass
Of
the
Scale
.
From
any
part
of
the
Lines
A
B
and
A
D
,
at
equal
distance
from
the
point
A
,
as
at
g
and
h
,
raise
two
perpendicular
Lines
which
will
meet
in
the
point
m
,
which
we
divide
here
into
12
equal
parts
,
but
may
be
divided
into
100
or
a
1000
equal
parts
at
pleasure
,
and
the
more
parts
they
are
divided
into
,
the
more
exact
will
your
work
be
;
let
these
Lines
g
m
and
him
be
marked
into
the
Divisions
from
the
point
A.
Let
two
sights
of
Brass
be
placed
upon
the
Limb
of
your
Quadrant
,
at
the
places
marked
E
and
F.
Let
the
Division
upon
the
Line
h
m
,
being
next
the
sights
,
be
〈◊〉
right
shadow
;
the
Division
upon
the
side
g
m
,
left
or
contrary
shadow
.
Let
a
Line
with
a
Plummet
be
fitted
to
your
Quadrant
falling
from
the
Center
A
,
as
you
see
in
your
Figure
.
CHAP.
II.
The
Use
of
this
Quadrant
in
taking
the
Perpendicular
or
direct
height
,
by
help
of
the
Suns
shadow
.
COnvey
the
left
side
of
the
Quadrant
Geometrically
towards
the
Sun
,
the
Thread
and
Plummet
having
their
free
course
,
moving
it
up
or
down
until
both
your
sights
have
received
the
Sun-beams
;
then
if
your
Thread
be
found
in
the
twelfth
part
,
all
things
that
are
upright
or
truly
perpendicularly
elevated
,
are
equal
in
height
with
their
shadows
.
If
the
Thread
with
the
plummet
be
observed
to
cut
any
of
those
parts
next
the
sights
,
called
right
shadow
,
between
m
and
h
,
then
every
upright
thing
is
more
than
the
shadow
,
by
such
a
proportion
as
12
exceeds
the
parts
where
the
Thread
was
found
.
If
the
Thread
fall
upon
the
first
division
,
then
12
times
the
shadow
is
the
height
.
If
it
fall
upon
the
second
Division
,
6
times
the
shadow
is
the
height
.
If
it
fall
upon
the
third
Division
,
4
times
the
shadow
is
the
height
.
If
it
fall
on
the
fourth
Division
,
3
times
the
shadow
is
the
height
.
In
the
fifth
Division
twice
and
two
fifths
of
the
shadow
is
the
height
.
In
the
sixth
twice
,
in
the
seventh
once
,
and
five
sevenths
in
the
eighth
Division
,
one
and
a
half
in
the
ninth
,
one
and
a
third
in
the
tenth
,
one
and
a
fifth
part
in
the
eleventh
,
once
and
the
eleventh
part
of
the
shadow
is
the
height
on
the
twelfth
part
,
then
the
length
of
the
shadow
is
the
height
,
as
we
said
before
.
Or
in
few
words
it
may
be
done
thus
,
Multiply
the
length
of
the
shadow
by
12
,
the
product
divided
by
the
parts
in
which
you
found
the
Thread
,
your
quotient
sheweth
the
height
.
But
if
the
part
cut
be
on
the
contrary
shadow
,
that
is
,
if
the
Thread
fall
between
g
and
m
,
augment
then
the
length
of
the
shadow
by
the
parts
declared
by
the
plummet
,
and
the
increase
divide
by
12
,
and
the
product
is
the
Altitude
.
woodcut of people using quadrants to measure the height of a tower
Example
.
In
the
Foregoing
figure
it
is
plainly
to
be
perceived
,
when
the
figure
falleth
upon
the
12
Division
,
the
shadow
is
equal
with
the
thing
it self
;
In
the
6
of
the
right
,
it
is
but
half
,
in
the
6
of
the
contrary
it
is
twice
the
height
,
and
so
to
conclude
,
as
the
side
in
the
right
exceeds
the
parts
,
so
doth
the
Altitude
the
shadow
;
and
the
contrary
in
the
contrary
shadow
.
Behold
the
figure
6
where
you
will
find
the
Thread
cutteth
6
parts
of
the
contrary
shadow
upon
the
Quadrant
,
the
shadow
B
C
then
being
210
foot
,
multiply
(
as
I
have
said
)
the
length
of
the
shadow
210
foot
by
6
,
the
parts
cut
by
the
Thread
,
and
it
makes
1260
,
and
that
divided
by
12
riseth
105
,
which
is
the
Altitude
of
such
a
body
,
that
casts
a
shadow
of
210
feet
.
Also
the
height
of
any
unknown
thing
may
be
known
by
taking
the
length
of
its
shadow
,
and
the
length
of
the
shadow
of
any
staff
set
upright
whose
length
is
known
,
saying
,
as
the
length
of
its
shadow
is
to
its
height
,
so
the
length
of
the
shadow
of
the
unknown
thing
is
to
its
height
.
CHAP.
III.
Without
Shadow
or
any
Supputation
by
your
Quadrant
Geometrical
,
to
take
heights
approachable
.
LIft
up
ingeniously
your
Quadrant
exactly
made
towards
the
thing
to
be
measured
,
looking
diligently
through
both
sights
backward
or
forward
,
as
occasion
is
given
,
until
you
see
the
top
,
so
that
your
Line
or
Thread
fall
just
upon
the
middle
of
12
Division
;
now
if
you
measure
your
distance
from
you
to
the
foot
of
the
Object
,
which
is
the
point
directly
under
the
top
,
then
have
you
the
Altitude
of
the
highest
summitie
to
the
right
point
or
base
in
height
equal
with
our
standing
,
adjoyning
with
it
the
height
of
your
eye
downwards
.
woodcut of people using a quadrant to measure the height of a tower
CHAP.
IV.
With
the
Aid
of
two
Stations
to
find
out
Inapproachable
heights
.
SEek
two
Stations
going
hither
and
thither
,
yea
,
toward
or
from
the
thing
you
intend
to
measure
,
so
that
in
the
one
place
the
thread
may
fall
just
in
12
,
and
at
the
other
Station
in
6
points
of
a
right
shadow
;
then
if
you
double
the
Distance
of
both
places
,
the
Summitie
shall
appear
from
that
part
of
the
thing
measured
,
which
is
equal
in
height
with
your
Eye
;
or
if
your
standing
be
even
with
the
Base
,
joyning
to
that
double
distance
the
height
of
your
eye
,
you
have
the
whole
Altitude
from
the
ground
,
&c.
If
the
one
Station
cause
the
Thread
to
fall
in
12
,
and
the
other
in
8
of
a
right
Shadow
,
then
triple
the
Distance
between
the
two
Stations
,
so
have
you
the
height
also
:
Or
if
the
one
be
in
12
,
and
the
other
in
9
of
right
shadows
,
then
quadruple
the
distance
,
the
one
under
12
,
and
the
other
under
6
of
the
contrary
shadow
,
and
the
place
between
both
Stations
is
equal
with
that
you
measure
,
ever
understanding
from
your
Eye
upwards
.
woodcut of people using quadrants to measure the height of a tower
CHAP.
V.
How
by
the
Quadrant
,
with
Calculations
,
speedily
to
find
all
heights
accessible
.
YOur
Quadrant
,
as
in
the
former
Figure
,
handsomly
elevated
against
or
towards
the
thing
to
be
measured
,
perceiving
through
both
sights
just
the
top
,
mark
well
the
Division
or
points
crossed
by
your
Thread
,
whether
it
be
of
the
right
shadow
,
then
multiply
the
distance
between
you
and
the
foot
of
the
Object
by
12
,
and
divide
that
Sum
by
the
parts
cut
upon
your
Quadrant
,
which
your
Thread
manifesteth
;
and
the
remainder
is
the
height
of
the
Object
from
your
Eye
.
But
if
the
Thread
fall
upon
contrary
shadows
,
work
contrarily
,
that
is
,
augment
it
by
the
part
,
and
divide
that
Sum
by
12
;
Remembring
ever
to
add
the
height
of
your
eye
downward
to
your
quotient
;
so
have
you
your
desire
,
the
Base
being
equal
with
your
standing
.
woodcut of people using a quadrant to measure the height of a tower
Example
.
Admit
the
Thread
with
the
plummet
note
6
parts
of
contrary
,
as
you
may
see
in
the
foregoing
figure
,
the
distance
from
the
base
A
to
your
standing
B
115
foot
multiplied
by
6
,
so
have
you
690
,
which
divided
by
12
yieldeth
57
〈◊〉
foot
;
to
this
adjoyn
5
foot
(
being
the
height
of
your
eye
from
the
ground
)
and
so
find
the
Altitude
to
be
62
½
foot
.
To
find
what
part
of
your
Altitude
is
Level
with
your
Eye
.
Cause
the
Plummet
and
Thread
to
fall
upon
the
side
of
your
Quadrant
where
the
Degrees
begin
,
which
you
will
find
before
in
the
Description
of
the
Quadrant
to
be
the
side
A
B
,
and
then
searching
through
the
Sights
that
part
,
that
which
you
can
spye
of
your
Altitude
(
the
plummet
hanging
upon
the
said
Line
A
B
)
is
level
with
your
Eye●
the
height
whereof
from
the
base
compared
with
the
Altitude
of
your
Eye
,
discovereth
the
inequality
or
difference
of
the
ground
,
that
is
to
say
,
how
much
higher
or
lower
the
base
of
the
thing
to
be
measured
is
than
the
ground
at
your
Station
,
which
difference
,
as
you
shall
see
cause
,
added
or
substracted
from
your
heights
found
as
is
before
declared
,
yieldeth
most
exactly
the
true
Altitude
:
And
thus
you
may
be
assured
never
to
err
,
how
unequal
or
uneven
soever
the
ground
be
.
You
may
also
by
two
things
of
one
length
joyned
thus
in
a
right
Angle
,
find
the
Altitude
of
any
thing
.
two lines forming a right angle
CHAP.
VI.
To
Measure
the
Distance
any
place
is
from
the
top
of
a
Castle
or
Work
.
THis
Work
is
Performed
as
the
former
in
the
2d
.
Chap.
only
here
with
a
Plummet
and
Line
we
take
the
heighth
or
depth
from
the
top
of
the
Castle
A
,
to
the
foot
of
the
Castle
B
;
and
suppose
that
to
be
equal
to
the
distance
there
taken
,
and
the
distance
B
C
equal
to
the
height
,
and
then
work
by
the
Rules
there
given
,
and
you
will
find
the
distance
C
B.
This
is
so
plain
there
needs
no
Example
.
CHAP.
VII
.
To
get
the
Length
or
Distance
of
any
place
or
Mark
in
sight
,
be
it
never
so
far
,
without
Instrument
.
AMongst
many
practices
I
find
this
the
onliest
way
to
obtain
our
desire
without
the
help
of
an
Instrument
,
yet
in
this
is
necessarily
required
to
have
ground
enough
at
liberty
on
one
side
.
Then
begin
thus
;
at
the
beginning
of
your
Length
set
up
a
staff
or
mark
that
may
be
seen
afar
off
,
then
go
from
it
Orthogonal
or
Square-wise
on
which
side
you
will
200
foot
;
the
more
ground
the
better
;
Put
up
there
a
staff
also
:
now
convey
your self
to
the
first
staff
or
mark
,
going
back
from
it
300
foot
,
more
or
less
,
at
your
pleasure
,
set
up
there
a
third
staff
so
,
that
the
first
mark
or
staff
and
it
agree
all
in
a
streight
Line
from
your
sight
to
the
farthest
part
of
your
length
by
the
judgment
of
your
eye
;
now
go
side-wise
from
thence
as
far
in
a
right
Angle
,
until
the
second
mark
offer
it self
aright
between
the
extream
part
of
your
length
and
sight
,
and
there
put
the
fourth
staff
.
All
this
performed
,
seek
out
the
distance
between
the
first
staff
and
the
Second
,
and
that
name
your
first
distance
;
then
the
distance
between
the
first
and
third
,
name
your
second
distance
;
Again
,
the
distance
between
the
third
and
fourth
staff
is
the
third
distance
.
Deduct
your
first
distance
from
the
third
,
so
remaineth
the
Divisor
;
then
multiply
your
third
distance
by
your
second
,
and
the
product
divide
by
your
Divisor
,
the
quotient
sheweth
the
true
length
from
the
third
staff
to
the
fortress
or
mark
desired
:
for
plainness
behold
the
figure
.
triangle with labeled angles and sidse, a castle wall at its apex
Example
.
Here
this
Letter
A
represents
the
Castle
,
being
the
distance
to
be
measured
;
B
is
your
first
staff
;
C
the
second
staff
,
differing
from
B
the
first
Orthogonal
100
foot
;
D
the
third
staff
,
being
distant
back
from
the
first
in
a
Right
line
with
the
mark
A
133
foot
;
E
is
the
fourth
staff
,
running
sidewise
Orthogonally
,
or
in
a
Square
,
from
the
third
,
until
the
farthest
part
of
your
length
A
,
is
perceived
in
a
right
Line
with
the
second
staff
at
C
;
and
this
distance
D
E
let
be
120
foot
.
Now
by
Substraction
take
100
from
120
,
there
remaineth
for
a
Divisor
20
;
then
multiply
133
by
120
,
so
riseth
15960
,
which
divided
by
20
,
and
there
cometh
798
foot
,
the
true
distance
between
D
and
A
,
from
which
if
you
abate
A
B
133
,
there
remaineth
B
A
your
propounded
distance
.
But
forasmuch
as
this
conclusion
is
to
be
done
without
Instrument
,
and
here
Orthogonal
motions
sidewise
is
required
,
it
shall
be
requisite
also
to
declare
how
an
Orthogonal
or
Right
angle
is
upon
a
sudden
to
be
made
;
ye
shall
therefore
(
according
to
Pythagoras's
Invention
mentioned
among
the
Definitions
at
the
beginning
of
this
Book
)
take
3
Staves
,
Cords
,
or
such
like
,
making
the
one
4
such
parts
,
as
the
other
is
3
,
and
the
third
5
;
This
done
,
conjoyn
their
ends
together
,
and
the
angle
subtended
of
the
longest
staff
is
a
right
,
which
first
placed
at
B
,
and
after
at
D
,
directing
one
of
his
comprehending
sides
to
A
,
the
other
shall
guide
you
to
C
and
E
;
or
if
you
desire
with
more
expedition
to
dispatch
,
and
not
to
tarry
the
proportioning
of
Cords
,
or
such
like
,
to
this
Pythogarick
Rule
,
take
any
3
Staves
,
Sticks
,
or
Threads
,
and
conjoyn
them
,
making
a
Triangle
,
it
matters
not
of
what
form
or
fashion
they
be
,
〈◊〉
placing
one
angle
thereof
at
B
,
turning
one
side
to
A
,
direct
your self
sidewise
to
the
other
,
alwayes
remembring
to
place
the
same
angle
at
D
,
and
departing
sidewise
again
in
like
manner
,
in
all
the
rest
do
as
before
is
declared
.
Thus
using
any
mean
diligence
,
yuo
shall
most
exactly
measure
any
distance
.
CHAP.
VIII
.
With
Halbeards
,
Pikes
,
or
any
Staves
,
having
no
other
Instrument
,
you
may
measure
the
Distance
between
any
two
Towers
,
Castles
,
or
other
Marks
,
lying
in
a
right
line
from
you
,
not
coming
near
any
of
them
.
YOu
must
first
(
as
we
have
declared
in
the
last
Chapter
)
prepare
a
Triangle
,
with
joyning
any
three
Staves
,
or
such
like
,
together
,
which
you
must
(
at
your
standing
)
place
in
such
sort
,
that
one
of
the
sides
containing
the
Angles
,
may
lye
directly
toward
the
Mark
:
Then
setting
up
a
Staff
,
Pike
,
or
other
Mark
there
,
depart
sidewise
,
as
the
other
side
of
your
Angle
shall
direct
you
,
so
far
as
you
list
,
the
more
ground
the
better
,
and
there
set
up
your
second
Staff
or
Mark
;
then
go
directly
back
from
your
first
Staff
(
alwayes
keeping
it
exactly
between
your
sight
and
the
Mark
)
as
many
score
again
,
or
Pike
lengths
,
as
you
list
,
setting
up
a
third
staff
;
this
done
,
you
shall
place
the
same
Angle
you
used
at
your
first
Staff
now
again
at
your
third
staff
,
in
all
points
as
it
was
before
;
the
one
side
of
the
Angle
lying
directly
toward
the
first
Staff
,
the
other
side
will
shew
you
whither
you
shall
go
to
place
your
fourth
Staff
;
for
passing
still
in
a
right
line
with
that
side
of
your
Angle
,
you
shall
at
the
last
find
the
second
justly
scituated
between
you
and
the
farthest
Mark
,
and
there
set
up
the
fourth
Staff
;
then
remove
your
Angle
again
to
the
second
Staff
,
and
placing
there
as
before
,
the
one
side
even
with
the
first
Staff
,
pass
on
in
a
right
line
with
the
other
,
until
you
come
directly
between
your
nearest
Mark
and
the
fourth
Staff
,
and
there
pitch
up
the
fifth
.
woodcut offering bird's-eye view of fortifications, overlaid by triangles with labeled angles
Now
you
must
measure
how
many
Paces
,
Halbeards
,
or
Pikes
length
,
are
between
your
first
and
second
Staff
,
deducting
that
from
the
distance
between
the
third
and
fourth
,
and
the
Remainder
shall
serve
you
for
a
Divisor
;
then
multiply
your
distance
between
the
second
and
fifth
Staff
by
the
distance
between
the
third
and
fourth
,
the
product
divide
by
your
reserved
Divisor
,
and
it
yieldeth
in
the
Quotient
the
true
distance
between
these
two
Marks
.
See
the
foregoing
Figure
.
Example
.
Let
A
B
be
the
two
Marks
,
whose
distance
I
would
measure
;
my
standing
place
where
I
set
up
my
first
Staff
,
I
;
in
the
middle
,
my
Triangle
made
of
three
Staves
,
Halberds
,
Bills
,
or
any
such
like
things
,
K
L
M
;
the
Staves
or
Halberds
of
which
I
make
my
Triangle
N
,
which
I
first
place
at
C
,
secondly
at
D
,
thirdly
at
E
;
and
note
,
at
C
and
D
the
scituation
of
the
Triangle
is
all
one
,
but
at
E
it
somewhat
differeth
,
as
you
may
behold
in
this
Figure
,
which
I
would
have
you
note
,
lest
haply
you
be
deceived
in
your
practice
.
C
E
the
distance
between
the
first
and
third
,
deducted
from
D
F
the
distance
between
the
second
and
fourth
,
there
remains
H
F
your
Divisor
;
which
measured
,
I
admit
50
Halberds
lengths
,
the
distance
between
G
E
30
Halberds
lengths
,
the
space
between
D
F
100
Halberds
length
,
now
100
multiplyed
by
30
produceth
3000
,
which
divided
by
50
,
leaveth
in
the
Quotient
60.
I
conclude
therefore
the
distance
between
A
and
B
to
be
60
Pikes
lengths
.
This
one
thing
is
to
be
taken
notice
of
especially
,
that
whatsoever
you
mete
the
space
G
E
withall
,
that
you
use
the
same
in
measuring
H
F
;
and
as
for
D
F
it
matters
not
what
you
measure
it
withall
,
for
your
Quotient
shall
bear
the
same
denomination
.
Preciseness
is
to
be
used
in
placing
of
your
Triangle
,
and
in
measuring
E
G
,
and
H
F
,
otherwise
error
may
ensue
;
especially
if
D
F
be
but
a
small
distance
,
and
the
Angle
at
B
very
sharp
.
There
needeth
in
this
matter
no
further
admonition
,
small
Practice
will
resolve
all
doubts
.
CHAP.
IX
.
To
measure
the
distance
between
any
two
Forts
,
Castles
,
or
other
places
,
howsoever
they
be
scituated
,
though
there
be
Rivers
,
or
such
like
Impediments
between
,
that
you
cannot
approach
nigh
any
of
them
;
and
that
without
an
Instrument
also
.
LEt
your
Angles
,
as
before
hath
been
said
,
be
prepared
of
any
three
Staves
,
&c.
you
shall
first
at
pleasure
set
up
one
Staff
,
and
applying
thereunto
your
Angle
in
such
sort
,
that
the
one
containing
side
lye
directly
to
one
of
the
Marks
(
which
here
for
distinction
sake
I
will
call
the
first
)
go
backwards
too
and
fro
until
you
find
your
second
Mark
precisely
covered
with
your
Staff
,
nothing
what
part
of
the
line
or
side
subtending
the
Angle
it
cuts
by
your
line
visual
,
and
there
make
a
fine
notch
or
mark
upon
that
subtending
Staff
;
which
done
,
you
shall
go
sidewise
from
the
first
erected
Staff
,
as
the
other
containing
side
of
your
Triangle
will
direct
you
,
so
far
as
you
list
,
and
then
set
up
your
second
Staff
;
yet
pass
on
from
thence
in
a
right
line
with
that
containing
side
of
your
Angle
that
riseth
from
your
Staves
,
and
cometh
somewhat
toward
the
Mark
,
and
go
so
far
until
you
spy
your self
just
between
your
third
Staff
and
your
first
mark
,
there
set
up
your
fourth
Staff
;
then
resort
to
your
Angle
again
,
and
standing
behind
the
second
Staff
,
note
whither
a
right
line
from
the
Angle
to
that
notch
(
before
made
on
the
subtendent
Staff
or
side
of
the
Triangle
)
will
direct
you
,
for
that
way
precisely
shall
you
go
on
until
you
come
in
a
right
line
with
the
second
and
third
Staff
,
and
erect
there
the
fifth
Staff
;
this
done
,
measure
the
distance
between
the
second
and
third
Staff
,
reserving
that
for
a
Divisor
;
then
multiply
your
distance
between
the
first
and
third
Staff
,
by
the
distance
between
the
fourth
and
fifth
Staff
,
the
product
divide
by
your
reserved
Divisor
,
and
it
yieldeth
in
the
Quotient
the
true
distance
between
the
two
marks
.
trapezoids with labeled angles
Example
.
Let
A
B
be
the
distance
I
would
know
,
C
my
first
Station
where
the
first
Staff
is
erected
;
I
my
Triangle
made
of
three
Staves
,
and
placed
at
the
Station
C
,
directed
with
one
of
the
containing
sides
to
A
,
which
is
the
first
mark
,
as
you
may
see
in
the
Figure
,
and
with
the
other
side
to
D
and
E
the
second
and
third
Staves
;
H
is
the
notch
or
mark
upon
the
side
subtended
to
the
Angle
,
where
the
line
visual
from
C
passeth
to
the
second
mark
B
;
my
Triangle
now
I
scituate
at
D
,
as
it
was
before
at
C
,
the
one
contained
side
lying
even
with
the
erected
Staves
,
the
other
directed
to
my
fourth
Staff
F
,
placed
in
a
right
line
with
E
the
third
Staff
,
and
A
the
first
mark
.
Again
,
my
line
visual
proceeding
from
D
to
H
,
the
notch
in
the
subrended
side
of
the
Angle
is
extended
to
my
fifth
Staff
G
,
scituated
exactly
between
E
the
third
Staff
,
and
B
the
other
mark
:
This
done
,
I
measure
the
distance
between
my
second
and
third
Staff
,
finding
it
20
foot
;
likewise
between
the
fourth
and
fifth
Staff
,
and
find
it
72
foot
;
finally
between
the
first
and
third
Staff
65
paces
;
so
that
according
to
the
Rule
before
given
,
multiplying
65
by
72
,
I
have
4680.
which
divided
by
20
,
yieldeth
in
the
Quotient
234
,
and
so
many
paces
is
there
between
A
and
B.
I
have
not
set
out
the
Figures
in
just
proportions
answering
to
these
numbers
,
for
that
is
not
requisite
,
but
in
such
form
as
may
best
open
and
make
manifest
the
scituation
of
the
Staves
and
Triangle
,
wherein
consists
all
the
difficulty
of
this
Practice
.
CHAP.
X.
How
you
may
readily
find
out
the
distance
to
any
Tower
,
Castle
,
Forts
,
&c.
by
help
of
the
former
Quadrant
.
LEt
the
Quadrant
be
made
upon
a
square
Board
as
is
there
marked
A
D
B
Q.
Let
D
B
be
divided
into
90
Degrees
or
equal
parts
;
and
instead
of
the
12
equal
parts
,
or
right
and
contrary
shadows
,
g
m
and
h
m
,
let
the
two
sides
D
Q
and
B
Q
be
divided
each
into
1200
equal
parts
,
or
as
many
as
you
please
,
and
marked
from
the
Center
A
,
and
have
a
Ruler
or
Index
to
be
moved
round
upon
the
Center
A●
having
two
sights
upon
it
,
set
just
upon
the
feducial
line
of
the
Index
,
and
let
it
be
divided
into
such
equal
parts
as
the
Lymb
B
Q
,
or
D
Q.
Let
this
Instrument
thus
fitted
be
handsomly
placed
upon
its
Staff
,
or
otherwise
,
lay
the
feducial
of
your
Index
upon
the
beginning
of
the
Degrees
of
the
Quadrant
,
and
turn
your
whole
Instrument
(
the
Index
not
moved
)
till
you
may
espy
through
the
sight
your
mark
,
then
remove
your
Index
to
the
contrary
side
of
the
Quadrant
,
placing
the
line
feducial
on
the
side
line
where
the
degrees
end
,
and
look
through
the
sights
,
and
in
that
very
line
set
up
a
mark
a
certain
distance
,
the
farther
the
better
;
this
done
,
take
away
your
Instrument
,
and
set
up
a
Staff
there
,
and
remove
the
Instrument
to
the
mark
you
espyed
;
set
your
Index
on
the
beginning
of
the
Degrees
,
moving
your
whole
Instrument
,
till
you
find
through
the
Sights
the
Staff
at
the
first
Station
,
then
remove
your
Index
(
your
Quadrant
keeping
its
place
)
till
you
may
again
espy
through
the
Sights
your
mark
;
which
done
,
note
the
Degrees
cut
by
the
line
feducial
,
and
then
work
thus
,
upon
some
even
smooth
Superficies
,
whether
it
be
Board
,
Plate
,
or
Paper
:
Draw
first
a
streight
line
,
and
open
your
Compasses
to
some
small
distance
,
call
that
space
a
score
,
and
make
so
many
such
divisions
upon
your
Line
as
there
is
scores
between
your
Stations
;
then
upon
the
end
of
your
line
raise
a
perpendicular
,
and
fixing
one
foot
of
your
Compasses
at
the
other
end
,
opening
it
to
what
wideness
you
please
,
draw
an
Arch
rising
from
the
same
line
that
represents
your
Stationary
distance
,
and
dividing
it
into
90
equal
parts
or
Degrees
(
as
you
was
taught
in
the
making
your
Quadrant
)
extend
from
the
Center
to
the
number
of
Degrees
cut
by
your
feducial
line
,
a
right
line
,
until
it
concur
with
the
perpendicular
before
erected
;
then
see
how
much
of
that
space
(
which
representeth
the
score
in
dividing
your
Stationary
distance
)
is
contained
in
the
perpendicular
;
so
many
score
is
the
mark
off
from
your
first
Station
,
and
by
dividing
the
Hypothenusal
line
,
you
may
find
the
Distance
from
the
second
Station
.
Example
.
A
the
first
Station
,
C
the
second
,
D
the
mark
,
A
C
80
paces
,
Degrees
of
the
Quadrant
cut
by
the
line
feducial
at
the
second
Station
is
71
d.
½
,
and
H
is
the
unity
or
measure
representing
one
score
,
E
F
4
parts
,
G
F
12
,
G
E
12
⅔
,
or
thereabouts
:
Thus
may
you
conclude
the
mark
to
be
distant
from
the
first
Station
12
score
paces
;
the
Hypothenusal
line
or
distance
of
the
mark
from
the
second
Station
,
12
score
and
13
paces
.
See
the
Figure
.
woodcut of person using quadrant to measure distance between cannons and city walls
To
perform
this
Work
by
Calculation
.
In
the
foregoing
Figure
,
B
is
the
place
to
be
measured
,
A
the
mark
where
I
first
disposed
my
Instrument
,
from
it
I
go
Orthogonally
to
C
,
the
Index
suppose
cuts
there
400
in
the
right
side
of
your
square
;
the
distance
between
B
and
C
,
I
have
supposed
80
paces
;
wherefore
multiply
1200
by
80
,
and
there
cometh
96000
,
wh●ch
divided
by
400
,
declareth
unto
me
240
paces
,
the
true
length
from
A
to
B.
Or
by
dividing
1440000
,
the
square
of
1200
,
with
400
the
parts
cut
,
you
shall
produce
in
the
Quotient
3600
,
your
proportionable
part
found
by
the
Rule
of
Reduction
,
which
augmented
in
80
,
yieldeth
288000
,
and
that
divided
by
1200
,
bringeth
in
the
Quotient
240
,
which
is
the
length
A
B
agreeing
with
the
former
operation
.
But
if
you
would
find
C
B
,
or
the
Hypothenusal
line
,
being
the
distance
between
the
second
Station
and
the
mark
;
then
by
the
former
Table
of
Squares
,
or
with
your
Pen
,
find
the
Square
of
A
C
,
and
the
Square
A
B
the
distance
already
found
from
the
first
Station
,
these
two
Squares
added
together
,
the
Square
Root
of
that
Sum
is
the
distance
C
B
,
viz.
253
paces
;
or
if
the
Sum
of
the
Square
of
A
B
and
A
C
be
sought
for
in
the
Table
of
Squares
,
you
will
find
against
it
253
paces
,
the
length
of
C
B
,
which
was
to
be
found
;
for
the
Square
of
A
B
more
,
A
C
is
alwayes
equal
to
the
Square
of
C
B
,
and
the
Square
of
C
B
less
,
the
Square
A
C
is
equal
to
the
Square
of
A
B.
CHAP.
XI
.
To
measure
the
distance
between
any
two
marks
that
lye
in
one
right
line
from
the
Eye
.
THis
may
be
resolved
by
the
former
Proposition
,
measuring
how
far
either
distance
is
from
your self
,
and
then
deduct
the
one
from
the
other
;
or
thus
,
another
way
,
the
side
of
your
Geometrical
Square
directed
towards
them
,
depart
Orthogonally
,
as
is
before
declared
,
100
or
200
paces
at
your
pleasure
,
but
the
more
the
better
;
then
place
your
Instrument
again
,
turning
the
side
of
it
towards
the
first
Station
,
remove
then
the
Index
to
either
marks
,
nothing
what
parts
at
either
place
the
Index
doth
cut
of
the
Scale
;
and
if
the
Index
at
both
times
falls
on
the
left
side
,
deduct
the
lesser
from
the
greater
;
with
the
number
remaining
,
augment
this
distance
between
your
Stations
,
and
dividing
by
the
whole
side
of
the
Scale
,
your
Quotient
is
the
distance
.
If
the
Index
fall
on
the
right
side
at
either
time
,
then
must
you
by
the
Rule
given
in
the
Ninth
Chapter
,
reduce
them
into
proportional
parts
;
or
if
at
one
time
it
fall
on
the
left
side
,
and
at
another
time
on
the
right
,
then
shall
you
only
reduce
the
parts
cut
on
the
right
side
;
which
done
,
deduct
as
before
is
said
,
the
lesser
from
the
greater
,
and
with
the
remainder
multiply
your
distance
Stationary
,
the
product
divided
by
1200
,
yieldeth
how
far
one
mark
is
beyond
another
.
Behold
the
Figure
.
woodcut of person using quadrant to measure distance between cannons and city walls
Example
.
Admit
A
B
the
marks
in
a
right
line
from
C
your
first
Station
,
D
the
second
Station
Orthogonally
scituated
from
C
,
where
your
Square
being
placed
,
suppose
your
Index
first
cut
800
parts
on
the
left
side
,
and
after
900
parts
on
the
right
side
;
you
must
divide
the
Square
of
1200
by
900
,
as
was
taught
in
the
former
Chapter
;
so
will
your
Quotient
amount
to
1600
,
from
which
if
you
withdraw
800
,
the
parts
cut
on
the
left
side
,
there
will
remain
800
,
which
multiplye●
by
200
paces
,
the
distance
Stationary
C
D
,
there
amounteth
160000
,
this
divided
by
1200
,
yieldeth
in
the
Quotient
133
⅔
;
therefore
the
distance
from
A
B
,
your
mark
,
is
133
paces
,
1
foot
,
and
8
inches
.
CHAP.
XII
.
To
measure
the
Distance
between
any
two
marks
lying
in
one
plain
level
ground
,
howsoever
scituated
,
without
Arithmetick
.
THis
at
two
Stations
may
be
done
,
as
we
have
done
before
;
but
we
will
here
suppose
but
one
Station
,
knowing
the
distance
from
that
Station
to
each
place
,
and
the
Angle
it
makes
with
each
Station
;
then
by
help
of
a
pair
of
Compasses
,
and
any
line
of
equal
parts
,
this
is
most
easily
wrought
,
as
is
well
known
to
small
Practitioners
in
this
Art
,
it
being
also
the
4th
Question
in
Right-lined
Oblique
Triangles
.
I
did
intend
to
shew
the
working
of
every
one
of
these
Questions
by
Logarithms
;
but
considering
a
Gunner
hath
not
alwayes
such
Tables
by
him
(
and
if
he
have
them
and
understands
right-lined
Triangles
,
doubtless
he
may
easily
apply
them
to
this
work
)
I
therefore
thought
what
I
have
done
in
this
case
to
be
sufficient
.
CHAP.
XIII
.
The
Description
of
an
Instrument
,
whereby
to
plot
out
any
Coast
,
Country
,
City
or
Garrison
,
and
to
take
the
distance
to
every
Remarkable
Object
.
THis
Instrument
is
four
square
,
with
a
Circle
in
the
middle
,
divided
into
360
equal
parts
or
degrees
.
Let
the
division
of
the
square
be
from
1
to
100
,
or
as
many
as
you
can
;
you
must
also
have
fixed
to
it
an
Index
,
with
sight
upon
the
same
,
as
you
may
see
by
the
Figure
following
in
the
next
Page
.
It
is
called
a
Circumferenter
or
Geometrical
Square
.
To
draw
a
Plot
of
any
Coast
or
Country
in
such
sort
that
you
may
readily
tell
how
far
any
place
is
distant
from
you
,
or
one
from
another
.
YOu
must
ascend
some
high
Tower
,
Hill
,
Cliff
,
or
other
place
,
from
whence
you
may
commodiously
behold
on
every
part
those
places
you
intend
a
Plot
of
,
there
set
up
your
Instrument
upon
its
staff
,
and
in
such
sort
place
it
by
help
of
your
Needle
,
that
the
four
Semi-Diameters
stand
due
East
,
West
,
North
,
and
South
;
then
turn
your
Index
to
Town
,
Village
,
Haven
,
Road
,
or
such
like
,
espying
through
the
Sights
the
middle
or
most
notable
mark
in
them
,
noting
withall
in
a
Table
by
it self
the
degrees
cut
by
the
Index
in
your
Instrument
,
which
we
call
the
Angles
of
position
,
and
so
make
a
Table
of
the
first
Station
.
Then
search
out
square inscribed by a circle, its circumference divided into 360 degrees
with
your
Eye
,
viewing
round
about
,
some
other
lofty
place
,
from
whence
you
may
behold
again
all
these
places
,
for
that
shall
be
your
second
Station
,
and
turning
thereunto
the
Index
of
your
Instrument
,
note
what
degree
it
toucheth
;
this
done
,
remove
your
Instrument
thither
,
and
place
it
in
all
respects
as
't
was
before
,
and
turning
the
Diameter
or
Index
of
your
Instrument
to
every
place
,
espying
through
the
Sight
all
such
marks
as
you
saw
before
,
noting
again
the
degrees
●ut
,
or
Angles
of
position
,
writing
the
names
of
every
place
,
and
its
degree
by
it
;
so
have
you
a
Table
also
of
your
second
Station
;
with
these
Tables
you
shall
resort
to
some
plain
smooth
superficies
of
Board
,
Parchment
,
Paper
,
or
such
like
,
and
thereon
describe
a
large
Circle
,
divide
it
into
360
degrees
,
like
to
the
Circle
of
your
Instrument
;
then
from
the
Centre
thereof
to
every
degree
noted
in
your
first
Table
,
extend
streight
lines
,
writing
upon
every
one
of
them
the
name
of
his
place
;
and
upon
that
line
that
represents
your
second
Station
fix
one
foot
of
your
Compasses
,
opening
the
other
at
pleasure
;
and
draw
another
Circle
,
and
divide
it
also
into
360
degrees
,
and
from
the
Center
thereof
extend
right
lines
to
every
degree
noted
in
your
second
Table
,
writing
as
before
upon
every
one
of
them
the
name
of
their
places
or
marks
;
finally
,
you
shall
note
diligently
the
concourse
or
crossing
of
every
two
like
lines
,
making
thereon
a
star
or
such
like
mark
,
with
the
names
of
the
place●
thereunto
belonging
.
Now
if
you
desire
to
know
how
far
every
of
these
Towns
,
Villages
,
&c.
are
distant
from
each
other
,
you
shall
do
thus
,
measure
the
distance
between
your
Stations
by
Instrument
or
otherwise
,
as
you
have
been
before
taught
,
and
divide
the
right
line
between
the
Centers
of
your
Circles
into
so
many
equal
parts
or
portions
as
there
are
Miles
,
Furlongs
,
or
Scores
,
between
your
Stations
;
then
opening
your
Compasses
to
one
of
those
parts
,
you
may
measure
from
place
to
place
,
alwayes
affirming
so
many
Miles
,
Furlongs
,
or
Scores
(
according
to
the
denomination
of
that
one
part
whereunto
you
opened
your
Compasses
)
to
be
between
place
and
place
,
as
you
find
by
measuring
there
are
parts
.
Example
.
There
is
a
Sea
Coast
having
sundry
Harbours
,
Towns
,
Villages
,
Castles
,
and
such
like
scituated
thereon
,
whose
Plot
in
due
proportion
I
require
,
with
the
exact
distances
of
every
place
one
from
the
other
.
Having
therefore
elected
a
lofty
●eat
,
from
whence
I
may
behold
all
these
places
(
my
Instrument
scituated
as
is
declared
)
removing
the
Index
to
a
Castle
that
is
farthest
,
being
a
Castle
standing
in
the
mouth
of
a
Haven
,
having
received
it
through
my
Sights
,
the
line
fiducial
of
my
Index
cutteth
30
degrees
;
then
I
remove
it
to
the
next
,
being
a
Village
or
Fish
Town
,
and
the
Index
cutteth
50
degrees
,
and
so
round
to
all
the
rest
;
and
thus
I
shall
have
the
Table
of
my
first
Station
,
as
followeth
,
The
Table
of
my
first
Station
.
|
Deg.
|
The
Castle
.
|
30
|
The
Village
.
|
50
|
The
City
.
|
75
|
The
Eastern
Head
of
the
Bay
.
|
95
|
The
Western
Head
of
the
Bay
.
|
97
½
|
The
Fort
within
Land
.
|
130.
|
This
done
,
I
behold
another
Hill
or
high
place
;
from
whence
I
may
in
like
manner
view
all
those
places
,
and
turning
my
Index
thereunto
,
I
find
the
Line
fiducial
lying
upon
180
Degrees
;
then
carrying
my
Instrument
thither
,
and
placing
it
in
all
points
there
,
as
it
was
at
the
first
Station
,
I
turn
my
Index
again
to
my
first
Mark
or
Castle
,
and
find
it
to
cut
in
15
Degrees
,
at
the
second
25
,
&c.
as
you
may
see
in
this
second
Table
.
The
Table
of
my
second
Station
.
|
Deg.
|
The
Castle
.
|
15
|
The
Village
.
|
25
|
The
City
.
|
40
|
The
Eastern
Head
of
the
Bay
.
|
50
|
The
Western
Head
of
the
Bay
.
|
55
|
The
Fort
within
Land
|
80.
|
With
these
Tables
I
repair
to
a
Paper
,
Parchment
,
&c.
and
by
the
former
Rules
draw
the
Figure
following
.
various labeled angles
Having
thus
compleated
your
Plot
,
and
found
the
distance
between
A
and
B
to
be
5
miles
,
make
a
Scale
according
to
that
distance
,
divide
it
into
miles
and
parts
,
and
with
it
you
may
measure
your
distance
from
place
to
place
,
or
the
distance
from
any
of
your
Stations
to
each
place
,
according
as
you
have
occasion
.
Thus
passing
or
changing
your
Station
,
you
may
make
several
Plots
,
containing
the
true
proportion
and
distance
of
Towns
,
Villages
,
Ports
,
Roads
,
Hills
,
Rivers
,
and
all
other
notable
places
throughout
a
whole
Realm
.
Thus
I
suppose
we
have
writ
all
such
propositions
of
measuring
of
heights
,
distances
,
and
profundities
,
&c.
as
may
be
necessary
to
our
work
.
We
will
next
come
to
the
more
Practick
part
,
of
mannaging
a
Piece
of
Ordnance
to
do
the
best
Service
.
CHAP.
XIV
.
The
Description
and
use
of
the
Gunners
Scale
.
tables for types of shot and types of cannon, two eight-inch rulers, and a quadrant
Edward
Fage
in
Hosier
Lane
Londini
Fecit
You
will
observe
by
this
Instrument
,
that
the
Ladle
is
but
3
Diameters
of
the
Shot
in
length
,
and
⅗
part
of
the
Circumference
,
from
the
Cannon
to
the
whole
Culvering
,
and
the
charge
of
Powder
will
be
found
to
be
about
2
Diameters
of
the
Piece
;
from
the
Culvering
to
the
Minion
,
the
Charge
may
fill
2
Diameters
and
a
half
;
and
from
the
Minion
to
the
Base
3
Diameters
;
but
of
this
matter
we
have
spoke
at
large
in
the
first
part
of
this
Book
;
but
there
having
left
out
the
Table
of
Periors
and
Drakes
,
I
thought
good
here
to
insert
it
.
A
necessary
Table
of
Periors
and
Drakes
proportioned
.
Names
of
Pieces
.
|
Height
of
the
bore
in
inches
.
|
Length
in
Diameter
.
|
Weight
in
met
.
pound
.
|
Weight
of
Powder
.
|
Length
of
the
Ladle
.
|
Canon
Perior
.
|
9.
10.
12.
|
8
|
3500
|
3
,
3
●/●
4
|
3
|
D.
Canon
Drake
.
|
6
½
|
16
|
3000
|
9
pound
.
|
4
½
|
Culvering
Drake
.
|
5
½
|
16
|
2000
|
5
|
4
½
|
D.
Cul.
Drake
.
|
4
½
|
16
|
1500
|
3
½
|
4
½
|
Saker
Drake
.
|
3
½
|
18
|
1200
|
2
|
4
½
|
CHAP.
XV.
How
to
make
a
true
Dispart
of
any
true
bored
Piece
of
Ordnance
.
KNow
first
,
that
to
dispart
a
Piece
of
Ordnance
,
is
no
otherwise
than
to
bring
the
Diameter
at
Muzzle
to
be
equal
to
the
Diameter
at
the
Base
Ring
;
in
true
founde●
Ordnance
,
half
of
the
Diameter
of
the
Cylender
is
the
dispart
;
but
more
generally
it
may
be
done
thus
,
Gird
the
Piece
round
about
the
Britch
with
a
thred
,
after
do
the
like
by
the
Muzzle
Ring
,
lay
these
two
strings
streight
upon
a
Table
at
length
,
and
make
two
marks
for
the
length
of
each
string
;
divide
the
distance
between
each
of
these
two
marks
into
22
equal
parts
with
your
Compasses
,
and
7
of
them
are
their
Diameters
;
then
measure
how
much
each
Diameter
is
in
length
,
and
substract
one
Diameter
from
the
other
,
then
take
the
just
half
of
the
difference
,
and
that
is
the
true
dispart
of
your
Piece
in
inches
,
and
part
of
an
inch
.
But
these
Diameters
are
better
and
more
artificially
taken
with
a
pair
of
Crallipars
,
as
we
have
shewed
before
in
taking
the
Diameter
of
a
Shot
,
and
then
measured
upon
your
Scale
of
inches
and
parts
,
will
give
you
the
true
Diameters
of
the
Piece
both
at
Britch
and
Muzzle
,
with
which
work
as
above
.
Also
you
may
find
the
true
dispart
of
a
Piece
thus
;
Put
a
small
Wyer
or
priming
Iron
in
at
the
Touch-hole
of
the
Piece
to
the
bottom
of
the
Concave
;
then
mind
what
part
of
that
Iron
is
even
with
the
Base
Ring
,
and
make
a
mark
there
;
then
take
it
out
and
apply
it
to
the
Muzzle
,
and
place
it
upon
the
lower
edge
of
the
Concave
of
the
Piece
as
upright
as
you
can
,
and
mind
what
part
of
the
Iron
or
Wyer
is
even
with
the
upper
part
of
the
Muzzle
Ring
,
and
there
make
a
mark
;
for
the
difference
between
these
two
marks
,
is
the
true
dispart
of
the
Piece
:
or
after
you
have
placed
your
Iron
upon
the
Muzzle
as
before
,
cause
a
dispart
to
be
raised
so
high
as
that
mark
which
was
made
upon
the
Iron
when
't
was
put
down
the
Touch-hole
.
If
from
the
top
of
the
dispart
a
fine
thread
or
line
be
carried
to
the
Muzzle
Ring
,
you
will
see
how
high
you
may
make
a
dispart
at
the
Trunions
.
Or
thus
a
dispart
may
be
made
at
the
Trunions
;
lay
a
peece
of
soft
Wax
upon
the
Trunions
,
and
let
one
raise
it
high
,
or
depress
it
,
until
that
the
Metal
at
the
top
of
the
Base
Ring
,
the
Wax
between
the
Trunions
,
and
the
dispart
of
the
Muzzle
,
be
all
three
of
one
height
precisely
;
but
the
former
way
with
a
thread
is
more
exact
.
A
Piece
of
Ordnance
may
be
disparted
thus
;
take
two
sticks
(
each
of
them
must
be
longer
than
the
Piece
)
and
also
make
a
Plummet
of
Lead
to
hang
in
a
small
thread
made
fast
to
one
end
of
the
stick
,
which
lay
cross
the
top
of
the
Base
Ring
,
to
and
fro
,
until
the
Plummet
descending
from
the
end
thereof
,
may
just
touch
the
side
of
the
Metal
of
the
said
Ring
;
then
keeping
fast
the
stick
in
that
place
,
hang
your
Plummet
down
by
the
other
side
of
the
stick
,
until
it
on
the
otherside
just
touch
the
Metal
of
the
Base
Ring
;
when
you
have
done
,
cut
off
the
stick
just
in
that
place
by
which
the
Plummet
descended
,
perpendicularly
,
and
this
length
is
the
just
Diameter
of
the
Base
Ring
;
after
this
manner
you
must
proceed
to
take
the
Diameter
at
the
Muzzle
.
Then
lastly
,
set
these
two
sticks
together
even
at
one
end
,
and
mark
their
difference
in
length
or
height
;
for
just
half
of
that
difference
is
the
dispart
of
that
Piece
.
I
would
advise
all
Sea
Gunners
upon
some
occasions
to
use
Disparts
between
the
Trunions
of
their
Pieces
,
made
of
a
just
height
,
on
purpose
to
serve
that
place
,
by
the
method
we
have
even
now
prescribed
,
and
let
them
be
tyed
about
the
Piece
with
a
twine
,
because
else
at
every
Shot
they
will
be
to
seek
,
when
upon
a
suddain
they
should
use
them
,
and
they
will
much
avail
and
stand
them
in
great
stead
.
I
could
express
other
wayes
,
only
I
think
these
sufficient
.
CHAP.
XVI
.
How
to
give
Level
with
a
Piece
of
Ordnance
to
make
a
Shot
at
any
Mark
assigned
.
SEt
your
dispart
on
the
Muzzle
Ring
,
just
over
the
Center
of
the
mouth
of
the
Piece
,
which
you
may
best
do
by
putting
a
stick
cross
the
bore
,
and
dividing
it
into
two
equal
parts
;
then
with
a
Plumb
line
hanging
over
the
mouth
of
the
Piece
,
being
guided
by
the
divided
stick
,
you
shall
have
good
aim
where
to
set
your
Dispart
;
this
being
done
,
go
to
the
Base
Ring
,
if
the
Piece
be
true
bored
,
then
find
which
is
the
highest
part
,
and
middle
of
that
Ring
;
but
if
the
Piece
be
not
true
bored
,
then
find
which
part
of
the
Base
Ring
is
just
over
the
Cylender
,
and
take
that
for
your
true
line
:
when
you
have
found
out
the
dispart
,
and
placed
it
,
and
also
found
what
point
in
the
Base
Ring
is
to
answer
to
it
,
then
make
some
very
small
mark
on
the
Base
Ring
in
that
place
,
hold
your
head
about
two
foot
from
the
Base
Ring
,
and
there
you
may
best
observe
,
as
the
Piece
is
traversing
,
when
you
are
in
a
direct
line
with
the
mark
;
this
done
,
give
one
of
your
men
order
to
raise
and
fall
the
Piece
with
his
Hand-spike
as
you
shall
appoint
him
,
until
you
can
,
holding
your
head
two
foot
from
the
Britch
of
the
Piece
,
with
your
eye
perceive
the
mark
at
the
Base
Ring
,
and
the
top
of
the
dispart
in
a
direct
line
with
the
mark
you
must
shoot
at
;
at
that
instant
stop
the
motion
of
the
Piece
with
a
Coyn
,
that
it
may
remain
as
you
have
directed
it
;
then
Prime
your
Piece
,
and
give
fire
.
two cannons firing at a tower, and a cannon in the tower firing at a church
The
way
of
Shoting
Mira
Comme
;
or
by
the
mettall
of
the
peice
.
412.
Paces
.
Shooting
punctually
,
Levill
by
a
dispart
206.
Paces
.
248
4/10
paces
,
right
Rainge
folio
72
:
73.
Before
you
place
your
Dispart
,
you
are
to
take
notice
whether
the
ground
be
Level
whereon
the
Wheels
of
the
Gun
stand
,
or
if
they
be
not
one
higher
than
the
other
,
and
if
the
Trunions
stand
just
over
the
Axeltree
of
the
Wheels
or
no
;
whether
one
Trunion
lye
higher
on
the
Carriage
than
the
other
:
whether
the
Gun
be
truely
placed
in
the
Carriage
or
not
;
that
is
,
that
it
be
not
nearer
one
side
than
the
other
:
whether
the
Carriage
be
truly
made
according
to
the
direction
we
have
already
prescribed
in
the
first
part
;
whether
the
Axeltree
be
placed
just
cross
the
Carriage
or
not
.
CHAP.
XVII
.
How
,
if
a
Shot
do
carry
to
the
right
or
to
the
left
,
under
or
over
the
mark
,
by
reason
of
some
known
fault
,
to
amend
it
in
making
the
next
Shot
.
AFter
you
have
made
one
Shot
,
and
find
the
Piece
carry
just
over
the
mark
,
then
do
all
that
has
been
taught
again
,
and
when
your
Piece
lyes
directly
against
the
mark
,
observe
how
much
the
last
stroak
of
the
Shot
is
above
the
mark
,
so
much
longer
make
your
dispart
,
that
the
top
of
it
may
be
just
seen
from
the
Britch
of
the
Piece
,
in
a
direct
line
with
the
stroke
of
the
Shot
;
when
it
is
of
this
length
,
then
level
your
Piece
with
this
new
dispart
to
the
assigned
mark
,
Give
fire
,
and
without
doubt
it
will
strike
the
same
.
If
the
first
Shot
strike
under
the
mark
,
then
bring
the
Piece
in
all
points
as
before
to
pass
,
mark
how
much
of
the
dispart
is
over
the
stroke
of
the
Shot
,
and
cut
it
just
so
short
,
as
being
at
the
Britch
you
may
discern
the
top
of
it
,
with
the
mark
on
the
Base
Ring
and
stroke
of
the
Shot
in
a
just
right
line
,
and
when
you
perceive
it
is
of
such
a
length
,
level
the
Piece
to
the
assigned
mark
,
as
at
the
first
,
then
Prime
and
Give
fire
.
If
the
first
Shot
strike
on
the
right
hand
of
the
mark
,
to
mend
it
you
must
level
the
Piece
as
formerly
;
you
standing
behind
the
Britch
of
the
Piece
,
observe
the
stroke
of
the
Shot
over
the
dispart
,
and
that
part
of
the
Base
Ring
as
you
at
that
instant
look
over
in
a
right
line
towards
the
dispart
,
and
the
stroke
of
the
Shot
,
set
up
in
that
place
a
Pin
with
a
little
soft
Wax
on
the
Base
Ring
;
so
this
Pin
will
be
in
a
right
line
with
the
dispart
and
stroke
of
the
Shot
:
This
being
done
,
level
your
Piece
to
the
mark
assigned
by
this
Pin
and
the
dispart
,
and
without
question
you
will
make
a
fair
Shot
;
for
when
you
level
by
the
Metal
of
the
Base
Ring
where
the
Pin
is
placed
,
and
the
mark
of
the
Piece
standing
at
that
direction
,
look
over
the
top
of
the
dispart
from
the
notch
in
the
Base
Ring
,
and
you
shall
find
it
to
lye
just
so
much
to
the
left
,
as
the
former
Shot
struck
to
the
right
,
from
the
assigned
mark
,
which
should
in
all
likelyhood
now
strike
the
mark
.
But
if
a
Shot
be
both
too
wide
and
too
low
,
then
you
must
use
both
the
directions
above
taught
,
to
make
the
next
Shot
:
first
regulate
the
dispart
by
cutting
it
shorter
,
according
as
the
Shots
mark
is
lower
than
the
assigned
mark
;
when
this
is
done
,
then
proceed
to
my
directions
to
mend
shooting
wide
,
and
these
things
performed
with
care
and
diligence
,
cannot
choose
but
mend
a
bad
Shot
.
CHAP.
XVIII
.
Of
shooting
at
Random
at
a
Mark
beyond
the
right
line
of
the
Pieces
reach
,
or
right
Range
of
a
Shot
;
and
the
way
of
framing
a
Table
of
Randoms
,
by
help
of
the
Gunners
Quadrant
.
FOr
the
effecting
of
this
matter
,
we
must
have
a
Quadrant
with
a
Thread
and
Plummet
(
which
is
described
in
the
first
Chapter
of
this
second
Section
)
to
one
side
of
this
Quadrant
;
so
that
one
end
of
the
Ruler
may
go
into
the
Cavity
of
the
Piece
,
and
let
a
Piece
of
Lead
be
fastned
to
the
end
of
the
Rule
,
to
make
it
lye
close
to
the
bottom
of
the
Metal
within
,
the
Quadrant
hanging
without
,
and
the
Plumb-line
swaying
or
hanging
down
from
the
Center
of
the
Quadrant
,
perpendicular
to
the
Horizontal
line
;
for
the
Quadrant
being
thus
placed
,
you
may
mount
a
Piece
to
what
degree
you
shall
find
fit
to
shoot
by
.
Now
every
one
that
will
learn
to
shoot
at
Random
,
must
draw
his
Piece
on
a
level
ground
,
where
first
shooting
level
,
he
must
observe
that
distance
in
feet
or
paces
,
then
mount
his
Piece
to
one
degree
,
and
mark
where
that
shall
graze
;
thus
finding
the
distance
of
every
degree
from
the
level
to
the
tenth
degree
,
by
these
distances
make
a
Table
,
to
which
annex
the
degrees
against
the
distance
;
by
which
Table
you
may
(
using
the
Art
of
Proportions
)
find
how
far
another
Piece
will
convey
her
Shot
from
degree
to
degree
,
and
in
Loading
your
Piece
for
this
work
you
must
have
your
Powder
exactly
weighed
,
and
likewise
the
Wad
,
and
let
the
Piece
cool
of
it self
,
and
this
you
must
do
every
time
;
and
if
the
Piece
be
mounted
,
there
needs
no
Wad
after
the
Shot
;
also
you
must
have
a
special
care
of
the
strength
of
the
Powder
,
and
let
the
Powder
equally
,
and
with
the
same
force
and
strength
be
pressed
home
,
as
near
as
possible
you
may
.
CHAP.
XIX
.
An
effectual
way
to
make
a
Shot
out
of
a
Piece
of
Ordnance
at
Random
.
HE
that
intends
to
be
expert
at
these
things
,
ought
principally
to
endeavour
,
at
one
time
or
another
,
to
obtain
so
much
liberty
of
his
Superior
Commanders
,
as
to
make
two
,
three
,
or
more
Shot
with
the
Piece
he
chooseth
,
or
intends
for
most
Service
;
then
must
he
measure
the
distance
from
the
Platform
to
the
first
graze
of
the
Shot
;
and
must
apply
it
to
the
Table
,
which
I
have
here
inserted
,
being
the
experience
of
such
as
have
been
knowing
Gunners
.
But
first
I
shall
set
down
Mr.
Nye
of
Worcester's
Experiment
,
not
as
he
is
Mathematician
,
as
he
writes
himself
(
which
Title
none
of
our
Learned
Mathematicians
of
England
do
assume
)
but
as
he
was
a
Practical
Gunner
,
and
made
these
several
experiments
upon
four
several
degrees
of
Mounture
,
viz.
1
deg.
5
deg.
7
deg.
10
deg.
from
thence
was
found
these
Randoms
.
At
1
degree
,
the
Shot
did
light
from
the
Piece
or
place
of
standing
225
paces
.
At
5
degrees
,
the
Random
was
416
paces
.
At
7
degrees
,
the
Random
was
505
paces
.
At
10
degrees
the
Random
was
630
paces
.
And
by
these
Experiments
a
Table
may
be
framed
according
to
this
Rule
.
As
the
known
degree
of
Mounture
,
is
to
the
number
of
paces
the
Piece
carries
;
so
is
the
number
of
degrees
proposed
,
to
the
distance
required
.
The
use
of
this
Table
will
plainly
appear
in
one
onely
Example
.
A
Table
of
Randoms
.
Degrees
.
|
Paces
.
|
0
|
206
|
1
|
225
|
2
|
274
|
3
|
323
|
4
|
370
|
5
|
416
|
6
|
461
|
7
|
505
|
8
|
548
|
9
|
589
|
10
|
630
|
Suppose
you
make
tryal
of
your
Piece
of
Ordnance
,
according
to
the
method
prescribed
in
the
last
Chapter
,
and
find
that
at
6
degrees
of
Random
upon
a
level
ground
,
the
Shot
is
conveyed
619
paces
,
and
you
are
to
ply
your
Piece
against
a
place
which
lyes
beyond
the
point
blank
,
the
distance
being
498
paces
,
to
know
the
degree
the
Piece
must
be
elevated
too
,
do
thus
;
in
this
Table
of
Randoms
against
6
degrees
,
there
is
461
paces
;
then
say
as
619
paces
is
to
461
,
so
is
498
to
375
;
which
number
,
or
the
nearest
to
being
sought
,
in
this
Table
is
370
,
and
stands
against
4
degrees
,
but
because
it
is
not
exactly
the
same
number
,
you
must
find
out
the
part
of
a
degree
or
minute
,
by
a
Table
of
proportional
parts
;
but
if
the
mark
you
shoot
at
be
lower
or
higher
than
your
Platformer
,
then
you
must
add
or
substract
so
many
degrees
or
minutes
from
the
degrees
and
minutes
found
,
and
the
remainder
is
the
degree
you
ought
to
mount
your
Piece
to
.
Now
that
we
may
be
understood
well
,
we
must
know
that
there
are
two
sorts
of
Ranges
or
Motions
of
a
Shot
,
of
which
you
may
see
more
in
Chap.
20.
the
one
is
called
the
Right
Range
,
and
the
other
is
termed
the
Curved
or
Crooked
Range
,
and
these
two
there
termed
a
Compound
Range
,
is
called
the
Dead
Range
,
that
is
to
say
,
the
whole
distance
from
your
Platform
from
whence
the
Shot
was
made
,
to
the
place
where
the
Bullet
first
grazes
;
yet
the
perpendicular
descending
of
the
Bullet
is
also
called
the
Natural
motion
,
as
you
may
see
by
the
figure
hereafter
placed
.
Captain
Hexham
in
his
Book
of
Gunnery
,
shews
how
by
finding
out
the
Random
of
a
Cannon
for
the
first
degree
of
Mounture
to
find
the
Random
for
every
degree
to
45
degrees
,
which
is
the
utmost
Random
,
after
this
manner
;
First
,
find
out
how
many
paces
the
Cannon
will
shoot
,
being
laid
level
by
the
Metal
(
which
he
accounts
for
one
degree
of
Mounture
)
divide
this
distance
by
50
,
then
multiply
the
Quotient
by
11
,
and
that
will
bring
out
the
number
of
the
greatest
digression
or
difference
between
Range
and
Range
,
which
being
divided
by
44
,
the
Quotient
will
shew
the
number
of
paces
which
the
Bullet
will
loose
in
the
other
Ranges
from
degree
to
degree
.
Example
.
A
Battering
Cannon
being
laid
by
the
Metal
,
will
shoot
his
Bullet
(
as
he
saith
)
1000
ordinary
paces
,
two
foot
and
a
half
to
each
pace
;
which
being
divided
by
50
,
the
Quotient
will
be
20
,
which
multiplyed
by
11
,
is
220
paces
,
which
is
the
number
of
the
next
digression
made
in
the
second
degree
:
which
220
divide
by
44
,
the
number
of
the
remaining
degrees
yields
5
,
which
is
the
number
of
paces
to
be
diminished
in
each
degree
;
and
by
this
Rule
this
Table
is
framed
.
A
Table
of
Randoms
to
45
Degrees
,
accounting
2
Foot
½
to
the
Pace
.
The
Degrees
of
Mounture
.
|
Paces
|
diff
.
|
0
|
0775
|
225
|
1
|
1000
|
220
|
2
|
1220
|
215
|
3
|
1435
|
210
|
4
|
1645
|
205
|
5
|
1850
|
200
|
6
|
2050
|
195
|
7
|
2245
|
190
|
8
|
2435
|
185
|
9
|
2620
|
180
|
10
|
2800
|
175
|
11
|
2975
|
170
|
12
|
3145
|
165
|
13
|
3310
|
160
|
14
|
3470
|
155
|
15
|
3625
|
150
|
16
|
3775
|
145
|
17
|
3920
|
140
|
18
|
4060
|
135
|
19
|
4595
|
130
|
20
|
4325
|
125
|
21
|
4450
|
120
|
22
|
4570
|
115
|
23
|
4685
|
110
|
24
|
4795
|
105
|
25
|
4900
|
100
|
26
|
5000
|
95
|
27
|
5095
|
90
|
28
|
5185
|
85
|
29
|
5270
|
80
|
30
|
5350
|
75
|
31
|
5425
|
70
|
32
|
5595
|
65
|
33
|
5560
|
60
|
34
|
5620
|
55
|
35
|
5675
|
50
|
36
|
5725
|
45
|
37
|
5770
|
40
|
38
|
5810
|
35
|
39
|
5845
|
30
|
40
|
5875
|
25
|
41
|
5900
|
20
|
42
|
5920
|
15
|
43
|
5935
|
10
|
44
|
5945
|
5
|
45
|
5950
|
|
But
this
Table
of
Alexander
Bianco
for
all
sorts
of
Ordnance
,
I
do
account
as
one
of
the
best
.
A
Table
of
Randoms
for
the
six
points
of
the
Gunners
Quadrant
.
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
Faulconer
.
|
375
|
637
|
795
|
885
|
892
|
900
|
Faulcon
.
|
550
|
935
|
1166
|
1254
|
1309
|
1320
|
Minion
.
|
450
|
765
|
954
|
1026
|
1071
|
1080
|
Saker
.
|
625
|
1062
|
1325
|
1425
|
1487
|
1500
|
D.
Culvering
.
|
725
|
1232
|
1537
|
1653
|
1725
|
1740
|
Culvering
.
|
750
|
1275
|
1590
|
1710
|
1785
|
1800
|
Demi-Canon
.
|
625
|
1062
|
1325
|
1425
|
1487
|
1500
|
Canon
of
7.
|
675
|
1147
|
1431
|
1489
|
1606
|
1620
|
Double
Canon
.
|
750
|
1275
|
1660
|
1710
|
1785
|
1800
|
The
use
of
this
Table
is
thus
;
having
resolved
upon
what
point
of
Mounture
,
look
in
this
Table
for
the
name
of
the
Piece
,
and
right
under
that
point
against
the
name
of
the
Piece
,
that
is
in
the
common
Angle
,
you
shall
find
the
number
of
paces
of
her
Random
sought
.
CHAP.
XX.
How
to
find
the
right
Range
of
any
Shot
Discharged
out
of
any
Piece
,
for
every
Elevation
by
any
one
right
or
dead
Range
given
for
the
Piece
assigned
.
THe
right
Range
of
every
Piece
being
discharged
in
a
level
,
or
parallel
to
the
Horizon
,
is
allowed
by
some
not
to
exceed
185
paces
,
that
is
5
foot
to
a
pace
,
yet
some
reckon
much
more
,
but
then
they
account
ordinary
steps
or
paces
of
two
foot
and
a
half
;
and
Batteries
made
with
such
Pieces
are
usually
made
at
100
or
120
such
paces
,
at
which
distance
they
do
the
best
execution
.
The
utmost
Random
likewise
of
any
Piece
that
is
from
the
Platform
to
the
first
graze
of
the
Bullet
,
I
find
by
some
to
be
about
ten
times
the
distance
of
the
right
Range
;
and
accordingly
I
have
so
set
it
down
in
the
Table
.
As
for
the
Ranges
to
the
other
degrees
and
points
of
the
Quadrant
,
I
find
these
Tables
in
Good
Authors
.
A
TABLE
OF
Right
Ranges
,
or
Point
Blanks
.
|
A
TABLE
OF
Randoms
,
or
the
first
Graze
.
|
The
Degrees
of
the
Pieces
Mounture
.
|
The
Right
Range
in
Paces
,
5
Foot
to
a
Pace
.
|
The
Degrees
of
Mounture
.
|
The
Paces
of
the
Random
,
5
Foot
to
a
Pace
.
|
0
|
192
|
0
|
192
|
1
|
209
|
1
|
298
|
2
|
227
|
2
|
404
|
3
|
244
|
3
|
510
|
4
|
261
|
4
|
610
|
5
|
278
|
5
|
722
|
6
|
285
|
6
|
828
|
7
|
302
|
7
|
934
|
8
|
320
|
8
|
1044
|
9
|
337
|
9
|
1129
|
10
|
354
|
10
|
1214
|
20
|
454
|
20
|
1917
|
30
|
693
|
30
|
2185
|
40
|
855
|
40
|
2289
|
50
|
1000
|
50
|
2283
|
60
|
1140
|
60
|
1792
|
70
|
1220
|
70
|
1214
|
80
|
1300
|
80
|
1000
|
90
|
1350
|
90
|
|
This
Table
is
rather
proportional
than
real
,
and
doth
best
agree
with
greater
Ordnance
;
but
by
help
of
it
,
working
by
the
Rule
of
proportion
,
you
may
know
the
Random
of
any
Piece
of
Ordnance
;
by
first
(
as
we
have
said
before
)
making
one
Shot
,
and
measuring
from
your
Platform
that
distance
.
You
may
make
a
Table
for
your
Piece
thus
,
Suppose
a
Saker
being
mounted
to
5
degrees
,
shoot
the
Bullet
416
paces
,
how
far
will
it
shoot
being
mounted
10
degrees
?
As
722
the
Tabular
distance
for
5
degrees
of
Mounture
,
is
to
416
paces
the
distance
found
,
So
is
the
Tabular
distance
for
10
degrees
of
Mounture
,
1214.
to
the
distance
required
,
which
will
be
found
to
be
699
,
5
paces
.
Now
if
you
desire
to
know
how
much
of
the
Horizontal
line
,
is
contained
directly
under
the
right
line
of
any
Shot
,
called
the
right
Range
,
made
out
of
any
Piece
at
any
elevation
.
First
,
know
that
in
plain
Triangles
,
the
violent
motion
or
right
line
of
a
Shot
is
supposed
to
be
the
Hypothenusal
,
the
Angle
of
Mounture
to
be
the
Angle
at
Base
;
these
are
given
,
and
the
Horizontal
line
is
the
Base
which
is
to
be
found
;
there
the
proportion
will
run
thus
;
As
the
Radius
90
deg.
is
to
the
number
of
paces
in
a
right
Range
;
So
is
the
Sine
Complement
of
the
Angle
of
Mounture
,
to
the
Horizontal
Base
,
or
the
right
line
which
lyes
parallel
to
the
Horizon
under
the
way
of
the
Shot
.
CHAP.
XXI
.
Of
the
violent
,
crooked
,
and
natural
motion
or
way
of
a
Shot
,
from
the
time
he
is
discharged
,
until
it
is
descended
.
BY
the
third
and
fourth
propositions
of
the
second
Book
of
Tartagilia
,
his
Nova
Scientia
,
he
sheweth
that
every
body
equally
heavy
,
as
a
Shot
in
the
end
of
the
violent
motion
thereof
,
being
discharged
out
of
a
Piece
of
Ordnance
,
so
it
be
not
right
up
or
right
down
,
the
curved
Range
shall
joyn
with
the
right
Range
,
and
to
the
natural
course
and
motion
betwixt
them
both
,
which
distinct
motions
you
may
see
in
the
last
foregoing
figure
.
In
the
17
proposition
of
the
same
Book
,
he
proveth
that
every
Shot
equally
heavy
,
great
or
little
,
equally
elevated
above
the
Horizon
,
or
equally
oblique
or
level
directed
,
are
among
themselves
like
,
and
proportional
in
their
distance
,
as
the
figure
following
sheweth
,
as
A
E
F
is
like
and
proportional
in
right
and
crooked
Ranges
unto
H
I
,
and
in
their
distances
or
dead
Ranges
A
F
unto
A
I.
And
in
his
4th
and
6th
propositions
of
the
same
Book
,
he
proveth
that
every
Shot
made
upon
the
level
hath
the
mixt
or
crooked
Range
thereof
equal
to
the
Arch
of
a
Quadrant
90
degrees
;
and
if
it
be
made
upon
an
elevation
above
the
level
,
that
then
it
will
make
the
crooked
Range
to
be
more
than
a
Quadrant
:
And
if
that
be
made
imbased
under
the
level
,
that
then
the
crooked
Range
thereof
will
be
a
Quadrant
.
And
in
his
9th
proposition
of
the
same
Book
,
he
shews
,
that
if
one
Piece
be
Shot
off
twice
,
the
one
level
,
and
the
other
at
the
best
of
her
Random
at
42
½
deg.
Mounture
,
that
the
right
Range
of
the
length
is
but
the
½
of
the
dead
range
of
the
best
Random
.
He
that
desires
a
further
Demonstration
of
these
Propositions
,
may
peruse
his
said
second
Book
de
Nova
Scientia
.
parabolas of cannonballs in flight, inscribed by labeled triangles
CHAP.
XXII
.
The
making
of
a
Gunners
Rule
,
which
will
serve
for
the
elevation
of
a
Piece
,
which
is
sometimes
better
than
a
Quadrant
;
and
the
dividing
it
into
degrees
by
help
of
a
Table
,
fitting
it
for
any
Piece
from
5
foot
to
14
foot
long
.
BEcause
the
Quadrant
cannot
be
conveniently
used
at
all
times
,
especially
when
the
wind
blows
hard
,
and
,
being
near
the
Enemies
Guns
,
the
Plumb-line
is
too
long
before
it
stands
still
;
to
remedy
this
,
the
Gunners
Rule
was
invented
,
the
figure
hereof
is
as
followeth
;
it
must
be
12
or
14
inches
long
,
according
as
the
Gun
will
require
,
it
must
have
a
long
slit
down
the
middle
thereof
like
the
Eye-Vane
of
a
Quadrant
or
back
Staff
,
the
head
thereof
make
circular
or
a
little
hollow
,
as
you
see
in
the
figure
the
Instrument
is
described
standing
,
at
't
is
to
be
placed
upon
the
Britch
of
a
Piece
of
Ordnance
;
in
the
middle
of
the
small
narrow
slit
you
must
place
a
Lute
string
or
a
well
twisted
Silk
with
a
Bead
running
upon
the
same
to
be
set
to
any
number
of
inches
and
parts
,
or
to
such
a
degree
of
the
Quadrant
,
as
you
must
mount
your
Gun
unto
;
and
on
the
one
side
of
the
slit
you
must
place
a
division
of
inches
,
and
let
every
inch
be
divided
into
10
parts
,
and
then
it
will
serve
for
all
sorts
of
Guns
;
but
if
it
be
for
a
particular
Gun
,
then
on
the
other
side
you
may
place
the
degrees
and
parts
,
when
you
shall
find
by
the
length
of
your
Piece
,
how
many
inches
and
parts
of
an
inch
goes
to
a
degree
;
but
to
use
it
with
all
sorts
of
Ordnance
,
let
it
only
be
divided
into
inches
and
parts
.
a ruler
To
fit
this
Rule
for
one
Gun
only
,
here
is
the
Rule
for
the
decimation
of
the
degrees
;
note
,
this
Table
hath
11
Columns
,
the
first
shews
the
length
of
the
Piece
in
feet
and
half
feet
,
the
other
10
Columns
in
the
head
are
10
degrees
,
and
under
is
inches
and
the
100
parts
of
an
inch
,
from
1
degree
to
10
degrees
;
and
so
you
may
take
them
out
of
the
Table
,
and
put
them
on
your
Ruler
.
The
len
.
of
the
Piece
.
|
1
Degree
.
|
2
Degrees
|
3
Degrees
|
4
Degrees
|
5
Degrees
|
6
Degrees
|
7
Degrees
|
8
Degrees
|
9
Degrees
|
10
Degr.
|
Feet
and
½
Feet
.
|
Inch.
|
100
|
Inch.
|
100
|
Inch.
|
100
|
Inch.
|
100
|
Inch.
|
100
|
Inch.
|
100
|
Inch.
|
100
|
Inch.
|
100
|
Inch.
|
100
|
Inch.
|
100
|
4
Foot
long
.
|
1
|
3
|
2
|
6
|
3
|
8
|
4
|
11
|
5
|
14
|
6
|
16
|
7
|
19
|
8
|
82
|
9
|
25
|
10
|
28
|
5
Foot
and
half
.
|
1
|
14
|
2
|
28
|
3
|
42
|
4
|
56
|
5
|
70
|
6
|
84
|
7
|
98
|
9
|
12
|
10
|
26
|
11
|
40
|
6
Foot
long
.
|
1
|
22
|
2
|
44
|
3
|
66
|
4
|
88
|
6
|
10
|
7
|
38
|
8
|
58
|
9
|
78
|
11
|
8
|
12
|
29
|
6
Foot
and
half
.
|
1
|
36
|
2
|
72
|
4
|
8
|
5
|
44
|
6
|
80
|
8
|
17
|
9
|
53
|
10
|
89
|
12
|
25
|
13
|
63
|
7
Foot
long
.
|
1
|
47
|
2
|
94
|
4
|
41
|
5
|
88
|
7
|
35
|
8
|
82
|
10
|
30
|
11
|
77
|
13
|
24
|
14
|
73
|
7
Foot
and
half
.
|
1
|
58
|
3
|
14
|
4
|
71
|
6
|
28
|
7
|
85
|
9
|
42
|
10
|
99
|
12
|
55
|
14
|
14
|
15
|
71
|
8
Foot
long
.
|
1
|
68
|
3
|
36
|
5
|
4
|
6
|
72
|
8
|
40
|
10
|
8
|
11
|
76
|
13
|
44
|
15
|
12
|
16
|
82
|
8
Foot
and
half
.
|
1
|
79
|
3
|
58
|
5
|
37
|
7
|
16
|
8
|
95
|
|
74
|
12
|
53
|
14
|
32
|
16
|
12
|
17
|
92
|
9
Foot
long
.
|
1
|
89
|
3
|
79
|
5
|
68
|
7
|
58
|
9
|
47
|
11
|
●7
|
13
|
27
|
15
|
18
|
17
|
8
|
18
|
98
|
9
Foot
and
half
.
|
2
|
00
|
4
|
0
|
6
|
0
|
8
|
0
|
10
|
0
|
12
|
10
|
14
|
2
|
16
|
3
|
18
|
4
|
20
|
4
|
10
Foot
long
.
|
2
|
10
|
4
|
20
|
6
|
30
|
8
|
40
|
10
|
30
|
12
|
61
|
14
|
73
|
16
|
84
|
18
|
56
|
21
|
8
|
10
Foot
and
half
.
|
2
|
21
|
4
|
41
|
6
|
69
|
8
|
88
|
11
|
81
|
13
|
28
|
15
|
48
|
17
|
68
|
19
|
89
|
22
|
10
|
11
Foot
long
.
|
2
|
31
|
4
|
62
|
6
|
93
|
9
|
24
|
11
|
56
|
13
|
88
|
16
|
22
|
18
|
51
|
20
|
82
|
23
|
14
|
11
Foot
and
half
.
|
2
|
42
|
4
|
48
|
7
|
26
|
9
|
68
|
12
|
10
|
14
|
53
|
16
|
95
|
19
|
37
|
21
|
80
|
24
|
21
|
12
Foot
long
.
|
2
|
53
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
59
|
10
|
12
|
12
|
65
|
15
|
18
|
1●
|
71
|
20
|
25
|
22
|
78
|
25
|
33
|
12
Foot
and
half
.
|
2
|
63
|
5
|
20
|
7
|
89
|
10
|
52
|
13
|
15
|
15
|
78
|
18
|
41
|
21
|
4
|
23
|
67
|
26
|
33
|
13
Foot
long
.
|
2
|
74
|
5
|
48
|
8
|
82
|
10
|
96
|
13
|
70
|
16
|
44
|
19
|
48
|
21
|
92
|
24
|
68
|
27
|
40
|
13
Foot
and
half
.
|
2
|
84
|
5
|
68
|
8
|
52
|
11
|
36
|
14
|
20
|
27
|
4
|
19
|
88
|
22
|
72
|
25
|
56
|
28
|
42
|
14
Foot
long
.
|
2
|
95
|
5
|
90
|
8
|
85
|
11
|
80
|
14
|
75
|
17
|
70
|
20
|
65
|
23
|
60
|
26
|
56
|
29
|
53
|
The
use
of
this
Table
in
graduating
the
Rule
is
very
plain
;
for
if
your
Piece
of
Ordnance
be
8
foot
long
,
and
you
would
mount
your
Piece
two
degrees
,
seek
for
8
foot
under
the
title
length
of
the
Piece
,
and
in
the
common
Angle
against
the
length
of
the
Piece
under
two
degrees
you
will
find
3
,
36
,
to
make
a
degree
;
that
is
3
inches
and
36
parts
of
an
inch
,
divided
into
100
parts
,
and
to
this
you
may
set
your
Bead.
The
use
of
the
graduated
Rule
is
thus
:
having
loaded
your
Piece
,
and
brought
your
Piece
of
Ordnance
in
a
right
line
with
your
mark
,
the
dispart
being
placed
upon
the
Muzzle
Ring
,
in
like
manner
place
your
Rule
upon
the
Base
Ring
,
and
let
one
standing
by
hold
it
,
for
the
foot
of
it
let
it
be
fitted
round
to
the
Gun
;
so
you
may
be
sure
to
place
it
right
,
and
you
may
estimate
on
its
perpendicular
well
enough
;
now
having
before
the
distance
to
the
mark
you
intend
to
shoot
at
,
and
admit
you
have
found
it
to
be
461
paces
,
and
the
first
Shot
you
made
for
practice
out
of
that
Piece
conveyed
her
Shot
at
two
degrees
of
Mounture
274
paces
;
then
by
our
former
Rules
and
the
Tables
of
Randoms
,
there
I
find
461
against
6
degrees
,
which
is
the
degrees
I
must
mount
my
Piece
to
reach
461
paces
.
Then
to
find
by
this
Table
how
many
inches
and
hundred
parts
of
an
inch
6
degrees
will
require
,
look
in
the
Table
above
,
and
find
on
the
left
hand
in
the
first
Column
the
length
of
the
Piece
,
and
just
under
the
degrees
(
as
is
aforesaid
)
you
shall
find
the
inches
and
parts
of
Mounture
,
to
which
set
your
Bead
on
your
string
,
that
is
in
the
sight
,
to
so
many
inches
and
parts
as
the
Table
gives
;
then
mount
the
Piece
higher
or
lower
,
until
you
bring
the
Bead
to
the
top
of
the
dispart
and
mark
,
all
in
one
line
;
stop
then
the
Piece
in
such
a
position
with
a
Coyn
,
then
prime
and
give
fire
.
If
you
will
shoot
by
the
Metal
of
the
Piece
without
a
dispart
,
then
subtract
the
height
of
the
dispart
out
of
the
inches
found
by
the
Table
,
and
to
the
remainder
mount
your
Piece
.
If
you
have
no
Quadrant
nor
a
Ruler
,
and
would
make
a
good
Shot
,
look
in
the
Table
,
and
find
the
length
of
the
Piece
and
the
inches
that
you
ought
to
raise
your
Piece
unto
,
then
cut
a
peece
of
stick
just
of
that
length
,
and
set
it
upon
the
Base
Ring
,
and
bring
the
top
of
that
stick
,
the
top
of
the
dispart
,
and
the
mark
,
all
in
a
right
line
with
your
eye
,
and
you
will
make
as
good
a
Shot
as
if
you
had
a
Rule
and
Bead
,
or
Quadrant
.
If
you
will
have
no
dispart
,
take
your
dispart
and
measure
it
upon
the
aforesaid
stick
at
the
Base
Ring
,
and
from
it
cut
off
the
length
of
the
dispart
,
and
the
remainder
use
upon
the
Base
Ring
.
But
if
the
Mounture
should
be
so
small
that
the
inches
of
the
dispart
should
be
more
than
the
inches
answerable
to
the
degrees
of
Mounture
;
then
cut
off
from
the
dispart
so
much
as
't
is
longer
than
the
other
,
and
place
it
upon
the
Muzzle
Ring
,
and
bring
the
upper
part
of
the
Base
Ring
,
the
dispart
,
and
mark
,
in
a
right
line
with
your
Eye
,
and
you
will
this
way
make
a
level
with
a
stick
without
Instrument
,
as
well
as
if
you
had
Ruler
or
Quadrant
.
CHAP.
XXIII
.
How
to
make
a
Shot
at
the
Enemies
Light
in
a
dark
night
,
and
to
make
at
a
Company
of
Horsemen
or
Footmen
passing
by
,
and
also
to
make
a
good
Shot
at
a
Ship
Sailing
;
and
how
a
Shot
lodged
in
a
Piece
,
so
that
it
will
not
be
driven
home
to
the
Powder
,
may
be
shot
out
without
hurt
to
the
Piece
.
TO
shoot
by
night
at
the
Enemies
Lights
,
dispart
your
Piece
with
a
lighted
and
flaming
Wax
Candle
,
or
with
a
lighted
Piece
of
Match
,
that
with
your
Eye
you
may
bring
the
Base
Ring
,
the
fired
Match
on
the
Muzzle
Ring
,
and
the
Enemies
Light
,
in
a
right
line
,
or
mark
;
then
give
fire
,
and
you
will
make
a
good
Shot
.
If
you
make
a
Shot
at
a
Company
of
Horse
passing
by
,
take
a
Piece
that
will
reach
the
way
the
Horse
or
Foot
are
coming
in
a
right
line
,
then
let
your
Gun
be
so
loaded
with
Powder
as
it
may
presently
take
fire
,
and
let
your
Shot
be
fit
for
your
use
;
then
take
notice
of
some
Hillock
or
some
turning
cross
way
for
the
mark
,
and
when
the
Enemy
comes
near
to
that
way
in
a
right
line
with
your
Gun
,
give
fire
;
but
for
shooting
at
a
Ship
upon
the
River
,
you
must
put
your
Piece
to
some
eminent
mark
on
the
other
side
of
the
River
,
and
when
the
Head
of
the
Ship
shall
begin
to
be
between
the
Piece
and
the
mark
,
then
give
fire
.
But
if
by
some
mischievous
accident
a
Shot
is
lodged
in
the
concavity
of
a
Piece
,
and
there
sticks
,
and
will
not
go
home
to
the
Powder
,
or
come
out
;
then
the
Gunner
,
to
save
his
Piece
from
breaking
,
must
imbase
the
mouth
of
the
Piece
,
or
put
it
under
the
line
of
level
,
then
put
in
at
the
Touch-hole
fair
warm
water
at
several
times
,
so
that
it
may
run
out
at
Muzzle
or
Mouth
of
the
Piece
;
and
when
all
the
Salt-Peter
is
washed
from
the
Powder
,
which
is
known
by
the
taste
of
the
Water
,
then
let
the
Gunner
clear
the
Touch-hole
,
and
put
in
as
much
Powder
as
possible
he
can
,
and
prime
and
give
fire
,
and
it
will
serve
to
draw
out
the
Shot
.
But
when
a
Shot
hath
lain
long
in
a
Piece
until
he
is
grown
rusty
,
and
so
sticks
fast
,
put
strong
Vinegar
warm
into
the
mouth
of
the
Piece
,
and
with
the
Rammer
strike
the
Shot
until
it
doth
move
;
then
put
in
Vinegar
until
it
run
clear
through
the
Powder
and
Shot
;
prime
as
before
,
and
give
fire
with
good
Powder
,
and
if
it
do
not
run
through
after
it
hath
stood
three
dayes
,
clear
the
Touch-hole
,
prime
and
give
fire
.
A
man
may
also
shoot
farther
than
ordinary
in
one
and
the
self
same
Piece
,
if
the
Powder
be
gently
driven
home
,
and
wadded
accordingly
;
then
the
Shot
being
compassed
with
Paper
,
Leather
,
Oakam
,
or
such
like
,
to
fill
close
to
the
Powder
with
a
good
Wadd
,
putting
after
it
a
Tampion
of
Cork
,
and
with
a
Spunge
moisten
it
with
Oyl
,
annoint
the
vacant
Cylender
,
and
so
Barricado
the
Piece
that
it
may
not
reverse
in
the
Discharge
.
CHAP.
XXIV
.
A
Discourse
by
way
of
Dialogue
between
a
General
and
Captain
,
concerning
the
Assaulting
a
Town
or
Work
,
&c.
General
.
HAving
brought
your
Approaches
near
unto
a
Town
or
a
Fortress
,
whether
would
you
choose
a
Bulwark
or
a
Curtain
to
be
battered
with
your
Ordnance
?
Captain
.
A
Town
may
be
assaulted
in
divers
places
;
sometimes
you
assault
one
side
,
when
as
you
make
your
Battery
on
another
;
sometimes
you
choose
a
Bulwark
,
otherwhiles
a
Curtain
to
be
battered
,
with
this
intention
,
to
take
in
the
Town
as
soon
as
possible
may
be
.
As
for
me
,
if
I
were
to
take
in
a
great
Town
which
is
populous
,
I
had
rather
choose
to
batter
a
Curtain
,
than
a
Bulwark
,
which
hath
a
high
catt
,
or
mount
upon
it
:
especially
,
seeing
that
in
great
Towns
the
Bulwarks
lying
one
far
from
another
,
they
do
show
the
skirt
of
the
Curtain
very
open
.
Gen.
Why
would
you
rather
choose
a
Curtain
than
a
Bulwark
?
Capt.
Because
your
Bulwarks
are
alwayes
stronger
,
and
better
fortified
than
your
Curtain
,
and
being
it
is
the
principal
strength
of
a
place
,
and
better
furnished
with
Platforms
,
●lanks
,
&c.
it
will
require
more
time
,
labour
,
and
charge
to
batter
,
than
your
Curtain
.
Gen.
But
what
General
is
so
ill
experienced
,
as
to
labour
to
batter
a
Curtain
,
having
two
strong
Bulwarks
on
both
sides
of
him
,
to
flanker
him
when
he
is
to
put
over
his
Gallery
,
and
to
give
an
assault
upon
the
Curtain
:
peradventure
for
his
labour
and
pains
,
he
may
be
well
beaten
.
Capt.
Soft
(
Good
Sir
,
)
Suppose
that
after
a
great
deal
of
labour
and
pains
you
have
battered
a
Bulwark
,
and
falling
up
to
the
breach
to
assault
it
,
you
find
it
cut
off
,
an
Enemy
lodged
in
it
,
must
you
not
then
begin
to
sap
forward
again
,
to
make
a
new
battery
?
whereas
on
a
Curtain
there
is
not
that
means
of
cutting
it
off
,
as
upon
a
large
Bulwark
.
Gen.
Have
you
ever
seen
the
experience
of
it
?
Capt.
Yes
Sir
,
the
Prince
of
Orange
took
in
the
Bosch
by
a
Bulwark
,
and
also
Breda
,
but
Mastrick
was
taken
in
by
making
a
breach
,
and
springing
of
a
mine
,
upon
the
Curtain
between
Jonger
Port
and
a
Bulwark
;
howsoever
the
Town
of
Cortes
upon
the
frontiers
of
France
,
was
first
battered
by
the
Arch-duke
of
Austria
upon
the
point
of
a
Bulwark
,
near
unto
the
very
joynt
of
the
Curtain
,
where
a
high
and
a
strong
turret
stood
,
which
did
annoy
us
much
,
so
that
we
could
not
advance
forward
,
but
were
constrained
to
leave
off
our
approach
on
that
side
,
and
began
to
make
a
new
Battery
for
a
breach
in
a
Curtain
on
the
Field-side
,
where
there
lay
a
strong
Bulwark
to
defend
it
,
which
did
our
men
a
great
deal
of
harm
;
but
howsoever
,
with
great
difficulty
and
much
ado
,
we
took
in
the
Town
that
way
,
by
lodging
our selves
in
the
Curtain
.
Likewise
the
City
of
Cambray
was
battered
,
and
taken
in
upon
a
Curtain
,
for
all
there
were
two
strong
Bulwarks
that
flankered
it
,
which
if
we
had
run
our
line
upon
a
Bulwark
,
we
should
not
have
forced
it
so
soon
;
yea
such
an
occasion
might
present
it self
,
that
a
General
may
be
forced
to
batter
both
the
one
and
the
other
,
or
to
find
out
some
secret
way
by
undermining
a
wall
,
and
blowing
it
up
with
powder
.
Gen.
This
is
for
your
great
Towns
;
but
what
say
you
to
a
Castle
,
a
Cittadel
,
or
some
narrow
Fortress
,
how
will
you
go
to
work
to
take
in
those
with
the
best
advantage
?
Capt.
As
for
your
Forts
,
and
Castles
,
it
is
much
better
to
batter
them
upon
a
mount
or
a
Bulwark
,
than
upon
a
Curtain
:
my
reason
is
this
,
that
in
these
your
Bulwarks
lying
close
one
by
another
,
will
flank
one
another
with
the
greater
force
,
and
hide
the
Curtain
much
better
to
defend
it
,
so
that
one
cannot
so
easily
force
it
,
if
the
said
defenses
be
not
taken
away
.
Gen.
Go
to
then
;
a
Town
then
being
to
be
battered
,
either
upon
a
Curtain
or
a
Bulwark
,
how
many
Pieces
of
Ordnance
would
you
have
to
do
it
,
and
,
how
and
in
what
manner
would
you
place
,
and
plant
your
Ordnance
upon
your
batteries
to
make
a
good
breach
?
Capt.
To
effect
this
,
I
would
have
18
Pieces
of
Canon
and
half
Canon
,
(
for
lesser
Pieces
for
Battery
are
now
grown
out
of
use
.
)
Gen.
Whether
would
you
choose
more
whole
Canon
or
half
Canon
?
Capt.
To
batter
a
place
well
either
upon
a
stony
or
earthy
wall
,
you
may
assure
your self
,
the
more
whole
Cannon
you
have
,
the
greater
and
the
more
sufficient
your
breach
will
be
:
for
your
great
battering
Pieces
do
spoil
and
beat
down
any
thing
,
which
doth
meet
with
their
great
force
and
violence
:
Howsoever
of
late
years
experience
hath
taught
at
divers
Seiges
that
your
half
Canon
which
are
more
portable
,
having
good
store
of
them
,
will
do
the
business
aswell
as
your
whole
Canon
.
Gen.
But
at
what
distance
would
you
make
your
Batteries
,
for
these
18
Pieces
of
Canon
,
and
how
near
unto
the
place
,
which
you
intend
to
Batter
.
Capt.
I
would
counsel
a
General
to
approach
as
near
unto
that
place
as
possible
may
be
,
and
make
his
Batteries
some
two
or
three
hundred
paces
one
from
another
,
and
that
if
it
were
possible
to
advance
covertly
the
Approach
and
sap
,
even
up
to
the
Counter-scharfe
,
and
very
brink
of
the
Moat
,
to
prepare
a
way
for
his
Gallery
:
not
only
to
Batter
that
place
being
at
hand
with
the
greater
force
,
but
also
to
keep
in
,
and
hinder
an
Enemy
from
Sallying
out
upon
the
Besiegers
,
to
discover
and
dismount
their
Ordnance
in
Casemates
,
or
if
they
have
sunk
any
in
their
Walls
or
False-bray
,
and
so
to
terrifie
them
,
that
they
dare
not
stir
out
.
Gen.
I
am
also
of
your
opinion
,
and
hold
it
for
good
,
yet
I
fear
this
will
not
be
so
soon
done
,
and
is
sooner
spoken
,
than
executed
,
and
that
before
you
can
bring
your
approach
and
sap
so
far
,
it
will
cost
you
warm
blood
,
and
a
great
many
mens
lives
,
if
you
have
a
stout
Enemy
within
to
deal
withal
,
and
one
that
is
very
Vigilant
,
and
careful
to
stand
upon
his
Guard
,
and
his
defence
.
Capt.
'T
is
true
,
this
cannot
be
done
without
danger
,
and
the
loss
of
men
,
but
he
that
is
fearful
must
stay
at
home
,
and
not
come
into
the
Wars
where
there
is
neither
place
nor
time
,
which
doth
free
or
exempt
him
from
danger
:
yet
the
danger
is
not
alwayes
so
great
,
especially
in
such
places
,
where
you
have
Earth
enough
to
work
with
,
to
cast
up
your
sapps
,
and
to
heighten
and
deepen
your
Approaches
,
which
will
show
you
the
way
,
for
the
more
higher
you
find
the
ground
in
Approaching
to
the
edge
of
the
moat
,
the
deeper
Trenches
you
may
make
,
and
cover
your self
by
casting
up
of
blinds
continually
,
to
keep
you
from
the
sight
of
the
Besieged
;
and
it
is
better
,
when
you
have
brought
your
approach
as
it
were
under
them
,
than
if
you
were
200
or
300
paces
distant
from
them
.
Gen.
I
pray
you
Good
Sir
,
how
would
you
plant
,
and
divide
these
18
Pieces
of
Canon
?
Capt.
I
would
make
a
great
Battery
with
8
of
them
to
beat
upon
a
right
line
,
either
upon
a
Curtain
,
or
the
point
of
a
Bulwark
(
which
the
General
shall
find
fittest
)
Two
Batteries
with
each
3
Canon
to
play
slope-wise
from
the
great
Battery
;
as
the
ninth
plate
and
28
and
29
figures
shows
,
and
two
Batteries
,
with
two
half
Canon
a
Piece
,
to
play
as
it
were
cross-wise
upon
the
breach
.
And
thus
you
see
your
18
Pieces
planted
upon
5
Batteries
,
as
you
may
observe
in
the
9th
.
Plate
,
and
the
two
Figures
of
a
Curtain
and
of
a
Bulwark
following
.
Gen.
Good
Sir
tell
me
I
pray
you
how
many
shot
will
these
18
Pieces
of
Canon
make
in
10
hours
,
and
how
much
powder
will
they
require
.
Capt.
In
10
hours
they
may
make
some
1500
shot
,
and
will
require
a
matter
of
25000
pound
weight
of
powder
,
that
is
150
barrels
full
,
each
barrel
containing
160
pound
weight
in
it
.
Gen.
You
make
your
account
then
that
every
Piece
in
the
space
of
10
hours
is
to
shoot
80
shot
,
that
is
8
shot
an
hour
for
every
Piece
.
Capt.
You
may
make
10
shot
in
an
hour
if
you
please
,
if
your
Pieces
be
renforced
;
but
as
for
your
ordinary
Pieces
,
they
have
not
metalline
substance
enough
to
bear
it
:
considering
also
that
after
you
have
made
40
shot
out
of
a
Piece
,
it
will
be
so
heated
,
that
it
must
have
a
cooling
time
,
which
must
be
at
least
an
hour
,
for
otherwise
your
Piece
being
grown
over
hot
,
it
may
cause
danger
.
Gen.
Methinks
that
80
shot
for
a
Piece
in
so
long
a
time
were
too
little
,
having
often
heard
,
that
in
that
while
,
a
Piece
may
well
be
shot
off
130
times
;
can
you
give
me
your
resolution
upon
this
?
Capt.
I
will
tell
you
Sir
what
hapned
once
in
the
Island
of
Bomble
,
Anno
1599.
we
planted
a
Piece
by
a
mill
,
by
which
we
did
annoy
the
Enemy
very
much
,
so
that
they
were
forced
to
make
a
Battery
,
and
planted
a
whole
Canon
,
and
a
demy-Canon
upon
it
,
seeking
to
dismount
ours
.
Now
shooting
with
this
Piece
from
four
of
the
clock
in
the
morning
,
till
eleven
toward
noon
,
this
Piece
had
a
cooling
time
the
space
of
two
hours
,
and
about
one
of
the
clock
we
began
to
play
with
it
again
,
and
continued
shooting
with
it
till
4
a
clock
in
the
afternoon
;
but
this
Piece
being
not
able
to
endure
the
force
and
heating
of
so
many
shot
,
we
were
constrained
to
leave
off
with
it
:
and
yet
ceased
not
shooting
with
our
other
Pieces
from
another
Battery
by
command
from
Don
Lewes
de
Valasco
,
General
of
our
Ordnance
,
and
shooting
cross-wise
with
some
other
of
our
Pieces
,
we
put
the
Enemies
two
Pieces
to
silence
in
the
space
of
an
hour
;
a
Souldier
of
ours
standing
by
,
was
curious
to
keep
a
tally
of
the
number
of
all
the
shot
we
made
from
the
morning
till
four
a
clock
in
the
afternoon
,
and
shewed
me
80
notches
,
which
deducting
the
two
hours
cooling
,
our
Piece
planted
at
the
Mill
made
8
shot
in
an
hour
,
which
was
as
much
as
could
be
required
of
it
.
Senior
Diego
Uffanogive
your
Translator
leave
to
interrupt
you
a
little
,
and
so
to
conclude
this
discourse
.
If
you
remember
at
the
Seige
of
Ostend
,
which
you
mention
ofttn
in
your
Chapters
and
Dialogues
,
you
were
without
,
and
I
was
within
the
Town
,
that
on
the
seventh
of
January
,
Anno
1602.
Stilo
Novo
,
After
Sir
Francis
Vere
of
famous
memory
(
who
defended
and
kept
the
Town
against
you
)
had
deluded
you
with
a
Parley
,
only
to
gain
time
,
and
to
make
up
our
Canon
and
Sea-beaten
works
along
the
skirt
of
the
old
Town
,
his
Highness
the
Archduke
resolved
to
assault
us
,
and
that
morning
began
to
batter
Sand-hill
and
Schotenburgh
,
to
make
a
breach
for
you
against
that
night
,
with
intent
to
Assault
us
(
as
you
did
)
and
to
have
entred
the
Town
,
and
have
put
us
all
to
the
Sword
,
the
Relation
whereof
you
shall
hear
in
the
end
of
this
Book
.
Now
you
had
placed
and
planted
your
20
Pieces
of
Cannon
to
batter
them
in
this
manner
,
8
from
your
Battery
at
the
foot
of
the
Downs
,
8
from
a
Battery
on
the
right
hand
of
the
Downs
,
6
from
your
pile
Battery
,
6
more
which
you
had
made
upon
the
Sand
,
and
as
it
were
raised
out
of
the
Sea
:
the
first
shot
upon
the
breach
in
a
right
line
,
and
the
other
two
slopewise
,
as
your
two
figures
following
do
demonstrate
.
These
20
Pieces
of
Canon
towards
noon
had
a
cooling
time
,
for
a
matter
of
some
2
hours
,
just
as
you
have
said
;
and
afterwards
you
began
to
batter
the
breach
and
old
Town
again
,
till
it
was
almost
twilight
,
and
then
they
cooled
again
,
till
you
were
ready
to
give
us
an
assault
;
and
before
you
fell
on
,
as
I
do
well
remember
,
you
shot
off
one
of
your
Cannons
with
a
hollow
Bullet
,
which
flew
over
the
Town
and
made
a
great
humming
noise
,
as
a
warning
Piece
to
the
Count
of
Bucquoy
,
who
lay
on
the
East-side
,
that
you
were
then
ready
to
fall
on
,
and
that
he
should
do
the
like
,
this
was
your
Signal
.
Now
General
Vere
knowing
well
your
intent
,
gave
order
to
the
Gentleman
of
our
Ordnance
who
had
the
guard
upon
Sand-hill
,
that
he
should
keep
a
true
Tally
,
and
an
account
of
all
the
shot
you
made
that
day
,
with
your
20
Pieces
of
Cannon
upon
the
breach
and
the
old
Town
,
which
being
cast
up
,
there
were
found
to
be
made
that
day
from
morning
till
night
2200
shot
,
which
was
found
to
be
an
110
shot
for
every
Piece
,
and
11
shot
an
hour
for
every
Piece
,
which
is
more
than
8
;
but
I
verily
believe
your
Pieces
were
renforced
.
This
by
the
way
,
and
so
I
return
again
to
your
own
Dialogue
.
Gen.
(
Good
Sir
)
I
pray
show
me
how
you
would
batter
the
point
of
a
Bulwark
(
as
the
figure
28
following
demonstrates
,
)
and
give
me
some
reasons
aswel
defensive
as
offensive
.
Capt.
I
am
willing
to
give
your
Lordship
content
,
and
say
,
If
I
were
to
batter
the
point
of
a
Bulwark
or
a
Bastion
,
I
would
have
the
same
number
of
battering
Canon
,
and
planted
in
the
same
form
and
manner
as
they
were
for
the
Curtain
,
and
to
shoot
sloap
and
cross-wise
also
;
and
if
your
approaches
were
advanced
so
far
,
they
should
be
planted
upon
the
very
brink
of
the
moat
and
upon
the
Counterscharfe
,
I
would
plant
4
of
them
so
,
that
they
should
dismount
the
Enemies
Canon
in
their
Casemates
,
or
any
,
if
they
had
sunk
them
in
their
Falsebray
,
which
should
wait
upon
that
occasion
.
Gen.
I
am
of
your
mind
,
and
prefer
such
a
battery
before
all
others
,
who
are
of
the
opinion
that
they
had
rather
choose
a
Curtain
than
a
Bulwark
to
be
battered
.
Capt.
You
have
heard
my
reasons
for
that
,
and
see
the
figures
following
traced
out
to
you
.
But
as
for
your
Bulwark
the
besieged
may
cut
it
off
(
as
you
may
mark
in
the
figures
of
Retrenchments
and
Cuttings
off
in
the
second
part
of
this
book
)
for
indeed
it
will
be
a
hard
matter
to
force
an
Enemy
out
of
a
Bulwark
,
who
is
resolved
to
loose
it
by
peecemeal
and
degrees
;
and
there
is
not
so
much
danger
in
assaulting
of
a
Curtain
,
which
being
once
well
battered
and
beaten
down
with
your
Ordnance
,
you
have
an
easier
way
and
entrance
to
fall
on
with
your
Troops
of
men
,
to
enter
the
Town
or
Fortress
;
but
for
the
defence
which
is
made
from
your
Flanking
Bulwarks
,
or
your
Casemates
,
you
must
make
Batteries
upon
the
brink
of
the
moat
against
them
,
(
as
is
said
)
to
dismount
the
Enemies
Pieces
,
and
to
flanker
with
your
Ordnance
the
Parapets
of
the
Bulworks
to
beat
them
about
their
ears
,
that
the
Bulworks
may
lye
the
more
open
to
you
,
and
I
think
this
way
is
the
least
danger
.
Gen.
But
the
Besieged
,
their
cuttings
off
,
may
they
not
be
made
aswel
upon
a
Curtain
as
upon
a
Bulwark
.
Capt.
No
,
for
the
Rampire
being
thinner
,
you
have
neither
so
much
ground
,
nor
the
like
accommodation
in
a
Curtain
as
in
a
Bulwark
;
and
indeed
,
a
Governour
of
a
Town
,
or
of
a
Fortress
,
if
he
were
put
to
his
choice
,
had
rather
to
be
assaulted
on
a
Bulwark
(
than
on
a
Curtain
)
by
cutting
it
off
into
the
form
of
a
half
moon
,
that
he
might
make
a
new
resistance
,
and
defend
it
with
a
less
number
of
men
.
Besides
,
in
a
Bulwark
the
Besieged
have
this
advantage
over
the
Assailants
,
which
is
very
dangerous
for
them
,
that
they
may
make
a
Mine
within
the
bowels
of
their
Bulwark
when
an
Enemy
shall
attempt
to
assault
it
,
and
thinking
to
enter
the
Breach
and
take
the
Town
,
they
may
be
blown
up
into
the
Air
by
a
Countermine
;
the
like
also
may
happen
to
the
Besieged
,
the
Assailants
springing
their
Mine
also
in
a
Bulwark
,
when
they
think
they
stand
upon
their
best
defence
.
Gen.
May
not
the
like
be
done
also
in
a
Curtain
?
Capt.
No
,
it
will
not
take
the
like
effect
as
in
a
Bulwark
;
for
a
Breach
being
once
made
in
a
Curtain
,
for
as
an
Enemy
may
assault
it
at
large
,
so
they
may
bring
a
greater
number
of
men
to
fight
,
to
help
to
defend
it
;
whereas
in
a
Bulwark
they
are
pen'd
up
and
straightned
in
a
narrow
place
,
which
may
be
cut
off
,
and
will
require
a
fewer
number
of
men
to
defend
it
,
whereas
those
which
are
to
force
it
,
must
be
constrained
to
bring
up
a
great
many
men
to
assault
,
who
in
an
instant
may
be
in
danger
of
blowing
up
.
Gen.
Your
reasons
(
Good
Captain
)
are
not
to
be
slighted
;
but
as
for
me
,
I
hold
it
safer
,
to
batter
and
assault
the
breach
of
a
Bulwark
,
than
of
a
Curtain
.
For
though
the
besieged
may
cut
it
off
,
and
defend
it
with
a
fewer
number
of
men
,
yet
the
Assaulters
have
this
advantae
over
the
Besieged
defendants
,
that
they
have
more
place
and
elbow
room
,
and
may
find
a
less
resistance
than
in
a
Curtain
,
seeing
that
one
may
make
as
a
great
a
breach
in
a
Bulwark
as
in
a
Curtain
,
because
your
Ordnance
may
beat
it
flat
,
and
level
with
the
ground
;
and
choosing
rather
a
Bulwark
:
I
will
herewith
conclude
this
discourse
,
and
now
shew
you
the
figures
both
of
the
one
,
and
of
the
other
in
this
following
plate
.
cannon firing on a wall from a variety of angles
How
one
must
Batter
a
Courtine
cannon firing on a bulwark from a variety of angles
How
one
must
Batter
a
Bulwarke
betwixt
86
and
87
CHAP.
XXV
.
Containing
the
demonstration
of
Morters
,
and
the
use
of
them
.
YOur
great
and
small
Morters
,
are
not
only
serviceable
in
a
War
offensive
,
by
shooting
and
casting
of
great
Granadoes
,
as
of
100
,
150
,
170
pound
weight
,
and
smaller
of
40
,
and
50
pound
;
but
also
by
casting
of
Fire-balls
,
Stones
,
old
Rubbidge
,
and
Pieces
of
Iron
,
into
Cities
,
Towns
,
and
Fortresses
;
and
may
be
used
also
defensively
,
to
be
shot
from
Towns
and
Forts
into
any
Enemies
works
,
and
approaches
;
especially
they
are
of
singular
use
,
when
an
Enemy
hath
covertly
approached
,
and
lodged
himself
under
some
Bulwark
,
Tower
,
or
Turret
,
and
is
a
beginning
to
undermine
them
;
which
if
they
do
,
you
may
plant
one
of
these
Morters
at
a
reasonable
distance
,
on
the
inside
of
your
Wall
,
and
shooting
your
Granado
,
as
it
were
bolt
upright
into
the
air
,
by
its
natural
fall
,
it
may
light
just
into
the
Enemies
works
,
and
there
with
great
violence
breaking
among
them
,
it
will
make
them
cry
,
fly
,
and
forsake
the
place
;
you
may
also
fire
them
out
of
a
place
,
by
casting
good
store
of
Hand
Granadoes
down
among
them
,
and
so
annoy
them
,
that
the
work
will
be
too
hot
for
them
.
Two
of
these
Morters
are
represented
unto
you
,
in
the
Plate
and
Figures
following
number
.
Now
for
the
shooting
a
way
of
your
great
Granadoes
or
Fireballs
,
you
must
ever
remember
,
but
to
take
⅕
or
1/7
parts
of
fine
Powder
of
the
weight
of
your
Granado
or
thing
which
you
shoot
;
but
if
you
are
to
shoot
away
a
Bullet
without
any
Fire-works
in
it
,
or
some
massie
stone
,
or
such
like
solid
thing
,
then
you
must
take
but
half
the
weight
of
it
in
fine
Powder
,
which
,
having
given
fire
to
the
Morter
,
will
send
it
going
merrily
.
The
use
of
them
is
not
to
shoot
in
a
right
line
,
as
other
Ordnance
do
,
but
in
an
oblique
line
,
as
you
may
see
by
the
two
Figures
following
,
unless
your
Morter
be
mounted
to
90
degrees
,
mounting
them
usually
above
45
degrees
,
namely
to
60
,
70
,
80
,
and
sometimes
more
or
less
,
as
the
distance
and
fall
of
your
Granado
or
Shot
shall
require
.
Having
before
shown
you
the
making
and
use
of
the
Quadrant
,
it
remains
now
that
I
come
to
the
charging
and
use
of
a
Morter
;
now
before
you
put
in
your
Powder
.
it
must
be
well
sponged
and
cleared
,
whether
you
charge
it
with
loose
Powder
,
or
Cartouch
,
turning
the
mouth
almost
bolt
upright
;
the
Powder
being
put
into
the
Chamber
,
you
must
stop
it
with
a
Wadd
either
of
Hay
or
Oakam
,
and
after
a
Tampkin
of
some
soft
wood
,
and
this
with
the
Powder
that
was
put
in
first
,
it
must
fill
up
the
whole
Chamber
thereof
,
that
there
may
be
no
vacuity
between
the
Powder
and
the
Wadd
,
or
between
the
Wadd
and
the
Shot
;
this
done
,
the
shot
shall
be
put
in
at
the
mouth
,
with
another
Wadd
after
it
;
but
you
must
have
a
care
that
your
Morter
be
not
much
mounted
,
lest
your
shot
flyes
out
too
soon
,
and
the
Wadd
between
the
Tampkin
and
the
shot
will
not
only
save
the
shot
from
the
Tampkins
breaking
of
it
,
but
also
is
to
avoid
vacuities
which
may
endanger
the
breaking
of
the
Piece
by
second
expansions
.
Now
then
having
resolved
of
the
premisses
,
touching
your
Piece
,
Shot
,
and
Powder
,
as
abovesaid
,
and
upon
the
distance
and
mounture
of
your
mark
,
as
the
Rules
and
Tables
following
shall
direct
you
,
then
for
the
bending
and
disposing
of
it
to
the
assigned
mark
;
lay
first
a
straight
Ruler
upon
the
Mouth
of
your
Morter
,
and
upon
it
place
a
Quadrant
(
as
you
may
see
by
the
Figures
)
or
some
other
Instrument
cross-wise
,
to
set
the
Morter
upright
,
for
shuning
of
wide
shooting
,
and
then
placing
them
fore-right
to
elevate
it
into
the
resolved
degree
of
Mounture
,
to
avoid
short
or
overshooting
,
accordingly
as
the
Tables
following
will
teach
you
;
for
having
made
one
shot
,
you
may
thereby
proportion
the
rest
,
considering
whether
you
are
to
shoot
with
or
against
the
wind
,
or
whether
it
blows
towards
the
right
or
the
left
hand
,
whether
weakly
or
strongly
,
and
so
accordingly
to
give
or
abate
the
advantage
,
or
disadvantage
,
which
judgment
and
discretion
will
induce
you
thereunto
,
and
the
help
of
the
Rules
following
.
Now
we
will
come
to
the
use
of
a
Morter
,
and
that
in
this
example
following
;
Suppose
an
Enemy
be
approached
to
the
Basis
,
or
foot
of
a
Wall
or
a
Bulwark
,
and
there
is
a
rooting
,
and
begins
to
make
a
Mine
,
and
having
Chambred
his
Powder
,
intends
to
blow
it
up
,
and
that
there
is
no
other
means
left
you
,
to
repulse
and
hinder
their
egress
and
regress
into
it
;
but
by
shooting
out
of
your
Morters
some
Granadoes
,
Fire-Balls
,
Stones
,
and
Rubbish
among
them
,
or
at
least
by
casting
many
Hand-Granadoes
down
upon
them
.
To
do
this
either
by
force
or
policy
,
it
behoveth
a
good
Canonier
or
Fire-worker
,
to
know
first
(
as
hath
been
taught
)
how
far
his
Morter
will
carry
a
Granado
,
or
any
solid
thing
else
,
which
shall
be
shot
out
of
it
,
being
set
upon
such
and
such
a
degree
and
elevation
as
the
Morter
Figure
will
shew
you
.
As
for
Example
,
take
your
aim
level
with
the
mould
or
mouth
of
your
Morter
,
noted
A
upon
the
Quadrant
,
and
it
will
carry
200
paces
,
where
you
see
the
Granado
falls
upon
the
letter
A
;
but
your
morter
being
elevated
to
the
mark
B
,
it
then
will
carry
its
Bullet
487
paces
;
if
to
the
second
C
,
then
755
paces
;
if
to
the
third
D
,
it
will
carry
937
paces
;
if
to
the
fourth
E
,
then
1065
paces
;
if
to
the
fifth
elevation
F
,
then
1132
paces
;
if
to
the
sixth
G
,
which
is
in
the
midst
of
the
Quadrant
,
and
lyes
then
upon
its
highest
elevation
,
it
will
carry
1170
paces
,
as
you
may
see
by
the
several
falls
of
the
Bullets
upon
every
Letter
.
The
second
Figure
shews
you
a
Morter
casting
a
Granado
upon
a
Castle
,
as
you
may
see
by
the
Example
.
Another
Table
of
Diego
Uffanoes
for
Morter
Pieces
,
with
their
Randoms
made
for
every
degree
,
between
the
Level
and
90
degrees
,
as
followeth
.
Deg.
|
Pac.
|
Deg.
|
0
|
100
|
89
|
1
|
122
|
88
|
2
|
143
|
87
|
3
|
364
|
86
|
4
|
285
|
85
|
5
|
204
|
84
|
6
|
224
|
83
|
7
|
243
|
82
|
8
|
262
|
81
|
9
|
280
|
80
|
10
|
297
|
79
|
11
|
314
|
78
|
12
|
331
|
77
|
13
|
347
|
76
|
14
|
363
|
75
|
15
|
377
|
74
|
16
|
392
|
73
|
17
|
406
|
72
|
18
|
419
|
71
|
19
|
432
|
70
|
20
|
445
|
69
|
21
|
457
|
68
|
22
|
468
|
67
|
23
|
479
|
66
|
24
|
490
|
65
|
25
|
500
|
64
|
26
|
510
|
63
|
27
|
518
|
62
|
28
|
524
|
61
|
29
|
526
|
60
|
30
|
534
|
59
|
31
|
539
|
58
|
33
|
543
|
57
|
34
|
549
|
56
|
34
|
552
|
55
|
35
|
558
|
54
|
36
|
562
|
53
|
37
|
568
|
52
|
38
|
573
|
51
|
39
|
477
|
50
|
40
|
580
|
49
|
41
|
582
|
48
|
42
|
583
|
47
|
43
|
584
|
46
|
44
|
582
|
|
45
|
582
|
A
Morter
Shooting
upon
a
Castle
a quadrant, mortar, and labeled parabolas describing the paths of various shots
How
you
are
to
use
the
Quadrant
afore
described
for
a
Morter
,
as
you
may
see
by
the
falling
of
the
Granado
uppon
the
Lettors
THE
Compleat
Gunner
THE
THIRD
PART
.
OF
ARTIFICIAL
FIREWORKS
.
THe
number
of
artificial
Fire-works
which
are
practised
as
well
in
Armies
upon
Land
in
the
attacquing
and
defence
of
places
,
as
in
defence
of
Ships
at
Sea
,
whereby
warlike
Executions
may
be
performed
,
are
many
and
various
,
according
to
the
ingenuity
of
the
Fire-Master
:
And
the
wayes
of
preparing
them
are
so
many
,
as
it
is
impossible
for
us
in
this
room
we
have
allotted
to
prescribe
all
that
are
known
.
We
shall
therefore
be
contented
to
make
choice
of
some
of
the
best
and
principal
things
among
so
great
a
number
,
but
more
particularly
of
some
most
admirable
inventions
;
and
we
shall
give
a
Chapter
to
every
kind
of
Fire-work
,
considering
they
differ
among
themselves
both
in
fashion
and
effect
,
and
every
one
hath
its
name
which
is
particularly
applyed
to
it
.
But
before
we
begin
with
our
composition
we
shall
begin
with
the
particulars
,
and
their
preparation
unto
this
work
,
whereby
they
may
be
the
more
exalted
,
and
have
the
greater
efficacy
.
The
more
principal
materials
,
that
is
,
Peter
,
Charcoal
and
Sulphur
,
are
mentioned
at
large
in
my
first
part
of
Gunnery
,
and
therefore
we
shall
proceed
.
CHAP.
I.
To
prepare
Oyl
of
Sulphur
.
TAke
a
good
quantity
of
clarified
Sulphur
,
(
the
way
of
Clarification
we
have
shewed
before
)
melt
it
over
a
very
gentle
fire
in
an
Earthen
or
Copper
Vessel
,
then
take
old
red
Tyles
that
have
been
already
used
in
buildings
,
or
if
you
cannot
find
such
,
take
new
Tyles
that
are
well
baked
,
and
that
have
not
taken
dirt
,
break
them
in
pieces
as
small
as
a
Bean
,
and
throw
them
into
melted
Brimstone
,
then
mingle
your
Brimstone
with
the
remaining
fragments
of
the
Bricks
,
until
they
have
drank
up
all
the
Sulphur
,
then
let
them
be
put
into
a
Limbeck
upon
a
Furnace
to
distil
,
and
after
the
Oyl
is
drawn
according
to
a
Chymical
order
it
will
be
very
excellent
,
and
aboveall
,
have
a
very
combustible
quality
,
proper
to
the
Compositions
of
artificial
fires
.
To
prepare
Oyl
or
Balsam
of
Sulphur
.
Fill
a
long
body
of
Glassfull
of
Sulphur
well
powdered
,
then
pour
upon
it
Oyl
of
Turpentine
,
or
Oyl
of
nuts
,
or
Juniper
,
in
such
a
quantity
that
the
oyl
with
the
Sulphur
may
fill
but
the
half
part
,
place
it
in
an
Iron
Kettle
;
with
Sand
round
about
it
,
and
a
small
heat
for
8
or
9
hours
,
and
you
will
see
that
the
Oyl
of
Turpentine
will
convert
the
Brimstone
into
a
red
Oyl
,
as
fiery
and
combustible
as
before
.
There
are
those
that
take
the
following
matter
to
the
preparing
the
oyl
of
Sulphur
,
to
the
end
it
may
be
rendered
more
combustible
,
viz.
Sulphur
1
l.
of
quick
Lyme
half
a
pound
,
of
Sal-armoniac
4
ounces
.
Above
all
this
,
the
Chymists
know
how
to
prepare
a
certain
oyl
of
Sulphur
,
(
which
they
call
a
Balsam
)
of
which
the
virtues
are
so
admirable
,
that
they
admit
not
any
body
,
either
living
or
dead
,
to
be
touched
with
putrification
,
but
will
conserve
it
in
so
perfect
and
entire
state
,
that
neither
the
pernicious
Influences
of
the
celestial
bodies
,
nor
that
corruption
which
the
Elements
produce
,
nor
that
which
reduces
things
into
their
Principles
,
can
any
way
damnifie
it
,
if
anoynted
with
it
.
There
is
also
from
it
prepared
a
certain
fire
(
as
Tritemius
teacheth
)
with
flowers
of
Sulphur
,
Borax
and
Brandy-wine
,
which
will
remain
many
years
without
extinguishing
of
it self
.
Others
that
are
knowing
,
do
attest
that
a
Lamp
may
be
filled
with
such
like
Oyl
,
from
whence
all
that
are
within
the
Light
of
it
,
will
appear
as
if
they
had
no
heads
.
There
is
another
way
of
making
Oyl
of
Sulphur
which
is
very
admirable
and
excellent
,
which
is
prepared
thus
.
Incorporate
well
together
an
equal
proportion
of
Sulphur
and
Salt-Peter
,
reduce
them
into
most
subtile
Powder
,
and
pass
it
through
a
fine
sieve
,
then
put
them
into
an
Earthen
Pot
that
hath
never
been
used
,
and
pour
upon
them
Vinegar
made
of
White-wine
or
Aqua-vitae
,
as
much
as
will
cover
the
Powder
;
Close
the
Pot
in
such
manner
that
no
air
may
any
wise
enter
,
and
put
it
thus
in
any
hot
place
so
long
time
until
all
the
vinegar
be
digested
and
vanished
.
Lastly
,
take
that
matter
which
rests
in
the
Pot
,
and
draw
from
thence
an
oyl
,
by
Chymical
Instruments
proper
to
this
work
.
CHAP.
II.
The
preparation
of
the
Flowers
of
Benjamin
.
TAke
Benjamin
a
certain
quantity
of
ounces
,
put
it
into
a
Gourd
or
a
Limbeck
glass
,
and
close
it
well
with
a
blind
head
(
as
they
call
it
)
then
have
in
readiness
an
earthen
vessel
,
set
it
upon
a
Tresfoot
,
or
for
the
more
certainty
upon
a
small
Furnace
,
place
it
in
your
glass
body
,
and
compass
it
well
about
with
fine
Sand
or
ashes
so
high
as
the
matter
is
in
the
glass
;
after
make
a
moderate
fire
under
it
,
for
fear
the
Limbeck
heat
too
soon
,
and
be
too
hot
,
for
that
will
make
the
flowers
become
citrine
or
yellow
,
when
they
ought
to
be
as
white
as
Snow
.
Observe
when
you
see
the
flowers
begin
to
raise
a
vapour
or
small
fume
,
continue
your
fire
in
that
same
degree
the
space
of
one
quarter
of
an
hour
;
after
you
shall
see
the
flowers
risen
unto
the
internal
Superficies
of
the
blind
head
,
then
take
it
away
carefully
,
and
put
to
it
another
that
shall
be
quite
cold
,
and
put
that
which
you
have
taken
off
upon
a
white
paper
until
it
be
cold
,
then
gently
with
a
Feather
or
wooden
Spatula
,
cause
the
flowers
to
come
forth
of
the
blind
head
,
and
gather
them
together
carefully
:
thus
you
may
add
a
third
or
fourth
blind
head
,
and
in
time
many
,
until
all
the
Benjamin
cease
to
fume
.
Benjamin
may
be
made
into
flowers
another
way
,
thus
;
put
into
a
glazed
pot
a
certain
quantity
of
ounces
of
Benjamin
,
and
place
it
upon
warm
ashes
,
and
when
you
see
it
begin
to
fume
,
cover
the
vessel
with
a
Cornet
of
paper
made
in
the
form
of
a
Cone
,
and
a
little
larger
than
the
orifice
of
the
pot
,
leave
it
there
about
one
quarter
of
an
hour
,
after
take
off
the
Cornet
,
and
take
the
flowers
and
gather
them
together
;
then
put
upon
the
vessel
another
Cornet
of
paper
,
and
let
it
stand
as
long
as
before
;
take
it
off
,
and
gather
the
flowers
to
the
former
,
and
continue
thus
putting
Cornet
after
Cornet
,
until
your
flowers
be
entirely
evaporated
.
CHAP.
III.
The
preparation
of
Camphire
.
TAke
Juniper
Gumm
(
which
is
called
somtimes
)
Sandarach
,
white
varnish
,
or
Mastick
most
subtilly
powdered
2
l.
white
distilled
vinegar
as
much
as
is
necessary
to
cover
the
Gumm
in
a
glass
,
set
it
deep
in
horse-dung
the
space
of
20
days
;
then
take
it
and
pour
it
forth
into
another
glass
Vessel
with
a
wide
mouth
,
and
let
it
stand
thus
in
digestion
a
whole
moneth
,
and
in
it
you
shall
have
Camphire
congealed
in
form
of
a
Crust
of
bread
,
and
which
hath
in
some
measure
the
resemblance
of
the
ver●able
or
true
Camphire
.
The
Camphire
hath
such
a
love
for
the
fire
,
that
being
once
lighted
,
it
goeth
not
out
until
it
be
quite
consumed
.
The
flame
that
comes
from
thence
is
very
clear
,
and
of
a
very
agreeable
odour
;
after
it
hath
remained
suspended
in
the
air
some
time
it
vanisheth
insensibly
.
The
cause
that
produceth
all
these
rare
effects
from
Camphire
,
is
by
reason
its
parts
are
extream
subtil
and
airy
.
I
do
add
to
all
this
,
that
it
may
be
easie
to
reduce
Camphire
into
Powder
,
to
make
it
useful
in
artificial
fireworks
,
if
a
man
crumbles
it
and
beats
it
gently
,
rouling
it
with
Sulphur
.
The
oyl
of
Camphire
,
which
serves
also
for
the
same
effect
,
is
made
by
adding
a
little
of
oyl
of
sweet
Almonds
,
and
stir
them
well
together
in
a
brass
Morter
,
and
pestle
of
the
same
metal
,
until
all
be
converted
into
oyl
of
a
greenish
colour
.
Or
a
man
may
put
it
into
a
Glass
Viol
which
must
be
close
stopped
,
provided
also
that
the
Camphire
be
true
and
natural
,
and
not
a
Cheat
;
then
put
that
Glass
into
a
warm
Furnace
,
and
draw
it
out
,
when
you
shall
see
all
the
Camphire
turned
into
a
pure
clear
oyl
,
which
will
burn
with
an
admirable
vivacity
.
CHAP.
IV.
Water
of
Sal-armoniac
.
TAke
Sal-armoniac
3
ounces
,
Salt-Peter
1
ounce
,
reduce
them
into
a
most
subtil
Powder
,
and
mix
them
well
together
,
after
put
them
into
a
Limbeck
,
and
then
pouring
on
them
some
of
the
best
and
strongest
Vinegar
,
you
may
distil
the
same
into
a
water
with
a
small
fire
.
CHAP.
V.
Of
a
certain
artificial
water
which
will
burn
upon
the
Palm
of
your
hand
without
doing
any
harm
.
TAke
Oleum
Petroli
,
and
of
Terebinthi
,
and
of
Calx
vive
,
of
Mutton
fat
,
and
of
Hogs
Lard
,
of
each
equal
parts
,
beat
them
well
together
,
until
they
be
well
incorporated
,
then
cause
them
to
be
distilled
in
warm
ashes
,
or
upon
burning
coals
,
and
you
shall
draw
from
thence
an
excellent
oyl
.
CHAP.
VI.
To
prepare
Fire-Spunges
.
TAke
of
the
oldest
and
greatest
Toad-stools
which
grows
at
the
Root
of
Ash
,
Oak
,
Birch
,
and
Fir-tree
,
with
many
other
Trees
which
produce
them
freely
;
get
a
good
parcel
,
string
them
,
and
hang
them
in
the
Chimney
,
and
leave
them
to
macerate
;
being
well
mortified
and
macerated
,
take
and
cut
them
in
pieces
,
and
then
beat
them
with
a
wooden
Mallet
;
this
done
,
boyl
them
over
a
small
fire
in
a
strong
Lye
,
and
a
sufficient
quantity
of
Salt-Peter
,
until
all
the
humidity
be
evaporated
:
At
last
,
having
put
them
upon
a
Plank
or
even
board
,
put
them
in
a
warm
Oven
,
and
let
them
well
dry
there
;
having
drawn
them
from
thence
,
you
must
beat
them
with
a
wooden
Mallet
as
before
,
until
it
become
wholly
subtile
and
soft
;
being
thus
prepared
,
you
must
keep
them
in
a
commodious
place
to
serve
you
upon
occasion
.
CHAP.
VII
.
How
to
prepare
Match
or
Low
for
Artificial
Fires
.
MAke
Cords
of
Tow
,
Hemp
,
or
Cotton
,
which
you
please
,
of
two
or
three
twists
,
not
made
too
hard
,
put
them
in
a
new
Earthen
pot
Vernished
,
pour
upon
them
Vinegar
made
of
good
white
Wine
four
parts
,
of
Urine
two
parts
,
of
Aqua
vitae
one
part
,
of
Salt
Peter
purified
one
part
,
of
Cannon
Powder
reduced
to
Meal
one
part
:
Make
all
these
Ingredients
boyl
together
upon
a
great
Fire
,
to
the
Consumption
of
all
the
Liquor
;
then
spread
upon
a
great
smooth
Plank
or
Board
,
the
Meal
or
Flower
of
the
most
excellentest
Powder
that
you
can
get
.
Having
drawn
your
Match
out
of
the
Pot
,
roul
them
in
the
Powder
,
and
then
dry
them
in
the
shade
or
Sun
,
for
it
matters
not
which
,
and
the
Cords
or
Match
that
are
thus
prepared
will
burn
very
quick
.
Francis
Jouchim
Prechtelin
,
in
his
second
part
of
his
Fire-works
Chap.
2.
describes
a
certain
Match
,
which
is
extream
slow
in
burning
,
and
is
thus
made
;
take
Mastich
two
parts
,
Colophonia
one
part
,
Wax
one
part
,
Salt-Peter
two
parts
,
Charcoal
half
a
part
,
then
,
having
melted
all
and
mixed
them
well
upon
the
fire
,
take
a
Match
made
of
Hemp
or
Flax
of
a
sufficient
bigness
,
and
draw
it
through
this
Composition
,
making
it
go
down
to
the
bottom
of
the
Vessel
,
drawing
it
often
through
,
until
it
hath
gotten
the
bigness
of
a
Candle
,
and
when
you
desire
to
use
it
,
light
it
first
,
and
when
it
is
well
lighted
blow
it
out
,
and
there
remains
none
but
a
burning
Coal
.
CHAP.
VIII
.
Of
certain
Antidotes
excellent
and
approved
against
the
burning
of
Gun-powder
,
Sulphur
,
hot
Iron
,
melted
Lead
,
and
other
like
accidents
,
drawn
from
the
particular
Experiments
of
Cozimu
Nowicz
.
SECTION
.
I.
BOyle
Hogs
grease
in
common
water
,
over
a
most
gentle
fire
,
the
space
of
some
time
;
then
take
it
from
the
Fire
,
and
let
it
cool
,
and
after
expose
it
to
the
fair
and
clear
weather
three
or
four
nights
;
after
having
put
it
into
an
Earthen
pot
,
melt
it
again
upon
a
small
fire
,
and
being
melted
,
strain
it
through
a
Cloath
into
cold
water
,
after
wash
it
many
times
with
good
clean
and
fresh
water
,
until
it
come
as
white
as
snow
;
this
done
,
put
it
into
a
glazed
pot
to
serve
you
at
your
occasions
.
The
use
is
thus
,
you
must
annoint
the
burnt
part
as
soon
as
you
can
,
and
you
will
see
a
quick
and
admirable
effect
.
SECT.
II.
Take
Plaintain
water
,
Oyl
of
Nuts
of
Italy
,
of
each
as
much
as
you
please
.
SECT.
III.
Take
Mallows
water
,
Rose
water
,
Plume
Allum
,
of
each
as
much
as
is
necessary
,
and
mix
them
well
together
with
the
white
of
an
Egg.
SECT.
IV.
Take
a
Lixivium
,
made
of
Calx
Vive
and
common
water
,
add
to
it
a
little
Oyl
of
Hempseed
,
Oyl
Olive
,
and
some
whites
of
Eggs
,
mingle
all
well
together
,
and
annoint
the
burnt
place
with
this
Composition
.
All
these
Oyntments
cure
burnings
without
causing
any
pain
.
These
I
have
often
experimented
upon
my self
.
Some
Receipts
from
divers
Authors
.
Take
Oyl
of
Olives
,
Oyl
of
sweet
Almonds
,
Liquid
Vernish
,
each
one
part
,
juice
of
Onions
two
parts
,
with
these
chafe
the
part
affected
.
If
there
be
already
blisters
raised
and
Ulcerations
in
the
parts
,
this
following
Oyntment
is
most
excellent
.
Boyle
a
great
quantity
of
the
second
Rind
of
Elder
tree
,
in
Oyl
of
Olive
,
then
pour
it
through
a
Linnen
cloath
;
add
to
it
a
little
after
two
parts
of
Cerus
or
burnt
Lead
,
of
Lytharge
of
Gold
,
of
each
one
part
,
put
them
into
a
Leaden
Morter
,
and
then
stir
them
about
and
mix
them
so
,
that
they
become
in
the
form
of
a
Linament
.
Take
melted
Lard
,
pour
it
into
two
Ounces
of
Morrel
water
,
and
one
Ounce
of
Oyle
of
Saturn
,
then
mingle
them
well
together
:
'
this
Remedy
is
soeveraign
.
Take
the
Mucilage
of
the
Roots
of
Henbane
,
and
of
the
Flowers
of
Poppies
,
of
each
one
Ounce
,
Salt
Peter
one
Ounce
,
mingle
them
all
with
Oyl
of
Camphire
,
and
make
a
Linament
according
to
Art
.
Or
take
the
juyce
of
Oynions
rosted
in
embers
two
Ounces
,
Nut
Oyle
one
Ounce
,
mingle
them
all
well
together
.
Or
take
of
the
Leaves
of
Ivy
two
m.
or
handfuls
well
beaten
up
with
Plaintain
water
,
Oyl
Olive
one
pound
,
make
all
boyl
with
four
Ounces
of
good
white
Wine
,
until
the
Consumption
of
the
whole
Wine
,
at
the
end
of
the
decoction
add
Wax
as
much
as
is
necessary
,
to
give
him
the
form
and
consistency
of
a
Linament
.
Again
,
take
old
Lard
,
let
it
be
melted
over
the
flame
,
and
poured
into
two
Ounces
of
the
juyce
of
Beets
and
Rue
,
of
the
Cream
of
Milk
one
Ounce
,
Mucilage
of
Quince-seeds
and
Gum
Tracanth
,
of
each
an
Ounce
and
a
half
,
mix
them
well
together
,
and
make
thereof
a
Linament
.
This
remedy
is
none
of
the
worst
,
we
took
it
from
Joseph
Quercetanus
,
in
libro
Sclopetrio
.
CHAP.
IX
.
Of
Hand
Granadoes
.
THe
Hand
Granadoes
respecting
their
form
,
are
Globically
or
perfectly
round
and
hollow
in
their
interior
part
in
manner
of
a
Sphere
;
they
are
called
Hand
Granadoes
,
or
Handy
Granadoes
,
because
they
may
be
grasped
in
the
hand
,
and
thrown
to
the
Enemies
;
and
if
we
should
dwell
upon
the
denominations
of
the
Latine
,
we
may
call
them
as
they
do
,
Granades
Palmares
,
they
are
commonly
of
the
bigness
of
a
Bullet
of
Iron
of
5
,
6
,
and
8
l.
they
weigh
sometimes
1
l.
and
sometimes
one
pound
and
a
half
,
some
are
of
two
pounds
,
and
others
of
three
pounds
;
there
is
given
to
these
sort
of
Globes
the
names
of
Granadoes
,
by
reason
of
the
great
resemblance
they
have
with
the
Fruit
Punique
,
which
we
call
Pom-granad
;
for
as
these
do
shut
up
in
their
rinds
a
great
quantity
of
grains
;
so
our
Military
Globes
are
filled
with
a
number
of
Grains
of
Powder
,
almost
innumerable
,
the
which
having
received
the
Fire
,
do
break
into
a
thousand
and
a
thousand
shivers
,
leaping
against
the
Enemy
,
and
piercing
if
it
could
all
such
things
as
it
meets
opposing
its
violence
.
They
are
generally
made
of
Iron
or
Copper
,
carrying
in
its
Diameter
about
three
Ounces
,
being
about
the
length
of
a
Barly
Corn
in
thickness
of
Metal
;
they
are
filled
commonly
with
Gun-Powder
,
and
sometimes
of
other
Compositions
,
there
is
added
to
its
Orifice
a
small
Pipe
commonly
called
a
Fuse
,
which
is
filled
with
a
matter
or
Composition
that
is
slack
or
slow
in
burning
,
but
nevertheless
very
susceptible
of
the
Fire
,
and
capable
to
hold
fire
some
time
,
for
fear
that
it
should
break
in
the
hands
of
those
that
mannage
it
,
and
intend
to
throw
it
.
There
is
amongst
Fire-Masters
accounted
three
sorts
of
Hand
Granadoes
,
the
first
and
most
common
are
made
of
Iron
;
others
are
made
of
Brass
,
allayed
with
other
Metals
in
the
melting
;
the
third
sort
is
of
Glass
.
If
you
cause
them
to
be
made
of
Iron
,
take
such
as
is
most
fragile
,
and
as
little
wrought
as
possible
you
can
get
;
if
you
will
cast
them
of
Copper
,
you
must
allay
six
pound
of
Copper
,
with
two
pounds
of
Tyn
,
and
half
a
pound
of
Marcasite
,
or
you
may
put
one
part
of
Tyn
with
three
parts
of
Lattin
or
of
Auricalque
.
Those
that
are
made
of
Iron
are
in
thickness
about
the
ninth
part
of
the
Diameter
;
those
that
are
made
of
Brass
must
have
one
tenth
part
of
the
Diameter
in
thickness
of
Metal
.
Lastly
,
such
which
you
cause
to
be
made
of
Glass
,
must
have
one
seventh
part
of
their
Diameter
in
their
thickness
.
The
largeness
of
the
Orifice
in
which
you
must
put
in
your
Fuse
made
of
Wood
,
whose
upper
part
must
be
about
2/9
the
Diameter
of
the
Granado
,
and
the
small
hole
in
the
Fuse
should
have
the
largeness
of
●/●●
of
the
same
Diameter
,
the
rest
of
the
capacity
of
the
Shell
must
be
filled
with
well
grain'd
Powder
,
the
length
of
the
Fuse
must
be
about
⅔
of
the
Diameter
,
and
the
top
must
be
broad
,
and
a
little
rounding
like
a
Hemisphere
,
the
hollow
and
inner
part
of
the
Fuse
must
be
about
1/9
Diameter
at
the
small
or
inner
end
,
and
2/9
at
the
outer
end
:
Men
do
generally
fill
the
void
place
with
Powder
ground
most
subtilly
,
which
must
be
moistned
with
Gum-water
,
or
dissolved
glue
,
that
it
may
joyn
the
better
.
As
for
the
Fuses
,
they
must
be
filled
or
charged
with
one
of
the
Compositions
hereunder
written
;
afterward
you
must
fasten
it
well
and
close
with
Tow
or
Okham
,
and
the
Pyrotechnian
Lute
which
the
Germans
call
Kit
,
which
is
made
of
four
parts
of
Ship
Pitch
,
two
parts
of
Colophonia
,
one
part
of
Terrebinthe
,
and
one
part
of
Wax
;
you
must
put
all
these
Ingredients
in
a
glazed
Vessel
,
and
melt
them
upon
a
small
fire
,
then
mix
and
mingle
them
well
together
.
Compositions
for
Charging
the
Fuses
of
the
Hand
Granadoes
.
-
Powder
1l
.
Salt-Peter
1l
.
Sulphur
1l
.
-
Powder
3l
.
Salt-Peter
2l
.
Sulphur
1l
.
-
Powder
4l
.
Salt-Peter
3l
.
Sulphur
2l
.
-
Powder
4l
.
Salt-Peter
3l
.
Sulphur
1l
.
Another
sort
of
Granadoes
.
I
shall
here
represent
you
with
a
Hand
Granado
,
which
may
be
hid
at
the
entring
of
a
passage
,
or
any
such
place
where
we
suppose
the
Enemy
must
come
:
This
Granado
hath
two
holes
opposite
,
passing
just
cross
the
Diameter
,
in
which
must
be
fastned
a
Fuse
of
Wood
or
Metal
with
holes
in
several
places
,
and
all
about
it
within
let
there
be
beaten
Powder
,
and
through
it
you
must
pass
a
common
match
.
lighted
at
one
end
,
and
at
top
let
there
be
a
third
hole
,
by
which
it
must
be
charged
with
a
good
grain'd
Powder
,
which
must
be
close
stopt
again
with
a
Tampion
,
and
then
is
your
Granado
prepared
.
I
suppose
it
not
necessary
to
say
much
of
the
use
of
this
Granado
,
and
since
it
is
so
easie
to
be
understood
by
what
we
have
said
,
and
that
the
occasion
you
will
have
of
such
things
will
forge
your
Inventions
enough
to
put
them
in
practice
.
CHAP.
X.
How
and
where
a
man
ought
to
heave
Hand-Granadoes
.
ACcording
to
the
definition
which
we
have
given
of
them
,
it
is
most
evident
,
and
I
suppose
no
body
will
doubt
,
that
they
are
to
be
taken
in
the
hand
,
and
that
we
must
grasp
them
to
throw
them
at
the
Enemy
.
It
is
said
before
that
this
kind
of
Arms
is
as
well
defensive
as
offensive
;
therefore
we
shall
not
rest
upon
the
proof
of
these
things
;
those
that
have
been
at
the
managing
of
them
must
instruct
them
that
are
ignorant
.
We
shall
say
only
this
,
that
the
Places
where
these
Hand
Granadoes
are
used
at
Sea
,
are
where
Ships
are
Board
and
Board
to
clear
the
Enemies
Decks
,
so
that
the
way
may
be
cleared
there
.
Upon
Land
Service
they
are
used
immediately
after
the
good
and
happy
success
of
a
Mine
which
hath
made
a
great
overture
in
a
Rampire
,
overthrowing
one
part
of
the
Wall
,
Bulwark
,
or
Bastion
,
to
give
place
to
the
Assailants
,
to
do
their
endeavour
to
get
into
the
breach
;
it
is
there
that
the
Besieged
as
well
as
Besiegers
may
make
use
of
these
Hand
Granadoes
;
't
is
there
where
you
shall
see
the
more
generous
of
both
sides
armed
with
Fire
and
Flames
,
defending
valiantly
the
quarrel
of
their
Prince
,
the
interest
of
their
Party
,
〈◊〉
Liberties
and
their
Lives
.
They
are
imployed
also
upon
other
occasions
,
to
wit
,
when
the
Besiegers
are
come
up
to
the
Walls
of
the
Rampire
,
and
so
well
placed
,
that
making
winding
Stairs
in
the
thickness
of
the
Platform
,
they
mount
insensibly
by
retact
;
so
that
the
Besieged
cannot
any
way
hinder
by
the
defence
of
their
Flanks
,
nor
be
kept
safe
by
the
Rampires
themselves
.
Upon
these
occasions
I
say
,
the
Besieged
ought
to
pour
down
a
a
quantity
of
Hand
Granadoes
from
aloft
,
or
from
the
top
of
the
Walls
,
upon
their
under-miners
.
And
sometimes
they
are
also
thrown
at
a
distance
greater
than
ordinary
,
according
to
the
occasion
;
but
when
this
cannot
be
done
by
the
natural
strength
of
a
Soldier
,
without
the
aid
of
some
artificial
Instrument
,
the
Masters
in
this
Art
have
invented
certain
small
Engines
,
made
like
unto
one
of
our
Ducking-Stools
,
with
a
Rope
at
one
end
to
pluck
it
down
by
force
,
and
at
the
other
end
a
hollow
place
to
lay
the
Balls
in
that
are
to
be
thrown
,
and
with
this
Engine
well
contrived
,
one
may
throw
upon
the
Enemy
,
not
only
Hand
Granadoes
;
but
also
a
quantity
of
other
Artificial
Military
Fires
,
as
glistring
or
shining
Globes
,
Bombards
,
Fire-pots
,
and
many
other
such
like
things
,
of
which
we
shall
speak
in
their
place
,
may
be
thrown
at
a
greater
distance
than
is
possible
by
the
hand
only
.
This
Instrument
is
not
very
difficult
to
make
,
it
may
easily
be
comprehended
by
what
we
have
said
.
I
shall
only
advertise
you
of
one
thing
,
that
the
longer
the
arm
of
the
Engine
is
on
that
side
that
is
to
hold
the
Granadoes
,
more
than
the
other
part
to
which
the
Rope
is
fastned
,
the
greater
force
the
Engine
will
have
;
but
you
must
understand
this
measure
to
be
made
from
Axes
or
Iron
Rolls
,
upon
which
the
Arm
moves
.
CHAP.
XI
.
Of
glistring
or
bright
shining
Fire-balls
.
DIssolve
upon
the
fire
in
a
Brass
or
Earthen
Vessel
an
equal
portion
of
Sulphur
,
black
Pitch
,
Rozin
,
and
Turpentine
;
then
take
a
Ball
of
Stone
or
Iron
,
that
the
Diameter
be
far
less
than
the
Diameter
of
a
Cannon
,
or
Morter
Piece
,
for
which
you
intend
this
Globe
;
plunge
this
Shot
in
this
melted
matter
until
it
be
all
over
cover'd
with
the
matter
about
its
exterior
part
,
draw
it
from
thence
,
and
role
it
gently
in
Corn
Powder
,
that
done
,
cover
it
all
over
with
a
Cotton
Cloath
;
then
plunge
it
again
in
your
Composition
,
and
reiterate
the
rolling
it
in
Powder
,
as
before
,
then
cover
it
a
second
time
with
another
Cotton
Cloath
;
and
thus
continue
dipping
your
Bullet
,
and
wrapping
it
about
with
Cloath
,
until
your
Shot
has
acquired
a
just
bigness
,
exactly
to
fill
the
Orifice
of
the
Engine
,
remembring
that
the
last
Coat
of
the
Shot
must
be
of
Corn'd
Powder
:
Being
then
thus
prepared
,
it
must
be
put
into
the
Cannon
or
Morter
Piece
naked
,
without
any
other
thing
compassing
it
,
immediately
upon
the
Powder
in
the
Chamber
,
which
must
make
the
Bullet
come
forth
;
Then
give
fire
freely
to
your
Piece
,
to
throw
the
shot
where
you
intend
it
.
CHAP.
XII
.
Of
Balls
which
Cast
forth
so
great
a
smoak
,
that
they
blind
whomsoever
they
come
near
.
IT
is
accustomed
to
do
great
execution
by
favour
of
the
night
,
in
occurrences
of
War
,
as
well
as
in
many
other
occasions
:
I
mean
not
here
to
speak
of
the
darkness
of
the
night
,
for
that
is
naturally
effected
by
the
first
Causer
of
all
things
,
from
the
order
that
he
hath
established
amongst
the
Beings
;
but
I
intend
only
here
to
treat
of
the
darkness
that
is
made
Artificially
,
and
particularly
such
as
may
be
produced
and
made
to
last
a
little
time
in
a
close
or
narrow
place
,
according
to
the
Rules
of
our
Art
,
to
be
made
for
the
blinding
of
the
Enemy
,
which
would
force
into
our
beings
,
and
would
attaque
us
by
main
strength
,
in
a
design
to
take
away
our
Lives
,
Honour
,
and
Goods
;
or
when
we
have
a
design
to
facilitate
the
passage
for
the
Assailants
,
in
confounding
or
oppressing
the
Besieged
in
their
Forts
,
with
a
cloudy
and
thick
fume
,
in
such
a
sort
that
one
may
take
them
as
amazed
Fish
in
troubled
waters
.
For
this
purpose
are
Globes
prepared
,
which
whil'st
they
are
on
fire
,
produce
a
smoak
so
vehement
and
unpleasant
,
and
in
so
great
aboundance
,
that
't
is
impossible
to
withstand
the
incommodity
without
bursting
asunder
;
see
here
the
Method
.
Take
Ship
Pitch
in
the
Stone
4
l.
Liquid
Pitch
2
l.
Colophonia
6
l.
Sulphur
8
l.
Salt-Peter
36
l.
melt
all
these
Drugs
upon
burning
Coals
in
any
vessel
whatsoever
,
adding
after
10
l.
of
Coal
of
Sawdust
made
of
the
Pine
or
Firr-Tree
6
l.
Crude
Antimony
2
l.
incorporate
and
mix
them
very
well
together
;
then
put
into
this
melted
ma●ter
Tow
,
Hemp
,
and
Linnen
Cloaths
a
great
quantity
,
and
boyl
them
well
in
this
Composition
,
and
when
they
have
drank
up
all
the
matter
,
then
form
them
into
Balls
of
such
a
big●●ss
as
you
please
,
so
that
it
may
be
cast
with
the
hand
,
or
with
the
Engine
mentioned
in
●he
last
Chapter
,
according
as
you
shall
find
most
convenient
.
And
this
is
out
true
way
to
make
Night
at
Noon-day
,
to
obscure
the
Sun
it self
,
and
to
blind
the
Eyes
of
the
Enemies
for
some
time
.
And
this
is
the
most
lawful
way
that
one
may
follow
,
because
it
shews
its
original
from
natural
things
,
and
we
may
believe
th●●
it
is
alwayes
sufficient
justice
,
so
that
the
Wars
where
such
things
are
practised
,
be
●ot
unjustly
enterprized
.
CHAP.
XIII
.
Stink
Balls
.
STinking
Globes
are
made
to
annoy
the
Enemy
by
their
stinking
vapours
and
fumes
disagreeable
to
Nature
;
nay
so
unsufferable
to
the
Nose
,
and
to
the
Brain
it self
,
by
its
most
violent
stink
,
that
by
no
means
it
can
be
endured
.
The
preparation
is
as
followeth
,
Take
of
Powder
10
l.
of
Ship
Pitch
6
l.
of
Tar
20
l.
Salt-Peter
8
l.
Sulphur
Colophonia
4
l.
make
all
these
Ingredients
melt
at
the
fire
by
a
small
heat
,
in
an
Earthen
or
Copper
vessel
,
and
all
being
well
melted
,
throw
into
the
melted
matters
2
l.
of
Coal
dust
,
of
the
cuttings
or
filings
of
Horses
Hoofs
6
l.
Assafoetida
3
l.
Sagapenum
1
l.
Spatula
foetida
half
a
pound
:
Mingle
and
incorporate
them
well
together
;
then
put
into
this
matter
Linnen
or
Woolen
Cloath
,
or
Hemp
or
Tow
,
so
much
as
will
drink
up
all
the
matter
,
and
of
these
you
may
make
Globes
or
Balls
of
what
bigness
pleaseth
your self
best
,
according
to
the
method
and
order
as
we
have
heretofore
prescribed
.
The
Globes
or
Balls
may
be
made
Venomous
or
Poysonous
,
if
to
their
Composition
be
added
these
things
following
,
viz.
Mercury
sublimate
,
Arsenick
,
Orpiment
,
Cinaber
,
to
which
may
also
be
added
many
other
Poysonous
matters
,
which
I
shall
forbear
to
mention
,
considering
every
one
by
Nature
is
apt
enough
to
learn
to
do
that
which
is
mischievous
.
CHAP.
XIV
.
Of
the
Shooting
of
Shot
made
red
hot
in
the
Fire
.
IT
is
practice
that
hath
been
practised
in
former
times
to
shoot
red
hot
Fire-balls
,
and
was
counted
of
great
defence
,
as
you
may
find
amongst
many
other
things
in
the
Works
of
Diodorus
Siculus
,
where
he
sayes
,
Tyrios
immisse
in
Alexandri
Magni
machinamenta
massas
ferreas
candentes
:
Out
of
many
Authors
may
be
proved
the
customary
use
in
former
times
of
Shooting
red
hot
Pieces
of
Iron
.
,
which
we
shall
not
dwell
upon
,
but
come
to
the
Practice
.
First
,
you
must
Charge
the
Piece
of
Ordnance
according
to
the
customary
manner
,
his
due
proportion
of
Powder
,
upon
this
Powder
you
must
put
a
Wooden
Cylender
or
Fidd
,
of
a
just
and
equal
wideness
with
the
bore
of
the
Piece
,
which
must
be
driven
very
stiff
home
to
the
Powder
,
and
for
your
better
security
,
you
must
put
upon
this
another
wad
made
of
Straw
,
Hay
,
or
of
Oakam
,
or
Tow
;
this
being
done
,
let
the
Piece
be
laid
a
little
under
Metal
,
and
then
cleanse
the
vacant
place
or
hollow
of
the
Piece
with
a
Spunge
,
so
that
all
the
Grains
of
Powder
that
are
there
,
may
be
taken
away
.
This
being
done
,
lay
your
Piece
to
bear
with
the
place
you
intend
to
shoot
at
,
according
to
the
method
we
have
given
in
the
second
Part
of
Gunnery
,
and
let
your
Piece
thus
remain
until
you
have
put
in
your
red
hot
Bullet
:
your
Bullet
must
be
sure
to
be
exactly
round
,
and
not
so
high
,
but
that
it
may
run
freely
down
in
the
Piece
to
the
wad
,
the
Shot
being
red
hot
,
take
it
out
of
the
fire
with
a
pair
of
Tongs
made
for
that
purpose
,
and
put
it
into
the
Piece
,
and
give
an
attentive
Ear
,
for
as
soon
as
the
Shot
is
supposed
to
be
up
to
the
Wad
,
give
immediately
Fire
to
your
Piece
of
Ordnance
.
There
are
others
which
put
into
their
Pieces
Boxes
made
of
Plate
,
of
Iron
or
Copper
.
Others
do
put
into
their
Pieces
Potters
Clay
,
and
upon
them
the
fiery
Bullet
,
which
with
a
quick
hand
they
thrust
home
with
a
Rammer
,
which
ought
to
be
defended
from
fire
by
lining
the
Rammer
head
with
Copper
.
But
these
are
more
perillous
;
and
therefore
we
account
that
method
above
to
be
the
best
,
and
most
free
from
danger
.
CHAP.
XV.
To
Arm
Pikes
to
defend
a
Ship
or
any
other
place
.
TO
arm
Pikes
,
to
defend
a
ship
,
or
breach
,
or
to
enter
the
same
,
or
to
stick
in
the
sides
of
a
ship
,
or
other
place
,
take
strong
Canvas
,
and
cut
it
in
length
about
a
foot
,
or
14
inches
,
and
six
inches
high
in
the
Center
,
and
let
the
ends
be
both
cut
taper-wise
,
then
fasten
the
Canvas
at
both
ends
with
strong
twine
,
and
fill
it
with
this
receipt
.
Powder
bruised
8
parts
,
Peter
in
Roch
1
part
,
Peter
in
meal
1
part
,
Sulphur
in
meal
two
parts
,
Rozen
Roch
three
parts
,
Turpentine
1
part
,
Verdigrease
½
part
,
Bole-armonick
●/3
part
,
Bay
salt
●/●
part
,
Colophonia
●/6
part
,
Arsnick
1/8
part
,
mix
them
very
well
together
,
and
try
them
in
the
top
of
a
Brass
Candlestick
,
when
the
fire
doth
burn
furiously
with
a
blew
and
greenish
colour
,
then
fill
the
Canvas
,
and
roul
it
over
,
being
first
armed
with
strong
twine
all
over
,
with
this
liquid
mixture
molten
in
a
pan
,
Pitch
four
parts
,
Linseed
Oyl
1
part
,
Turpentine
⅔
part
,
Sulphur
1
part
,
Tarr
●/●
part
,
Tallow
one
part
;
and
as
soon
as
this
is
cold
,
bore
two
holes
in
each
of
the
same
next
the
Iron
an
inch
deep
,
with
a
sharp
Iron
Bodkin
,
filling
the
same
with
fine
bruised
powder
,
and
putting
in
every
hole
a
little
stick
of
two
inches
long
,
which
are
to
be
taken
out
when
you
would
fire
the
same
;
this
composition
will
burn
furiously
.
And
remember
you
cut
off
the
staff
some
three
inches
from
the
work
,
and
put
thereon
a
brass
socket
of
f●e
or
six
inches
long
,
and
then
cut
the
end
of
your
staff
to
fill
the
socket
,
for
when
you
fire
your
work
,
you
may
stick
it
in
the
side
of
a
ship
,
and
pull
the
staff
out
again
,
so
will
not
the
work
be
so
easily
avoided
,
as
when
the
staff
was
on
,
and
hangs
at
length
,
because
the
very
weight
of
the
staff
,
and
length
thereof
,
will
be
a
means
to
weigh
down
the
work
,
or
that
the
enemie
may
come
,
and
thereby
pull
it
out
,
or
beat
it
off
quickly
;
let
the
Composition
and
work
contain
in
weight
about
7
pounds
,
then
will
it
do
execution
,
and
work
a
better
effect
,
than
if
it
were
of
less
weight
,
by
much
,
by
reason
the
composition
else
would
be
wasted
,
before
it
comes
to
effect
its
E●●cution
.
To
burn
the
sayls
of
Ships
a
pre●●y
distance
or
to
fire
Thatch'd
houses
,
Corn-stacks
,
or
any
other
combustible
matter
apt
to
burn
,
when
you
cannot
come
to
the
same
;
it
is
good
to
have
certain
strong
Cross-bows
to
bend
with
Racks
or
Gaffels
,
and
so
shoot
Arrows
armed
at
the
heads
with
Wild-Fire
,
made
of
the
composition
as
above
,
and
about
three
inches
in
length
,
and
one
inch
and
a
half
in
the
Diameter
,
tapred
as
afore
in
all
points
:
or
you
may
have
long
bows
,
but
then
let
your
Arrows
be
also
longer
,
which
for
divers
services
may
do
great
good
.
CHAP.
XVI
.
To
charge
Trunks
with
Balls
of
Wild-fire
.
TO
charge
Trunks
to
shoot
little
Balls
of
wild-fire
,
either
to
offend
or
defend
,
you
must
first
charge
him
with
two
inches
of
good
Powder
,
and
then
with
a
Ball
of
wild-fire
a
little
lower
than
the
concave
of
the
Trunk
,
let
the
Ball
be
bored
through
cross-ways
,
and
primed
full
of
fine
powder
.
Lastly
,
with
slow
receipt
,
then
with
powder
,
then
with
a
Ball
again
as
aforesaid
,
until
you
have
filled
the
same
within
¼
of
an
inch
of
the
mouth
,
which
would
be
filled
up
with
fine
powder
and
receipt
mixed
together
.
Some
do
use
to
have
at
the
mouth
two
Iron
stirts
to
stick
them
in
the
side
of
any
thing
,
or
to
defend
ones
self
from
the
Enemy
from
taking
it
off
with
a
thrust
while
they
do
Execution
.
To
make
the
Ball.
The
Ball
of
Wild-fire
must
be
thus
made
,
Take
untwisted
Match
,
Tow
,
and
Hemp
,
the
which
be
moistned
in
Aqua-vitae
,
or
boyled
in
Salt-Peter
water
:
then
take
of
bruised
Powder
six
parts
,
of
Salt-Peter
one
part
,
of
Brimstone
finely
beaten
one
part
,
of
coal
made
of
light
wood
moistned
with
a
little
Linseed-oyl
and
Turpentine
wrought
together
,
one
part
:
then
lay
the
Tow
or
Oakam
,
abroad
in
thickness
of
the
back
of
a
knife
,
and
as
broad
as
a
great
Oyster-shel
,
put
into
the
same
as
much
as
you
can
grasp
together
in
your
fist
,
and
tying
the
same
hard
with
a
pack-thread
,
coat
it
over
with
molten
Brimstone
,
and
when
you
would
use
the
same
,
bore
it
through
with
a
Bodkin
,
and
fill
the
holes
full
of
fine
powder
bruised
.
To
make
Bullets
of
Wild-fire
to
shoot
out
of
a
Trunk
,
which
will
be
as
hard
as
a
Stone
.
Take
Sulphur
in
meal
six
parts
,
of
Rozen
in
meal
six
parts
,
melting
the
same
in
some
Pot
over
a
slow
fire
:
then
take
stone
pitch
one
part
,
of
hard
wax
one
part
,
of
Tarr
¼
part
,
of
Aquavitae
½
part
,
of
Linseed
Oyl
½
part
,
of
Verdigrease
¼
part
,
of
Camphire
⅛
part
,
melting
all
these
together
.
Likewise
stir
into
the
same
of
Peter
in
meal
two
parts
,
and
taking
it
from
the
fire
,
put
therein
four
parts
of
bruised
powder
,
working
the
same
well
together
in
your
hands
,
and
roul
it
round
of
the
bigness
you
mean
to
make
your
balls
of
,
boring
two
holes
through
the
same
cross-ways
,
which
must
be
primed
with
bruised
powder
.
These
balls
being
cold
,
will
grow
very
hard
,
and
fired
will
burn
furiously
.
To
make
Hedg-hogs
.
To
make
Hedg-hogs
,
or
balls
,
you
must
fill
them
with
the
same
receipts
you
do
your
Arrows
,
and
Pikes
,
and
let
them
be
five
inches
in
the
Diameter
,
and
well
armed
with
twine
before
you
coat
them
,
and
after
boared
two
holes
,
and
primed
with
fine
powder
:
then
put
in
two
sticks
,
and
using
them
,
pull
them
out
again
,
and
at
the
said
holes
fire
them
.
The
spikes
end
of
Iron
must
be
like
Deaths
Arrow
heads
,
five
or
six
stirts
a
piece
to
hang
in
the
sayls
,
or
stick
in
or
upon
any
place
assigned
;
and
remember
in
the
arming
,
to
leave
a
noose
to
throw
him
being
fired
,
out
of
your
hand
.
To
make
Powder-pots
.
They
are
made
of
black
Potters
clay
,
or
thick
glass
,
round
Bottles
with
ears
to
tye
matches
,
lighted
at
both
ends
,
the
pots
or
glasses
are
to
be
filled
with
dry
fine
powder
,
and
thrown
upon
the
decks
,
or
other
where
,
which
will
much
prejudice
the
Enemy
,
and
many
times
fire
their
own
Powder-chests
.
ARTIFICIAL
FIRE-WORKS
FOR
RECREATION
.
AMongst
all
Artificial
fires
that
have
been
put
in
practice
many
years
,
the
Fuzees
(
which
the
Latins
call
Rochetae
,
and
the
Greeks
Pyroboli
)
have
always
had
the
first
Rank
;
(
nevertheless
this
Greek
word
doth
not
well
agree
with
the
Etymologie
of
the
word
Rochetae
)
seeing
that
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
signifies
properly
Tela
ignita
,
that
is
,
burning
darts
or
Arrows
,
the
Italians
call
them
Rochetae
and
Raggi
,
the
Germans
Steigen
de
Kasten
,
Ragetten
,
and
Drachetten
,
the
Poles
Race
,
the
French
Fuzees
,
the
English
Rockets
,
or
Serpents
.
If
we
consider
the
invention
of
them
,
it
hath
been
of
so
ancient
standing
,
that
the
construction
is
now
very
common
and
familiar
amongst
all
the
Pyrobolists
and
Fire-masters
;
the
which
,
although
it
appears
very
easie
in
it self
,
yet
there
is
in
it
labour
,
and
requires
that
he
that
applyes
himself
to
this
work
should
not
be
careless
,
but
on
the
contrary
take
all
the
care
and
diligence
that
possibly
he
can
have
for
the
preparing
of
such
perilous
things
,
considering
likewise
the
expences
and
losses
are
irreparable
after
the
experiment
made
;
and
seeing
that
nothing
can
be
put
in
practice
in
publick
Recreations
without
these
Fuzees
,
therefore
I
think
I
am
something
obliged
here
to
shew
the
true
way
of
preparing
them
,
with
their
particular
use
.
CHAP.
I.
How
to
make
Rockets
.
I
Intend
not
here
to
write
the
Construction
of
Moulds
fit
for
this
purpose
,
but
rather
leave
the
more
curious
Students
herein
to
the
works
of
Casimier
Siemienowicz
,
Lieutenant
General
of
the
Artillery
in
the
Kingdome
of
Polonia
,
in
his
great
Art
of
Artillery
written
in
the
French
Tongue
and
Printed
at
Amsterdam
,
and
also
in
our
Countrey-men
Mr.
Bate
and
Mr.
Babington
&c.
That
which
I
intend
to
do
,
is
to
teach
you
how
they
may
be
made
by
hand
,
or
by
help
only
of
a
Rouler
to
Roul
the
Paper
upon
;
let
it
be
turned
to
the
thickness
you
intend
,
only
let
the
Rouler
be
8
times
the
Diameter
in
length
.
If
it
be
three
quarters
of
an
inch
in
thickness
,
the
length
will
be
three
inches
.
Roul
your
Paper
hard
on
the
Rouler
until
the
thickness
be
one
inch
and
a
quarter
Rouler
and
all
;
then
glue
the
uppermost
paper
,
and
the
Case
is
made
.
On
the
choaking
or
contracting
the
paper
together
at
one
end
,
within
one
Diameter
of
the
end
,
except
only
a
little
hole
,
about
one
quarter
the
Diameter
of
the
bore
thereof
,
to
contract
these
Cases
on
this
manner
,
do
thus
,
wet
the
end
about
one
inch
in
water
,
then
put
the
Rouler
in
again
,
and
tye
a
great
packthread
about
the
wet
within
three
quarters
of
an
inch
of
the
end
,
put
another
thing
almost
of
the
same
Diameter
with
the
Rouler
in
at
the
wet
end
about
half
an
inch
,
hold
it
there
,
get
some
other
body
to
draw
the
packthread
together
,
you
holding
the
Rouler
and
Rammer
,
one
put
down
to
the
end
within
one
inch
,
and
the
Rammer
which
must
be
little
less
than
the
Diameter
to
meet
with
that
end
within
half
an
inch
,
in
which
the
contract
or
choaking
must
be
;
the
packthread
having
drawn
it
together
,
tye
it
fast
on
that
place
,
take
out
the
Former
,
let
it
dry
,
and
it
is
done
;
when
the
hole
is
contracted
together
,
make
it
so
wide
as
is
before
taught
,
with
a
round
bodkin
,
which
you
must
provide
for
that
purpose
.
CHAP.
II.
How
to
make
Compositions
for
Rockets
of
any
size
.
THese
ways
which
I
will
teach
you
I
take
them
not
upon
trust
out
of
every
Author
,
but
such
as
are
men
of
known
experience
,
as
that
Casimier
before
spoken
of
,
and
others
of
the
like
repute
.
And
first
,
for
Rockets
of
1
ounce
,
you
must
use
only
Cannon-powder
dust
being
beaten
in
a
Morter
,
and
finely
sifted
,
and
this
will
rise
swift
,
and
will
make
a
great
noise
,
but
carries
no
tayl
:
Those
of
most
beauty
in
their
operation
are
made
of
1
ounce
of
Charcoal-dust
,
eight
ounces
of
Powder
,
this
Composition
will
hold
for
Rockets
of
one
,
two
,
or
three
ounces
;
but
for
those
of
four
,
take
three
ounces
of
Charcoal-dust
,
to
one
pound
of
Cannon-powder
dust
,
continuing
that
Rule
until
you
come
to
Rockets
of
ten
ounces
,
and
from
thence
to
Rockets
of
a
pound
;
for
there
used
to
be
one
pound
of
Powder-dust
to
4
ounces
of
Charcoal-dust
.
But
for
better
satisfaction
observe
these
Rules
.
-
For
Rockets
of
one
pound
.
Take
Powder
18
l.
Salt-Peter
8
l.
Charcoal
4
l.
Sulphur
2
l
,
-
For
Rockets
of
two
or
three
pound
.
Take
of
Salt-Peter
60
l.
Coal
15
l.
Sulphur
2
l.
-
For
Rockets
of
four
or
five
pound
.
Take
of
Salt-Peter
64
l.
Coal
16
l.
Sulphur
8
l.
-
For
Rockets
of
six
seven
or
eight
pound
.
Salt-Peter
35
l.
Coal
10
l.
Sulphur
5
l.
-
For
Rockets
of
nine
or
ten
pound
.
Salt-Peter
62
l.
Coal
20
l.
Sulphur
9
l.
-
For
Rockets
from
eleven
to
fifteen
pound
.
Salt-Peter
32
l.
Sulphur
8
l.
Coal
16
l.
-
For
Rockets
from
sixteen
to
twenty
pound
.
Salt-Peter
42
l.
Coal
26
l.
Sulphur
12
l.
-
For
Rockets
from
thirty
to
fifty
pound
.
Salt-Peter
30
l.
Coal
18
l.
Sulphur
7
l.
-
For
Rockets
from
sixty
to
a
hundred
pound
.
Take
Peter
30
l.
Sulphur
10
l.
Coal
10
l.
CHAP.
III.
To
fill
the
Rockets
with
this
Composition
.
PLace
the
mouth
downwards
where
it
was
choaked
,
and
with
a
knife
put
in
so
much
as
you
can
of
the
receits
provided
for
that
size
at
one
time
;
then
put
down
your
Rammer
,
which
must
be
longer
and
narrower
than
the
Former
or
Rouler
upon
which
you
made
the
Cases
,
and
with
a
hammer
of
a
pound
weight
,
give
three
or
four
indifferent
knocks
,
then
put
in
more
composition
with
your
knife
,
until
it
be
full
,
at
every
time
knocking
the
like
as
before
with
the
Rammer
,
until
the
composition
come
within
one
diameter
of
the
bore
of
the
top
,
there
put
down
a
peece
of
pastboard
,
and
knock
it
in
hard
,
prick
three
or
four
little
holes
therein
,
then
put
fine
pistol
powder
in
almost
to
the
top
,
and
upon
that
another
cap
of
paper
,
upon
which
put
a
peece
of
leather
,
that
it
may
be
tyed
on
the
top
of
the
Rocket
,
and
fast
glued
on
,
then
get
a
streight
twig
,
and
bind
it
upon
the
Rocket
with
strong
packthred
;
it
must
be
no
heavier
,
than
being
put
upon
your
finger
,
two
or
three
fingers
breadths
from
the
mouth
of
the
same
,
it
may
just
ballast
the
Rocket
;
then
it
is
prepared
for
use
.
CHAP.
IV.
How
to
give
fire
to
one
or
more
Rockets
.
SEt
your
Rockets
mouth
upon
the
edge
of
any
peece
of
timber
,
battlement
of
a
wall
,
top
of
the
Gunners
carriage
wheel
,
or
any
dry
place
whatsoever
,
where
the
rod
or
twig
may
hang
perpendlcular
from
it
,
then
lay
a
train
of
powder
that
may
come
under
the
mouth
thereof
,
give
fire
thereunto
,
and
you
have
done
.
But
if
you
would
fire
more
Rockets
than
one
,
that
as
one
descendeth
,
the
other
may
ascend
by
degrees
,
make
this
composition
following
of
Roch
peter
8
ounces
,
Quick
Brimstone
4
ounces
,
and
fine
Powder
dust
2
ounces
,
which
lay
in
a
line
from
one
Rocket
to
another
,
they
being
placed
ten
inches
or
a
foot
one
from
another
,
give
fire
to
this
composition
,
and
it
will
work
your
desire
,
by
causing
one
to
mount
into
the
air
when
the
other
is
spent
;
but
before
you
place
your
Rockets
,
remember
to
prick
them
with
the
bodkin
.
CHAP.
V.
Divers
and
sundry
Compositions
for
Stars
.
A
Composition
for
Stars
of
a
blew
colour
mixed
with
red
.
TAke
of
Powder
mealed
8
ounces
,
Salt-Peter
4
ounces
,
Quick
Brimstone
12
ounces
,
Meal
all
these
very
fine
,
and
mix
them
together
with
two
ounces
of
Aqua-vitae
,
and
half
an
ounce
of
Oyl
of
Spike
,
which
let
be
very
dry
before
you
use
it
.
Another
Composition
which
maketh
a
white
and
beautiful
fire
.
Take
Powder
8
ounces
,
Salt-Peter
24
ounces
,
Quick
Brimstone
12
ounces
,
Camphire
1
ounce
,
Meal
these
Ingredients
and
incorporate
them
:
Now
to
meal
your
Camphire
,
take
a
brass
pestle
and
morter
,
wet
the
end
of
the
pestle
in
a
little
of
the
Oyl
of
Almonds
,
and
it
will
meal
to
powder
,
then
keep
it
close
from
the
air
,
else
it
will
become
of
no
use
,
Another
white
fire
which
lasteth
long
.
Take
Powder
4
ounces
,
Salt-Peter
16
ounces
,
Brimstone
8
ounces
,
Camphire
1
ounce
,
Oyl
of
Peter
2
ounces
,
Meal
those
that
are
to
be
mealed
,
and
mix
them
according
to
the
former
directions
.
CHAP.
VI.
The
manner
of
making
Stars
;
and
to
use
them
.
TAke
little
four
square
peeces
of
brown
paper
,
which
fill
with
the
composition
you
approve
of
best
,
of
the
three
last
taught
:
so
double
it
down
,
rouling
it
until
you
make
it
round
,
about
the
bigness
of
a
nut
,
or
bigger
,
according
to
the
size
of
your
Rocket
,
that
you
intend
them
for
,
prime
them
,
withdrawing
thorow
them
Cotton-week
,
and
they
are
prepared
.
You
may
also
make
them
after
this
manner
,
you
must
have
a
rouler
which
must
be
as
big
as
an
ordinary
arrow
,
which
shall
be
to
roul
a
length
of
paper
about
it
,
and
with
a
little
glue
past
it
round
;
when
it
is
dry
draw
out
the
rouler
,
and
fill
it
by
little
and
little
,
with
a
thimble
;
still
thrusting
it
down
,
every
filling
of
a
thimble
,
with
the
rouler
;
which
being
filled
,
cut
it
in
short
pieces
,
about
half
an
inch
long
;
then
having
in
readiness
either
hot
glue
,
or
size
,
mingled
with
red
lead
,
dip
therein
one
end
of
your
short
peeces
,
lest
they
take
fire
at
both
ends
together
,
and
because
that
it
may
not
so
easily
blow
out
:
these
being
thus
finished
,
set
them
to
dry
until
you
have
occasion
to
use
them
:
and
then
putting
the
open
end
in
powder
on
the
top
of
the
Rocket
,
in
that
place
after
the
first
pastboard
,
or
cover
,
is
placed
in
a
Rocket
;
next
the
composition
,
where
I
taught
you
before
to
put
powder
for
to
make
a
report
:
which
now
you
must
leave
out
to
place
in
these
Stars
;
after
this
manner
make
two
or
three
holes
in
that
pastboard
,
which
prime
with
powder-dust
:
and
thereupon
put
a
little
Pistol
powder
,
to
blow
the
Stars
out
when
the
Rocket
is
spent
:
after
the
powder
,
put
as
I
have
said
before
,
the
open
ends
of
these
Stars
,
down
upon
that
powder
:
when
you
have
put
them
so
close
as
they
can
stick
one
by
the
other
,
put
a
little
small
corned
powder
on
the
top
of
them
,
to
run
between
them
,
and
put
another
tyre
of
Stars
upon
that
,
and
in
like
manner
a
third
tyre
upon
them
,
till
you
come
to
the
top
of
the
Rocket-case
,
there
put
a
paper
over
the
head
of
it
,
and
tye
it
close
about
the
top
,
that
none
of
the
powder
come
from
under
or
between
the
Stars
.
How
to
prepare
the
Cotton-week
,
to
prime
the
first
sort
of
Stars
.
Take
Cotton-week
,
such
as
the
Chandlers
use
for
Candles
,
double
it
six
or
seven
times
double
;
and
wet
it
thoroughly
in
Salt-peter
water
,
or
Aqua-vitae
,
wherein
some
Camphire
hath
been
dissolved
,
or
for
want
of
either
in
fair
water
,
cut
it
in
divers
pieces
,
roul
it
in
mealed
powder
,
dry
it
in
the
Sun
,
and
it
is
done
.
CHAP.
VII
.
How
to
make
silver
and
golden
Rain
,
and
how
to
use
them
.
NOw
I
shew
you
the
order
of
making
golden
Rain
,
which
is
after
this
manner
;
you
must
provide
store
of
Goose-quills
,
which
being
provided
,
you
must
cut
them
off
so
long
as
they
are
hollow
,
the
composition
to
fill
these
must
be
made
thus
;
two
ounces
of
cole-dust
to
one
pound
of
powder
well
mixed
;
having
filled
many
of
these
quills
,
you
shall
place
them
in
the
same
place
as
I
taught
you
to
put
the
powder
and
Stars
,
first
putting
a
small
quanity
of
Pistol
powder
under
them
,
to
blow
them
out
when
the
Rocket
is
spent
:
upon
this
put
your
quills
,
as
many
as
will
fill
the
top
of
the
case
,
with
the
open
end
downwards
;
so
soon
as
the
Rocket
is
spent
,
you
shall
see
appear
a
golden
showre
,
which
by
some
is
called
golden
Rain
:
The
like
way
you
may
make
silver
Rain
,
filling
the
quills
with
the
Composition
for
white
Stars
.
CHAP.
VIII
.
How
to
make
Fisgigs
,
which
some
call
by
the
name
of
Serpents
,
and
to
use
them
.
YOu
must
provide
a
small
rouling
pin
,
about
one
quarter
of
an
inch
in
thickness
,
upon
which
roul
seven
or
eight
thicknesses
of
paper
:
fill
them
four
inches
with
powder
dust
,
sometimes
putting
between
the
filling
a
little
of
the
Composition
for
Rockets
of
10
ounces
:
and
at
the
end
of
four
inches
choak
him
;
fill
two
inches
more
with
Pistol
powder
;
then
choak
the
end
up
:
at
the
other
end
put
in
a
little
of
the
mixture
for
Stars
,
and
choak
between
that
and
the
composition
,
and
you
have
done
:
put
divers
of
these
with
the
Starry
end
downwards
,
upon
the
head
of
a
Rocket
,
as
you
did
the
quills
,
with
powder
to
blow
them
out
;
when
the
Rocket
is
spent
,
they
will
first
appear
like
so
many
Stars
;
when
the
Stars
are
spent
,
taking
hold
of
the
powder
dust
,
they
will
run
wrigling
to
and
fro
like
Serpents
;
and
when
that
Composition
is
spent
,
they
will
end
with
every
one
a
report
,
which
will
give
great
content
.
I
shall
have
occasion
to
speak
of
these
Fisgigs
in
other
Fire-works
.
CHAP.
IX
.
How
to
make
Girondels
,
or
(
as
some
call
them
)
Fire-Wheels
.
A
Fire-Wheel
is
often
required
in
great
Works
for
pleasure
,
and
therefore
I
have
thought
fit
and
necessary
,
to
set
down
their
description
,
as
well
as
of
all
other
sorts
of
Fire-works
;
First
,
you
must
make
a
Wheel
of
Wood
,
so
big
as
you
please
,
to
make
Girondels
,
and
unto
these
bind
Rockets
very
fast
of
a
mean
bigness
,
with
the
mouth
of
one
towards
the
tail
of
another
,
thus
continuing
until
you
have
filled
your
Wheel
quite
round
,
which
done
,
cover
them
with
paper
pasted
very
curiously
,
that
one
taking
fire
,
they
may
not
take
fire
all
together
;
and
daub
Sope
upon
them
quite
round
,
leaving
the
mouth
of
one
of
them
open
to
give
fire
thereto
;
for
the
first
Rocket
having
burned
,
will
give
fire
to
the
next
,
keeping
the
Wheel
in
continual
motion
,
until
they
be
all
spent
:
there
may
be
bound
fire
Lances
to
these
Girondels
,
either
upright
,
or
neer
,
overthwart
,
which
will
make
to
appear
diversity
of
fiery
Circles
;
Your
care
must
be
,
to
place
the
Girondels
at
a
convenient
distance
,
from
other
Fire-Works
,
lest
they
should
cause
confusion
,
and
spoil
all
your
Work
.
CHAP.
X.
How
to
represent
divers
sorts
of
Figures
in
the
Air
with
Rockets
.
I
Have
taught
you
to
make
a
report
upon
the
head
of
a
Rocket
,
and
also
to
place
golden
or
silver
Hair
or
Rain
,
or
Stars
,
or
Fisgigs
,
which
when
you
have
divers
Rockets
to
make
for
a
great
Fire-work
,
let
one
be
with
a
report
,
the
next
with
Stars
,
another
with
Gold
Hair
,
or
Rain
,
one
with
Silver
Hair
or
Rain
,
for
standing
just
under
the
Rocket
it
appeareth
like
Rain
,
but
being
aside
hand
,
like
Golden
or
Silver
Hair
:
and
upon
the
head
of
another
Rocket
place
the
Fisgigs
,
which
when
the
Rocket
is
spent
will
first
appear
like
so
many
Stars
,
after
they
are
ended
,
they
will
shew
like
Serpents
wrigling
to
and
fro
,
and
lastly
,
give
every
one
his
report
.
It
is
a
rare
thing
to
represent
a
Tree
or
Fountain
,
in
the
air
,
which
is
made
by
putting
many
little
Rockets
upon
one
great
one
,
passing
all
the
rods
of
the
little
ones
thorow
wires
,
made
on
purpose
upon
the
sides
of
the
great
one
,
or
some
other
way
,
as
your
industry
will
discover
;
now
if
the
little
ones
take
fire
while
the
great
one
is
mounting
up
,
they
will
represent
a
Tree
,
but
if
they
take
fire
as
the
great
one
is
descending
or
turning
down
again
towards
the
ground
,
then
they
will
be
like
a
fountain
of
fire
;
if
there
be
two
or
three
little
Rockets
amongst
others
,
that
have
no
rods
,
they
will
make
divers
motions
contrary
to
the
rest
,
very
pleasing
.
If
before
you
put
the
Fisgigs
upon
the
head
of
a
great
Rocket
,
you
with
a
small
string
tye
them
together
,
a
foot
of
line
between
;
when
they
are
on
fire
in
the
Air
you
will
see
very
great
variety
of
Figures
,
because
as
they
wriggle
to
and
fro
,
they
will
pull
one
another
after
them
,
to
the
speculators
great
content
:
it
will
be
pleasant
if
you
tye
them
not
altogether
,
but
three
or
four
,
which
will
in
the
firing
of
them
,
be
distinguished
from
the
rest
,
with
great
variety
.
CHAP.
XI
.
How
to
make
a
Rocket
,
which
firing
it
out
of
your
hand
,
shall
continually
be
in
agitation
,
either
on
the
earth
,
or
in
the
air
.
HAving
prepared
a
Rocket
with
a
report
in
the
head
,
such
as
I
taught
you
first
to
make
,
tye
it
to
a
bladder
,
so
that
the
end
of
the
Rocket
may
come
to
the
month
of
the
said
bladder
,
and
bind
it
over
very
strongly
,
then
firing
it
out
of
your
hand
,
cast
it
away
from
you
,
it
matters
not
which
way
,
so
it
will
come
to
the
ground
;
there
by
reason
of
the
bladder
,
it
cannot
stay
,
but
presently
rebounds
upwards
,
moving
to
and
fro
,
until
all
be
spent
:
there
is
another
sort
,
and
that
is
a
small
rocket
,
put
into
a
bladder
,
and
so
blown
up
round
about
it
,
and
tyed
about
the
neck
thereof
,
which
will
have
delightful
motions
.
CHAP.
XII
.
Of
the
many
defects
in
Fuzees
,
how
they
may
be
avoided
,
and
of
such
things
as
ought
to
be
observed
in
their
good
Construction
.
THe
first
and
most
notable
defect
which
is
observed
in
Fuzees
,
is
that
after
they
are
lighted
or
risen
into
the
Air
the
height
of
1
,
2
,
or
3
Perches
,
they
break
,
and
do
dissipate
without
making
their
entire
effects
.
The
second
,
which
is
little
better
,
is
after
it
is
remaining
suspended
upon
the
nail
it
consumes
but
very
leisurely
,
without
going
away
or
raising
it self
in
the
Air.
The
third
is
,
when
they
are
raised
in
the
Air
,
they
describe
only
an
Arch
of
a
Circle
like
a
Rainbow
,
and
return
upon
the
earth
again
before
the
Composition
in
the
Fuzee
be
consumed
.
The
fourth
is
when
it
moves
in
a
spiral
manner
,
whirling
in
the
Air
without
observing
an
equal
motion
;
that
is
not
right
as
it
ought
to
be
.
The
fifth
is
when
it
mounts
sloathfully
and
negligently
,
as
if
it
disdained
or
refused
to
elevate
it self
into
the
Air.
The
sixth
and
last
is
,
that
the
Case
or
Cartouch
remains
hanging
upon
the
Nail
quite
empty
,
and
the
Composition
doth
rise
and
dissipate
alone
into
the
Air.
There
is
many
other
vexations
and
inconveniencies
which
may
give
trouble
to
the
Practitioners
in
these
Arts
with
vain
expence
,
which
would
loose
too
much
time
to
repeat
:
It
will
be
sufficient
if
you
take
notice
of
these
which
are
principal
,
whereby
,
if
by
ill
fortune
you
be
faln
into
any
of
these
defaults
,
you
may
correct
your
error
easily
,
and
then
immediately
correct
those
faults
.
And
for
this
purpose
,
observe
the
rules
given
in
the
next
Chapter
.
CHAP.
XIII
.
Infallible
Rules
by
which
you
may
make
Fuzees
,
or
Rockets
,
without
any
default
.
FIrst
,
that
they
have
their
height
proportionable
to
the
Diameter
of
their
Orifice
,
as
we
have
before
declared
.
Secondly
,
the
Cartouch
ought
to
be
of
wood
,
or
glued
or
pasted
paper
,
not
too
thick
,
nor
too
thin
.
Thirdly
,
they
ought
to
be
made
of
strong
paper
of
indifferent
dryness
,
properly
rouled
and
well
compacted
close
upon
the
Former
.
Fourthly
,
the
necks
ought
to
be
bound
about
very
strongly
and
firm
,
in
such
a
sort
,
that
the
knot
of
the
thred
,
and
the
folds
of
the
Cartouch
,
may
not
lye
amiss
one
upon
the
other
.
Fifthly
,
all
the
Materials
of
the
Composition
must
be
exactly
weighed
according
to
the
proportion
of
the
Orifice
of
the
Fuzee
that
you
would
charge
,
and
also
well
beaten
and
sifted
particularly
;
after
,
having
weighed
them
again
,
and
mixed
them
in
one
body
well
together
,
you
must
pound
them
again
,
and
pass
them
through
the
Sieve
as
you
did
before
.
Sixthly
,
that
the
Salt-Peter
and
Sulphur
be
powdered
and
clarified
as
much
as
possible
may
be
,
and
the
Coal
perfectly
well
burned
and
exempted
from
all
humidity
,
and
made
of
wood
that
is
light
and
soft
,
as
the
Teile
,
the
Hazle
,
and
the
branches
of
the
Willow
Tree
;
and
on
the
contrary
,
't
is
necessary
to
have
a
care
,
that
you
make
not
use
of
such
Coals
as
are
made
of
Birch
,
Oak
,
nor
Maple
,
because
they
contain
in
them
much
weighty
and
terrestial
matter
.
Seventhly
,
matters
for
Rockets
or
Fuzees
ought
to
be
prepared
immediately
before
they
are
intended
for
use
,
and
not
before
.
Eighthly
,
the
matters
of
Composition
ought
to
be
neither
too
dry
nor
too
moist
,
but
moistned
a
little
with
some
Oliganious
matter
,
or
with
a
little
Brandywine
.
Ninthly
,
there
must
be
put
into
the
Cartouch
alwayes
an
equal
quantity
of
the
Composition
at
a
time
,
and
so
beat
it
down
alike
;
and
thus
do
until
it
be
filled
.
Tenthly
,
you
must
beat
the
Composition
alwayes
with
the
Rammer
right
up
,
or
perpendicularly
,
and
take
care
that
in
the
beating
it
be
not
made
crooked
.
Eleventhly
,
You
must
strike
down
the
Composition
with
a
wooden
Mallet
,
that
is
of
heft
proportionable
to
the
bigness
and
thickness
of
the
Rocket
,
and
alwayes
with
an
equal
strength
,
and
just
number
of
stroaks
,
every
time
you
put
in
any
of
the
Composition
.
Twelfthly
,
in
Cartouches
made
of
paper
,
you
must
put
in
round
peeces
of
wood
hollowed
;
but
in
those
that
are
made
of
wood
,
you
must
put
such
as
are
smooth
,
without
any
channel
or
hollowing
,
to
the
end
that
it
joyn
the
better
to
the
sides
of
the
Fuzee
,
where
it
must
joyn
firmly
,
as
well
without
as
within
.
13.
The
Fuzee
must
be
peirced
with
a
Bit
or
Awl
that
is
convenient
,
in
such
a
sort
that
the
hole
be
not
too
big
nor
too
straight
,
nor
too
long
nor
too
short
.
14.
The
hole
must
be
made
the
most
streight
and
perpendicular
that
may
be
possible
,
and
just
in
the
middle
of
the
Composition
,
to
the
end
that
it
lean
nor
to
any
one
side
,
more
than
to
the
other
.
15.
The
Fuzee
must
not
be
peirced
before
it
be
intended
for
use
,
and
after
it
is
pierced
you
must
handle
it
tenderly
,
only
with
the
ends
of
your
fingers
,
for
fear
of
deforming
it
.
16.
The
Pearch
or
Stick
to
which
you
fasten
the
Fuzee
,
ought
to
be
proportionable
as
well
in
length
as
weight
;
it
must
not
be
crooked
nor
winding
in
any
manner
,
neither
unequal
,
nor
full
of
knots
,
but
streight
as
possible
can
be
made
,
and
must
therefore
be
made
smooth
,
and
streightned
with
a
Plain
,
if
need
requires
.
17.
After
they
are
Charged
,
they
must
not
be
laid
into
too
dry
a
place
,
nor
in
a
place
too
moist
,
for
the
one
or
other
of
those
accidents
may
hurt
them
;
therefore
let
the
place
be
temperate
.
18.
When
you
would
use
them
and
put
them
into
action
,
hang
them
upon
a
nail
perpendicular
to
the
Horizon
.
19.
You
must
not
think
to
raise
a
bundle
of
a
great
weight
,
or
that
has
too
great
a
disproportion
to
their
strength
,
you
must
adjoyn
them
together
so
rightly
,
that
all
together
may
have
a
proper
form
,
and
reasonable
to
pass
into
the
Air
,
and
to
elevate
it self
on
high
without
any
difficulty
,
and
in
such
a
sort
,
that
those
bundles
may
not
by
any
means
give
hinderance
or
stoppage
to
their
rising
in
a
streight
line
;
and
take
care
most
exactly
that
the
Fuzee
be
not
so
big
,
but
that
they
may
retain
as
near
as
you
can
a
Pyramidal
or
Conical
form
,
when
all
its
weight
that
may
be
is
adjoyned
to
it
.
20.
Men
ought
to
shun
as
much
as
possible
those
nights
that
are
rainy
,
moist
,
and
when
the
Sky
is
darkned
with
black
clouds
,
as
being
very
incommodious
and
offensive
to
the
Fuzees
.
And
more
than
that
,
avoid
impetuous
Stormy
winds
,
and
the
Whirl-winds
hinder
no
less
than
the
first
.
21.
You
may
not
reject
above
other
causes
,
the
different
effects
which
are
produced
by
sundry
Fuzees
(
although
they
be
charged
with
one
and
the
same
Composition
)
no
otherwise
than
thus
,
that
they
were
not
made
with
an
equal
diligence
either
in
the
Charging
or
Peircing
,
or
in
the
other
Circumstances
,
which
you
were
obliged
to
observe
;
or
in
this
,
that
it
may
be
some
may
have
been
kept
in
a
more
moister
place
than
the
others
,
where
they
have
acquired
too
much
moisture
,
which
causeth
to
them
,
effects
much
different
one
from
another
,
as
well
in
Rising
as
in
Consuming
.
22.
If
you
would
make
appear
in
the
Air
streams
of
fire
,
or
a
quantity
of
burning
sparks
or
stars
,
or
long
large
rayes
to
dart
from
the
Fuzees
;
there
is
accustomed
to
mix
with
the
Composition
some
small
quantity
of
powdered
Glass
grosly
beaten
,
filings
of
Iron
,
Sawdust
.
One
may
also
represent
fire
of
divers
colours
,
as
we
have
shewed
before
in
the
fifth
Chapter
;
but
more
particularly
thus
;
if
you
put
a
certain
portion
of
Camphire
in
your
Composition
,
you
will
see
in
the
Air
a
certain
fire
which
will
appear
,
white
,
pale
,
and
of
the
colour
of
Milk
;
if
you
put
Greek
Pitch
,
which
is
a
light
yellow
Pitch
used
in
Plaisters
,
called
Pix
Burgundy
,
it
will
represent
unto
you
a
red
flame
,
and
of
the
colour
of
Brass
;
if
you
put
in
Sulphur
,
the
fire
will
appear
blew
;
if
Sal-Armoniack
,
the
fire
will
appear
Greenish
;
if
from
Crude
Antimony
,
the
flame
will
be
Red
,
Yellowish
,
and
of
the
Colour
of
Honey
;
if
the
filings
of
Ivory
be
added
,
they
will
render
a
Silver-like
,
White
and
shining
flame
,
yet
something
inclining
to
a
Livid
Plumbous
colour
;
if
the
powder
of
Yellow
Amber
be
added
,
the
fire
will
appear
of
the
same
colour
,
with
the
Citrine
;
lastly
,
if
black
Pitch
be
added
,
it
will
throw
forth
an
obscure
smoaky
fire
,
or
rather
a
smoak
that
is
black
and
thick
,
which
will
darken
all
the
Air.
CHAP.
XIV
.
Of
Odoriferous
Aquatick
Balls
.
CAuse
to
be
made
by
a
Turner
,
Balls
of
wood
,
hollow
within
,
about
the
bigness
of
a
Wild
Apple
,
which
you
must
fill
with
some
one
of
these
Compositions
hereunto
annexed
,
and
they
being
all
prepared
and
charged
,
you
may
throw
them
into
the
water
after
they
are
lighted
,
but
it
ought
to
be
done
in
a
Chamber
or
close
place
,
that
the
fume
may
be
the
better
kept
together
,
and
this
must
be
done
with
some
small
end
of
our
Match
made
of
prepared
Flax
or
Hemp
,
to
the
end
that
the
Composition
which
is
shut
up
in
the
Globe
may
take
fire
with
the
greater
facility
.
The
Compositions
are
these
that
follow
,
viz.
Take
Salt-Peter
,
Storax
Calamite
,
one
Dram
;
Incense
one
ounce
,
Mastick
one
ounce
,
Amber
half
an
ounce
,
Civet
half
an
ounce
,
of
the
Sawings
of
Juniper
wood
two
ounces
,
of
the
Sawings
of
Cypress
wood
two
ounces
,
Oyl
of
Spike
one
ounce
;
Make
your
Composition
according
to
the
Art
and
Method
given
.
Or
,
Take
of
Salt-Peter
two
ounces
;
of
Flower
of
Brimstone
,
Camphire
,
half
an
ounce
;
powder
of
yellow
Amber
half
an
ounce
,
Coals
of
the
Teile
tree
one
ounce
;
Flower
of
Benjamin
,
or
Assa
sweet
,
half
an
ounce
;
Let
the
matters
that
may
be
beaten
be
powdered
,
afterwards
well
mingled
and
incorporated
together
.
CHAP.
XV.
Compositions
to
Charge
Globes
or
Balls
,
that
will
burn
as
well
under
as
above
water
.
FIrst
,
take
Salt-Peter
reduced
into
fine
meal
16
l.
Sulphur
4
l.
of
the
sawings
of
wood
which
hath
been
first
boyled
in
a
Nitrous
water
,
and
afterwards
well
dryed
,
4
l.
Of
good
Corned
powder
half
a
pound
,
of
the
powder
of
Ivory
4
ounces
.
Or
thus
,
Salt-Peter
6
l.
Sulphur
3
l.
of
beaten
powder
1
l.
Filings
of
Iron
2
l.
of
Burgundy
pitch
half
a
pound
.
Or
thus
,
Salt-Peter
24
l.
of
beaten
powder
4
l.
Sulphur
12
l.
of
Sawdust
8
l.
of
yellow
Amber
half
a
pound
,
of
Glass
beaten
in
gross
powder
half
a
pound
,
of
Camphire
half
a
pound
.
For
that
which
concerns
the
manner
of
preparing
all
these
Compositions
;
it
differs
nothing
from
what
we
have
prescribed
in
the
making
of
Rockets
,
only
't
is
not
necessary
that
the
materials
be
so
subtilly
beaten
,
powdered
nor
sifted
,
as
for
those
Fuzees
,
but
nevertheless
to
be
well
mixed
one
among
another
.
Care
must
be
taken
that
they
be
not
too
dry
when
you
charge
the
Globes
or
Balls
,
and
for
that
purpose
they
may
be
moistned
with
Linseed-oyl
,
Oyl
of
Olives
,
Petrole
,
Hemp-seed
,
Nuts
,
or
any
other
fatty
humour
that
is
receptible
of
fire
.
Note
,
.
that
amongst
all
these
Compositions
of
matters
that
will
burn
in
the
water
,
which
I
have
here
proposed
from
my
own
particular
experience
,
every
one
may
make
them
as
pleaseth
himself
best
,
provided
he
always
take
the
materials
in
proportion
one
to
the
other
,
as
they
ought
.
But
nevertheless
I
shall
counsel
you
to
experience
from
time
to
time
your
Compositions
,
for
the
greater
surety
,
before
you
expose
them
to
the
publick
view
of
the
world
.
It
is
also
amongst
the
rest
very
necessary
that
you
learn
the
force
and
strength
of
every
material
you
put
into
the
Compositions
,
whereby
you
may
at
your
pleasure
know
how
to
alter
and
vary
your
proportion
,
as
you
shall
judg
fit
.
CHAP.
XVI
.
Of
Stars
and
fiery
Sparks
,
called
by
the
Germans
Stern-veuer
and
Veuerputzen
.
I
Have
shewed
the
Composition
of
Stars
in
Chap.
5.
I
have
also
shewed
the
way
of
making
them
up
,
and
their
use
,
and
also
I
have
shewed
the
manner
of
giving
to
them
various
Colours
,
as
in
the
22
Rule
of
the
13
Chapter
,
where
I
had
an
intent
to
say
no
more
of
these
things
:
But
finding
in
Master
Cazimier's
Artillery
these
Compositions
,
which
I
judge
may
prove
very
excellent
;
therefore
I
thought
good
to
insert
them
,
that
I
might
leave
out
nothing
that
might
make
more
perfect
any
thing
we
treat
of
.
First
,
you
must
know
that
between
fiery
Sparks
and
Stars
there
is
this
difference
,
that
the
Stars
are
greater
,
and
are
not
so
soon
consumed
by
the
fire
as
the
Sparks
are
,
but
do
subsist
longer
in
the
Air
;
and
do
shine
with
greater
substance
,
and
with
such
a
light
,
that
by
reason
of
their
great
splendor
,
they
are
in
some
manner
comparable
with
the
Stars
in
the
Heavens
.
They
are
prepared
according
to
the
following
Method
.
Take
Salt-Peter
half
a
pound
,
Sulphur
two
ounces
,
Yellow
Amber
powdered
one
Dram
,
Antimony
Crude
one
Dram
,
of
beaten
Powder
three
Drams
.
Or
,
Take
Sulphur
two
ounces
and
a
half
,
Salt-Peter
four
ounces
,
Powder
subtilly
powdered
four
ounces
,
Olibanum
,
Mastick
,
Christal
,
Mercury
sublimate
,
of
each
four
ounces
,
White
Amber
one
ounce
,
Camphire
one
ounce
,
Antimony
and
Orpiment
half
an
ounce
;
All
these
materials
being
well
beaten
and
well
sifted
,
they
must
be
mixt
together
with
a
little
Glue
or
Gum-water
,
made
with
Gum-Arabick
or
Tragacant
;
then
make
them
into
small
Balls
about
the
bigness
of
a
Bean
or
small
Nut
,
which
being
dryed
in
the
Sun
,
or
in
a
Pan
by
the
fire
,
may
be
kept
in
a
convenient
place
for
such
uses
as
we
have
spoken
of
in
the
fifth
Chapter
of
this
Book
.
You
must
only
remember
,
that
when
you
would
put
them
into
Rockets
or
Recreative
Balls
,
they
must
be
covered
on
all
sides
with
prepared
Tow
,
of
which
we
have
shewed
the
way
of
preparing
in
the
seventh
Chapter
of
the
first
Part
of
our
Fire-works
.
Sometimes
Fire-Masters
are
accustomed
to
take
in
the
places
of
these
little
Balls
,
a
certain
proportion
of
melted
matters
,
of
which
we
have
spoken
in
the
first
Part
of
Fire-works
;
But
if
these
do
not
please
you
,
by
reason
of
their
swarthy
colour
,
but
you
rather
desire
to
see
them
yellow
,
or
inclining
somewhat
to
white
,
then
take
of
Gum-Arabick
or
Tragacant
four
ounces
,
powder
it
and
pass
it
through
a
Sieve
,
of
Camphire
dissolved
in
Aqua-vitae
two
ounces
,
Salt-Peter
a
pound
and
a
half
,
Sulphur
half
a
pound
,
Glass
grossy
powdered
four
ounces
,
White
Amber
an
ounce
and
a
half
,
Orpiment
two
ounces
,
make
all
these
Ingredients
into
one
mass
,
and
make
Globes
of
them
as
before
.
I
Learned
this
,
saith
my
Author
,
from
Claude
Midorge
.
For
the
method
of
making
Sparkles
in
particular
,
it
is
thus
;
Take
Salt-Peter
one
ounce
,
of
this
Liquid
matter
half
an
ounce
,
of
beaten
Powder
half
an
ounce
,
of
Camphire
two
ounces
;
after
you
have
beaten
all
these
materials
into
powder
,
every
one
by
it self
,
put
all
of
them
into
an
Earthen
Pan
,
and
put
upon
them
the
Water
of
Gum
Tragacanth
,
or
Brandy-wine
,
wherein
you
have
dissolved
some
Gum
Tragacanth
or
Arabick
,
until
it
be
of
a
good
consistency
;
that
done
,
take
an
ounce
of
Lint
,
which
has
first
been
boyled
in
Brandy-wine
or
Vinegar
,
or
in
Salt-Peter
,
and
after
dryed
again
,
and
the
threads
drawn
out
;
then
put
it
into
the
Composition
,
and
mix
them
well
together
,
so
well
and
so
long
until
it
has
drank
up
all
the
matter
;
of
these
Compositions
make
little
Balls
in
the
form
of
Pills
,
and
of
the
bigness
of
great
Peas
,
which
you
must
roul
in
mealed
Gun-powder
,
and
dry
them
,
whereof
you
may
serve
your self
,
according
to
the
method
we
have
prescribed
.
Besides
these
,
there
are
certain
odoriferous
Pills
prepared
,
which
are
employed
in
small
Engines
and
fiery
Inventions
,
which
are
shewed
in
Chamber
Roams
,
or
close
Cabinets
,
these
are
commonly
prepared
of
Storax
,
Calamite
,
Benjamin
,
Amber
,
white
and
yellow
,
and
of
Camphire
,
of
each
one
ounce
,
Salt-Peter
three
ounces
,
of
Coals
made
of
the
Teil
Tree
four
ounces
;
beat
all
these
Ingredients
to
powder
,
then
incorporate
them
well
together
,
and
moisten
them
with
Rose
Water
,
in
which
is
dissolved
Gum-Arabick
or
Tragacanth
,
to
make
thereof
little
Balls
;
at
last
,
having
fashioned
them
,
expose
them
to
the
Sun
or
to
the
fire
to
dry
.